Datasets:

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scifact-top-20-gen-queries

id stringlengths 4 9	queries sequence
4983	[ "which characteristic describes the diffusion coefficient of cerebral white matter", "mri scan cerebral white matter", "which cerebral area is the largest of the white matter", "cerebral white matter definition", "what is the diffusion coefficient of cerebral white matter", "what is diffusion tensor in cerebral white matter", "when do mri detect diffusion coefficient in brain", "what is the avg diffusion coefficient in cerebral white matter?", "what is diffusion tensor mri in a preterm infant?", "at what age is the diffusion coefficient of cerebral white matter increased?", "how much diffusion in cerebral white matter during term", "what is the diffusion coefficient of cerebral white matter in preterm preterm infants", "what's the diffusion coefficient of cerebral white matter in mri?", "what is the difference between a preterm vs full term brain", "when is cerebral white matter mri used", "what is the diffusion coefficient of cerebral white matter in a full term infant", "where is the diffusion coefficient of white matter on mri", "which of the following is a characteristic of cerebral white matter?", "what is the mean diffusion coefficient of preterm cerebral white matter?", "when does diffusion coefficient decrease" ]
5836	[ "which stem cell overproduces autologous hematopoietic suppressive cell", "what is mdsc in cancer", "mdsc cells function as apoptotic effectors", "which of the following is an important factor that drives the development of myelodysplastic syndrome?", "which is an active chemo inhibitor of mdsc", "which cell type is capable of increasing hematopoiesis", "myeloid derived suppressor cells function as apoptotic effectors", "what is the function of myeloid suppressor cells in myelodysplastic syndrome", "are stem cells hematopoiesis", "mdsc expansion", "why do myeloid cells overproduce cytokines", "is myeloid suppressor cells cytochrome c", "where can mdsc be found", "myeloid-derived suppressor cells", "which stem cell suppresses hematopoietic cellular proliferation", "what is mdsc", "what type of cytokine inducs hematopoiesis", "which of the following molecule is associated with the development of hematopoietic suppressor cells?", "which of the following is a functionally distinct suppressor cell?", "what is mdsc" ]
7912	[ "how are bc1 rna transcripts used", "bc1 gene transcripts", "what is bc1 rna gene", "what is the bc1 gene", "what is bc1 rna", "what is bc1 for gene", "what is bc1 rna gene", "which rna transcript can prime reverse transcription", "which transcript is found in rodent dna? a. bc1 rna, bc3 rna, ctrna, ctp rna", "what is bc1 gene transcription", "what is bc1 rna", "what is the gene that enables reverse transcription in rodents", "what is bc1 rna", "which is the master gene for reverse transcription?", "what is bc1 rna", "what is bc1 rna used for", "what is the purpose of bc1 rna", "which rna is used to prime its own copy for reverse transcription", "bc1 rna is a master gene", "what is bc1 rna" ]
18670	[ "what is the significance of the methylome for dna sequence", "which gene is methylated in bmc", "methylome analysis", "what molecule is used in the methylome", "what is the methylome for human peripheral blood mononuclear cells", "what is the methylome in pbmcs", "dna methylome definition", "which chromosome contains the largest amounts of dna", "which molecule has a methylome?", "where is each methylome in the dna", "which part of dna is methylated", "how do you determine blood type in pbmc", "what is dna methylation in pbmc", "is rna methylated in dna", "where is dna methylated?", "what is the methylome of the chromosome of a haploid chromosome", "which genes are methylated in a pbmc", "what is the methylome of a human hbmc", "why is methylation important in blood mono", "what is methylation in blood mcn" ]
19238	[ "where is mbp gene expressed", "how is the mbp gene related to other genes", "what is the name of the transcription unit for the mbp gene", "where are the exons for myelin basic protein from", "what is the mbp gene", "what is the function of the genes in the mbp transcription unit", "what is mbp in cell culture", "which type of genes are expressed in the peripheral blood or fetal spinal cord", "where is the mbp gene located", "what gene carries the mbp gene?", "which part of mbp is encoded by transcription", "where are myelin basic proteins found", "what is the mmp gene", "what mbps are found in fetal cells", "what is the function of the golli-mbp gene", "where are the mbp transcription sites located", "what is the function of the mbp gene", "where do mbp genes reside", "where is mbp gene found in a cell", "what are the transcription sites for mbp" ]
33370	[ "what is the purpose of a20 expression in glioma", "what is A20 in gscs", "which glioma stem cells are under expressed", "what is a20 overexpression in glioma", "a20 regulation of survival in glioma", "glioma cell survival", "how to reduce glioma stem cells from survival", "what is tnfaip in glioma", "what is a20 in glioma?", "can a20 inhibit survival", "what is a20 glioma", "what is the role of tnfaip3 in glioma", "is a20 a tumor suppressor", "which of the following genes is overexpressed in scs?", "glioma a20 overexpression", "which gene is a tumor suppressor gene", "is a20 a tumor suppressor", "which cell type is a20", "what pathway regulates glioma", "what is the role and reactivity of a20?" ]
36474	[ "when is zfn used", "what type of gene is zfn", "what genes are targeted by zinc finger nuclease", "what gene is targeted in hipscs and hESCs", "how does zinc finger nuclease work in hESC", "what kind of nuclease is used for gene editing in stem cell cells", "which gene is targeted by zygoglycans?", "what is zfn target", "which gene target is performed by zfn?", "how is zfn used in human pluripotent cells", "what kind of nuclease are in human pluripotent cells", "which nucleases are used to generate reporter cells for hipscs", "which gene does zinc finger nuclease target?", "what is zinc finger nuclease", "where in the genome are the gene targets used in hsc?", "how are zfns used to produce hcscs", "when to use zinc finger nuclease in pluripotent cells", "what is the purpose of zinc finger nucleases in cell type editing?", "how zfn genes are overexpressed in human ect", "what zfn is used in pluripotent cells?" ]
54440	[ "which type of model is used to determine the abundance of all serotypes?", "how to predict amplitude of serotypes microarray", "what is the probability of combinations of serotypes", "can serotyping microarray data be used to diagnose infectious diseases", "what is the bayesian model of serotypes?", "which is best to use a bayesian model to predict the abundance of a serotype", "how is serotypes identified", "how is serotyping of strep pneumoniae measured", "which bayesian model is used for serotypes", "how is serotypes identified", "what is a bayesian serotype", "what is the model for serotyping", "which model describes the likelihood of a sequence of serotypes combining to create a similar set of genes?", "which of the following is an example of a Bayesian random effect model?", "types of serotypes in an infectious disease microarray", "why the presence of serotypes in a microarray is a result of a", "what is the role of a serotypia microarray?", "how to determine strep serotype combinations", "why use a serotyping microarray", "what model does serotyping test for" ]
70115	[ "what is posterior mean deviance", "pd measurement definition", "what is the measure of posterior mean deviance", "what is posterior mean deviance", "why add pd", "what is pd", "is posterior mean deviance in bayesian model", "define posterior mean deviance in physics", "what is a posterior pd", "what is posterior mean deviance in model complexity", "what is the measure of posterior mean deviance?", "what is the measure of deviance?", "which is a Bayesian measure of fit? if pd is equal to the posterior mean of the deviance.", "definition of pd", "what is the measure of posterior mean deviance", "pd definition", "what is posterior mean deviance?", "which type of measures is associated with the posterior mean deviance", "what is the pd in a model", "why is posterior mean deviance important" ]
70490	[ "which factor is used to interpret likelihood ratios", "how do you interpret likelihood ratio", "what is the likelihood ratio of a blood test", "what is the likelihood ratio for a diagnostic test", "how to interpret likelihood ratios", "what is likelihood ratio used for", "interpreting probability ratios", "what is likelihood ratio", "what is meant by likelihood ratio?", "how to find likelihood ratios in a physician", "what is likelihood and odds for predicting", "what is the use of likelihood ratio", "which method can be used to interpret a likelihood ratio", "what is a likelihood ratio test", "what is the definition of likelihood ratios", "interpreting likelihood ratios", "how do you interpreting likelihood ratios", "which of the following is an example of a likelihood ratio?", "likelihood ratio definition", "what is the purpose of a likelihood ratio" ]
72159	[ "what tlr ligand inducible", "which tlr7 receptor induces fn", "which trl7 ligand is used for type ii in pdcs", "is tlr7 inducible", "how is the tlr7 signaling activated in syphilis", "what type of tlr molecule induces type i inflammatory response", "which tlr7 ligand induces ifn production", "which ligand stimulates type iii immunoglobulin", "what type of ligand is tlr7", "what is tlr7", "tlr7 induces what", "trl7 induction effect", "does tlr7 induce ifn synthesis?", "which type of induction gene is stimulated by stat1", "why are my pdcs induced by tlr7", "which cell type is induced by tlr7?", "which of the following tlr7 ligands is induced in pdcs? tlr7___", "what is type i in a pdc? what stimulates type i?", "which of the following is the result of the tlr7 ligands", "what type of cellular stimulus initiates the production of ifn-alpha" ]
79447	[ "what is the role of endothelium in vascular edema", "what are vascular responses in adipose tissue", "define visceral microvascular function", "what is vasomotor function of fat", "what is the role of endothelium in the villia", "is arteriolar function affected by oxidative stress", "what is the role of arteriolar tissue in atherosclerotic disease?", "which hormone is dependent on visceral arteriolar function?", "is arteriolar function in fats affected by hypoxia", "what is the effect of nitroprusside on the arteriolar function of fat", "what is the function of subcutaneous arteriolar fats", "what is visceral adiposity", "what is the vasomotor function of fat", "is arteriolar adipose tissue an endothelium", "what is the function of the visceral arteriolar", "what is the role of visceral fats", "is arteriolar tissue toxic", "what is the function of the subcutaneous arterioli", "what is visceral adipose tissue's function", "which inflammatory hormone inhibits vasodilation?" ]
87758	[ "what does cimt measure", "what is the cimt", "does abpi correlate with atherosclerosis", "where is the cimt measurement", "common carotid media thickness tb", "where is the carotid media measured", "what is the correlation between cimt and abpi", "what is a common carotid intima media thickness?", "how does abpi measure atherosclerosis", "aBPI is a measure of the amount of atherosclerotic strain present in a segment of the arterial wall", "what is the average cimt score for brachial pressure index?", "where is common atheroma measured", "what is the correlation between cimt and abpu", "how does the atheroma score correlate with cimt", "what is the correlation between atheroma and cmt", "what does cmt measure in arterial blood work", "what is the standard score for a carotid intima media", "what is the correlation between cimt and abpi", "what is the correlation between ccimt and abpi", "what is the standardized atheroma score" ]
92308	[ "which ctl are responsible for viral replication", "how are hepatitis c transmitted during pregnancy", "during pregnancy which mutation is most likely to cause the emergence of more fit viruses?", "what mutations can cause the replication of a circulating virus in pregnancy?", "why is hcv replication increased during pregnancy", "which type of immunity is affected by pregnancy", "which type of mutations are associated with hcv replication?", "during pregnancy, which epitope is reverted during viral replication?", "what type of mutations are present during pregnancy", "which immunity mutations can be affected by pregnancy?", "what triggers hcv replication during pregnancy?", "when does hcv replication increase during pregnancy", "which cleave mutation is involved in horizontal transmission of a hepatitis virus during pregnancy", "can immunity reduce viral replication in pregnancy", "when does hcv occur in pregnancy", "why do pregnant women lose immunity during pregnancy", "which epitopes are lost during pregnancy", "during pregnancy are ctls required for hcv replication", "which mutation is responsible for the increased pressure on ctls during pregnancy?", "why is chv transmitted during pregnancy" ]
92499	[ "what is the process of developing hematopoietic stem cells", "what is the process of making hematopoietic stem cells", "when do hematopoietic stem cells develop", "when do hematopoietic stem cells mature?", "what is the process of developing hscs", "how do hematopoietic stem cells differ from embryonic stem cells", "what occurs during the development of hematopoietic stem cells", "hscs develop from", "what is the process that develops hscs?", "what is the process of hsc formation", "hematopoietic stem cells", "when and how can hematopoiesis be established", "how do hematopoietic stem cells develop", "which process of hematopoietic stem cell development requires a pool of functional hscs?", "when does hematopoietic stem cell develop", "what is the pathophysiology of hematopoietic stem cells", "what is the journey of developing stem cells", "how do hematopoietic hscs develop", "when do hematopoietic stem cells mature", "how hematopoietic stem cells develop" ]
97884	[ "spondyloarthropathy is a disease of which joint", "which of the following is a characteristic of an inflammatory joint disorder called Spa?", "what pathogenesis is spongioarthropathy", "what is sponsor arthritis", "what is the sacroiliac joint", "sacroiliac arthritis definition", "which of the following is an example of an spa", "what organs are involved in spa", "what is sponsor joints", "what is the disease of sacroiliac joint?", "what is spa arthritis", "which is the primary cause of spra", "is spongioarthritis an autoimmune disease", "which of the following is the disease of the sacroiliac joints?", "spondylolitic arthritis definition", "which is the sacroiliac joint in ankylosing spondylitis", "spondylosing spondylitis symptoms", "what is sacroiliac arthritis", "what are sacroiliac joints", "what is spa arthritis" ]
102662	[ "which organism does genetically modified cotton genomic dna come from?", "what is cotton genomic dna", "what is the process for removing dna from cotton", "cotton genomic dna is used for rflp", "which genomic technology can be used to identify cotton genomes", "which reagent is used for rflp and pcr?", "which is the best method to obtain cotton genomic dna?", "what is the best method of extracting cotton genomic dna?", "which genomic dna is used for cotton dna extraction", "what is cotton genomic dna used for", "what is cotton genomic testing", "what are genomic dna extracted from cotton", "what dna is rflp", "what kind of dna to use for rflp", "what is cotton genomic dna", "what is cotton genomic dna", "cotton genomic dna analysis", "cotton genomic dna extraction", "what is cotton genomic testing", "genomic cotton dna extraction" ]
103007	[ "who is the reference curve for stature and weight?", "what is the current reference curve for stature and weight", "when were statistics first published and when were they revised", "when was the cross sectional stature curve used", "when were statistics of age and weight", "when was the lms curve first used", "when were the uk stature curves created", "when was the british weight / stature curve created", "when was the cross sectional stature curve introduced", "when were lms curves published", "when were stature curves first published", "when was the stature curve developed", "how are uk stature and weight curves used", "what is the reference curve of weight and stature", "when were stature and weight curves first used", "when was the curve for weight first published", "when were stature and weight curves used", "when was the first stature curve used", "when was the lms curve introduced", "when was the uk stature and weight curve revised" ]
104130	[ "what are gli1+ stem cells in a craniofacial suture?", "which mscs are found on sutures", "what is gli1+ cells", "which stem cell is found in each suture", "what is gli1+ in craniofacial sutures", "what cells are found in craniofacial sutures", "where are gli1+ cells found in craniofacial sutures", "which cells are found in the craniofacial tissue", "what is the main msc in craniofacial bones", "gli1+ mesenchymal cells are involved in _______________.", "which cells are associated with craniofacial muscles?", "where are mesenchymal stem cells found", "which type of stem cells are associated with craniofacial bone", "are craniofacial stem cells associated with vasculature", "what is the niche of gli1+ mscs in craniofacial sutures", "gli1+ stem cells definition", "where can stem cells be found in a suture?", "which msc are in all craniofacial bones", "is craniofacial msc involved in vasculature", "what is gli1+ cell" ]
106301	[ "which cells in cardiac heart are derived from glea", "what type of cell is the cardiac neural crest", "what are the cardiac neural crest derived cells", "where is cardiac neural crest", "do cardiac crest cells differentiate", "is cardiac neural crest multipotent", "where are cardiac neural precursors found", "where are cardiac neural crest cells located", "where do cardiac crest cells migrate", "which cell type is cardiac neural crest?", "which cells in the cardiac muscle are not derived from neural crests?", "which neural precursor cells were transplanted into chick embryos and contributed to dorsal root ganglia, spinal nerves, and aortic smooth muscle cells?", "are neural precursor cells derived in the cardiac outflow tract?", "where are cardiac neural crest cells found", "what are cardiac neural crest stem cells?", "what type of derived cells are cardiac neural crest cells", "which cells migrate to the dorsal ganglia", "which cells make up dormant multipotent stem cells", "which cardiac stem cell is an undifferentiated neural cell?", "what types of cells in a cell in cardiac outflow tract" ]
116792	[ "what is the role of mtor", "what is mtor rapamycin", "why is rapamycin given before kainate", "which mammalian cell is associated with mtor", "how does rapamycin prevent epileptogenesis? how is it useful to test mtor?", "how to induce seizures with rapamycin", "which pathway of rapamycin is involved in epilepsy", "which signaling pathway regulates epilepsy", "which pathway is involved in epilepsy?", "which of the following stimulates the mtor pathway for epilepsy", "which rapamycin inhibitor inhibited epilepsy", "rapamycin induced epileptogenesis of hippocampus", "what is the purpose of mtor", "does rapamycin cause epilepsy?", "where is the mtr pathway involved", "rapamycin and kainate induced seizure", "which mammalian mtor initiates epilepsy", "mtor inhibitors in kawainate", "how does rapamycin inhibit epileptin?", "what is rapamycin for" ]
118568	[ "what is ang1 in sepsis", "does ang cause lung sepsis", "which hormone is a regulator of angiopoietin in sepsis chemotherapy", "does ang affect survival rate", "which receptor is associated with ang-1 ligand?", "what is rhang injection", "which is better ang or control", "when is ang 1 administered", "what does rhang do", "is rhang-1 antimicrobial", "what is ang used for in sepsis", "what is rhang", "which angiopoietin inhibits multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (mots)?", "is ang angiopoietin", "does rhang prevent the spread of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in mice?", "what is rhang-1", "what is angiopoietin", "effects of ang in sepsis", "does the rhang inhibitor inhibit the endothelial barrier", "is ang-1 the same as angiopoietin" ]
120626	[ "what type of diabetes is caused by obesity", "causes of obesity diabetes", "what is insulin resistance in obesity", "what is type two diabetes and obesity", "which hormone is released when the pancreas fails to control blood glucose", "what causes type 2 diabetes", "what is the insulin resistance that causes type 2 diabetes?", "does obesity lead to type 2 diabetes", "diabetes type 2 causes and effects", "what is insulin resistance a risk factor for diabetes", "which of the following is an important factor in the development of insulin resistance?", "what causes obesity and type 2 diabetes", "insulin resistance is associated with obesity and diabetes", "what is insulin resistance caused by obesity and diabetes", "why does obesity contribute to diabetes", "which is the most prominent cause of insulin resistance?", "does obesity cause diabetes", "does obesity cause insulin resistance", "what is type two diabetes and obesity", "which cells are affected by insulin resistance" ]
123859	[ "which type of cell is responsible for movement of podocytes", "podocytes are sporadic clusters of _______ cells formed by the movement of", "what are podocytes", "podocyte definition in glomerular cells", "what is podocytes in the parietal cells", "podocytes are a part of what type of epithelial cells", "which cell types migrated to podocytes during glomerular transplantation?", "how podocytes migrated into the parietal", "what cells migrate from podocytes", "podocytes are found in the", "which cells form podocytes?", "what is podocytes", "what type of cells form podocytes", "what is the motility of podocytes in mice?", "what is the molecular composition of podocytes", "what cells migrate to podocytes", "which mouse model shows podocytes in the parietal region of the kidney", "do podocytes migrate into the parietal", "what cell types are in podocytes", "what cells move into podocytes" ]
140874	[ "where is ctff binding in chromosome", "which chromosome regions interact", "which chromosome has an icr", "where is ccif binding", "which region of the maternal chromosome interacts with igf2 promoters", "why are imprinting regions important genes?", "where are ctcf inhibitors binding", "what is icr and ctcf roles", "what is the role of a ctff", "what is ctcf binding on maternal genes", "what ctff region is associated with insertional transcription", "ctff binding region", "what is the role of ctcf", "what region of chromosome is involved in igf2 silencing", "which imprinting region is a promoter", "where is ctcf bound", "where are the ctcf-binding sites", "what region of imprint is ctcf binding at", "what is ctfc binding in chromosome", "what region of maternal chromatin is ctcf binding" ]
143251	[ "what protein binds to pml", "what causes PML", "which two proteins are involved in the de novo assembly of pml nuclear bodies", "what is the function of the aml nucleosomes", "how are telomeres extended in pml", "what is the purpose telomere repeat", "de novo assembly of telomeres occurs via what pathway?", "which of these is an apb", "which proteins are recruited for telomere lengthening", "which proteins initiate telomere elongation?", "what is pml", "what protein is used in telomere repair", "what is the purpose of amino acids forming telomeres in tumor cells", "telomere elongation is caused by what", "what proteins are involved in telomere repair", "what makes telomeres elongate", "what is the protein that initiates the formation of a telomeric nuclear subcomponent?", "which proteins are involved in formation of aml nucleotides", "what is the purpose of the telomere repeats", "what types of proteins can be recruited for AML" ]
152245	[ "what is the opal stop codon in onnv", "where is the opal codon in the alphavirus genome?", "where is the opal stop codon of an onnv virus found", "what opal is in an onnv", "which gene codon is the end of an opal virus?", "what is the role of the opal in o'nyong-nyong's genome?", "where is the opal stop codon", "why is an opal sequence a stop codon", "what is the function of an opal codon in onnv", "which of the following are the two stop codons in the genome of o'nyong-nyong?", "what is the onvn gene", "which of the following proteins is produced when translation terminates at the opal codon?", "what is the opal stop codon of o'nyong nyong virus", "which sequence of onnv is an opal stop codon? quizlet", "what is opal in a virus", "what is the purpose of the opal stop codon in the onnv", "___________ is produced at the end of translational readthrough of the genome of the alphavirus.", "what is the opal termination codon of an opal virus?", "which gene is opal", "when is an opal codon replaced by an arginine codon" ]
153744	[ "what ncrnas are responsible for transcriptional translation of hsur t cells", "what is the role of microRNAs in transformed cells", "what is hsur 1", "how does hsur regulate expression", "what type of rna are in t cells", "what is the function of host microrna", "what is hsur in t cells", "which rna targets genes in virally transformed cells?", "what is the role of the hsur in t cells", "which microrna is used to target cells", "HSUR 1 is responsible for which of the following?", "what is hsur", "what is nucleation of hsurs", "is herpes saimiri viral or nonviral", "what is the role hsur for t cells", "which mirna is involved in viral transformation", "what kind of microrna is expressed by viral t cells?", "how does herpes saimiri affect rna production", "what type of microrna does herpes use", "what is the role of hsur in transcription" ]
159469	[ "what is htrf", "which fluorescence technology is widely used in protein kinase screening?", "what is htrf", "what is htrf technology", "what is htrf", "what is htrf", "what is tb", "what is htrf", "why use heterogeneous time resolved tr assay", "what is htrf", "what is a htrf", "what is htrf", "htrf assays", "what is htrf", "what is tb for antibody screens", "what is htrf technology", "what is htrf", "what is htrf", "what is htrf", "what is homogeneous time-resolution assays" ]
164189	[ "what forks initiate replication", "what stimulates the origin firing of dna", "what suppresses the start of the replication factory?", "which chromosome inhibits the replication", "what inhibits replication fork progression?", "what inhibits replication factories", "which kinase suppresses origin firing", "what stimulates origin firing", "what is the function of the checkpoint kinase of replication origin", "what suppresses origin firing", "how to inhibit replication factories", "why replication factory activation inhibits dna replication", "what inhibits origin firing", "what inhibits replication fork progression", "where does replication start", "what inhibits dna initiation by replication stress?", "what inhibits production of replication origins", "when replication is inhibited which kinase initiates dna replication in an adjacent replication factory?", "when fork progression is inhibited dormant origins initiate", "what enzyme initiates replication fork in ra?" ]
164985	[ "what is the role of fra-1 in macrophages?", "which macrophages are stimulated by the macrophage progenitor", "what is the function of fra1", "what promotes the formation of m2d macrophages", "what is the role of fra in macrophage formation?", "how does the inflammatory factor in macrophages help m2d", "which of the following promoters regulates the formation of m2d macrophages", "what is the role of Fra-1 gene", "what is the role of fra in cancer cell division?", "what promotes the proliferation of m2d macrophages.", "what is the role of the protooncogene fra1 in cancer", "what cytokine regulates cell differentiation", "what is the function of Fra-1 gene in macrophages?", "what is the functional function of a macrophage", "is the role of the Fra-1 protooncogene in mammary carcinoma cells", "does fra 1 induce tumor formation", "what is the role of fra-1 in the formation of m2d macrophages", "what is the function of fra", "which is the inflammatory role of macrophages in macrophage proliferation?", "which of these is a function of the protist macrophage" ]
169264	[ "which sio2 nanoparticles are toxic", "can the presence of sio2 make a protein toxic", "are sio2 nanoparticles toxic", "is sio2 toxic", "are sio2 nanoparticles toxic", "is SiO2 cytotoxic", "which nanoparticles are inert", "can sio2 be cytotoxic", "what type of nanoparticle is titanium oxide", "which nanoparticles do rat cells use", "which nanoparticle is toxic", "what is the toxicity of sio2 nanoparticles", "sio2 nanoparticles in blood are harmful to animals", "what kind of nanoparticles would a protein be bonded onto?", "which nanoparticle is found on the surface of the blood?", "what is sio2 nanoparticle", "what type of particles are found in blood", "why is sio2 toxic", "are sio2 nanoparticles toxic", "which sio2 nanoparticles are cytotoxic" ]
175735	[ "which process is involved in inferring the histone position of nucleosomes?", "which of the following is an important function of the nucleosomes of chromatin?", "why do we use nuchunter", "what is nucleosome?", "why do scientists use nucleosomal annotation", "nucleosome in chromatin", "how to infer nucleosome position from histone modifications", "dna is produced by a histone modification process.", "what is the use of nuchunter", "what is the nucleosome", "what is the purpose of a nucleosomal annotation?", "what is nucleosome", "what is nuchunter", "what histone modification is involved in replication", "what is nuchunter", "what is nuchunter", "which histone is repressing in chromatin?", "what is nuc hunter", "what is nuchunter", "how is nuchunter used in genomics" ]
188911	[ "how do dendritic cells form", "what is the difference between granulocytes, microphages, and dendritic cells", "which type of colony stimulating factor is most important for generating dendritic cells", "where do dendritic cells form in blood", "which of the following bacteria creates dendritic cells", "what is dendritic cells", "where are dendritics produced", "what cells are generated from marrow", "what produces the growth of the dendritic cells in the bone marrow", "what type of cell produces proliferating clusters of myeloid cell", "what is the mhc class of macrophages that generate dendritic cells", "where do dendritic cells arise", "where can dendritic cells be generated?", "which type of bacteria is a dendritic cell?", "which class of cell generates myeloid cells", "what type of cell does bone marrow contain", "what type of cell is granulocyte?", "what produces dendritic cell clusters", "how do dendritic cells form", "granulocytes dendritic cells" ]
195352	[ "insulin resistance in obesity and diabetes", "insulin resistance in obesity", "what is the relationship between insulin resistance and obesity", "insulin resistance in obesity", "insulin resistance and obesity", "which metabolic pathways are associated with diabetes", "insulin resistance in diabetes", "what organs are affected by insulin resistance", "what does obesity insulin resistance in diabetes", "metabolic effects of obesity on body", "why obesity can cause insulin resistance", "insulin resistance in obesity", "what is the role of insulin resistance in obesity", "why does obesity raise insulin resistance", "insulin response in obesity", "what is insulin resistance in obesity", "which of the following is a relationship between insulin resistance and obesity?", "what metabolic pathways contribute to diabetes", "what are the metabolic pathways that insulin resistance occurs", "insulin resistance in obesity definition" ]
202259	[ "how is blood pressure lowering beneficial", "effects of lowering blood pressure", "what is the effect of lowering blood pressure in a dialysis patient?", "effect of lowering blood pressure", "effect of blood pressure on mortality", "is blood pressure lower during dialysis", "what are the benefits of lowering blood pressure in the dialysis patient", "can lowering blood pressure improve cardiovascular health", "which clinical trial showed the most benefit of blood pressure lowering", "why would lowering blood pressure be beneficial in blood work", "when does blood pressure drop on dialysis", "effects of blood pressure lowering on dialysis patient", "when does blood pressure lowering start", "effects of low blood pressure in dialysis patients", "effects of dialysis on systolic blood pressure", "effects of blood pressure lowering on patients", "effect of lower blood pressure on mortality", "effects of dialysis on vascular health", "effect of blood pressure on cardiovascular system", "why would dialysis decrease blood pressure" ]
207972	[ "which tnf receptor is used in cell death", "when is fip 2 released", "which protein inhibits tnf alpha", "what is the function of e3-14.7k", "why is fip-2 inactivated", "which proteins interact with tnf receptors", "what is the protein that inhibits the TNF receptor", "tnf receptor is associated with fip2", "what is the role of the fip-2 gene", "what protein inhibits tnf-alpha cytolysis", "what is the effect of fip on cell death", "which adenovirus inhibits tnf alpha cell", "what is the role of the tnf receptors in cellular death?", "which cell-specific protein inhibits tnf-alpha apoptosis?", "what is tnf alpha", "is fip 2 a tnf inhibitor", "what protein inhibits cell death", "what is fip-2", "what is the mechanism by which fip-2 initiates cell death?", "which protein is involved in the apoptosis and cellular death pathways?" ]
213017	[ "what protein is trf2", "what protein is involved in telomere truncation", "what type of molecule makes up the telomeres of an apb", "which of the following proteins is associated with the formation of telomeres?", "which proteins cause telomere compaction?", "what is telomere compaction and telomere depletion", "what are telomeres used for", "what is the role of the shelterin protein in atmospheric dna repair?", "why are alt and pml cells important", "what is the role of protein sumoylation during telomere replication?", "which molecule causes the formation of telomere repeats for apbs in cancer cells?", "what causes apb formation", "what protein regulates the formation of telomeres", "which dna molecule is responsible for telomere lengthening", "what is apb formation", "what is the mechanism by which atm is synthesized by telomeres in leukemia cells?", "what proteins bind to telomeres in leukemia", "which protein promotes telomere lengthening?", "what type of cell is ataxia prognosis leukemia?", "what proteins bind to telomeres" ]
219475	[ "what type of myeloid cell induces aberrant vasculature in lung", "why are myeloid cells increased in lung", "what is the role of myeloid cells and myeloid tissue in the lung", "what cells make up premetastatic lung", "what is the function of myeloid cells in the lungs?", "what type of myeloid cells are produced in the lung", "what is cd11b in the lung", "which cells produce inflamed vascular tissue causing pulmonary metastasis?", "which cytokines do tumor cells produce in the lungs", "what is dx1+cd11b cells", "what is myeloid tissue in the lungs?", "how do myeloid cells affect the lung during metastasis", "what is the role of myeloid cells in protumor development?", "what is the role of myeloid cells in lung", "which myeloid lungs are inflammatory", "why do lungs become myeloid", "how does lung metastasis start and end in mice", "what is the immune defense to tumors?", "what is premetastatic cd11b", "what is myeloid tissue production" ]
226488	[ "activin nosal signaling", "activin nodal", "what is activin", "what signaling mechanism regulates the cell cycle?", "what are the responsibilities of activin noctal signaling in stem cell development", "what is signaling pathways", "what is activin/nomal signalling", "activated nasdal signalling for stem cells", "what stimulates activin/ nodals", "what is activin/nodal signaling", "what is the role of activin noctal", "what is activin/noctal signalling", "what is the function of activin/nocal signalling in stem cells", "what is activin nodal signalling?", "which of the following signaling pathways governs the function of stem cells?", "what type of signaling in stem cells", "which growth factors regulate stem cell differentiation?", "which growth factor initiates activin/nomal signalling?", "what is activin/nocal signaling", "which molecule regulates cell fate?" ]
236204	[ "what is rdrp gene", "which gene is most directly expressed in dsrna?", "what is the role of rdrp genes in rnai", "which gene encodes rdrp", "what genes are required for transcription of RNA", "which rna polymerase is required for rnai", "which gene is the catalytic domain for dsrna", "what is the role of rdrp in rnai", "what is the function of rdrp genes?", "which rna polymerase is responsible for silencing", "what is rdrp genes", "what is the function of rdrp in paramecium tetraurelia", "what is paramecium rdrp", "which genes are required for gene silencing?", "what is the role of the paramecium rdrp genes", "which gene is responsible for the synthesis of primary rna?", "which genes are responsible for siRNA", "rdrp in paramecium tetraurelia", "what is the role of rdrp", "what is the role of rdrp genes" ]
238409	[ "cyclosporine a induced apoptosis symptoms", "what mechanism of action would cyclosporine a induce", "what is the mechanism of renal cell apoptosis", "csa mechanism of action nephrotoxicity", "mechanism of apoptosis of renal cells", "what mechanism is involved in chronic csa nephrotoxicity", "cyclosporine A is a mechanism of which disease", "what is kidney cyclosporine", "which of the following is responsible for causing renal cell apoptosis?", "what does cyclosporine a do", "is cyclosporine a in vitro", "what is cyclosporine a in renal cells", "what is mechanism involved in renal cell apoptosis", "what is a mechanism of apoptosis caused by cytomegalovirus", "what mechanism is involved in renal cell apoptosis of kidney?", "cyclosporine a in kidneys causes apoptosis quizlet", "which pathway is involved in renal cell apoptosis? quizlet", "what is an example of renal cell apoptosis", "mechanism of csa in renal cells", "what mechanism is cyclosporine" ]
243694	[ "where do blood stem cells first arise quizlet", "aortic endothelium emerge", "when do hsc enter the aorta", "where do hsc cells emerge from?", "where would you find hscs", "where does hscs arise from", "what organelle is the aortic floor in?", "where do hscs emerge from", "where is hsc located", "where do hscs emerge from?", "which aortic cells emerge from the ventral wall", "what is the process of a hsc", "where does hsc emerge from", "which organelle is a site where hscs emerge", "which type of cells emerge during embryonic development", "where do hscs form", "where do human aorta cells emerge from", "where do hemoglobin hscs emerge from in an embryo", "where do hscs first emerge?", "what type of cell emerges from the aortic floor" ]
253672	[ "h7n9 is transmittable through humans", "can avian influenza a transmit from person to person", "what type of flu was transmitted from person to person", "when is avian flu transmitted", "how far can h7n9 be transferred", "how can the virus be transmitted", "where can humans get avian influenza", "can h7n9 be transmitted from person to person", "how does h7n 9 spread to people?", "how is avian influenza transmitted?", "how can avian influenza affect a human body", "which strain of influenza can be transmitted from person to person", "how long to develop a fever in china", "h7n9 is likely to spread from person to person", "what is the genotype of the avian influenza", "what is the phylogeny of avian flu", "can avian flu viruses transmit from person to person", "which strains does chinese poultry carry", "what type of pcr test is h7n9", "is avian flu transmittable from person to person" ]
263364	[ "which genes are associated with hepatitis c", "what is spontaneous clearance for hcv in morocco", "what is spontaneous clearance of hepatitis c", "what genotype is affected in hepatitis c patients morocco", "what is spontaneous clearance of hepatitis c", "when is spontaneous clearance", "which gene is associated with spontaneous clearance of the hcv in moroccan patients", "il28b snp genotypes", "what is the genotype for spontaneous clearance", "hepatitis c genotype in moroccans", "when will spontaneous clearance occur", "what genotype is associated with hcv", "what are the genotypes of il28b", "what is the genotype for hcv?", "when is il28b genotype positive", "what is an il28b genotype", "what is the genotype for interleukin 27b?", "what is the genotype of the il28b gene", "what is spontaneous clearance of hepatitis c", "why is IL28B genotype affected in morocco" ]
266641	[ "which blood tr cells are highly suppressive?", "which t reg cell is suppressive", "what is the purpose of t reg cells", "what is t reg cell", "what is t reg cells", "what is cd127 in blood work", "which t reg cells have cd127", "do t reg cells suppress", "which t reg cells are highly suppressive", "t reg cell function", "are t reg cells suppressive", "what is the function of cd127", "which receptor is suppressed in t reg cells", "what is cd127", "what is cd25 t reg cells", "cd267 is suppressive", "what type of blood is t reg cells", "what is cd127 and cd25", "are blood reg cells suppressive or not", "what is suppressive function of a t reg cell" ]
275294	[ "which of the following can be used to increase the cutaneous production of vitamin d", "why is precholecalciferol a common nutrient in humans?", "which sunlight produces cholecalciferol", "ozone causes cholecalciferol deficiency", "what causes cholecalciferol in the skin", "what is the role of sunlight for vitamin d deficiency", "what is the production of cholecalciferol in the body", "which factors influence the production of vitamin d", "when does a person produce vitamin d", "what causes cholecalciferol levels in the body", "which of the following factors may be a source of vitamin d deficiency?", "which vitamin is produced in sunlight during the winter months?", "what produces cholecalciferol in the skin", "what causes cholecalciferol to be released into the skin", "causes of vitamin d deficiency in elderly", "what are some vitamin d deficiency", "what is vitamin d deficiency", "effects of sunlight on vitamin d", "what is the cutaneous production of vitamin d?", "effects of sunlight on cutaneous cholecalciferol production" ]
279052	[ "what is genomic imprinting", "why are genes imprinted in fetal cells", "what is genetic imprinting in psychology", "what role does genomic imprinting play in developmental processes?", "why are mRNA genes important", "genomic imprinting of genes is important for what?", "genetic imprinting definition", "which gene is imprinted on an allele", "what are some important roles of imprinted genes", "what is genomic imprinting in psychology", "what is the role of genetic imprinting in stem cells", "genomic imprinting is used in what", "why genomic imprinting is beneficial", "which genetic imprints can be detected by a gene?", "which of the following is a role for the gene imprint in normal development?", "genomic imprinting in psychology", "why are genes genetically imprinted", "what genes are imprinted on the brain", "what are genomic imprints in development", "why is genomic imprint genetic" ]
285794	[ "is light cycler pcr reliable", "what test is light cycler", "does light cycler quantitation work", "is light cycler used for hepatitis c rna", "which assay is used to test for hepatitis c", "what is hcv", "why is light cycler used", "what is light cycler dna", "what is light cycler used for", "what pcr test is needed to test hepatitis c virus rna", "light cycler rna detection", "what is the pcr method for hepatitis c?", "what does light cycler pcr detect in human hepatitis", "what is light cycler", "what is light cycler assay", "what is light cycler pcr and hcv monitor", "is there a pcr assay that is used in hepatitis c", "what is light cycler for", "what is light cycler?", "what is light cycler used for" ]
293661	[ "what is arginine metabolism", "what is arginine metabolism", "what is arginine deprivation", "is arginine metabolism triggered by arginase inhibitors?", "what is arginine metabolism", "what is the effect of arginine metabolism", "what is arginine metabolism", "which protein inhibits argine metabolism", "why is arginine an essential amino acid", "is arginine a tumor causing amino acid", "is arginine used for tumor deprivation", "what metabolism is arginine", "why is arginine an important amino acid", "why is arginine a semi-essential amino acid?", "what is arginine deprivation", "what is the mechanism of arginine detoxification", "what type of tumor requires arginine deprivation", "arginine metabolism", "arginine metabolism", "what is arginine metabolism in tumors" ]
301838	[ "which cell type expresses Rankl", "what is thymus medulla", "what is the role of rank in thymic medulla formation?", "thymic medulla induction", "what is the role of rank signals in the development of t cells?", "thymic medulla causes which of the following", "what is the role of rank signalling", "how is rank signaling coordinated in t cells", "what is the role of rank signaling in the t cell development? a. the thymus medulla, b. the skint epidermal epithelium, c. aire, d. the medullary thymic medul", "what is the function of a thymic medulla in a human body", "what is a mtec", "which progenitor is a detc", "what is the thymocyte for t cell tolerance", "what is the thymus medulla for", "which thymic progenitors are detc", "what is the primary function of rankl t cells?", "thymic medulla definition", "what is the role of rank signaling for t cells", "what cell makes up the medulla for tolerance", "what type of cells do a thymic medulla have?" ]
301866	[ "how long is memory b cell deficiency", "which is a characteristic of long term immune deficiency? brain stem cell transplant", "is memory b affected by allogeneic deficiency", "why are b cells deficiency", "when do memory b cells normalize", "how long can a person live with a deficiency in a stem cell system", "when are allogeneic stem cells normal?", "what is the effect of chronic graft versus host disease on memory b cells?", "when do bs cells expand after graft versus host disease", "when do b cell defects increase?", "what is the long term effect of a b cell deficiency", "what is the deficiency of memory stem cells", "what kind of a cell defect is associated with long term immune deficiency?", "when is the deficiency of memory cells seen in transplant patients?", "when is b-cell deficiency", "when do b-cells normally occur in allogeneic immune response", "what type of cell is affected by chronic graft versus host disease", "what is the impact of cd4 deficiency on memory b cells", "what b cell defect is associated with memory b disease", "is a b cell defect associated with a late infection" ]
306006	[ "what triggers proliferation of t cells", "does an agonist activate t cells", "what is the mechanism of action of pmhc peptides?", "which stimulatory ligand is responsible for t cell activation?", "what type of cell proliferates with peptide agonists", "which peptide stimulates proliferating t cells", "which peptide-major histocompatibility molecule stimulates a t cell proliferation", "what ligands trigger proliferation", "what is t cell activation", "what is the stimulatory potency of pMHC?", "which ligand induces t cell proliferation", "what stimulates proliferation of t cells", "which peptide is an agonist for t cell activation", "which peptide-major histocompatibility molecule increases t cells' proliferation?", "what stimulates t cells to proliferate", "what stimulant molecule stimulates proliferation of t cells", "what stimulates t cell proliferation?", "what stimulates a t cell to proliferate", "how do peptide ligands stimulate t cells to proliferate?", "which of the following is associated with the activation of t cell antigens?" ]
306311	[ "which neuron regulates glutamate clearance", "which neuron is associated with astrocytic coverage", "what role does the glial coverage of neurons play in regulation of synaptic efficacy?", "regulation of glutamate clearance in neurons", "regulation of glutamate clearance in neurons", "which part of the neuron regulates glutamate clearance", "what is the regulation of glutamate clearance?", "what is the regulation of glutamate clearance", "which neuron is triggered by astrocytic coverage", "what regulates the astrocytic coverage of neuron", "which neuroglial coverage is associated with glutamate clearance?", "what is the effect of glial coverage on cellular membranes", "glutamate concentration effects on neuron coverage", "what regulates glutamate clearance in the neuron", "which neuron controls glutamate clearance in the central nervous system", "which is associated with astrocytic coverage of neurons", "which neuron is associated with astrocytic coverage", "what is the role of glial coverage and glutamate clearance in synaptic diffusion", "which neuron is affected by decreased astrocytic coverage?", "what regulates astrocytic coverage" ]
308862	[ "what is the duration of androgen suppression", "does androgen reduction improve survival", "duration of prostate cancer suppression", "what is the hazard of androgen suppression", "what is the hazard of androgen suppression?", "long term androgen suppression", "how long does androgen support after cancer treatment", "how long is androgen suppression for prostate cancer", "how long do androgens suppress", "is suppression longer", "how effective is androgen suppression", "how long is treatment of androgen suppression good for", "how long is androgen suppression", "how long does androgen suppression last", "how long does androgen suppression last", "what is the length of dna suppression in treatment of prostate cancer", "what is the survival of short term androgen suppression", "how long after radiation can you get treatment", "what does androgen suppression do in prostate cancer?", "what is the long term duration of androgen suppression" ]
313394	[ "where does binaural localization occur", "why sound localization is better for blind than sighted?", "which of the following is responsible for the spatial localization of sound when the brain is active?", "which area of the brain is used for monaural sound localization", "which lobe activates sound?", "what is the functional lobe of the ear", "what is occipital function", "what is the functional study of sound localization?", "does the visual cortex produce monaural cues?", "what cortex do blind people use for binaural sound localization", "what is the occipital foci during sound localization", "which region of a ear does monaural sound localization occur?", "when do they do sound localization", "which region of the brain helps to hear sound", "what part of the brain is responsible for sound localization", "what is occipital cortex activation quizlet", "which part of the brain is responsible for sound localization?", "which lobe is used to perform binaural sound localization", "which area is responsible for sound localization", "what is the target of monaural sound localization in sighted" ]
313403	[ "which of the following is a predictor of clinical outcome of node positive breast cancer?", "where are tumor associated macrophages found in cancer", "what is tam density?", "what is the density of macrophages in the tumor stroma", "which cancer cells are associated with the TAM", "what is tam in cancer", "high density of tam in cancer", "why is lymphocyte density important for cancer", "what is the density of tumor associated macrophages (tams) in the stroma of a tumor?", "which tumor-associated macrophage is associated with node-negative tumors?", "how to characterize macrophages", "why are tumor associated macrophages important", "what is the density of tumor antigens in the tumor stroma", "why are TAMs a risk factor for cancer", "which of the following is an important predictor of survival for breast cancer?", "what is the difference between tams and macrophages", "what is the density and type of lymphoid stroma associated with cancer", "what is the density of tumor associated macrophage", "what is cancer-associated macrophage?", "which tumor is associated with macrophages?" ]
317204	[ "which of the following is included in the cardiac dishevelled 3 pathway?", "why is dvl3 a dysfunctional gene", "what is the significance of the dvl3 gene in development", "where is dvl3 found", "what is the function of dvl3", "what is the function of dvl", "what is the function of dvl2", "what is the role of dvl4 in neurulation?", "what are the three functions of the dvl gene", "what is the function of dvl", "which dvl mutation is associated with a double outlet of right ventricle in a normal cardiac outflow tract?", "which pathway is dvl", "what is the role of dvl in developmental processes and disorders", "what is the function of dvl gene", "what is dvl3", "what is the function of dvl3", "what is dvl4 and dvl3 in development", "what is the function of the dvl", "what is the role of dvl", "what is the function of an dvl" ]
323030	[ "which molecule regulate the function of all cell apical and basal axis cells", "what is the role of adherens junctions", "what is the role of adhesions junctions in a cell", "what is the main role of the adherens junction", "what is the role of adhesions junctions", "why is e cadherin important", "what is adh junctions in the epithelium", "where are the adherens junctions located", "what is the function of adhesions junctions of cell", "which type of molecule regulates the aj formation and integrity of epithelial cells", "which type of cytoskeleton is involved with adhesion junctions between epithelial cells", "what is a junction in a epithelium", "what is the relationship between the adherens junctions and the cytoskeleton", "what structure forms a junction", "who binds to adhesion junctions in epithelial tissue", "what is the function of adherens junctions in epithelial cells", "which of the following binds to cytoskeletal components", "which type of junction is associated with the apical-basal axis", "which structure forms the adherens junction?", "which molecule is involved in forming an adhesion?" ]
323335	[ "how long is the period of asystole", "how long does a tilt test take", "how long is asystole test", "what is typical asystole length", "how long does tilt testing work for syncope", "when should you tilt the head up during syncope", "when can you test for asystole", "when was head up tilt test used for asystole", "how long does a tilt test last", "what is the normal length of time for tilt table", "when did asystole occur", "average duration of syncopal asystole", "long term effects of a tilt test", "how long should a tilt test last", "how long is asystole", "how long is asystole", "average duration of asystole at the time of testing", "what is the long term outcome of asystole test", "when to give the head up tilt test", "how long for syncopal episode" ]
327319	[ "what is zinc used for", "what is zinc", "how many molecules are zinc purchasable", "where does zinc connect", "what is zinc", "how many molecules are purchasable for immediate delivery?", "what is zinc?", "what is zinc", "what is zinc", "who creates zinc", "what is zinc", "what is zinc 15 used for", "what is zinc", "what is zinc", "which ligand is purchasable for purchasable metabolites", "how does zinc annotate a ligand", "what is zinc", "what is the zinc molecule", "what is zinc", "how many compounds in zinc" ]
335029	[ "what is condensin during fission", "condensin in chromosome construction", "condensin structure definition biology", "what type of chromatin is found in yeast", "what is the function of the chromatin landscape during mitosis", "which domains of dna are compacted during mitosis", "what is the function of condensin", "why is condensin a determinant of chromatin design?", "which chromosome is compacted during mitotic chromatin remodeling", "what is the condensin", "where can condensation be seen in yeast?", "which chromosomes are condensed during mitosis?", "what is the role of condensin in mitosis", "where is chromosome condensation in the yeast genome", "what is the function of condensin during mitosis", "which dna molecules are compacted during mitosis?", "which process is facilitated by chromosome conformation capture (scc)", "what role does condensin in mitotic chromatin", "which of the following is the primary determinant of chromosome composition?", "what is condensin" ]
341324	[ "pulmonary tuberculosis recompensation", "how long does it take to cure tb after smear", "what drugs treat pulmonary tuberculosis?", "when does rifampicin recurs in hiv treatment", "what treatment for tuberculosis", "who should be treated with a thrice weekly regimen of antitubercular drugs?", "what is a six week regimen for sputum tuberculosis", "smear recurrence rate in hiv patients", "how long will antitubercular therapy last in tb", "how long will tb treatment take", "does rifampicin cause recurrence?", "duration of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis", "how often is th isoniazid given in treatment", "how effective is tbp therapy", "how long after diagnosis does a person have a smear", "duration of thrice weekly regimens", "how long does it take to cure sputum smear in hiv patients", "is isoniazid a controlled medication", "tbs medication regimen", "is pyrazinamide a treatment for tb" ]
343052	[ "is turmeric good for arthritis", "does curcumin affect arthritis in mice", "can curcumin inhibit inflammatory response", "is curcumin an anti-inflammatory", "does saline curcumin affect arthritis in mice?", "is curcumin used in mice", "is curcumin antiinflammatory", "how does curcumin affect inflammatory response", "does curcumin reduce inflammatory arthritis", "does curcumin cause arthritis in mice", "curcumin effects on arthritis in mice", "does curcumin inhibit IL-1beta", "does curcumin inhibit arthritis", "does curcumin help with arthritis", "does curcumin inhibit inflammation", "what is curcumin used for", "does curcumin cause arthritis in the ankle", "is curcumin an anti inflammatory", "is curcumin an inflammatory", "does curcumin cause arthritis in mice" ]
344240	[ "what splices myoblasts", "what is the purpose of isch if splice variant of myh", "what is the function of igf gene", "does loss of igf iea or igf ieb affect cells", "what is the role of igf-ii", "what is the role of igf-ieb during differentiation", "which gene splices myoblast cells", "igf splice variants", "what is the function of igf-iib in cell division", "how does igf affect differentiation", "which splice variant is responsible for loss of myosin heavy chain mrna", "which gene is lost to inhibit myoblasts sex", "if ligands are lost in the spliced gene, mrna is reduced", "which splice variant inhibits myoblast", "what is the role of igf-iia? quizlet", "if ing foeti gene is loss of IGF-iia mrna", "what is the function of iga genes in differentiation", "which variants can be activated when ligands are lost in a cell", "what is the function of igf-iea and igf-iib", "is igf ii a protein" ]
350542	[ "which antibiotics synergizes with pleurocidin", "does pleurocidin synergise with antibiotics", "what kind of antibiotic does pleurocidin contain", "does pleurocidin synergize with antibiotics", "what peptide is used to treat enterococcus", "what organisms can use pleurocidin", "does pleurocidin have an antibiofilm mechanism", "does pleurocidin harm bacterial cells", "how is pleurocidin synergistic with antibiotics", "what mechanism of action does pleurocidin exert on the bacteria", "what is the function of pleurocidin in bacteria cell culture", "what is pleurocidin peptides", "which peptides can be used in the combination of antibiotics", "what is the mechanism of action of pleurocidin peptide", "does pleurocidin harm bacteria", "is pleurocidin a fungicide", "does pleurocidin contain antibiotics", "is pleurocidin a antibiotic", "why does pleurocidin inhibit oxytocin production", "which peptide is synergistic with antibiotics" ]
356218	[ "how often does a prenatal woman have renal insufficiency", "what percentage of pregnancy has renal insufficiency", "causes of renal deficiency in pregnancy", "renal failure symptoms in pregnancy", "renal insufficiency pregnancy", "what is the outcome of renal insufficiency", "which condition is related to renal insufficiency in pregnancy", "causes of increased maternal renal insufficiency", "maternal renal insufficiency symptoms and treatment", "what is normal uti for renal insufficiency", "what is maternal renal insufficiency and pregnancy complications", "which of the following is an obstetrical and maternal complications?", "how are renal insufficiency associated with pregnancy?", "how common is renal insufficiency in women", "what is the rate of maternal renal complications during pregnancy?", "is renal insufficiency common in pregnancy", "how often is renal insufficiency in pregnancy", "what is the risk for renal insufficiency during pregnancy", "what is the average creatinine for a pregnant women", "is hypertension related to renal disease" ]
364522	[ "what is hmgb1 and tlr3", "what is the role of mhgb1 protein in calcific aortic valve disease", "which tr4 is associated with the calcific aortic valve?", "what pro-inflammatory factors are stimulated by hmgb1", "how does hmgb cause osteoblastic calcification", "what is the role of hmgb1 for calcific aortic valve disease", "what pro-inflammatory factors can activate hmgb1?", "what is high mobility group box 1", "what protein inhibits calcific aortic valve", "what type of cytokine is produced by hgb1", "what is the role of hgb1 in calcific valves", "what is the role of hamgb1 protein in aortic tissue disease?", "which hmgb1 protein promotes calcification of aorta", "which cytokine is associated with osteogenic aortic valve disease?", "what hmgb1 is required for calcific aortic valves?", "what is toll like receptor 4", "what proteins promote osteoblastic differentiation", "which type of cell division is mediated by hmgb1 hmgb1", "which receptor is involved in calcific aortic valve disease?", "what is the activation of mhgb protein" ]
365896	[ "what is ribosys", "what is ribosomal repression", "what is rna processing in yeast", "what is ribosys technology", "which technique allows quantitative quantification of mrna abundance in yeast", "what is ribosys", "how does replication of mrna improve transcription", "what does ribosys measure", "where is rna process in sc cerevisiae", "what is the ribosystem", "what is ribosys used for", "which method is used to assess mrna production in vivo", "which method is used for the analysis of mrna?", "what is ribosys", "how to measure rna output in yeast", "when does yeast rna degradation occur", "what is the ribosys method", "which technique is used to measure the amount of mrna produced in the yeast genome", "how is mrna processed", "rna production is dependent on how many copies" ]
368506	[ "what is the conditional allele for ntr", "which of the following is a conditional allele for neurotrophin receptors", "what is conditional p75(ntr)", "which exons encode the neurotrophin receptor", "ntr mutation gene", "conditional allele definition", "is ntr a conditional allele", "what gene is ntr", "what is the conditional p75(ntr)", "what is conditional p75(ntr) mutation", "conditional allele for neurotrophin receptors", "conditional alleles for neurotrophin receptors", "which gene does the neurotrophin receptor gene come from", "why is the p75(ntr) mutant a conditional allele", "neuropeptide receptor mutation", "what is conditional ntr in mice", "conditional ntr allele", "what is conditional allele of p75(ntr)", "what is conditional allele for neurotrophin receptor", "what is the conditional allele for neurotrophic receptors" ]
371289	[ "when did the triple staining method come into use", "what is the triple stain in flow cytometry", "pna/pyb based analysis", "what is a triple stain for sperm?", "what type of acrosome is in a sperm?", "what is the acrosome integrity of bovine sperm", "what is pna/sybr", "what is pna used for", "what is the triple stain for acrosome integrity? sperm culture", "when thawing is pna", "how to check the integrity of the sperm", "why was sperm stained when refrigerated", "what is the phycoerythrin conjugated protein", "what is the name of the blood-borne acrosome test for bovine sperm", "why is pna needed to identify acr", "why is the triple stain used", "when was acrosome integrity characterized", "which technique is best for checking the integrity of the sperm?", "what is phycoerythrin agglutinin", "which of the following is used in the flow cytometry of a frozen sperm cell and is not affected by the presence of egg" ]
374902	[ "which strategy is best for the elimination phase of hiv in a population", "how long to eliminate hiv by testing for it", "when does hiv elimination start", "which strategy would be used to help eliminate hiv", "what is the purpose of universal hiv testing", "why use universal testing", "how long before hiv gets eliminated", "universal voluntary testing for hiv", "how much money is a year worth of aids", "what is the theoretical strategy for eradicating the hiv epidemic", "how would the elimination of hiv", "what is the earliest a patient can start on antiretroviral therapy?", "what are the advantages for hiv testing and immediate treatment", "when should i start hiv testing with ART", "what is the effect of voluntary hiv testing", "when to start hiv testing", "how to eliminate hiv", "what is the theoretical strategy for universal voluntary hiv testing and ART", "how much of the world is affected from the hiv epidemic", "when is the next hiv shot" ]
380526	[ "what is the genotyping of dggkk", "snp for hypospadias", "what is dggkk", "what genes are associated with hypospadias", "what is dgkk", "what kind of snp is dgkk", "what is the genotyping of hypospadias", "which type of snp is associated with gmk in humans?", "what allele represents hypospadias", "which genotype is associated with hypospadias?", "which of the following is a risk allele for hypospadias?", "which variants of dgkk are associated with hypoglycerol kinase", "what dgkk genotype is associated with hypospadia", "what gene is associated with hypospadias", "what is dgkk", "which genotype is associated with hypospadias", "what is dgkk", "what genotype is dgkk", "what is the dgkk test", "which genotype is associated with hypospadias" ]
381602	[ "which immune cell is involved in metastatic dissemination of cancer?", "which neutrophil enhances extravasation", "which neutrophil inhibits the production of NK cell-mediated tumor clearance?", "neutrophils are involved in which process in cancer", "what are neutrophils for?", "what is the function of neutrophils", "which immunoglobulin inhibits the production of the natural killer cells?", "which immune cell facilitates extravasation of nk cell metastases?", "what is the role of neutrophils?", "which neutrophils inhibit the production of natural killer cells", "what is the role of neutrophils in cancer", "what does neutrophils do in invasion metastasis", "functions for neutrophils", "function of neutrophils on the tumor cytoskeleton", "what role do neutrophils play in cancer metastasis", "what role do neutrophils play in tumor cell formation", "which neutrophils enhance tumor cell clearance", "which of the following neutrophils is required for metastasis?", "how do neutrophils facilitate metastasis", "what is neutrophils functions" ]
393001	[ "what enzyme is most effective atp or kapp", "what is the role of imp in placental enzymes", "what is soluble 5' nucleotidase", "what is the specific molecular mass of 5' nucleotidase", "what is the difference between atp and imp", "what is the soluble 5'-nucleotidase for humans that is active", "what is the potency of 5'nucleotidase", "which of the following phosphates is metabolized by atp and imp?", "what is the molar mass of IMP", "what is 5' nucleotidase", "which of the following compounds is a substrate for 5' nucleoli?", "how is 5'-nucleotidase different from atp", "what type of molecule is 5'-nucleotidase", "what is the kinetics of 5'-nucleotidase", "what is the substrate of 5' nucleotidase", "why is imp the most soluble enzyme in humans", "what compound is involved in activation of atp", "how does glycerate affect the activity of the enzyme", "what is the function of the phosphatase in human natrocyte", "what is imp" ]
406733	[ "what chromatin is activated for histone reassembly", "where do histones from the promoter come from?", "where histones from promoter chromatin come from", "how are histones formed in yeast", "which histones originate from the chromatin fraction?", "what is pho5 promoter", "where does histones originate from", "where do histones originate", "where do histones come from", "where histones come from", "where do histones originate", "where do histones originate from", "where histones come from", "where do histones from the promoter come from", "where are histones incorporated", "where do histones originate", "where does histone reassemble on promoter", "what is the source of histones in apo5", "where histones originate from", "where are histones incorporated into ph5 promoters" ]
409280	[ "what is the role of gender in cardiovascular risk management", "which group of physicians is most effective with cvd recommendations?", "how many women per year die from cvd", "what kind of physician is responsible for cvd prevention", "what is cvd risk level", "why is the role of gender determining factors for adherence to cvd prevention guidelines?", "is it safe to prescribe weight management to women with moderate risk for cvd?", "why is gender a primary concern for adherence to cvd risk levels?", "what is the role of gender in defining cardiovascular prevention", "how does physician adherence to cvd impact dr", "what is the primary consideration when selecting a cvd risk level", "is cardiovascular disease the same for women", "does gender affect adherence to cvd guidelines", "what is the importance of gender in prevention of cardiovascular disease?", "cvd adherence by specialty", "what type of physician carries out cvd prevention", "what is the impact of gender on preventive care", "does gynecology affect risk", "adherence to cvd prevention guidelines", "which of the following factors influences physician recommendation of preclinical cardiovascular therapy" ]
410286	[ "what is the agr method used for inoculation of Arabidopsis", "what is the agrobacterium tumefaciens vacuum infiltration method?", "what is the agrobacterium vacuum method", "what media are grown to induce flowering", "what is agrobacterium in thaliana thaliana", "what is the agrobacterium used for in apo", "what is the agrobacterium used for in transformation", "what is the agrobacterium used for in flower dip", "what is the difference between agrobacterium and agar", "what is the agrobacterium tumefaciens solution", "what is the agrobacterium vacuum method", "what is agrobacterium?", "can agrobacterium be used in culture", "what is the purpose of agrobacterium inoculation", "what is agrobacterium", "what is the vacuum infiltration method", "when to use agrobacterium", "what was applied to arabidopsis", "what is the purpose of a agrobacterium in the thaliana field?", "what type of agrobacterium is used for the transformation of thaliana plants?" ]
418246	[ "signaling in yeast", "what is the hub of the signaling network in yeast cells?", "what is the hub for signaling in yeast", "what is the signaling hub in yeast", "signaling and signalling coordination in yeast", "what is the phospho protein in the yeast stress network?", "what is the signaling network of yeast", "what is the hub in a stress-responsive signaling network?", "what is the stress signaling network in yeast", "which signaling mechanism coordinates the signaling response of yeast cells?", "which pathway coordinates the signaling coordination of stress-activated signaling networks in yeast?", "what is signal hub in stress response", "what is the signaling hub in yeast", "what genes are incorporated into the stress-responsive signaling networks", "which rna polymerase coordinates stress induction", "phosphoroteome changes in yeast cells", "what genes are part of the signaling network", "which gene is a hub of the signaling network of the yeast stress response?", "what is the signaling hub in yeast", "what is signaling coordination in yeast" ]
427082	[ "are neural crest cells multipotent in vivo", "is neural crest cell multipotent", "which type of cell is multipotent?", "what is migratory neural crest?", "what is migratory neural crest", "what is neural crest", "what cell group is migratory nev cells", "which neural crest cells are multipotent", "what types of cells form neural cord", "where are neural crests multipotent", "why are neurons multipotent", "what are premigratory neural crest cells", "what types of cell are in the neural crest", "are neural crests multipotent", "migratory neural crest cells", "are neural crest cells multifunctional in vivo", "which type of neuron is multipotent?", "what is the migratory neural crest?", "what is pluripotent nc", "what are premigratory neural crest cells" ]
427865	[ "when is the poor responder criteria applied to ivf", "poor responder criteria", "esher poor response definition", "what is the poor response in ivf", "what is the poor response criteria for ivf", "which of the following criteria is used to describe an individual's poor response to ivf?", "what is poor response in ivf", "what criteria is used for poor ovarian response", "what is a poor ovarian response (por) criteria", "which criteria best describes a poor ovarian response in ivf", "why was the poor responder criteria developed", "why does por criteria differ from ivf", "when designing study designs, potential result bias may be introduced if women are not evenly allocated between intervention groups.", "poor response in ivf", "what is the criteria for poor ovarian response in ivf", "what is a poor response", "what is the poor responder of the eshre study", "what is poor or poor response definition", "when designing rcts - what is meant by poor ovarian response", "is low ovarian response a standard or objective response" ]
432261	[ "what is the method of generation of gene-edited cells", "which protein is used as a donor template for gene edited rats?", "which organisms use dna donor template", "who is a gene encoder in rat cells", "what is the electroporation process of rat", "which gene was generated by the electroporation of ssdna", "is cas9 used for gene expression", "how to generate genome-edited cells", "how gene is generated", "what is dna used for in gene editing", "how is the gene-edited rat genome generated", "which protein is a gene-edited cell?", "how is gene expression generated", "how is dna produced by a cat gene", "is cdna microinjection", "what type of proteins are used for gene editing in humans", "what is gene enriched in rat cells", "how does a gene edited animal work", "who is the gene rat", "where is the dna used in electroporation" ]
435529	[ "what is heso1", "what is heso1 mutation", "heso1 gene", "what does hen1 suppressor do", "which gene encodes a terminal nucleotidyl transferase", "where do hen1 alleles occur", "hen1 suppressor genes", "what is hen1 suppressor1?", "which gene encodes an enzyme that promotes uridylation of RNA", "hen1 suppressor definition", "what type of mutation suppresses hen1", "what is the enzyme heso1", "which mutation suppresses hen1 rna", "which enzyme uridylates unmethylated miRNAs in arabidopsis", "what is hen1 suppressor", "what is heso1", "what is hen1 suppressor", "what is hen1 suppressor in aphidopsis", "what is hen1 suppressor", "which miRNA is uridylated" ]
437924	[ "what is prep medication", "what is prep treatment", "what is the role of prep?", "what is the pre exp", "what are the advantages of the preexposure prophylaxis pill?", "what chemo pill is used to prevent hiv", "does prep work", "why is prep a good medication", "what is prep medication", "what is prep medication", "what is prep in chemo", "why is pre exposure prophylaxis necessary", "what is prep medication for", "preexposure prophylaxis benefits", "what is prep medication", "what medications is in prep", "what is prep medication", "what is prep used for", "what is pep", "what is the role of chemoprophylactic in hiv" ]
439670	[ "when are studies available for obesity", "what is the risk factor for gdm", "which obesity is associated with the risk of gdm?", "pregnancy bmi and the risk of diabetes", "what is the risk of gestational diabetes", "when does bmi increase during pregnancy", "what is the risk factor for pregnancy diabetes", "bmi as a risk factor for pregnancy", "what weight is risk associated with diabetes", "which of the following is associated with bmi and the risk for diabetes?", "obesity and pregnancy bmi", "what is the risk of gdm?", "what is the preterm risk for pregnancy bmi?", "pregnancy risk and bmi", "what is the risk of diabetes during pregnancy", "what bmi should be for pregnancy", "what does bmi measure", "what is the risk of diabetes mellitus if bmi increases during pregnancy", "what is the risk of pregnancy obesity", "what is the risk of gdm?" ]
456304	[ "what is socioeconomic inequality in multiple risk behaviour", "why is multiple risk behaviour so common", "is multiple risk behaviour more common in sex", "what is the socioeconomic gap that is increasing over time", "what is a socioeconomic gap?", "what type of socioeconomic disparity is multiple risk behaviour?", "which is a socioeconomic gap? a. education b. lifestyle change", "which socioeconomic gap exists between education and lifestyle?", "rii is an economic measure of", "what socioeconomic gap exists in multiple risk behaviours?", "how is socioeconomic disparity associated with multiple risk behaviour", "what is the correlation between education, lifestyle and multiple risk behaviors?", "how is multiple risk behaviour different from the average person", "what socio-economic gaps exist between different risk behaviours?", "socioeconomic gaps in multiple risk behaviour", "which group have a higher risk of multiple risk behaviour", "what is rii in sociology", "what is the socio economic gap in multiple risk behaviour", "why is multiple risk behaviour increasing", "multiple risk behaviour is increasing socioeconomic gap" ]
457630	[ "how many people are affected by cataracts", "age standardized prevalence of cataract", "dali number", "global burden for cataracts", "global cost of cataract", "when did the global prevalence of cataracts peak?", "what is dally in medical terms", "what is the daly number for cataracts", "what is the world burden of cataracts", "how are health burdens associated with cataracts", "global burden due to cataracts", "what is the global burden of cataracts", "what percent of the world has cataracts", "how has global cataract mortality changed", "global burden of cataracts", "how much do people have cataracts", "age standardized rate of cataract", "global DLY statistics", "global burden of cataracts by country", "how was the global burden of cataracts determined" ]
461550	[ "what is the role of dna cleavage", "what is the role of cas9 in genome editing?", "why use cas9", "where is dna cleaved by crisp", "rna-guided nucleases in csrp", "what is the purpose of cis rna-guided nucleases", "what is cas9 gene", "which type of dna cleaver can be engineered by rna", "what is the purpose of the rna cleavage", "what is crisp replication", "which system has rna-guided site specific dna repair?", "which of the following is a characteristic of the cas9 gene", "what is the purpose of the cas/crisp system in a genome", "can rna be used to direct genetic modification", "what is the purpose of crisp", "can rna cleave dna", "cas dna cleavage definition", "what type of dna is encoded by cis9", "what kind of dna cleavage does crisp", "which type of genome editing system is used in the cell cycle" ]
463309	[ "which cations were used in yeast cell transformation", "does cscl increase transcription efficiency", "does yeast take up plasmid dna", "which yeast cell plasmids are treated with cations", "what stimulates the uptake of plasmid dna", "what conditions were necessary for yeast cells to undergo transformation", "what cations are used for yeast replication", "which cation is effective in inducing competence?", "what stimulates the uptake of plasmid dna in yeast cell", "what cations are used in yeast cell transformation", "cs+ is good in which yeast cells", "what cations induces yeast replication", "does yeast have a plasmid", "what conditions would yeast cells be transformed", "plasmid dna is taken up by the cell", "what stimulates dna uptake", "what cells take up plasmid dna", "when was plasmid transformation in yeast treated?", "yeast cells treated with alkali cations", "what cytokinese plasmids are derived from yeast cells?" ]
463533	[ "qvas measures", "who is affected by eq 5d", "qqol vs score", "what is health related quality of life measures", "what is qqol measured with", "what are the eq vas scores", "which factor is an important factor in determining hrqol?", "which chronic conditions are associated with a negative eq vas", "what is the qol scale", "how is eq-5d used to diagnose diseases", "which is a risk factor for chronic diseases", "is cancer a risk factor of eq", "what measures eq vas", "how to improve eq vas", "qrqol measures", "what is the eq vas test", "what is the eq score for anemia", "what is the effect of chronic conditions on hrqol?", "how to assess eq-vas scores", "hrqol dimensions" ]
464511	[ "which cell type has no autonomous control over the time spent in its solitary state", "what is the mechanism of cell fate?", "is bacterial cell chaining memory", "what is the difference between a solitary cell and a sessile cell", "what is the role of memories in the decision process for bacillus subtilis", "which cell system has the most solitary state and has the smallest autonomous control", "what is the motile decision process of bacillus subtilis?", "which process is responsible for the selection of the solitary state of a cell", "what is the role of memory in decision making", "bacillus subtilis memory definition", "which state of the cell is memoryless?", "how do the solitary states of a cell differ from the sessile or motile states?", "what is the difference between solitary and chained cell state?", "define multicellular decision", "which decision state does the cell use for memory", "what is memory in b. subtilis", "are all genes governed by memory", "which decision makes it possible for cells to develop a chain of sessile states?", "what is the bacterial motile state", "which state is memoryless" ]
469066	[ "what regulation is required for pyramidal neurons", "which neurotransmitter controls radial versus tangential migration?", "what is the purpose of lpd depletion", "what is the role of the lpd in the formation of pyramidal neurons", "what is the role of lamellipodin in pyramidal neurons", "which ligand is regulated by radial-glial migration?", "what is lpd in corticogenesis", "what lpd regulates the migration of neurons?", "what lpd depletion causes", "what is the regulation of corticogenesis in the pyramidal neurons", "which structure regulates radial and tangential migration?", "does lpd regulate radial migration in neurons", "when are pyramidal axons radial or tangential", "what is the function of lamellipodin during cortical migration", "what is lpd depletion", "which glial layer is responsible for radial migration", "what is the role of lpd depletion in pyramidal neurons", "what is lpd depletion in neurons", "what regulates radial vs tangential migration of cortical neurons", "why is Lpd depleted in a neuron" ]
470625	[ "what is the ink4c inhibitor", "what is ink4c", "what is p18 kinase inhibitor", "why is p18 ik4c", "what is the target gene for glioblastoma", "which mutation causes the cdk inhibitor gene", "what is p18 inhibitor", "what is the gene for p18(ink4c)", "is ink4c a gene or gene", "which gene does p18 inhibit", "what is the mutation of p18(ink4c)", "cdk inhibitor mutation in glioblastoma", "which gene is a glioblastoma suppressor?", "what is p18(ink4c)", "glioblastoma cdk inhibitors", "is ink4c gene a cancer suppressor", "does p18 inhibit cdk", "cdk inhibitor p18", "where is the expression of p18 (ink4c) cdk?", "dna cdk inhibitor mutation" ]
471735	[ "what stimulates transcription of soxr", "what gene is expressed by paraquat", "what is soxr", "which enzyme is a transcriptional regulator of e.coli soxs", "which superoxide stimulates transcription of soxS genes?", "which oxidative stress regulator is responsible for soxs in e coli.", "what is the role of soxr", "what triggers soxs expression", "which is an example of an oxidative stress regulator", "what is the soxr gene?", "what is the function of soxr", "what triggers soxr", "what is the function of soxr", "what stimulates soxs gene expression", "where is soxr located in a cell", "which enzyme triggers transcription of soxs", "which superoxide generates soxs transcription?", "which is a redox induced gene expression?", "what triggers soxr", "what is the soxs gene in e coli" ]
471921	[ "effects of air pollution on cardiovascular system", "what is the effect of aph on health", "effects of air pollution on heart disease", "what is the relationship between air pollution and cardiovascular disease?", "what is air pollution risk", "air pollution is a mixture of what", "what is the difference between a polluted airway and a disease?", "which of the following is a consequence of air pollution", "what pollutants can cause cardiovascular disease", "effects of air pollution on cardiovascular health", "what is the association between air pollution and cardiovascular disease", "what is the role of air pollution in cardiovascular disease", "what is air pollution and cardiovascular diseases", "air pollution effects on cardiovascular system", "what is the role of air pollution in cardiovascular disease", "what particulate matter causes cardiovascular diseases", "which of the following is an example of a mechanistic pathway characterized by elevated coagulation/thrombosis?", "what is the effect of air pollution on cardiovascular disease", "what is the relationship between air pollution and disease", "how does air pollution affect cardiovascular disease" ]
474325	[ "helmet vs mask ventilation", "which is better helmet or mask", "how to do helmet to vent", "which ventilation device is most effective in maintaining inspiratory effort and preventing pulmonary failure", "why use helmet", "does helmet help with ventilation", "which type of ventilation has the best gas exchange efficiency?", "what is the benefit of helmet versus mask when using ventilation", "when using a helmet for ventilation", "why is a helmet effective for ventilation", "can a helmet cause inspiratory effort", "is a helmet or mask effective ventilation system", "what is the purpose of the nasal helmet", "which type of mask is a helmet?", "helmet vs mask effect", "why do you use a helmet versus a mask", "which mask should i wear with obd", "how effective is the helmet for non-invasive ventilation", "why is helmet vs mask used in ventilation", "what is the helmet for ventilation" ]
485020	[ "what is case management and how is it used?", "define case management", "case management is an integral part of what care", "does case management include health and social services", "why do we need case management", "what does case management mean health care", "what is the main goal of case management", "what is case management", "what is case management and what are ancillary services", "what are the benefits of case management in outpatient", "what is case management", "what is the role of the case manager in a treatment plan", "is case management a health care facility", "what is health care case management", "what is case management in the sms program", "what is case management", "what is the role of case management for substance abuse", "what is case management", "what is case management", "define case management" ]
493346	[ "what role does ipl1 li15 play", "ipl1 sli definition", "function of ipl1-sli15 in yeast", "which kinase inhibits replication", "what is the function of ipl1 sili", "when do microtubules attach to spindle poles", "what kinase facilitates mitochondrial bi-orientation", "what does the ipl1-sli15", "what protein kinase is required for translation of the microtubules into the chromatin?", "where is the role of kinetochore in mitosis", "what kinase enables bioriented chromosomes", "how is ipl1-sli15 coordinated", "what promotes chromatin biorientation in yeast", "what is the function of ipl1", "what is the function of ipl1 sli", "which protein kinase is required to prevent the attachment of sister kinetochores to microtubules", "what protein is needed to prevent kinetochores from attaching to new spbs", "what is the role of imli in chromosome bi orientation", "which kinase inhibits the formation of a spindle pole?", "what is the function of a protein kinase ipl1" ]
496873	[ "what is cutaneous vasculitis", "what is the diagnosis criteria of cutaneous vasculitis?", "can vasculitis be diagnosed by etiology", "cutaneous vasculitis is classified as", "define cutaneous vasculitis", "cutaneous vasculitis definition", "what is cutaneous vasculitis", "what is cutaneous vasculitis", "which of the following is a characteristic of cutaneous vasculitis?", "cutaneous vasculitis diagnosis", "what is acute cutaneous vasculitis", "which pathogen is associated with cutaneous vasculitis? a. endarteritis of healing b. vascular necrosis of the wound", "what is the cutaneous vasculitis", "what is the cutaneous vasculitis", "is skin vasculitis histologically or biochemically", "cutaneous vasculitis what kind of infection", "what type of blood vessels do vasculitis affect?", "what is the cutaneous vasculitis", "what is the pathogenic mechanism of cutaneous vasculitis", "why is vasculitis referred to as microvascular vasculitis" ]
502591	[ "what is acetylation required for e2f", "when does e2f affect transcription", "what type of protein acetylates histones", "acetylation of histones does not occur during mitogenic stimulation", "what is the role of e2f1", "which histone is acetylated during s-phase transcription?", "what is e2f1 acetylation and repression", "does e2f acetylate chromatin?", "what is the mechanism which binds acetylhexadeoxygluconate", "how does acetylation occur in a cell?", "when is histone acetylation required", "e2f1 can repress transcript", "what acetylator does ectopic e2f1 bind", "which of the following proteins is responsible for hyperacetylation of histones?", "what does e2f do", "which histones bind with the acetyltransferase complex? a. hepatic b. transcriptional c. histone deacetylase, b. transduction", "acetylation of histone titers can occur after mitogenic stimulation", "which protein acetylates histones h3 and hi4", "what histone acetylase complex does transcription require", "where does e2f acetylate histones in chromatin" ]

End of preview. Expand in Dataset Viewer.

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NFCorpus: 20 generated queries (BEIR Benchmark)

This HF dataset contains the top-20 synthetic queries generated for each passage in the above BEIR benchmark dataset.

DocT5query model used: BeIR/query-gen-msmarco-t5-base-v1
id (str): unique document id in NFCorpus in the BEIR benchmark (corpus.jsonl).
Questions generated: 20
Code used for generation: evaluate_anserini_docT5query_parallel.py

Below contains the old dataset card for the BEIR benchmark.

Dataset Card for BEIR Benchmark

Dataset Summary

BEIR is a heterogeneous benchmark that has been built from 18 diverse datasets representing 9 information retrieval tasks:

Fact-checking: FEVER, Climate-FEVER, SciFact
Question-Answering: NQ, HotpotQA, FiQA-2018
Bio-Medical IR: TREC-COVID, BioASQ, NFCorpus
News Retrieval: TREC-NEWS, Robust04
Argument Retrieval: Touche-2020, ArguAna
Duplicate Question Retrieval: Quora, CqaDupstack
Citation-Prediction: SCIDOCS
Tweet Retrieval: Signal-1M
Entity Retrieval: DBPedia

All these datasets have been preprocessed and can be used for your experiments.

Supported Tasks and Leaderboards

The dataset supports a leaderboard that evaluates models against task-specific metrics such as F1 or EM, as well as their ability to retrieve supporting information from Wikipedia.

The current best performing models can be found here.

Languages

All tasks are in English (en).

Dataset Structure

All BEIR datasets must contain a corpus, queries and qrels (relevance judgments file). They must be in the following format:

corpus file: a .jsonl file (jsonlines) that contains a list of dictionaries, each with three fields _id with unique document identifier, title with document title (optional) and text with document paragraph or passage. For example: {"_id": "doc1", "title": "Albert Einstein", "text": "Albert Einstein was a German-born...."}
queries file: a .jsonl file (jsonlines) that contains a list of dictionaries, each with two fields _id with unique query identifier and text with query text. For example: {"_id": "q1", "text": "Who developed the mass-energy equivalence formula?"}
qrels file: a .tsv file (tab-seperated) that contains three columns, i.e. the query-id, corpus-id and score in this order. Keep 1st row as header. For example: q1 doc1 1

Data Instances

A high level example of any beir dataset:

corpus = {
    "doc1" : {
        "title": "Albert Einstein", 
        "text": "Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist. who developed the theory of relativity, \
                 one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). His work is also known for \
                 its influence on the philosophy of science. He is best known to the general public for his massâ€“energy \
                 equivalence formula E = mc2, which has been dubbed 'the world's most famous equation'. He received the 1921 \
                 Nobel Prize in Physics 'for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law \
                 of the photoelectric effect', a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory."
        },
    "doc2" : {
        "title": "", # Keep title an empty string if not present
        "text": "Wheat beer is a top-fermented beer which is brewed with a large proportion of wheat relative to the amount of \
                 malted barley. The two main varieties are German WeiÃŸbier and Belgian witbier; other types include Lambic (made\
                 with wild yeast), Berliner Weisse (a cloudy, sour beer), and Gose (a sour, salty beer)."
    },
}

queries = {
    "q1" : "Who developed the mass-energy equivalence formula?",
    "q2" : "Which beer is brewed with a large proportion of wheat?"
}

qrels = {
    "q1" : {"doc1": 1},
    "q2" : {"doc2": 1},
}

Data Fields

Examples from all configurations have the following features:

Corpus

corpus: a dict feature representing the document title and passage text, made up of:
- _id: a string feature representing the unique document id
  - title: a string feature, denoting the title of the document.
  - text: a string feature, denoting the text of the document.

Queries

queries: a dict feature representing the query, made up of:
- _id: a string feature representing the unique query id
- text: a string feature, denoting the text of the query.

Qrels

qrels: a dict feature representing the query document relevance judgements, made up of:
- _id: a string feature representing the query id
  - _id: a string feature, denoting the document id.
  - score: a int32 feature, denoting the relevance judgement between query and document.

Data Splits

Dataset	Website	BEIR-Name	Type	Queries	Corpus	Rel D/Q	Down-load	md5
MSMARCO	Homepage	`msmarco`	`train` `dev` `test`	6,980	8.84M	1.1	Link	`444067daf65d982533ea17ebd59501e4`
TREC-COVID	Homepage	`trec-covid`	`test`	50	171K	493.5	Link	`ce62140cb23feb9becf6270d0d1fe6d1`
NFCorpus	Homepage	`nfcorpus`	`train` `dev` `test`	323	3.6K	38.2	Link	`a89dba18a62ef92f7d323ec890a0d38d`
BioASQ	Homepage	`bioasq`	`train` `test`	500	14.91M	8.05	No	How to Reproduce?
NQ	Homepage	`nq`	`train` `test`	3,452	2.68M	1.2	Link	`d4d3d2e48787a744b6f6e691ff534307`
HotpotQA	Homepage	`hotpotqa`	`train` `dev` `test`	7,405	5.23M	2.0	Link	`f412724f78b0d91183a0e86805e16114`
FiQA-2018	Homepage	`fiqa`	`train` `dev` `test`	648	57K	2.6	Link	`17918ed23cd04fb15047f73e6c3bd9d9`
Signal-1M(RT)	Homepage	`signal1m`	`test`	97	2.86M	19.6	No	How to Reproduce?
TREC-NEWS	Homepage	`trec-news`	`test`	57	595K	19.6	No	How to Reproduce?
ArguAna	Homepage	`arguana`	`test`	1,406	8.67K	1.0	Link	`8ad3e3c2a5867cdced806d6503f29b99`
Touche-2020	Homepage	`webis-touche2020`	`test`	49	382K	19.0	Link	`46f650ba5a527fc69e0a6521c5a23563`
CQADupstack	Homepage	`cqadupstack`	`test`	13,145	457K	1.4	Link	`4e41456d7df8ee7760a7f866133bda78`
Quora	Homepage	`quora`	`dev` `test`	10,000	523K	1.6	Link	`18fb154900ba42a600f84b839c173167`
DBPedia	Homepage	`dbpedia-entity`	`dev` `test`	400	4.63M	38.2	Link	`c2a39eb420a3164af735795df012ac2c`
SCIDOCS	Homepage	`scidocs`	`test`	1,000	25K	4.9	Link	`38121350fc3a4d2f48850f6aff52e4a9`
FEVER	Homepage	`fever`	`train` `dev` `test`	6,666	5.42M	1.2	Link	`5a818580227bfb4b35bb6fa46d9b6c03`
Climate-FEVER	Homepage	`climate-fever`	`test`	1,535	5.42M	3.0	Link	`8b66f0a9126c521bae2bde127b4dc99d`
SciFact	Homepage	`scifact`	`train` `test`	300	5K	1.1	Link	`5f7d1de60b170fc8027bb7898e2efca1`
Robust04	Homepage	`robust04`	`test`	249	528K	69.9	No	How to Reproduce?

Dataset Creation

Curation Rationale

[Needs More Information]

Source Data

Initial Data Collection and Normalization

[Needs More Information]

Who are the source language producers?

[Needs More Information]

Annotations

Annotation process

[Needs More Information]

Who are the annotators?

[Needs More Information]

Personal and Sensitive Information

[Needs More Information]

Considerations for Using the Data

Social Impact of Dataset

[Needs More Information]

Discussion of Biases

[Needs More Information]

Other Known Limitations

[Needs More Information]

Additional Information

Dataset Curators

[Needs More Information]

Licensing Information

[Needs More Information]

Citation Information

Cite as:

@inproceedings{
thakur2021beir,
title={{BEIR}: A Heterogeneous Benchmark for Zero-shot Evaluation of Information Retrieval Models},
author={Nandan Thakur and Nils Reimers and Andreas R{\"u}ckl{\'e} and Abhishek Srivastava and Iryna Gurevych},
booktitle={Thirty-fifth Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems Datasets and Benchmarks Track (Round 2)},
year={2021},
url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=wCu6T5xFjeJ}
}

Contributions

Thanks to @Nthakur20 for adding this dataset.Top-20 generated queries for every passage in NFCorpus

Dataset Card for BEIR Benchmark

Dataset Description
Dataset Structure
Dataset Creation
Considerations for Using the Data
Additional Information

Dataset Description

Homepage: https://github.com/UKPLab/beir
Repository: https://github.com/UKPLab/beir
Paper: https://openreview.net/forum?id=wCu6T5xFjeJ
Leaderboard: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1L8aACyPaXrL8iEelJLGqlMqXKPX2oSP_R10pZoy77Ns
Point of Contact: nandan.thakur@uwaterloo.ca

Dataset Summary

BEIR is a heterogeneous benchmark that has been built from 18 diverse datasets representing 9 information retrieval tasks:

Fact-checking: FEVER, Climate-FEVER, SciFact
Question-Answering: NQ, HotpotQA, FiQA-2018
Bio-Medical IR: TREC-COVID, BioASQ, NFCorpus
News Retrieval: TREC-NEWS, Robust04
Argument Retrieval: Touche-2020, ArguAna
Duplicate Question Retrieval: Quora, CqaDupstack
Citation-Prediction: SCIDOCS
Tweet Retrieval: Signal-1M
Entity Retrieval: DBPedia

All these datasets have been preprocessed and can be used for your experiments.

Supported Tasks and Leaderboards

The dataset supports a leaderboard that evaluates models against task-specific metrics such as F1 or EM, as well as their ability to retrieve supporting information from Wikipedia.

The current best performing models can be found here.

Languages

All tasks are in English (en).

Dataset Structure

All BEIR datasets must contain a corpus, queries and qrels (relevance judgments file). They must be in the following format:

corpus file: a .jsonl file (jsonlines) that contains a list of dictionaries, each with three fields _id with unique document identifier, title with document title (optional) and text with document paragraph or passage. For example: {"_id": "doc1", "title": "Albert Einstein", "text": "Albert Einstein was a German-born...."}
queries file: a .jsonl file (jsonlines) that contains a list of dictionaries, each with two fields _id with unique query identifier and text with query text. For example: {"_id": "q1", "text": "Who developed the mass-energy equivalence formula?"}
qrels file: a .tsv file (tab-seperated) that contains three columns, i.e. the query-id, corpus-id and score in this order. Keep 1st row as header. For example: q1 doc1 1

Data Instances

A high level example of any beir dataset:

corpus = {
    "doc1" : {
        "title": "Albert Einstein", 
        "text": "Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist. who developed the theory of relativity, \
                 one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). His work is also known for \
                 its influence on the philosophy of science. He is best known to the general public for his massâ€“energy \
                 equivalence formula E = mc2, which has been dubbed 'the world's most famous equation'. He received the 1921 \
                 Nobel Prize in Physics 'for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law \
                 of the photoelectric effect', a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory."
        },
    "doc2" : {
        "title": "", # Keep title an empty string if not present
        "text": "Wheat beer is a top-fermented beer which is brewed with a large proportion of wheat relative to the amount of \
                 malted barley. The two main varieties are German WeiÃŸbier and Belgian witbier; other types include Lambic (made\
                 with wild yeast), Berliner Weisse (a cloudy, sour beer), and Gose (a sour, salty beer)."
    },
}

queries = {
    "q1" : "Who developed the mass-energy equivalence formula?",
    "q2" : "Which beer is brewed with a large proportion of wheat?"
}

qrels = {
    "q1" : {"doc1": 1},
    "q2" : {"doc2": 1},
}

Data Fields

Examples from all configurations have the following features:

Corpus

corpus: a dict feature representing the document title and passage text, made up of:
- _id: a string feature representing the unique document id
  - title: a string feature, denoting the title of the document.
  - text: a string feature, denoting the text of the document.

Queries

queries: a dict feature representing the query, made up of:
- _id: a string feature representing the unique query id
- text: a string feature, denoting the text of the query.

Qrels

qrels: a dict feature representing the query document relevance judgements, made up of:
- _id: a string feature representing the query id
  - _id: a string feature, denoting the document id.
  - score: a int32 feature, denoting the relevance judgement between query and document.

Data Splits

Dataset	Website	BEIR-Name	Type	Queries	Corpus	Rel D/Q	Down-load	md5
MSMARCO	Homepage	`msmarco`	`train` `dev` `test`	6,980	8.84M	1.1	Link	`444067daf65d982533ea17ebd59501e4`
TREC-COVID	Homepage	`trec-covid`	`test`	50	171K	493.5	Link	`ce62140cb23feb9becf6270d0d1fe6d1`
NFCorpus	Homepage	`nfcorpus`	`train` `dev` `test`	323	3.6K	38.2	Link	`a89dba18a62ef92f7d323ec890a0d38d`
BioASQ	Homepage	`bioasq`	`train` `test`	500	14.91M	8.05	No	How to Reproduce?
NQ	Homepage	`nq`	`train` `test`	3,452	2.68M	1.2	Link	`d4d3d2e48787a744b6f6e691ff534307`
HotpotQA	Homepage	`hotpotqa`	`train` `dev` `test`	7,405	5.23M	2.0	Link	`f412724f78b0d91183a0e86805e16114`
FiQA-2018	Homepage	`fiqa`	`train` `dev` `test`	648	57K	2.6	Link	`17918ed23cd04fb15047f73e6c3bd9d9`
Signal-1M(RT)	Homepage	`signal1m`	`test`	97	2.86M	19.6	No	How to Reproduce?
TREC-NEWS	Homepage	`trec-news`	`test`	57	595K	19.6	No	How to Reproduce?
ArguAna	Homepage	`arguana`	`test`	1,406	8.67K	1.0	Link	`8ad3e3c2a5867cdced806d6503f29b99`
Touche-2020	Homepage	`webis-touche2020`	`test`	49	382K	19.0	Link	`46f650ba5a527fc69e0a6521c5a23563`
CQADupstack	Homepage	`cqadupstack`	`test`	13,145	457K	1.4	Link	`4e41456d7df8ee7760a7f866133bda78`
Quora	Homepage	`quora`	`dev` `test`	10,000	523K	1.6	Link	`18fb154900ba42a600f84b839c173167`
DBPedia	Homepage	`dbpedia-entity`	`dev` `test`	400	4.63M	38.2	Link	`c2a39eb420a3164af735795df012ac2c`
SCIDOCS	Homepage	`scidocs`	`test`	1,000	25K	4.9	Link	`38121350fc3a4d2f48850f6aff52e4a9`
FEVER	Homepage	`fever`	`train` `dev` `test`	6,666	5.42M	1.2	Link	`5a818580227bfb4b35bb6fa46d9b6c03`
Climate-FEVER	Homepage	`climate-fever`	`test`	1,535	5.42M	3.0	Link	`8b66f0a9126c521bae2bde127b4dc99d`
SciFact	Homepage	`scifact`	`train` `test`	300	5K	1.1	Link	`5f7d1de60b170fc8027bb7898e2efca1`
Robust04	Homepage	`robust04`	`test`	249	528K	69.9	No	How to Reproduce?

Dataset Creation

Curation Rationale

[Needs More Information]

Source Data

Initial Data Collection and Normalization

[Needs More Information]

Who are the source language producers?

[Needs More Information]

Annotations

Annotation process

[Needs More Information]

Who are the annotators?

[Needs More Information]

Personal and Sensitive Information

[Needs More Information]

Considerations for Using the Data

Social Impact of Dataset

[Needs More Information]

Discussion of Biases

[Needs More Information]

Other Known Limitations

[Needs More Information]

Additional Information

Dataset Curators

[Needs More Information]

Licensing Information

[Needs More Information]

Citation Information

Cite as:

@inproceedings{
thakur2021beir,
title={{BEIR}: A Heterogeneous Benchmark for Zero-shot Evaluation of Information Retrieval Models},
author={Nandan Thakur and Nils Reimers and Andreas R{\"u}ckl{\'e} and Abhishek Srivastava and Iryna Gurevych},
booktitle={Thirty-fifth Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems Datasets and Benchmarks Track (Round 2)},
year={2021},
url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=wCu6T5xFjeJ}
}