Datasets:

imdatta0

/

wikipedia_en_sample

like 0

Toanopsis is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was erected by A. E. Prout in 1926. Species Toanopsis cyclophora Holloway, 2009 Borneo Toanopsis engenes A. E. Prout, 1926 Borneo Toanopsis homala (A. E. Prout, 1925) Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo Toanopsis ichingae Holloway, 2009 Borneo Toanopsis particolor (Warren, 1913) Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Bali, Java References Acontiinae

Lanei Chapman (born January 23, 1973) is an American actress. She has appeared primarily in guest appearances on episodes of various television series, and may be best known for her role as Lt. Vanessa Damphousse in the single 1995–96 season of the series Space: Above and Beyond. Career Chapman first appeared on television at the age of 13 in a Kentucky Fried Chicken commercial. She went on to appear in a number of films and television shows, including White Men Can't Jump, Seinfeld, The Wonder Years and China Beach. She made her science fiction television debut in Star Trek: The Next Generation as Ensign Sariel Rager, a recurring character who served as a conn officer in numerous episodes, though she only received an on-screen credit for speaking parts in four episodes. She made her debut in the series Space: Above and Beyond during the pilot episode, playing main cast character Lt. Vanessa Damphousse. While filming the pilot and the early part of the series, Chapman was on a leave of absence from a post-graduate film production program at the University of Southern California. She initially auditioned with Randy Stone, senior vice-president of talent and casting at Twentieth Century Fox Television, and then two days later with David Nutter, the director of the pilot. By her own admission, the character did not have a great deal to do in that initial two-part episode, so much so that when she was required to audition, the lines she read were from a different character as they had not yet developed Damphousse. The writers took elements of Chapman's own experiences and backstory and wrote it into the new character's as they were developing her. The series was cancelled after one season, despite an organized fan campaign to renew it. Personal life Chapman is a graduate of Dartmouth College with a degree in Spanish. She had originally chosen to major in Drama, but switched part-way through after discovering the extent of the foreign language program at the college. She also wrote a short play while there, called Home Run, which she sent to actress Chip Fields to appear in and assist Chapman in directing. She is also a qualified teacher in California, and for a short time taught kindergarten until she chose to pursue acting full-time. Filmography Film References External links 1973 births African-American actresses American educators American film actresses American television actresses Dartmouth College alumni Living people 21st-century African-American people 21st-century African-American women 20th-century African-American people 20th-century African-American women

Car games are games played to pass the time on long car journeys, often started by parents to amuse restless children. They generally require little or no equipment or playing space. Some such games are designed specifically to be played while traveling (e.g. the license plate game, the Alphabet Game, or "car tag" games like Punch Buggy), while others are games that can be played in a variety of settings including car journeys (e.g. twenty questions). Alphabet Game In the alphabet game, each player has to find the letters of the alphabet among signs and other pieces of text in the environment around them, working through the alphabet in order from A to Z. Players may take turns, each turn lasting five miles of driving distance, or may play cooperatively with each other. Car tag A common car game is car tag. Car tag is when people look out for particular models of car on the road. The game ends when the travellers reach their destination, and the person who spotted the most wins. Cars in a dealership lot are usually not counted. House rules may make certain car models trigger other effects beyond or instead of awarding points, most famously in the game variant known as "Punch Buggy" where spotting a Volkswagen Beetle allows the spotter to punch another passenger. I Spy I Spy is a common car game, one person calling out "I spy with my little eye something beginning with..." then naming a letter, and others attempting to guess the object that was spied. Players may agree that any chosen object should remain visible during the journey, rather than something that will be passed and not seen again during the journey. Players may also agree to decide if the objects will be all outside or all inside the vehicle. The Parson's Cat The Parson's Cat, also called The Minister's Cat, is a Victorian parlour game in which players describe a cat using each letter of the alphabet. In differing variations, players may each describe the cat using a different letter (i.e., "amiable", "beautiful", "curious"), or may all describe the cat using the same letter until they cannot think of more, at which point they move on to the next letter ("amiable", "alluring", ... "antiquated", "beautiful"). In other variations, players may be required to recite all previous descriptions of the cat before adding the next adjective. Sign cricket Sign cricket is a British game where players earn points according to the numbers of legs belonging to the people or animals in the pub's name. For example, a "Horse and Groom" pub would score 6 points: 4 for the four-legged horse, plus 2 for the two-legged groom. See also I packed my bag Twenty Questions References

Stephen Black (March 31, 1927 – June 12, 2008) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League with the Detroit Red Wings and Chicago Black Hawks between 1949 and 1951. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1946 to 1954, was spent in the minor leagues. Black won the Stanley Cup with Detroit in 1950. Junior career Steve Black played five years for the Port Arthur Flyers of the TBJHL making two trips to the Memorial Cup Tournament before joining the Pacific Coast Hockey League (PCHL). Professional career In 1946 Black joined the Oakland Oaks of the PCHL and showed enough talent to move up to the American Hockey League the following season. After two years in the minors, he joined the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League (NHL). The 1949–50 Wings were already deep in offensive talent with established players such as Gordie Howe, Ted Lindsay and Sid Abel, so Black was told to concentrate on the defensive aspect of the game. As his defensive skills increased, his overall game improved, and was picked to play in the 1950 NHL All Star Game. He won the Stanley Cup with the Red Wings. He started the 1951 season with Detroit before being traded to the Chicago Black Hawks. He would play 39 games for Chicago that season which would also be his last in the NHL. He played in the minor leagues for three more seasons before retiring from hockey in 1954. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs Awards and achievements 1950 Stanley Cup Championship (Detroit Red Wings) 1950 NHL All Star (Detroit Red Wings) References External links Steve Black's Day with the Stanley Cup 1927 births 2008 deaths Calgary Stampeders (WHL) players Canadian ice hockey left wingers Chicago Blackhawks players Detroit Red Wings players Indianapolis Capitals players Milwaukee Sea Gulls players Oakland Oaks (PCHL) players St. Louis Flyers players Ice hockey people from Thunder Bay Stanley Cup champions

This is a list of members of the Teylers Tweede Genootschap (Teylers Second Society) by year of appointment. There are six members in the society. The dates shown indicate the terms of the members, who generally serve for life, though they had to be residents of Haarlem under the age of 70, so sometimes they retired early. Original appointed members The original members as appointed by testament of Pieter Teyler van der Hulst were: Gerrit Willem van Oosten de Bruijn (1778 - 1797) Cornelis Elout (1778 - 1779) Jan Bosch (1778 - 1780) Johannes Enschedé Sr. (1778 - 1780) Jean le Clé (1778 - 1802) Bernardus Vriends (1778 - 1791) Later members Members that were added later: Martinus van Marum (1779 - 1837) Jean Gijsbert Decker (1780 - 1808), resigned Willem Anne Lestevenon (1780 - 1797), resigned Pieter Hermannes Klaarenbeek (1791 - 1797), resigned Johannes Enschedé Jr. (1797 - 1799) Jan van der Roest (1797 - 1814) Jossue Teyssedre l'Ange (1797 - 1853) Christiaan Brunings (1799 - 1805) Adriaan van den Ende (1802 - 1842), resigned Joseph Chrysostomus Bernardus Bernard (1805 - 1836), resigned Pieter Hermannes Klaarenbeek (1811 - 1812), resigned Adriaan van der Willigen (1812 - 1841) Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt (1814 - 1854) Johannes Enschedé III (1836 - 1866) Jacobus Albertus van Bemmelen (1838 - 1853) Jacques Gisbert Samuel van Breda (1841 - 1867) Jan Justus Enschedé (1842 - 1850), resigned Hugo Beijerman (1850 - 1870) Peter Elias (1853 - 1878) Jan Geel (1853 - 1858), resigned Jan van der Hoeven (1854 - 1868) Jeronimo de Bosch Kemper (1858 - 1876) Volkert Simon Maarten van der Willigen (1866 - 1878) Adriaan van der Willigen Pz. (1867 - 1876), resigned Douwe Lubach (1868 - 1902) Robert Jacobus Fruin (1870 - 1899) Adriaan Justus Enschedé (1876 - 1896) Arie Cornelis Kruseman (1876 - 1894) Carel Johannes Matthes (1878 - 1882) Elisa van der Ven (1878 - 1909) Hendrik Jacob Scholten (1882 - 1907) Jeronimo de Vries (1894 - 1914), resigned Theodorus Marinus Roest (1896 - 1898) Johan Wilhelmus Stephanik (1898 - 1905) Pieter Lodewijk Muller (1899 - 1904) Hugo de Vries (1902 - 1935) Petrus Johannes Blok (1905 - 1929) Henri Jean de Dompierre de Chaufpié (1905 - 1911) Ernst Wilhelm Moes (1907 - 1911) Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (1909 - 1928) Adolf Octave van Kerkwijk (1911 - 1949), resigned Cornelis Hofstede de Groot (1912 - 1930) Gerard Kalff (1914 - 1924) Jan Willem Muller (1928 - 1957) Adriaan Daniël Fokker (1930 - 1945), resigned Johan Huizinga (1930 - 1945) Wilhelm Martin (1930 - 1954) Lourens Baas Becking (1935 - 1940), resigned; (1941 - 1945), resigned Jan Steffen Bartstra (1945 - 1959) Pieter Nicolaas van Eyck (1945 - 1950), resigned Victor Jacob Koningsberger (1946 - 1965) Johan Willem Frederiks (1949 - 1959) Pieter Minderaa (1950 - 1965) Johan Quirijn van Regteren Altena (1954 - 1970) Jacob Kistemaker (1957 - ?) Hendrik Enno van Gelder (1959 - ?) Johan Christiaan Boogman (1959 - ?) Cornelis Frederik Petrus Stutterheim (1965 - 1973) Maurits Henri van Raalte (1965 - ?) Sturla Jonasson Gudlaugsson (1970 - 1971) Theodoor Herman Lunsingh Scheurleer (1971 - ?) Henri Albert Gomperts (1973 - ?) Harm Habing (? - 2008/2009) Rob Visser (? - - 2012/2013) Ilja Veldman (? - 2014/2015) Arent Pol (? - current) --> Louise Vet (? - current) --> Niek van Sas (? - current) Wim van Anrooij (? - current) Wim van Saarloos (2008/2009 - current) Frans van Lunteren (2012/2013 - current) Yvonne Bleyerveld (2014/2015 - current) References Teyler 1778-1978:studies en bijdragen over Teylers Stichting naar aanleiding van het tweede eeuwfeest, by J. H. van Borssum Buisman, H. Enno van Gelder, Pieter Teyler van der Hulst, Schuyt, 1978, Teylers Tweede Genootschap

Wexford Bridge is a road bridge in Wexford, the county town of County Wexford in Ireland. It crosses the mouth of the River Slaney from Wexford town on the west bank to Ferrybank on the east bank. It carries the R741 road from Wexford towards Dublin and the north. The bridge consists of 7 spans of maximum length 63 metres and 12 metres wide, made of continuous steel girders carrying composite concrete slabs. Including the approach roads, the total length of the bridge is 590 metres, of which 380 metres are over water. The current bridge, the third to be built, was originally opened on 10 September 1959 but by the 1990s was suffering from severe corrosion. In 1997, therefore, over a 10-week period, the whole superstructure was broken up, the piers and abutments reconstructed, and the roadway replaced by composite concrete slabs. History of the bridge Before the first bridge was built the nearest bridge crossing of the River Slaney was at Enniscorthy, some 20 km upstream, although a number of ferry crossings operated at various points. Construction of the first bridge by Lemuel Cox, an American, started in June 1794 and was completed the following year. It was constructed in wood with a breadth of some 10 metres. In 1827 a portion of the bridge collapsed into the river and in 1866 the whole structure was demolished after a new bridge had been built. The first bridge became infamous as the setting for a massacre of nearly 100 local Loyalists by pikemen of the Society of United Irishmen during the Irish Rebellion of 1798. The victims were taken from custody to the bridge, speared by pikes and thrown into the river. As part of the recriminations after the rebellion had been put down, a number of rebel ringleaders were hanged on the bridge, beheaded and their corpses thrown into the river. The new bridge was constructed about a kilometre upstream at Carcur, where the river was much wider. By the 1950s, however, the new bridge was unable to support heavy motor traffic and was itself demolished in 1959. In the meantime a third bridge, the current bridge, was constructed by a Dutch firm on the site of the original first bridge and completed by 1959. Following corrosion problems, the superstructure of this bridge was replaced in 1997 by Ascon Ltd, using prefabricated units made in Italy. See also Wexford Rebellion of 1798 Bagenal Harvey, John Henry Colclough, Cornelius Grogan, Matthew Keogh, Philip Roche, John Kelly of Killanne - Rebel leaders hanged on Wexford bridge, 25/28 June 1798 References Bridges in the Republic of Ireland Buildings and structures in County Wexford

Hydraulic lime (HL) is a general term for calcium oxide, a variety of lime also called quicklime, that sets by hydration. This contrasts with calcium hydroxide, also called slaked lime or air lime that is used to make lime mortar, the other common type of lime mortar, which sets by carbonation (re-absorbing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air). Hydraulic lime provides a faster initial set and higher compressive strength than air lime, and hydraulic lime will set in more extreme conditions, including under water. The terms 'hydraulic lime' and 'hydrated lime' are quite similar and may be confused but are not necessarily the same material. Hydrated lime is any lime which has been slaked whether it sets through hydration, carbonation, or both. Calcium reacts in the lime kiln with the clay minerals to produce silicates that enable some of the lime to set through hydration. Any unreacted calcium is slaked to calcium hydroxide which sets through carbonation. These are sometimes called 'semi-hydraulic lime' and include the classifications feebly and moderately hydraulic lime, NHL 2 and NHL 3.5. Types There are two basic types of hydraulic limes: Natural hydraulic lime (NHL) Natural hydraulic lime (NHL) is produced by heating (calcining) limestone that naturally contains clay and other impurities: no materials may be added to create the hydraulicity. In the United States NHL may be called 'hydrated hydraulic lime' (HHL) per ASTM C-141 Standard Specification for Hydrated Hydraulic Lime for Structural Purposes. Artificial hydraulic lime (AHL) Artificial hydraulic lime (AHL) or artificial lime (AL) becomes hydraulic when hydraulic and/or pozzolan materials are added either before or after burning in a lime kiln. Artificial limes are more specifically identified as 'hydraulic lime' (HL), as defined European Norm 459 (EN-459), "Consists of lime and other materials such as Portland cement, blast furnace slag, fly ash, limestone filler and other suitable materials."; 'formulated lime' (FL) (EN-459) consists of "...mainly of hydrated lime and or NHL with added hydraulic and/or pozzolanic material. It is identical to HL but its composition must be declared on the CE marking.". 'Pozzolanic hydraulic lime' (PHL) (ASTM C-1707) is "very similar to HL or FL. Consists mainly of hydrated lime with one or more pozzolans with possible inclusion of inert filler. When Portland cement, even traces, is present (can be up to 20% of binder weight), it has to be labeled as 'PHLc'." Characteristics Hydraulic lime is a useful building material for the following reasons: It has a low elastic modulus. There is no need for expansion (movement) joints. It allows buildings to "breathe", and does not trap moisture in the walls. It has a lower firing temperature than Portland cement, and thus manufactured consuming less energy. Stone and brickwork bonded with lime is easier to re-use. Lime acts sacrificially in that it is weaker and breaks down more readily than the masonry, thus saving weaker stone such as sandstone and limestone from the harmful effects of temperature expansion and mortar freeze. It is less dense than cement, thus less cold bridging. Lime re-absorbs the carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by its calcination (firing in a kiln), thus partially offsetting the large amount emitted during its manufacture. The more hydraulic a lime, the less CO2 is reabsorbed during set, for example, 50% of CO2 is reabsorbed by NHL 3.5 during the set, compared to 100% of CO2 being reabsorbed by pure calcium hydroxide (fat lime putty). Hydraulic lime concrete Hydraulic lime concretes have been in use since Roman times, either as mass foundation concretes or as lightweight concretes using tufa or pumice as aggregates and a wide range of pozzolans to achieve different strengths and speeds of set. This meant that lime could be used in a wide variety of applications including floors and even vaults or domes. An example is the Pantheon in Rome, which has survived for nearly two thousand years. The dome's diameter is equal to its height from the floor. It is constructed from six different lime mixes, which change the properties and lightness of the material. Classification Natural hydraulic lime (NHL) is classified for different uses the first two of which are sometimes called semi-hydraulic lime because they initially set with water but continue to set in contact with carbon dioxide in the air. Feebly hydraulic lime Feebly hydraulic lime (NHL 2) is used for internal work and external work in sheltered areas. Feebly hydraulic lime contains up to 10% clay / clay mixed with other impurities. It might take one week or more to set after the addition of water. Setting is the process of permanently taking the shape into which lime has been moulded. Moderately hydraulic lime Moderately hydraulic lime (NHL 3.5) can be used for external work in most areas. Moderately hydraulic lime contains clay in the range of 11% to 20%. This type of lime sets (assumes given shape) within a few days after the addition of water. Eminently hydraulic lime Eminently hydraulic lime (NHL 5) is used for external work in exposed areas, such as chimneys and for floor slabs/underpinning. Eminently hydraulic lime contains clay in the range of 21% to 30%. Properties of eminently hydraulic lime are close to those of cement. Eminently hydraulic lime sets within one day after the addition of water. Benefits Hydraulic limes gain strength over time hence providing flexibility and avoiding the need for expansion joints. Considered to be more environmentally friendly than portland cement as they are burnt at a lower temperature and uniquely re-absorb some of the carbon dioxide given off during burning as they cure/carbonate in/on the wall. Enable building components to be reclaimed and reused as they are 'softer' than cement. Set under water hence making them ideal for applications in contact with the sea, canals, rivers etc. See also Lime plaster Lime mortar Hempcrete References External links The Technology and Use of Hydraulic Lime, by John Ashurst The National Lime Association (US & Canada) How to use hydraulic lime and PDF application fact sheets The Scottish Lime Centre Building materials

Kreditkassen may refer to: Kreditkassen for Husejere i Kjøbenhavn, a mortgage credit institution in Denmark Christiania Bank, a bank in Norway

Howearion is a genus of two species of helicarionid semislugs that are endemic to Australia’s Lord Howe Island in the Tasman Sea. Species Howearion belli Iredale, 1944 – beautiful semislug Howearion hilli (Cox, 1873) – Lord Howe semislug References Gastropod genera Taxa named by Tom Iredale Gastropods described in 1944 Gastropods of Lord Howe Island

Guta Moura Guedes (born 1965 in Torres Vedras, Portugal) is a Portuguese curator, author, journalist and cultural manager. She has been engaged in the international design community as a creative director, strategist, and critical thinker since the early 1990s. In 2019, she was recognised as one of the 25 most influential women in Portugal. Biography Curator and strategic designer In 1999 Moura Guedes co-founded and co-curated the ExperimentaDesign Biennial in Lisbon. This design cultural platform, a mixture of exhibitions, lectures and conferences, ran for 18 years until 2017, with one edition in Amsterdam, 2008. It received over a million visitors and brought more than 1,800 national and international participants from 48 different countries to Lisbon. She has curated, among many others, the exhibitions “Flexibility" in Turin (2008), “Resistance” in Venice (2016), Still Motion in Milan (2017), "Common Sense" in Basel (2019) and "Primeira Pedra" in Lisbon (2022). She has also curated specific projects in the fields of social inclusion, like Action for Age, education, like MUSA, and industry and environment, like First Stone. Cultural management and cultural catalyst Experimenta was conceived as a non-profit culture and design association in 1998. Moura Guedes co-founded it and has been chair since 2000. Through this vehicle she has been involved in a number of new initiatives besides the biennial, including, more recently, the "Design Foundation for Women and Crafts", and "reCenter Culture". In 2004 she was appointed Administrator of the Fundação Centro Cultural de Belém, by the Portuguese Government. From 2006 to 2008 she was the Director of Marketing, Strategic Design and Development at the Fundação Casa da Música, in Porto. In 2017 she founded the Lisbon Gallery, situated in the Palácio do Príncipe Real: it was the first "Design and Architecture" gallery in Lisbon. Juries, awards, councils and boards Throughout her career, Moura Guedes has been invited to join many juries, award panels, councils and advisory boards. She is a member of the advisory board of Fondazione Bisazza (Italy) and a fellow-member of the Curry Stone Design Prize (USA), having been part of the jury in 2010. In 2015 she was nominated by the Portuguese Government to be the Commissioner of the "Ano de Design Português" (Portuguese Design Year). Moura Guedes was a member of the International Advisory Committee of “Torino 2008 World Design Capital”, the International Think Tank for the Scottish event “Six Cities Design Festival” and the Editorial Committee of the “Utrecht Manifest Design 2007”. She was the Curatorial Director of the Massimo Dutti Design Award, a member of the jury of the Prix Émile Hermès (2008), of The Design Prize (2018) and of the German Design Awards (2021). She was invited by the Portuguese Government to be part of the advisory board to the Official Commemorations of the Carnation Revolution in 2013. Between 2002 and 2005 she was a member of the management board of the Francisco Capelo Design and Fashion Collection, a collection now housed in the Design Museum, MUDE, in Lisbon. Writing and television Moura Guedes has been writing a weekly column on design at Expresso newspaper since 2019. She regularly writes for national and international magazines, and has contributed to several exhibition catalogues and books, including in 2007, “& Fork”, the Phaidon Press book about contemporary industrial design. Moura Guedes has a regular presence on TV debates and interviews. In 2001, she was co-author of "EXDMagazine", a show about international design and contemporary culture. Between 2004 and 2005 she hosted the television talk-show "Encontro Marcado", interviewing more than 40 guests on themes of modern Portuguese culture. In 2010 she conceived and hosted a weekly TV talk show entitled “Cidades Visíveis" focusing on culture and creative practices in contemporary urban contexts. She was the commissioner for the First Stone documentaries, first aired in 2018 on RTP2. Lectures, conferences and teaching Moura Guedes has regularly participated in lectures, debates and conferences on social and sustainable development, on design and on culture in Portugal, abroad and digitally. Examples of these are, "Torino Geodesign" (2008), "Miartalks, Curating Design" (2014), "Uselessness: Is this humankind’s most valuable tool?" (2018) and with the Vitra Design Museum (2021), She taught Design & Innovation at Católica Lisbon School of Business and Economics. Honours In 2005 Moura Guedes was honoured by the French Government with the “Ordre de Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres” for her work in the field of design and culture around the world. References External links Guta Moura Guedes Official Site ExperimantaDesign First Stone Design Foundation for Women and Crafts City Cortex ReCenter Culture 1995 births Living people People from Torres Vedras Portuguese women curators Portuguese women writers Portuguese women journalists Officiers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres

Barry Cooper (born 1949) is an English musicologist, composer, organist, Beethoven scholar, and editor of the Beethoven Compendium. Life Born in Westcliff-on-Sea in Essex, Cooper studied piano and composition in his childhood, leading to scholarships to Gordonstoun School and later to University College, Oxford, where he studied organ with John Webster and earned an MA in 1973 and a DPhil in 1974. His musical compositions include an oratorio, The Ascension. But Cooper is best known for his books on Beethoven, as well as a completion and realization of Beethoven's fragmentary Symphony No. 10. Having extensively studied Beethoven's sketchbooks and written a book about them, Beethoven and the Creative Process, Cooper felt confident enough to identify the sketches for the individual movements of the Symphony and put together those for the first movement into a musically satisfactory whole. The realisation was recorded by the London Symphony Orchestra conducted by Wyn Morris. It was then revised and received its public premiere in 1988 by the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Walter Weller. In a way, this fulfilled Beethoven's promise of his Symphony No. 10 to the Royal Philharmonic Society, since the premiere was at a concert given by this society. Several recordings are available. From 1974 to 1990, Cooper taught at the University of Aberdeen, where he became interested in early printed music in that city, as well as music theory in 18th-century England. He has also discovered rare 17th-century French harpsichord music as well as one of the oldest canons now known. Cooper recently released a new edition of the Beethoven Piano Sonatas (for the ABRSM) incorporating three additional sonatas not normally included. Cooper also wrote the accompanying critical text to the sonatas, detailing the changes made and the many thousands of corrections to the sonatas. Since 1990, Cooper has taught, latterly as Professor of Music, at the University of Manchester. As well as Beethoven's sketches, Cooper teaches courses in Western Music History, editing, bibliography skills and harmony and counterpoint. References 1949 births Alumni of University College, Oxford Beethoven scholars English composers English male composers English musicologists English organists British male organists Living people People educated at Gordonstoun People from Westcliff-on-Sea 21st-century organists

Somalis in the United Kingdom include British citizens and residents born in or with ancestors from Somalia. The United Kingdom (UK) is home to the largest Somali community in Europe, with an estimated 108,000 Somali-born immigrants residing in the UK in 2018 according to the Office for National Statistics. The majority of these live in England, with the largest number found in London. Smaller Somali communities exist in Birmingham, Bristol, Manchester, Liverpool, Leicester, Milton Keynes, Sheffield and Cardiff. The earliest Somali immigrants in the UK were lascars and merchants who arrived in the 19th century. A second small group of seamen came during the Second World War with the Royal Navy from the British Somaliland (present-day Somaliland). During the 1980s and 1990s, the civil war in Somalia led to a large number of Somali immigrants, comprising the majority of the current Somali population in the UK. British Somalis are one of the largest Muslim communities in the UK. Notable British Somalis include notable sports figures, filmmakers, activists and local politicians. They have also established business networks and media organisations. History and settlement The Somali community in the UK includes British citizens, refugees, asylum seekers, persons granted exceptional leave to remain, irregular migrants, and Somalis who have moved to Britain after being granted refugee status in other European states. Most Somalia-born residents in England and Wales hold a UK passport. According to the 2011 Census, 36 per cent of Somali-born residents of England and Wales arrived in the UK during the 1990s. The majority (57 per cent) arrived after 2001, with around 25 per cent arriving between 2001 and 2003. Early migration The United Kingdom has historically been tied closely to Somaliland through its involvement in the British Somaliland protectorate. This link has given rise to a long tradition of Somali migration to the United Kingdom. Mobility has played an important part in Somali culture. The first Somali immigrants were seamen and merchants who settled in port cities in the late 19th century, mainly in Cardiff, Liverpool and London. Many of these early sailors came from British Somaliland and worked in the thriving docks. In Cardiff, many lived in boarding houses run by other Somalis. Along with Yemeni seamen, these Somali sailors were among the lascars from the Arab world that were working in the British shipping industry. Following race riots in Cardiff and other cities in 1919, around 600 of the Somali, Egyptian and other residents from the Arab world were evacuated to their home countries. Similar disturbances occurred in Salford in 1921 and South Shields in 1930. Somalis are recorded as living in London back to 1914, having been recruited to fight in the First World War. A second, small group came during the Second World War with the Royal Navy and stayed in search of employment. They had been recruited as seafarers from parts of the British Empire due to shortages in manpower. Most of these seamen considered their stay in the UK as temporary and had left their families behind. As a result of an act of Parliament passed in 1894, until the 1950s, Somali migrants were legally restricted to working in the shipping industry, were paid at rates of 25% below the standard workforce rate, and legally required to settle only in towns and cities that were centres of shipping. They were mainly concentrated in Cardiff and South Shields, which in 1938 had 116 and 47 Somalian-born sailors, respectively. Consequently, the resident Arabic-speaking populations were typically known as "Somali" since most of the seamen in these ports came from the regions near the Gulf of Aden. In 1953, there were around 600 Somalis living in the UK. When the British merchant navy started to reduce in size in the 1950s, many of these migrants moved to industrial cities such as Birmingham, Sheffield and Manchester, where labour was in great demand. The first Somalis to arrive in Sheffield did so in the 1930s. More arrived between the 1940s and 1960s, particularly to work in the city's steel industry. Somalis also worked in the steel industry in South Wales, taking on physically demanding work that did not appeal to the Welsh workers. In 1952, a Somali man was one of the last people to be hanged in Wales, for the murder of a shopkeeper and moneylender in Butetown, Cardiff. His conviction was quashed in 1998. By the 1960s, there were still only a few Somali women in the United Kingdom. After the British industry started to experience heavy growth, Somali men brought over their wives and families. Somali women subsequently began establishing community organisations in the cities where they resided, some of which still exist to this day. In the 1960s and 1970s, Somali students from British Somaliland also came to study in Britain. Some chose to remain in the United Kingdom, while others returned to Somalia after graduating. Some long-settled Somalis also returned to Somalia in the 1960s, following the country's independence, though many subsequently moved back to Britain as a result of growing instability during the 1980s. In 1983, when the British government requisitioned civilian ships for the Falklands War, three British-registered sailors of Somali origin were denied employment on the basis of their race. The industry had been outside of the remit of the 1976 Race Relations Act, and discrimination within the industry was significant. In 1983, 90% of Somali seamen living in Cardiff were unemployed. This was upheld as unlawful by an industrial tribunal and an appeal court, and the case contributed to considerable focus in the media on the issue of discrimination in the shipping industry. Refugees and asylum seekers During the 1980s and 1990s, the civil war in Somalia lead to a large number of Somali immigrants, comprising the majority of the current Somali population in the UK. Between 1988 and 1994, the favoured destination of people fleeing the civil war was Scandinavia, but by 1999 53 per cent of Somali asylum applications in Europe were made in the UK. Many of these asylum seekers had fled from neighbouring countries such as Ethiopia before migrating to the UK. Many of these refugees were women and children whose men had either been killed or had stayed in Somalia to fight, changing the Somali settlement from one of single seamen to that of refugee communities. Between 1985 and 2006, Somalis figured among the top ten largest country of origin groups of people seeking asylum in the UK. In the late 1980s, most of these early migrants were granted refugee status, while those arriving later in the 1990s more often obtained temporary status. Some Somali refugees have also been resettled in the UK under the government's Gateway Protection Programme, which was launched in 2004. Under this scheme, refugees designated as particularly vulnerable by the UNHCR are assessed for eligibility under the 1951 Refugee Convention by the Home Office. If they meet the eligibility criteria they are then brought to the UK and granted indefinite leave to remain. The first Somali refugees to be resettled arrived in 2010, and between 2010 and 2012, a total of 418 Somalis were resettled in the UK. Further numbers of Somalis were resettled under the programme in 2013. People whose asylum applications have been rejected but who remain in the UK constitute one of a number of categories of irregular immigrants. In 2010, 270 Somalis had their asylum claims rejected in final decisions. The British government has a declared policy of not deporting failed asylum seekers to Somalia as it considers it too dangerous for return, although it has forcibly returned people to regions of the country that are more stable and accessible by air, such as Somaliland. In April 2014 the Home Office issued new advice to its case workers, suggesting that it is now safe to return people to the capital, Mogadishu. In a test case in June 2014, a judge granted an injunction to halt that deportation of a Somali man to Mogadishu. Some Somalis had been returned to Mogadishu prior to the issuance of new guidance, and the returns were subject to criticism from members of the Somali community as well as human rights groups and organisations. Of those Somalis whose asylum claims have been declined or whose temporary status had expired, some have voluntarily repatriated. Many others have been subject to indefinite detention in immigration detention centres. Secondary migration There has also been some secondary migration of Somalis to the UK from the Netherlands, Sweden and Denmark. According to refugee expert Jill Rutter, in some locations, secondary migrants make up the majority of the Somali community. An academic article published in 2011 suggests that, since 2000, between 10,000 and 20,000 Somalis in the Netherlands have moved to the UK. The driving forces behind this secondary migration included: a desire to reunite with family and friends; a rise in Dutch opposition to Muslim immigration; Somali opposition to housing policies which forced them to live scattered in small groups all over various cities rather than in a larger agglomerated community; a restrictive socio-economic environment which, among other things, made it difficult for new arrivals to find work; and the comparative ease of starting a business and acquiring the means to get off social welfare in the UK. Research into this relocation also suggests that some Somali migrants in the Netherlands did not intend to end up there as a final destination. Their journeys may have been interrupted in the Netherlands, or they may have had little choice about their destination. As a result, some secondary migration can be seen in the context of the desire to complete an intended migration to the UK. Naturalisation and grants of settlement Between 1983 and 1994, the number of Somalis granted British citizenship was generally low, ranging from 40 in 1987 to 140 in 1994. In 1995 the number of grants of citizenship started to rise significantly, reaching a peak of 11,165 in 2004, before falling somewhat in the following years. In 2018, 2,746 Somali nationals were granted British citizenship, accounting for around 1.75 per cent of all naturalisations and making Somali the 18th most common nationality amongst those granted citizenship that year. According to the 2011 UK Census, 71.5 per cent of Somalia-born residents in England and Wales hold a UK passport. This is the sixth highest proportion amongst foreign-born groups. In addition to naturalisation, the British government can grant settlement to foreign nationals. This confers upon foreign nationals permanent residence in the UK, without granting them British citizenship. Grants of settlement are made on the basis of various factors, including employment, family formation and reunification, and asylum (including to deal with backlogs of asylum cases). The total number of grants of settlement to Somali nationals was 1,952 in 2017, out of a total of 65,102 for all foreign nationals, compared to 4,900 out of 241,192 in 2010. Demographics Population and distribution As of 2018, the UK was believed to have the largest Somali community in Europe. The Office for National Statistics estimates that 108,000 Somali-born immigrants were resident in the UK in 2018. The 2011 UK Census recorded 99,484 Somali-born residents in England, 1,886 in Wales, 1,591 in Scotland, and 88 in Northern Ireland. The previous census, held in 2001, had recorded 43,532 Somali-born residents. This was widely considered an undercount, and in response, the Office for National Statistics employed the services of a Somali community adviser in the run-up to the 2011 Census in order to address possible under-enumeration of Somalis. Estimates of the Somali-born population are complicated by the exchange of Somalis both arriving in the UK and those deciding to return to Somalia or elsewhere. According to academic Laura Hammond, this mobility is common within the Somali diaspora, with many having residences in both Somalia and the UK. Somali immigrants from the more stable regions of Somalia often vacation in those areas for extended periods during the summer. The United Nations Development Programme estimated in 2009 that 10,000 Somalis were visiting the northwestern Somaliland region from the UK annually, though Hammond argues that this total may also include people simply transferring through the UK. The ethnic classification of Somalis in Britain has varied over the years. During the early 20th century, Somalis were administered as "Somali" or "Arab" in tandem with Egyptians, Sudanese, Zanzibaris and Yemenis. Along with other groups from the Arab world, Africa, the Caribbean and South Asia, these populations were also sometimes collectively identified in a non-racial, political sense with the epithet "black" or its then neutral equivalent "coloured" in order to underscore their common experience of colonial subordination. Presently, there is no "Somali" option amongst the tick-box answers to the ethnicity question in the UK Census. Respondents who identify as Somali can, however, indicate this through a write-in response option. Following lobbying from Somali and other groups, a new "Arab" tick-box was introduced in the 2011 Census. According to sociologists Peter J. Aspinall and Martha Judith Chinouya, qualitative findings indicate that "groups from northern Africa, the Horn of Africa, and some parts of the eastern coastline and islands of Africa may not identify themselves as black African. It was felt that they don't see themselves as black or African and might describe themselves by nationality specifically (eg, Somali or Sudanese), perhaps Afro-Arabs, or Arab-African". Aspinall and Lavinia Mitton note that "those from Somalia may consider themselves to be Arab-African rather than Black African because of their religion and physical features". The Policy Research Centre argued that "the inclusion of Arab will help refine the British Muslim picture as many Arabic speaking British citizens who are Muslim, as well as many who are not, could not find an appropriate category, and selecting from 3 or 4 near matches". However, it cautioned that "the new Arab ethnic category will give us a clearer picture, but could confuse the Somali ethnic count[...] this may lead to challenges in accurately sizing citizens of Somali heritage. Such respondents will have to choose between Arab as a linguistic choice and Black African as a geographical and/or racial choice. Moreover, because of such community drives to get Somalis more noticed, it is likely Somali responses under the Black section will be split between African and Other Black". Question testing with Somalis in Wales in the run-up to the census revealed inconsistent answering of the ethnicity question. Some Somali participants in the test ticked the "African" box, others wrote in "Somali", and one person ticked both "African" and "Arab". Some Somali participants in both Wales and England believed that there was a need for a Somali tick-box, whereas others felt that the African option was sufficient. No Somali, Egyptian, Berber, Kurdish or Iranian respondents chose to identify solely as Arab. Similarly, question testing in Scotland found that "Somalian" was the most frequent write-in response given under the "African or Caribbean: Other" heading. "Somalian" was also the most common write-in response under "Other ethnic group: Other". When the 2011 Census was conducted, 37,708 residents in England and Wales wrote in "Somali" and 5,226 wrote in "Somalilander" under the "Black/African/Caribbean/Black British" heading in response to the ethnicity question. 6,146 wrote "Somali" and 826 "Somalilander" under the "Other ethnic group" heading. Others also wrote in "Somali" or "Somalilander" under the "White" (743 "Somali" and 151 "Somalilander"), "Mixed/multiple ethnic groups" (621 "Somali"), and "Asian/Asian British" (257 "Somali") headings. In Scotland, 238 people wrote in "Somali" under the African heading. With regard to the "Arab" tick-box and write-in ethnic identity responses, the National Association of British Arabs indicates that "many people responded to the question in terms of a refined categorisation, and specifically those Arabs from North Africa and Somalia", but notes that it is uncertain how many of these individuals responded in the general 'Arab' box. The organisation categorises Somalia-born immigrants as Arabs. Based on census data, it indicates that they are the largest population of British Arabs by country of birth. December 2018 saw the publication of the 2021 Census White Paper, which proposes further changes to the ethnicity classification - specifically, the addition of a tick box for the Roma population, and a ‘search as you type’ facility to make it easier for people of Somali origin to use the write in under ‘Black African’. As with estimates of the total Somali population in the UK, estimates by city vary significantly between sources. This problem is partly the result of defining "Somali", with some sources estimating the Somali-born population only, and others estimating the size of the ethnic Somali community, including second and subsequent-generation British Somalis. The 2011 census found that 65,333 Somali-born people were resident in London. Other sources suggest that Cardiff has the highest number of British-born people of Somali heritage anywhere in the UK, though the number of Somali-born immigrants there is relatively low. Peter J. Aspinall argues that "the census is primarily designed to serve the needs of government and cannot meet the requirements of local authorities where particular groups outwith the category system may cluster. Examples include the Somalis and Yemenis in Sheffield, the City Council arguing that a new approach to capturing a wider range of ethnic groups is needed where their numbers are not significant nationally". A 2003 report prepared for the London Borough of Hackney noted that: "Lack of sensitivity in monitoring has contributed to the Somali community's—often desperate—needs being overlooked". The final report of the Commission on Race and Ethnic Disparities, published in March 2021, argued that "2 categories that could in future be helpfully sub-divided are White Other which does not distinguish between West Europeans and East Europeans, and Black African which does not distinguish between sub-Saharan African people in general and Somalis who are now a substantial group in their own right". Gender and age distribution The Somali-born population of the UK includes a disproportionate number of females in comparison with the general population. Analysis of data from the Labour Force Survey by the Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) suggests that 61 per cent of the Somali-born population in 2006/07 was female. Of the 101,370 Somali-born residents of England and Wales recorded by the 2011 Census, 57,042 (56.3 per cent) were female. The equivalent figure for the UK as a whole from the previous census, held in 2001, was 54 per cent. Expressed as a sex ratio, the 2011 figure suggests that there were 78 Somali-born men per 100 Somali-born women, compared to the overall sex ratio for England and Wales of 97 men per 100 women. A number of explanations for this high proportion of female Somali-born immigrants have been advanced. The IPPR suggests that it might be due to more men than women being killed in the Somali Civil War, leaving women as refugees, that some Somali men have left Britain for work in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, where their employment prospects are better, and also that some Somali men have left the UK in order to return to Somaliland, whilst their families stay behind to enable the completion of education. The civil war in Somalia resulted in a change in the composition of the Somali population in the UK. Prior to the 1980s, it was primarily composed of single seamen; as a result of the war it became a refugee community with an increased proportion of women and children. Harris states that the divorce rate for Somalis in the UK is high. She explains: "If a man is unemployed, brings in no income, spends what his wife earns or receives from social security on khat, will not help with domestic chores, and colludes with nagging in-laws – then a woman may feel better off without him". Writing in 2006, refugee education expert Jill Rutter reported that research suggested between 20 and 70 per cent of Somali households in Britain were headed by single females. In the 2011 Census, 61 per cent of families in England and Wales where the head of the household was born in Somalia consisted of lone parents with dependent children. This was the highest proportion of all countries of birth. 7.6 per cent of Somali-born lone parents were men, around half of the proportion of male lone parents in the population as a whole. According to the 2011 UK Census, the Somali-born population in England and Wales is on average young. 79 per cent of Somali immigrants were under 45 years of age compared with 58 per cent of the general population. Partly due to the Somali-born population's younger age structure, 47 per cent of Somali immigrant families included three or more dependent children compared with a mean of 7 per cent for all families in England and Wales. Language The 2011 UK Census recorded 85,918 people living in England and Wales who spoke Somali as their main language. This represented 0.16 per cent of the population, and 2.06 per cent of speakers of non-English main languages. Somali speakers were present in only a few wards (16 per cent). The number of Somali speakers recorded in Scotland was 1,050. Some Somalis in the UK also speak Arabic, another Afro-Asiatic tongue and the other official language of Somalia, with about 15 per cent of Somalis in England being fluent in it according to a 2006 report by the Foreign Policy Centre. The Somali community in the UK also includes a small minority of Chimwiini speakers. According to the 2011 UK Census, 73,765 of a total 101,131 Somalia-born residents in England and Wales indicated that English was not their main language. Of those, 54,369 individuals indicated that they could speak the language well or very well, 16,575 indicated that they could not speak the language well, and 2,821 indicated that they could not speak the language at all. 27,366 of the Somalia-born residents reported that English was their main language. Religion The majority of Somalis, in the UK and elsewhere, are Muslims. The majority adhere to the Sunni branch of Islam and the Shafi`i school of Islamic jurisprudence. According to the 2011 UK census, 94,197 or roughly 93% of Somalia-born residents in England and Wales are Muslim. They constitute one of the largest Muslim groups in the UK. Mosques are the primary centres for religious and social gatherings, and also play an important role in sharing information. Traditionally, Somalis attended masjids established by the more settled Muslim communities from Asian and Arab countries, though there are now a small number of mosques operated by Somalis. Research conducted for the London Borough of Camden, published in 2002, notes that levels of religious adherence and interpretations of Islam within the Somali community varies according to social class. Overall, the research suggested that Somali migrants' adherence to Islam tended to increase in the UK, as it "offers a unique common denominator in constructing a specifically Somali identity". Qualifications Levels of education amongst Somali-born adults in the UK are low relative to many other foreign-born groups and to the British-born population. Analysis of Labour Force Survey data by the Institute for Public Policy Research, published in 2008, shows that in 2006/07, 48 per cent of the working-age Somali-born population of the UK had no qualifications. 6 per cent had GCSEs at grades A*-C or equivalent foreign qualifications, and 19 per cent had A-levels or their equivalent. The remaining 27 per cent were classified as having "other qualifications". The IPPR note that it is often difficult to classify foreign qualifications, and hence a higher proportion of foreign-born populations are classified in this category than the UK-born population. When immigrants' qualifications are classified as "other", they note, they are often of a high level. According to the 2011 Census, out of a total of 89,022 Somali-born residents aged 16 and over in the UK, 55 per cent had completed up to a lower secondary education (ISCED Level 2), 25 per cent had completed up to an upper secondary education (ISCED Level 3), 20 per cent had completed up to the first stage of tertiary education (ISCED Level 5), and 0.3 per cent had completed up to the second stage of tertiary education (ISCED Level 6). By comparison, 29 per cent of all foreign-born residents aged 16 and over had completed up to a lower secondary education, 24 per cent had completed up to an upper secondary education, 46 per cent had completed up to the first stage of tertiary education, and 0.9 per cent had completed up to the second stage of tertiary education. According to the IPPR, the relatively low level of education among Somali migrants in the UK can be attributed to their migratory history and the situation in their country of origin. They note that, like many other refugee and migrant communities, early Somali migrants tend to be relatively well educated, but later arrivals, including family members of early migrants, are less well qualified. Labour migrants arriving prior to 1988 were generally literate in either English or Arabic, although few had completed secondary education. Many of the initial wave of refugees from the Somali Civil War who started to arrive from 1988 onwards were well educated, with many possessing secondary education and some holding degrees. According to the IPPR, the educational profile of Somali migrants subsequently changed again, because of the impact of the civil war on education in Somalia. In the north, including Somaliland, the majority of schools in urban areas were destroyed, along with higher education institutions. In the south, "education has been completely destroyed by the fighting". While some schools have been rebuilt and have reopened, the IPPR reports that "younger Somalis who have come directly from Somalia will not have attended university and are likely to have had a very interrupted education or none at all". Employment In 2009, Somali-born migrants had the lowest employment rate among all immigrants in the UK. Figures published by the Office for National Statistics show high rates of economic inactivity and unemployment amongst Somali immigrants. In the three months to June 2008, 31.4 per cent of Somali men and 84.2 per cent of Somali women were economically inactive (the statistics include students, carers and the long-term sick, injured or disabled in this group). Of those who were economically active, 41.4 per cent of the men and 39.1 per cent of the women were unemployed. Employment rates were 40.1 per cent for men and 9.6 per cent for women. The male employment rate in 2008 rose from 21.5 per cent in 1998. Writing in 2013, Jill Rutter states that "over the last 10 years, the employment rate of the Somalia-born population has rarely been above 20 per cent of the 16–64-year-old population". A report by the Institute for Public Policy Research attributes the low employment rate to the newness of the Somali community and to the fact that most immigrants came in search of asylum rather than through labour migration channels. Research suggests that refugees in general appear to have more difficulty accessing employment than other groups. Many Somalis have had difficulty getting the qualifications that they have gained in Somalia recognised in the UK. Other main employment barriers included lack of references and prior work experience in the UK, unfamiliarity with the UK job culture, discrimination, over-reliance on word-of-mouth for job openings rather than employment centres and classifieds, and lack of fluency in the English language. The IPPR suggests that the high proportion of Somali households that are headed by a single woman may mean that childcare is an additional barrier to Somali women entering employment. Additionally, asylum seekers are also not normally allowed to work for payment while their claims are being processed, although they can request permission to work if they have waited longer than 12 months for an initial decision on their asylum claim. Analysis of Labour Force Survey (LFS) data by academic Lavinia Mitton suggests that 22 per cent of Somalia-born adults in the UK have experienced difficulty finding and keeping work due to a lack of English-language ability. Mitton and Aspinall also argue that logistic regression analysis of LFS data from 2003, 2006 and 2009 indicates that an ethnic penalty existed for Somalis even after other factors impacting employment, like English language proficiency, work experience, health, age, religion and marital status, had been taken into consideration. According to the Home Office, 64 per cent of Somali refugees had a low level of English language skills at the time of their asylum decision in the UK, which hindered their ability to find employment. A further 28 per cent had medium fluency, and 8 per cent had high proficiency in the language. Employment rates also steadily increased over time, with 20 per cent of the refugees in employment 8 months after the asylum decision, 28 per cent in employment after 15 months, and 39 per cent in employment after 21 months. According to the 2011 UK Census, there were 26,926 Somalia-born residents aged 16 and over in employment in England and Wales. Of these immigrants, the majority worked in elementary occupations (26 per cent), with the proportion working in these occupations higher amongst those who had arrived in the UK between 2001 and 2011 than amongst earlier-arriving Somalis. These elementary occupations were the second most common occupations among foreign nationals as a whole, and the most common occupations for individuals who were not proficient in English. The next most common occupations among Somali immigrants were caring, leisure and other service occupations (14 per cent), process, plant and machine operatives (14 per cent), sales and customer service occupations (11 per cent), professional occupations (10 per cent), associate professional and technical occupations (8 per cent), administrative and secretarial occupations (7 per cent), managers, directors and senior officials (5 per cent), and skilled trade occupations (5 per cent). According to Trust for London, at 37 per cent in 2015–2016, Somalia is the only country of birth for London residents where male worklessness (the proportion of the working-age population who are unemployed or economically inactive) is above 30 per cent. Female worklessness for those born in Somalia was 71 per cent. Culture Music Prominent Somali musicians based in the UK include Aar Maanta, who produces an eclectic mix of styles blended with traditional Somali music, such as the classical oud-centred Qaraami ("love songs" in Arabic) style of the 1940s. Poly Styrene (born Marianne Joan Elliott-Said), whose father was Somali, was a member of the punk rock band X-Ray Spex, and later a solo artist. Ahmed Ismail Hussein Hudeidi, who died in London of COVID-19 in April 2020 after having settled in the city, was described by the BBC as "a founding father of modern Somali music". Media The BBC Somali Service is a radio station transmitted in the Somali language around the world. The majority of Somalis in the UK listen to the BBC Somali Service for news and information. While many listen at home via satellite radio or the Internet, others listen in groups at Somali shops, restaurants or mosques. Somali Eye Media is a media organisation based in London and set up in 2003 by Adam Dirir, a prominent member of the Somali community. It publishes the magazine Somali Eye quarterly, and operates Somali Voice Radio, a radio station, through Sound Radio 1503 AM. Two other UK-based Somali radio stations are Somali On Air and Nomad Radio. Bristol Community FM features a weekly chat show that is hosted by Somali Women's Voice. There are also a few weekly and monthly Somali newspapers available in the UK in both Somali and English, including Kasmo, Jamhuuriya, and The Somali Voice. Other magazines and newspapers have failed due to poor readership figures. A 2006 survey by the International Organization for Migration suggests that Somalis in the UK prefer to read newspapers such as Metro to improve their English-language skills, although listening to radio was more popular. In 2007, five emerging Somali authors (including Adam Dirir) published Silent Voices, an anthology about Somali life in Britain. Prominent Somali media figures in the UK include Rageh Omaar, a television news presenter and a writer, and advocate for the Somali community. He received the 2002–2003 Ethnic Multicultural Media Academy award for the best TV journalist. Omaar was formerly a BBC world affairs correspondent, where he made his name reporting on the Iraq War. In September 2006, he moved to a new post at Al Jazeera English, where he currently hosts the current-affairs programme, The Rageh Omaar Show. Yusuf Garaad Omar is a Somali journalist and former head of the BBC Somali Service. Other Somali media figures include Maya Jama, a television and radio presenter, and Mo Ali, a film director born in Saudi Arabia, who debuted in 2010 his feature film, Shank, set in a futuristic London. Somali-British author Nadifa Mohamed's debuting novel, Black Mamba Boy (2009), won the 2010 Betty Trask Award, and was short-listed for several awards, including the 2010 Guardian First Book Award, the 2010 Dylan Thomas Prize, and the 2010 John Llewellyn Rhys Prize. In 2013, Warsan Shire was also selected from a shortlist of six young bards as the first Young Poet Laureate for London, part of the London Legacy Development Corporation's Spoke programme in Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park and the surrounding area. Additionally, visual artist and writer Diriye Osman's short stories have garnered literary recognition, as has comedian and actor Prince Abdi's stand-up. Sport Somali athletes in the UK include Mo Farah, a long-distance runner who won the gold medals in the 5,000 metres and 10,000 metres at the 2012 London Olympic Games. Farah was born in Mogadishu but grew up in Djibouti and moved to the UK aged eight. He generally competes in the 5,000 metres event, having won his first major title at the European Athletics Junior Championships in 2001. Farah also competes in cross-country running, where in December 2006, he became European champion in Italy. He holds the British indoor record in the 3000 metres. In 2010, Farah earned Great Britain its first ever gold medal in the 10,000-metre event at the European Athletics Championships, as well as a second gold in the 5,000 metres. Since winter 2011, Farah and his wife and daughters have lived in Portland, Oregon, where they moved so that he could train under his American coach, Alberto Salazar. Other prominent Somali athletes in the UK include paralympic bronze medalist Abdi Jama, who was born in Burao and plays wheelchair basketball internationally for Great Britain. Social issues Somalis in the UK are subject to a significant degree of social exclusion. Writing in The Guardian in 2008, Jeremy Sare argued that "the social exclusion of British Somalis is unparalleled and mirrors the isolation of Somalia itself". According to an article in The Economist published in 2013, Somalis "are among the poorest, worst-educated and least-employed" refugee populations in Britain. Hammond argues that data on the educational, employment and housing status of Somalis in the UK reveals their "stark living conditions". Hammond cautions against taking these indicators of evidence a lack of desire to integrate on the part of British Somalis, arguing that while non-Somalis regard them as "a stubborn refusal to conform", for Somalis themselves their social exclusion "is experienced by Somalis as a constraint on their ability to engage both with their community living in the diaspora and, most importantly, with Somalis living in the country of origin". Social integration One of the main barriers to integration facing Somalis is insufficient English language skills, which has an effect on housing and health conditions. The issue of youth crime and gang violence within the Somali community is often covered in the media. In response, community youth forums have been established, which work closely with law enforcement to deter vice. Women's groups have also started to form, and the Metropolitan Police recently hired its first Somali female officer. Additionally, the Somali Youth Development Resource Centre (SYDRC), a Somali community-reach organisation based in Camden, has joined forces with the Metropolitan Police's Communities Together Strategic Engagement Team to establish the London Somali Youth Forum. The initiative provides an outlet for the city's young Somalis to address security-related issues and to get engaged with the local police. The SYDRC has hired numerous youth ambassadors for the purpose. As of December 2009, 16 young Somalis had been specifically trained in community engagement. According to Abdikadir Ahmed of the Somali Youth Development Resource Centre in Camden, which encourages young Somalis to use the entrepreneurial skills they have learnt in gangs for more productive purposes and which works with Somalis in Feltham Young Offenders Institution, the number of young Somalis who are imprisoned has been falling. The Economist reports that few Somalis were involved in the 2011 summer riots. In March 2019, it was reported that some Somali mothers in London were sending their sons back to Somalia, Somaliland and Kenya to avoid them becoming victims of knife crime. Housing According to research, in the mid-2000s, over 95 per cent of Somali immigrants in the UK lived in rental accommodation and of this group, about 80 per cent lived in social housing. This representation is numerically very small in relation to the total number of social tenants in the UK; according to analysis of the Labour Force Survey, in 2007, 72,800 of the 92,200-person Somalia-born community were residing in social housing compared to 8.4 million UK-born social tenants. Factors that account for the high uptake of social housing in the community include generally lower household incomes that make it difficult to buy property; a preference for living in London, where property prices are higher and there are proportionately more social tenants from all communities; and a high proportion of new arrivals in the Somali community, with newcomers least likely to have gathered the savings that are required to buy property. Another contributing factor is the proportionately larger family sizes for which to find affordable and appropriate accommodation; about 10.8 per cent of Somalia-born households have five or more children as compared to 0.3 per cent of the UK-born population. Foreign-born populations in general tend to have larger families than the UK-born average. Most Somalia-born immigrants are eligible for social housing, as they have either refugee status, settled status or citizenship of the UK or another European Economic Area (EEA) state. Social housing and support for asylum seekers is allocated by the Home Office. Educational achievement Commentators and policymakers have expressed concern about the poor educational performance of Somali pupils in British schools. No nationwide statistics are available on the number and educational attainment of Somali pupils in the UK. This is because "Somali" is not a tick-box option in official ethnicity classifications. Consequently, Somali students are often aggregated into a broader "Black African" category in pupil performance data. Some local education authorities in England make use of so-called "extended ethnicity codes" in order to capture data on more specific groups of pupils, including Somalis. Collating data from local authorities that collect this data, the Institute for Public Policy Research has published statistics on GCSE performance by extended ethnicity code. According to these statistics, in the school year 2010–11, the proportion of Somali pupils being awarded five or more GCSEs at grades A* to C, including in mathematics and English, was 23.7 percentage points below the average for all groups of 56.9 per cent. Feyisa Demie of the London Borough of Lambeth's Research and Statistics Unit has used language spoken at home as a proxy for ethnicity, using language data on pupils whose first language is not English, which has been collected in England since 2007. His analysis shows that of the 2,748 pupils classified as Black African and speaking Somali at home taking GCSEs in 2012, 47 per cent gained five or more A*-C grades, compared to 58 per cent of all Black African students and a national average for all pupils of 59 per cent. Demie and colleagues have also analysed data from London local authorities that use extended ethnicity codes. They note that "evidence in London shows a pattern of continuous underachievement of Somali children compared to the national average of White British, African, Caribbean, Indian and other ethnic minority groups", and that Somalis pupils are the lowest attaining group at Key Stage 2, Key Stage 3 and GCSE level in a number of local authorities. They present an average figure for 10 London local authorities, showing that only 34 per cent of Somali pupils gained five or more A*-C GCSEs in 2006. The average for Somalis in schools in 28 London local authorities was 43 per cent. There was marked variation in these pupils' performance across London. In one local authority, no Somali pupils were awarded five GCSEs at grades A*-C, but in five other local authorities, the proportion achieving this benchmark was between 52 per cent and 69 per cent. A number of explanations have been offered for the relatively poor performance of Somali pupils in British schools. These include the fact that many Somalis enter the British education system late due to their arrival as refugees and have had their education interrupted, stereotyping and a lack of cultural awareness on the part of school staff, an inability of parents to offer sufficient support due to lack of knowledge of the system and lack of maternal literacy, poverty and overcrowding in Somali homes, and a lack of role models. Lack of English language ability is a key factor. In the London Borough of Lambeth, around 87 per cent of Somali pupils are not fluent in English. Significant improvements in the performance of Somali pupils have been observed in some London boroughs. In September 2000, Somali community groups in conjunction with Camden Council, police and the voluntary sector established the Somali Youth Development Resource Centre in order to provide advice, information and activities for Somali youngsters, with the aim of promoting educational achievement, after only one Somali pupil gained five good GCSEs in the borough that year. The centre is credited with helping significantly improve Somalis' GCSE performance. The Camden and Tower Hamlets local authorities reported that the performance of their Somali pupils was comparable with the overall student population in those boroughs in the school year 2011–12. Health and social services Academic research has shown that British Somalis' ability to access healthcare "can be restricted through health service institutions' difficulties in recognising their linguistic and cultural diversity and is limited by combined wider social, political and economic effects". Due uncertainty over what services are available under the National Health Service, how to access that care, and what to expect it from it, Somalis in the Manchester area reportedly often seek medical treatment in Germany. The German healthcare system was perceived by them as being very professional and responsive, with rapid access to specialist care and modern scanning technology. German doctors have also advertised on Somali television for many years, and this has developed as the main medical tourism route for the Somali communities. Research conducted with Somali health workers in London has also shown that many Somali women have bad experiences of giving birth in the UK. This can be the result of the mismanagement of care relating to female circumcision during both pregnancy and labour. The respondents also reported that, in addressing communication barriers, the importance of oral culture amongst Somalis is not sufficiently recognised. Furthermore, Somali women felt that the attitudes of midwives towards them were stereotyped and negative. Other research has shown that there is a perceived failure of social services to work with the Somali community in London, and that there is growing mistrust of the motives of social services. Reporting about the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020, the BBC stated that the pandemic "has hit the Somali community hard in both economic and human terms", with those dying of the disease including "a disproportionate number of Somalis". A June 2020 report in the Financial Times noted that Somalis had been disproportionately impacted by the pandemic, though "[p]recisely how many have died is difficult to ascertain because Somalis do not yet feature as a separate ethnic identity in official UK statistics". Female genital mutilation Female genital mutilation (FGM) is commonplace in Somalia (typically in the form of infibulation) but is illegal in the UK. UNICEF estimates that 98 per cent of girls and women aged 15 to 49 in Somalia have experienced FGM. Three doctors working at Northwick Park Hospital in London, where a significant proportion of African women giving birth were Somali, warned in 1995 that due to growing Somali and Sudanese migrant populations, "the problem of caring for infibulated women will be faced by most midwives and obstetricians at some stage". Also in 1995, Black and Debelle noted in the British Medical Journal "evidence that the operation is being performed illegally in Britain...by medically qualified or unqualified practitioners and that children are being sent abroad for a 'holiday' to have it done". This latter practice continues, with children regularly taken to Somalia or Kenya in the school summer holidays for FGM to be undertaken. Estimates published in July 2014 suggest that the vast majority of Somali-born women in Britain have undergone FGM. The report, by Alison Macfarlane and Efua Dorkenoo, notes that some members of migrant groups continue to support FGM once in the UK, although younger generations are most likely to be opposed to it. A study published in 2004, based on research with a sample of young Somalis in London, found that 70 per cent of the females reported having been circumcised, two-thirds of these by infibulation. Of those who were already living in Britain before the usual age of FGM being performed, only 42 per cent had undergone the practice, whereas amongst those who moved to the UK after this age, the proportion was 91 per cent. The study also found that these younger people reported having less traditional views on FGM than their parents. 18 per cent of the female respondents and 43 of the males said that they intended to circumcise any daughters that they had. Some Somali women in the UK, particularly of younger generations, have spoken out publicly and campaigned against the practice. Research conducted by academics from the University of Bristol and Cardiff University in 2018 found that the Somalis included in the study were committed to the ending of FGM practices, but they felt traumatised and victimised by FGM safeguarding policies. The researchers noted that Somalis "felt distrusted, their intentions suspected and their needs ignored. There was a sense that the whole Somali community was unfairly targeted and had become a 'suspect community'...: a group considered by the state to be suspicious despite there being no evidence of criminal involvement. Participants also described FGM-safeguarding policy as inherently racist and gave examples of how wider debates on FGM directly contributed to experiences of racist violence from the public". Khat use Khat is a plant that is mainly grown in East Africa and the Middle East. Its leaves are chewed for their stimulating properties, primarily by people from these regions. Within Somali culture especially, khat chewing has a long history as a social custom that traditionally brings people together to relax and to encourage conversation. Some people also use it to help them stay alert during work or school. Ordinarily, khat use would be limited to specific periods of the day and session durations. A 2007 source reports that khat was readily available at that time in , commercial establishments where the substance was sold and chewed. Within the Somali community as well as other groups with khat-chewing traditions, the activity was generally perceived as legitimate and not censured like alcohol and illegal drug use are within those same communities. In June 2014, khat use was made illegal in the UK. Prior to the ban, some commentators, health professionals and community members expressed concerns about the long-term effects of the use of khat by Somalis in the UK, suggesting that excessive use has a negative social and health impact on the community. One review of studies of the effects of khat use by Somalis and other immigrants on their mental health suggested that there was a need for better research on khat-chewing and its possible link with psychiatric disorders; it also suggested that public discourse on the issue displayed elements of a moral panic. Some Somali community organisations also campaigned for khat to be banned. As a result of these concerns, the Home Office commissioned successive research studies to look into the matter, and in 2005, presented the question of khat's legal status before the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. After a careful review of the evidence, the expert committee recommended in January 2006 that the status of khat as a legal substance should remain for the time being. In 2005, the Home Office issued a report on research examining the level and nature of the use of khat by Somalis in four English cities; Birmingham, Bristol, London and Sheffield. It found that 38 per cent of the respondents had ever used khat in their lifetime, with 58 per cent of men and only 16 per cent of women reporting having ever used it. 34 per cent of the overall sample indicated that they had chewed khat the month before, with 51 per cent all men in the study and 14 per cent of the women having done so. Some reported family tensions arising from their khat use. 49 per cent of those surveyed were in favour of banning khat, with 35 opposed, but the report suggested that this would not be effective. Three-quarters of participants who had used khat reported having suffered health effects, although these were mostly mild in nature, with the most common symptoms respondents associated with khat use being sleeping difficulties, loss of appetite, and an urge to chew more khat. The study concluded that most of the participants who were using khat were using it moderately in terms of both the quantity used and the frequency and duration of chewing sessions, and that khat use was typically a social activity. Only a small minority of the study participants' khat use was judged to be excessive. In January 2013, the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs also again cited insufficient evidence that the plant caused serious health or societal problems to warrant governmental control. In 2008, Conservative politician Sayeeda Warsi stated that a future Conservative government would ban khat. Following lobbying by Somali community groups, in July 2013 it was announced that khat was to be classified as a class C drug and therefore banned. Khat was officially made illegal in the UK in June 2014. This move was welcomed by some Somali groups, and the Home Office minister responsible for overseeing the ban stated: "We took the decision based on the strong views of the Somali community, particularly the mums and wives. They felt that khat was stopping the Somali community from integrating; it was distracting the husbands and sons from getting the education and the jobs that their wives and mothers desperately wanted them to get". Criticising the ban, House of Commons Home Affairs Select Committee stated that it "was based not on any evidence of medical or social harm caused by its consumption, but by a desire to avoid the UK becoming a hub for the illegal importation of khat into other EU countries". Forced marriage According to data published by the British government's Forced Marriage Unit (FMU), a joint effort between the Home Office and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, of the 91 cases that related to Somalia in 2017, 71.4 per cent involved victims who were female and 28.6 per cent male, 25.3 per cent were under the age of 15 and another 29.7 per cent were aged 16–17. Approximately 75 per cent of the victims were already overseas when they contacted the FMU. The number of cases relating to Somalia reported to the FMU in 2017 was more than twice the number recorded in 2016. The 91 cases represented 7.6 per cent of all cases referred to the FMU, where Somalia had the third highest number of cases after Pakistan and Bangladesh. Community Community organisations In 2011, the Council of Somali Organisations (CSO) was established to collectively represent Somali community institutions, to coordinate their activities, and improve their operational effectiveness. Prior to the establishment of the CSO, research had shown that the lack of a central organisation of Somalis enabling them to voice opinions had rendered them invisible to many policymakers. Somalis in London tend to exist in small communities that are scattered across the capital. Researchers have contrasted this with the British Bangladeshi community, which is more concentrated and, it is argued, therefore has a greater capacity to express a "common voice". Research by the Shire Foundation has identified 131 Somali community organisations in London. Based on interviews with Somali women refugees in London, academic Gail Hopkins argued in 2006 that Somalis were poorly represented by existing black and minority ethnic (BME) organisations, and notes that her interviewees saw themselves as more closely aligned with Arab populations than with Africans and African-Caribbeans. Somalis feel that they are regarded as part of the BME population, but that BME organisations are unaware of their particular needs as a community. Hopkins's interviewees were concerned about the ability of specifically Somali organisations to represent the community, due to clan tensions amongst Somalis. , the CSO represented 30 individual Somali organisations. It took four years to set up the umbrella organisation, and this has been attributed in part to a cultural suspicion of hierarchy. A previous Somali umbrella organisation, the Somali London Community Cultural Association, was formed in the 1970s but collapsed in 1995. The Anti-Tribalism Movement (ATM) was established in London in 2010, with the aim of combatting clan-based discrimination in Britain and in Somalia. In 2011, Reuters reported that the organisation claimed to have 53,000 followers, most of them based in Somalia. , the ATM claims to have 130,000 members worldwide. Involvement in politics Mark Hendrick, who is of Anglo-Somali descent, previously served as a member of the European Parliament before being elected a Labour Co-operative Member of Parliament for Preston in a by-election in 2000. The Somali community has become increasingly engaged in local politics. Mohamed "Jimmy" Ali became the UK's first Somali councillor in 2004. Councillor Ahmed Omer, who was the civic mayor of Tower Hamlets in 2009/10 (a largely ceremonial post made by appointment rather than through direct election), was the first Somali to be appointed to the annual position in London and England. Around 17 Somali candidates stood in the 2010 local elections. Of these, at least seven Somali councillors were elected, including Gulaid Abdullah Ahmed, Abdifatah Aden, Awale Olad, and Abdul Mohamed of the Labour Party, as well as Asad Osman of the Liberal Democrats, a former chairman of the Somali Youth Development Resource Centre. In the 2014 local elections, nine Somali councillors were also elected to office. Among the officials was Hibaq Jama, a Labour Party Ward Councillor for Lawrence Hill, who is Bristol's first Somali woman councillor, as well as Amina Ali, a Labour Party Ward Councillor for Tower Hamlets, who in February 2015 became the first Somali woman to be selected to contest a seat in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Ali was chosen from a shortlist of three women but resigned three days later, indicating that she did not want to disrupt her children's upbringing by moving residences. For the 2015 elections, Somali community activists in Bristol set up a taskforce to encourage British Somalis to vote. In 2018, former Somali refugee Magid Magid was appointed as Lord Mayor of Sheffield, a ceremonial position held by a member of the city council. Magid was elected as a Green Party councillor for Broomhill and Sharrow Vale in 2016. Amina Ali argues that Somali women have brought a "strong sense of political participation and activism" with them to Britain, rooted in a tradition of female engagement in politics in Somalia. In the UK, she argues that they find themselves excluded from the political process. Early Somali community groups, Ali states, were often headed by women and it was these groups that often introduced Somali women to British politics and "pointed them in the direction of the Labour party as the party for 'people like us to vote for'". She argues that despite this party loyalty, Labour has taken the Somali vote for granted and not engaged with or sought to understand the needs of the Somali community. She complains that Labour MPs in constituencies with large Somali populations have wrongly assumed that since the community is Muslim, they should engage with male community members only, and that even Somali men complain about a lack of engagement. In the run-up to the 2015 general election, Ali argued that Labour MPs in marginal constituencies "are slowly coming to the realisation that the Somali vote matters". Transnational activism Academic Laura Hammond argues that the Somali British community's transnational activism responded effectively to the 2011 drought in East Africa, with members quickly mobilizing resources in the form of increased remittances to support family members in Somalia. They also pooled funds to support NGOs working in camps for displaced persons in Mogadishu, Ethiopia and Kenya. A survey conducted by Hammond in South-Central Somalia also found that 68.2 per cent of providers of social services there were returnees. In February 2012, the British government held a consultation with representatives of the UK's Somali diaspora based around the London Somalia Conference's three main themes of political transition, security and the role of Somalia's regions. The summit was held later the same month in conjunction with the Federal Government of Somalia. Additionally, Somalis with dual Somali-British citizenship have significantly contributed to the reconstruction process in Somalia, particularly to the nation's reconstituted political system. , 29 of the 275 Members of the Federal Parliament of Somalia held British passports. In June 2014, Somalia's foreign minister, Abdirahman Duale Beyle, called on members of the Somali diaspora in the UK to return home to help rebuild the country. Business and enterprise Somalis have a strong tradition in trade, with a long history of maritime enterprise stretching back to antiquity that includes possible commerce with ancient Britons based on rare commodities such as tin. In recent times, several Somali multinational companies have their headquarters in the UK, such as Omar A. Ali's Integrated Property Investments Limited, Alexander Yusuf's Villa and Mansion Architects, and Invicta Capital, which has an investment capital of £1.4 billion. A 2008 study on immigrant business in Britain highlighted that the level of community support enjoyed by Somali traders was high in comparison to other immigrant groups. In some areas, Somali enterprise has also begun replacing previously Indian-dominated business premises. Southall, for example, now features several Somali-oriented restaurants and cafés. A study on Somali business owners in Leicester found that they were highly motivated and wielded substantial social capital. The researchers suggested that this in turn made it easier for the entrepreneurs to establish themselves in the area, hire personnel, exchange information regarding local business opportunities, and pool funds. They argued that this was contingent upon under-capitalization, market barriers and related spatial and sectoral restrictions. Consequently, the Somali establishments followed what they posited was the standard ethnic minority business paradigm of being mainly concentrated in very competitive markets, with finite return on investment and uncertain durability. Networks The Somali diaspora is inter-connected via information exchange and informal money transfer systems. Somalis in the UK operates various business networks, with the Somaliland Chamber of Commerce having an office locally. Another Somali business network, the Midlands Somali Business Association, a non-profit organisation centered in Birmingham, offers commercial advice to Somali businesses based in the city. It also publishes a quarterly newsletter and runs workshops and conferences for the local Somali business community. Additionally, the number of Somali businesses in the UK is increasing, ranging from restaurants, remittance companies, hairdressing salons and travel agencies to, especially, internet cafés. Although some of these businesses cater to mainstream British society, most are aimed at a Somali clientele. The Midlands Somali Business Association has recognised the potential benefits of penetrating the larger British business community, and is encouraging stakeholders to tap into this sector. The organisation is also exploring opportunities for transnational businesses. In 2014, the Fiiri Bandhiga entrepreneurial convention was also launched in London to showcase young Somali-owned businesses in the UK. Money transfer operators Some Somali businesses with a presence in the UK, particularly in the remittance sector, already operate internationally. The latter include Dahabshiil, Express, Mustaqbal, Amal Express, Kaah Express, Hodan Global, Olympic, Amana Express, Iftin Express and Tawakal Express. Most are credentialed members of the Somali Money Transfer Association (SOMTA) (or its predecessor, the Somali Financial Services Association (SFSA)), an umbrella organisation that regulates the community's money transfer sector. The bulk of remittances are sent by Somalis to relatives in Somalia, a practice which has had a stimulating effect on that country's economy. Dahabshiil is the largest of the Somali money transfer operators (MTO), having captured most of the market vacated by Al-Barakaat. The firm has its headquarters in London and employs more than 2000 people across 144 countries, with 130 branches in the UK alone, a further 130 branches in Somalia, and 400 branches globally, including one in Dubai. It invests 5 per cent of its profits into community projects aimed at improving schools, hospitals, agriculture and sanitation services, and sponsors a number of social events, including the Somali Week Festival and the Somali Youth Sports Association, which help to promote understanding and cooperation through Somali art and culture and sport, respectively. In 2008, Dahabshiil's CEO, Abdirashid Duale, a Somali who has British citizenship, was awarded Top Manager of the Year by the International Association of Money Transfer Networks in recognition of the services the firm offers its clients. This was followed in 2010 with the Mayor of Tower Hamlets award for excellence in the community, which recognises the "outstanding contribution" Dahabshiil has made to the local, national and international Somali community over the last 40 years. After Dahabshiil, Express is the largest Somali-owned funds transfer company. The firm has its headquarters in both London and Dubai, with 175 agents worldwide, 64 agents in London and 66 in Somalia, and charges nothing for remitting charity funds. Mustaqbal is the third most prominent Somali MTO with branches in the UK, having 49 agents in the UK and 8 agents in Somalia. Notable people See List of British Somalis See also Somali diaspora Somalia-United Kingdom relations Black British people Notes References Sources Further reading Somalian diaspora in the United Kingdom Immigration to the United Kingdom by country of origin Islam in the United Kingdom Muslim communities in Europe

The 2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri were held on Tuesday, November 6, 2012 and elected the eight U.S. representatives from the state of Missouri, a loss of one seat following the 2010 United States census. The elections coincided with the elections of other federal and state offices, including a quadrennial presidential election and an election to the U.S. Senate. Overview Redistricting A new congressional map was passed by the Missouri General Assembly on April 27, 2011. The map was vetoed by Democratic Governor Jay Nixon on April 30, but Nixon's veto was overridden by the General Assembly on May 4, making the plan law. The map effectively eradicated the former 3rd district, which had been represented by Democrat Russ Carnahan since 2005, splitting it between the districts represented by Republicans Blaine Luetkemeyer and Todd Akin and Democrat William Lacy Clay, Jr. The bulk of the old 9th district became the new 3rd district. District 1 Democrat William Lacy Clay, Jr., who has represented Missouri's 1st congressional district since 2001, will run for re-election. Democratic primary Fellow U.S. Representative Russ Carnahan, part of whose district was drawn into the 1st district, challenged Clay in the Democratic primary. Candidates Nominee William Lacy Clay, Jr., incumbent U.S. Representative Eliminated in primary Candice Britton Russ Carnahan, incumbent U.S. Representative for the 3rd district Declined Francis Slay, Mayor of St. Louis Endorsements Polling Primary results Republican primary Candidates Nominee Robyn Hamlin, insurance agent and nominee for this seat in 2010. Eliminated in primary Martin Baker, political organizer Primary results Libertarian primary Candidates Nominee Robb Cunningham, candidate for this seat in 2010 Primary results General election Polling Clay vs Baker Carnahan vs Hamlin Carnahan vs Baker Results District 2 Republican Todd Akin, who had represented Missouri's 2nd congressional district since 2001, chose to run for the U.S. Senate rather than seek re-election. Republican primary Candidates Nominee Ann Wagner, former U.S. Ambassador to Luxembourg and former chair of the Missouri Republican Party Eliminated in primary James Baker, businessman Randy Jotte, emergency room physician and former member of the Webster Groves City Council John Morris Withdrawn Ed Martin, lawyer and nominee for the 3rd district in 2010 (running for state attorney general) Declined Todd Akin, incumbent U.S. Representative Jane Cunningham, state senator Joe Smith, former state representative Primary results Democratic primary Candidates Nominee Glenn Koenen, non-profit executive Eliminated in primary Harold Whitfield, attorney George Weber, realtor Marshall Works, insurance executive Declined Russ Carnahan, incumbent U.S. Representative for the 3rd district Primary results Whitfield requested a recount, as the race was separated by less than 1%. By September 13, 2012 the recount was completed and Koenen was declared the winner. Libertarian primary Candidates Nominee Bill Slantz, businessman Constitution primary Candidates Nominee Anatol Zorikova, business owner General election Endorsements Results District 3 Republican Blaine Luetkemeyer ran in the reconfigured 3rd district, which includes most of the 9th district he had represented since 2009. Republican primary Candidates Nominee Blaine Luetkemeyer, incumbent U.S. Representative Primary results Democratic primary Candidates Nominee Eric Mayer, small business owner from Camdenton Primary results Libertarian primary Candidates Nominee Steven Wilson, commercial artist Primary results Constitution primary Candidates Declined Cynthia Davis, former state representative General election Results District 4 Republican Vicky Hartzler, who represented the 4th district since January 2011, sought re-election. In redistricting, all of Boone, Cooper, Howard, and Randolph counties, and parts of Audrain County, were added to the 4th district; while Cole, Lafayette, Ray, and Saline counties were removed from the district. Republican primary Candidates Nominee Vicky Hartzler, incumbent U.S. Representative Eliminated in primary Bernie Mowinski, U.S. Air Force veteran Primary results Democratic primary Candidates Nominee Teresa Hensley, Cass County Prosecuting Attorney Primary results Libertarian primary Candidates Nominee Thomas Holbrook Eliminated in primary Herschel Young, small business owner Primary results Constitution primary Candidates Nominee Greg Cowan, retired Navy lieutenant commander General election Endorsements Results District 5 Missouri's 5th Congressional district was perhaps the one most complicated by redistricting, and the legal challenges that have ensued. Democratic incumbent Emanuel Cleaver successfully won re-election. Democratic primary Candidates Nominee Emanuel Cleaver, incumbent U.S. Representative Primary results Republican primary Republican Jerry Nolte, who at first announced his intention to run in the 6th district decided to run in the 5th. Nolte's residence lies on the court-contested border of the two districts. Candidates Nominee Jacob Turk, Marine Corps veteran and nominee for this seat in 2006 and 2008 & 2010 Eliminated in primary Jason Greene Jerry Nolte, former state representative Ron Paul Shawd Primary results Libertarian primary Candidates Nominee Randall Langkraehr Primary results General election Results District 6 Due to realignment following the 2010 U.S. census, the district spanned most of the northern portion of the state, from St. Joseph to Kirksville, and also included most of the state's portion of the Kansas City Metropolitan Area north of the Missouri River. Incumbent Sam Graves, who had represented the district since 2001, ran for reelection. Republican primary Candidates Nominee Sam Graves, incumbent U.S. Representative Eliminated in primary Bob Gough, high school mathematics teacher Christopher Ryan Withdrawn Jerry Nolte, former state representative Primary results Democratic primary Candidates Nominee Kyle Yarber, teacher Eliminated in primary Ronald Harris, truck driver, Air Force veteran and candidate for the 5th district in 2000 Bill Hedge, pastor of St. Francis Baptist Temple Ted Rights, physician Primary results Libertarian primary Candidates Nominee Russ Lee Monchil, Committeeman in Mirabile Township Primary results General election Results District 7 Incumbent Republican Billy Long, who had represented the district since 2011, ran for re-election. Republican primary Candidates Nominee Billy Long, incumbent U.S. Representative Eliminated in primary Mike Moon, membership coordinator Tom Stilson, environmental geochemist Primary results Democratic primary Candidates Nominee Jim Evans, retired businessman, teacher, and U.S. Army veteran. Primary results Libertarian primary Candidates Nominee Kevin Craig, editor of Vine & Fig Tree Primary results General election Results District 8 Republican Jo Ann Emerson, who had represented Missouri's 8th congressional district since 1996, was challenged by Democratic nominee Jack Rushin and Libertarian nominee Rick Vandeven. Republican primary Candidates Nominee Jo Ann Emerson, incumbent U.S. Representative Eliminated in primary Bob Parker, rancher and real estate agent Primary results Democratic primary Candidates Nominee Jack Rushin, chiropractor Withdrawn Todd Mahn, businessman Primary results Libertarian primary Candidates Nominee Rick Vandeven Primary results General election Endorsements Results See also 2013 Missouri's 8th congressional district special election 2012 United States Senate election in Missouri 2012 Missouri gubernatorial election 2012 Missouri lieutenant gubernatorial election 2012 Missouri Attorney General election 2012 Missouri State Treasurer election 2012 Missouri Secretary of State election References External links Elections from the Missouri Secretary of State Official results (primary) Official candidate list (general) United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri, 2012 at Ballotpedia Missouri U.S. House from OurCampaigns.com Campaign contributions for U.S. Congressional races in Missouri from OpenSecrets Outside spending at the Sunlight Foundation News coverage from The Midwest Democracy Project at The Kansas City Star Map of the new congressional districts, published by The Monitor Missouri 2012 United States House

The encirclement campaign against the Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet was an encirclement campaign launched by the Nationalist government against the Communist Party of China's Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet. The Chinese Red Army successfully the Soviet against the Nationalist attacks from January 29 to March 24, 1931. First stage In December 1930 the communist 16th Army stationed at the Hunan-Hubei-Jiangxi Soviet launched a preemptive strike against the Nationalist forces and annihilated an entire Nationalist regiment in Tongcheng, Hubei—just before the Nationalists could begin the first attack of their encirclement campaign against Hunan-Hubei-Jiangxi Soviet. The Nationalists had to withdraw temporarily to regroup. Reinforcement troops from other regions came to the Soviet area to avenge the defeat at Tongcheng, leaving these other regions vulnerable to Communist attacks. The Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet decided to aid the Hunan-Hubei-Jiangxi Soviet by striking the government in two fronts, in the west and in the southeast of Hunan. From January 29 through February 9, 1931, the Eastern Hunan Chinese Red Army Independent Division succeeded in taking regions including Ling (酃) County, the town of Zixing and the town of Yongxing, and three Nationalist local security regiments guarding these towns and completely destroyed along with a regiment of the Nationalist 57th Brigade sent to reinforce these regions. In early February, 1931, the Red 7th Army was forced to abandon its bases in Guangxi and traveled northward. The Independent Division of the Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet was tasked to link up with the 7th Army. So united, the force returned to Lianhua County. Capitalizing on their victory, the communists expanded their force and the Independent Division was renamed as the Southeastern Hunan Independent Division. With a new 2nd Regiment established, the division comprised three regiments, totaling more than 1500 troops. Both Communist offensives in Hunan were successful. In addition to obtaining more land, weaponry, money and supplies, the Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet force also linked up with the Red 7th Army at the province's border with Guangdong. The Nationalists were forced to redeploy their troops to face these new, more urgent threats; as a result the planned offensives against the Hunan-Hubei-Jiangxi Soviet went awry. Order of battle Kuomintang order of battle: (35,000 total): First stage: Ling County Security Regiment Zixing Security Regiment Yongxing Security Regiment A regiment of the nationalist 57th Brigade Second stage: 5th Route Army commanded by Wang Jingyu (王金钰) 28th Division commanded by Gong Bingpan (公秉藩) 43rd Division commanded by Guo Huazong (郭华宗) 47th Division commanded by Shangguan Yunxiang 54th Division commanded by Hao Mengling 77th Division commanded by Luo Lin (罗霖) Communist order of battle (1,500 total): First stage: Eastern Hunan Chinese Red Army Independent Division 1st Regiment 2nd Regiment Second stage: Southeastern Hunan Independent Division 1st Regiment 2nd Regiment 3rd Regiment Second stage In March, 1931, nationalists were mobilized for the planned second encirclement campaign against Jiangxi Soviet. The nationalist 5th Route Army deployed was en route to Jiangxi Soviet, and was tasked to first destroy the Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet on its way when the situation permitted. The nationalist 5th Route Army begun their push toward Ji'an, Jishui, and Yongfeng County from Pingxiang and Yichun. The Communist high command of the 1st Front Army of the Chinese Red Army of the Jiangxi Soviet ordered the local Communist force of the Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet to launch a preemptive strike against the nationalist 5th Route Army in order to delay its deployment against the Jiangxi Soviet. The communist Southeastern Huan Independent Division guarding the Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet deployed its 1st Regiment and the 2nd Regiment to strike Pingxiang and Yichun, Jiangxi, and its 3rd Regiment was ordered to southeastern Hunan to join up with the Chinese Red Army 7th Army from Guangxi, which by then had reached the border region of Guangdong and Hunan provinces. The communist preemptive surprise attack had successfully disrupted and halted the nationalist encirclement campaign against the Hunan-Jiangxi, and also slowed the nationalist 5th Route Army in its deployment against the Jiangxi Soviet. On March 14, 1931, the 3rd Regiment of the communist Southeastern Huan Independent Division successfully linked up with the vanguard of the Chinese Red Army 7th Army in the region of Shiduwei (十都圩) in Bi (鄙) County and begun their return journey. On March 24, 1931, the communists ambushed and destroyed an entire regiment of the nationalist 19th Division, and this last battle of the encirclement campaign forced the nationalists to stop their offensives completely to withdraw and regroup. Meantime, the communists did the same by returning to Lianhua County. The Communist Southeastern Hunan Independent Division and the 58th Regiment of the Chinese Red Army 7th Army subsequently moved eastward to the region to the east of Yongyang (永阳), and joined the 175th Regiment of the Chinese Red Army 20th Army in the local region. Reprieve Although the Nationalist 5th Route Army was ready later for another round of offensives after resting and regrouping, the nationalist high command had a different idea. The nationalist high command reasoned that its 5th Route Army was better deployed for another siege of the central communist base area instead of further encirclement of the Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet. This was because if the central leadership in the Jiangxi-Fujian Soviet was destroyed, the smaller Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet was estimated as not being able to last for long; thus, it was not worth wasting the valuable troops to be tied down on smaller local communist bases. Accordingly, the Nationalist 5th Route Army was ordered away to complete its deployment for its original purpose against their main target, and the Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet was left alone for the time being. Evacuation The Southeastern Hunan Independent Division, by 1934 renamed the Sixth Army Group, were ordered to evacuate the Soviet in August of that year and to march to the Hunan-Hubei-Sichuan-Guizhou Soviet recently established by He Long's Second Army Group. They reached the refuge in October and united there to form the Second Red Front Army. Thus the encirclement campaign against Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet is linked to the encirclement campaign against the Hunan-Hubei-Sichuan-Guizhou Soviet. See also List of battles of the Chinese Civil War National Revolutionary Army History of the People's Liberation Army References Conflicts in 1930 Conflicts in 1934 Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet, encirclement campaign 1930 in China Military history of Hunan Military history of Jiangxi

José María Manuel Magriñat Olivera (1878 – death unknown) was a Cuban outfielder in the Negro leagues and Cuban League in the 1900s and 1910s. A native of Matanzas, Cuba, Magriñat made his Negro leagues debut in 1906 with the Cuban X-Giants and Cuban Stars (West). With the exception of a season with the All Cubans in 1911, he remained with the Stars through the 1916 season. Magriñat also played several seasons in the Cuban League, and umpired there after his playing career. References External links and Seamheads 1878 births Date of birth missing Year of death missing Place of death missing All Cubans players Carmelita players Club Fé players Cuban Stars (West) players Cuban X-Giants players Habana players San Francisco (baseball) players Sportspeople from Matanzas Baseball outfielders Cuban expatriate baseball players in the United States

The following is a list of Dayak groups and their respective languages in West Kalimantan province, Indonesia: List See also Dayak people References Dayak Dayak

The final battle in Caratacus's resistance to Roman rule was fought in 50 AD. The Romans under Publius Ostorius Scapula defeated the Britons and in the aftermath captured Caratacus himself, since 43 the leader of armed opposition to the Roman conquest of Britain. He was paraded through Rome and given the opportunity to make a speech before the emperor Claudius, who spared his life and those of his family and retainers. Prelude Tacitus outlines the campaigns leading up to the battle: Location Tacitus' account limits the location to the territory of the Ordovices, whose boundaries are no longer known. It included a large area of what is now central and northern Wales. He gives several details, which limit, but do not conclusively identify, the site of the battle: His topographical details thus include an un-named river, fordable in some stretches, tactically close to high hills offering inaccessible slopes and many loose rocks, possibly scree, but also some paths up with gentler gradients, which trained men could climb while closely packed together in testudo formation. Various sites have been claimed by local legends, though no suggested location has achieved academic plausibility nor fulfilled all of Tacitus' elements. Tacitus does not name the river, but some local historians have supposed that it is the Severn. The hill fort on Caer Caradoc Hill in Shropshire is connected with the battle by virtue of its name. Local legend places it at British Camp in the Malvern Hills. However, the Severn, though visible from the Malvern Hills, is too distant to fit Tacitus's description of the site, and the Severn is not visible from Caer Caradoc Hill. A position just west of Caersws, Cefn Carnedd where the remains of earthworks still stand, has also been suggested. Pre-battle speeches On this occasion Tacitus does not follow the common practice of inventing the specific words spoken by the leaders or men. On the British side he reports: Facing a strong position full of aroused fighting men, Ostorius was not keen on a frontal assault. Tacitus reports: The Roman troops, who had by this point been trudging around Wales after Caratacus for some years, were eager for a decisive fight. The battle Ostorius took note of the paths up the slopes facing his men. He launched his men over the fordable sections of the river. The Roman soldiers came under a rain of missiles, but employed the testudo formation to protect themselves and dismantled the stone ramparts. Once inside the defences, the Romans broke through in bloody fighting. The Britons withdrew to the hilltops, but the Romans kept up the attack by both auxiliaries and legionaries. The Britons were generally without body armour or helmets and they broke and fled; the Roman troops then closely pursued the fugitives. Tacitus reports: Aftermath Tacitus writes: Caratacus himself escaped. He fled north, seeking refuge among the Brigantes. The Brigantian queen, Cartimandua, depended on Rome for her personal position, and she handed him over to the Romans in chains. Tacitus reports: Display in Rome The name and fame of Caratacus were now known far outside the army of Britain, and he and his family were central attractions in the triumphal parade through the streets of Rome before the Emperor Claudius himself. (After the fall of the Roman Republic, triumphs were celebrated in the name of the reigning emperor.) Caratacus' defeat was publicly likened by the Senators to some of Rome's greatest victories, and Ostorius Scapula was awarded triumphal ornaments for defeating him. The normal practice would have been for the prisoners to be executed at the end of the triumphal ceremony. Caratacus gave a speech which persuaded Claudius to spare him and his family. Tacitus would have been a small child at this time, but he reports Caratacus' words as if he had been taking contemporaneous notes: After his liberation, according to Dio Cassius, Caratacus was impressed by the city of Rome: References Tacitus, Annals 12:33-38 Sheppard Frere, Britannia: a History of Roman Britain, 3rd edition, 1978, p. 64 50 Caer Caradoc Caer Caradoc 50 Caer Caradoc 50 Caer Caradoc History of Shropshire 1st century in Great Britain 50s in the Roman Empire 1st-century battles

"The Boy and the Mantle" is Child ballad number 29, (Roud #3961) an Arthurian story. Unlike the ballads before it, and like "King Arthur and King Cornwall" and "The Marriage of Sir Gawain" immediately after it in the collection, this is not a folk ballad but a song from professional minstrels. Synopsis A boy comes to King Arthur's court with an enchanted mantle that can not be worn by an unfaithful wife. Guinevere dons it, but appears to be naked: "When she had tane the mantle, and cast it her about, Then was shee bare all aboue the buttocckes. Then euery knight that was in the kings court Talked, laughed, and showted, full oft att that sport." So does every other lady in the court; only one can wear it, and only after she confesses to kissing her husband before their marriage. Other boys also bring a wild boar, that can not be cut by a cuckold's knife, and a cup that a cuckold can not drink from without spilling it, and these also reveal that every wife at court has been unfaithful. Motifs The magical test of fidelity which virtually every woman fails is a common motif, being found first in fabliau and romances, such as The Faerie Queene, where Florimel's girdle fits the pattern, and Amadis of Gaul, where no one unfaithful to his or her first love can pass an archway. See also List of the Child Ballads References Arthurian literature in English Child Ballads Year of song unknown

The fourth ventricle is one of the four connected fluid-filled cavities within the human brain. These cavities, known collectively as the ventricular system, consist of the left and right lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle. The fourth ventricle extends from the cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius) to the obex, and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The fourth ventricle has a characteristic diamond shape in cross-sections of the human brain. It is located within the pons or in the upper part of the medulla oblongata. CSF entering the fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct can exit to the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord through two lateral apertures and a single, midline median aperture. Boundaries The fourth ventricle has a roof at its upper (posterior) surface and a floor at its lower (anterior) surface, and side walls formed by the cerebellar peduncles (nerve bundles joining the structure on the posterior side of the ventricle to the structures on the anterior side). The caudal tip of the fourth ventricle - where it becomes the central canal - is known as the obex; the obex is also a marker for the level of the foramen magnum of the skull and therefore is a marker for the imaginary dividing line between the medulla and spinal cord The superior portion of the roof (i.e. of the posterior edge) is a thin lamina - the superior medullary velum - connecting the left and right superior cerebellar peduncles together. The inferior portion of the roof - the inferior medullary velum - has a tricorn cross section, directed caudally and laterally, and is formed by the Cerebellum directly. Near each of the 3 corners of the inferior roof is an opening into the cisterna magna, the caudal opening being the foramen Magendie, while the lateral openings are the foramina of Luschka. The roof rises (i.e. posteriorly) to a peak, known as the fastigium (Latin for "summit"); the fastigial nucleus lies immediately above the roof of the fourth ventricle, in the cerebellum. The floor (i.e. the anterior edge) of the fourth ventricle constitutes the rhomboid fossa, and comprises a number of general features. A sulcus - the median sulcus - extends the length of the ventricle (from the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain to the central canal of the spinal cord), dividing the floor into right and left halves. Each half is further divided by a further sulcus - the sulcus limitans - along a line parallel to the median sulcus; within the floor, motor neurons are located medially of the sulcus limitans, while sensory neurons are located laterally. The elevation between the median sulcus and sulcus limitans (i.e. the region for motor neurons), is known as the medial eminence, while the lateral region (i.e. that for the sensory neurons) is known as the vestibular area. The sulcus limitans bifurcates at either end - the superior fovea cerebrally, and the inferior fovea caudally. The pons is located behind the middle and superior portion of the floor. In the superior region of the pons is the locus coeruleus, which due to its concentration of noradrenaline has a sky blue appearance, visible (in a colour closer to teal) through the floor of the ventricle, superiorly to the superior fovea. The internal part of the facial nerve bulges into the ventricle, forming the facial colliculus, in the process of looping around the abducens nucleus within the inferior region of the Pons. The medulla oblongata is located behind the inferior portion of the floor (and continues caudally of the ventricle). Medullary striae emerge via the median sulcus and run transversely across the floor to become part of the inferior cerebellar peduncle. The hypoglossal nucleus bulges into the floor, creating the hypoglossal trigone, located slightly superiorly to the inferior fovea, within the median eminence. The dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve, within the medulla oblongata, comprises cells that are spindle shaped, also creating a bulge—the vagal trigone—in the region of the floor which overlies them; this is the region inferior of the inferior fovea. Development The ventricular system including the fourth ventricle, develops from the central canal of the neural tube. Specifically, the fourth ventricle originates from the portion of the tube that is present in the developing rhombencephalon. During the first trimester of pregnancy the central canal expands into the lateral, third and fourth ventricles, connected by thinner channels. Choroid plexuses appear in the ventricles which produce cerebrospinal fluid. If the flow of fluid is blocked ventricles may become enlarged and cause hydrocephalus. Clinical significance The fourth ventricle is a common location of an intracranial ependymomal tumour. Additional images References External links - "Fourth Ventricle, Sagittal Section, Medial View" Brainstem Ventricular system de:Hirnventrikel#Vierter Ventrikel

Kristian Birger Gundersen (19 October 1907 – 27 May 1977) was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party. From 1967 to 1975 Gundersen was the mayor of Hamar. He had been a member of Hamar county council since 1952, and became deputy mayor in 1962. He served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from the Market towns of Hedmark and Oppland counties during the terms 1945–1949 and 1950–1953. References 1907 births 1977 deaths Deputy members of the Storting Labour Party (Norway) politicians Mayors of places in Hedmark Politicians from Hamar

Alarm at Midnight or Help! Armed Assault! () is a 1931 German thriller film directed by Johannes Meyer and starring Hans Stüwe, Hans Brausewetter, and Otto Wallburg. The film's sets were designed by the art director Alexander Ferenczy. Cast Hans Stüwe as Kriminalkommissar Bremer Hans Brausewetter as Kriminalkommissar Braun Otto Wallburg as Karl Matthes Gerda Maurus as Irene Matthes, seine Nichte Eva Schmid-Kayser as Else Moll Hermann Vallentin as Kriminalrat Kipping Veit Harlan as Otto Weigandt - genannt der 'Schränker' Bruno Lopinski as Kriminalkommissar Hartmann Hugo Fischer-Köppe as Matrosen-Emil Harry Nestor as Artisten-Fredy Ludwig Stössel as Der Varieté-Agent Siegfried Berisch as Pensionsgast Rudolf van der Noss as Kriminalassistent Georg Guertler as Mitglied der drei Bandinis Rudolf Hilberg as Mitglied der drei Bandinis Otto Reinwald as Mitglied der drei Bandinis Fritz Schmuck as Diener bei Matthes References Bibliography External links 1931 films 1930s thriller films Films of the Weimar Republic German thriller films 1930s German-language films Films directed by Johannes Meyer German black-and-white films 1930s German films

Sveti Urh may refer to several places in Slovenia: Ravenska Vas, a settlement in the Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi, known as Sveti Urh until 1955 Urh, Slovenska Bistrica, a settlement in the Municipality of Slovenska Bistrica, known as Sveti Urh until 1952

The Kamianka () is a river that flows through the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast of Ukraine. The river is a right tributary of the Bazavluk, and its total length is with a drainage basin of . Its course begins near Chervonyi Orlik. References Rivers of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast

This is a complete list of members of the United States Senate during the 108th United States Congress listed by seniority, from January 3, 2003, to January 3, 2005. In this congress, Jeff Bingaman (D-New Mexico) was the most senior junior senator and Mark Dayton (D-Minnesota) was the most junior senior senator Order of service is based on the commencement of the senator's first term. Behind this is former service as a senator (only giving the senator seniority within his or her new incoming class), service as vice president, a House member, a cabinet secretary, or a state governor. The final factor is the population of the senator's state. Senators who were sworn in during the middle of the two-year congressional term (up until the last senator who was not sworn in early after winning the November 2004 election) are listed at the end of the list with no number. Terms of service U.S. Senate seniority list See also 108th United States Congress List of members of the United States House of Representatives in the 108th Congress by seniority Notes External links Senate Seniority List 108 108th United States Congress

Iz*One was a twelve-member South Korean and Japanese girl group formed in 2018 through Produce 48, a music competition reality show. The group achieved significant commercial success with its debut extended play Color*Iz (2018), released under Off the Record Entertainment, and won several new artist awards, including Best New Artist at the 20th Mnet Asian Music Awards, Rookie of the Year at the 33rd Golden Disc Awards, and the New Artist Award at the 28th Seoul Music Awards. The group's second EP, Heart*Iz (2019), was released to greater commercial success than its predecessor, and received Disc Bonsang nominations at the 34th Golden Disc Awards and the 29th Seoul Music Awards respectively. The EP's lead single, "Violeta", received a nomination for Song of the Year at the 21st Mnet Asian Music Awards. The group earned its first ever daesang award nominations for its first studio album Bloom*Iz, released in February 2020. The album was nominated for Album of the Year at both the 12th Melon Music Awards and the 10th Gaon Chart Music Awards, while its lead single "Fiesta" was also nominated at both ceremonies for Best Dance – Female and Song of the Year – February respectively. Iz*One did not win any of the nominations but the group received its second Artist of the Year bonsang at the Melon Music Awards. Bloom*Iz garnered an additional Bonsang Award nomination at the 30th Seoul Music Awards. The group's follow-up EP, Oneiric Diary, released in June 2020, was also nominated alongside its predecessor at the Gaon Awards, for Album of the Year – 3rd Quarter. The group won its third Artist of the Year bonsang at the 3rd Fact Music Awards in December 2020. Awards and nominations Notes References Iz*One Awards

Ahnejat (; also known as Ahnehjad) is a village in Anarestan Rural District, Riz District, Jam County, Bushehr Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 25, in 6 families. References Populated places in Jam County

Turnabout Valley () is a partially deglaciated valley between Finger Mountain and Pyramid Mountain, in the Quartermain Mountains, Victoria Land. Named by the Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition (VUWAE), 1958–59. Further reading B. C. McKELVEY and P. N. WEBB, GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN SOUTH VICTORIA LAND, ANTARCTICA, Department of Geology, Victoria University of Wellington New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, P 722 Valleys of Victoria Land McMurdo Dry Valleys

Artashes Baghdasaryan (; born 11 February 1984, in Yerevan, Armenia) is an Armenian football defender, currently with Armenian Premier League club Impuls FC Dilijan. He is also a member of the Armenia national football team, and has 1 cap since his debut in 2006. Playing for Austria Kärnten, he was injured and soon moved to Armenia. He currently plays for Ulisses. External links Profile at FFA Armenian men's footballers Armenia men's international footballers Armenian expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Austria SK Austria Kärnten players Ulisses FC players Austrian Football Bundesliga players Footballers from Yerevan 1984 births Living people Armenian Premier League players Men's association football defenders

Baileys Irish Cream is an Irish cream liqueur, an alcoholic drink flavoured with cream, cocoa and Irish whiskey. It is made by Diageo at Nangor Road, in Dublin, Ireland and in Mallusk, Northern Ireland. It is the original Irish cream, invented by a team headed by Tom Jago in 1971 for Gilbeys of Ireland; Diageo currently owns the trademark. It has a declared alcohol content of 17% by volume. History and origin Baileys Irish Cream was created in London by advertising executive Tom Jago, working from a marketing brief issued by Gilbeys of Ireland, a division of International Distillers & Vintners. Gilbeys was searching for something to introduce to the international market. The process of finding a product began in 1971, and production research began in earnest after consultants David Gluckman, Hugh Seymour-Davies and Mac Macpherson came up with an alcoholic drink made of Irish whiskey and cream that, they remarked, "didn't taste punishing". The formulation of Baileys was motivated partly by the availability of alcohol from a money-losing distillery (part of International Distillers & Vintners, and probably W&A Gilbey) and a desire to use surplus cream from another business, Express Dairies, owned by Grand Metropolitan, resulting from the increased popularity of semi-skimmed milk. It included alcohol, cream and the chocolate milk-based drink powder Nesquik produced by Nestle; the initial formulation process took approximately 45 minutes. Baileys was introduced in 1974 as the first Irish cream on the market. The name is that of a restaurant owned by John Chesterman, who granted W&A Gilbey permission to use it. The fictional R.A. Bailey signature was inspired by The Bailey's Hotel in London, though the registered trademark omits the apostrophe. Manufacture Cream and Irish whiskey from various distilleries are homogenised to form an emulsion with the aid of an emulsifier containing refined vegetable oil. The process prevents the separation of alcohol and cream during storage. Baileys contains a proprietary cocoa extract recipe giving Baileys its chocolate character and essence. The number of other ingredients is not known, but they include herbs and sugar. According to the manufacturer, no preservatives are required as the alcohol content preserves the cream. The cream used in the drink comes from Tirlán, an Irish dairy company. Tirlán's Virginia facility in County Cavan produces a range of fat-filled milk powders and fresh cream. It has been the principal cream supplier to Baileys Irish Cream Liqueurs for more than 30 years. At busier times of the year, Tirlán also supplies cream from its Ballyragget facility in Kilkenny. Baileys bottles are manufactured solely at Encirc Glass Plant in Derrylin, County Fermanagh. Shelf life The manufacturer claims Baileys Irish Cream has a shelf life of 24 months and guarantees its taste for two years from the day it was made—opened or unopened, refrigerated or not—when stored away from direct sunlight at temperatures between . Nutritional values Drinking As with milk, cream will curdle whenever it comes into contact with a weak acid. Milk and cream contain casein, which coagulates when mixed with weak acids such as lemon, tonic water, or traces of wine. While this outcome is undesirable in most situations, some cocktails (such as the cement mixer, which consists of a shot of Baileys mixed with the squeezed juice from a slice of lime) specifically encourage coagulation. Variant flavours In 2003, Bailey & Co. launched Baileys Glide, aimed at the alcopop market. It was discontinued in 2006. In 2005, Baileys launched mint chocolate and crème caramel variants at 17% ABV. They were originally released in UK airports and were subsequently released in the mass markets of the UK, US, Australia and Canada in 2006. In 2008, Baileys, after the success of previous flavour variants, released a coffee variant, followed by a hazelnut-flavoured variant in 2010. The company trialled a new premium variety, Baileys Gold, at several European airports in 2009. The Gold version also was marketed towards the Japanese consumer. 2011, Baileys launched a Biscotti flavour, and a sub-brand premium product Baileys Chocolat Luxe, which combined Belgian chocolate with Baileys, in 2013. The company released a Vanilla-Cinnamon variety in the US market in 2013, with further flavours, Pumpkin Spice, Espresso and Salted Caramel launching the following year. From 2016 to 2018, Baileys Coffee Mocha and Latte was available in cans across the UK and Europe. In 2017, Baileys launched their Pumpkin Spice flavoured liqueur, as well as their vegan-friendly Baileys Almande, described as a blend of "sweet almond oil, cane sugar and a touch of real vanilla". Baileys have continued to release new varieties in recent years, flavours include; Strawberries & Cream (2018), Red Velvet Cupcake (2019), Apple Pie (2020), Pina Colada (2021 & 2023) S’more (2022) and Vanilla Mint Shake (2023). See also Irish cream Irish coffee References External links Account of the invention of Baileys Cream liqueurs Diageo brands Irish brands Brands of Northern Ireland Irish alcoholic drinks Irish liqueurs Products introduced in 1974

Bethesda Church may refer to: Churches Bethesda-by-the-Sea, Palm Beach, Florida Bethesda Meeting House, Bethesda, Maryland Bethesda Baptist Church and Cemetery, Greene County, Georgia Bethesda Episcopal Church (Saratoga Springs), New York Bethesda Methodist Protestant Church, Brinkleyville, North Carolina Other uses Battle of Bethesda Church, during the American Civil War See also Bethesda Chapel (disambiguation) Bethesda Presbyterian Church (disambiguation)

The following lists events that happened during 1988 in Singapore. Incumbents President: Wee Kim Wee Prime Minister: Lee Kuan Yew Events January 15 January – Catherine Lim's novel, Or Else, the Lightning God and Other Stories, is selected for the O Level exams conducted internationally in the 1989 and 1990 edition. This marks the first time Singapore literature is selected for examinations. March 12 March – The MRT system is officially opened, with the opening of a new section from Tiong Bahru to Clementi. April April - The first Watsons store opens in Singapore. 22 April – The National Blood Centre is officially opened. The new facilities will have a spacious environment, and can handle 120,000 donors, double the previous premises. The centre can handle national emergencies with mass casualties. In addition, a blood research facility and public health lab will be housed. June 1 June – Group representation constituencies (GRCs) are introduced. 9 June – The National Skin Centre starts operations. 27 June – The National Pledge is now taken with a right fist on the chest. July 26 July – The New Paper was launched as a tabloid. August 8 August – The OUB Centre (present-day One Raffles Place) is officially opened. At 280 metres, it stands as Singapore's tallest building until Guoco Tower's completion in 2016, which stands at 290 metres. 10 August – Kuo Pao Kun's Mama Looking for Her Cat is staged for the first time, making it Singapore's first multilingual play. 13 August – The first Malay Language and Cultural Month is officially opened. 30 August – The Operations Control Centre of the Singapore MRT system is officially opened. September 3 September – The PAP wins the 1988 General Election. October 25 October – A major fire took place at the Singapore Refining Company (SRC) refinery in Pulau Merlimau. 29 October – NTUC Pasir Ris Resort is officially opened. November 5 November – The fourth section of the MRT system is opened from Jurong East to Lakeside. December 20 December – The fifth section of the MRT is opened from Yishun to Khatib. Date unknown The 1988 Singapore Lunar Year of the Dragon 1oz Gold Coin was struck by the Singapore Mint in the year 1988 and belongs to the popular Lunar series of gold bullion coins. Each 24k coin contains 1 troy ounce (31.1035 grams) of gold and is legal tender with a face value of $100 Portek, a medium-sized terminal operator and port equipment engineering provider is founded. Zoe Tay was crowned the winner in the finals of the inaugural season of the reality television programme Star Search on SBC-8. Births 29 January – Tay Kexin, Singer. 14 June – Sylvia Ratonel, Singer, runner-up of Singapore Idol (Season 3). 6 July – Mok Ying Ren, Singaporean long-distance runner 5 August – Lawrence Wong, Actor. 14 September – Charlie Goh, Actor. 3 October – Jeffrey Xu, Actor. 2 November – Dee Kosh, Radio DJ and YouTube personality. Deaths 10 March – Lü Chen Chung, Bible Chinese translator (b. 1898). 3 April – Lee Man Fong, artist (b. 1913). 22 December – Kouo Shang Wei, pioneer photographer (b. 1924). References Singapore Years in Singapore Singapore

The West 7th Street Historic District encompasses a collection of early 20th-century commercial buildings on the 800-1100 blocks of West 7th Street in Little Rock, Arkansas. The thirteen buildings of the district were built between 1906 and 1951, and are mainly one and two-story masonry buildings with vernacular or modest commercial Italianate style. The Clok Building at 1001 W. 7th, built in 1915, notably has an elaborate concrete facade. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Little Rock, Arkansas References External links Historic districts in Little Rock, Arkansas Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas Italianate architecture in Arkansas National Register of Historic Places in Little Rock, Arkansas

Kristanna Loken is an American actress. Loken or Løken can also refer to: Løken, Norwegian village Løken Moraines, near the Windmill Islands, Antarctica Løken Pond in South Georgia, a British overseas territory in the southern Atlantic Ocean Senior–Løken syndrome, a congenital eye disorder Løken (surname)

is a junction passenger railway station located in the city of Niimi, Okayama Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the West Japan Railway Company (JR West). Lines Niimi Station is served by the Hakubi Line, and is located 64.4 kilometers from the terminus of the line at and 84.3 kilometers from . Although the nominal terminus of the Geibi Line to is at , most trains continue an additional 6.4 kilometers further north to terminate at Niimi. The station is also the northern terminus of the 158.1 kilometer Kishin Line to . Station layout The station consists of two island platforms and four tracks. There are two tracks without platforms between the island platforms, and all freight trains stop on these tracks, and they are also used to switch trains arriving at and departing from this station.The platform and the station building are connected by an underpass. The station building is a two-story wooden structure covered with tiles, and has a Midori no Madoguchi staffed ticket office. Platforms Adjacent stations History Niimi Station opened on October 25, 1928, with the opening of the Hakubi Line. With the privatization of the Japan National Railways (JNR) on April 1, 1987, the station came under the aegis of the West Japan Railway Company. Passenger statistics In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 733 passengers daily. Surrounding area Okayama Prefecture Bicchu Prefectural Citizens Bureau Niimi Regional Office Niimi Chamber of Commerce and Industry Niimi Municipal Niimi Daiichi Junior High School Okayama Prefectural Niimi High School Niimi Public University See also List of railway stations in Japan References External links Niimi Station from JR-Odekake.net Railway stations in Okayama Prefecture Stations of West Japan Railway Company Geibi Line Hakubi Line Kishin Line Railway stations in Japan opened in 1928 Niimi, Okayama

EverYoung (full name EverYoung Korea Corp) is a social enterprise based in Seoul, South Korea that only employs people over the age of 55. The company was founded in 2013 to monitor content on blogging platforms. The company was founded by 56 year old executive Mr Chung Eunsung. The company offers perks such as onsite blood pressure machines and four hour work shifts. The company has 4 offices and employs 420 seniors. Their oldest employee is 83 years old. References External links Technology companies of South Korea Social enterprises Elderly care

Diadelioides glabricollis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1947. References Desmiphorini Beetles described in 1947

John Condit (Democratic-Republican) of resigned to become assistant collector of the Port of New York. Charles Kinsey (also Democratic-Republican) was elected February 2, 1820 to replace him. Kinsey had previously served as a member from New Jersey but had lost re-election to Condit in 1818. He was seated February 16, 1820. See also 1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections List of United States representatives from New Jersey References External links 1820 New Jersey United States House of Representatives New Jersey 1820 at-large New Jersey 1820 at-large United States House of Representatives 1820 at-large

Upper Hunter Shire was a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales, Australia. Upper Hunter Shire was proclaimed on 7 March 1906 as Wooluma Shire, one of 134 shires created after the passing of the Local Government (Shires) Act 1905. The shire was renamed Woolooma Shire on 13 February 1907. It was later renamed Upper Hunter Shire on 11 April 1917. The shire absorbed the Municipality of Aberdeen on 7 October 1937. The shire office was in Scone. Upper Hunter Shire amalgamated with the Municipality of Scone on 1 January 1958 to form Scone Shire. References Former local government areas of New South Wales 1906 establishments in Australia 1958 disestablishments in Australia

1439 Vogtia, provisional designation , is a dark Hildian asteroid from the outermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately 48 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 11 October 1937, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany. It is named for astronomer Heinrich Vogt. Description Vogtia is a member of the Hilda family, a large group of asteroids in an orbital resonance with the gas giant Jupiter, and thought to have originated from the Kuiper belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 3.5–4.5 AU once every 8.01 years (2,925 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. Its observation arc begins at Heidelberg, 15 days after its official discovery observation, with no precoveries taken, and no prior identifications made. In the 1990s, a rotational light-curve of Vogtia was obtained during a survey of Hilda asteroids at Swedish, German and Italian observatories. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 12.95 hours with a brightness variation of 0.33 magnitude (). In October 2016, American astronomer Brian D. Warner obtained another light-curve at his Palmer Divide Station/CS3 in Colorado, which gave a period of 12.898 hours and an identical amplitude of 0.33 magnitude (). In the Tholen taxonomy, Vogtia is classified as a rare XFU-type, while it is also described as a C/P-type asteroid. According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Vogtia measures between 47.87 and 52.86 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has a low albedo between 0.043 and 0.051. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0425 and a diameter of 47.79 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.65. This minor planet was named for Heinrich Vogt (1890–1968), German astronomer at University of Heidelberg. He discovered the main-belt asteroid 735 Marghanna in 1912, and was a known member of the Nazi paramilitary Sturmabteilung. References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001439 Discoveries by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth Named minor planets 001439 19371011

Brent Hobba (born 10 March 1982) is an Australian former basketball player who played three seasons in the National Basketball League (NBL). He also had a long career in the Australian state leagues. NBL and State League career From 1998 to 2000, Hobba played in the State Basketball League (SBL) for the Goldfields Giants. After a lone season with the Willetton Tigers in 2001, he returned to the Giants in 2002. Between 2001 and 2005, he played four years of college basketball in the United States for Colorado Christian University. In his senior year, he played 28 games and averaged 15.7 points, 7.3 rebounds and 1.4 assists, shooting at 52.4% from the field in 28 minutes per game. He had another stint with the Giants in 2005. Hobba spent the 2005–06 NBL season as a development player with the Perth Wildcats. Between 2006 and 2008, he played two seasons with the South Dragons. He trialed with the New Zealand Breakers in the lead up to the 2008–09 NBL season, but was unsuccessful. Between 2006 and 2014, Hobba played in the Big V and South East Australian Basketball League (SEABL) for the Dandenong Rangers. Between 2015 and 2019, he played in the Big V for the Casey Cavaliers. National team career Hobba was a member of the Australian U18 National Team in 2000 that played at the Albert Schweitzer Junior Championships in Mannheim, Germany. He was also a member of the Australian team at the 2005 World University Games in İzmir, Turkey. Personal life As of 2015, Hobba and his wife have two children and live in Ferntree Gully, Victoria. He worked as a teacher at Cranbourne East Secondary College before taking a position at Berwick Secondary College. Since retiring from all forms of Basketball, Hobba is active in the community. References External links NBL profile NBL stats Big V stats 1982 births Living people Australian men's basketball players Australian expatriate basketball people in the United States Centers (basketball) Colorado Christian Cougars men's basketball players Perth Wildcats players Power forwards (basketball) South Dragons players 20th-century Australian people 21st-century Australian people People from Ferntree Gully, Victoria

Whitworth Park Academy is a co-educational secondary school located in Spennymoor, County Durham, England. History The school was formerly known as Spennymoor Comprehensive up until 2012, when it merged with Tudhoe Grange School. The school was subsequently renamed Whitworth Park School. The school moved into new buildings in 2013 that were officially opened by Prince Edward, Duke of Kent. The school used to operate a sixth form provision which offered a range of A-levels and vocational courses for students. However, in August 2017 the sixth form provision was closed. In December 2016 Whitworth Park School was rated 'Inadequate' by Ofsted who identified poor achievement and lack of leadership in their report. Previously a foundation school administered by Durham County Council, in September 2018 Whitworth Park School converted to academy status and renamed Whitworth Park Academy. The school is now sponsored by the Advance Learning Partnership. Academics Whitworth Park Academy offers GCSEs, BTECs and Cambridge Nationals as programmes of study for pupils. References External links Whitworth Park Academy official website Secondary schools in County Durham Academies in County Durham Spennymoor

Glyceria striata is a species of Glyceria which is known by the common names fowl mannagrass and ridged glyceria. It is native to much of North America, from Alaska and northern Canada to northern Mexico. It is a common bunchgrass species found in wet areas, often in forests. Glyceria striata bears erect stems exceeding a meter in maximum height and firm, narrow leaves. The spreading branches of the inflorescence hold oval-shaped to nearly round spikelets each with generally fewer than six florets. External links Jepson Manual Treatment - Glyceria striata USDA Plants Profile Glyceria striata - Photo gallery striata Bunchgrasses of North America Grasses of the United States Grasses of Canada Grasses of Mexico Native grasses of California Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States) Flora without expected TNC conservation status

The Intellectual Property Act 2014 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that received Royal Assent on 14 May 2014 after being introduced on 9 May 2013. The purpose of the legislation was to update copyright law, in particular design and patent law. The law arose as a result of the Hargreaves Review of Intellectual Property and Growth. References United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 2014

Christopher Kalani Cushman Lee (born January 28, 1981) is an American politician and a Democratic member of the Hawaii Senate. He was the youngest member and only millennial serving in the Hawaii State Legislature when elected in November, 2008. He currently serves as Majority Whip and Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee. He also serves on the boards of several non-profit organizations and commissions. Lee is a supporter of addressing climate change and has authored laws making Hawaii the first state to mandate 100 percent renewable energy by 2045, the first state to commit to economy-wide carbon neutrality by 2045, and the first state requiring all public schools and universities to upgrade and become net-zero facilities by 2035. He is an advocate for equal rights, serving as spokesperson for the campaign to pass the Hawaii Marriage Equality Act in 2013, and authoring two laws protecting transgender individuals. Lee also successfully helped lead the campaign to expand the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument into the world's largest marine protected area, and successfully led the opposition to defeat a $4.3 billion takeover of Hawaii's electric utilities by Florida-based Nextera Energy. Early life Lee was born January 28, 1981, in Honolulu, Hawaii. He graduated in 1999 from Iolani School. Lee graduated with a BA in political science from Oregon State University. Before getting involved in politics he worked at Big Brothers Big Sisters Hawaii, Hawaiian Airlines, and at the Hawaii State Capitol. Stroke At 30 years old, Lee suffered a stroke while speaking at a community meeting. He spent four days in the hospital and over the succeeding months made a full recovery. Lee credits the stroke with "changing everything" for him and causing him to realize his time was short. So he "began standing up to tackle even the most difficult issues, and taking on the political powers that be." State legislature Elections In 2008, when Democratic State Representative Tommy Waters retired and left the District 51 seat in the House of Representatives open, Lee won the three-way September 20, 2008, Democratic primary against Ikaika Anderson and Shaun Christensen with 2,292 votes (54.0%), and won the November 4, 2008, general election with 5,885 votes (61.9%) against Republican nominee Quentin Kawananakoa. In 2010, Lee was unopposed for the September 18, 2010, Democratic primary, winning with 4,102 votes, and won the November 2, 2010, general election with 5,626 votes (70.9%) against Republican nominee Maka Wolfgramm. In 2012, Lee was unopposed for the August 11, 2012, Democratic primary, winning with 5,120 votes, and won the November 6, 2012, general election with 8,550 votes (77.8%) against Republican nominee Henry Vincent. Political career and positions Progressive policy leader Lee is frequently cited as a progressive policy leader for his work breaking new ground on difficult issues. The Sunrise Movement recognized Lee as likely "the most accomplished climate change legislator in the country." The Progressive Campaign Change Committee included Lee on their political Power List for his "long list of accomplishments" and "helping to build the power of the progressive community." The Honolulu Star-Advertiser noted that "Lee has been effective in shepherding legislation on energy and advancing a range of progressive goals" These include passing the nation's first legislation committing a state to ensuring basic financial security for all families, the first law requiring utilities to sell 100 percent renewable energy, the first law committing a state to carbon neutrality, the first tax breaks for organic farming, the first laws requiring all public schools and universities to become net-zero facilities, and co-authoring the first law banning the toxic pesticide chlorpyrifos, and the first law banning toxic chemicals in sunscreens. He was also the first elected official to raise the national alarm about widespread harm to vulnerable children and adults resulting from predatory gambling mechanisms in video games. Lee is a supporter of transgender rights. Winning battles against large corporations and industry influence Lee has also received attention for successfully winning several high-profile political battles against multi-billion dollar corporations and industries. Industrial pesticide companies 90 percent of all industrial genetically modified corn in the United States is developed in Hawaii, a testing ground for new pesticides. Following reports of aerial pesticide spraying impacting the health of children and families in Hawaii, in 2010 Lee introduced the first of a series of bills to address the business practices of large pesticide companies and their impacts on public health. This bill sought to protect small farmers from lawsuits routinely used by large pesticide companies to intimidate and threaten smaller farmers. Pesticide companies lobbied and killed the bill. Undeterred, Lee began coordinating with community groups and environmental organizations and in subsequent years introducing bills to require disclosure of pesticide use, ban toxic pesticides, establish buffer zones around schools, and establish tax breaks for organic agriculture. In 2014, while pesticide companies such as Monsanto, Syngenta, and Pioneer Hybrid International battled in court to prevent county regulation of their pesticide operations, and poured millions of dollars into local elections, Lee led his House Committee on Energy and Environmental Protection to conduct public hearings in which he questioned officials about large quantities of unreported pesticides being sprayed around the state and a lack of meaningful oversight to ensure public safety. In 2015 Lee passed a law to help farmers end their dependence on pesticides sold by large pesticide companies by creating the first tax breaks of up to $50,000 per year for organic farmers. In 2018 Lee championed legislation and helped negotiate a deal between lawmakers to overcome strong lobbying and opposition by pesticide companies, and pass a law setting a new precedent by making Hawaii the first state to ban the toxic pesticide chlorpyrifos, require disclosure of pesticides being sprayed, and establish 100 foot pesticide buffer zones around all public schools. The following year California, Oregon, New York and Connecticut introduced similar legislation following the success of the ban in Hawaii. This political battle over pesticide regulation in Hawaii was the subject of a 2019 documentary "Poisoning Paradise" produced by Pierce Brosnan and directed by Keely Shaye Brosnan. Lee co-authored the first law banning the toxic pesticide chlorpyrifos, and the first law banning toxic chemicals in sunscreens. NextEra Energy Inc. In 2014 Florida-based NextEra Energy Inc. launched a $4.3 billion bid to acquire Hawaiian Electric Industries, which includes 3 of Hawaii's major electric utilities serving over 90 percent of the state's households. After months of investigation in which it became clear NextEra Energy Inc. may pass an excessive $30 billion in costs to consumers, Lee became the first Legislator to publicly oppose the acquisition because he "must put the best interest of the public first." Lee led the opposition amongst state legislators and county leaders and organized over 40 other elected officials from both parties to collectively announce at a press conference that better alternatives must be sought. Lee pushed legislation to stop the acquisition in the 2016 legislative session, and successfully included $1.2m in the 2016 state budget to examine alternative utility ownership and business models. He continued to coordinate elected officials and public stakeholders at public hearings and in an aggressive earned media campaign opposing the acquisition. At the announcement of the acquisition in December, 2015, public polls showed 32 percent public support for the acquisition. Despite over $20 million in utility advertising, by February, 2016 just 16 percent of the public supported the acquisition. The Public Utilities Commission subsequently rejected the acquisition in July, 2016. After the defeat of the NextEra Energy Inc. acquisition, the official study to examine alternative utility ownership and business models that better serve consumers began and is now underway. In 2017 Lee authored House Bill 1283, a first-of-its-kind bill to change the electric utilities' business model to ensure utilities better serve the interests of consumers. Known as the Hawaii Ratepayer Protection Act, it required the Public Utilities Commission to "directly tie electric utility revenues to a utility's achievement on performance metrics" such as progress toward integration of renewable energy, customer satisfaction, rate affordability, data sharing with other stakeholders, and interconnection of customer distributed generation. This changes the centralized 20th century business model in which utilities like NextEra Energy Inc automatically profit while passing growing risk and cost on to consumers, in favor of the people these utilities serve. The Hawaii Ratepayer Protection Act passed in 2018 as Senate Bill 2939 and was signed into law as Act 5. Longline fishing industry and the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument Overfishing and other factors have led to the depletion of fish in the Pacific Ocean. In 2016 U.S. Senator Brian Schatz proposed the expansion of the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument to create the world's largest marine protected area encompassing the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and surrounding waters to ensure protection of this critical habitat. The commercial fishing industry had organized opposition to new protections for Pacific ocean habitats for some time and began organizing opposition to an expansion of the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument as early as 2014. Throughout 2016 the Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council and commercial fishing interests strongly opposed the expansion arguing that it would decrease their catch and profitability. Several former Hawaii Governors and a former U.S. Senator joined a rally in opposition to the expansion. The 51st House district Lee represents includes the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument. In spite of the heavy industry and political opposition, Lee led grassroots efforts to coordinate environmental organizations and students from schools across the state supporting the monument expansion, testified at public hearings, and organized an earned media campaign supporting additional protections for the endangered habitat. Lee noted that expanding the monument is "a first step that must be taken to make sure we have this incredible valuable resource protected in perpetuity." In a commentary he published in The Hill, Lee argued, "The claim that marine monuments kill jobs and reduce fish catch is not supported by logic or scientific data." In late August, 2016, President Barack Obama signed an executive order expanding the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument, making it the world's largest marine protected area. Lee joined Obama at the announcement ceremony. Policy achievements Renewable energy and climate change Lee actively promotes renewable energy and addressing climate change. In 2014 he authored the Hawaii Climate Adaptation Initiative, which established the State of Hawaii's framework to address climate change. When utilities were accused of blocking homeowners from installing their own rooftop solar panels, Lee convened oversight hearings and passed Act 109, directing the utility to allow customers to install more rooftop solar panels. In 2015, Lee authored Act 97, which made Hawaii the first state to require all utilities to sell 100 percent renewable energy by 2045. Also that year he authored Act 38, which directs the state to eliminate all fossil fuels for ground transportation. Lee also authored laws in 2015 and 2016 directing all public schools and university campuses to become energy net-zero and generate 100 percent their own renewable power by 2035, and another law creating a green special fund to help the university pay for these upgrades. Responding to President Trump's withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Agreement in 2017, Lee co-authored Act 32, expanding the Hawaii Climate Adaptation Initiative to include meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement, and authored Act 33, establishing a task force to implement carbon sequestration in the state. Building on the consumer savings seen as a result of Hawaii's tripling of renewable energy between 2007 and 2017, Lee also passed a resolution calling on the federal government and other states to replace fossil fuels with renewable energy. Lee also authored House Bill 1283, a first-of-its-kind bill to change electric utilities' business models to ensure they better serve the interests of consumers. Known as the Hawaii Ratepayer Protection Act, it required the Public Utilities Commission to "directly tie electric utility revenues to a utility's achievement on performance metrics" such as progress toward integration of renewable energy, customer satisfaction, rate affordability, data sharing with other stakeholders, and interconnection of customer distributed generation. This changes the centralized 20th century business model in which utilities like NextEra automatically profit while passing growing risk and cost on to consumers, in favor of the people which these utilities serve. The Hawaii Ratepayer Protection Act passed in 2018 as Senate Bill 2939 and was signed into law as Act 5. In 2018, Lee authored and passed Act 15, which made Hawaii the first state legally committing to a zero-emissions clean economy and statewide carbon neutrality by 2045. He also authored Act 17, which ensures all projects prepare for sea level rise by requiring all environmental impact statements to consider its implications. Since 2015, Lee has worked with policymakers and organized local advocates in other states to help spread policies committing states and cities to 100 percent clean energy and carbon neutrality. Such policies have since been adopted by states such as California, New Mexico, Washington, and New York, among others. LGBTQIA+ rights Lee has been a strong and consistent advocate on LGBTQIA+ issues "because all citizens deserve the same benefits and protections of the Constitution," according to his website. He was a strong supporter and spoke out as a newly elected freshman legislator when passing legislation legalizing civil unions in 2009 and 2011. In 2013 while serving in the State Legislature Lee also served as spokesperson for the Hawaii United for Marriage campaign to legalize same-sex marriage in Hawaii. In the midst of the campaign leading up to a legislative special session to decide the issue, Lee received a death threat for his role frequently advocating for same-sex marriage in the media. At the close of a contentious special session in October 2013, the Hawaii legislature passed the Hawaii Marriage Equality Act of 2013. On November 12, Lee delivered remarks on behalf of the House of Representatives at a ceremony in which Governor Neil Abercrombie signed the bill into law, making Hawaii the 15th state to legalize same-sex marriage. "It is never the wrong time to do the right thing," Lee noted in his speech. In 2015, Lee authored Act 226 allowing transgender individuals to change their birth certificates to reflect their gender identities as recommended by the American Medical Association. In 2016 he authored Act 135 barring health insurance companies from discriminating against transgender individuals by unfairly denying them medical coverage. Money in politics and elections The US Supreme Court decision in Citizens United v. FEC has allowed billions of dollars of money to flow through superPACs and influence decision makers, according to Lee. In 2009, his first year in office, Lee successfully authored an amendment to House Bill 2003. The amendment prohibited state contractors from making political contributions, helping to prevent what many call a "pay-to-play" culture which exists in politics in many places. In 2013, Lee authored Act 112 which created a new law requiring superPACs to disclose their top donors in all elections advertising. In 2014, he authored Act 128, which made voter fraud a felony, preventing fraudulent elections advertising which has been used for voter suppression by misdirecting voters to the wrong polling sites or vote on the wrong day. Lee has also been a strong supporter of improving publicly funded elections to ensure all candidates equal voice, and reduce the influence of money in elections, and has supported calls to overturn the Citizens United v. FEC decision. Other legislation Lee has also passed legislation making Hawaii the first state to commit to ensuring basic financial security for all families and begin exploring a guaranteed income for all residents. He passed laws establishing the nation's first tax credits for organic farming. In November 2017, Lee, along with Rep. Sean Quinlan, became the first elected officials in the United States to raise concerns about predatory online gaming practices involving loot boxes encouraging minors to gamble after the Star Wars Battlefront II monetization controversy. References External links Official page at the Hawaii State Legislature Campaign site Place of birth missing (living people) 1981 births Living people Democratic Party members of the Hawaii House of Representatives Oregon State University alumni 21st-century American politicians

The Occidental Refinery (or Occidental Thames Refinery) was an oil refinery on Canvey Island, Essex, England. Located in the Thames Estuary, the partly-built, non-operational, six million tonne/year refinery was planned and constructed by Occidental Refineries Limited in 1970–5 and demolished in 1996–7. History In 1970 Occidental Refineries Limited, a subsidiary of the American Occidental Petroleum Corporation, applied to build an oil refinery on a 323-acre (130 ha) marshland site on Canvey Island south of Northwick Road for the production of heavy fuel oils. Planning permission was refused by the local planning authorities, Occidental appealed against the refusal so the Department of the Environment held a public inquiry in November 1970 to determine the case. Occidental Refineries Limited was initially in partnership with United Refineries Limited although the latter withdrew from the project just prior to the inquiry. At the public inquiry objections were raised by opponents of the development about air and water pollution; the impact on health; the loss of amenity; the risks of fire and explosion; and problems of traffic congestion. Nevertheless, the inquiry inspector recommended approval, which was endorsed by the Secretary of State for the Environment Peter Walker in November 1971. Oil processing Crude oil was to be delivered to the refinery from ocean-going vessels of up to 100,000 dwt (deadweight tons) via a mile long jetty extending into the deep water of the river Thames from Hole Haven creek. Crude oil storage capacity at the refinery was 3.75 million barrels in ten floating roof tanks (220 ft in diameter and 56 ft high) together with 160,000 barrels of ship ballast water storage. The treatment and refining processes at the Occidental refinery were: Crude oil desalting Primary distillation Product desulphurisation Fixed bed catalytic reforming Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) distillation Hydrogen sulphide extraction Sulphur production Sour water stripping Oily water separation (gravity separation) Refinery products were to include those shown in the table below. In addition to the above tanks, there were storage tanks for a range of intermediate products (reformate, naphtha, gas oil, etc.), and recovered oil and oily slops. There was to be about 70 tanks on the refinery site. The original design for the refinery included a rail loading facility for the export of some petroleum products. In 1972 British Railways obtained legal powers to build a railway branch line from the main London, Tilbury and Southend line onto Canvey Island to provide loading facilities for the Occidental and other refineries (see below) being planned on the island. Construction and redesign Occidental started construction of the refinery in 1972. It built about twenty oil and product storage tanks, a 137-metre high concrete chimney for the furnaces and a deep-water jetty. Construction work stopped in 1975 when, having invested £55 million, economic studies demonstrated that the proposed refinery was unlikely to be profitable. This was a consequence of the Middle East oil crisis of 1973-4 when the price of oil increased from $2 to $11 per barrel between 1970 and January 1974, and the consequent slump in demand for petroleum products. The project went into abeyance and no further work was undertaken on the refinery site. Meanwhile, local residents formed the Refinery Resistance Group which campaigned to stop hazardous industrial developments. The local Member of Parliament Bernard Braine spoke in Parliament in 1974 about the dangers of the agglomeration of hazardous industry on Canvey. In May 1977, Occidental Refineries Ltd applied to adapt the refinery to produce high-octane fuels with a reduction in the production of heavy fuel oil. The modified process plant included a hydrogen fluoride alkylation unit. Castle Point District Council refused planning consent in November 1977 on the basis that the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) were undertaking an analysis of the overall industrial hazardous risks on Canvey. The HSE identified the hazardous inventory on the proposed refinery site to be the storage of more than 125,000 m3 of hydrocarbon liquids; 2,300 tonnes of liquefied petroleum gases (LPG); and 10-20 tonnes of hydrogen fluoride. In August 1978 Occidental announced it was not proceeding with this development, partly because of the increased costs associated with HSE's report; the project again went into abeyance. In 1980 the Occidental Petroleum Corporation revised its plans and proposed to build a 60,000 barrel (9,539m3)/day residue-upgrading refinery on the site. This aimed to 'satisfy the requirements of the planning and safety authorities as well as our own economic criteria'. But this proposal too was not developed, a consequence of the Iranian revolution when the oil price increased from $13 to $34 per barrel between 1979 and 1981. No further work was undertaken by Occidental on the Canvey site. Demolition and legacy The unused tanks and the chimney on the Occidental site were demolished in 1996–7, only the concrete foundations of the tanks and the jetty remain. Despite the expenditure of £55 million (1975 prices) no oil or petroleum was ever stored or processed at the Occidental Canvey Refinery. Part of the refinery site is now Canvey Wick nature reserve designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in 2005. Other Canvey Island refineries In addition to the partly-built Occidental refinery several other refineries were proposed for Canvey Island. However, none proved to be economically viable and were not developed beyond the design and planning stage. The proposed developments included the following. AGIP refinery In 1964 the Italian oil company AGIP (Azienda Generale Italiana Petroli), a subsidiary of the Italian state-owned Eni (Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi) S.p.A., was granted an Industrial Development Certificate (IDC) by the UK Board of Trade to build an oil refinery on a 94 ha site in the north-west of Canvey (51.5367°N 0.5500°E). The IDC was introduced in 1947 as a means of influencing the pattern of industrial location throughout Britain and was required before seeking planning permission. In granting this Industrial Development Certificate in a rural area the Board of Trade implicitly identified Canvey as an appropriate site for industrial development. Over 20,000 local people signed a petition opposing the development; the principal concern was air pollution and fumes from the refinery. AGIP formally applied for planning permission for a two million tonne/year refinery, but were refused by the planning committee of Essex County Council in December 1964. AGIP appealed against the decision and the Ministry of Housing and Local Government held a public inquiry between 25 May – 3 June 1965. The local Member of Parliament, Bernard Braine, raised the issue of the refinery in the House of Commons. He noted that residents 'would be exposed for short periods to high concentrations of sulphur dioxide’ and 'the additional nuisance of the oily smell which arises from the mercaptan products of refinery operations'. Braine had previously raised the issue of air pollution from the Thameside refineries firstly in 1953 during a Commons debate and in 1958 had presented the Minister of Housing and Local Government with a petition signed by 6,000 Canvey residents protesting about atmospheric pollution from the Thameside refineries (Shell Haven and Coryton). In 1965 United Refineries Limited (URL), another Eni subsidiary, took forward the refinery development on Canvey. Following the 1965 public inquiry the Ministry inspector upheld the planning refusal on the grounds that the refinery would 'seriously diminish the value of the green wedge separating the Thameside industrial belt from residential areas between Basildon and Southend’. In addition there were concerns about air pollution, the size of the plant, the height of the chimneys, and road congestion. The Labour Minister of Housing and Local Government, Richard Crossman, was sympathetic to the views of Canvey residents. However, senior civil servants in the Ministry, the Permanent Secretary Dame Evelyn Sharp and the Deputy Secretary Sir James Jones insisted Crossman should over-rule the inspector in the national interest. At a Home Affairs Committee meeting on 29 October 1965 together with the Foreign Office, the Commonwealth Office, the Ministry of Power, the Department of Economic Affairs and the Treasury 'all insisted that we couldn't afford to upset a foreign oil company'. Crossman succeeded in delaying the decision as it was revealed that AGIP wanted to sell their British interests to Esso on the ground that 'there wasn't enough market in the UK for them to worry about'. Crossman eventually overturned his Inspector's decision and granted consent for the £15 million refinery; he ruled that national economic interest should override local interests. The approval was conditional: the siting, design, external appearance and landscaping of the refinery had to be agreed with the local planning authority, and construction had to start by 1 January 1969; there was to be a single chimney; and there was to be no plant for catalytic cracking, blowing of bitumen or vacuum distillation without further planning permission. The Financial Times noted that the refinery would save £4–6 million a year in import costs. However, no construction work was undertaken, Braine suggested that a refinery of this size – two million tonnes/year – would not be economic. Also Eni underwent a period of retrenchment following the death of its 'exuberant chairman' Enrico Mattei in 1962. Eni only took an interest in building a refinery again in 1969 in partnership with Murco. United Refineries Limited refinery 1969/70 application On 12 November 1969 United Refineries Limited United Refineries Limited (URL), a subsidiary of the Italian state-owned Eni S.p.A., and in a joint venture (50%/50%) with Murco Petroleum Limited, itself a subsidiary of the American Murphy Oil Corporation, applied to the Department of Trade and Industry for an Industrial Development Certificate for refinery on Canvey Island. An IDC was granted on 18 February 1970. In late 1970 URL applied for planning permission to build a four million tonnes/year oil refinery on Canvey Island. This was to be constructed on an extended 541 acre (219 ha) site based around AGIP's 1965 refinery site (51.5367°N 0.5500°E). Bernard Braine claimed that Murco had joined the venture because they had been refused permission to build a refinery in Glasgow, Scotland. Canvey Island Urban District Council and Essex County Council opposed the application and a public inquiry was held in March – April 1971. The Department of the Environment (DoE) inspector, K.M. Sargeant MA FRICS, concluded that permitting the refinery would be a 'serious environmental mistake', but also said that a similar proposal would not necessarily be ruled out if a site could be found to which there were not 'such strong amenity objections'. The inspector recommended refusal of the application. Meanwhile, Occidental Refineries Limited, initially in partnership with URL, had applied for permission to build a six million tonnes/year oil refinery on a 325-acre (131 ha) site in the south east of Canvey (see Occidental refinery above). A public inquiry was held in November 1970, at which the DoE inspector, again K.M. Sargeant, recommended approval of the application. Having considered the inspector's recommendations from the two inquiries the Secretary of State, Peter Walker, granted permission for the Occidental refinery on 23 November 1971 but refused the URL application because of the effect the development would have on the local environment, specifically the need to leave an area of open land between the Occidental refinery and South Benfleet. 1972 application On 21 December 1971 URL reapplied to the Department of Trade and Industry for an IDC for a refinery on a new site. Having been granted an IDC, in 1972 URL applied for permission to build a four million tonnes/year oil refinery on a 314-acre (127 ha) site south of the AGIP site and north of the ORL site. The DoE inspector, again K.M. Sargeant, said there were no insuperable objections to the application on pollution or navigational grounds, and that highway objections could be resolved locally. He also noted that the re-positioning of the refinery's prominent structures (process plant, chimneys, flare stack, etc.) to the western part of the site was an improvement. Nevertheless, he argued that no further development should be permitted north of Northwick Road. He concluded that there was not enough land left on Canvey for another refinery and recommended the application should be rejected. The Secretary of State for the Environment, Geoffrey Rippon, considered that local amenity objection were not strong enough to outweigh economic advantages of the refinery. Rippon granted permission for the URL refinery on 28 March 1973; one condition prohibited URL from implementing both the 1965 and the 1973 approvals. The features of the 1970 and 1972 refinery proposals include: Annual capacity: 4 million tonnes Total tankage capacity: 40 million cubic feet Jetty facilities: one mooring for 130,000 dwt; one mooring for 18,000 dwt; one mooring for coastal/river traffic Quantities of products to be shipped: Road: 70,000 tonnes/year Rail: 616,000 tonnes/year Pipeline to Midlands: 578,000 tonnes/year Ship: 1,883,000 tonnes/year URL/ORL 1973–4 joint refinery In 1973–4 URL and ORL entered discussions about building a single joint refinery with a capacity of ten million tonnes/year. This was to be built mainly on the Occidental site. By September 1974 it appeared that agreement between the companies was unlikely to be reached. Reappraisal of hazards and risks In 1974 the new Labour Secretary of State for the Environment, Anthony Crosland, announced an exploratory inquiry into revoking the planning permission for the URL refinery. The inquiry was held in February – March 1975 under the chairmanship of W.G. Onslow CB; it concluded that the totality of risk from hazardous industries on Canvey should be assessed. Crosland instructed the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) to undertake an assessment of the risks on Canvey. The HSE reported in June 1978. The hazardous inventory at the URL refinery was more than 125,000 m3 of hydrocarbon liquids and 3,500 tonnes of liquefied petroleum gas. The URL revocation inquiry reconvened in June – July 1980 with General Sir Richard Ward as the inspector. Ward concluded that the planning permission for the refinery should be allowed but only if the British Gas Corporation methane terminal on Canvey was shutdown or a source of ignition installed at its perimeter . It was believed within Whitehall that in making these recommendations about the methane terminal that General Ward had exceeded his terms of reference. Wade's recommendations gave rise to another inquiry which was held by the DoE in January – May 1982 on the discontinuance of the operation of the methane terminal under the chairmanship of Alan de Piro QC. This inquiry reported in late 1982 and concluded that the methane terminal should be allowed to continue to operate, and that the 1973 URL refinery planning permission should be allowed to stand. However, by this time the oil crises of 1973 and 1980 had affected the viability of the refinery and URL undertook not further work on the site. See also Shell Haven Coryton Refinery Kent Refinery References Buildings and structures in Essex Canvey Island History of the petroleum industry in the United Kingdom Oil refineries in the United Kingdom Science and technology in Essex

Kazimierz Fiałka (2 July 1907 – 25 September 1970) was a Polish long-distance runner. He competed in the marathon at the 1936 Summer Olympics. References 1907 births 1970 deaths Athletes (track and field) at the 1936 Summer Olympics Polish male long-distance runners Polish male marathon runners Olympic athletes for Poland Sportspeople from Kraków Polish Austro-Hungarians

The birds of the Torres Strait Islands are of particular interest to Australian birders because the islands are home to, and visited by, birds which some are New Guinea species. A number of islands are found in Australia, but a few are found in Papua New Guinea. Access Access to these islands is not easy. Permission to visit is required from the island councils. The few birders who visit, do so on pre-organised trips by chartered yacht or, occasionally, on day-trips by chartered light aircraft. Saibai and Boigu have airstrips. List of birds The following list is annotated with initials indicating which species have been recorded. Because these islands have not been thoroughly surveyed or regularly monitored by birders, it is very likely that the list underestimates the number of species breeding on or visiting them. This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2022 edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts in each family account. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for Torres Strait Islands. The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. The commonly occurring native species do not fall into any of these categories: (A) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in the Torres Strait Islands. (I) Introduced - a species introduced to the Torres Strait Islands as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions Cassowaries and emu Order: StruthioniformesFamily: Casuariidae The cassowaries are large flightless birds native to Australia and New Guinea. Southern cassowary, Casuarius casuarius Emu, Dromaius novaehollandiae Magpie goose Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anseranatidae The family contains a single species, the magpie goose. It was an early and distinctive offshoot of the anseriform family tree, diverging after the screamers and before all other ducks, geese and swans, sometime in the late Cretaceous. Magpie goose, Anseranas semipalmata Ducks, geese, and waterfowl Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anatidae Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating. Spotted whistling-duck, Dendrocygna guttata Plumed whistling-duck, Dendrocygna eytoni Wandering whistling-duck, Dendrocygna arcuata Black swan, Cygnus atratus Radjah shelduck, Radjah radjah Green pygmy-goose, Nettapus pulchellus Garganey, Spatula querquedula Pacific black duck, Anas superciliosa Gray teal, Anas gracilis Chestnut teal, Anas castanea Pink-eared duck, Malacorhynchus membranaceus Hardhead, Aythya australis Megapodes Order: GalliformesFamily: Megapodiidae The Megapodiidae are stocky, medium-large chicken-like birds with small heads and large feet. All but the malleefowl occupy jungle habitats and most have brown or black colouring. Yellow-legged brushturkey, Talegalla fuscirostris Australian brushturkey, Alectura lathami Orange-footed scrubfowl, Megapodius reinwardt Pheasants, grouse, and allies Order: GalliformesFamily: Phasianidae The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings. Brown quail, Synoicus ypsilophorus Blue-breasted quail, Synoicus chinensis Grebes Order: PodicipediformesFamily: Podicipedidae Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land. Australasian grebe, Tachybaptus novaehollandiae Pigeons and doves Order: ColumbiformesFamily: Columbidae Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere. Rock pigeon, Columba livia Amboyna cuckoo-dove, Macropygia amboinensis Brown cuckoo-dove, Macropygia phasianella Asian emerald dove, Chalcophaps longirostris Pacific emerald dove, Chalcophaps longirostris Stephan's dove, Chalcophaps stephani New Guinea bronzewing, Henicophaps albifrons Diamond dove, Geopelia cuneata Peaceful dove, Geopelia striata Bar-shouldered dove, Geopelia humeralis Cinnamon ground dove, Gallicolumba rufigula Thick-billed ground-pigeon, Trugon terrestris Sclater's crowned-pigeon, Goura sclaterii Wompoo fruit-dove, Ptilinopus magnificus Pink-spotted fruit-dove, Ptilinopus perlatus Orange-fronted fruit-dove, Ptilinopus aurantiifrons Superb fruit-dove, Ptilinopus superbus Rose-crowned fruit-dove, Ptilinopus regina Coroneted fruit-dove, Ptilinopus coronulatus Orange-bellied fruit-dove, Ptilinopus iozonus Pacific imperial-pigeon, Ducula pacifica Purple-tailed imperial-pigeon, Ducula rufigaster Island imperial-pigeon, Ducula pistrinaria Pinon's imperial-pigeon, Ducula pinon Collared imperial-pigeon, Ducula mullerii Zoe's imperial-pigeon, Ducula zoeae Pied imperial-pigeon, Ducula bicolor Torresian imperial-pigeon, Ducula spilorrhoa Topknot pigeon, Lopholaimus antarcticus Bustards Order: OtidiformesFamily: Otididae Bustards are large terrestrial birds mainly associated with dry open country and steppes in the Old World. They are omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips and striking patterns in flight. Many have interesting mating displays. Australian bustard, Ardeotis australis Cuckoos Order: CuculiformesFamily: Cuculidae The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites. Greater black coucal, Centropus menbeki Lesser black coucal, Centropus bernsteini Pheasant coucal, Centropus phasianinus Dwarf koel, Microdynamis parva Asian koel, Eudynamys scolopaceus Pacific koel, Eudynamys orientalis Channel-billed cuckoo, Scythrops novaehollandiae Horsfield's bronze-cuckoo, Chrysococcyx basalis Black-eared cuckoo, Chrysococcyx osculans Shining bronze-cuckoo, Chrysococcyx lucidus Little bronze-cuckoo, Chrysococcyx minutillus Pallid cuckoo, Cacomantis pallidus Chestnut-breasted cuckoo, Cacomantis castaneiventris Fan-tailed cuckoo, Cacomantis flabelliformis Brush cuckoo, Cacomantis variolosus Himalayan cuckoo, Cuculus saturatus Oriental cuckoo, Cuculus optatus Frogmouths Order: CaprimulgiformesFamily: Podargidae The frogmouths are a group of nocturnal birds related to the nightjars. They are named for their large flattened hooked bill and huge frog-like gape, which they use to take insects. Tawny frogmouth, Podargus strigoides Marbled frogmouth, Podargus ocellatus Papuan frogmouth, Podargus papuensis Nightjars and allies Order: CaprimulgiformesFamily: Caprimulgidae Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves. Spotted nightjar, Eurostopodus argus White-throated nightjar, Eurostopodus mystacalis Papuan nightjar, Eurostopodus papuensis Large-tailed nightjar, Caprimulgus macrurus Owlet-nightjars Order: CaprimulgiformesFamily: Aegothelidae The owlet-nightjars are small nocturnal birds related to the nightjars and frogmouths. They are insectivores which hunt mostly in the air. Their soft plumage is a mixture of browns and paler shades. Australian owlet-nightjar, Aegotheles cristatus Barred owlet-nightjar, Aegotheles bennettii Swifts Order: CaprimulgiformesFamily: Apodidae Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang. Papuan spinetailed swift, Mearnsia novaeguineae White-throated needletail, Hirundapus caudacutus Glossy swiftlet, Collocalia esculenta Australian swiftlet, Aerodramus terraereginae Uniform swiftlet, Aerodramus vanikorensis Pacific swift, Apus pacificus House swift, Apus nipalensis (A) Rails, gallinules, and coots Order: GruiformesFamily: Rallidae Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers. Bare-eyed rail, Gymnocrex plumbeiventris Chestnut rail, Gallirallus castaneoventris Buff-banded rail, Gallirallus philippensis Dusky moorhen, Gallinula tenebrosa Eurasian coot, Fulica atra Australasian swamphen, Porphyrio melanotus Pale-vented bush-hen, Amaurornis moluccana White-browed crake, Poliolimnas cinereus Red-necked crake, Rallina tricolor Spotless crake, Zapornia tabuensis Cranes Order: GruiformesFamily: Gruidae Cranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or "dances". Brolga, Antigone rubicunda Thick-knees Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Burhinidae The thick-knees are a group of largely tropical waders in the family Burhinidae. They are found worldwide within the tropical zone, with some species also breeding in temperate Europe and Australia. They are medium to large waders with strong black or yellow-black bills, large yellow eyes and cryptic plumage. Despite being classed as waders, most species have a preference for arid or semi-arid habitats. Bush thick-knee, Burhinus grallarius Beach thick-knee, Esacus magnirostris Stilts and avocets Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Recurvirostridae Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin straight bills. Pied stilt, Himantopus leucocephalus Oystercatchers Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Haematopodidae The oystercatchers are large and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open molluscs. Pied oystercatcher, Haematopus longirostris Sooty oystercatcher, Haematopus fuliginosus Plovers and lapwings Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Charadriidae The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water. Black-bellied plover, Pluvialis squatarola Pacific golden-plover, Pluvialis fulva Masked lapwing, Vanellus miles Lesser sand-plover, Charadrius mongolus Greater sand-plover, Charadrius leschenaultii Double-banded plover, Charadrius bicinctus Red-capped plover, Charadrius ruficapillus Oriental plover, Charadrius veredus Red-kneed dotterel, Erythrogonys cinctus Black-fronted dotterel, Elseyornis melanops Jacanas Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Jacanidae The Jacanas are a group of tropical waders in the family Jacanidae. They are found throughout the tropics. They are identifiable by their huge feet and claws which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat. Comb-crested jacana, Irediparra gallinacea Sandpipers and allies Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Scolopacidae Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food. Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus Little curlew, Numenius minutus Far Eastern curlew, Numenius madagascariensis Bar-tailed godwit, Limosa lapponica Black-tailed godwit, Limosa limosa Ruddy turnstone, Arenaria interpres Great knot, Calidris tenuirostris Red knot, Calidris canutus Broad-billed sandpiper, Calidris falcinellus Sharp-tailed sandpiper, Calidris acuminata Curlew sandpiper, Calidris ferruginea Long-toed stint, Calidris subminuta Red-necked stint, Calidris ruficollis Sanderling, Calidris alba Pectoral sandpiper, Calidris melanotos Latham's snipe, Gallinago hardwickii Swinhoe's snipe, Gallinago megala Terek sandpiper, Xenus cinereus Red-necked phalarope, Phalaropus lobatus (A) Common sandpiper, Actitis hypoleucos Gray-tailed tattler, Tringa brevipes Wandering tattler, Tringa incana Common greenshank, Tringa nebularia Marsh sandpiper, Tringa stagnatilis Wood sandpiper, Tringa glareola Common redshank, Tringa totanus (A) Buttonquail Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Turnicidae The buttonquail are small, drab, running birds which resemble the true quails. The female is the brighter of the sexes and initiates courtship. The male incubates the eggs and tends the young. Red-backed buttonquail, Turnix maculosa Red-chested buttonquail, Turnix pyrrhothorax Pratincoles and coursers Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Glareolidae Glareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the pratincoles, which have short legs, long pointed wings and long forked tails, and the coursers, which have long legs, short wings and long, pointed bills which curve downwards. Australian pratincole, Stiltia isabella Oriental pratincole, Glareola maldivarum Skuas and jaegers Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Stercorariidae The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants. Pomarine jaeger, Stercorarius pomarinus Gulls, terns, and skimmers Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Laridae Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years. Silver gull, Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae Black-headed gull, Chroicocephalus ridibundus (A) Brown noddy, Anous stolidus Black noddy, Anous minutus Lesser noddy, Anous tenuirostris White tern, Gygis alba Sooty tern, Onychoprion fuscatus Gray-backed tern, Onychoprion lunatus (A) Bridled tern, Onychoprion anaethetus Little tern, Sternula albifrons Gull-billed tern, Gelochelidon nilotica Caspian tern, Hydroprogne caspia White-winged tern, Chlidonias leucopterus Whiskered tern, Chlidonias hybrida Roseate tern, Sterna dougallii Black-naped tern, Sterna sumatrana Common tern, Sterna hirundo Great crested tern, Thalasseus bergii Lesser crested tern, Thalasseus bengalensis Tropicbirds Order: PhaethontiformesFamily: Phaethontidae Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings. White-tailed tropicbird, Phaethon lepturus Red-tailed tropicbird, Phaethon rubricauda Southern storm-petrels Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Oceanitidae The southern storm-petrels are relatives of the petrels and are the smallest seabirds. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like. Wilson's storm-petrel, Oceanites oceanicus White-faced storm-petrel, Pelagodroma marina White-bellied storm-petrel, Fregetta grallaria Black-bellied storm-petrel, Fregetta tropica Shearwaters and petrels Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Procellariidae The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary. Kermadec petrel, Pterodroma neglecta Gould's petrel, Pterodroma leucoptera Antarctic prion, Pachyptila turtur Tahiti petrel, Pseudobulweria rostrata Streaked shearwater, Calonectris leucomelas Flesh-footed shearwater, Ardenna carneipes Wedge-tailed shearwater, Ardenna pacificus Sooty shearwater, Ardenna griseus Short-tailed shearwater, Ardenna tenuirostris Little shearwater, Puffinus assimilis Christmas shearwater, Puffinus nativitatis Tropical shearwater, Puffinus bailloni Storks Order: CiconiiformesFamily: Ciconiidae Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory. Black-necked stork, Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus Frigatebirds Order: SuliformesFamily: Fregatidae Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black-and-white or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have coloured inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week. Lesser frigatebird, Fregata ariel Great frigatebird, Fregata minor Boobies and gannets Order: SuliformesFamily: Sulidae The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish. Masked booby, Sula dactylatra Brown booby, Sula leucogaster Red-footed booby, Sula sula Anhingas Order: SuliformesFamily: Anhingidae Anhingas or darters are often called "snake-birds" because of their long thin necks, which gives a snake-like appearance when they swim with their bodies submerged. The males have black and dark-brown plumage, an erectile crest on the nape and a larger bill than the female. The females have much paler plumage especially on the neck and underparts. The darters have completely webbed feet and their legs are short and set far back on the body. Their plumage is somewhat permeable, like that of cormorants, and they spread their wings to dry after diving. Australasian darter, Anhinga novaehollandiae Cormorants and shags Order: SuliformesFamily: Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage colouration varies, with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black-and-white and a few being colourful. Little pied cormorant, Microcarbo melanoleucos Great cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo Little black cormorant, Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Pied cormorant, Phalacrocorax varius Pelicans Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Pelecanidae Pelicans are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes. Australian pelican, Pelecanus conspicillatus Herons, egrets, and bitterns Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Ardeidae The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills. Yellow bittern, Ixobrychus sinensis Black-backed bittern, Ixobrychus dubius Black bittern, Ixobrychus flavicollis Forest bittern, Zonerodius heliosylus Pacific heron, Ardea pacifica Great-billed heron, Ardea sumatrana Great egret, Ardea alba Intermediate egret, Ardea intermedia White-faced heron, Egretta novaehollandiae Little egret, Egretta garzetta Pacific reef-heron, Egretta sacra Pied heron, Egretta picata Cattle egret, Bubulcus ibis Striated heron, Butorides striata Nankeen night-heron, Nycticorax caledonicus Ibises and spoonbills Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Threskiornithidae Threskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary feathers. They are strong fliers and despite their size and weight, very capable soarers. Glossy ibis, Plegadis falcinellus Australian ibis, Threskiornis moluccus Straw-necked ibis, Threskiornis spinicollis Royal spoonbill, Platalea regia Yellow-billed spoonbill, Platalea flavipes Osprey Order: AccipitriformesFamily: Pandionidae The family Pandionidae contains only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium-large raptor which is a specialist fish-eater with a worldwide distribution. Osprey, Pandion haliaetus Hawks, eagles, and kites Order: AccipitriformesFamily: Accipitridae Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight. Black-shouldered kite, Elanus axillaris Black-breasted kite, Hamirostra melanosternon Long-tailed honey-buzzard, Henicopernis longicauda Square-tailed kite, Lophoictinia isura Pacific baza, Aviceda subcristata New Guinea eagle, Harpyopsis novaeguineae Little eagle, Hieraaetus morphnoides Pygmy eagle, Hieraaetus weiskei Gurney's eagle, Aquila gurneyi Wedge-tailed eagle, Aquila audax Papuan marsh-harrier, Circus spilothorax Swamp harrier, Circus approximans Spotted harrier, Circus assimilis Variable goshawk, Accipiter hiogaster Gray goshawk, Accipiter novaehollandiae Brown goshawk, Accipiter fasciatus Collared sparrowhawk, Accipiter cirrocephalus Doria's goshawk, Megatriorchis doriae Black kite, Milvus migrans Whistling kite, Haliastur sphenurus Brahminy kite, Haliastur indus White-bellied sea-eagle, Haliaeetus leucogaster Barn-owls Order: StrigiformesFamily: Tytonidae Barn-owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons. Sooty owl, Tyto tenebricosa Australian masked-owl, Tyto novaehollandiae Australasian grass-owl, Tyto longimembris Barn owl, Tyto alba Owls Order: StrigiformesFamily: Strigidae The typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk. Rufous owl, Ninox rufa Barking owl, Ninox connivens Southern boobook, Ninox boobook Morepork, Ninox novaeseelandiae Hornbills Order: BucerotiformesFamily: Bucerotidae Hornbills are a group of birds whose bill is shaped like a cow's horn, but without a twist, sometimes with a casque on the upper mandible. Frequently, the bill is brightly coloured. Blyth's hornbill, Rhyticeros plicatus Blyth's hornbill is native to New Guinea and Indonesia. It is possibly found on Saibai Island and the Talbot Islands in the Torres Strait, and would be classified as an accidental, rarely encountered species to these islands. If recorded, this would classify it as Australia's only hornbill species. Kingfishers Order: CoraciiformesFamily: Alcedinidae Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long pointed bills, short legs, and stubby tails. Azure kingfisher, Ceyx azureus Little kingfisher, Ceyx pusillus Papuan dwarf-kingfisher, Ceyx pusillus Laughing kookaburra, Dacelo novaeguineae Blue-winged kookaburra, Dacelo leachii Rufous-bellied kookaburra, Dacelo gaudichaud Red-backed kingfisher, Todiramphus pyrrhopygius Blue-black kingfisher, Todiramphus nigrocyaneus Forest kingfisher, Todiramphus macleayii Torresian kingfisher, Todiramphus sordidus Sacred kingfisher, Todiramphus sanctus Collared kingfisher, Todiramphus chloris Hook-billed kingfisher, Melidora macrorrhina Yellow-billed kingfisher, Syma torotoro Common paradise-kingfisher, Tanysiptera galatea Little paradise-kingfisher, Tanysiptera hydrocharis (A) Buff-breasted paradise-kingfisher, Tanysiptera sylvia Bee-eaters Order: CoraciiformesFamily: Meropidae The bee-eaters are a group of near passerine birds in the family Meropidae. Most species are found in Africa but others occur in southern Europe, Madagascar, Australia and New Guinea. They are characterised by richly coloured plumage, slender bodies and usually elongated central tail feathers. All are colourful and have long downturned bills and pointed wings, which give them a swallow-like appearance when seen from afar. Blue-tailed bee-eater, Merops philippinus Rainbow bee-eater, Merops ornatus Rollers Order: CoraciiformesFamily: Coraciidae Rollers resemble crows in size and build, but are more closely related to the kingfishers and bee-eaters. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not. Dollarbird, Eurystomus orientalis Falcons and caracaras Order: FalconiformesFamily: Falconidae Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons. Nankeen kestrel, Falco cenchroides Oriental hobby, Falco severus Australian hobby, Falco longipennis Brown falcon, Falco berigora Black falcon, Falco subniger Peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus Cockatoos Order: PsittaciformesFamily: Cacatuidae The cockatoos share many features with other parrots including the characteristic curved beak shape and a zygodactyl foot, with two forward toes and two backwards toes. They differ, however in a number of characteristics, including the often spectacular movable headcrest. Palm cockatoo, Probosciger aterrimus Red-tailed black-cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus banksii Sulphur-crested cockatoo, Cacatua galerita Old World parrots Order: PsittaciformesFamily: Psittaculidae Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed zygodactyl feet. Many parrots are vividly coloured, and some are multi-coloured. In size they range from to in length. Old World parrots are found from Africa east across south and southeast Asia and Oceania to Australia and New Zealand. Red-winged parrot, Aprosmictus erythropterus Eclectus parrot, Eclectus roratus Red-cheeked parrot, Geoffroyus geoffroyi Pale-headed rosella, Platycercus adscitus Orange-breasted fig-parrot, Cyclopsitta gulielmitertii Double-eyed fig-parrot, Cyclopsitta diophthalma Large fig-parrot, Psittaculirostris desmarestii Red-flanked lorikeet, Charmosyna placentis Yellow-streaked lory, Chalcopsitta scintillata Black-capped lory, Lorius lory Dusky lory, Pseudeos fuscata Coconut lorikeet, Trichoglossus haematodus Rainbow lorikeet, Trichoglossus moluccanus Scaly-breasted lorikeet, Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus Pittas Order: PasseriformesFamily: Pittidae Pittas are medium-sized by passerine standards and are stocky, with fairly long, strong legs, short tails and stout bills. Many are brightly coloured. They spend the majority of their time on wet forest floors, eating snails, insects and similar invertebrates. Papuan pitta, Erythropitta macklotii Hooded pitta, Pitta sordida Noisy pitta, Pitta versicolor Bowerbirds Order: PasseriformesFamily: Ptilonorhynchidae The bowerbirds are small to medium-sized passerine birds. The males notably build a bower to attract a mate. Depending on the species, the bower ranges from a circle of cleared earth with a small pile of twigs in the center to a complex and highly decorated structure of sticks and leaves. Black-capped catbird, Ailuroedus melanocephalus Great bowerbird, Chlamydera nuchalis Fawn-breasted bowerbird, Chlamydera cerviniventris Australasian treecreepers Order: PasseriformesFamily: Climacteridae The Climacteridae are medium-small, mostly brown-coloured birds with patterning on their underparts. They are endemic to Australia and New Guinea. Brown treecreeper, Climacteris picumnus Fairywrens Order: PasseriformesFamily: Maluridae Maluridae is a family of small, insectivorous passerine birds endemic to Australia and New Guinea. They are socially monogamous and sexually promiscuous, meaning that although they form pairs between one male and one female, each partner will mate with other individuals and even assist in raising the young from such pairings. Wallace's fairywren, Sipodotus wallacii Lovely fairywren, Malurus amabilis Red-backed fairywren, Malurus melanocephalus Emperor fairywren, Malurus cyanocephalus White-shouldered fairywren, Malurus alboscapulatus Honeyeaters Order: PasseriformesFamily: Meliphagidae The honeyeaters are a large and diverse family of small to medium-sized birds most common in Australia and New Guinea. They are nectar feeders and closely resemble other nectar-feeding passerines. Streak-headed honeyeater, Pycnopygius stictocephalus Puff-backed honeyeater, Meliphaga aruensis Yellow-spotted honeyeater, Meliphaga notata Mimic honeyeater, Microptilotis analogus Yellow-gaped honeyeater, Microptilotis flavirictus Graceful honeyeater, Microptilotis gracilis Yellow honeyeater, Stomiopera flava White-gaped honeyeater, Stomiopera unicolor Yellow-throated miner, Manorina flavigula Varied honeyeater, Gavicalis versicolor Brown-backed honeyeater, Ramsayornis modestus Bar-breasted honeyeater, Ramsayornis fasciatus Rufous-banded honeyeater, Conopophila albogularis Rufous-throated honeyeater, Conopophila rufogularis Long-billed honeyeater, Melilestes megarhynchus Ruby-throated myzomela, Myzomela eques Dusky myzomela, Myzomela obscura Papuan black myzomela, Myzomela nigrita Red-headed myzomela, Myzomela erythrocephala Scarlet myzomela, Myzomela sanguinolenta Green-backed honeyeater, Glycichaera fallax Banded honeyeater, Cissomela pectoralis Brown honeyeater, Lichmera indistincta White-streaked honeyeater, Trichodere cockerelli Blue-faced honeyeater, Entomyzon cyanotis White-throated honeyeater, Melithreptus albogularis Tawny-breasted honeyeater, Xanthotis flaviventer Spotted honeyeater, Xanthotis polygrammus Little friarbird, Philemon citreogularis Helmeted friarbird, Philemon buceroides Silver-crowned friarbird, Philemon argenticeps Noisy friarbird, Philemon corniculatus Pardalotes Order: PasseriformesFamily: Pardalotidae Pardalotes spend most of their time high in the outer foliage of trees, feeding on insects, spiders, and above all lerps (a type of sap-sucking insect). Red-browed pardalote, Pardalotus rubricatus Striated pardalote, Pardalotus striatus Thornbills and allies Order: PasseriformesFamily: Acanthizidae Thornbills are small passerine birds, similar in habits to the tits. Tropical scrubwren, Sericornis beccarii Large scrubwren, Sericornis nouhuysi Weebill, Smicrornis brevirostris Green-backed gerygone, Gerygone chloronota Fairy gerygone, Gerygone palpebrosa Yellow-bellied gerygone, Gerygone chrysogaster White-throated gerygone, Gerygone olivacea Large-billed gerygone, Gerygone magnirostris Mangrove gerygone, Gerygone levigaster Pseudo-babblers Order: PasseriformesFamily: Pomatostomidae The pseudo-babblers are small to medium-sized birds endemic to Australia and New Guinea. They are ground-feeding omnivores and highly social. Papuan babbler, Pomatostomus isidorei Gray-crowned babbler, Pomatostomus temporalis Quail-thrushes and jewel-babblers Order: PasseriformesFamily: Cinclosomatidae The Cinclosomatidae is a family containing jewel-babblers and quail-thrushes. Painted quail-thrush, Cinclosoma ajax Cuckooshrikes Order: PasseriformesFamily: Campephagidae The cuckooshrikes are small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are predominantly greyish with white and black, although some species are brightly coloured. Barred cuckooshrike, Coracina lineata Boyer's cuckooshrike, Coracina boyeri Black-faced cuckooshrike, Coracina novaehollandiae White-bellied cuckooshrike, Coracina papuensis White-winged triller, Lalage sueurii Varied triller, Lalage leucomela Common cicadabird, Edolisoma tenuirostre Black cicadabird, Edolisoma melas Sittellas Order: PasseriformesFamily: Neosittidae The sittellas are a family of small passerine birds found only in Australasia. They resemble treecreepers, but have soft tails. Papuan sittella, Daphoenositta papuensis Varied sittella, Daphoenositta chrysoptera Whistlers and allies Order: PasseriformesFamily: Pachycephalidae The family Pachycephalidae includes the whistlers, shrikethrushes, and some of the pitohuis. Rusty pitohui, Pseudorectes ferrugineus Gray shrikethrush, Colluricincla harmonica Little shrikethrush, Colluricincla megarhyncha Baliem whistler, Pachycephala balim Black-tailed whistler, Pachycephala melanura Gray whistler, Pachycephala simplex Rufous whistler, Pachycephala rufiventris White-breasted whistler, Pachycephala lanioides Old World orioles Order: PasseriformesFamily: Oriolidae The Old World orioles are colourful passerine birds. They are not related to the New World orioles. Brown oriole, Oriolus szalayi Olive-backed oriole, Oriolus sagittatus Green oriole, Oriolus flavocinctus Australasian figbird, Sphecotheres vieilloti Boatbills Order: PasseriformesFamily: Machaerirhynchidae The boatbills have affinities to woodswallows and butcherbirds, and are distributed across New Guinea and northern Queensland. Yellow-breasted boatbill, Machaerirhynchus flaviventer Woodswallows, bellmagpies, and allies Order: PasseriformesFamily: Artamidae The woodswallows are soft-plumaged, somber-coloured passerine birds. They are smooth, agile flyers with moderately large, semi-triangular wings. The cracticids: currawongs, bellmagpies and butcherbirds, are similar to the other corvids. They have large, straight bills and mostly black, white or grey plumage. All are omnivorous to some degree. White-breasted woodswallow, Artamus leucorynchus White-browed woodswallow, Artamus superciliosus Black-faced woodswallow, Artamus cinereus Little woodswallow, Artamus minor Black-backed butcherbird, Cracticus mentalis Pied butcherbird, Cracticus nigrogularis Hooded butcherbird, Cracticus cassicus Black butcherbird, Cracticus quoyi Australian magpie, Gymnorhina tibicen Pied currawong, Strepera graculina Fantails Order: PasseriformesFamily: Rhipiduridae The fantails are small insectivorous birds which are specialist aerial feeders. Northern fantail, Rhipidura rufiventris Black thicket-fantail, Rhipidura maculipectus Willie wagtail, Rhipidura leucophrys Rufous fantail, Rhipidura rufifrons Arafura fantail, Rhipidura dryas Gray fantail, Rhipidura albiscapa Mangrove fantail, Rhipidura phasiana Drongos Order: PasseriformesFamily: Dicruridae The drongos are mostly black or dark grey in colour, sometimes with metallic tints. They have long forked tails, and some Asian species have elaborate tail decorations. They have short legs and sit very upright when perched, like a shrike. They flycatch or take prey from the ground. Spangled drongo, Dicrurus bracteatus Birds-of-paradise Order: PasseriformesFamily: Paradisaeidae The birds-of-paradise are best known for the striking plumage possessed by the males of most species, in particular highly elongated and elaborate feathers extending from the tail, wings or head. These plumes are used in courtship displays to attract females. Trumpet manucode, Phonygammus keraudrenii Glossy-mantled manucode, Manucodia ater Raggiana bird-of-paradise, Paradisaea raggiana Magnificent riflebird, Ptiloris magnificus Monarch flycatchers Order: PasseriformesFamily: Monarchidae The monarch flycatchers are small to medium-sized insectivorous passerines which hunt by flycatching. Golden monarch, Carterornis chrysomela Black-faced monarch, Monarcha melanopsis Black-winged monarch, Monarcha frater Spectacled monarch, Symposiachrus trivirgatus Spot-winged monarch, Symposiachrus guttula Frilled monarch, Arses telescopthalmus Frill-necked monarch, Arses lorealis Magpie-lark, Grallina cyanoleuca Leaden flycatcher, Myiagra rubecula Broad-billed flycatcher, Myiagra ruficollis Satin flycatcher, Myiagra cyanoleuca Restless flycatcher, Myiagra inquieta Paperbark flycatcher, Myiagra nana Shining flycatcher, Myiagra alecto Crows, jays, and magpies Order: PasseriformesFamily: Corvidae The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence. Torresian crow, Corvus orru Berrypeckers and longbills Order: PasseriformesFamily: Melanocharitidae The Melanocharitidae are medium-sized birds which feed on fruit and some insects and other invertebrates. They have drab plumage in greys, browns or black and white. The berrypeckers resemble stout short-billed honeyeaters, and the longbills are like drab sunbirds. Pygmy longbill, Oedistoma pygmaeum Australasian robins Order: PasseriformesFamily: Petroicidae Most species of Petroicidae have a stocky build with a large rounded head, a short straight bill and rounded wingtips. They occupy a wide range of wooded habitats, from subalpine to tropical rainforest, and mangrove swamp to semi-arid scrubland. All are primarily insectivores, although a few supplement their diet with seeds. Lemon-bellied flycatcher, Microeca flavigaster Yellow-legged flycatcher, Microeca griseoceps Olive flyrobin, Microeca flavovirescens White-faced robin, Tregellasia leucops Mangrove robin, Eopsaltria pulverulenta White-browed robin, Poecilodryas superciliosa Northern scrub-robin, Drymodes superciliaris Papuan scrub-robin, Drymodes beccarii Larks Order: PasseriformesFamily: Alaudidae Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds. Horsfield's bushlark, Mirafra javanica Cisticolas and allies Order: PasseriformesFamily: Cisticolidae The Cisticolidae are warblers found mainly in warmer southern regions of the Old World. They are generally very small birds of drab brown or grey appearance found in open country such as grassland or scrub. Zitting cisticola, Cisticola juncidis Golden-headed cisticola, Cisticola exilis Reed warblers and allies Order: PasseriformesFamily: Acrocephalidae The members of this family are usually rather large for "warblers". Most are rather plain olivaceous brown above with much yellow to beige below. They are usually found in open woodland, reedbeds, or tall grass. The family occurs mostly in southern to western Eurasia and surroundings, but it also ranges far into the Pacific, with some species in Africa. Australian reed warbler, Acrocephalus australis Grassbirds and allies Order: PasseriformesFamily: Locustellidae Locustellidae are a family of small insectivorous songbirds found mainly in Eurasia, Africa, and the Australian region. They are smallish birds with tails that are usually long and pointed, and tend to be drab brownish or buffy all over. Tawny grassbird, Cincloramphus timoriensis Gray's grasshopper warbler, Helopsaltes fasciolatus Swallows Order: PasseriformesFamily: Hirundinidae The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base. Barn swallow, Hirundo rustica Welcome swallow, Hirundo neoxena Pacific swallow, Hirundo tahitica Red-rumped swallow, Cecropis daurica Fairy martin, Petrochelidon ariel Tree martin, Petrochelidon nigricans White-eyes, yuhinas, and allies Order: PasseriformesFamily: Zosteropidae The white-eyes are small and mostly undistinguished, their plumage above being generally some dull colour like greenish-olive, but some species have a white or bright yellow throat, breast or lower parts, and several have buff flanks. As their name suggests, many species have a white ring around each eye. Lemon-bellied white-eye, Zosterops chloris Ashy-bellied white-eye, Zosterops citrinella Australian yellow white-eye, Zosterops luteus New Guinea white-eye, Zosterops novaeguineae Silvereye, Zosterops lateralis Starlings Order: PasseriformesFamily: Sturnidae Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen. Metallic starling, Aplonis metallica Singing starling, Aplonis cantoroides Yellow-faced myna, Mino dumontii Common myna, Acridotheres tristis Flowerpeckers Order: PasseriformesFamily: Dicaeidae The flowerpeckers are very small, stout, often brightly coloured birds, with short tails, short thick curved bills and tubular tongues. Olive-crowned flowerpecker, Dicaeum pectorale Red-capped flowerpecker, Dicaeum geelvinkianum Mistletoebird, Dicaeum hirundinaceum Sunbirds and spiderhunters Order: PasseriformesFamily: Nectariniidae The sunbirds and spiderhunters are very small passerine birds which feed largely on nectar, although they will also take insects, especially when feeding young. Flight is fast and direct on their short wings. Most species can take nectar by hovering like a hummingbird, but usually perch to feed. Black sunbird, Leptocoma sericea Olive-backed sunbird, Cinnyris jugularis Waxbills and allies Order: PasseriformesFamily: Estrildidae The estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colours and patterns. Red-browed firetail, Neochmia temporalis Crimson finch, Neochmia phaeton Star finch, Bathilda ruficauda Double-barred finch, Stizoptera bichenovii Streak-headed munia, Mayrimunia tristissima White-spotted munia, Mayrimunia leucosticta Gray-crowned munia, Lonchura nevermanni Chestnut-breasted munia, Lonchura castaneothorax Old World sparrows Order: PasseriformesFamily: Passeridae Old World sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects. House sparrow, Passer domesticus (I) Eurasian tree sparrow, Passer montanus (I) Wagtails and pipits Order: PasseriformesFamily: Motacillidae Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender, ground feeding insectivores of open country. Eastern yellow wagtail, Motacilla tschutschensis Australian pipit, Anthus australis See also List of birds Lists of birds by region References Birding-Aus Mailing List Archives Birds Australia Rarities Committee – decisions and case summaries Clarke, Rohan H. (2004). The avifauna of northern Torres Strait: notes on a wet season visit. Australian Field Ornithology 21: 49–66. Clarke, Rohan H. (2006). Papuan Spine-tailed Swifts Mearnsia novaeguineae on Boigu Island, Torres Strait, Queensland. Australian Field Ornithology 23: 125–129. Clarke, Rohan H. (2007). An Orange-bellied Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus iozonus, on Boigu Island, Torres Strait: The First Record for Australian Territory. Australian Field Ornithology 24: 44–48. Draffan, R.D.W.; Garnett, S.T.; & Malone, G.J. (1983). Birds of the Torres Strait: an annotated list and biogeographical analysis. Emu 83: 207–234. Morcombe, Michael. (2000). Field Guide to Australian Birds. Steve Parish Publishing: Brisbane. ° Torres Strait Islands Torres Strait

Kachum Mahalleh (, also Romanized as Kachūm Maḩalleh) is a village in Chubar Rural District, Haviq District, Talesh County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 32, in 5 families. References Populated places in Talesh County

André Aliker (Roches-Carrées, Lamentin, 10 February 1894 - 10, 11 or 12 January 1934) was a militant Martiniquais communist journalist who was abducted and murdered. Aliker was editor of Justice, the communist newspaper, publishing for example in 1933 accusations that Eugène Aubéry, the wealthy béké owner of the Société Anonyme de Lareinty, had bribed the judges of the Court of Appeal to dismiss charges of tax fraud against his wife in 1929. On 1 January 1934, Aliker was abducted for the first time, beaten and thrown into the sea, but survived. He wrote to his brother Pierre Aliker (doctor and later co-founder of the Parti progressiste martiniquais) that Eugène Aubéry had put a price on his head. Some days later he was again abducted by persons unknown and his body was washed up on the beach with his arms tied behind him on 12 January. References 1894 births 1934 deaths People from Le Lamentin Martiniquais communists Martiniquais journalists People murdered in Martinique Martiniquais murder victims French male writers 20th-century French journalists

This is a list of Russian federal districts by GDP measures counted in PPP or Nominal. The Central Federal District, North Caucasian Federal District, Northwestern Federal District, Southern Federal District and the Volga Federal District are counted for the European part of Russia, while the Far Eastern Federal District, Siberian Federal District and Ural Federal District are counted for the Asian part of Russia. See also List of Russian federal subjects by GRP References Russia, GDP Political divisions of Russia GDP Gross state product GDP

Isha Khan Choudhury is an Indian politician from the state of West Bengal. He represented the Sujapur constituency in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly as a candidate of the Indian National Congress party. He comes from a political family with his father and uncle being former cabinet ministers in the central government. Personal life Khan Choudhury spent the early years of his life in Canada. His Bengali Muslim father is Abu Hasem Khan Choudhury. He has two uncles , A.B.A. Ghani Khan Choudhury and Abu Nasar Khan Choudhury. His cousin Mausam Noor (daughter of Ghani Khan Choudhury's sister) is a Member of Indian Parliament. All of them are members of the Indian National Congress except Abu Nasar who defected to the Trinamool Congress party. The Khan Choudhury brothers are former cabinet ministers in the central government. Political career In the 2011 West Bengal Assembly election, Khan Choudhury emerged victorious from the Baishnabnagar constituency as a candidate of the Indian National Congress party. In the election, he defeated a Hindu candidate fielded by the Communist Party of India (Marxist). In the 2016 West Bengal Assembly election, he contested from the Sujapur constituency. He said that he took this decision "on the direction of the party high command". He was pitted against his own uncle Abu Nasar who switched to the Trinamool Congress party. During his election campaign he said that his uncle did not work for the benefit of the citizens and hence claimed that they were therefore supporting the Congress party. In the election, he defeated his uncle after he secured 97 thousand votes compared to his uncle's 50 thousand votes. References Living people People from Malda district Muslim politics in India Indian National Congress politicians 1971 births West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021 20th-century Bengalis 21st-century Bengalis

Iriondo is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Antonio Iriondo (born 1953), former Spanish football player and manager Iban Iriondo (born 1984), Spanish professional road bicycle racer Josu Iriondo (born 1938), Spanish American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church Rafael Iriondo (born 1919), former Spanish football player and manager Simón de Iriondo (1836–1883), Argentine politician of the National Autonomist Party See also Iriondo Department, administrative subdivision of the province of Santa Fe, Argentina

Ptosis (from the Greek: πτῶσις 'falling', 'a fall', 'dropped') refers to droopiness or abnormal downward displacement of a body part or organ. Particular cases include: Ptosis (eyelid) Ptosis (chin) Ptosis (breasts) Visceroptosis, of the abdominal viscera Gastroptosis, of the stomach Nephroptosis, of the kidney See also Prolapse, a condition in which organs fall down or slip out of place Proptosis, or Exophthalmos

Somankidi or Somankidy is a small town and urban commune in the Cercle of Kayes in the Kayes Region of south-western Mali. The town lies on the north bank of the Senegal River, 22 km northwest of Kayes. In 2009 the commune had a population of 6,622. References External links . New York Times article Communes of Kayes Region

3Friends Racing, doing business as 3F Racing, is a German stock car racing team that will debut in NASCAR and ARCA starting in 2023. They field the No. 30 Chevrolet Camaro part time for Ryan Vargas in the NASCAR Whelen Euro Series. They plan to compete part-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, fielding the No. 30 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 . They also hope to compete part-time in the ARCA Menards Series, fielding an entry for Christopher Tate. The team was founded by German entrepreneurs, Dennis Hirtz and Paul Wiedeler. 3F Racing will also have a technical alliance with Richard Childress Racing and have their shop on RCR's campus in Welcome, North Carolina. History NASCAR Cup Series Car No. 30 history The team had announced their plans on July 18, 2022, but was not widely known about until August 3, 2022 when a NASCAR Reddit user discovered the team. The team's initial plans were to run the final five races of the 2022 season, starting with the Bank of America Roval 400. Hirtz stated that "Our driver for the Roval will be a two time 24 Hours of Le Mans winner with a strong European background, and for the remaining races we will field a very experienced and well known US American NASCAR driver." The team did not announce their drivers and sponsors for 2022 in their initial announcement. Many fans speculated that Justin Allgaier would be the driver for the oval tracks as he was a follower of the team on social media when they were first discovered. Fans also speculated that Earl Bamber would be the driver for the Roval since he has extensive sports car racing experience in Europe, including two 24 Hours of Le Mans wins (matching Hirtz's description), and he has made a NASCAR start previously (the 2020 Xfinity Series race at the Daytona Road Course). On October 6, Hirtz told TobyChristie.com that the team would be delaying their debut until 2023. He stated that the team plans to run ten Cup Series races in 2023 with hopes to run full-time in 2024. On July 18, 2023, it was announced that Ryan Vargas would be signed as the teams director of team and driver development, as well as being the reserve driver for the No. 30. NASCAR Truck Series On August 4, 2022, late model driver Christopher Tate announced on Twitter that he would hopefully make his NASCAR Truck Series debut for the team, but the deal didn’t materialize. ARCA Menards Series The team originally committed to run the ARCA Menards Series in 2022, but failed to field an entry. NASCAR Whelen Euro Series On September 12, 2023, the team announced it would be fielding the No. 30 for Vargas at the GP Germany on September 23 and 24, 2023. The team finished 10th in both races. The team followed up a few weeks later at an appearance at the GP Belgium finishing 15th and 11th in both races. The team finished 27th overall in the points standings. References External links NASCAR teams Auto racing teams in Germany Auto racing teams established in 2022

Karma Ke Rati is a 2013 Assamese-Sadri film by Jayanta Nath on Tea-garden community of Assam. The movie evolves around an incident happened in the annual Karam (festival) celebrated by the Tea-garden community of Assam. Plot The movie is set mostly in a tea estate of Sepon, Assam. An Ideal teacher "Sagar", who leads a group of youth to fight against corrupted officials through education is the main plot of the film. Film also features a Jhumair song, the main attraction of Karam (festival) in which the climax took place. Cast Lobin Das as Sagar Mastar Aimee Baruah as Laxmi Nayak Rajkumar Aryan as Suresh Nayak Rimpi Das as Papori Prince Chauhan as David Trishna Kurmi as Marry Bishnu Kharghoria as Mr. Baruah Podmaraag Goswami as Robin Soundtrack Film Contains four songs composed by Jayanta Nath and choreographed by . One of the song is a traditional Jhumair song in Sadri language. Awards The film awarded with "Best Film other than Asaamese" in Prag Cine Awards 2014 and Moonlight Media Award for "Best Music Director". See also Jollywood Prag Cine Awards 2014 References External links Karma Ke Rati on YouTube 2013 films 2010s Assamese-language films Nagpuri-language films

The Adbusters Media Foundation is a Canadian-based not-for-profit, pro-environment organization founded in 1989 by Kalle Lasn and Bill Schmalz in Vancouver, British Columbia. Adbusters describes itself as "a global network of artists, activists, writers, pranksters, students, educators and entrepreneurs who want to advance the new social activist movement of the information age." As anti-capitalist or opposed to capitalism, it publishes the reader-supported, advertising-free Adbusters, an activist magazine devoted to challenging consumerism. The magazine has an international circulation peaking at 120,000 in the late 2000s with circulation of 60,000 in 2022. Past and present contributors to the magazine include Jonathan Barnbrook, Morris Berman, Brendan Connell, Simon Critchley, David Graeber, Michael Hardt, Chris Hedges, Bill McKibben, Jim Munroe, David Orrell, Douglas Rushkoff, Matt Taibbi, Slavoj Žižek, and others. Adbusters has launched numerous international campaigns, including Buy Nothing Day, TV Turnoff Week and Occupy Wall Street, and is known for their "subvertisements" that spoof popular advertisements. In English, Adbusters has bi-monthly American, Canadian, Australian, UK and International editions of each issue. Adbusters's sister organizations include Résistance à l'Aggression Publicitaire and Casseurs de Pub in France, Adbusters Norge in Norway, Adbusters Sverige in Sweden and Culture Jammers in Japan. History Adbusters was founded in 1989 by Kalle Lasn and Bill Schmalz, a duo of award-winning documentary filmmakers living in Vancouver. Since the early 1980s, Lasn had been making films that explored the spiritual and cultural lessons the West could learn from the Japanese experience with capitalism. In 1988, the British Columbia Council of Forest Industries, the "voice" of the logging industry, was facing tremendous public pressure from a growing environmentalist movement. The logging industry fought back with a television ad campaign called "Forests Forever." It was an early example of greenwashing: shots of happy children, workers and animals with a kindly, trustworthy sounding narrator who assured the public that the logging industry was protecting the forest. Lasn and Shmalz, outraged by the use of the public airwaves to deliver what they felt was deceptive anti-environmentalist propaganda, responded by producing the "Talking Rainforest" anti-ad in which an old-growth tree explains to a sapling that "a tree farm is not a forest." But the duo proved to be unable to buy airtime on the same stations that had aired the forest-industry ad. According to a former Adbusters employee, "The CBC's reaction to the proposed television commercial created the real flash point for the Media Foundation. It seemed that Lasn and Schmaltz's commercial was too controversial to air on the CBC. An environmental message that challenged the large forestry companies was considered 'advocacy advertising' and was disallowed, even though the 'informational' messages that glorified clearcutting were OK." The foundation was born out of their belief that citizens do not have the same access to the information flows as corporations. One of the foundation's key campaigns continues to be the Media Carta, a "movement to enshrine The Right to Communicate in the constitutions of all free nations, and in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights." The foundation notes that concern over the flow of information goes beyond the desire to protect democratic transparency, freedom of speech or the public's access to the airwaves. Although it supports these causes, the foundation instead situates the battle of the mind at the center of its political agenda. Fighting to counter pro-consumerist advertising is done not as a means to an end, but as the end in itself. This shift in emphasis is a crucial element of mental environmentalism. Mental environmentalism The subtitle of Adbusters magazine is "The Journal of the Mental Environment." In a 1996 interview, Kalle Lasn explained the foundation's goal: What we're trying to do is pioneer a new form of social activism using all the power of the mass media to sell ideas, rather than products. We're motivated by a kind of 'greenthink' that comes from the environmental movement and isn't mired in the old ideology of the left and right. Instead, we take the environmental ethic into the mental ethic, trying to clean up the toxic areas of our minds. You can't recycle and be a good environmental citizen, then watch four hours of television and get consumption messages pumped at you. Issues Anti-advertising Adbusters describes itself as anti-advertising: it blames advertising for playing a central role in creating and maintaining consumer culture. This argument is based on the premise that the advertising industry goes to great effort and expense to associate desire and identity with commodities. Adbusters believes that advertising has unjustly "colonized" public, discursive and psychic spaces, by appearing in movies, sports and even schools, so as to permeate modern culture. Adbusters's stated goals include combating the negative effects of advertising and empowering its readers to regain control of culture, encouraging them to ask "Are we consumers and citizens?" Since Adbusters concludes that advertising conditions people to look to external sources, to define their own personal identities, the magazine advocates a "natural and authentic self apart from the consumer society". The magazine aims to provoke anti-consumerist feelings. By juxtaposing text and images, the magazine attempts to create a means of raising awareness and getting its message out to people that is both aesthetically pleasing and entertaining. Activism also takes many other forms such as corporate boycotts and 'art as protest', often incorporating humor. This includes billboard modifications, google bombing, flash mobs and fake parking tickets for SUVs. A popular example of cultural jamming is the distortion of Tiger Woods' smile into the form of the Nike swoosh, calling viewers to question how they view Woods' persona as a product. Adbusters calls it "trickle up" activism, and encourages its readers to do these activities by honoring culture jamming work in the magazine. In the September/October 2001 "Graphic Anarchy" issue, Adbusters were culture jammed themselves in a manner of speaking: they hailed the work of Swiss graphic designer Ernst Bettler as "one of the greatest design interventions on record", unaware that Bettler's story was an elaborate hoax. Media Carta "Media Carta" is a charter challenging the corporate control of the public airwaves and means of communication. The goal is to "make the public airwaves truly public, and not just a corporate domain." Over 30,000 people have signed the document voicing their desire to reclaim the public space. On 13 September 2004, Adbusters filed a lawsuit against six major Canadian television broadcasters (including CanWest Global, Bell Globemedia, CHUM Ltd., and the CBC) for refusing to air Adbusters videos in the television commercial spots that Adbusters attempted to purchase. Most broadcasters refused the commercials, fearing the ads would upset other advertisers as well as violate business principles by "contaminating the purity of media environments designed exclusively for communicating commercial messages". The lawsuit claims that Adbusters' freedom of expression was unjustly limited by the refusals. Adbusters believes the public deserves a right to be presented with viewpoints that differ from the standard. Under Section 3 of the Broadcasting Act, television is a public space allowing ordinary citizens to possess the same rights as advertising agencies and corporations to purchase 30 seconds of airtime from major broadcasters. There has been talk that if Adbusters wins in Canadian court, they will file similar lawsuits against major U.S. broadcasters that also refused the advertisements. CNN is the only network that has allowed several of the foundation's commercials to run. Legal action On 3 April 2009, the British Columbia Court of Appeal unanimously overturned a BC Supreme Court ruling that had dismissed the case in February 2008. The court granted Adbusters the ability to sue the Canadian Broadcasting Company and CanWest Global, the corporations that originally refused to air the anti-car ad "Autosaurus". The ruling represents a victory for Adbusters, but it is the first step of their intended goal, essentially opening the door for future legal action against the media conglomerates. Kalle Lasn declared the ruling a success and said, "After twenty years of legal struggle, the courts have finally given us permission to take on the media corporations and hold them up to public scrutiny." Campaigns Culture jamming Culture jamming is the primary means through which Adbusters challenges consumerism. The magazine was described by Joseph Heath and Andrew Potter in their book The Rebel Sell as "the flagship publication of the culture jamming movement." Culture jamming is heavily influenced by the Situationist International and the tactic of détournement. The goal is to interrupt the normal consumerist experience in order to reveal the underlying ideology of an advertisement, media message, or consumer artifact. Adbusters believe large corporations control mainstream media and the flow of information, and culture jamming aims to challenge this as a form of protest. The term "jam" contains more than one meaning, including improvising, by re-situating an image or idea already in existence, and interrupting, by attempting to stop the workings of a machine. As already noted, the foundation's approach to culture jamming has its roots in the activities of the situationists and in particular their concept of détournement. This involves the "turning around" of received messages so that they communicate meanings at variance with their original intention. Situationists argue that consumerism creates "a limitless artificiality", blurring the lines of reality and detracting from the essence of human experience. In the "culture jamming" context, détournement means taking symbols, logos and slogans that are considered to be the vehicles upon which the "dominant discourse" of "late capitalism" is communicated and changing them – frequently in significant but minor ways – to subvert the "monologue of the ruling order" [Debord]. The foundation's activism links grassroots efforts with environmental and social concerns, hoping followers will "reconstruct [their] self through nonconsumption strategies." The foundation is particularly well known for its culture jamming campaigns, and the magazine often features photographs of politically motivated billboard or advertisement vandalism sent in by readers. The campaigns attempt to remove people from the "isolated reality of consumer comforts". Blackspot Shoes campaign In 2004, the foundation began selling vegan, indie shoes. The name and logo are "open-source"; in other words, unencumbered by private trademarks. Attached to each pair was a "Rethink the Cool" leaflet, inviting wearers to join a movement, and two spots – one for drawing their own logos and another on the toe for "kicking corporate ass." There are three versions of the Blackspot Sneaker. The V1 is designed to resemble the Nike-owned Converse Chuck Taylor All-Stars (Nike bought Converse in 2003). There is also a V1 in "fiery red." The V2 is designed by Canadian shoe designer John Fluevog. It is made from organic hemp and recycled car tires. After an extensive search for anti-sweatshop manufacturers around the world, Adbusters found a small union shop in Portugal. The sale of more than twenty-five thousand pairs through an alternative distribution network is an example of Western consumer activism marketing. Adbusters describes its goals vis-à-vis Blackspot as follows: Reception Heath and Potter's The Rebel Sell, which is critical of Adbusters, claimed that the blackspot shoe's existence proves that "no rational person could possibly believe that there is any tension between 'mainstream' and 'alternative' culture." In the June 2008 cover story of BusinessWeek Small Business Magazine, the Blackspot campaign was among three profiled in a piece focusing on "antipreneurs." Two advertising executives were asked to review the campaign for the article's "Ask the Experts" sidebar. Brian Martin of Brand Connections and Dave Weaver of TM Advertising both gave the campaign favorable reviews. Martin noted that Blackspot was effectively telling consumers, "We know we are marketing to you, and you are as good as we are at this, and your opinion matters," while Weaver stated that "This is not a call to sales of the shoe so much as it is a call to participate in the community of Adbusters by buying the shoe." Occupy Wall Street In mid-2011, Adbusters Foundation proposed a peaceful occupation of Wall Street to protest corporate influence on democracy, a growing disparity in wealth, and the absence of legal repercussions behind the recent global financial crisis. They sought to combine the symbolic location of the 2011 protests in Tahrir Square with the consensus decision making of the 2011 Spanish protests. Adbusters' senior editor Micah White said they had suggested the protest via their email list and it "was spontaneously taken up by all the people of the world." Adbusters' website said that from their "one simple demand—a presidential commission to separate money from politics" they would "start setting the agenda for a new America." They promoted the protest with a poster featuring a dancer atop Wall Street's iconic Charging Bull. On 13 July 2011 it was the staff at the magazine that created the #OCCUPYWALLSTREET hashtag on Twitter. While the movement was started by Adbusters, the group does not control the movement, and it has since grown worldwide. Criticisms Criminal Mischief The foundation has been criticized for solicitating dangerous criminal mischief by escalating their methods to deflate "SUV tires in an effort to fight climate change." Commercial style The foundation has been criticized for having a style and form that are too similar to the media and commercial product that Adbusters attack, that its high gloss design makes the magazine too expensive, and that a style over substance approach is used to mask sub-par content. Heath and Potter posit that the more alternative or subversive the foundation feels, the more appealing the Blackspot sneaker will become to the mainstream market. They believe consumers seek exclusivity and social distinction and have argued that the mainstream market seeks the very same brand of individuality that the foundation promotes; thus they see the foundation as promoting capitalist values. The Blackspot Shoes campaign has stirred heated debate, as Adbusters admits to using the same marketing technique which it denounces other companies for using by originally purchasing much advertising space for the shoe. Legal issues Adbusters launched a legal challenge in 1995. A second in 2004 was against CBC, CTV, CanWest and CHUM, for refusing to air anti-consumerism commercials, therefore infringing on the staff's freedom of speech. In one case, a CHUM representative is quoted as saying the ads "were so blatantly against television and that is our entire core business. You know we can't be selling our airtime and then telling people to turn their TVs off." Alleged antisemitism In March 2004, Adbusters was accused of antisemitism after running an article titled "Why won't anyone say they are Jewish?" The article compiled a list of neoconservative supporters within the Bush administration and marked the names of those it believed to be Jewish with a black dot. It questioned why, given Israel's role, the political implications of this Jewish neoconservative influence on U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East were not a subject of debate. In October 2010, Shopper's Drug Mart pulled Adbusters off of its shelves after a photo montage comparing the Gaza Strip to the Warsaw ghetto was featured in an article criticizing Israel's embargo of Gaza. The Canadian Jewish Congress campaigned to have the magazine blacklisted from bookstores, accusing Adbusters of trivializing the Holocaust and of antisemitism. In response Adbusters argued that the charge of antisemitism was being used to silence what it considered legitimate criticism of Israeli policies. In 2022 Adbusters was criticized for characterizing convicted murderer and terrorist Marwan Barghouti as a political prisoner and comparing him to Nelson Mandela. Ineffective activism Some critics claim that culture jamming does little to incite real difference. Others declare the movement an easy way for upper- and middle-class citizens to feel empowered by engaging in activism that bears no personal cost, such as the campaign "Buy Nothing Day". These critics express a need for "resistance against the causes of capitalist exploitation, not its symptoms". Awards In 1999, Adbusters won the award for National Magazine of the Year in Canada. See also Ad creep Culture jamming Downhill Battle Engaged Buddhism Free-culture movement Geez magazine Indymedia No Logo Situationist International StayFree! magazine The Yes Men Timeline of Occupy Wall Street References External links Critique of Adbusters in Jacobin magazine "Culture Jams and Meme Warfare: Kalle Lasn, Adbusters, and media activism", Wendi Pickerel, Helena Jorgensen, and Lance Bennett, 19 April 2002. "Adbusters Wins Legal Victory in Ongoing Case Against the CBC and CanWest", www.marketwire.com, 6 April 2009. Fiona Morrow, "Adbusters wins the right to sue broadcasters over TV ads", theglobeandmail.com, 6 April 2009. Academic and news sites Interview with Kalle Lasn – Founder of Adbusters Culture Jammers find magic button for peace and quiet Sun Herald (13 April 2005) Daniel Dasey. Activism for the Mind: Reclaiming Our Cerebral Commons, Kalle Lasn with Natasha Mitchell, ABC Radio National, All in the Mind 12 March 2005. 1989 establishments in British Columbia Activist publications Advertising-free magazines Alternative magazines Anti-consumerist groups Anti-capitalism Anti-corporate activism Bi-monthly magazines published in Canada Cultural magazines published in Canada Culture jamming History of television Magazines about advertising Magazines established in 1989 Magazines published in Vancouver Occupy Wall Street Political magazines published in Canada Webby Award winners

This is a list of women artists who were born in Mexico or whose artworks are closely associated with that country. A Amelia Abascal (born 1923), painter, sculptor Graciela Abascal (1939–2020), painter Eunice Adorno (born 1982), photographer Tanya Aguiñiga (born 1978), designer, contemporary artist Ana Karen Allende (active since 2002), doll designer Lourdes Almeida (born 1952), photographer Lola Álvarez Bravo (1903–1933), photographer Pola Weiss Álvarez (1947–1990), video artist Blanka Amezkua (born 1971), contemporary artist Laura Anderson Barbata (born 1958), contemporary artist Yolanda Andrade (born 1950), photographer Angélica Argüelles Kubli (born 1963), graphic designer Mónica Arreola (born 1976), visual artist Patricia Aridjis (born 1960), visual artist, photographer Marcela Armas (born 1976), performance artist, interdisciplinary artist B Mely Barragán (born 1975), contemporary artist Sofía Bassi (1913–1998), surrealist painter, writer Jeannette Betancourt (born 1959), sculptor, multidisciplinary artist Cannon Bernáldez (born 1974), visual artist, photographer Katnira Bello (born 1976), conceptual artist, performance artist, photographer Rocío Boliver (born 1956), performance artist Maris Bustamante (born 1949), interdisciplinary artist Helen Bickham (born 1935), Eurasian painter now in Mexico Marisa Boullosa (born 1961), painter, printmaker Rosa Borrás (born 1963), painter, performance artist, graphic designer Fernanda Brunet (born 1964), painter C Rocio Caballero (born 1964), figurative painter Valeria Caballero (born 1986), visual artist, curator, photographer Geles Cabrera (born 1929), sculptor Rosario Cabrera (1901–1975), painter Yolanda Cabrera (active since 1999), painter Adriana Calatayud (born 1967), visual artist, photographer Celia Calderón (1921–1969), engraver, painter Valerie Campos (born 1983), graphic artist Tania Candiani (born 1974), contemporary artist Estrella Carmona (1962–2011), painter Angélica Carrasco (born 1967), graphic artist Lilia Carrillo (1930–1974), painter Leonora Carrington (1917–2011), English-born Mexican painter Ana Casas Broda (born 1965), photographer Rosalinda Cauich Ramirez (born 1962), basket weaver Cerrucha (born 1984), artivist, photographer Nelly César (born 1986), experimental and multidisciplinary visual artist Mayra Céspedes (born 1981), visual artist, photographer Maria Eugenia Chellet (born 1948) photographer, mixed media, performance artist Livia Corona Benjamin (born 1975), multi-media artist Olga Costa (born 1993), German-born painter Margarita Cruz Sipuachi (active since 2000), potter Verónica Cuervo (born 1958), photographer, cinematographer Lola Cueto (1897–1978), painter, puppet designer D Marianna Dellekamp (born 1968), photographer, conceptual artist Yvonne Domenge (born 1946), painter, sculptor Olga Dondé (1937–2004), painter Mónica Dower (born 1966), British-born Mexican painter, photographer, performance artist Kimberly "Shmi" Duran (born 1989), muralist E Daniela Edburg (born 1975), photographer, installation artist. Natalia Eguiluz (born 1978), feminist artist Laura Elenes (1933–2005), painter, sculptor, printmaker Helen Escobedo (1934–2010), sculptor, installation artist Angélica Escoto (born 1967), photographer, performance artist Carol Espíndola (born 1982), photographer María Ezcurra (born 1973), feminist artist F Sonia Félix Cherit (born 1961), activist, feminist visual artist Ana Teresa Fernández (born 1980), performance artist, painter Andrea Ferreyra (born 1970), Uruguayan-born Mexican visual artist, art critic, curator Sairi Forsman (born 1964), sculptor G Liliana Gálvez (born 1981), painter Claudia Gallegos (born 1967), visual artist Maru de la Garza (born 1961), visual artist, photographer Carmen Gayón(born 1951), printmaker Manuela Generali (born 1948), Swiss painter active in Mexico Mercedes Gertz (born 1965), painter Maya Goded (born 1967), photographer, filmmaker Andrea Gómez (1926–2012), graphic artist, muralist Consuelo González Salazar (born 1941), painter Lucero González (born 1947), feminist artist, photographer, videographer Ilse Gradwohl (born 1943), Austrian-born Mexican painter Patricia Greene (born 1952), textile artist Lourdes Grobet (born 1940), photographer Silvia Gruner (born 1959), sculptor, video artist Joyce de Guatemala (1938–2000), sculptor Ángela Gurría (born 1929), sculptor, first female member of the Academia de Artes Eloísa Jiménez Gutiérrez (1908–1990), painter Azteca de Gyves (born 1963), painter H Martha Hellion, visual artist Marianela De La Hoz (born 1956), painter I Graciela Iturbide (born 1942), photographer María Izquierdo (1902–1955), painter J Rosa Lie Johansson (died 2004), Swedish-Mexican painter K Frida Kahlo (1907–1954), painter Berta Kolteniuk (born 1958), contemporary artist, curator Perla Krauze (born 1953), painter Anna Kurtycz (1970–2019), graphic artist L Magali Lara (born 1956), contemporary artist Myra Landau (1926–2018), Romanian born Mexican painter María José Lavín (born 1957), sculptor Rina Lazo (1923–2019), Guatemalan muralist active in Mexico Paula Lazos (1940–2010), painter Gabriela León (born 1973), activist, visual artist, poet Alma López (active since 1999), radical Chicana artist M María José de la Macorra (born 1964), contemporary artist Elsa Madrigal (born 1971), printmaker Tosia Malamud (1923–2008), sculptor Rocio Maldonado (born 1951), contemporary artist Luna Marán (born 1986), filmmaker Teresa Margolles (born 1963), conceptual artist, photographer, videographer, performance artist Carmen Mariscal (born 1968), photographer, sculptor, videographer Lucía Maya (born 1953), painter, sculptor, lithographer Mónica Mayer (born 1954), conceptual artist, performance artist, photographer Edith Medina (born 1979), visual artist, curator Miriam Medrez (born 1958), sculptor Patricia Mejía Contreras (1958–2007), sculptor, graphic artist Carol Miller (born 1933), sculptor, author Sarah Minter (born 1953), filmmaker Carmen Mondragón (1893–1978), model, painter, poet Natasha Moraga, contemporary mural artist Maritza Morillas (born 1969), contemporary painter Amor Muñoz (born 1979), visual artist N María de Jesús Nolasco Elías (1944–2000), potter Dulce María Nuñez (born 1950), painter O Gabriela Olivo de Alba (born 1953), performance artist Guillermina Ortega (born 1960), visual artist Iliana Ortega (born 1981), visual artist Emilia Ortiz (1917–2012), painter, cartoonist, caricaturist, poet P Irma Palacios (born 1943), abstract painter Marta Palau Bosch (born 1934), sculptor, painter, textile art Sandra Pani (born 1964), painter Tatiana Parcero (born 1967), photographer Ámbar Past (born 1949), poet, visual artist Alicia Paz (active since 1998), painter Nirvana Paz (born 1976), visual artist, poet Dulce Pinzon (born 1974), contemporary artist Ambra Polidori (born 1954), photographer, filmmaker Maribel Portela (born 1960), sculptor, potter Ale de la Puente (born 1968), conceptual artist, writer, curator Q Georgina Quintana (born 1956), visual artist Grace Quintanilla (1967–2019), transdisciplinarity artist Lorena Quiyono (born 1967), painter, installation artist, performance artist R Fanny Rabel (1922–2008), Polish-born Mexican muralist Adriana Raggi Lucio (born 1970), painter, photographer, videographer Regina Raull (1931–2019), Spanish-born Mexican painter Alice Rahon (1904–1987), poet, painter María Luisa Reid (born 1943), painter, sculptor Aurora Reyes Flores (1908–1985), painter, first Mexican female muralist Myriam de la Riva (born 1940), painter Mirna Roldán (born 1988), feminist visual artist Betsabeé Romero (born 1963), sculptor, printmaker, photographer Ingrid Rosas (born 1967), abstract artist Elizabeth Ross (born 1954), visual artist, writer, curator Verónica Ruiz de Velasco (born 1968), painter S Herlinda Sánchez Laurel (born 1941), painter, educator Alma Karla Sandoval (born 1975), poet Maruch Santíz Gómez (born 1975), photographer, writer, textile designer Marcia Santos (born 1990), multidisciplinary visual artist Nunik Sauret (born 1951), printmaker Naomi Siegmann (1933–2018), sculptor T Bridget Bate Tichenor (1917–1990), surrealist painter Katia Tirado (born 1965), performance artist Ángeles Torrejón (born 1963), photographer Felipa Tzeek Naal (active from c.2001), palm frond weaver U Cordelia Urueta (1908–1995), painter Lucinda Urrusti (born 1929), painter V Minerva Valenzuela (born 1976), scenic artist Remedios Varo (1908–1963), para-surrealist painter Angélica Delfina Vásquez Cruz (born 1958), potter Yvonne Venegas (born 1970), photographer Isabel Villaseñor (1909–1953), sculptor, printmaker, painter, poet, songwriter W Pola Weiss Álvarez (1947–1990) dancer, video artist Lorena Wolffer (born 1971), activist artist Marysole Wörner Baz (1936–2014), painter, sculptor Y Mariana Yampolsky (1925–2002), photographer Charlotte Yazbek (1919–1989), sculptor Niña Yhared (1814) (born 1977), visual artist, performance artist Vida Yovanovich (born 1949), Cuban-born Mexican photographer Z Irene Zundel (born 1958), contemporary artist - Mexican women artists, List of Artists Artists

Rees Howell Gronow (179422 November 1865), "Captain Gronow", was a Welsh Grenadier Guards officer, an unsuccessful parliamentarian, a dandy and a writer of celebrated reminiscences. Origins and education He was the eldest son of William Gronow of Court Herbert, Neath, Glamorganshire, who died in 1830, by Anne, only daughter of Rees Howell of Gwrrhyd. He was born on 7 May 1794, and was educated at Eton, where he was intimate with Shelley. Army career On 24 December 1812 he received a commission as an ensign in the 1st Battalion 1st Regiment of Foot Guards, and after mounting guard at St. James's Palace for a few months was sent with a detachment of his regiment to Spain. In 1813 he took part in the principal military operations in that country, and in the following year returned with his battalion to London. Here he became one of the dandies of the town, and was among the very few officers who were admitted at Almack's, where he remembered the first introduction of quadrilles and waltzes in place of the old reels and country dances. Wanting money to equip himself for his further services abroad, he obtained an advance of £200 from his agents, Cox & Greenwood, and going with this money to a gambling-house in St. James's Square, he won £600, with which he purchased horses and other necessaries. Sir Thomas Picton then took him out to Flanders as an honorary aide-de-camp but finding no employment for him, he was advised to join the 3rd battalion of his regiment and was subsequently present at Quatre Bras and Waterloo. He entered Paris on 25 June 1815, and on 28 June became a lieutenant and later a captain in his regiment. From this period until 24 October 1821 he continued with his regiment in England, and then retired from the army. On 18 June 1823 he became insolvent, and after some confinement was discharged from Debtors' Prison under the Insolvent Debtors Act. Parliamentary career At the 1831 general election, Howell was put forward as a pro-Reform government candidate for Great Grimsby. Gronow was narrowly defeated, with 187 votes against the 192 for John Villiers Shelley and 200 for George Harris, the two victorious Tories. At the subsequent 1832 general election, he was elected for Stafford. His victory was the result of extensive bribery, and a parliamentary investigation in June–July 1833 recommended that the corruption was so "open, general, and systematic" that the constituency should be completely disenfranchised. The bill did not pass the House of Lords, however, with the effect that Gronow remained a member of Parliament until it was dissolved in December 1834. In the 1835 general election, he was defeated by F. L. Holyoake Goodricke, and did not seek election again. Literary career For many years after this he resided in London, mixing in the best society. In later years he took up his residence in Paris, where he was present during the coup d'état of 1–2 December 1851. His name is chiefly remembered in connection with his four volumes of reminiscences: Reminiscences of Captain Gronow, formerly of the Grenadier Guards and M.P. for Stafford, being Anecdotes of the Camp, the Court, and the Clubs, at the close of the last War with France, related by himself, 1862; Recollections and Anecdotes, being a Second Series of Reminiscences, by Captain R. H. Gronow, 1863; Celebrities of London and Paris, being a Third Series of Reminiscences and Anecdotes, 1865; Captain Gronow's Last Recollections, being the Fourth and Final Series of his Reminiscences and Anecdotes, 1866. In 1888 appeared The Reminiscences and Recollections of Capt. Gronow. With illustrations from contemporary sources ... by J. Grego. When he relates his personal experiences, as in his account of the state of Paris in 1815, the condition of society in London in his own time, and the doings of the court of Napoleon III, his testimony is to be relied on, but his second-hand stories and anecdotes of persons whom he did not know are of lesser value. Whether reliable or not, his narrative is invariably lively and entertaining. Personal characteristics He was a remarkably handsome man, always faultlessly dressed, and was very popular in society. His portrait appeared in shop windows with those of Brummell, the Regent, Alvanley, Kangaroo Cook, and other worthies. With the exception of Captain Ross he was the best pistol shot of his day, and in early life took part in several duels. He married first, in 1825, an opera dancer, Antoinine, daughter of Monsieur Didier of Paris. By his second wife, Amelia Louisa Matilda Rouquet (a Breton aristocrat), whom he married in 1858, aged 63, he had four children. According to the Morning Post, he left his widow and infant children "wholly unprovided for" at his death, aged 70 in Paris on 22November 1865. References Attribution Further reading Hibbert, Christopher (ed.), Captain Gronow: His Reminiscences of Regency and Victorian Life, 1810-60 (Kyle Cathie, 1991) External links Grenadier Guards officers People educated at Eton College 19th-century Welsh writers British memoirists Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Stafford UK MPs 1832–1835 Whig (British political party) MPs for English constituencies 1865 deaths 1794 births British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars British duellists 19th-century British memoirists People imprisoned for debt

Andrew Timothy Cooper, Baron Cooper of Windrush (born 9 June 1963) is a British politician and former Director of Strategy in the Cameron–Clegg coalition. He entered the House of Lords as a Conservative peer, but was suspended from the party whip (and also his Party membership) for endorsing the Liberal Democrats in the 2019 European Parliament elections. Personal life Andrew Cooper was born in Twickenham, and educated at Reigate Grammar School, Reigate, Surrey (where his classmates included Keir Starmer and the future American-based conservative journalist Andrew Sullivan), and at the London School of Economics, where he graduated with a BSc (Econ) in 1985. He is married and has three daughters. Politics Cooper was a member of the Social Democratic Party (SDP) from 1981 to 1988. He worked for the SDP in its policy department from 1986 to 1988 and then, after declining to join the new party merged out of the old Liberal Party and a majority of the SDP, became a member of the 'continuing' SDP and was employed by its leader David Owen as a parliamentary researcher and policy adviser. In the run-up to the 1992 election he was among the group of young former SDP members, led by his close university friend Daniel Finkelstein, who publicly backed John Major and the Conservative Party. He worked for the Conservatives from 1995 to 1999, first as Deputy Director of the Conservative Research Department, overseeing the party's private opinion polling and then, after the 1997 landslide election defeat, Director of Strategy to then party leader William Hague. He wrote and presented a modernising strategy for Conservative recovery ('Kitchen Table Conservatives') in 1998. Described by Financial Times political commentator Janan Ganesh as "the first moderniser", Lord Cooper has been a continuous voice for modernisation, writing numerous papers, articles, presentations and book chapters (including 'A party in a foreign land' in Blue Tomorrow, edited by Nick Boles, Michael Gove and Ed Vaizey, in 2001). He is a member of the Advisory Boards of the Conservative modernising organisations Bright Blue and Renewal. Cooper was created Baron Cooper of Windrush, of Chipping Norton in the County of Oxfordshire, on 17 September 2014. Work as pollster Lord Cooper is a co-founder of the research and strategy consultancy Populus Ltd. He took a leave of absence from Populus to serve from March 2011 to October 2013 as Director of Strategy in the Prime Minister's Office, 10 Downing Street, where he was architect of then Prime Minister David Cameron's policy on same-sex marriage. When his Downing Street appointment was announced, New Labour strategist Philip Gould (Lord Gould of Brookwood) wrote of Cooper that "he is without doubt the best political pollster of his generation, and one of the few who knows how to fuse polling and strategy". The commentator Matthew d'Ancona in The Daily Telegraph (19 February 2011) wrote that Cooper's "great gift to the Conservative Party has not been liberal ideology, but a pitiless empiricism". In popular culture Cooper was portrayed by actor Gavin Spokes in the 2019 HBO and Channel 4-produced drama entitled Brexit: The Uncivil War. References External links Lord Cooper of Windrush – UK Parliament Andrew Cooper – Populus 1963 births Living people People educated at Reigate Grammar School Alumni of the London School of Economics Conservative Party (UK) life peers Social Democratic Party (UK) politicians Life peers created by Elizabeth II

Oslo Concert Hall (Oslo Konserthus) is a concert hall located in Vika, a part of Oslo city centre in Norway. It is the base of the Oslo Philharmonic Orchestra (Oslo-Filharmonien), but it also aims to be one of the premier music venues for the general musical and cultural life of Norway, offering a broad variety of musical styles from classical, world music, and popular entertainment by both Norwegian and international artists and groups. It presents more than 300 events yearly and receives more than 200,000 visitors. History For a long time, Oslo lacked a proper concert hall, and the Oslo Philharmonic did not have a regular hall for their rehearsals. Sometimes the rehearsals could be on different locations every day through the same project. Construction After decades of debate and delay, an architectal competition was arranged in 1955 and final drafts for the concert hall were presented in 1965, based on Gösta Åbergh’s winning proposal. Oslo Konserthus AS was founded in October 1966 and, on 22 March 1977, the concert hall was finally opened. In September the same year, a specially build organ (with 7000 pipes) from Göttingen, Germany was installed. It was the largest organ in Norway until 2014. Building The building consists of two concert halls, several meeting and practise rooms, large foyers and bars, a box office and an office wing. The main hall has a maximum capacity of more than 1,600 and the small hall has 266. The foyers can be used as exhibition areas, and the bars have a capacity of serving up to 1,400 people. Also the open area in front of the hall and the premises below belong to Oslo Konserthus AS. The Stenersen Museum (Stenersenmuseet), with its café Diorama, are located in the latter. In 2000 Mariss Jansons, then conductor of the Oslo Philharmonic Orchestra, resigned his position after disputes with the city over the poor acoustics of the hall. References External links Oslo Concert Hall The Stenersen Museum The History of the Oslo Philharmonic Orchestra Music venues in Oslo Concert halls in Norway 1966 establishments in Norway 1977 establishments in Norway Music venues completed in 1977

USS Reeves (DE-156/APD-52) was a in service with the United States Navy from 1943 to 1946. She was transferred to Ecuador for use as an electric generator plant in 1960. Her final fate is unknown. History Reeves was named in honor of Chief Petty Officer Thomas J. Reeves (1895–1941), who was killed in action, while serving aboard the battleship during the attack on Pearl Harbor. For his distinguished conduct to bring ammunition to anti-aircraft guns, he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. The ship was laid down by the Norfolk Navy Yard, Portsmouth, Virginia, on 7 February 1943; launched on 23 April 1943; sponsored by Miss Mary Anne Reeves, niece of Chief Radioman Reeves; and commissioned on 9 June 1943. Following shakedown, Reeves returned to Norfolk and on 16 August got underway on her first transatlantic escort run, a slow convoy to Casablanca. Arriving at New York six weeks later, she underwent availability and further training, at Casco Bay, then returned to escort duty and for the next 12 months shepherded fast tanker convoys between New York and the United Kingdom. On 18 March 1944, after SS Seakay had been sunk, Reeves rescued 83 of the merchantman's 84-man crew. For heroism during that rescue, one of the escort's coxswains, E. E. Angus, was awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Medal. The following day, Reeves took in tow after she had been torpedoed, stood by until relieved by tugs, then continued on carrying the damaged escort's more seriously wounded men. Through D-Day and the summer of 1944, Reeves continued to escort fast convoys. On 23 September she completed her last Atlantic escort mission and entered the Philadelphia Navy Yard for conversion to a Charles Lawrence-class high speed transport. Redesignated APD-52 on 25 September, Reeves emerged from the shipyard on 23 December and after amphibious training, headed for the Panama Canal and duty in the Pacific. Arriving at Ulithi on 26 February 1945, she continued on to the Philippines in early March to rehearse for Operation Iceberg, the invasion of the Ryukyus. On 26 March Reeves arrived off the Kerama Retto invasion area and, after initial duties as a standby ship for Underwater Demolition Team operations, shifted to anti-submarine and anti-aircraft screening duties. She served on that harrowing duty for 109 days interrupted only for a fast convoy to Ulithi and a brief availability in the Philippines. Detached 18 August, the APD delivered men, mail, and provisions to ships of the fleet, then sailed north to Japan. There, into October, she assisted in the repatriation of former POWs, including Maj.'Pappy' Boyington. Then supported the United States Strategic Bombing Survey mission assigned to the Nagasaki area. She was the first American ship to drop anchor in Japanese(Tokyo)water before the surrender. Reeves sailed for the United States on 26 November and, after stops in the Volcano, Marshall, and Hawaiian islands, arrived at San Diego on 23 December. Three days later she continued on, and, on 10 January 1946, she arrived at Boston to begin inactivation. Assigned to the Florida Group, Atlantic Reserve Fleet, she decommissioned on 30 July at Green Cove Springs, Florida where she remained until struck from the Navy List on 1 June 1960 and transferred to the Government of Ecuador for use as an electric generator plant. Awards Reeves earned one battle star during World War II. References External links Buckley-class destroyer escorts Charles Lawrence-class high speed transports World War II frigates and destroyer escorts of the United States World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States Ships built in Portsmouth, Virginia 1943 ships

Mogyoktangs () are Korean public bathhouses. Typical facilities in the bathhouses include lockers, showers, hot tubs, steam rooms, massage areas, and barbershops. Unlike the generally more elaborate jjimjilbangs, which can include facilities such as sleeping areas, snack bars, and PC bangs, mogyoktangs are usually only bathhouses and not open 24 hours. They are also divided into men-only and women-only sections. See also Jjimjilbang Sentō Sauna Taiwanese hot springs Ttaemiri References South Korean popular culture Bathing ko:목욕탕#대한민국의 목욕탕

The Stolpersteine in Prague-Vršovice and Modřany lists the Stolpersteine in the town quarters Vršovice (Praha 10) and Modřany (Praha 12). Stolpersteine is the German name for stumbling blocks collocated all over Europe by German artist Gunter Demnig. They remember the fate of the Nazi victims being murdered, deported, exiled or driven to suicide. Generally, the stumbling blocks are posed in front of the building where the victims had their last self chosen residence. The name of the Stolpersteine in Czech is: Kameny zmizelých. Praha 10: Vršovice Praha 12: Modřany Dates of collocations According to the website of Gunter Demnig the Stolpersteine of Prague were posed on 8 October 2008, 7 November 2009, 12 June 2010, 13 to 15 June 2011 and on 17 July 2013 by the artist himself. Another collocation, not credited on Demnig's website, took place on 28 October 2012. The Czech Stolperstein project was initiated in 2008 by the Česká unie židovské mládeže (Czech Union of Jewish Youth) and was realized with the patronage of the Mayor of Prague. See also List of cities by country that have stolpersteine Stolpersteine in the Czech Republic External links stolpersteine.eu, Demnig's website holocaust.cz References Vršovice and Modřany

Spectrum News 1 Central New York (formerly Spectrum News Central New York and Time Warner Cable News Central New York) is an American cable news television channel owned by Charter Communications, as an affiliate of its Spectrum News slate of regional news channels. The channel provides 24-hour rolling news coverage focused primarily on central portions of upstate New York. The channel is based in downtown Syracuse, New York out of the former New York Central Railroad Passenger and Freight Station building along Interstate 690. Spectrum News 1 Central New York maintains separate sub-feeds for the Southern Tier and the North Country regions (including the western and northern Adirondack region); it also handles production of Weather on the 1s content for its four sister channels across upstate New York (Spectrum News Rochester, Spectrum News 1 Capital Region, Spectrum News Buffalo. and Spectrum News Hudson Valley). As with other Spectrum News channels, it is not available on satellite, nor is it available in portions of Cayuga County where Zito Media (successor to Adelphia Communications) controls the cable franchise and Charter Spectrum is not offered. Overview Spectrum News 1 Central New York and its separate sub-feed, Spectrum News Southern Tier, are available to nearly 500,000 Spectrum subscribers in all or parts of 22 New York counties, along with portions of the Northern Tier of Pennsylvania (this makes the combined operation one of the larger regional news channels in the United States, in terms of both subscriber reach and geographic coverage area). Spectrum News Central New York/Southern Tier, Spectrum Capital Region/Hudson Valley, Spectrum News Rochester and Spectrum News Buffalo share news content with New York City-based NY1, the group's flagship regional cable news channel (which the provider carries on the digital tiers of its Upstate New York systems). The channel was awarded a national Edward R. Murrow Award for "Best Website" in 2004. Senior reporter Bill Carey would later win a national Murrow Award for "Best Feature Reporting" in 2007, along with a New York Emmy Award in 2011 for his writing on the 2010 documentary Deadly Delusion. To date, the channel has also won seven regional Murrow Awards, and several New York State Associated Press and Syracuse Press Club awards. History The channel was launched on November 7, 2003, as News 10 Now. It was the 11th regional news channel that was launched by Time Warner Cable. The cable provider invested a large amount of financial capital to launch the channel, including an investment of nearly $6 million to restore the former New York Central Railroad Passenger and Freight Station to serve as its base of operations. In addition to its headquarters, Spectrum News Central New York also maintains reporters and photographers based in regional newsrooms located throughout its coverage area across Central and Northern New York. On May 25, 2005, Time Warner Cable announced that it would eliminate 30 staff positions from the channel in a cost-saving consolidation of its three regional news channels at the time in upstate New York. News 10 Now's technical production and master control operations were merged with Albany-based sister channel Capital News 9. With the move, Capital News 9 began serving as the production and studio hub for the channel's news programming, while News 10 Now began handling production responsibilities for weather forecast segments for all of its sister news channels statewide, using the channel's weather staff. Each of the channels retained their respective newsgathering crews, producers, facilities and news management. In February 2007, News 10 Now launched a separate feed focused on Binghamton, Elmira, Corning and surrounding areas; the expansion resulted in the hiring of five reporters and a technician that would be based from newly created bureaus located in Vestal and Corning, as well as the addition of four producers at the Syracuse headquarters, who work exclusively on content for the Southern Tier feed. There are now eight staffers based in the Southern Tier, in bureaus located in Vestal and Corning. News 10 Now's live coverage of the American Civic Association shooting in April 2009, was carried nationally by CNN. A letter from the shooter was mailed to the channel's Syracuse newsroom on the day of the shooting, and was received and reported on by News 10 Now three days later. On February 12, 2010, Time Warner Cable announced that News 10 Now and Capital News 9 would be rebranded as "YNN" (for "Your News Now") that March, adopting the same brand that had already been in use on their sister channels in Buffalo and Rochester (the former of which was the first to adopt the "YNN" brand when it launched in March 2009). On December 16, 2013, Time Warner Cable rebranded the channel as Time Warner Cable News Central New York (and its subfeed as Time Warner Cable News Southern Tier) as part of a branding standardization across the provider's news channels. That included the introduction of a new graphics and music package. On September 20, 2016, with Charter Communications' acquisition of Time Warner Cable, the channels were re-branded as "Spectrum News." On July 27, 2018, the New York Public Service Commission revoked Charter's cable franchises in the state of New York, citing failures to meet conditions imposed on the provider as part of the TWC purchase. Despite the revocation of Charter's cable franchises in New York, the future fate of Spectrum News in Central New York after Spectrum's exit from New York State is currently unknown. Just before the end of 2020, during the region’s most serious surge of COVID-19, Spectrum laid off an undisclosed but significant number of its local news staff, including founding news director Ron Lombard, anchors Tammy Palmer and Iris St. Meren, and longtime photographer Tom Walters among others. The remaining staff was asked to record news reports on their mobile devices and anchoring was done from Albany. In 2021, the channel was renamed to Spectrum News 1 Central New York. References External links Information on the channel by Time Warner Cable Association of Regional News Channels Television stations in Syracuse, New York Television channels and stations established in 2003 24-hour television news channels in the United States Spectrum News channels Central New York

Mercedes Dagmar Godowsky (November 24, 1897 – February 13, 1975) was an American silent film actress. Biography Godowsky was born in Chicago, Illinois, on November 24, 1897, the daughter of Polish-Jewish composer Leopold Godowsky and Frederica "Frieda" Saxe (1870–1933), who was of German descent, although she later claimed she was born in Vilna, Russian Empire (present-day Vilnius, Lithuania) in her autobiography, First Person Plural. She had an older sister, Vanita Hedwig (1892–1961), and two younger brothers, Leopold Godowsky Jr. and Gutram "Gordon" (1905–1932), who was born in Berlin. In November 1914, the family immigrated from Liverpool, England, to Montreal, Quebec, in Canada. Her Hollywood film career spanned the years from 1919 through 1926. She played in A Sainted Devil (1924) with Rudolph Valentino and The Story Without a Name (1924). The latter co-starred Tyrone Power Sr. and Louis Wolheim. Among her other film credits are Red Lights (1923), The Common Law (1923), Virtuous Liars (1924), and The Price of a Party (1924). Personal life Godowsky wed silent screen actor Frank Mayo in Tijuana, Mexico, on October 2, 1921. She named actress Anna Luther as co-respondent in a suit brought against Mayo in March 1925. The marriage was annulled on August 28, 1926, on the grounds that Mayo had another wife. On June 24, 1926, Godowsky remarried to James D. Sloan. In 1958, Godowsky published a thoroughly candid (disputed; according to the Arthur Rubinstein biography by Harvey Sachs, Godowsky's memoirs were "apparently uninhibited but in fact heavily self-censored") autobiography titled First Person Plural. She wrote, "I lived only for pleasure and I spoiled my own fun. Where was I running? From whom? Little feet running around the globe. Nothing but circles, and I never once bumped into myself." In the book, she named Enrico Caruso, Arthur Rubinstein, Jascha Heifetz, Charles Chaplin, Igor Stravinsky, and Valentino among her "great loves." When queried about the number of husbands she had, Godowsky responded, "Two of my own, my dear, and several of my friends'." In her later years, she made frequent appearances in London and on television talk shows in New York City. Death Godowsky died aged 77 in Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan on February 13, 1975. It was the anniversary of her father's birth. Her funeral was held at Riverside Chapel. She was buried at Mount Hope Cemetery in Westchester, New York. She was survived by her brother, Leopold. He was married to Frances Gershwin, sister of George Gershwin. Partial filmography The Red Lantern (1919) Bonds of Honor (1919) The Kid and the Cowboy (1919) Stronger Than Death (1920) Hitchin' Posts (1920) The Forged Bride (1920) The Path She Chose (1920) The Trap (1922) The Strangers' Banquet (1922) The Altar Stairs (1922) Red Lights (1923) The Common Law (1923) The Story Without a Name (1924) Meddling Women (1924) A Sainted Devil (1924) Virtuous Liars (1924) Roulette (1924) Greater Than Marriage (1924) Playthings of Desire (1924) The Lost Chord (1925) Camille of the Barbary Coast (1925) The Price of a Party (1926) In Borrowed Plumes (1926) References Citations Bibliography "Dagmar Godowsky, 78, Vamp Of the Silent Screen, Is Dead", The New York Times, February 14, 1975, Page 35. "Frank Mayo Accused By Silent Screen Star", Oakland Tribune, Wednesday Evening, March 18, 1925, Page 1. External links Dagmar Godowsky New York Public Library Digital Gallery photo Nickolas Muray photographic studies of Dagmar Godowsky; photo #1, photo #2, photo #3, photo #4, photo #5 1897 births 1975 deaths 20th-century American actresses Actresses from Chicago American film actresses American silent film actresses American people of Polish-Jewish descent Jewish American actresses 20th-century American Jews

This is a partial list of topics related to Mayotte. Geography Landforms Islands of Mayotte Pamanzi (second-largest island of Mayotte) Settlements History Elections in Mayotte 2004 Mahoran legislative election 2008 Mahoran legislative election 2009 Mahoran status referendum Postage stamps and postal history of Mayotte Government and politics Elections in Mayotte General Council of Mayotte Administrative divisions Acoua Bandraboua Bandrélé Bouéni Chiconi Chirongui Dembeni Dzaoudzi Kani-Kéli Koungou Mamoudzou Mtsamboro M'Tsangamouji Ouangani Pamandzi Sada, Mayotte Tsingoni Foreign relations Political parties Force of the Rally and the Alliance for Democracy Mahoran Departmentalist Movement Mahoré People's Movement Politicians Saïd Omar Oili Economy Communications in Mayotte Euro (official currency) .yt (Internet country code top-level domain) Transport Airports Dzaoudzi Pamandzi International Airport Demographics Languages French language Shimaore language Religion Islam in Mayotte Culture Cuisine Music National symbols Coat of arms of Mayotte Flag of Mayotte Sport Complexe de Kawani Mayotte national rugby union team Football Coupe de Mayotte FC Mtsapéré Mayotte Division Honneur Mayotte national football team Environment Wildlife Boophis Mayotte drongo Pasteur's day gecko Robert Mertens's day gecko Common brown lemur See also Lists of country-related topics

Synapse Group, Inc. is a multichannel marketing company. Synapse is also the largest consumer magazine distributor in the United States, with access to over 700 magazine titles from all the major publishers (including Hearst Corporation, Condé Nast Publications, Meredith Corporation, and Time Inc.). Synapse attracts subscribers for these publications by working through a number of non-traditional marketing channels, including credit card issuers, catalog companies, and airline frequent-flyer programs. History Synapse Group began in 1991 as NewSub Magazine Service LLC. Founded by Jay S. Walker (who developed Priceline.com) and Michael Loeb, the company began by marketing fixed-term magazine subscriptions through credit card companies. Over the years, NewSub expanded its marketing channels to include retailers, airlines, catalogers, and dot-com companies. In the year 2000, the company changed its name to Synapse Group, Inc. Continuous Service System In 1996, NewSub introduced its Continuous Subscription Service system, which would automatically renew subscriptions. The company applied for a patent, which was granted in 2000 to Michael Loeb and Synapse Group, Inc. for "a system for providing an open-ended subscription to commodity items normally available on a term basis includes a central agent that serves as the front-end for commodity suppliers. This central agent maintains databases containing information associated with a group of commodity items and their sales. Using these databases, the central agent produces subscription records to provide open-ended subscription services to its customers, while supporting the term-based subscriptions of the commodity suppliers." Acquisition by Time Inc. In 2000, Time Inc. made its first equity investment in Synapse Group, starting a partnership that would ultimately culminate with the outright purchase of Synapse in 2006. In a 2000 press release from Time Warner, Jeremy Koch (who was Consumer Marketing President at the time) explained, "The marketing of consumer magazines is undergoing substantial change. Our relationship with Synapse is an important part of Time Inc.'s strategy to support the expansion of new and innovative marketing methods." Acquisition of Bizrate Insights In 2016, Synapse Group acquired Bizrate Insights. Acquisition of Magazine Discount Center In 2016, Synapse Group acquired Magazine Discount Center. Acquisition of Stop, Breathe & Think and Re-branding to MyLife In 2019, Synapse Group acquired Stop, Breathe & Think, a mindfulness mobile app. In May 2020, the app was re-branded as MyLife. Operations Synapse Group is headquartered at 225 High Ridge Road in Stamford, Connecticut. The company employs over 250 people and has revenues of $400 million. Divisions Elite Traveler Awards was founded in 1995 as CAP (Customer Appreciation Program) Systems to develop affinity marketing strategies for frequent flyer and other customer reward programs. Members may elect to redeem their frequent flyer miles or other points for subscriptions to traditional print or electronic magazines. Since the program was implemented, an estimated 100 billion frequent flyer miles have been redeemed for magazine subscriptions. But by early 2022, the number of magazines they offered was trimmed dramatically, to less than a dozen choices. Magazine Direct, a program introduced in 1998, offers magazine subscriptions to DRTV and catalog customers when they call to place orders. SynapseConnect, Inc. is the e-commerce subsidiary of Synapse Group. The company has developed a number of internet-marketing strategies that attempt to use Synapse's offline marketing strength to leverage online sales. Some of its properties include FreeBizMag.com, which launched in 2000 and was the first third-party subscription service for trade publications. MyLife, formerly known as Stop, Breathe & Think, is a mindfulness app that provides meditation exercises tailored to how a person responds to questions on their current emotional state. The app was created by two women, Jamie Price and Julie Campistron, who both had positive experiences with mindfulness in dealing with occupational burnout. Much of the app content is free. Service Marks Synapse Group has used a number of service marks over time in association with particular business channels, both for direct sales projects as well as with partner services. These marks include: Synapse Group Inc., Newsub Services, Synapse Solutions, Synapse Retail Ventures, and Magazine Rewards Center. These names often appear on customers' credit card statements for the company's subscription service charges. Deceptive Business Practices Synapse Group has been prosecuted in court various times for its deceptive auto-renewal schemes, including a 2020 case in Washington State in which it was ordered to pay restitution to 2,000 customers and to the Washington State Office of the Attorney General. According to the news release, "From 2011 to 2016, Synapse falsely implied on its 'Mags for Miles' mailers that Delta Air Line miles would expire if consumers didn’t use them by a specific date. In fact, Delta miles never expire... The company used this misleading claim to motivate consumers to redeem their 'expiring' miles for magazines. After consumers redeemed their miles, Synapse then offered them the separate $2 subscriptions promotion to be paid for with a credit card — which would auto-renew, often without the consumer’s knowledge, at an average of about $50 per consumer." See also Time Inc. Meredith Corporation References External links Synapse Group Inc. - Official website BBB Business Review: Synapse Group, Inc. Bloomberg Businessweek Profile: Synapse Group, Inc. Marketing companies established in 1991 Direct marketing Companies based in Stamford, Connecticut 1991 establishments in the United States Former WarnerMedia subsidiaries Meredith Corporation IAC (company) 2006 mergers and acquisitions

Pingüino de Humboldt National Reserve is a nature reserve located a short distance off the coast of mainland Chile. It consists of three islands: Chañaral, Damas, and Choros. It is located about north of La Serena in the Coquimbo Region of Chile and has a total area of . Coastal communities of Caleta Chañaral, Chañaral de Aceituno, and Punta de Choros are nearby. The reserve is an important breeding site for the Humboldt penguin, for which it is named, and is a habitat for sea lions and bottlenose dolphins, chungungos (marine otters), sea turtle, whale, albatross and cormorant. Aside from dolphins, local cetacean diversity includes migratory rorquals such as blue, fin, and humpback whales, and sperm whales. Location The park is located in both Atacama and Coquimbo regions of Chile. The reserve includes the Aceituno de Chañaral Island (Atacama Region) and Damas and Choros Islands (Coquimbo Region). It is part of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas del Estado de Chile (National System of Protected Areas of the State of Chile), administered by the Corporación Nacional Forestal (National Forest Service, CONAF). Choros Island In 2013, the Chilean National Forestry Corporation (CONAF), in collaboration with Island Conservation, removed invasive rabbits from Choros Island benefiting the Humboldt penguin, Peruvian diving petrel, and the local eco-tourism industry. Since 2014, the return of fields of Alstroemeria philippii and the increase in Peruvian diving petrels seeking out burrows signaled a return to ecological health. In 2018, the partners declared the removal of invasive rabbits from the Humboldt Penguin National Reserve a success. Damas Island Damas Island measures 60.3 hectares and much of its charm lies in its Caribbean style beaches. However, the water is fairly cold due to the Humboldt current. Damas Island is the only place that has camping and picnicking facilities and to get there you have to contract the services of fishermen in the vicinity of Punta de Choros cove. Climate The climate is considered semiarid because it is arid by the north and mild by the south. The shore temperatures are homogeneous, meanwhile in the interior the temperature oscillates between day and night time. Rain during winter season. Access routes From La Serena, Chile advance on the road 75 km. to the turnoff leading to the village of Los Choros. From here, walk 45 km. by dirt road, which in its last 5 km. goes through a difficult transition dune. Registration National Forestry Corporation (CONAF) registration is required at Punta de Choros. The next step is to hire one of the boats going out to the reserve's main attractions, Isla Damas, Isla Choros and Isla Chañaral. Admission Entrance is $1600 Chilean pesos for adults, and $600 Chilean pesos for kids. References External links Pingüino de Humboldt National Reserve page at CONAF 360° panoramas of Damas and Choros islands (Requires QuickTimePlayer) The Humboldt Penguin National Reserve (Big Telescopes) Humboldt Penguin National Reserve Scientific Study on the Humboldt Penguins|Scientific Study on the Humboldt Penguins National reserves of Chile Protected areas of Atacama Region Protected areas of Coquimbo Region Coasts of Atacama Region Coasts of Coquimbo Region Chilean Matorral Island restoration 1990 establishments in Chile Protected areas established in 1990

Sir Thomas Joseph de Trafford, 1st Baronet, (22 March 1778 – 10 November 1852) was a member of a prominent family of English Roman Catholics. He served as commander of the Manchester and Salford Yeomanry at the time of the Peterloo Massacre. He was born at Croston Hall near Chorley, Lancashire, on 22 March 1778, son of John Trafford and Elizabeth Tempest, and was christened Thomas Joseph Trafford (no de). Marriage and family Thomas married Laura Anne Colman (born 18 August 1780, baptized 9 November 1780, Cullompton), daughter of Francis Colman (d. 1820) of Hillersdon, Devon, and Jemima Searle (d. 1807), on 17 August 1803, and the couple lived at Trafford Hall, in Trafford Park. They had nine daughters and five sons, including: Elizabeth Jane, born 22 October 1804, died September 1813, aged 8 Laura Ann, born 23 November 1805, who married Thomas William Riddell of Felton, Northumberland, on 4 September 1845 at All Saints Catholic Chapel, Barton-upon-Frode, and died 16 May 1877 Jemima, born 30 January 1807, died 17 January 1883, who in 1829 married her father's first cousin Henry Tempest of Heaton (near Bolton), Lancashire, who was a JP for Lancashire. Their daughter, Jemima Monica Mildred Tempest (1841-1907), married Le Gendre Starkie in 1867. Humphrey Francis, born 1 May 1808, died 4 May 1886, who became the Second Baronet Jane Seymour, born 27 July 1809, who in 1842 married George Archer Shee, eldest son of Sir Martin Archer Shee, a former President of the Royal Academy. Jane and George's great-grandson George Archer-Shee was the subject of a notorious 1910 prosecution for allegedly stealing a 5 shilling postal order. The case formed the basis for the play The Winslow Boy. Maria, born 16 November 1810, died 9 May 1826, aged 15 Caroline, born 29 March 1812, married William Gerard Walmesley of Westwood, Lancashire, son of Charles Walmesley (1781–1833), on 18 October 1838, and died 21 December 1883 Thomas William, born 23 August 1813, never married, died 7 May 1844 Sybilla Catherine (or Catherine-Sybilla), born 23 September 1815, who married Reverend John Sparling, third son of William Sparling of Petton Park, Shropshire, in 1843, and died 22 May 1886 Belinda, born 29 November 1816, never married, died 19 February 1900 Harriet (or Harriotte), born 25 August 1818, who married James Cunningham, a captain in the Fourth Dragoon Guards, on 27 April 1853 John Randolphus, born 11 April 1820, married Lady Adelaide Cathcart, daughter of General Sir Charles Murray Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart, and Henrietta Mather, on 13 July 1850, died 3 February 1879 (or possibly 15 February 1871). Succeeded to the Croston Estates, previously held jointly by his father with the Trafford estates. Eldest son Sigismund de Trafford. Charles Cecil, born 18 or 28 December 1821, never married, died 15 December 1878, a captain in the Third Regiment of the Duke of Lancaster's Own Militia and also an officer in the 1st Dragoons Augustus Henry, born 12 April 1823 (or 1828), married Gertrude Mary Walmesley, daughter of Herman Walmesley, on 19 September 1876, died 19 January 1895 at Haselour Hall, Tamworth Estates After his father's death on 29 October 1815, and despite his position as the fifth son, Thomas inherited his father's estates in Lancashire and Cheshire. Two elder brothers, both named Joseph, had died in infancy and two others, Humphrey and John, had both died before their father. By 12 November 1819, he is recorded as selling the advowson of the parish of St Bartholomew's Church, Wilmslow, to Edward Vigor Fox for £6,000. This gave the right to nominate the rector when the parish became vacant, and was a right conferred by lordship of the manor in many cases. Selling that right was legal, so long as the post was not already vacant. However, in this case it appears that Trafford and Fox drew up the sale after they learned that Joseph Bradshaw, the incumbent, was close to death. The sale was concluded at ten to three in the afternoon, and Bradshaw died at half past eleven the same night. At the time of the sale, Trafford was major-commandant of the Manchester and Salford Yeomanry, and Fox was a lieutenant in the same force. Fox's subsequent nomination of George Uppleby as rector, on 30 December 1819, was contested by the Bishop of Chester, and the case wound through the courts during the 1820s. Eventually on 3 June 1829, the House of Lords heard Fox's appeal of earlier decisions voiding the appointment. The Lords could not find any evidence that Uppleby had conspired with Trafford and Fox to buy the appointment (an offence known as simony) and so they ruled in favor of Fox and Trafford. Slater's Directory for 1845 names Thomas Ayres as Sir T. J. de Trafford's land agent in Stretford. In Edward Twycross's The Mansions of England and Wales (1847), Thomas is noted as the owner of Trafford Hall in the parish of Eccles on the southern bank of the Irwell, west of Manchester. The mansion is described as built of stone with a front featuring a classical portico with columns and a pediment. Tithe maps from the mid-19th century show that Thomas owned more than 700 plots in the Bollin valley near Wilmslow, amounting to about . Thomas is recorded as having divided the Manors of Trafford and Stretford, giving land including a portion of Croston Manor to his son John Randolphus. In 1853, John Randolphus applied for a £5,000 government loan to drain lands in "Croston, Penwortham, Wigan." In 1874, John Randolphus reunited Croston Manor for the first time since 1318 by purchasing the remainder from trustees of Thomas Norris. It appears that Thomas Trafford was alert to the financial opportunities presented by the burgeoning coal mining industry. He leased mining rights at the Pemberton Four Feet Mine in Hindley to a partnership of Byrom, Taylor and Byrom for 33 years from 24 December 1849. Trafford was entitled to rent of "£75 per foot per Cheshire acre, and £100 per annum at the least." This venture evidently did not prove as profitable as the lessors had hoped. Within three years the partnership was bankrupt and the mine lease was auctioned on 27 October 1852. Military service and role in Peterloo Massacre Thomas Trafford was commissioned as a Captain in the Third Battalion of the Royal Lancashire Militia on 6 March 1801, towards the end of Britain's involvement in the French Revolutionary Wars. Much later, after the Blanketeers' march of 10 March 1817, the Manchester and Salford Yeomanry was formed in response to the perceived threat of riot, Trafford was commissioned as the Major-Commandant in charge of the Manchester and Salford Yeomanry on 23 August 1817. By 1819, social discontent because of rising food prices and lack of suffrage had fueled a rise in radical groups in northern England. On 16 August 1819, Major Trafford was sent a note by a magistrate, local coalowner William Hulton, urging him to dispatch the cavalry regiment to a public meeting being addressed by the orator Henry Hunt. Major Trafford did send his 116 troops in response, but he appears not to have been present for the disastrous attack on the assembled crowd. Fifteen people died and hundreds were wounded. The government and landowners viewed the yeomanry's actions at Peterloo as a courageous defence against insurrection. Following the Peterloo Massacre, on 27 August 1819, Lord Sidmouth sent a message of thanks from the Prince Regent to Major Trafford, among others. However, public horror at the actions of the yeomanry grew after the massacre. Major Trafford resigned his commission in 1820, and the yeomanry corps was disbanded on 9 June 1824. Public office and creation of baronetcy After the repeal of the Test Acts and the passage of the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829, the Trafford family became eligible for offices previously barred to them by their religion. Thomas Trafford was appointed High Sheriff of Lancashire in 1834. He is also recorded as serving as Deputy Lieutenant of Lancashire. He was created the First Baronet de Trafford on 7 September 1841. On 8 October 1841, Queen Victoria issued a royal licence to "Sir Thomas Joseph Trafford ... that he may henceforth resume the ancient patronymic of his family, by assuming and using the surname of De Trafford, instead of that of 'Trafford' and that such surname may be henceforth taken and used by his issue." The anglicisation to Trafford had probably occurred in the 15th century, when the Norman article "de", signifying that a family originated from a particular place, was generally dropped in England. The resumption of such older versions of family names was a romantic trend in 19th-century England, encouraged by a mistaken belief that the article "de" indicated nobility. Later life Thomas de Trafford is recorded as living at 12 Grosvenor Street, in Mayfair, London, from 1847 to 1852. In 1852, Thomas was thrown from his horse and broke several ribs. While he was convalescing, his wife, Laura, died on 22 October 1852. The family delayed Laura's burial to 5 November, and Thomas died five days later at Trafford Park on 10 November 1852. Thomas de Trafford's funeral was held on 19 November 1852, with a procession departing Trafford Park at 8:30am. An immense crowd attended the service at Salford Cathedral. Notes Bibliography Baines, Edward (1836), History of the County Palatine and Duchy of Lancaster, Fisher, Son, & Co. Richards, W.S.G. (1896), The History of the De Traffords of Trafford. Circa A.D. 1000-1893. Including the Royal and Baronial descents of the family. 202 pages, printed for private circulation, Plymouth 1778 births 1852 deaths English Roman Catholics People from Croston British Yeomanry officers Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom Deputy Lieutenants of Lancashire High Sheriffs of Lancashire English landowners de Trafford family

Ljusfallshammar is a locality situated in Finspång Municipality, Östergötland County, Sweden with 327 inhabitants in 2010. References Populated places in Östergötland County Populated places in Finspång Municipality

Stefanie Dimmeler (born 18 July 1967) is a German biologist specializing in the pathophysiological processes underlying cardiovascular diseases. Her awards and honours include the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize of the German Research Foundation for her work on the programmed cell death of endothelial cells. Since 2008 she has led the Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration at the University of Frankfurt. Her current work is focusing to develop cellular and pharmacological strategies to improve cardiovascular repair and regeneration. Her work aims to establish non-coding RNAs as novel therapeutic targets. Life Dimmeler attended schools in Hagnau and Stetten and the high school in Markdorf. From 1986 to 1991 she studied biology at the University of Konstanz. In 1993 she obtained her doctorate in Konstanz on "Nitric oxide-stimulated ADP-ribosylation". From 1993 to 1995 Dimmeler was a postdoctoral fellow in the Biochemical and Experimental Division of the Department of Surgery the University of Cologne and then from 1995 to 2001 in the Medical Clinic, Department of Cardiology, the University of Frankfurt am Main. In 1998 she habilitated in the field of experimental medicine on the topic of endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis – studies on the apoptosis of endothelial cells. Since 2001 she has been Professor for Molecular Cardiology at the University of Frankfurt and since 2008 she is the Director of the Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration at the Center for Molecular Medicine of the Goethe University Frankfurt. in 2005 she won the 1.55 million euro Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize. Dimmeler went on to receive the Ernst Jung Prize for Medicine in 2007 and >2.4 million euro research grants from the European Research Council in 2008 and 2015. In 2020, Dimmeler was elected as Chairwomen of the "German Center for Cardiovascular Research e.V." (DZHK). The DZHK is a partner of the German Centers for Health Research, which are committed to improving the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of common diseases and was founded in 2011 on the initiative of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. The goal of all six German Centers for Health Research is to bring the results of basic research into clinical application more quickly. In addition, Dimmeler is spokeswoman for the "Cardio-Pulmonary Institute", a DFG-funded Excellence Cluster . Scientific work Dimmeler authored more than 470 publications. Her group elucidates the basic mechanisms underlying cardiovascular disease and vessel growth with the aim to develop new cellular and pharmacological therapies for improving the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Ongoing research focuses on RNA based and cellular mechanisms that control cardiovascular repair. She is among the “Thomson Reuters Highly Cited Researcher” since 2014. Awards 2022: Otto Warburg Medal, German Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (GBM) 2021: Paul-Morawitz-Preis, German Society of Cardiology (DGK) 2020: Gold Medal of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) 2018: Selby Travelling Fellowship of the Australian Academy of Science 2017: Member of the German Academy for Science Leopoldina 2017: Willy Pitzer Award, Bad Nauheim 2016: Paul Dudley White Lecture at the Scientific Session of the AHA 2016: Michael Oliver Memorial Lecture of the British Atherosclerosis Society 2015: Thomas W. Smith Memorial Lecture Award 2014-2018: Thomson Reuters "Highly Cited Researcher" 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2018 2014: Madrid Award for Cardiovascular Stem Cell Therapy 2010: Life Achievement Award by Dutch-German Molecular Cardiology Working Groups 2008: Research Award of the GlaxoSmithKline Foundation Science4Life Award 2008 2007: Ernst Jung Prize for Medicine 2007 2006: Karl-Landsteiner Lecture, German Association for Transfusion Medicine & Immunhematology 2006: Basic Science Lecture and Silver Medal of the European Society of Cardiology 2006: FEBS Anniversary Prize 2006 2005: George E. Brown Memorial Lecture at the Scientific Session of the AHA 2005: Leibniz Award of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) 2004: Forssmann Award 2004 2002: Alfried Krupp-Award 2002 2000: Award of the German Cardiac Society (Fraenkel-Preis) 1999: Award of the Herbert and Hedwig Eckelmann-Foundation 1998: Award of the German Heart Foundation 1994: Fritz-Külz-Award of the German Association of Pharmacology and Toxicology 1991: Foundation of German Sciences, Award References Living people 1967 births German women academics Academic staff of Goethe University Frankfurt University of Konstanz alumni Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize winners Members of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina

Najibabad Junction railway station is a railway station in Bijnor district, Uttar Pradesh. Its code is NBD. It serves Najibabad city. The station consists of four platforms. The platforms are well sheltered. Trains Some of the trains that runs from Najibabad are: Jan Nayak Express Sidhbali Jan Shatabdi Express (previously Garhwal Express) Mussoorie Express Varanasi – Dehradun Janta Express Ganga Sutlej Express Rapti Ganga Express Kolkata–Jammu Tawi Express Amritsar–Saharsa Weekly Jansadharan Express Punjab Mail Harihar Express Ramnagar–Chandigarh Weekly InterCity Express Dehradun–Kathgodam Express Doon Express Jan Sewa Express Haridwar–Ramnagar Intercity Express Amritsar–Lalkuan Express Amritsar–Howrah Express Haridwar–Allahabad Express Garhwal Express (now Sidhbali Jan Shatabdi Express) Chandigarh–Lucknow SF Express Najibabad–Moradabad Passenger (via Gajraula) Najibabad Gajraula Passenger Najibabad Kotdwara Passenger Akal Takht Express References Railway stations in Bijnor district Moradabad railway division

Dance, Girl, Dance is a 1940 American comedy-drama film directed by Dorothy Arzner and starring Maureen O'Hara, Louis Hayward, Lucille Ball, and Ralph Bellamy. The film follows two dancers who strive to preserve their own integrity while fighting for their place in the spotlight and for the affections of a wealthy young suitor. In the decades following its release, the film was subject of critical reassessment and began to garner a reputation as a feminist film. In 2007, it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant", describing it as Arzner's "most intriguing film" and a "meditation on the disparity between art and commerce. Dance, Girl, Dance was edited by Robert Wise, whose next film as editor was Citizen Kane and who later won Oscars as director of West Side Story and The Sound of Music. Plot While dancing at the Palais Royale in Akron, Ohio, Bubbles, a cynical blonde chorine, and Judy O'Brien, an aspiring young ballerina, meet Jimmy Harris, the scion of a wealthy family. Both women are attracted to Jimmy, a tormented young man who is still in love with his estranged wife, Elinor. Back in New York, Bubbles finds work in a burlesque club, while Madame Basilova, the girls' teacher and manager, arranges an audition for Judy with ballet impresario Steve Adams. En route to the audition, Madame Basilova is run over by a car and killed, and Judy, intimidated by the other dancers, flees before she can meet Steve. As she leaves the building, Judy shares an elevator with Steve, who offers her a cab ride, but she is unaware of who he is and rejects his offer. Soon after, Bubbles, now called "Tiger Lily, the burlesque queen", offers Judy a job as her stooge in the Bailey Brothers burlesque show and, desperate, Judy accepts. One night, both Jimmy and Steve attend the performance, and Judy leaves with Jimmy and tears up the card that Steve left for her. The next night, while at a nightclub with Judy, Jimmy has a fistfight with his ex-wife's new husband, and the next day their pictures appear in the newspaper. Bubbles, furious with Judy for stealing Jimmy, appears at the girl's apartment, where she finds Jimmy drunk on the doorstep and sweeps him away to the marriage bureau. Meanwhile, Steve's secretary, Miss Olmstead, also sees Judy's picture in the paper and identifies her as the dancer who had come to audition. That night, Steve attends Judy's performance at which the audience is given a lecture by Judy about the evils of viewing women as objects. This is followed by a fight between her and Bubbles over Jimmy. Hauled into night court, Judy is sentenced to ten days in jail but is bailed out by Steve. The next day, when Judy goes to meet her benefactor, she recognizes Steve, who hails her as his new discovery and promises to make her a star. Cast Release Box office The film was a critical and commercial failure, and its theatrical release lost RKO Studios roughly $400,000. Critical response Writing for The New York Times, Bosley Crowther panned the film, noting that, "with the exception of Maureen O'Hara, who is sincere but badly miscast, the roles are competently filled and the film pretentiously staged, Dance, Girl, Dance is just a cliché-ridden, garbled repetition of the story of the aches and pains in a dancer's rise to fame and fortune. It's a long involved tale told by a man who stutters...  Nevertheless, it is Miss Ball who brings an occasional zest into the film, especially that appearance in the burlesque temple where she stripteases the Hays office. But it isn't art." Modern assessment Beginning in the 1970s, Dance, Girl, Dance enjoyed a popular revival and critical reassessment. Its resurgence has been ascribed to the burgeoning feminist movement which saw the film as a rare example of empowered women. Critical praise for the film has endured – in 2002 Dance, Girl, Dance was listed among the Top 100 "Essential Films" of the National Society of Film Critics. Alicia Fletcher, writing for the Toronto International Film Festival, deemed the film "A bone fide feminist masterpiece." Richard Brody of The New Yorker wrote: "The movie lives up to its title—its subject really is dancing. Arzner films it with fascination and enthusiasm, and the choreography is marked by the point of view of the spectators and the dancers’ awareness that they're being watched. Arzner—one of the few women directors in Hollywood—shows women dancers enduring men's slobbering stares. The very raison d’être of these women's performances is to titillate men, and that's where the story's two vectors intersect—art versus commerce and love versus lust. This idealistic paean to the higher realms of creative and romantic fulfillment is harshly realistic about the degradations that women endure in base entertainments." References External links Dance, Girl, Dance essay by Carrie Rickey at National Film Registry Dance, Girl, Dance essay by Daniel Eagan in America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry, A&C Black, 2010 , pages 316-318 Library of Congress Dorothy Arzner: Queen of Hollywood New York Times - Screen in Review - 1940 Dance, Girl, Dance: Gotta Dance an essay by Sheila O’Malley at the Criterion Collection 1940 films 1940s English-language films American black-and-white films United States National Film Registry films Films directed by Dorothy Arzner RKO Pictures films American political comedy-drama films Films about ballet Films set in New York City Films produced by Erich Pommer American feminist films 1940s feminist films 1940s political comedy-drama films Films scored by Edward Ward (composer) 1940s American films

Cleiton Cezario Abrão (born 8 September 1989) is a Brazilian middle-distance runner competing primarily in the 800 metres. He represented his country at the 2015 World Championships in Beijing without advancing from the first round. His personal best in the event is 1:45.59 set in São Paulo in 2014. Competition record References Living people 1989 births Place of birth missing (living people) Brazilian male middle-distance runners World Athletics Championships athletes for Brazil Pan American Games athletes for Brazil Athletes (track and field) at the 2015 Pan American Games 20th-century Brazilian people 21st-century Brazilian people

Colin S. Cooper is a leading cancer researcher who is currently Professor of Cancer Genetics at Norwich Medical School at the University of East Anglia. Cooper studied science at the University of Warwick and completed his PhD in biochemistry at the University of Birmingham in 1978. He formerly worked at the Institute of Cancer Research, and was Chair of Molecular Biology at the University of London. He has an h-index of 114 according to Google Scholar. References Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Alumni of the University of Warwick Alumni of the University of Birmingham Academics of the University of London Academics of the University of East Anglia

Three ships of the United States Navy have been named Saugus: , Canonicus-class single-turret monitor , an Osage-class vehicle landing ship which served during World War II , Natick-class tugboat United States Navy ship names

Kelontekemäjärvi is a medium-sized lake in the Kemijoki main catchment area. It is located in Kittilä municipality in the region Lapland in Finland. Historically the lake has been a border mark between the Sami villages of Kittilä and Sodankylä. See also List of lakes in Finland References Lakes of Kittilä

Khaldoon () is an Arabic masculine given name. Notable people with the name include: Khaldoon Al Mubarak (born 1976), Emirati entrepreneur Khaldoon Gharaibeh (born 1968), Jordanian cartoonist Arabic-language masculine given names Masculine given names

, was the third son of King Seong of Baekje who died in battle with Silla forces in 554. Because of the discrepancies in dates it is thought he was actually third son of Wideok of Baekje. Another way to read or write his name is Rimseong. Japan Prince Imseong arrived to Japan in 597. The Japanese called him Rinshō Taishi because of the Japanese reading of the characters in his name. The Prince brought metallurgy to Japan, thus changed his last name to Tatara (多々良), which literally means "Bellows" and as extension "metalworking," in Japanese. This in turn was named after an ancient Korean port controlled by the Gaya Confederacy (which was also famed for its abundant iron mines and their plate armor) in what is now called Dobijin (蹈鞴津), which means "Port of Bellows" and was written as Dadara (多多羅) for its pronunciation. This place was the major route for exporting iron to Japan. He then changed his last name to Ōuchi (大内), which was the name of the place he was living. The first record which says Ōuchi clan has relation with Baekje is that Ōuchi Yoshihiro sent gifts of local products and a letter with an envoy in 1399, politely belittling himself and asking for some of the land in the region of Korea where his Baekje ancestors came from, but failing that, at least ask Korea to officially recognize their pedigree as true, which is written in the Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. Throughout the years into the next century, the Ōuchis became the most welcomed among the various tributary daimyos from Muromachi Japan, and eventually asked for the cherished Tripitaka Koreana, thinking the now anti-Buddhist Koreans may no longer have a need for it, but was refused. The Ōuchis have been claiming their ancestor had come from Baekje even among the Japanese, when it was more popular to claim connections to Fujiwaras, Heikes, and Genjis, lending credence to their claims. And their Tatara name, connected to the Dadara in Korea, had appeared both in the Shinsen Shōjiroku and Mokkan wooden relics dating from the 9th century. Legend There is also a legend about the God Myōken that is entwined with the prince of Baekje, Prince Imseong: In ancient times, during the reign of the one-hundred sixth emperor of Japan, Go-Nara-in of Chinzei there was a man named Tandai Ōuchi Tatara Ason Nii Hyōbugyō Yoshitaka. His ancestor was called Prince Rinshō [Imseong], the third son of King Seong of Baekje. Incidentally, on the eighth day of the ninth month of 595 in the reign of Empress Suiko, a big radiant star suddenly fell from the heavens in Aoyanagai no Ura, Washizunoshō Tsuno District, Suō Province and landed on top of a pine tree. It was like the light sent out by a full moon, and it shone for seven days and nights. The various peoples of the region were very surprised and thought it strange. They immediately engaged a shamaness. She spoke, "I am Hokushin Myōken Sonshō, three years from now on the second day of the third month, Prince Imseong of Baekje should come to this country. I have announced this fact to Prince Shōtoku and he has agreed that Prince Imseong should stay. Accordingly, I humbly reported the gist of this to the Empress in Kyoto. Empress Suiko was delighted, and on the second day of the third month of the same fifth year of 597, when over one-hundred imperial court nobles arrived at Tataranohama in Suō Province, the Empress boarded the boat of Prince Imseong and landed at Tataranohama. The prow of the boat was designed as a dragon head and the neck of a fabulous seabird, befitting a noble. She immediately had a palace built in Nagato no Kuni Ōuchi Province and bade him live there. Accordingly, a palace was built promptly for Prince Imseong on Washizuyama. They prayed for the arrival of the deity Hokushin Myōken Sonshō-o, named the place the Star Palace, and fixed the date of worship as the eighteenth day of the ninth month. Descendants Prince Imseong became the progenitor of the Ōuchi clan took its name from the place name where they held power. The family possess a document of their descent in the Ōuchi family tree (Ō uchi Tatarashi fuch ō, 大内多々良氏譜牒). On 17 April 2009, the current head of the clan, Ōuchi Kimio (大內公夫), visited Iksan, Korea to pay tribute to his Baekje ancestors. In November, 657 there is a record stating that Imseong died when he was 81 years old. Family Tree Note: Imseong probably came to Japan with his son Imryeong because of his age when he arrived and because his son has a Korean name. 琳聖太子 (Imseong Taeja; Japanese: Rinshō Taishi, founder of Ōuchi clan) 　┃ 琳龍太子 (Imryeong Taeja; Japanese: Rinryu Taishi) 　┃ 阿部太子 (Abe Taishi) 　┃ 世農太子 (Atoyo Taishi) 　┃ 世阿太子 (Azusa Taishi) 　┃ 阿津太子 (Atsu Taishi) 　┃ 大内正恒 (Ōuchi Masatsune) See also Soga clan Ōuchi clan Baekje Monarchs of Korea References Baekje people Baekje Buddhists

Ocucaje District is one of fourteen districts of the province Ica in Peru. References 1984 establishments in Peru

Michel, chevalier de Cubières (27 September 1752 – 23 August 1820) was an 18th-century French writer, known under the pen-names of Palmézaux and Dorat-Cubières, taking the latter name as he had Claude Joseph Dorat as his master. He was born in Roquemaure, Gard, and was the brother of Louis Pierre de Cubières. He wrote short verses for the Almanachs and the Étrennes lyriques of the time, and a large number of plays and "écrits de circonstance". He backed the French Revolution, being made secretary to the Paris Commune and pronouncing an Elogy on Jean-Paul Marat. He was a lover of Fanny de Beauharnais and collaborated, with Claude Joseph Dorat, on some of her writings. He died in Paris, aged 67. Publications Essays 1773: Lettre d'un solitaire de Chalcide à une dame romaine, suivie de pièces fugitives. 1780: Les Hochets de ma jeunesse. 1789: L'École des filles, histoire morale, Read online 1789: Les États-Généraux de Cythère, very free imitation from Italian of Count Algarotti, Read online 1811: Histoire des compagnes de Maria, ou Épisodes de la vie d'une jolie femme. Literary critics History of literature 1787: Lettre à M. le Mis de Ximenès, sur l'influence de Boileau en littérature Text online 1792: Poésies philosophiques et descriptives des auteurs qui se sont distingués dans le dix-huitième siècle, 3 vol. 1796: Le Progrès des arts dans la République, poem. 1799: Le Défenseur de la philosophie, ou Réponse à quelques satires dirigées contre la fin du XVIIIe siècle, Text online 1802: Boileau jugé par ses amis et par ses ennemis, ou le Pour et le Contre sur Boileau. 1810: Recueil des pièces intéressantes sur les arts, les sciences et la littérature, ouvrage posthume de Sylvain Bailly, précédé de la vie littéraire et politique de cet homme illustre. Didactics 1812: L'Art du quatrain, essai didactique en IV chants, suivi d'un grand nombre de quatrains sur les monuments français d'architecture, de peinture, de sculpture, de gravure, etc. ; d'un poème sur le progrès des arts et de quelques distiques. 1812: Essai sur l’art poétique en général, et en particulier sur la versification française, Paris. Apologies 1780: Éloge de Voltaire, composé par Voltaire lui-même, Text online 1782: Éloge de Claude Joseph Dorat, suivi de poésies qui lui sont relatives, d'une apologie de Colardeau, d'un dialogue intitulé Gilbert et une Furie, de la Vengeance de Pluton, et de quelques pièces détachées. 1783: Fontenelle jugé par ses pairs, ou Éloge de Fontenelle, en forme de dialogue entre trois académiciens, des Académies française, des sciences et des belles-lettres. 1811: Jenner, ou Le triomphe de la vaccine, Text online 1792: Les Rivaux au cardinalat, ou la Mort de l'abbé Mauri, poème héroï-comique en trois chants, Text online 1800: Les Petits-Saints, ou Épître à Chénier, pour servir de supplément aux Nouveaux Saints, Text online 1816: Chamousset, ou la Poste aux lettres, poëme en 4 chants, précédé d'une dissertation historique sur l'origine, l'usage et l'utilité des postes. Political writings Political essays 1789: Voyage à la Bastille, fait le 16 juillet 1789, et adressé à Mme de G., à Bagnols, en Languedoc, Text online 1791: Les États-Généraux du Parnasse, de l'Europe, de l'Église et de Cythère, ou les Quatre Poèmes politiques, read at the Lycée du Palais-Royal and followed by several other poems, Text online 1791: Observations à MM. les auteurs de la Chronique de Paris sur l'état actuel de la Savoye, relativement à la Révolution de France, Text online Revolutionary poetry 1793: Le Calendrier républicain, poème en deux chants, suivi de trente-six hymnes civiques pour les trente-six décades de l'année, Text online 1793: Nouveau chansonnier patriote, ou Recueil de chansons, vaudevilles, et pots-pourris patriotiques, par différents auteurs, dédié aux martyrs de la Révolution, avec leurs portraits, précédé de leurs Éloges, Text online 1793: Poème à la gloire de Marat, Text online 1793: La Mort de Basseville, ou la Conspiration de Pius VI dévoilée. Napoleonic poetry 1800: La Paix avec l'Empereur, ou le Traité de Lunéville, poem, followed by Épître à Virgile sur la bataille de Marengo, 1800 Text online 1806: La Bataille d'Austerlitz, poem. Theatre Comedies 1776: La Manie des drames sombres, comedy in 3 acts, in verse, Fontainebleau, 29 October Text online 1777: Galathée, comedy in 1 act and in free verse, Versailles, Théâtre de la Cour, 21 September 1779: La Vengeance de Pluton, ou Suite des Muses rivales, in one act, in verse and in prose, Text online 1788: La Jeune épouse, comedy in 3 acts, in verse, Paris, Théâtre-Français, 4 July 1788: La Double épreuve, ou la Boiteuse et la borgne, comedy in 3 acts in prose, Paris, Théâtre des Variétés du Palais-Royal. 1789: L'Homme d'État imaginaire, comedy in 5 acts in verse. 1802: La Diligence de Lyon, comedy in 3 acts and in prose, Théâtre des Jeunes Élèves, 5 August 1804: Paméla mariée, ou le Triomphe des épouses, drama in 3 acts, in prose, with Benoît Pelletier-Volméranges, after Carlo Goldoni, Théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin, 30 March 1805: Nathan le Sage, ou le Juif philosophe, heroic comedy in 3 acts, in prose, ornamented with ballets and shows. 1806: L'Amour platonique, ou le Nez postiche, comedy in one act and in prose. 1806: Le Faux misanthrope, ou le Sous-lieutenant, comedy in 3 acts and in prose, imitated from German of Friedrich Ludwig Schröder. undated: L'Épreuve singulière ou la jambe de bois, comedy in three acts in prose. Historical dramas 1785: Les Deux centenaires de Corneille, one-act play in verse, Text online 1788: La Mort de Molière, historical play in 4 acts in verse and show, Comédie-Française, 31 January 1794: La Baronne de Chantal, fondatrice de l'ordre de la Visitation, historical drama in 3 acts and in verse, followed by a letter by St Jérôme to a donna di Roma, Read online 1797: La Marquise de Pompadour, ou Germon et Juliette, comedy in 3 acts in prose, Théâtre Molière. 1806: Clavijo, ou la Jeunesse de Beaumarchais, drama in 3 acts and in prose. 1806: Ninon de Lenclos et le Prisonnier masqué, drama in 3 acts and in prose. Tragedies 1797: Hippolyte, tragedy in 3 acts, imitated from Euripides, Théâtre du Marais, 27 February 1804: La Mort de Caton, tragedy in 5 acts, in verse. 1806: Roméo et Juliette, tragédie lyrique in 3 acts, preceded by a prologue, with Pierre-Louis Moline. Collected works 1784: Opuscules poétiques. 1786: Théâtre moral, ou Pièces dramatiques nouvelles, 2 vol., Text online 2 1793: Œuvres choisies, Text online 1812: Œuvres dramatiques de C. Palmézeaux, ou Recueil des pièces de cet auteur qui ont été représentées sur différents théâtres, 4 vol., Text online 1 2 3 4 Bibliography Jacques-Alphonse Mahul, Annuaire nécrologique, ou Supplément annuel et continuation de toutes les biographies ou dictionnaires historiques, 1e année, 1820, Paris, Baudoin, 1821, . Charles Monselet, Les Oubliés et des Dédaignés, figures littéraires de la fin du XVIIIe siècle, Paris, Poulet-Malassis et de Broise, 1861, (p. 101-138. Michel Nicolas, Histoire littéraire de Nîmes et des localités voisines qui forment actuellement le département du Gard, Nîmes, Ballivet et Fabre, vol. III, 1854, (p. 59-64). Charles Dickens, All the Year Round, London, Chapman and Hall, vol. IV, n°83, 24 November 1860, (p. 164-165). External links Michel de Cubières on Data.bnf.fr 18th-century French male writers 18th-century French poets 18th-century French dramatists and playwrights 1752 births 1820 deaths

Spurius Nautius Rutilus was a consular tribune of the Roman Republic in 424 BC. Nautius belonged to the patrician Nautia gens. Filiations indicate that he was the son, or more likely the grandson of Spurius Nautius Rutilus, the consul of 488 BC. Nautius himself seems to be the father of Spurius Nautius Rutilus, consular tribune in 419, 416 and 404 BC, and Gaius Nautius Rutilus, consul in 411 BC. Consular tribune In 424 BC Nautius was elected as consular tribune together with Appius Claudius Crassus, Lucius Sergius Fidenas and Sextus Julius Iulus. Nautius seems to have spent most of his consular time outside of Rome, probably leading armies in the field, as Livy mentions that only his colleague Claudius remained in Rome for the comitia and the election of the consular college of 423 BC. Nautius is not mentioned after 424 BC but both his sons, Spurius and Gaius, became successful politicians, achieving consular powers in 419 and 411 BC respectively. Livy in reporting the consular college of 424 BC has Nautius named Naevius, a plebeian gens, but soon after confirms that all the consular tribunes of 424 were patricians and in a later chapter has him named Nautius. As other sources, such as Diodorus Siculus, also has him named Nautius, it is most likely that the Naevius mentioned by Livy is a mistake on the part of the ancient historian or later transcribers. See also References 5th-century BC Romans Roman consular tribunes Roman Republic

Peter II may refer to: Politics Pope Peter II of Alexandria (ruled 373–381) Peter (II) Delyan of Bulgaria (reigned 1040–1041), leader of the Macedonian uprising against the Byzantine Empire Peter IV of Bulgaria or Peter II, Emperor of Bulgaria 1185–1197 Peter II of Aragon (1174–1213), King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona Peter II of Courtenay (died 1219) Peter II, Count of Savoy (1203–1268), called the Little Charlemagne Peter II of Sicily (1304-1342) Peter II of Cyprus (c. 1357–1382), called The Fat Peter II, Duke of Brittany (1418–1457), count of Montfort and titular earl of Richmond Peter II, Duke of Bourbon (1438–1503) Peter II of Portugal (1648–1706), King of Portugal and the Algarves Peter II of Russia (1715–1730) Peter II of Montenegro (1813–1851) Peter II of Brazil (1825–1891), second and last Emperor of Brazil Peter II of Yugoslavia (1923–1970) Peter II (cat) (1946–1947), Chief Mouser to the UK Cabinet Office Religion Pope Peter II of Alexandria, 21st Patriarch of Alexandria from 373 to 381 AD Manuel Corral (1934–2011), Pope of the Palmarian Catholic Church as Peter II from 2005 to 2011 See also Pedro II (disambiguation) Pope Peter II (disambiguation)

is a 1961 Japanese kaiju film directed by Ishirō Honda, with special effects by Eiji Tsuburaya. Produced and distributed by Toho Co., Ltd, it is the first film in the Mothra franchise. The film stars Frankie Sakai, Hiroshi Koizumi, Kyōko Kagawa, Jerry Ito, and The Peanuts. In the film, an expedition to an irradiated island brings civilization in contact with a primitive native culture. When one sensationalist entrepreneur tries to exploit the islanders, their ancient deity arises in retaliation. In 1960, producer Tomoyuki Tanaka hired Shin'ichirō Nakamura to write an original story for a new kaiju film. Co-written with Takehiko Fukunaga, and Yoshie Hotta, The Glowing Fairies and Mothra was serialized in a magazine in January 1961. Screenwriter Shinichi Sekizawa later adapted the story into a screenplay, patterning his version after King Kong (1933) and Godzilla (1954). Mothra was theatrically released in Japan on July 30, 1961. An edited, English dubbed version was released theatrically in the United States on May 10, 1962 by Columbia Pictures. The titular monster, Mothra, would become Toho's second most popular kaiju character after Godzilla, appearing in eleven Godzilla films and her own trilogy in the 1990s. Plot In waters off Infant Island, a presumed uninhabited site for Rolisican atomic tests, the Daini-Gen'you-Maru is caught and run aground in the turbulence of a typhoon. A rescue party following the storm finds four sailors alive and strangely unafflicted with radiation sickness, which they attribute to the juice provided them by island natives. The story is broken by tenacious reporter Zenichiro Fukuda and photographer Michi Hanamura, who infiltrate the hospital examining the survivors. The Rolisican Embassy responds by co-sponsoring a joint Japanese–Rolisican scientific expedition to Infant Island, led by capitalist Clark Nelson. Also on the expedition are radiation specialist Dr. Harada, linguist/anthropologist Shin'ichi Chūjō, and stowaway reporter Fukuda. Chūjō has studied the cultures of islands in the area and ascertained that one of the key hieroglyphs in their written language, a radiant cross-shaped star, translates as Mothra. There the team discover a vast jungle of mutated flora, a fleeing native tribe, and two young women only twelve inches tall, who save Chujo from being eaten by a vampire plant. The "Shobijin" (small beauties), as Fukuda dubs them, wish their island to be spared further atomic testing. Acknowledging this message, the team returns and conceals these events from the public. Nelson, however, returns to the island with a crew of henchmen and abducts the girls, gunning down several natives who try to save them. While Nelson profits off a "Secret Fairies Show" in Tokyo featuring the girls singing, both them and the island natives beseech their god Mothra, a giant egg, for help. Fukuda, Hanamura, and Chūjō communicate with the young women via telepathy; they express conviction that Mothra will come to their aid and warn that "good people are sure to be hurt". Fukuda's newspaper has accused Nelson of holding the girls against their will; Nelson denies the charge and files a libel suit against the paper. Meanwhile, the island egg hatches to reveal a gigantic caterpillar, which begins swimming the Pacific Ocean toward Japan. The caterpillar destroys a cruise ship and survives a napalm attack on a beeline path for Tokyo. The Rolisican Embassy, however, defends Nelson's property rights over the girls, ignoring any connection to the monster. Mothra arrives at the Japanese mainland, impervious to the barrage of weaponry directed at it, and builds a cocoon in the ruins of Tokyo Tower. Public feeling turns against Nelson, and he is ordered to release the girls. He flees incognito to Rolisica with the Shobijin concealed in a suitcase, where Mothra, newly hatched in an imago form, resumes her search. Police scour New Kirk City for Nelson as Mothra lays waste to the metropolis. Nelson attempts to flee the city, but while driving through the streets he is recognized by civilians, and killed in the resultant shootout with police. The girls are assigned to Chūjō's care. Church bells begin to ring, and sunlight illuminates the cross atop the steeple with radiant beams, reminding Chūjō and Hanamura of Mothra's unique symbol and of the girls' voices. At Chūjō's suggestion, numerous church bells are run simultaneously in order to attract Mothra to an airport runway. The girls are returned amid salutations of "sayōnara", and Mothra flies back to Infant Island. Cast Themes Authors Steve Ryfle and Ed Godziszewski note that Honda treats the film's nuclear anxiety and proxy relationship between America and Japan differently. They note that Rolisica (an amalgam of Russia and America) is portrayed as a "pushy capitalist superpower" that is more concerned with Nelson's money, allowing his crimes in Japan to go unpunished. They also note that Rolisica's atomic ray gun seems to violate Japan's three non-nuclear principles. They iterate that Honda's ideal of understanding and cooperation is achieved through religion, even noting the religious-like iconography of Infant Island. However, they note that the film's political satire "never gets too serious." Ryfle notes that some writers compared Rolisica's bombing of Infant Island to America's bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and Nelson's kidnapping of the Shobijin to America's occupation and forced Westernization of Japan. Ryfle expresses that the film paints a bad portrait of Rolisica and by extension, the United States, noting that Rolisica exploits natives for atomic testing and commercial gain (via Nelson), and Nelson's press coverage restriction on the expedition is an attempt of covering up Rolisica's involvement in the bombing of Infant Island. Production During the summer of 1960, producer Tomoyuki Tanaka hired Shin'ichirō Nakamura to write an original story for a kaiju film. Nakamura collaborated with Takehiko Fukunaga and Zenei Hotta (sometimes credited as Yoshie Hotta), with each writer writing one part of the story. The story, The Glowing Fairies and Mothra, was then serialized in Weekly Asahi Extra magazine in January 1961. Tanaka contacted Sho Watanabe about casting The Peanuts in the film. Watanabe gave the twins permission to participate in the film due to being impressed with the "uniqueness" of the idea. However, Toho had difficulty with scheduling the twins to shoot their scenes due to contractual obligations with Watanabe Productions. For the film, Honda wanted a more Disney-inspired approach, stating, "We wanted to do something that was new, for the whole family, like a Disney or Hollywood type of picture." Tanaka created the name "Mothra" by combining the Japanese word for "moth" (mosu) and the suffix "ra", taken from Godzilla's Japanese name "Gojira". Adding the suffix "ra" would become a common practice for naming monsters, not just in Toho productions (e.g. King Ghidorah, Ebirah, Hedorah), but in non-Toho Japanese productions, e.g. Gamera. Writing Prior to the original story being written, Toho held story meetings to discuss ideas. One of the ideas included to have Mothra emit a ray beam. While writing the original story The Glowing Fairies and Mothra, Nakamura chose a giant moth because he wanted a creature that underwent a transformation. Producer Tanaka later confirmed that the female perspective for the film was suggested by another producer during the early planning stages. This inspired Tanaka to come up with the idea for the Shobijin and their roles as guardian spirits of a South Seas island. The character Zen'ichirō Fukuda was named after the writers of the original story. In the original story, Fukuda is not on the initial expedition and ventures to Infant Island alone later; the natives reveal to Fukuda the legend of Infant Island; the mythology behind Infant Island include Christian-like overtones which features two Gods (Ajima, the male God of Eternal Night and Ajiko, the Goddess of Daylight) conceiving a giant glowing egg, smaller eggs, and a pair of humans who reproduce and repopulate the island; the smaller eggs hatch caterpillars which turn to moths and fly away, which enrages Ajima to condemn all living things to death and commits suicide by tearing himself apart in four pieces; heart broken, Ajiko also commits suicide by also tearing her body apart in four pieces, which turn into four small immortal fairies dedicated to serving Mothra of the giant glowing egg. Fukuda remains on the island and is later awakened by Nelson's gunfire, witnessing Nelson kidnapping the Shobijin and the natives ritual. Michiko was originally written as Chujo's assistant and the leader of a protest group that unsuccessfully pressures Nelson to release the Shobijin. The original story featured political parallels to a then controversial ratification of a security treaty between Japan and the United States, however, Sekizawa omitted the political backdrop in his version. The original story featured the Rolisican ambassador sending a fleet to protect Nelson and his property from Mothra. While adapting the story for the film, screenwriter Shinichi Sekizawa picked his favorite aspects of the story and ignored everything else. Sekizawa patterned his script after the original King Kong and Godzilla films. Sekizawa felt that too much detail will confuse audiences and that it was more important to keep audiences entertained, stating, "My philosophy is to just add enough to tell the story and keep it moving along." Honda later admitted that the fantasy elements were Sekizawa's ideas while Honda was interested in the anti-nuclear themes. Originally, Hotta wanted to include an anti-discrimination message based on a person's size. The original story featured four fairies. Sekizawa felt four was unnecessary and trimmed the members to two, feeling that two fairies was manageable. The original story had the Shobijin stand at 60 centimeters but Sekizawa felt the size was too big and would create difficulties when building the sets. One of the original ideas had one of the Shobijin fall in love with one of the leads, however, Sekizawa dropped this idea because he felt it would have required many twists and turns and would had taken time away from Mothra. Originally, Mothra was to cocoon herself on the National Diet Building but Sekizawa felt it wasn't "spectacular enough" and changed the setting to Tokyo Tower. It was Sekizawa's decision to refer to the twins as "Shobijin" (small beauties), feeling that "small fairies from Infant Island" was too long to write. Sekizawa coined the name "Infant Island" simply because it "sounded good". In the United States, several promotional materials referred to the Shobijin as "Ailenas", despite Japanese publications and materials not using the term. Honda explained that the name originated from the original story that featured a fairy named "Ailena". The name reached the publicity department for overseas markets. Honda had originally written a scene that showed an area of the island bombed by the atomic bomb but due to budget costs, this scene was not filmed. Music The score was composed by Yūji Koseki. Akira Ifukube was originally given the offer to compose the film but declined, feeling he wasn't confident enough to create music for The Peanuts. The lyrics for the Mothra theme were written in Japanese and translated into Indonesian at Tokyo University by an Indonesian exchange student. The track "The Girls of Infant Island" was released as a single in 1961 while the track "Song of Mothra" was released as a single in 1978. The track "Daughters of Infant Island" was co-written by the film's assistant director Koji Kajita. Special effects The film's special effects were directed by Eiji Tsuburaya. The Peanuts filmed their scenes separately from the main cast. They filmed most of their scenes in front of a blue screen and oversized sets. Their scenes were later composited into the film. The Peanuts never interacted with the cast. Instead, dolls were used for the actors to interact with while a tape recorder with the Peanuts's lines was played back. New Kirk City was designed after Manhattan, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. Honda originally intended to film second unit photography in Los Angeles but due to the budget inflating because of the New Kirk City scenes, Honda had to use library footage of L.A. freeways and beach fronts instead. Honda also intended to show how the inhabitants of Infant Island survived a nuclear blast but budget cost forced him to use a bland cave instead. Honda wanted to create a type of mold for the island and asked the art department to create it but this idea was dropped due to budget costs. The Infant Island natives were portrayed by Japanese actors in dark makeup. The live-action Dam footage was filmed in Kurobe Dam. During a production meeting, Tsuburaya told the staff he wanted four water tanks to create the raging waters that breaks the dam. Tsuburaya's Chief Assistant Art Director instead built 12 tanks, which held 4,320 gallons of water. The dam was built at a 1/50th scale and four meters high. The miniature mountains around the dam were built with concrete to withstand the pressure of the water, a decision that upset Tsuburaya due to being unable to move the set in order to set up cameras. The dam was also designed to realistically crumble under the weight of the water but due to this, only a small amount of water came out during the first try. Three attempts were made to force the water out and the dam had to be weakened for the effect to succeed. Since Tsuburaya was unable to move the cameras, all three takes were edited together. Several props of various scales were created for the caterpillar and adult Mothra, including one caterpillar prop used specifically for water scenes. A giant suit was produced for the caterpillar Mothra, which allowed larger sets and details to be included. The suit was the largest monster suit that Toho had ever produced. It was built at 1/25th scale, was seven meters long, and required five to six actors inside to move it. Haruo Nakajima and Katsumi Tezuka lead members of the special effects art staff inside the suit. A hand-operated model of the caterpillar was also produced. The hand model had a more narrow, oval shape than the other models and had small legs at the bottom, a feature that other models lacked. The Tokyo Tower model was built by a metal works company. The tower model was built using blue prints by the Toho effects staff who photographed and researched the real tower. However, the blue prints only showed one side of the tower, which forced the metal works company to figure out the angles to build the other sides. The effects staff had initially requested the original blueprints of Tokyo Tower but were unable to obtain them. Toho closely guarded the custom tower model blueprints to keep competing studios from benefitting from Toho's work. Mothra's silk was created from a form of liquid styrofoam called "expanded Polystyrene". A small model and large model was built for the atomic ray cannon. Three different models were built for the adult Mothra, each with different functions. A mid-sized model with more flexible wings was used for the hatching scene. The mid-size model has a smaller thorax and the wingspan is shorter, compared to the other models. The large model was built in 1/100th scale with a wingspan of 2.5 meters. Due to this, the wing movement was less flexible. The eyes were lit by lightbulbs from inside the head and the eyes were constructed from clear latex. The smaller model was only used for extreme long shots of Mothra advancing on New Kirk City. To make the wings flap, the models were suspended on wires from an overhead motorized brace that would open and close. The wires were attached at the center of the wings rather than the tips, which allowed the wings to feely flap at the edges. Alternate ending Toho had deemed Mothra's attack on New Kirk City too expensive and advised Honda and Sekizawa to write a more budget friendly climax. The new ending had Nelson and his crew take Shinji hostage near a volcano, which Nelson falls into after Mothra flaps her wings. Toho's contract with Columbia Pictures stipulated that the climax needed to take place in an American-style city. Toho sent a letter to Columbia Pictures requesting approval to change the climax but rather than wait for a reply, Toho instructed Honda to proceed with principal photography as planned. The new ending was the first scene to be filmed in Kagoshima Prefecture near Mount Kirishima. However, around the same time, Columbia Pictures denied Toho's request for alterations. Surviving images of the alternate ending appeared in official publicity materials, however, the footage was never developed. While filming the alternate ending, the Nelson dummy used to be plunged into the volcano was later found by locals, who believed it to be a suicide. Authorities retrieved the "body", which led to Honda and his crew to be "roundly scolded". Release Marketing Columbia Pictures' trailer did not reveal Mothra and mainly focused on the Shobijin and their mysterious link to Mothra. The synopsis used for the film's American press book was based on the original story rather than the final film, with the summary referring to the Shobijin as the "Ailenas". Columbia's press book advised theater owners to add police or armed services and a weapons display in the lobby with the caption "These weapons couldn't stop Mothra!"; To put signs on construction sites with the caption "Mothra was here!"; Send two attractive street valley girls in abbreviated space suits through the main business district and school vicinities with signs on their backs reading "Mothra, the world's most fantastic love story!"; Arrange a display of radioactive materials with a geiger counter in the lobby to emphasize Mothra's power. Theatrical Mothra was released in Japan on July 30, 1961 where it was distributed by Toho. The film was ranked 10th place in Kinema Junpo's annual box office tally. The film was released by Columbia Pictures with an English dub produced by Titra Studios on May 10, 1962. Columbia released Mothra on a double-bill with The Three Stooges in Orbit in some markets. The American version runs at 90 minutes. Columbia acquired the North American rights to the film during pre-production. The film has been re-released theatrically in Japan since its release. This includes a shorter version of the film distributed by Toho with a 62-minute running time on December 14, 1974. This version was edited by Ishiro Honda. Mothra was re-released theatrically in Japan on November 21, 1982 as part of Toho's 50th anniversary. Hiroshi Koizumi believes the success of the film was attributed to the Peanuts' involvement, due to the twins being popular at the time of the film's release. Critical response On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 80% based on 15 reviews, with an average rating of 5.8/10. Film critic A. H. Weiler in The New York Times gave the film a generally positive review, singling out the color and special effects for praise. "There's that color, as pretty as can be, that now and then smites the eye with some genuinely artistic panoramas and décor designs." Hazel Flynn of the Los Angeles Citizen News stated, "the sight of the huge flying monster flapping its wings is one of the most impressive special effects I've ever encountered." Boxoffice magazine called the film "one of the best of its kind." A reviewer for Variety called the film "ludicrous" and "haphazardly executed", stating, "the post-dubbed film is too awkward in dramatic construction and crude in histrionic style to score appreciably at the box office." Home media In 2009, the Japanese and American versions of Mothra were released on DVD by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment through their Icons of Sci-fi: Toho Collection set. In 2019, Mill Creek Entertainment released the Japanese and American versions on a steelbook Blu-ray, under licence from Sony. Legacy In 1961, Frankie Sakai and a Mothra prop made a cameo appearance in Cheers, Mr. Awamori. Author Steve Ryfle notes that The Song of Mothra has become a pop culture reference, stating, "even many people who've never seen this movie seem to have heard the song." Between 1996 and 1998, Toho produced a trilogy of Mothra films for a family friendly audience. See also List of films featuring miniature people Notes References Sources External links モスラ (Mosura) at Japanese Movie Database Mothra 1961 films 1960s fantasy films 1960s science fiction films 1960s monster movies Toho films Columbia Pictures films Films directed by Ishirō Honda Films set in Tokyo Giant monster films 1960s Japanese-language films Kaiju films Natural horror films Films produced by Tomoyuki Tanaka Films set in Japan Films set in New York City Films set in a fictional country Films set on fictional islands Films with screenplays by Shinichi Sekizawa Films about fairies and sprites Twins in fiction 1960s Japanese films Films scored by Yūji Koseki

The Wars of the Delian League (477–449 BC) were a series of campaigns fought between the Delian League of Athens and her allies (and later subjects), and the Achaemenid Empire of Persia. These conflicts represent a continuation of the Greco-Persian Wars, after the Ionian Revolt and the first and second Persian invasions of Greece. The Greek alliance, centred on Sparta and Athens, that had defeated the second Persian invasion had initially followed up this success by capturing the Persian garrisons of Sestos and Byzantium, both in Thrace, in 479 and 478 BC respectively. After the capture of Byzantium, the Spartans elected not to continue the war effort, and a new alliance, commonly known as the Delian League, was formed, with Athens very much the dominant power. Over the next 30 years, Athens would gradually assume a more hegemonic position over the league, which gradually evolved into the Athenian Empire. Throughout the 470s BC, the Delian League campaigned in Thrace and the Aegean to remove the remaining Persian garrisons from the region, primarily under the command of the Athenian politician Cimon. In the early part of the next decade, Cimon began campaigning in Asia Minor, seeking to strengthen the Greek position there. At the Battle of the Eurymedon in Pamphylia, the Athenians and allied fleet achieved a stunning double victory, destroying a Persian fleet and then landing the ships' marines to attack and rout the Persian army. After this battle, the Persians took an essentially passive role in the conflict, anxious not to risk battle where possible. Towards the end of the 460s BC, the Athenians took the ambitious decision to support a revolt in the Egyptian satrapy of the Persian Empire. Although the Greek task force achieved initial success, they were unable to capture the Persian garrison in Memphis, despite a three year long siege. The Persians then counter-attacked, and the Athenian force was itself besieged for 18 months, before being wiped out. This disaster, coupled with ongoing warfare in Greece, dissuaded the Athenians from resuming conflict with Persia. In 451 BC, a truce was agreed in Greece, and Cimon was able to lead an expedition to Cyprus. However, whilst besieging Kition Cimon died, and the Athenian force decided to withdraw, winning another double victory at the Battle of Salamis-in-Cyprus in order to extricate themselves. This campaign marked the end of hostilities between the Delian League and Persia, and some ancient historians claim that a peace treaty, the Peace of Callias, was agreed to cement the final end of the Greco-Persian Wars. Sources and chronology The military history of Greece between the end of the second Persian invasion of Greece and the Peloponnesian War (479–431 BC) is poorly attested by surviving ancient sources. This period, sometimes referred to as the pentekontaetia by ancient scholars, was a period of relative peace and prosperity within Greece. The richest source for the period, and also the most contemporary with it, is Thucydides's History of the Peloponnesian War, which is generally considered by modern historians to be a reliable primary account. Thucydides only mentions this period in a digression on the growth of Athenian power in the run up to the Peloponnesian War, and the account is brief, probably selective and lacks any dates. Nevertheless, Thucydides's account can be, and is used by historians to draw up a skeleton chronology for the period, on to which details from archaeological records and other writers can be superimposed. Much extra detail for the period is provided by Plutarch, in his biographies of Aristides and especially Cimon. Plutarch was writing some 600 years after the events in question, and is therefore very much a secondary source, but he often explicitly names his sources, which allows some degree of verification of his statements. In his biographies, he explicitly draws on many ancient histories which have not survived, and thus often preserves details of the period which are omitted in Thucydides's brief account. The final major extant source for the period is the universal history (Bibliotheca historica) of the 1st century BC Sicilian, Diodorus Siculus. Much of Diodorus's writing concerning this period seems to be derived from the much earlier Greek historian Ephorus, who also wrote a universal history. However, from what little is known of Ephorus, historians are generally disparaging towards his history; for this period he seems to have simply recycled Thucydides's research, but used it to draw completely different conclusions. Diodorus, who has often been dismissed by modern historians anyway, is therefore not a particularly good source for this period. Indeed, one of his translators, Oldfather, says of Diodorus's account of the Eurymedon campaign that "...the three preceding chapters reveal Diodorus in the worst light...". There is also a reasonable body of archaeological evidence for the period, of which inscriptions detailing probable tribute lists of the Delian League are particularly important. Chronology Thucydides provides a succinct list of the main events occurring between the end of the second Persian invasion and the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War, but almost no chronological information. Various attempts have been made to reassemble the chronology, but there is no definitive answer. The assumption central to these attempts is that Thucydides is describing the events in the appropriate chronological order. The one firmly accepted date is 465 BC for the beginning of the siege of Thasos. This is based on an anonymous ancient scholiast's annotations to one of the existing manuscripts of Aeschines's works. The scholiast notes that the Athenians met disaster at 'Nine-Ways' in the archonship of Lysitheus (known to be 465/464 BC). Thucydides mentions this attack on the 'Nine-Ways' in connection with the beginning of the siege of Thasos, and since Thucydides says that the siege ended in its third year, the siege of Thasos therefore dates to c. 465–463 BC. Similarly, the anonymous scholiast provides a probable date for the siege of Eion. This annotation places the fall of Eion in the archonship of Phaidon (known to be 476/475 BC). The siege may therefore have been between either 477–476 BC or 476–475 BC; both have found favour. The Battle of Eurymedon may be dated to 469 BC by Plutarch's anecdote about the Archon Apsephion (469/468 BC) choosing Cimon and his fellow generals as judges in a competition. The implication is that Cimon had recently achieved a great victory, and the most likely candidate is Eurymedon. However, since the Battle of Eurymedon seems to have occurred after the Athenian siege of Naxos (but before the siege of Thasos), the date of Eurymedon is clearly constrained by the date of Naxos. Whilst some accept a date of 469 or earlier for this Naxos, another school of thought places it as late as 467 BC. Since the Battle of Eurymedon seems to have occurred before Thasos, the alternative date for this battle would therefore be 466 BC. The dating of Naxos is intimately connected with two other events in the Greek world which occurred at the same time. Thucydides claims that Pausanias, having been stripped of his command after the siege of Byzantium, returned to Byzantium as a private citizen soon after and took command of the city until he was expelled by the Athenians. He then crossed the Bosporus and settled in Colonae in the Troad, until he was accused of collaborating with the Persians and was recalled by the Spartans for trial (after which he starved himself to death). Thucydides again provides no chronology of these events. Shortly afterwards, the Spartans accused the Athenian statesman Themistocles, then in exile in Argos, of complicity in Pausanias's treason. As a result, Themistocles fled from Argos, eventually to Asia Minor. Thucydides states that on his journey, Themistocles inadvertently ended up at Naxos, at that time being besieged by Athenians. The three events, Pausanias's treason, Themistocles's flight and the siege of Naxos therefore occurred in close temporal sequence. These events certainly happened after 474 BC (the earliest possible date for Themistocles's ostracism), and have generally been placed in around 470/469 BC. However, there are several incongruities in the story of Themistocles if this date is accepted. A much later date for Pausanias's expulsion from Byzantium has been proposed, and if accepted, this pushes these three events into c. 467 BC, which resolves the problems regarding Themistocles, and also probably explains some incidental details mentioned in Plutarch's biography of Cimon. However, this modified timeline is not universally accepted by historians. The Egyptian and Cyprian campaigns are somewhat easier to date. Thucydides says that the Egyptian campaign lasted six years and that three years later, the Athenians and Spartans signed a five-year truce. This treaty is known to date to 451 BC, so the Egyptian campaign dates from c. 460–454 BC. The Cyprian campaign, which directly followed the truce, thus dates to 451–450 BC. Background The Greco-Persian Wars had their roots in the conquest of the Greek cities of Asia Minor, and in particular Ionia, by the Persian Empire of Cyrus the Great shortly after 550 BC. The Persians found the Ionians difficult to rule, eventually settling for sponsoring a tyrant in each Ionian city. While Greek states had in the past often been ruled by tyrants, this was a form of government on the decline. By 500 BC, Ionia appears to have been ripe for rebellion against these Persian place-men. The simmering tension finally broke into open revolt due to the actions of the tyrant of Miletus, Aristagoras. Attempting to save himself after a disastrous Persian-sponsored expedition in 499 BC, Aristagoras chose to declare Miletus a democracy. This triggered similar revolutions across Ionia, and indeed Doris and Aeolis, beginning the Ionian Revolt. The Greek states of Athens and Eretria allowed themselves to be drawn into this conflict by Aristagoras, and during their only campaigning season (498 BC) they contributed to the capture and burning of the Persian regional capital of Sardis. After this, the Ionian Revolt carried on (without further outside aid) for a further 5 years, until it was finally completely crushed by the Persians. However, in a decision of great historic significance, the Persian king Darius the Great decided that, despite successfully subduing the revolt, there remained the unfinished business of exacting punishment on Athens and Eretria for supporting the revolt. The Ionian Revolt had severely threatened the stability of Darius's empire, and the states of mainland Greece would continue to threaten that stability unless dealt with. Darius thus began to contemplate the complete conquest of Greece, beginning with the destruction of Athens and Eretria. In the next two decades, there would be two Persian invasions of Greece, including some of the most famous battles in history. During the first invasion, Thrace, Macedon and the Aegean islands were added to the Persian Empire, and Eretria was duly destroyed. However, the invasion ended in 490 BC with the decisive Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon. Between the two invasions, Darius died, and responsibility for the war passed to his son Xerxes I. Xerxes then led the second invasion personally in 480 BC, taking an enormous (although oft-exaggerated) army and navy to Greece. Those Greeks who chose to resist (the 'Allies') were defeated in the twin battles of Thermopylae and Artemisium on land and at sea respectively. All of Greece except the Peloponnesus thus fell into Persian hands, but then seeking to finally destroy the Allied navy, the Persians suffered a decisive defeat at the Battle of Salamis. The following year, 479 BC, the Allies assembled the largest Greek army yet seen and defeated the Persian invasion force at the Battle of Plataea, ending the invasion and the threat to Greece. According to tradition, on the same day as Plataea, the Allied fleet defeated the demoralised remnants of the Persian fleet in the Battle of Mycale. This action marks the end of the Persian invasion, and the beginning of the next phase in the Greco-Persian wars, the Greek counter-attack. After Mycale, the Greek cities of Asia Minor again revolted, with the Persians now powerless to stop them. The Allied fleet then sailed to the Chersonesos, still held by the Persians, and besieged and captured the town of Sestos. The following year, 478 BC, the Allies sent a force to capture the city of Byzantium (modern day Istanbul). The siege was successful, but the behaviour of the Spartan general Pausanias alienated many of the Allies, and resulted in Pausanias's recall. The siege of Byzantium was the last action of the Hellenic alliance which had defeated the Persian invasion. Delian League After Byzantium, Sparta was eager to end her involvement in the war. The Spartans were of the view that, with the liberation of mainland Greece, and the Greek cities of Asia Minor, the war's purpose had already been reached. There was also perhaps a feeling that obtaining long-term security for the Asian Greeks would prove impossible. In the aftermath of Mycale, the Spartan king Leotychides had proposed transplanting all the Greeks from Asia Minor to Europe as the only method of permanently freeing them from Persian dominion. Xanthippus, the Athenian commander at Mycale, had furiously rejected this; the Ionian cities were originally Athenian colonies, and the Athenians, if no one else, would protect the Ionians. This marked the point at which the leadership of the Hellenic alliance effectively passed to the Athenians; with the Spartan withdrawal after Byzantium, the leadership of the Athenians became explicit. The loose alliance of city states which had fought against Xerxes's invasion had been dominated by Sparta and the Peloponnesian league. With the withdrawal of these states, a congress was called on the holy island of Delos to institute a new alliance to continue the fight against the Persians. This alliance, now including many of the Aegean islands, was formally constituted as the 'First Athenian Alliance', commonly known as the Delian League. According to Thucydides, the official aim of the League was to "avenge the wrongs they suffered by ravaging the territory of the king." In reality, this goal was divided into three main efforts - to prepare against any future invasion, to seek revenge against Persia, and to organize a means of dividing spoils of war. The members were given a choice of either offering armed forces or paying a tax to the joint treasury; most states chose the tax. League members swore to have the same friends and enemies, and dropped ingots of iron into the sea to symbolize the permanence of their alliance. The ingots of iron were cast into the ocean because the oath the league members swore stipulated that their allegiance would not end, or be otherwise broken, until the iron floated to the surface. In other words, that they had made a pact perceived to be eternal. The Athenian politician Aristides would spend the rest of his life occupied in the affairs of the alliance, dying (according to Plutarch) a few years later in Pontus, whilst determining what the tax of new members was to be. Non-Persian campaigns Military expansion of the League Thucydides provides just one example of the use of force to extend membership of the League, but since his account seems to be selective, there were presumably more; certainly, Plutarch provides details of one such instance. Karystos, which had collaborated with the Persians during the second Persian invasion, was attacked by the League at some point in the 470s BC, and eventually agreed to become a member. Plutarch mentions the fate of Phaselis, which Cimon compelled to join the league during his Eurymedon campaign. Internal rebellions Naxos attempted to leave the League c. 470/467 BC but was attacked by the Athenians and forced to remain a member. A similar fate awaited the Thasians after they tried to leave the League in 465 BC. Thucydides does not provide more examples, but from archaeological sources it is possible to deduce that there were further rebellions in the following years. Thucydides leaves us under no illusions that the behaviour of the Athenians in crushing such rebellions led firstly to the hegemony of Athens over the league, and eventually to the transition from the Delian League to the Athenian Empire. Conflicts in Greece During the period 479–461, the mainland Greek states were at least outwardly at peace with each other, even if divided into pro-Spartan and pro-Athenian factions. The Hellenic alliance still existed in name, and since Athens and Sparta were still allied, Greece achieved a modicum of stability. However, over this period, Sparta became increasingly suspicious and fearful of the growing power of Athens. It was this fear, according to Thucydides, which made the second, larger (and more famous) Peloponnesian War inevitable. Athens sent troops in 462 BC to aid Sparta with the Messenian Revolt (c. 465–461 BC), under the terms of the old Hellenic alliance. The Spartans however, in the fear that Athens might interfere in the political situation between the Spartans and their helots, sent the Athenians home. This event directly led to the ostracism of Cimon (who had been leading the troops), the ascendancy of the radical democrats (led by Ephialtes and Pericles) over the previously dominant aristocratic faction (led by Cimon) in Athens, and the First Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta (and their respective allies). This conflict was really the Athenians' own struggle, and need not have involved the Delian allies. After all, the League members had signed up to fight against the Persians, not fellow Greeks. Nevertheless, it does seem that at least at the Battle of Tanagra, a contingent of Ionians fought with the Athenians. The conflicts in Greece during these years are, however, not directly relevant to the history of the Delian League. It can be seen, however, that the First Peloponnesian War may have hastened the transition of the Delian League from an Athenian-dominated alliance to an Athenian-ruled empire. During the early years of the war, Athens and her non-Delian allies scored a series of victories. However, the collapse of the simultaneous Delian League expedition in Egypt in 454 BC caused panic in Athens, and resulted in decreased military activity until 451 BC, when a five-year truce was concluded with Sparta. During the panic, the treasury of the League was moved from Delos to the perceived safety of Athens in 454 BC. Although Athens had in practice had a hegemonic position over the rest of the league since the rebellion of Naxos (470/467 BC) was put down, the process by which the Delian league gradually transformed into the Athenian Empire accelerated after 461 BC. The transfer of the treasury to Athens is sometimes used as an arbitrary demarcation between the Delian League and the Athenian Empire. An alternative 'end-point' for the Delian League is the final end of hostilities with the Persians in 450 BC, after which, despite the fact that the stated aims of the League were fulfilled, the Athenians refused to allow member states to leave the alliance. Campaigns against Persia Thrace Siege of Eion According to Thucydides, the League's opening campaign was against the city of Eion, at the mouth of the Strymon river. Since Thucydides does not provide a detailed chronology for his history of the league, the year in which this campaign took place is uncertain. The siege seems to have lasted from autumn of one year into the summer of the next, with historians supporting either 477–476 BC or 476–475 BC. Eion seems to have been one of the Persian garrisons left in Thrace during and after the second Persian invasion, along with Doriskos. The campaign against Eion should probably be seen as part of a general campaign aimed at removing the Persian presence from Thrace. Even though he does not directly cover this period, Herodotus alludes to several failed attempts, presumably Athenian, to dislodge the Persian governor of Doriskos, Mascames. Eion may have been worthy of particular mention by Thucydides because of its strategic importance; abundant supplies of timber were available in the region, and there were nearby silver mines. Furthermore, it was near the site of the future Athenian colony of Amphipolis, which was the site of several future disasters for the Athenians. The force which attacked Eion was under the command of Cimon. Plutarch says that Cimon first defeated the Persians in battle, whereupon they retreated to the city, and were besieged there. Cimon then expelled all Thracian collaborators from the region in order to starve the Persians into submission. Herodotus indicates that the Persian commander, Boges, was offered terms upon which he might be allowed to evacuate the city and return to Asia. However, not wanting to be thought a coward by Xerxes, he resisted to the last. When the food in Eion ran out, Boges threw his treasure into the Strymon, killed his entire household and then immolated them, and himself, on a giant pyre. The Athenians thus captured the city and enslaved the remaining population. After the fall of Eion, other coastal cities of the area surrendered to the Delian League, with the notable exception of Doriscus, which was "never taken". The Achaemenids probably recalled the Governor of Doriscus Mascames with his garrison around 465 BC, and finally abandoned this last Achaemenid stronghold in Europe. Skyros Following the action at Eion, and possibly in the same campaign, the Athenians, still under Cimon, attacked the island of Skyros. This was not an anti-Persian action, but a pragmatic assault on a native population that had lapsed into piracy. As a result of this action, the Athenians "liberated the Aegean", and they sent colonists to the island to prevent the island returning to piracy. Chersonesos Cimon returned a decade later to complete the expulsion of Persian forces from Europe. This action seems to have occurred concurrently with the siege of Thasos, and so is generally dated to 465 BC. Evidently, even at this point, some Persian forces were holding (or had re-taken) some part of the Chersonesos with the help of native Thracians. Cimon sailed to the Chersonesos with just 4 triremes, but managed to capture the 13 ships of the Persians, and then proceeded to drive them out of the peninsula. Cimon then turned the Chersonesos (of which his father, Miltiades the Younger, had been tyrant before the Greco-Persian Wars began) over to the Athenians for colonisation. Asia Minor Once the Persian forces in Europe had largely been neutralised, the Athenians seem to have gone about starting to extend the League in Asia Minor. The islands of Samos, Chios and Lesbos seem to have become members of the original Hellenic alliance after Mycale, and presumably were also therefore original members of the Delian League. However, it is unclear exactly when the other Ionian cities, or indeed the other Greek cities of Asia Minor, joined the league, though they certainly did at some point. Cimon's Eurymedon campaign itself seems to have begun in response to the assembly of a large Persian fleet and army at Aspendos, near the mouth of the Eurymedon River. It is usually argued that the Persians were the would-be aggressors, and that Cimon's campaign was launched in order to deal with this new threat. Cawkwell suggests that the Persian build-up was the first concerted attempt to counter the activity of the Greeks since the failure of the second invasion. It is possible that internal strife with the Persian empire had contributed to the length of time it took to launch this campaign. Cawkwell suggests that the Persian forces gathered at Aspendos were aiming to move along the southern coast of Asia Minor, capturing each city, until eventually the Persian navy could begin operating in Ionia again. Plutarch says that upon hearing that the Persian forces were gathering at Aspendos, Cimon sailed from Cnidus (in Caria) with 200 triremes. It is highly likely that Cimon had assembled this force because the Athenians had had some warning of a forthcoming Persian campaign to re-subjugate the Asiatic Greeks. According to Plutarch, Cimon sailed with these 200 triremes to the Greek city of Phaselis (in Lycia) but was refused admittance. He therefore began ravaging the lands of Phaselis, but with the mediation of the Chian contingent of his fleet, the people of Phaselis agreed to join the league. They were to contribute troops to the expedition, and to pay the Athenians ten talents. By capturing Phaselis, the furthest east Greek city in Asia Minor (and just to the west of the Eurymedon), he effectively blocked the Persian campaign before it had begun, denying them the first naval base they needed to control. Taking further initiative, Cimon then moved to directly attack the Persian fleet at Aspendos. Battle of the Eurymedon Thucydides gives only the barest of details for this battle; the most reliable detailed account is given by Plutarch. According to Plutarch, the Persian fleet was anchored off the mouth of the Eurymedon, awaiting the arrival of 80 Phoenician ships from Cyprus. Several different estimates for the size of the Persian fleet are given. Thucydides says that there was a fleet of 200 Phoenician ships, and is generally considered the most reliable source. Plutarch gives numbers of 350 from Ephorus and 600 from Phanodemus. Cimon, sailing from Phaselis, made to attack the Persians before the reinforcements arrived, whereupon the Persian fleet, eager to avoid fighting, retreated into the river itself. However, when Cimon continued to bear down on the Persians, they accepted battle. Regardless of their numbers, the Persian battle line was quickly breached, and the Persian ships then turned about, and made for the river bank. Grounding their ships, the crews sought sanctuary with the army waiting nearby. Despite the weariness of his troops after this first battle, Cimon landed the marines and proceeded to attack the Persian army. Initially the Persian line held the Athenian assault, but eventually, as at Battle of Mycale, the heavily armoured hoplites proved superior, and routed the Persian army. Thucydides says that 200 Phoenician ships were captured and destroyed. It is highly unlikely that this occurred during the apparently brief naval battle, so these were probably grounded ships captured after the battle and destroyed with fire, as has been the case at Mycale. According to Plutarch, Cimon then sailed with the Greek fleet as quickly as possible, to intercept the fleet of 80 Phoenician ships which the Persians had been expecting. Taking them by surprise, he captured or destroyed the entire fleet. However, Thucydides does not mention this subsidiary action, and some have cast doubt on whether it actually happened. According to Plutarch, one tradition had it that the Persian king (who at the time would still have been Xerxes) had agreed a humiliating peace treaty in the aftermath of the Eurymedon (see below). However, as Plutarch admits, other authors denied that such a peace was made at this time, and the more logical date for any peace treaty would have been after the Cyprus campaign. The alternative suggested by Plutarch is that the Persian king acted as if he had made a humiliating peace with the Greeks, because he was so fearful of engaging in battle with them again. It is generally considered unlikely by modern historians that a peace treaty was made in the aftermath of Eurymedon. The Eurymedon was a highly significant victory for the Delian League, which probably ended once and for all the threat of another Persian invasion of Greece. It also seems to have prevented any Persian attempt to reconquer the Asiatic Greeks until at least 451 BC. The accession of further cities of Asia Minor to the Delian league, particularly from Caria, probably followed Cimon's campaign there. The Greeks do not appear to have pressed their advantage home in a meaningful way. If the later date of 466 BC for the Eurymedon campaign is accepted, this might be because the revolt in Thasos meant that resources were diverted away from Asia Minor to prevent the Thasians seceding from the League. The Persian fleet was effectively absent from the Aegean until 451 BC, and Greek ships were able to ply the coasts of Asia Minor with impunity. Egypt The Egyptian campaign, as discussed above, is generally thought to have begun in 460 BC. Even this date is subject to some debate however, since at this time Athens was already at war with Sparta in the First Peloponnesian War. It has been questioned whether Athens would really commit to an Egyptian campaign under these circumstances, and therefore suggested that this campaign began before the war with Sparta, in 462 BC. However, this date is generally rejected, and it seems that the Egyptian campaign was, on the part of Athens, simply a piece of political opportunism. The Egyptian satrapy of the Persian Empire was particularly prone to revolts, one of which had occurred as recently as 486 BC. In 461 or 460 BC, a new rebellion began under the command of Inaros, a Libyan king living on the border of Egypt. This rebellion quickly swept the country, which was soon largely in the hands of Inaros. Inaros now appealed to the Delian League for assistance in their fight against the Persians. There was a League fleet of 200 ships under Admiral Charitimides already campaigning in Cyprus at this time, which the Athenians then diverted Egypt to support the revolt. Indeed, it is possible that the fleet had been dispatched to Cyprus in the first place because, with Persian attention focused on the Egyptian revolt, it seemed a favourable time to campaign in Cyprus. This would go some way towards explaining the apparently reckless decision of the Athenians to fight wars on two fronts. Thucydides seems to imply that the whole fleet was diverted to Egypt, although it has also been suggested that such a large fleet was unnecessary, and some portion of it remained of the coast of Asia Minor during this period. Ctesias suggests that the Athenians sent 40 ships, whereas Diodorus says 200, in apparent agreement with Thucydides. Fine suggests a number of reasons that the Athenians may have been willing to engage themselves in Egypt, despite the ongoing war elsewhere; the opportunity to weaken Persia, the desire for a naval base in Egypt, the access to the Nile's huge grain supply, and from the viewpoint of the Ionian allies, the chance to restore profitable trading links with Egypt. At any rate, the Athenians arrived in Egypt, and sailed up the Nile to join up with Inaros's forces. Charitimides led his fleet against the Achaemenids in the Nile river, and defeated a fleet consisting of 50 Phoenician ships. It was the last great naval encounter between the Greeks and the Achaemenids. Of the 50 Phoenician ships, he managed to destroy 30 ships, and capture the remaining 20 that faced him in that battle. The Persian king Artaxerxes I had in the meantime assembled a relief force to crush the revolt, under his uncle Achaemenes. Diodorus and Ctesias give numbers for this force of 300,000 and 400,000 respectively, but these numbers are presumably over-inflated. Battle of Papremis (460 BC) According to Diodorus, the only detailed source for this campaign, the Persian relief force had pitched camp near the Nile. Although Herodotus does not cover this period in his history, he mentions as an aside that he "saw too the skulls of those Persians at Papremis who were killed with Darius' son Achaemenes by Inaros the Libyan". This provides some confirmation that this battle was factual, and provides a name for it, which Diodorus does not. Papremis (or Pampremis) seems to have been a city on the Nile delta, and a cult centre for the Egyptian equivalent of Ares/Mars. Diodorus tells us that once the Athenians had arrived, they and the Egyptians accepted battle from the Persians. At first the Persians' superior numbers gave them the advantage, but eventually the Athenians broke through the Persian line, whereupon the Persian army routed and fled. Some portion of the Persian army found refuge in the citadel of Memphis (called the 'White Castle'), however, and could not be dislodged. Thucydides's rather compressed version of these events is: "and making themselves masters of the river and two-thirds of Memphis, addressed themselves to the attack of the remaining third, which is called White Castle". Siege of Memphis (459–455 BCE) The Athenians and Egyptians thus settled down to besiege the White Castle. The siege evidently did not progress well, and probably lasted for at least four years, since Thucydides says that their whole expedition lasted 6 years, and of this time the final 18 months was occupied with the Siege of Prosoptis. According to Thucydides, at first Artaxerxes sent Megabazus to try and bribe the Spartans into invading Attica, to draw off the Athenian forces from Egypt. When this failed, he instead assembled a large army under (confusingly) Megabyzus, and dispatched it to Egypt. Diodorus has more or less the same story, with more detail; after the attempt at bribery failed, Artaxerxes put Megabyzus and Artabazus in charge of 300,000 men, with instructions to quell the revolt. They went first from Persia to Cilicia and gathered a fleet of 300 triremes from the Cilicians, Phoenicians and Cypriots, and spent a year training their men. Then they finally headed to Egypt. Modern estimates, however, place the number of Persian troops at the considerably lower figure of 25,000 men given that it would have been highly impractical to deprive the already strained satrapies of any more man power than that. Thucydides does not mention Artabazus, who is reported by Herodotus to have taken part in the Second Persian invasion of Greece; Diodorus may be mistaken about his presence in this campaign. It is clearly possible that the Persian forces did spend some prolonged time in training, since it took four years for them to respond to the Egyptian victory at Papremis. Although neither author gives many details, it is clear that when Megabyzus finally arrived in Egypt, he was able to quickly lift the siege of Memphis, defeating the Egyptians in battle, and driving the Athenians from Memphis. Siege of Prosopitis (455 BCE) The Athenians now fell back to the island of Prosopitis in the Nile delta, where their ships were moored. There, Megabyzus laid siege to them for 18 months, until finally he was able to drain the river from around the island by digging canals, thus "joining the island to the mainland". In Thucydides's account the Persians then crossed over to the former island, and captured it. Only a few of the Athenian force, marching through Libya to Cyrene survived to return to Athens. In Diodorus's version, however, the draining of the river prompted the Egyptians (whom Thucydides does not mention) to defect and surrender to the Persians. The Persians, not wanting to sustain heavy casualties in attacking the Athenians, instead allowed them to depart freely to Cyrene, whence they returned to Athens. Since the defeat of the Egyptian expedition caused a genuine panic in Athens, including the relocation of the Delian treasury to Athens, Thucydides's version is probably more likely to be correct. Battle of Mendesium As a final disastrous coda to the expedition, Thucydides mentions the fate of a squadron of fifty triremes sent to relieve the siege of Prosopitis. Unaware that the Athenians had finally succumbed, the fleet put in at the Mendesian mouth of the Nile, where it was promptly attacked from the land, and from the sea by the Phoenician navy. Most of the ships were destroyed, with only a handful managing to escape and return to Athens. Total Athenian casualties of the expedition totaled some 50,000 men and 250 ships. Cyprus In 478 BC the Allies had, according to Thucydides, sailed to Cyprus and "subdued most of the island". Exactly what Thucydides means by this is unclear. Sealey suggests that this was essentially a raid to gather as much booty as possible from the Persian garrisons on Cyprus. There is no indication that the Allies made any attempt to actually take possession of the island, and shortly after they sailed to Byzantium. Certainly, the fact that the Delian League repeatedly campaigned in Cyprus suggests that the island was not garrisoned by the Allies in 478 BC, or that the garrisons were quickly expelled. The next time Cyprus is mentioned is in relation to c. 460 BC, when a League fleet was campaigning there, before being instructed to head to Egypt to support Inaros's rebellion, with the fateful consequences discussed above. The Egyptian disaster would eventually lead the Athenians to sign a five-year truce with Sparta in 451 BC. Thereby freed from fighting in Greece, the League was again able to dispatch a fleet to campaign in Cyprus in 451 BC, under the recently recalled Cimon. Siege of Kition Cimon sailed for Cyprus with a fleet of 200 ships provided by the Athenians and their allies. However, 60 of these ships were sent to Egypt at the request of Amyrtaeus, the so-called "King of the Marshes" (who still remained independent of, and opposed to Persian rule). The rest of the force besieged Kition in Cyprus, but during the siege, Cimon died either of sickness or a wound. The Athenians lacked provisions, and apparently under the death-bed instructions of Cimon, the Athenians retreated towards Salamis-in-Cyprus. Battles of Salamis-in-Cyprus Cimon's death was kept a secret from the Athenian army. 30 days after leaving Kition, the Athenians and their allies were attacked by a Persian force composed of Cilicians, Phoenicians, and Cyprians, whilst sailing off Salamis-in-Cyprus. Under the 'command' of the deceased Cimon, they defeated this force at sea, and also in a land battle. Having thus successfully extricated themselves, the Athenians sailed back to Greece, joined by the detachment which had been sent to Egypt. These battles formed the end of the Greco-Persian Wars. Peace with Persia After the Battles of Salamis-in-Cyprus, Thucydides makes no further mention of conflict with the Persians, simply saying that the Greeks returned home. Diodorus, on the other hand, claims that in the aftermath of Salamis, a full-blown peace treaty (the "Peace of Callias") was agreed with the Persians. Diodorus was probably following the history of Ephorus at this point, who in turn was presumably influenced by his teacher Isocrates — from whom we have the earliest reference to the supposed peace, in 380 BC. Even during the 4th century BC the idea of the treaty was controversial, and two authors from that period, Callisthenes and Theopompus appear to reject its existence. It is possible that the Athenians had attempted to negotiate with the Persians previously. Plutarch suggests that in the aftermath of the victory at the Eurymedon, Artaxerxes had agreed a peace treaty with the Greeks, even naming Callias as the Athenian ambassador involved. However, as Plutarch admits, Callisthenes denied that such a peace was made at this point (c. 466 BC). Herodotus also mentions, in passing, an Athenian embassy headed by Callias, which was sent to Susa to negotiate with Artaxerxes. This embassy included some Argive representatives and can probably be therefore dated to c. 461 BC (after forging of the alliance between Athens and Argos). This embassy may have been an attempt to reach some kind of peace agreement, and it has even been suggested that the failure of these hypothetical negotiations led to the Athenian decision to support the Egyptian revolt. The ancient sources therefore disagree as to whether there was an official peace or not, and if there was, when it was agreed. Opinion amongst modern historians is also split; for instance, Fine accepts the concept of the Peace of Callias, whereas Sealey effectively rejects it. Holland accepts that some kind of accommodation was made between Athens and Persia, but no actual treaty. Fine argues that Callisthenes's denial that a treaty was made after the Eurymedon does not preclude a peace being made at another point. Further, he suggests that Theopompus was actually referring to a treaty that had allegedly been negotiated with Persia in 423 BC. If these views are correct, it would remove one major obstacle to the acceptance of the treaty's existence. A further argument for the existence of the treaty is the sudden withdrawal of the Athenians from Cyprus in 450 BC, which makes most sense in the light of some kind of peace agreement. On the other hand, if there was indeed some kind of accommodation, Thucydides's failure to mention it is odd. In his digression on the pentekontaetia his aim is to explain the growth of Athenian power, and such a treaty, and the fact that the Delian allies were not released from their obligations after it, would have marked a major step in the Athenian ascendancy. Conversely, it has been suggested that certain passages elsewhere in Thucydides's history are best interpreted as referring to a peace agreement. There is thus no clear consensus amongst modern historians as to the treaty's existence. The ancient sources which give details of the treaty are reasonably consistent in their description of the terms: All Greek cities of Asia were to 'live by their own laws' or 'be autonomous' (depending on translation). Persian satraps (and presumably their armies) were not to travel west of the Halys (Isocrates) or closer than a day's journey on horseback to the Aegean Sea (Callisthenes) or closer than three days' journey on foot to the Aegean Sea (Ephorus and Diodorus). No Persian warship was to sail west of Phaselis (on the southern coast of Asia Minor), nor west of the Cyanaean rocks (probably at the eastern end of the Bosporus, on the north coast). If the terms were observed by the king and his generals, then the Athenians were not to send troops to lands ruled by Persia. Aftermath As already noted, towards the end of the conflict with Persia, the process by which the Delian League became the Athenian Empire reached its conclusion. The allies of Athens were not released from their obligations to provide either money or ships, despite the cessation of hostilities. In Greece, the First Peloponnesian War between the power-blocs of Athens and Sparta, which had continued on and off since 460 BC, finally ended in 445 BC, with the agreement of a thirty-year truce. However, the growing enmity between Sparta and Athens would lead, just 14 years later, to the outbreak of the Second Peloponnesian War. This disastrous conflict, which dragged on for 27 years, would eventually result in the utter destruction of Athenian power, the dismemberment of the Athenian empire, and the establishment of a Spartan hegemony over Greece. However, not just Athens suffered. The conflict would significantly weaken the whole of Greece. Repeatedly defeated in battle by the Greeks, and plagued by internal rebellions which hindered their ability to fight the Greeks, after 450 BC Artaxerxes and his successors adopted a policy of divide-and-rule. Avoiding fighting the Greeks themselves, the Persians instead attempted to set Athens against Sparta, regularly bribing politicians to achieve their aims. In this way, they ensured that the Greeks remained distracted by internal conflicts, and were unable to turn their attentions to Persia. There was no open conflict between the Greeks and Persia until 396 BC, when the Spartan king Agesilaus briefly invaded Asia Minor; as Plutarch points out, the Greeks were far too busy overseeing the destruction of their own power to fight against the "barbarians". If the wars of the Delian League shifted the balance of power between Greece and Persia in favour of the Greeks, then the subsequent half-century of internecine conflict in Greece did much to restore the balance of power to Persia. In 387 BC, Sparta, confronted by an alliance of Corinth, Thebes and Athens during the Corinthian War, sought the aid of Persia to shore up her position. Under the so-called "King's Peace" which brought the war to an end, Artaxerxes II demanded and received the return of the cities of Asia Minor from the Spartans, in return for which the Persians threatened to make war on any Greek state which did not make peace. This humiliating treaty, which undid all the Greek gains of the previous century, sacrificed the Greeks of Asia Minor so that the Spartans could maintain their hegemony over Greece. It is in the aftermath of this treaty that Greek orators began to refer to the Peace of Callias (whether fictional or not), as a counterpoint to the shame of the King's Peace, and a glorious example of the "good old days" when the Greeks of the Aegean had been freed from Persian rule by the Delian League. References Bibliography Primary sources Herodotus, The Histories Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War Xenophon, Hellenica Diodorus Siculus, Biblioteca Historica Plutarch, Parallel Lives — Aristides, Cimon, Themistocles Ctesias, Persica (from Photius's Epitome) Secondary sources Delian League Delian League Delian League Delian League Delian League Delian League Greco-Persian Wars Delian League

Richard Moore (7 May 1973 – 28 March 2022) was a Scottish journalist, author, podcaster, and racing cyclist. Biography Moore represented Great Britain at the Tour of Langkawi and Scotland at the PruTour and the 1998 Commonwealth Games, where he competed in the road race and the time trial. He was one of the most established cycling journalists around in his day. Moore has contributed to Rouleur Magazine, Scotland on Sunday, The Herald, Sunday Herald, The Guardian, Sunday Times, and The Scotsman. His first book was a biography of the cyclist Robert Millar; In Search of Robert Millar won the "Best Biography" category at the 2008 British Sports Book Awards. His second book, Heroes, Villains & Velodromes: Chris Hoy and Britain's Track Cycling Revolution, was published in June 2008. His 2012 book The Dirtiest Race in History: Ben Johnson, Carl Lewis and the Seoul Olympic 100m Final (Wisden Sports Writing), was published in June 2012 and long-listed for the William Hill Sports Book of the Year. In 2013, Moore launched The Cycling Podcast, with Lionel Birnie and Daniel Friebe. Initially covering the 2013 Tour de France, the podcast has since expanded into a weekly show with several spin-offs, and more frequent daily podcasts during major events such as the Grand Tours. The podcast has received several awards and nominations, including being given best podcast at the 2016 Cycling Media Awards, and receiving a bronze medal in sports podcast category at the British Podcast Awards in 2018 and, for the Cycling Podcast Feminin spin-off (also co-hosted by Moore) in 2019. As part of a collective of contributors to The Cycling Podcast, Moore is coauthor of two further books published in 2018 and 2019. Moore died on Monday, 28 March 2022 at his home in Picardy. Bibliography In Search of Robert Millar, HarperCollins, September 2007, Heroes, Villains & Velodromes: Chris Hoy and Britain's Track Cycling Revolution, HarperCollins, June 2008, Sky's the Limit: British Cycling's Quest to Conquer the Tour de France, HarperCollins, June 2011, Slaying the Badger: LeMond, Hinault and the Greatest Ever Tour de France, Yellow Jersey, May 2011, , Tour de France 100: A Photographic History of the World's Greatest Race, VeloPress, June 2013, Étape: 20 Great Stages from the Modern Tour de France, VeloPress, June 2014, The Dirtiest Race in History: Ben Johnson, Carl Lewis and the Seoul Olympic 100m Final, Wisden Sports Writing, June 2012, The Bolt Supremacy: Inside Jamaica’s Sprint Factory, Yellow Jersey Press, July 2015, A Journey Through the Cycling Year, Moore, Richard; Birnie, Lionel; Friebe, Daniel. Yellow Jersey Press, 2018 The Grand Tour Diaries 2018/19, Moore, Richard; Birnie, Lionel; Friebe, Daniel,; Thomazeau, Francois; Chennaoui, Orla. Vision Sports Publishing Ltd, Nov 2019 References 1973 births 2022 deaths Scottish sportswriters Cycling journalists Cycling writers Place of death missing Scottish male cyclists Cyclists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games Commonwealth Games competitors for Scotland Sportspeople from Edinburgh Scottish podcasters

The Sámi revolt in Guovdageaidnu, also known as the Kautokeino uprising, was a revolt in the town of Kautokeino in northern Norway in 1852 by a group of Sámi who attacked representatives of the Norwegian authorities. The rebels killed the local merchant and the local lensmann, whipped their servants and the village priest, and burned down the merchant's house. The rebels were later seized by other Sámi, who killed two of the rebels in the process. Two of the leaders, Mons Somby and Aslak Hætta, were later executed by the Norwegian government. Background The incident was connected to a religious revival movement that was inspired by the preacher Lars Levi Laestadius. His teaching, which had great influence on the Sámi in Norway at the time, demanded a more spiritually pure lifestyle and abstaining from alcohol. The movement turned more militant as their followers, called Laestadians, saw the Norwegian State Church as too close to the state-run alcohol industry. They formed their own congregations separate from the state church. In a short period of time, a minority of these followers became more militant. They believed their moral authority was greater than that of the state church, and they were later accused of interrupting its services. During this time, the Sámi were economically far poorer than the Norwegian settlers in the north, counting wealth in reindeer or other livestock (rather than currency), and they were considered socially inferior to the Norwegians. The local merchant, who sold the local Sámi liquor, was a target for the rebellion due to his repeated cheating and exploitation of Sámi customers, many of whom were vulnerable alcoholics. Alcoholism was widespread and had been highly destructive to the Sámi and their culture during this time. The Laestadians were against the sale and use of liquor. Thus, the Sámi were at odds not only with the local priest and merchant but also Norwegian law. Aftermath All the men arrested for participating in the revolt - except the two leaders Aslak Hætta and Mons Somby (who were beheaded in Alta) - ended up in Akershus Fortress at Oslo. The women, including Ellen Aslaksdatter Skum, were imprisoned in Trondheim. Many of the rebels died after a few years in captivity. Among the survivors was Lars Hætta, who had been 18 years old at the time of imprisonment. He was given the time and means in jail to make the first translation of the Bible into Northern Sámi. The Kautokeino rebellion was one of the few violent reactions by the Sámi against the exploitation policies of the Norwegian government and was the only known confrontation between Sámis and Norwegians with loss of human lives. The rebellion was not a direct response to the forced assimilation policy of Norwegianization that later became an official government policy, but the 1852 rebellion affected the choices made by the new Norwegian state as this policy was implemented. The opera Aslak Hetta (1922) by Finnish composer, Armas Launis tells the story of the rebellion in somewhat romanticized form. See also The Kautokeino Rebellion - 2008 film about the 1852 riots References External links NRK Radio interview Niillas Somby, descendant of Mons Somby November 13, 2008. Retrieved February 18, 2009. . Kautokeino-opprøret: Kautokeino 1852, April 17, 1997. Retrieved February 21, 2009. Dagogtid.no 1852 in Norway 19th-century rebellions Laestadianism Religious riots Rebellions in Europe Sámi in Norway Sámi history 19th-century murders in Norway History of Finnmark Conflicts in 1852 Kautokeino Military history of the Arctic

Built to Last is a 2012 album by The Rippingtons. Track listing All songs written by Russ Freeman, except Track 11 written by Russ Freeman and Yaredt Leon. "Built to Last" - 5:30 "American Panorama" - 3:20 "Fool's Gold" - 3:50 "Hotel Deville" - 4:41 "Cougars & Gigolos" - 4:14 "Route 66" - 3:23 "In the Shadow of Giants" - 4:08 "Black Oak" - 4:29 "We Made A New World" - 3:20 "Monument/Monolith" - 5:58 "Firefly" - 4:27 "Built to Last (Classical Guitar Reprise)" - 1:50 Bonus Tracks "Fool's Gold (Orchestral)" - 2:59 "Black Oak (Orchestral)" - 3:20 "Hotel Deville (Orchestral)" - 2:55 "Built to Last (Orchestral)" - 3:33 Personnel Russ Freeman – guitars, keyboards, programming Bill Heller – acoustic piano Zakk Wylde – guitar solo (10) Rico Belled – bass Dave Karasony – drums Jeff Kashiwa – saxophone (6, 11) Production Russ Freeman – producer, executive producer, arrangements, recording, mixing, liner notes Andi Howard – executive producer, management Adam Klumpp – additional engineer (guitar solo on Track 10) Bernie Grundman – mastering Paul Grosso – creative director Sean Marlowe – art direction, design Bill Mayer – cover art illustration Studios Recorded and Mixed at Surfboard Studios (Marina del Rey, California). Mastered at Bernie Grundman Mastering (Hollywood, California). The Rippingtons albums 2012 albums

Cave-In-Rock is a village in Hardin County, Illinois, United States. Its principal feature and tourist attraction is nearby Cave-In-Rock, on the banks of the Ohio River. In 1816, the earliest known permanent white settlers arrived and started building a town near the cave. The town was originally known as Rock and Cave, Illinois, with a post office under this name. On October 24, 1849, the town was officially renamed Cave-In-Rock. Cave-In-Rock was incorporated as a village in 1901. The population was 318 at the 2010 census. Beginning in the 1790s, Cave-in-Rock became a refuge stronghold for frontier outlaws, on the run from the law which included river pirates and highwaymen Samuel Mason and James Ford, tavern owner/highwayman Isaiah L. Potts, serial killers/bandits the Harpe brothers, counterfeiters Philip Alston, Peter Alston, John Duff, Eson Bixby, and the Sturdivant Gang, and the post-American Civil War bandit, Logan Belt. Geography Cave-In-Rock is located in southeastern Hardin County at (37.470050, -88.166297). It is bordered to the south by the Ohio River, which forms the state boundary with Kentucky. The Cave-In-Rock Ferry crosses the Ohio from Cave-In-Rock village to Crittenden County, Kentucky, at a point north of Marion. Cave-In-Rock is the southern terminus of Illinois Route 1, which leads north from the ferry to its northern terminus in Chicago. According to the 2010 census, Cave-In-Rock has a total area of , of which (or 87.68%) is land and (or 12.32%) is water. Cave-in-Rock is located in the driftless area of southern Illinois and features geographical differential erosions from the Upper Mississippian and Lower Pennsylvanian ages. Bluffs and ridges are generally sandstone, while valleys are from limestones and shales. Cave-in-Rock is near the Hicks Dome. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 346 people, 165 households, and 96 families residing in the village. The population density was . There were 201 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 98.27% White, 1.16% other races, and 0.58% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.02% of the population. There were 165 households, out of which 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.8% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.8% were non-families. 41.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 28.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.10 and the average family size was 2.82. In the village, the population was spread out, with 23.4% under 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 24.9% who were 65 or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.8 males. The median income for a household in the village was $20,694, and the median income for a family was $28,393. Males had a median income of $35,833 versus $18,125 for females. The per capita income for the village was $12,050. About 20.5% of families and 28.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 43.8% of those under age 18 and 24.1% of those age 65 or over. The Cave Cave-in-Rock's primary feature is a striking riverside cave formed by wind and water erosion and by cataclysmic effects of the 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes. The cave is located at , just upriver (east) from the village. The first European to come across it was M. de Lery of France, who found it in 1739 and called it "caverne dans Le Roc". Other names for the cave include Rock-In-Cave, Rocking Cave, Rock-and-Cave, House of Nature, The Cave, Big Cave, and Murrell's Cave. The cave is the main feature of Illinois' Cave-in-Rock State Park, established in 1929. History From the 1790s to the 1870s, the area around Cave-in-Rock was plagued by what historians as early as the 1830s referred to as the "Ancient Colony of Horse-Thieves, Counterfeiters and Robbers", and better known today due to Otto Rothert's history early in the 20th century as the "Outlaws of Cave-in-Rock". In 1790, counterfeiters Philip Alston and John Duff (or John McElduff) used the cave as some type of rendezvous, though details are scarce. Although folklore printed in 19th century histories failed to establish a prior connection between the two men, both had lived in the area of Natchez, Mississippi, at the start of the Revolutionary War. Duff was living upriver a few miles, either at Battery Rock or across the Ohio River at what would become Caseyville, Kentucky, when in 1797 Samuel Mason moved his base of operations from Diamond Island and Red Banks to the cave and made it the home of river pirates. Two of Mason's brothers had been business partners of Duff in Kaskaskia, Illinois, in the 1780s. Mason created a combination tavern, gambling den, brothel, and criminal refuge. His men lured in gullible river travelers and then robbed and killed them. James Wilson, also known as Bully Wilson, may actually have been an alias for Samuel Mason, the next leader of the gang after Mason's hasty departure, or possibly the front man for Mason's operation. He may be the Wilson who married one of Mason's nieces. In 1799, he hung a sign over the cave's entrance saying "Wilson's Liquor Vault and House for Entertainment". By this time, Duff and his associates had been making salt (or looking for silver) in the area around the Illinois Salines along the Saline River in southeastern Illinois. A detachment from the U.S. Army garrison at Fort Massac, down river from Cave-In-Rock, captured him and three of his men, Blakely, Hazle and Hall. The soldiers took their prisoners by boat down the Saline River to the Ohio River, intending to return to the fort. Old histories do not explain why they stopped at the cave. Subsequent events suggest it took place during the spring of 1799, when Wilson was in business, making it a stop for entertainment. Duff and his men escaped and overpowered the soldiers. They tied them up, put them in a boat, and pushed it into the river to float downstream to the fort. On June 4, 1799, the commandant of Fort Massac, Captain Zebulon Pike Sr., father of the future explorer of Pikes Peak, hired a French Canadian coureur de bois and three Shawnee warriors to assassinate Duff, which they did. The infamous Harpe brothers also reached the cave region in the spring of 1799. They are associated with two separate stories at the cave and one at the infamous Potts Spring area to the north. The first story has them pushing a young couple off the top of the cliff above the cave. They survived. The second was an act of piracy in which only one man survived. Later, he was forced off the cliff as well, this time involving the man being tied down to a horse. Neither survived. The Potts Spring story is recalled as a murder of two or three hunters. This Harpe murder site within twenty years would become the future location of the legendary Potts Inn, which was presumed to be a human death trap for unsuspecting travelers along the Ford's Ferry High Water Road, an early frontier highway, who wanted to spend the night for food and lodging. Mason and Wilson's time at the cave may have come to an end during the summer of 1799, when they were attacked by a group of bounty hunters/vigilantes under the leadership of Captain Young calling themselves "The Exterminators". No contemporary accounts attest to river pirates occupying the cave in the first decade of the 19th century. The Harpes retreated back into Kentucky, while Mason traveled downriver and began to focus on highway robbery along the Natchez Trace. The next generation of outlaws in the region sprang either from the Sturdivant Gang, a group of counterfeiters based at Sturdivant Fort, on top of the bluffs overlooking the Ohio River at what is now Rosiclare, Illinois; or the Ford's Ferry Gang led by James Ford, based a few miles upriver from the cave at what became known as Ford's Ferry, Kentucky. Law enforcement officials led three raids against Sturdivant Fort in 1822 and 1823. Although it is not clear what happened following the raids, the gang had disappeared from the area by 1830. The Ford's Ferry Gang was broken up following the mysterious deaths or murders of James Ford's two sons, followed by his own assassination in 1833. Even after the death of Ford, outlaws remained. Isaiah L. Potts operated Potts Inn on the Ford's Ferry High Water Road in Illinois north of the cave. Travelers checked in, but sometimes failed to check out. This presumed frontier hotel was very similar to the Bloody Benders' Wayside Inn, which appeared fifty years later in Labette County, Kansas. The legend of Billy Potts, the returning son who was murdered unknowingly by his father, likely took place in the months following Ford's assassination. This tragic story of poetic justice has taken on folklorish proportions. Records show the elder Potts and his wife separated in 1834 or 1835. Eson Bigsby (the first name sometimes spelled "Eason" or "Enos" and the last name sometimes spelled "Bixby") took up counterfeiting in Hardin County in the decades following the Sturdivants. His attack on his wife Anna in an effort to find out where her first husband's money was buried dates to the early 1860s and led to the legends of Anna Bixby, her treasure and her ghost. She survived running off a cliff in the dark. She is the namesake of the Anna Bixby Women's Center in nearby Harrisburg, Illinois. Although not completely connected to the "Ancient Colony", Logan Belt and the Logan Belt Gang terrorized Hardin County in the 1870s and 1880s, until Belt was assassinated. In the middle of the 1800s, church services were being held in the cave. This earliest Christian congregation eventually formed the Big Creek Baptist Church. Founded in 1807, it was the first church organized in southeastern Illinois. Cave-In-Rock incorporated in 1839, in the same year that Hardin County was created from a section of Pope County. According to the Illinois Department of Natural Resources, "in 1929, the State of Illinois acquired for a park that since has increased to . The well-wooded, hills and the rugged bluffs along the river—commanding expansive views of the famous waterway—became Cave-In-Rock State Park". In popular culture In Walt Disney's Davy Crockett and the River Pirates, Davy Crockett and Mike Fink anachronistically fight Sam Mason and his pirates. Also, at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom, there is a scene called "Cut-Throat Corner" and "Wilson's Cave Inn" that can be seen on the bank of the Rivers of America while riding the Liberty Belle Riverboat around Tom Sawyer's Island. This scene is based upon the real life Cave-In-Rock and the activity of river pirates during that time period. A scene of the MGM classic How the West Was Won was filmed at the cave as well as at Battery Rock. In 1997, The History Channel show In Search of History filmed at the site for an episode entitled "River Pirates". The "ninth book" of Christopher Ward's 1932 novel The Strange Adventures of Jonathan Drew; A Rolling Stone is titled "Cave-In-Rock". The action is set in 1824. Jonathan rescues two slaves duped into running away and working for a gang of dangerous outlaws who use Cave-In-Rock as their base of operations. The Gathering of the Juggalos was held in Cave-In-Rock from 2007 to 2013. The multi-day heavy metal festival Full Terror Assault (FTA Open Air) takes place once a year at the Hogrock Ranch and Campground. L. A. Meyer's novel Mississippi Jack features the heroine leading an anachronistic raid against river pirates as an homage to the aforementioned Davy Crockett episode. In 2009, artist Greg Stimac photographed Cave-In-Rock's cave for his series of outlaw hideouts. In 2013, his photograph "Ancient Colony of Horse-Thieves, Counterfeiters and Robbers" was included in The Seven Borders, an exhibition curated by Joey Yates at the Kentucky Museum of Art and Craft. See also List of cities and towns along the Ohio River References Allen, John W. It Happened in Southern Illinois, Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1968. Allen, John W. Legends and lore of southern Illinois, Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1963. Asbury, Herbert. The French Quarter: The Informal History of the New Orleans Underworld, 1936. Botkin, B.A. A Treasury of Mississippi River folklore: stories, ballads & traditions of the mid-American river country, Crown Publishers, 1955. Caldwell, N.W. "Fort Massac: The American Frontier Post: 1778-1805," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, 1908. Coates, Robert M. The outlaw years: the history of the land pirates of the Natchez trace, Macau lay Company, 1930. Jackson, Shadrach L. The life of Logan Belt he noted desperado of Southern Illinois : a complete life history of the most daring desperado ever know to civilization ; a true and vividly written narrative. Cave-in-Rock, IL, 1888. Rothert, Otto A. The Outlaws of Cave-In-Rock, Otto A. Rothert, Cleveland 1924; rpt. 1996 Underwood, Thomas Taylor. Journal, Thomas Taylor Underwood, March 26, 1792 to March 18, 1800: an old soldier in Wayne's Army, Cincinnati, Ohio: Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Ohio, 1945. Wagner, Mark and Mary McCorvie. "Going to See the Varmint: Piracy in Myth and Reality on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, 1785-1830," X Marks the Spot: The Archaeology of Piracy, Univ. Press of Florida, 2006. Wellman, Paul I. Spawn of Evil, Doubleday, 1964. Papers of the War Department 1784–1800, https://web.archive.org/web/20181225225053/http://wardepartmentpapers.org/blog/?cat=8&paged=2, Bibliography of Books on Cave-In-Rock, Illinois and Vicinity Cave-In-Rock and Harden County History Cave-in-Rock in the Civil War Cave-in-Rock, Illinois Early History Duff and Alston in Cave-in-Rock Samuel Mason biography The Harpe Brothers James Ford: 'Satan's Ferryman' and 'Outlaw of Cave-in-Rock' The Raid on Sturdivant Fort Sturdivant the Counterfeiter Ford's Ferry Gang and Sturdivant Gang Rogue's Gallery Isaiah L. Potts (Billy Potts Sr.) and Polly Blue of Potts Hill (Potts Inn), by William R. Carr The Life of Logan Belt, by Shadrach Jackson and Who Killed Logan Belt, by John Belt External links Cave-In-Rock State Park Cave in Rock at unofficial Shawnee National Forest/Southern Illinois website Cave in Rock Ferry Cave-In-Rock Frontier Days (third weekend in September) The Cave - Lewis and Clark Expedition - Illinois Historical Marker Folklore of the Bloody History of Cave-In-Rock, Ghosts of the Prairie.com 2010 Cave-In-Rock Crime Rate Indexes 1849 establishments in Illinois Villages in Hardin County, Illinois Villages in Illinois State parks of Illinois Populated places established in 1849 Pirate dens and locations Illinois populated places on the Ohio River Landforms of Hardin County, Illinois 19th-century pirates

The Versteeg-Swisher House is a two-story brick Gothic Revival house on a limestone foundation located at 506 S. Campbell in Abilene, Kansas. It was built about 1888 by Dutch brickmaker Nicholas Versteeg and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. References Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Kansas Gothic Revival architecture in Kansas Houses completed in 1888 Dickinson County, Kansas

Bácovice is a municipality and village in Pelhřimov District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 90 inhabitants. References External links Villages in Pelhřimov District

Stephen Stack was a Gaelic footballer who played with Kerry and Listowel Emmets. He was right corner back on the Kerry team that won the 1997 All Ireland. He was also a member of the 1986 winning team which made him the sole winner of medals in 1986 and 1997. He also won an All Ireland Junior Medal in 1994. He had a reputation as a tight marking defender and a leader in the backs. In 2012 he was unveiled as the manager of Austin Stacks GAA club located in Tralee, County Kerry, the most successful club in Ireland. Club At club level he lined out with the Listowel Emmets club and divisional side Feale Rangers. With Listowel Emmets he won a Kerry Junior Football Championship in 1999 as the teams captain. He won a Kerry Intermediate Football Championship in 2002 after a win over Dingle in the final. He won four North Kerry Senior Football Championship titles with the club in 1991, as captain, 1997, 1998 and 2004. With Feale Rangers he lined out in the 1999 Kerry Senior Football Championship final but was on the losing side to East Kerry. Underage Stack first lined out with the Kerry minor team in 1984. He little success however as Kerry had a surprise Munster final loss to Tipperary. He soon joined the counties Under 21 side. His first two seasons seen no success as losses to Clare in 1985 and Cork in 1986. He was still underage in 1987 and had more success. A replay win over Tipperary seen Stack win a Munster title. His side later qualified for the All-Ireland final after overcoming Galway in the semi-final. They faced Donegal in the final. Like in the Munster final the sides finished level and a replay was needed. The title went to the Ulster champions however after a 1–12 to 2–04 loss. Junior Stack played with the Kerry junior team for three season between 1988 and 1990. He had little success, as Kerry lost two Munster finals in a row to Cork in 1989 and 1990. Having lost his place in the senior panel he rejoined the junior team in 1994. He missed out on the side Munster championship final win but returned for the All-Ireland campaign. He lined out in the semi-final win over Dublin, a game where he scored two points. He also scored a point in the All-Ireland final win over Galway. Senior Stack first joined the Kerry senior team during the 1985/86 National League, where he played in six games. He played in the first round of the Munster championship when Kerry overcame Tipperary. He played no other games during the season but did pick up an All-Ireland medal as a panel member when Kerry beat Tyrone. He played in all of Kerry's 1986/87 National League campaign. He played no part in the championship. He returned to the team for the 1989/90 League. He played his first championship game in four seasons when he lined out in the Munster final against Cork. It wasn't a good day for the Kingdom however as they suffered one of their biggest losses to Cork on a 2–23 to 1–11 scoreline. In 1991 Kerry had a first championship win over Cork since 1986 to look a Munster final with Limerick. The game went to extra-time but Kerry came out on top to give Stack a first Munster medal on the field of play. Kerry later lost out to Down in the All-Ireland semi-final. Win's over Cork and Limerick seen Stack and Kerry back in the Munster final, where they faced Clare. It looked like a second Munster title was in store, but in one of the all time championship upsets Clare won the title. Despite playing in the latter half of the 1992/93 National League Stack lost his place on the panel for the championship and would be in the wilderness for the next number of seasons. He returned during the 1995/96 National League after a few seasons away. He missed out on the Munster championship first round but was back for the semi-final win over Waterford. He later lined out in a first Munster final since 1992 when Kerry faced Cork. In the end Kerry won out 0–14 to 0–11 to give Stack his second Munster medal. Kerry later lost out to Mayo in the All-Ireland semi-final. Stack missed much of Kerry's National League and championship games in 1997. He played no part in the Munster championship but was back in the team for the All-Ireland semi-final. He was Left Corner Back as Kerry beat Cavan to book a first All-Ireland final since 1986. Where he had been a sub in 86 he was in the starting 15 for the clash with Mayo. In the end Kerry did enough to take the title and give Stack his second All-Ireland medal and first on the field of play. He played in all of Kerry's 1997/98 National League games, including the first round clash with Cavan in New York. He later won this third Munster medal after Kerry overcame Tipperary in the final. Kerry's season came to an end when they lost out to Kildare in the All-Ireland semi-final. This was his last championship game with Kerry. References Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Kerry inter-county Gaelic footballers Listowel Emmets Gaelic footballers Winners of one All-Ireland medal (Gaelic football)

Volutomitra is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Volutomitridae, the mitres, with global distribution. Description The smooth shell is ovate or fusiform, covered with an epidermis. The whorls are simple. The columella shows oblique plaits. The outer lip is thin, simple and arcuated. Species Species in the genus Volutomitra include: † Volutomitra amplexa (Finlay, 1930) † Volutomitra andreiae R. Salisbury & Gori, 2019 † Volutomitra antarctmella (Stilwell, Zinsmeister & Oleinik, 2004) Volutomitra bairdii (Dall, 1889) Volutomitra banksi (Dell, 1951) Volutomitra bayeri Okutani, 1982 Volutomitra blanfordi (Melvill & Standen, 1901) Volutomitra carlosbranai R. Salisbury & Gori, 2019 † Volutomitra cernohorskyi (Stilwell & Zinsmeister, 1992) † Volutomitra dennanti (Tate, 1889) Volutomitra erebus Bayer, 1971 - Erebus mitre-volute Volutomitra filippoi R. Salisbury & Gori, 2019 Volutomitra francescae R. Salisbury & Gori, 2019 Volutomitra geoffreyana (Melvill, 1910) Volutomitra glabella Bouchet & Kantor, 2000 Volutomitra groenlandica (Moller, 1842) - false Greenland mitre Volutomitra hottentota Thiele, 1925 † Volutomitra incisa (Marwick, 1942) † Volutomitra inconspicua (Hutton, 1885) † Volutomitra iredalei (Stilwell & Zinsmeister, 1992) † Volutomitra lornensis (Marwick, 1926) Volutomitra obscura (Hutton, 1873) † Volutomitra othone (Tenison Woods, 1879) † Volutomitra othoniana (Finlay, 1924) Volutomitra pailoloana (J. Cate, 1963) Volutomitra persephone Bayer, 1971 Volutomitra rosadoi R. Salisbury & Gori, 2019 † Volutomitra subcrenularis (Tate, 1889) Volutomitra tenella Golikov & Sirenko, 1998 † Volutomitra transilis (Finlay, 1930) Volutomitra vaubani Cernohorsky, 1982 † Volutomitra vitilevensis Ladd, 1982 Volutomitra ziczac Bouchet & Kantor, 2004 Species brought into synonymy Volutomitra alaskana Dall, 1902 : synonym of Volutomitra groenlandica (Beck in Möller, 1842) Volutomitra cinnamomea A. Adams, 1855: synonym of Austromitra cinnamomea (A. Adams, 1855) (original combination) Volutomitra curta (Strebel, 1908): synonym of Paradmete curta (Strebel, 1908) Volutomitra digna A. Adams, 1855: synonym of Isara carbonaria (Swainson, 1822) Volutomitra fragillima R. B. Watson, 1882: synonym of Paradmete fragillima (R. B. Watson, 1882) (original combination) Volutomitra porcellana (Melvill & Standen, 1912): synonym of Volvarina porcellana (Melvill & Standen, 1912) Volutomitra vincta A. Adams, 1855: synonym of Austromitra analogica (Reeve, 1845) Volutomitra wandoensis Holmes, 1860: synonym of Vexillum wandoense (Holmes, 1860) (superseded combination) References Bouchet P. & Kantor Y. 2004. New Caledonia: the major centre of biodiversity for volutomitrid molluscs (Mollusca: Neogastropoda: Volutomitridae). Systematics and Biodiversity 1(4): 467-502 Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 Marwick, J. (1942). Some Eocene Mollusca from New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 72: 268-279 External links Finlay, H. J. (1926). A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute. 57: 320-485, pls 18-23 Volutomitridae Extant Late Cretaceous first appearances

Malesherbia auristipulata is a perennial woody shrub in the genus Malesherbia (Passifloraceae). Locally it is called Ají de Zorra. M. auristipulata is commonly found in Northern Chili and rarely in Tacna, Peru. In general, the species range is very restricted as a result M. auristipulata is considered a rare plant. It is likely that there are less than 100 individuals left, classifying the species as critically endangered by the local government. Malesherbia auristipulata synonymous with Malesherbia turbinea J.F. Macbr; though M. auristipulata is the accepted name. Morphology Malesherbia auristipulata can grow up to 80 cm tall, it is described as a "woody" plant. Leaves are oblong, older leaves are 35-45 mm long by 8-12 mm wide, while younger leaves are 17-25 mm long by 3-6 mm wide. The flowers of M. auristipulata are described as having tubes that are wider at the throat than the middle, a narrow corona, and blood red petals. They are raceme and range from 4 - 35 cm length. It has a dark stem, nearly black in color. Medicinal use The aerial tissues of M. auristipulata secretes a resin like exudate that has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, with higher efficiency when treating infections of gram positive bacteria than gram negative in vitro. Its medicinal use may inspire the propagation, and ultimately salvation, of the species. References auristipulata Perennial plants Shrubs Medicinal plants Plants described in 1965

Jonathan Isaac Kaplan (born 7 November 1966 in Durban, South Africa), is a former international rugby union referee who used to hold the record for the most international matches as referee. He announced his retirement on 26 October 2013 and took charge of the 2013 Currie Cup Final between and the as his final domestic league match as referee. His final test match as a referee was on 16 November 2013 when he took charge of the Namibia v Kenya match in the final fixture of the 2013 Namibian Tri-Nations in Windhoek. Background Kaplan was born in Durban to Jewish parents, and was educated at Carmel College, Durban, and King David School, Linksfield, Johannesburg. He gained a bachelor of social sciences degree, with majors in economics and psychology, from the University of Cape Town and a postgraduate degree in marketing management from the University of South Africa. Refereeing career Kaplan began refereeing in 1984, while still a high school student. He made his first-class debut in 1991 and was appointed to South Africa's national panel of referees in 1993. On 4 May 1996 he made his international debut in a match between Namibia and Zimbabwe in Harare. He was appointed as a touch judge for the 1999 Rugby World Cup, and as a referee for the 2003 Rugby World Cup in Australia, where he took charge of three pool games and the quarter-final between France and Ireland. He was one of the twelve referees appointed to officiate at the 2007 Rugby World Cup in France, and took charge of four pool games and the semi-final between England and France, and also at the 2011 Rugby World Cup where he refereed Tonga v Canada, Canada v Japan, England v Georgia & Ireland v Italy, he was also an Assistant Referee in the Semi-final between Wales & France. Jonathan become the first South African to officiate at four World Cups, and referee at three. Some of Kaplan's other notable games in charge include the first ever game in the Six Nations Championship, between Italy and Scotland in 2000, the second test between the British & Irish Lions and Australia in 2001 and the third test between the Lions and New Zealand in 2005. Kaplan was the referee for the 2005 Super 12 final and the 2006 Super 14 final (a game notorious for the dense fog which obscured much of the action from spectators and commentators). In December 2008 he was chosen as one of nine referees on a merit panel who, it was intended, would between them have charge of 75% of 2009 Super 14 matches irrespective of the nationality of the teams involved. In line with this policy, Kaplan was appointed to referee the 2009 Super 14 Final; in previous years he would have been debarred from officiating because of the involvement of a South African team. In late 2009, he was again named on the merit panel for the 2010 Super 14. In October 2008 he took charge of the final of South Africa's premier domestic competition, the Currie Cup, for the fourth time, and was the referee again for the 2009 final. On 12 February 2013, Kaplan announced his retirement from refereeing as of the end of the season. Records Kaplan was previously the most experienced Test referee of all time: he became the first referee to reach the milestone of 50 Test matches when he refereed the Scotland-Ireland game during the 2009 Six Nations Championship, and has since increased his total to 70 Tests (as at his retirement). The record is now 100, held by Nigel Owens. He also holds the record for refereeing the most Tests involving a single team: the New Zealand-Wales game in June 2010 was his 17th involving the host nation (ending up in 18), surpassing the record of 16 matches previously held jointly by Welshman Derek Bevan (also refereeing New Zealand) and New Zealander Paul Honiss (refereeing Australia). Other refereeing records held by Kaplan are: most Bledisloe Cup matches (8); most Tri Nations matches (8); most Six Nations matches (18); only referee to have participated in four British & Irish Lions tours and to have had charge of matches in all three tour countries (Free State v B&I Lions, South Africa 1997; 2nd Test, Australia 2001; 3rd Test, New Zealand 2005; Sharks v B&I Lions, South Africa 2009). Kaplan also holds South African refereeing records for most Rugby World Cup appearances (4: 1999 (as a touch judge), 2003, 2007, 2011) and most World Cup games (13 – 5 as a touch judge) most Super 14 games (107, including 3 finals and 4 semi-finals); and most Currie Cup matches (161, including 6 finals and 4 semi-finals); and is the only referee to have won the award as South African Referee of the Year for four years in succession (2003–07)and 5 overall. Notes and references 1966 births Living people Rugby union players from Durban South African rugby union referees South African Jews University of Cape Town alumni Jewish rugby union players International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame inductees Super Rugby referees Rugby World Cup referees Currie Cup referees The Rugby Championship referees Six Nations Championship referees Jewish South African sportspeople

Allison Bay 219 is an Indian reserve of the Mikisew Cree First Nation in Alberta, located within Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo. It is 3 kilometers northeast of Fort Chipewyan. In the 2016 Canadian Census, it recorded a population of 127 living in 38 of its 46 total private dwellings. References Indian reserves in Alberta Lake Athabasca

Whistled languages are linguistic systems that use whistling to emulate speech and facilitate communication between individuals. Definition A whistled language is a system of whistled communication which allows fluent whistlers to transmit and comprehend a potentially unlimited number of messages over long distances. Whistled languages are different in this respect from free associative whistling, which may be done to simulate music, to attract attention, or, in the case of herders or animal trainers, to transmit simple messages or instructions to animal companions. Generally, whistled languages emulate the tones or vowel formants of a natural spoken language, as well as aspects of its intonation and prosody, so that trained listeners who speak that language can understand the encoded message. Whistled language is rare compared to spoken language, but it is found in cultures around the world. It is especially common in tone languages where the whistled tones transmit the tones of the syllables (tone melodies of the words). This might be because in tone languages the tone melody carries more of the functional load of communication while non-tonal phonology carries proportionally less. The genesis of a whistled language has never been recorded in either case and has not yet received much productive study. History Given the proportional use of whistled language in comparison to standard vocalized and non-verbal physical signaling systems such as sign language, historical research on whistled speech is similarly small. In early China, the technique of transcendental whistling, or xiao, was a kind of nonverbal language with affinities to the spiritual aspects of Daoist meditation. The development of xiao as a practice and art form can be traced through the works of the Western Zhou dynasty, and it was initially used to convey a sense of grief, or to invoke the spirits of dearly departed loved ones. Herodotus wrote in the Melpomene, the fourth book of his Histories, makes a passing reference to an Ethiopian tribe who "spoke like bats". While travelling through the territory of an ancient tribe on the southern Black Sea coast in 400 B.C.E, Xenophon wrote in the Anabasis that the Mossynoeci inhabitants could hear one another at great distances across the valleys. The same area encompasses the Turkish village of Kuşköy where whistled speech (kuş dili) is practiced today. Aelian later wrote in De Natura Animalium of the Kinoprosipi people of North Africa, who made use of "acute whistling," who later historians believe were likely a tribe of the Anuak in South Sudan. By the time of the Six Dynasties in Han China, xiao had become a widely-used complement to spoken language, irrespective of social class. Due to the shrill tones employed while whistling, xiao was often used to punctuate intense feelings or reactions, such as joy, displeasure, and surprise. In 1982 in the Greek village of Antia on Euboea island, the entire population knew the local whistled speech called sfyria, but only a few whistlers remain now. Causes of whistled language development Ecology Whistle languages have naturally developed in response to the necessity for humans to communicate in conditions of relative isolation, with possible causes being distance, noise levels, and night, as well as specific activities, such as social information, shepherding, hunting, fishing, courtship, or shamanism. Because of this usage, they are mostly related to places with mountains or dense forests. Southern China, Papua New Guinea, the Amazon forest, Subsaharan Africa, Mexico, and Europe encompass most of these locations. They have been more recently found in dense forests like the Amazon where they may replace spoken dialogue in the villages while hunting or fishing to overcome the pressure of the acoustic environment. The main advantage of whistling speech is that it allows the speaker to cover much larger distances (typically but up to in mountains and less in reverberating forests) than ordinary speech, without the strain (and lesser range) of shouting. More specifically, whistle speech can reach a loudness of 130 dB, and the transmission range can reach up to 10 km (as verified in La Gomera, Canary Island). The long range of whistling is enhanced by the mountainous terrain found in areas where whistled languages are used. Many areas with such languages work hard to preserve their ancient traditions, in the face of rapidly advancing telecommunications systems in many areas. Culture In some cases (e.g. Chinantec) the whistled speech is an important and integral part of the language and culture; in others (e.g. Nahuatl) its role is much lesser. Whistled speech may be very central and highly valued in a culture. Shouting is very rare in Sochiapam Chinantec. Men in that culture are subject to being fined if they do not handle whistle-speech well enough to perform certain town jobs. They may whistle for fun in situations where spoken speech could easily be heard. In Sochiapam, Oaxaca, and other places in Mexico, and reportedly in West and Southern Africa as well (specifically among the VhaVenda), whistled speech is men's language: although women may understand it, they do not use it. Though whistled languages are not secret codes or secret languages (with the exception of a whistled language used by ñañigos insurgencies in Cuba during Spanish occupation), they may be used for secretive communication among outsiders or others who do not know or understand the whistled language though they may understand its spoken origin. Stories are told of farmers in Aas during World War II, or in La Gomera, who were able to hide evidence of such nefarious activities as milk-watering because they were warned in whistle-speech that the police were approaching. Characteristics of whistled languages Tonal and non-tonal whistle languages Whistled languages differ according to whether the spoken language is tonal or not, with the whistling being either tone or articulation based (or both). Most whistle languages, of which there are several hundred, are based on tonal languages. A way in which true whistled languages differ from other types of whistled communication is that they encode auditory features of spoken languages by transposing key components of speech sounds. There are two types of whistled languages: those based on non-tone languages, which transpose F²formants patterns & those based on tone languages which transpose tonal-melodies. However, both types of whistle tones have a phonological structure that is related to the spoken language that they are transposing. Tonal languages are often stripped of articulation, leaving only suprasegmental features such as duration and tone, and when whistled retain the spoken melodic line. Thus whistled tonal languages convey phonemic information solely through tone, length, and, to a lesser extent, stress, and most segmental phonemic distinctions of the spoken language are lost. In non-tonal languages, more of the articulatory features of speech are retained, and the normally timbral variations imparted by the movements of the tongue and soft palate are transformed into pitch variations. Certain consonants can be pronounced while whistling, so as to modify the whistled sound, much as consonants in spoken language modify the vowel sounds adjacent to them. Different whistling styles may be used in a single language. Sochiapam Chinantec has three different words for whistle-speech: sie3 for whistling with the tongue against the alveolar ridge, jui̵32 for bilabial whistling, and juo2 for finger-in-the-mouth whistling. These are used for communication over varying distances. There is also a kind of loud falsetto (hóh32) which functions in some ways like whistled speech. Tonal whistle languages and types of tones Most whistle languages, of which there are several hundred, are based on tonal languages. Only the tone of the speech is saved in the whistle, while aspects as articulation and phonation are eliminated. These are replaced by other features such as stress and rhythmical variations. However, some languages, like that of the Zezuru who speak a Shona-derived dialect, include articulation so that consonants interrupt the flow of the whistle. A similar language is the Tsonga whistle language used in the highlands in the Southern parts of Mozambique. This should not be confused with the whistled sibilants of Shona. There are two different types of whistle tones - hole tones and edge tones. A hole (or 'orifice') tone is produced by a fast-moving cylinder (or 'vena contracta') of air that interacts with the slow-moving anulus of air surrounding it. Instability in the boundary layer leads to perturbations that increase in size until a feedback path is established whereby specific frequencies of the resonance chamber are emphasized. An edge tone, on the other hand, is generated by a thin jet of air that strikes an obstacle. Vortices are shed near the point of disturbance in the flow, alternating on each side of the obstacle or 'wedge'. One of the best-studied whistled languages is a whistled language based on Spanish called Silbo, whistled on the island of La Gomera in the Canary Islands (Rialland 2005). The number of distinctive sounds or phonemes in this language is a matter of disagreement, varying according to the researcher from two to five vowels and four to nine consonants. This variation may reflect differences in speakers' abilities as well as in the methods used to elicit contrasts. The work of Meyer clarifies this debate by providing the first statistical analyses of production for various whistlers as well as psycholinguistic tests of vowel identification. Non-tonal whistle languages In a non-tonal language, segments may be differentiated as follows: Vowels are replaced by a set of relative pitch ranges generally tracking the f2 formant of spoken language. Stress is expressed by higher pitch or increased length Consonants are produced by pitch transitions of different lengths and height, plus the presence or absence of occlusion. ("Labial stops are replaced by diaphragm or glottal occlusions.") Sound production techniques Whistling techniques do not require the vibration of the vocal cords: they produce a shock effect of the compressed air stream inside the cavity of the mouth and/or of the hands. When the jaws are fixed by a finger, the size of the hole is stable. The air stream expelled makes vibrations at the edge of the mouth. The faster the air stream is expelled, the higher is the noise inside the cavities. If the hole (mouth) and the cavity (intra-oral volume) are well matched, the resonance is tuned, and the whistle is projected more loudly. The frequency of this bioacoustical phenomenon is modulated by the morphing of the resonating cavity that can be, to a certain extent, related to the articulation of the equivalent spoken form. "Apart from the five vowel-phonemes [of Silbo Gomero]—and even these do not invariably have a fixed or steady pitch—all whistled speech-sound realizations are glides which are interpreted in terms of range, contour, and steepness." Bilabial and labiodental techniques There are a few different techniques of how to produce whistle speech, the choice of which is dependent on practical concerns. Bilabial and labiodental techniques are common for short and medium distance discussions (in a market, in the noise of a room, or for hunting); whereas the tongue retroflexed, one or two fingers introduced in the mouth, a blow concentrated at the junction between two fingers or the lower lip pulled while breathing in air are techniques used to reach high levels of power for long distance speaking. Each place has its favorite trend that depends on the most common use of the village and on the personal preferences of each whistler. Whistling with a leaf or a flute is often related to courtship or poetic expression (reported in the Kickapoo language in Mexico and in the Hmong and Akha cultures in Asia). Physics "All whistled languages share one basic characteristic: they function by varying the frequency of a simple wave-form as a function of time, generally with minimal dynamic variations, which is readily understandable since in most cases their only purpose is long-distance communication." A whistled tone is essentially a simple oscillation (or sine wave), and thus timbral variations are impossible. Normal articulation during an ordinary lip-whistle is relatively easy though the lips move little causing a constant of labialization and making labial and labiodental consonants (p, b, m, f, etc.) problematical. Comparison with spoken languages Limited expressivity The expressivity of whistled speech is likely to be somewhat limited compared to spoken speech (although not inherently so), but such a conclusion should not be taken as absolute, as it depends heavily on various factors including the phonology of the language. For example, in some tonal languages with few tones, whistled messages typically consist of stereotyped or otherwise standardized expressions, are elaborately descriptive, and often have to be repeated. However, in heavily tonal languages such as Mazatec and Yoruba, a large amount of information is conveyed through pitch even when spoken, and therefore extensive conversations may be whistled. In any case, even for non-tonal languages, measurements indicate that high intelligibility can be achieved with whistled speech (90%) of intelligibility of non-standardized sentences for Greek and the equivalent for Turkish. Lack of comprehension The lack of understanding can be seen with a confusion matrix. It was tested using two speakers of Silbo (Jampolsky 1999). The study revealed that generally, the vowels were relatively easy to understand, and the consonants a bit more difficult. Confusion matrix of the vowels in the perception test. 'Produced' vowels are displayed horizontally and 'perceived' vowels vertically (Numbers in bold correspond to correct identifications). Confusion matrix of the consonants in the perception test. 'Produced' consonants are displayed horizontally and 'perceived' consonants vertically. (Numbers in bold correspond to correct identifications). List of whistled languages The following list is of languages that exist or existed in a whistled form, or of ethnic groups that speak such languages. Africa Cameroon: Gbaya, Doohwaayo, Mofu Ethiopia: Bench, Oyda Ghana: Nchumburu Mozambique: Shona-derived dialect and similar Tsonga language Nigeria: Yoruba Morocco: Central Atlas Tamazight, Tashelhit South Africa: Southern Bantu West Africa: Bafia, Bape, Birifor, Bobo, Burunsi, Daguri, Diola, Ewe, Fongbe, Marka, Ngwe, Twi, Tshi, Ule (among others) Americas Alaska: Yupik Bolivia: Sirionó Brazil: Pirahã Colombia: Desano Mexico: Amuzgo, Chinantec, Ch'ol, Kickapoo, Mazatec, Nahuatl, Otomi, Sayula Popoluca, Tepehua, Totonac, Zapotec, whistled Spanish in Tlaxcala United States: Taos Asia China: Akha in Yunnan Province, Hmong and Bai. Burma: Chin India: Kongthong village of Meghalaya). Laos: Akha, and Hmong Myanmar: Akha, and Hmong Nepal: Chepang St. Lawrence Island: for Siberian Yupik inhabitants, see Yupik, Alaska in America mentioned above. Thailand: Akha, and Hmong Vietnam: Hmong Europe Greece (village of Antia on the island of Euboea): Sfyria France (village of Aas, Pyrenees): Occitan language Spain (La Gomera and El Hierro, Canary Islands): El Silbo ("Silbo Gomero") Turkey: Turkish bird language (village of Kuşköy(tr)) Oceania New Guinea: Yopno, Gadsup, Binumarien, Abau, Polopa, Telefol, Bauzi, (possibly Tairora and Narak, in the latter reportedly linked with the spirits talking) Other means of expressing speech In continental Africa, speech may be conveyed by a whistle or other musical instrument, most famously the "talking drums". However, while drums may be used by griots singing praise songs or for inter-village communication, and other instruments may be used on the radio for station identification jingles, for regular conversation at a distance whistled speech is used. As two people approach each other, one may even switch from whistled to spoken speech in mid-sentence. See also Musical language Language of the birds Solresol Kickapoo whistled speech Sweep (puppet) Clangers, stop motion animation characters using a whistled language. Whistled fricative References Bibliography Foris, David Paul. 2000. A grammar of Sochiapam Chinantec. Studies in Chinantec languages 6. Dallas: SIL International and UT Arlington. External links Whistles in the Mist: Whistled Speech in Oaxaca, Mexico "In the Americas with David Yetman" documentary in which Georgetown University linguist Mark Sicoli conducts fieldwork with speaker/whistlers of Sochiápam Chinantec The World Whistles Network An international network of research and defense on whistled languages A whistled conversation in Sochiapam Chinantec (SIL-Mexico) Whistling to Communicate in Alaska from NPR Link to ELAR documentation of Antia Whistling language MP3 File of a Voice of America Broadcast - UN: Technology Threatens Whistled Language in Turkey - January 12, 2018 History of telecommunications de:Pfeifen#Gepfiffene Sprachen

David Rickels (born January 5, 1989) is an American professional mixed martial artist and bare-knuckle fighter who is currently competing in the Bare Knuckle Fighting Championship. A professional since 2010, he is a 23-fight veteran of the Bellator MMA, and won the Season Eight Lightweight Tournament. Background Rickels was born and raised in Derby, Kansas, a 2007 graduate of Derby High School where he competed in wrestling. He then went on to attend Butler Community College. Started his own promotion called Evolution Fighting Championship in late 2015. Mixed martial arts career Early career Rickels compiled an amateur record of 8-1, and made his professional mixed martial arts debut in February 2010. He won via first-round TKO and went on to compile an undefeated record of 5-0 before being signed by Bellator. Bellator MMA Rickels made his Bellator debut on April 9, 2011, at Bellator 40 where he defeated formerly undefeated Dylan Smith by a first-round triangle choke submission. Rickels next fought Strikeforce veteran Richard Bouphanouvong on May 7, 2011, at Bellator 43 where he won by triangle choke in round 2. After defeating Levi Avera with a third-straight win by triangle choke in Bellator in 2011, Rickels was featured in the Bellator Season 6 Welterweight Tournament in 2012. He faced Jordan Smith in the opening round of the tournament at Bellator 63 and won via KO at just 22 seconds into the first round. In the semifinals at Bellator 69, Rickels faced Karl Amoussou. The bout was back-and-forth but in the end, Amoussou won the fight via controversial split decision, giving Rickels his first professional loss. Rickels returned to face Jason Fischer at Bellator 82. He won via unanimous decision. Rickels was picked to enter the Lightweight Season 8 Tournament where he defeated Lloyd Woodard in the quarterfinals at Bellator 87 via unanimous decision. Rickels was to face Russian prospect Alexander Sarnavskiy, but Sarnavskiy fractured his hand during his first fight and had to withdraw from the tournament. Rickels instead faced Jason Fischer in a rematch and won via unanimous decision. In the finals at Bellator 94, Rickels took on Saad Awad. He dropped Awad with a right hand at the very end of the second round, but Awad remained resting on his back instead of getting up to his corner, resulting in the referee declaring an end to the match, controversially making Rickels the winner by TKO. With the tournament win, Rickels faced undefeated 11-0 Bellator Lightweight Champion Michael Chandler at Bellator 97. He lost the fight via knockout at just 44 seconds into the first round. In March 2014, Rickels entered into the Bellator season 10 lightweight tournament, where he faced Patricky Pitbull in the opening round at Bellator 113. He lost the fight via knockout in the second round. Rickels faced Davi Ramos on October 24, 2014, at Bellator 130. He won the fight via unanimous decision. Rickels faced John Alessio at Bellator 139 on June 26, 2015. Rickels almost finished Alessio in the first round, but an unintentional illegal knee from Rickels landed on Alessio's head when he was down and prompted the referee to stop the fight. Alessio couldn't continue and the fight was overturned to a no contest. Rickels had a rematch with Michael Chandler on November 6, 2015, at Bellator 145. He lost the fight via TKO in the second round. Rickels faced Melvin Guillard on July 21, 2016, at Bellator 159. He lost the fight via knockout in the first round. However, the loss was overturned to a No-Contest after Guillard tested positive for a non-performance-enhancing banned substance. Rickels faced Aaron Derrow at Bellator 171 on January 27, 2017. He won the fight via TKO, due to punches in the third round. Rickels was expected to face Brennan Ward at Bellator 185 on October 20, 2017, however, an injury to Ward forced him out of the bout, and Rickels was removed from the fight card as a result. After an injury to Derek Anderson, Rickels stepped in as a replacement to face Adam Piccolotti at Bellator 189 on December 1, 2017. He won the 160 lb catchweight fight by unanimous decision. Rickels faced Michael Page on May 25, 2018, at Bellator 200. He lost the fight via verbal submission due to a punch in the second round. After his 23rd fight in Bellator on August 24, 2019, Rickels became a free agent. Bare-knuckle boxing On January 23, 2020, news surfaced that Rickels had signed with Bare Knuckle Fighting Championship. He was expected to make his promotional debut on March 14, 2020 with opponent to be determined, but the event was cancelled. Instead, Rickels made his debut on October 10, 2020, defeating Cliff Wright by decision. Championships and accomplishments Bellator Fighting Championships Bellator Season 8 Lightweight Tournament Championship Tied (with Patrício Freire) for most fights in Bellator History (23) Most wins of non-champ in Bellator history (14) Mixed martial arts record |- |Loss |align=center| |Yaroslav Amosov |Submission (D'Arce choke) |Bellator 225 | |align=center|2 |align=center|4:05 |Bridgeport, Connecticut, United States | |- |Win |align=center|21–5 (2) |A.J. Matthews |TKO (punch) |Bellator 219 | |align=center|2 |align=center|3:24 |Temecula, California, United States | |- |Win |align=center|20–5 (2) |Guilherme Bomba |Decision (unanimous) |Bellator 210 | |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |Thackerville, Oklahoma, United States | |- |Loss |align=center|19–5 (2) |Michael Page |TKO (retirement) |Bellator 200 | |align=center|2 |align=center|0:43 |London, United Kingdom | |- |Win |align=center|19–4 (2) |Adam Piccolotti |Decision (unanimous) |Bellator 189 | |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |Thackerville, Oklahoma, United States | |- |Win |align=center|18–4 (2) |Aaron Derrow |TKO (punches) |Bellator 171 | |align=center|3 |align=center|0:44 |Mulvane, Kansas, United States | |- |NC |align=center|17–4 (2) |Melvin Guillard |NC (overturned) |Bellator 159 | |align=center| 1 |align=center| 2:14 |Mulvane, Kansas, United States | |- |Win |align=center|17–4 (1) |Bobby Cooper |TKO (knee and punches) |Bellator 150 | |align=center|1 |align=center|3:49 |Mulvane, Kansas, United States | |- |Loss |align=center|16–4 (1) |Michael Chandler |TKO (punches) |Bellator 145 | |align=center|2 |align=center|3:05 |St. Louis, Missouri, United States | |- |NC |align=center|16–3 (1) |John Alessio |NC (illegal knee) |Bellator 139 | |align=center|1 |align=center|2:24 |Mulvane, Kansas, United States | |- |Win |align=center|16–3 |Davi Ramos |Decision (unanimous) |Bellator 130 | |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |Mulvane, Kansas, United States | |- |Loss |align=center|15–3 |Patricky Pitbull |KO (punches) |Bellator 113 | |align=center|2 |align=center|0:54 |Mulvane, Kansas, United States | |- |Win |align=center|15–2 |J.J. Ambrose |TKO (punches) |Bellator 103 | |align=center|3 |align=center|2:37 |Mulvane, Kansas, United States | |- |Loss |align=center|14–2 |Michael Chandler |KO (punches) |Bellator 97 | |align=center|1 |align=center|0:44 |Rio Rancho, New Mexico, United States | |- |Win |align=center|14–1 |Saad Awad |TKO (punches) |Bellator 94 | |align=center|2 |align=center|5:00 |Tampa, Florida, United States | |- |Win |align=center|13–1 |Jason Fischer |Decision (unanimous) |Bellator 91 | |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |Rio Rancho, New Mexico, United States | |- |Win |align=center|12–1 |Lloyd Woodard | Decision (unanimous) |Bellator 87 | |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |Mount Pleasant, Michigan, United States | |- |Win |align=center|11–1 |Jason Fischer |Decision (unanimous) |Bellator 82 | |align=center| 3 |align=center| 5:00 |Mount Pleasant, Michigan, United States | |- |Loss |align=center|10–1 |Karl Amoussou | Decision (split) | Bellator 69 | |align=center| 3 |align=center| 5:00 |Lake Charles, Louisiana, United States | |- |Win |align=center|10–0 |Jordan Smith |KO (punches) |Bellator 63 | |align=center| 1 |align=center| 0:22 |Uncasville, Connecticut, United States | |- |Win |align=center|9–0 |Levi Avera |Submission (triangle choke) |Bellator 53 | |align=center|2 |align=center|1:06 |Miami, Oklahoma, United States | |- |Win |align=center|8–0 |Kody Frank |Decision (unanimous) |SKC: Hotter than Hell Fight Night | |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |Wichita, Kansas, United States | |- |Win |align=center|7–0 |Richard Bouphanouvong |Submission (triangle choke) |Bellator 43 | |align=center|2 |align=center|1:11 |Newkirk, Oklahoma, United States | |- |Win |align=center|6–0 |Dylan Smith |Submission (triangle choke) |Bellator 40 | |align=center|1 |align=center|3:32 |Newkirk, Oklahoma, United States | |- |Win |align=center|5–0 |Aaron Fondry |Decision (split) |Friday Night Fights New England: Burlington | |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |Burlington, Vermont, United States | |- |Win |align=center|4–0 |Charles Jones |Submission (triangle choke) |C3 Fights: Slammin Jammin Weekend 6 | |align=center|2 |align=center|2:19 |Newkirk, Oklahoma, United States | |- |Win |align=center|3–0 |Kelly Allen |Submission (triangle choke) |Eye Win: Showtime | |align=center|1 |align=center|3:31 |Wichita, Kansas, United States | |- |Win |align=center|2–0 |Michael Glenn |Submission (armbar) |Eye Win: Devastation | |align=center|1 |align=center|2:15 |Wichita, Kansas, United States | |- |Win |align=center|1–0 |Chris Evinger |TKO (knees and punches) |Eye Win: Valentine's Day Massacre | |align=center|1 |align=center|2:40 |Wichita, Kansas, United States | Bare knuckle record |- |Loss |align=center|2–1 |Mike Richman |KO (punch) |BKFC 23 | |align=center|2 |align=center|0:32 |Wichita, Kansas, United States | |- |Win |align=center|2–0 |Julian Lane |Decision (unanimous) |BKFC Fight Night: Wichita | |align=center|5 |align=center|2:00 |Wichita, Kansas, United States | |- |Win |align=center|1–0 |Cliff Wright |Decision (unanimous) |BKFC 13: Beltran vs. Stamps | |align=center|5 |align=center|2:00 |Salina, Kansas, United States | |- References External links 1989 births Living people American male mixed martial artists Welterweight mixed martial artists Mixed martial artists utilizing wrestling Bare-knuckle boxers People from Derby, Kansas Mixed martial artists from Kansas

Diego Santos Gama Camilo (born 22 November 1994), commonly known as Biro Biro, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a forward. Career statistics Club Other includes Brazilian state competitions and national super cups. References External links Biro Biro at playmakerstats.com (English version of ogol.com.br) 1994 births Living people Footballers from Rio de Janeiro (state) Brazilian men's footballers Men's association football forwards Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players China League One players Fluminense FC players Associação Atlética Ponte Preta players Shanghai Shenxin F.C. players São Paulo FC players Nova Iguaçu FC players Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas players Brazilian expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in China Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in China