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Dataset Summary:
This dataset consists of Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 multispectral reflectance imagery and MERRA-2 observations centered around eddy covariance flux towers and the corresponding Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) data at the towers. Its purpose is to serve as a finetuning dataset for geospatial foundation models for the task of regressing GPP flux observations from HLS and MERRA-2 data.
Dataset Structure:
The dataset consists of:
(1) HLS 6-band Tiff files of dimension 50x50x6, with the center of the chip colocated with flux tower locations,
(2) 10-dimensional vector of MERRA-2 variables for each chip (1x1x10) recording temperature, soil moisture, heat flux, radiation, precipitation at the flux towers,
(3) Daily GPP data derived from the eddy covariance measurements using the night-time partitioning approach at 37 flux tower sites distributed globally spanning 2018 to 2021. There are a total of 975 instances. MERRA-2 data and GPP flux observations are recorded as csv files, with a row corresponding to each HLS chip.
HLS Band Order:
1, Blue, B02
2, Green, B03
3, Red, B04
4, NIR, B8A
5, SW 1, B11
6, SW 2, B12
MERRA-2 observations:
- [M2T1NXSLV] T2MIN,
- [M2T1NXSLV] T2MAX,
- [M2T1NXSLV] T2MEAN,
- [M2T1NXSLV] TSMDEWMEAN,
- [M2T1NXLND] GWETROOT,
- [M2T1NXLND] LHLAND,
- [M2T1NXLND] SHLAND,
- [M2T1NXLND] SWLAND,
- [M2T1NXLND] PARDFLAND,
- [M2T1NXLND] PRECTOTLAND
Data Splits:
The dataset consists of 975 chips and we split the dataset based on years to create train test splits. Given the relatively small size of the dataset, we use a leave-one-year-out-cross-validation approach to train and evaluate. The number of observations vary across years. In this repo, we have used three years for training and one year as test.
Dataset Creation:
The flux observation sites guide our HLS and MERRA-2 data preparation process. HLS data is preselected with a 25% maximum cloud threshold and 75% minimum spatial threshold. We note the lat/long of the flux stations and extract 50x50 size HLS chips around each station and retain scenes with less than 2% snow cover and less than 5% cloud cover. HLS reflectance is transformed by the scaling factor. We record the daily hourly mean of each abovementioned MERRA-2 data at each of the flux location sites. We then apply a quality check on the daily GPP data and retain those with at least 60% of high quality hourly and half-hourly data for temporal aggregation. We further removed data with large negative GPP values (GPP <= -0.1gCm-2s-1) indicative of poor data quality. After matching the corresponding input HLS and MERRA-2 data for each GPP record, we removed instances that had large negative Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) values (EVI <= -0.1), indicative of cloud/snow impacts. EVI values were computed as the spatial average of the HLS chips.
Source data:
- HLS Imagery is from V2.0 of HLS. A full description and access to HLS may be found at https://hls.gsfc.nasa.gov/
- MERRA-2 data is from V5.12.4. Full description and to the MERRA-2 datasets can be found at https://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/reanalysis/MERRA-2/data_access/
- Eddy covariance data were obtained from the AmeriFlux FLUXNET (https://ameriflux.lbl.gov/data/data-policy/) and ICOS Warm Winter 2020 datasets (https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-products/2G60-ZHAK). (List of eddy covariance flux sites used in the study and the respective references can be found below).
Site ID | IGBP | Citation |
---|---|---|
BE-Lcr | DBF | (Warm Winter 2020 Team, 2022) |
CA-DB2 | WET | (Knox, 2022) |
DK-Gds | ENF | (Warm Winter 2020 Team, 2022) |
FI-Ken | ENF | (Warm Winter 2020 Team, 2022) |
FI-Qvd | CRO | (Warm Winter 2020 Team, 2022) |
FR-Tou | GRA | (Warm Winter 2020 Team, 2022) |
GL-Dsk | OSH | (Warm Winter 2020 Team, 2022) |
IE-Cra | WET | (Warm Winter 2020 Team, 2022) |
IT-BFt | DBF | (Warm Winter 2020 Team, 2022) |
PE-QFR | WET | (Griffis and Roman, 2021) |
US-BZo | WET | (Euskirchen, 2022) |
US-CS1 | CRO | (Desai, 2022a) |
US-CS2 | ENF | (Desai, 2022b) |
US-CS3 | CRO | (Desai, 2022c) |
US-CS4 | CRO | (Desai, 2022d) |
US-DFC | CRO | (Duff and Desai, 2023) |
US-DS3 | CRO | (Desai, 2022c) |
US-HB1 | WET | (Forsythe et al., 2021) |
US-HB2 | ENF | (Forsythe et al., 2023a) |
US-HB3 | ENF | (Forsythe et al., 2023b) |
US-Mo2 | GRA | (Schreiner-McGraw, 2023) |
US-RGA | CRO | (Schuppenhauer et al., 2023b) |
US-RGB | CRO | (Schuppenhauer et al., 2023a) |
US-RGo | CRO | (Schuppenhauer et al., 2023c) |
US-Snf | GRA | (Kusak et al., 2022) |
US-Tw5 | WET | (Valach et al., 2022) |
US-xAB | ENF | (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023a) |
US-xBA | WET | (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023b) |
US-xBL | DBF | (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023c) |
US-xBN | ENF | (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023d) |
US-xDJ | ENF | (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023e) |
US-xJR | OSH | (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023f) |
US-xSC | DBF | (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023g) |
US-xSJ | SAV | (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023h) |
US-xSL | CRO | (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023i) |
US-xWD | GRA | (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023j) |
US-xYE | ENF | (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023k) |
Flux Dataset References
Desai, A.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-CS1 Central Sands Irrigated Agricultural Field, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States), https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1881576, 2022a.
Desai, A.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-CS2 Tri county school Pine Forest, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States), https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1881577, 2022b.
Desai, A.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-CS3 Central Sands Irrigated Agricultural Field, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States), https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1881578, 2022c.
Desai, A.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-CS4 Central Sands Irrigated Agricultural Field, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States), https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1881579, 2022d.
Duff, A. and Desai, A.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-DFC US Dairy Forage Research Center, Prairie du Sac, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; University of Wisconsin Madison; US Dairy Forage Research Center, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2006975, 2023.
Euskirchen, E.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-BZo Bonanza Creek Old Thermokarst Bog, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; University of Alaska Fairbanks, Institute of Arctic Biology, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1881571, 2022.
Forsythe, J. D., Kline, M. A., and O’Halloran, T. L.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-HB1 North Inlet Crab Haul Creek, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Clemson Univ., SC (United States), https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1832160, 2021.
Forsythe, J. D., Kline, M. A., and O’Halloran, T. L.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-HB2 Hobcaw Barony Mature Longleaf Pine, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Clemson Univ., SC (United States), https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229377, 2023a.
Forsythe, J. D., Kline, M. A., and O’Halloran, T. L.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-HB3 Hobcaw Barony Longleaf Pine Restoration, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Clemson Univ., SC (United States), https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229378, 2023b.
Goldstein, A.: FLUXNET2015 US-Blo Blodgett Forest, https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440068, 2016.
Griffis, T. and Roman, T.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F PE-QFR Quistococha Forest Reserve, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (United States); USDA-Forest Service, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1832157, 2021.
Knox, S.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F CA-DB2 Delta Burns Bog 2, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; The University of British Columbia, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1881564, 2022.
Kusak, K., Sanchez, C. R., Szutu, D., and Baldocchi, D.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-Snf Sherman Barn, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States), https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1854371, 2022.
NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network): AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xAB NEON Abby Road (ABBY), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229403, 2023a.
NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network): AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xBA NEON Barrow Environmental Observatory (BARR), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229404, 2023b.
NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network): AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xBL NEON Blandy Experimental Farm (BLAN), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229405, 2023c.
NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network): AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xBN NEON Caribou Creek - Poker Flats Watershed (BONA), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229406, 2023d.
NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network): AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xDJ NEON Delta Junction (DEJU), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229407, 2023e.
NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network): AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xJR NEON Jornada LTER (JORN), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229408, 2023f.
NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network): AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xSC NEON Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (SCBI), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229409, 2023g.
NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network): AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xSJ NEON San Joaquin Experimental Range (SJER), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229410, 2023h.
NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network): AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xSL NEON North Sterling, CO (STER), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229411, 2023i.
NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network): AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xWD NEON Woodworth (WOOD), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229412, 2023j.
NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network): AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xYE NEON Yellowstone Northern Range (Frog Rock) (YELL), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1985459, 2023k.
Schreiner-McGraw, A.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-Mo2 LTAR CMRB Tucker Prairie (CMRB TP), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; USDA Agricultural Research Service, Cropping Systems & Water Quality Research Unit, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229383, 2023.
Schuppenhauer, M., Biraud, S. C., and Chan, S.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-RGB Butte County Rice Farm, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Arva Intelligence Corp, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2204874, 2023a.
Schuppenhauer, M. R., Biraud, S. C., and Chan, S.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-RGA Arkansas Corn Farm, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Arva Intelligence Corp., https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2204873, 2023b.
Schuppenhauer, M. R., Biraud, S. C., and Chan, S.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-RGo Glenn County Organic Rice Farm, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Arva Intelligence Corp., https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2204875, 2023c.
Valach, A., Kasak, K., Szutu, D., Verfaillie, J., and Baldocchi, D.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-Tw5 East Pond Wetland, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States), https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1881595, 2022.
Warm Winter 2020 Team: Warm Winter 2020 ecosystem eddy covariance flux product for 73 stations in FLUXNET-Archive format—release 2022-1 (Version 1.0), https://doi.org/10.18160/2G60-ZHAK, 2022.
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