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Surfin ' Bird - wikipedia <H1> Surfin ' Bird </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Surfin ' Bird '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Cover art for the 7 - inch single `` Surfin ' Bird '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by The Trashmen </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Surfin ' Bird </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` King of the Surf '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> November 13 , 1963 ( 1963 - 11 - 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 1963 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Surf rock </Li> <Li> garage rock </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2 : 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Garrett </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Al Frazier </Li> <Li> Carl White , Sonny Harris </Li> <Li> Turner Wilson Jr . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Jack Bates </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The Trashmen singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Surfin ' Bird '' ( 1963 ) </Td> <Td> `` Bird Dance Beat '' ( 1964 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Surfin ' Bird '' ( 1963 ) </Td> <Td> `` Bird Dance Beat '' ( 1964 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Surfin ' Bird '' is a song performed by American surf rock band The Trashmen , and it is also the name of the album that featured this hit single . </P> <P> The song was released in 1963 and reached No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It is a combination of two R&B hits by The Rivingtons : `` Papa - Oom - Mow - Mow '' and `` The Bird 's the Word '' . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Album track listing <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Side 1 </Li> <Li> 2.2 Side 2 </Li> <Li> 2.3 Bonus tracks ( CD ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Chart performance <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 3.2 Year - end charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Covers </Li> <Li> 5 Media portrayal <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Pink Flamingos </Li> <Li> 5.2 Full Metal Jacket </Li> <Li> 5.3 Family Guy </Li> <Li> 5.4 The Big Year </Li> <Li> 5.5 Birdz </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Cultural appearances <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Family Guy </Li> <Li> 6.2 Major League Baseball </Li> <Li> 6.3 Subway </Li> <Li> 6.4 Ferdinand ( film ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Rivingtons followed up their 1962 Billboard Hot 100 hit `` Papa - Oom - Mow - Mow '' with the similar `` The Bird 's the Word '' in 1963 . The Trashmen had not heard this version but saw a band called The Sorensen Brothers playing it . They decided to play the song that night at their own gig . During this first performance , drummer and vocalist Steve Wahrer stopped playing and ad - libbed the `` Surfin ' Bird '' middle section . Despite not knowing `` The Bird 's the Word '' was a Rivingtons song , the similarity to `` Papa - Oom - Mow - Mow '' was obvious and The Trashmen added the chorus to the end of their new track . </P> <P> A local disc jockey , Bill Diehl , was at the gig and convinced the band to record the track . It was recorded at Kay Bank Studios in Minneapolis . Diehl entered it into a local battle of the bands competition and it won . It was then sent to a battle of the bands competition in Chicago where it also won . This led to the group being signed to Garrett Records with the single being quickly released . It reportedly sold 30,000 copies in its first weekend before going on to national success , reaching No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Wahrer was originally credited as the song 's writer , but that was changed to the Rivingtons ( Al Frazier , Carl White , Sonny Harris , and Turner Wilson Jr . ) after the group successfully sued the Trashmen for plagiarism . </P> <H2> Album track listing ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Side 1 ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> `` Surfin ' Bird '' ( Al Frazier / Sonny Harris / Carl White / Turner Wilson ) -- 2 : 23 </Li> <Li> `` King of the Surf '' ( Larry LaPole ) -- 2 : 30 </Li> <Li> `` Henrietta '' ( Jimmy Dee / Larry Hitzfeld ) -- 2 : 35 </Li> <Li> `` Miserlou '' ( Milton Leeds / Nicholas Roubanis / Bob Russell / Fred Wise ) -- 2 : 08 </Li> <Li> `` Malagueña '' ( Ernesto Lecuona ) -- 2 : 35 </Li> <Li> `` It 's So Easy '' ( Buddy Holly / Norman Petty ) -- 2 : 06 </Li> </Ol> <H3> Side 2 ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> `` Tube City '' ( Steve Wahrer ) -- 3 : 23 </Li> <Li> `` My Woodie '' ( Larry LaPole ) -- 1 : 55 </Li> <Li> `` Bird Bath '' ( Dan Darnold / Dal Winslow ) -- 2 : 37 </Li> <Li> `` Kuk '' ( Bob Demmon / Rich Fifield / Jim Gallagher / Dennis Lindsey ) -- 2 : 05 </Li> <Li> `` Money '' ( Janie Bradford / Berry Gordy , Jr . ) -- 3 : 12 </Li> <Li> `` Sleeper '' ( Larry LaPole ) -- 2 : 33 </Li> </Ol> <H3> Bonus tracks ( CD ) ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> `` Surfin ' Bird '' ( demo version ) </Li> <Li> `` Bird Dance Beat '' ( demo version ) </Li> <Li> `` Walkin ' My Baby '' ( L Mathis / M Mathis ) </Li> <Li> `` Dancin ' with Santa '' ( L LaPole ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> Chart performance ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1963 -- 64 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Cash Box Top 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2009 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2010 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1964 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Cash Box Top 100 </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Covers ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` Surfin ' Bird '' was covered by the Cramps as their 1978 debut single on Vengeance Records ; it also appeared on their 1979 album Gravest Hits and on their 1983 compilation album Off the Bone . The Cramps often end their concerts with the song . </Li> <Li> Paul Reubens ( as Pee - wee Herman ) covered the song on the soundtrack of the film Back to the Beach . </Li> <Li> `` Surfin ' Bird '' was covered by Charly Lownoise and Mental Theo on the maxi single `` The Bird '' in 1993 . </Li> <Li> Orbital sampled heavily from the original version on `` Tension '' from their 2001 album The Altogether . </Li> <Li> `` Surfin ' Bird '' was covered by Ramones on their Rocket to Russia album , released on November 4 , 1977 . </Li> <Li> `` Surfin ' Bird '' was covered by Sodom on their 2001 album M - 16 . </Li> <Li> `` Surfin Bird '' was covered by Phil Streva in 1989 . Release on the EP Catahoula in 2010 . </Li> <Li> Poultry - themed punk band The Radioactive Chicken Heads released a cover as a single in June 2017 and later as a music video in August , the same day the band performed the song on the ABC revival of The Gong Show . </Li> <Li> Brazilian rock band Os Cascavelletes made a Portuguese - language version of the song , entitled `` Pombo Surfista '' , for their 1987 demo tape Vórtex Demo . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Media portrayal ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Pink flamingos ( edit ) </H3> <P> A man lip - synchs his anus to the tune of this song in one scene of John Waters 's 1972 exploitation comedy . </P> <H3> Full Metal Jacket ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the second half of 1987 Stanley Kubrick film Full Metal Jacket , when a journalist news team records and interviews the platoon sent to Phu Bai , `` Surfin ' Bird '' can be heard playing on both the soundtrack and in the background on a radio . </P> <H3> Family Guy ( edit ) </H3> <P> The song is also featured in the `` I Dream of Jesus '' Family Guy episode , in which Peter Griffin overhears the song at a diner . He proceeds to annoy his family by playing the song virtually nonstop for the rest of the episode . It has since become a running gag on the show . In a subsequent episode it is revealed that Peter served as the original inspiration for the song , having used Stewie 's time machine to travel into the past where he sang it for the Trashmen . </P> <H3> The Big Year ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the movie The Big Year , Jack Black 's character Brad Harris has `` Surfin ' Bird '' as his cellphone ringtone . </P> <H3> Birdz ( edit ) </H3> <P> The song was covered as a theme song for the short - lived CBS animated series Birdz . </P> <H2> Cultural appearances ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Family Guy ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Trashmen 's Song was featured in the Family Guy episode I Dream Of Jesus . It is shown to be Peter Griffin 's favorite song of all time . In the episode , Peter played it so often that it annoyed the family , and Brian Griffin and Stewie Griffin destroyed it . </P> <H3> Major League baseball ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Trashmen 's tune was frequently played on Detroit radio and TV stations over the summer of 1976 during segments featuring the Tigers ' 21 - year old rookie sensation Mark Fidrych . Fidrych was nicknamed `` The Bird '' because of his supposed resemblance to Sesame Street 's Big Bird character , and because of his cartoonish antics on the mound , which included talking to the ball between pitches . Fidrych was named American League Rookie of the Year in 1976 , and finished second in the voting for the American League Cy Young Award . </P> <H3> Subway ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Ramones cover was used in a Fall 2017 television commercial for the Subway sandwich chain . </P> <H3> Ferdinand ( film ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Prior to Ferdinand 's release in December 2017 , a television commercial featured a cover by an unknown artist having the Ferdinand 's nickname `` Ferd '' instead of bird . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Archived August 27 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` A whole new generation is ' hearing the word ' '' . Herald-journal.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 08 . </Li>

The phrase "Bird is the Word" originated in

When did bird is the word come out?

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) </H2> <H3> Development and pre-production ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2012 , Triptych Pictures producer Kristian Moliere and Helen Bowden of Matchbox Pictures approached the family of writer Kenneth Cook on the possibility of a televised adaptation of his 1961 novel Wake in Fright . Although the response was enthusiastic , the pair was informed that they would only be allowed to begin production once they had found the option for the original 1971 film version - if the deal stated that the adaptation rights were owned by a single entity in perpetuity , Moliere and Bowden would not be allowed to proceed with a series . The search for the option took three years , and eventually resulted in a copy being uncovered at the Estate of Dirk Bogarde ( who had originally planned to produce an adaptation in 1963 ) in Paris , which indicated that the option only referred to a film version , allowing Moliere and Bowden - who had left Matchbox and co-founded Lingo Pictures with Jason Stephens of FremantleMedia Australia - to enter active development by the end of 2015 . By this time , Lingo Pictures had also entered a co-production deal for two series with Mark and Carl Fennessy of Endemol Shine Australia , and Wake in Fright was decided as the first of those two productions . Both would also receive international distribution through Endemol Shine International . The series was officially announced on September 6 , 2016 , with Kriv Stenders being revealed as director . </P> <P> Commenting on the relatively short period from development to principal photography ( roughly fourteen months ) , Bowden explained that screenwriter Stephen M. Irwin - who was hired in January 2016 - and Network Ten 's Head of Drama Rick Maier were `` very fast and very good with feedback '' . Although noting that Wake in Fright was primarily targeted at a contemporary Australian audience , she expressed confidence in the series finding success abroad , saying `` It 's got a franchise , so it 's known through the novel , which has never been out of print in 50 years and it 's known through the film , which is very famous and not long ago the restored version was distributed through the US and a number of European countries . And ( Endemol Shine CEO Cathy Payne ) thinks the Outback setting and the story and the structure are ideal for international sales which is great . That 's what Lingo is about '' . During production , Moliere explained that the series primarily draws inspiration from the novel instead of the film , which he described as `` giving ( the production team ) a new way of looking at the casting '' . Speaking on the role of retelling the story , Stenders said : </P> <P> Every generation , I think , needs to be reminded of ( ... ) the fantastic , rich culture that they have to draw from . So , to me , these - whatever you want to call them - `` remakes '' or `` reimaginings '' are , I think , a fantastic sign that we have ( ... ) this property that is worth something , and I think that 's incredibly exciting and incredibly positive . </P> <P> Aside from transposing the story to the present day , a number of changes to the material were made in Irwin 's script , notably the adaptation of the kangaroo hunt from the novel and film ( which controversially featured footage of real kangaroos being shot ) to a hunt for feral pigs . Although this was partially due to practical and ethical reasons regarding animal cruelty , Stenders felt that such a change `` just seemed to make perfect sense . The feral pig problem in Australia has become a devastating one that is seriously affecting rural communities , and the pig shoot provided us with the perfect setting and context for our version of the sequence '' . Ironically , Evan Jones ' script for the original film had also adapted the kangaroo hunt as a pig hunt , but this was changed back to the former during filming . </P> <P> Ted Kotcheff , the director of the 1971 film , initially expressed surprise that another adaptation of Cook 's novel was being made , questioning `` What are they going to do , use the book and make a serial ? Is there something missing from the film ? '' Following this comment , Kotcheff asked to give Stenders his `` congratulations and best wishes '' . </P> <H3> Casting ( edit ) </H3> <P> On March 4 , 2017 , the lead cast of Wake in Fright - Sean Keenan , David Wenham , Alex Dimitriades , Gary Sweet , Caren Pistorius , Robyn Malcolm , Lee Jones , Anna Samson , Hannah Frederiksen and Jada Alberts - was announced . Many of the smaller supporting roles and extras were portrayed by locals with no professional acting experience . </P> <P> Keenan revealed that he was offered the part of John Grant while shooting another project ; after being introduced to the film by a prop master who had found it on DVD in a charity shop , he studied both the novel and film , particularly the former , to get an understanding of his character . Wenham admitted that he expressed scepticism when he was offered the role of Jock Crawford , calling the reimagining `` a stupid idea '' . He changed his mind and accepted the role after expressing satisfaction with the script , adding that `` Very few people after my generation will ever see that film . That 's what made me turn 180 degrees . I thought , ' Why not give people the opportunity to access this story ? Why am I being so snooty about it ? ' '' </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> Principal photography for Wake in Fright took place in Broken Hill and Sydney . Beginning on March 5 , 2017 , the shoot lasted five weeks . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Promotion ( edit ) </H3> <P> Network Ten released the first trailer for Wake in Fright on July 25 , 2017 , followed by a second on September 17 . The second trailer was recalled by Ten following a complaint made by the law firm Lea - Shannon Legal on behalf of the Wake in Fright Trust , which owns the rights to the 1971 film , due to its misleading use of a quote by Martin Scorsese regarding his reaction to the film 's screening at the Cannes Film Festival ( `` It left me speechless '' ) to describe the series . Later airings of the trailer replaced Scorsese 's comment with a quote from The Age , which described the series as `` A stunning Australian drama '' . </P> <H3> Viewership ( edit ) </H3> <P> Upon the broadcast of the first episode , The Daily Telegraph reported that the series had `` bombed on debut '' despite heavy promotion by Network Ten . The writer felt that its 408,000 viewership ratings put in doubt `` the future of Aussie drama on commercial networks after disappointing figures from similar biopics and remakes ( including Blue Murder : Killer Cop , House of Bond and Hoges : The Paul Hogan Story ) throughout the year '' . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Air date </Th> <Th> Timeslot </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Overnight ratings </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Consolidated ratings </Th> <Th> Total viewers </Th> <Th> Ref ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Viewers </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Viewers </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Part One </Td> <Td> 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> Sunday 8 : 30pm </Td> <Td> 408,000 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 51,000 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 459,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Part Two </Td> <Td> 15 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> Sunday 8 : 30pm </Td> <Td> 293,000 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 75,000 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 368,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> Since its broadcast , critical responses to Wake in Fright have varied , with reviewers typically lauding members of the cast ( particularly Keenan , Dimitriades and Wenham ) for their performances , while the story adaptation and technical elements of the production were either praised for creating a strong sense of fear and intensity , or criticised for being overwrought , unnecessary or inferior to the novel and film . </P> <P> Writing for The Australian , Graeme Blundell 's assessment of the series was highly positive , asserting that Irwin and Stenders ' adaptation successfully retained Cook 's vision of the outback and mateship . He believed that this was in large part due to the `` polish ( ed ) and control ( led ) '' direction of the cast and `` the mise - en - scene ( which ) has you longing for a beer after only minutes '' . Blundell also felt that the series stayed true to the producers ' intentions of `` imagin ( ing ) a new story from a contemporary perspective '' while not `` ( treading ) on the footprint of the 1971 film '' . A similarly enthusiastic response came from Denise Erikson of The New Daily , who expressed that she was tempted to `` call this the best new Australian drama this year '' , describing Wake in Fright as `` beautifully cast , well scripted , imaginatively shot and very well directed . A terrific music score drives the tension ( ... ) a sparse script allow ( s ) the story to star and grip the audience '' . Erikson felt that audiences unfamiliar with previous versions would not be hindered by the experience of watching the newer adaptation , `` because you wo n't waste time wondering which one is best . This first episode at least is simply excellent television drama in its own right '' . </P> <P> Karl Quinn of The Sydney Morning Herald was also favourable . The writer believed that the series was a `` rather terrific production '' that captured the spirit of the novel and the `` snowballing chaos all this drunkenness begets '' well , singling out Wenham , Sweet and Dimitriades for praise ; while admitting that he was uncertain about the new treatment of Doc Tydon 's character , he said that he could `` understand why it was done '' . Reviewing for Now To Love , Thomas Mitchell lauded Keenan 's performance , and noted that `` While the two - part series will inevitably be compared to the film , they 're different beasts . But one thing they do share is that both will have you glued to the edge of your seat '' . </P> <P> More mixed responses came from Ben Neutze of Daily Review and David Knox of TV Tonight , both of whom reviewed the first episode only . While praising Stenders ' direction and the cast , particularly Keenan and Samson , Neutze felt that the chosen medium of commercial television and the need for advertising breaks throughout severely hampered the story 's pacing , resulting in the series `` struggl ( ing ) to find a way to maintain the tension and mounting helplessness of John 's situation '' . While describing the series as `` very enjoyable and unusual '' , he also felt that it failed to justify its existence , expressing that `` there 's really very little that 's gained by updating the story to present day '' . Awarding the first episode three out of five stars , Knox criticised , among other aspects of the production , what he saw as a `` heavy - handed approach to the locals

The 2010 remake of Wake in Fright was filmed in

Where was the remake of wake in fright filmed?

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Jack Gleeson - wikipedia <H1> Jack Gleeson </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Jackie Gleason or Jack Gleeson ( hurler ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Jack Gleeson </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Gleeson in 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> ( 1992 - 05 - 20 ) 20 May 1992 ( age 25 ) Cork , Ireland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alma mater </Th> <Td> Trinity College , Dublin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 2002 -- 2014 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Jack Gleeson ( born 20 May 1992 ) is an Irish former actor , best known for his portrayal of Joffrey Baratheon in the HBO television series Game of Thrones . </P> <P> Despite his early breakthrough on Thrones , which won critical acclaim , Gleeson has stated that he disliked acting for television and film , and has left that profession since 2014 . He currently runs his own touring theatre company , whose debut show -- Bears in Space -- premiered in Ireland in 2016 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Career </Li> <Li> 3 Filmography <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Film </Li> <Li> 3.2 Television </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Gleeson was born in Cork , Ireland . Gleeson attended Gonzaga College for his secondary education . He attended drama classes when young , with his sisters Rachel and Emma who are also actresses in Ireland . </P> <P> Gleeson is a student of Trinity College , Dublin , studying philosophy and theology and he is also a member of DU Players . In 2012 , he was awarded a scholarship at the same university . </P> <H2> Career ( edit ) </H2> <P> Gleeson began acting at the age of seven in the Independent Theatre Workshop . His first roles were in films such as Reign of Fire in 2002 , Batman Begins in 2005 , Shrooms in 2007 , and A Shine of Rainbows in 2009 . In 2010 , he appeared in a leading role in All Good Children . The reviewer for Variety magazine considered Gleeson `` the pic 's big discovery '' . </P> <P> Gleeson starred as Joffrey Baratheon in the HBO series Game of Thrones . He cites Joaquin Phoenix 's portrayal of Commodus in Gladiator as an influence on his performance . He is a founder and artistic director of Collapsing Horse Theatre Company , which is based in Dublin . </P> <P> In 2012 , Gleeson indicated an intention to retire from acting to pursue an academic career once his work on Game of Thrones was finished . In 2014 , Gleeson confirmed he would be permanently retiring from acting after concluding his work in Game of Thrones . In the same interview , he stated that while he had previously been interested in pursuing academia , he had since ' gone off that idea ' . </P> <P> In 2015 , Gleeson starred in the puppetry shows Bears in Space created by his theatre company Collapsing Horse and in mid-2016 the show premiered in New York . </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Film ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Reign of Fire </Td> <Td> Kid </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moving Day </Td> <Td> Jack </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Fishtale </Td> <Td> Boy with the Fish </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Waits Made Me Cry </Td> <Td> Young Vincent </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Batman Begins </Td> <Td> Little Boy </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Shrooms </Td> <Td> Lonely Twin </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> A Shine of Rainbows </Td> <Td> Seamus </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> All Good Children </Td> <Td> Dara </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Network </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 -- 2008 </Td> <Td> Killinaskully </Td> <Td> Pa Connors Jr . </Td> <Td> RTÉ One </Td> <Td> 4 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 -- 2014 </Td> <Td> Game of Thrones </Td> <Td> Joffrey Baratheon </Td> <Td> HBO </Td> <Td> 26 episodes IGN People 's Choice Award for Best TV Villain ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Nominated -- IGN Award for Best TV Villain ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series ( 2013 ) Nominated -- Scream Award for Best Ensemble ( 2011 ) Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( 2011 , 2013 ) Nominated -- Young Hollywood Award : We Love to Hate You ( 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack Gleeson Biography '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : O'Regan , Mark ( 17 April 2012 ) . `` Jack Gleeson swaps ' Game of Thrones ' for seat of learning '' . Irish Independent . independent.ie . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Email : Fellows & Scholars ( Email ) ( 2 July 2012 ) . `` Welcome -- Fellows & Scholars : Trinity College Dublin , The University of Dublin , Ireland '' . Tcd.ie . Retrieved 5 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Meanwhile , At Trinity College '' . Broadsheet.ie. 16 April 2012 . Retrieved 5 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Itwstudios.ie </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack Gleeson Lands Major HBO Pilot ! '' . In The Spotlight. 10 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 10 March 2010 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Felperin , Leslie ( 20 May 2010 ) . `` All Good Children -- Film Reviews -- Cannes '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 19 July 2009 ) . `` Sean Bean ascends to Game of Thrones '' . Reuters . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hill , Logan ( June 2012 ) . `` The Villains Questionnaire : Jack Gleeson '' . GQ . Retrieved 1 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James Hibberd ( 13 April 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Jack Gleeson talks royal wedding shocker -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/jack-gleeson-aka-king-joffrey-baratheon-is-playing-with-puppets-now </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Jack Gleeson </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Jack Gleeson on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 233353138 </Li> <Li> LCCN : no2012033144 </Li> <Li> GND : 1059836599 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Gleeson&oldid=805136777 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1992 births </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> 21st - century Irish male actors </Li> <Li> Irish male child actors </Li> <Li> Irish male film actors </Li> <Li> Irish male television actors </Li> <Li> Male actors from Cork ( city ) </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> EngvarB from October 2013 </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from October 2013 </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> მარგალური </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 08 : 56 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The actor who plays King Joffrey is

Who is the actor who plays king joffrey?

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Stonewall riots - wikipedia <H1> Stonewall riots </H1> Jump to : navigation , search The Stonewall Inn , taken September 1969 . The sign in the window reads : `` We homosexuals plead with our people to please help maintain peaceful and quiet conduct on the streets of the Village. -- Mattachine . '' <P> The Stonewall riots ( also referred to as the Stonewall uprising or the Stonewall rebellion ) were a series of spontaneous , violent demonstrations by members of the gay ( LGBT ) community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28 , 1969 , at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan , New York City . They are widely considered to constitute the most important event leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for LGBT rights in the United States . </P> <P> Gay Americans in the 1950s and 1960s faced an anti-gay legal system . Early homophile groups in the U.S. sought to prove that gay people could be assimilated into society , and they favored non-confrontational education for homosexuals and heterosexuals alike . The last years of the 1960s , however , were very contentious , as many social / political movements were active , including the civil rights movement , the counterculture of the 1960s , and the anti -- Vietnam War movement . These influences , along with the liberal environment of Greenwich Village , served as catalysts for the Stonewall riots . </P> <P> Very few establishments welcomed openly gay people in the 1950s and 1960s . Those that did were often bars , although bar owners and managers were rarely gay . At the time , the Stonewall Inn was owned by the Mafia . It catered to an assortment of patrons and was known to be popular among the poorest and most marginalized people in the gay community : drag queens , transgender people , effeminate young men , butch lesbians , male prostitutes , and homeless youth . Police raids on gay bars were routine in the 1960s , but officers quickly lost control of the situation at the Stonewall Inn . They attracted a crowd that was incited to riot . Tensions between New York City police and gay residents of Greenwich Village erupted into more protests the next evening , and again several nights later . Within weeks , Village residents quickly organized into activist groups to concentrate efforts on establishing places for gays and lesbians to be open about their sexual orientation without fear of being arrested . </P> <P> After the Stonewall riots , gays and lesbians in New York City faced gender , race , class , and generational obstacles to becoming a cohesive community . Within six months , two gay activist organizations were formed in New York , concentrating on confrontational tactics , and three newspapers were established to promote rights for gays and lesbians . Within a few years , gay rights organizations were founded across the U.S. and the world . On June 28 , 1970 , the first gay pride marches took place in New York , Los Angeles , San Francisco and Chicago commemorating the anniversary of the riots . Similar marches were organized in other cities . Today , Gay Pride events are held annually throughout the world toward the end of June to mark the Stonewall riots . The Stonewall National Monument was established at the site in 2016 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Homosexuality in 20th - century United States </Li> <Li> 1.2 Homophile activism </Li> <Li> 1.3 Compton 's Cafeteria riot </Li> <Li> 1.4 Greenwich Village </Li> <Li> 1.5 Stonewall Inn </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Riots <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Police raid </Li> <Li> 2.2 Violence breaks out </Li> <Li> 2.3 Escalation </Li> <Li> 2.4 A second night of rioting </Li> <Li> 2.5 Leaflets , press coverage , and more violence </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Aftermath <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Gay Liberation Front </Li> <Li> 3.2 Gay Activists Alliance </Li> <Li> 3.3 Gay Pride </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Legacy <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Unlikely community </Li> <Li> 4.2 Rejection of gay subculture </Li> <Li> 4.3 Lasting impact and recognition </Li> <Li> 4.4 National monument </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Media representations <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Film </Li> <Li> 5.2 Music </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Notable participants </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 Footnotes </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Sources </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Homosexuality in 20th - century United States ( edit ) </H3> <P> Following the social upheaval of World War II , many people in the United States felt a fervent desire to `` restore the prewar social order and hold off the forces of change '' , according to historian Barry Adam . Spurred by the national emphasis on anti-communism , Senator Joseph McCarthy conducted hearings searching for communists in the U.S. government , the U.S. Army , and other government - funded agencies and institutions , leading to a national paranoia . Anarchists , communists , and other people deemed un-American and subversive were considered security risks . Homosexuals were included in this list by the U.S. State Department on the theory that they were susceptible to blackmail . In 1950 , a Senate investigation chaired by Clyde R. Hoey noted in a report , `` It is generally believed that those who engage in overt acts of perversion lack the emotional stability of normal persons '' , and said all of the government 's intelligence agencies `` are in complete agreement that sex perverts in Government constitute security risks '' . Between 1947 and 1950 , 1,700 federal job applications were denied , 4,380 people were discharged from the military , and 420 were fired from their government jobs for being suspected homosexuals . </P> <P> Throughout the 1950s and 1960s , the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) and police departments kept lists of known homosexuals , their favored establishments , and friends ; the U.S. Post Office kept track of addresses where material pertaining to homosexuality was mailed . State and local governments followed suit : bars catering to homosexuals were shut down , and their customers were arrested and exposed in newspapers . Cities performed `` sweeps '' to rid neighborhoods , parks , bars , and beaches of gay people . They outlawed the wearing of opposite gender clothes , and universities expelled instructors suspected of being homosexual . Thousands of gay men and women were publicly humiliated , physically harassed , fired , jailed , or institutionalized in mental hospitals . Many lived double lives , keeping their private lives secret from their professional ones . </P> <P> In 1952 , the American Psychiatric Association listed homosexuality in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ( DSM ) as a mental disorder . A large - scale study of homosexuality in 1962 was used to justify inclusion of the disorder as a supposed pathological hidden fear of the opposite sex caused by traumatic parent -- child relationships . This view was widely influential in the medical profession . In 1956 , however , the psychologist Evelyn Hooker performed a study that compared the happiness and well - adjusted nature of self - identified homosexual men with heterosexual men and found no difference . Her study stunned the medical community and made her a hero to many gay men and lesbians , but homosexuality remained in the DSM until 1973 . </P> <H3> Homophile activism ( edit ) </H3> <P> In response to this trend , two organizations formed independently of each other to advance the cause of homosexuals and provide social opportunities where gays and lesbians could socialize without fear of being arrested . Los Angeles area homosexuals created the Mattachine Society in 1950 , in the home of communist activist Harry Hay . Their objectives were to unify homosexuals , educate them , provide leadership , and assist `` sexual deviants '' with legal troubles . Facing enormous opposition to its radical approach , in 1953 the Mattachine shifted their focus to assimilation and respectability . They reasoned that they would change more minds about homosexuality by proving that gays and lesbians were normal people , no different from heterosexuals . Soon after , several women in San Francisco met in their living rooms to form the Daughters of Bilitis ( DOB ) for lesbians . Although the eight women who created the DOB initially came together to be able to have a safe place to dance , as the DOB grew they developed similar goals to the Mattachine , and urged their members to assimilate into general society . </P> <P> One of the first challenges to government repression came in 1953 . An organization named ONE , Inc. published a magazine called ONE . The U.S. Postal Service refused to mail its August issue , which concerned homosexuals in heterosexual marriages , on the grounds that the material was obscene despite it being covered in brown paper wrapping . The case eventually went to the Supreme Court , which in 1958 ruled that ONE , Inc. could mail its materials through the Postal Service . </P> <P> Homophile organizations -- as homosexual groups were called -- grew in number and spread to the East Coast . Gradually , members of these organizations grew bolder . Frank Kameny founded the Mattachine of Washington , D.C. He had been fired from the U.S. Army Map Service for being a homosexual , and sued unsuccessfully to be reinstated . Kameny wrote that homosexuals were no different from heterosexuals , often aiming his efforts at mental health professionals , some of whom attended Mattachine and DOB meetings telling members they were abnormal . In 1965 , Kameny , inspired by the civil rights movement , organized a picket of the White House and other government buildings to protest employment discrimination . The pickets shocked many gay people , and upset some of the leadership of Mattachine and the DOB . At the same time , demonstrations in the civil rights movement and opposition to the Vietnam War all grew in prominence , frequency , and severity throughout the 1960s , as did their confrontations with police forces . </P> <H3> Compton 's Cafeteria riot ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Compton 's Cafeteria riot <P> On the outer fringes of the few small gay communities were people who challenged gender expectations . They were effeminate men and masculine women , or people assigned male at birth who dressed and lived as women and people assigned female at birth who dressed and lived as men , respectively , either part or full - time . Contemporary nomenclature classified them as transvestites , and they were the most visible representatives of sexual minorities . They belied the carefully crafted image portrayed by the Mattachine Society and DOB that asserted homosexuals were respectable , normal people . The Mattachine and DOB considered the trials of being arrested for wearing clothing of the opposite gender as a parallel to the struggles of homophile organizations : similar but distinctly separate . Gay and transgender people staged a small riot at the Cooper Do - nuts cafe in Los Angeles in 1959 in response to police harassment . </P> <P> In a larger event in 1966 in San Francisco , drag queens , hustlers , and transvestites were sitting in Compton 's Cafeteria when the police arrived to arrest men dressed as women . A riot ensued , with the patrons of the cafeteria slinging cups , plates , and saucers , and breaking the plexiglass windows in the front of the restaurant , and returning several days later to smash the windows again after they were replaced . Professor Susan Stryker classifies the Compton 's Cafeteria riot as an `` act of anti-transgender discrimination , rather than an act of discrimination against sexual orientation '' and connects the uprising to the issues of gender

The Stonewall Riot in New York City in 1969 involved a protest by

The stonewall riot in new york city in 1969 involved a protest by?

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/ 8 / 19 LTE bands : 1 / 2 / 4 / 5 / 17 / 19 / 25 / 26 / 41 Model LG - D821 ( international ) WCDMA bands : 1 / 2 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 8 LTE bands : 1 / 3 / 5 / 7 / 8 / 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First released </Th> <Td> October 31 , 2013 ; 3 years ago ( 2013 - 10 - 31 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Availability by country </Th> <Td> 31 October 2013 ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> South Korea </Li> <Li> Spain </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> 20 November 2013 ( show ) <Ul> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Nepal </Li> <Li> Hong Kong </Li> </Ul> 27 November 2013 ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Sweden </Li> <Li> Norway </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Discontinued </Th> <Td> March 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 11 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Predecessor </Th> <Td> Nexus 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Successor </Th> <Td> Nexus 6 , Nexus 5X </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> LG G2 , Nexus 7 ( 2013 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Smartphone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Form factor </Th> <Td> Slate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 137.84 mm ( 5.427 in ) H 69.17 mm ( 2.723 in ) W 8.59 mm ( 0.338 in ) D </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Weight </Th> <Td> 130 g ( 4.6 oz ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operating system </Th> <Td> Android `` KitKat '' 4.4 , upgradable to Android `` Marshmallow '' 6.0. 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> System on chip </Th> <Td> Qualcomm Snapdragon 800 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> CPU </Th> <Td> 2.26 GHz quad - core Krait 400 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> GPU </Th> <Td> Adreno 330 , 450 MHz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Memory </Th> <Td> 2 GB of LPDDR3 - 1600 RAM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Storage </Th> <Td> 16 GB ( 12.55 GB available ) or 32 GB ( 26.7 GB available ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Battery </Th> <Td> 3.8 V 2300 mAh , 8 Wh Qi wireless charging non-replaceable </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Data inputs </Th> <Td> Multi-touch capacitive touchscreen , Proximity sensor , Gyroscope , Compass , Barometer , Accelerometer , Hall effect sensor , Ambient Light sensor , GPS , GLONASS , Beidou , step counter and detector </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Display </Th> <Td> 4.95 in ( 126 mm ) Full HD 1080 × 1920 px ( 445 ppi ) IPS LCD , with Corning Gorilla Glass 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rear camera </Th> <Td> 8 MP Sony Exmor IMX179 1 / 3.2 - inch CMOS sensor with OIS , f / 2.4 aperture and LED flash . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Front camera </Th> <Td> 1.3 MP </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sound </Th> <Td> Monaural lateral loudspeaker , dual microphones , 3.5 mm stereo audio jack </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Connectivity </Th> <Td> Micro USB , SlimPort , NFC , Bluetooth 4.0 , Wi - Fi 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ( single stream ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> Multi-color LED notification light </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> SAR </Th> <Td> Head : 0.810 W / kg ( 1 g ) Body : 0.998 W / kg ( 1 g ) Hotspot : 0.998 W / kg ( 1 g ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> https://www.google.com/nexus/5/ at the Wayback Machine ( archived October 31 , 2013 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Nexus 5 ( codenamed Hammerhead ) is an Android smartphone manufactured by LG Electronics for Google . Co-developed with and marketed by Google Inc. as part of its Nexus line of flagship devices and unveiled on October 31 , 2013 , it is a successor to the Nexus 4 . Nexus 5 served as the launch device for Android 4.4 `` KitKat '' , which introduced a refreshed interface , performance improvements , increased Google Now integration , better battery life and other features . </P> <P> The Nexus 5 received mostly positive reviews , praising the device 's balance of overall performance and cost in comparison to other `` flagship '' phones , along with the quality of its display and some of the changes introduced by Android 4.4 . The display was , however , criticized for being too dim in comparison to other devices , and the camera was criticized for having inconsistent quality . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Release </Li> <Li> 2 Specifications <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Hardware </Li> <Li> 2.2 Software </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Reception </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> <P> The device was unveiled on October 31 , 2013 ; it was made available for pre-order from Google Play Store the same day in 16 GB and 32 GB models . When released , the Nexus 5 was priced at US $349 ( 16 GB version ) and US $399 ( 32 GB version ) in the US . This was much lower than comparable smartphones , which would cost around $649 . </P> <P> As of 11 March 2015 , the Nexus 5 is no longer available from Google Play Store . </P> <H2> Specifications ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Hardware ( edit ) </H3> Back , front and side view of a black Nexus 5 <P> The exterior of the Nexus 5 is made from a polycarbonate shell with similarities to the 2013 version of Nexus 7 , unlike its predecessor that uses a glass - based construction . Three exterior colors are available : black , white and red . </P> <P> Its hardware contains similarities to the LG G2 ; it is powered by a 2.26 GHz quad - core Snapdragon 800 processor with 2 GB of RAM , either 16 or 32 GB of internal storage , and a 2300 mAh battery . The Nexus 5 uses a 4.95 - inch ( marketed as 5 - inch ) 445 PPI 1080p IPS display , and includes an 8 - megapixel rear - facing camera with optical image stabilization ( OIS ) , and a 1.3 - megapixel front - facing camera . The Nexus 5 supports LTE networks where available , unlike the Nexus 4 which unofficially supported LTE on AWS Band 4 only with a hidden software option , but was not formally approved or marketed for any LTE use . There are two variants of the Nexus 5 , with varying support for cellular frequency bands ; one is specific to North America ( LG - D820 ) , and the other is designed for the rest of the world ( LG - D821 ) . </P> <P> Notable new hardware features also include two new composite sensors : a step detector and a step counter . These new sensors allow applications to easily track steps when the user is walking , running , or climbing stairs . Both sensors are implemented in hardware for low power consumption . Like its predecessors , the Nexus 5 does not have a microSD card slot , while it features a multi-color LED notification light . There are two grills present on the lower edge of the Nexus 5 : one is for the mono speaker and the other is for the microphone . </P> <H3> Software ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Android ( operating system ) Nexus 5 , LG - D821 model ( international ) <P> The Nexus 5 was the first Android device to ship with Android 4.4 `` KitKat '' , which had a refreshed interface , improved performance , improved NFC support ( such as the ability to emulate a smart card ) , a new `` HDR+ '' camera shooting mode , native printing functionality , a screen recording utility , and other new and improved functionality . </P> <P> The device also shipped with Google Now Launcher , a redesigned home screen which allows users to quickly access Google Now on a dedicated page , and allows voice search to be activated on the home screen with a voice command . Unlike the stock home screen , Google Now Launcher is not a component of Android itself ; it is implemented as part of the Google Search application . Until 26 February 2014 , when it was released on Google Play Store for selected Android 4.4 devices , Google Now Launcher was exclusively shipped by default on the Nexus 5 , and was not enabled in Android 4.4 updates for any other Nexus device . While an update to the Google Search application containing Google Now Launcher ( which itself was tweaked to improve compatibility with other devices as well ) was publicly released shortly after the Nexus 5 's release , the launcher itself could not at the time be enabled without installing a second shim application . </P> <P> Hangouts , which now supports text messaging , is used as the default text messaging application . </P> <P> In December 2013 , the Nexus 5 began receiving the Android 4.4. 1 update , which fixed issues with auto focus , white balance , HDR+ and other camera issues , while introducing some other camera issues for low - light scenes . It also fixes low speaker volume output in certain applications . Android 4.4. 2 update followed in a few days , providing further bugfixes and security improvements . In early June 2014 , the Nexus 5 received Android 4.4. 3 update that included dozens of bug fixes , while another mid-June 2014 Android 4.4. 4 update included a fix for an OpenSSL man - in - the - middle vulnerability . </P> <P> A developer preview of the Android 5.0 `` Lollipop '' system image was released for the Nexus 5 after the annual Google I / O conference held on June 26 , 2014 . The release version of Android 5.0 `` Lollipop '' was made available on November 12 , 2014 , in form of factory operating system images . On December 15 , 2014 Android 5.0. 1 `` Lollipop '' update began rolling out to Nexus 5 with build number LRX22C , the update was listed as being `` miscellaneous Android updates . '' In March 2015 , the Nexus 5 began receiving the Android 5.1 `` Lollipop '' update , which addresses performance issues and other user interface tweaks ; however , it is known to introduce certain camera issues . In June 2015 , Google made the Android 5.1. 1 `` Lollipop '' update available for Nexus 5 aiming to fix the bugs that were not fixed by Android 5.1 update . </P> <P> In May 2015 , a developer preview of Android Marshmallow was made available for the Nexus 5 . </P> <P> In November 2015 , Nexus 5 started receiving Android 6.0 `` Marshmallow '' update across the world . Following which Nexus 5 became one of the first devices to get an Android 6.0. 1 Marshmallow update in December 2015 . In August 2016 , Google confirmed that , the Nexus 5 will not receive an official Android 7.0 Nougat update , meaning that Android 6.0. 1 Marshmallow is the last officially supported Android version for the device . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Nexus 5 received mostly positive reviews ; critics felt that the device provided a notable balance between performance and pricing . Although noting nuances with its display , such as its color reproduction and low maximum brightness in comparison to competitors , CNET praised software features such as the new phone dialer interface and Google Now integration on the home screen , but did not believe KitKat provided many major changes over its predecessors . Hangouts as the default text

The processor for the Google Nexus 5 is

What is the processor for google nexus 5?

-7542148038453012824

The Royal - wikipedia <H1> The Royal </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about British medical drama . For the sportsman with the same nickname , see Mark King ( snooker player ) . For The cinema in Toronto , see Royal Cinema . For the tram stop in Wolverhampton , see The Royal tram stop . For other uses , see Royal . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The Royal </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> The Royal intro . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Julian Ovenden Zoie Kennedy Robert Daws Amy Robbins </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening theme </Th> <Td> `` Somebody Help Me '' by The Spencer Davis Group </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ending theme </Th> <Td> `` Somebody Help Me '' ( instrumental ) by The Spencer Davis Group </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of series </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 87 ( List of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 60 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> ITV Studios </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> ITV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> 16 : 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Audio format </Th> <Td> Stereo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> 19 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 19 ) -- 31 July 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 31 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related shows </Th> <Td> Heartbeat The Royal Today </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Royal is a British period medical drama produced by ITV and aired normally on Sundays in the early evening slot ; episodes after 21 June 2009 , were also broadcast on ITV HD . The show consisted of eight series of one - hour episodes and was broadcast on ITV from 2003 until the show was cancelled in 2011 , with repeats continuing on ITV3 . The show is set in the 1960s and focuses on the fictional `` St Aidan 's Royal Free Hospital '' , an NHS hospital serving the fictional rural seaside town of Elsinby and its surrounding area . The show began as a spin - off of ITV 's period police drama series , Heartbeat , featuring characters from Heartbeat during the first three series , before becoming its own entity . </P> <P> The show itself was shot within Whitby , Scarborough , City of Bradford and the North Riding of Yorkshire , and stars of The Royal included Ian Carmichael , Wendy Craig , Robert Daws , and Amy Robbins . The show itself generated its own spin - off , entitled The Royal Today , which used the same settings but in the present day . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Overview <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Filming </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Cast and characters <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Main cast and characters </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Episode list </Li> <Li> 4 Ratings </Li> <Li> 5 The Royal Today </Li> <Li> 6 End of production </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Overview ( edit ) </H2> <P> The setting of The Royal was first introduced as part of the story for the 14th episode of the 12th series of Heartbeat entitled ' Out of the Blue ' , in which the hospital was used to treat Heartbeat character Vernon Scripps and several people of Aidensfield . The benefit of this and its connection to the show , helped it to gain its own series , though it initially began as a spin - off with several characters from Heartbeat appearing in episodes as part of its main plots or side story ; the most prominent of these appearances were Claude Greengrass ( Bill Maynard ) , PC Alfred `` Alf '' Ventress ( William Simons ) , and PC Philip `` Phil '' Bellamy ( Mark Jordon ) . By the end of the third series , the show 's ties to Heartbeat were discontinued , with the show 's production team working to make it into its own entity by the fourth series . Unlike its former parent show , The Royal uses the song `` Somebody Help Me '' by The Spencer Davis Group as it main theme tune , with an instrumental version playing over the ending credits . </P> <P> The majority of the plots in each episode centred around medical emergencies or a serious medical case , and often featured moral dilemmas created or exposed by these matters . Additional story - lines also included staff members dealing with personal problems or issues , and an occasional side - story in a similar vein to Heartbeat . While the show tended to avoid political topics on the whole ( the Vietnam War was briefly touched in one episode ) , its main themes focused and centred upon the conflict between progressive and conservative social ideals , as well as the ethical challenges and social changes faced by the hospital 's staff , a reflection of its setting and what was faced by the world in the 1960s . Although the setting used includes references to 1960s events , such as the coming of colour television , like Heartbeat the show featured a number of anachronisms , such as the use of `` a glass ceiling '' , an expression not coined until some years later . </P> <P> Set roughly twenty years after the creation of the National Health Service a theme running through the series is the previously independent hospital 's attempts at preserving its methods and standards within a National Health Service portrayed as bureaucratic and concerned more with efficiencies than patient care . The character Mr. Harper represents the archetypal interfering state inspector . </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> Filming of the interior scenes of `` St. Aiden 's '' utilised both The Leeds Studios and St. Luke 's Hospital , Bradford , the latter of which was chosen because it had not been updated in many years , and retained the appearance of what a hospital would appear like in the 1960s . The exterior scenes of the fictional hospital used the Red Court building on Holbeck Road , within Scarborough 's South Cliff , and included the nearby park area and Holbeck Clock Tower ; scenes were shot during the summer months . The remaining scenes outside the hospital covered the area of the North Riding of Yorkshire , including Whitby and Scarborough . </P> <H2> Cast and characters ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Main cast and characters ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Julian Ovenden as Dr David Cheriton ( series 1 -- 3 ) , a GP and the series ' original protagonist . </Li> <Li> Zoie Kennedy as Meryl Taylor ( series 1 -- 5 ) , a Senior Staff Nurse and Cheriton 's primary love interest . </Li> <Li> Robert Daws as Dr Gordon Ormerod ( series 1 -- 8 ) , a GP and later , Weatherill 's husband . </Li> <Li> Amy Robbins as Dr Jill Weatherill ( series 1 -- 8 ) , a GP and a staunch promoter of maternal medicine . </Li> <Li> Linda Armstrong as Sister Brigid ( series 1 -- 8 ) , a nursing administrator and ward sister . </Li> <Li> Francis Matthews as Dr James ' Jim ' Alway ( series 1 ) Dr Cheriton 's predecessor who is briefly seen . </Li> <Li> Ian Carmichael as T.J. Middleditch ( series 1 -- 5 , recurring thereafter ) , Hospital Secretary , Chairman of the Middleditch Trust . </Li> <Li> Wendy Craig as Matron ( series 1 -- 8 ) , nursing administrator , nicknamed `` Toffee '' . </Li> <Li> John Axon as Nigel Harper ( series 1 -- 4 ) , District Health Authority administrator . </Li> <Li> Michelle Hardwick as Lizzie Hopkirk ( series 1 -- 8 ) , receptionist . </Li> <Li> Denis Lill as Mr Rose ( series 1 -- 8 ) , a consultant general surgeon often assigned to St Aidan 's . </Li> <Li> Andy Wear as Alun Morris ( series 1 -- 8 ) , a porter and theatre technician . </Li> <Li> Michael Starke as Ken Hopkirk ( series 1 -- 7 ) , St Aidan 's head porter . </Li> <Li> Polly Maberly as Dr Lucy Klein ( series 2 -- 3 ) , a consultant psychologist and a foil for Cheriton . </Li> <Li> Anna Madeley as Samantha Beaumont ( series 3 -- 4 ) , a student nurse . </Li> <Li> Paul Fox as Dr Jeff Goodwin ( series 3 -- 6 ) , a GP and later , Makori 's primary love interest . </Li> <Li> Scott Taylor as Frankie Robinson ( series 4 -- 7 ) , an ambulance driver and paramedic . </Li> <Li> Natalie Anderson as Stella Davenport ( series 4 -- 7 ) , a senior staff nurse and Frankie 's longtime love interest . </Li> <Li> Amelia Curtis as Catherine Deane ( series 5 -- 6 ) , a senior staff nurse . </Li> <Li> Kananu Kirimi as Dr Joan Makori , a GP and a member of Doctors Without Borders ( series 5 -- 6 ) </Li> <Li> Robert Cavanah as Adam Carnegie ( series 5 -- 7 ) , hospital secretary . </Li> <Li> Sam Callis as Dr Mike Banner ( series 6 ) , a GP and sought - after locum physician . </Li> <Li> Kari Corbett as Marian McKaig ( series 6 -- 7 ) , a staff nurse . </Li> <Li> Sarah Beck Mather as Susie Dixon ( series 6 -- 8 ) , a student nurse . </Li> <Li> Damian O'Hare as Dr Nick Burnett ( series 7 ) , a GP recruited by Jill following Goodwin and Makori 's departures . </Li> <Li> Chris Coghill as Bobby Sheridan ( series 7 ) , an ambulance driver . </Li> <Li> Gareth Hale as Jack Bell ( series 7 -- 8 ) , head porter of St Aidan 's . </Li> <Li> Neil McDermott as Dr Ralph Ellis ( series 8 ) , a locum GP noted for his forward thinking approach to medicine . </Li> <Li> Glynis Barber as Jean McAteer ( series 8 ) , hospital secretary . </Li> <Li> Lauren Drummond as Faye Clark ( series 8 ) , a student nurse . </Li> <Li> Diana May as Carol Selby ( series 8 ) , a staff nurse . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Episode list ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of The Royal episodes <H2> Ratings ( edit ) </H2> <P> Below is the list of ratings of The Royal , giving an overall result for each series . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Series </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Rank # </Th> <Th> Average Audience Share </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> 10th </Td> <Td> 10.12 m </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> 11th </Td> <Td> 7.16 m </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 2004 </Td> <Td> 13th </Td> <Td> 9.17 m </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2004 -- 2005 </Td> <Td> 12th </Td> <Td> 8.49 m </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 10th </Td> <Td> 7.93 m </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 11th </Td> <Td> 7.24 m </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 2008 -- 2009 </Td> <Td> 15th </Td> <Td> 4.91 m </Td>

The royal TV series was filmed within Whitby, Scarborough, City of Bradford, and

Where did they film the royal tv series?

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Turlough ( lake ) - wikipedia <H1> Turlough ( lake ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A turlough , or turlach , is a type of disappearing lake found mostly in limestone areas of Ireland , west of the River Shannon . The name comes from the Irish tuar , meaning `` dry '' , with the suffix - lach , meaning `` a place '' ( in an abstract sense ) . The - lach suffix is often mistakenly spelled and / or thought to refer to the word loch , the Irish , Scottish Gaelic and Scots word for `` lake '' . The landforms are found in Irish karst ( exposed limestone ) areas . </P> <P> The features are almost unique to Ireland , although there is one example in Great Britain , at Cernydd Carmel near Llandeilo . They are of great interest to many scientists : geomorphologists are interested in how turloughs were formed , hydrologists try to explain what makes turloughs flood , botanists study the unusual vegetation which covers the turlough floor , and zoologists study the animals associated with the turloughs . </P> The turlough at Carran , Co . Clare , Ireland in late May 2005 . The water level is high following a spell of wet weather <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Locations </Li> <Li> 2 Seasonal pools </Li> <Li> 3 Formation </Li> <Li> 4 Swallow holes </Li> <Li> 5 Calcium carbonate deposits </Li> <Li> 6 Plant and animal life </Li> <Li> 7 Draining of turloughs </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Further reading </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Locations ( edit ) </H2> Pant y Llyn turlough , South Wales <P> Turloughs are mostly found on the central lowlands west of the Shannon , in counties Galway , Clare , Mayo , and Roscommon , although a few are also found elsewhere , e.g. in Limerick , Sligo , Longford , and Cork . </P> <P> Only three turloughs have been identified in Northern Ireland , namely Roosky , Green , and Fardrum Loughs located near Ely Lodge Forest in County Fermanagh . These constitute the most northerly turloughs in Ireland and have been collectively designated a Ramsar site and an Area of Special Scientific Interest . There is one turlough in South Wales , Pant y Llyn . </P> <H2> Seasonal pools ( edit ) </H2> <P> Most turloughs flood in the autumn , usually sometime in October , and then dry up some time between April and July . However , some turloughs in the Burren can flood at any time of year in a matter of a few hours after heavy rainfall , and they may empty again a few days later . </P> <P> Some turloughs are affected by the oceanic tide : in the summer , Caherglassaun Lough , situated 5 kilometres from Galway Bay , can be seen to flood and empty again twice every 24 hours . Most turloughs flood to a depth of about 2 metres ( 6.6 ft ) but some are much deeper : for example , some of the turloughs near Gort reach about 5 metres ( 16 ft ) deep in midwinter . Turloughs are variable in size : the largest turlough in Ireland , Rahasane turlough , which lies to the west of Craughwell in County Galway , covers about 2.5 square kilometres ( 1 sq mi ) . </P> <H2> Formation ( edit ) </H2> <P> All of the turloughs are found in limestone areas . This is because limestone can be dissolved away by rainwater , which becomes mildly acidic by picking up carbon dioxide as it passes through the atmosphere . The cracks or joints in the rock become widened to such an extent that eventually all of the rain falling on the limestone disappears underground , and the water moves through the rock openings ranging from cracks a few millimetres wide to large cave passages . The limestone is then said to be `` karstified '' . </P> <P> To the east of the Shannon , the limestone is often covered by great thicknesses of glacial drift deposited during the last glacial period , but in many areas to the west of the Shannon where the limestone is pure and the drift cover is thin , there is no proper surface river network . In these areas , rainfall disappears underground , flows through openings in the rock and then rises at distant springs : large springs can be found to the west of the area , flowing into Lough Corrib and Galway Bay . In winter , when the underground water level ( or water table ) rises , and when the underground flow increases , and when the underground flow routes to the springs are not capable of dealing with the amount of water entering them , groundwater may appear temporarily at the surface in the form of a turlough . </P> <P> Many of the rivers seen in these areas today are largely artificial , constructed by drainage engineers from the nineteenth century up to the present day , often linking a series of turloughs . For example , much of the River Clare is artificial , and the middle section of its course used to be a huge turlough , the largest in Ireland at 6.5 square kilometres ( 3 sq mi ) . </P> <H2> Swallow holes ( edit ) </H2> <P> Turloughs usually fill and empty at particular places on the floor of the depression ; sometimes an actual hole or passage is visible but more often a hollow with stones in the bottom is all that can be seen , and it may not be easy to recognise when it is dry in midsummer . Some turloughs have a spring at one place and a sinkhole ( also known as a `` swallet '' ) somewhere else on the floor where water drains away , but many turloughs fill and empty through the same hole . A few turloughs are filled by surface rivers and streams flowing into them as well as by water rising from underground . </P> <P> The water sinking in the swallow hole travels underground to re-emerge at a spring , which may be several kilometres away . In most rock types , groundwater flows very slowly ( from just a few centimetres to a few metres per day ) , but in karstified limestone the volumetric flow rate can be quite rapid : water from the turlough may flow underground to a spring at a rate of 100 metres per hour ( 330 ft / h ) or more . </P> <H2> Calcium carbonate deposits ( edit ) </H2> <P> Limestone is made up of the mineral calcium carbonate , and as water passes through limestone , it dissolves the calcium carbonate ( this is what makes hard water and causes mineral deposits on the inside of kettles ) as the calcium carbonate comes out of solution when the water is heated . Something rather similar happens in turloughs ; water that has picked up a lot of calcium carbonate during its underground travel rises in the turloughs and then some of the calcium carbonate comes out of solution and forms a white deposit . If a turlough has emptied recently , a whitish coating on the vegetation on the turlough floor may be visible . When water comes to the surface in a turlough , it loses carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere and to plants , which use it for photosynthesis , and this loss causes a deposit of calcium carbonate on the surface . </P> <P> Sometimes a special whitish deposit with the appearance of sheets of paper is found in the turloughs when they dry up . This `` algal paper '' is made up of filaments of an alga that grows abundantly in warm weather and is then left to dry out in sheets when the turlough empties . </P> <P> In drainage ditches in a turlough , or in holes made with a soil auger , one may find a white - or cream - coloured deposit beneath the vegetation cover , or beneath a layer of peat . This is often called `` white marl '' ; again , it is made of calcium carbonate . About half of the turloughs contain marl ; it was deposited at a time several thousand years ago when these turloughs were not seasonal lakes but were flooded all year round . </P> <H2> Plant and animal life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Most turloughs have a springy , short - cropped turf of grasses , sedges , and herbs . In the Burren , the high - water mark is often shown by the shrubby cinquefoil ( Dasiphora fruticosa ) with its attractive yellow flowers , and meadow rue . Just below the high - water mark , dog violets are abundant and in some turloughs there may be a dense sward of the rare sky - blue turlough violet about one metre further down . Other characteristic plants of turlough sides include marsh orchids and speedwell . About halfway down the sides , and across the bottom of shallow turloughs , silverweed ( Argentina anserina ) may blanket almost all other plants . </P> <P> If the turlough has a marshy zone near the swallow hole there may be mint , watercress , pondweeds , aquatic buttercups , and knotgrass living a semiterrestrial existence . But most swallow holes when dry are represented by a jumble of rocks , clothed with blackish and dried aquatic mosses ( Cinclidotus , the turlough moss , and Fontinalis , usually found in streams ) . </P> <P> Many people think that turloughs have no animal life . However , frogs and newts may spawn there , and sticklebacks may survive in the larger turloughs , retreating into underground cracks in the rock when waters are low . Shrimps and water lice do the same , and where fish are absent there may be a rich fauna of delicate water fleas and fairy shrimps , some unknown elsewhere in Ireland . These hatch and grow fast , finding safety in the warm fish - free waters . Flatworms and snails are also often abundant ; these pass the dry periods in spring mouths or marshy areas . </P> <P> Rahasane turlough in Galway has been described as the most important turlough in Ireland for birdlife . It is famous for its greater white - fronted geese , whooper swans , wigeon , teal , and many waders in winter . Both Rahasane turlough and Coole Park are Important Bird Areas . </P> <H2> Draining of turloughs ( edit ) </H2> <P> Turloughs provide good summer grazing for cattle , sheep and horses , partly because of the annual deposition of lime - rich silt . However , for many years , farmers have seen the winter flooding as a waste of potential and they have attempted to find some means of draining the turloughs so that they can be used all year round . This has usually been achieved by digging an artificial channel through the turlough , capable of carrying away any water entering the turlough from surface or groundwater -- such channels have often been constructed as part of major arterial drainage schemes . </P> <P> At least a third of the turloughs in Ireland have already been drained and more are being drained each year . This has very serious environmental consequences , because the unique flora and fauna of the turlough can not survive in the absence of seasonal flooding . Even for farmers , the benefits

A type of disappearing lake found in limestone areas in the west of Ireland is called

Type of disappearing lake found in limestone areas in the west of ireland?

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Raul Esparza - wikipedia <H1> Raul Esparza </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Raúl Esparza </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Esparza at the 2014 San Diego Comic - Con International </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Raúl Eduardo Esparza ( 1970 - 10 - 24 ) October 24 , 1970 ( age 47 ) Wilmington , Delaware , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alma mater </Th> <Td> New York University </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actor , singer , voice artist </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1993 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Michelle Perez ( m . 1994 ; div. 2008 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.raulesparza.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Raúl Eduardo Esparza ( born October 24 , 1970 ) is an American stage and television actor , singer , and voice artist , best known for his role as New York Assistant District Attorney ( ADA ) Rafael Barba in Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . He has received Tony nominations for his role as Philip Salon in the Boy George musical Taboo in 2004 ; Robert , an empty man devoid of connection in the musical comedy Company in 2006 ; a lazy and snarky man in Harold Pinter 's The Homecoming ; and an aggressive volatile movie producer in David Mamet 's Speed the Plow . He played the role of Riff Raff on Broadway in the revival of The Rocky Horror Show and the role of Caractacus Potts in the Broadway musical Chitty Chitty Bang Bang . </P> <P> Esparza has been nominated in all Tony categories for which an actor is eligible . He is widely regarded for his versatility on stage , having performed musicals by Andrew Lloyd Webber , Stephen Sondheim , Kander and Ebb , Boy George , and the Sherman Brothers and plays by Mamet , Pinter , William Shakespeare , Tom Stoppard , and more . His film work includes Sidney Lumet 's Find Me Guilty and Wes Craven 's My Soul to Take and his television credits include roles on Medium , Hannibal , Pushing Daisies , and Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . He narrated the audiobook for Stephen King 's Under the Dome , as well as several others , and sings in concerts all over the country . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Career <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Theatre <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 Broadway theatre </Li> <Li> 2.1. 2 Other theatre </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.2 Television <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 Law & Order : SVU </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Personal life </Li> <Li> 4 Filmography <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Film </Li> <Li> 4.2 Television </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Born in Wilmington , Delaware , to Cuban parents , and raised in Miami , Florida , Esparza graduated from Belen Jesuit in 1988 and won a Silver Knight Award in Drama that same year . In 1992 , Esparza received a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Drama and a Bachelor 's degree in English from New York University 's Tisch School of the Arts . </P> <H2> Career ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Theatre ( edit ) </H3> Broadway Theatre ( edit ) <P> Esparza first drew attention with his performance in the 2000 Broadway revival of The Rocky Horror Show , which won him the Theatre World Award . Additional Broadway credits include Cabaret ( 2001 ) , Taboo ( 2003 ) , Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 2005 ) and Sondheim 's Company ( 2006 ) . He received a Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actor in a Musical and a Drama Desk Award for his performance in the musical Taboo . His performance in Company earned him a second Tony nomination , this time for Best Actor in a Musical , as well as his second Drama Desk award . Beginning in November 2007 , he appeared in Harold Pinter 's play The Homecoming and was Tony - nominated for Best Featured Actor in a Play . In 2008 , he played Charlie Fox in the revival of David Mamet 's Speed - the - Plow co-starring Jeremy Piven and Elisabeth Moss on Broadway . His performance in Speed - the - Plow earned him a Tony nomination for Best Actor in a Play , making him the second performer ( after Boyd Gaines ) to be nominated in all four acting categories a performer is eligible for at the Tonys , although he has yet to win one . </P> <P> Esparza appeared on Broadway in a limited - engagement revival of Tom Stoppard 's Arcadia , which began previews at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on February 25 , 2011 and opened on March 17 , 2011 . </P> <P> Esparza appeared in the musical Leap of Faith in the role of the `` Reverend '' Jonas Nightingale . He was involved in the workshop in 2008 , the out - of - town tryout at the Ahmanson Theatre ( Los Angeles ) in 2010 , and the Broadway production in 2012 , for which he received a 2012 Drama Desk Award nomination for Outstanding Actor in a Musical . </P> Other Theatre ( edit ) <P> In 1999 , Esparza portrayed Che in the national tour of Evita , opposite Natalie Toro . The tour was intended to open on Broadway , but failed to do so . In 2001 , he appeared Off - Broadway in tick , tick ... BOOM ! by Jonathan Larson , garnering a Drama Desk Award nomination as Outstanding Actor in a Musical . He appeared in two Stephen Sondheim musicals , Sunday in the Park with George and Merrily We Roll Along at the 2002 Kennedy Center Sondheim Celebration . He also appeared as The Arbiter in the Actors Fund of America concert of Sir Tim Rice 's Chess in September 2003 . </P> <P> In 2009 , Esparza starred in a production of Shakespeare 's Twelfth Night at the Delacorte Theater ( New York ) with Anne Hathaway , from June 25 through July 12 . He starred as Hapgood in the City Center Encores ! staged concert production of Anyone Can Whistle from April 8 to 11 , 2010 , opposite Sutton Foster as Fay and Donna Murphy as the Mayoress . </P> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2007 , Esparza had a recurring role on the TV show Pushing Daisies as traveling salesman Alfredo Aldarisio , a role originally given to Paul Reubens . In 2009 , he recorded the audiobook Under the Dome by Stephen King . He has done previous narration for The House of the Scorpion by Nancy Farmer , and The Book of Unholy Mischief by Elle Newmark . In January 2010 , Esparza performed opposite Lucie Arnaz , Desi Arnaz Jr. and Valarie Pettiford at the 92Y 's Lyrics and Lyricist event honoring Desi Arnaz and his Orchestra , `` Babalu : The American Songbook Goes Latin '' . In 2010 , Esparza appeared as Abel Plenkov in Wes Craven 's My Soul to Take . </P> <P> From 2013 to 2015 , Esparza appeared in the recurring role of Dr. Frederick Chilton in Hannibal . He appeared in the 2016 film Custody , written and directed by James Lapine , as an Administration for Children 's Services agent . </P> Law & Order : SVU ( edit ) <P> In 2012 , Esparza became a recurring actor on the long - running NBC drama series Law & Order : Special Victims Unit as Manhattan Assistant District Attorney Rafael Barba , starting in the third episode of the show 's 14th season , `` Twenty - Five Acts '' . He appeared in 11 episodes of the show 's 14th season . On July 17 , 2013 , he was upgraded to series regular for the show 's 15th season . His character became the first series regular ADA since Stephanie March in the 11th season and the first regular male ADA in series history . His role on SVU was not his first Law & Order role , however , as he had previously portrayed an ADA in a 2009 episode of Law & Order : Criminal Intent , and a suspect in a 2010 episode of the original Law & Order . On February 7 , 2018 , Esparza left the series after six seasons in the episode `` The Undiscovered Country '' . </P> <H2> Personal life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Esparza married Michele Marie Perez , his high school girlfriend , in 1994 but divorced in 2008 . Esparza was the subject of a New York Times profile in 2006 , in which he revealed that he is bisexual . </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Film ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> ShowBusiness : The Road to Broadway </Td> <Td> Himself </Td> <Td> Documentary film directed by Dori Berinstein </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Find Me Guilty </Td> <Td> Tony Compagna </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Courtroom comedy - drama crime film co-written and directed by Sidney Lumet </Li> <Li> based on the true story of the longest Mafia trial in American history </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> My Soul to Take </Td> <Td> Abel Plenkov </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Trouble in the Heights </Td> <Td> Nevada Ramirez </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Custody </Td> <Td> Luis Sanjuro </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Ferdinand </Td> <Td> Moreno ( voice ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Spin City </Td> <Td> Reporter </Td> <Td> Episode : `` In the Heat of the Day '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Pushing Daisies </Td> <Td> Alfredo Aldarisio </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Law & Order : Criminal Intent </Td> <Td> ADA Kevin Mulrooney </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Lady 's Man '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Law & Order </Td> <Td> Dennis Di Palma </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Blackmail '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Medium </Td> <Td> David Ostrowski </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Blood on the Tracks '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Gifted Man , AA Gifted Man </Td> <Td> Phillip Romero </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 -- 2018 </Td> <Td> Law & Order : Special Victims Unit </Td> <Td> ADA Rafael Barba </Td> <Td> Recurring ( season 14 ) , Main cast ( season 15 -- 19 ) 115 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 666 Park Avenue </Td> <Td> Phillip Perez </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Hypnos '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> Hannibal </Td> <Td> Dr. Frederick Chilton </Td> <Td> 12 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Dora and Friends : Into the City ! </Td> <Td> Big Bad Wolf ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Puppet Theater '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 -- 2017 </Td> <Td> BoJack Horseman </Td> <Td> Ralph Stilton ( voice ) </Td> <Td> 7 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> The Path </Td> <Td> Jackson Neill </Td> <Td> 4 episodes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Awards and nominations ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Project </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> The Rocky Horror Show </Td> <Td> Theatre World Award </Td> <Td> Outstanding New York Debut </Td>

The prosecutor on Law and Order SVU is played by

Who plays the prosecutor on law and order svu?

6905741655003866786

Pledge of Allegiance ( United States ) - wikipedia <H1> Pledge of Allegiance ( United States ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. oath of allegiance . For the general topic of oaths of allegiance , see Oath of allegiance . For other uses , see Pledge of Allegiance ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Pledge of Allegiance ( Bellamy versions ) ( changes are bolded and underlined ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> 1892 ( first version ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> `` I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> 1892 to 1923 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> `` I pledge allegiance to my Flag and to the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> 1923 to 1954 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> `` I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> 1954 ( current version ) 4 U.S.C. § 4 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> `` I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America , and to the Republic for which it stands , one Nation under God , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Pledge of Allegiance of the United States is an expression of allegiance to the Flag of the United States and the republic of the United States of America . It was originally composed by Captain George Thatcher Balch , a Union Army Officer during the Civil War and later a teacher of patriotism in New York City schools . The form of the pledge used today was largely devised by Francis Bellamy in 1892 , and formally adopted by Congress as the pledge in 1942 . The official name of The Pledge of Allegiance was adopted in 1945 . The most recent alteration of its wording came on Flag Day in 1954 , when the words `` under God '' were added . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Recital </Li> <Li> 2 Origins <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Balch and Bellamy pledges </Li> <Li> 2.2 Francis Bellamy 's account </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Changes <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Addition of `` under God '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Salute </Li> <Li> 5 Music </Li> <Li> 6 Controversy <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Legal challenges </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 Further reading </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Recital ( edit ) </H2> <P> Congressional sessions open with the recital of the Pledge , as do many government meetings at local levels , and meetings held by many private organizations . All states except Hawaii , Iowa , Vermont and Wyoming require a regularly - scheduled recitation of the pledge in the public schools , although the Supreme Court has ruled in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette that students can not be compelled to recite the Pledge , nor can they be punished for not doing so . In a number of states , state flag pledges of allegiance are required to be recited after this . </P> <P> The United States Flag Code says : </P> <P> The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag -- `` I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America , and to the Republic for which it stands , one Nation under God , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' -- should be rendered by standing at attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart . When not in uniform men should remove any non-religious headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder , the hand being over the heart . Persons in uniform should remain silent , face the flag , and render the military salute . Members of the Armed Forces not in uniform and veterans may render the military salute in the manner provided for persons in uniform . </P> <H2> Origins ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Balch and Bellamy pledges ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Pledge of Allegiance , as it exists in its current form , was composed in August 1892 by Francis Bellamy ( 1855 -- 1931 ) , who was a Baptist minister , a Christian socialist , and the cousin of socialist utopian novelist Edward Bellamy ( 1850 -- 1898 ) . There did exist a previous version created by Rear Admiral George Balch , a veteran of the Civil War , who later become auditor of the New York Board of Education . Balch 's pledge , which existed contemporaneously with the Bellamy version until the 1923 National Flag Conference , read : </P> <P> We give our heads and hearts to God and our country ; one country , one language , one flag ! </P> <P> Balch was a proponent of teaching children , especially those of immigrants , loyalty to the United States , even going so far as to write a book on the subject and work with both the government and private organizations to distribute flags to every classroom and school . Balch 's pledge , which predates Bellamy 's by 5 years and was embraced by many schools , by the Daughters of the American Revolution until the 1910s , and by the Grand Army of the Republic until the 1923 National Flag Conference , is often overlooked when discussing the history of the Pledge . Bellamy , however , did not approve of the pledge as Balch had written it , referring to the text as `` too juvenile and lacking in dignity . '' The Bellamy `` Pledge of Allegiance '' was first published in the September 8 issue of the popular children 's magazine The Youth 's Companion as part of the National Public - School Celebration of Columbus Day , a celebration of the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus 's arrival in the Americas . The event was conceived and promoted by James B. Upham , a marketer for the magazine , as a campaign to instill the idea of American nationalism in students and to sell flags to public schools . According to author Margarette S. Miller , this campaign was in line both with Upham 's patriotic vision as well as with his commercial interest . According to Miller , Upham `` would often say to his wife : ' Mary , if I can instill into the minds of our American youth a love for their country and the principles on which it was founded , and create in them an ambition to carry on with the ideals which the early founders wrote into The Constitution , I shall not have lived in vain . ' '' </P> <P> Bellamy 's original Pledge read : </P> <P> I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . </P> Students reciting a pledge on Flag Day in 1899 <P> The Pledge was supposed to be quick and to the point . Bellamy designed it to be recited in 15 seconds . As a socialist , he had initially also considered using the words equality and fraternity but decided against it , knowing that the state superintendents of education on his committee were against equality for women and African Americans . </P> <P> Francis Bellamy and Upham had lined up the National Education Association to support the Youth 's Companion as a sponsor of the Columbus Day observance and the use in that observance of the American flag . By June 29 , 1892 , Bellamy and Upham had arranged for Congress and President Benjamin Harrison to announce a proclamation making the public school flag ceremony the center of the Columbus Day celebrations . This arrangement was formalized when Harrison issued Presidential Proclamation 335 . Subsequently , the Pledge was first used in public schools on October 12 , 1892 , during Columbus Day observances organized to coincide with the opening of the World 's Columbian Exposition ( the Chicago World 's Fair ) , Illinois . </P> <H3> Francis Bellamy 's account ( edit ) </H3> <P> In his recollection of the creation of the Pledge , Francis Bellamy said , `` At the beginning of the nineties patriotism and national feeling was ( sic ) at a low ebb . The patriotic ardor of the Civil War was an old story ... The time was ripe for a reawakening of simple Americanism and the leaders in the new movement rightly felt that patriotic education should begin in the public schools . '' James Upham `` felt that a flag should be on every schoolhouse , '' so his publication `` fostered a plan of selling flags to schools through the children themselves at cost , which was so successful that 25,000 schools acquired flags in the first year ( 1892 - 93 ) . </P> <P> As the World 's Columbian Exposition was set to celebrate the 400th anniversary the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Americas , Upham sought to link the publication 's flag drive to the event , `` so that every school in the land ... would have a flag raising , under the most impressive conditions . '' Bellamy was placed in charge of this operation and was soon lobbying `` not only the superintendents of education in all the States , but ( he ) also worked with governors , Congressmen , and even the President of the United States . '' The publication 's efforts paid off when Benjamin Harrison declared Wednesday October 12 , 1892 , to be Columbus Day for which The Youth 's Companion made `` an official program for universal use in all the schools . '' Bellamy recalled that the event `` had to be more than a list of exercises . The ritual must be prepared with simplicity and dignity . '' </P> <P> Edna Dean Proctor wrote an ode for the event , and `` There was also an oration suitable for declamation . '' Bellamy held that `` Of course , the nub of the program was to be the raising of the flag , with a salute to the flag recited by the pupils in unison . '' He found `` There was not a satisfactory enough form for this salute . The Balch salute , which ran , `` I give my heart and my hand to my country , one country , one language , one flag , '' seemed to him too juvenile and lacking in dignity . '' After working on the idea with Upham , Bellamy concluded , `` It was my thought that a vow of loyalty or allegiance to the flag should be the dominant idea . I especially stressed the word ' allegiance ' ... Beginning with the new word allegiance , I first decided that ' pledge ' was a better school word than ' vow ' or ' swear ' ; and that the first person singular should be used , and that ' my ' flag was preferable to ' the . ' '' Bellamy considered the words `` country , nation , or Republic , '' choosing the last as `` it distinguished the form of government chosen by the founding fathers and established by the Revolution . The true reason for allegiance to the flag is the Republic for which it stands . '' Bellamy then reflected on the sayings of Revolutionary and Civil War figures , and concluded `` all that pictured struggle reduced itself to three words , one Nation indivisible . '' </P> <P> Bellamy considered the slogan of the French Revolution ,

The words "under God" were added to the Pledge of Allegiance

When were the words under god added to the pledge?

-7955945279195374355

2000s ( edit ) </H3> <P> After President Bill Clinton visited Vietnam in 2000 , it virtually marked the new era of Vietnam . Vietnam has become an increasingly attractive destination of economic development . Throughout that time , Vietnam has played more significant role in the world 's stage . Its economic reforms successfully changed Vietnam and making Vietnam more relevant in the ASEAN and international stage . Also , due to Vietnam 's importance , many powers turn to be favoring Vietnam for their circumstances . </P> <P> However , Vietnam also faces disputes , mostly with Cambodia over the border , and especially , China , over the South China Sea . In 2016 , President Barack Obama became the 3rd U.S. Head of State to visit Vietnam , helping normalize relations into a higher level , by lifting embargo of lethal weapons , allowing Vietnam to buy lethal weapons and modernize its military . </P> <P> Vietnam is expected to be a newly industrialized country , and also , a regional power in the future . Vietnam is one of Next Eleven countries . </P> <H2> Changing names ( edit ) </H2> See also : Names of Vietnam and List of Vietnamese dynasties <P> For the most part of its history , the geographical boundary of present - day Vietnam covered 3 ethnically distinct states : a Vietnamese state , a Cham state , and a part of the Khmer Empire . The Vietnamese nation originated in the Red River Delta in present - day Northern Vietnam and expanded over its history to the current boundary . It went through a lot of name changes , with Văn Lang being used the longest . Below is a summary of names : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Period </Th> <Th> Country Name </Th> <Th> Time Frame </Th> <Th> Boundary </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hồng Bàng dynasty </Td> <Td> Xích Quỷ 赤 鬼 </Td> <Td> 2879 -- 2524 BC </Td> <Td> Stretching from Dongting Lake ( Hunan ) to the southernmost area now called Quảng Trị , including the Guangxi and Guangdong provinces of China . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hồng Bàng dynasty </Td> <Td> Văn Lang 文郎 </Td> <Td> 2524 -- 258 BC </Td> <Td> Territory reduced to modern Northern Vietnam including the three modern provinces of Thanh Hóa , Nghệ An , Hà Tĩnh . The Red River Delta is the home of the Lạc Việt culture . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thục dynasty </Td> <Td> Âu Lạc 甌 雒 </Td> <Td> 257 -- 207 BC </Td> <Td> Red River Delta and its adjoining north and west mountain regions . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Triệu dynasty </Td> <Td> Nam Việt 南越 </Td> <Td> 207 -- 111 BC </Td> <Td> North and north - central of Vietnam ( southern border expanded down to the Hoành Sơn Range ) , Guangdong , and Guangxi . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Han Domination </Td> <Td> Giao Chỉ ( Jiaozhi ) 交趾 </Td> <Td> 111 BC -- 39 AD </Td> <Td> Present - day north and north - central of Vietnam ( southern border expanded down to the Ma River and Cả River delta ) , Guangdong , and Guangxi . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trưng Sisters </Td> <Td> Lĩnh Nam 嶺南 </Td> <Td> 40 -- 43 </Td> <Td> Present - day north and north - central of Vietnam ( southern border expanded down to the Ma River and Cả River delta ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Han to Eastern Wu Domination </Td> <Td> Giao Chỉ 交趾 </Td> <Td> 43 -- 229 </Td> <Td> Present - day north and north - central of Vietnam ( southern border expanded down to the Ma River and Cả River delta ) , Guangdong , and Guangxi . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eastern Wu to Liang Domination </Td> <Td> Giao Châu ( Jiaozhou ) 交州 </Td> <Td> 229 -- 544 </Td> <Td> Same as above </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Early Lý dynasty </Td> <Td> Vạn Xuân 萬 春 </Td> <Td> 544 -- 602 </Td> <Td> Same as above </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sui to Tang Domination </Td> <Td> Giao Châu 交趾 </Td> <Td> 602 -- 679 </Td> <Td> Same as above </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tang Domination </Td> <Td> An Nam 安南 </Td> <Td> 679 -- 757 </Td> <Td> Same as above </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tang Domination </Td> <Td> Trấn Nam 鎮 南 </Td> <Td> 757 -- 766 </Td> <Td> Same as above </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tang Domination </Td> <Td> An Nam 安南 </Td> <Td> 766 -- 866 </Td> <Td> Same as above </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tang Domination , Autonomy ( Khúc clan , Dương Đình Nghệ , and Kiều Công Tiễn ) , Ngô dynasty </Td> <Td> Tĩnh Hải quân 静 海军 </Td> <Td> 866 -- 967 </Td> <Td> Same as above </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Đinh , Early Lê and Lý dynasty </Td> <Td> Đại Cồ Việt 大 瞿 越 </Td> <Td> 968 -- 1054 </Td> <Td> Same as above </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lý and Trần dynasty </Td> <Td> Đại Việt 大越 </Td> <Td> 1054 -- 1400 </Td> <Td> Southern border expanded down to present - day Huế area . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hồ dynasty </Td> <Td> Đại Ngu 大 虞 </Td> <Td> 1400 -- 1407 </Td> <Td> Same as above </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ming Domination and Later Trần dynasty </Td> <Td> Giao Chỉ 交州 </Td> <Td> 1407 -- 1427 </Td> <Td> Same as above </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lê , Mạc , Trịnh -- Nguyễn lords , Tây Sơn dynasty , Nguyễn dynasty </Td> <Td> Đại Việt </Td> <Td> 1428 -- 1804 大越 </Td> <Td> Gradually expanded to the boundary of present - day Vietnam . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nguyễn dynasty </Td> <Td> Việt Nam 越南 </Td> <Td> 1804 -- 1839 </Td> <Td> Present - day Vietnam plus some occupied territories in Laos and Cambodia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nguyễn dynasty </Td> <Td> Đại Nam 大 南 </Td> <Td> 1839 -- 1887 </Td> <Td> Same as above </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nguyễn dynasty and French Protectorate </Td> <Td> French Indochina , consisting of Cochinchina ( southern Vietnam ) , Annam ( central Vietnam ) , Tonkin ( northern Vietnam ) </Td> <Td> 1887 -- 1945 </Td> <Td> Present - day Vietnam . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Republican Era </Td> <Td> Việt Nam ( with variances such as Democratic Republic , State of Vietnam , Republic of Vietnam , Socialist Republic ) </Td> <Td> Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( 1945 -- 1976 in North Vietnam ) , State of Vietnam ( 1949 -- 1955 ) , Republic of Vietnam ( 1955 -- 1975 in South Vietnam ) , Socialist Republic of Vietnam ( 1976 -- present ) </Td> <Td> Present - day Vietnam . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Except the Hồng Bàng and Tây Sơn dynasties , all Vietnamese dynasties are named after the king 's family name , unlike the Chinese dynasties , whose names are dictated by the dynasty founders and often used as the country 's name . Nguyễn Huệ 's `` Tây Sơn dynasty '' is rather a name created by historians to avoid confusion with Nguyễn Ánh 's Nguyễn dynasty . </P> <H2> Vietnamese nationalist historiography ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Historiography and nationalism <P> The historian Professor Liam Kelley of the University of Hawaii at Manoa on his Le Minh Khai 's SEAsian History Blog wrote on how Vietnamese ultra-nationalists misleadingly reinterpreted outdated theories by western geography professors in order to further a Vietnamese nationalist agenda by claiming that Vietnamese invented rice cultivation and therefore were responsible for civilization while Chinese were pastoralists The outdated theory has been dis - proven with rice cultivation found to not originate in southeast Asia and the Vietnamese interpretations of the original theories were wrong . Vietnamese ultra-nationalists also claim the Yijing . </P> <P> Professor Liam Kelley criticized the theory of Edouard Chavannes that southeastern China was the origin of the Vietnamese before they ended up in their current location . </P> <P> Vietnam claims that Phong Châu 峯 州 was the capital of the Hùng Kings . </P> <P> Professor Liam Kelley argued that the Tran dynasty constructed Âu Lạc as a way of connecting Vietnam with their homeland of Fujian . </P> <P> The bronze drums of Đông Sơn which date back to far before the advent of native Vietnamese historical records were never seen by Vietnamese before the modern era as a `` symbol '' of Vietnam . After the Trung Sisters production of bronze drums stopped in Vietnam . </P> <P> Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư copied the mythical accounts of the Huayang guozhi 華陽 國 志 . Liam Kelley disproved the notion that the Phong Châu 峯 州 was the capital of the Hùng kings . </P> <P> Michael Churchman criticized the fact that modern historians falsely project modern day animosity between Vietnamese and Chinese onto the past history of Vietnam under Chinese rule and falsely portraying past people as `` freedom fighters '' or oppressors in a made - up narrative of resistance when there was no such ethnic boundary . Professor Liam Kelley criticized O.W. Wolters for doing this . Pre-1500s Vietnam had Confucianism as an integral component according to Liam Kelly . Confucianism influenced traditional education in Vietnam . Confucianism in Vietnam : A State of the Field Essay was written by Liam Kelley while Lost Modernities was written by Woodside and `` Annam '' : A New Analysis of Sino - Viet - Muong Linguistic Contact . </P> <P> According to Professor Liam Kelley during the Tang dynasty native spirits were subsumed into Daoism and the Daoist view of these spirits completely replaced the original native tales . Buddhism and Daoist replaced native narratives surrounding Mount Yên Tử 安子 山 . </P> <P> People from Song dynasty China like Zhao Zhong and Xu Zongdao fled to Tran dynasty ruled Vietnam after the Mongol invasion of the Song . The Tran dynasty originated from the Fujian region of China as did the Daoist cleric Xu Zongdao who recorded the Mongol invasion and referred to them as `` Northern bandits '' . </P> <P> Wu Bozong 吳伯宗 ( b . 1334 - d . 1384 ) was sent as ambassador to Annam and wrote down in the Rongjinji 榮 進 集 that the Tran dynasty monarch said to him in a reply his Wu 's inquiry on Annam 's affairs where the Tran ruler said that Annam proudly adhered to Tang dynasty and Han dynasty customs . </P> <P> 欲 問 安南 事 , 安南 風俗 淳 . 衣冠 唐 制度 , 禮 樂 漢 君臣 . 玉 甕 開 新酒 , 金 刀 斫 細 鱗 . 年 年 二 三 月 , 桃李 一般 春 . </P> <P> Dục vấn An Nam sự , An Nam phong tục thuần . Y quan Đường chế độ , Lễ nhạc Hán quân thần . Ngọc ủng khai tân tửu , Kim đao chước tế lân . Niên niên nhị tam nguyệt , Đào lý nhất ban xuân . </P> <P> The Ming dynasty included the monarchs of the Ly and Tran dynasties in its list of `` important people '' of Annam . </P> <P> Professor Liam Kelley ( Le Minh Khai ) suggested that the `` north '' in Bình Ngô đại cáo referred to the Ming collaborationist Hanoi scholars while the south referred to Thanh Hóa , the base of Lê Lợi since the text referred to `` Dai Viet '' and did not introduce China before mentioning north . cited John Whitmore and challenged the claim that `` Ngô '' referred to Ming dynasty China but instead referred to the Chinese settled Red River Delta area of Vietnam . It was English and French foreign languages translations which bowdlerized `` south '' into `` Vietnam '' and `` north '' into China even though people today have no true idea of what south and north referred to in the original text . He believes that it was the Ming collaborationist scholars of Hanoi who were referred to as the `` Ngô '' and that it was not

Before World War 2, Vietnam was known as

What was vietnam called in the years before world war 2?

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The Lion King ( musical ) - wikipedia <H1> The Lion King ( musical ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the musical . For the movie , see The Lion King . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The Lion King </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Broadway promotional poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> Elton John </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lyrics </Th> <Td> Tim Rice </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Book </Th> <Td> Roger Allers Irene Mecchi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Basis </Th> <Td> The Lion King by Walt Disney Animation Studios </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Productions </Th> <Td> 1997 Minneapolis 1997 Broadway 1998 Tokyo 1999 Japan National Tour 1999 West End 2000 Toronto 2000 Los Angeles 2001 Hamburg 2002 1st US National Tour 2003 2nd US National Tour 2003 Sydney 2004 The Hague 2006 Shanghai 2006 Seoul 2007 Johannesburg 2007 Paris 2008 Taipei 2009 Las Vegas 2011 Singapore 2011 Madrid 2012 UK National Tour 2013 São Paulo 2013 Sydney 2015 Basel 2015 Mexico City 2016 Shanghai 2016 The Hague 2018 International Tour 2019 Antarctica </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Awards </Th> <Td> Tony Award for Best Musical </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Lion King is a musical based on the 1994 Disney animated feature film of the same name with music by Elton John and lyrics by Tim Rice along with the musical score created by Hans Zimmer with choral arrangements by Lebo M. Directed by Julie Taymor , the musical features actors in animal costumes as well as giant , hollow puppets . The show is produced by Disney Theatrical Productions . </P> <P> The musical debuted on July 8 , 1997 in Minneapolis , Minnesota at the Orpheum Theatre and was an instant success before premiering on Broadway at the New Amsterdam Theater on October 15 , 1997 in many previews with the official opening on November 13 , 1997 . On June 13 , 2006 , the Broadway production moved to the Minskoff Theatre to make way for the musical version of Mary Poppins , where it is still running after more than 6,700 performances . It is Broadway 's third longest - running show in history and the highest grossing Broadway production of all time , having grossed more than $1 billion . </P> <P> The show opened in the West End 's Lyceum Theatre on October 19 , 1999 , and is still running . The cast of the West End production were invited to perform at the Royal Variety Performance in 1999 and 2008 , in the presence of senior members of the British Royal Family . </P> <P> In September 2014 , The Lion King became the top - earning title in box - office history for both stage productions and films , surpassing the record previously held by The Phantom of the Opera . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Synopsis <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Act I </Li> <Li> 1.2 Act II </Li> <Li> 1.3 Songs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Differences between the musical and film </Li> <Li> 3 Production history <Ul> <Li> 3.1 United States </Li> <Li> 3.2 Canada </Li> <Li> 3.3 Mexico </Li> <Li> 3.4 South America </Li> <Li> 3.5 Europe <Ul> <Li> 3.5. 1 United Kingdom </Li> <Li> 3.5. 2 Other countries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.6 Africa </Li> <Li> 3.7 Asia and Australia </Li> <Li> 3.8 International tour </Li> <Li> 3.9 Antarctica tour </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Characters and original casts </Li> <Li> 5 Cast distinctions </Li> <Li> 6 Recordings <Ul> <Li> 6.1 The Lion King : Original Broadway Cast Recording <Ul> <Li> 6.1. 1 Instrumentation </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Awards and nominations <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Original Broadway production </Li> <Li> 7.2 Original London production </Li> <Li> 7.3 Original France production </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Synopsis </H2> <H3> Act I </H3> Actress Buyi Zama as Rafiki in Taiwan <P> As the sun rises , Rafiki the mandrill calls the animals to Pride Rock . She greets King Mufasa and Queen Sarabi before presenting their cub to the gathered animals ( `` Circle of Life '' ) . Elsewhere , Mufasa 's brother , Scar , laments his lost chance at becoming King . Back at her baobab tree , Rafiki paints an image of the cub and asks the spirits to conjure the new prince 's name : Simba . </P> <P> Time passes and Simba grows into a lively young cub ( `` Grasslands Chant '' ) . Mufasa shows Simba the Pride Lands from the top of Pride Rock and explains that everything exists in a delicate balance known as the Circle of Life . Mufasa warns Simba not to stray beyond the boundaries of the Pride Lands , pointing out a shadowy area in the distance . Zazu , a hornbill who acts as Mufasa 's advisor , arrives and delivers his daily report on the state of affairs in the King 's domain ( `` The Morning Report '' , now cut from the Broadway production ) . </P> Geoff Hoyle as Zazu <P> Simba goes to see his Uncle Scar . The scheming lion piques the cub 's curiosity by mentioning the elephant graveyard , where Simba is forbidden to go . Meanwhile , the lionesses go hunting ( `` The Lioness Hunt '' ) . Simba arrives and asks his best friend , a female cub named Nala , to come with him to the elephant graveyard . He lies to the lionesses about where they are going , and Sarafina ( Nala 's mother ) and Sarabi allow the cubs to go , escorted by Zazu . Simba and Nala formulate a plan and manage to lose Zazu , while Simba brags about his future position ( `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' ) . </P> <P> The cubs go to the graveyard and begin to explore . Zazu catches up , but they are confronted by three hyenas : Shenzi , Banzai and Ed . The hyenas intend to eat the trespassers and they gloat about their find ( `` Chow Down '' ) . Mufasa rescues the cubs and frightens off the hyenas . </P> <P> Mufasa is disappointed and angry at Simba 's reckless disobedience , and explains the difference between bravery and bravado . Mufasa tells Simba about the great kings of the past and how they watch over everything from the stars ( `` They Live in You '' ) . Mufasa says that he will always be there for his son . Later he discusses Simba 's behavior with Zazu , who reminds Mufasa that he had the same tendency to get into trouble at Simba 's age . </P> <P> Back at the elephant graveyard , Scar tells the hyenas of his plan to kill Mufasa and Simba so that he can become king . He raises an army of hyenas , promising that they will never go hungry again if they support him ( `` Be Prepared '' ) . Scar takes Simba to a gorge and tells him to wait there . On Scar 's signal , the hyenas start a wildebeest stampede into the gorge ( `` The Stampede '' ) . Scar tells Mufasa that Simba is trapped in the gorge . Mufasa leaps into the stampede and manages to save his son , but as he tries to escape , Scar throws him off the cliff back into the stampede , killing him . Scar convinces Simba that his father 's death was his fault and tells him to run away , but as he leaves , Scar orders the hyenas to kill him . Simba escapes but the hyenas tell Scar that he is dead . Rafiki and the lionesses mourn the deaths ( `` Rafiki Mourns '' ) . Scar claims the throne and allows the hyenas into the Pride Lands ( `` Be Prepared ( Reprise ) '' ) . Rafiki returns to her tree and smears the drawing of Simba , while Sarabi and Nala quietly grieve . </P> <P> Out in the desert , Simba collapses from heat exhaustion . Vultures begin to circle , but are scared away by Timon the meerkat and Pumbaa the warthog . Simba feels responsible for Mufasa 's death , but the duo take the cub to their jungle home and show him their carefree way of life and bug diet ( `` Hakuna Matata '' ) . Simba grows to adulthood in the jungle . </P> <H3> Act ii </H3> <P> The chorus , dressed in colorful clothes with ornate bird puppets and kites , begin the Second Act ( `` One by One '' ) . As the song ends , however , the beautiful birds are replaced by vultures and gazelle skeletons . Under Scar 's rule , the Circle of Life is out of balance and a drought has hit the Pride Lands . Zazu , now a prisoner of Scar , listens to the king 's woes . The hyenas are complaining about the lack of food , but Scar is only concerned with himself and why he is not loved . He is haunted by visions of Mufasa and rapidly switches between delusional confidence and paranoid despair ( `` The Madness of King Scar '' ) . Nala arrives to confront Scar about the famine and Scar decides she will be his queen and give him cubs . Nala fiercely rebukes him and resolves to leave the Pride Lands to find help . Rafiki and the lionesses bless her for her journey ( `` Shadowland '' ) . </P> <P> Back in the jungle , Timon and Pumbaa want to sleep , but the restless Simba is unable to settle . Annoyed , Simba leaves them , but Timon and Pumbaa lose their courage and follow him . Simba leaps across a fast - moving river and challenges Timon to do the same . Timon falls in and is swept downstream . He grabs a branch over a waterfall and calls for Simba 's help , but Simba is paralyzed by a flashback of Mufasa 's death . Timon falls from the branch and Simba snaps out of the flashback , rescuing his friend . Simba is ashamed that Timon nearly died because of his recklessness . </P> <P> The three friends settle to sleep and discuss the stars . Simba recalls Mufasa 's words , but his friends laugh at the notion of dead kings watching them . Simba leaves , expressing his loneliness and bitterly recalling Mufasa 's promise to be there for him ( `` Endless Night '' ) . Rafiki hears the song on the wind , joyfully realizes that Simba is alive , and draws a mane onto her painting of Simba . </P> <P> In the jungle , Pumbaa is hunted and chased by a lioness . Simba confronts her and saves his friend , but recognizes the lioness as Nala . She is amazed to find Simba alive , knowing that he is the rightful king . Timon and Pumbaa are confused , but Simba asks them to leave him and Nala alone . Timon realizes what is happening and laments the end of Simba 's Hakuna Matata lifestyle ( `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' ) . Nala tells Simba about the devastated Pride Lands , but Simba still feels responsible for Mufasa 's death and refuses to return home . </P> <P> On his own , Simba meets Rafiki , who explains that his father lives on ( `` He Lives in You '' ) . Mufasa 's spirit appears in the sky and tells Simba he is the one true king and must take his place in the Circle of Life . Reawakened , Simba finds his courage and heads for home . Meanwhile , Nala wakes Timon and Pumbaa to ask where Simba is , and Rafiki appears to tell them all the news . The three of them catch up with him in the Pride Lands ,

The Lion King musical began its run on Broadway on

When did the lion king start on broadway?

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The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 film ) - wikipedia <H1> The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 film ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The Wizard of Oz </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Victor Fleming </Li> <Li> King Vidor </Li> <Li> George Cukor </Li> <Li> Richard Thorpe </Li> <Li> Norman Taurog </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Mervyn LeRoy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Noel Langley </Li> <Li> Florence Ryerson </Li> <Li> Edgar Allan Woolf </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Judy Garland </Li> <Li> Frank Morgan </Li> <Li> Ray Bolger </Li> <Li> Bert Lahr </Li> <Li> Jack Haley </Li> <Li> Billie Burke </Li> <Li> Margaret Hamilton </Li> <Li> Charley Grapewin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Herbert Stothart </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Harold Rosson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Blanche Sewell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Loew 's , Inc . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> August 25 , 1939 ( 1939 - 08 - 25 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 101 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $2.8 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> $3 million ( original release ) </Li> <Li> $23.3 million ( unadjusted , re-releases ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 American musical fantasy film produced by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer . Widely considered to be one of the greatest films in cinema history , it is the best - known and most commercially successful adaptation of L. Frank Baum 's 1900 children 's book , The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . It was directed primarily by Victor Fleming ( who left production to take over direction on the troubled Gone with the Wind production ) . It stars Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale , alongside Ray Bolger , Jack Haley , Bert Lahr , Frank Morgan , Billie Burke and Margaret Hamilton , with Charley Grapewin , Pat Walshe and Clara Blandick , Terry ( billed as Toto ) , and the Singer Midgets as the Munchkins . </P> <P> Legendary for its use of Technicolor , fantasy storytelling , musical score , and memorable characters , it has become an icon of American popular culture . It was nominated for six Academy Awards , including Best Picture , but lost to Gone with the Wind . It did win in two other categories , including Best Original Song for `` Over the Rainbow '' and Best Original Score by Herbert Stothart . While the film was considered a critical success upon release in August 1939 , it failed to make a profit for MGM until the 1949 rerelease , earning only $3,017,000 on a $2,777,000 budget , not including promotional costs , which made it MGM 's most expensive production to that time . </P> <P> The 1956 television broadcast premiere of the film on the CBS network reintroduced the film to the public ; watching it became an annual tradition and , according to the Library of Congress , it is the most seen film in movie history . It was among the 25 films that inaugurated the National Film Registry list in 1989 . It is also one of the few films on UNESCO 's Memory of the World Register . The film is among the top ten in the BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14 . </P> <P> The Wizard of Oz is the source of many quotes referenced in contemporary popular culture . Noel Langley , Florence Ryerson and Edgar Allan Woolf received credit for the screenplay , but uncredited contributions were made by others . The songs were written by Edgar `` Yip '' Harburg ( lyrics ) and Harold Arlen ( music ) . The musical score and the incidental music were composed by Stothart . </P> The Wizard of Oz theatrical poster <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Munchkins ( uncredited ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Development and pre-production </Li> <Li> 3.2 Casting </Li> <Li> 3.3 Filming <Ul> <Li> 3.3. 1 Richard Thorpe as director </Li> <Li> 3.3. 2 George Cukor 's brief stint </Li> <Li> 3.3. 3 Victor Fleming , the main director </Li> <Li> 3.3. 4 King Vidor 's finishing work as director </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.4 Post-production </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Music <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Deleted songs </Li> <Li> 4.2 Song list </Li> <Li> 4.3 Underscoring </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Release <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Box office </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Reception <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Legacy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Re-releases </Li> <Li> 8 Television </Li> <Li> 9 Home media </Li> <Li> 10 Awards and honors <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Academy Awards </Li> <Li> 10.2 American Film Institute lists </Li> <Li> 10.3 Other honors </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Differences from the novel </Li> <Li> 12 Sequels and reinterpretations </Li> <Li> 13 Cultural impact <Ul> <Li> 13.1 Ruby slippers </Li> <Li> 13.2 Impact upon LGBT culture </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 14 See also </Li> <Li> 15 Notes </Li> <Li> 16 References <Ul> <Li> 16.1 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 17 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> Stars Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale and Terry The Dog , as Toto Margaret Hamilton as The Wicked Witch of the West with Dorothy Gale <P> The film begins in Kansas , which is depicted in a sepia tone . Dorothy Gale lives with her dog , Toto , on her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry 's farm . Toto gets in trouble with a mean neighbor , Miss Almira Gulch , when he bites her . However , Dorothy 's family and the farmhands are all too busy to listen to her troubles . Miss Gulch arrives with an order from the sheriff allowing her to take Toto , but he escapes and returns to Dorothy who , fearing that Miss Gulch will return , decides to run away from home . </P> <P> After leaving home , Dorothy and Toto encounter Professor Marvel , a kindly fortune teller who , realizing Dorothy has run away , uses his crystal ball to convince her that Aunt Em is ill . Dorothy runs home just as a tornado approaches . Locked out of the storm cellar , she seeks safety in the house , where a wind - blown window sash knocks her out . She awakens to find the tornado has sent the house spinning into the sky . Outside the window during the flight , she sees farm animals , an old lady knitting in a chair , two men rowing a boat , and Miss Gulch , who transforms into a cackling witch riding a broomstick . </P> Dorothy with Glinda the Good Witch of the North <P> Suddenly the house falls to the ground and all is quiet . As Dorothy opens the door , the film changes to technicolor -- she and Toto have arrived in Munchkinland , part of the Land of Oz . Glinda the Good Witch of the North and the munchkins welcome her as their heroine because the house landed on and killed the Wicked Witch of the East . In the middle of the celebration , the Wicked Witch of the West arrives in a ball of smoke and fire to claim her sister 's ruby slippers , but Glinda transports them onto Dorothy 's feet before the witch can get them . The witch swears revenge on Dorothy for her sister 's death . Glinda tells Dorothy to follow the yellow brick road to the Emerald City where the Wizard of Oz might be able to help her get back home to Kansas . </P> <P> On her way , Dorothy meets and befriends a Scarecrow , who wants a brain , and invites him to join her on her journey . Eventually they come to an apple orchard where they find and befriend a Tin Man who desires a heart . After inviting him to come along , the Witch appears and makes threats to them . Deep in the woods , they meet a Cowardly Lion who is in need of courage and invite him to come along as well . After the Witch attempts to stop them using an enchanted poppy field , they finally reach the Emerald City . Inside , after being initially rejected , they are permitted to see the Wizard , who appears as a large disembodied head surrounded by fire . He agrees to grant their wishes if they will bring him the Witch of the West 's broomstick , implying they must kill her to get it . </P> <P> On their journey to the Witch 's castle , they pass through the Haunted Forest , while the Witch views their progress in her crystal ball . She sends her winged monkeys to attack them ; they capture Dorothy and Toto . At the castle , the Witch is stymied by magic when she tries to get the ruby slippers off Dorothy 's feet , then remembers that Dorothy must be dead first . Toto escapes and leads the Scarecrow , Tin Man , and Cowardly Lion to the castle . After overpowering three Winkie guards , they march inside wearing the stolen guards ' uniforms and free her , but the Witch discovers and traps them . The Scarecrow provides a distraction and they attempt to escape , being chased by the Witch and her guards , but are finally surrounded . The Witch sets fire to the Scarecrow and Dorothy puts it out with a bucket of water and unwittingly melts and kills the witch as the water splashes on her . The guards rejoice that she is dead and give Dorothy the charred broomstick in gratitude . </P> <P> Back at the Emerald City , they bring the broomstick to the Wizard . When they ask him to keep his promises , the Wizard delays granting their requests . During the argument , Toto pulls back a curtain and exposes the Wizard as a normal middle - aged man who has been projecting the fearsome image ; he denies Dorothy 's accusation that he is a bad man , but admits to being a humbug . He then gives the Scarecrow a diploma , the Lion a medal , and the Tin Man a ticking heart - shaped clock , making them realize that they had what they wanted all along . The Wizard prepares to launch his hot air balloon to take Dorothy home but Toto runs off , and as she tries to get him back , the balloon leaves without them . Suddenly , Glinda returns and tells her that she can still return home by using the ruby slippers . After sharing a tearful farewell with her friends , Dorothy follows Glinda 's instructions and taps her heels together three times and repeats , `` There 's no place like home '' . She wakes up in bed at her home in Kansas , surrounded by her family , the farmhands , Professor Marvel and Toto . Though they dismiss her adventure as a dream , she insists that it was all real , and that there is no place like home . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> The film 's main characters ( left to right ) : the Cowardly Lion , Dorothy ,

The movie "The Wizard of Oz" was made in

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The Trials of Apollo - wikipedia <H1> The Trials of Apollo </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> The Trials of Apollo <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Logo of the series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Hidden Oracle ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> The Dark Prophecy ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> The Burning Maze ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> Rick Riordan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cover artist </Th> <Td> John Rocco </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Greek mythological fiction , fantasy , adventure and children 's fiction </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> Hyperion Books </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Published </Th> <Td> May 3 , 2016 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media type </Th> <Td> Print ( hardcover and paperback ) , audiobook , e-book </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of books </Th> <Td> 2 ( as of 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preceded by </Th> <Td> The Heroes of Olympus </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Trials of Apollo is a pentalogy of fantasy adventure and mythological fiction novels written by American author Rick Riordan that collectively form a sequel to the Heroes of Olympus series . A supplementary book has also been released in addition to the main series . </P> <P> The first book in the series , The Hidden Oracle , was released on May 3 , 2016 . The second book in the series , The Dark Prophecy , was released on May 2 , 2017 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Synopsis </Li> <Li> 2 Books <Ul> <Li> 2.1 The Hidden Oracle </Li> <Li> 2.2 The Dark Prophecy </Li> <Li> 2.3 The Burning Maze </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Supplementary works <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Camp Half - Blood Confidential </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Film Adaptation </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Synopsis ( edit ) </H2> <P> The series follows the trials of the god Apollo , who has been turned into a human as punishment from his father and king of the gods Zeus . Zeus is angry with Apollo for a variety of reasons , most notably for the younger god 's allowing his Roman descendant Octavian to rise to power during The Heroes of Olympus series by giving him his blessing . The final book of The Heroes of Olympus , The Blood of Olympus , takes place about six months before the beginning of The Trials of Apollo . </P> <H2> Books ( edit ) </H2> <H3> The Hidden Oracle ( edit ) </H3> Main article : The Hidden Oracle <P> The Hidden Oracle is the first book of the series . It is told in first - person by the main character Apollo , and uses haiku for chapter titles . The book was released on May 3 , 2016 . </P> <P> The book opens with Apollo landing in an alley in New York City -- in the form of a mortal teenager named Lester Papadopoulos -- and meeting Meg McCaffrey , a homeless daughter of Demeter . Believing that he must only undertake some simple quest to regain his immortality , Apollo / Lester and Meg travel to Camp Half - Blood , where they learn most of the world 's oracles have stopped working . The two undertake a quest to locate and protect the one remaining oracle , hoping also to learn how to help the other oracles and to regain Apollo 's immortality . </P> <H3> The Dark Prophecy ( edit ) </H3> Main article : The Dark Prophecy <P> The Dark Prophecy is the second book in the series . It was released on May 2 , 2017 . </P> <P> The book continues the story of Apollo as the mortal Lester , as he leaves the safety of Camp Half - Blood and journeys across North America to restore the remaining four Oracles and defeat the triumvirate of Roman emperors - turned - Gods , while also being helped by Leo Valdez , the now - mortal Calypso and Festus the bronze dragon . </P> <H3> The Burning Maze ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Burning Maze is the third book in the series . It is scheduled to be released on May 1 , 2018 . </P> <H2> Supplementary works ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Camp Half - Blood Confidential ( edit ) </H3> <P> A companion book titled Percy Jackson : Camp Half - Blood Confidential was released on May 2 , 2017 . </P> <H2> Film adaptation ( edit ) </H2> <P> Universal Pictures acquired the film rights of the first book The Hidden Oracle . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rick Riordan announces ' Trials of Apollo ' series set in Percy Jackson 's world '' . Hypable . October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Riordan , Rick ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Hidden Oracle ! '' . RickRiordan.com . Rick Riordan . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Trials of Apollo ' book 2 info revealed on heels of ' Hidden Oracle ' release '' . Hypable . May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riordan , Rick ( 2016 ) . The Hidden Oracle . Los Angeles : Disney - Hyperion . ISBN 9781484732748 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://rickriordan.com/book/the-dark-prophecy/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` From Percy Jackson : Camp Half - Blood Confidential ( An Official Rick Riordan Companion Book ) : Your Real Guide to the Demigod Training Camp ( Trials of Apollo ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Camp Half - Blood Chronicles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Percy Jackson & the Olympians </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Novels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Lightning Thief </Li> <Li> The Sea of Monsters </Li> <Li> The Titan 's Curse </Li> <Li> The Battle of the Labyrinth </Li> <Li> The Last Olympian </Li> <Li> The Demigod Files </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief </Li> <Li> Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters </Li> <Li> Film cast members </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Heroes of Olympus </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Novels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Lost Hero </Li> <Li> The Son of Neptune </Li> <Li> The Mark of Athena </Li> <Li> The House of Hades </Li> <Li> The Blood of Olympus </Li> <Li> The Demigod Diaries </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Trials of Apollo </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Novels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Hidden Oracle </Li> <Li> The Dark Prophecy </Li> <Li> The Burning Maze </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Percy Jackson 's Greek Gods </Li> <Li> Percy Jackson 's Greek Heroes </Li> <Li> The Son of Sobek </Li> <Li> The Staff of Serapis </Li> <Li> The Crown of Ptolemy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Percy Jackson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Trials_of_Apollo&oldid=822339780 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> The Trials of Apollo </Li> <Li> Young adult novel series </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from July 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction </Li> <Li> Articles with a promotional tone from July 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles with a promotional tone </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from July 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles with multiple maintenance issues </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Português </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 20 : 24 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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The next Apollo book is scheduled to be released on

When does the next apollo book come out?

-4399684604572035360

Snow dogs - wikipedia <H1> Snow dogs </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Snow Dogs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Brian Levant </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Jordan Kerner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Jim Kouf Tommy Swerdlow Michael Goldberg Mark Gibson Philip Halprin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> Premise suggested by Winterdance : The Fine Madness of Running the Iditarod by Gary Paulsen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Cuba Gooding Jr . James Coburn Sisqó Nichelle Nichols Graham Greene </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> John Debney </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Thomas E. Ackerman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Roger Bondelli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Walt Disney Pictures Kerner Entertainment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Buena Vista Pictures Distribution </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> January 18 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 18 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 99 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $33 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $115 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Snow Dogs is a 2002 American adventure comedy film directed by Brian Levant and starring Cuba Gooding Jr. and James Coburn . The film was released in the United States on January 18 , 2002 by Walt Disney Pictures . The film is inspired by the book Winterdance : The Fine Madness of Running the Iditarod by Gary Paulsen . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Reception </Li> <Li> 5 Awards </Li> <Li> 6 Pop culture </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Dr. Ted Brooks is a dentist in Miami , Florida . Every city bus carries an advertisement for his dental practice with his picture . One day , Ted receives a letter from Alaska , naming him as the only heir of one Lucy Watkins , a resident of the backwoods village of Tolketna . Brooks ' mother Amelia reveals that he is adopted ; Lucy was his biological mother . </P> <P> Ted travels to Tolketna to claim his inheritance from Lucy : seven Siberian Huskies and a Border Collie named Nana . In Tolketna , he discovers his roots . Totally out of his element , Ted experiences challenges he has never dreamed of : blizzards , thin ice , foxes , skunks , bears , an intimidating , crusty old mountain man named James `` Thunder Jack '' Johnson , and the aggressive , defiant lead dog , Demon . All of this happens with the buzzing excitement of the Arctic Challenge Sled Dog Race , which is only two weeks away . </P> <P> Ted tries to find out why he was given up for adoption , and who was his biological father . He meets bar owner Barb , a close friend of Lucy . Barb helps Ted to deal with the dogs and teaches him how to drive a sled , and falls in love with him . Ted has several encounters with Thunder Jack , who tries to buy the dogs , especially Demon . Barb tells Brooks that Thunder Jack is his biological father . Ted confronts Thunder Jack , who offers to tell the truth about of Ted 's birth in exchange for the dogs ; Ted agrees . Jack takes Brooks to a cave out in the woods . During an Arctic Challenge , he and Lucy were stranded in that cave , and it was there that Ted was conceived . The next morning , when Thunder Jack woke up , Lucy was gone . He looked for her but never found her . Ted returns to Miami . </P> <P> Thunder Jack adds Demon as lead dog of his team for the Arctic Challenge . Ernie has finished last in the last three Challenges , `` winning '' the `` Arctic Flame '' award as last `` musher '' to cross the finish line . The other mushers all camp at a checkpoint to wait out a bad storm , but Jack presses on . He is annoyed by the pretensions of defending champion Olivier , who is dining on crab legs in an elaborate tent . </P> <P> In Miami , Ted recounts his experiences to his mother , who accidentally breaks a frame holding a picture of Lucy and Demon . This reveals a snapshot of Lucy and Jack with a baby . Ted is infuriated that Jack lied to him , and rushes back to Alaska . There he learns that Jack is lost on the trail , and the weather is too bad for searching . Ted decides to go searching himself , taking Lucy 's dogs with Nana as lead . As he heads back down the trail , he nearly collides with Olivier , who wins the Challenge again . A few hours later , Amelia arrives and meets Barb . She learns that Ted is out on the trail , searching for Jack . The `` Arctic Flame '' is burning over the finish line , until the last musher arrives . </P> <P> Ted eventually locates Thunder Jack in the old cave . Jack admits he and Lucy had been together when Ted was born , and that he loved her . But he and Lucy had agreed then that neither one of them could raise a baby . Ted also discovers that Demon is bad - tempered because he has a bad tooth . He pulls the tooth and Demon becomes friendly ( despite keeping his name ) . During the journey back to Tolketna , the sled nearly goes over a cliff into a river , but the dogs pull themselves back up . Ted finally brings Thunder Jack across the finish line . Ted introduces Thunder Jack to Amelia , and Brooks and Thunder Jack decide to share the `` Arctic Flame '' trophy . </P> <P> Some time later , Ted has moved his dental practice to Tolketna . He and Barb become a couple and get married , while she has become his receptionist and is pregnant , and Nana and Demon have four puppies named Avalanche , Little Aleutia , Chinook , and Demon Jr ... Back in Miami , Ted 's cousin Rupert ( Sisqó ) , also a dentist , is the new celebrity dentist , with his face on every city bus . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Cuba Gooding Jr. as Dr Ted Brooks ( a.k.a. `` Teddy Bear '' ) </Li> <Li> Joanna Bacalso as Barb </Li> <Li> James Coburn as James `` Thunder Jack '' Johnson </Li> <Li> Sisqó as Dr. Rupert Brooks </Li> <Li> Nichelle Nichols as Amelia Brooks </Li> <Li> Arturo Peniche - Jose Luis Valencia </Li> <Li> Cesar Evora - Federico Valencia </Li> <Li> Manuel Ojeda - Ricardo Valencia </Li> <Li> Victoria Ruffo - Victoria Gonzalez Manuel </Li> <Li> Francisco Gattorno - Pedro Gonzalez Manuel </Li> <Li> Daniela Castro - Daniela Gonzalez Manuel </Li> <Li> Fernando Colunga - Carlos Manuel Gonzalez </Li> <Li> Christopher Judge as Dr. Brooks </Li> <Li> Michael Bolton as Himself </Li> <Li> Michelle Vieth - Nada Maria </Li> <Li> Ernesto Laguardia - Luis Carlos Maria </Li> <Li> Aracely Arambula - Rebecca Maria </Li> <Li> Chantal Andere - Lisa Maria </Li> <Li> M. Emmet Walsh as George </Li> <Li> Brian Doyle - Murray as Ernie </Li> <Li> Aaron Hernan - Don Aaron Montero </Li> <Li> Eugenio Cobo - Don Arturo Montero </Li> <Li> Graham Greene as Peter Yellowbear </Li> <Li> Jean Michel Paré as Olivier </Li> <Li> Jason Pouliotte as Sneed Brother # 1 </Li> <Li> David Boyce as Sneed Brother # 2 </Li> <Li> Frank C. Turner as Neely </Li> <Li> Ron Small as Arthur </Li> <Li> Alison Matthews as TV Reporter </Li> <Li> Jascha Washington as Young Ted </Li> <Li> Linda Dahling as Mrs. Yepremian </Li> <Li> Danelle Folta as Rollerblader with Dog </Li> <Li> Peter Musooli as Valet </Li> <Li> Lossen Chambers as Receptionist </Li> <Li> Andrea Butterfield as Patient </Li> <Li> Oscar Goncalves as Ernesto Julio Santisto </Li> <Li> Angela Moore as Lucy </Li> <Li> Jim Belushi as the voice of Demon </Li> <Li> Jane Sibbett as the voice of Nana </Li> <Li> Richard Steven Horvitz as the voice of Scooper ( uncredited ) </Li> </Ul> <P> In some scenes , the faces of the dogs are partially animated to give them human expressions like winking or smiling . The animatronic version of Demon was created by Jim Henson 's Creature Shop and performed by David Barclay . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> The film 's budget was US $ 33 million . Canmore , Alberta , Canada was used to film the fictional city of Tolketna , Alaska . The dogs D.J. , Koda , Floyd and Buck also starred in the adventure film , Eight Below . Many of the dogs and mushers used in the film were locals . Two of the hero team doubles and all of Olivier 's team were supplied by Nakitsilik Siberians of Bridge Lake , British Columbia . Mountain Mushers ' from Golden BC supplied the Thunder Jack team . Old Ernie 's team was supplied by Russ Gregory from Calgary , Alberta . Arcticsun Siberian Husky Kennel from Edmonton , Alberta was one of many kennels -- including Czyz , Snowy Owl , Gatt racing -- from the area that supplied background for the film . Two of the dogs came from Kortar Kennels , in Ontario . The animatronic effects were designed and built by Jim Henson 's Creature Shop . The special effects were provided by The Secret Lab , the special effects division of Disney . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 24 % based on 82 reviews . The site 's consensus reads `` A mediocre live - action children 's movie , Snow Dogs is filled with cliched dialogue , tiresome pratfalls , and stale fish - out - of - water jokes . '' It grossed $115 million worldwide against a $33 million budget . </P> <H2> Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> John Debney won the ASCAP Award in 2003 for the soundtrack . </P> <H2> Pop culture ( edit ) </H2> <P> Snow Dogs was referenced in the Gilmore Girls Season 2 episode , `` Teach Me Tonight '' . </P> <P> The film was also the inspiration for the reworking of a mafia comedy that was in development at Warner Bros . This eventually became the 2003 comedy Kangaroo Jack . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Eight Below </Li> <Li> Nankyoku Monogatari </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Snow Dogs '' . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Snow Dogs ( 2002 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Snow Dogs </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Snow Dogs on IMDb </Li> <Li> Snow Dogs at AllMovie </Li> <Li> Snow Dogs at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> Snow Dogs at Box

In the movie Snow Dogs, Nana is

What kind of dog is nana in snow dogs?

-2836256430486788997

denigrate each other . In the early modern period , an educated urban - dwelling Turkish - speaker who was not a member of the military - administrative class would refer to himself neither as an Osmanlı nor as a Türk , but rather as a Rūmī ( رومى ‎ ) , or `` Roman '' , meaning an inhabitant of the territory of the former Byzantine Empire in the Balkans and Anatolia . The term Rūmī was also used to refer to Turkish - speakers by the other Muslim peoples of the empire and beyond . </P> <P> In Western Europe , the two names `` Ottoman Empire '' and `` Turkey '' were often used interchangeably , with `` Turkey '' being increasingly favoured both in formal and informal situations . This dichotomy was officially ended in 1920 -- 23 , when the newly established Ankara - based Turkish government chose Turkey as the sole official name . Most scholarly historians avoid the terms `` Turkey '' , `` Turks '' , and `` Turkish '' when referring to the Ottomans , due to the empire 's multinational character . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Main article : History of the Ottoman Empire See also : Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire <H3> Rise ( C. 1299 -- 1453 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Rise of the Ottoman Empire Further information : Osman I , Ottoman dynasty , and Gaza Thesis <P> As the power of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum declined in the 13th century , Anatolia was divided into a patchwork of independent Turkish principalities known as the Anatolian Beyliks . One of these beyliks , in the region of Bithynia on the frontier of the Byzantine Empire , was led by the Turkish tribal leader Osman ( d . 1323 / 4 ) , a figure of obscure origins from whom the name Ottoman is derived . Osman 's early followers consisted both of Turkish tribal groups and Byzantine renegades , many but not all converts to Islam . Osman extended the control of his principality by conquering Byzantine towns along the Sakarya River . It is not well understood how the early Ottomans came to dominate their neighbours , due to the scarcity of the sources which survive from this period . One school of thought which was popular during the twentieth century argued that the Ottomans achieved success by rallying religious warriors to fight for them in the name of Islam . This theory , known as the Gaza Thesis , is now highly criticised and no longer generally accepted by historians , but no consensus on the nature of the early Ottoman state has yet emerged to replace it . </P> Battle of Nicopolis in 1396 . Painting from 1523 . <P> In the century after the death of Osman I , Ottoman rule began to extend over Anatolia and the Balkans . Osman 's son , Orhan , captured the northwestern Anatolian city of Bursa in 1326 , and made it the new capital of the Ottoman state . This conquest meant the loss of Byzantine control over northwestern Anatolia . The important city of Thessaloniki was captured from the Venetians in 1387 . The Ottoman victory at Kosovo in 1389 effectively marked the end of Serbian power in the region , paving the way for Ottoman expansion into Europe . The Battle of Nicopolis in 1396 , widely regarded as the last large - scale crusade of the Middle Ages , failed to stop the advance of the victorious Ottoman Turks . </P> <P> With the extension of Turkish dominion into the Balkans , the strategic conquest of Constantinople became a crucial objective . The empire had managed to control nearly all former Byzantine lands surrounding the city , but in 1402 the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when the Turco - Mongol leader Timur , founder of the Timurid Empire , invaded Anatolia from the east . In the Battle of Ankara in 1402 , Timur defeated the Ottoman forces and took Sultan Bayezid I as a prisoner , throwing the empire into disorder . The ensuing civil war lasted from 1402 to 1413 as Bayezid 's sons fought over succession . It ended when Mehmed I emerged as the sultan and restored Ottoman power , bringing an end to the Interregnum , also known as the Fetret Devri . </P> <P> Part of the Ottoman territories in the Balkans ( such as Thessaloniki , Macedonia and Kosovo ) were temporarily lost after 1402 but were later recovered by Murad II between the 1430s and 1450s . On 10 November 1444 , Murad II defeated the Hungarian , Polish , and Wallachian armies under Władysław III of Poland ( also King of Hungary ) and John Hunyadi at the Battle of Varna , the final battle of the Crusade of Varna , although Albanians under Skanderbeg continued to resist . Four years later , John Hunyadi prepared another army ( of Hungarian and Wallachian forces ) to attack the Turks but was again defeated by Murad II at the Second Battle of Kosovo in 1448 . </P> <H3> Expansion and apogee ( 1453 -- 1566 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Growth of the Ottoman Empire Sultan Mehmed II 's entry into Constantinople ; painting by Fausto Zonaro ( 1854 -- 1929 ) <P> The son of Murad II , Mehmed the Conqueror , reorganized the state and the military , and conquered Constantinople on 29 May 1453 . Mehmed allowed the Orthodox Church to maintain its autonomy and land in exchange for accepting Ottoman authority . Because of bad relations between the states of western Europe and the later Byzantine Empire , the majority of the Orthodox population accepted Ottoman rule as preferable to Venetian rule . Albanian resistance was a major obstacle to Ottoman expansion on the Italian peninsula . </P> <P> In the 15th and 16th centuries , the Ottoman Empire entered a period of expansion . The Empire prospered under the rule of a line of committed and effective Sultans . It also flourished economically due to its control of the major overland trade routes between Europe and Asia . </P> <P> Sultan Selim I ( 1512 -- 1520 ) dramatically expanded the Empire 's eastern and southern frontiers by defeating Shah Ismail of Safavid Persia , in the Battle of Chaldiran . Selim I established Ottoman rule in Egypt , and created a naval presence on the Red Sea . After this Ottoman expansion , a competition started between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire to become the dominant power in the region . </P> Battle of Mohács in 1526 <P> Suleiman the Magnificent ( 1520 -- 1566 ) captured Belgrade in 1521 , conquered the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Hungary as part of the Ottoman -- Hungarian Wars , and , after his historic victory in the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , he established Turkish rule in the territory of present - day Hungary ( except the western part ) and other Central European territories . He then laid siege to Vienna in 1529 , but failed to take the city . In 1532 , he made another attack on Vienna , but was repulsed in the Siege of Güns . Transylvania , Wallachia and , intermittently , Moldavia , became tributary principalities of the Ottoman Empire . In the east , the Ottoman Turks took Baghdad from the Persians in 1535 , gaining control of Mesopotamia and naval access to the Persian Gulf . In 1555 , the Caucasus became officially partitioned for the first time between the Safavids and the Ottomans , a status quo that would remain until the end of the Russo - Turkish War ( 1768 -- 74 ) . By this partitioning of the Caucasus as signed in the Peace of Amasya , Western Armenia , western Kurdistan , and Western Georgia ( incl . western Samtskhe ) fell into Ottoman hands , while southern Dagestan , Eastern Armenia , Eastern Georgia , and Azerbaijan remained Persian . </P> Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha defeats the Holy League of Charles V under the command of Andrea Doria at the Battle of Preveza in 1538 <P> France and the Ottoman Empire , united by mutual opposition to Habsburg rule , became strong allies . The French conquests of Nice ( 1543 ) and Corsica ( 1553 ) occurred as a joint venture between the forces of the French king Francis I and Suleiman , and were commanded by the Ottoman admirals Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha and Turgut Reis . A month before the siege of Nice , France supported the Ottomans with an artillery unit during the 1543 Ottoman conquest of Esztergom in northern Hungary . After further advances by the Turks , the Habsburg ruler Ferdinand officially recognized Ottoman ascendancy in Hungary in 1547 . </P> <P> In 1559 , after the first Ajuran - Portuguese war , the Ottoman Empire would later absorb the weakened east African Adal Sultanate into its domain . This expansion furthered Ottoman rule in Somalia and the Horn of Africa . This also increased its influence in the Indian Ocean to compete against the Portuguese with its close ally the Ajuran Empire . </P> <P> By the end of Suleiman 's reign , the Empire spanned approximately 877,888 sq mi ( 2,273,720 km ) , extending over three continents . In addition , the Empire became a dominant naval force , controlling much of the Mediterranean Sea . By this time , the Ottoman Empire was a major part of the European political sphere . The success of its political and military establishment was compared to the Roman Empire , by the likes of Italian scholar Francesco Sansovino and the French political philosopher Jean Bodin . </P> <H3> Stagnation and reform ( 1566 -- 1827 ) ( edit ) </H3> Revolts , reversals , and revivals ( 1566 -- 1683 ) ( edit ) Main article : Transformation of the Ottoman Empire Further information : Ottoman Decline Thesis <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( September 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> The extent of the Ottoman Empire in 1566 , upon the death of Suleiman the Magnificent Ottoman miniature about the Szigetvár campaign showing Ottoman troops and Tatars as avant - garde <P> In the second half of the sixteenth century the Ottoman Empire came under increasing strain from inflation and the rapidly rising costs of warfare that were impacting both Europe and the Middle East . These pressures led to a series of crises around the year 1600 , placing great strain upon the Ottoman system of government . The empire underwent a series of transformations of its political and military institutions in response to these challenges , enabling it to successfully adapt to the new conditions of the seventeenth century and remain powerful , militarily and economically . Historians of the mid-twentieth century once characterized this period as one of stagnation and decline , but this view is now rejected by the majority of academics . </P> <P> The discovery of new maritime trade routes by Western European states allowed them to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly . The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman - Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century . Despite the growing European presence in the Indian Ocean , Ottoman trade with the east continued to flourish . Cairo in particular benefitted from the rise of Yemeni coffee as a popular consumer commodity . As coffeehouses appeared in cities and towns across the empire , Cairo developed into a major center for its trade , contributing to its continued prosperity throughout the seventeenth and much of the eighteenth century . </P> <P> Under Ivan IV ( 1533 -- 1584 ) ,

The Ottoman Empire in the 1500s was ruled by

Who ruled the ottoman empire in the 1500s?

-8893900507056497370

Kings of Dance ( season 2 ) - wikipedia <H1> Kings of Dance ( season 2 ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Kings of Dance ( season 2 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tamil </Th> <Td> கிங்ஸ் ஆப் டான்ஸ் சீசன் 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Dance Show Reality </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Judges </Th> <Td> Raju Sundaram Sheriff Sandy Jeffrey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> Tamil </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location ( s ) </Th> <Td> Tamil Nadu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Camera setup </Th> <Td> Multi-camera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> approx. 40 - 45 minutes per episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> Vijay TV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) -- 4 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 04 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Kings of Dance ( season 2 ) ( Tamil : கிங்ஸ் ஆப் டான்ஸ் சீசன் 2 ) is a 2017 - 2018 Tamil language reality Dance show which aired on Star Vijay on every Saturday and Sunday at 21 : 30 ( IST ) starting from 7 October 2017 . Tamil Film Dancer choreographers Raju Sundaram , Sheriff , Sandy and Jeffrey are the judges of this season . The show ended with 41 Episodes from 4 March 2018 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Overview </Li> <Li> 2 Audition </Li> <Li> 3 Finalist </Li> <Li> 4 Winners </Li> <Li> 5 Judges </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Overview ( edit ) </H2> <P> The show is a dance competition for contestants of any age as individuals or in a team . </P> <H2> Audition ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Thoothukudi </Li> <Li> Madurai </Li> <Li> Coimbatore </Li> <Li> Chennai </Li> </Ul> <H2> Finalist ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Velammal Kids from Team Jeffery </Li> <Li> Ashwin Scott from Team Jeffery </Li> <Li> Yobu and Mercyna from Team Jeffery </Li> <Li> ADS kids from Team Sherif </Li> <Li> Laab crew from Team Sherif </Li> <Li> Bipin princy from Team Jeffery </Li> <Li> O2 from Team Sandy </Li> <Li> Vignesh from Team Sherif </Li> </Ul> <H2> Winners ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Title Winner : LAAB Crew From Team Sherif </Li> <Li> 1st Runner - up : ADS kids From Team Sherif </Li> <Li> 2nd Runner - up : Bipin and Princy From Team Jeffery </Li> <Li> 3rd Runner - up : Ashwin Scott From Team Jeffery </Li> <Li> Consolation Prize : o2 From Sandy Team </Li> </Ul> <H2> Judges ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Raju Sundaram : is a National Award - winning Indian choreographerd actor who has primarily worked on Tamil and Telugu language films. A few Films - Jeans ( 1998 ) , Quick Gun Murugan ( 2009 ) . </Li> <Li> Sheriff : a Tamil cinema choreographer , who recently choreographed for the blockbuster actor Vijay 's Theri . He was the title winner in dance reality show like a Ungalil yar adutha Prabhudeva . </Li> <Li> Sandy or Santhosh Kumar debut season of Maanada Mayilada Dance show choreographed movie poda podi , gethu etc . </Li> <Li> Jeffrey # hotshoe # dance club owner , southindia profesional certified salsa dancer </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Watch Star Vijay Reality Show Kings of Dance 2 -- Every Saturday and Sunday at 9.30 P.M '' . www.tholaikatchi.in . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` விஜய் டிவியில் ' கிங்ஸ் ஆப் டான்ஸ் ' சீசன் 2 ஆரம்பம் '' ( in Tamil ) . www.screen4screen.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` கிங்ஸ் ஆப் டான்ஸ் சீசன் 2 அக்டோபர் 7ஆம் திகதி முதல் '' ( in Tamil ) . cinema.dinamalar.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Time to put on your dancing shoes for Kings of Dance '' . timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gear up for the semi finals of Kings Of Dance 2 '' . timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Yobu - Mercyna are the third finalists of Kings of Dance 2 '' . timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Vijay TV Official Website on Hotstar </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> Vijay TV : Saturday - Sunday @ 21 : 30 shows </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Previous program </Th> <Td> Kings of Dance ( season 2 ) ( 7 October 2017 - 4 March 2018 ) </Td> <Th> Next program </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bigg Boss Tamil ( 25 June -- 30 September 2017 ) </Td> <Td> Villa To Village ( 10 March - Present ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Programs broadcast by Star Vijay </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reality show </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Super Singer 6 </Li> <Li> Villa To Village </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Soap opera serials </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Avalum Naanum </Li> <Li> Chinna Thambi </Li> <Li> Kalyanamam Kalyanam </Li> <Li> Mouna Ragam </Li> <Li> Nenjam Marappathillai </Li> <Li> Ninaika Therintha Manamae </Li> <Li> Pagal Nilavu </Li> <Li> Ponmagal Vanthal </Li> <Li> Raja Rani </Li> <Li> Saravanan Meenatchi ( season 3 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Talk shows </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Neeya Naana </Li> <Li> Samayal Samayal with Venkatesh Bhat </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sitcoms & Game shows </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adhu Idhu Edhu ( season 2 ) </Li> <Li> Kalakka Povathu Yaaru ? ( season 7 ) </Li> <Li> Kalakka Povathu Yaaru ? Champions </Li> <Li> Ready Steady Po </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kings_of_Dance_(season_2)&oldid=833027975 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Vijay TV television series </Li> <Li> Tamil reality television series </Li> <Li> Tamil dance television shows </Li> <Li> Tamil game shows </Li> <Li> 2010s Tamil television series </Li> <Li> 2017 Tamil - language television series debuts </Li> <Li> Tamil - language television programs </Li> <Li> 2018 Tamil - language television seasons </Li> <Li> 2018 Tamil - language television series endings </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Tamil - language sources ( ta ) </Li> <Li> Articles containing Tamil - language text </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 08 : 23 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The winner of King of Dance Season 2 was

Who won the king of dance season 2?

-2315398743302009652

Lord 's Prayer - wikipedia <H1> Lord 's Prayer </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Lord 's Prayer ( disambiguation ) , Our Father ( disambiguation ) and Pater Noster ( disambiguation ) . `` Hallowed Be Thy Name '' redirects here . For the Iron Maiden song , see Hallowed Be Thy Name ( song ) . James Tissot -- The Lord 's Prayer ( Le Pater Noster ) -- Brooklyn Museum <P> The Lord 's Prayer ( also called the Our Father or Pater Noster , among other names ) is a venerated Christian prayer which , according to the New Testament , Jesus taught as the way to pray : </P> <Dl> <Dd> Pray then in this way ... ( Matthew 6 : 9 NRSV ) </Dd> <Dd> When you pray , say ... ( Luke 11 : 2 NRSV ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> Two versions of this prayer are recorded : the long form in the Gospel of Matthew in the middle of the Sermon on the Mount , and the short form in the Gospel of Luke when `` one of his disciples said to him , ' Lord , teach us to pray , as John taught his disciples . ' '' </P> <P> The first three of the seven petitions in Matthew address God ; the other four are related to human needs and concerns . The Matthew account alone includes the `` Your will be done '' and the `` Rescue us from the evil one '' ( or `` Deliver us from evil '' ) petitions . Both original Greek texts contain the adjective epiousios , which does not appear in any other classical or Koine Greek literature ; while controversial , `` daily '' has been the most common English - language translation of this word . Some Christians , particularly Protestants , conclude the prayer with a doxology , a later addendum appearing in some manuscripts of Matthew . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <P> Matthew 6 : 9 - 13 ( RSV - 2CE ) </P> <Dl> <Dd> Our Father who art in heaven , hallowed be thy name . Thy kingdom come . Thy will be done , on earth as it is in heaven . Give us this day our daily bread ; and forgive us our trespasses , as we forgive those who trespass against us ; and lead us not into temptation , but deliver us from evil . </Dd> </Dl> </Td> <Td> <P> Luke 11 : 2 - 4 ( RSV - 2CE ) </P> <Dl> <Dd> Father , hallowed be your name . Your kingdom come . Give us each day our daily bread ; and forgive us our sins , for we ourselves forgive everyone who is indebted to us ; and lead us not into temptation . </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Initial words on the topic from the Catechism of the Catholic Church teach that it `` is truly the summary of the whole gospel '' . The prayer is used by most Christian churches in their worship ; with few exceptions , the liturgical form is the Matthean . Although theological differences and various modes of worship divide Christians , according to Fuller Seminary professor Clayton Schmit , `` there is a sense of solidarity in knowing that Christians around the globe are praying together ... and these words always unite us . '' </P> <P> In biblical criticism , the prayer 's absence in the Gospel of Mark together with its occurrence in Matthew and Luke has caused scholars who accept the two - source hypothesis ( against other document hypotheses ) to conclude that it is probably a logion original to Q . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Text <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Original Greek text and Vulgate Latin translation </Li> <Li> 1.2 Liturgical Greek and Latin texts </Li> <Li> 1.3 English versions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Analysis <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Introduction </Li> <Li> 2.2 First Petition </Li> <Li> 2.3 Second Petition </Li> <Li> 2.4 Third Petition </Li> <Li> 2.5 Fourth Petition </Li> <Li> 2.6 Fifth Petition </Li> <Li> 2.7 Sixth Petition </Li> <Li> 2.8 Seventh Petition </Li> <Li> 2.9 Doxology </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Use as a language comparison tool </Li> <Li> 4 Relation to Jewish prayer </Li> <Li> 5 Musical settings </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Notes </Li> <Li> 7.2 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Text ( edit ) </H2> The Lord 's Prayer in Gregorian chant <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pater Noster The Lord 's Prayer in Latin sung in Gregorian chant </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Original Greek text and Vulgate Latin translation ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <P> Standard edition of Greek text </P> <P> Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου , ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν , ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν , ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ . </P> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Vulgate Latin translation </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> Pater noster , qui es in caelis , </Dd> <Dd> sanctificetur nomen tuum , </Dd> <Dd> adveniat regnum tuum , </Dd> <Dd> fiat voluntas tua , </Dd> <Dd> sicut in caelo , et in terra . </Dd> <Dd> Panem nostrum supersubstantialem da nobis hodie ; </Dd> <Dd> et dimitte nobis debita nostra , </Dd> <Dd> sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris ; </Dd> <Dd> et ne inducas nos in tentationem ; </Dd> <Dd> sed libera nos a Malo . </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Liturgical Greek and Latin texts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <P> Patriarchal Edition 1904 </P> <P> Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου , ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ , καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν , ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφίεμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν , ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ . ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας ἀμήν . </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Roman Missal </P> <Dl> <Dd> Pater noster , qui es in caelis : </Dd> <Dd> sanctificetur nomen tuum ; </Dd> <Dd> adveniat regnum tuum ; </Dd> <Dd> fiat voluntas tua , sicut in caelo , et in terra . </Dd> <Dd> Panem nostrum cotidianum da nobis hodie ; </Dd> <Dd> et dimitte nobis debita nostra , </Dd> <Dd> sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris ; </Dd> <Dd> et ne nos inducas in tentationem ; </Dd> <Dd> sed libera nos a malo . </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> English versions ( edit ) </H3> Main article : History of the Lord 's Prayer in English A crucifix on an open Bible showing an English translation of the prayer ( from Matthew ) <P> There are several different English translations of the Lord 's Prayer from Greek or Latin , beginning around AD 650 with the Northumbrian translation . Of those in current liturgical use , the three best - known are : </P> <Ul> <Li> The translation in the 1662 Anglican Book of Common Prayer ( BCP ) of the Church of England </Li> <Li> The slightly modernized form used in the 1928 version of the Prayer Book of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America ( along with the doxology ) and in the English vernacular translation of the Catholic Mass </Li> <Li> The 1988 translation of the ecumenical English Language Liturgical Consultation ( ELLC ) </Li> </Ul> <P> The square brackets in three of the texts below indicate the doxology often added at the end of the prayer by Protestants and , in a slightly different form , by the Byzantine Rite ( `` For thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory : of the Father , and of the Son , and of the Holy Spirit , now and ever , and unto ages of ages . Amen . '' ) , among whom the prayer proper is usually recited by the cantors and congregation in unison , and the doxology by the priest as the conclusion of the prayer . The Anglican Book of Common Prayer adds it in some services but not in all . Older English translations of the Bible , based on late Byzantine Greek manuscripts , included it , but it is excluded in critical editions of the New Testament , such as that of the United Bible Societies . It is absent in the oldest manuscripts and is not considered to be part of the original text of Matthew 6 : 9 -- 13 . The Catholic Church has never attached it to the Lord 's Prayer , but has included it in the Roman Rite Mass as revised in 1969 , not as part of the Our Father but separated from it by a prayer called the embolism spoken or sung by the priest ( in the official ICEL English translation : `` Deliver us , Lord , we pray , from every evil , graciously grant peace in our days , that , by the help of your mercy , we may be always free from sin and safe from all distress , as we await the blessed hope and the coming of our Saviour , Jesus Christ . '' ) that elaborates on the final petition , `` Deliver us from evil . '' For more information on this doxology , see Doxology , below . When Reformers set out to translate the King James Bible , they assumed that a Greek manuscript they possessed was ancient and therefore adopted the phrase `` For thine is the kingdom , the power , and the glory forever '' into the Lord 's Prayer . Later scholarship demonstrated that the manuscript was actually a late addition based on Eastern liturgical tradition . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> 1928 Episcopal BCP ( with doxology ) ; Catholic version ( without doxology ) </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> Our Father who art in heaven , </Dd> <Dd> Hallowed be thy name . </Dd> <Dd> Thy kingdom come . </Dd> <Dd> Thy will be done </Dd> <Dd> on earth as it is in heaven . </Dd> <Dd> Give us this day our daily bread , </Dd> <Dd> and forgive us our trespasses , </Dd> <Dd> as we forgive those who trespass against us , </Dd> <Dd> and lead us not into temptation , </Dd> <Dd> but deliver us from evil . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> ( The 1928 BCP adds : </Dd> <Dd> For thine is the kingdom , </Dd> <Dd> and the power , and the glory , </Dd> <Dd> for ever and ever </Dd> <Dd> Amen . ) </Dd> </Dl> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> 1662 Anglican BCP </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> Our Father , which art in heaven , </Dd> <Dd> Hallowed be thy Name ; </Dd> <Dd> Thy kingdom come ; </Dd> <Dd> Thy will be done </Dd> <Dd> in earth , as it is in heaven : </Dd> <Dd> Give us this day our daily bread ; </Dd> <Dd> And forgive us our trespasses , </Dd> <Dd> as we forgive them that trespass against us ; </Dd> <Dd> And lead us not into temptation , </Dd> <Dd> But deliver us from evil : </Dd> <Dd> When before the Collect the priest alone recites the prayer , the people here respond : Amen . </Dd> <Dd> When after all have communicated the people repeat each petition after the priest , the prayer ends : </Dd> <Dd> For thine is the kingdom , </Dd> <Dd> the power , and the glory , </Dd> <Dd> For ever and ever . </Dd> <Dd> Amen . </Dd> </Dl> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> 1988 ELLC </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> Our Father in heaven ,

The Lord's Prayer is found in the Bible in

Where is lord's prayer found in bible?

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Party leaders of the United States Senate - wikipedia <H1> Party leaders of the United States Senate </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Current leaders Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Majority Whip John Cornyn ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Minority Whip Dick Durbin ( D ) Party Leaders of the U.S. Senate <Table> <Tr> <Td> This article is part of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States Senate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> History of the United States Senate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Members </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Current members <Ul> <Li> ( by seniority </Li> <Li> by class ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Former members </Li> <Li> Hill committees <Ul> <Li> ( DSCC </Li> <Li> NRSC ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> United States Vice President ( list ) </Li> <Li> President pro tempore ( list ) </Li> <Li> Presiding officer </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Party leaders </Li> <Li> Party leadership of the United States Senate </Li> <Li> Democratic Caucus </Li> <Li> Republican Conference </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Politics and procedure </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Advice and consent </Li> <Li> Blue slip </Li> <Li> Closed session ( list ) </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Cloture </Li> <Li> Committees ( list ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Executive session </Li> <Li> Morning business </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Filibuster </Li> <Li> Nuclear option </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Recess appointment </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Quorum </Li> <Li> Quorum call </Li> <Li> Salaries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Saxbe fix </Li> <Li> Seal </Li> <Li> Holds </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Senatorial courtesy </Li> <Li> Standing Rules </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Traditions </Li> <Li> Unanimous consent </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Vice Presidents ' tie - breaking votes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Places </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> United States Capitol </Li> <Li> Senate chamber </Li> <Li> Senate Reception Room </Li> <Li> Senate office buildings <Ul> <Li> ( Dirksen </Li> <Li> Hart </Li> <Li> Russell ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate . These leaders serve as the chief Senate spokespeople for the political parties respectively holding the majority and the minority in the United States Senate , and manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate . They are elected to their positions in the Senate by their respective party caucuses , the Senate Democratic Caucus and the Senate Republican Conference . </P> <P> By rule , the Presiding Officer gives the Majority Leader priority in obtaining recognition to speak on the floor of the Senate . The Majority Leader customarily serves as the chief representative of their party in the Senate , and sometimes even in all of Congress if the House of Representatives and thus the office of Speaker of the House is controlled by the opposition party . </P> <P> The Assistant Majority and Minority Leaders of the United States Senate ( commonly called Senate Majority and Minority Whips ) are the second - ranking members of each party 's leadership . The main function of the Majority and Minority Whips is to gather votes on major issues . Because they are the second ranking members of the Senate , if there is no floor leader present , the whip may become acting floor leader . Before 1969 , the official titles were Majority Whip and Minority Whip . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Current floor leaders </Li> <Li> 2 History </Li> <Li> 3 List of party leaders </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Current floor leaders ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Senate is currently composed of 51 Republicans , 47 Democrats , and 2 independents , both of whom caucus with the Democrats . </P> <P> The current leaders are long - time Senators Mitch McConnell ( R ) from Kentucky and Chuck Schumer ( D ) from New York . The current Assistant Leaders / Whips are long - time Senators John Cornyn ( R ) from Texas and Dick Durbin ( D ) from Illinois . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Democrats began the practice of electing floor leaders in 1920 while they were in the minority . John W. Kern was a Democratic Senator from Indiana . While the title was not official , he is considered to be the first Senate party leader from 1913 through 1917 ( and in turn , the first Senate Democratic Leader ) , while serving concurrently as Chairman of the Senate Democratic Caucus . In 1925 the majority ( at the time ) Republicans also adopted this language when Charles Curtis became the first ( official ) Majority Leader , although his immediate predecessor Henry Cabot Lodge is considered the first ( unofficial ) Senate Majority Leader . </P> <P> The Constitution designates the Vice President of the United States as President of the United States Senate . The Constitution also calls for a President pro tempore to serve as the leader of the body when the President of the Senate ( the Vice President ) is absent . In practice , neither the Vice President nor the President pro tempore -- customarily the most senior ( longest - serving ) Senator in the majority party -- actually presides over the Senate on a daily basis ; that task is given to junior Senators of the majority party . Since the Vice President may be of a different party than the majority and is not a member subject to discipline , the rules of procedure of the Senate give the presiding officer very little power and none beyond the presiding role . For these reasons , it is the Majority Leader who , in practice , manages the Senate . This is in contrast to the House of Representatives where the elected Speaker of the House has a great deal of discretionary power and generally presides over votes on bills . </P> <H2> List of party leaders ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Democratic Party first selected a leader in 1920 . The Republican Party first formally designated a leader in 1925 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Cong - ress </Th> <Th> Dates </Th> <Th> Democratic Whip </Th> <Th> Democratic Leader </Th> <Th> Majority </Th> <Th> Republican Leader </Th> <Th> Republican Whip </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 63rd </Td> <Td> May 28 , 1913 -- March 4 , 1915 </Td> <Td> J. Hamilton Lewis </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Democratic ← Majority </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 64th </Td> <Td> March 4 , 1915 -- December 6 , 1915 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 6 , 1915 -- December 13 , 1915 </Td> <Td> James Wadsworth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 13 , 1915 -- March 4 , 1917 </Td> <Td> Charles Curtis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 65th </Td> <Td> March 4 , 1917 -- March 4 , 1919 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66th </Td> <Td> March 4 , 1919 -- April 27 , 1920 </Td> <Td> Peter Gerry </Td> <Td> Republican Majority → </Td> <Td> Henry Cabot Lodge Unofficial </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> April 27 , 1920 -- March 4 , 1921 </Td> <Td> Oscar Underwood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 67th </Td> <Td> March 4 , 1921 -- March 4 , 1923 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 68th </Td> <Td> March 4 , 1923 -- December 3 , 1923 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 3 , 1923 -- November 9 , 1924 </Td> <Td> Joseph Taylor Robinson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 9 , 1924 -- March 4 , 1925 </Td> <Td> Charles Curtis Acting </Td> <Td> Wesley Jones Acting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 69th </Td> <Td> March 4 , 1925 -- March 4 , 1927 </Td> <Td> Charles Curtis </Td> <Td> Wesley Jones </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 70th </Td> <Td> March 4 , 1927 -- March 4 , 1929 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 71st </Td> <Td> March 4 , 1929 -- March 4 , 1931 </Td> <Td> Morris Sheppard </Td> <Td> James E. Watson </Td> <Td> Simeon Fess </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 72nd </Td> <Td> March 4 , 1931 -- March 4 , 1933 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 73rd </Td> <Td> March 4 , 1933 -- January 3 , 1935 </Td> <Td> J. Hamilton Lewis </Td> <Td> Democratic ← Majority </Td> <Td> Charles L. McNary </Td> <Td> Felix Hebert </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 74th </Td> <Td> January 3 , 1935 -- January 3 , 1937 </Td> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 75th </Td> <Td> January 3 , 1937 -- July 14 , 1937 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> July 22 , 1937 -- January 3 , 1939 </Td> <Td> Alben W. Barkley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 76th </Td> <Td> January 3 , 1939 -- April 9 , 1939 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> April 9 , 1939 -- January 3 , 1940 </Td> <Td> Sherman Minton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 3 , 1940 -- January 3 , 1941 </Td> <Td> Warren Austin Acting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 77th </Td> <Td> January 3 , 1941 -- January 3 , 1943 </Td> <Td> J. Lister Hill </Td> <Td> Charles L. McNary </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 78th </Td> <Td> January 3 , 1943 -- February 25 , 1944 </Td> <Td> Kenneth Wherry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> February 25 , 1944 -- January 3 , 1945 </Td> <Td> Wallace H. White Jr . Acting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 79th </Td> <Td> January 3 , 1945 -- January 3 , 1947 </Td> <Td> Wallace H. White Jr . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80th </Td> <Td> January 3 , 1947 -- January 3 , 1949 </Td> <Td> Scott W. Lucas </Td> <Td> Republican Majority → </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 81st </Td> <Td> January 3 , 1949 -- January 3 , 1951 </Td> <Td> Francis Myers </Td> <Td> Scott W. Lucas </Td> <Td> Democratic ← Majority </Td> <Td> Kenneth S. Wherry </Td> <Td> Leverett Saltonstall </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 82nd </Td> <Td> January 3 , 1951 -- January 3 , 1952 </Td> <Td> Lyndon B. Johnson </Td> <Td> Ernest McFarland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 3 , 1952 -- January 3 , 1953 </Td> <Td> Styles Bridges </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 83rd </Td> <Td> January 3 , 1953 -- July 31 , 1953 </Td> <Td> Earle Clements </Td> <Td> Lyndon B. Johnson </Td> <Td> Republican Majority → </Td> <Td> Robert A. Taft </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> August 3 , 1953 -- January 3 , 1955 </Td> <Td> William F. Knowland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 84th </Td> <Td> January 3 , 1955 -- January 3 , 1957 </Td> <Td> Democratic ← Majority </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 85th </Td> <Td> January 3 , 1957 -- January 3 , 1959 </Td> <Td> Mike Mansfield </Td> <Td> Everett Dirksen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 86th </Td> <Td> January 3 , 1959 -- January 3 , 1961 </Td> <Td> Everett Dirksen </Td> <Td> Thomas Kuchel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 87th </Td> <Td> January 3 , 1961 -- January 3 , 1963 </Td> <Td> Hubert Humphrey </Td> <Td> Mike Mansfield </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 88th </Td> <Td> January 3 , 1963 -- January 3 , 1965 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 89th </Td> <Td> January 3 , 1965 -- January 3 , 1967 </Td> <Td> Russell B. Long </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 90th </Td> <Td> January 3 , 1967 -- January 3 , 1969 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 91st </Td> <Td> January 3 , 1969 -- September 7 , 1969 </Td> <Td> Ted Kennedy </Td> <Td> Hugh Scott </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td>

The leaders of the two parties in Congress are chosen through the

How are leaders of the two parties in congress chosen?

-8845728821520703165

Tosca - wikipedia <H1> Tosca </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Tosca ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Tosca </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Opera by Giacomo Puccini </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Original poster , depicting the death of Scarpia ( act 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Librettist </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Luigi Illica </Li> <Li> Giuseppe Giacosa </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> Italian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> La Tosca by Victorien Sardou </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Premiere </Th> <Td> 14 January 1900 ( 1900 - 01 - 14 ) Teatro Costanzi , Rome </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Tosca ( Italian pronunciation : ( ˈtoska ; ˈtɔska ) ) is an opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini to an Italian libretto by Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa . It premiered at the Teatro Costanzi in Rome on 14 January 1900 . The work , based on Victorien Sardou 's 1887 French - language dramatic play , La Tosca , is a melodramatic piece set in Rome in June 1800 , with the Kingdom of Naples 's control of Rome threatened by Napoleon 's invasion of Italy . It contains depictions of torture , murder and suicide , as well as some of Puccini 's best - known lyrical arias . </P> <P> Puccini saw Sardou 's play when it was touring Italy in 1889 and , after some vacillation , obtained the rights to turn the work into an opera in 1895 . Turning the wordy French play into a succinct Italian opera took four years , during which the composer repeatedly argued with his librettists and publisher . Tosca premiered at a time of unrest in Rome , and its first performance was delayed for a day for fear of disturbances . Despite indifferent reviews from the critics , the opera was an immediate success with the public . </P> <P> Musically , Tosca is structured as a through - composed work , with arias , recitative , choruses and other elements musically woven into a seamless whole . Puccini used Wagnerian leitmotifs to identify characters , objects and ideas . While critics have often dismissed the opera as a facile melodrama with confusions of plot -- musicologist Joseph Kerman called it a `` shabby little shocker '' -- the power of its score and the inventiveness of its orchestration have been widely acknowledged . The dramatic force of Tosca and its characters continues to fascinate both performers and audiences , and the work remains one of the most frequently performed operas . Many recordings of the work have been issued , both of studio and live performances . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Roles </Li> <Li> 3 Synopsis <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Historical context </Li> <Li> 3.2 Act 1 </Li> <Li> 3.3 Act 2 </Li> <Li> 3.4 Act 3 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Adaptation and writing </Li> <Li> 5 Reception and performance history <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Premiere </Li> <Li> 5.2 Subsequent productions </Li> <Li> 5.3 Critical reception </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Music <Ul> <Li> 6.1 General style </Li> <Li> 6.2 Act 1 </Li> <Li> 6.3 Act 2 </Li> <Li> 6.4 Act 3 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 List of arias and set numbers </Li> <Li> 8 Recordings </Li> <Li> 9 Editions and amendments </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Further reading </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> Main article : La Tosca Punch cartoon depicting the end of Sardou 's La Tosca , 1888 <P> The French playwright Victorien Sardou wrote more than 70 plays , almost all of them successful , and none of them performed today . In the early 1880s Sardou began a collaboration with actress Sarah Bernhardt , whom he provided with a series of historical melodramas . His third Bernhardt play , La Tosca , which premiered in Paris on 24 November 1887 , and in which she starred throughout Europe , was an outstanding success , with more than 3,000 performances in France alone . </P> <P> Puccini had seen La Tosca at least twice , in Milan and Turin . On 7 May 1889 he wrote to his publisher , Giulio Ricordi , begging him to get Sardou 's permission for the work to be made into an opera : `` I see in this Tosca the opera I need , with no overblown proportions , no elaborate spectacle , nor will it call for the usual excessive amount of music . '' </P> <P> Ricordi sent his agent in Paris , Emanuele Muzio , to negotiate with Sardou , who preferred that his play be adapted by a French composer . He complained about the reception La Tosca had received in Italy , particularly in Milan , and warned that other composers were interested in the piece . Nonetheless , Ricordi reached terms with Sardou and assigned the librettist Luigi Illica to write a scenario for an adaptation . </P> <P> In 1891 , Illica advised Puccini against the project , most likely because he felt the play could not be successfully adapted to a musical form . When Sardou expressed his unease at entrusting his most successful work to a relatively new composer whose music he did not like , Puccini took offence . He withdrew from the agreement , which Ricordi then assigned to the composer Alberto Franchetti . Illica wrote a libretto for Franchetti , who was never at ease with the assignment . </P> <P> When Puccini once again became interested in Tosca , Ricordi was able to get Franchetti to surrender the rights so he could recommission Puccini . One story relates that Ricordi convinced Franchetti that the work was too violent to be successfully staged . A Franchetti family tradition holds that Franchetti gave the work back as a grand gesture , saying , `` He has more talent than I do . '' American scholar Deborah Burton contends that Franchetti gave it up simply because he saw little merit in it and could not feel the music in the play . Whatever the reason , Franchetti surrendered the rights in May 1895 , and in August Puccini signed a contract to resume control of the project . </P> <H2> Roles ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Voice type </Th> <Th> Premiere cast , 14 January 1900 ( Conductor : Leopoldo Mugnone ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Floria Tosca , a celebrated singer </Td> <Td> soprano </Td> <Td> Hariclea Darclée </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mario Cavaradossi , a painter </Td> <Td> tenor </Td> <Td> Emilio De Marchi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baron Scarpia , chief of police </Td> <Td> baritone </Td> <Td> Eugenio Giraldoni </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cesare Angelotti , former Consul of the Roman Republic </Td> <Td> bass </Td> <Td> Ruggero Galli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> A Sacristan </Td> <Td> baritone </Td> <Td> Ettore Borelli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spoletta , a police agent </Td> <Td> tenor </Td> <Td> Enrico Giordano </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sciarrone , another agent </Td> <Td> bass </Td> <Td> Giuseppe Gironi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> A Jailer </Td> <Td> bass </Td> <Td> Aristide Parassani </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> A Shepherd boy </Td> <Td> boy soprano </Td> <Td> Angelo Righi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Soldiers , police agents , altar boys , noblemen and women , townsfolk , artisans </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Synopsis ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Historical Context ( edit ) </H3> See also : French Revolutionary Wars The Battle of Marengo , as painted by Louis - François Lejeune <P> According to the libretto , the action of Tosca occurs in Rome in June 1800 . Sardou , in his play , dates it more precisely ; La Tosca takes place in the afternoon , evening , and early morning of 17 and 18 June 1800 . </P> <P> Italy had long been divided into a number of small states , with the Pope in Rome ruling the Papal States in central Italy . Following the French Revolution , a French army under Napoleon invaded Italy in 1796 , entering Rome almost unopposed on 11 February 1798 and establishing a republic there . This republic was ruled by seven consuls ; in the opera this is the office formerly held by Angelotti , whose character may be based on the real - life consul Libero Angelucci . In September 1799 the French , who had protected the republic , withdrew from Rome . As they left , troops of the Kingdom of Naples occupied the city . </P> <P> In May 1800 Napoleon , by then the undisputed leader of France , brought his troops across the Alps to Italy once again . On 14 June his army met the Austrian forces at the Battle of Marengo ( near Alessandria ) . Austrian troops were initially successful ; by mid-morning they were in control of the field of battle . Their commander , Michael von Melas , sent this news south towards Rome . However , fresh French troops arrived in late afternoon , and Napoleon attacked the tired Austrians . As Melas retreated in disarray with the remains of his army , he sent a second courier south with the revised message . The Neapolitans abandoned Rome , and the city spent the next fourteen years under French domination . </P> <H3> Act 1 ( edit ) </H3> <P> Inside the church of Sant'Andrea della Valle </P> The Te Deum scene which concludes act 1 ; Scarpia stands at left . Photograph of a pre-1914 production at the old Metropolitan Opera House , New York <P> Cesare Angelotti , former consul of the Roman Republic and now an escaped political prisoner , runs into the church and hides in the Attavanti private chapel -- his sister , the Marchesa Attavanti , has left a key to the chapel hidden at the feet of the statue of the Madonna . The elderly Sacristan enters and begins cleaning . The Sacristan kneels in prayer as the Angelus sounds . </P> <P> The painter Mario Cavaradossi arrives to continue work on his picture of Mary Magdalene . The Sacristan identifies a likeness between the portrait and a blonde - haired woman who has been visiting the church recently ( unknown to him , it is Angelotti 's sister the Marchesa ) . Cavaradossi describes the `` hidden harmony '' ( `` Recondita armonia '' ) in the contrast between the blonde beauty of his painting and his dark - haired lover , the singer Floria Tosca . The Sacristan mumbles his disapproval before leaving . </P> <P> Angelotti emerges and tells Cavaradossi , an old friend who has republican sympathies , that he is being pursued by the Chief of Police , Baron Scarpia . Cavaradossi promises to assist him after nightfall . Tosca 's voice is heard , calling to Cavaradossi . Cavaradossi gives Angelotti his basket of food and Angelotti hurriedly returns to his hiding place . </P> <P> Tosca enters and suspiciously asks Cavaradossi what he has been doing -- she thinks that he has been talking to another woman . Cavaradossi reassures her and Tosca tries to persuade him to take her to his villa that evening : `` Non la sospiri , la nostra casetta '' ( `` Do you not long for our little cottage '' ) . She then expresses jealousy over the woman in the painting , whom she recognises as the Marchesa Attavanti . Cavaradossi explains the likeness ; he has merely observed the Marchesa at prayer in the church . He reassures Tosca of his fidelity and asks her what eyes could be more beautiful than her own : `` Qual'occhio al mondo '' ( `` What eyes in the world '' ) . </P> <P> After Tosca has left , Angelotti reappears and discusses with the painter his plan to flee disguised as a woman , using clothes left in the chapel by his sister . Cavaradossi gives Angelotti a key

The three-act Puccini opera first performed in 1900 is

Three act puccini opera first performed in 1900?

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of Morgoth , the Noldorin Elves also left the Blessed Realm of Valinor in the Uttermost West , against the counsel of the Valar , to wage war on Morgoth , who had stolen the Silmarils . In that war , Sauron served as Morgoth 's chief lieutenant , surpassing all others in rank , such as Gothmog , the Lord of Balrogs . Known as Gorthaur the Cruel , Sauron was at that time a master of illusions and shapeshifting ; werewolves and vampires were his servants , chief among them Draugluin , Father of Werewolves , and his vampire herald Thuringwethil . </P> <P> When Morgoth left Angband to corrupt the newly discovered Men , Sauron directed the war against the Elves . He conquered the Elvish island of Tol Sirion and its watchtower Minas Tirith , so that it became known as Tol - in - Gaurhoth , the Isle of Werewolves . </P> <P> Ten years later , Finrod Felagund , the king of Nargothrond and former lord of Tol Sirion , came there with Beren and ten Elves , disguised as Orcs . However Sauron had them brought before him . Finrod had a magical battle with Sauron , but was defeated ( in part because of the curse of Fëanor ) . All 12 were thrown into Sauron 's dungeons and the 10 Elves were devoured by wolves . Finrod died fighting a wolf to save Beren . </P> <P> Soon afterwards Lúthien and Huan the Wolfhound arrived , hoping to rescue Beren . Sauron sent werewolves against them , including their sire Draugluin , but Huan slew them all . Aware of a prophecy to the effect that Huan would be killed by the greatest wolf ever , Sauron himself assumed a monstrous wolf - like form and attacked him . But the prophecy actually applied to the still - unborn Carcharoth , and Sauron could not prevail against Huan , despite transforming into a serpent and his own form . </P> <P> Eventually , Huan had Sauron by the throat . Lúthien gave Sauron two options : either surrender to her the magical control he had established over Tol - in - Gaurhoth , or have his body destroyed so that his naked ghost would have to endure the scorn of Morgoth . Sauron yielded , and Huan let him go . Lúthien destroyed the tower and rescued Beren from the dungeons . </P> <P> Sauron fled in the form of a huge vampiric bat , and spent some time as a vampire in the woods of Taur - nu - Fuin . Nothing is told of his subsequent activities in the First Age until the end . </P> <P> Following the voyage of Eärendil to the Blessed Realm , the Valar finally moved against Morgoth . In the resulting War of Wrath , the Dark Lord was defeated and cast into the Outer Void beyond the world . But `` Sauron fled from the Great Battle and escaped '' . </P> <P> Chastened , Sauron assumed his fairest form and approached Eönwë , emissary of the Valar , who nevertheless could not pardon a Maia like himself . Through Eönwë , Manwë as Lord of the Valar `` commanded Sauron to come before him for judgement , but ( he ) had left room for repentance and ultimate rehabilitation '' . Although Sauron 's repentance before Eönwë was genuine , if out of fear , he was ashamed to return to Valinor and receive a judgement or sentence due to his long service to Morgoth . Furthermore , the influence of his former master was still strong , so he escaped and hid in Middle - earth . </P> <H3> Second Age ( edit ) </H3> <P> About 500 years into the Second Age , Sauron reappeared . `` Bereft of his lord ... ( he ) fell into the folly of imitating him '' . `` Very slowly , beginning with fair motives : the reorganizing and rehabilitation of Middle - earth , ' neglected by the gods , ' he becomes a reincarnation of Evil , and a thing lusting for Complete Power '' , eventually rising to become `` master and god of Men '' . </P> <P> As for Sauron 's `` fair motives '' , Tolkien emphasized that at this time he `` was not indeed wholly evil , not unless all ' reformers ' who want to hurry up with ' reconstruction ' and ' reorganization ' are wholly evil , even before pride and the lust to exert their will eat them up '' . </P> <P> `` Though the only real good in , or rational motive for , all this ordering and planning and organization was the good of all inhabitants of Arda ( even admitting Sauron 's right to be their supreme lord ) , his ' plans ' , the idea coming from his own isolated mind , became the sole object of his will , and an end , the End , in itself ... ( H ) is capability of corrupting other minds , and even engaging their service , was a residue from the fact that his original desire for ' order ' had really envisaged the good estate ( especially physical well - being ) of his ' subjects ' . '' </P> The Rings of power ( edit ) <P> As part of a plan to seduce the Elves into his service , Sauron assumed a fair appearance as Annatar , `` Lord of Gifts '' , befriended the Elven - smiths of Eregion , led by Celebrimbor , and counselled them in arts and magic . Sauron hinted that he was an emissary of the Valar , specifically of Aulë , whom the Noldor in Exile held in high regard . Some of the Elves distrusted him , especially Galadriel and Gil - galad , the High King of the Noldor . The Elves in Eregion , however , did not heed their warnings . </P> <P> With Sauron 's assistance , the Elven - smiths forged the Rings of Power , which conferred great power upon their bearers . He then secretly forged the One Ring in the volcanic Mount Doom in Mordor . This `` One Ring to rule them all '' had the power to dominate the other Rings and enslave their wearers to Sauron 's will . The Rings of Power were extremely potent , however ; to create an instrument that could dominate even them , Sauron was forced to transfer a great part of his native power into it . Yet `` while he wore it , his power on earth was actually enhanced '' . </P> <P> Sauron 's plan would have succeeded had the Elves not detected his influence when he put on the One Ring . It was then the Elves saw him for who he really was , removed their Rings , and did not use them for as long as Sauron retained the One Ring . Enraged , Sauron initiated a great war and conquered much of the land west of Anduin . The Three Rings , however , had been forged by Celebrimbor himself without Sauron 's help . These rings were saved and remained in the hands of the Elves , specifically Gil - galad , Círdan , and Galadriel . </P> <P> This began the Dark Years . Sauron overran Eregion , killed Celebrimbor , leader of the Elven - smiths , and seized the Seven and the Nine Rings of Power that had been previously forged with his assistance . Sauron besieged Imladris , battled Moria and Lothlórien , and pushed further into Gil - galad 's realm . The Elves were hard pressed to defend Lindon and the Havens , but in the nick of time the powerful army from Númenor arrived to their aid , defeating Sauron 's forces and driving the remnant back to Mordor . The Númenóreans were descended from the Three Houses of the Edain who helped the Elves in their war against Morgoth . They lived on the island of Númenor in the seas between Middle - earth and Valinor , a reward for their service from the Valar , and theirs was the most powerful kingdom of Men at this time . </P> <P> In Unfinished Tales , `` The History of Galadriel and Celeborn '' states that Sauron and his bodyguard were all that was left of his original army . Gil - galad 's power after the War was such that Sauron was unable to move out of Mordor for some time . </P> Resurgence from Mordor ( edit ) <P> From this time on , Sauron became known as the Dark Lord of Mordor . Sauron fortified Mordor and completed the Dark Tower of Barad - dûr , already centuries in the building . He distributed the remaining rings of the Seven and the Nine to lords of Dwarves and Men . Dwarves proved too resilient to bend to his will , but the Men were enslaved by Sauron as the Nazgûl , his most feared servants . Well aware of the strength of the Númenóreans after his earlier defeat , Sauron withdrew from the coasts and for a long time avoided directly challenging them , although he managed to use some of the Nine rings to snare three of their great lords . </P> <P> Sauron regained control over most of the creatures that had served Morgoth in the First Age ( such as Orcs and Trolls ) . Sauron also gained power over most of the Men in the East and the South , becoming their god - king . </P> <P> Toward the end of the Second Age , as the Númenóreans withdrew from the coasts after their people were divided by strife over the fear of death , Sauron began assailing their Middle - earth strongholds and assumed the titles of Lord of the Earth and King of Men . </P> Destruction of Númenor ( edit ) Main article : Akallabêth <P> Toward the end of the Second Age , Ar - Pharazôn , who would turn out to be the last and most powerful of the Númenórean kings , had just ascended to the throne when he was angered by reports of Sauron 's increasing power . In a show of force , Ar - Pharazôn led a massive army to Middle - earth to reassert Númenórean dominance . Sauron , realizing he could not defeat the Númenóreans with military strength , surrendered . Clad in a beautiful incarnation , he came to Ar - Pharazôn 's camp to swear fealty to the king , and allowed himself to be taken as a prisoner to Númenor . </P> <P> This was part of his plan to corrupt Númenórean civilization from inside . `` Sauron 's personal ' surrender ' was voluntary and cunning : he got free transport to Númenor . '' When Ar - Pharazôn in his arrogance took Sauron hostage , he failed to realise with whom he was dealing : Sauron `` was of course a ' divine ' person ... and thus far too powerful to be controlled in this way . He steadily got Arpharazôn 's ( sic ) mind under his own control , and in the event corrupted many of the Númenóreans . '' </P> <P> The Akallabêth , the account of the history of Númenor , does not specifically mention the One Ring much , and it has been suggested that Sauron left it at Barad - dûr before he became a hostage of Ar - Pharazôn . In his letters , however , Tolkien noted that Sauron `` naturally had the One Ring , and so very soon dominated the minds and wills of most of the Númenóreans '' . Through the power of the Ring , Sauron soon became an advisor of the king , and he used his influence to undermine the religion of Númenor . He represented Eru as an invention of the Valar that they used to justify their

In J.R.R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings, the one who has a ring of power is

Who has a ring of power in lotr?

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Philadelphia - wikipedia <H1> Philadelphia </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Pennsylvania city . For other uses , see Philadelphia ( disambiguation ) . `` Philly '' redirects here . For other uses , see Philly ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Consolidated city - county </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> City of Philadelphia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Clockwise from top : Philadelphia skyline ( 2015 ) ; City Hall ; Elfreth 's Alley ; paifang in Chinatown ; Ben Franklin Bridge ; SS United States at Port of Philadelphia ; College Hall at Penn ; Museum of Art ; Liberty Bell and Independence Hall </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Flag </Td> <Td> Seal </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Etymology : Ancient Greek : φίλος phílos ( beloved , dear ) and ἀδελφός adelphós ( brother , brotherly ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Nickname ( s ) : `` Philly '' , `` City of Brotherly Love '' , `` The Athens of America '' more ... </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Motto ( s ) : `` Philadelphia maneto '' ( `` Let brotherly love endure '' or `` ... continue '' ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Location of Philadelphia in Philadelphia County , Pennsylvania . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Philadelphia Location in the United States Philadelphia Philadelphia ( the US ) Show map of Pennsylvania Show map of the US Show all </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Coordinates : 40 ° 00 ′ 34 '' N 75 ° 08 ′ 00 '' W  /  40.009376 ° N 75.133346 ° W  / 40.009376 ; - 75.133346 Coordinates : 40 ° 00 ′ 34 '' N 75 ° 08 ′ 00 '' W  /  40.009376 ° N 75.133346 ° W  / 40.009376 ; - 75.133346 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Commonwealth </Th> <Td> Pennsylvania </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> County </Th> <Td> Philadelphia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Historic countries </Th> <Td> Kingdom of England Kingdom of Great Britain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Historic colony </Th> <Td> Province of Pennsylvania </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> October 27 , 1682 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Incorporated </Th> <Td> October 25 , 1701 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded by </Th> <Td> William Penn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Government </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Mayor -- Council </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Body </Th> <Td> Philadelphia City Council </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mayor </Th> <Td> Jim Kenney ( D ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Area </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Consolidated city - county </Th> <Td> 142.71 sq mi ( 369.62 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Land </Th> <Td> 134.18 sq mi ( 347.52 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Water </Th> <Td> 8.53 sq mi ( 22.09 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elevation </Th> <Td> 39 ft ( 12 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Population ( 2016 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Consolidated city - county </Th> <Td> 1,567,872 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Estimate ( 2016 ) </Th> <Td> 1,567,872 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Td> US : 6th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Density </Th> <Td> 11,685.02 / sq mi ( 4,511.61 / km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Metro </Th> <Td> 6,069,875 ( US : 7th ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> CSA </Th> <Td> 7,183,479 ( US : 8th ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Demonym </Th> <Td> Philadelphian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Time zone </Th> <Td> EST ( UTC - 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Summer ( DST ) </Th> <Td> EDT ( UTC - 4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ZIP code </Th> <Td> 19092 - 19093 , 19099 , 191xx </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area code ( s ) </Th> <Td> 215 , 267 , 445 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FIPS code </Th> <Td> 42 - 60000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> GNIS feature ID </Th> <Td> 1215531 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.phila.gov </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Philadelphia ( / ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə / ) is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the sixth-most populous city in the United States , with an estimated population of 1,567,872 and more than 6 million in the seventh - largest metropolitan statistical area , as of 2016 . Philadelphia is the economic and cultural anchor of the Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth - largest combined statistical area in the United States . </P> <P> William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia was one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , and served as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. , was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany -- the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans . The city 's population doubled from one million to two million people between 1890 and 1950 . </P> <P> The Philadelphia area 's many universities and colleges make it a top study destination , as the city has evolved into an educational and economic hub . According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis , the Philadelphia area had a gross domestic product of US $431 billion in 2016 , the eighth - largest metropolitan economy in the United States . Philadelphia is the center of economic activity in Pennsylvania and is home to five Fortune 1000 companies . The Philadelphia skyline is expanding , with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 , including several nationally prominent skyscrapers . Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city . Fairmount Park , when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the same watershed , is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States . The city is known for its arts , culture , and colonial history which attracted 42 million domestic tourists in 2016 who spent $6.8 billion , generating an estimated $11 billion in total economic impact in the city and surrounding four counties of Pennsylvania . Philadelphia has also emerged as a biotechnology hub . </P> <P> Philadelphia is the birthplace of the United States Marine Corps , and is also the home of many U.S. firsts , including the first library ( 1731 ) , hospital ( 1751 ) , medical school ( 1765 ) , national capital ( 1774 ) , stock exchange ( 1790 ) , zoo ( 1874 ) , and business school ( 1881 ) . Philadelphia contains 67 National Historic Landmarks and the World Heritage Site of Independence Hall . The city became a member of the Organization of World Heritage Cities in 2015 , as the first World Heritage City in the United States . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Geography <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Topography </Li> <Li> 2.2 Cityscape <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 City planning </Li> <Li> 2.2. 2 Architecture </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.3 Climate <Ul> <Li> 2.3. 1 Air quality </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Demographics <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Religion </Li> <Li> 3.2 Languages </Li> <Li> 3.3 Dialect </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Economy </Li> <Li> 5 Culture <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Arts </Li> <Li> 5.2 Music </Li> <Li> 5.3 Cuisine </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Sports <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Olympic bidding </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Parks </Li> <Li> 8 Law and government <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Courts </Li> <Li> 8.2 Politics </Li> <Li> 8.3 Crime </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Education <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Primary and secondary education </Li> <Li> 9.2 Higher education </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Media <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Newspapers </Li> <Li> 10.2 Radio </Li> <Li> 10.3 Television </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Infrastructure <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Transportation <Ul> <Li> 11.1. 1 Airports </Li> <Li> 11.1. 2 Roads </Li> <Li> 11.1. 3 Bus service </Li> <Li> 11.1. 4 Rail </Li> <Li> 11.1. 5 Walk Score ranks </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11.2 Utilities </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 Notable people </Li> <Li> 13 Sister Cities </Li> <Li> 14 Gallery </Li> <Li> 15 See also </Li> <Li> 16 Notes </Li> <Li> 17 References </Li> <Li> 18 Further reading </Li> <Li> 19 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History </H2> Main articles : History of Philadelphia and Timeline of Philadelphia An 18th - century map of Philadelphia , circa 1752 <P> Before Europeans arrived , the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape ( Delaware ) Indians in the village of Shackamaxon . The Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government . They are also called Delaware Indians , and their historical territory was along the Delaware River watershed , western Long Island , and the Lower Hudson Valley . Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies , exacerbated by losses from intertribal conflicts . Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases , mainly smallpox , and violent conflict with Europeans . Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape . Surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin . The American Revolutionary War and United States ' independence pushed them further west . In the 1860s , the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory ( present - day Oklahoma and surrounding territory ) under the Indian removal policy . In the 21st century , most Lenape reside in Oklahoma , with some communities living also in Wisconsin , Ontario ( Canada ) and their traditional homelands . </P> <P> Europeans came to the Delaware Valley in the early 17th century , with the first settlements founded by the Dutch , who in 1623 built Fort Nassau on the Delaware River opposite the Schuylkill River in what is now Brooklawn , New Jersey . The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony . In 1638 , Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina ( present - day Wilmington , Delaware ) and quickly spread out in the valley . In 1644 , New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their military defeat of the English colony of Maryland . In 1648 , the Dutch built Fort Beversreede on the west bank of the Delaware , south of the Schuylkill near the present - day Eastwick neighborhood , to reassert their dominion over the area . The Swedes responded by building Fort Nya Korsholm , or New Korsholm , after a town in Finland with a Swedish majority . In 1655 , a Dutch military campaign led by New Netherland Director - General Peter Stuyvesant took control of the Swedish colony , ending its claim to independence . The Swedish and Finnish settlers continued to have their own militia , religion , and court , and to enjoy substantial autonomy under the Dutch . The English conquered the New Netherland colony in 1664 , though the situation did not change substantially until 1682 when the area was included in William Penn 's charter for Pennsylvania

Philadelphia is known as the City of

Philadelphia is known as the city of what?

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List of urban parks by size - wikipedia <H1> List of urban parks by size </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A list of international urban parks larger than 1,000 acres ( 405 hectares ; 4 square kilometres ; 2 square miles ) and contained entirely within a city 's municipal or metropolitan boundary . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> City </Th> <Th> Region / State </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Park name </Th> <Th> Size in acres </Th> <Th> Size in hectares </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moscow </Td> <Td> Moscow </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> Losiny Ostrov National Park </Td> <Td> 7008116213575882060 ♠ 28,717.0 </Td> <Td> 7008115999901862958 ♠ 11,600.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> El Paso </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Franklin Mountains State Park </Td> <Td> 7007981281745303552 ♠ 24,248.0 </Td> <Td> 7007981281745303552 ♠ 9,812.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Edmonton </Td> <Td> Alberta </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> North Saskatchewan River valley parks system </Td> <Td> 7007728434156032000 ♠ 18,000.0 </Td> <Td> 7007728434156032000 ♠ 7,284.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sydney </Td> <Td> New South Wales </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Western Sydney Parklands </Td> <Td> 7007527999832400803 ♠ 13,047.2 </Td> <Td> 7007527999832400803 ♠ 5,280.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lahore and Kasur </Td> <Td> Punjab </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> Changa Manga </Td> <Td> 7007502740973354752 ♠ 12,423.0 </Td> <Td> 7007502740973354752 ♠ 5,027.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Toronto </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> Rouge Park </Td> <Td> 7007500029579551744 ♠ 12,356.0 </Td> <Td> 7007500029579551744 ♠ 5,000.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dallas </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Trinity River Project </Td> <Td> 7007404685642240000 ♠ 10,000.0 </Td> <Td> 7007404685642240000 ♠ 4,046.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> London </Td> <Td> Greater London </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Lee Valley Park </Td> <Td> 7007404685642240000 ♠ 10,000.0 </Td> <Td> 7007404685642240000 ♠ 4,046.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Houston </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Cullen Park </Td> <Td> 7007375143590356480 ♠ 9,270.0 </Td> <Td> 7007375143590356480 ♠ 3,751.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ulsan </Td> <Td> Yeongnam </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> Ulsan Grand Park </Td> <Td> 7007364014735194880 ♠ 8,995.0 </Td> <Td> 7007364014735194880 ♠ 3,640.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Los Angeles </Td> <Td> California </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Topanga State Park </Td> <Td> 7007362598335447040 ♠ 8,960.0 </Td> <Td> 7007362598335447040 ♠ 3,626.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seongnam and Gwangju </Td> <Td> Gyeonggi - do </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> Namhansanseong </Td> <Td> 7007344499984154782 ♠ 8,512.8 </Td> <Td> 7007344499984154782 ♠ 3,445.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moscow </Td> <Td> Moscow </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> Izmaylovsky Park </Td> <Td> 7007159999753001144 ♠ 3,953.7 </Td> <Td> 7007160404438643384 ♠ 1,604.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jacksonville </Td> <Td> Florida </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve </Td> <Td> 7007318487600442880 ♠ 7,870.0 </Td> <Td> 7007318487600442880 ♠ 3,184.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Houston </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> George Bush Park </Td> <Td> 7007315654800947200 ♠ 7,800.0 </Td> <Td> 7007315654800947200 ♠ 3,156.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phoenix </Td> <Td> Arizona </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> North Mountain Preserve </Td> <Td> 7007303514231680000 ♠ 7,500.0 </Td> <Td> 7007303514231680000 ♠ 3,035.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louisville </Td> <Td> Kentucky </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Jefferson Memorial Forest </Td> <Td> 7007243256539550464 ♠ 6,011.0 </Td> <Td> 7007243256539550464 ♠ 2,432.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> San Diego </Td> <Td> California </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Mission Trails Regional Park </Td> <Td> 7007292142565133056 ♠ 7,219.0 </Td> <Td> 7007292142565133056 ♠ 2,921.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Raleigh </Td> <Td> North Carolina </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> William B. Umstead State Park </Td> <Td> 7007225774119805696 ♠ 5,579.0 </Td> <Td> 7007225774119805696 ♠ 2,257.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moscow </Td> <Td> Moscow </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> Bitsa Park </Td> <Td> 7007220836954970368 ♠ 5,457.0 </Td> <Td> 7007220836954970368 ♠ 2,208.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brescia </Td> <Td> Lombardy </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Brescia Hills Park ( part ) </Td> <Td> 7007218299575993523 ♠ 5,394.3 </Td> <Td> 7007218299575993523 ♠ 2,183.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mexico City </Td> <Td> State of Mexico </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> Sierra de Guadalupe </Td> <Td> 7007215373698800128 ♠ 5,322.0 </Td> <Td> 7007215373698800128 ♠ 2,153.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Honolulu </Td> <Td> Hawaii </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Ahupua ʻa O Kahana State Park </Td> <Td> 7007211610122327296 ♠ 5,229.0 </Td> <Td> 7007211610122327296 ♠ 2,116.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portland </Td> <Td> Oregon </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Forest Park </Td> <Td> 7007208696385703168 ♠ 5,157.0 </Td> <Td> 7007208696385703168 ♠ 2,087.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indianapolis </Td> <Td> Indiana </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Eagle Creek Park and Golf Course </Td> <Td> 7007192873177091584 ♠ 4,766.0 </Td> <Td> 7007192873177091584 ♠ 1,928.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Memphis </Td> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Shelby Farms </Td> <Td> 7007182108539008000 ♠ 4,500.0 </Td> <Td> 7007182108539008000 ♠ 1,821.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anchorage </Td> <Td> Alaska </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Far North Bicentennial Park </Td> <Td> 7007182108539008000 ♠ 4,500.0 </Td> <Td> 7007182108539008000 ♠ 1,821.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Santiago </Td> <Td> Santiago Metropolitan Region </Td> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> Parque Metropolitano de Santiago </Td> <Td> 7007178466368227840 ♠ 4,410.0 </Td> <Td> 7007178466368227840 ♠ 1,784.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Halifax </Td> <Td> Nova Scotia </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> Blue Mountain Birch Cove Wilderness Area </Td> <Td> 4,366.4 </Td> <Td> 1,767.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Virginia Beach </Td> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> False Cape State Park and Natural Area Preserve </Td> <Td> 7007174864666011904 ♠ 4,321.0 </Td> <Td> 7007174864666011904 ♠ 1,748.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madrid </Td> <Td> Madrid </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> Casa de Campo </Td> <Td> 7007172234209337344 ♠ 4,256.0 </Td> <Td> 7007172234209337344 ♠ 1,722.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Los Angeles </Td> <Td> California </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Griffith Park </Td> <Td> 7007170655935332608 ♠ 4,217.0 </Td> <Td> 7007170655935332608 ♠ 1,706.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philadelphia </Td> <Td> Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Fairmount Park ( proper ) </Td> <Td> 7007168632507121408 ♠ 4,167.0 </Td> <Td> 7007168632507121408 ♠ 1,686.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lethbridge </Td> <Td> Alberta </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> Oldman River valley parks system </Td> <Td> 7007161874256896000 ♠ 4,000.0 </Td> <Td> 7007161874256896000 ♠ 1,618.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jacksonville </Td> <Td> Florida </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Pumpkin Hill Creek Preserve </Td> <Td> 7007157665526216704 ♠ 3,896.0 </Td> <Td> 7007157665526216704 ♠ 1,576.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austin </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Walter E. Long Park </Td> <Td> 7007150340716092160 ♠ 3,715.0 </Td> <Td> 7007150340716092160 ♠ 1,503.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chico </Td> <Td> California </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Bidwell Park </Td> <Td> 7007148519630702080 ♠ 3,670.0 </Td> <Td> 7007148519630702080 ♠ 1,485.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fort Worth </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Fort Worth Nature Center / Wildlife Refuge </Td> <Td> 7007148195882188288 ♠ 3,662.0 </Td> <Td> 7007148195882188288 ♠ 1,482.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dallas </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Mountain Creek Lake Park </Td> <Td> 7007147426979468032 ♠ 3,643.0 </Td> <Td> 7007147426979468032 ♠ 1,474.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kingsport </Td> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Bays Mountain Park </Td> <Td> 7007145079802743040 ♠ 3,585.0 </Td> <Td> 7007145079802743040 ♠ 1,450.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Meridian </Td> <Td> Mississippi </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Bonita Lakes Park </Td> <Td> 7007140102169343488 ♠ 3,462.0 </Td> <Td> 7007140102169343488 ♠ 1,401.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Virginia Beach </Td> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> North Landing River State Natural Area Preserve </Td> <Td> 7007139211860930560 ♠ 3,440.0 </Td> <Td> 7007139211860930560 ♠ 1,392.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> St. John 's </Td> <Td> Newfoundland and Labrador </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> Pippy Park </Td> <Td> 7007137593118361600 ♠ 3,400.0 </Td> <Td> 7007137593118361600 ♠ 1,375.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Calgary </Td> <Td> Alberta </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> Fish Creek Provincial Park </Td> <Td> 7007134800787430144 ♠ 3,331.0 </Td> <Td> 7007134800787430144 ♠ 1,348.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dallas </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Trinity River Park </Td> <Td> 7007128406754282752 ♠ 3,173.0 </Td> <Td> 7007128406754282752 ♠ 1,284.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nashville </Td> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Warner Parks </Td> <Td> 7007126868948842240 ♠ 3,135.0 </Td> <Td> 7007126868948842240 ♠ 1,268.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tulsa </Td> <Td> Oklahoma </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Mohawk Park and Golf Course </Td> <Td> 7007125452549094400 ♠ 3,100.0 </Td> <Td> 7007125452549094400 ♠ 1,254.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brecksville </Td> <Td> Ohio </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Brecksville Reservation ( part ) </Td> <Td> 7007122457875341824 ♠ 3,026.0 </Td> <Td> 7007122457875341824 ♠ 1,224.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Łodz </Td> <Td> Łódź Voivodeship </Td> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> Las Łagiewnicki </Td> <Td> 7007120500006204666 ♠ 2,977.6 </Td> <Td> 7007120500006204666 ♠ 1,205.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Natal </Td> <Td> Rio Grande do Norte </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Natal Dunes State Park </Td> <Td> 7007117196961992704 ♠ 2,896.0 </Td> <Td> 7007117196961992704 ♠ 1,172.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jacksonville </Td> <Td> Florida </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Cecil Field Greenway </Td> <Td> 7007115982905065984 ♠ 2,866.0 </Td> <Td> 7007115982905065984 ♠ 1,159.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fortaleza </Td> <Td> Ceará </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Cocó Park </Td> <Td> 7007115537750859520 ♠ 2,855.0 </Td> <Td> 7007115537750859520 ♠ 1,155.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Calgary </Td> <Td> Alberta </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> Nose Hill Park </Td> <Td> 7007112704951363840 ♠ 2,785.0 </Td> <Td> 7007112704951363840 ♠ 1,127.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Pelham Bay Park </Td> <Td> 7007111895580079360 ♠ 2,765.0 </Td> <Td> 7007111895580079360 ♠ 1,119.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Newport News </Td> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Newport News Park ( part ) </Td> <Td> 7007108779500634112 ♠ 2,688.0 </Td> <Td> 7007108779500634112 ♠ 1,087.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lisbon </Td> <Td> Lisboa Region </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> Monsanto Forest Park </Td> <Td> 7006999978221975040 ♠ 2,471.0 </Td> <Td> 7006999978221975040 ♠ 1,000.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paris </Td> <Td> Île - de-France </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Bois de Vincennes </Td> <Td> 7006993907937341440 ♠ 2,456.0 </Td> <Td> 7006993907937341440 ♠ 993.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> San Diego </Td> <Td> California </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Los Peñasquitos Canyon Preserve </Td> <Td> 7006973268969587200 ♠ 2,405.0 </Td> <Td> 7006973268969587200 ♠ 973.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Birmingham </Td> <Td> West Midlands </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Sutton Park </Td> <Td> 7006971245541376000 ♠ 2,400.0 </Td> <Td> 7006971245541376000 ♠ 971.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kansas City </Td> <Td> Missouri </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Longview Lake Park ( part ) </Td> <Td> 7006963556514173440 ♠ 2,381.0 </Td> <Td> 7006963556514173440 ♠ 963.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> London </Td> <Td> Greater London </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Richmond Park </Td> <Td> 7006955058115686400 ♠ 2,360.0 </Td> <Td> 7006955058115686400 ♠ 955.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kansas City </Td> <Td> Missouri </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Blue River Parkway </Td> <Td> 7006938466004354560 ♠ 2,319.0 </Td> <Td> 7006938466004354560 ♠ 938.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Regina </Td> <Td> Saskatchewan </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> Wascana Centre </Td> <Td> 7006930776977152000 ♠ 2,300.0 </Td> <Td> 7006930776977152000 ♠ 930.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Strongsville </Td> <Td> Ohio </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Mill Stream Run Reservation ( part ) </Td> <Td> 7006905686467333120 ♠ 2,238.0 </Td> <Td> 7006905686467333120 ♠ 905.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lee 's Summit </Td> <Td> Missouri </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Fleming Park ( part ) </Td> <Td> 7006902044296552960 ♠ 2,229.0 </Td> <Td> 7006902044296552960 ♠ 902.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bristol </Td> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Steele Creek Park </Td> <Td> 7006900020868341760 ♠ 2,224.0 </Td> <Td> 7006900020868341760 ♠ 900.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lynn </Td> <Td> Massachusetts </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Lynn Woods Reservation </Td> <Td> 7006890308412928000 ♠ 2,200.0 </Td> <Td> 7006890308412928000 ♠ 890.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saint John </Td> <Td> New Brunswick </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> Rockwood Park </Td> <Td> 7006890308412928000 ♠ 2,200.0 </Td> <Td> 7006890308412928000 ♠ 890.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Houston </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> United States </Td>

The largest city park in the United States is

What's the largest city park in the united states?

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Hebrew calendar - wikipedia <H1> Hebrew calendar </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Jewish calendar , showing Adar II between 1927 and 1948 <Table> <Tr> <Td> Today </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tuesday </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> 9 January </Li> <Li> 2018 CE </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> 22 Tevet </Li> <Li> AM 5778 </Li> </Ul> ( refresh ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Hebrew or Jewish calendar ( הַלּוּחַ הָעִבְרִי ‬ , Ha - Luah ha - Ivri ) is a lunisolar calendar used today predominantly for Jewish religious observances . It determines the dates for Jewish holidays and the appropriate public reading of Torah portions , yahrzeits ( dates to commemorate the death of a relative ) , and daily Psalm readings , among many ceremonial uses . In Israel , it is used for religious purposes , provides a time frame for agriculture and is an official calendar for civil purposes , although the latter usage has been steadily declining in favor of the Gregorian calendar . </P> <P> The present Hebrew calendar is the product of evolution , including a Babylonian influence . Until the Tannaitic period ( approximately 10 -- 220 CE ) , the calendar employed a new crescent moon , with an additional month normally added every two or three years to correct for the difference between twelve lunar months and the solar year . The year in which it was added was based on observation of natural agriculture - related events in Israel . Through the Amoraic period ( 200 -- 500 CE ) and into the Geonic period , this system was gradually displaced by the mathematical rules used today . The principles and rules were fully codified by Maimonides in the Mishneh Torah in the 12th century . Maimonides ' work also replaced counting `` years since the destruction of the Temple '' with the modern creation - era Anno Mundi . </P> <P> The Hebrew lunar year is about eleven days shorter than the solar year and uses the 19 - year Metonic cycle to bring it into line with the solar year , with the addition of an intercalary month every two or three years , for a total of seven times per 19 years . Even with this intercalation , the average Hebrew calendar year is longer by about 6 minutes and 40 seconds than the current mean tropical year , so that every 216 years the Hebrew calendar will fall a day behind the current mean tropical year ; and about every 231 years it will fall a day behind the mean Gregorian calendar year . </P> <P> The era used since the Middle Ages is the Anno Mundi epoch ( Latin for `` in the year of the world '' ; Hebrew : לבריאת העולם ‬ , `` from the creation of the world '' ) . As with Anno Domini ( A.D. or AD ) , the words or abbreviation for Anno Mundi ( A.M. or AM ) for the era should properly precede the date rather than follow it . </P> <P> AM 5778 began at sunset on 20 September 2017 and will end at sunset on 9 September 2018 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Components <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Day and hours </Li> <Li> 1.2 Weeks <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 Names of weekdays </Li> <Li> 1.2. 2 Days of week of holidays </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.3 Months <Ul> <Li> 1.3. 1 Importance of lunar months </Li> <Li> 1.3. 2 Names of months </Li> <Li> 1.3. 3 Leap months </Li> <Li> 1.3. 4 Constellations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.4 Years <Ul> <Li> 1.4. 1 Anno Mundi </Li> <Li> 1.4. 2 Previous systems </Li> <Li> 1.4. 3 New year </Li> <Li> 1.4. 4 Leap years </Li> <Li> 1.4. 5 Rosh Hashanah postponement rules </Li> <Li> 1.4. 6 Deficient , regular , and complete years </Li> <Li> 1.4. 7 Four gates </Li> <Li> 1.4. 8 Holidays </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Mishnaic period </Li> <Li> 2.2 Modern calendar </Li> <Li> 2.3 Usage in contemporary Israel </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Other practices <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Karaite calendar </Li> <Li> 3.2 Samaritan calendar </Li> <Li> 3.3 The Qumran calendar </Li> <Li> 3.4 Persian civil calendar </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Astronomical calculations <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Synodic month -- the molad interval </Li> <Li> 4.2 Seasonal drift </Li> <Li> 4.3 Implications for Jewish ritual </Li> <Li> 4.4 Worked example </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Rectifying the Hebrew calendar </Li> <Li> 6 Conversion between Jewish and civil calendars </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 10 External links <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Date converters </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Components ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Day and hours ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Zmanim <P> The Jewish day is of no fixed length . The Jewish day is modeled on the reference to `` ... there was evening and there was morning ... '' in the creation account in the first chapter of Genesis . Based on the classic rabbinic interpretation of this text , a day in the rabbinic Hebrew calendar runs from sunset ( start of `` the evening '' ) to the next sunset . In most populated parts of the world this is always approximately 24 standard hours , but , depending on the season of the year , it can be slightly less or slightly more . Halachically , a day ends and a new one starts when three stars are visible in the sky . The time between true sunset and the time when the three stars are visible ( known as ' tzait ha'kochavim ' ) is known as ' bein hashmashot ' , and there are differences of opinion as to which day it falls into for some uses . This may be relevant , for example , in determining the date of birth of a child born during that gap . </P> <P> There is no clock in the Jewish scheme , so that the local civil clock is used . Though the civil clock , including the one in use in Israel , incorporates local adoptions of various conventions such as time zones , standard times and daylight saving , these have no place in the Jewish scheme . The civil clock is used only as a reference point -- in expressions such as : `` Shabbat starts at ... '' . The steady progression of sunset around the world and seasonal changes results in gradual civil time changes from one day to the next based on observable astronomical phenomena ( the sunset ) and not on man - made laws and conventions . </P> <P> In Judaism , an hour is defined as 1 / 12 of the time from sunrise to sunset , so , during the winter , an hour can be much less than 60 minutes , and during the summer , it can be much more than 60 minutes . This proportional hour is known as a sha'ah z'manit ( lit . a timely hour ) . A Jewish hour is divided into 1080 halakim ( singular : helek ) or parts . A part is 31⁄3 seconds or / minute . The ultimate ancestor of the helek was a small Babylonian time period called a barleycorn , itself equal to / of a Babylonian time degree ( 1 ° of celestial rotation ) . These measures are not generally used for everyday purposes . </P> <P> Instead of the international date line convention , there are varying opinions as to where the day changes . One opinion uses the antimeridian of Jerusalem . ( Jerusalem is 35 ° 13 ' east of the prime meridian , so the antimeridian is at 144 ° 47 ' W , passing through eastern Alaska . ) Other opinions exist as well . ( See International date line in Judaism . ) </P> <P> The weekdays start with Sunday ( day 1 , or Yom Rishon ) and proceed to Saturday ( day 7 ) , Shabbat . Since some calculations use division , a remainder of 0 signifies Saturday . </P> <P> While calculations of days , months and years are based on fixed hours equal to / of a day , the beginning of each halachic day is based on the local time of sunset . The end of the Shabbat and other Jewish holidays is based on nightfall ( Tzeth haKochabim ) which occurs some amount of time , typically 42 to 72 minutes , after sunset . According to Maimonides , nightfall occurs when three medium - sized stars become visible after sunset . By the 17th century , this had become three - second - magnitude stars . The modern definition is when the center of the sun is 7 ° below the geometric ( airless ) horizon , somewhat later than civil twilight at 6 ° . The beginning of the daytime portion of each day is determined both by dawn and sunrise . Most halachic times are based on some combination of these four times and vary from day to day throughout the year and also vary significantly depending on location . The daytime hours are often divided into Sha'oth Zemaniyoth or `` Halachic hours '' by taking the time between sunrise and sunset or between dawn and nightfall and dividing it into 12 equal hours . The nighttime hours are similarly divided into 12 equal portions , albeit a different amount of time than the `` hours '' of the daytime . The earliest and latest times for Jewish services , the latest time to eat chametz on the day before Passover and many other rules are based on Sha'oth Zemaniyoth . For convenience , the modern day using Sha'oth Zemaniyoth is often discussed as if sunset were at 6 : 00 pm , sunrise at 6 : 00 am and each hour were equal to a fixed hour . For example , halachic noon may be after 1 : 00 pm in some areas during daylight saving time . Within the Mishnah , however , the numbering of the hours starts with the `` first '' hour after the start of the day . </P> <H3> Weeks ( edit ) </H3> <P> Shavua ( שבוע ) is a weekly cycle of seven days , mirroring the seven - day period of the Book of Genesis in which the world is created . The names for the days of the week , like those in the creation account , are simply the day number within the week , with Shabbat being the seventh day . Each day of the week runs from sunset to the following sunset and is figured locally . </P> Names of weekdays ( edit ) A bronze Shabbat candlestick holder made in British Mandate Palestine in the 1940s . <P> The Hebrew calendar follows a seven - day weekly cycle , which runs concurrently with but independently of the monthly and annual cycles . The names for the days of the week are simply the day number within the week . In Hebrew , these names may be abbreviated using the numerical value of the Hebrew letters , for example יום א ׳ ‬ ( Day 1 , or Yom Rishon ( יום ראשון ‬ ) ) : </P> <Ol> <Li> Yom Rishon -- יום ראשון ‬ ( abbreviated יום א ׳ ‬ ) , meaning `` first day '' ( corresponds to Sunday ) ( starting at preceding sunset of Saturday ) </Li> <Li> Yom Sheni -- יום שני ‬ ( abbr . יום ב ׳ ‬ ) meaning `` second day '' ( corresponds to Monday ) </Li> <Li> Yom Shlishi -- יום שלישי ‬ ( abbr . יום ג ׳ ‬ ) meaning `` third day '' ( corresponds to Tuesday ) </Li> <Li> Yom Reviʻi -- יום רביעי ‬ ( abbr . יום ד ׳ ‬ ) meaning `` fourth day '' ( corresponds to Wednesday ) </Li> <Li> Yom Chamishi --

The current year in the Jewish calendar is

What year is it for the jewish calendar?

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, with a legend in Greek on the obverse , and in Kharoshthi on the reverse . Copper coins , square for the most part , are very numerous . The devices are almost entirely Greek , and must have been engraved by Greeks , or Indians trained in the Greek traditions . The rare gold staters and the splendid tetradrachms of Bactria disappear . The silver coins of the Indo - Greeks , as these later princes may conveniently be called , are the didrachm and the hemidrachm . With the exception of certain square hemidrachms of Apollodotos and Philoxenos , they are all round , are struck to the Persian ( or Indian ) standard , and all have inscriptions in both Greek and Kharoshthi characters . </P> <P> Coinage of Indo - Greek kingdom began to increasingly influence coins from other regions of India by the 1st century BCE . By this time a large number of tribes , dynasties and kingdoms began issuing their coins ; Prākrit legends began to appear . The extensive coinage of the Kushan empire ( 1st -- 3rd centuries CE ) continued to influence the coinage of the Guptas ( 320 to 550 CE ) and the later rulers of Kashmir . </P> <P> During the early rise of Roman trade with India up to 120 ships were setting sail every year from Myos Hormos to India . Gold coins , used for this trade , was apparently being recycled by the Kushan empire for their own coinage . In the 1st century CE , the Roman writer Pliny the Elder complained about the vast sums of money leaving the Roman empire for India : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> India , China and the Arabian peninsula take one hundred million sesterces from our empire per annum at a conservative estimate : that is what our luxuries and women cost us . For what percentage of these imports is intended for sacrifices to the gods or the spirits of the dead ? - Pliny , Historia Naturalis 12.41. 84 . </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The trade was particularly focused around the regions of Gujarat , ruled by the Western Satraps , and the tip of the Indian peninsular in Southern India . Large hoards of Roman coins have been found and especially in the busy maritime trading centers of South India . The South Indian kings reissued Roman - like coinage in their own name , either producing their own copies or defacing real ones in order to signify their sovereignty . </P> <H3> Coins of the Sakas and the Pahlavas. ( 200 BCE -- 400 CE ) ( edit ) </H3> Coin of Indo - Scythian Northern Satrap Rajuvula . Obv . Bust of king and Greek legend . Rev. Athena Alkidemos and Kharoshthi legend chatrapasa apratihatachakrasa rajuvulasa `` the Satrap Rajuvula whose discus ( cakra ) is irresistible ''. The coins are derived from the Indo - Greek types of Strato II . <P> During the Indo - Scythians period whose era begins from 200 BCE to 400 CE , a new kind of the coins of two dynasties were very popular in circulation in various parts of the then India and parts of central and northern South Asia ( Sogdiana , Bactria , Arachosia , Gandhara , Sindh , Kashmir , Punjab , Haryana , Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh and Bihar ) . These dynasties were Saka and The Pahlavas. After the conquest of Bactria by the Sakas in 135 BCE there must have been considerable intercourse sometimes of a friendly , sometimes of a hostile character , between them and the Parthians , who occupied the neighboring territory . </P> <P> Maues , whose coins are found only in the Punjab , was the first king of what may be called the Azes group of princes . His silver is not plentiful ; the finest type is that with a `` biga '' ( two - horsed chariot ) on the obverse , and this type belongs to a square Hemi drachm , the only square aka silver coin known . His most common copper coins , with an elephant 's head on the obverse and a `` Caduceus '' ( staff of the god Hermes ) on the reverse are imitated from a round copper coin of Demetrius . On another copper square coin of Maues the king is represented on horseback . This striking device is characteristic both of the Saka and Pahlava coinage ; it first appears in a slightly different form on coins of the Indo - Greek Hippostratos ; the Gupta kings adopted it for their `` horseman '' type , and it reappears in Medieval India on the coins of numerous Hindu kingdoms until the 14th century CE . </P> <H3> Coins of Kanishka and Huvishka ( 100 CE -- 200 CE ) ( edit ) </H3> Coin of Kanishka in Greek script , with illustration of the Buddha on the reverse . <P> Kanishka 's copper coinage which came into the scene during 100 -- 200 CE was of two types : one had the usual `` standing king '' obverse , and on the rarer second type the king is sitting on a throne . At about the same time there was Huvishka 's copper coinage which was more varied ; on the reverse , as on Kanishka 's copper , there was always one of the numerous deities ; on the obverse the king was portrayed ( 1 ) riding on an elephant , or ( 2 ) reclining on a couch , or ( 3 ) seated cross-legged , or ( 4 ) seated with arms raised . </P> <H3> Coinage of the Guptas Empire ( 320 CE -- 480 CE ) ( edit ) </H3> Silver coin of Chandragupta II of Gupta Empire , in the style of the Western Satrap , with pseudo-Greek script on the obverse , 400 CE . Gold coins of Chandragupta II of Gupta Empire , 400 CE . <P> The Gupta Empire produced large numbers of gold coins depicting the Gupta kings performing various rituals , as well as silver coins clearly influenced by those of the earlier Western Satraps by Chandragupta II . </P> <P> The splendid gold coinage of Guptas , with its many types and infinite varieties and its inscriptions in Sanskrit , are the finest examples of the purely Indian art that we possess . Their era starts from around 320 with Chandragupta I 's accession to the throne. Son of Chandragupta I - Samudragupta , the real founder of the Gupta Empire had coinage made of gold only . There were seven different varieties of coins that appeared during his reign . Out of them the archer type is the most common and characteristic type of the Gupta dynasty coins , which were struck by at least eight succeeding kings and was a standard type in the kingdom . </P> <P> The silver coinage of Guptas starts with the overthrow of the Western Satraps by Chandragupta II . Kumaragupta and Skandagupta continued with the old type of coins ( the Garuda and the Peacock types ) and also introduced some other new types . The copper coinage was mostly confined to the era of Chandragupta II and was more original in design . Eight out of the nine types known to have been struck by him have a figure of Garuda and the name of the King on it . The gradual deterioration in design and execution of the gold coins and the disappearance of silver money , bear ample evidence to their curtailed territory . The percentage of gold in Indian coins under the reign of Gupta rulers showed a steady financial decline over the centuries as it decreases from 90 % pure gold under Chandragupta I ( 319 - 335 ) to a mere 75 - 80 % under Skandagupta ( 467 ) . </P> <H3> Coinage of the rajputs ( 900 CE -- 1400 CE ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> The coins of various Rajput princes 's ruling in Hindustan and Central India were usually of gold , copper or billon , very rarely silver . These coins had the familiar goddess of wealth , Lakshmi on the obverse . In these coins , the Goddess was shown with four arms than the usual two arms of the Gupta coins ; the reverse carried the Nagari legend . The seated bull and horseman were almost invariable devices on Rajput copper and bullion coins . </P> <H2> Late middle ages -- contemporary history ( 1300 CE -- 2000 CE ) ( edit ) </H2> <H3> The Alf coins of king Akbar ( 1582 CE -- 1610 CE ) ( edit ) </H3> Silver coin of Akbar with inscriptions of the Islamic declaration of faith , the declaration reads : `` There is no god but Allah , and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah . '' <P> Political orders in Medieval India were based on a relationship and association of power by which the supreme ruler , especially a monarch was able to influence the actions of the subjects . </P> <P> In order for the relationship to work , it had to be expressed and communicated in the best possible way . In other words , power was by nature declarative from the point of view of its intelligibility and comprehensibility to the audience and required modes of communication to take effect by means of which sovereign power was articulated in the 16th century India . </P> <P> An examination was done of a series of coins officially issued and circulated by the Mughal emperor Akbar ( r 1556 - 1605 ) to illustrate and project a particular view of time , religion , and political supremacy being fundamental and co-existing in nature . </P> <P> Coins constitute part of the evidence that project the transmission of religious and political ideas in the last quarter of the 16th century . </P> <P> The word ' Alf ' refers to the millennium . The following are the extraordinary decisions , though bizarre , were taken by King Akbar . </P> <Ul> <Li> The date in coins were written in words and not in figures . </Li> <Li> If the intention was to refer to the year 1000 ( yak hazar ) of the Islamic calendar ( hijri era ) as is traditionally believed , the expression adopted for it ( Alf ) was unorthodox and eccentric . </Li> <Li> Akbar , ultimately and more importantly , commanded Alf to be imprinted on the coins in 990 hijri ( 1582 CE ) , or ten years before the date ( 1000 hijri ) was due . </Li> </Ul> <P> The order was a major departure and extremely unconventional and eccentric from the norm of striking coins in medieval India . Till the advent of Alf , all gold and silver coins had been stuck with figure of the current hijri year . </P> <P> Akbar 's courtier and critic , Abdul Badani , presents and explains in brevity the motive for these unconventional decisions while describing the events that took place in 990 hijri ( 1582 CE ) : </P> <P> And having thus convinced himself that the thousand years from the prophethood of the apostle ( B'isat I Paighambar ) the duration for which Islam ( lit . religion ) would last was now over , and nothing prevented him from articulating the desires he so secretly held in his heart , and the space became empty of the theologians ( ulema ) and mystics ( mashaikh ) who had carried awe and dignity and no need was felt for them : he ( Akbar ) felt himself at liberty to refute the principles of Islam and to institute new regulations , obsolete and corrupt but considered precious by his pernicious beliefs . The first order , which was given to write the date Alf on coins ( Dar Sikka tank half Navisand ) and to write the Tarikh - i - Alfi ( history

The first dynasty to issue gold coins in India was

First dynasty to issue gold coins in india?

-5789423858312767304

Kal Ho Naa Ho ( song ) - wikipedia <H1> Kal Ho Naa Ho ( song ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Kal Ho Naa Ho '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Sonu Nigam </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Kal Ho Naa Ho soundtrack </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 27 September 2003 ( India ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Romance </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 5 : 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Sony Music </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Shankar - Ehsaan - Loy ( music ) Javed Akhtar ( lyrics ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Karan Johar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Audio sample </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> file </Li> <Li> help </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Kal Ho Naa Ho ( Hindi : कल हो ना हो , English : Tomorrow May Never Come ) is a Hindi song from the 2003 Hindi film Kal Ho Naa Ho directed by Nikhil Advani . The song is one of the most popular Hindi film songs all time . The song was composed by Shankar - Ehsaan - Loy with lyrics penned by Javed Akhtar and sung by Sonu Nigam . It quickly became popular upon release . There is also a sad version of the song in the film on which Sonu Nigam is joined by Alka Yagnik and Richa Sharma . </P> <P> Sonu Nigam was busy when the song was to be recorded . Instead of opting for some other singer , Karan Johar decided to wait for a month before Sonu came back and recorded the song for the movie The song was featured in Outlook 's list of Bollywood 's Timeless Melodies , making it the only contemporary selection on the list . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 About the song </Li> <Li> 2 Legacy </Li> <Li> 3 Awards </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> About the song ( edit ) </H2> <P> The theme of the song was composed by Loy Mendonsa of the Shankar - Ehsaan - Loy trio and Shankar Mahadevan arranged the groove . </P> <P> In a later interview in the documentary `` Pancham unmixed '' , Shankar , Ehsaan and Loy revealed that the music of the segment `` har pal yahaan '' in the song was inspired by the music of R.D. Burman . </P> <H2> Legacy ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song was featured in Outlook magazine 's 20 Best Hindi Film Songs Ever list . The jury was composed of celebrities such as Gulzar , Hariharan , Javed Akhtar , Kumar Sanu and Shantanu Moitra . Each jury member was asked to nominate 10 favorites and the songs the winners were ranked according to the number of votes each song got . `` Kal Ho Naa Ho '' was ranked at 19 making it the only contemporary selection in the list . </P> <P> The track was featured in Hindustan Times 's `` Song of the Century '' list , which described the song as `` one of the most unforgettable tunes in recent times . '' </P> <H2> Awards ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer - Sonu Nigam </Li> <Li> IIFA Best Male Playback Award - Sonu Nigam </Li> <Li> Filmfare Best Male Playback Award - Sonu Nigam </Li> <Li> IIFA Best Lyricist Award - Javed Akhtar </Li> <Li> Filmfare Best Lyricist Award - Javed Akhtar </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` I Do n't Want to Sing ' Crap ' in Bollywood : Sonu Nigam '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shankar Ehsaan Loy still making waves for Kal Ho Na Ho '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved July 1 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` I have to compliment Himesh . If we have 2 hits a year , he has 20 '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved March 24 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rajeev , Masand . `` To Catch a Star : Shankar , Ehsaan , Loy on music , masti '' . CNN IBN . Retrieved Mar 31 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Singh , Brahmanand S. `` Pancham unmixed - a documentary about R.D. Burman '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 20 Best Hindi Film Songs Ever '' . Outlook . Retrieved June 26 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Songs of the Century - Hindustan Times '' . 2012 - 08 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 20 . this song one of the most unforgettable tunes in recent times . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kal_Ho_Naa_Ho_(song)&oldid=829528571 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Indian songs </Li> <Li> Hindi film songs </Li> <Li> Songs with music by Shankar -- Ehsaan -- Loy </Li> <Li> Songs with lyrics by Javed Akhtar </Li> <Li> Sonu Nigam songs </Li> <Li> Music videos featuring Shah Rukh Khan </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from May 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> Pages using web citations with no URL </Li> <Li> Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Articles containing Hindi - language text </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 9 March 2018 , at 05 : 10 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The singer of the song "Kal Ho Na Ho" is

Who is the singer of kal ho na ho?

-6450570765214926500

<Li> Minister of Foreign Affairs </Li> <Li> Diplomatic missions </Li> <Li> Passport </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Other countries </Li> <Li> Atlas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Cabinet of Namibia is an appointed body that was established by the Chapter 6 ( Articles 35 - 42 ) of the Constitution of Namibia . It is mandated to include the following positions : the President of Namibia , the Prime Minister of Namibia and any positions that the President so appoints . </P> <P> All cabinet members also sit in the National Assembly . This situation has been criticised by Namibia 's civil society and the opposition as creating a significant overlap between executive and legislature , undermining the separation of powers . The seniority of cabinet members generally relegate ordinary MPs to the back benches . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Lists of Cabinets of Namibia <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Current Cabinet ( 2015 -- ) </Li> <Li> 1.2 2010 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> 1.3 2005 -- 2010 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 References <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Notes </Li> <Li> 2.2 Literature </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Lists of cabinets of Namibia ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Current Cabinet ( 2015 -- ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> The current Cabinet was announced on 19 March 2015 . The position of Vice-President was established for the first time , as well as five ministries with two Deputy Ministers each . While the deputies are not Cabinet members their double appointments still significantly increased the number of top positions in public administration . </P> <P> A major Cabinet reshuffle occurred in February 2018 when two ministers were fired , the vice president retired on health grounds , and several other rotations took place . In the wake of the February Cabinet reshuffle the number of deputy ministers was reduced again to one per ministry , with the Office of the Vice-President the only exception . This move was announced as a cost - cutting measure . </P> <Ul> <Li> President : Hage Geingob </Li> <Li> Vice President : Nickey Iyambo ( until February 2018 ) , Nangolo Mbumba </Li> <Li> Prime Minister : Saara Kuugongelwa - Amadhila </Li> <Li> Deputy Prime Minister and Minster of Foreign Affairs : Netumbo Nandi - Ndaitwah <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Peya Mushelenga ( until February 2018 ) , Christine ǁHoebes </Li> <Li> Deputy : Maureen Hinda ( until February 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Attorney - General : Albert Kawana </Li> <Li> Director General of the National Planning Commission and Minister of Economic Planning : Tom Alweendo ( until February 2018 ) , Obeth Kandjoze <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Lucia Iipumbu ( until February 2018 ) , Piet van der Walt </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Agriculture , Water and Forestry : John Mutorwa ( until February 2018 ) , Alpheus ǃNaruseb <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Theo Diergaardt </Li> <Li> Deputy : Anna Shiweda </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Defence : Penda ya Ndakolo <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Billy Mwaningange </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Education , Arts and Culture : Katrina Hanse - Himarwa <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Anna Nghipondoka </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Environment and Tourism : Pohamba Shifeta <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Tommy Nambahu ( until February 2018 ) , Bernadette Jagger </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Finance : Calle Schlettwein <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Natangwe Ithete </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Fisheries and Marine Resources : Bernhard Esau <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Chief Samuel Ankama ( until February 2018 ) , Sylvia Makgone </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Gender Equality and Child Welfare : Doreen Sioka <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Lucia Witbooi </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Health and Social Services : Berhard Haufiku <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Juliet Kavetuna </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Higher Education , Training and Innovation : Itah Murangi - Kandjii <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Becky Ndoze - Ojo </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Home Affairs and Immigration : Pendukeni Iivula - Ithana ( until February 2018 ) , Frans Kapofi <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Erastus Uutoni </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Industrialisation , Trade and SME Development : Immanuel Ngatjizeko ( until February 2018 ) , Tjekero Tweya <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Piet van der Walt ( until February 2018 ) , Lucia Iipumbu </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Information and Communication Technology : Tjekero Tweya ( until February 2018 ) , Stanley Simataa <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Stanley Simaata ( until February 2018 ) , Engel Nawatiseb </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Justice : Albert Kawana ( until February 2018 ) , Sackeus Shanghala <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Lidwina Shapwa </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Labour , Industrial Relations and Employment Creation : Erkki Nghimtina <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Alpheus Muheua ( until February 2018 ) , Tommy Nambahu </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Land Reform : Utoni Nujoma <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Bernadus Swartbooi ( until December 2016 ) , Priscilla Boois ( from December 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Mines and Energy : Obeth Kandjoze ( until February 2018 ) , Tom Alweendo <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Kornelia Shilunga </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Poverty Eradication and Social Welfare : Bishop Zephania Kameeta <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Priscilla Beukes </Li> <Li> Deputy : Reverend Aino Kapewangolo </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Presidential Affairs : Frans Kapofi ( until February 2018 ) , Immanuel Ngatjizeko <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Christine ǁHoebes ( until February 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Public Enterprises : Leon Jooste <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Engel Nawatiseb ( until February 2018 ) , Veikko Nekundi </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Safety and Security : Charles Namoloh <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Daniel Kashikolo </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Sport , Youth and National Service : Jerry Ekandjo ( until February 2018 ) , Erastus Utoni <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Agnes Tjongarero </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Urban and Rural Development : Sophia Shaningwa ( until February 2018 ) , Peya Mushelenga <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Derek Klazen </Li> <Li> Deputy : Sylvia Makgone ( until February 2018 ) , Chief Samuel Ankama </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Veterans ' Affairs : Nickey Iyambo <Ul> <Li> Deputy for the recognition of the disabled : Alexia Manombe - Ncube </Li> <Li> Deputy for the recognition of marginalised people : Royal / Ui / o / oo </Li> <Li> Deputy for the recognition of veterans of the fight for independence : Hilma Nicanor </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Works and Transport : Alpheus ǃNaruseb ( until February 2018 ) , John Mutorwa <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Sankwasa James Sankwasa </Li> <Li> Deputy : Kilus Nguvauva </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> 2010 -- 2015 ( edit ) </H3> <P> This Cabinet was appointed in 2010 . The SWAPO congress end of November 2012 resulted in `` one of the biggest Cabinet reshuffles the country has seen since independence '' . </P> <Ul> <Li> President : Hifikepunye Pohamba </Li> <Li> Prime Minister : Nahas Angula ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Hage Geingob ( 2012 - 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Deputy Prime Minister : Marco Hausiku </Li> <Li> Speaker of Parliament : Theo - Ben Gurirab <Ul> <Li> Deputy Speaker : Loide Kasingo </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Trade and Industry : Hage Geingob ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Calle Schlettwein ( 2012 - 2015 ) <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Tjekero Tweya </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Justice : Pendukeni Iivula - Ithana ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Utoni Nujoma ( 2012 - 2015 ) <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Tommy Nambahu </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Safety and Security : Nangolo Mbumba ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Immanuel Ngatjizeko ( 2012 - 2015 ) <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Erastus Uutoni </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Presidential Affairs and Attorney General : Albert Kawana <Ul> <Li> Deputy : none </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Defence : Charles Namoloh ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Nahas Angula ( 2012 - 2015 ) <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Lempy Lucas ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Petrus Iilonga ( 2012 - 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Home Affairs and Immigration : Rosalia Nghidinwa ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Pendukeni Iivula - Ithana ( 2012 - 2015 ) <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Elia Kaiyamo </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Finance : Saara Kuugongelwa - Amadhila <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Calle Schlettwein ( 2010 - 2012 ) , vacant as from 4 December 2012 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Regional and Local Government , Housing and Rural Development : Jerry Ekandjo ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Charles Namoloh ( 2012 - 2015 ) <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Priscilla Beukes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Foreign Affairs : Utoni Nujoma ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Netumbo Nandi - Ndaitwah ( 2012 - ) <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Peya Mushelenga </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Health : Richard Kamwi <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Petrina Haingura </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Education : Abraham Iyambo ( until 2 February 2013 ) , David Namwandi ( from 21 February 2013 ) <Ul> <Li> Deputy : David Namwandi ( until 20 February 2013 ) , Silvia Makgone ( from 21 February 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Lands and Resettlement : Alpheus ǃNaruseb <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Theo Diergaardt ( appointed January 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Works and Transport : Erkki Nghimtina <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Chief Samuel Ankama ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Chief Kilus Nguvauva ( 2012 - 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Agriculture , Water and Forestry : John Mutorwa <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Petrus Iilonga ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Lempy Lucas ( 2012 - ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Environment and Tourism : Netumbo Nandi - Ndaitwah ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Uahekua Herunga ( 2012 - 2015 ) <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Uahekua Herunga ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Pohamba Shifeta ( 2012 - ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Labour and Social Welfare : Immanuel Ngatjizeko ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Doreen Sioka ( 2012 - 2015 ) <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Alpheus Muheua </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Veterans ' Affairs : Nickey Iyambo <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Hilma Nicanor ( appointed in January 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Gender Equality and Child Welfare : Doreen Sioka ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Rosalia Nghidinwa ( 2012 - 2015 ) <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Angelika Muharukua </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Information and Information Technology : Joel Kaapanda <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Stanley Simataa </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Fisheries and Marine Resources : Bernard Esau <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Chief Kilus Nguvauva ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Chief Samuel Ankama ( 2012 - 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Mines and Energy : Isak Katali <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Willem Isaacks </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minister of Youth , National Service , Sport and Culture : Kazenambo Kazenambo ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Jerry Ekandjo ( 2012 - 2015 ) <Ul> <Li> Deputy : Pohamba Shifeta ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Juliet Kavetuna ( 2012 - 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Auditor General : Junias Kandjeke </Li> </Ul> <H3> 2005 -- 2010 ( edit ) </H3> <P> Below is a list of the cabinet of the Republic of Namibia from appointment in 2005 until replacement in 2010 : </P> <Ul> <Li> President : Hifikepunye Pohamba </Li> <Li> Prime Minister : Nahas Angula </Li> <Li> Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs : Marco Hausiku </Li> <Li> Minister of Defense : Major General Charles Ndaxu Namoloh </Li> <Li> Minister of Veterans Affairs : Ngarikutuke Tjiriange </Li> <Li> Minister of Education : Nangolo Mbumba

The Minister of Youth in Namibia is

Who is the minister of youth in namibia?

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Crown - of - thorns starfish - wikipedia <H1> Crown - of - thorns starfish </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Crown - of - thorns starfish </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Scientific classification </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kingdom : </Td> <Td> Animalia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phylum : </Td> <Td> Echinodermata </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Class : </Td> <Td> Asteroidea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Order : </Td> <Td> Valvatida </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Family : </Td> <Td> Acanthasteridae </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Genus : </Td> <Td> Acanthaster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Species : </Td> <Td> Acanthaster planci </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Binomial name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Acanthaster planci ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The crown - of - thorns starfish , Acanthaster planci , is a large , multiple - armed starfish that usually preys upon hard , or stony , coral polyps ( Scleractinia ) . The crown - of - thorns starfish receives its name from venomous thorn - like spines that cover its upper surface , resembling the biblical crown of thorns . It is one of the largest starfish in the world . </P> <P> A. planci has a very wide Indo - Pacific distribution . It is perhaps most common in Australia , but can occur at tropical and subtropical latitudes from the Red Sea and the east African coast across the Indian Ocean , and across the Pacific Ocean to the west coast of Central America . It occurs where coral reefs or hard coral communities occur in this region . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Description </Li> <Li> 2 Taxonomy <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Family </Li> <Li> 2.2 Genus and species </Li> <Li> 2.3 Genetic studies </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Biology <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Toxins </Li> <Li> 3.2 Behaviour </Li> <Li> 3.3 Predators </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Life - cycle <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Gametes and embryos </Li> <Li> 4.2 Larval stages </Li> <Li> 4.3 Metamorphosis , development and growth </Li> <Li> 4.4 Field observations of life - cycle </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Ecology <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Ecological impact on reefs </Li> <Li> 5.2 Population outbreaks </Li> <Li> 5.3 Causes of population outbreaks </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Population control </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Description ( edit ) </H2> Unusual brightly coloured crown - of - thorns starfish , Thailand <P> The body form of the crown - of - thorns starfish is fundamentally the same as that of a typical starfish , with a central disk and radiating arms . Its special traits , however , include being disc - shaped , multiple - armed , flexible , prehensile , and heavily spined , and having a large ratio of stomach surface to body mass . Its prehensile ability arises from the two rows of numerous tube feet that extend to the tip of each arm . In being multiple - armed , it has lost the five-fold symmetry ( pentamerism ) typical of starfish , although it begins its life cycle with this symmetry . </P> <P> Adult crown - of - thorns starfish normally range in size from 25 to 35 cm ( 9.8 to 13.8 in ) . They have up to 21 arms . Although the body of the crown of thorns has a stiff appearance , it is able to bend and twist to fit around the contours of the corals on which it feeds . The underside of each arm has a series of closely fitting plates which form a groove and extend in rows to the mouth . They are usually of subdued colours , pale brown to grey - green , but they may be garish with bright warning colours in some parts of their wide range . </P> <P> The long , sharp spines on the sides of the starfish 's arms and upper ( aboral ) surface resemble thorns and create a crown - like shape , giving the creature its name . The spines are stiff and very sharp , and readily pierce through soft surfaces . Despite the battery of sharp spines on the aboral surface and blunt spines on the oral surface , the crown - of - thorns starfish 's general body surface is membranous and soft . When the starfish is removed from the water , the body surface ruptures and the body fluid leaks out , so the body collapses and flattens . The spines bend over and flatten , as well . They recover their shape when reimmersed , if they are still alive . </P> <H2> Taxonomy ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Family ( edit ) </H3> <P> The family Acanthasteridae is monogeneric ; its position within the Asteroides is unsettled . It is generally recognised as a distinctly isolated taxon . Recently , Blake concluded from comparative morphology studies of Acanthaster planci that it has strong similarities with various members of the Oreasteridae . He transferred Acanthasteridae from the Spinulosida to the Valvatida and assigned it a position near to the Oreasteridae , from which it appears to be derived . He attributed Acanthaster morphology as possibly evolving in association with its locomotion over irregular coral surfaces in higher energy environments . There is a complication , however , in that Acanthaster is not a monospecific genus and any consideration of the genus must also take into account another species , Acanthaster brevispinus , which lives in a completely different environment . A. brevispinus lives on soft substrates , perhaps buried in the substrate at times like other soft substrate - inhabiting starfish , at moderate depths where presumably the surface is regular and there is little wave action . </P> <H3> Genus and species ( edit ) </H3> Short - spined form from Gulf of California -- live specimen <P> Acanthaster planci has a long history in the scientific literature with great confusion in the generic and species names from the outset , with a long list of complex synonyms . As a very distinctive starfish , it is not surprising that it was first described in 1705 . Rhumphius used the name Stella marina quindecium radiotorum . Later , Linnaeus described it as Asterias planci , based on an illustration by Plancus and Gualtieri ( 1743 ) , when he introduced his system of binomial nomenclature . No type specimens are known ; the specimen described by Plancus and Gualtieri ( 1743 ) is no longer extant . </P> <P> Subsequent generic names used for the crown - of - thorns starfish included Stellonia , Echinaster and Echinites , before settling on Acanthaster ( Gervais 1841 ) . Species names included echintes , solaris , mauritensis , ellisii , and ellisii pseudoplanci ( with subspecies ) . Most of these names arose from confusion in the historical literature , but Acanthaster ellisii came to be used for the distinctive starfish in the eastern Pacific Gulf of California . </P> <P> The eastern Pacific Acanthaster is very distinctive ( see image to the right ) with its rather ' plump ' body , large disk to total diameter ratio and short , blunt spines . It gives the impression of living in a habitat where having sharp defenses against predators has little value , although it lives on coral reef and feeds on coral . </P> <H3> Genetic studies ( edit ) </H3> <P> Nishida and Lucas examined variation at 14 allozyme loci of ten population samples of A. planci using starch - gel electrophoresis . The samples were from localities across the Pacific : Ryukyu archipelago ( four locations ) , Micronesia ( two locations ) , and samples from one location each of the Great Barrier Reef , Fiji , Hawaii , and Gulf of California . A sample of 10 specimens of A. brevispinus from the Great Barrier Reef region was included for comparison . There was considerable genetic differentiation between the A. brevispinus and A. planci populations ( D = 0.20 + / - 0.02 ) ( D is genetic distance ) . The genetic differences between geographic populations of A. planci were , however , small ( D = 0.03 + / - 0.00 ; Fsr = 0.07 + 0.02 ) ( Fsr is standardized genetic variance for each polymorphic locus ) despite the great distances separating them . A positive correlation was observed between degree of genetic differentiation and geographic distance , suggesting the genetic homogeneity among A. planci populations is due to gene flow by planktonic larval dispersion . The distance effect on genetic differentiation most probably reflects decreasing levels of successful larval dispersal over long distances . In view of the level of macrogeographic homogeneity , significant allele frequency differences were observed between adjacent populations separated by approximately 10 km . The Hawaiian population was most differentiated from other populations . Treating the morphologically distinctive , eastern Pacific Acanthaster as a separate species , A. ellisii , is not supported by these data . The lack of unique alleles in the central ( Hawaii ) and eastern Pacific ( Gulf of California ) populations suggests they were derived from those in the western Pacific . </P> <P> Further details of the genetic relationship between A. planci and Acanthaster brevispinus are presented in the entry for the latter species . These are clearly sibling species and it is suggested that A. planci , the specialised coral - feeding species arose from A. brevispinus , the less specialised soft - bottom inhabitant . </P> <P> In a very comprehensive geographic study , Benzie examined allozyme loci variation in 20 populations of A. planci , throughout the Pacific and Indian Oceans . The most striking result was a very marked discontinuity between the Indian and Pacific Ocean populations . Those , however , off northern Western Australia had a strong Pacific affinity . With the exception of the very strong connection of southern Japanese populations to the Great Barrier Reef populations , the patterns of variation within regions were consistent with isolation by distance . Again , the pattern of decreasing levels of successful larval dispersal over long distances is apparent . Benzie suggests that the divergence between Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean populations began at least 1.6 million years ago and is likely to reflect responses to changes in climate and sea level . </P> <P> A more recent comprehensive geographic study of A. planci by Vogler et al. , using DNA analyses ( one mitochondrial gene ) , suggests it is actually a species complex consisting of four species or clades . The four cryptic species / clades are defined geographically : northern Indian Ocean , southern Indian Ocean , Red Sea and Pacific Ocean . These molecular data suggest the species / clades diverged 1.95 and 3.65 million years ago . ( The divergence of A. planci and A. brevispinus is not included in this time - scale . ) The authors suggest the differences between the four putative species in behaviour , diet or habitat may be important for the design of appropriate reef conservation strategies . </P> <P> There are , however , problems with this proposal of cryptic speciation ( cryptic species ) . The basis of these data from one mitochondrial gene . mtDNA data are , however , only one source of information about the status of taxa and the use of one mtDNA gene as a sole criterion for species identification is disputed . The allozyme data should also be taken into account . Three localities that were sampled by Vogler et al. are of particular interest : Palau Sebibu , UEA and Oman were found to have two clades / sibling species in sympatry . These are important to investigate the nature of the co-existence and barriers to introgression of genetic material . A. planci as a taxon is a generalist , being amongst the most ubiquitous of large coral predators on coral reefs , feeding on virtually all hard coral species , reproducing during summer without a pattern of spawning and often participating

The Crown of Thorns starfish originated from the

Where did the crown of thorns starfish come from?

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The Star ( 2017 film ) - Wikipedia <H1> The Star ( 2017 film ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The Star </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Timothy Reckart </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Jenni Magee Cook </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> Carlos Kotkin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Story by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Carlos Kotkin </Li> <Li> Simon Moore </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Nativity of Jesus </Li> <Li> An original idea by Tom Sheridan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Steven Yeun </Li> <Li> Gina Rodriguez </Li> <Li> Zachary Levi </Li> <Li> Keegan - Michael Key </Li> <Li> Kelly Clarkson </Li> <Li> Patricia Heaton </Li> <Li> Kristin Chenoweth </Li> <Li> Tracy Morgan </Li> <Li> Tyler Perry </Li> <Li> Oprah Winfrey </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> John Paesano </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Columbia Pictures </Li> <Li> Sony Pictures Animation </Li> <Li> The Jim Henson Company </Li> <Li> Franklin Entertainment </Li> <Li> Walden Media </Li> <Li> Affirm Films </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Columbia Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 86 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $20 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $61 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Star is a 2017 American computer - animated Christian adventure comedy film directed by Timothy Reckart . Based on the Nativity of Jesus , and an original idea by Tom Sheridan , the screenplay was written by Carlos Kotkin and Simon Moore . It is produced by Sony Pictures Animation , with partnership from Walden Media , Affirm Films and The Jim Henson Company . It stars the voices of Steven Yeun , Gina Rodriguez , Zachary Levi , Keegan - Michael Key , Kelly Clarkson , Patricia Heaton , Kristin Chenoweth , Tracy Morgan , Tyler Perry , and Oprah Winfrey . </P> <P> The film was released by Columbia Pictures through its parental label Sony Pictures Entertainment on November 17 , 2017 in the United States . It was met with mixed reviews and has grossed $61 million worldwide . The film received a nomination for Best Original Song ( `` The Star '' ) at the 75th Golden Globe Awards . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Casting </Li> <Li> 3.2 Soundtrack </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Release <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Marketing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Box office </Li> <Li> 5.2 Critical response </Li> <Li> 5.3 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> In `` 9 months B.C. '' , Mary is visited by an angel telling her she will bear the Messiah . A mouse named Abby overhears and tells the other animals as a star begins glowing brightly in the night . </P> <P> Six months later , a young donkey is tired of milling wheat and wishes to join a traveling caravan so that he may feel important . His father helps him escape the miller who owns them and he ends up with an injured ankle at the house of Mary and Joseph who just had their wedding dinner . Mary takes the donkey in and names him Boaz , Bo for short , and reveals to Joseph that she is pregnant , with Joseph accepting Mary 's situation after praying to God . During this time , Bo and his dove friend Dave , plot to escape despite Mary 's kindness , but end up staying three more months . </P> <P> Meanwhile , the three wise men and their camels , Felix , Cyrus and Deborah , arrive at the home of King Herod . The wise men reveal their gifts of gold , frankincense and myrrh , but when they reveal that it is for the `` new King '' , he sends them on their way to meet him , but secretly sends his head soldier and his two dogs , Thaddeus and Rufus , to find and kill the new King . </P> <P> As Mary and Joseph leave Nazareth in order to head to Bethlehem , Bo and Dave try another escape , but are confronted by Thaddeus and Rufus , who knew of the home by interrogating Abby . After learning that Mary and Joseph are not home , the soldier and his dogs leave to look for them . Feeling guilty , Bo decides to warn them with Dave joining him . Along the way they meet a friendly sheep named Ruth who left her flock when she saw the star but the others refused to follow her . They catch up to Mary and Joseph in time to warn them , and hide them in a market place where the soldier ties up his dogs . Bo releases the cart Mary and Joseph were using to roll down and cause a chain reaction that knocks the soldier down a well . However , he creates severe damage to the market in the process , and Joseph instead berates Bo as he was unaware of the danger . </P> <P> Upset with the current outcome , Bo leaves and Dave follows until they arrive at the caravan . While happy to have found it , Bo realizes that he liked being with Mary and tells Dave that he wants to go back . Dave admits that he is n't upset and that he just wants Bo to be happy with his decision , and the two return and make up with Ruth . They convince a frustrated Joseph to talk to Mary , who admits that it has been difficult for her and that she is scared of the importance of the baby . Joseph and Mary make up when the latter begins having contractions . They arrive at Bethlehem where Joseph ca n't find an inn for Mary . The miller , who just so happened to be there too , kidnaps Bo with Dave and Ruth leaving to rescue him . The wise men arrive as well , but the camels , who are aware of Herod 's plot , are left tied to a post . </P> <P> Bo ends up in a barn where he meets a horse named Leah , a cow named Edith , and a goat named Zach . They reveal that they have n't been able to sleep because the star 's bright light has been shining through on their manger . Realizing that this is where the baby is supposed to be , the animals help Bo escape and he catches up with Dave and Ruth while spotting the soldier and his dogs . Bo finds Mary and Joseph and gets them back to the manger while Dave runs into Cyrus , Felix and Deborah and helps them escape . Ruth finds her flock and tries to convince them to follow her , but gets unexpected help from the angel who informs the shepherds and the sheep that the Savior is coming . Bo manages to fight off Thaddeus and Rufus , but is outdone by the soldier . Suddenly , Ruth and her flock , the camels and Dave arrive and dispatch with them by having them hang from a cliff . The soldier lets his dogs fall , but they are saved by Bo and the soldier himself falls to his death . </P> <P> All of the animals ( who are now joined by Abby and assume the danger to be ongoing ) , shepherds , and three wise men arrive to see baby Jesus , and Bo realises that he has been carrying the new King the whole time . Deborah predicts that this event will be remembered around the world for years to come . </P> <P> During the credits , it is shown that Joseph buys Bo from the miller , and Bo helps him and Mary raise Jesus . Their flight into Egypt is also shown . It is also revealed that Bo 's father has escaped from the miller and is possibly looking for Bo . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Steven Yeun as Bo the donkey </Li> <Li> Gina Rodriguez as Mary </Li> <Li> Zachary Levi as Joseph </Li> <Li> Keegan - Michael Key as Dave the dove </Li> <Li> Kelly Clarkson as Leah the horse </Li> <Li> Patricia Heaton as Edith the cow </Li> <Li> Kristin Chenoweth as Abby the mouse </Li> <Li> Tracy Morgan as Felix the camel </Li> <Li> Tyler Perry as Cyrus the camel </Li> <Li> Oprah Winfrey as Deborah the camel </Li> <Li> Aidy Bryant as Ruth the sheep </Li> <Li> Anthony Anderson as Zach the goat </Li> <Li> Kris Kristofferson as Old Donkey </Li> <Li> Christopher Plummer as King Herod </Li> <Li> Ving Rhames as Thaddeus the dog </Li> <Li> Gabriel Iglesias as Rufus the dog </Li> <Li> Delilah as Elizabeth </Li> <Li> Mariah Carey as Rebecca the hen </Li> <Li> Joel Osteen as Caspar </Li> <Li> Joel McCrary as Angel , Zachariah </Li> <Li> Phil Morris as Balthazar , Miller </Li> <Li> Fred Tatasciore as Melchior , Pottery Vendor , Innkeeper Voice </Li> <Li> Lex Lang as Hunter </Li> <Li> Roger Craig Smith as Chamberlain , Innkeeper Voice </Li> <Li> Joe Whyte as Scribe , Innkeeper Voice </Li> <Li> William Townsend as Horse , Goat </Li> <Li> Gregg Berger as Innkeeper Voice </Li> <Li> Melissa Sturm as Innkeeper Voice </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> In September 2014 , it was reported that DeVon Franklin would produce a faith - based film inspired by the Nativity story under his production company , Franklin Entertainment , in collaboration with Sony Pictures Animation . In April 2015 , Variety reported that Timothy Reckart would direct the film in his directing debut . On August 5 , 2015 , it was announced that the film , then titled The Lamb , was given an official release date of December 8 , 2017 . On June 20 , 2016 , it was announced that Brian Henson and Lisa Henson from The Jim Henson Company would be executive producers for the film , now titled The Star . </P> <P> In an interview with Animation Magazine , Reckart expressed that he felt encouraged to direct the film , as he felt that there was a lack of Christmas films centering on the Nativity of Jesus : `` It felt like an opportunity to be part of a movie that has not been done before , that 's really going to fill a void . '' </P> <P> The animation was produced by Cinesite Studios . Animation work began on January 2017 . </P> <H3> Casting ( edit ) </H3> <P> On January 5 , 2017 , it was reported that Oprah Winfrey and Tyler Perry would be in the film . The rest of the cast was announced on January 19 , 2017 . </P> <H3> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Star : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) was released on October 27 , 2017 , including contributions from Jessie James Decker , Jake Owen , Kelsea Ballerini , Zara Larsson , Casting Crowns , Kirk Franklin , Fifth Harmony , Yolanda Adams , Saving Forever and Mariah Carey . Pentatonix also contributes a bonus track to the digital release of the album . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="4"> The Star : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th>

The movie "The Star" was released on

When does the movie the star come out?

-898855323088411182

without Leona learning very much other than it is scheduled for 11 : 15 p.m. , when a passing train will hide any sounds . She calls the telephone company and the police , but with few concrete details , they can do nothing . Complicating matters , her husband Henry ( Lancaster ) is overdue and their servants have the night off , leaving her all alone in a Manhattan apartment . </P> <P> As she makes a number of phone calls trying to locate Henry , Leona inadvertently begins to piece together the mystery . The story is told mostly in flashbacks . When Leona reaches Henry 's secretary , Elizabeth Jennings ( Dorothy Neumann ) , she learns that he took an attractive Mrs. Lord to lunch and did not return to the office . Mrs. Lord turns out to be the former Sally Hunt ( Ann Richards ) . Leona stole then - drug - store - employee Henry from Sally , and married him against her father 's wishes . Sally is now the wife of Fred Lord ( Leif Erickson ) , a lawyer in the district attorney 's office . From overheard conversations , she learned that her husband was close to resolving an investigation that involves Henry somehow . Sally became so concerned that she followed her husband and two associates to a mysterious meeting in a seemingly abandoned house on Staten Island . The house , according to a `` no trespassing '' sign , belongs to a W. Evans . Sally arranged to meet Henry for lunch , but before she could warn him , he left the table and did not return . Later , Sally calls Leona with more news . The house on Staten Island has burned down , and three men , including someone named Morano ( William Conrad ) , have been arrested . Waldo Evans ( Harold Vermilyea ) , however , has escaped . </P> <P> Leona then receives a message from Henry stating he has gone out of town on business he had forgotten about and will not be back until Sunday . </P> <P> Leona next gets in touch with Dr. Alexander ( Wendell Corey ) , a specialist she had come to New York to see regarding her lifelong heart troubles . Alexander reveals that he gave Henry her prognosis 10 days before , something that Henry kept from her . Henry had married Leona without being aware of her health problems . He first found out when she had a heart attack after they quarreled about his attempt to get a job on his own , rather than being a do - nothing vice president in his father - in - law 's business . ( James Cotterell , however , sabotaged his job interview . ) Her attacks became more and more frequent , until she finally took to her bed about a year ago . Alexander , however , diagnosed Leona 's problems as purely psychosomatic ; nothing is wrong with her physically . </P> <P> Leona has got into hysterics and phones a hospital , asking to hire a nurse for the night . The receptionist tells her that they are short staffed and she can only have a nurse if the doctor feels it is n't an emergency . She thinks it is only 11 : 00pm but discovers her clock has stopped , sending her into worse hysterics . </P> <P> Then Leona receives a telephone call from Waldo Evans , a chemist working for her father . He reluctantly discloses that Henry recruited him to steal valuable chemicals from the Cotterell drug company to sell to Morano . Later , Henry decided to bypass Morano when Evans was transferred to the New Jersey plant . Morano , however , showed up with two thugs and intimidated Henry into signing an IOU for $200,000 for his lost profits , due in three months . When Henry protested that he did not have that much money , Morano pointed out that Leona must have a large insurance policy . However , with Morano now in custody , Evans stresses that Henry no longer has to raise the now - overdue sum . Waldo leaves Leona with a telephone number to call to locate Henry , but when she calls the number she discovers to her horror that it is for the city morgue . </P> <P> When Henry finally calls from a train station in New Haven , Connecticut , Leona gives him Evans ' message . Seeing that it is only minutes from 11 : 15 , he pleads with her to go to the balcony and scream for help , but she protests that she can not , though she can hear somebody downstairs . When the intruder enters her bedroom , she begs for her life , then screams . The intruder strangles and kills Leona . Unaware of the policemen about to apprehend him , Henry frantically calls back , only to have a man answer , `` Sorry , wrong number . '' </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Barbara Stanwyck as Leona Stevenson </Li> <Li> Burt Lancaster as Henry J. Stevenson </Li> <Li> Ann Richards as Sally Hunt Lord </Li> <Li> Wendell Corey as Dr. Philip Salvador </Li> <Li> Harold Vermilyea as Waldo Evans </Li> <Li> Ed Begley as James Cotterell </Li> <Li> Leif Erickson as Fred Lord </Li> <Li> William Conrad as Morano </Li> <Li> John Bromfield as Joe - Detective </Li> <Li> Jimmy Hunt as Peter Lord </Li> <Li> Dorothy Neumann as Elizabeth Ramsey </Li> <Li> Paul Fierro as Harpootlian </Li> <Li> Bill Cartledge as Page Boy ( uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Holmes Herbert as Wilkins Mineral ( uncredited ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> Sorry , Wrong Number conforms to many of the conventions of film noir . The movie plays in real time , with many flashbacks to flesh out the story . Stanwyck 's bedroom window overlooks the night skyline of Manhattan . The film is shot very dark , with looming shadows and a circling camera used to maintain a high level of suspense . </P> <P> Hollywood 's Production Code Administration initially objected to elements of Fletcher 's screenplay , including its depiction of drug trafficking , and the script was significantly revised to win approval . </P> <P> For her role in the film , Stanwyck was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress . </P> <H2> Radio play ( edit ) </H2> <P> Lucille Fletcher 's play originally aired on the Suspense radio program on May 25 , 1943 , essentially a one - woman show with Agnes Moorehead as Mrs. Stevenson . The play was reprised seven times , each starring Moorehead . The final broadcast was on February 14 , 1960 . </P> <P> Orson Welles called Sorry , Wrong Number `` the greatest single radio script ever written '' . </P> <P> In 2015 , the May 25 , 1943 broadcast was deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the Library of Congress and selected for inclusion in the National Recording Registry . </P> <H2> Adaptations ( edit ) </H2> <H3> 1950 Lux Radio Theatre Version ( edit ) </H3> <P> Another radio version -- an adaptation of the film -- was broadcast January 9 , 1950 , on Lux Radio Theatre . Barbara Stanwyck recreated her screen role </P> <H3> 1946 TV broadcast ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Sorry , Wrong Number was made into a television play broadcast on station WCBW - TV ( now WCBS - TV ) in New York on January 30 , 1946 , starring Mildred Natwick and G. Swayne Gordon . </Li> </Ul> <H3> 1954 TV broadcast ( edit ) </H3> <P> A second live teleplay was broadcast on November 4 , 1954 , as the fourth episode of the CBS anthology series Climax ! , starring Lillian Bronson , adapted by Fletcher herself , with music provided by her then - husband , Bernard Herrmann . </P> <H3> 1958 Australian TV version ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> A version was produced for Australian television in 1958 starring Georgie Sterling . Sterling had performed in the play on radio in 1948 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> 1989 us TV movie ( edit ) </H3> <P> Another television version aired in 1989 , starring Loni Anderson , Patrick Macnee and Hal Holbrook . It was directed by Tony Wharmby and adapted by Ann Louise Bardach . </P> <H3> 1948 radio parody ( edit ) </H3> <P> On 17 October 1948 , Stanwyck did a parody of Sorry , Wrong Number on The Jack Benny Program . </P> <H2> Other media ( edit ) </H2> <P> Clips from Sorry , Wrong Number were used for the 1982 comedy - mystery Dead Men Do n't Wear Plaid , the 1991 thriller Dead Again and the 2014 action - thriller Jack Ryan : Shadow Recruit . The latter two films were directed by Kenneth Branagh . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of films featuring home invasions </Li> <Li> Real time </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top Grossers of 1948 '' , Variety 5 January 1949 p 46 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 100 Best Film Noirs of All Time '' . Paste . August 9 , 2015 . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sorry , Wrong Number ( 1948 ) on IMDb . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eifert , Steve . Sorry , Wrong Number , film analysis and review , Film Noir of the Week , June 29 , 2008 . Accessed : July 12 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Passafiume , Andrea . Turner Classic Movies , Sorry , Wrong Number , film article , `` The Big Idea Behind Sorry , Wrong Number '' . Accessed : July 12 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Hitch - Hiker '' . The Mercury Summer Theatre on the Air , June 21 , 1946 , ( at 1 : 00 ) , at the Internet Archive . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sorry , Wrong Number ( 1946 ) on IMDb . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sorry , Wrong Number ( 1954 ) on IMDb . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sorry , Wrong Number ( 1958 ) on IMDb </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Western heroes revolt '' . The Australian Women 's Weekly . 26 , ( 2 ) . Australia , Australia . 18 June 1958 . p. 13 . Retrieved 22 May 2016 -- via National Library of Australia . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NEW FEATURE FOR 2AD '' . The Armidale Express And New England General Advertiser ( 3488 ) . New South Wales , Australia . 10 May 1948 . p. 2 . Retrieved 22 May 2016 -- via National Library of Australia . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sorry , Wrong Number ( 1989 ) on IMDb . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Benny , Jack . The Old Time Radio Network , at the OTR. Network Library web site , December 8 , 2011 . Accessed : July 12 , 2013 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Sorry , Wrong Number at the American Film Institute Catalog </Li> <Li> Sorry , Wrong Number on IMDb </Li> <Li> Sorry , Wrong Number at AllMovie </Li> <Li> Sorry , Wrong Number at the TCM Movie Database </Li> <Li> Sorry , Wrong Number film trailer on YouTube </Li> </Ul> <H3> Streaming audio ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Suspense and Lux Radio Theater broadcasts of Sorry , Wrong Number </Li> <Li> Sorry , Wrong Number on Lux Radio Theater : January 9 , 1950 . Starring Barbara Stanwyck and Burt Lancaster . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li>

The setting of the story "Sorry, Wrong Number" is

What is the setting of the story sorry wrong number?

8185245440398430688

anesthesia . The scalp is shampooed and then treated with an antibacterial agent prior to the donor scalp being harvested . </P> <P> There are several different techniques for harvesting hair follicles , each with their own advantages and disadvantages . Regardless of the harvesting technique , proper extraction of the hair follicle is paramount to ensure the viability of the transplanted hair and avoid transection , the cutting of the hair shaft from the hair follicle . Hair follicles grow at a slight angle to the skin 's surface , so transplanted tissue must be removed at a corresponding angle . </P> <P> There are two main ways in which donor grafts are extracted today : strip excision harvesting , and follicular unit extraction . </P> Strip harvesting <P> Strip harvesting is the most common technique for removing hair and follicles from a donor site . The surgeon harvests a strip of skin from the posterior scalp , in an area of good hair growth . A single - , double - , or triple - bladed scalpel is used to remove strips of hair - bearing tissue from the donor site . Each incision is planned so that intact hair follicles are removed . The excised strip is about 1 -- 1.5 x 15 -- 30 cm in size . While closing the resulting wound , assistants begin to dissect individual follicular unit grafts , which are small , naturally formed groupings of hair follicles , from the strip . Working with binocular Stereo - microscopes , they carefully remove excess fibrous and fatty tissue while trying to avoid damage to the follicular cells that will be used for grafting . The latest method of closure is called ' Trichophytic closure ' which results in much finer scars at the donor area . </P> <P> The surgeon then uses very small micro blades or fine needles to puncture the sites for receiving the grafts , placing them in a predetermined density and pattern , and angling the wounds in a consistent fashion to promote a realistic hair pattern . The technicians generally do the final part of the procedure , inserting the individual grafts in place . </P> <P> Strip harvesting will leave a thin linear scar in the donor area , which is typically covered by a patient 's hair even at relatively short lengths . The recovery period is around 2 weeks and will require the stitches / staples to be removed by medical personnel or sub cuticular suturing can be done . </P> Follicular unit extraction ( FUE ) <P> With Follicular Unit Extraction or FUE harvesting , individual follicular units containing 1 to 4 hairs are removed under local anesthesia ; this micro removal typically uses tiny punches of between 0.6 mm and 1.0 mm in diameter . The surgeon then uses very small micro blades or fine needles to puncture the sites for receiving the grafts , placing them in a predetermined density and pattern , and angling the wounds in a consistent fashion to promote a realistic hair pattern . The technicians generally do the final part of the procedure , inserting the individual grafts in place . </P> <P> FUE takes place in a single long session or multiple small sessions . The FUE procedure is more time consuming than strip surgery . An FUE surgery time varies according to the surgeons experience , speed in harvesting and patient characteristics . The procedue can take anywhere from a couple hours to extract 200 grafts for a scar correction to a surgery over two consecutive days for a megasession of 2,500 to 3,000 grafts . With the FUE Hair Transplant procedure there are restrictions on patient candidacy . Clients are selected for FUE based on a fox test , though there is some debate about the usefulness of this in screening clients for FUE . </P> <P> FUE can give very natural results . The advantage over strip harvesting is that FUE harvesting negates the need for large areas of scalp tissue to be harvested , so there is no linear incision on the back of the head and it does n't leave a linear scar . Because individual follicles are removed , only small , punctate scars remain which are virtually not visible and any post-surgical pain and discomfort is minimized . As no suture removal is required , recovery from Micro Grafting FUE is less than 7 days . </P> <P> Disadvantages include increased surgical times and higher cost to the patient . It is challenging for new surgeons because the procedure is physically demanding and the learning curve to acquire the skills necessary is lengthy and tough . Some surgeons note that FUE can lead to a lower ratio of successfully transplanted follicles as compared to strip harvesting . </P> <P> </P> Follicular unit transplant <P> Follicular unit transplant ( FUT ) is the traditional hair transplant method which involves extracting a linear strip of hair bearing skin from the back or the side of the scalp . The strip is then dissected to separate individual grafts . </P> Robotic hair restoration <P> Robotic hair restoration devices utilize cameras and robotic arms to assist the surgeon with the FUE procedure . In 2009 , NeoGraft became the first robotic surgical device FDA approved for hair restoration . The ARTAS System was FDA approved in 2011 for use in harvesting follicular units from brown - haired and black - haired men . Despite the advantages of robotic hair restoration systems , there are still some disadvantages such as the size of the punches being relatively large in comparison to what is used in other methods of FUE , and the high costs associated with the devices . </P> <H3> Types of surgery </H3> <P> There are a number of applications for hair transplant surgery , including : </P> <Ul> <Li> Androgenetic alopecia </Li> <Li> Eyebrow transplant </Li> <Li> Frontal hair line lowering or reconstruction ( naturally high hairlines without an existing hair loss condition ) </Li> </Ul> <P> If donor hair numbers from the back of the head are insufficient , it is possible to perform body hair transplantation ( BHT ) on appropriate candidates who have available donor hair on the chest , back , shoulders , torso and / or legs . Body hair transplant surgery can only be performed by the FUE harvesting method and , so , requires the skills of an experienced FUE surgeon . However , there are several factors for a potential BHT candidate to consider prior to surgery . These include understanding the natural difference in textural characteristics between body hair and scalp hair , growth rates , and having realistic expectations about the results of BHT surgery . </P> <H3> Postoperative care </H3> <P> Advances in wound care allow for semi-permeable dressing , which allow seepage of blood and tissue fluid , to be applied and changed at least daily . The vulnerable recipient area must be shielded from the sun , and shampooing is started two days after the surgery . Some surgeons will have the patient shampoo the day after surgery . Shampooing is important to prevent scabs from forming around the hair shaft . Scabs adhere to the hair shaft and increase the risk of losing newly transplanted hair follicles during the first 7 to 10 days post-op . </P> <P> During the first ten days , some of the transplanted hairs , inevitably traumatized by their relocation , may fall out . This is referred to as `` shock loss '' . After two to three months new hair will begin to grow from the moved follicles . The patient 's hair will grow normally , and continue to thicken through the next six to nine months . Any subsequent hair loss is likely to be only from untreated areas . Some patients elect to use medications to retard such loss , while others plan a subsequent transplant procedure to deal with this eventuality . </P> <H2> Side effects </H2> <P> Hair thinning , known as `` shock loss '' , is a common side effect that is usually temporary . Bald patches are also common , as fifty to a hundred hairs can be lost each day . Post-operative hiccups have also been seen in around 5 % of transplant patients . </P> <H2> History </H2> <P> The use of both scalp flaps , in which a band of tissue with its original blood supply is shifted to the continue bald area , and free grafts dates back to the 19th century . In 1897 , Menahem Hodara successfully implanted hair taken from the unaffected areas of the scalp on to the scars that were left bald by favus . Modern transplant techniques began in Japan in the 1930s , where surgeons used small grafts , and even `` follicular unit grafts '' to replace damaged areas of eyebrows or lashes , but not to treat baldness . Their efforts did not receive worldwide attention at the time , and the traumas of World War II kept their advances isolated for another two decades . </P> <P> The modern era of hair transplantation in the western world was ushered in the late 1950s , when New York dermatologist Norman Orentreich began to experiment with free donor grafts to balding areas in patients with male pattern baldness . Previously it had been thought that transplanted hair would thrive no more than the original hair at the `` recipient '' site . Orentreich demonstrated that such grafts were `` donor dominant , '' as the new hairs grew and lasted just as they would have at their original home . </P> <P> Advancing the theory of donor dominance , Walter P. Unger , M.D. defined the parameters of the `` Safe Donor Zone '' from which the most permanent hair follicles could be extracted for hair transplantation . As transplanted hair will only grow in its new site for as long as it would have in its original one , these parameters continue to serve as the fundamental foundation for hair follicle harvesting , whether by strip method or FUE . </P> <P> For the next twenty years , surgeons worked on transplanting smaller grafts , but results were only minimally successful , with 2 -- 4 mm `` plugs '' leading to a doll 's head - like appearance . In the 1980s , strip excisions began to replace the plug technique , and Carlos Uebel in Brazil popularized using large numbers of small grafts , while in the United States William Rassman began using thousands of `` micrografts '' in a single session . </P> <P> In the late 1980s , B.L. Limmer introduced the use of the stereo - microscope to dissect a single donor strip into small micrografts . </P> <P> The follicular unit hair transplant procedure has continued to evolve , becoming more refined and minimally invasive as the size of the graft incisions have become smaller . These smaller and less invasive incisions enable surgeons to place a larger number of follicular unit grafts into a given area . With the new `` gold standard '' of ultra refined follicular unit hair transplantation , over 50 grafts can be placed per square centimeter , when appropriate for the patient . </P> <P> Surgeons have also devoted more attention to the angle and orientation of the transplanted grafts . The adoption of the `` lateral slit '' technique in the early 2000s , enabled hair transplant surgeons to orient 2 to 4 hair follicular unit grafts so that they splay out across the scalp 's surface . This enabled the transplanted hair to lie better on the scalp and provide better coverage to the bald areas . One disadvantage however , is that lateral incisions also tend to disrupt the scalp 's vascularity more than sagittals . Thus sagittal incisions transect less hairs and blood vessels assuming the cutting instruments are of the same size . One of the big advantages of sagittals is that they do a much better job of sliding in and around existing hairs to avoid follicle

They obtain the hair for a hair transplant from the

Where do they get the hair for a hair transplant?

9163642493279224316

Moon landing - wikipedia <H1> Moon landing </H1> This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 1 March 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the general topic . For the first manned Moon landing , see Apollo 11 and Apollo program . For other uses , see Moon landing ( disambiguation ) . `` Race to the Moon '' redirects here . For the Cold War topic , see Space Race . <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Clickable map of the locations of all successful soft landings on the Moon to date ( top ) . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <P> Luna programme ( USSR ) Chang'e 3 ( China ) </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Surveyor program ( USA ) Apollo program ( USA ) </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> Dates are landing dates in Coordinated Universal Time . Except for the Apollo program , all soft landings were unmanned . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Luna 2 was the first man - made object to reach the surface of the Moon ( bottom - left ) . </Li> <Li> Still frame from a video transmission , taken moments before Neil Armstrong became the first human to step onto the surface of the Moon , at 02 : 56 UTC on 21 July 1969 . An estimated 500 million people worldwide watched this event , the largest television audience for a live broadcast at that time . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A Moon landing is the arrival of a spacecraft on the surface of the Moon . This includes both manned and unmanned ( robotic ) missions . The first human - made object to reach the surface of the Moon was the Soviet Union 's Luna 2 mission , on 13 September 1959 . </P> <P> The United States ' Apollo 11 was the first manned mission to land on the Moon , on 20 July 1969 . There have been six manned U.S. landings ( between 1969 and 1972 ) and numerous unmanned landings , with no soft landings happening from 22 August 1976 until 14 December 2013 . </P> <P> To date , the United States is the only country to have successfully conducted manned missions to the Moon , with the last departing the lunar surface in December 1972 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Unmanned landings </Li> <Li> 2 Manned landings </Li> <Li> 3 Scientific background </Li> <Li> 4 Political background </Li> <Li> 5 Early Soviet unmanned lunar missions ( 1958 -- 1965 ) </Li> <Li> 6 Early U.S. unmanned lunar missions ( 1958 -- 1965 ) <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Pioneer missions </Li> <Li> 6.2 Ranger missions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Soviet unmanned soft landings ( 1966 -- 1976 ) </Li> <Li> 8 U.S. unmanned soft landings ( 1966 -- 1968 ) </Li> <Li> 9 Transition from direct ascent landings to lunar orbit operations </Li> <Li> 10 Soviet lunar orbit satellites ( 1966 -- 1974 ) </Li> <Li> 11 U.S. lunar orbit satellites ( 1966 -- 1967 ) </Li> <Li> 12 Soviet circumlunar loop flights ( 1967 -- 1970 ) </Li> <Li> 13 Manned Moon landings ( 1969 -- 1972 ) <Ul> <Li> 13.1 US strategy </Li> <Li> 13.2 Soviet strategy </Li> <Li> 13.3 Apollo missions </Li> <Li> 13.4 Manned Moon landings </Li> <Li> 13.5 Other aspects of the Apollo Moon successful landings </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 14 Late 20th -- 21st century unmanned crash landings <Ul> <Li> 14.1 Hiten ( Japan ) </Li> <Li> 14.2 Lunar Prospector ( USA ) </Li> <Li> 14.3 SMART - 1 ( ESA ) </Li> <Li> 14.4 SELENE ( Japan ) </Li> <Li> 14.5 Chang'e 1 ( China ) </Li> <Li> 14.6 Chandrayaan - 1 and Chandrayaan - 2 ( India ) </Li> <Li> 14.7 LCROSS ( USA ) </Li> <Li> 14.8 GRAIL ( USA ) </Li> <Li> 14.9 LADEE ( USA ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 15 21st century unmanned soft landings <Ul> <Li> 15.1 Chang'e 3 ( China ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 16 Landings on moons of other Solar System bodies </Li> <Li> 17 Proposed future missions </Li> <Li> 18 Historical empirical evidence </Li> <Li> 19 See also </Li> <Li> 20 References and notes </Li> <Li> 21 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Unmanned landings </H2> <P> After the unsuccessful attempt by the Luna 1 to land on the moon in 1959 , the Soviet Union performed the first hard ( unpowered ) moon landing later that same year with the Luna 2 spacecraft , a feat the U.S. duplicated in 1962 with Ranger 4 . Since then , twelve Soviet and U.S. spacecraft have used braking rockets to make soft landings and perform scientific operations on the lunar surface , between 1966 and 1976 . In 1966 the USSR accomplished the first soft landings and took the first pictures from the lunar surface during the Luna 9 and Luna 13 missions . The U.S. followed with five unmanned Surveyor soft landings . </P> <P> The Soviet Union achieved the first unmanned lunar soil sample return with the Luna 16 probe on 24 September 1970 . This was followed by Luna 20 and Luna 24 in 1972 and 1976 , respectively . Following the failure at launch in 1969 of the first Lunokhod , Luna E-8 No. 201 , the Luna 17 and Luna 21 were successful unmanned lunar rover missions in 1970 and 1973 . </P> <P> Many missions were failures at launch . In addition , several unmanned landing missions achieved the Lunar surface but were unsuccessful , including : Luna 15 , Luna 18 , and Luna 23 all crashed on landing ; and the U.S. Surveyor 4 lost all radio contact only moments before its landing . </P> <P> More recently , other nations have crashed spacecraft on the surface of the Moon at speeds of around 8,000 kilometres per hour ( 5,000 mph ) , often at precise , planned locations . These have generally been end - of - life lunar orbiters that , because of system degradations , could no longer overcome perturbations from lunar mass concentrations ( `` masscons '' ) to maintain their orbit . Japan 's lunar orbiter Hiten impacted the Moon 's surface on 10 April 1993 . The European Space Agency performed a controlled crash impact with their orbiter SMART - 1 on 3 September 2006 . </P> <P> Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) performed a controlled crash impact with its Moon Impact Probe ( MIP ) on 14 November 2008 . The MIP was an ejected probe from the Indian Chandrayaan - 1 lunar orbiter and performed remote sensing experiments during its descent to the lunar surface . </P> <P> The Chinese lunar orbiter Chang'e 1 executed a controlled crash onto the surface of the Moon on 1 March 2009 . The rover mission Chang'e 3 was launched on 1 December 2013 and soft - landed on 14 December . </P> <H2> Manned landings </H2> The lunar surface through a Lunar Module window shortly after landing <P> A total of twelve men have landed on the Moon . This was accomplished with two US pilot - astronauts flying a Lunar Module on each of six NASA missions across a 41 - month period starting on 20 July 1969 UTC , with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on Apollo 11 , and ending on 14 December 1972 UTC with Gene Cernan and Jack Schmitt on Apollo 17 . Cernan was the last to step off the lunar surface . </P> <P> All Apollo lunar missions had a third crew member who remained on board the Command Module . The last three missions had a rover for increased mobility . </P> <H2> Scientific background </H2> <P> In order to go to the Moon , a spacecraft must first leave the gravity well of the Earth . The only practical way of accomplishing this currently is with a rocket . Unlike other airborne vehicles such as balloons or jets , a rocket is the only known form of propulsion which can continue to increase its speed at high altitudes in the vacuum outside the Earth 's atmosphere . </P> <P> Upon approach of the target moon , a spacecraft will be drawn ever closer to its surface at increasing speeds due to gravity . In order to land intact it must decelerate to less than about 160 kilometres per hour ( 99 mph ) and be ruggedized to withstand a `` hard landing '' impact , or it must decelerate to negligible speed at contact for a `` soft landing '' ( which is the only viable option with human occupants ) . The first three attempts by the U.S. to perform a successful hard moon landing with a ruggedized seismometer package in 1962 all failed . The Soviets first achieved the milestone of a hard lunar landing with a ruggedized camera in 1966 , followed only months later by the first unmanned soft lunar landing by the U.S. </P> <P> The speed of a crash landing on its surface is typically between 70 and 100 % of the escape velocity of the target moon , and thus this is the total velocity which must be shed from the target moon 's gravitational attraction for a soft landing to occur . For Earth 's Moon , the escape velocity is 2.38 kilometres per second ( 1.48 mi / s ) . The change in velocity ( referred to as a delta - v ) is usually provided by a landing rocket , which must be carried into space by the original launch vehicle as part of the overall spacecraft . An exception is the soft moon landing on Titan carried out by the Huygens probe in 2005 . As the moon with the thickest atmosphere , landings on Titan may be accomplished by using atmospheric entry techniques that are generally lighter in weight than a rocket with equivalent capability . </P> <P> The Soviets succeeded in making the first crash landing on the Moon in 1959 . Crash landings may occur because of malfunctions in a spacecraft , or they can be deliberately arranged for vehicles which do not have an onboard landing rocket . There have been many such moon crashes , often with their flight path controlled to impact at precise locations on the lunar surface . For example , during the Apollo program the S - IVB third stage of the Saturn V moon rocket as well as the spent ascent stage of the lunar module were deliberately crashed on the Moon several times to provide impacts registering as a moonquake on seismometers that had been left on the lunar surface . Such crashes were instrumental in mapping the internal structure of the Moon . </P> <P> To return to Earth , the escape velocity of the Moon must be overcome for the spacecraft to escape the gravity well of the Moon . Rockets must be used to leave the Moon and return to space . Upon reaching Earth , atmospheric entry techniques are used to absorb the kinetic energy of a returning spacecraft and reduce its speed for safe landing . These functions greatly complicate a moon landing mission and lead to many additional operational considerations . Any moon departure rocket must first be carried to the Moon 's surface by a moon landing rocket , increasing the latter 's required size . The Moon departure rocket , larger moon landing rocket and any Earth atmosphere entry equipment such as heat shields and parachutes must in turn be lifted by the original launch vehicle , greatly increasing its size by a significant and almost prohibitive degree . </P> <H2> Political background </H2> Main article : Space Race <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this

The last time anyone was on the moon was

When was the last time anyone was on the moon?

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Sam Hill ( euphemism ) - wikipedia <H1> Sam Hill ( euphemism ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Sam Hill is an American English slang phrase , a euphemism or minced oath for `` the devil '' or `` hell '' personified ( as in , `` What in the Sam Hill is that ? '' ) . Etymologist Michael Quinion and others date the expression back to the late 1830s ; they and others consider the expression to have been a simple bowdlerization , with , according to the Oxford English Dictionary , an unknown origin . </P> <H2> Possible referents ( edit ) </H2> <P> Candidate referents for the use date back to at least the 19th century . The following are possibilities of the term 's origin . </P> <P> H.L. Mencken suggested that the phrase derives from Samiel , the name of the Devil in Der Freischütz , an opera by Carl Maria von Weber that was performed in New York City in 1825 . The phrase `` Sam Hill '' can also be seen in the variant `` Samil . '' </P> <P> Sam Hill was a mercantile store owner who offered a vast and diverse inventory of goods . People began using the term `` what in the Sam Hill is that ? '' to describe something they found odd or unusual , just like the inventory found in Sam Hill 's store . The original Sam Hill Mercantile building still stands on Montezuma Street in Prescott , Arizona , and is listed on the register of Historic Places . </P> <P> An article in the New England Magazine in December 1889 entitled `` Two Centuries and a Half in Guilford , Connecticut '' mentioned that , `` Between 1727 and 1752 Mr. Sam . Hill represented Guilford in forty - three out of forty - nine sessions of the Legislature , and when he was gathered to his fathers , his son Nathaniel reigned in his stead '' and a footnote queried whether this might be the source of the `` popular Connecticut adjuration to ' Give ' em Sam Hill ' ? '' </P> <P> The millionaire Samuel Hill , a businessman and `` good roads '' advocate in the Pacific Northwest , became associated with the phrase in the 1920s . A reference appeared in Time magazine when Hill convinced Queen Marie of Romania to travel to rural Washington to dedicate Hill 's Maryhill Museum of Art . The fact that `` Father of Good Roads '' Samuel Hill had n't been born when the figure of speech first appeared in a publication rules out the possibility that he was the original Sam Hill in question . </P> <P> A possible origin for the phrase `` Sam Hill '' is the surveyor Samuel W. Hill ( 1819 -- 1889 ) . Hill allegedly used such foul language that his name became a euphemism for swear words . In the words of Charles Eschbach , `` Back in the 1850s the Keweenaw 's copper mining boom was underway . There were about a dozen men who pretty much ran the Keweenaw . They were mining company agents , the ' go between ' for the investors from Boston and the actual mining production people . Their names were attached to every report sent back to eastern investors . Among these company agents was a man named Samuel W. Hill . Sam was a geologist , surveyor , and mining engineer and had considerable power in the Keweenaw . '' </P> <P> According to author Ellis W. Courter , Samuel Hill `` was an adventurer , explorer , miner , and surveyor . He had worked with Christopher C. Douglas and Douglas Houghton on the early State survey . His judgment was respected . Although he was a rough character , he possessed a big heart and in the fall of 1847 had risked his life to help avert a threatened food shortage in the Copper Harbor district . Generally he was regarded as a hero throughout the entire Copper Country , however , he was contemptuous of all the praise that was heaped upon him . Hill also gained a reputation as being one of the most blasphemous and obscene swearers in the Keweenaw Peninsula . Although he had a colorful vocabulary and told many a good story of his early adventures , his ubiquitous use of lurid cuss words became legendary . Whenever friends or neighbors retold his colorful tales in more polite society , they had to tame his unmentionables by substituting the sinless sounding words ' Sam Hill ' . In time the expression , ' What the Sam Hill ' spread far beyond the Copper Country . Today it has become a part of the American language . Few who utter these words ever heard of Samuel Hill , or know that he was the unconscious originator of a sinless synonym for profanity . '' </P> <P> Another possibility involves the former adjutant general of Kentucky Samuel Ewing Hill , who was sent by the governor of Kentucky to see what was going on in reference to the Hatfields & McCoys family feud in 1887 . Between 1880 and 1891 , the feud claimed more than a dozen members of the two families , becoming headline news around the country , and compelling the governors of both Kentucky and West Virginia to call up their state militias to restore order . The governor of West Virginia once even threatened to have his militia invade Kentucky . Kentucky governor Simon Bolivar Buckner in response sent his adjutant general Sam Hill to Pike County , Kentucky to investigate the situation . Newspapers from around the country awaited word from Hill to find out `` what in the Sam Hill was going on up there '' . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Michael Quinion ( 2004 - 11 - 06 ) . `` World Wide Words : Sam Hill '' . World Wide Words . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 26 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Issue of August 4 , 2001 : On a popsicle stick '' . The Word Detective. 2001 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Various ( 1900 ) . The New Dictionary of American Slang . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mencken , H.L. ( 1936 ) . The American Language ( 4th ed . ) . Alfred A. Knopf . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hill , Sam , Hardware '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ TIME Magazine ( 1926 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Sam Hill '' . @ Time Archives . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Words to the Wise : Issue 156 , page 2 from the website of the Institute for Etymological Research and Education </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jill Livingston , 1999 , 2011 . `` Sam Hill Sign '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 19 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Eshbach . `` What the Sam Hill ? '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Courter , Ellis W. ( 2005 ) . Michigan 's Copper Country ( PDF ) . Republished by the State of Michigan , Office of Geological Survey . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What in Sam Hill ... started the Hatfield and McCoy Feud ? '' . Kentucky.gov . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Hatfields and McCoys : The Moran Connection '' . moranfamilytn.blogspot.com . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sam_Hill_(euphemism)&oldid=795068968 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Euphemisms </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 11 August 2017 , at 20 : 15 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The phrase "what in the Sam Hill" originates from

Where does what in the sam hill come from?

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Outback - Wikipedia <H1> Outback </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Outback </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> View across sand plains and salt pans to Mount Connor , Central Australia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> Australia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Population </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> undetermined </Td> </Tr> </Table> For other uses , see Outback ( disambiguation ) . Tourism sign post Yalgoo , Western Australia <P> The Outback is the vast , remote interior of Australia . The term `` the Outback '' is generally used to refer to locations that are comparatively more remote than those areas named `` the bush '' which , colloquially , can refer to any lands outside the main urban areas . </P> <P> While often envisaged as being arid , the Outback regions extend from the northern to southern Australian coastlines , and encompass a number of climatic zones ; including tropical and monsoonal climates in northern areas , arid areas in the ' red centre ' and semi-arid and temperate climates in southerly regions . </P> <P> Geographically , the Outback is unified by a combination of factors , most notably a low human population density , a largely intact , natural environment and , in many places , low - intensity land uses such as pastoralism ( livestock grazing ) in which production is reliant on the natural environment . </P> <P> Culturally , the Outback is deeply ingrained in Australian heritage , history and folklore . In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations , the Queensland Outback was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for its role as a `` natural attraction '' . </P> The Dingo Fence near Coober Pedy <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Environment <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Global significance </Li> <Li> 2.2 Major ecosystems </Li> <Li> 2.3 Wildlife </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Industry <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Pastoralism </Li> <Li> 3.2 Tourism </Li> <Li> 3.3 Mining </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Population </Li> <Li> 5 Medicine </Li> <Li> 6 Education </Li> <Li> 7 Terminology </Li> <Li> 8 Transport </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Further reading </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : History of Indigenous Australians and European exploration of Australia Aerial view of Kata Tjuta <P> Indigenous Australians have lived in the Outback for approximately 50,000 years and occupied all Outback regions , including the driest deserts , when Europeans first entered central Australia in the 1800s . Many Indigenous Australians retain strong physical and cultural links to their traditional country and are legally recognised as the Traditional Owners of large parts of the Outback under Commonwealth Native Title legislation . </P> <P> Early European exploration of inland Australia was sporadic . More focus was on the more accessible and fertile coastal areas . The first party to successfully cross the Blue Mountains just outside Sydney was led by Gregory Blaxland in 1813 , 25 years after the colony was established . People starting with John Oxley in 1817 , 1818 and 1821 , followed by Charles Sturt in 1829 -- 1830 attempted to follow the westward - flowing rivers to find an `` inland sea '' , but these were found to all flow into the Murray River and Darling River which turn south . Over the period 1858 to 1861 , John McDouall Stuart led six expeditions north from Adelaide into the outback , culminating in successfully reaching the north coast of Australia and returning , without the loss of any of the party 's members ' lives . This contrasts with the ill - fated Burke and Wills expedition in 1860 -- 61 which was much better funded , but resulted in the deaths of three of the members of the transcontinental party . </P> <P> The Overland Telegraph line was constructed in the 1870s along the route identified by Stuart . </P> <P> In 1865 the surveyor George Goyder , using changes in vegetation patterns , mapped a line in South Australia , north of which he considered rainfall to be too unreliable to support agriculture . </P> <P> Exploration of the outback continued in the 1950s when Len Beadell explored , surveyed and built many roads in support of the nuclear weapons tests at Emu Field and Maralinga and rocket testing on the Woomera Prohibited Area . Mineral exploration continues as new mineral deposits are identified and developed . </P> <P> While the early explorers used horses to cross the outback , the first woman to make the journey riding a horse was Anna Hingley , who rode from Broome to Cairns in 2006 . </P> Aerial photography of Australia showing the large arid ( yellow / brown ) areas that are generally considered to be `` outback '' <H2> Environment ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia <H3> Global significance ( edit ) </H3> MacDonnell Ranges in the Northern Territory are found in the centre of the country Fitzgerald River National Park in Western Australia A brumby in the Outback <P> The paucity of industrial land use has led to the Outback being recognised globally as one of the largest remaining , intact natural areas on Earth . Global `` Human Footprint '' and wilderness reviews highlight the importance of Outback Australia as one of the world 's large natural areas , along with the Boreal forests and Tundra regions in North America , the Sahara and Gobi deserts and the tropical forests of the Amazon and Congo Basins . The savanna ( or grassy woodlands ) of northern Australia are the largest , intact savanna regions in the world . In the south , the Great Western Woodlands , which occupy 16,000,000 hectares ( 40,000,000 acres ) , an area larger than all of England , are the largest remaining temperate woodland left on Earth . </P> <H3> Major ecosystems ( edit ) </H3> <P> Reflecting the wide climatic and geological variation , the Outback contains a wealth of distinctive and ecologically - rich ecosystems . Major land types include : </P> <Ul> <Li> the Kimberley and Pilbara regions in northern Western Australia , </Li> <Li> sub-tropical savanna landscape of the Top End , </Li> <Li> ephemeral water courses of the Channel Country in western Queensland , </Li> <Li> the ten deserts in central and western Australia , </Li> <Li> the Inland Ranges , such as the MacDonnell Ranges , which provide topographic variation across the flat plains , </Li> <Li> the flat Nullarbor Plain north of the Great Australian Bight , and </Li> <Li> the Great Western Woodlands in southern Western Australia . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Wildlife ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Australian Outback is full of very important well - adapted wildlife , although much of it may not be immediately visible to the casual observer . Many animals , such as red kangaroos and dingoes , hide in bushes to rest and keep cool during the heat of the day . </P> <P> Birdlife is prolific , most often seen at waterholes at dawn and dusk . Huge flocks of budgerigars , cockatoos , corellas and galahs are often sighted . On bare ground or roads during the winter , various species of snakes and lizards bask in the sun , but they are rarely seen during the summer months . </P> <P> Feral animals such as camels thrive in central Australia , brought to Australia by pastoralists and explorers , along with the early Afghan drivers . Feral horses known as ' brumbies ' are station horses that have run wild . Feral pigs , foxes , cats and rabbits are other imported animals also degrading the environment , so time and money is spent eradicating them in an attempt to help protect fragile rangelands . </P> <P> The Outback is home to a diverse set of animal species , such as the kangaroo , emu and dingo . The Dingo Fence was built to restrict movements of dingoes and wild dogs into agricultural areas towards the south east of the continent . The marginally fertile parts are primarily utilised as rangelands and have been traditionally used for sheep or cattle grazing , on cattle stations which are leased from the Federal Government . While small areas of the outback consist of clay soils the majority has exceedingly infertile palaeosols . </P> <P> Riversleigh , in Queensland , is one of Australia 's most renowned fossil sites and was recorded as a World Heritage site in 1994 . The 100 km ( 39 sq mi ) area contains fossil remains of ancient mammals , birds and reptiles of Oligocene and Miocene age . </P> <H2> Industry ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Pastoralism ( edit ) </H3> Gosses Bluff crater , one of a number of meteor impact craters that can be found across outback Australia <P> The largest industry across the Outback , in terms of the area occupied , is pastoralism , in which cattle , sheep , and sometimes goats , are grazed in mostly intact , natural ecosystems . Widespread use of bore water , obtained from underground aquifers , including the Great Artesian Basin , has enabled livestock to be grazed across vast areas in which no permanent surface water exists naturally . </P> <P> Capitalising on the lack of pasture improvement and absence of fertiliser and pesticide use , many Outback pastoral properties are certified as organic livestock producers . In 2014 , 17,000,000 hectares ( 42,000,000 acres ) , most of which is in Outback Australia , was fully certified as organic farm production , making Australia the largest certified organic production area in the world . </P> <H3> Tourism ( edit ) </H3> <P> `` Nothing says Australia quite like our Outback , '' states the national tourism web site . Tourism is a major industry across the Outback , and commonwealth and state tourism agencies explicitly target Outback Australia as a desirable destination for domestic and international travellers . There is no breakdown of tourism revenues for the `` Outback '' per se . However , regional tourism is a major component of national tourism incomes . Tourism Australia explicitly markets nature - based and Indigenous - led experiences to tourists . In the 2015 -- 2016 financial year , 815,000 visitors spent $988 million while on holidays in the Northern Territory alone . </P> <P> There are many popular tourist attractions in the Outback . Some of the well known destinations include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Alice Springs , Northern Territory </Li> <Li> Arkaroola and Wilpena Pound in the Flinders Ranges of South Australia </Li> <Li> Australian Stockman 's Hall of Fame </Li> <Li> Birdsville , Queensland </Li> <Li> Broken Hill , New South Wales </Li> <Li> Broome </Li> <Li> Coober Pedy , South Australia </Li> <Li> Devils Marbles </Li> <Li> Kakadu National Park </Li> <Li> Kalgoorlie - Boulder , Western Australia </Li> <Li> Kata Tjuta ( The Olgas ) </Li> <Li> Katherine Gorge </Li> <Li> Kings Canyon ( Watarrka ) </Li> <Li> MacDonnell Ranges </Li> <Li> Monkey Mia </Li> <Li> Mount Isa , Queensland </Li> <Li> Mount Augustus National Park </Li> <Li> Tennant Creek , Northern Territory </Li> <Li> Uluru ( Ayers Rock ) </Li> <Li> Willandra Lakes Region </Li> </Ul> <H3> Mining ( edit ) </H3> Fossicking field in Lightning Ridge <P> Other than agriculture and tourism , the main economic activity in this vast and sparsely settled area is mining . Owing to the almost complete absence of mountain building and glaciation since the Permian ( in many areas since the Cambrian ) ages , the outback is extremely rich in iron , aluminium , manganese and uranium ores , and also contains major deposits of gold , nickel , copper , lead and zinc ores . Because of its size , the value of grazing and mining is considerable . Major mines and mining areas in the Outback include opals at Coober Pedy , Lightning Ridge and White

The vast interior rural area of Australia is known as

The vast interior rural area of australia is known as the?

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Battles of Saratoga - wikipedia <H1> Battles of Saratoga </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Battles of Saratoga </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Part of the American Revolutionary War Saratoga campaign </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Surrender of General Burgoyne by John Trumbull , 1822 . This painting hangs in the United States Capitol Rotunda . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> September 19 and October 7 , 1777 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Stillwater , Saratoga County , New York 42 ° 59 ′ 56 '' N 73 ° 38 ′ 15 '' W  /  42.99889 ° N 73.63750 ° W  / 42.99889 ; - 73.63750 Coordinates : 42 ° 59 ′ 56 '' N 73 ° 38 ′ 15 '' W  /  42.99889 ° N 73.63750 ° W  / 42.99889 ; - 73.63750 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Td> <P> Freeman 's Farm : </P> <Ul> <Li> British Pyrrhic victory </Li> </Ul> <P> Bemis Heights : </P> <Ul> <Li> Decisive American victory </Li> <Li> British surrender October 17 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Belligerents </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> United States </P> <Ul> <Li> Canadian Auxiliaries </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <P> Great Britain </P> <Ul> <Li> Quebec </Li> <Li> Loyalists </Li> <Li> Hesse - Cassel </Li> <Li> Hesse - Hanau </Li> <Li> Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Horatio Gates Benedict Arnold Benjamin Lincoln Enoch Poor Ebenezer Learned Daniel Morgan James Livingston </Td> <Td> John Burgoyne Simon Fraser † Baron Riedesel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Strength </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9,000 ( first battle ) over 12,000 ( second battle ) over 15,000 ( at time of surrender ) </Td> <Td> 7,200 ( first battle ) 6,600 ( second battle ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Casualties and losses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 90 killed 240 wounded </Td> <Td> 440 killed 695 wounded 6,222 captured </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Saratoga Campaign 1777 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Fort Ticonderoga </Li> <Li> Hubbardton </Li> <Li> Fort Anne </Li> <Li> Slaying of Jane McCrea </Li> <Li> Fort Stanwix </Li> <Li> Oriskany </Li> <Li> Bennington </Li> <Li> 1st Saratoga ( Freeman 's Farm ) </Li> <Li> Forts Clinton and Montgomery </Li> <Li> 2nd Saratoga ( Bemis Heights ) </Li> <Li> Kingston </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Battles of Saratoga ( September 19 and October 7 , 1777 ) marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign , giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War . British General John Burgoyne led a large invasion army southward from Canada in the Champlain Valley , hoping to meet a similar British force marching northward from New York City and another British force marching eastward from Lake Ontario ; the southern and western forces never arrived , and Burgoyne was surrounded by American forces in upstate New York . He fought two small battles to break out which took place 18 days apart on the same ground , 9 miles ( 14 km ) south of Saratoga , New York . They both failed . </P> <P> Burgoyne found himself trapped by superior American forces with no relief in sight , so he retreated to Saratoga ( now Schuylerville ) and surrendered his entire army there on October 17 . His surrender , says historian Edmund Morgan , `` was a great turning point of the war because it won for Americans the foreign assistance which was the last element needed for victory . '' </P> <P> Burgoyne 's strategy to divide New England from the southern colonies had started well but slowed due to logistical problems . He won a small tactical victory over General Horatio Gates and the Continental Army in the September 19 Battle of Freeman 's Farm at the cost of significant casualties . His gains were erased when he again attacked the Americans in the October 7 Battle of Bemis Heights and the Americans captured a portion of the British defenses . Burgoyne was therefore compelled to retreat , and his army was surrounded by the much larger American force at Saratoga , forcing him to surrender on October 17 . News of Burgoyne 's surrender was instrumental in formally bringing France into the war as an American ally , although it had previously given supplies , ammunition , and guns , notably the de Valliere cannon which played an important role in Saratoga . This battle also resulted in Spain joining France in the war against Britain . </P> <P> The battle on September 19 began when Burgoyne moved some of his troops in an attempt to flank the entrenched American position on Bemis Heights . Benedict Arnold anticipated the maneuver and placed significant forces in his way . Burgoyne did gain control of Freeman 's Farm , but it came at the cost of significant casualties . Skirmishing continued in the days following the battle , while Burgoyne waited in the hope that reinforcements would arrive from New York City . Patriot militia forces continued to arrive , meanwhile , swelling the size of the American army . Disputes within the American camp led Gates to strip Arnold of his command . </P> <P> British General Sir Henry Clinton moved up from New York City and attempted to divert American attention by capturing two forts in the Hudson River highlands on October 6 , but his efforts were too late to help Burgoyne . Burgoyne attacked Bemis Heights again on October 7 after it became apparent that he would not receive relieving aid in time . This battle culminated in heavy fighting marked by Arnold 's spirited rallying of the American troops . Burgoyne 's forces were thrown back to the positions that they held before the September 19 battle and the Americans captured a portion of the entrenched British defenses . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background <Ul> <Li> 1.1 British situation </Li> <Li> 1.2 American situation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 First Saratoga : Battle of Freeman 's Farm ( September 19 ) <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Prelude </Li> <Li> 2.2 Battle </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Interlude </Li> <Li> 4 Second Saratoga : Battle of Bemis Heights ( October 7 ) <Ul> <Li> 4.1 British foray </Li> <Li> 4.2 American attack </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Aftermath <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Armies and casualties </Li> <Li> 5.2 French aid </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Legacy </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 10 Further reading </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background </H2> Main article : Saratoga campaign <P> The American Revolutionary War was approaching the two - year point , and the British changed their plans . They decided to split the Thirteen Colonies and isolate New England from what they believed to be the more Loyalist middle and southern colonies . The British command devised a plan to divide the colonies with a three - way pincer movement in 1777 . The western pincer under the command of Barry St. Leger was to progress from Ontario through western New York , following the Mohawk River , and the southern pincer was to progress up the Hudson River valley from New York City . The northern pincer was to proceed southward from Montreal , and the three forces were to meet in the vicinity of Albany , New York , severing New England from the other colonies . </P> <H3> British situation </H3> General John Burgoyne was referred to by some as `` Gentleman Johnny '' for his manners ( portrait by Sir Joshua Reynolds , c. 1760 ) <P> British General John Burgoyne moved south from the province of Quebec in June 1777 to gain control of the upper Hudson River valley . His campaign had become bogged down in difficulties following a victory at Fort Ticonderoga . Elements of the army had reached the upper Hudson as early as the end of July , but logistical and supply difficulties delayed the main army at Fort Edward . One attempt to alleviate these difficulties failed when nearly 1,000 men were killed or captured at the August 16 Battle of Bennington . Furthermore , news reached Burgoyne on August 28 that St. Leger 's expedition down the Mohawk River valley had turned back after the failed Siege of Fort Stanwix . </P> <P> General William Howe had taken his army from New York City by sea on a campaign to capture Philadelphia instead of moving north to meet Burgoyne . Most of Burgoyne 's Indian support had fled following the loss at Bennington , and his situation was becoming difficult . He needed to reach defensible winter quarters , requiring either retreat back to Ticonderoga or advance to Albany , and he decided to advance . He then deliberately cut communications to the north so that he would not need to maintain a chain of heavily fortified outposts between his position and Ticonderoga , and he decided to cross the Hudson River while he was in a relatively strong position . He ordered Baron Riedesel , who commanded the rear of the army , to abandon outposts from Skenesboro south , and then had the army cross the Hudson just north of Saratoga between September 13 and 15 . </P> <H3> American situation </H3> General Horatio Gates , portrait by Gilbert Stuart <P> The Continental Army had been in a slow retreat since Burgoyne 's capture of Ticonderoga early in July , under the command of Major General Philip Schuyler , and was encamped south of Stillwater , New York . On August 19 , Major General Horatio Gates assumed command from Schuyler , whose political fortunes had fallen over the loss of Ticonderoga and the ensuing retreat . Gates and Schuyler were from very different backgrounds and did not get along with each other ; they had previously argued over command issues in the army 's Northern Department . The army was growing in size because of increased militia turnout following calls by state governors , the success at Bennington , and widespread outrage over the slaying of Jane McCrea , the fiancée of a Loyalist in Burgoyne 's army by Indians under Burgoyne 's command . </P> <P> General George Washington 's strategic decisions also improved the situation for Gates ' army . Washington was most concerned about the movements of General Howe . He was aware that Burgoyne was also moving , and he took some risks in July . He sent aid north in the form of Major General Benedict Arnold , his most aggressive field commander , and Major General Benjamin Lincoln , a Massachusetts man noted for his influence with the New England militia . He ordered 750 men from Israel Putnam 's forces defending the New York highlands to join Gates ' army in August , before he was certain that Howe had indeed sailed south . He also sent some of the best forces from his own army : Colonel Daniel Morgan and the newly formed Provisional Rifle Corps , which comprised about 500 specially selected riflemen from Pennsylvania , Maryland , and Virginia , chosen for their sharpshooting ability . This unit came to be known as Morgan 's Riflemen . </P> Map showing the movements of the opposing armies in the Saratoga campaign , and plan of the Battles of Saratoga ( inset ) <P> On September 7 , Gates ordered his army to march north . A site was selected for its defensive potential that was known as Bemis Heights , just north of Stillwater and about 10 miles ( 16 km ) south of Saratoga ; the army spent about a week constructing defensive works designed by Polish engineer Tadeusz Kościuszko . The heights had a clear view of the area and commanded the only road to Albany , where it passed through a defile

The Battle of Freeman's Farm took place in

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Love ? - Wikipedia <H1> Where Is the Love ? </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Black Eyed Peas song . For the Roberta Flack and Donny Hathaway song , see Where Is the Love . For the Hanson song , see Where 's the Love . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Where Is the Love ? '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by The Black Eyed Peas </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Elephunk </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Somethin ' for That Ass '' `` What 's Goin Down '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> June 16 , 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> CD single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> December 26 , 2001 -- March 3 , 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Conscious hip hop </Li> <Li> pop </Li> <Li> soul </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 8 : 29 ( 2003 album version ) 4 : 34 ( single version / 2004 album version ) 3 : 51 ( radio edit ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A&M </Li> <Li> will.i.am </Li> <Li> Interscope </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> will.i.am </Li> <Li> apl. de. ap </Li> <Li> Taboo </Li> <Li> Justin Timberlake </Li> <Li> Printz Board </Li> <Li> Michael Fratantuno </Li> <Li> George Pajon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> will.i.am </Li> <Li> Ron Fair </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The Black Eyed Peas singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Request + Line '' ( 2001 ) </Td> <Td> `` Where Is the Love ? '' ( 2003 ) </Td> <Td> `` Shut Up '' ( 2003 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Request + Line '' ( 2001 ) </Td> <Td> `` Where Is the Love ? '' ( 2003 ) </Td> <Td> `` Shut Up '' ( 2003 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Music video </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> `` Where Is the Love ? '' on YouTube </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Where Is the Love ? '' is a song by American hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas . It was released in June 2003 as the lead single from their third album , Elephunk . The song was written by will.i.am , apl. de. ap , Taboo , Justin Timberlake , Printz Board , Michael Fratantuno and George Pajon . The track features vocals from Timberlake , although he is not officially credited on the single release . It was the band 's first song to feature singer Fergie as an official member . </P> <P> `` Where Is the Love ? '' saw success on radio airplay charts , peaked at number eight on the US Billboard Hot 100 , and topped the charts in Australia , Ireland and the United Kingdom . It became the biggest - selling single of 2003 in the latter country . The band and Timberlake received two nominations , Record of the Year and Best Rap / Sung Collaboration , for `` Where Is the Love ? '' at the 46th Grammy Awards . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Composition </Li> <Li> 3 Reception </Li> <Li> 4 Music video </Li> <Li> 5 Covers </Li> <Li> 6 Formats and track listings </Li> <Li> 7 Personnel </Li> <Li> 8 Charts and certifications <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 8.2 Year - end charts </Li> <Li> 8.3 Decade - end charts </Li> <Li> 8.4 Certifications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 2016 version <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Music video </Li> <Li> 9.2 Track listing </Li> <Li> 9.3 Personnel </Li> <Li> 9.4 Charts </Li> <Li> 9.5 2016 Spanish / English version </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> Following the commercial failures of their previous albums and singles , there was doubt over whether The Black Eyed Peas would continue to record together . A&R executive Ron Fair approached them and suggested a crossover to a more mainstream pop sound . will.i.am in particular resisted the idea for fear that they would be seen as sellouts . However , after discussions and some writing sessions , the idea was pursued . </P> <P> Shortly after Christmas 2001 , will.i.am created a loop and a guitar part that he liked . apl. de. ap and Taboo also heard the track and were able to write similar lyrics over it . Justin Timberlake was introduced to the group by Taboo , and got a chance to hear the track that will.i.am created . Impressed with the music , Timberlake helped write and sing the chorus . </P> <P> Timberlake was in the midst of promotion of his debut solo album , Justified , and his label Jive Records was concerned about possible overexposure . The Black Eyed Peas were worried about this , as getting some assistance from an established pop star like Timberlake had been the original point of this song . A compromise was reached eventually in which Jive gave clearance for the vocals of Timberlake to be released on the song , but he does not appear in the song 's music video nor is he officially credited on the song as an artist . By 2008 , the single had sold 954,000 digital copies . </P> <H2> Composition ( edit ) </H2> Timberlake co-wrote the song and provided vocals . <P> The song was written by will.i.am , apl. de. ap , Taboo , Justin Timberlake , Ron Fair , Printz Board , George Pajon , Fiona Davies M. Fratantuno , and J. Curtis , and co-produced by will.i.am and Ron Fair . In this song , The Black Eyed Peas lament on various worldwide problems . Many issues are discussed , which include but are not limited to terrorism , US government hypocrisy , racism , gang crime , pollution , war , and intolerance </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song was rewarded with nominations at the 46th Grammy Awards in 2004 for Record of the Year and Best Rap / Sung Collaboration . </P> <P> The song was the biggest selling single of 2003 in the UK . It was also the 25th best - selling single of the 2000s ( decade ) in the UK . </P> <P> On May 12 , 2013 , after 10 years since the song 's release , the song re-entered the official UK singles charts at 40 , eventually peaking at 35 . </P> <H2> Music video ( edit ) </H2> <P> The music video for `` Where Is the Love ? '' was shot in East Los Angeles and features The Black Eyed Peas and various other people , including various young children , asking the world where the love really is . In the video , will.i.am and Taboo act as a soul music road duo who use music to tell people what is wrong with the world , Fergie appears as a peacemaker who places stickers with question marks on them all over the place to ask people where the love is in the world , and apl. de. ap is a criminal who is arrested for using criminal offences to tell people the truth . Justin Timberlake does not appear in the video , although several different people are seen mouthing the chorus as he sings it . </P> <P> The video is similar to a 2002 British television advertisement for T - Mobile , in which a face of a young baby is presented in various forms around a large city , much like the question mark in this video . The Bon Jovi music video `` Have a Nice Day '' is also similar to both the advertisement and this video . The video features gameplay footage of the graphically explicit and controversial video game Postal 2 , in which a group of young children are playing the game . This suggests that violence in the media and entertainment industry affects the morals of children . </P> <H2> Covers ( edit ) </H2> <P> British pop band Busted did a rock version of the song , which features on their live album , A Ticket for Everyone . </P> <P> The Voice UK contestant Frances Wood sang the song at her audition and chose will.i.am to be her mentor . </P> <P> Japanese pop singer Sho Sakurai of Arashi re-wrote the rap lyrics in Japanese language and performed his cover version at his solo concert in 2006 . </P> <P> At the Mnet Asian Music Awards ( commonly abbreviated as MAMA ) promotional held in Singapore in 2011 , will.i.am apl. de. ap performed the song with friend and collaborator , K - pop vocalist and rapper CL of 2NE1 performing Taboo and Fergie 's part . </P> <P> The X Factor Israel contestant Inbal Bibi sang the song at the live shows and received positive reviews . </P> <P> Ariana Grande joined the Black Eyed Peas for a cover of the version at Grande 's 2017 One Love Manchester concert . </P> <P> Gwen Stefani performed the song at Hyundai Genesis G70 launch event in Seoul , South Korea on September 15 , 2017 . </P> <H2> Formats and track listings ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> CD single </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- 4 : 35 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Personnel ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Arranged by Ron Fair </Li> <Li> Writers -- will.i.am , Justin Timberlake , Taboo , apl. de. ap , Printz Board , Michael Fratantuno , George Pajon , Jr . </Li> <Li> Producers -- will.i.am , Ron Fair </Li> </Ul> <H2> Charts and certifications ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2003 -- 04 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( ARIA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark ( Tracklisten ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France ( SNEP ) </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy ( FIMI ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway ( VG - lista ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland ( Polish Singles Chart ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs

The song "Where Is the Love?" is a

Where is the love meaning of the song?

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India national cricket team - Wikipedia <H1> India national cricket team </H1> This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 27 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> India <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> India cricket crest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nickname ( s ) </Th> <Td> Men in Blue , Team India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Association </Th> <Td> Board of Control for Cricket in India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Personnel </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Captain </Th> <Td> Virat Kohli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coach </Th> <Td> Ravi Shastri </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> History </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Test status acquired </Th> <Td> 1932 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> International Cricket Council </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ICC status </Th> <Td> Full member ( 1926 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ICC region </Th> <Td> Asia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ICC Rankings </Th> <Td> Current </Td> <Td> Best - ever </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Test </Th> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ODI </Th> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> T20I </Th> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Tests </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First Test </Th> <Td> v England at Lord 's , London ; 25 -- 28 June 1932 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last Test </Th> <Td> v South Africa at Bidvest Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg ; 24 -- 27 January 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Tests </Th> <Td> Played </Td> <Td> Won / Lost </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> 521 </Td> <Td> 144 / 160 ( 216 draws , 1 tie ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> This year </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 / 2 ( 0 draws ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> One Day Internationals </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First ODI </Th> <Td> v England at Headingley , Leeds ; 13 July 1974 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last ODI </Th> <Td> v South Africa at SuperSport Park , Centurion ; 16 February 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ODIs </Th> <Td> Played </Td> <Td> Won / Lost </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> 939 </Td> <Td> 483 / 409 ( 7 ties , 40 no result ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> This year </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 / 1 ( 0 ties , 0 no result ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> World Cup Appearances </Th> <Td> 11 ( first in 1975 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best result </Th> <Td> Champions ( 1983 , 2011 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Twenty20 Internationals </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First T20I </Th> <Td> v South Africa at the Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg ; 1 December 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last T20I </Th> <Td> v Bangladesh at the R Premadasa Stadium , Colombo ; 18 March 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> T20Is </Th> <Td> Played </Td> <Td> Won / Lost </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> 59 / 34 ( 1 tie , 2 no result ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> This year </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 6 / 2 ( 0 ties , 0 no result ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> World Twenty20 Appearances </Th> <Td> 6 ( first in 2007 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best result </Th> <Td> Champions ( 2007 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <P> Test kit </P> </Td> <Td> <P> ODI kit </P> </Td> <Td> <P> T20I kit </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> As of 6 March 2018 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The India national cricket team , also known as Team India and Men in Blue , represents India in international cricket . Governed by the Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) , it is a full member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) with Test , One Day International ( ODI ) and Twenty20 International ( T20I ) status . </P> <P> Although cricket was introduced to India by European merchant sailors in the 18th century , and the first cricket club was established in Calcutta ( currently known as Kolkata ) in 1792 , India 's national cricket team did not play its first Test match until 25 June 1932 at Lord 's , becoming the sixth team to be granted Test cricket status . In its first fifty years of international cricket , India was one of the weaker teams , winning only 35 of the first 196 Test matches it played . From 1932 India had to wait until 1952 , almost 20 years for its first Test victory . The team , however , gained strength in the 1970s with the emergence of players such as batsmen Sunil Gavaskar and Gundappa Viswanath , all - rounder Kapil Dev and the Indian spin quartet of Erapalli Prasanna , Srinivas Venkataraghavan , Bhagwat Chandrasekhar and Bishen Singh Bedi . </P> <P> Traditionally much stronger at home than abroad , the Indian team has improved its overseas form , especially in limited - overs cricket , since the start of the 21st century , winning Test matches in Australia , England and South Africa . It has won the Cricket World Cup twice -- in 1983 under the captaincy of Kapil Dev and in 2011 under the captaincy of Mahendra Singh Dhoni . After winning the 2011 World Cup , India became only the third team after West Indies and Australia to have won the World Cup more than once , and the first cricket team to win the World Cup at home . It also won the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 and 2013 ICC Champions Trophy , under the captaincy of MS Dhoni . It was also the joint champions of 2002 ICC Champions Trophy , along with Sri Lanka . </P> <P> As of 10 February 2018 , India is ranked first in Test and ODIs and third in T20Is by the ICC . Virat Kohli is the current captain of the team across all formats , while the head coach is Ravi Shastri . The Indian cricket team has rivalries with other Test - playing nations , most notably with Pakistan , the political arch - rival of India . However , in recent times , rivalries with nations like Australia and England have also gained prominence . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Early History </Li> <Li> 1.2 Test - Match Status </Li> <Li> 1.3 One - Day Cricket and World Cup Success </Li> <Li> 1.4 Late 20th Century </Li> <Li> 1.5 Turn of the Millennium </Li> <Li> 1.6 Controversy and World Cup Flop </Li> <Li> 1.7 Success under Dhoni </Li> <Li> 1.8 Transition Period </Li> <Li> 1.9 Worldwide Limited - Overs Success </Li> <Li> 1.10 Dominance at Home under Kohli </Li> <Li> 1.11 2017 ICC Champions Trophy and onwards </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Governing body <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Selection committee </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Team colours </Li> <Li> 4 International grounds </Li> <Li> 5 Captains </Li> <Li> 6 Results and fixtures </Li> <Li> 7 Personnel <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Squad </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Support staff </Li> <Li> 9 Tournament history </Li> <Li> 10 Individual records </Li> <Li> 11 Statistics <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Tests </Li> <Li> 11.2 One - Day Internationals </Li> <Li> 11.3 Twenty20 Internationals </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 Fan following </Li> <Li> 13 Indian women 's cricket team </Li> <Li> 14 See also </Li> <Li> 15 References </Li> <Li> 16 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Main article : History of the Indian cricket team <H3> Early history ( edit ) </H3> Kumar Shri Ranjitsinhji Jadeja was an Indian who played for the English cricket team See also : History of cricket in India to 1918 <P> The British brought cricket to India in the early 1700s , with the first cricket match played in 1721 . In 1848 , the Parsi community in Bombay formed the Oriental Cricket Club , the first cricket club to be established by Indians . After slow beginnings , the Europeans eventually invited the Parsis to play a match in 1877 . By 1912 , the Parsis , Sikhs , Hindus and Muslims of Bombay played a quadrangular tournament with the Europeans every year . In the early 1900s , some Indians went on to play for the England cricket team . Some of these , such as Ranjitsinhji and KS Duleepsinhji were greatly appreciated by the British and their names went on to be used for the Ranji Trophy and Duleep Trophy -- two major first - class tournaments in India . In 1911 , an Indian team went on their first official tour of the British Isles , but only played English county teams and not the England cricket team . </P> <H3> Test - match status ( edit ) </H3> See also : History of cricket in India from 1918 - 19 to 1945 , History of cricket in India from 1945 -- 46 to 1960 , and History of cricket in India from 1960 -- 61 to 1970 <P> India was invited to The Imperial Cricket Council in 1926 , and made their debut as a Test playing nation in England in 1932 , led by CK Nayudu , who was considered as the best Indian batsman at the time . The one - off Test match between the two sides was played at Lord 's in London . The team was not strong in their batting at this point and went on to lose by 158 runs . In 1933 , the first Test series in India was played between India and England with matches in Bombay , Calcutta ( now Kolkata ) and Madras ( now Chennai ) . England won the series 2 -- 0 . The Indian team continued to improve throughout the 1930s and ' 40s but did not achieve an international victory during this period . In the early 1940s , India did n't play any Test cricket due to the Second World War . The team 's first series as an independent country was in late 1947 against Sir Donald Bradman 's Invincibles ( a name given to the Australia national cricket team of that time ) . It was also the first Test series India played which was not against England . Australia won the five - match series 4 -- 0 , with Bradman tormenting the Indian bowling in his final Australian summer . India subsequently played their first Test series at home not against England against the West Indies in 1948 . West Indies won the 5 - Test series 1 -- 0 . </P> <P> India recorded their first Test victory , in their 24th match , against England at Madras in 1952 . Later in the same year , they won their first Test series , which was against Pakistan . They continued their improvement throughout the early 1950s with a series win against New Zealand in 1956 . However , they did not win again in the remainder of the decade and lost badly to strong Australian and English sides . On 24 August 1959 , India lost by an innings in the Test to complete the only 5 -- 0 whitewash ever inflicted by England . The next decade saw India 's reputation develop as a team with a strong record at home . They won their first Test series against England at home in 1961 -- 62 and also won a home series against New Zealand . They managed to draw home series against Pakistan and Australia and another series against England . In this same period , India also won its first series outside the

India won their first cricket match in

When did india win their first cricket match?

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</Th> <Td> ( tshɵ́n tsīːt̚ ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jyutping </Th> <Td> Ceon1 zit3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Southern Min </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hokkien POJ </Th> <Td> Chhun cheh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tâi - lô </Th> <Td> Tshun tseh </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Chinese New Year , also known as the Spring Festival in modern China , is an important Chinese festival celebrated at the turn of the traditional lunisolar Chinese calendar . It is one of several Lunar New Years in Asia . Celebrations traditionally run from the evening preceding the first day , to the Lantern Festival on the 15th day of the first calendar month . The first day of the New Year falls on the new moon between January 21 and February 20 In 2018 , the first day of the Lunar New Year was on Friday , 16 February , initiating the year of the Dog . </P> <P> It is one of the world 's most prominent and celebrated festivals , and involves the largest annual mass human migration in the world . It is a major holiday in Greater China and has strongly influenced the lunar new year celebrations of China 's neighbouring cultures , including the Korean New Year ( seol ) , the Tết of Vietnam , and the Losar of Tibet . It is also celebrated worldwide in countries with significant Overseas Chinese populations , including Singapore , Indonesia , Malaysia , Thailand , Cambodia , Australia , the Philippines and Mauritius , as well as many countries in North America and Europe . </P> <P> The New Year festival is centuries old and associated with several myths and customs . Traditionally , the festival was a time to honour deities as well as ancestors . Within China , regional customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Lunar New Year vary widely . Often , the evening preceding Lunar New Year 's Day is an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion dinner . It is also traditional for every family to thoroughly clean the house , in order to sweep away any ill - fortune and to make way for incoming good luck . Windows and doors are decorated with red colour paper - cuts and couplets with popular themes of `` good fortune '' or `` happiness '' , `` wealth '' , and `` longevity '' . Other activities include lighting firecrackers and giving money in red paper envelopes . In about one third of the Mainland population , or 500 million Northerners , dumplings ( especially those of vegetarian fillings ) feature prominently in the meals celebrating the festival . </P> Offerings to the gods . House doorway decorated for the New Year . <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Dates in Chinese lunisolar calendar </Li> <Li> 2 Mythology </Li> <Li> 3 Public holiday </Li> <Li> 4 Festivities <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Preceding days </Li> <Li> 4.2 New Year 's Eve </Li> <Li> 4.3 First day </Li> <Li> 4.4 Second day </Li> <Li> 4.5 Third day </Li> <Li> 4.6 Fourth day </Li> <Li> 4.7 Fifth day </Li> <Li> 4.8 Seventh day </Li> <Li> 4.9 Eighth day </Li> <Li> 4.10 Ninth day </Li> <Li> 4.11 Tenth day </Li> <Li> 4.12 Fifteenth day </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Traditional food </Li> <Li> 6 Practices <Ul> <Li> 6.1 History </Li> <Li> 6.2 Red envelopes </Li> <Li> 6.3 Gift exchange </Li> <Li> 6.4 Markets </Li> <Li> 6.5 Fireworks <Ul> <Li> 6.5. 1 Firecracker ban </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6.6 Music </Li> <Li> 6.7 Clothing </Li> <Li> 6.8 Family portrait </Li> <Li> 6.9 Symbolism </Li> <Li> 6.10 Nianhua </Li> <Li> 6.11 Flowers </Li> <Li> 6.12 Icons and ornaments </Li> <Li> 6.13 Spring travel </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Festivities outside Greater China <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Southeast Asia <Ul> <Li> 7.1. 1 Indonesia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.2 Australia and New Zealand </Li> <Li> 7.3 North America <Ul> <Li> 7.3. 1 New York </Li> <Li> 7.3. 2 California </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.4 Europe </Li> <Li> 7.5 India and Pakistan </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Greetings </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 Notes </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 Further reading </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Dates in Chinese lunisolar calendar ( edit ) </H2> Chinese New Year in Singapore Chinatown . Chinese New Year eve in Meizhou on 8 February 2005 . Chinese New Year in Kobe , Japan Southeast Asia 's largest temple -- Kek Lok Si near George Town in Penang , Malaysia -- illuminated in preparation for the Lunar New Year . Interactive chart of the dates of Chinese New Year from 1912 to 2101 . In the SVG graphic , hover over or click a year on the left to highlight an almost - repeating block of 19 years starting with that year . Main article : Chinese calendar <P> The lunisolar Chinese calendar determines the date of Lunar New Year . The calendar is also used in countries that have been influenced by , or have relations with , China -- such as Korea , Japan and Vietnam , though occasionally the date celebrated may differ by one day or even one moon cycle due to using a meridian based on a different capital city in a different time zone or different placements of intercalary months . </P> <P> Chinese calendar defines the lunar month with winter solstice as the 11th month , which means that Chinese New Year usually falls on the second new moon after the winter solstice ( rarely the third if an intercalary month intervenes ) . In more than 96 % of the years , the Chinese New Year 's Day is the closest new moon to lichun ( Chinese : 立春 ; `` start of spring '' ) on 4 or 5 February , and the first new moon after Dahan ( Chinese : 大寒 ; `` major cold '' ) . In the Gregorian calendar , the Lunar New Year begins at the new moon that falls between 21 January and 20 February . </P> <P> The Gregorian Calendar dates for Chinese New Year from 1912 to 2101 are below , along with the year 's presiding animal zodiac and its Stem - branch . The traditional Chinese calendar follows a Metonic cycle ( like the modern Jewish Calendar ) , and returns to the same date in Gregorian calendar roughly . The names of the Earthly Branches have no English counterparts and are not the Chinese translations of the animals . Alongside the 12 - year cycle of the animal zodiac there is a 10 - year cycle of heavenly stems . Each of the ten heavenly stems is associated with one of the five elements of Chinese astrology , namely : Wood , Fire , Earth , Metal , and Water . The elements are rotated every two years while a yin and yang association alternates every year . The elements are thus distinguished : Yang Wood , Yin Wood , Yang Fire , Yin Fire , etc . These produce a combined cycle that repeats every 60 years . For example , the year of the Yang Fire Rat occurred in 1936 and in 1996 , 60 years apart . </P> <P> Many people inaccurately calculate their Chinese birth - year by converting it from their Gregorian birth - year . As the Chinese New Year starts in late January to mid-February , the previous Chinese year dates through 1 January until that day in the new Gregorian year , remaining unchanged from the previous Gregorian year . For example , the 1989 year of the Snake began on 6 February 1989 . The year 1989 is generally aligned with the year of the Snake . However , the 1988 year of the Dragon officially ended on 5 February 1989 . This means that anyone born from 1 January to 5 February 1989 was actually born in the year of the Dragon rather than the year of the Snake . Many online Chinese Sign calculators do not account for the non-alignment of the two calendars , using Gregorian - calendar years rather than official Chinese New Year dates . </P> <P> One scheme of continuously numbered Chinese - calendar years assigns 4709 to the year beginning , 2011 , but this is not universally accepted ; the calendar is traditionally cyclical , not continuously numbered . </P> <P> Although the Chinese calendar traditionally does not use continuously numbered years , outside China its years are sometimes numbered from the purported reign of the mythical Yellow Emperor in the 3rd millennium BCE . But at least three different years numbered 1 are now used by various scholars , making the year beginning CE 2015 the `` Chinese year '' 4712 , 4713 , or 4652 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Gregorian </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Animal </Th> <Th> Day of the week </Th> <Td> </Td> <Th> Gregorian </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Animal </Th> <Th> Day of the week </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 24 Jan </Td> <Td> Snake </Td> <Td> Wednesday </Td> <Td> 2026 </Td> <Td> 17 Feb </Td> <Td> Horse </Td> <Td> Tuesday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> 12 Feb </Td> <Td> Horse </Td> <Td> Tuesday </Td> <Td> 2027 </Td> <Td> 6 Feb </Td> <Td> Goat </Td> <Td> Saturday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> 1 Feb </Td> <Td> Goat </Td> <Td> Saturday </Td> <Td> 2028 </Td> <Td> 26 Jan </Td> <Td> Monkey </Td> <Td> Wednesday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 22 Jan </Td> <Td> Monkey </Td> <Td> Thursday </Td> <Td> 2029 </Td> <Td> 13 Feb </Td> <Td> Rooster </Td> <Td> Tuesday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> 9 Feb </Td> <Td> Rooster </Td> <Td> Wednesday </Td> <Td> 2030 </Td> <Td> 3 Feb </Td> <Td> Dog </Td> <Td> Sunday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 29 Jan </Td> <Td> Dog </Td> <Td> Sunday </Td> <Td> 2031 </Td> <Td> 23 Jan </Td> <Td> Pig </Td> <Td> Thursday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 18 Feb </Td> <Td> Pig </Td> <Td> Sunday </Td> <Td> 2032 </Td> <Td> 11 Feb </Td> <Td> Rat </Td> <Td> Wednesday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> 7 Feb </Td> <Td> Rat </Td> <Td> Thursday </Td> <Td> 2033 </Td> <Td> 31 Jan </Td> <Td> Ox </Td> <Td> Monday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 26 Jan </Td> <Td> Ox </Td> <Td> Monday </Td> <Td> 2034 </Td> <Td> 19 Feb </Td> <Td> Tiger </Td> <Td> Sunday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 Feb </Td> <Td> Tiger </Td> <Td> Sunday </Td> <Td> 2035 </Td> <Td> 8 Feb </Td> <Td> Rabbit </Td> <Td> Thursday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 3 Feb </Td> <Td> Rabbit </Td> <Td> Thursday </Td> <Td> 2036 </Td> <Td> 28 Jan </Td> <Td> Dragon </Td> <Td> Monday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 23 Jan </Td> <Td> Dragon </Td> <Td> Monday </Td> <Td> 2037 </Td> <Td> 15 Feb </Td> <Td> Snake </Td> <Td> Sunday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 10 Feb </Td> <Td> Snake </Td> <Td> Sunday </Td> <Td> 2038 </Td> <Td> 4 Feb </Td> <Td> Horse </Td> <Td> Thursday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 31 Jan </Td> <Td> Horse </Td> <Td> Friday </Td> <Td> 2039 </Td> <Td> 24 Jan </Td> <Td> Goat </Td> <Td> Monday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 19 Feb </Td> <Td> Goat </Td> <Td> Thursday </Td> <Td> 2040 </Td> <Td> 12 Feb </Td> <Td> Monkey </Td> <Td> Sunday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> 8 Feb </Td> <Td> Monkey </Td> <Td> Monday </Td> <Td> 2041 </Td> <Td> 1 Feb </Td> <Td> Rooster </Td> <Td> Friday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> 28 Jan </Td> <Td> Rooster </Td> <Td> Saturday </Td> <Td> 2042 </Td> <Td> 22 Jan </Td> <Td> Dog </Td> <Td> Wednesday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> 16 Feb </Td> <Td> Dog </Td> <Td> Friday </Td> <Td> 2043 </Td> <Td> 10 Feb </Td> <Td> Pig </Td> <Td> Tuesday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2019 </Td> <Td> 5 Feb </Td> <Td> Pig

The Chinese New Year begins and ends

When does the chinese new year begin and end?

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</Td> <Td> ( 1492 -- 1686 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- Golkonda Sultanate </Td> <Td> ( 1518 -- 1687 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Keladi Kingdom </Td> <Td> ( 1499 -- 1763 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Koch Kingdom </Td> <Td> ( 1515 -- 1947 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Early Modern Period ( 1526 -- 1858 ) ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> Mughal Empire </Td> <Td> ( 1526 -- 1858 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sur Empire </Td> <Td> ( 1540 -- 1556 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madurai Kingdom </Td> <Td> ( 1559 -- 1736 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thanjavur Kingdom </Td> <Td> ( 1572 -- 1918 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bengal Subah </Td> <Td> ( 1576 -- 1757 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marava Kingdom </Td> <Td> ( 1600 -- 1750 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thondaiman Kingdom </Td> <Td> ( 1650 -- 1948 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maratha Empire </Td> <Td> ( 1674 -- 1818 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sikh Confederacy </Td> <Td> ( 1707 -- 1799 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Travancore Kingdom </Td> <Td> ( 1729 -- 1947 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sikh Empire </Td> <Td> ( 1799 -- 1849 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colonial States ( 1510 -- 1961 ) ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> Portuguese India </Td> <Td> ( 1510 -- 1961 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dutch India </Td> <Td> ( 1605 -- 1825 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Danish India </Td> <Td> ( 1620 -- 1869 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> French India </Td> <Td> ( 1759 -- 1954 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Company Raj </Td> <Td> ( 1757 -- 1858 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> British Raj </Td> <Td> ( 1858 -- 1947 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sri Lankan Kingdoms ( 544 BCE -- 1948 CE ) ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> Kingdom of Tambapanni </Td> <Td> ( 543 -- 505 BCE ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kingdom of Upatissa Nuwara </Td> <Td> ( 505 -- 377 BCE ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anuradhapura Kingdom </Td> <Td> ( 377 BCE -- 1017 CE ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kingdom of Ruhuna </Td> <Td> ( 200 CE ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kingdom of Polonnaruwa </Td> <Td> ( 300 -- 1310 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jaffna Kingdom </Td> <Td> ( 1215 -- 1624 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kingdom of Dambadeniya </Td> <Td> ( 1220 -- 1272 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kingdom of Yapahuwa </Td> <Td> ( 1272 -- 1293 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kingdom of Kurunegala </Td> <Td> ( 1293 -- 1341 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kingdom of Gampola </Td> <Td> ( 1341 -- 1347 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kingdom of Raigama </Td> <Td> ( 1347 -- 1415 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kingdom of Kotte </Td> <Td> ( 1412 -- 1597 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kingdom of Sitawaka </Td> <Td> ( 1521 -- 1594 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kingdom of Kandy </Td> <Td> ( 1469 -- 1815 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portuguese Ceylon </Td> <Td> ( 1505 -- 1658 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dutch Ceylon </Td> <Td> ( 1656 -- 1796 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> British Ceylon </Td> <Td> ( 1815 -- 1948 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> National histories ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Afghanistan </Li> <Li> Bangladesh </Li> <Li> Bhutan </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Maldives </Li> <Li> Nepal </Li> <Li> Pakistan </Li> <Li> Sri Lanka </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Regional histories ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Assam </Li> <Li> Balochistan </Li> <Li> Bengal </Li> <Li> Bihar </Li> <Li> Gujarat </Li> <Li> Himachal Pradesh </Li> <Li> Kabul </Li> <Li> Kashmir </Li> <Li> Khyber Pakhtunkhwa </Li> <Li> Rajasthan </Li> <Li> Maharashtra </Li> <Li> Uttar Pradesh </Li> <Li> Punjab </Li> <Li> Odisha </Li> <Li> Sindh </Li> <Li> South India </Li> <Li> Tamil Nadu </Li> <Li> Tibet </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Specialised histories ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Coinage </Li> <Li> Demographics </Li> <Li> Dynasties </Li> <Li> Economy </Li> <Li> Indology </Li> <Li> Language </Li> <Li> Literature </Li> <Li> Maritime </Li> <Li> Military </Li> <Li> Partition of India </Li> <Li> Pakistan studies </Li> <Li> Science & Technology </Li> <Li> Timeline </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Mughal Empire ( Urdu : مغلیہ سلطنت ‎ ‎ , translit . Mughliyah Salṭanat ) or Mogul Empire , self - designated as Gurkani ( Persian : گورکانیان ‎ ‎ , Gūrkāniyān , meaning `` son - in - law '' ) , was an empire in the Indian subcontinent , founded in 1526 . It was established and ruled by a Muslim dynasty with Turco - Mongol Chagatai roots from Central Asia , but with significant Indian Rajput and Persian ancestry through marriage alliances ; only the first two Mughal emperors were fully Central Asian , while successive emperors were of predominantly Rajput and Persian ancestry . The dynasty was Indo - Persian in culture , combining Persianate culture with local Indian cultural influences visible in its traits and customs . </P> <P> The Mughal Empire at its peak extended over nearly all of the Indian subcontinent and large parts of Afghanistan . It was the second largest empire to have existed in the Indian subcontinent , spanning four million square kilometres at its zenith , after only the Maurya Empire , which spanned five million square kilometres . The Mughal Empire began a period of proto - industrialization , and Mughal India became the world 's largest economic power , with 24.4 % of world GDP , and the world leader in manufacturing , producing 25 % of global industrial output up until the 18th century . The Mughal Empire is considered `` India 's last golden age '' and one of the three Islamic Gunpowder Empires ( along with the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia ) . </P> <P> The beginning of the empire is conventionally dated to the victory by its founder Babur over Ibrahim Lodi , the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate , in the First Battle of Panipat ( 1526 ) . The Mughal emperors had roots in the Turco - Mongol Timurid dynasty of Central Asia , claiming direct descent from both Genghis Khan ( founder of the Mongol Empire , through his son Chagatai Khan ) and Timur ( Turco - Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire ) . During the reign of Humayun , the successor of Babur , the empire was briefly interrupted by the Sur Empire . The `` classic period '' of the Mughal Empire started in 1556 with the ascension of Akbar the Great to the throne . Under the rule of Akbar and his son Jahangir , the region enjoyed economic progress as well as religious harmony , and the monarchs were interested in local religious and cultural traditions . Akbar was a successful warrior who also forged alliances with several Hindu Rajput kingdoms . Some Rajput kingdoms continued to pose a significant threat to the Mughal dominance of northwestern India , but most of them were subdued by Akbar . All Mughal emperors were Muslims ; Akbar , however , propounded a syncretic religion in the latter part of his life called Dīn - i Ilāhī , as recorded in historical books like Ain - i - Akbari and Dabistān - i Mazāhib . </P> <P> The Mughal Empire did not try to intervene in the local societies during most of its existence , but rather balanced and pacified them through new administrative practices and diverse and inclusive ruling elites , leading to more systematic , centralised , and uniform rule . Traditional and newly coherent social groups in northern and western India , such as the Marathas , the Rajputs , the Pashtuns , the Hindu Jats and the Sikhs , gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule , which , through collaboration or adversity , gave them both recognition and military experience . </P> <P> The reign of Shah Jahan , the fifth emperor , between 1628 and 1658 , was the golden age of Mughal architecture . He erected several large monuments , the best known of which is the Taj Mahal at Agra , as well as the Moti Masjid , Agra , the Red Fort , the Jama Masjid , Delhi , and the Lahore Fort . The Mughal Empire reached the zenith of its territorial expanse during the reign of Aurangzeb and also started its terminal decline in his reign due to Maratha military resurgence under Shivaji Bhosale . During his lifetime , victories in the south expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest extent , ruling over more than 150 million subjects , nearly one quarter of the world 's population at the time , with a GDP of over $90 billion . </P> <P> By the mid-18th century , the Marathas had routed Mughal armies and won over several Mughal provinces from the Punjab to Bengal . Internal dissatisfaction arose due to the weakness of the empire 's administrative and economic systems , leading to its break - up and declarations of independence of its former provinces by the Nawab of Bengal , the Nawab of Awadh , the Nizam of Hyderabad and other small states . In 1739 , the Mughals were crushingly defeated in the Battle of Karnal by the forces of Nader Shah , the founder of the Afsharid dynasty in Persia , and Delhi was sacked and looted , drastically accelerating their decline . During the following century Mughal power had become severely limited , and the last emperor , Bahadur Shah II , had authority over only the city of Shahjahanabad . He issued a firman supporting the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and following the defeat was therefore tried by the British East India Company for treason , imprisoned and exiled to Rangoon . The last remnants of the empire were formally taken over by the British , and the Government of India Act 1858 let the British Crown formally assume direct control of India in the form of the new British Raj . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Etymology </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Babur and Humayun ( 1526 -- 1556 ) </Li> <Li> 2.2 Akbar to Aurangzeb ( 1556 -- 1707 ) </Li> <Li> 2.3 Decline ( 1707 -- 1857 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Administrative divisions </Li> <Li> 4 Economy <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Coinage </Li> <Li> 4.2 Labour </Li> <Li> 4.3 Agriculture </Li> <Li> 4.4 Industrial manufacturing </Li> <Li> 4.5 Bengal Subah </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Demographics <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Population </Li> <Li> 5.2 Urbanization </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Culture <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Art and architecture </Li> <Li> 6.2 Language </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Military <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Gunpowder warfare </Li> <Li> 7.2 Rocketry and explosives </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Science <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Astronomy </Li> <Li> 8.2 Chemistry </Li> <Li> 8.3 Metallurgy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Further reading <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Culture </Li> <Li> 11.2 Society and economy </Li> <Li> 11.3 Primary sources </Li> <Li> 11.4 Older histories </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Etymology </H2> <P> Contemporaries referred to the empire founded by Babur as the Timurid empire , which reflected the heritage of his dynasty , and this was the term preferred by the Mughals themselves . Another name was Hindustan , which was documented in the Ain - i - Akbari , and which has been described as the closest to an official name for the empire . In the west , the term `` Mughal '' was used for the emperor , and by extension , the empire as a whole . The use of Mughal derived from the Arabic and Persian corruption of Mongol , and it emphasised the Mongol origins of the Timurid dynasty . The term gained currency during the 19th century , but remains disputed by Indologists

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The era of the great mughals began with the accession of?

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global organizations . </P> <P> While financial accounting is used to prepare accounting information for people outside the organization or not involved in the day - to - day running of the company , managerial accounting provides accounting information to help managers make decisions to manage the business . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Objectives </Li> <Li> 2 Qualities </Li> <Li> 3 Three components of financial statements <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Statement of cash flows </Li> <Li> 3.2 Statement of profit or loss ( income statement or statement of operations ) </Li> <Li> 3.3 Statement of financial position ( balance sheet ) <Ul> <Li> 3.3. 1 Statement of retained earnings ( statement of changes in equity ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Basic concepts </Li> <Li> 5 Graphic definition </Li> <Li> 6 Versus cost accounting </Li> <Li> 7 Related qualification </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Further reading </Li> </Ul> <H2> Objectives ( edit ) </H2> <P> Financial accounting and financial reporting are often used as synonyms . </P> <P> 1 . According to International Financial Reporting Standards , the objective of financial reporting is : - </P> <P> To provide financial information about the reporting entity that is useful to existing and potential investors , lenders and other creditors in making decisions about providing resources to the entity . </P> <P> 2 . According to the European Accounting Association : </P> <P> Capital maintenance is a competing objective of financial reporting . </P> <H2> Qualities ( edit ) </H2> <P> Financial accounting is the preparation of financial statements that can be consumed by the public and the relevant stakeholders using either Historical Cost Accounting ( HCA ) or Constant Purchasing Power Accounting ( CPPA ) . When producing financial statements , they must comply to the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> Relevance : Financial accounting which is decision - specific . It must be possible for accounting information to influence decisions . Unless this characteristic is present , there is no point in cluttering statements . </Li> <Li> Materiality : information is material if its omission or misstatement could influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial statements . </Li> <Li> Reliability : accounting must be free from significant error or bias . It should be easily relied upon by managers . Often information that is highly relevant is n't very reliable , and vice versa . </Li> <Li> Understandability : accounting reports should be expressed as clearly as possible and should be understood by those to whom the information is relevant . </Li> <Li> Comparability : financial reports from different periods should be comparable with one another in order to derive meaningful conclusions about the trends in an entity 's financial performance and position over time . Comparability can be ensured by applying the same accounting policies over time ... </Li> </Ul> <H2> Three components of financial statements ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Statement of cash flows ( edit ) </H3> <P> The statement of cash flows considers the inputs and outputs in concrete cash within a stated period . The general template of a cash flow statement is as follows : Cash Inflow - Cash Outflow + Opening Balance = Closing Balance </P> <P> Example 1 : in the beginning of September , Ellen started out with $5 in her bank account . During that same month , Ellen borrowed $20 from Tom . At the end of the month , Ellen bought a pair of shoes for $7 . Ellen 's cash flow statement for the month of September looks like this : </P> <Ul> <Li> Cash inflow : $20 </Li> <Li> Cash outflow : $7 </Li> <Li> Opening balance : $5 </Li> <Li> Closing balance : $20 -- $7 + $5 = $18 </Li> </Ul> <P> Example 2 : in the beginning of June , WikiTables , a company that buys and resells tables , sold 2 tables . They 'd originally bought the tables for $25 each , and sold them at a price of $50 per table . The first table was paid out in cash however the second one was bought in credit terms . WikiTables ' cash flow statement for the month of June looks like this : </P> <Ul> <Li> Cash inflow : $50 - How much WikiTables received in cash for the first table . They did n't receive cash for the second table ( sold in credit terms ) . </Li> <Li> Cash outflow : $50 - How much they 'd originally bought the 2 tables for . </Li> <Li> Opening balance : $0 </Li> <Li> Closing balance : $50 -- 2 * $25 + $0 = $50 -- 50 = $0 - Indeed , the cash flow for the month of June for WikiTables amounts to $0 and not $50 . </Li> </Ul> <P> Important : the cash flow statement only considers the exchange of actual cash , and ignores what the person in question owes or is owed . </P> <H3> Statement of profit or loss ( income statement or statement of operations ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> The statement of profit or income statement reports the changes in value of a company 's accounts over a set period ( most commonly one fiscal year ) , and may compare the changes to changes in the same accounts over the previous period . All changes are summarized on the `` bottom line '' as net income , often reported as `` net loss '' when income is less than zero . </P> <P> The net profit or loss is determined by : </P> <P> Sales ( revenue ) </P> <P> -- cost of goods sold </P> <P> -- selling , general , administrative expenses ( SGA ) </P> <P> -- depreciation / amortization </P> <P> = earnings before interest and taxes ( EBIT ) </P> <P> -- interest and tax expenses </P> <P> = profit / loss </P> <H3> Statement of financial position ( balance sheet ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> The balance sheet is the financial statement showing a firm 's assets , liabilities and equity ( capital ) at a set point in time , usually the end of the fiscal year reported on the accompanying income statement . The total assets always equal the total combined liabilities and equity in dollar amount . This statement best demonstrates the basic accounting equation - Assets = Liabilities + Equity . The statement can be used to help show the status of a company . </P> <P> Accounting standards often set out a general format that companies are expected to follow when presenting their balance sheets . International Financial Reporting Standards normally require that companies report current assets and liabilities separately from non-current amounts . </P> <P> Current assets are the most liquid assets of a firm , which can be realized in 12 months period . Current assets include : </P> <Ul> <Li> cash - physical money </Li> <Li> accounts receivable - revenues earned but not yet collected </Li> <Li> Merchandise inventory - consists of goods and services a firm currently owns until it ends up getting sold </Li> <Li> marketable securities - Stocks and bonds a firm has invested in other firms </Li> <Li> prepaid expenses - expenses paid for in advance for use during that year </Li> </Ul> <P> Non-current assets include fixed or long - term assets and intangible assets : </P> <Ul> <Li> fixed ( long term ) assets <Ul> <Li> property </Li> <Li> building </Li> <Li> equipment ( such as factory machinery ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> intangible assets <Ul> <Li> copyrights </Li> <Li> trademarks </Li> <Li> patents </Li> <Li> goodwill </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> Liabilities include : </P> <Ul> <Li> current liabilities <Ul> <Li> trade accounts payable </Li> <Li> dividends payable </Li> <Li> employee salaries payable </Li> <Li> interest ( e.g. on debt ) payable </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> long term liabilities <Ul> <Li> mortgage notes payable </Li> <Li> bonds payable </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> Owner 's equity , sometimes referred to as net assets , is represented differently depending on the type of business ownership . Business ownership can be in the form of a sole proprietorship , partnership , or a corporation . For a corporation , the owner 's equity portion usually shows common stock , and retained earnings ( earnings kept in the company ) . Retained earnings come from the retained earnings statement , prepared prior to the balance sheet . </P> Statement of retained earnings ( statement of changes in equity ) ( edit ) <P> This statement is additional to the three main statements described above . It shows how the distribution of income and transfer of dividends affects the wealth of shareholders in the company . The concept of retained earnings means profits of previous years that are accumulated till current period . Basic proforma for this statement is as follows : </P> <P> Retained earnings at the beginning of period </P> <P> + Net Income for the period </P> <P> - Dividends </P> <P> = Retained earnings at the end of period . </P> <H2> Basic concepts ( edit ) </H2> <P> THE STABLE MEASURING ASSUMPTION One of the basic principles in accounting is `` The Measuring Unit principle : </P> <P> The unit of measure in accounting shall be the base money unit of the most relevant currency . This principle also assumes the unit of measure is stable ; that is , changes in its general purchasing power are not considered sufficiently important to require adjustments to the basic financial statements . '' </P> <P> Historical Cost Accounting , i.e. , financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units , is based on the stable measuring unit assumption under which accountants simply assume that money , the monetary unit of measure , is perfectly stable in real value for the purpose of measuring ( 1 ) monetary items not inflation - indexed daily in terms of the Daily CPI and ( 2 ) constant real value non-monetary items not updated daily in terms of the Daily CPI during low and high inflation and deflation . </P> <P> UNITS OF CONSTANT PURCHASING POWER The stable monetary unit assumption is not applied during hyperinflation . IFRS requires entities to implement capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power in terms of IAS 29 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies . </P> <P> Financial accountants produce financial statements based on the accounting standards in a given jurisdiction . These standards may be the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles of a respective country , which are typically issued by a national standard setter , or International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) , which are issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) . </P> <P> Financial accounting serves the following purposes : </P> <Ul> <Li> producing general purpose financial statements </Li> <Li> producing information used by the management of a business entity for decision making , planning and performance evaluation </Li> <Li> producing financial statements for meeting regulatory requirements . </Li> </Ul> <P> Objectives of Financial Accounting </P> <Ul> <Li> Systematic recording of transactions : basic objective of accounting is to systematically record the financial aspects of business transactions ( i.e. book - keeping ) . These recorded transactions are later on classified and summarized logically for the preparation of financial statements and for their analysis and interpretation . </Li> <Li> Ascertainment of result of above recorded transactions : accountant prepares profit and loss account to know the result of business operations for a particular period of time . If expenses exceed revenue then it is said that the business is running under loss . The profit and loss account helps the management and different stakeholders in taking rational decisions . For example , if business is not proved to be remunerative or profitable , the cause of such a state of affairs can be investigated by the management for taking remedial steps . </Li> <Li> Ascertainment of the financial position of business : businessman is not only interested in knowing the result of the business in terms of

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Which financial statement involves all aspects of the accounting​ equation?

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of Gilbert Inlet . Also , the impact and the sediment displacement by the rockfall resulted in an air bubble and in water splashing action that reached the 1,720 foot ( 524 m . ) elevation on the other side of the head of Gilbert Inlet . The same rockfall impact , in combination with the strong ground movements , the net vertical crustal uplift of about 3.5 feet , and an overall tilting seaward of the entire crustal block on which Lituya Bay was situated , generated the giant solitary gravity wave which swept the main body of the bay . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> This was the most likely scenario of the event -- the '' PC model '' that was adopted for subsequent mathematical modeling studies with source dimensions and parameters provided as input . Subsequent mathematical modeling at the Los Alamos National Laboratory ( Mader , 1999 , Mader & Gittings , 2002 ) supported the proposed mechanism -- as there was indeed sufficient volume of water and an adequately deep layer of sediments in the Lituya Bay inlet to account for the giant wave runup and the subsequent inundation . The modeling reproduced the documented physical observations of runup . '' </Dd> </Dl> <P> A 2010 model examined the amount of infill on the floor of the bay , which was many times larger than that of the rockfall alone , and also the energy and height of the waves , and the accounts given by eyewitnesses , concluded that there had been a `` dual slide '' involving a rockfall , which also triggered a release of 5 to 10 times its volume of sediment trapped by the adjacent Lituya Glacier , as an almost immediate and many times larger second slide , a ratio comparable with other events where this `` dual slide '' effect is known to have happened . </P> <H2> List of megatsunamis ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Prehistoric ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The asteroid linked to the extinction of dinosaurs , which created the Chicxulub crater in Yucatán approximately 66 million years ago , would have caused an over 100 metres ( 330 ft ) tall megatsunami . The height of the tsunami was limited due to relatively shallow sea in the area of the impact ; in deep sea it would be 4.6 kilometres ( 2.9 mi ) tall . </Li> <Li> A series of megatsunamis were generated by the bolide impact that created the Chesapeake Bay impact crater , about 35.5 million years ago . </Li> <Li> During the Messinian the coasts of northern Chile were likely struck by various megatsunamis . </Li> <Li> A megatsunami affected the coast of south -- central Chile in the Pliocene as evidenced by the sedimentary record of Ranquil Formation . </Li> <Li> The Eltanin impact in the southeast Pacific Ocean 2.5 million years ago caused a megatsunami that was over 200 m ( 660 ft ) high in southern Chile and the Antarctic Peninsula ; the wave swept across much of the Pacific Ocean . </Li> <Li> The northern half of the East Molokai Volcano suffered a catastrophic collapse and likely megatsunami about 1.5 million years ago and now lies as a debris field scattered northward across the ocean bottom , while what remains on the island are the highest sea cliffs in the world . </Li> <Li> The existence of large scattered boulders in only one of the four marine terraces of Herradura Bay south of the Chilean city of Coquimbo has been interpreted by Roland Paskoff as the result of a mega-tsunami that occurred in the Middle Pleistocene . </Li> <Li> A massive collapse of the western edge of the Lake Tahoe basin , which formed McKinney Bay around 50,000 years ago , is thought to have generated a tsunami / seiche wave with a height approaching 330 ft ( 100 m ) . </Li> <Li> In the North Sea , the Storegga Slide caused a megatsunami approximately 8,200 years ago . It is estimated to have completely flooded the remainder of Doggerland . </Li> <Li> Approximately 8,000 years ago , a massive volcanic landslide off Mt . Etna , Sicily caused a megatsunami which devastated the eastern Mediterranean coastline on three continents . Wave heights on the coast of Calabria are estimated to have reached a maximum of 40m . </Li> <Li> Approximately 4,000 years ago , a landslide on Réunion island , to the east of Madagascar , may have caused a megatsunami . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Historic ( edit ) </H3> Ca 1600 bc : santorini ( edit ) Main article : Minoan eruption <Ul> <Li> 3,600 years ago , the Thera volcano erupted , the force of the eruption causing megatsunamis which affected the whole Aegean sea and the eastern Mediterranean sea . </Li> </Ul> 1792 : Mount Unzen , Japan ( edit ) Main article : 1792 Unzen earthquake and tsunami <P> In 1792 , Mount Unzen in Japan erupted , causing part of the volcano to collapse into the sea . The landslide caused a megatsunami that reached 100 metres ( 330 ft ) high and killed 15,000 people in the local fishing villages . </P> 1883 : Krakatoa ( edit ) Main article : 1883 eruption of Krakatoa § Tsunamis and distant effects <P> The eruption of Krakatoa created pyroclastic flows which generated megatsunamis when they hit the waters of the Sunda Strait on 27 August 1883 . The waves reached heights of up to 24 metres ( 79 feet ) along the south coast of Sumatra and up to 42 metres ( 138 feet ) along the west coast of Java . </P> 1958 : Lituya Bay , Alaska , us ( edit ) Main articles : 1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami and Lituya Bay Damage from the 1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami can be seen in this oblique aerial photograph of Lituya Bay , Alaska as the lighter areas at the shore where trees have been stripped away . <P> On July 9 , 1958 , a giant landslide at the head of Lituya Bay in Alaska , caused by an earthquake , generated a wave that washed out trees to a maximum altitude of 520 metres ( 1,710 ft ) at the entrance of Gilbert Inlet . The wave surged over the headland , stripping trees and soil down to bedrock , and surged along the fjord which forms Lituya Bay , destroying a fishing boat anchored there and killing two people . Howard Ulrich and his son managed to ride the wave in their boat , and both survived . </P> 1963 : Vajont Dam , Italy ( edit ) Main article : Vajont Dam <P> On October 9 , 1963 , a landslide above Vajont Dam in Italy produced a 250 m ( 820 ft ) surge that overtopped the dam and destroyed the villages of Longarone , Pirago , Rivalta , Villanova and Faè , killing nearly 2,000 people . </P> 1980 : Spirit Lake , Washington , us ( edit ) Main articles : Spirit Lake ( Washington ) , 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens , and Mount St. Helens <P> On May 18 , 1980 , the upper 460 metres ( 1,509 feet ) of Mount St. Helens collapsed , creating a massive landslide . This released the pressure on the magma trapped beneath the summit bulge which exploded as a lateral blast , which then released the pressure on the magma chamber and resulted in a plinian eruption . </P> <P> One lobe of the avalanche surged onto Spirit Lake , causing a megatsunami which pushed the lake waters in a series of surges , which reached a maximum height of 260 metres ( 853 feet ) above the pre-eruption water level ( ~ 975 m asl / 3,199 ft ) . Above the upper limit of the tsunami , trees lie where they were knocked down by the pyroclastic surge ; below the limit , the fallen trees and the surge deposits were removed by the megatsunami and deposited in Spirit Lake . </P> <H2> Potential future megatsunamis ( edit ) </H2> <P> Experts interviewed by the BBC think that a massive landslide on a volcanic ocean island is the most likely future cause of a megatsunami . The size and power of a wave generated by such means could produce devastating effects , travelling across oceans and inundating up to 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) inland from the coast . </P> <H3> British Columbia ( edit ) </H3> <P> Some geologists consider an unstable rock face at Mount Breakenridge , above the north end of the giant fresh - water fjord of Harrison Lake in the Fraser Valley of southwestern British Columbia , Canada , to be unstable enough to collapse into the lake , generating a megatsunami that might destroy the town of Harrison Hot Springs ( located at its south end ) . </P> <H3> Canary Islands ( edit ) </H3> <P> Geologists Dr. Simon Day and Dr. Steven Neal Ward consider that a megatsunami could be generated during an eruption of Cumbre Vieja on the volcanic ocean island of La Palma , in the Canary Islands , Spain . </P> <P> In 1949 , this volcano erupted at its Duraznero , Hoyo Negro and Llano del Banco vents , and there was an earthquake with an epicentre near the village of Jedey . The next day Juan Bonelli Rubio , a local geologist , visited the summit area and found that a fissure about 2.5 kilometres ( 1.6 mi ) long had opened on the east side of the summit . As a result , the west half of the volcano ( which is the volcanically active arm of a triple - armed rift ) had slipped about 2 metres ( 6.6 ft ) downwards and 1 metre ( 3.3 ft ) westwards towards the Atlantic Ocean , </P> <P> Cumbre Vieja is currently dormant , but will almost certainly erupt again . Day and Ward hypothesize that if such an eruption causes the western flank to fail , a mega-tsunami could be generated . </P> <P> La Palma is currently the most volcanically active island in the Canary Islands Archipelago . It is likely that several eruptions would be required before failure would occur on Cumbre Vieja . However , the western half of the volcano has an approximate volume of 500 cubic kilometres ( 120 cu mi ) and an estimated mass of 1.5 trillion metric tons ( 1.7 × 10 short tons ) . If it were to catastrophically slide into the ocean , it could generate a wave with an initial height of about 1,000 metres ( 3,300 ft ) at the island , and a likely height of around 50 metres ( 164 ft ) at the Caribbean and the Eastern North American seaboard when it runs ashore eight or more hours later . Tens of millions of lives could be lost in the cities and / or towns of St. John 's , Halifax , Boston , New York , Baltimore , Washington , D.C. , Miami , Havana and the rest of the Eastern Coasts of the United States and Canada , as well as many other cities on the Atlantic coast in Europe , South America and Africa . The likelihood of this happening is a matter of vigorous debate . </P> <P> The last eruption on the Cumbre Vieja occurred in 1971 at the Teneguia vent at the southern end of the sub-aerial section without any movement . The section affected by the 1949 eruption is currently stationary and does not appear to have moved since the initial rupture . </P> <P> Geologists and volcanologists are in sharp disagreement about whether an eruption on the Cumbre Vieja would cause a single large gravitational landslide or a series of smaller landslides , or whether a slide is likely at all . There are also questions about the dynamics . Day and Ward have admitted that their original analysis of the danger was based on several worst case assumptions . </P> <H3> Hawaii ( edit )

The world's largest recorded wave occurred in

Where did the world's largest recorded wave occur?

-4239413776022566850

Hyderabad state ( 1948 -- 56 ) - Wikipedia <H1> Hyderabad state ( 1948 -- 56 ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a State of the Indian Union 1948 -- 1956 . For other uses , see Hyderabad ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Hyderabad State ( 1948 - 1956 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> State of India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> ← </Td> <Td> 1948 -- 1956 </Td> <Td> → </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> 1956 map of Southern India showing Hyderabad state in yellowish green . After the States reorganisation in 1956 , regions west of the red and blue lines merged with Bombay and Mysore states respectively and the remaining part ( Telangana ) was merged with Andhra state to form Andhra Pradesh . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> History </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hyderabad State formed from Hyderabad Princely State </Td> <Td> 1948 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Reorganized and renamed Andhra Pradesh </Td> <Td> 1956 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> States of India since 1947 </Td> </Tr> </Table> Hyderabad state until 1956 <P> Hyderabad State was a state in Independent India , formed after the accession of the princely state of Hyderabad into the Indian Union on 24 November 1949 . It existed from 1948 to 1956 . </P> <P> Following the States Reorganisation Act Hyderabad State was merged with Andhra State in 1956 and renamed Andhra Pradesh . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Military Governor </Li> <Li> 3 Rajpramukh </Li> <Li> 4 First Appointed Chief Minister </Li> <Li> 5 First Elected Chief Minister </Li> <Li> 6 Districts of Hyderabad State </Li> <Li> 7 Merger with Andhra State </Li> <Li> 8 Chief Ministers of Hyderabad State </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Operation Polo <P> Operation Polo is the code name of the Hyderabad `` police action '' in September 1948 , by the newly independent India against the Hyderabad State . It was a military operation in which the Indian Armed Forces invaded the Nizam - ruled princely state , annexing it into the Indian Union . </P> <P> At the time of Partition in 1947 , the princely states of India , who in principle had self - government within their own territories , were subject to subsidiary alliances with the British , giving them control of their external relations . In the Indian Independence Act 1947 the British abandoned all such alliances , leaving the states with the option of opting for full independence . However , by 1948 almost all had acceded to either India or Pakistan . One major exception was that of the wealthiest and most powerful principality , Hyderabad , where the Nizam , Osman Ali Khan , Asif Jah VII , a Muslim ruler who presided over a largely Hindu population , chose independence and hoped to maintain this with an irregular army recruited from the Muslim aristocracy , known as the Razakars . The Nizam was also beset by the Telangana uprising , which he was unable to subjugate . </P> <P> The Indian government , anxious to avoid what it termed a Balkanization of what had been the Indian Empire , was determined to effect the integration of Hyderabad into the new Indian Union . Amidst atrocities by the Razakars , the Indian Home Minister Sardar Patel decided to annex Hyderabad in what was termed a `` police action '' . The operation itself took five days , in which the Razakars and the Hyderabadi Military were defeated swiftly . </P> <P> The operation led to massive violence on communal lines . The Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru appointed a commission known as the Sunderlal Committee . Its report , which was not released until 2013 , concluded that `` as a very reasonable & modest estimate ... the total number of deaths in the state ... somewhere between 30,000 & 40,000 . '' Other responsible observers estimated the number of deaths to be 200,000 or higher . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Military Governor ( edit ) </H2> Major General El Edroos ( at right ) offers his surrender of the Hyderabad State Forces to Major General ( later General and Army Chief ) J.N. Chauhuri at Secunderabad . <P> After the Annexation into the Indian Union , Major General J.N. Chaudhuri who led Operation Polo stayed on as Military Governor till December 1949 . </P> <P> The state witnessed Mulkhi agitation in 1952 by the locals after a government jobs meant for the locals were given to non-locals . </P> <H2> Rajpramukh ( edit ) </H2> <P> telanagana movement Hyderabad State had its last Nizam , HEH Mir Osman Ali Khan ( b . 1886 - d . 1967 ) as Rajpramukh from 26 January 1950 to 31 October 1956 . </P> <H2> First appointed Chief minister ( edit ) </H2> <P> After the Annexation of Hyderabad State into India , M.K. Vellodi was appointed the Chief Minister of the state on 26 January 1950 . He was a Senior Civil servant in the Government of India . He administered the state with the help of bureaucrats from Madras state and Bombay state . </P> <P> The Nizam was given the ceremonial position of `` Raj Pramukh '' or `` Governor '' . </P> <H2> First elected Chief minister ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the first State Assembly election in India , 1952 , Dr. Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was elected Chief minister of Hyderabad State . During this time there were violent agitations by some Telanganites to send back bureaucrats from Madras state , and to strictly implement ' Mulki - rules ' ( Local jobs for locals only ) , which was part of Hyderabad state law since 1919 . </P> <H2> Districts of Hyderabad state ( edit ) </H2> <P> Administratively , Hyderabad State was made up of sixteen districts , grouped into four divisions : </P> <Ul> <Li> Aurangabad Division included Aurangabad , Beed , Nanded , and Parbhani districts ; </Li> <Li> Gulbarga Division included Bidar District , Gulbarga , Osmanabad , and Raichur District ; </Li> <Li> Gulshanabad Division or Medak Division included Atraf - i - Baldah ( Hyderabad ) , Mahbubnagar district , Medak district , Nalgonda district ( Nalgundah ) , and Nizamabad districts , and </Li> <Li> Warangal Division included Adilabad , Karimnagar , and Warangal districts ( present Khammam district was part of Warangal district ) . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Merger with Andhra state ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1956 during the Reorganisation of the Indian States based along linguistic lines , the Telugu - speaking region of the state of Hyderabad State was merged with Andhra State . The Marathi speaking region was merged with Bombay state and Kannada speaking region with Mysore State . </P> <P> The States Reorganisation Commission ( SRC ) was not in favour of an immediate merger of Telugu speaking Telangana region of Hyderabad state with Andhra state , despite their common language . Para 378 of the SRC report said One of the principal causes of opposition of Vishalandhra also seems to be the apprehension felt by the educationally backward people of Telangana that they may be swamped and exploited by the more advanced people of the coastal areas . </P> <P> Andhra state and Hyderabad State were merged to form Andhra Pradesh on 1 November 1956 , after providing safeguards to Telangana in the form of Gentlemen 's agreement . But in June 2014 , Telangana re-emerged as a separate state . Hyderabad City will continue to be the capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana for 10 years . </P> <H2> Chief Ministers of Hyderabad State ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Major General Choudhary - Military Governor 1948 - 1949 </Li> <Li> M.K. Vellodi - 1950 - 1952 ( appointed by Government of India ) </Li> <Li> Burgula Ramakrishna Rao - 1953 - 56 ( elected ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` States Reorganization Act 1956 '' . Commonwealth Legal Information Institute . Archived from the original on 16 May 2008 . Retrieved 1 July 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hyderabad Police Action '' . Indian Army . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ B. Cohen ( 2007 ) . Kingship and Colonialism in India 's Deccan : 1850 - 1948 . Springer . pp. 159 -- 161 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 60344 - 8 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Barbara D. Metcalf ; Thomas R. Metcalf ( 2006 ) . A Concise History of India ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521682251 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kate , P.V. , Marathwada Under the Nizams , 1724 -- 1948 , Delhi : Mittal Publications , 1987 , p. 75 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomson , Mike ( 24 September 2013 ) . `` Hyderabad 1948 : India 's hidden massacre '' . BBC . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Noorani 2014 , Appendix 15 : Confidential notes attached to the Sunderlal Committee Report , pp. 372 - 373 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith 1950 , p. 46 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mulki agitation in Hyderabad state '' . Hinduonnet.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 09 . </Li> </Ol> <P> Cite error : A list - defined reference named `` ShermanLSE '' is not used in the content ( see the help page ) . </P> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Benichou , Lucien D. ( 2000 ) , From Autocracy to Integration : Political Developments in Hyderabad State , 1938 - 1948 , Orient Blackswan , ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 1847 - 6 </Li> <Li> Hyder , Mohammed ( 2012 ) , October Coup , A Memoir of the Struggle for Hyderabad , Roli Books , ISBN 8174368507 </Li> <Li> Hodson , H.V. ( 1969 ) , The Great Divide : Britain , India , Pakistan , London : Hutchinson </Li> <Li> Menon , V.P. ( 1956 ) , The Story of Integration of the Indian States ( PDF ) , Orient Longman </Li> <Li> Muralidharan , Sukumar ( 2014 ) . `` Alternate Histories : Hyderabad 1948 Compels a Fresh Evaluation of the Theology of India 's Independence and Partition '' . History and Sociology of South Asia . 8 ( 2 ) : 119 -- 138 . doi : 10.1177 / 2230807514524091 . </Li> <Li> Noorani , A.G. ( 2014 ) , The Destruction of Hyderabad , Hurst & Co , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84904 - 439 - 4 </Li> <Li> Raghavan , Srinath ( 2010 ) , War and Peace in Modern India , Palgrave Macmillan , ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 00737 - 7 </Li> <Li> Smith , Wilfred Cantwell ( January 1950 ) , `` Hyderabad : Muslim Tragedy '' , Middle East Journal , 4 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 51 , JSTOR 4322137 </Li> <Li> Zubrzycki , John ( 2006 ) , The Last Nizam : An Indian Prince in the Australian Outback , Australia : Pan Macmillan , ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 42321 - 2 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Picture of VII Nizam with Sardar Patel after his surrender </Li> <Li> From the Sundarlal Report , Frontline , 3 -- 16 March 2001 </Li> <Li> Exclusive Sundar Lal report on Hyderabad police action , Deccan Chronicle , 30 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> In the Nizam 's dominion , by Bret Wallach , University of Oklahoma </Li> <Li> A Blog by Narendra Luther on Operation Polo </Li> <Li> Armchair Historian -- Operation Polo ( Monday , 18 September 2006 ) -- Contributed by Sidin Sunny Vadukut -- Last Updated (

Hyderabad became a part of India on

When did hyderabad became a part of india?

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Groundhog Day - wikipedia <H1> Groundhog Day </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Groundhog Day ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Groundhog Day </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Groundhog Day 2005 in Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Observed by </Th> <Td> United States Canada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Cultural </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Significance </Th> <Td> Supposedly predicts the arrival of spring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Celebrations </Th> <Td> Announcing whether a groundhog sees its shadow after it emerges from its burrow </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> February 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Frequency </Th> <Td> Annual </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related to </Th> <Td> Candlemas </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Groundhog Day , ( Pennsylvania German : Grund'sau dåk , Grundsaudaag , Grundsow Dawg , Murmeltiertag ; Nova Scotia : Daks Day ) is a popular tradition celebrated in the United States and Canada on February 2 . It derives from the Pennsylvania Dutch superstition that if a groundhog ( Deitsch : Grundsau , Grunddax , Dax ) emerging from its burrow on this day sees a shadow due to clear weather , it will retreat to its den and winter will persist for six more weeks , and if it does not see its shadow because of cloudiness , spring will arrive early . While the tradition remains popular in modern times , studies have found no consistent correlation between a groundhog seeing its shadow or not and the subsequent arrival time of spring - like weather . </P> <P> The weather lore was brought from German - speaking areas where the badger ( German : dachs ) is the forecasting animal . This appears to be an enhanced version of the lore that clear weather on Candlemas forebodes a prolonged winter . </P> <P> The Groundhog Day ceremony held at Punxsutawney in western Pennsylvania , centering around a semi-mythical groundhog named Punxsutawney Phil , has become the most attended . Grundsow Lodges in Pennsylvania Dutch Country in the southeast part of the state celebrate them as well . Other cities in the United States and Canada have also adopted the event . </P> <P> The 1993 film Groundhog Day helped boost recognition of the custom , and the celebration has spread even further afield . In 2009 , Quebec began to mark the day ( Canadian French : Jour de la Marmotte ) with its own groundhog . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Punxsutawney beginnings </Li> <Li> 1.2 Punxsutawney today </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Other locations </Li> <Li> 3 Origins <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Protestant Germany <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Groundhog as badger </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Bear - rat </Li> <Li> 3.3 Simpler Candlemas lore </Li> <Li> 3.4 British Isles </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Accuracy <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Statistics </Li> <Li> 4.2 Pseudoscientific evaluation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Characteristics of groundhogs </Li> <Li> 6 Similar customs </Li> <Li> 7 Explanatory notes </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 Further reading </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> The groundhog ( Marmota monax ) is a rodent of the family Sciuridae , belonging to the group of large ground squirrels . <P> The observance of Groundhog Day in the United States first occurred in German communities in Pennsylvania , according to known records . </P> <P> The earliest mention of Groundhog Day is a February 2 , 1840 entry in the diary of James L. Morris of Morgantown , Pennsylvania , in Pennsylvania Dutch Country , according to the book on the subject by Don Yoder . This was a Welsh enclave but the diarist was commenting on his neighbors who were of German stock . </P> <H3> Punxsutawney beginnings ( edit ) </H3> <P> The first reported news of a Groundhog Day observance was arguably made by the Punxsutawney Spirit newspaper of Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania in 1886 : `` up to the time of going to press , the beast has not seen its shadow '' . However , it was not until the following year in 1887 that the first Groundhog Day considered `` official '' was commemorated here , with a group making a trip to the Gobbler 's Knob part of town to consult the groundhog . People have gathered annually at the spot for the event ever since . </P> <P> Clymer Freas ( 1867 -- 1942 ) who was city editor at the Punxsutawney Spirit is credited as the `` father '' who conceived the idea of `` Groundhog Day '' . It has also been suggested that Punxsutawney was where all the Groundhog Day events originated , from where it spread to other parts of the United States and Canada . </P> <P> The Groundhog Day celebrations of the 1880s were carried out by the Punxsutawney Elks Lodge . The lodge members were the `` genesis '' of the Groundhog Club formed later , which continued the Groundhog Day tradition . But the lodge started out being interested in the groundhog as a game animal for food . It had started to serve groundhog at the lodge , and had been organizing a hunting party on a day each year in late summer . </P> <P> The chronologies given are somewhat inconsistent in the literature . The first `` Groundhog Picnic '' was held in 1887 according to a book for popular reading by an academic , but given as post-circa - 1889 by a local historian in a journal . The historian states that around 1889 the meat was served in the lodge 's banquet , and the organized hunt started after that . </P> <P> Either way , the Punxsutawney Groundhog Club was formed in 1899 , and continued the hunt and `` Groundhog Feast '' , which took place annually in September . The `` hunt '' portion of it became increasingly a ritualized formality , because the practical procurement of meat had to occur well ahead of time for marinating . A drink called the `` groundhog punch '' was also served . The flavor has been described as a `` cross between pork and chicken '' . The hunt and feast did not attract enough outside interest , and the practice discontinued . </P> <H3> Punxsutawney Today ( edit ) </H3> <P> The largest Groundhog Day celebration is held in Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania , where crowds as large as 40,000 gather each year ( nearly eight times the year - round population of the town ) . The average draw had been about 2,000 until the year after the movie screened in 1993 , after which attendance rose to about 10,000 . The official Phil is pretended to be a supercentenarian , having been the same forecasting beast since 1887 . </P> <H2> Other locations ( edit ) </H2> Banner of Grundsow Lodsh Nummer Sivva ( Groundhog Lodge Number Seven ) , of Pennsburg , Pennsylvania <P> The Slumbering Groundhog Lodge , which was formed in 1907 , has carried out the ceremonies that take place in Quarryville , Pennsylvania . It used to be a contending rival to Punxsutawney over the Groundhog Day fame . It employs a taxidermic specimen ( stuffed woodchuck ) . </P> <P> In southeastern Pennsylvania , Groundhog Lodges ( Grundsow Lodges ) celebrate the holiday with fersommlinge , social events in which food is served , speeches are made , and one or more g'spiel ( plays or skits ) are performed for entertainment . The Pennsylvania German dialect is the only language spoken at the event , and those who speak English pay a penalty , usually in the form of a nickel , dime , or quarter per word spoken , with the money put into a bowl in the center of the table . </P> <P> Staten Island Chuck is the official weather - forecasting woodchuck for New York City . Dunkirk Dave ( a stage name for numerous groundhogs that have filled the role since 1960 ) is the local groundhog for Western New York , handled by Bob Will , a typewriter repairman who runs a rescue shelter for groundhogs . </P> <P> In Washington , DC , the Dupont Circle Groundhog Day event features Potomac Phil , another taxidermic specimen . In addition to the spring prediction , if Potomac Phil sees its shadow , it portents six more months of political gridlock . </P> <P> In the American South , the General Beauregard Lee of Lilburn , Georgia is known to have the most accurate prediction , standing at 94 % . The University of Dallas in Irving , Texas has boasted of hosting the second largest Groundhog celebration in the world . </P> <P> The day is observed with various ceremonies at other locations in North America beyond the United States , including Wiarton Willie of Wiarton , Ontario , and Shubenacadie Sam in Nova Scotia which , due to Nova Scotia 's Atlantic Time Zone , makes the first Groundhog Day prediction in North America . `` Daks Day '' ( from the German dachs ) is Groundhog Day in the dialect of Lunenburg , Nova Scotia . </P> <P> In French Canada , Fred la marmotte of Val - d'Espoir has been the representative forecaster for the province of Quebec since 2009 . A study also shows that in Quebec , the marmot or groundhog ( siffleux ) are regarded as Candlemas weather - predicting beasts in some scattered spots , but the bear is the more usual animal . </P> <P> In 2017 Groundhog Day was scheduled to be observed at zoos in Moscow , St. Petersburg , and Samara , Russia . </P> <H2> Origins ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Pennsylvania Dutch were immigrants from German - speaking areas of Europe . The Germans already had a tradition of marking Candlemas ( February 2 ) as `` Badger Day '' ( Dachstag ) , where if a badger emerging found it to be a sunny day thereby casting a shadow , it foreboded the prolonging of winter by four more weeks . </P> <H3> Protestant Germany ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Candlemas was a Catholic festival officially eliminated by the Protestant Reformers , but it had been retained and continued to be celebrated by the folk . </P> <P> The weather - predicting animal on Candlemas was usually the badger , although regionally the animal was the bear or the fox . The original weather - predicting animal in Germany had been the bear , another hibernating mammal , but when they grew scarce the lore became altered . </P> <P> Similarity to the groundhog lore has been noted for the German formula `` Sonnt sich der Dachs in der Lichtmeßwoche , so geht er auf vier Wochen wieder zu Loche '' ( If the badger sunbathes during Candlemas - week , for four more weeks he will be back in his hole ) . A slight variant is found in a collection of weather lore ( bauernregeln , lit . `` farmers ' rules '' ) printed in Austria in 1823 . </P> Groundhog as badger ( edit ) <P> So the same tradition as the Germans , except that winter 's spell would be prolonged for six weeks instead of four , was maintained by the Pennsylvanians on Groundhog Day . In Germany , the animal was dachs or badger . For the Pennsylvania Dutch , it became the dox which in Deitsch referred to `` groundhog '' . </P> <P> The standard term for `` groundhog '' was grun ′ daks ( from German dachs ) , with the regional variant in York County being grundsau , a direct translation of the English name , according to a 19th - century book on the dialect . The form was a regional variant according to one 19th century source . However , the weather superstition that begins `` Der zwet Hær ′ ning is Grund ′ sau dåk . Wânn di grundau îr schâtte sent

According to folklore, if a groundhog sees his shadow, it means

What does it mean groundhog sees his shadow?

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it occasionally leads to troubling events like the three friends disputing over a goat and nearly turning herself and Raven into cows . In earlier episodes , Cory has a huge crush on her and unsuccessfully pursues her . Occasionally , Chelsea refers to a specific relative , Cousin Earl , at times . Her parents are Therapists . She also has a dog named Sam . Chelsea is present in every episode except Mother Dearest , Smell of Victory , and Saturday Afternoon Fever . </Li> <Li> T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh portrays Tanya Baxter . ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) . Tanya is the mother of Raven and Cory , and wife of Victor . She is a firm , but fun and caring mother who , despite the antics of her children , is always there for them . She halted her studies to raise her family , but decided once the children were older to continue studying law . Before that , she briefly worked as Raven 's English teacher at the request of Raven 's school principal . Her catchphrase is `` Momma like ! '' She has a very competitive nature to her personality . It 's learned that her mother , Viv , is also psychic . In season 4 , Tanya is not present ; it is said that she has gone off to England to attend law school . On Cory in the House , she is still in England and she does not visit Cory and Victor but is mentioned . In the pilot episode of Raven 's Home , it is revealed by Booker that Tanya is still living . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Rondell Sheridan portrays Victor Baxter , the father of Raven and Cory , and husband of Tanya . He starts out as a chef in a restaurant , but he later opens his own restaurant , The Chill Grill . His biggest rival is Leonard Stevenson . In Cory in the House , he gets a job as the President 's chef , and it is unknown what became of his restaurant . His catchphrases are `` Here comes the pain ! '' and `` I 'll go pack ! '' ( Cory in the House ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recurring ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dt> Señorita Rodriguez , played by Rose Abdoo </Dt> <Dd> Señorita Rodriguez is the Spanish teacher at Chelsea Daniels , Eddie Thomas , and Raven Baxter 's school . She also sponsors the Bayside Barracudian newspaper . Other roles she has taken on include teaching the `` Drama Club '' , advising the `` Bayside Outdoor Club '' , and creating / leading the `` FLUB '' ( Future Leaders United in Business ) Club . Retailers say she takes too many freebies . She has appeared in several episodes throughout the series . Whenever she is in a conversation with someone , she quickly gets their hopes up with positive responses , followed by a sly laugh , and an abrupt `` NO ! '' with a negative tone -- her catchphrase . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Devon Carter , played by Lil ' J </Dt> <Dd> Devon Carter is Raven 's steady boyfriend from seasons 2 -- 4 . He previously had braces on his teeth and bad acne , and was known as `` Bucktooth Carter '' . After he had his braces removed and his face `` cleared up '' over the summer , and came back to school , Raven and Alana were constantly fighting to be his girlfriend . He eventually becomes Raven 's boyfriend , and continues to be , even after he moves to Seattle , Washington . Although he and his family move to Seattle , he still sees Raven when his father visits San Francisco on business trips . After his family leaves Tanya assures Raven that Devon will always be in her heart . Even though they say they are each other 's `` only love '' , we also see Raven have numerous crushes between Devon 's visits . Devon has a little sister named Nadine who is jealous of Raven because she does n't want to share her big brother . In the second spin - off , Raven 's Home , Devon and Raven eventually married but got divorced . In between that time , they had two children , Nia and Booker , the latter of whom shares Raven 's ability to see into the future . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Alana Rivera , played by Adrienne Bailon </Dt> <Dd> Alana Rivera is Raven 's ex-best friend . She finds great pleasure in teasing and bullying Raven . She hangs out with her posse , which includes followers Muffy and Loka . She was first introduced in Season 2 in the episode `` Do n't Have a Cow '' . In `` Run Raven Run '' , we learn that Alana and Raven were best friends until 4th grade when a school play had them both competing for the role of the Tooth Fairy ( which Raven got , while Alana portrayed the tooth decay ) , and would ultimately end their friendship . Alana and Raven almost became friends again when Raven `` teamed up '' with Alana 's posse ( in the episode `` Clothes Minded '' ) , which happens after Chelsea and Eddie do not support Raven 's school `` protest '' . In the episode `` Run , Raven , Run '' , Raven and Alana briefly become friends until Chelsea reveals that Raven put chewing gum in Alana 's hair . This causes her to get her head shaved and covered up . Alana , Muffy , and Loka also spend the night at Raven 's house in the episode `` Shake , Rattle , and Rae '' . In this episode , Raven and Alana almost become friends again , until Alana announces that `` the score is 1 -- 0 '' . She was replaced in season 3 by Bianca ( Erica Rivera ) , because , according to Muffy , she was so bad , she got sent to military school , while Bianca was so bad that she got kicked out of military school . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Bianca , played by Erica Rivera </Dt> <Dd> Bianca is Raven 's enemy in two episodes of season 3 , she replaced Alana when she was sent to military school and she took over Alana 's posse . She did not appear in season 4 , she was maybe sent back to military school leaving Muffy as Raven 's foremost enemy . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Muffy , played by Ashley Drane </Dt> <Dd> Muffy is a member of Alana 's ( and , later on , Bianca 's ) posse . Her role in the posse is to record important events ( like an organizer ) and tends to explain what Alana ( and , later on , Bianca ) say which is usually brief . She took over as Raven 's foremost enemy after Bianca left . There is some speculation that she might be psychic because she knows everything that Alana and Bianca are thinking . She also has a younger sister , Buffy , who is Sydney 's age , and enemy . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Loca , played by Andrea Edwards </Dt> <Dd> Loca is a member of Alana 's ( and , later on , Bianca 's ) posse . She is rough , and she did the `` bad work '' for Alana ( and then Bianca ) . She is a tall girl , whom nobody likes to mess with . She is also romantically interested in Eddie ; she likes to give him arm punches every time she sees him . She is obsessed with the boy band Boyz ' N Motion , and also loves s'mores , as seen in the episode `` Shake , Rattle , and Rae '' . Unlike Muffy , Bianca , or Alana , it shows in later episodes ( season 3 ) , she does n't have it out personally for Raven . She even shows compassion ( briefly ) for Raven in the season 3 episode `` Boyz ' N Commotion '' . Loca is shown to be nicer than Muffy or Bianca in personality and somewhat became friends with Raven . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> William , played by Frankie Ryan Manriquez </Dt> <Dd> William is one of Cory 's best friends . He is known to be very smart , and loves ducks . He is afraid of girls , and he can play the clarinet and keyboard . His classmates call him `` Captain Brainypants '' . He `` invents '' many different gadgets in various episodes , such as the `` remote - controlled refrigerator opener '' . He once does Raven 's science project , in exchange for her designing him a new wardrobe to look `` cooler '' . It has been implied that William is younger than Cory , but it is not known how much younger . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Larry , played by David Henrie </Dt> <Dd> Larry is Cory 's other best friend . He is Jewish , as revealed in the episode `` Raven , Sydney , And The Man '' , when he invites Cory to his Bar Mitzvah . He is the guitar player in `` Cory and the Boys '' . He also has a yellow sweatshirt that he wears all the time during the winter , as mentioned in the episode `` The Lying Game '' , although no other reference to this is made . He takes cotillion class , as revealed in the episode `` Mad Hot Cotillion '' . He is also known to be over-worried , and slightly strange , at times . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Stanley played by Bobb'e J. Thompson </Dt> <Dd> Stanley is Eddie 's next - door neighbor , who is obsessed with Raven . He serves as the primary antagonist of the show , he has a frenemy relationship with Eddie and Cory , although he is usually seen scamming them . Stanley was originally brought in as a love interest for Raven 's next - door neighbor , Sierra , but he becomes much more interested in Raven , and in one episode , Loka . Stanley is rude , obnoxious , mean , sarcastic , and deceptive to everyone . He is a young salesman , who usually tricks Cory into buying something that would eventually go wrong . Stanley is always trying desperately to get Raven to like him , but he suddenly leaves her alone after seeing her kiss Andre in the episode `` Mr. Perfect '' . He loves to eat cheese sandwiches . He also competes against Chelsea in a ping - pong match , and loses . In the same episode ( `` Taken to the Cleaners '' ) , he asks Victor to make him a cheese sandwich in the shape of a ping - pong paddle . His catchphrases include `` My brotha ! '' , which he exclaims whenever he is trying to `` show someone up '' ; and `` I may have said that , but I say a lot of things . '' This is a partial denial of his ability to be nice to other people . He appears primarily in Seasons 3 and 4 , in the episodes `` Opportunity Shocks '' ; `` Taken to the Cleaners '' ; `` The Grill Next Door '' ; `` Mr. Perfect '' ; `` The Four Aces '' ; `` Driving Miss Lazy '' ; `` Sister Act '' ; `` Checkin ' Out '' ; `` Fur Better or Worse '' and `` When 6021 Met 4267 '' . He also appeared in the Cory in the House episode `` Uninvited Pest '' when he covets the Presidential medal Cory was going to receive for his Young Businessperson of the Year project . He got

In the TV show "That's So Raven", the character Bianca is played by

Who plays bianca in that's so raven?

-3365001005802655718

Roberts ( surname ) - wikipedia <H1> Roberts ( surname ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Roberts is a surname of Norman origin , deriving from the Norman given name Robert , meaning `` bright renown '' -- from the Germanic elements `` hrod '' meaning renown and `` beraht '' meaning bright . Roberts may mean either `` servant of Robert '' or `` son of Robert '' ; the latter is more common in Wales , while the former is more common in England . Although the name Robert was known in the British isles before the Norman Conquest in 1066 , it was mainly introduced into Britain by the Normans . Today the surname Roberts is common in England , Wales , Ireland and the Isle of Man , with the biggest concentration by far occurring in North Wales . The name is also common in Scotland . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 People </Li> <Li> 2 Fictional characters </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 Notes </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> People ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of people with surname Roberts <H2> Fictional characters ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Audrey Roberts , television series character from Coronation Street </Li> <Li> Barbara Millicent Roberts , doll known as Barbie </Li> <Li> Dread Pirate Roberts , a character in The Princess Bride </Li> <Li> Irene Roberts , television series character from Home and Away </Li> <Li> Skipper Roberts , doll known as Skipper </Li> <Li> Summer Roberts , television series character from The O.C. </Li> <Li> Tutti and Todd Roberts , dolls known as Tutti and Todd </Li> <Li> Renée Roberts , English dubbed name for Zakuro Fujiwara in Tokyo Mew Mew </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Robert ( surname ) </Li> <Li> Robertson ( disambiguation ) </Li> <Li> Roberts ( disambiguation ) </Li> <Li> Robarts ( disambiguation ) </Li> <Li> Robards </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Vanderpool Gormley , C.G. , Myra ( 2007 ) . `` How Green Was My Valley ? The Welsh : Surnames and Migrations '' . GenealogyMagazine.com . Stephenville , Texas , USA : Datatrace Systems . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cottle , Basil . Penguin Dictionary of Surnames . Baltimore , MD : Penguin Books , 1967 . No ISBN . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hanks , Patricia and Hodges , Flavia. 1990 . A Dictionary of Surnames . Oxford University Press , Oxford . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Surname list This page lists people with the surname Roberts . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberts_(surname)&oldid=835425455 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Surnames </Li> <Li> Welsh - language surnames </Li> <Li> Patronymic surnames </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Disambiguation pages with short description </Li> <Li> All set index articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 17 : 06 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The last name Roberts originates from

Where does the last name roberts come from?

9021116085237545618

Sorus - wikipedia <H1> Sorus </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the villages in Azerbaijan , see Soru and Sors , Azerbaijan . The underside of a fertile frond of Dicksonia antarctica . Each circular brown structure is an individual sorus . <P> A sorus ( pl . sori ) is a cluster of sporangia ( structures producing and containing spores ) in ferns and fungi . This New Latin word is from Ancient Greek σωρός ( sōrós ' stack , pile , heap ' ) . </P> <P> In lichens and other fungi , the sorus is surrounded by an external layer . In some red algae it may take the form of a depression into the thallus . </P> <P> In ferns , these form a yellowish or brownish mass on the edge or underside of a fertile frond . In some species , they are protected during development by a scale or film of tissue called the indusium , which forms an umbrella - like cover . </P> <P> Sori occur on the sporophyte generation , the sporangia within producing haploid meio spores . As the sporongia mature , the indusium shrivels so that spore release is unimpeded . The sporangia then burst and release the spores . </P> <P> The shape , arrangement , and location of the sori are often valuable clues in the identification of fern taxa . Sori may be circular or linear . They may be arranged in rows , either parallel or oblique to the costa , or randomly . Their location may be marginal or set away from the margin on the frond lamina . The presence or absence of indusium is also used to identify fern taxa . </P> <H2> Gallery ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sorus . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> <P> Sorus Phlebodium aureum 50x </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Scattered sori </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Linear sori </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Sori covering a frond 's entire underside ( acrostichoid ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Fern sorus with immature sporangia </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Circular sori with mature sporangia </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Sori with indusia at different stages of development . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Fungal sori of the Meadowsweet Rust gall . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Large sori </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Polypodium vulgare </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Sword fern . The indusia have opened , revealing the sporangia . Scale bar , 1 mm </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Sorocarp </Li> </Ul> <H2> References and external links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> DiversityOfLife -- Fern identification tool . </Li> <Li> Encyclopædia Britannica : sorus 2007 . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 20 November 2007 . </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sorus&oldid=800083069 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Plant anatomy </Li> <Li> Fungal morphology and anatomy </Li> <Li> Pteridophyta </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 12 : 14 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The spore-containing sori of a fern are found

Where are the spore containing sori of a fern found?

440199079925036478

required to be unanimous until 1975 , after which a two - thirds majority of the full body was required , regardless of the number present . </P> <Ul> <Li> The Personnel Committee arranges for volunteers to serve in the organization 's headquarters and worldwide branch offices , which are each referred to as Bethel . It oversees arrangements for the personal and spiritual assistance of Bethel staff , as well as the selection and invitation of new Bethel members . </Li> <Li> The Publishing Committee supervises the printing , publishing and shipping of literature , as well as legal matters involved in printing , such as obtaining property for printing facilities . It is responsible for overseeing factories , properties , and financial operations of corporations used by Jehovah 's Witnesses . </Li> <Li> The Service Committee supervises the evangelical activity of Jehovah 's Witnesses , which includes traveling overseers , pioneers , and the activities of congregation publishers . It oversees communication between the international headquarters , branch offices , and the congregations . It examines annual reports of preaching activity from the branches . It is responsible for inviting members to attend the Gilead school , the Bible School for Single Brothers , and the Traveling Overseers ' School , and for assigning graduates of these schools to their places of service . </Li> <Li> The Teaching Committee arranges congregation meetings , circuit assemblies , and regional and international conventions as well as various schools for elders , ministerial servants , pioneers and missionaries , such as Gilead school . It supervises preparation of material to be used in teaching , and oversees the development of new audio and video programs . </Li> <Li> The Writing Committee supervises the writing and translation of all material published by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society , including scripts for dramas and talk outlines . It responds to questions about scriptural , doctrinal , and moral issues , specific problems in the congregations , and the standing of members in congregations . </Li> <Li> The Coordinator 's Committee deals with emergencies , disaster relief and other matters , such as investigations . It comprises the coordinators , or a representative , from each of the other Governing Body committees and a secretary who is also a member of the Governing Body . It is responsible for the efficient operation of the other committees . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Representatives ( edit ) </H2> <P> Initially , the Governing Body directly appointed all congregation elders . By 1975 , the appointment of elders and ministerial servants was said to be `` made directly by a governing body of spirit - anointed elders or by them through other elders representing this body . '' In 2001 , The Watchtower , stated that recommendations for such appointments were submitted to branch offices . As of September 2014 , circuit overseers appoint elders and ministerial servants after discussion with congregation elders , without consulting with the branch office . </P> <P> The Governing Body continues to directly appoint branch office committee members and traveling overseers , and only such direct appointees are described as `` representatives of the Governing Body . '' </P> <H2> Relationship with `` faithful and discreet slave '' ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Faithful and discreet slave <P> The Governing Body is said to provide `` spiritual food '' for Jehovah 's Witnesses worldwide . Until late 2012 , the Governing Body described itself as the representative and `` spokesman '' for God 's `` faithful and discreet slave class '' ( approximately 11,800 Witnesses who profess to be anointed ) who are collectively said to be God 's `` prophet '' and `` channel for new spiritual light '' . The Governing Body does not consult with the other anointed Witnesses whom it was said to represent when formulating policy and doctrines or approving material for publications and conventions ; the authority of the Governing Body was presumed to be analogous to that of the older men of Jerusalem in cases such as the first - century circumcision issue . The majority of Witnesses who profess to be anointed have no authority to contribute to the development or change of doctrines . Anointed Witnesses are instructed to remain modest and avoid `` wildly speculating about things that are still unclear , '' instead waiting for God to reveal his purposes in The Watchtower . </P> <P> In 2009 , The Watchtower indicated that the dissemination of `` new spiritual light '' is the responsibility of only `` a limited number '' of the `` slave class '' , asking : `` Are all these anointed ones throughout the earth part of a global network that is somehow involved in revealing new spiritual truths ? No . '' In 2010 the society said that `` deep truths '' were discerned by `` responsible representatives '' of the `` faithful and discreet slave class '' at the group 's headquarters , and then considered by the entire Governing Body before making doctrinal decisions . In August 2011 , the Governing Body cast doubt on other members ' claims of being anointed , stating that `` A number of factors -- including past religious beliefs or even mental or emotional imbalance -- might cause some to assume mistakenly that they have the heavenly calling . '' The Governing Body also stated that `` we have no way of knowing the exact number of anointed ones on earth ; nor do we need to know '' , and that it `` does not maintain a global network of anointed ones . '' At the 2012 Annual Meeting of the Watch Tower Society , the `` faithful and discreet slave '' was redefined as referring to the Governing Body only and the terms are now synonymous . </P> <H2> Governing Body members ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Current ( edit ) </H3> <P> The following people are members of the Governing Body of Jehovah 's Witnesses ( year appointed in parentheses ) : </P> <Ul> <Li> Kenneth Cook ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Samuel F. Herd ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Geoffrey Jackson ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Mark Stephen Lett ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Gerrit Lösch ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Anthony Morris III ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Mark Sanderson ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> David H. Splane ( 1999 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Former ( edit ) </H3> <P> Prior to 1971 , various Watch Tower Society directors were informally identified as members of the `` governing body '' . Jehovah 's Witnesses publications began capitalizing Governing Body as a proper noun in 1971 ; The Watchtower that year announced `` The present Governing Body comprises eleven anointed witnesses of Jehovah . '' These eleven members are indicated in italics in the list below . Years active are shown in parentheses . All members served until their deaths unless specified . </P> <Ul> <Li> Thomas J. Sullivan ( 1932 -- 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Grant Suiter ( 1938 -- 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Nathan Homer Knorr ( 1940 -- 1977 ) -- 4th President of Watch Tower Society </Li> <Li> Frederick William Franz ( 1944 -- 1992 ) -- 5th President of Watch Tower Society </Li> <Li> Lyman Alexander Swingle ( 1945 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Milton George Henschel ( 1947 -- 2003 ) -- 6th President of Watch Tower Society </Li> <Li> John O. Groh ( 1965 -- 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Raymond Franz ( 1971 -- 1980 ) -- Resigned </Li> <Li> George D. Gangas ( 1971 -- 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Leo K. Greenlees ( 1971 -- 1984 ) -- Resigned </Li> <Li> William K. Jackson ( 1971 -- 1981 ) </Li> <Li> William Lloyd Barry ( 1974 -- 1999 ) </Li> <Li> John C. Booth ( 1974 -- 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Ewart C. Chitty ( 1974 -- 1979 ) -- Resigned </Li> <Li> Charles J. Fekel ( 1974 -- 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Theodore Jaracz ( 1974 -- 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Karl F. Klein ( 1974 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Albert D. Schroeder ( 1974 -- 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Daniel Sydlik ( 1974 -- 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Carey W. Barber ( 1977 -- 2007 ) </Li> <Li> John E. Barr ( 1977 -- 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Martin Pötzinger ( 1977 -- 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Guy Hollis Pierce ( 1999 -- 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Organizational structure of Jehovah 's Witnesses </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Penton , M. James ( 1997 ) . Apocalypse Delayed : The Story of Jehovah 's Witnesses . University of Toronto Press . p. 216 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 7973 - 3 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Questions From Readers '' . The Watchtower : 703 . November 15 , 1972 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Our active leader today '' , The Watchtower , September 15 , 2010 , page 27 , `` They recognize , however , that Christ is using a small group of anointed Christian men as a Governing Body to lead and direct his disciples on earth . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bearing Thorough Witness '' About God 's Kingdom . Watchtower Bible and Tract Society . 2009 . p. 110 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ As of September 2005 , twelve members listed ( See The Watchtower , March 15 , 2006 , page 26 ) Schroeder died March 8 , 2006 . ( See The Watchtower , September 15 , 2006 , page 31 ) Sydlik died April 18 , 2006 . ( See The Watchtower , January 1 , 2007 , page 8 ) Barber died April 8 , 2007 . ( See The Watchtower , October 15 , 2007 , page 31 ) Jaracz died June 9 , 2010 . ( See The Watchtower , November 15 , 2010 , page 23 ) Barr died December 4 , 2010 . ( See The Watchtower , May 15 , 2011 , page 6 ) Mark Sanderson appointed in September 2012 `` A New Member of the Governing Body '' , The Watchtower , July 15 , 2013 , page 26. ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Guy H. Pierce , Member of the Governing Body , Dies at 79 '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Penton , M. James ( 1997 ) . Apocalypse Delayed : The Story of Jehovah 's Witnesses . University of Toronto Press . p. 217 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 7973 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania ( 2007 ) . Yearbook of Jehovah 's Witnesses . pp. 4 , 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Botting , Heather & Gary ( 1984 ) . The Orwellian World of Jehovah 's Witnesses . University of Toronto Press . p. 178 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 6545 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Franz , Raymond ( 2007 ) . In Search of Christian Freedom . Commentary Press . p. 123 . ISBN 0 - 914675 - 17 - 6 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Franz , Raymond ( 2007 ) . Crisis of Conscience . Commentary Press . p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 914675 - 23 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Franz , Raymond ( 2007 ) . In Search of Christian Freedom . Commentary Press . pp. 186 , footnote . ISBN 0 - 914675 - 17 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Penton , M. James ( 1997 ) . Apocalypse Delayed : The Story of Jehovah 's Witnesses . University of Toronto Press . pp. 162 -- 163 , 214 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 7973 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Franz , Raymond ( 2007 ) . Crisis of Conscience . Commentary Press . pp. 61 -- 62 . ISBN

The leaders of the Jehovah's Witnesses are

Who are the leaders of the jehovah witnesses?

401505652382102094

Seven churches of Asia - wikipedia <H1> Seven churches of Asia </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the seven churches mentioned in the Book of Revelation . For other uses , see Seven Churches ( disambiguation ) . Map of western Anatolia showing the island Patmos and the locations of the cities housing the seven churches <P> The Seven Churches of Revelation , also known as the Seven Churches of the Apocalypse and the Seven Churches of Asia , are seven major churches of Early Christianity , as mentioned in the New Testament Book of Revelation . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Description </Li> <Li> 2 The Churches </Li> <Li> 3 Seven messages </Li> <Li> 4 Angels of the churches </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Further reading </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Description ( edit ) </H2> <P> The `` churches '' in this context refers to the community or local congregations of Christians living in each city , and not merely to the building or buildings in which they gathered for worship . </P> <P> In an early part of the Revelation , on the Greek island of Patmos , Jesus Christ instructs John of Patmos to : `` Write on a scroll what you see and send it to the seven churches : to Ephesus , and to Smyrna , and to Pergamum , and to Thyatira , and to Sardis , and to Philadelphia , and to Laodicea . '' </P> <H2> The churches ( edit ) </H2> The seven churches of Asia in stained glass in York Minster by John Thornton <P> The seven Churches are named for their locations . The Revelation provides descriptions of each Church . </P> <Ul> <Li> Ephesus ( Revelation 2 : 1 - 7 ) - the church known for having laboured hard and not fainted , and separating themselves from the wicked ; admonished for having forsaken its first love ( 2 : 4 ) </Li> <Li> Smyrna ( Revelation 2 : 8 - 11 ) - the church admired for its tribulation and poverty ; forecast to suffer persecution ( 2 : 10 ) </Li> <Li> Pergamum ( Revelation 2 : 12 - 17 ) - the church located at ' Satan 's seat ' ; needed to repent of allowing false teachers ( 2 : 16 ) </Li> <Li> Thyatira ( Revelation 2 : 18 - 29 ) - the church known for its charity , whose `` latter works are greater than the former '' ; held the teachings of a false prophetess ( 2 : 20 ) </Li> <Li> Sardis ( Revelation 3 : 1 - 6 ) - the church that has a good name ; cautioned to fortify itself and return to God through repentance ( 3 : 2 - 3 ) </Li> <Li> Philadelphia ( Revelation 3 : 7 - 13 ) - the church steadfast in faith , that had kept God 's word and endured patiently ( 3 : 10 ) </Li> <Li> Laodicea , near Denizli ( see Laodicean Church ) ( Revelation 3 : 14 - 22 ) - the church that was lukewarm and insipid ( to God ) ( 3 : 16 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Seven messages ( edit ) </H2> <P> The letters follow a common pattern . For example : the Lord first addresses each church and identifies himself , then defines things that he knows about the church in question . After this , a challenge or reproach is given , followed by a promise . In all seven cases the admonition is included , `` He who has an ear , let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches '' , although sometimes this comes before the promise and sometimes after . </P> <P> Although the letters differ in length in accord with the needs of each community , all conclude with an appeal to hold fast and to listen to what the Spirit is saying to the churches . Each church is promised that everyone who conquers will be rewarded by Christ . </P> <P> Some historicists typically interpret the seven churches as representing seven different periods in the history of the Western Church from the time of Paul until the return of Jesus Christ . Scofield states that `` these messages by their very terms go beyond the local assemblies mentioned . '' He is of the opinion that the letters have a prophetic purpose disclosing the seven phases of the spiritual history of the Church . Other writers , such as Clarence Larkin , Henry Hampton Halley , Merrill Unger , and William M. Branham also have posited the view that the seven churches preview the history of the global Church . </P> Mosaic in St Mark 's Basilica of the seven angels <P> Historicism has been criticized by the Eastern Orthodox Fr . Dimitri Cozby , who writes that historicists take a greatly oversimplified view of church history : `` Since dispensationalism is Protestant in origin its ' Church history ' is strictly Western . The dispensations take into account almost nothing of Orthodox history after the period of the early councils which we share with the West . '' </P> <H2> Angels of the churches ( edit ) </H2> <P> Chapters 2 - 3 of the Revelation have specific messages for each of the seven churches . The message of each of the seven letters is directed to the angel of the particular church that is mentioned . </P> <P> Origen explains that these `` angels '' are the guardian angels of the churches , a view upheld by Henry Alford . But Epiphanius explicitly rejects this view , and , in accordance with the imagery of the passage , explains it as the bishops . </P> <P> John sees a vision of the Son of man , who walks among seven lampstands and has seven stars in his right hand . Revelation 1 : 20 states that `` The seven stars are the angels of the seven churches , and the seven lampstands are the seven churches . '' The comparison of a teacher to a star is scriptural . </P> <P> Augustine of Hippo 's reason for interpreting angels of the churches as the prelates of the church is that St. John speaks of them as falling from their first charity , which is not true of the angels . Others would say that the falling away relates to the churches , not to the messengers , as each of the seven letters conclude with the words `` He who has an ear , let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches . '' </P> <P> the Amplified Bible states that Revelation 2 : 2 through to 3 : 18 , `` your '' and `` you '' are in the singular , referring to the angel of each church . Much of what is said is rebuke and admonishment , so if the angels are heavenly beings , they may serve in some way as representatives of the sinful people in their churches . Jewish tradition maintained that every nation and individual has a guardian angel , and that when God is about to punish a nation , He first punishes its angel . There is even a story of Michael , the guardian angel of Israel , being rebuked by God for the sins committed in the time of Ezekiel . So the original readers of Revelation might have assumed that the angels here are the guardian angels of the individual churches , sharing responsibility for the actions of the members . </P> <P> In the New Testament , the Greek word for angels ( άγγελος ) is not only used for heavenly angels , but also used for human messengers , such as John the Baptist ( Matthew 11 : 10 , Mark 1 : 2 , Luke 7 : 27 ) and God 's prophets ( Revelation 22 : 8 - 9 ) C.I. Scofield has noted that `` The natural explanation of the ' messengers ' is that they were men sent by the seven churches to ascertain the state of the aged apostle ... but they figure any who bear God 's messages to a church . '' </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Christianity portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Biblical numerology </Li> <Li> Book of Revelation : chapter 1 , 2 , and 3 </Li> <Li> Christianity in Anatolia during Roman times </Li> <Li> Early centers of Christianity </Li> <Li> Eastern Christianity </Li> <Li> Events of Revelation ( Chapter 1 ) </Li> <Li> Seven Spirits of God </Li> <Li> Summary of Christian eschatological differences </Li> <Li> Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ John ( 1994 ) . Barbara Aland ; Kurt Aland ; Johannes Karavidopoulos ; Carlo M. Martini ; Bruce M. Metzger , eds . The Greek New Testament . Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walter Bauer ( 1979 ) . William F. Arndt ; F. Wilbur Gingrich ; Frederick W. Danker , eds . A Greek - English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature . University of Chicago Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Revelation 1 : 11 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 2 : 1 , 8 , 12 , 18 ; 3 : 1 , 7 , 14 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 2 : 2 - 3 , 9 , 13 , 19 ; 3 : 1 , 8 , 15 - 17 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 2 : 4 - 5 , 10 , 14 - 16 , 20 - 25 ; 3 : 2 - 3 , 9 - 11 , 18 - 20 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 2 : 7 , 10 - 11 , 17 , 26 - 28 ; 3 : 4 - 5 , 12 , 20 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 2 : 7 , 11 , 17 , 29 ; 3 : 6 , 13 , 22 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Unger 's Bible Dictionary ( Chicago : Moody Press , 1975 ) , p924 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scofield , W.I. , The Scofield Study Bible ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1996 ) p1331 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chapter XXII '' . www.preservedwords.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Halley , H.H. , Halley 's Bible Handbook ( Grand Rapids , MI : Zondervan , 1978 ) , p688 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Unger , M.F. , Unger 's Bible Dictionary ( Chicago : Moody Press , 1975 ) , p924 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Branham , W.M. , An Exposition of the Seven Church Ages ( Jeffersonville , Indiana : Voice of God Recordings ) 2005 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WHAT IS ' THE RAPTURE ' ? ( PART 1 OF 2 ) '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hom. , xiii in Luc. , and Hom. , xx in Num . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hær. , xxv . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dan. , xii , 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ep. , xliii ( al. clxii ) , n . 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Angels of the Churches , Catholic Encyclopedia </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Merrill Unger , Unger 's Bible Dictionary , ( Chicago : Moody Press , 1975 ) p52 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scofield , W.I. , The Scofield Study Bible ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1996 ) p1331 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Halley , H.H. , Halley 's Bible Handbook ( Grand Rapids , MI : Zondervan , 1978 ) , p684 </Li> <Li> Scofield , C.I. , The Scofield Reference Bible ( Oxford : Oxford University Press

The church that was given a letter in the book of Revelation was the church of

Which church was given a letter in the book of revelation?

-6544639991517260033

Peripheral nervous system - wikipedia <H1> Peripheral nervous system </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Peripheral nervous system </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> The human nervous system . Blue is PNS ; yellow is CNS . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Identifiers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Acronym ( s ) </Th> <Td> PNS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MeSH </Th> <Td> D017933 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TA </Th> <Td> A14. 2.00. 001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FMA </Th> <Td> 9903 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) is one of the two components of the nervous system , the other part is the central nervous system ( CNS ) . The PNS consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord . The main function of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the limbs and organs , essentially serving as a relay between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body . Unlike the CNS , the PNS is not protected by the vertebral column and skull , or by the blood -- brain barrier , which leaves it exposed to toxins and mechanical injuries . The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system . In the somatic nervous system , the cranial nerves are part of the PNS with the exception of the optic nerve ( cranial nerve II ) , along with the retina . The second cranial nerve is not a true peripheral nerve but a tract of the diencephalon . Cranial nerve ganglia originated in the CNS . However , the remaining ten cranial nerve axons extend beyond the brain and are therefore considered part of the PNS . The autonomic nervous system is an involuntary control of smooth muscle and glands . The connection between CNS and organs allows the system to be in two different functional states : sympathetic and parasympathetic . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Structure <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Somatic nervous system <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Cervical spinal nerves ( C1 -- C4 ) </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 Brachial plexus ( C5 -- T1 ) </Li> <Li> 1.1. 3 Lumbosacral plexus ( L1 -- Co1 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 Autonomic nervous system <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 Sympathetic nervous system </Li> <Li> 1.2. 2 Parasympathetic nervous system </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Disease </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Structure ( edit ) </H2> <P> The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system , and the autonomic nervous system . The somatic nervous system is under voluntary control , and transmits signals from the brain to end organs such as muscle s . The sensory nervous system is part of the somatic nervous system and transmits signals from senses such as taste and touch ( including fine touch and gross touch ) to the spinal cord and brain . The autonomic nervous system is a ' self - regulating ' system which influences the function of organs outside voluntary control , such as the heart rate , or the functions of the digestive system . </P> <H3> Somatic nervous system ( edit ) </H3> See also : List of nerves of the human body <P> The somatic system includes the sensory nervous system and the somatosensory system and consists of sensory nerves and somatic nerves , and many nerves which hold both functions . </P> <P> In the head and neck , cranial nerve s carry somatosensory data . There are twelve cranial nerves , ten of which originate from the brainstem , and mainly control the functions of the anatomic structures of the head with some exceptions . The nuclei of the olfactory nerve and the optic nerve s lie in the forebrain and thalamus , respectively , and are thus not considered to be true cranial nerves . One unique cranial nerve is the vagus nerve , which receives sensory information from organs in the thorax and abdomen . The accessory nerve is responsible for innervating the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles , neither of which being exclusively in the head . </P> <P> For the rest of the body , spinal nerves are responsible for somatosensory information . These arise from the spinal cord . Usually these arise as a web ( `` plexus '' ) of interconnected nerves roots that arrange to form single nerves . These nerves control the functions of the rest of the body . In humans , there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves : 8 cervical , 12 thoracic , 5 lumbar , 5 sacral , and 1 coccygeal . These nerve roots are named according to the spinal vertebrata which they are adjacent to . In the cervical region , the spinal nerve roots come out above the corresponding vertebrae ( i.e. , nerve root between the skull and 1st cervical vertebrae is called spinal nerve C1 ) . From the thoracic region to the coccygeal region , the spinal nerve roots come out below the corresponding vertebrae . It is important to note that this method creates a problem when naming the spinal nerve root between C7 and T1 ( so it is called spinal nerve root C8 ) . In the lumbar and sacral region , the spinal nerve roots travel within the dural sac and they travel below the level of L2 as the cauda equina . </P> Cervical spinal nerves ( C1 -- C4 ) ( edit ) Further information : Cervical plexus <P> The first 4 cervical spinal nerves , C1 through C4 , split and recombine to produce a variety of nerves that serve the neck and back of head . </P> <P> Spinal nerve C1 is called the suboccipital nerve , which provides motor innervation to muscles at the base of the skull . C2 and C3 form many of the nerves of the neck , providing both sensory and motor control . These include the greater occipital nerve , which provides sensation to the back of the head , the lesser occipital nerve , which provides sensation to the area behind the ears , the greater auricular nerve and the lesser auricular nerve . </P> <P> The phrenic nerve is a nerve essential for our survival which arises from nerve roots C3 , C4 and C5 . It supplies the thoracic diaphragm , enabling breathing . If the spinal cord is transected above C3 , then spontaneous breathing is not possible . </P> Brachial plexus ( C5 -- T1 ) ( edit ) Further information : Brachial plexus <P> The last four cervical spinal nerves , C5 through C8 , and the first thoracic spinal nerve , T1 , combine to form the brachial plexus , or plexus brachialis , a tangled array of nerves , splitting , combining and recombining , to form the nerves that subserve the upper - limb and upper back . Although the brachial plexus may appear tangled , it is highly organized and predictable , with little variation between people . See brachial plexus injuries . </P> Lumbosacral plexus ( l1 -- co1 ) ( edit ) <P> The anterior divisions of the lumbar nerves , sacral nerves , and coccygeal nerve form the lumbosacral plexus , the first lumbar nerve being frequently joined by a branch from the twelfth thoracic . For descriptive purposes this plexus is usually divided into three parts : </P> <Ul> <Li> lumbar plexus </Li> <Li> sacral plexus </Li> <Li> pudendal plexus </Li> </Ul> <H3> Autonomic nervous system ( edit ) </H3> <P> The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary responses to regulate physiological functions . The brain and spinal cord from the central nervous system are connected with organs that have smooth muscle , such as the heart , bladder , and other cardiac , exocrine , and endocrine related organs , by ganglionic neurons . The most notable physiological effects from autonomic activity are pupil constriction and dilation , and salivation of saliva . The autonomic nervous system is always activated , but is either in the sympathetic or parasympathetic state . Depending on the situation , one state can overshadow the other , resulting in a release of different kinds of neurotransmitters . There is a lesser known division of the autonomic nervous system known as the enteric nervous system . Located only around the digestive tract , this system allows for local control without input from the sympathetic or the parasympathetic branches , though it can still receive and respond to signals from the rest of the body . The enteric system is responsible for various functions related to gastrointestinal system . </P> Sympathetic nervous system ( edit ) <P> The sympathetic system is activated during a `` fight or flight '' situation in which great mental stress or physical danger is encountered . Neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine , and epinephrine are released , which increases heart rate and blood flow in certain areas like muscle , while simultaneously decreasing activities of non-critical functions for survival , like digestion . The systems are independent to each other , which allows activation of certain parts of the body , while others remain rested . </P> Parasympathetic nervous system ( edit ) <P> Primarily using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine ( ACh ) as a mediator , the parasympathetic system allows the body to function in a `` rest and digest '' state . Consequently , when the parasympathetic system dominates the body , there are increases in salivation and activities in digestion , while heart rate and other sympathetic response decrease . Unlike the sympathetic system , humans have some voluntary controls in the parasympathetic system . The most prominent examples of this control are urination and defecation . </P> <H2> Disease ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Peripheral neuropathy <P> Diseases of the peripheral nervous system can be specific to one or more nerves , or affect the system as a whole . </P> <P> Any peripheral nerve or nerve root can be damaged , called a mononeuropathy . Such injuries can be because of injury or trauma , or compression . Compression of nerves can occur because of a tumour mass or injury . Alternatively , if a nerve is in an area with a fixed size it may be trapped if the other components increase in size , such as carpal tunnel syndrome and tarsal tunnel syndrome . Common symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome include pain and numbness in the thumb , index and middle finger . In peripheral neuropathy , the function one or more nerves are damaged through a variety of means . Toxic damage may occur because of diabetes ( diabetic neuropathy ) , alcohol , heavy metals or other toxins ; some infections ; autoimmune and inflammatory conditions such as amyloidosis and sarcoidosis . Peripheral neuropathy is associated with a sensory loss in a `` glove and stocking '' distribution that begins at the peripheral and slowly progresses upwards , and may also be associated with acute and chronic pain . Peripheral neuropathy is not just limited to the somatosensory nerves , but the autonomic nervous system too ( autonomic neuropathy ) . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peripheral nervous system . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Classification of peripheral nerves </Li> <Li> Connective tissue in the peripheral nervous system </Li> <Li> Preferential motor reinnervation </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Alberts , Daniel ( 2012 ) . Dorland 's illustrated medical dictionary ( 32nd ed. ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Saunders / Elsevier . p. 1862 . ISBN 9781416062578 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Slide show : How your brain works - Mayo Clinic '' . mayoclinic.com . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Board

The peripheral nervous system is composed of

What parts make up the peripheral nervous system?

6233359758440471982

Photosynthesis - wikipedia <H1> Photosynthesis </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Schematic of photosynthesis in plants . The carbohydrates produced are stored in or used by the plant . Overall equation for the type of photosynthesis that occurs in plants Composite image showing the global distribution of photosynthesis , including both oceanic phytoplankton and terrestrial vegetation . Dark red and blue - green indicate regions of high photosynthetic activity in the ocean and on land , respectively . <P> Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms ' activities ( energy transformation ) . This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules , such as sugars , which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water -- hence the name photosynthesis , from the Greek φῶς , phōs , `` light '' , and σύνθεσις , synthesis , `` putting together '' . In most cases , oxygen is also released as a waste product . Most plants , most algae , and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis ; such organisms are called photoautotrophs . Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the Earth 's atmosphere , and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth . </P> <P> Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species , the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments . In plants , these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts , which are most abundant in leaf cells , while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane . In these light - dependent reactions , some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances , such as water , producing oxygen gas . The hydrogen freed by the splitting of water is used in the creation of two further compounds that act as an immediate energy storage means : reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ( NADPH ) and adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , the `` energy currency '' of cells . </P> <P> In plants , algae and cyanobacteria , long - term energy storage in the form of sugars is produced by a subsequent sequence of light - independent reactions called the Calvin cycle ; some bacteria use different mechanisms , such as the reverse Krebs cycle , to achieve the same end . In the Calvin cycle , atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds , such as ribulose bisphosphate ( RuBP ) . Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light - dependent reactions , the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates , such as glucose . </P> <P> The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide , rather than water , as sources of electrons . Cyanobacteria appeared later ; the excess oxygen they produced contributed directly to the oxygenation of the Earth , which rendered the evolution of complex life possible . Today , the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts , which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization . Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100 -- 115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Overview </Li> <Li> 2 Photosynthetic membranes and organelles </Li> <Li> 3 Light - dependent reactions <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Z scheme </Li> <Li> 3.2 Water photolysis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Light - independent reactions <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Calvin cycle </Li> <Li> 4.2 Carbon concentrating mechanisms <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1 On land </Li> <Li> 4.2. 2 In water </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Order and kinetics </Li> <Li> 6 Efficiency </Li> <Li> 7 Evolution <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Symbiosis and the origin of chloroplasts </Li> <Li> 7.2 Cyanobacteria and the evolution of photosynthesis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Discovery <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Development of the concept </Li> <Li> 8.2 C3 : C4 photosynthesis research </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Factors <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Light intensity ( irradiance ) , wavelength and temperature </Li> <Li> 9.2 Carbon dioxide levels and photorespiration </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 Further reading <Ul> <Li> 12.1 Books </Li> <Li> 12.2 Papers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Overview </H2> Photosynthesis changes sunlight into chemical energy , splits water to liberate O , and fixes CO into sugar . <P> Photosynthetic organisms are photoautotrophs , which means that they are able to synthesize food directly from carbon dioxide and water using energy from light . However , not all organisms that use light as a source of energy carry out photosynthesis ; photoheterotrophs use organic compounds , rather than carbon dioxide , as a source of carbon . In plants , algae , and cyanobacteria , photosynthesis releases oxygen . This is called oxygenic photosynthesis and is by far the most common type of photosynthesis used by living organisms . Although there are some differences between oxygenic photosynthesis in plants , algae , and cyanobacteria , the overall process is quite similar in these organisms . There are also many varieties of anoxygenic photosynthesis , used mostly by certain types of bacteria , which consume carbon dioxide but do not release oxygen . </P> <P> Carbon dioxide is converted into sugars in a process called carbon fixation . Photosynthesis provides the energy in the form of free electrons that are used to split carbon from carbon dioxide that is then used to fix that carbon once again as carbohydrate . Carbon fixation is an endothermic redox reaction , so photosynthesis supplies the energy that drives both process . In general outline , photosynthesis is the opposite of cellular respiration , in which glucose and other compounds are oxidized to produce carbon dioxide and water , and to release chemical energy ( an exothermic reaction ) to drive the organism 's metabolism . The two processes , reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate and then later oxidation of the carbohydrate , are distinct : photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place through a different sequence of chemical reactions and in different cellular compartments . </P> <P> The general equation for photosynthesis as first proposed by Cornelius van Niel is therefore : </P> <Dl> <Dd> CO + 2H A + photons → ( ​ CH O ​ ) + 2A + H O </Dd> <Dd> carbon dioxide + electron donor + light energy → carbohydrate + oxidized electron donor + water </Dd> </Dl> <P> Since water is used as the electron donor in oxygenic photosynthesis , the equation for this process is : </P> <Dl> <Dd> CO + 2H O + photons → ( CH O ) + O + H O </Dd> <Dd> carbon dioxide + water + light energy → carbohydrate + oxygen + water </Dd> </Dl> <P> This equation emphasizes that water is both a reactant in the light - dependent reaction and a product of the light - independent reaction , but canceling n water molecules from each side gives the net equation : </P> <Dl> <Dd> CO + H O + photons → ( CH O ) + O </Dd> <Dd> carbon dioxide + water + light energy → carbohydrate + oxygen </Dd> </Dl> <P> Other processes substitute other compounds ( such as arsenite ) for water in the electron - supply role ; for example some microbes use sunlight to oxidize arsenite to arsenate : The equation for this reaction is : </P> <Dl> <Dd> CO + ( AsO 3 − 3 ) + photons → ( AsO 3 − 4 ) + CO </Dd> <Dd> carbon dioxide + arsenite + light energy → arsenate + carbon monoxide ( used to build other compounds in subsequent reactions ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> Photosynthesis occurs in two stages . In the first stage , light - dependent reactions or light reactions capture the energy of light and use it to make the energy - storage molecules ATP and NADPH . During the second stage , the light - independent reactions use these products to capture and reduce carbon dioxide . </P> <P> Most organisms that utilize oxygenic photosynthesis use visible light for the light - dependent reactions , although at least three use shortwave infrared or , more specifically , far - red radiation . </P> <P> Some organisms employ even more radical variants of photosynthesis . Some archea use a simpler method that employs a pigment similar to those used for vision in animals . The bacteriorhodopsin changes its configuration in response to sunlight , acting as a proton pump . This produces a proton gradient more directly , which is then converted to chemical energy . The process does not involve carbon dioxide fixation and does not release oxygen , and seems to have evolved separately from the more common types of photosynthesis . </P> <H2> Photosynthetic membranes and organelles </H2> Chloroplast ultrastructure : 1 . outer membrane 2 . intermembrane space 3 . inner membrane ( 1 + 2 + 3 : envelope ) 4 . stroma ( aqueous fluid ) 5 . thylakoid lumen ( inside of thylakoid ) 6 . thylakoid membrane 7 . granum ( stack of thylakoids ) 8 . thylakoid ( lamella ) 9 . starch 10 . ribosome 11 . plastidial DNA 12 . plastoglobule ( drop of lipids ) Main articles : Chloroplast and Thylakoid <P> In photosynthetic bacteria , the proteins that gather light for photosynthesis are embedded in cell membranes . In its simplest form , this involves the membrane surrounding the cell itself . However , the membrane may be tightly folded into cylindrical sheets called thylakoids , or bunched up into round vesicles called intracytoplasmic membranes . These structures can fill most of the interior of a cell , giving the membrane a very large surface area and therefore increasing the amount of light that the bacteria can absorb . </P> <P> In plants and algae , photosynthesis takes place in organelles called chloroplasts . A typical plant cell contains about 10 to 100 chloroplasts . The chloroplast is enclosed by a membrane . This membrane is composed of a phospholipid inner membrane , a phospholipid outer membrane , and an intermembrane space . Enclosed by the membrane is an aqueous fluid called the stroma . Embedded within the stroma are stacks of thylakoids ( grana ) , which are the site of photosynthesis . The thylakoids appear as flattened disks . The thylakoid itself is enclosed by the thylakoid membrane , and within the enclosed volume is a lumen or thylakoid space . Embedded in the thylakoid membrane are integral and peripheral membrane protein complexes of the photosynthetic system . </P> <P> Plants absorb light primarily using the pigment chlorophyll . The green part of the light spectrum is not absorbed but is reflected which is the reason that most plants have a green color . Besides chlorophyll , plants also use pigments such as carotenes and xanthophylls . Algae also use chlorophyll , but various other pigments are present , such as phycocyanin , carotenes , and xanthophylls in green algae , phycoerythrin in red algae ( rhodophytes ) and fucoxanthin in brown algae and diatoms resulting in a wide variety of colors . </P> <P> These pigments are embedded in plants and algae in complexes called antenna proteins . In such proteins , the pigments are arranged to work together . Such a combination of proteins is also called a light - harvesting complex . </P> <P> Although all cells in the green parts of a plant have chloroplasts , the majority of those are found in specially adapted structures called leaves . Certain species adapted to conditions of strong sunlight and aridity , such as many Euphorbia and cactus species , have their main photosynthetic organs in their stems . The cells in the

The source of electrons during photosynthesis is

What is the source of electrons during photosynthesis?

-5218839348192563170

Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom - wikipedia <H1> Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` + 44 '' redirects here . For the band , see + 44 ( band ) . <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( March 2013 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <Table> United Kingdom telephone numbers <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Location of the United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Location </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Continent </Th> <Td> Europe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regulator </Th> <Td> Ofcom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Open </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NSN length </Th> <Td> 7 , 9 , 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Typical format </Th> <Td> various , see text </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Numbering plan </Th> <Td> The National Telephone Numbering Plan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last updated </Th> <Td> 13 December 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Access codes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country calling code </Th> <Td> + 44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> International call prefix </Th> <Td> 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Trunk prefix </Th> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> List of United Kingdom dialing codes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom are administered by the UK government 's Office of Communications ( Ofcom ) . For this purpose Ofcom established a telephone numbering plan , known as the National Telephone Numbering Plan , which is the system for assigning telephone numbers to subscriber stations . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Structure </Li> <Li> 2 Format <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Geographic numbering <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 Standard geographic numbers <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1.1 Four - digit area codes </Li> <Li> 2.1. 1.2 Three - digit area codes </Li> <Li> 2.1. 1.3 Two - digit area codes </Li> <Li> 2.1. 1.4 Five - digit area codes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.1. 2 National dialling only ranges </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.2 Mobile telephones </Li> <Li> 2.3 Pagers and personal numbering </Li> <Li> 2.4 Non-geographic numbering <Ul> <Li> 2.4. 1 Non-geographic numbers charged at geographic rate </Li> <Li> 2.4. 2 Corporate and VoIP numbering </Li> <Li> 2.4. 3 Freephone numbers </Li> <Li> 2.4. 4 Fixed - rate or special - rate services </Li> <Li> 2.4. 5 Other 08xx number ranges </Li> <Li> 2.4. 6 Premium rate content services ( PRS and SES ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Crown dependencies <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Guernsey </Li> <Li> 3.2 Jersey </Li> <Li> 3.3 Isle of Man </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Fictitious numbers </Li> <Li> 5 Special service numbers <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Emergency services and helplines </Li> <Li> 5.2 Speaking clock </Li> <Li> 5.3 Automated services and access codes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 History </Li> <Li> 7 Telephone numbers in Overseas Territories <Ul> <Li> 7.1 North American Numbering Plan </Li> <Li> 7.2 Others </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 Notes </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Structure ( edit ) </H2> <P> Since 28 April 2001 , almost all geographic numbers and most non-geographic numbers have 9 or 10 national ( significant ) numbers after the `` 0 '' trunk code . All mobile telephone numbers have 10 national ( significant ) numbers after the `` 0 '' trunk code . The overall structure of the UK 's National Numbering Plan is : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Prefix </Th> <Th> Service type </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 01 </Th> <Td> Geographic area codes . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 02 </Th> <Td> Geographic area codes ( introduced in 2000 ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 03 </Th> <Td> Non-geographic numbers charged at standard geographic area code rates ( introduced 2007 ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 04 </Th> <Td> Reserved . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 05 </Th> <Td> Corporate numbering and VoIP services ( some VoIP services use 08 or geographic numbers ) . Freephone ( toll free ) on 0500 until June 2017 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 06 </Th> <Td> Was reserved for possible use by personal numbering ( PNS ) instead of 070 following consumer confusion with mobile phones . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 07 </Th> <Td> Mostly for mobile phones on 071xx , 072xx , 073xx , 074xx , 075xx , 07624 , 077xx , 078xx , and 079xx . Personal numbering on 070 . Pagers on 076xx . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 08 </Th> <Td> Freephone ( toll free ) on 080 , and Special Services ( formerly known as local and national rate ) on 084 and 087 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 09 </Th> <Td> Premium Rate services ( PRS ) . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A short sample of geographic numbers , set out in the officially approved ( Ofcom ) number groups : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Number </Th> <Th> Location </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 020 ) xxxx xxxx </Td> <Td> London </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 024 ) 7xxx xxxx </Td> <Td> Coventry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 029 ) xxxx xxxx </Td> <Td> Cardiff </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 0113 ) xxx xxxx </Td> <Td> Leeds </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 0114 ) xxx xxxx </Td> <Td> Sheffield </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 0121 ) xxx xxxx </Td> <Td> Birmingham </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 0117 ) xxx xxxx </Td> <Td> Bristol </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 0131 ) xxx xxxx </Td> <Td> Edinburgh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 0141 ) xxx xxxx </Td> <Td> Glasgow </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 0161 ) xxx xxxx </Td> <Td> Manchester </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 01223 ) xxxxxx </Td> <Td> Cambridge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 01257 ) xxxxxx </Td> <Td> Chorley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 01382 ) xxxxxx </Td> <Td> Dundee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 01386 ) xxxxxx </Td> <Td> Evesham </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 01935 ) xxxxxx </Td> <Td> Yeovil </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 01865 ) xxxxxx </Td> <Td> Oxford </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 01772 ) xxxxxx </Td> <Td> Preston </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 01792 ) xxxxxx </Td> <Td> Swansea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 01204 ) xxxxx </Td> <Td> Bolton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 0153 96 ) xxxxx </Td> <Td> Sedbergh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 0169 77 ) xxxx </Td> <Td> Brampton </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In the United Kingdom , area codes are two , three , four , or , rarely , five digits long ( after the initial zero ) . Regions with shorter area codes , typically large cities , permit the allocation of more telephone numbers as the local number portion has more digits . Local customer numbers are four to eight figures long . The total number of digits is ten , but in a very few areas the total may be nine digits ( after the initial zero ) . The `` area code '' is also referred to as an `` STD ( code ) '' ( subscriber trunk dialling ) or a `` dialling code '' in the UK . </P> <P> The code allocated to the largest population is ( 020 ) for London . The code allocated to the largest area is ( 028 ) for all of Northern Ireland . The UK Numbering Plan also applies to three British Crown dependencies -- Jersey , Guernsey and the Isle of Man -- even though they are not part of the UK itself . </P> <H2> Format ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Possible number formats for UK telephone numbers are as follows : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Number length </Th> <Th> 10 digits </Th> <Th> 9 digits </Th> <Th> 7 digits </Th> <Th> 4 digits </Th> <Th> 3 digits </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Number formats </Th> <Td> ( 01xx xx ) xxxxx ( 01xxx ) xxxxxx ( 01x1 ) xxx xxxx ( 011x ) xxx xxxx ( 02x ) xxxx xxxx 03xx xxx xxxx 055 xxxx xxxx 056 xxxx xxxx 070 xxxx xxxx 07624 xxxxxx 076 xxxx xxxx 07xxx xxxxxx 0800 xxx xxxx 08xx xxx xxxx 09xx xxx xxxx </Td> <Td> ( 0169 77 ) xxxx ( 01xxx ) xxxxx 0500 xxxxxx 0800 xxxxxx </Td> <Td> 0800 1111 0845 46 4x </Td> <Td> 1470 1471 <P> 1475 </P> <P> 1477 </P> <P> 1571 </P> </Td> <Td> 999 112 111 123 101 <P> 118 105 </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Number ranges starting 01 can have National Significant Number ( NSN ) length as 10 or 9 digits . The 0800 range can have NSN length as 10 , 9 or 7 digits . The 0845 range can have NSN length as 10 or 7 digits . The 0500 range has NSN length as 9 digits only . There are no telephone numbers in the UK with an NSN length of 8 digits . </P> <H3> Geographic Numbering ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of dialling codes in the United Kingdom Standard geographic numbers ( edit ) <P> Geographic telephone numbers in the UK always have nine or ten digits . </P> Four - digit area codes ( edit ) <P> Four - digit area codes have either six - digit subscriber numbers or a mix of five - and six - digit subscriber numbers . </P> <Ul> <Li> ( 01xxx ) xxxxxx </Li> </Ul> <P> This is the format used by most areas . It has a four - digit area code ( after the initial zero ) and a six digit subscriber number , and is known as 4 + 6 format . These area codes were changed by adding a `` 1 '' directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995 . Just short of 581 areas use this format , and the area codes range from 01200 to 01998 . Almost all ( 01xxx ) area codes now have only six digit subscriber numbers , but a small number of these areas also have some subscriber numbers only five digits in length ( see next section ) . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 01224 </Th> <Td> Aberdeen </Td> <Td> 22 = AB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 01244 </Th> <Td> Chester </Td> <Td> 24 = CH </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 01382 </Th> <Td> Dundee </Td> <Td> 38 = DU </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 01387 </Th> <Td> Dumfries ( mixed ) </Td> <Td> 38 = DU </Td> <Td> local numbers can not begin with 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 01452 </Th> <Td> Gloucester </Td> <Td> 45 = GL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 01472 </Th> <Td> Grimsby </Td> <Td> 47 = GR </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 01473 </Th> <Td> Ipswich </Td> <Td> 47 = IP </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 01429 </Th> <Td> Hartlepool </Td> <Td> 42 = HA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 01482 </Th> <Td> Hull </Td> <Td> 48 = HU </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 01539 </Th> <Td> Kendal ( mixed ) </Td> <Td> 53 = KE </Td> <Td> local numbers can not begin with 4 , 5 or 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 01582 </Th> <Td> Luton </Td> <Td> 58 = LU </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 01670 </Th> <Td> Morpeth </Td> <Td> 67 = MP </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 01697 </Th> <Td> Brampton , North West ( mixed ) </Td> <Td> 69 = NW </Td> <Td> local numbers can not begin with 3 , 4 or 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 01730 </Th> <Td> Petersfield </Td> <Td> 73 = PE </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 01736 </Th> <Td> Penzance </Td> <Td> 73 = PE </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 01772 </Th> <Td> Preston </Td> <Td> 77 = PR </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 01792 </Th> <Td> Swansea </Td> <Td> 79 = SW </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 01793 </Th> <Td> Swindon </Td> <Td> 79 = SW

A UK mobile phone number consists of

How long is a uk mobile phone number?

-4620078914335056493

warm up in the sun . Individuals are often found sunbathing in a group or even on top of each other . They also require abundant aquatic plants , as these are the adults ' main food , although they are omnivores . Turtles in the wild always remain close to water unless they are searching for a new habitat or when females leave the water to lay their eggs . </P> <P> Owing to their popularity as pets , red - eared sliders have been released or escaped into the wild in many parts of the world . The turtle is considered one of the world 's worst invasive species . Feral populations are now found in Australia , Europe , South Africa , the Caribbean Islands , Israel , Bahrain , the Mariana Islands , Guam , and southeast and far - east Asia . In Australia , it is illegal for members of the public to import , keep , trade , or release red - eared sliders , as they are regarded as an invasive species - see below . Their import has been banned by the European Union as well as specific EU member countries . In 2015 Japan announced it was planning to ban the import of red - eared sliders , but it would probably not take effect until 2020 . Invasive red - eared sliders cause negative impacts in the ecosystems they occupy because they have certain advantages over the native populations , such as a lower age at maturity , higher fecundity rates , and larger body size , which gives them a competitive advantage at basking and nesting sites , as well as when exploiting food resources . They also transmit diseases and displace the other turtle species with which they compete for food and breeding space . </P> <H2> Behavior ( edit ) </H2> <P> Red - eared sliders are almost entirely aquatic , but as they are cold - blooded , they leave the water to sunbathe to regulate their temperature . </P> Play media Flipping over procedure extending the neck <H3> Hibernation ( edit ) </H3> <P> Red Eared Sliders do not hibernate , but actually brumate ; while they become less active , they do occasionally rise to the surface for food or air . Brumation can occur to varying degrees . In the wild , red - eared sliders brumate over the winter at the bottoms of ponds or shallow lakes . They generally become inactive in October , when temperatures fall below 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) . During this time , the turtles enter a state of sopor , during which they do not eat or defecate , they remain nearly motionless , and the frequency of their breathing falls . Individuals usually brumate underwater , but they have also been found under banks and rocks , and in hollow stumps . In warmer winter climates , they can become active and come to the surface for basking . When the temperature begins to drop again , however , they quickly return to a brumation state . Sliders generally come up for food in early March to as late as the end of April . </P> <P> During brumation , T. s . elegans can survive anaerobically for weeks , producing ATP from glycolysis . The turtle 's metabolic rate drops dramatically , with heart rate and cardiac output dropping by 80 % to minimise energy requirements . The lactic acid produced is buffered by minerals in the shell , preventing acidosis . Red - eared sliders kept captive indoors should not brumate . </P> Red - eared slider sunbathing : Heat absorption is more effective when their limbs are stretched outwards . <H3> Reproduction ( edit ) </H3> Hatching turtle with its egg tooth Female laying eggs in a nest she dug out with her hind legs <P> Courtship and mating activities for red - eared sliders usually occur between March and July , and take place under water . During courtship , the male swims around the female and flutters or vibrates the back side of his long claws on and around her face and head , possibly to direct pheromones towards her . The female swims toward the male and , if she is receptive , sinks to the bottom for mating . If the female is not receptive , she may become aggressive towards the male . Courtship can last 45 minutes , but mating takes only 10 minutes . </P> A pair of red - eared sliders . <P> On occasion , a male may appear to be courting another male , and when kept in captivity may also show this behaviour towards other household pets . Between male turtles , it could be a sign of dominance and may preclude a fight . Young turtles may carry out the courtship dance before they reach sexual maturity at five years of age , but they are unable to mate . </P> <P> After mating , the female spends extra time basking to keep her eggs warm . She may also have a change of diet , eating only certain foods , or not eating as much as she normally would . A female can lay between two and 30 eggs depending on body size and other factors . One female can lay up to five clutches in the same year , and clutches are usually spaced 12 to 36 days apart . The time between mating and egg - laying can be days or weeks . The actual egg fertilization takes place during the egg - laying . This process also permits the laying of fertile eggs the following season , as the sperm can remain viable and available in the female 's body in the absence of mating . During the last weeks of gestation , the female spends less time in the water and smells and scratches at the ground , indicating she is searching for a suitable place to lay her eggs . The female excavates a hole , using her hind legs , and lays her eggs in it . </P> <P> Incubation takes 59 to 112 days . Late - season hatchlings may spend the winter in the nest and emerge when the weather warms in the spring . Just prior to hatching , the egg contains 50 % turtle and 50 % egg sac . A new hatchling breaks open its egg with its egg tooth , which falls out about an hour after hatching . This egg tooth never grows back . Hatchlings may stay inside their eggshells after hatching for the first day or two . If they are forced to leave the eggshell before they are ready , they will return if possible . When a hatchling decides to leave the shell , it still has a small sac protruding from its plastron . The yolk sac is vital and provides nourishment while visible , and several days later it will have been absorbed into the turtle 's belly . The sac must be absorbed , and does not fall off . The split must heal on its own before the turtle is able to swim . The time between the egg hatching and water entry is 21 days . </P> <P> Damage to or inordinate motion of the protruding egg yolk , enough to allow air into the turtle 's body , results in death . This is the main reason for marking the top of turtle eggs if their relocation is required for any reason . An egg turned upside down will eventually terminate the embryo 's growth by the sac smothering the embryo . If it manages to reach term , the turtle will try to flip over with the yolk sac , which would allow air into the body cavity and cause death . The other fatal danger is water getting into the body cavity before the sac is absorbed completely and while the opening has not completely healed yet . </P> <P> The sex of red - eared sliders is determined by the incubation temperature during critical phases of the embryos ' development . Only males are produced when eggs are incubated at temperatures of 22 -- 27 ° C ( 72 -- 81 ° F ) , whereas females develop at warmer temperatures . Colder temperatures result in the death of the embryos . </P> <H2> Red - eared sliders as pets ( edit ) </H2> T. s . elegans <P> Red - eared slider turtles are the world 's most commonly traded reptile , due to their relatively low price , small size and easy maintenance . As with other turtles , tortoises , and box turtles , individuals that survive their first year or two can be expected to live generally around 30 years . But they are an infection risk , and when they mature they can inflict painful bites , which results in many being dumped into the wild with negative ecological , social and economic impacts . </P> <H3> Infection risks and United States federal regulations on commercial distribution ( edit ) </H3> A line of basking red - eared sliders faces an inquisitive mallard . <P> Reptiles are asymptomatic ( meaning they suffer no adverse side effects ) carriers of bacteria of the genus Salmonella . This has given rise to justifiable concerns given the many instances of infection of humans caused by the handling of turtles , which has led to restrictions in the sale of red - eared sliders in the USA . A 1975 U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) regulation bans the sale ( for general commercial and public use ) of both turtle eggs and turtles with a carapace length of less than 4 in ( 10 cm ) . This regulation comes under the Public Health Service Act , and is enforced by the FDA in cooperation with state and local health jurisdictions . The ban was enacted because of the public health impact of turtle - associated salmonellosis . Turtles and turtle eggs found to be offered for sale in violation of this provision are subject to destruction in accordance with FDA procedures . A fine of up to $1,001 and / or imprisonment for up to one year is the penalty for those who refuse to comply with a valid final demand for destruction of such turtles or their eggs . Many stores and flea markets still sell small turtles due to an exception in the FDA regulation which allows turtles under 4 in ( 10 cm ) to be sold `` for bona fide scientific , educational , or exhibition purposes , other than use as pets . '' As with many other animals and inanimate objects , the risk of Salmonella exposure can be reduced by following basic rules of cleanliness . Small children must be taught to wash their hands immediately after they finish playing with the turtle , feeding it , or changing its water . </P> <H3> U.S. state law ( edit ) </H3> <P> Some states have other laws and regulations regarding possession of red - eared sliders because they can be an invasive species where they are not native and have been introduced through the pet trade . Now , it is illegal in Florida to sell any wild - type red - eared slider , as they interbreed with the local yellow - bellied slider population -- Trachemys scripta scripta is another subspecies of pond sliders , and hybrids typically combine the markings of the two subspecies . However , unusual color varieties such as albino and pastel red - eared sliders , which are derived from captive breeding , are still allowed for sale . </P> Male red - eared slider in an outdoor pond with goldfish and koi <H2> An Invasive species in Australia ( edit ) </H2> <P> In Australia , breeding populations have been found in New South Wales and Queensland , and individual turtles have been found in the wild in Victoria , the Australian Capital Territory and Western

Red ear slider turtles lay their eggs in

Where do red ear slider turtles lay eggs?

-8055004517352753847

Wentworth ( TV series ) - Wikipedia <H1> Wentworth ( TV series ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Wentworth Prison '' redirects here . For other uses , see Wentworth ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Wentworth </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Also known as </Th> <Td> Wentworth Prison </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Drama </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lara Radulovich </Li> <Li> David Hannam </Li> <Li> Reg Watson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Danielle Cormack </Li> <Li> Nicole da Silva </Li> <Li> Pamela Rabe </Li> <Li> Kate Atkinson </Li> <Li> Celia Ireland </Li> <Li> Shareena Clanton </Li> <Li> Katrina Milosevic </Li> <Li> Robbie J. Magasiva </Li> <Li> Aaron C. Jeffery </Li> <Li> Tammy MacIntosh </Li> <Li> Kate Jenkinson </Li> <Li> Socratis Otto </Li> <Li> Sigrid Thornton </Li> <Li> Bernard Curry </Li> <Li> Leeanna Walsman </Li> <Li> Kris McQuade </Li> <Li> Catherine McClements </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening theme </Th> <Td> Instrumental theme ( season 1 ) `` You Do n't Know Me '' by Pleasantville ( season 2 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ending theme </Th> <Td> Closing instrumental theme ( season 1 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Richard Pleasance </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> Australia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 58 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Jo Porter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Amanda Crittenden ( series producer ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 43 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> FremantleMedia Australia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> SoHo ( 2013 -- 16 ) </Li> <Li> Showcase ( 2017 -- ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Audio format </Th> <Td> Dolby Digital 5.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> 1 May 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 01 ) -- present ( present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related shows </Th> <Td> Prisoner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Wentworth is an Australian television drama program . It was first broadcast on SoHo on 1 May 2013 . The series serves as a contemporary reimagining of Prisoner , which ran on Network Ten from 1979 to 1986 . Lara Radulovich and David Hannam developed Wentworth from Reg Watson 's original concept . The series is set in the modern day and initially focuses on Bea Smith 's ( Danielle Cormack ) early days in prison and her subsequent rise to the top of the prison 's hierarchy . Following Cormack 's departure from the show at the end of the fourth season , the series shifted it 's focus onto a more ensemble format . </P> <P> For the first three seasons , Wentworth was filmed on purpose - built sets in the suburbs of Clayton , Victoria . Production moved to Newport , Victoria , starting with the fourth season . The show has received a mostly positive reception from critics , and the first episode became the most watched Australian drama series premiere in Foxtel history . The series was picked up by several countries , including New Zealand and the UK , where it has been retitled Wentworth Prison . </P> <P> A sixth season was commissioned by Foxtel on 9 May 2017 , which will premiere on 19 June 2018 . A seventh season was commissioned in April 2018 , before the sixth season premiere , with filming commencing the following week and a premiere set for 2019 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Premise </Li> <Li> 2 Cast and characters <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Main </Li> <Li> 2.2 Recurring </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Conception </Li> <Li> 3.2 Casting </Li> <Li> 3.3 Filming </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Release <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Broadcast </Li> <Li> 4.2 Streaming </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Ratings </Li> <Li> 5.2 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Home media </Li> <Li> 7 Remakes </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Premise ( edit ) </H2> Further information : List of Wentworth episodes <P> Wentworth is set in modern - day Australia and focuses on Bea Smith ( Danielle Cormack ) when she first enters prison after being charged with the attempted murder of her husband . Bea is separated from her daughter and sent to Wentworth on remand , where she lives in `` an uncertain limbo '' until she is sentenced . Starting at the bottom of Wentworth 's hierarchy , Bea is forced to learn how to survive in prison . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Series </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th colspan="3"> Originally aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> <Th> Network </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 10 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 1 May 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 3 July 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> SoHo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 12 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 20 May 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 5 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 05 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 12 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 7 April 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 23 June 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 23 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 12 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 10 May 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 26 July 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 26 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 5 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 12 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 4 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 20 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> Showcase </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Cast and characters ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Wentworth characters <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Nicole da Silva as former `` Top Dog '' Inmate Francesca `` Franky '' Doyle </Li> <Li> Kate Atkinson as Governor Vera Bennett </Li> <Li> Celia Ireland as Inmate Elizabeth `` Liz '' Birdsworth </Li> <Li> Robbie J. Magasiva as Deputy Governor Will Jackson </Li> <Li> Katrina Milosevic as Inmate Sue `` Boomer '' Jenkins ( recurring season 1 ; main season 2 -- ) </Li> <Li> Pamela Rabe as former Governor and Inmate Joan `` The Freak '' Ferguson ( seasons 2 -- ) </Li> <Li> Tammy Macintosh as `` Top Dog '' Inmate Karen `` Kaz '' Proctor ( recurring season 3 ; main season 4 -- ) </Li> <Li> Kate Jenkinson as Inmate Allie Novak ( season 4 -- ) </Li> <Li> Bernard Curry as Correctional Officer Jake Stewart ( season 4 -- ) </Li> <Li> Sigrid Thornton as Inmate Sonia Stevens ( special guest season 4 ; main season 5 -- ) </Li> <Li> Leah Purcell as Rita Connors ( season 6 -- ) </Li> <Li> Susie Porter as Marie Winter ( season 6 -- ) </Li> <Li> Rarriwuy Hick as Ruby Mitchell ( season 6 -- ) </Li> <Li> Catherine McClements as former Governor Meg Jackson ( season 1 ) </Li> <Li> Kris McQuade as former `` Top Dog '' Inmate Jacqueline `` Jacs '' Holt ( season 1 ) </Li> <Li> Leeanna Walsman as former Governor Erica Davidson ( season 1 ) </Li> <Li> Aaron Jeffery as former Correctional Officer Matthew `` Fletch '' Fletcher ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) </Li> <Li> Danielle Cormack as former `` Top Dog '' Inmate Bea Smith ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) </Li> <Li> Socratis Otto as Inmate Maxine Conway ( recurring seasons 2 -- 3 ; main seasons 4 -- 5 ) </Li> <Li> Shareena Clanton as former Inmate Doreen `` Dor '' Anderson ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recurring ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Ra Chapman as Inmate Kim Chang ( seasons 1 -- ) </Li> <Li> Jacqueline Brennan as Correctional Officer Linda Miles ( season 1 -- ) </Li> <Li> Martin Sacks as Board Director new is now acting Governor Derek Channing ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) </Li> <Li> Bessie Holland as Inmate Stella Radic ( seasons 2 -- ) </Li> <Li> Libby Tanner as Psychologist Bridget Westfall ( seasons 3 -- ) </Li> <Li> Charli Tjoe as Inmate Tina Mercado ( seasons 3 -- ) </Li> <Li> Sally - Anne Upton as Inmate Lucy Gambaro ( seasons 3 -- ) </Li> <Li> Madeleine Jevic as Nurse Lee Radcliffe ( seasons 4 -- ) </Li> <Li> Sophia Katos as Inmate Mel Barrett ( seasons 4 -- ) </Li> <Li> Steve Bastoni as Don Kaplan ( seasons 4 -- ) </Li> <Li> Hunter Page - Lochard as Shayne Butler ( seasons 4 -- ) </Li> <Li> Daniielle Alexis as Inmate Dana Malouf ( seasons 5 -- ) </Li> <Li> Zahra Newman as Inmate Iman Farah ( seasons 5 -- ) </Li> <Li> Louise Harris as Inmate Ronnie Katsis ( season 1 ) </Li> <Li> Rondah Dam as Inmate Phillipa `` Pip '' Turner ( season 1 ) </Li> <Li> John Bach as Jacs ' husband Vinnie Holt ( season 1 ) </Li> <Li> Melitta St Just as Inmate Megan Summers ( season 1 -- 2 ) </Li> <Li> Steve Le Marquand as Inmate Worker Colin Bates ( season 2 ) </Li> <Li> Tony Briggs as Correctional Officer Steve Faulkner ( season 2 ) </Li> <Li> Lynette Curran as Vera 's mother Rita Bennett ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) </Li> <Li> Jada Alberts as Inmate Toni Goodes ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) </Li> <Li> Annie Jones as Parole Officer Rachel Sanger ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) </Li> <Li> Katherine Halliday as Inmate Sarah Briggs ( season 2 ) </Li> <Li> Kathryn Beck as Inmate Sky Pierson ( season 2 ) </Li> <Li> Reef Ireland as Jacs ' son Brayden Holt ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) </Li> <Li> Benne Harrison as Inmate Rosalind `` Roz '' Jago ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) </Li> <Li> Cassandra Magrath as Journalist Hayley Jovanka ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) </Li> <Li> Kasia Kaczmarek as Inmate Lindsay Coulter ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) </Li> <Li> Miles Paras as Inmate Cindy Lou ( season 3 ) </Li> <Li> Christen O'Leary as Inmate Kelly Bryant ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) </Li> <Li> Pia Miranda as Inmate Jodie Spiteri ( season 3 ) </Li> <Li> Jake Ryan as Bea 's husband Harry Smith ( recurring seasons 1 -- 2 ; cameo season 3 ) </Li> <Li> Ally Fowler as Inmate Simone `` Simmo '' Slater ( recurring seasons 1 -- 2 ; cameo season 3 ) </Li> <Li> Alex Menglet as Joan 's father Ivan Ferguson ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) </Li> <Li> Edwina Samuels as Inmate Sophie Donaldson ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) </Li> <Li> Scott Parmeter as Correctional Officer Chris Bakula ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) </Li> <Li> Damien Richardson as Detective Michael Mears ( season 3 ) </Li> <Li> Maggie Naouri as Nurse Rose Atkins ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) </Li> <Li> Georgia Chara as Inmate Jess Warner ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) </Li> <Li> Richard Sutherland as Franky 's father Alan Doyle ( seasons 1 , 4 , 5 ) </Li> <Li> Georgia Flood as Bea 's daughter Debbie Smith ( seasons 1 -- 2 , cameo season 4 ) </Li> <Li> Tony Nikolakopoulos as Joan 's hired heavy Nils Jasper ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) </Li> <Li>

The new season of Wentworth is coming out on

When is the new season of wentworth coming out?

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Tip and ring - wikipedia <H1> Tip and ring </H1> Jump to : navigation , search 1 : Sleeve , 2 : Ring , 3 : Tip , 4 : Insulators <P> Tip and ring are the names of the two conductors or sides of a telephone line . The terms originate in reference to the telephone plugs used for connecting telephone calls in manual switchboards . One side of the line is connected to the metal tip of the plug , and the second is connected to a metal ring behind the tip , separated and insulated from the tip by a non-conducting material . When inserted into a jack , the plug 's tip conductor connects first , followed by the ring conductor . In many European countries tip and ring are referred to as the A and B wires . </P> <P> Neither of the tip and ring conductors is permanently connected to earth ground , but may be connected to ground during signaling operations . Typically , the ring conductor has a direct current ( DC ) potential of − 48 V to − 52 V with respect to the tip conductor when the line is in the on - hook ( idle ) state . Floating both conductors , not referencing either one to ground , minimizes the pickup of hum from any nearby alternating current ( AC ) power wires . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Origin </Li> <Li> 2 Line voltage </Li> <Li> 3 Polarity </Li> <Li> 4 Color code </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Origin ( edit ) </H2> <P> The terms tip and ring originated in the early days of telephony when telephone operators used plugs to connect customer calls . They are named after the parts of the plug to which the wires were connected . The words are often abbreviated as T and R . </P> <H2> Line voltage ( edit ) </H2> <P> The telephone company maintains large battery systems that supply DC line voltage for the operation of analog telephone service at customer locations . The voltage supplied is a compromise between operational needs for reliable service and safety precautions for customers and service personnel . The length of the line to a customer telephone interface presents a resistance across which the central office voltage experiences a drop and therefore the voltage at the customer site may vary . The nominal battery ( system ) voltage is 52.1 V , based on a 24 - cell lead - acid battery . The voltage at a subscriber 's network interface is typically 48 V between the ring and tip wires . </P> <P> In the middle 20th century , long loops in many rural areas of North America used range extenders , which operated at 100 or 130 volts to ensure reliable signaling . Some rural switching systems were designed to apply range extenders internally and thus share a few extenders among many lines , while for other lines , one extender was applied externally per line . </P> <P> To ring the telephone to alert a subscriber to an incoming call , the central office superimposes a 20 Hz AC signal , at a nominal voltage of 105 volts , over the DC voltage present on the idle line . Historically several multi-frequency systems have been used , however , for selective alerting of multiple subscribers connected to a party line , for which the A.C. voltage may be as high as 150 V . </P> <H2> Polarity ( edit ) </H2> <P> To provide cathodic protection against corrosion of line wires , operating potential of telephone lines is typically negative with respect to ground , and the tip side is generally close to the ground potential . Thus , all power supplies for telecommunication equipment are designated to supply a negative voltage . </P> <P> In the early years of the telephone industry when rotary dial instruments were in use , the polarity when connecting a telephone set to the tip and ring wires was usually important only for properly ringing a telephone , especially in party line service with selective ringing , and for correctly identifying the calling customer on certain party lines for toll calls . </P> <P> When Touch - Tone service was introduced in the 1960s , the dual - tone multi-frequency signaling ( DTMF ) tone generator also required correct polarity as it depended on the line D.C. voltage for operation . Later Touch - Tone telephones included a diode bridge that eliminated the polarity sensitivity , so that consumer telephone service is essentially immune to reversal today . However , some special circuits , such as some direct inward dialing ( DID ) trunks , T - 1 lines , and ground start lines connected to field side ( terminal ) equipment , e.g. , a corporate private branch exchange ( PBX ) switch , correctly operate only with proper tip and ring polarity . </P> <H2> Color code ( edit ) </H2> <P> When simple on - premises wiring is color - coded , two - wire telephone plugs or the first pair of a multi-pair connector commonly have the tip wire coded green and ring coded red . In four wire plugs , the second pair has black tip and yellow ring . A third pair consists of white tip and blue ring . For larger cable assemblies more complex schemes such as the 25 - pair color code are used . </P> <P> Some telephone technicians used various phrase , such as red - right - ring - rear , or ring - right - red - rough , to remember that the red wire connects to the right - side post in the wall jack and to the ring on the plug and to the rear lug on main distribution frames . Sometimes rough or ridge was added for jumper wires with a tactile code . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ W.D. Reeve , Subscriber Loop Signaling and Transmission Handbook -- Analog , IEEE Press ( 1992 ) , ISBN 0 - 87942 - 274 - 2 , p. 138 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ W.D. Reeve , Subscriber Loop Signaling and Transmission Handbook -- Analog , IEEE Press ( 1992 ) , ISBN 0 - 87942 - 274 - 2 , p. 39 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> How to Wire a Phone Jack </Li> <Li> Basics of Telephone Wiring </Li> <Li> Telephony Basic Information and Terms </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tip_and_ring&oldid=807186914 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Telephony equipment </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 13 : 18 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

In Australia, the idle line voltage is

What is the idle line voltage in australia?

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The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane - wikipedia <H1> The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> Kate DiCamillo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cover artist </Th> <Td> Bagram Ibatoulline </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Young adult novel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> Candlewick Press </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publication date </Th> <Td> March 30 , 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media type </Th> <Td> Print ( Hardback & Paperback ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pages </Th> <Td> 192pp </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ISBN </Th> <Td> 0 - 7636 - 2589 - 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> OCLC </Th> <Td> 41601218 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> LC Class </Th> <Td> PZ7. D5455 Be 2000 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane is a 2006 novel by Kate DiCamillo . Following the life of a china rabbit , the book won the 2006 Boston Globe - Horn Book Award in Fiction category . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Themes </Li> <Li> 3 Awards , nominations , and recognition </Li> <Li> 4 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Edward Tulane is a china rabbit given to a ten - year - old girl named Abilene by her grandmother in the 1930s . He enjoys a pleasant but vain life with his young mistress , who treats him with the utmost love and respect , until an unfortunate incident finds him falling overboard while vacationing on the RMS Queen Mary . Edward spends 297 days on the ocean floor , until a storm frees him from the seabed and a passing fisherman and his buddy pull him from their fishing net . The man takes him home to his wife where he is renamed and forced to wear dresses . </P> <P> Edward is passed from hand to hand of a succession of life - altering characters , such as a hobo and his dog and a four - year - old girl with tuberculosis and her brother . Edward 's journeys not only take him far from home , but even farther from the selfish rabbit he once was . Eventually , Edward is cruelly broken against a counter top edge , repaired and then offered for sale in a doll store for several years . He is finally bought by Abilene , his original mistress , now married with a daughter of her own . </P> <H2> Themes ( edit ) </H2> <P> The novel contains several themes involving loss and recovery , kindness and compassion , and the journey to self - discovery . The main theme can be summarized by a quote from the book : `` If you have no intention of loving or being loved , then the whole journey is pointless . '' </P> <H2> Awards , nominations , and recognition ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Miraculous Journey won the 2006 Boston Globe -- Horn Book Award for children 's fiction and a Parents ' Choice Award for Spring 2006 fiction . It was a Quill Awards finalist in the children 's chapter book category . </P> <P> In 2007 the U.S. National Education Association named it one of `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' based on an online poll . In 2012 it was ranked number 59 among all - time children 's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal -- the third of three books by DiCamillo in the Top 100 . </P> <H2> In popular culture ( edit ) </H2> <P> The book was featured in My Love from the Star , a 2014 Korean drama about an alien living on Earth for 400 years who falls in love with a popular actress . This propelled the novel to the top of the bestseller lists in major Korean bookstores as the alien repeatedly quotes from it throughout the series . </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane Book Review '' . Kidzworld.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DiCamillo , Kate ( January -- February 2007 ) . `` Boston Globe -- Horn Book Award Acceptance '' . The Horn Book Magazine . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane '' . Parents ' Choice . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Quill Awards - The 2006 Quills '' . The Quills Literacy Foundation . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . National Education Association . 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( July 7 , 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results '' . A Fuse # 8 Production . Blog . School Library Journal ( blog.schoollibraryjournal.com ) . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV Soap Catapults Kid 's Book to Top of Bestseller List '' . The Chosun Ilbo. 6 February 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 11 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Edward Tulane publisher 's website </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Miraculous_Journey_of_Edward_Tulane&oldid=837414794 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2006 American novels </Li> <Li> American young adult novels </Li> <Li> Sentient toys in fiction </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Books with missing cover </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 17 : 43 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane was published on

When was the miraculous journey of edward tulane published?

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Banquo - wikipedia <H1> Banquo </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the character in Shakespeare 's Macbeth . For the small town in the United States , see Banquo , Indiana . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Banquo Thane of Lochaber </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Macbeth character </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Théodore Chassériau ( 1819 -- 1856 ) , The Ghost of Banquo 1855 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> William Shakespeare </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date ( s ) </Th> <Td> ca . 1603 -- 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Source </Th> <Td> Holinshed 's Chronicles </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> Fleance , James I </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Associate ( s ) </Th> <Td> Macbeth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Quote </Th> <Td> `` Or have we eaten on the insane root That takes the reason prisoner ? '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Lord Banquo / ˈbæŋkwoʊ / , the Thane of Lochaber , is a character in William Shakespeare 's 1606 play Macbeth . In the play , he is at first an ally to Macbeth ( both are generals in the King 's army ) and they meet the Three Witches together . After prophesying that Macbeth will become king , the witches tell Banquo that he will not be king himself , but that his descendants will be . Later , Macbeth in his lust for power sees Banquo as a threat and has him murdered by two hired assassins ; Banquo 's son , Fleance , escapes . Banquo 's ghost returns in a later scene ( Banquet Scene ) , causing Macbeth to react with alarm during a public feast . </P> <P> Shakespeare borrowed the character of Banquo from Holinshed 's Chronicles , a history of Britain published by Raphael Holinshed in 1587 . In Chronicles Banquo is an accomplice to Macbeth in the murder of the king , rather than a loyal subject of the king who is seen as an enemy by Macbeth . Shakespeare may have changed this aspect of his character to please King James , who was thought at the time to be a descendant of the real Banquo . Critics often interpret Banquo 's role in the play as being a foil to Macbeth , resisting evil where Macbeth embraces it . Sometimes , however , his motives are unclear , and some critics question his purity . He does nothing to accuse Macbeth of murdering the king , even though he has reason to believe Macbeth is responsible . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Sources </Li> <Li> 2 Role in the play </Li> <Li> 3 Analysis <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Foil to Macbeth </Li> <Li> 3.2 Ghost scenes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Performances and interpretations </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Sources ( edit ) </H2> See also : Holinshed 's Chronicles Macbeth and Banquo meeting the witches in a woodcut from Holinshed 's Chronicles <P> Shakespeare often used Raphael Holinshed 's Chronicles of England , Scotland , and Ireland -- commonly known as Holinshed 's Chronicles -- as a source for his plays , and in Macbeth he borrows from several of the tales in that work . Holinshed portrays Banquo as a historical figure : he is an accomplice in Mac Bethad mac Findlaích 's ( Macbeth 's ) murder of Donnchad mac Crínáin ( King Duncan ) and plays an important part in ensuring that Macbeth , not Máel Coluim mac Donnchada ( Malcolm ) , takes the throne in the coup that follows . Holinshed in turn used an earlier work , the Scotorum Historiae ( 1526 -- 7 ) by Hector Boece , as his source . Boece 's work is the first known record of Banquo and his son Fleance ; and scholars such as David Bevington generally consider them fictional characters invented by Boece . In Shakespeare 's day , however , they were considered historical figures of great repute , and the king , James I , based his claim to the throne in part on a descent from Banquo . The House of Stuart was descended from Walter fitz Alan , Steward of Scotland , and he was believed to have been the grandson of Fleance and Gruffydd ap Llywelyn 's daughter , Nesta ferch Gruffydd . In reality Walter fitz Alan was the son of Alan fitz Flaad , a Breton knight . </P> <P> Unlike his sources , Shakespeare gives Banquo no role in the King 's murder , making it a deed committed solely by Macbeth and his wife . Why Shakespeare 's Banquo is so different from the character described by Holinshed and Boece is not known , though critics have proposed several possible explanations . First among them is the risk associated with portraying the king 's ancestor as a murderer and conspirator in the plot to overthrow a rightful king , as well as the author 's desire to flatter a powerful patron . But Shakespeare may also simply have altered Banquo 's character because there was no dramatic need for another accomplice to the murder . There was , however , a need to provide a dramatic contrast to Macbeth ; a role that many scholars argue is filled by Banquo . Similarly , when Jean de Schelandre wrote about Banquo in his Stuartide in 1611 , he also changed the character by portraying him as a noble and honourable man -- the critic D.W. Maskell describes him as `` ... Schelandre 's paragon of valour and virtue '' -- probably for reasons similar to Shakespeare 's . </P> <P> Banquo 's role in the coup that follows the murder is harder to explain . Banquo 's loyalty to Macbeth , rather than Malcolm , after Duncan 's death makes him a passive accomplice in the coup : Malcolm , as Prince of Cumberland , is the rightful heir to the throne and Macbeth a usurper . Daniel Amneus argued that Macbeth as it survives is a revision of an earlier play , in which Duncan granted Macbeth not only the title of Thane of Cawdor , but the `` greater honor '' of Prince of Cumberland ( i.e. heir to the throne of Scotland ) . Banquo 's silence may be a survival from the posited earlier play , in which Macbeth was the legitimate successor to Duncan . </P> <H2> Role in the play ( edit ) </H2> Macbeth and Banquo with the Witches by Henry Fuseli <P> Banquo is in a third of the play 's scenes , as both a human and a ghost . As significant as he is to the plot , he has fewer lines than the relatively insignificant Ross , a Scottish nobleman who survives the play . In the second scene of the play , King Duncan describes the manner in which Macbeth , Thane of Glamis , and Banquo , Thane of Lochaber , bravely led his army against invaders , fighting side by side . In the next scene , Banquo and Macbeth , returning from the battle together , encounter the Three Witches , who predict that Macbeth will become Thane of Cawdor , and then king . Banquo , sceptical of the witches , challenges them to predict his own future , and they foretell that Banquo will never himself take the throne , but will beget a line of kings . Banquo remains sceptical after the encounter , wondering aloud if evil can ever speak the truth . He warns Macbeth that evil will offer men a small , hopeful truth only to catch them in a deadly trap . </P> <P> When Macbeth kills the king and takes the throne , Banquo -- the only one aware of this encounter with the witches -- reserves judgment for God . He is unsure whether Macbeth committed regicide to gain the throne , but muses in a soliloquy that `` I fear / Thou play'dst most foully for ' t '' . He offers his respects to the new King Macbeth and pledges loyalty . Later , worried that Banquo 's descendants and not his own will rule Scotland , Macbeth sends two men , and then a Third Murderer , to kill Banquo and his son Fleance . During the melee , Banquo holds off the assailants so that Fleance can escape , but is himself killed . The ghost of Banquo later returns to haunt Macbeth at the banquet in Act Three , Scene Four . A terrified Macbeth sees him , while the apparition is invisible to his guests . He appears again to Macbeth in a vision granted by the Three Witches , wherein Macbeth sees a long line of kings descended from Banquo . </P> <H2> Analysis ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Foil to Macbeth ( edit ) </H3> Macbeth and Banquo Meeting the Three Witches by John Wootton <P> Many scholars see Banquo as a foil and a contrast to Macbeth . Macbeth , for example , eagerly accepts the Three Witches ' prophecy as true and seeks to help it along . Banquo , on the other hand , doubts the prophecies and the intentions of these seemingly evil creatures . Whereas Macbeth places his hope in the prediction that he will be king , Banquo argues that evil only offers gifts that lead to destruction . Banquo steadily resists the temptations of evil within the play , praying to heaven for help , while Macbeth seeks darkness , and prays that evil powers will aid him . This is visible in act two ; after Banquo sees Duncan to bed , he says : `` There 's husbandry in heaven , / Their candles are all out '' . This premonition of the coming darkness in association with Macbeth 's murders is repeated just before Banquo is killed : `` it will be rain to - night '' , Banquo tells his son Fleance . </P> <P> Banquo 's status as a contrast to Macbeth makes for some tense moments in the play . In act two , scene one , Banquo meets his son Fleance and asks him to take both his sword and his dagger ( `` Hold , take my sword ... Take thee that too '' ) . He also explains that he has been having trouble sleeping due to `` cursed thoughts that nature / gives way to in repose ! '' On Macbeth 's approach , he demands the sword returned to him quickly . Scholars have interpreted this to mean that Banquo has been dreaming of murdering the king as Macbeth 's accomplice to take the throne for his own family , as the Three Witches prophesied to him . In this reading , his good nature is so revolted by these thoughts that he gives his sword and dagger to Fleance to be sure they do not come true , but is so nervous at Macbeth 's approach that he demands them back . Other scholars have responded that Banquo 's dreams have less to do with killing the king and more to do with Macbeth . They argue that Banquo is merely setting aside his sword for the night . Then , when Macbeth approaches , Banquo , having had dreams about Macbeth 's deeds , takes back his sword as a precaution in this case . </P> <P> Macbeth eventually sees that Banquo can no longer be trusted to aid him in his evil , and considers his friend a threat to his newly acquired throne . Thus he has him murdered . Banquo 's ability to live on in different ways is another oppositional force , in this case to Macbeth 's impending death . His spirit lives on in Fleance , his son , and in his ghostly presence at the banquet . </P> <H3> Ghost scenes ( edit ) </H3> <P> When Macbeth returns to the witches later in the play , they show him an apparition

The character in Macbeth who is murdered and appears as a ghost is

Character in macbeth who is murdered and appears as a ghost?

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As You Like It - wikipedia <H1> As You Like It </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Shakespeare 's play . For other uses , see As You Like It ( disambiguation ) . The first page of As You Like It from the First Folio of Shakespeare 's plays , published in 1623 <P> As You Like It is a pastoral comedy by William Shakespeare believed to have been written in 1599 and first published in the First Folio in 1623 . The play 's first performance is uncertain , though a performance at Wilton House in 1603 has been suggested as a possibility . </P> <P> As You Like It follows its heroine Rosalind as she flees persecution in her uncle 's court , accompanied by her cousin Celia to find safety and , eventually , love , in the Forest of Arden . In the forest , they encounter a variety of memorable characters , notably the melancholy traveller Jaques who speaks many of Shakespeare 's most famous speeches ( such as `` All the world 's a stage '' , `` too much of a good thing '' and `` A fool ! A fool ! I met a fool in the forest '' ) . Jaques provides a sharp contrast to the other characters in the play , always observing and disputing the hardships of life in the country . </P> <P> Historically , critical response has varied , with some critics finding the play a work of great merit and some finding the work of lesser quality than other Shakespearean works . The play remains a favourite among audiences and has been adapted for radio , film , and musical theatre . The piece has been a favorite of famous actors on stage and screen , notably Vanessa Redgrave , Juliet Stevenson , Rebecca Hall , Helen Mirren , and Patti LuPone in the role of Rosalind and Alan Rickman , Stephen Spinella , Kevin Kline , Stephen Dillane , and Ellen Burstyn in the role of Jaques . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Characters </Li> <Li> 2 Synopsis </Li> <Li> 3 Sources </Li> <Li> 4 Date and text <Ul> <Li> 4.1 External evidence </Li> <Li> 4.2 Internal evidence </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Analysis and criticism <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Setting </Li> <Li> 5.2 Themes <Ul> <Li> 5.2. 1 Love </Li> <Li> 5.2. 2 Usurpation and Injustice </Li> <Li> 5.2. 3 Forgiveness </Li> <Li> 5.2. 4 Court life and country life </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.3 Religious allegory </Li> <Li> 5.4 Music and songs </Li> <Li> 5.5 Language <Ul> <Li> 5.5. 1 Use of prose </Li> <Li> 5.5. 2 All the world 's a stage </Li> <Li> 5.5. 3 Pastoral mode </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Performance history </Li> <Li> 7 Adaptations <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Music </Li> <Li> 7.2 Radio </Li> <Li> 7.3 Film </Li> <Li> 7.4 Musical theatre </Li> <Li> 7.5 Graphic novel </Li> <Li> 7.6 Other musical work </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Characters ( edit ) </H2> <P> Main Characters : The Court of Duke Frederick : </P> <Ul> <Li> Duke Frederick , Duke Senior 's younger brother and his usurper , also Celia 's father </Li> <Li> Rosalind , Duke Senior 's daughter </Li> <Li> Celia , Duke Frederick 's daughter and Rosalind 's cousin </Li> <Li> Touchstone , a court fool or jester </Li> <Li> Le Beau , a courtier </Li> <Li> Charles , a wrestler </Li> <Li> Lords and ladies in Duke Frederick 's court </Li> </Ul> <P> The Household of the deceased Sir Rowland de Boys : </P> <Ul> <Li> Oliver de Boys , the eldest son and heir </Li> <Li> Jacques de Boys , the second son </Li> <Li> Orlando de Boys , the youngest son </Li> <Li> Adam , a faithful old servant who follows Orlando into exile </Li> <Li> Dennis , Oliver 's servant who called Charles </Li> </Ul> <P> The Exiled Court of Duke Senior in the Forest of Arden : </P> <Ul> <Li> Duke Senior , Duke Frederick 's older brother and Rosalind 's father </Li> <Li> Jaques , a discontented , melancholic lord </Li> <Li> Amiens , an attending lord and musician </Li> <Li> Lords in Duke Senior 's forest court </Li> </Ul> <P> Country folk in the Forest of Arden : </P> <Ul> <Li> Phoebe , a proud shepherdess </Li> <Li> Silvius , a shepherd </Li> <Li> Audrey , a country girl </Li> <Li> Corin , an elderly shepherd </Li> <Li> William , a country man </Li> <Li> Sir Oliver Martext , a curate </Li> </Ul> <P> Other characters : </P> <Ul> <Li> Hymen , officiates over the weddings in the end ; God of marriage , as appearing in a masque </Li> <Li> Pages and musicians </Li> </Ul> <H2> Synopsis ( edit ) </H2> The wrestling scene from As You Like It , Francis Hayman , c. 1750 <P> The play is set in a duchy in France , but most of the action takes place in a location called the Forest of Arden . This may be intended as the Ardennes , a forested region covering an area located in southeast Belgium , western Luxembourg and northeastern France , or Arden , Warwickshire , near Shakespeare 's home town , which was the ancestral origin of his mother 's family -- who incidentally were called Arden . </P> <P> Frederick has usurped the duchy and exiled his older brother , Duke Senior . Duke Senior 's daughter , Rosalind , has been permitted to remain at court because she is the closest friend and cousin of Frederick 's only child , Celia . Orlando , a young gentleman of the kingdom who at first sight has fallen in love with Rosalind , is forced to flee his home after being persecuted by his older brother , Oliver . Frederick becomes angry and banishes Rosalind from court . Celia and Rosalind decide to flee together accompanied by the court fool , Touchstone , with Rosalind disguised as a young man and Celia disguised as a poor lady . </P> <P> Rosalind , now disguised as Ganymede ( `` Jove 's own page '' ) , and Celia , now disguised as Aliena ( Latin for `` stranger '' ) , arrive in the Arcadian Forest of Arden , where the exiled Duke now lives with some supporters , including `` the melancholy Jaques , '' a malcontent figure , who is introduced to us weeping over the slaughter of a deer . `` Ganymede '' and `` Aliena '' do not immediately encounter the Duke and his companions . Instead , they meet Corin , an impoverished tenant , and offer to buy his master 's crude cottage . </P> Audrey by Philip Richard Morris <P> Orlando and his servant Adam , meanwhile , find the Duke and his men and are soon living with them and posting simplistic love poems for Rosalind on the trees . ( The role of Adam may have been played by Shakespeare , though this story is said to be apocryphal . ) Rosalind , also in love with Orlando , meets him as Ganymede and pretends to counsel him to cure him of being in love . Ganymede says that `` he '' will take Rosalind 's place and that `` he '' and Orlando can act out their relationship . </P> <P> The shepherdess , Phoebe , with whom Silvius is in love , has fallen in love with Ganymede ( Rosalind in disguise ) , though `` Ganymede '' continually shows that `` he '' is not interested in Phoebe . Touchstone , meanwhile , has fallen in love with the dull - witted shepherdess , Audrey , and tries to woo her , but eventually is forced to be married first . William , another shepherd , attempts to marry Audrey as well , but is stopped by Touchstone , who threatens to kill him `` a hundred and fifty ways . '' </P> <P> Finally , Silvius , Phoebe , Ganymede , and Orlando are brought together in an argument with each other over who will get whom . Ganymede says he will solve the problem , having Orlando promise to marry Rosalind , and Phoebe promise to marry Silvius if she can not marry Ganymede . </P> <P> Orlando sees Oliver in the forest and rescues him from a lioness , causing Oliver to repent for mistreating Orlando . Oliver meets Aliena ( Celia 's false identity ) and falls in love with her , and they agree to marry . Orlando and Rosalind , Oliver and Celia , Silvius and Phoebe , and Touchstone and Audrey all are married in the final scene , after which they discover that Frederick also has repented his faults , deciding to restore his legitimate brother to the dukedom and adopt a religious life . Jaques , ever melancholic , declines their invitation to return to the court preferring to stay in the forest and to adopt a religious life as well . Rosalind speaks an epilogue to the audience , commending the play to both men and women in the audience . </P> <H2> Sources ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The direct and immediate source of As You Like It is Thomas Lodge 's Rosalynde , Euphues Golden Legacie , written 1586 - 7 and first published in 1590 . Lodge 's story is based upon `` The Tale of Gamelyn , '' wrongly attributed to Geoffrey Chaucer and sometimes printed among his Canterbury Tales . Although it was first printed in 1721 , `` Gamelyin '' must have existed in manuscript form in Shakespeare 's time . It is doubtful that Shakespeare had read it , but Lodge must have built his pastoral romance on the foundation of `` Gamelyin , '' giving it a pastoral setting and the artificial sentimental vein , much in fashion at the time . The tale provided the intertwined plots , and suggested all the characters except Touchstone and Jaques . </P> A watercolor illustration : Orlando pins love poems on the trees of the forest of Arden . <P> Some have suggested two other minor debts . The first is Michael Drayton 's Poly - Olbion , a poetic description of England , but there is no evidence that the poem was written before As You Like It . The second suggested source is The Historie of Orlando Furioso by Robert Greene , acted about 1592 . It is suggested that Shakespeare derived the idea of Orlando 's carving his lady 's name on barks of trees from this play , but a lover carving love - poems on barks of trees was already in Lodge 's tale . </P> <H2> Date and text ( edit ) </H2> The first page of As You Like It , printed in the Second Folio of 1632 <P> As You Like It was first printed in the collected edition of Shakespeare 's plays , known as the First Folio , during 1623 . No copy of it in Quarto exists , for the play is mentioned by the printers of the First Folio among those which `` are not formerly entered to other men . '' By means of evidences , external and internal , the date of composition of the play has been approximately fixed at a period between the end of 1598 and the middle of 1599 . </P> <H3> External evidence ( edit ) </H3> <P> As You Like It was entered into the Register of the Stationers ' Company on 4 August 1600 as a work which was `` to be stayed , '' i.e. , not published till the Stationers '

The first performance of "As You Like It" is

When was as you like it first performed?

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Home computer - wikipedia <H1> Home computer </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is primarily about a certain class of personal computers from the late 1970s to mid-1980s . See home server and home automation or desktop computer for other uses of a computer in a home . Children playing Paperboy on an Amstrad CPC 464 in 1988 Most home computers , such as this Tandy Color Computer 3 , featured a version of the BASIC programming language . The sometimes - sprawling nature of the well - outfitted home computer system is very much in evidence . A TI 99 / 4 with expansion modules attached . No more than a few expansion options were practical with this type of arrangement . <P> Home computers were a class of microcomputers entering the market in 1977 , and becoming common during the 1980s . They were marketed to consumers as affordable and accessible computers that , for the first time , were intended for the use of a single nontechnical user . These computers were a distinct market segment that typically cost much less than business , scientific or engineering - oriented computers of the time such as the IBM PC , and were generally less powerful in terms of memory and expandability . However , a home computer often had better graphics and sound than contemporary business computers . Their most common uses were playing video games , but they were also regularly used for word processing , doing homework , and programming . </P> <P> Home computers were usually not electronic kits ; home computers were sold already manufactured in stylish metal or plastic enclosures . There were , however , commercial kits like the Sinclair ZX80 which were both home and home - built computers since the purchaser could assemble the unit from a kit . </P> <P> Advertisements in the popular press for early home computers were rife with possibilities for their practical use in the home , from cataloging recipes to personal finance to home automation , but these were seldom realized in practice . For example , using a typical 1980s home computer as a home automation appliance would require the computer to be kept powered on at all times and dedicated to this task . Personal finance and database use required tedious data entry . </P> <P> By contrast , advertisements in the specialty computer press often simply listed specifications . If no packaged software was available for a particular application , the home computer user could program one -- provided they had invested the requisite hours to learn computer programming , as well as the idiosyncrasies of their system . Since most systems shipped with the BASIC programming language included on the system ROM , it was easy for users to get started creating their own simple applications . Many users found programming to be a fun and rewarding experience , and an excellent introduction to the world of digital technology . </P> <P> The line between ' business ' and ' home ' computer market segments blurred or vanished completely once IBM PC compatibles became commonly used in the home , since now both categories of computers typically use the same processor architectures , peripherals , operating systems , and applications . Often the only difference may be the sales outlet through which they are purchased . Another change from the home computer era is that the once - common endeavour of writing one 's own software programs has almost vanished from home computer use . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Background </Li> <Li> 3 Technology <Ul> <Li> 3.1 High performance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Radio frequency interference </Li> <Li> 5 Reception and sociological impact </Li> <Li> 6 Use in the 21st century </Li> <Li> 7 Notable home computers <Ul> <Li> 7.1 1970s </Li> <Li> 7.2 1980s </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Notes </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Five waves of home computer : Low - price single - user computers aimed at the home market arrived in five waves between 1976 and 1986 : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Source </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Trinity of 1977 , plus one ( 1976 to December 1977 ) </P> <P> The invention of the Intel 8080 microprocessor chip in April 1974 made practical the development of the ( relatively ) affordable mass - market microcomputer . In the USA this first appeared in early 1975 in the form of an unassembled kit , the Altair 8800 ; shortly afterward pre-assembled Altairs were offered . The sudden popularity of desktop computers happened because the 8080 CPU could represent and manipulate 256 discrete values in its 8 - bit registers . Thus the 7 - bit ASCII standard for the representation of alphanumeric data became feasible for the first time in a machine much smaller and less expensive than the furniture - size minicomputers , with their processors that occupied entire circuit boards . This new class of computer was practical for serious work because it could input , process , and output alphanumeric information . It also enabled sophisticated programs such as database managers and BASIC interpreters to become available to a larger market consisting of people possessing lesser technical skills . </P> <P> Soon after , other companies entered the market with similar , ready - to - run microcomputers like the IMSAI 8080 . These sold in the tens of thousands , surprising everyone in the industry . Beyond businesses and hobbyists , however , these computers were not widely used because ( in the early days ) they lacked conveniences like video displays and keyboards , required programming skills at the machine code level , and systems large enough for serious work cost many thousands . </P> <P> The very first home computer was the Compucolor by Compucolor Corporation in 1976 , soon followed by the Compucolor II which was made by Intelligent Systems Corp . They used the 8080 but otherwise sported very advanced features , including RAM starting at 8 KB , expandable up to 32 KB , 64 column by 32 line color CRT display , a professional keyboard , an enhanced BASIC interpreter , and a built - in floppy disk drive . It only sold a few thousand units , however , and the company went bust not long after . </P> <P> In 1975 two new microprocessors were developed that were easier and less expensive to implement than the 8080 : the MOS Technology 6502 and Zilog Z80 . In 1977 three companies decided to use this new technology to develop and market affordable , fully assembled , easy - to - use , programmable computers for individual users in their businesses and homes . These were the Commodore PET , Apple II , and TRS - 80 , which Byte magazine christened the `` 1977 Trinity '' . These comprise the First Wave of home computers . </P> <P> All three were instant successes and created a huge , surprise demand . It would not be until 1979 , however , when these pioneering manufacturers produced successor machines ( 1980 in the case of Tandy / Radio Shack ) . Aside from the efforts of product development and ramping up production to meet the unexpected demand , each had unique difficulties expanding their new businesses . In the cases of Commodore and Apple , they had to build up networks of dealers , not only for sales but for reliable customer service . Tandy / Radio Shack had a great head start in this area because of its some 3500 retail stores in the USA , but still had to work up its repair and training capability for after - sales support . They focused their efforts on the in - house development of hardware peripherals ( especially the first 5.25 inch floppy disk drives ) and software . Apple and Commodore encouraged third - party companies to do this work for them ( except for floppy drives ) . Tandy also took up the task of establishing a presence in the growing market for small business computers , with its follow - on TRS - 80 Model II which they introduced in October 1979 . The TRS - 80 took a large , early lead in the new market , and Apple lagged Commodore . Tandy / Radio Shack would hold its number one position until 1982 . </P> <P> Rise of rival 8 - bit lines ( October 1979 to April 1982 ) </P> <P> The Second Wave arrived in October 1979 when the first competitor in the new home computer market , Texas Instruments , fielded their TI - 99 / 4 ( featuring a CPU that handled 16 - bit data , but had an instruction set entirely its own ) . Established game console maker Atari followed closely in November with their 400 and 800 , which were the first home computers ever to have circuitry dedicated to processing of graphical video and audio data ( inherited from Atari game console products ) . In 1980 Sinclair in the UK launched their super-cheap ZX80 , heralded as the least expensive computer ever offered . Also in early 1980 the Radio Shack Color Computer made its debut . This was the first commercial computer to use the powerful Motorola 6809 CPU . In early 1981 Commodore introduced its VIC - 20 which rivaled the Ataris for gameplay with a custom video chip that made hi - res color affordable but not so capable as the Atari 's graphics coprocessors . The VIC - 20 would become the first computer to sell one million units . Sinclair followed up the ZX80 with its ZX81 in March 1981 . Sinclair would team up with Timex to market its home computers in the USA . In June Texas Instruments followed up its 99 / 4 with the improved 99 / 4A . In December Acorn Computer in the UK produced the BBC Micro . Finally in April 1982 Sinclair again topped itself with its new Spectrum . This last can be seen as a transition between the second wave and the third ; successor models of the Spectrum would evolve in that direction . </P> <P> Essentially , this second wave of home computers were video game consoles equipped with a few computerlike enhancements like keyboards , BASIC interpreters ( which served as the operating system ) , and provision for cassette tape mass storage . They introduced features that would typify the low - end home computer : slots for plug - in cartridges , borrowed from the video game consoles , joystick ports , and the use of the family television set as a video display ( the Apple II was the only Trinity computer to allow use of a TV ) , though provisions were often made for low - cost composite video output . </P> <P> These lower cost new machines lacked features of more costly machines . One such was the full - travel keyboard . Membrane or `` chiclet '' keyboards were used in the least expensive models like the Sinclairs , Color Computer , and Atari 400 ( as did the Trinity 's Commodore PET ) . A lack of lowercase alpha characters was still typical in the cheaper models , like the Sinclair ZX80 / 81s . Serial ports and interfaces for printers were offered only on the pricier models . Less expensive memory chips afforded the later computers of this wave of home computer a full complement of RAM : usually 48 KB which with 16 KB of system / BASIC ROM filled out the memory map of the 8 - bit CPU . Also in the later period the VIC - 20 and Ataris got their first floppy disk drives ( The Commodore 1540 and Atari 810 respectively ) . The dedicated video chips used in the Ataris and the

Computers became widespread in homes and schools in the

When did computer become widespread in homes and schools?