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[ "Q:\n\nPython asyncio debugging example\n\nI would like to enable Asyncio's un-yielded coroutine detection, but have not succeeded.", "\nThis simple code implements the recommendations on:\nhttps://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio-dev.html#asyncio-logger\nbut does not actually catch the un-yielded 'dummy' coroutine.", "\nimport sys, os\nimport asyncio\nimport logging\nimport warnings\n\nos.environ['PYTHONASYNCIODEBUG'] = '1'\nlogging.basicConfig(level=logging.", "DEBUG)\nwarnings.resetwarnings()\n\n@asyncio.coroutine\ndef dummy():\n print('yeah, dummy ran!!')", "\n\n@asyncio.coroutine\ndef startdummy():\n print('creating dummy')\n dummy()\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n lp = asyncio.get_event_loop()\n lp.run_until_complete(startdummy())\n\nI expected that the program would end with a warning about the coroutine 'dummy', created but not yielded from.", "\nActually, results are:\nDEBUG:asyncio:Using selector: SelectSelector\ncreating dummy\nsys:1: ResourceWarning: unclosed <socket object at 0x02DCB6F0>\nc:\\python34\\lib\\importlib\\_bootstrap.py:2150: ImportWarning: sys.meta_path is empty\nsys:1: ResourceWarning: unclosed <socket object at 0x02DE10C0>\n\nNo hint of an abandoned coroutine. ", " What am I missing?", "\n\nA:\n\nasyncio performs check for PYTHONASYNCIODEBUG on module importing.", "\nThus you need setup environment variable before very first asyncio import:\nimport os\nos.environ['PYTHONASYNCIODEBUG'] = '1'\nimport asyncio\n\n# rest of your file\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to reference \"this\" object in java bytecode\n\nI am making a class in Java bytecode. ", "I need to know how to reference fields in this object. ", "First I need to know how to reference the \"this\" object as if I were accessing this.var1 from class TestClass. ", "I know how to access fields in other objects, but not from the same object that I am executing from.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe this pointer is implicit in every method call, as a hidden first parameter. ", "In all non-static methods, you can push it onto the stack with aload_0.", "\nMore details here, or as Holger points out, in the JVM spec itself.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "For Jews it seems there’s something new to dread this holiday season, besides drowning in Christmas jingles and a barrage of Santa commercials: the religious YouTube video.", "\n\nBrave words. ", "If some teenage Yeshiva student happens to see this article sitting in their grandparents computer monitor, The Forward could face a boycott from younger readers for talking bad about America’s #1 Orthodox a capella boy band." ]

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[ "How to Build Your Own Backyard Putting Green\n\nGardenerdy Staff\nNov 3, 2018\n\nA putting green in your backyard is a great alternative to a proper golf turf. ", "It could also be said that it is your personal golf course. ", "The best part is that you can construct it on your own. ", "This tips for golf enthusiasts who are thinking of constructing one for themselves.", "\n\nAll work and no play makes Jack a dull boy is an excessively used cliche. ", "But it is an apt description of a person who is completely engrossed in work and has absolutely no time for recreation.", "\n\nMost of the professionals today are in this situation and they have to take extra efforts to switch off from their work. ", "Moreover, after a day's work, the energy is sapped and it is difficult to go out. ", "But if there is a facility at home, like a ping pong or pool table, or maybe a backyard putting green, then you wouldn't feel the need to get out.", "\n\nBefore you start constructing a putting green, you need to have hand digging tools, a probe, planers, plastic pipes, sand, sod, irrigation tubes, and seeds.", "\n\nTask 1\n\nAnalyze your lawn area and mark the spot to build the putting green. ", "Pick the highest point in your lawn, keeping in mind that the putting area has to be free from shrubbery and plants in its vicinity. ", "The area where people constantly come and go is a big no no.", "\n\nTask 2\n\nDigging is the next thing to do. ", "Make the area free of poor soil, lumps, shrubs, and stones by using a shovel. ", "Even though this process is tedious and tiring, remember that if the area is not cleared properly, it will create an obstacle for your putts.", "\n\nTask 3\n\nYou must order a soil sample after you have finished digging. ", "So, go ahead and lay an inch layer of fresh soil. ", "In some cases, people prefer to start with a layer of soil for better drainage. ", "After this layer, lay out the top soil.", "\n\nTask 4\n\nThe grass needs water, to grow once you sow it in the upper layer of the soil. ", "So a good irrigation system is very crucial that include connecting the irrigation tubing from your home or installing a totally new system.", "\n\nIt is better to approach professionals if you are not sure of that process. ", "If you are sure and super confident, go for it! ", "Putting green grass needs a lot of care, so it is crucial to water the grass regularly.", "\n\nTask 5\n\nThe chemical treatments for putting grass are different from that of normal grass and has to be done carefully. ", "Also, the lawn mower for this is not the same as for normal lawn. ", "Being in touch with greens helps you take better care of the area.", "\n\nFeel the grass and the rising and falling levels of the turf, that will indicate the condition of the putting green. ", "It will give you clues about how to take care of the grass." ]

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[ "Views of managed care--a survey of students, residents, faculty, and deans at medical schools in the United States.", "\nViews of managed care among academic physicians and medical students in the United States are not well known. ", "In 1997, we conducted a telephone survey of a national sample of medical students (506 respondents), residents (494), faculty members (728), department chairs (186), directors of residency training in internal medicine and pediatrics (143), and deans (105) at U.S. medical schools to determine their experiences in and perspectives on managed care. ", "The overall rate of response was 80.1 percent. ", "Respondents rated their attitudes toward managed care on a 0-to-10 scale, with 0 defined as \"as negative as possible\" and 10 as \"as positive as possible.\" ", "The expressed attitudes toward managed care were negative, ranging from a low mean (+/-SD) score of 3.9+/-1.7 for residents to a high of 5.0+/-1.3 for deans. ", "When asked about specific aspects of care, fee-for-service medicine was rated better than managed care in terms of access (by 80.2 percent of respondents), minimizing ethical conflicts (74.8 percent), and the quality of the doctor-patient relationship (70.6 percent). ", "With respect to the continuity of care, 52.0 percent of respondents preferred fee-for-service medicine, and 29.3 percent preferred managed care. ", "For care at the end of life, 49.1 percent preferred fee-for-service medicine, and 20.5 percent preferred managed care. ", "With respect to care for patients with chronic illness, 41.8 percent preferred fee-for-service care, and 30.8 percent preferred managed care. ", "Faculty members, residency-training directors, and department chairs responded that managed care had reduced the time they had available for research (63.1 percent agreed) and teaching (58.9 percent) and had reduced their income (55.8 percent). ", "Overall, 46.6 percent of faculty members, 26.7 percent of residency-training directors, and 42.7 percent of department chairs reported that the message they delivered to students about managed care was negative. ", "Negative views of managed care are widespread among medical students, residents, faculty members, and medical school deans." ]

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[ "MUMBAI/DHAKA: From Kathmandu to Colombo, it's a kitchen nightmare: Onion prices have gone crazy.", "\n\nThat's because India, the world's biggest seller of the Asian diet staple, has banned exports after extended monsoon downpours delayed harvests and supplies shrivelled. ", "And dedicated buyers across the region, like Nepalese housewife Seema Pokharel, are flummoxed.", "\n\n\n\n\"This is a terrible increase,\" said Pokharel, out shopping for vegetables in Kathmandu. \"", "Onion prices have more than doubled in the last month alone.\"", "\n\nWhether it's Pakistani chicken curry, Bangladeshi biryani or Indian sambar, Asian consumers have developed a serious dependence on Indian onion supplies for go-to dishes. ", "Shorter shipment times than from rival exporters like China or Egypt play a crucial role in preserving the taste of the perishable commodity.", "\n\nBut last Sunday New Delhi banned all exports from India after local prices jumped to 4,500 rupees (US$63.30) per 100kg, their highest in nearly six years, due to the delay in summer-sown crop arrivals triggered by longer, heavier rains than usual.", "\n\nSince the ban, countries such as Bangladesh have turned to the likes of Myanmar, Egypt, Turkey and China to increase supplies in a bid bring prices down, government officials and traders said.", "\n\n\n\nBut the hefty volumes lost will be hard to replace.", "\n\nIndia exported 2.2 million tonnes of fresh onions in the 2018/19 fiscal year ended Mar 31, according to data from India's Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority. ", "That's more than half of all imports by Asian countries, traders estimate.", "\n\n\"TAKING ADVANTAGE\"\n\nRising prices of alternative supplies will add to the headache for importers trying to get the vegetable from elsewhere, said Mohammad Idris, a trader based in Dhaka. ", "In the Bangladesh capital, consumers are now being asked to pay 120 taka (US$1.42) per kilogramme for their prized onions - twice the price a fortnight ago and the highest since December, 2013.", "\n\n\"Prices are going up elsewhere in Asia and Europe,\" said Idris. \"", "Other exporting countries are taking advantage of the Indian ban\" to raise their asking price.", "\n\nIn response to the crisis, the government of Bangladesh has initiated sales of subsidised onions through the state-run Trading Corporation of Bangladesh (TCB).", "\n\n\"We are looking for all possible options to import onions. ", "Our target is to import in the shortest possible time,\" said TCB spokesman Humayun Kabir.", "\n\nBut the shipments from elsewhere - Iran and Turkey are also potential suppliers - that authorities in countries across the region are investigating will all take time.", "\n\n\"It takes one month when it comes from Egypt and about 25 days from China, while it takes only a few days from India,\" said Dhaka trader Idris.", "\n\nThe need for alternative imports is so severe, though, that countries like Sri Lanka have already placed orders with Egypt and China, said G Rajendran, president of the Essential Food Commodities, Importers and Traders Association.", "\n\nOnion prices in Sri Lanka have risen by 50 per cent in a week, to 280-300 Sri Lankan rupees (US$1.7) per kilogramme.", "\n\n\"DOUBLE THE PRICE\"\n\nFor other countries, there may be little option but to sit tight and hope for the best.", "\n\nMalaysia, the second-biggest buyer of Indian onions, expects the ban to be temporary and sees no reason to panic, said Sim Tze Tzin, deputy minister of agriculture.", "\n\nBut even India has been importing onions from Egypt in an effort to calm prices. ", "And there won't be any meaningful drop in prices before summer-sown crops start to hit the market, said Ajit Shah, president of the Mumbai-based Onion Exporters' Association.", "\n\nThat's not expected until mid-November, meaning the export ban isn't going away in the near term.", "\n\n\"India could resume exports once prices drop, but it will take time,\" said Shah. \"", "Until India resumes exports, supplies will remain limited in Asia.\"", "\n\nFor now, consumers like Kathmandu shopper Pokharel are having to change habits across Asia.", "\n\n\"I went to buy 5kg of onions for our five-member family but ended up buying only 3kg due to higher prices,\" said Afroza Mimi, a Dhaka housewife on a shopping expedition the day after India imposed the export ban.", "\n\n\"They (traders) are selling old stock nearly at double the price. ", "This is crazy.\"", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat are the differences between Pandas and NumPy+SciPy in Python?", "\n\nThey both seem exceedingly similar and I'm curious as to which package would be more beneficial for financial data analysis. ", "\n\nA:\n\npandas provides high level data manipulation tools built on top of NumPy. ", "NumPy by itself is a fairly low-level tool, similar to MATLAB. ", "pandas on the other hand provides rich time series functionality, data alignment, NA-friendly statistics, groupby, merge and join methods, and lots of other conveniences. ", "It has become very popular in recent years in financial applications. ", "I will have a chapter dedicated to financial data analysis using pandas in my upcoming book.", "\n\nA:\n\nNumpy is required by pandas (and by virtually all numerical tools for Python). ", " Scipy is not strictly required for pandas but is listed as an \"optional dependency\". ", " I wouldn't say that pandas is an alternative to Numpy and/or Scipy. ", " Rather, it's an extra tool that provides a more streamlined way of working with numerical and tabular data in Python. ", " You can use pandas data structures but freely draw on Numpy and Scipy functions to manipulate them.", "\n\nA:\n\nPandas offer a great way to manipulate tables, as you can make binning easy (binning a dataframe in pandas in Python) and calculate statistics. ", "Other thing that is great in pandas is the Panel class that you can join series of layers with different properties and combine it using groupby function.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Recent Announcements\n\nSecond UBC Student to Join Peking University as Yenching Scholar\n\nDongwoo Kim, a graduating Master’s student from UBC’s Department of Political Science, will become the second UBC student to attend Peking University as a Yenching Scholar. ", "Yenching Academy houses a fully funded one-year residential program leading to a Master of China Studies degree. ", "With UBC as Yenching’s partner university, IAR facilitated the pre-selection process. ", "For more information about Yenching, please visit their website." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nUsing boost for (pseudo-)random number generator of long double\n\nI'm trying to use boost for random number generation of a long double (on a 64bits machine).", "\nAt some point I use \nrng = boost::mt19937();\n\nHowever, compiler argues that on line 88 of boost/random/mersenne_twister.hpp, \nx[i] = (1812433253UL * (x[i-1] ^ (x[i-1] >> (w-2))) + i) & mask;\n\nthere is an implicit conversion that shortens the 64-bit into a 32-bit value...\nI didn't even specified if I want a long double or double... why is he arguing on that? ", "Is because I'm using 64bits OS?", "\nIs there any simple solution to this problem? ", "I need a long double generator... xD\nThanks\n\nA:\n\nThe mt19937 is 32bit. ", "It is defined in the boost like\ntypedef mersenne_twister_engine<uint32_t,32,624,397,31,0x9908b0df,\n11,0xffffffff,7,0x9d2c5680,15,0xefc60000,18,1812433253> mt19937;\n\nFor 64bit is necessary to use mt19937_64.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDetect device screen size in craft cms\n\nHow can I get the screen size in craft cms? ", "I mean the device width in px, so for example I can get a static map image with the exact size to fit the device screen\n\nA:\n\nI think you are going to struggle with this in Craft, you would need to do it through Javascript.", "\nCraft runs off PHP which is a server side scripting language, you need a client side scripting language.", "\nHere is a good question which should help you with this: Get the size of the screen, current web page and browser window\n\n" ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'Modern automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems need to be robust under acoustic variability arising from environmental, speaker, channel, and recording conditions. ", "Ensuring such robustness to variability is a challenge in modern day neural network-based ASR systems, especially when all types of variability are not seen during training. ", "We attempt to address this problem by encouraging the neural network acoustic model to learn invariant feature representations. ", "We use ideas from recent research on image generation using Generative Adversarial Networks and domain adaptation ideas extending adversarial gradient-based training. ", "A recent work from Ganin et al. ", "proposes to use adversarial training for image domain adaptation by using an intermediate representation from the main target classification network to deteriorate the domain classifier performance through a separate neural network. ", "Our work focuses on investigating neural architectures which produce representations invariant to noise conditions for ASR. ", "We evaluate the proposed architecture on the Aurora-4 task, a popular benchmark for noise robust ASR. ", "We show that our method generalizes better than the standard multi-condition training especially when only a few noise categories are seen during training.'", "\nauthor:\n- |\n Dmitriy Serdyuk[^1]\\\n MILA, Université de Montréal\\\n Montréal, QC H3T 1J4\\\n `serdyuk@iro.umontreal.ca`\\\n Kartik Audhkhasi\\\n IBM Watson,\\\n Yorktown Heights, NY\\\n Philémon Brakel\\\n MILA\\\n Université de Montréal\\\n Bhuvana Ramabhadran\\\n IBM Watson, Yorktown Heights, NY\\\n Samuel Thomas\\\n IBM Watson, Yorktown Heights, NY\\\n Yoshua Bengio\\\n MILA, CIFAR Fellow, Université de Montréal\nbibliography:\n- 'refs.bib'\ntitle: Invariant Representations for Noisy Speech Recognition\n---\n\nIntroduction {#sec:intro}\n============\n\nOne of the most challenging aspects of automatic speech recognition (ASR) is the mismatch between the training and testing acoustic conditions. ", "During testing, a system may encounter new recording conditions, microphone types, speakers, accents and types of background noises. ", "Furthermore, even if the test scenarios are seen during training, there can be significant variability in their statistics. ", "Thus, its important to develop ASR systems that are invariant to unseen acoustic conditions. ", "Several model and feature based adaptation methods such as Maximum Likelihood Linear Regression (MLLR), feature-based MLLR and iVectors [@saon2013speaker] have been proposed to handle speaker variability; and Noise Adaptive Training [NAT; @kalinli2010noise] and Vector Taylor Series [VTS; @un1998speech] to handle environment variability. ", "With the increasing success of Deep Neural Network (DNN) acoustic models for ASR [@hinton2012deep; @seide2011conversational; @sainath2011making], end-to-end systems are being proposed [@miao2015eesen; @sainath2015learning] for modeling the acoustic conditions within a single network. ", "This allows us to take advantage of the network’s ability to learn highly non-linear feature transformations, with greater flexibility in constructing training objective functions that promote learning of noise invariant representations. ", "The main idea of this work is to force the acoustic model to learn a representation invariant to noise conditions, instead of explicitly using noise robust acoustic features (Section \\[sec:invariant-speech\\]). ", "This type of noise-invariant training requires noise-condition labels during training only. ", "It is related to the idea of generative adversarial networks (GAN) and the gradient reverse method proposed in [@goodfellow2014generative] and [@ganin2014unsupervised] respectively (Section \\[sec:relatedwork\\]). ", "We present results on the Aurora-4 speech recognition task in Section \\[sec:experiments\\] and summarize our findings in Section \\[sec:discussion\\].", "\n\nRelated Work {#sec:relatedwork}\n============\n\n*Generative Adversarial Networks* consist of two networks: generator and discriminator. ", "The generator network $G$ has an input of randomly-generated feature vectors and is asked to produce a sample, e.g. an image, similar to the images in the training set. ", "The discriminator network $D$ can either receive a generated image from the generator $G$ or an image from the training set. ", "Its task is to distinguish between the “fake” generated image and the “real” image taken from the dataset. ", "Thus, the discriminator is just a classifier network with a sigmoid output layer and can be trained with gradient backpropagation. ", "This gradient can be propagated further to the generator network.", "\n\nTwo networks in the GAN setup are competing with each other: the generator is trying to deceive the discriminator network, while the discriminator tries to do its best to recognize if there was a deception, similar to adversarial game-theoretic settings. ", "Formally, the objective function of GAN training is $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\min_G \\max_D V(D, G) = \\mathbb{E}_{\\bm{x} \\sim p_{\\text{data}}(\\bm{x})}[\\log D(\\bm{x})] + \n \\mathbb{E}_{\\bm{z} \\sim p_{\\bm{z}}(\\bm{z})}[\\log (1 - D(G(\\bm{z})))].", "\n \\end{aligned}$$ The maximization over the discriminator $D$ forms a usual cross-entropy objective, the gradients are computed with respect to the parameters of $D$. The parameters of $G$ are minimized using the gradients propagated through the second term. ", "The minimization over $G$ makes it to produce examples which $D$ classifiers as the training ones.", "\n\nSeveral practical guidelines were proposed for optimizing GANs in [@radford2015unsupervised] and further explored in [@salimans2016improved].", "\n\nPrior work by [@ganin2014unsupervised] proposed a method of training a network which can be adapted to new domains. ", "The training data consists of the images labeled with classes of interest and separate domain (image background) labels. ", "The network has a $Y$-like structure: the image is fed to the first network which produces a hidden representation $h$. Then this representation $h$ is input to two separate networks: a domain classifier network (D) and a target classifier network (R). ", "The goal of training is to learn the hidden representation that is invariant to the domain labels and performs well on the target classification task, so that the domain information doesn’t interfere with the target classifier at test time. ", "Similar to the GAN objective, which forces the generation distribution be close to the data distribution, the *gradient reverse method* makes domain distributions similar to each other.", "\n\nThe network is trained with three goals: the hidden representation $h$ should be helpful for the target classifier, harmful for the domain classifier, and the domain classifier should have a good classification accuracy. ", "More formally, the authors define the loss function as $$L = L_1(\\hat{y}, y; \\theta_R, \\theta_E) + \n \\alpha L_2(\\hat{d}, d; \\theta_D) -\n \\beta L_3(\\hat{d}, d; \\theta_E),\n \\label{eq:grm}$$ where $y$ is the ground truth class, $d$ is the domain label, corresponding hat variables are the network predictions, and $\\theta_E, \\theta_R$ and $\\theta_D$ are the subsets of parameters for the encoder, recognizer and the domain classifier networks respectively. ", "The hyper-parameters $\\alpha$ and $\\beta$ denote the relative influence of the loss functions terms.", "\n\nThe influence of representations produced by a neural network to internal noise reduction is discussed in [@yu2013feature] and this work sets a baseline for experiments on Aurora-4 dataset. ", "Recently, in [@yusuke2016adversarial] a multilayer sigmoidal network is trained in an adversarial fashion on an in-house transcription task corrupted by noise.", "\n\nInvariant Representations for Speech Recognition {#sec:invariant-speech}\n================================================\n\nMost ASR systems are DNN-HMM hybrid systems. ", "The context dependent (CD) HMM states (acoustic model) are the class labels of interest. ", "The recording conditions, speaker identity, or gender represent the domains in GANs. ", "The task is to make the hidden layer representations of the HMM state classifier network invariant with respect to these domains. ", "We hypothesize that this adversarial method of training helps the HMM state classifier to generalize better to unseen domain conditions and requires only a small additional amount of supervision, i.e. the domain labels.", "\n\nFigure \\[fig:model\\] depicts the model, which is same as the model for the gradient reverse method. ", "It is a feed-forward neural network trained to predict the CD HMM state, with a branch that predicts the domain (noise condition). ", "This branch is discarded in the testing phase. ", "In our experiments we used the noise condition as the domain label merging all noise types into one label and clean as the other label. ", "Our training loss function is Eq.", " \\[eq:grm\\] with $L_3$ set to $d\\log(1 - \\hat{d}) + (1-d)\\log(\\hat{d})$ for stability during training. ", "$L_3$ term maximizes the probability of an incorrect domain classification in contrast to the gradient reverse where the correct classification is minimized. ", "The terms $L_1$ and $L_2$ are regular cross-entropies which are minimized with corresponding parameters $\\theta_E$ and $\\theta_D$. For simplicity, we use only a single hyper-parameter – the weight of the third term.", "\n\n[0.3]{} ![", "Model structure for invariant training and ASR results.](model.pdf \"fig:\"){width=\"0.9\\linewidth\"}\n\n[0.7]{} ![", "Model structure for invariant training and ASR results.](wer_avg.pdf \"fig:\"){width=\"\\linewidth\"} ![", "Model structure for invariant training and ASR results.](wer_seen_unseen.pdf \"fig:\"){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\nExperiments {#sec:experiments}\n===========\n\nWe experimentally evaluate our approach on the well-benchmarked Aurora-4 [@parihar2002aurora] noisy speech recognition task. ", "Aurora-4 is based on the Wall Street Journal corpus (WSJ0). ", "It contains noises of six categories which was added to clean data. ", "Every clean and noisy utterance is filtered to simulate the frequency characteristics. ", "The training data contains 4400 clean utterances and 446 utterances for each noise condition, i.e. a total of 2676 noisy utterances. ", "The test set consists of clean data, data corrupted by 6 noise types, and data recorded with a different microphone for both clean and noisy cases.", "\n\nFor both clean and noisy data, we extract 40-dimensional Mel-filterbank features with their deltas and delta-deltas spliced over $\\pm$5 frames, resulting in 1320 input features that are subsequently mean and variance normalized. ", "The baseline acoustic model is a 6-layer DNN with 2048 rectified linear units at every layer. ", "It is trained using momentum-accelerated stochastic gradient descent for 15 epochs with new-bob annealing [as in @morgan1995continuous; @sainath2011making].", "\n\nIn order to evaluate the impact of our method on generalization to unseen noises, we performed 6 experiments with different set of seen noises. ", "The networks are trained on clean data, with each noise condition added one-by-one in the following order: airport, babble, car, restaurant, street, and train. ", "The last training group includes all noises therefore matches the standard multi-condition training setup. ", "For every training group, we trained the baseline and the invariance model where we branch out at the $4^{th}$ layer to an binary classifier predicting clean versus noisy data. ", "Due to the imbalance between amounts of clean and noisy utterances, we had to oversample noisy frames to ensure that every mini-batch contained equal number of clean and noisy speech frames.", "\n\nTable \\[tab:results\\] summarizes the results. ", "Figure \\[fig:results\\] visualizes the word error rate for the baseline multi-condition training and invariance training as the number of seen noise types varies. ", "We conclude that the best performance gain is achieved when a small number of noise types are available during training. ", "It can be seen that invariance training is able to generalize better to unseen noise types compared with multi-condition training.", "\n\nWe note that our experiments did not use layer-wise pre-training, commonly used for small datasets. ", "The baseline WERs reported are very close to the state-of-the-art. ", "Our preliminary experiments on a pre-trained network (better overall WER) when using all noise types (last row of Table \\[tab:results\\]) for training show the same trend as the non-pretrained networks.", "\n\n ------- ------- ------- ------ ------ ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------\n Noise Inv BL \n Inv BL Inv BL Inv BL Inv BL\n 1 16.36 18.14 6.54 7.57 12.71 14.09 11.45 13.10 22.47 24.80\n 2 15.56 17.39 5.90 6.58 11.69 13.28 11.12 13.51 21.79 23.96\n 3 14.24 14.67 5.45 5.08 10.76 12.44 9.75 9.84 19.93 19.30\n 4 13.61 13.84 5.08 5.29 9.73 9.97 9.49 9.56 19.49 19.90\n 5 13.41 13.02 5.12 5.34 9.52 9.42 9.55 8.67 19.33 18.65\n 6 12.62 12.60 4.80 4.61 9.04 8.86 8.76 8.59 18.16 18.21\n 6\\* 11.85 11.99 4.52 4.76 8.76 8.76 7.79 8.57 16.84 16.99\n ------- ------- ------- ------ ------ ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------\n\n : Average word error rate (WER%) on Aurora-4 dataset on all test conditions, including seen and unseen noise and unseen microphone. ", "First column is the number of noise conditions used for the training. ", "The last row is a preliminary experiment with layer-wise pre-training close to state-of-the-art model and a corresponding invariance training starting with a pretrained model.[]{data-label=\"tab:results\"}\n\nDiscussion {#sec:discussion}\n==========\n\nThis paper presents the application of generative adversarial networks and invariance training for noise robust speech recognition. ", "We show that invariance training helps the ASR system to generalize better to unseen noise conditions and improves word error rate when a small number of noise types are seen during training. ", "Our experiments show that in contrast to the image recognition task, in speech recognition, the domain adaptation network suffers from underfitting. ", "Therefore, the gradient of the $L_3$ term in Eq.", " \\[eq:grm\\] is unreliable and noisy. ", "Future research includes enhancements to the domain adaptation network while exploring alternative network architectures and invariance-promoting loss functions.", "\n\nAcknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered}\n===============\n\nWe would like to thank Yaroslav Ganin, David Warde-Farley for insightful discussions, developers of Theano [@2016arXiv160502688short], Blocks, and Fuel [@MerrienboerBDSW15] for great toolkits.", "\n\n[^1]: Dmitriy Serdyuk performed the work during an internship at IBM Watson.", "\n" ]

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[ "\n57 B.R. 187 (1986)\nIn the Matter of Scott M. HADDEN a/k/a Scott Hadden d/b/a ABS Concrete Contractors, ABS Concrete Contracting, Debtor.", "\nBankruptcy No. ", "MM7-84-01149.", "\nUnited States Bankruptcy Court, W.D. Wisconsin.", "\nJanuary 22, 1986.", "\n*188 Thomas R. Glowacki, Harris, Hill & Glowacki, Madison, Wis., for debtor.", "\nGuy K. Fish, Roethe, Buhrow, Roethe & Pope, Edgerton, Wis., for creditor.", "\n\nMEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER\nROBERT D. MARTIN, Bankruptcy Judge.", "\nOn October 6, 1983, Scott Hadden (\"debtor\") commenced a civil action in Rock County Circuit Court against Stettler Construction Co. (\"Stettler\"). ", "The debtor's first cause of action was for breach of a construction contract earlier entered into between the parties (\"the contract\"), and his second cause of action was for theft by contractor. ", "On October 26, 1983, Stettler filed an answer denying the allegations and counterclaimed for attorney's fees provided under the contract.", "\nOn June 8, 1984, the debtor filed for relief under chapter 7 of the Code. ", "The debtor did not list Stettler as a creditor, but revealed the existence of the pending suit in his statement of affairs. ", "On July 10, 1984, the state court dismissed the debtor's second cause of action and ordered that the debtor's trustee in bankruptcy, William Rameker, be made a party to the action. ", "On August 22, 1984, the debtor filed an amendment to his bankruptcy petition and listed three additional creditors. ", "On September 28, 1984, the debtor was granted a discharge in bankruptcy.", "\nThe state court trial was held from October 14 through October 16, 1984. ", "On January 28, 1985, the state court issued a memorandum decision dismissing the debtor's cause of action and granting judgment to Stettler on his counterclaim for attorney's fees, in the amount of $8,406.35 of which $2,395.95 of the fees were from before filing and $6,010.40 from after.", "\nOn February 15, 1985, the debtor filed a second amendment to his chapter 7 petition and listed Stettler's judgment as an additional unsecured claim. ", "On March 25, 1985, Stettler filed a motion to amend the debtor's schedule by removing the second amendment. ", "This court heard the motion on May 28, 1985, and took the matter under advisement, with briefs to be filed by June 17, 1985 and reply briefs to be filed by June 24, 1985. ", "The sole issue to be determined is whether the debtor's voluntary continuation of pending litigation after his filing for bankruptcy created a nondischargeable post-petition debt.", "\nIn Re Thomas, 12 B.R. 432 (Bankr. ", "S.D. Iowa 1981) provides the closest precedent, and suggests the propriety of dividing the claim between the pre-petition and post-petition services. ", "To the extent that the attorney's fees arose before the filing of the bankruptcy petition, Stettler's claim is a dischargeable pre-petition debt. ", "To the extent that the fees arose after the debtor filed for bankruptcy, they constitute a nondischargeable post-petition debt. ", "When a claim arises is a question to be determined by state law. ", "In Re Thomas, supra at 433. ", "However, there are no Wisconsin cases on the subject of when an award of attorney's fees stemming from a breach of contract case arises.", "\nStettler argues that because Wisconsin follows the \"American Rule,\" no claim arose until after the case was decided and the court had awarded Stettler attorney's fees. ", "It is true that Wisconsin does follow the \"American Rule.\" ", "Kremers-Urban Co. v. American Employers Ins., ", "119 Wis.2d 722, 351 N.W.2d 156 (1984). ", "Therefore, attorney's fees are not ordinarily recoverable in the absence of a statute or enforceable contract providing for them. ", "Although there appear to be no Wisconsin cases setting out the factors a court must consider when awarding attorney's fees pursuant to a contract, the state court found that \"the requested attorney's fees are reasonable and were necessary in connection *189 with the defense of this lawsuit.\" ", "Hadden v. Stettler Construction Company, No. ", "83-CV-1755 (Rock Cty.", "Cir.", "Ct.", "Wis. Jan. 28, 1985). ", "Thus, there appears to be some discretion on the part of the court. ", "Federal courts operating under the American Rule have also exercised discretion in declining to award attorney's fees to the prevailing party despite a contractual provision. ", "See Cable Marine, Inc. v. M/V Trust Me II, 632 F.2d 1344 (5th Cir.1980); United States v. Mountain States Const. ", "Co., 588 F.2d 259 (9th Cir.1978).", "\nThe fact that the court has some discretion in granting or denying reasonable attorney's fees does not make Stettler's right to attorney's fees was so illusory as to fail to fulfill the definition of a claim.[1] There are limits to the contingent nature of a claim. ", "In In Re UNR Industries, Inc., 29 B.R. 741 (N.D.Ill.", "E.D.1983), the court found that tort claims for asbestos related injuries which had not yet shown any symptoms were too speculative to be claims in bankruptcy. ", "However, the language of section 101(4) shows a definite intent to include claims which are contingent in nature. ", "Consequently, in UNR Industries the court said that a contingent claim which arises out of a prior contractual relationship may be dealt with in bankruptcy. ", "Id. at 745. ", "Thus at the time this bankruptcy case was filed, Stettler's contractual right to receive attorney's fees previously incurred was sufficient to constitute a claim in bankruptcy.", "\nStettler argues without authority that because the lawsuit was originally listed as an exemption, the debtor proceeded in the state case without the protection of the Bankruptcy Code. ", "What Stettler contends in essence is that the term \"debt\" holds a meaning unrelated to the term \"claim\" as the terms are used in bankruptcy. ", "11 U.S.C. § 522(c) provides that \"property exempted under this section is not liable during or after the case for any debt of the debtor that arose . . . ", "before the commencement of the case. . . .\" ", "If Stettler concedes that the debtor's obligation to pay the attorney's fees is a claim, then in order for the debtor to remain liable for an obligation which arose before filing bankruptcy a \"claim\" must be entirely different from a \"debt.\" ", "This definitional argument is without merit. ", "A debt is defined as \"liability on a claim. . . .\" ", "11 U.S.C. § 101(11). ", "Therefore, insofar as property exempted is not liable for a debt which arose before the commencement of a case, because a debt is defined in terms of a claim, anything which would qualify as a claim is equally dischargeable as a debt.", "\nThe debtor argues that the claim for attorney's fees arises at the time of the contract and is consequently a dischargeable pre-petition debt. ", "Hadden cites In Re Thomas, supra, for the proposition that despite the fact that an obligation did not become a judgment until after the bankruptcy discharge, it was nevertheless entirely dischargeable as a pre-petition claim. ", "In Thomas, the State of Iowa became a creditor after receiving an assignment of a child support judgment granted in favor of the debtor's former wife. ", "Child support payments which are assigned are dischargeable as per 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(5)(A). ", "The State of Iowa maintained that since the court-ordered child-support judgment lien does not attach until an installment is due, its claim to post-petition installments arose as they became due. ", "The bankruptcy court, however, ruled against the State of Iowa in light of the broad definition used in section 101(4) saying that \"[t]he operative facts giving rise to the obligation were all extant prior to bankruptcy.\" ", "In Re Thomas at 434. ", "In so finding, the court drew a distinction between pre-bankruptcy acts the *190 costs of which continue to accrue after filing and costs which the debtor incurs for post-bankruptcy acts. ", "Using this rationale, the dischargeability of Stettler's claim depends upon the \"operative facts giving rise to the obligation.\" ", "If the claim arose from Stettler's right to damages provided by the construction contract when it was entered into, then the claim is entirely dischargeable. ", "If the \"operative facts\" were each occasion on which attorney's fees were incurred, then the claim should be separated into pre and post-petition parts. ", "The implication of Thomas is that bankruptcy was intended to protect the debtor from the continuing costs of pre-bankruptcy acts but not to insulate the debtor from the costs of post-bankruptcy acts.", "\nThe debtor also argues that the attorney's fees are dischargeable as an ancillary obligation in connection with the original construction contract. ", "In Re Chambers, 36 B.R. 42 (Bankr.", "W.D.Wis.1984) is cited for this principle. ", "In Chambers, the plaintiff, who was the former wife of the defendant, sought to prevent the defendant from discharging a debt for legal fees which the plaintiff incurred in the settlement of a foreclosure action. ", "The mortgage was on property which the plaintiff received pursuant to a divorce decree and was to be satisfied before she received it. ", "Therefore, the plaintiff asserted that both the money required to satisfy the mortgage and the legal fees were in the nature of nondischargeable support under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(5). ", "The court, finding in the plaintiff's favor, held that because the ancillary proceeding was sufficiently related to the primary support obligation, reasonable attorney's fees were nondischargeable as well. ", "Id. at 46.", "\nThe debtor maintains that the attorney's fees Stettler spent in defending the breach of contract case were ancillary to a dischargeable claim. ", "Applying Chambers, the debtor reasons that because Stettler's claim on the breach of the construction contract would have been dischargeable had it been pursued prior to filing, so should Stettler's judgment for attorney's fees in defending the action after filing.", "\nChambers can be distinguished from this case. ", "Chambers, like Thomas, was based upon 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(5) which excepts from discharge certain support obligations. ", "In Chambers the attorney's fees were nondischargeable because they involved the enforcement by the plaintiff of a clearly nondischargeable debt. ", "In this case, the debtor \"resurrected\" the contract after discharge and reaffirmed his obligation to pay damages if he lost. ", "The attorney's fees in Chambers were truly ancillary in nature while those incurred by the debtor in this case were not.", "\nBecause this case is unique, a short discussion of the equities involved is appropriate. ", "A principal goal of bankruptcy is to provide the debtor with reasonable exemptions and a fresh start. ", "Allowing the debtor to discharge attorney's fees incurred in the post-petition pursuit of dubious claims might invite egregious abuses, while not allowing discharge of attorney's fees might prevent debtors from pursuing \"reasonable exemptions\" which are in the form of lawsuits. ", "The balance must be struck so that post-bankruptcy acts on the part of the debtor cannot be undertaken with impunity. ", "This follows from the general principle that only liabilities arising from pre-petition acts are discharged in bankruptcy. ", "If the debtor chooses to enjoy his fresh start by pursuing pre-petition claims which have been exempted, he must do so at the risk of incurring the post-petition costs involved in his acts.", "\nUpon the foregoing which constitute my findings of fact and conclusions of law in this matter it is hereby\nORDERED that Stettler Construction Co. has a claim against the debtor Scott M. Hadden in the amount of $8,406.35 of which amount only $2,395.95 may be discharged in this case and the remainder, $6,010.40 is not discharged as it is a post bankruptcy obligation.", "\nJudgment may enter accordingly.", "\nNOTES\n[1] 11 U.S.C. § 101(4) defines the term \"claim\":\n\n(4) \"claim\" means —\n(A) right to payment, whether or not such right is reduced to judgment, liquidated, unliquidated, fixed, contingent, matured, unmatured, disputed, undisputed, legal, secured, or unsecured; or\n(B) right to an equitable remedy for breach of performance if such breach gives rise to a right of payment, whether or not such right to an equitable remedy is reduced to judgment, fixed, contingent, matured, unmatured, disputed, undisputed, secured, or unsecured;. . . .", "\n" ]

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[ "The clinical effect of dentifrices containing stabilized stannous fluoride on plaque formation and gingivitis--a six-month study with ad libitum brushing.", "\nThe effects of stabilized 0.454% stannous fluoride dentifrices on supragingival plaque, gingival inflammation and gingival bleeding were studied in 549 adult male and female subjects who completed a six-month, double blind clinical study. ", "Following an oral prophylaxis, subjects were randomly assigned to brush with one of the following dentifrices: 1) 0.454% SnF2 stabilized with 2.08% sodium gluconate, 2) 0.454% SnF2 stabilized with 4.16% sodium gluconate, 3) an experimental dentifrice, or 4) 0.243% NaF control dentifrice. ", "Follow-up examinations were conducted at 3 and 6 months. ", "Compared to the control dentifrice at 6 months, stannous fluoride dentifrices stabilized with 2.08% or 4.16% sodium gluconate significantly reduced gingivitis by 18.8% and 18.0%, respectively. ", "There were no statistically significant differences between the two stabilized SnF2 groups with respect to their beneficial effects on gingival health. ", "Gingival bleeding was also reduced, relative to the control dentifrice, for both stabilized SnF2 dentifrices. ", "However, these differences were not statistically significant at p=0.05. ", "The stabilized SnF2 dentifrices were not significantly different from the control dentifrice in their effects on supragingival plaque. ", "No significant differences in adverse oral soft tissue effects were observed between the test and control groups. ", "As expected, accumulation of extrinsic tooth stain increased in the stabilized SnF2 groups. ", "However, the difficulty in removing accumulated dental stain was similar between the control and stabilized SnF2 dentifrices. ", "Since use of SnF2 dentifrices has been reported to produce tooth stain, gingivitis examinations were done with and without custom-made tooth covers to evaluate the potential for examiner bias. ", "Comparable gingivitis and gingival bleeding benefits were observed when the evaluations were conducted with or without the tooth covers. ", "Results from this study support that 0.454% stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrices can provide an important adjunct to the prevention and control of gingivitis when used in combination with regular personal oral hygiene procedures and professional care." ]

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[ "Leadership Council calls on the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans to work with First Nations to protect the depleted Fraser River sockeye fisheryFOR IMMEDIATE RELEASEAugust 21, 2007\n\nCoast Salish Territory/Vancouver – The First Nations Leadership Council, being the Executives of the First Nations Summit, the Union of BC Indian Chiefs and the BC Assembly of First Nations summon the Honourable Loyola Hearn, Minister of Fisheries and Oceans to discuss the protection of the sockeye resource and Aboriginal fishing rights and work with BC First Nations on a priority basis to ensure the protection of the 2007 sockeye fishery.", "\n\n“Without question the conservation of the sockeye fishery is the primary concern for all First Nations along the Fraser River. ", "This has clearly been illustrated by the Tseil Waututh First Nation’s commendable decision to forgo their sockeye fishery this year in the name of conservation,” said Grand Chief Edward John, a member of the First Nations Summit political executive. “", "However, many First Nations are understandably frustrated with DFO’s inconsistent fisheries management and allocation methods which continue to put the fishery at risk.”", "\n\nFirst Nations in the Fraser Basin are frustrated that DFO officials continue to allow a 2007 sport and commercial fishery. ", "Despite low sockeye returns, DFO advised First Nations that conservation was not a concern and still proceeded to charge a significant number of Musqueam and Sto:lo fishermen. ", "Meanwhile, sport and recreational fishers continued to fish within view of the protest fishery, which is a complete contradiction of the rule of law according to the Sparrow decision.", "\n\n“DFO has once again shown that they have absolutely no regard for First Nations legal and constitutional right to fish for food, social and ceremonial purposes, a right that is second only to conservation”, said Grand Chief Stewart Phillip, President of the Union of BC Indian Chiefs. “", "The First Nations Leadership Council are in full and complete support of First Nations Statements that “the Department of Fisheries and Oceans’ attempts to keep the First Nations off the fishing grounds are in violation of a Supreme Court of Canada decision” (Sparrow decision, 1990).", "\n\n“We are calling for Minister Hearn to direct his officials to immediately halt all commercial and sport fisheries and to respect the rule of law by giving priority to the First Nations fishery after conservation needs are met”, said Shawn Atleo, BC Regional Chief of the Assembly of First Nations. “", "First Nations will not stand by and continue to allow the Government of Canada’s mismanagement of this valuable resource.", "\n\nThe First Nations Leadership Council is also calling on Minister Hearn to meet in person to discuss how DFO and BC First Nations can work in partnership to protect sustainable and healthy salmon stocks for all future generations.", "\n\n-30-\n\nThe First Nations Leadership Council is comprised of the political executives of the BC Assembly of First Nations, First Nations Summit, and the Union of BC Indian Chiefs.", "\n\nThe Council works together to politically represent the interests of First Nations in British Columbia and develop strategies and actions to bring about significant and substantive changes to government policy that will benefit all First Nations in British Columbia." ]

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[ "Introduction\n============\n\nAlzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, and its main clinical symptoms are progressive cognition impairments. ", "Histopathologically, AD is characterized by the accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques in the brain, resulting in the loss of neurons and synapses.^[@bib1]^ In the early stages of AD, the synaptic protein level is reduced by \\~25%, indicating that synaptic loss is an early event in AD.^[@bib2]^ Moreover, synaptic failure has been directly linked to cognitive decline and dementia severity in AD,^[@bib3],\\ [@bib4],\\ [@bib5]^ suggesting that the memory loss of patients in the early stages of AD may be caused by synaptic dysfunction, rather than by neuronal death.", "\n\nOne factor that is known to cause synaptic dysfunction is amyloid beta (Aβ), which self-aggregates to form the amyloid plaques that are observed in AD.^[@bib5],\\ [@bib6]^ In addition, Aβ contributes to suppression of basal synaptic transmission by facilitating endocytosis of *N*-methyl-[D]{.smallcaps}-aspartate glutamate receptors (NMDARs) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs) from synapses.^[@bib7],\\ [@bib8],\\ [@bib9]^ Further, oligomers of Aβ decrease the number of dendritic spines and disrupt synaptic plasticity by shifting the balance between long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD).^[@bib10]^\n\nNeurogranin (Ng or NRGN), which is widely used as a synaptic marker, is a neuron-specific postsynaptic protein that is usually expressed at dendritic spines in the cortex, hippocampus and amygdala.^[@bib11],\\ [@bib12]^ Additionally, Ng is a key molecule in synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation.^[@bib13],\\ [@bib14],\\ [@bib15]^ For example, studies have revealed that Ng augmentation enhances LTP and adult hippocampal neurogenesis, leading to improvements in cognitive function.^[@bib16],\\ [@bib17],\\ [@bib18],\\ [@bib19]^ By contrast, reducing expression of Ng by using small hairpin RNA, Ng-null mice or Ng antibody-related inhibition results in LTP impairments and abnormal memory functions.^[@bib15],\\ [@bib16],\\ [@bib20],\\ [@bib21],\\ [@bib22],\\ [@bib23],\\ [@bib24]^ However, synaptic dysfunctions induced by knockdown of Ng via small interfering RNA are restored by Ng overexpresion.^[@bib19]^ Hence, it has been suggested that Ng-mediated improvements in synaptic plasticity are involved in the activation of NMDARs and insertion of AMPARs.^[@bib19]^\n\nPrevious studies have shown that the Ng level is significantly changed in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with AD compared with that in age-matched controls, suggesting that Ng may be a biomarker for diagnosing AD.^[@bib25],\\ [@bib26],\\ [@bib27],\\ [@bib28],\\ [@bib29],\\ [@bib30],\\ [@bib31]^ In particular, expression of Ng is significantly reduced in the hippocampus and cortex of patients with AD as well as transgenic mouse models of AD.^[@bib32],\\ [@bib33],\\ [@bib34],\\ [@bib35],\\ [@bib36]^ However, Ng cannot be delivered to the dendrites of neurons in brains with AD, indicating that the Ng level is locally reduced at the synapse in AD.^[@bib32]^ Furthermore, a recent study demonstrated that increasing the Ng level rescued Aβ-induced deficits in synaptic function, namely, deficits in LTP, and synaptic delivery of AMPARs in amyloid precursor protein (APP)-expressing neurons.^[@bib37]^ Nevertheless, to date, the pathological role that Ng has in the learning and memory deficits that are related to AD has not yet been described.", "\n\nTherefore, the present study aimed to elucidate whether Ng expression is functionally related to cognition in an animal model of AD. ", "Based on the existing literature, we hypothesized that reducing the Ng expression level in the brain parenchyma would impair cognitive function, while such impairments would not be observed after elevating the Ng levels in a mouse model of AD (5XFAD mice). ", "Specifically, we investigated: (1) whether overexpressing Ng through hippocampal injections of a lentiviral vector elevated the levels of Ng in the brain and eliminated the cognitive deficits observed in 5XFAD mice and (2) whether the histological mechanisms for improving cognitive functions were mediated by the enhanced Ng expression in 5XFAD mice.", "\n\nMaterials and methods\n=====================\n\nLentivirus production and transduction\n--------------------------------------\n\nA lentiviral vector expressing Ng under the control of the mouse cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter (pLentiM1.2-hNRGN) was constructed by inserting Ng cDNA into *Sal*I and *Eco*RI restriction enzyme sites in the pLentiM1.2 plasmid. ", "Lentiviral vector particles were produced as described previously.^[@bib38]^ Human embryonic kidney 293T cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Hyclone Laboratories Inc., South Logan, UT, US) with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco-BRL, Waltham, MA, USA) and maintained in a 5% CO~2~ incubator at 37 °C. ", "Lentivirus particles were produced by co-transfecting human embryonic kidney 293T cells with three plasmids, VSV-G, *gag-pol* and pLentiM1.2-hNRGN, using Lipofectamine Plus (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). ", "At 48 h post transfection, culture supernatants containing virus particles were collected and clarified with a 0.45-μm membrane filter (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and stored in a −70 °C deep freezer immediately. ", "Titers were determined with p24 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (Perkin-Elmer Life Science, Waltham, MA, USA) or western blot analyses using a monoclonal anti-p24 antibody (obtained from the AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). ", "In our routine preparation, the titers were ≒10^7^ transduction units (TU)  ml without further concentration. ", "For stereotaxic injection, the lentivirus particles were concentrated by ultracentrifugation on a 20% sucrose cushion (2 h at 50 000 *g*) at 4 °C. ", "HeLa cells at 70% confluence in 6-well plates were transduced for 8 h in the presence of 8 g ml^−1^ polybrene, after which the medium was refreshed.", "\n\nWestern blotting\n----------------\n\nHuman embryonic kidney 293 cells were lysed using a Protein Assay Kit (Thermo Scientific) according to the manufacturer's instructions. ", "The lysates were separated by 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. ", "The membranes were incubated with blocking solution (5% skim milk in Tris-buffered saline with 0.05% Tween-20) for 1 h and then incubated with a blocking solution containing a primary antibody (Ng (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) 1:1000; β-actin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) 1:5000) overnight at 4 °C. ", "The membranes were incubated with a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody for 1 h. Immunoreactive bands were detected using an enhanced chemiluminescence western blotting substrate (Thermo Scientific).", "\n\nAnimals\n-------\n\nAdult male C57BL/6 mice (7 weeks old) were obtained from Koatech (Pyeongtaek, South Korea) and acclimatized for 1 week before stereotaxic surgery. ", "Experimental procedures were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Konyang University. ", "Animals were housed in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Experimental Animals (National Research Council, Eighth edition). ", "Mice with five familial AD mutations (5XFAD; B6SJL-Tg \\[APP-SwFlLon, PS1\\*M146L\\*L286V\\] 6799Vas/J) were purchased from the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME, USA) and maintained by mating them with B6/SJL F1 breeder mice. ", "5XFAD transgenic mice were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction, and non-transgenic littermate mice were used as wild-type controls. ", "The animal maintenance and treatment protocols were performed in accordance with the Principles of Laboratory Animal Care (National Institutes of Health Publication No. ", "85-23, 1985 edition) and the Animal Care and Use Guidelines of Seoul National University (Seoul, Korea).", "\n\nStereotaxic injection\n---------------------\n\nMale 5XFAD and wild-type littermate mice (6 months old) were used for all investigations. ", "Stereotaxic injection procedures were performed on anesthetized mice by using a mixture of Zoletil 50 and Rompun (3:1 ratio, 1 mg kg^−1^, intraperitoneally). ", "A solution containing Ng-green fluorescent protein (GFP) lentivirus (1 × 10^7^ in 2 μl) was injected into the hilus of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus (−2.0 mm anterior--posterior, 1.3 mm medial--lateral, and −1.9 mm dorsal--ventral relative to the bregma) using a Hamilton syringe at a rate of 0.2 μl min^−1^. After the injection, we let the needle rest in place for 8 min to prevent regurgitation of the virus during removal. ", "Control groups were injected with the same volume of control lentivirus.", "\n\nY-maze test\n-----------\n\nThe Y-maze apparatus was composed of three divided passages, with each arm 8 cm wide, 30 cm long and 15 cm high. ", "To determine the rates of spontaneous alternation, each mouse was allowed to explore the maze for 8 min. ", "Spontaneous alternation was defined as successive entries into three different passages without repetition (e.g., ABC or BCA but not ABA). ", "The spontaneous alternation percentage was calculated using the following equation: number of alternations/(total number of arm entries--2) × 100.", "\n\nNovel object recognition test\n-----------------------------\n\nThe novel object recognition test was executed in an open field box (50 × 50 × 50 cm^3^). ", "Before the test, mice were habituated in the test box for 5 min without objects. ", "After habituation, each mouse was placed in the test box and permitted to explore two identical objects (familiarization session) for 5 min. ", "Twenty-four hours after the familiarization session, each mouse was permitted to explore both the familiar object and a novel object (test session) for 5 min. ", "In the test session, the objects used were wooden blocks of the same scale but of different shape. ", "The time spent exploring each object was recorded and analyzed using a video tracking system (Noldus, Wageningen, Netherlands).", "\n\nBrain tissue preparation\n------------------------\n\nMice were anesthetized and transcardially perfused with 0.05 [M]{.smallcaps} phosphate-buffered saline and then fixed with ice-cold 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 [M]{.smallcaps} phosphate buffer. ", "The brain was removed and postfixed in 0.1 [M]{.smallcaps} phosphate buffer containing 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 h at 4 °C and then soaked in a solution containing 30% sucrose in 0.05 [M]{.smallcaps} phosphate-buffered saline for cryoprotection at 4 °C. ", "Serial coronal sections (30-μm-thick) were cut on a cryomicrotome and stored in cryoprotectant (25% ethylene glycol and 25% glycerol in 0.05 [M]{.smallcaps} phosphate buffer) at 4 °C until immunohistochemical analysis.", "\n\nImmunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence staining\n------------------------------------------------\n\nFor immunohistochemical analyses, brain sections were rinsed briefly in phosphate-buffered saline and treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide for 15 min. ", "The sections were incubated with a goat anti-Ng antibody (1:500; Abcam) or anti-postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95) antibody (1:500; Abcam). ", "The sections were next incubated with a biotinylated horse anti-goat immunoglobulin G (1:200; Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA) and avidin--biotin--peroxidase complex solution and then visualized with a SIGMA *FAST*^TM^ 3.3′-diaminobenzidine tablet (Sigma-Aldrich) as a chromogen. ", "To quantify the immunoreactivity of PSD-95, the images were analyzed using the Image-Pro Plus 6.0 program (Media Cybernetics, Rockville, MD, USA). ", "For immunofluorescence staining, brain sections were rinsed briefly in phosphate-buffered saline and incubated with a goat anti-Ng antibody (1:500, 4 °C, 12 h) followed by donkey anti-goat Alexa Fluor^®^ 594 immunoglobulin G (1:200, room temperature, 1 h; Abcam). ", "All sections were counter-stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (Thermo Scientific) before mounting.", "\n\nStatistical analysis\n--------------------\n\nData are presented as the mean±the standard error of the mean. ", "For the Y-maze test and immunohistochemical data, the significance of differences between the four groups was defined by one-way analysis of variance, followed by the Fisher's least significant difference *post hoc* test using SigmaPlot for Windows Version 12.2 (Systat Software Inc., CA, USA). ", "In the novel object recognition test, differences between two groups were analyzed with Student's unpaired *t*-tests in GraphPad Prism 5 (GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA). ", "Statistical significance was set at *P*\\<0.05.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nAbility of the lentiviral vector to induce Ng and GFP expression\n----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nUsing immunoblot analyses, we investigated Ng expression in HeLa cells after transduction with pLentiM1.2-hNRGN. ", "As shown in [Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, expression of human Ng was detected 2 days after infection. ", "To evaluate the transduction efficiency of the Ng-expressing lentiviral vector (pLentiM1.2-hNRGN), cDNA of human Ng was inserted into a lentiviral vector (pLentiM1.2) encoding the GFP gene, which is expressed through internal ribosome entry site sequences. ", "As expected, we observed GFP expression in HeLa cells transduced with pLentiM1.2-hNRGN lentiviral vector particles ([Figure 1a](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Identification of Ng protein by western blot in transduced HeLa cells show Ng expression in both 5 and 10 g of cell lysates ([Figure 1b](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nAbility of the lentiviral vector to deliver Ng to the mouse brain\n-----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn addition to the above *in vitro* test, we investigated gene expression mediated by the lentivirus-GFP-Ng *in vivo.* ", "To do so, we injected 2 μl of titrated virus (5 × 10^6^) into the hilus of the dentate gyrus of adult C57BL/6 mice (8 weeks old). ", "At 14 days after infection, we confirmed GFP expression in the dentate gyrus of mice. ", "Indeed, GFP was detected in the hilus and granule cell layers of brains injected with lentivirus-GFP-Ng. ", "The virus-injected brain sections (0.35-mm intervals) displayed widespread expression of GFP from the injection site to the entire hippocampus ([Figure 1c](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Supplementary Figure 1](#sup1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Magnified images confirmed the robust and specific expression of GFP in the dentate gyrus transduced with lentivirus ([Figure 1d](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Additionally, images obtained under high magnification showed that virus-infected brains exhibited colocalization of Ng and GFP in the dentate gyrus ([Figure 1e](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These results confirmed that Ng overexpression was successfully established through lentiviral gene delivery *in vivo*.", "\n\nHippocampal injection of lentivirus-Ng ameliorates the reduction of Ng expression observed in 5XFAD mice\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIt is well known that Ng expression is reduced in the hippocampus and cortex of brains with AD.^[@bib32],\\ [@bib33],\\ [@bib34],\\ [@bib35],\\ [@bib36]^ Therefore, we investigated whether the intrahippocampal injection of the Ng-containing lentiviral vector into 5XFAD mice would elevate the otherwise reduced Ng level. ", "The brains were histologically analyzed at 10 weeks after lentivirus injection ([Figure 2a](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Immunohistochemical examinations demonstrated that lentivirus-Ng-injected 5XFAD mice had elevated Ng expression compared to 5XFAD mice injected with the control lentivirus ([Figure 2b](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and increased Ng immunoreactivity was statistically significant ([Figure 2c](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These data suggest that overexpressing Ng via gene transfer may compensate for the downregulated Ng expression that is observed in brains with AD.", "\n\nNg overexpression improves the cognitive dysfunctions observed in 5XFAD mice\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nSeveral previous reports have shown that increasing the Ng expression level significantly enhances LTP as well as memory and learning abilities.^[@bib16],\\ [@bib17],\\ [@bib18],\\ [@bib19]^ In addition, increasing the Ng level has been shown to restore the Aβ-induced synaptic depression and LTP deficits in hippocampal slices.^[@bib37]^ Here, we examined whether the lentivirus-Ng injection influenced the cognitive behaviors of 5XFAD mice, a transgenic animal with Aβ overexpression. ", "First, we analyzed the animals' short-term and working memory by using the Y-maze test. ", "We found that 5XFAD mice exhibited significantly fewer spontaneous alterations compared to their wild-type littermates ([Figure 3a](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "However, 5XFAD mice that overexpressed Ng after the hippocampal injection of lentivirus-Ng displayed significantly more spontaneous alternations compared to 5XFAD mice injected with the control lentivirus ([Figure 3a](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "To identify whether the memory enhancements observed following Ng overexpression were related to changes in locomotor activity, we compared the total number of arm entries between the groups. ", "No significant difference was noted between the experimental groups ([Figure 3b](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Second, we analyzed animals' long-term recognition memory by using the novel object recognition test. ", "The time spent exploring the novel object vs. familiar object was not significantly different in lentivirus-control-injected 5XFAD mice ([Figure 3c](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "After injecting 5XFAD mice with lentivirus-Ng, the novel object vs. familiar object exploration times were significantly different ([Figure 3c](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "No significant difference in total exploration time was identified between lentivirus-control- and lentivirus-Ng-injected 5XFAD mice ([Figure 3d](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These findings suggest that elevating Ng expression through a hippocampal lentivirus-Ng injection can significantly reduce the amount of cognitive decline that occurs in 5XFAD mice.", "\n\nEnhancing Ng expression induces PSD-95 expression in the hippocampus of 5XFAD mice\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nRecently, it was reported that Ng overexpression reverses the Aβ-mediated deficits in synaptic transmission and LTP through calmodulin (CaM)-calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII)-mediated insertion of a new GluA1-containing AMPAR into the postsynaptic domain.^[@bib37]^ Moreover, it has been shown that PSD-95 acts as a slot protein for AMPAR by stabilizing it in the synapse and that overexpression of PSD-95 selectively promotes synaptic accumulation of AMPARs.^[@bib39],\\ [@bib40],\\ [@bib41],\\ [@bib42]^ Therefore, we investigated whether the Ng-mediated improvements in cognition that we observed were associated with PSD-95 expression. ", "Immunohistochemical analysis of PSD-95 expression revealed that the optical density value of lentivirus-Ng-injected 5XFAD mice was significantly higher than that of lentivirus-control-injected 5XFAD mice ([Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Our results indicated that the hippocampal injection of lentivirus-Ng significantly elevated PSD-95 expression in the hippocampus of 5XFAD mice.", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nTo date, the role that Ng has in AD-related memory impairment has not been studied. ", "Here, we locally injected a lentivirus containing GFP-Ng into the hippocampus of wild-type and 5XFAD mice. ", "Our data demonstrated that: (1) expression of Ng was reduced in the dentate gyrus of 5XFAD mice and (2) 5XFAD mice injected with lentivirus-Ng had higher Ng expression compared to that in mice injected with control lentivirus. ", "Furthermore, the augmented expression of Ng contributed to the enhancement of cognitive functions and PSD-95 expression in this animal model of AD. ", "Collectively, these results suggest that reduced Ng levels may lead to the cognitive decline observed in AD, and thus supplementation with Ng may be a potent therapeutic strategy for this disease.", "\n\nMany reports have demonstrated that the Ng expression levels are significantly changed in the CSF, serum and brain parenchyma of individuals with AD. ", "More specifically, Ng expression is downregulated in the brain parenchyma of the frontal cortex and hippocampus in animal models and patients with AD.^[@bib32],\\ [@bib33],\\ [@bib34],\\ [@bib35],\\ [@bib36]^ By contrast, the Ng level in the CSF is elevated in AD.^[@bib27],\\ [@bib30],\\ [@bib43],\\ [@bib44]^ It has been suggested that the observed increase in CSF Ng in AD might be related to widespread synaptic degeneration or Aβ-dependent neurodegeneration.^[@bib27],\\ [@bib43],\\ [@bib44],\\ [@bib45]^ In other words, abundant Ng in the dendritic spines may leak into the CSF as the disease progresses. ", "Interestingly, this elevation in the dendritic protein Ng is specific to AD and has not been observed in other neurodegenerative diseases, including a range of dementias, synucleinopathies and tauopathies.^[@bib31]^ Apolipoprotein (APO) ε4 carriers are commonly recognized as a high-risk group for AD development owing to their susceptibility to synaptic damage,^[@bib46]^ and a high Ng level demonstrates early synaptic damage in apolipoprotein ε4 carriers.^[@bib47]^ Additionally, the CSF Ng/βa-secretase 1 ratio is an indicator of cognitive impairments in AD and Lewy body dementia.^[@bib48],\\ [@bib49]^ Taken together, the existing evidence clearly supports that the Ng levels are correlated with the Aβ-mediated synaptic degeneration and cognitive decline that occur in AD and suggests that Ng may be a predictive marker for disease progression or synaptic degeneration in AD. ", "However, to our knowledge, no study has provided direct evidence regarding whether Ng expression is associated with cognitive behaviors in AD.", "\n\nTo monitor the pathology of AD, neuroimaging methods, such as positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, and CSF biochemical makers, such as Aβ and tau, are widely used.^[@bib50]^ Unfortunately, no biomarkers that can directly monitor synaptic dysfunction in AD are currently available. ", "Based on our findings, we believe that Ng has the potential to be a prognostic marker for both histological and biochemical analyses in patients with AD.", "\n\nIt is known that Aβ results in the blockade of LTP, synaptic depression and spine shrinkage. ", "According to the Aβ hypothesis, mutations in APP and presenilin 1 may result in overproduction of Aβ. ", "Here, we used 5XFAD mice as an Aβ-overexpressing animal model of AD ([Supplementary Figure 2](#sup1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) since these mice overexpress the human APP 695 mutation (Swedish (K670N, M671L), Florida (I716V) and London (V717I)), and human presenilin 1 mutation (M146L and L286V). ", "Transgenes were controlled according to the neuron-specific Thy1 promoter. ", "Importantly, 5XFAD mice exhibit AD-related pathologies, such as Aβ accumulation inside the neuron, LTP/long-term depression deficits, Aβ-mediated synaptic loss and cognitive decline.^[@bib51],\\ [@bib52],\\ [@bib53]^\n\nPrior studies have revealed that Aβ accumulation via self-aggregation is the main causative agent of AD pathogenesis. ", "Soluble Aβ oligomers are known to induce an imbalance between LTP and long-term depression, reduce the number of dendritic spines and suppress basal transmission.^[@bib1]^ When postsynaptic glutamate receptor ion currents are disrupted, NMDARs and AMPARs are removed from the synapse through endocytosis.^[@bib9],\\ [@bib54],\\ [@bib55]^ Aβ has also been shown to lead to AMPAR removal and spine loss.^[@bib55]^ Additionally, Aβ-mediated synaptic failure is dependent on NMDAR inactivation. ", "Interestingly, Ng is known to enhance synaptic plasticity independent of AMPAR activation and NMDAR insertion.^[@bib19],\\ [@bib37]^ While blockade of CaMKII autophosphorylation is a major mechanism that is involved in Aβ-induced synaptic dysfunction, Ng-induced synaptic enhancement requires autophosphorylation of CaMKII.^[@bib56],\\ [@bib57]^\n\nNg is a substrate of protein kinase C (PKC), which controls CaM signaling, thus allowing it to influence synaptic and cognitive functions. ", "Reduced Ng expression results in LTP impairment and abnormal cognitive functions.^[@bib15],\\ [@bib16],\\ [@bib20],\\ [@bib21],\\ [@bib22],\\ [@bib23],\\ [@bib24]^ Moreover, the loss of Ng reduces the AMPAR-positive synapse numbers, inhibits AMPAR-silent synapse maturation, enhances spine elimination and produces sensitization of long-term depression.^[@bib24]^ By contrast, increasing the Ng levels enhances LTP and memory functions.^[@bib16],\\ [@bib17],\\ [@bib18],\\ [@bib19]^ Since Ng augmentation can enhance synaptic and cognitive functions in healthy brains, here we examined whether Ng was also able to improve cognitive behaviors in an animal model of AD. ", "Previous studies demonstrated that Ng regulates synaptic plasticity and reinforcement by inserting the GluA1-containing AMPAR into the synapse during Aβ-mediated synaptic degeneration through conversion of CaM and CaMKII.^[@bib37]^ In addition, PSD-95 is necessary for the insertion, stabilization and accumulation of AMPARs in the synapse,^[@bib39],\\ [@bib42],\\ [@bib58]^ which in turn strengthens LTP and increases excitatory postsynaptic currents.^[@bib37]^ Thus, we speculate that the increase in Ng that we produced by injecting lentivirus-Ng into the hippocampus upregulated PSD-95 and induced AMPAR insertion. ", "Moreover, PSD-95 may help anchor AMPARs in the synapse, ultimately increasing the postsynaptic density and inducing excitatory postsynaptic currents and LTP ([Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nIn AD, the memory deficits caused by Aβ are partially related to synaptic dysfunctions, including synaptic depression and LTP inhibition. ", "Interestingly, a recent study reported that Ng, a postsynaptic CaM-targeting protein, restored the deficits in synaptic transmission and LTP in Aβ-treated hippocampal slices.^[@bib37]^ It has also been shown that Aβ-induced depression of synaptic transmission is caused by the removal of AMPARs. ", "Surprisingly, Ng can prevent Aβ from removing AMPARs and lead to the insertion of AMPARs, as was observed in animals that expressed APP~swe~ and underwent Aβ treatment.^[@bib37]^ However, evidence regarding whether Ng can restore the cognitive behaviors in Aβ-overexpressing animal models of AD is lacking. ", "To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to demonstrate that Ng can improve Aβ-mediated memory deficits in an animal model of AD.", "\n\nTo investigate whether Ng overexpression affects Aβ deposition, amyloid plaques in the hippocampus of 5XFAD mice were detected using an anti-Aβ antibody ([Supplementary Figure 3](#sup1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "In LV-Ng-injected 5XFAD mice, the plaque load was not changed compared with that of LV-control-injected 5XFAD mice. ", "These data suggest that Ng overexpression ameliorated the impairment of cognitive functions without influencing Aβ pathology in 5XFAD mice. ", "Moreover, our findings suggest that Aβ-mediated downregulation of Ng may be the cause of the memory impairments in AD. ", "In the novel object recognition test, we found that the total exploration time of 5XFAD mice was significantly longer than that of wild-type mice. ", "However, no significant differences were observed between the lentivirus-Ng- and lentivirus-control-injected groups in either wild-type or 5FXAD mice. ", "In 5XFAD mice, despite the significant elevation in the total exploration time, the exploration time for novel objects was significantly shorter. ", "Altogether, our data from the novel object recognition test show that animals with upregulated Ng expression exhibited better cognitive performance than 5XFAD mice.", "\n\nA number of studies has shown that Ng overexpression enhances cognitive functions by regulating synaptic plasticity^[@bib16],\\ [@bib18],\\ [@bib19]^ and that enhancing synaptic plasticity increases adult hippocampal neurogenesis.^[@bib17],\\ [@bib59],\\ [@bib60]^ In addition, it has been suggested that upregulation of Ng expression may contribute to neuronal growth and differentiation.^[@bib61]^ Therefore, further studies are needed to investigate the neurogenic effects of Ng on adult hippocampal neurogenesis, one of the major mechanisms underlying the enhancement of cognitive functions. ", "Likewise, the molecular mechanisms of Ng-mediated PSD-95 upregulation remain to be elucidated.", "\n\nIn summary, our results indicated that (1) expression of Ng was reduced in the dentate gyrus of 5XFAD mice compared with wild-type littermates, (2) 5XFAD mice with increased levels of Ng showed less Aβ overexpression-related cognitive dysfunction than 5XFAD mice and (3) overexpression of Ng through lentiviral transfer of the Ng gene enhanced expression of PSD-95 in the dentate gyrus of 5XFAD mice. ", "Collectively, our data suggest that the cognitive dysfunctions caused by Aβ may be partially associated with reductions in Ng expression. ", "Such findings imply that Ng supplementation may be a future therapeutic strategy for enhancing cognitive functions in AD.", "\n\nThis work was supported by grants from the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (NRF-2015R1C1A1A01052732); Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute, funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (HI16C0816); and Korea Foundation for the Advancement of Science and Creativity funded by the Ministry of Education to MM. ", "This work was also supported by a grant from the NRF (2014M3A9B6073507) to Y-SK.", "\n\n[Supplementary Information](#sup1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} accompanies the paper on Experimental & Molecular Medicine website (http://www.nature.com/emm)\n\n**Publisher's note:**\n\nSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.", "\n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.", "\n\nSupplementary Material {#sup1}\n======================\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n{#fig1}\n\n{#fig2}\n\n{#fig3}\n\n{#fig4}\n\n{#fig5}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Addressing the African Youth Development Summit, in South Africa’s Johannesburg, Amina J. Mohammed said that young people “are seeing their pathways to participation blocked and their rights denied.”", "\n\n“[The youth] know that for the sake of their future, we need to transform our economies and embrace new, sustainable patterns of production and consumption,” she added, noting that perhaps most damaging of all, “young people are witnessing the manmade destruction of our natural environment.”", "\n\nMs. Mohammed, however, added that with the global 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the African Union’s Agenda 2063, road maps exist for socio-economic transformations that can unite people and drive change at all levels.", "\n\nAnd Young people are key to ensuring that happens.", "\n\n“The Africa We Want will not be possible without the full participation and of Africa’s young people, particularly those who face barriers – including young women and girls,” said the UN deputy chief.", "\n\nI am counting on you to be the change agents and torchbearers that we so desperately need – Ms. Mohammed, to young people\n\nYouth2030, the UN Youth Strategy\n\nIn her remarks, the Deputy Secretary-General highlighted the UN’s work with and for the world’s youth, including the recently launched Youth2030, the Organization’s Youth Strategy, as well as the role of Jayathma Wickramanayake, the Secretary-General’s Special Envoy for Youth.", "\n\nOn the specifics of Youth2030, Ms. Mohammed spoke of programmes focusing on climate action; education and health; as well as campaigns promoting better sexual and reproductive health, and menstrual health; noting that the latter had “been a taboo subject for far too long.”", "\n\nLack of support for menstrual health can keep girls out of school and the workplace and out of leadership roles, with devastating consequences that can last lifetimes and across generations as well as leading to discrimination and marginalization of women and girls, said the Deputy Secretary-General.", "\n\n“Educating both girls and boys about menstruation as a normal biological process is the first step towards addressing these issues,” she highlighted.", "\n\nBe the change\n\nConcluding her remarks, Ms. Mohammed, had a message for youth everywhere.", "\n\nShe said that she is “counting” on them to be the change agents and torchbearers “that we so desperately need.”", "\n\n“The dignity that we want for our young women and men begins with each and every one of us. ", "It will be a journey, the outcome of which will depend on how you travel that road to 2030,” she said." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nvalidation with different error classes\n\nI have 3 fields in my form. ", "I would like to validate Name, Age with an error class and Total_score with another error class. ", "This is a single form contains single id. How can I do that.", "\n$('#form1').validate({\n rules: {\n 'Name' : {\n required : true\n },\n 'Age' : {\n required: true\n\n },\n 'Total_score' : {\n required: true\n }\n },\n messages: {\n 'Name' : {\n required: 'From date is required!'", "\n },\n 'Age' : {\n required: 'To date is required!'", "\n },\n 'Total_score' : {\n required: 'Score is required!'", "\n }\n },\n errorClass: '?????',", "\n errorPlacement: function(err, element) {\n err.insertBefore(element);\n },\n submitHandler: function(form) {\n form.submit();\n }\n });\n\nA:\n\nTry something like\n<input name=\"Name\" data-errorclass=\"error-name\"/>\n\nthen\n$('#form1').validate({\n rules: {\n 'Name' : {\n required : true\n },\n 'Age' : {\n required: true\n\n },\n 'Total_score' : {\n required: true\n }\n },\n messages: {\n 'Name' : {\n required: 'From date is required!'", "\n },\n 'Age' : {\n required: 'To date is required!'", "\n },\n 'Total_score' : {\n required: 'From date is required!'", "\n }\n },\n errorPlacement: function(err, element) {\n err.addClass(element.data('errorclass'))\n err.insertBefore(element);\n },\n submitHandler: function(form) {\n form.submit();\n }\n});\n\nDemo: Fiddle\n\n" ]

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[ "Tag: polo\n\nOne of the things that more I concern at this time and I think that you should also take into consideration among the more worrisome, is failing to find balance between work and fun, now, do you know anything fun, like recreate you and entertain you? ", "There are so many that make your fun in work, in a true burden, and many more who do not manage to differentiate one of the other; Perhaps more than never urges us to find that balance and peace of mind which is accomplished by addition. ", "Our current era needs more than ever of the individual that reinforces its effectiveness abstracting from all work, devoting the time that would be necessary to renew their energies. ", "Now wonder, where lies the diversity between work and the necessary distraction, we can summarize it this way, when engineer acts as a grower, physician acts as a plastic artist, the artist acts as a Carpenter, Carpenter acts as chef, and so we can make an endless list of individuals with certain occupation, making others totally dissimilar. ", "The difference between work and fun does not lie in that it is what you are playing, if not that perspective we have of it, with that attitude are facing certain job. ", "Endocrinologist insists that this is the case. ", "Any outside work, can transform something unbearable something cheerful and entertaining or vice versa. ", "What distracts and fun one to another maybe not, the distraction is related to an activity that we ourselves chose freely make, not necessarily, must be carried out having a considerable amount of money or exercised so imposed, we by the mere fact of the pleasure that offers us, we also have the option of leaving do or change of activity when we so want. ", "For example, my father is an excellent publicist, and certainly find satisfaction in the exercise of their profession, but when he feels the need for recreation, it entertains assembling aircraft to scale or doing carpentry work, the two tasks practice them simply for the fun and comfort that is doing so, to who you are interested in if it is a good Modeler or excellent Carpenter. ." ]

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[ "There is so much great food in the world that it seems like it would be hard to narrow down what everyone’s favorite might be. ", "However, a new survey has found that Italian food is the most popular cuisine in the world.", "\n\nConsidering pizza and pasta exist in the realm of Italian food fare, it’s not hard to imagine this as a conclusion. ", "But now a survey by YouGov strongly supports it. ", "The market research firm found that 99 percent of Italians love Italian food, and over 90 percent of Spaniards, French, Swedes, and Brits favored Italian food above any other foreign cuisine.", "\n\nFilipinos and Australians also love Italian, as 90 percent of all people surveyed from the Philippines and Australia said it was their favorite.", "\n\nThe survey from the global public opinion and data company also found that Chinese food was the second most popular cuisine in the world, while Japanese ranked third. ", "The least popular food in the world is Peruvian cuisine, and that Finnish food came not far behind. ", "But according to the survey’s authors, Peru was not surveyed. “", "Had the study included Peruvian opinions, then Finnish cuisine would likely have come bottom.”", "\n\nItalian food is the second most popular cuisine in America, despite the fact that we have some of the best cities for Italian food. ", "Americans love American food above all else, but our cuisine is only the seventh most popular cuisine across the world. ", "Funnily enough, very few dishes we consider “American” are actually from America. ", "Actual food from the U.S.A. can be pretty strange to people from other places, but some of the best of this country’s food can be found at America's greatest old-school restaurants." ]

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[ "Alteration of GCN5 levels in maize reveals dynamic responses to manipulating histone acetylation.", "\nThe role played by histone acetyltransferase (HAT), GCN5, in transcriptional co-activation has been analysed in detail in yeast and mammals. ", "Here, we present the cloning and expression pattern of Zmgcn5, the maize homologue. ", "The enzymatic activity of the recombinant ZmGCN5 was analysed with histone and nucleosome substrates. ", "In situ hybridisation of developing maize kernels using Zmgcn5 as probe shows that the transcript is concentrated in rapidly dividing cells. ", "To investigate the role of ZmGCN5 in the transcription of specific plant genes, direct protein-protein interactions were tested. ", "A cDNA clone encoding a putative interacting partner in GCN5-adapter complexes, ZmADA2, was isolated and the interaction between ZmGCN5 and ZmADA2 was confirmed by a GST-spin down experiment. ", "Co-immunoprecipitation of the plant transcriptional activator Opaque-2 and ZmADA2 in nuclear extracts suggests ADA2/GCN5-containing complexes to mediate transcriptional activation by binding of this bZIP factor. ", "For a more general analysis of the effects of histone acetylation on plant gene expression, 2500 ESTs spotted on filters were hybridised with cDNA probes derived either from maize cell lines treated with Trichostatin A (TSA), or from a transgenic line expressing the ZmGCN5 antisense transcript. ", "Several sequences showing marked changes in abundance were confirmed by RNA blot analysis. ", "Inhibition of histone deacetylation with TSA is accompanied by a decrease in the abundance of ZmGCN5 acetylase protein, but by increases in mRNAs for histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4. ", "The elevated histone mRNA levels were not reflected in increasing histone protein concentrations, suggesting hyperacetylated histones arising from TSA treatment may be preferentially degraded and substituted by de novo synthesised histones. ", "The ZmGCN5 antisense material showed suppression of the endogenous ZmGCN5 transcript and the profiling analysis revealed increased mRNA levels for H2A, H2B and H4. ", "Furthermore, in the antisense line, a reduction in the amount of the RPD3-type HD1B-I histone deacetylase protein was observed. ", "A model for linked regulation of histone acetylation and histone mRNA transcription is discussed." ]

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[ "INTRODUCTION\n============\n\nThe 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak was first reported in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China in late December 2019.^[@r01],[@r02]^ Since then, the causative virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread rapidly throughout China and to 184 countries and territories; as of April 7, 2020, a total of 1,430,141 confirmed cases and 82,119 deaths have been reported worldwide.^[@r03],[@r04]^\n\nIn Japan, there were 2,586 polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed cases with symptoms and 80 deaths as of April 7, which is relatively low compared with other countries.^[@r05]^ Clearer understanding of the current epidemiological situation of COVID-19 in Japan would improve preparation for and prevention of a massive outbreak, but the situation remains unclear due to the limited number of PCR tests conducted.^[@r06],[@r07]^ In particular, untraceable cases have been increasing in larger cities, such as Tokyo,^[@r05]^ which suggests a shift from sporadic traceable transmission to an exponentially growing major outbreak. ", "Unfortunately, surveillance using PCR tests or serological surveillance is not feasible because of limited resources,^[@r08]^ and because testing of mild cases often requires them to use public transport to clinics, endangering the health of others. ", "Such surveillance would also take a long time and is not capable of responding to outbreaks in a timely manner. ", "Therefore, rapid and large-scale monitoring for capturing the current epidemiological situation of COVID-19 in Japan is needed.^[@r09]^\n\nOn March 5, 2020, in Japan, Kanagawa prefectural government entered a collaboration with LINE Corporation,^[@r10]^ the provider of one of Japan's largest mobile messenger applications with a claim to 83 million monthly active users, accounting for 65% of Japan's total population. ", "They launched a health care support system to support monitoring and follow-up of high-risk groups and potential cases of COVID-19, as well as to provide efficient support for those with mild symptoms.^[@r11]^ This system was named COvid-19: Operation for Personalized Empowerment to Render smart prevention And care seeking (COOPERA). ", "COOPERA is also intended to support the prefectural government to rapidly grasp the epidemiological situation in the region by analyzing the data provided by the users. ", "Kanagawa Prefecture plans to collaborate with other prefectures to develop COOPERA in a wide range of areas in Japan. ", "The timing of the openings varied by prefecture, with the next COOPERA launch occurring on March 17 in Aichi Prefecture and March 18 in Shiga Prefecture.", "\n\nIn this paper, we describe the novel health care support system, COOPERA, and the results of analyses of data collected in Kanagawa, Aichi, and Shiga Prefectures by March 30, 2020. ", "To validate whether the system captures the COVID-19 situation, we compared the data collected by COOPERA with the confirmed cases of COVID-19 reported in each prefecture.", "\n\nMETHODS\n=======\n\nThe COOPERA system\n------------------\n\nCOOPERA uses a chatbot asking the participants to provide basic information, such as their current physical condition (non-specific symptoms, such as fatigue and fever) and their residence. ", "Based on the information provided by the user, COOPERA has three major objectives:\n\n1. ", " Providing individualized support for self-care and suggesting preventive behavior to avoid infection events.", "\n\n COOPERA supports better health behavior of the participants through chatbots based on the input data. ", "The system returns individualized information related to self-care or consultation with health care providers, and further suggests preventive actions to avoid infections (eg, washing hands).", "\n\n2. ", " Real-time follow-up and feedback to participants.", "\n\n COOPERA follows up the participants asking their health condition every other day. ", "Depending on the user's answers about their physical condition, age, and medical conditions, COOPERA will provide the user with information that will help them take appropriate action. ", "For example, a fever that lasts more than 4 days, or a strong feeling of weariness (fatigue) or shortness of breath, is one of the guideposts for contacting the Coronavirus Consultation Center as defined by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. ", "In accordance with this guideline, COOPERA also provides respondents with information on the need to contact the Coronavirus Consultation Center, as well as contact information for the center depending on where the respondent lives.", "\n\n3. ", " Capturing the epidemiological situation to assist public health action.", "\n\n Information collected and analyzed is shared with the public health sector, which helps them implement effective measures at local to national levels.", "\n\nParticipants\n------------\n\nCOOPERA launched its service in Kanagawa Prefecture on March 5, followed by Aichi Prefecture on March 17 and Shiga Prefecture on March 18. ", "LINE users could participate in the system either though the QR code page in the prefectures' websites or the banner at the top of the LINE app screen leading the users to the QR code page. ", "The banner was displayed on the app users' phones three times in Kanagawa (from 6:30 p.m. to 11:59 p.m. on March 5, 3:30 p.m. to 11:59 p.m. on March 6, and from 7:00 a.m. on March 12 to 6:59 a.m. on March 13), twice in Aichi (from 11:00 am on March 19 until 10:59 am on March 20), and twice in Shiga (from 11:00 am on March 19 until 10:59 am on March 20). ", "Due to the company policy of LINE Corporation, the users (and the COOPERA participants) are 13 years old or older. ", "For those who had multiple answers within 1 day, only the first answer was extracted.", "\n\nPrefectural information\n-----------------------\n\nMaps of the three prefectures are shown in [eFigure 1](#sm01){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}. ", "Populations of Kanagawa, Aichi, and Shiga are 9.2 million, 7.5 million, and 1.4 million, respectively, as of March 2020. ", "In addition to the data collected through COOPERA, we extracted the number of COVID-19 cases (confirmed using PCR test) reported by each prefecture.^[@r12]--[@r14]^ As of March 30, 2020, the three prefectures had identified 130, 169, and 6 COVID-19 cases, respectively. ", "As an overview of the health care resources of each prefecture, as of 2018, the number of hospitals per 100,000 population was 3.7, 4.3, and 4.0, respectively. ", "The number of doctors per 100,000 population was 50.7/158.7, 45.8/161.9, and 42.9/178.0 for women/men, respectively.", "\n\nQuestionnaire\n-------------\n\nCOOPERA asks age, gender, occupation, medical history (malignant tumor with anticancer drugs, malignant tumor without anticancer drugs, cardiovascular diseases, kidney diseases, diabetes mellitus, receiving dialysis treatment, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), treatment with immunosuppressants, and pregnant), preventive behaviors, residence information (zip code), and onset date of current and past month's symptoms that are surrogate indicators of COVID-19 infection but are non-specific (presence or absence of fever, strong feeling of weariness \\[fatigue\\], or shortness of breath) and duration of these symptoms. ", "For those who report symptoms, COOPERA asks additional questions about medical visits and clinical diagnoses at that time. ", "In the follow-up questions, COOPERA asks their health condition again. ", "In this study, four categories of symptoms are asked: fever above 37.5°C (Condition a), strong feeling of weariness or shortness of breath (Condition b), both Condition a and b (Condition c), or either Condition a or b (Condition d). ", "In this study, we analyze and report the initial response to the questionnaire, and follow-up data were not accounted for. ", "In other words, cases that developed symptoms after the initial response were not included in this analysis.", "\n\nPercentage of people with symptoms\n----------------------------------\n\nIn this study, unless otherwise noted, the percentage of condition a--d uses both current and past-month symptom responses; if on March 20, a person responds \"fever above 37.5°C\" for current symptoms, that person's response is reflected in both the denominator and numerator of the March 20 percentage. ", "Also, for the past month, if the person had a \"fever above 37.5°C\" on March 15, his or her answer will be reflected in the denominator for the past month, as well as in the numerator for the percentage on March 15.", "\n\nStatistical analysis\n--------------------\n\nBaseline data were reported as mean (standard deviation \\[SD\\]) or proportion. ", "For change point detection in the proportion of daily reported cases (for each Condition), a piecewise linear regression model was fitted with (at most) ten change points.^[@r15]^ The difference in slopes before and after the estimated change point(s) was tested using the Davies test.^[@r16],[@r17]^\n\nThe relationship between two time-series data, T1) the number of cases confirmed with PCR test reported each day and T2) the proportion of the participants with any symptom onset, was examined in Kanagawa Prefecture using the sample cross correlation function (CCF) to validate that the system is capturing the epidemiological situation.^[@r16]^ Given the delay between symptom onset to confirmation observed elsewhere,^[@r02]^ we expected that T1 and T2 should be correlated with some time lag. ", "We shifted T1 by *n* days (−10 \\< *n* \\< 10) and calculated the correlation with T2. ", "As a sensitivity check, CCF between T2 and the weekly number of influenza cases in Kanagawa Prefecture during the study period was calculated with lag of −5 to 5 days.^[@r18]^ Statistical analyses were conducted with R software (version 3.6.0; R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). ", "The type I error rate was fixed at 0.05.", "\n\nEthics statement\n----------------\n\nEthical approval was granted by the ethics committee of Keio University School of Medicine, under authorization number 20190338. ", "We only obtained data from those who have given consent for the prefecture that administers the questionnaire to provide their response data to a third party for research use. ", "Respondents must give their consent on the LINE chatbot before they proceed to the questionnaire response page.", "\n\nRESULTS\n=======\n\nA total of 206,218 participants, including 124,766 (60.5%), 66,558 (32.3%), and 14,894 (7.2%) in Kanagawa, Aichi, and Shiga Prefectures, respectively, were reported from March 5 to 30, 2020. ", "Table [1](#tbl01){ref-type=\"table\"} shows the basic characteristics of the participants at the initial response date for the three prefectures combined (see [eTable 1](#sm01){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} for the prefecture-specific data). ", "Most participants (96.93%) did not have any symptoms when enrolled in the system (ie, No-symptom group). ", "The distribution of symptomatic conditions was 1.37%, 2.38%, 0.68%, and 3.07% for Condition a, b, c, and d, respectively. ", "Mean and SD of age at the baseline was 44.2 (SD, 13.2) years. ", "The age distribution of the group without symptoms was right skewed with mean age of 44.36 (SD, 13.18) years, while mean age of the group with any symptoms (ie, Condition a to d) was 38.1 (SD, 13.2) years. ", "More women participated: 68.5% of the sample were female, 31.3% were male, and 0.2% other. ", "The popular preventive actions were covering mouth and nose (eg, with masks or handkerchiefs) when coughing or sneezing (90.4%), washing hands with soap (89.8%), and hand disinfection with alcohol (66.4%) in the group without symptoms. ", "Table [2](#tbl02){ref-type=\"table\"} shows the proportion of participants with each preventive action stratified by symptomatic conditions on two or three time points in each prefecture, when the banners were presented and massive flow of participation was observed, showing that the preventive actions have not largely changed during the study period.", "\n\n###### Demographic characteristics of the participants by health states during the study period for the three prefectures combined, as of March 30, 2020\n\n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Total, *n* = 206,218 \n ------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------ --------------------- ---------------------- --------------------- ----------------------\n Age, years          \n\n  Mean (SD) 44.36 (13.18) 37.67 (14.49) 38.17 (12.62) 37.44 (13.96) 38.11 (13.19)\n\n  Range (Min--Max) 13--101 13--93 13--93 13--93 13--93\n\n  13--19 6,956 (3.48, 94.96) 220 (7.80, 3.00) 239 (4.86, 3.26) 90 (6.38, 1.23) 369 (5.83, 5.04)\n\n  20--29 19,092 (9.55, 93.48) 642 (22.76, 3.14) 1,032 (20.99, 5.05) 343 (24.33, 1.68) 1,331 (21.04, 6.52)\n\n  30--39 42,844 (21.43, 95.78) 821 (29.10, 1.84) 1,485 (30.21, 3.32) 416 (29.50, 0.93) 1,890 (29.87, 4.22)\n\n  40--49 61,119 (30.58, 97.49) 605 (21.45, 0.97) 1,279 (26.02, 2.04) 311 (22.06, 0.50) 1,573 (24.86, 2.51)\n\n  50--59 45,246 (22.64, 98.29) 298 (10.56, 0.65) 632 (12.86, 1.37) 145 (10.28, 0.32) 785 (12.41, 1.71)\n\n  60--69 18,355 (9.18, 98.80) 120 (4.25, 0.65) 152 (3.09, 0.82) 50 (3.55, 0.27) 222 (3.51, 1.20)\n\n  70--79 5,654 (2.83, 97.85) 96 (3.40, 1.66) 77 (1.57, 1.33) 49 (3.48, 0.85) 124 (1.96, 2.15)\n\n  80--89 604 (0.30, 95.12) NA NA NA NA\n\n  ≥90 21 (0.01, 91.30) NA NA NA NA\n\n Sex          \n\n  Female 137,286 (68.68, 97.18) 1,648 (58.42, 1.17) 3,117 (63.41, 2.21) 788 (55.89, 0.56) 3,977 (62.86, 2.82)\n\n  Male 62,297 (31.17, 96.41) NA 1,776 (36.13, 2.75) NA 2,323 (36.72, 3.59)\n\n  Other 308 (0.15, 91.94) NA 23 (0.47, 6.87) NA 27 (0.43, 8.06)\n\n Pregnant 2,644 (1.32, 96.81) 27 (0.96, 0.99) 78 (1.59, 2.86) 18 (1.28, 0.66) 87 (1.38, 3.19)\n\n Occupation          \n\n  Self-employed 15,329 (7.67, 97.16) 205 (7.27, 1.30) 355 (7.22, 2.25) 112 (7.94, 0.71) 448 (7.08, 2.84)\n\n  Employees 76,616 (38.33, 96.55) 1,213 (43.00, 1.53) 2,132 (43.37, 2.69) 610 (43.26, 0.77) 2,735 (43.23, 3.45)\n\n  Public officials 10,227 (5.12, 96.92) 157 (5.57, 1.49) 259 (5.27, 2.45) 91 (6.45, 0.86) 325 (5.14, 3.08)\n\n  Student 10,633 (5.32, 95.00) 309 (10.95, 2.76) 381 (7.75, 3.40) 130 (9.22, 1.16) 560 (8.85, 5.00)\n\n  Part-time workers 39,235 (19.63, 97.85) 345 (12.23, 0.86) 680 (13.83, 1.70) 163 (11.56, 0.41) 862 (13.62, 2.15)\n\n  Unemployed 33,286 (16.65, 97.37) 374 (13.26, 1.09) 704 (14.32, 2.06) 179 (12.70, 0.52) 899 (14.21, 2.63)\n\n  Others 14,565 (7.29, 96.69) 218 (7.73, 1.45) 405 (8.24, 2.69) 125 (8.87, 0.83) 498 (7.87, 3.31)\n\n Taking antifebrile medications (Loxonin, Caronal, etc) \n\n  Current 4,852 (2.43, 77.53) 847 (30.02, 13.53) 1,033 (21.01, 16.51) 474 (33.62, 7.57) 1,406 (22.22, 22.47)\n\n  Past one month 11,213 (5.61, 92.74) 323 (11.45, 2.67) 743 (15.11, 6.15) 188 (13.33, 1.55) 878 (13.88, 7.26)\n\n Diseases currently undergoing treatment (multiple answers) \n\n  Malignant tumor with anticancer drugs 1,100 (0.55, 95.16) 33 (1.17, 2.85) 43 (0.87, 3.72) 20 (1.42, 1.73) 56 (0.89, 4.84)\n\n  Malignant tumor without anticancer drugs 2,197 (1.10, 97.26) 26 (0.92, 1.15) 49 (1.00, 2.17) 13 (0.92, 0.58) 62 (0.98, 2.74)\n\n  Cardiovascular diseases 4,112 (2.06, 95.92) 67 (2.38, 1.56) 150 (3.05, 3.50) 42 (2.98, 0.98) 175 (2.77, 4.08)\n\n  Kidney diseases 1,553 (0.78, 94.29) 37 (1.31, 2.25) 85 (1.73, 5.16) 28 (1.99, 1.70) 94 (1.49, 5.71)\n\n  Diabetes mellitus 7,152 (3.58, 96.25) 141 (5.00, 1.90) 222 (4.52, 2.99) 84 (5.96, 1.13) 279 (4.41, 3.75)\n\n  In dialysis treatment 202 (0.10, 95.28) 6 (0.21, 2.83) 10 (0.20, 4.72) 6 (0.43, 2.83) 10 (0.16, 4.72)\n\n  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 580 (0.29, 92.06) 18 (0.64, 2.86) 46 (0.94, 7.30) 14 (0.99, 2.22) 50 (0.79, 7.94)\n\n  Treatment with immunosuppressant 2,191 (1.10, 95.26) 52 (1.84, 2.26) 85 (1.73, 3.70) 28 (1.99, 1.22) 109 (1.72, 4.74)\n\n Preventive measures (multiple answers) \n\n  Washing hands in running water 115,017 (57.54, 96.88) 1,601 (56.75, 1.35) 2,882 (58.62, 2.43) 779 (55.25, 0.66) 3,704 (58.54, 3.12)\n\n  Washing hands with soap and water 179,379 (89.74, 97.11) 2,344 (83.09, 1.27) 4,146 (84.34, 2.24) 1,153 (81.77, 0.62) 5,337 (84.35, 2.89)\n\n  Hand disinfection with alcohol 132,812 (66.44, 97.20) 1,656 (58.70, 1.21) 2,969 (60.39, 2.17) 793 (56.24, 0.58) 3,832 (60.57, 2.80)\n\n  Etiquette (masks, handkerchiefs, etc)\\ 180,638 (90.37, 97.06) 2,378 (84.30, 1.28) 4,265 (86.76, 2.29) 1,169 (82.91, 0.63) 5,474 (86.52, 2.94)\n ​ in case of coughing or sneezing \n\n  Take time off from school or work when\\ 87,909 (43.98, 96.84) 1,480 (52.46, 1.63) 2,106 (42.84, 2.32) 715 (50.71, 0.79) 2,871 (45.38, 3.16)\n ​ you have a fever or other symptoms \n\n  Gargling with water 114,613 (57.34, 97.25) 1,406 (49.84, 1.19) 2,489 (50.63, 2.11) 651 (46.17, 0.55) 3,244 (51.27, 2.75)\n\n  Gargling with Isozine 28,792 (14.40, 96.97) 364 (12.90, 1.23) 709 (14.42, 2.39) 174 (12.34, 0.59) 899 (14.21, 3.03)\n\n  Regular ventilation 99,838 (49.95, 97.48) 1,102 (39.06, 1.08) 2,033 (41.35, 1.98) 549 (38.94, 0.54) 2,586 (40.87, 2.52)\n\n  Maintaining humidity 61,086 (30.56, 97.60) 647 (22.94, 1.03) 1,164 (23.68, 1.86) 310 (21.99, 0.50) 1,501 (23.72, 2.40)\n\n  A well-balanced diet 99,222 (49.64, 97.98) 873 (30.95, 0.86) 1,569 (31.92, 1.55) 396 (28.09, 0.39) 2,046 (32.34, 2.02)\n\n  Regular exercise 52,757 (26.39, 98.26) 420 (14.89, 0.78) 704 (14.32, 1.31) 188 (13.33, 0.35) 936 (14.79, 1.74)\n\n  Getting plenty of rest 101,439 (50.75, 97.81) 994 (35.24, 0.96) 1,750 (35.60, 1.69) 471 (33.40, 0.45) 2,273 (35.93, 2.19)\n\n  Telework 14,572 (7.29, 96.98) 169 (5.99, 1.12) 382 (7.77, 2.54) 97 (6.88, 0.65) 454 (7.18, 3.02)\n\n  Staggered commuting 19,046 (9.53, 96.85) 244 (8.65, 1.24) 496 (10.09, 2.52) 121 (8.58, 0.62) 619 (9.78, 3.15)\n\n  Avoidance of crowds other than staggered\\ 49,466 (24.75, 97.76) 431 (15.28, 0.85) 893 (18.17, 1.76) 193 (13.69, 0.38) 1,131 (17.88, 2.24)\n ​ commuting \n\n  Staying up-to-date on COVID-19 119,088 (59.58, 97.46) 1,216 (43.11, 1.00) 2,451 (49.86, 2.01) 566 (40.14, 0.46) 3,101 (49.01, 2.54)\n\n  Other preventive measures 3,000 (1.50, 97.09) 22 (0.78, 0.71) 83 (1.69, 2.69) 15 (1.06, 0.49) 90 (1.42, 2.91)\n\n  No preventive measures 716 (0.36, 90.40) 42 (1.49, 5.30) 64 (1.30, 8.08) 30 (2.13, 3.79) 76 (1.20, 9.60)\n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nSD, standard deviation.", "\n\n^\\*^For the purpose of anonymization, all cells with less than five people are indicated as NA. ", "In addition, when the number of persons of cells less than five can be uniquely calculated by a combination of numbers (*n*, %) of a plurality of cells, all the cells of the combination are set to NA (cells with fewer samples are labeled NA preferentially).", "\n\n###### Trends in proportions of preventive measures taken for Kanagawa, Aichi, and Shiga Prefectures\n\n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------- ----------------\n Kanagawa Mar 6\\ Mar 12\\ Mar 27\\\n (*n* = 23,944) (*n* = 8,033) (*n* = 23,625)\n\n \n\n  Washing hands in running water 57.73 56.67 55.38\n\n  Washing hands with soap and water 91.10 90.64 91.89\n\n  Hand disinfection with alcohol 66.28 66.36 66.23\n\n  Etiquette (masks, handkerchiefs, etc) in case of coughing or sneezing 91.68 91.39 91.18\n\n  Take time off from school or work when you have a fever or other symptoms 45.29 46.62 45.17\n\n  Gargling with water 60.67 58.42 59.64\n\n  Gargling with Isozine 16.13 15.75 14.85\n\n  Regular ventilation 48.52 48.56 54.12\n\n  Maintaining humidity 35.14 33.52 30.30\n\n  A well-balanced diet 51.77 51.33 52.16\n\n  Regular exercise 26.47 26.99 28.11\n\n  Getting plenty of rest 53.22 50.64 51.92\n\n  Telework 7.08 9.32 9.36\n\n  Staggered commuting 11.00 12.88 11.39\n\n  Avoidance of crowds other than staggered commuting 27.38 28.22 25.60\n\n  Staying up-to-date on COVID-19 59.48 61.89 61.50\n\n  Other preventive measures 1.85 1.53 1.64\n\n  No preventive measures 0.36 0.22 0.36\n\n   \n\n Aichi   Mar 19\\ Mar 27\\\n (*n* = 22,361) (*n* = 16,083)\n\n \n\n  Washing hands in running water   59.13 59.39\n\n  Washing hands with soap and water   85.90 86.28\n\n  Hand disinfection with alcohol   65.05 64.53\n\n  Etiquette (masks, handkerchiefs, etc) in case of coughing or sneezing   89.09 88.67\n\n  Take time off from school or work when you have a fever or other symptoms   40.92 40.75\n\n  Gargling with water   52.49 54.26\n\n  Gargling with Isozine   13.59 12.34\n\n  Regular ventilation   47.98 47.21\n\n  Maintaining humidity   28.06 27.51\n\n  A well-balanced diet   45.82 46.62\n\n  Regular exercise   25.39 25.06\n\n  Getting plenty of rest   48.09 50.07\n\n  Telework   3.83 4.28\n\n  Staggered commuting   5.64 5.88\n\n  Avoidance of crowds other than staggered commuting   21.87 21.78\n\n  Staying up-to-date on COVID-19   54.54 58.15\n\n  Other preventive measures   1.40 1.66\n\n  No preventive measures   0.51 0.52\n\n   \n\n Shiga   Mar 19\\ Mar 27\\\n (*n* = 6,522) (*n* = 3,283)\n\n \n\n  Washing hands in running water   55.52 55.47\n\n  Washing hands with soap and water   86.55 86.45\n\n  Hand disinfection with alcohol   64.21 62.93\n\n  Etiquette (masks, handkerchiefs, etc) in case of coughing or sneezing   87.47 88.33\n\n  Take time off from school or work when you have a fever or other symptoms   40.34 38.99\n\n  Gargling with water   51.30 51.51\n\n  Gargling with Isozine   13.43 12.00\n\n  Regular ventilation   43.65 43.74\n\n  Maintaining humidity   26.76 23.73\n\n  A well-balanced diet   45.31 47.58\n\n  Regular exercise   25.50 25.65\n\n  Getting plenty of rest   46.20 48.04\n\n  Telework   2.70 2.95\n\n  Staggered commuting   3.74 3.75\n\n  Avoidance of crowds other than staggered commuting   19.23 18.58\n\n  Staying up-to-date on COVID-19   55.57 57.08\n\n  Other preventive measures   1.26 1.22\n\n  No preventive measures   0.51 0.61\n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------- ----------------\n\nThe timeline of the proportion of each condition for each day from February 1 to March 30, 2020, is shown in Figure [1](#fig01){ref-type=\"fig\"} and Figure [2](#fig02){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Figure [1](#fig01){ref-type=\"fig\"} depicts the proportions and the number of confirmed cases in the three prefectures. ", "The significant change points were observed on March 24, 2020 for Condition a (*P* = 0.036), and March 23, 2020 for Condition b, c and d (*P* = 0.012, *P* \\< 0.001, and *P* = 0.024, respectively). ", "Figure [2](#fig02){ref-type=\"fig\"} indicates the proportions for each prefecture, also showing that the significant change-points were March 24, 2020 for Condition a (*P* \\< 0.001) and March 23, 2020 for Condition b, c and d (all *P* \\< 0.001) in Kanagawa Prefecture; March 7, 2020 for Condition b (*P* \\< 0.001) and March 8, 2020 for Condition d (*P* \\< 0.001) in Aichi Prefecture; and March 14, 2020 for Condition b and d (both *P* \\< 0.001), and March 15, 2020 for Condition c (*P* = 0.039) in Shiga Prefecture.", "\n\n{#fig01}\n\n{#fig02}\n\nThe proportion of participants with each non-specific symptom among participants with comorbidities and who were pregnant are shown in Figure [3](#fig03){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The participants with COPD, immunosuppressant treatment, or malignant tumor with anticancer drugs had fever more than those with the other comorbidities and pregnancy.", "\n\n{#fig03}\n\nLast, we validated whether COOPERA captures the COVID-19 situation by comparing the proportions in Kanagawa Prefecture with the confirmed cases of COVID-19 (Figure [4](#fig04){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "We found significant correlation between T1 and T2 with 0 to 3 days delay, suggesting that non-specific symptoms reported in COOPERA captures the COVID-19 epidemic in the region and is a powerful tool to infer the trend of COVID-19 pandemic. ", "Similar results were obtained in a sensitivity analysis where the study period was divided into two periods before and after the start date. ", "In addition, the CCF between the proportion of the participants with fever and the reported number of influenza cases in Kanagawa Prefecture was calculated ([eFigure 2](#sm01){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), showing no significant positive correlation between them (with *P* = 0.56--0.99 for each lag between −5 to 5 days).", "\n\n{#fig04}\n\nDISCUSSION\n==========\n\nIn this study, we used a novel health care support system, COOPERA, and analyzed over 200,000 observations in three prefectures in Japan. ", "We found that 96.93% of participants had no symptoms, and the proportion of participants with fever significantly correlated with the number of COVID-19-positive cases after 0 to 3 days, suggesting that a questionnaire-based massive epidemiological monitoring may be able to capture the actual epidemic situation. ", "This result was robust even when we divided the study period into two periods before and after the start date. ", "However, the number of participants with fever includes both COVID-19 cases and other cases with fever due to common cold or influenza. ", "Thus, it is possible that the proportions we have shown here do not directly represent COVID-19 prevalence. ", "To address this, we calculated the CCF between the proportion and the reported number of influenza cases and obtained no significant positive correlation between them ([eFigure 2](#sm01){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "This suggests the system has (at least partially) captured the COVID-19 epidemiological situation.", "\n\nLike several other infectious diseases, including SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 is a coronavirus capable of human-to-human transmission, and those who have comorbidities are at high risk of mortality.^[@r19]--[@r21]^ Our results imply that those who have chronic comorbidities, especially COPD, immunosuppressant treatment, or malignant tumor, might be more susceptible to COVID-19 infection. ", "Further, in terms of preventive action, cough etiquette and handwashing with soap were common preventive actions (around 90%), while less than 10% of the participants executed telework and stagger commuting hours during the study period. ", "This result might indicate that most people are already implementing individual-level preventive actions, such as handwashing, while society-level preventive efforts, which require governmental or community support, are still not being properly implemented and need to be more strongly encouraged. ", "Given that teleworking in particular is not an individual choice and is a very important non-pharmaceutical intervention, the governments of these prefectures need to consider further measures to ensure companies make teleworking available to their staff on a wider basis.", "\n\nThe characteristics of COOPERA can be contrasted with existing infectious disease surveillance.^[@r22],[@r23]^ For example, there is a survey in Japan that collects information on pharmacy dispensing with the aim of early detection of domestic outbreaks of influenza. ", "In addition, there is a survey on the implementation of school closure due to outbreaks of influenza in order to capture the epidemic. ", "On the other hand, COOPERA is characterized by the ability to detect signs of an epidemic before it occurs in an area. ", "With COOPERA, LINE users can immediately register their symptoms via LINE. ", "In other words, it has a high degree of immediacy in that it can collect data before visits to pharmacies, school closures, and other measures are taken. ", "In addition, COOPERA can also track the change over time of a user's individual symptoms (eg, when they appeared and how many days until they recovered).", "\n\nBecause personal protective equipment is in short supply and there is a risk of infection among healthcare professionals, it is not realistic to increase the number of PCR tests immediately. ", "The fact that there is a correlation between the number of PCR-positive cases and the proportion of symptoms detected using COOPERA in this study suggests that COOPERA may be able to detect the scale of the spread of infection and the location of the outbreak when the number of infected cases increases and it becomes even more difficult to grasp the actual situation by PCR.", "\n\nThis study has several limitations. ", "The first one is bias of participants. ", "Since COOPERA monitoring was based on the online platform LINE and used a non-random sampling scheme, our findings might be influenced by selection bias: those who have no access to the internet or smartphone may be underrepresented. ", "In addition, there is a possibility that LINE users who have a relatively high level of health awareness or are worried about some symptoms tend to respond to the system. ", "Therefore, the proportion of participants with symptoms might have overestimated the prevalence of people with symptoms. ", "In addition, it should be noted that the results showed a low percentage of positive symptoms in the day when the banner was displayed. ", "There is a possibility that the participants who answered the questions on the day the banner was displayed were not suffered symptoms by disease conditions preventing them from joining the system at the moment, consequently underestimating the actual proportion of people with the symptoms. ", "Conversely, the participants who answered the questions before or after the period of banner display could be more motivated to participate in the system if any symptoms present, which might end up with overestimating the percentage of symptomatic participants. ", "Unfortunately, we only have information on the population of LINE users, which is claimed by the company to be about 83 million in total, and there is no detailed distribution data regarding the participants' background such as sex, age, or prefecture. ", "Therefore, it is difficult to verify selection bias because it is not possible to evaluate the response rate among users and compare the demographic characteristics of non-respondents and respondents. ", "In addition, since the detailed and analyzable data on those who received PCR testing was not publicly available, it should be noted that the CCF result might include this bias, which is difficult to examine.", "\n\nSecond, it should be noted that the system could not avoid recall bias. ", "In this study, COOPERA monitoring included questions regarding symptoms in the last month. ", "People may not remember the symptoms in the last month accurately. ", "This recall bias may have created upward trend of the proportion with symptoms toward the start of the system.", "\n\nThird, given the selection bias and recall bias in COOPERA, Figure [1](#fig01){ref-type=\"fig\"} may give an exaggerated impression that the trend of the number of COVID-19 has been *dramatically* changed during the study period. ", "In the figure, we showed the proportion of participants who have symptoms reflecting past symptomatic experience. ", "However, trends in the daily proportion using only the \"current symptom at each study period\" data are shown in [eFigure 3](#sm01){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}. ", "No exponential trends were found, suggesting that the results of this study may overestimate the true prevalence of symptoms. ", "However, if only \"current symptoms\" are used, the number of respondents varies greatly from day to day, and the calculation of the percentage is not stable, as can be observed in [eFigure 3](#sm01){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}. ", "For example, in Kanagawa Prefecture, there are several peaks, but the timing of the peak at the bottom coincides with the timing of the COOPERA information released at the Kanagawa Governor's press conference. ", "This peak may have occurred as a result of the increase in the number of respondents following the press conference and media coverage of COOPERA, with the percentage stabilizing only for that day. ", "By taking into account the \"symptoms of the past month\", the percentage calculation is stabilized as the information of the respondents on a given day is used to calculate the percentage over the past month (with a recall bias, of course).", "\n\nConclusions\n-----------\n\nIn summary, this study is the first report based on a large-scale (over 200,000 participants) health care support system in Japan. ", "Significant correlation between the time trend of participants with symptom with the time trend of PCR-confirmed cases supports the utility of the system in monitoring the COVID-19 epidemiological situation in Japan.", "\n\nWe would like to thank Kanagawa, Aichi, and Shiga Prefectures and other prefectures for installing the COOPERA system and providing us with data, LINE Corporation for developing and maintaining the system, and Amazon Web Services, Inc. for providing the data storage space. ", "We are also grateful to the Japanese Society of Infectious Diseases for supervising the questionnaires and information provided to the participants from professional perspectives.", "\n\nContributors: All authors took responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. ", "All the authors made critical revisions to the manuscript for important intellectual content and gave final approval of the manuscript. ", "The opinions, results, and conclusions reported in this paper are those of the authors and are independent from the funding bodies.", "\n\nConflicts of interest: Hiroaki Miyata reports a grant from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan, and consultation fees from Kanagawa Prefecture, outside the submitted work. ", "All other authors have nothing to disclose.", "\n\nFunding: The present work was supported in part by a grant from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan (H29-Gantaisaku-ippan-009).", "\n\nAPPENDIX A. SUPPLEMENTARY DATA {#sm01}\n==============================\n\nThe following is the supplementary data related to this article:\n\neTable 1. ", "Demographic characteristics of the participants by health states during the study period for Kanagawa, Aichi, and Shiga prefecture, as of March 30, 2020\n\neFigure 1. ", "Map of selected three prefectures in Japan.", "\n\neFigure 2. ", "Weekly trend in the proportion of participants who have a fever (left) and the reported number of influenza cases (middle) and cross correlation function between them (right). ", "Blue line in right panel is standard deviation. ", "ACF is autocorrelation function.", "\n\neFigure 3. ", "Trend in the proportion of new participants who have non-specific symptoms in each prefecture (left: Kanagawa, middle: Aichi, right: Shiga). ", "Red line, green line, blue line, and purple line indicate the proportion of participants who have a fever (a), a strong feeling of weariness or shortness of breath (b), both (a) and (b), and either (a) or (b), respectively.", "\n\n[^1]: Shared co-first authorship\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Q:\n\nauto-complete search suggestion drop-down popup\n\nIm trying to make a popup div (when a text-box value changes) and it can be closed (visibility: none) by clicking anywhere outside the div.", "\nSimilar to Google suggestion drop-down. ", "\nHow can I know weather the mouse click has happened inside the div or outside. ", "\nI need to implement this using javascript and jsp. ", "\nPlease help.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe jquery solution would be\n$(\"body > div\").click(function() {\nif ($(this).attr(\"id\") == \"div-id\") {\n // inside the DIV\n} else {\n // not inside the DIV\n}\n});\n\nor \n$(\"html\").click(function (e)\n{\nif (e.target == document.getElementById(\"div-id\"))\n alert(\"Inside DIV\");\nelse\n alert(\"Outside DIV!\");", "\n});\n\nor Javascript snippet would be something like this:\n<script type=\"text/javascript\"> \ndocument.onclick=check; \nfunction check(e){ \nvar target = (e && e.target) || (event && event.srcElement); \nvar obj = document.getElementById('div-id'); \nif(target!=obj){obj.style.display='none'} \n} \n</script>\n\n" ]

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[ "Phosphate solubilization by endophytic bacteria isolated from banana trees.", "\nForty isolates of endophytic bacteria isolated from banana tree roots were assessed as to their capacity to solubilize phosphate in a solid culture medium supplemented with different inorganic and one organic source of phosphorus. ", "The amount of phosphorus (P) in each liquid medium was quantified, and an indirect assessment of acid phosphatase activity was performed. ", "All assays had a fully randomized design, with three repetitions. ", "Approximately 67.5% of the 40 isolates assessed in solid medium solubilized phosphorus from tricalcium phosphate and 7.5% of the isolates solubilized phosphorus from soy lecithin; no isolates exhibited P solubilization capacity in medium supplemented with iron phosphate. ", "Acid phosphatase activity was detected in 65% of the isolates; Aneurinibacillus sp. ", "and Lysinibacillus sp. ", "isolates presented with the best solubilization indexes. ", "All of the assessed isolates exhibited a capacity to reduce the potential of hydrogen in liquid medium supplemented with tricalcium phosphate. ", "Isolate EB. ", "78 (Bacillus sp.) ", "exhibited P solubilization capacity in solid media when Ca3(PO4)2 and soy lecithin were used as P sources; this isolate significantly reduced the pH of the liquid medium and exhibited acid phosphatase activity. ", "The results of the present study highlight isolates that exhibit variations in their capacity to solubilize P. These isolates should be used in future tests to assess their field performance." ]

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[ "The fight over calling additional witnesses at President Trump Donald John TrumpBiden leads Trump by 36 points nationally among Latinos: poll Trump dismisses climate change role in fires, says Newsom needs to manage forest better Jimmy Kimmel hits Trump for rallies while hosting Emmy Awards MORE's impeachment trial has turned into a struggle for influence between Mitch McConnell Addison (Mitch) Mitchell McConnellOcasio-Cortez to voters: Tell McConnell 'he is playing with fire' with Ginsburg's seat McConnell locks down key GOP votes in Supreme Court fight Video shows NYC subway station renamed after Ruth Bader Ginsburg MORE and Mitt Romney Willard (Mitt) Mitt RomneyGOP set to release controversial Biden report McConnell locks down key GOP votes in Supreme Court fight Will Republicans' rank hypocrisy hinder their rush to replace Ginsburg? ", "MORE.", "\n\nThe two Republican leaders — one the Senate majority leader, the other the GOP’s 2012 nominee for president — have two very different agendas.", "\n\nMcConnell has staked his reelection to a seventh term on helping Trump implement his agenda and has made clear that he is closely coordinating trial strategy with the White House.", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nRomney doesn't have the immediate pressure of reelection and has told allies that he’s more interested in the role of elder statesman than climbing the Senate’s power ladder.", "\n\nThe Utah Republican made it clear he thought the Senate should hear from former national security adviser John Bolton John BoltonDiplomacy with China is good for America The Hill's Morning Report - Sponsored by The Air Line Pilots Association - Pence lauds Harris as 'experienced debater'; Trump, Biden diverge over debate prep DOJ launches probe into Bolton book for possible classified information disclosures MORE and possibly other witnesses in the trial. ", "McConnell is decidedly against hearing from new witnesses.", "\n\nAfter a week of tense debate, it appears McConnell, a senator from Kentucky, has emerged as the winner of their battle after convincing a handful of wavering Republicans that voting to subpoena additional witnesses and documents would be a mistake.", "\n\nRomney has been Trump’s most outspoken Republican critic in the Senate since the retirement of former Sens. ", "Jeff Flake Jeffrey (Jeff) Lane FlakeJeff Flake: Republicans 'should hold the same position' on SCOTUS vacancy as 2016 Republican former Michigan governor says he's voting for Biden Maybe they just don't like cowboys: The president is successful, some just don't like his style MORE (R-Ariz.) and Bob Corker Robert (Bob) Phillips CorkerHas Congress captured Russia policy? ", "Tennessee primary battle turns nasty for Republicans Cheney clashes with Trump MORE (R-Tenn.).", "\n\nOver the last couple of weeks, he’s sought to influence the course of the trial, just as he’s tried to steer Senate Republicans in other debates, ranging from trade to foreign policy.", "\n\n“This is not the first time he’s done this, so I think there’s a pattern developing,” said one Republican senator who requested anonymity to discuss internal dynamics.", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\n“I think he’s talking to persuadables,” the lawmaker said, referring to colleagues who were wavering over how to vote on witnesses.", "\n\nMany GOP colleagues take Romney’s critiques of Trump with a grain of salt.", "\n\n“I think most people attribute it to his guttural dislike of the president,” the senator said.", "\n\nRomney famously delivered a searing speech in March of 2016 warning Republicans not to nominate Trump for the presidency, calling him a “con man,” a “phony” and a “fraud.”", "\n\nHe appeared to have the political momentum Monday morning after The New York Times reported the evening before that Bolton had claimed in an unpublished manuscript that Trump told him he wanted to freeze military aid to Ukraine until officials there announced an investigation into former Vice President Joe Biden Joe BidenBiden leads Trump by 36 points nationally among Latinos: poll GOP set to release controversial Biden report Can Donald Trump maintain new momentum until this November? ", "MORE.", "\n\n“I think it’s increasingly likely that other Republicans will join those of us who think we should hear from John Bolton,” he said on Monday.", "\n\nAt that moment some reporters were speculating that as many as 54 Republican senators might vote for witnesses. ", "Independent Sen. Angus King Angus KingShakespeare Theatre Company goes virtual for 'Will on the Hill...or Won't They?' ", "On The Trail: How Nancy Pelosi could improbably become president Angus King: Ending election security briefings 'looks like a pre-cover-up' MORE (Maine), who caucuses with Democrats, predicted on Monday that “five or 10” Republicans could vote for witnesses.", "\n\nRomney had been in talks with a small group of senators, including Sens. ", "Susan Collins Susan Margaret CollinsMcConnell locks down key GOP votes in Supreme Court fight Most Americans think winner of election should pick next Supreme Court justice: poll Murkowski: Supreme Court nominee should not be taken up before election MORE (R-Maine), Lisa Murkowski Lisa Ann MurkowskiMcConnell locks down key GOP votes in Supreme Court fight Most Americans think winner of election should pick next Supreme Court justice: poll Murkowski: Supreme Court nominee should not be taken up before election MORE (R-Alaska) and Lamar Alexander Andrew (Lamar) Lamar AlexanderMcConnell locks down key GOP votes in Supreme Court fight Alexander backs vote on Trump Supreme Court nominee: What Democrats 'would do if the shoe were on the other foot' Toobin: McConnell engaging in 'greatest act of hypocrisy in American political history' with Ginsburg replacement vote MORE (R-Tenn.), even before the trial started to ensure that McConnell included language in the organizing resolution to guarantee a vote on considering additional witnesses and documents at the end of phase one of the trial.", "\n\nSenate Republicans say anxiety was running high when they walked into their caucus lunch meeting on Monday, less than 24 hours after the news of Bolton’s manuscript. ", "Romney made a passionate presentation in favor of calling Bolton to testify before the Senate.", "\n\nBut McConnell at the same lunch was able to derail Romney’s momentum by deploying his favorite tactic: invoking Senate process.", "\n\nMcConnell urged his colleagues to hold off on rushing to a decision on whether to call witnesses and wait until the end of the week, after the president’s lawyers had a chance to finish their opening arguments and senators had 16 hours to ask questions of the parties.", "\n\nMcConnell reminded colleagues that they had already voted for an organizing resolution that set up a vote on witnesses and didn’t have to comment on the issue before then.", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\n“He just reiterated that a couple times as did some other people just to remind us that we have dealt with this and we don’t have to deal with the next step of it until the end of phase one,” Sen. Kevin Cramer Kevin John CramerMomentum growing among Republicans for Supreme Court vote before Election Day On Paycheck Protection Program, streamlined forgiveness is key McConnell shores up GOP support for coronavirus package MORE (R-N.D.) said after the lunch.", "\n\nThe Republican leader put his colleagues almost immediately at ease.", "\n\n“Clearly we’re in a lot better frame of mind and a lot better shape than we were when we stepped in there,” one GOP senator said of how the collective blood pressure of fellow Republican senators after McConnell was able to blunt Romney’s call for witnesses at the lunch.", "\n\nImmediately after the meeting, newly appointed Sen. Kelly Loeffler Kelly LoefflerMcConnell locks down key GOP votes in Supreme Court fight Trump supporters chant 'Fill that seat' at North Carolina rally Vulnerable GOP incumbents embrace filling Supreme Court seat this year MORE (R-Ga.), whom McConnell is backing in a Senate primary race against Rep. Doug Collins Douglas (Doug) Allen CollinsVulnerable GOP incumbents embrace filling Supreme Court seat this year Georgia GOP Senate candidates cite abortion in pushing Ginsburg replacement Win by QAnon believer creates new headaches for House GOP MORE (R-Ga.), ripped Romney on Twitter.", "\n\n“Sadly, my colleague @SenatorRomney wants to appease the left by calling witnesses who will slander the @realDonaldTrump during their 15 minutes of fame. ", "The circus is over. ", "It’s time to move on!” ", "she wrote.", "\n\nThe GOP lawmaker who requested anonymity said Loeffler’s tweet reflected “pent-up frustration” among Senate Republicans.", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nRomney on Wednesday downplayed the notion that he’s trying to meld his colleagues’ views on the need for witnesses.", "\n\n“I have expressed my point of view in the Republican caucus and why I think the way I have, and I’ll let other senators reach their own conclusions,” he said.", "\n\nHe also said that it would be fair for Trump’s lawyers to call their own witnesses if Democrats were able to subpoena Bolton or other witnesses they’re seeking.", "\n\nRomney deferred to McConnell as the party’s official vote-counter.", "\n\nA Senate Republican aide familiar with internal discussions said that Romney has merely stated his views publicly in private meetings but is not actively lobbying his colleagues on how to vote.", "\n\nOn Tuesday, the momentum for witnesses among Republicans had slowed, but it was still a hot topic of conversation as they wrestled over the issue at a lunch meeting and then again at a 3 p.m. meeting held in a large room near McConnell’s Capitol office.", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nRomney appeared to recognize the momentum among fellow Republicans had shifted against witnesses and did not follow up his forceful call on Monday for Bolton’s testimony with other impassioned arguments at later meetings.", "\n\n“He said what he had to say and that’s it. ", "He’s been very clear publicly and with his colleagues about his position,” said the Senate aid familiar with internal discussions.", "\n\nMcConnell warned his fellow GOP senators that voting for a motion to consider additional witnesses and subpoenas would give Senate Minority Leader Charles Schumer Chuck SchumerRepublican senator says plans to confirm justice before election 'completely consistent with the precedent' Video of Lindsey Graham arguing against nominating a Supreme Court justice in an election year goes viral Graham signals support for confirming a Supreme Court nominee this year MORE (D-N.Y.) a chance to force votes on multiple subpoenas and could drag out the trial indefinitely.", "\n\nHe warned prolonging the trial would be a painful alternative path to the same result, an acquittal of Trump on the Senate floor.", "\n\nSen. Mike Braun Michael BraunPessimism grows as hopes fade for coronavirus deal McConnell shores up GOP support for coronavirus package Patient Protection Pledge offers price transparency MORE (R-Ind.) said McConnell told colleagues at the Tuesday lunch to “look at the big picture in terms of what” voting for witnesses “means” and warned them “whatever we do here sets the stage for what might occur in the future.”", "\n\nBy mid-day Wednesday, Senate Republicans allied with Trump felt the push from fellow Republican senators for additional witnesses and documents had collapsed.", "\n\nAfter McConnell and Murkowski, a key swing vote, held a 20- to 30-minute meeting Wednesday morning, the subject of calling additional witnesses didn’t receive any significant discussion at a lunch meeting.", "\n\nSenators coming out of the meeting, which Murkowski skipped, voiced strong confidence that the question of witnesses had been settled and that McConnell had won.", "\n\n“For those who agonize over hypothetical situations, let me tell you what the reality is: At this time Democrat Leader Chuck Schumer Chuck SchumerRepublican senator says plans to confirm justice before election 'completely consistent with the precedent' Video of Lindsey Graham arguing against nominating a Supreme Court justice in an election year goes viral Graham signals support for confirming a Supreme Court nominee this year MORE does not have the votes to call any witnesses,” Braun said.", "\n\nJordain Carney contributed." ]

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[ "Length of the selectivity filter of aquaporin-1.", "\nWe have characterized the selectivity filter of the water channel aquaporin-1 (AQP1) of proximal straight tubules (PST), as an equivalent cylindrical structure with a diameter of approximately 4.5 A, where water molecules single file. ", "We report here efforts to evaluate its length. ", "PST were dissected from rabbit kidneys, held with pipettes in a chamber bathed in a buffered mannitol isosmotic solution (MBS, 295 mOsm/kg). ", "Changes in tubule cell volume with time (dV/Adt), were monitored, on line, with an inverted microscope, a TV camera and an image processor. ", "Osmotic permeability coefficients, Pos, and reflection coefficients (sigma s) were measured with several solutes: mannitol (M), raffinose (R), sucrose (S), glycerol (G), acetamide (A) and urea (U). ", "For this purpose PST were suddenly exposed (in approximately 80 ms and for 20 s) to a hyperosmolality step (delta Cs) achieved by adding to MBS a delta Cs of 35 mOsm/kg of either R, S, M, G, A or U. Cells shrunk within 500 ms of t = 0 to their osmometric volume and remained shrunk for the 20 s of the delta Cs. ", "Pos was measured from the shrinking curves; Pos = 3000 +/- 25 microns/s with either R, S, M, G, A or U. This procedure also allowed to calculate sigma s; sigma s = 1.00 for R, S, M, G, A and U, indicating that these solutes do not penetrate the water channel. ", "In contrast, the shrinking curves produced by a delta Cs = 35 mOsm/kg formamide (F) were 1/5th to 1/6th slower and smaller (subosmometric) than those produced by a delta Cs = 35 mOsm/kg of R, S, M, G, A or U. Furthermore, with F, cells did not remain shrunk. ", "They recovered their original volume within 3 s. Pos (measured with F) is denoted as Pos*; Pos* = 480 +/- 30 microns/s. sigma s, formamide (denoted sigma sp) = 0.16 +/- 0.01. ", "Use of sigma sp and Pos* values in Hill's equations for the bimodal theory of osmosis leads to n = 2-3, n being the number of water molecules single filing within the channel selectivity filter, whose length must lie within 6 to 9 A, a value lower than previous values calculated from the Pos/Pd* ratio." ]

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[ "2016年09月02日 19時00分 ソフトウェア\n\nWindows 10で「ブルーライト低減機能」のトグルボタンが発見される\n\n\n\nWindows 10 Insider Previewの「Build 14915」の配信がスタートされましたが、これをインストールしたTwitterユーザーによりブルーライト低減機能と見られるトグルボタンが発見され注目を集めています。", "\n\n\n\n\n\nWindows.", "Data.", "BlueLightReduction\n\nPresent in 14915, has a Quick Actions toggle, disabled from being accessed in rs_prerelease. ", "Thanks MS. — ", "Core (@tfwboredom) 2016年8月31日\n\n\n\nPCやスマートフォンから発せられるブルーライトは健康に悪影響を与えると言われており、ブルーライトを軽減するソフトウェア「f.lux」やPCメガネなどで対処している人も多いはず。iOSはいち早くブルーライトをカットする公式機能を実装しましたが、これに続いてPC・モバイル向けのWindow 10にもブルーライトをカットする機能が追加される可能性が出てきました。", "\n\n\n\nTwitterユーザーのCore(@tfwboredom)さんはFast Ring(早期ユーザー)向けに公開されたWindows 10 Insider Previewからブルーライト軽減機能と見られるトグルボタンを発見し、スクリーンショットをツイートしています。", "\n\n\n\nHello there. ", "pic.twitter.com/wnccTvs4gw — Core (@tfwboredom) 2016年9月1日\n\n‏\n\n\n\nこの件を取り上げたMicrosoft系ブログのWinBetaは、トグル切り替え以外にも、日光などの環境に合わせて自動的にブルーライトの発光量を調整する機能も追加される予想しています。", "\n\n\n\nMicrosoft looks to be working on a Blue Light Reduction feature for Windows 10 PC and Mobile\n\nhttps://www.winbeta.org/news/microsoft-looks-working-blue-light-reduction-feature-windows-10-pc-mobile\n\n" ]

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[ "Gypsy Colt\n\nGypsy Colt is a 1954 Ansco Color film about an eponymous horse. ", "The films basic plot was taken from Lassie Come Home.", "\n\nA 60-minute version of Gypsy Colt was made available in 1967 as part of the weekly TV anthology Off to See the Wizard.", "\n\nPlot\nA young girl, Meg (Donna Corcoran), is disheartened when her parents Frank (Ward Bond) and Em MacWade (Frances Dee) are forced to sell her favorite horse, Gypsy Colt, to a rancher. ", "Gypsy Colt escapes several times, ultimately taking a 500-mile journey to return to his rightful owner.", "\n\nCast\n Donna Corcoran as Meg\n Ward Bond as Frank\n Frances Dee as Em\n Lee Van Cleef as Hank\n Larry Keating as Wade Y. Gerald\n Nacho Galindo as Pancho\n Rodolfo Hoyos Jr. as Rodolfo\n Peggy Maley as Pat\n Robert Hyatt as Phil Gerald (as Bobby Hyatt)\n Highland Dale as Gypsy, the Horse\n\nReception\nAccording to MGM records the movie earned $721,000 in the US and Canada and $704,000 elsewhere, making a profit of $259,000.", "\n\nComic book adaption\n Dell Four Color #568 (June 1954)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Gypsy Colt at TCMDB\n \n \n\nCategory:American films\nCategory:1954 films\nCategory:films about horses\nCategory:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films\nCategory:English-language films\nCategory:1950s drama films\nCategory:American drama films\nCategory:Films adapted into comics" ]

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[ "The present invention relates to drywall or wallboard finishing tools and especially to a system or kit for finishing wallboard.", "\nInstallation of wallboard typically involves finishing the joints between adjacent wallboard panels using joint compound to conceal the joint. ", "Joint compound is often prepared or is available ready-mixed in relatively large containers—e.g., a conventional 5 gallon pail. ", "A portion of the joint compound is then loaded into a shallow “mud pan” or onto a “hawk” for use. ", "A layer of joint compound is applied over the wallboard joint using a joint finishing knife. ", "A strip of reinforcing tape is placed over the joint and is embedded in the joint compound by applying a thin top coat of joint compound over the tape with the knife. ", "The joint compound is allowed to dry and is then scraped and sanded to smooth its surface. ", "Second and third coats of joint compound may be applied to the joint to feather the edges of the joint compound and blend the finished joint into the wallboard. ", "After each coat, the surface of the joint compound is smoothed using a sanding block.", "\nMany users undertaking home improvement and other wallboard installation projects often lack one or more of the numerous tools or supplies required. ", "In addition, one or more tools and supplies frequently become lost or misplaced. ", "Accordingly, there is a need for a system or kit that provides and organizes all of the tools and supplies needed for finishing wallboard." ]

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[ "Purchasing Options:$ = USD\n\nDescription\n\nThe role of the European Union (EU) in Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs) and its ‘near abroad’ has attracted much scholarly attention over the past few years. ", "Notwithstanding the successes of the EU’s eastwards enlargement, the ‘transformative power’ of the EU in the region has often been called into question, both in terms of its depth and longevity. ", "This book addresses a number of key questions: What determines EU performance in post-communist Europe? ", "What are the conditions that influence it? ", "How does the projection of EU power differ between its enlargement policy and the European Neighbourhood policy? ", "To answer these questions this volume brings together a wide range of case studies, based on different approaches and methods, but with a single analytical focus on ‘performance’. ", "The book’s coverage and focus will be of interest to academics, practitioners and students interested in the EU, CEECs, pre- and post-enlargement studies and more widely to those interested in the international relations and the governance of wider Eastern Europe.", "\n\nThe chapters of this book were originally published as a special issue of East European Politics.", "\n\nTable of Contents\n\nIntroduction: Assessing the performance of the European Union in Central and Eastern Europe and in its neighbourhood\n\nDimitris Papadimitriou, Dorina Baltag and Neculai-Cristian Surubaru\n\n1. ", "The transformative power of Europe\" beyond enlargement: the EU’s performance in promoting democracy in its neighbourhood\n\n3. ", "EU normative performance: a critical theory perspective on the EU’s response to the massacre in Andijon, Uzbekistan\n\nGiselle Bosse\n\n4. ", "Between arbitrary outcomes and impeded process: the performance of EU Twinning projects in the EU’s Eastern neighbourhood\n\nStefan Roch\n\n5. ", "The more the merrier? ", "Assessing the impact of enlargement on EU performance in energy and climate change policies\n\nPierre Bocquillon and Tomas Maltby\n\n6. ", "Revisiting the role of domestic politics: politicisation and European Cohesion Policy performance in Central and Eastern Europe\n\nNeculai-Cristian Surubaru\n\n7. ", "From ambitious goals to improper fit: hybrid performance of Phare pre-accession programme for civil society development in Bulgaria\n\nDessislava Hristova\n\nAbout the Editors\n\nDimitris Papadimitriou is Professor of Politics at the University of Manchester, UK, and the Director of the Manchester Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence. ", "He is also the co-convenor of the ECPR Standing Group on Southeast Europe.", "\n\nDorina Baltag is a Marie Curie researcher on EU foreign policy and diplomacy at Loughborough University, UK. ", "Her work has been published with Routledge, Palgrave, The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, East European Politics and several European think-tanks.", "\n\nNeculai-Cristian Surubaru is a Researcher at the University of Strathclyde’s European Policies Research Centre (EPRC), UK. ", "He has a PhD in Political Science and European Studies from Loughborough University, UK. ", "His work has appeared in Regional Studies, East European Politics and the Romanian Journal of European Affairs." ]

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[ "Blind boxer dog Baks has got a new lease of life – after being taken under the wing of a pet goose called Buttons.", "\n\nBlind boxer dog Baks and Buttons the goose (Picture: CEN)\n\nButtons the four-year-old goose leads her pal around everywhere either by hanging onto him with her neck, or by honking to tell him which way to go.", "\n\nOwner Renata Kursa, 47, of Lublin, Poland, was heartbroken when Bak was left blind after an accident last year.", "\n\n‘But gradually Buttons got him up on his feet and starting walking him around. ", "They’re inseparable now – they even chase the postman together,’ she said.", "\n\nAdvertisement" ]

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[ "Whitestarr\n\nWhitestarr is an American rock band from Malibu, California. ", "The band has garnered attention owing to the members' relationships and to their television series. ", "Lead singer Cisco Adler is the son of well-known music producer Lou Adler and drummer Alex Orbison is the son of music legend Roy Orbison.", "\n\nBiography\nWhitestarr was formed in 2000 and signed by Atlantic Records, but was later dropped. ", "The band was virtually unknown until they became featured on the television show The Rock Life on VH1. ", "The premise of the show is a \"rockumentary\" format, where cameramen follow the band inside the shows and studio and outside in their personal lives. ", "The series was canceled during its first season due to low ratings.", "\n\nWhitestarr has gained more notoriety for the personal lives and antics of the members than for any commercial success. ", "Singer Cisco Adler was a paparazzi target while he dated Mischa Barton, Kimberly Stewart, Paris Hilton, and Lauren Conrad, while drummer Alex Orbison had been seen on the TV show LA Ink, which stars his one–time girlfriend, tattoo artist Kat Von D. \nNude photos of Adler have appeared on various websites.", "\n\nIn September 2007, Cisco Adler announced that he had \"decided to take a vacation\" from the group to pursue solo projects, adding that \"Whitestarr will be back\".", "\n\nJeramy \"Rainbow\" Gritter is now performing his mix of Rock and Rap under the name Beardo. ", "He was a member of the Dyslexic Speedreaders and Shoot to Kill Inc along with Dirt Nasty, Mickey Avalon and Andre Legacy.", "\n\nOn December 18, 2008 Cisco Adler was arrested in Fargo, ND, following a Whitestarr concert, opening for Shwayze. ", "Adler posted $500 bail after being booked at Cass County Jail on suspicion of simple assault.", "\n\nIn 2014, Gritter became a member of Julian Casablancas + The Voidz.", "\n\nMembers\nCisco Adler - vocals\nAlex Orbison, \"Orbi\" - drums\nDamon Webb - bass guitar\nJeramy \"Rainbow\" Gritter - guitar\nTony Potato - dancer\nJohnny Zambetti - guitar\nOllie Spano - guitar\n\nGuests\nKrister Axel - Wurlitzer and B3\n\nDiscography\nLuv Machine (2006)\nFillith Tillith (2007)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \nThe Rock Life at VH1.com\n\nCategory:Rock music groups from California\nCategory:Musical groups established in 2000\nCategory:Participants in American reality television series\nCategory:Atlantic Records artists" ]

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[ "USS White Marsh (LSD-8)\n\nUSS White Marsh (LSD-8) was an of the United States Navy, named in honor of White Marsh, Virginia, the birthplace of Dr. Walter Reed (1851–1902).", "\n\nWhite Marsh was laid down on 7 April 1943 at Oakland, California, by the Moore Dry Dock Company; launched on 19 July 1943, sponsored by Mrs. William C. Wise, the wife of Col. ", "Wise, USMC; and commissioned on 29 January 1944, Commander George H. Eppelman, USNR, in command.", "\n\nWorld War II \n\nAfter commissioning, the dock landing ship made two voyages from San Francisco to Morro Bay, where she delivered two cargoes of LCMs to the boat basin located there before heading to San Diego for shakedown. ", "She completed that training and returned to San Francisco on 15 March. ", "On the 23d, the ship got underway for Hawaii with a load of landing craft and passengers. ", "She arrived at Oahu on 30 March and reported for duty with the 5th Amphibious Force, Pacific Fleet. ", "She made a round-trip voyage to San Francisco and back to Pearl Harbor between 31 March and 15 April. ", "From then until late in May, she conducted amphibious exercises in preparation for the Marianas campaign.", "\n\nCentral Pacific \n\nOn the 29th, White Marsh departed Pearl Harbor in company with Task Group 52.15 (TG 52.15), bound for Saipan. ", "After a stop at Eniwetok en route, she and her task unit arrived in the Marianas before dawn of 15 June. ", "Later that morning, White Marsh and her companion ships disembarked troops of the 2d and 4th Marine Divisions and the landing went forward. ", "Following the initial assault on Saipan, the dock landing ship settled into a routine of repair duties for damaged landing craft for a week before departing the Marianas to return to the United States.", "\n\nAfter a stop at Pearl Harbor en route, the ship entered San Francisco on 11 July. ", "Following voyage repairs, she loaded cargo and passengers; got underway for Hawaii; arrived back in Oahu on 28 July; and remained there until 12 August, preparing for the invasion of the Palau Islands. ", "She loaded tanks and embarked troops of the Army's 710th Tank Battalion and departed Pearl Harbor on 12 August in company with TG 23.4. ", "Staged through Guadalcanal where she participated in amphibious rehearsals, White Marsh arrived off Angaur on 16 September and, after disembarking the 710th Tank Battalion, again started repair work on damaged landing craft. ", "On 21 September, she left the Palaus on her way to the Western Caroline Islands. ", "Following the occupation of Ulithi Atoll, from 23 to 25 September, she departed that atoll and proceeded to New Guinea.", "\n\nShe arrived at Hollandia on 28 September and reported for duty with the 7th Amphibious Force. ", "The next day, she returned to sea, bound for Finschhafen, located farther down the northern coast of New Guinea opposite the island of New Britain. ", "The ship embarked troops, loaded cargo at Finschhafen, resumed her voyage, and arrived at Manus Island on 2 October. ", "There, she prepared for her third amphibious landing of the war, the invasion of the Philippines.", "\n\nPhilippines \n\nOn the 12th, she departed Manus as a unit of TG 78.2 and set a course for San Pedro Bay, Leyte. ", "White Marsh disembarked her troops and unloaded her cargo there on 20 October, the day of the initial landings on Leyte, and departed the island that same afternoon, bound for New Guinea. ", "The dock landing ship reached Hollandia on 24 October, loaded troops, and then steamed to Biak Island on the 29th. ", "At Biak, she took on additional soldiers and some cargo before heading back to the Philippines on the 31st. ", "She arrived at Dulag, Leyte, on 5 November, disembarked her passengers, unloaded cargo, and departed the island on the 6th.", "\n\nDuring November and December, White Marsh continued to make reinforcement and resupply voyages between New Guinea and Leyte to support the campaign to liberate the southern Philippines. ", "That routine ended late in December when she arrived at Aitape, New Guinea, to prepare for the invasion of Luzon.", "\n\nShe departed Aitape on 28 December, bound for northern Luzon in company with a unit of TG 78.1. ", "She arrived off Lingayen on the night of 8 and 9 January and, the following morning, unloaded troops and cargo for the assault. ", "She then served briefly again as a landing craft repair ship but departed Lingayen Gulf on the 10th. ", "En route to Leyte, White Marshs unit suffered a kamikaze attack which resulted in severe damage and considerable casualties on board .", "\n\nThe dock landing ship, however, arrived unscathed at Leyte on 13 January, but soon returned to sea as an element of TG 78.2, bound for Wakde Island. ", "She arrived there on 17 January and loaded Luzon-bound troops and equipment. ", "She departed Wakde on the 19th and set a course for Lingayen. ", "En route, her unit again came under aerial attack when a single Nakajima B5N \"Kate\" torpedo bomber succeeded in torpedoing . ", "During the attack, White Marshs antiaircraft battery joined those of her colleagues and brought down the enemy aviator. ", "She arrived back in Lingayen Gulf on 27 January and began landing troops and cargo. ", "That afternoon, she completed the unloading operations, got underway, and returned to Leyte on 30 January.", "\n\nThe ship remained at Leyte until 2 February when she headed for Guadalcanal. ", "En route, she received orders diverting her to Milne Bay, New Guinea, where she arrived on 10 February. ", "After loading 11 LCMs, she departed Milne Bay on the 13th and arrived at Guadalcanal on the 15th. ", "There, she reported for duty with Transport Squadron 18 (TransRon 18). ", "On 27 February, she departed Guadalcanal, bound for the Russell Islands to conduct amphibious training there with elements of the 1st Marine Division. ", "On 15 March, she departed the Russell Islands, bound ultimately for Okinawa. ", "En route, she stopped at Ulithi for six days before continuing on to the Ryūkyūs.", "\n\n Okinawa \n\nWhite Marsh and her division mates arrived off Okinawa during the night of 31 March – 1 April. ", "Early in the morning, she disembarked her troops for the landings on Okinawa. ", "Once again, after completing the disembarkation process, the dock landing ship anchored and began landing craft repair duty. ", "Throughout her two-month stay at Okinawa, enemy air activity was heavy, but White Marsh only engaged Japanese aircraft on three occasions — on 6, 12, and 15 April — and claimed hits on two of the attackers.", "\n\nOn 3 June, the ship departed Okinawa and proceeded to Leyte. ", "She entered San Pedro Bay on 8 June and remained there for three days. ", "On the 11th, the ship moved to Manicani Island where she loaded six motor torpedo boats and their crews for transportation to Okinawa. ", "She left Manicani on 15 June and arrived in Kerama Retto on the 19th. ", "She discharged cargo and personnel during the next two days and began a voyage to the Philippines on the 22d. ", "She arrived at Leyte on 27 June and began a period of tender availability.", "\n\nWhite Marsh remained at Leyte until 14 July when she got underway for home. ", "She stopped at Eniwetok on 21 July, loaded cargo and passengers, resumed her voyage, and arrived at Oahu on 29 July. ", "She remained there only overnight and, the next day, got underway for the West Coast. ", "The ship reached San Francisco on 29 July and was receiving repairs there when Japan capitulated in mid-August.", "\n\n Post-war service \n\nWhite Marsh sailed for the Aleutians on 26 August and arrived at Adak Island on 3 September but departed again the following day, bound for the Japanese island of Honshū. ", "She put into Ominato Ko on 11 September and reported for duty with the logistic support group assigned to the Northern Japan Occupation Force, which she served as a small craft repair ship and a floating boat pool until 25 November when she departed Japan to return to the United States.", "\n\nSteaming via Pearl Harbor, she arrived at San Pedro, California, on 15 December. ", "From there, she moved on, via the Panama Canal, to New Orleans for a brief tour of duty with the Atlantic Fleet before being decommissioned at Norfolk in March 1946 and beginning over four and one-half years in reserve there.", "\n\n 1950–1960 \n\nOn 8 November 1950 — as a part of the Navy's expansion of its active forces to enable it to meet its increased demands during the Korean War — White Marsh was placed back in commission, Comdr. ", "C. B. Bright in command. ", "During the period from her reactivation to the beginning of 1954, she alternated two deployments to the 6th Fleet with Atlantic Fleet service along the East Coast.", "\n\n Collision with iceberg \n\nIn the summer of 1953, White Marsh sailed with a task group of transport ships carrying cranes and other equipment to Labrador and Greenland. ", " Off Labrador, en route to Thule, Greenland, the waters were full of huge chunks of ice flowing out of the North Atlantic. ", " White Marsh was led by an ice breaker, but on 9 July, with excessive distance between the breaker and White Marsh, a calamity occurred. ", " White Marsh, turning to avoid one iceberg, collided with a second chunk of ice which ripped a 40-foot gash in the ship's starboard side pump room. ", " Three men barely escaped the damaged room, and the ship immediately took on a six degree starboard list.", "\n\nThe Navy sent a rescue ship to assist White Marsh. ", " As an LSD, White Marsh had ballast tanks that allowed it to be lowered into the water for loading. ", "To aid emergency repair efforts, the ballast tanks were used to lift the damaged side of the ship out of the water. ", " While maintaining a list of 14 degrees, carpenters built a wooden cofferdam using whatever wood they could find. ", " The cofferdam was winched up tightly against the ship with the assistance of Navy divers. ", "Life vests were used to line the dam, making it somewhat watertight. ", " Submersible pumps were manned almost constantly. ", "The dam and the pumps kept the damaged area dry enough for welders to remove the damaged metal and weld a plate onto the gash in the hull. ", " The ship's crew then took the damaged vessel to Saglek Bay in Labrador.", "\n\nLSD Ashland (LSD-1) was ordered to sail from Thule, Greenland to Labrador to relieve White Marsh. ", " Ashland departed on 10 July 1953, escorted by the United States Coast Guard icebreaker USCGC Westwind (WAGB-281) and then an additional ice breaker, USS Atka (AGB-3), but due to an immense ice pack, did not arrive to join White Marsh at harbor in Saglek Bay until 21 July. ", " St. John's Harbor at Saglek was free of ice except for one grounded berg when Ashland arrived. ", " Feverish efforts to temporarily repair White Marsh continued. ", " The Underwater Demolition Team personnel and the U.S. Army personnel who had been aboard White Marsh transferred to Ashland on 22 July. ", " The transfer of equipment from the super deck of White Marsh to the super deck of Ashland had to wait until White Marsh was able to be righted. ", " White Marsh was finally in a condition to righted late 24 July, the remainder of the equipment was then transferred to Ashland. ", " With the temporary patch in place, White Marsh was able to make it to a shipyard in Baltimore, where it eventually required more than $600,000 in repairs. ", " The ship's crew received commendations from their commanding officer shortly after the event, attributing the ship's survival to the \"combined thoughts, ingenuity, initiative, and laborious hours of all hands.\"", "\n\n Transfer to the Pacific Fleet \nIn January 1954, White Marshs home port was changed to San Diego, California; and the ship was reassigned to the Pacific Fleet. ", "Between January 1954 and September 1956, the dock landing ship made two deployments to the western Pacific during which she conducted amphibious exercises and made port visits to various Far Eastern ports such as Hong Kong and Yokosuka. ", "When not deployed to the Orient, she conducted routine operations out of San Diego.", "\n\n Final US Naval service \n\nIn September 1956, White Marsh was decommissioned once more; but she remained active, serving the Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS) as USNS White Marsh (T-LSD-8) while manned by a civil service crew. ", "That duty lasted until November 1960 at which time she was transferred, on loan, to the Republic of China.", "\n\nWhite Marsh earned four battle stars for her World War II service.", "\n\n ROCS Chung Cheng (LSD-191) \n\nThe ship served in the Republic of China Navy as ROCS Chung Cheng (LSD-191; ). ", "On 1 January 1977, she was permanently transferred to the ROC Navy. ", "Chung Cheng was scrapped in 1985; her name and pennant number were assigned to the former .", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n \n\nCategory:Ashland-class dock landing ships\nCategory:Ships built in Oakland, California\nCategory:1943 ships\nCategory:World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States\nCategory:Cold War amphibious warfare vessels of the United States\nCategory:Vietnam War amphibious warfare vessels of the United States\nCategory:United States Navy Virginia-related ships\nCategory:Ships transferred from the United States Navy to the Republic of China Navy" ]

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[ "Node-CType is a way to read and write binary data in structured and easy to use\nformat. ", "Its name comes from the C header file.", "\n\nTo get started, simply clone the repository or use npm to install it. ", "Once it is\nthere, simply require it.", "\n\ngit clone git://github.com/rmustacc/node-ctype\nnpm install ctype\nvar mod_ctype = require('ctype')\n\n\nThere are two APIs that you can use, depending on what abstraction you'd like.", "\nThe low level API let's you read and write individual integers and floats from\nbuffers. ", "The higher level API let's you read and write structures of these. ", "To\nillustrate this, let's looks look at how we would read and write a binary\nencoded x,y point.", "\n\nIn C we would define this structure as follows:\n\ntypedef struct point {\n\tuint16_t\tp_x;\n\tuint16_t\tp_y;\n} point_t;\n\nTo read a binary encoded point from a Buffer, we first need to create a CType\nparser (where we specify the endian and other options) and add the typedef.", "\n\nvar parser = new mod_ctype.", "Parser({ endian: 'big' });\nparser.typedef('point_t', [\n\t{ x: { type: 'uint16_t' } },\n\t{ y: { type: 'uint16_t' } }\n]);\n\nFrom here, given a buffer buf and an offset into it, we can read a point.", "\n\nvar out = parser.readData([ { point: { type: 'point_t' } } ], buffer, 0);\nconsole.log(out);\n{ point: { x: 23, y: 42 } }\n\nAnother way to get the same information would be to use the low level methods.", "\nNote that these require you to manually deal with the offset. ", "Here's how we'd\nget the same values of x and y from the buffer.", "\n\nvar x = mod_ctype.ruint16(buf, 'big', 0);\nvar y = mod_ctype.ruint16(buf, 'big', 2);\nconsole.log(x + ', ' + y);\n23, 42\n\nThe true power of this API comes from the ability to define and nest typedefs,\njust as you would in C. By default, the following types are defined by default.", "\nNote that they return a Number, unless indicated otherwise.", "\n\n * int8_t\n * int16_t\n * int32_t\n * int64_t (returns an array where val[0] << 32 + val[1] would be the value)\n * uint8_t\n * uint16_t\n * uint32_t\n * uint64_t (returns an array where val[0] << 32 + val[1] would be the value)\n * float\n * double\n * char (either returns a buffer with that character or a uint8_t)\n * char[] (returns an object with the buffer and the number of characters read which is either the total amount requested or until the first 0)\n\n\nctf2json integration:\n\nNode-CType supports consuming the output of ctf2json. ", "Once you read in a JSON file,\nall you have to do to add all the definitions it contains is:\n\nvar data, parser;\ndata = JSON.parse(parsedJSONData);\nparser = mod_ctype.parseCTF(data, { endian: 'big' });\n\nFor more documentation, see the file README.old. ", "Full documentation is in the\nprocess of being rewritten as a series of manual pages which will be available\nin the repository and online for viewing.", "\n\nTo read the ctio manual page simple run, from the root of the workspace:\n\nman -Mman -s 3ctype ctio\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Comparison of 30-day and 5-year outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary artery bypass grafting in patients aged≤50 years (the Coronary aRtery diseAse in younG adultS Study).", "\nData on the outcome of young patients after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are scarce. ", "Data on 2,209 consecutive patients aged≤50 years who underwent CABG or PCI were retrospectively collected from 15 European institutions. ", "PCI and CABG had similar 30-day mortality rates (0.8% vs 1.4%, p=0.27), late survival (at 5 years, 97.8% vs 94.9%, p=0.082), and freedom from stroke (at 5 years, 98.0% and 98.0%, p=0.731). ", "PCI was associated with significantly lower freedom from major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (at 5 years, 73.9% vs 85.0%, p<0.0001), repeat revascularization (at 5 years, 77.6% vs 92.5%, p<0.0001), and myocardial infarction (at 5 years, 89.9% vs 96.6%, p<0.0001) compared with CABG. ", "These findings were confirmed in propensity score-adjusted and matched analyses. ", "Freedom from major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events after PCI was particularly low in diabetics (at 5 years, 58.0% vs 75.9%, p<0.0001) and in patients with multivessel disease (at 5 years, 63.6% vs 85.1%, p<0.0001). ", "PCI in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction was associated with significantly better 5-year survival (97.5% vs 88.8%, p=0.001), which was driven by its lower 30-day mortality rate (1.5% vs 6.0%, p=0.017). ", "In conclusion, patients aged≤50 years have an excellent immediate outcome after either PCI or CABG with similar long-term survival when used according to the current clinical practice. ", "PCI was associated with significantly lower freedom from myocardial infarction and repeat revascularization." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Global online media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter should be required to reveal information on users that engage in “doxxing” if provided with evidence of their behavior by authorities, Hong Kong’s data protection authority has suggested as it seeks to revamp local laws.", "\n\n\n\nHong Kong Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data Stephen Wong told MLex he’s seeking to propose a second batch of recommendations to the government on revising the city’s 23-year-old Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance, following a first group of reports presented earlier this year.", "\n\nSpeaking in an interview, Wong said that his second proposal is driven by a surge in doxxing and cyberbullying cases since pro-democracy protests triggered by a proposed extradition bill started in June and that he will focus on issues on enforcement tools in handling such cases.", "\n\n“After the social unrests or incidents being in place for such a long time, we further find out that there are certain other provisions that need to be amended … in relation to issues arising out of the doxxing of personal data or what we call the weaponization of personal data,” Wong said.", "\n\nDoxxing refers to the publication of accumulated personal data on a person with the intent of damaging their public standing or putting their safety at risk.", "\n\n\n\nThe changes proposed by Wong refer to the powers of the privacy authority, including investigation and prosecution, and the power to pursue not only the doxxers but also the medium — suggesting plans to regulate the use or the involvement of a social platform in cases of doxxing.", "\n\nThe official hopes to have included in the law a requirement that online platforms, when approached by the regulator with reasonable evidence of a doxxing offense, should be in a position to answer the regulator’s questions, including the identity or the personal information of the offenders.", "\n\n“They should have a way to be able to identify the doxxers,” Wong said, referring to the platforms.", "\n\nThe regulator is also considering the power to apply for prohibitive orders — including an injunction — on the victims’ behalf or assist victims to apply for an injunction in court. ", "A third possibility is for the data-protection authority to be granted the power to issue such orders.", "\n\nThe regulator is also seeking the power to conduct criminal investigations and prosecutions.", "\n\nWong says the number of doxing cases has has remained steady over the past few months, thanks to the enforcement efforts. ", "His office has had 4,714 cases as of December, 36 percent of which affect members of the police and their families. ", "It received 59 complaint cases on cyberbullying in 2018.", "\n\nThe official said that opposing political camps are doxxing each other and the regulator will investigate and prosecute both sides using the same yardstick, without fear or favor.", "\n\n—Broader reach —\n\nTo complement increased regulatory powers over social platforms, Wong said the regulator also needed extraterritorial reach or, at least, closer cooperation with counterparts abroad.", "\n\n“The difficulty is that doxxers put up messages online through a social platform or discussion board, and our primary job is to stop the damage, contain the damage caused to the data subject concerned,” Wong said in response to questions from MLex at a recent data privacy forum.", "\n\nHe said doxxers prefer to use social media platforms or channels that don’t operate in Hong Kong. “", "If [it’s not registered in Hong Kong], our hands will be tied,” he said.", "\n\nTo deal with this challenge, Wong told MLex that the government might need to find a way to plug the loophole on extraterritoriality, in the same way that the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation has extraterritorial applicability.", "\n\n“We’ll keep chasing [the doxxers], from Hong Kong to Russia to Dubai ... and now they say they go to Syria, or Kazakhstan. ", "So international collaboration will be needed for investigation and for protecting individuals’ rights,” Wong said.", "\n\n\n\n“We need multinational or bilateral agreements in relation to enforcement and sharing of intelligence and information,” he said.", "\n\n— From goodwill to law —\n\nWong said that, as things stand, the handling of doxxing cases depends on the goodwill and preparedness of the platforms to cooperate. ", "This is usually achieved by the regulator appealing to their sense of social responsibility.", "\n\n“But these are not the letter of the law,” Wong said, arguing that the time had come to place this goodwill “in clear terms in our statute books.”", "\n\n“Now we are urging or calling for [the platforms’] cooperation to assist us in stopping unlawful use of personal data or weaponization of personal data in doxxing cases,” Wong said.", "\n\n\n\n“We would like to clarify the detailed provisions and the requirements of these platforms and other parties involved [on] how the doxxing should be regulated … effectively,” he said.", "\n\n“If you can't make it an obligation in Hong Kong for those platforms to provide the details, it’s a futile job of investigation,” he said.", "\n\nDespite the fact that so far 77 percent of the links involving doxxing have been removed upon request, “we would like to be a perfectionist by reaching the hundred percent,” Wong added.", "\n\n— Meet the legal test —\n\nThese powers, according to Wong, should be sought without compromising competing human rights and should be proportionate with a view to meeting or achieving the legitimate purpose of the proposed legislation.", "\n\nThe regulator anticipates objection to his proposals, because the subject concerns people’s freedom and some may think their basic right to privacy would be seriously endangered or compromised.", "\n\nBut Wong says that any proposal should also be consistent with the jurisprudence of Hong Kong human rights law.", "\n\nThe city’s High Court recently issued an interim injunction banning anyone from posting or spreading messages online that could incite violence. “", "We believe that this is a ground we could rely on to ask for not merely cooperation but compliance,” Wong said.", "\n\nHe said the recent injunction suggested that the attitude of the judges of the court was not too far from theirs. “", "We can see that their reasoning for granting an injunction is more or less on the same line as our thinking.”", "\n\nIn the past, Wong’s office has put forward similar proposals without much success. ", "But, he said, feedback from the government on the first report is “quite encouraging” and he was now seeing more support from outside the government.", "\n\nWhen asked if he thinks the doxxing problem will lend urgency to the need to reform the ordinance, he said that it would. “", "We will be given some teeth, in the tiger’s mouth,” he said." ]

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[ "Background {#Sec1}\n==========\n\nChimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are engineered receptors that can graft an arbitrary specificity onto an immune effector cell (T cell). ", "CARs include three parts: an extracellular antigen recognition domain of the single-chain Fragment variant (scFv) derived from an antibody), a transmembrane domain and an intracellular T cell activation domain of CD3ζ \\[[@CR1]\\]. ", "CAR-T cell therapy is designed to redirect a patient's or donor's T cells to specifically target and destroy tumor cells. ", "This approach shows great promise for haematologic malignancies and solid tumors without major histocompatibility complex restriction \\[[@CR2]\\]. ", "In this review, we first discuss the structure and evolution of CARs. ", "We then report on the tools used for production of CAR-T cells. ", "Finally, we address the challenges posed by CAR-T cells.", "\n\nStructure of CAR-T cells {#Sec2}\n========================\n\nCARs consist of an ectodomain, transmembrane domain and endodomain \\[[@CR3]\\] (Fig. [", "1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}).Fig. ", "1Structure of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). ", "The CAR includes ectodomain, transmembrane domain and endodomain\n\nEctodomain {#Sec3}\n----------\n\nThe ectodomain is the domain of a membrane protein that is outside the cytoplasm and exposed to the extracellular space. ", "The ectodomain in this case consists of signal peptide, antigen recognition region and spacer \\[[@CR1], [@CR3]\\].", "\n\nThe role of a signal peptide is to direct the nascent protein into the endoplasmic reticulum. ", "The scFv, which serves as the signal peptide of the ectodomain in a CAR, is formed by the variable portions of heavy and light chains of an immunoglobulin fused through a flexible linker. ", "An antigen recognition domain is usually a scFv with a simple ectodomain and more exotic recognition components, which can be used to recognize any antigen if it can bind targets with high affinity. ", "The connection between the antigen binding domain and the transmembrane domain relied on the spacer. ", "The simplest form of spacer is the hinge region of IgG1 and is sufficient for most scFv-based constructs.", "\n\nTransmembrane domain {#Sec4}\n--------------------\n\nThe transmembrane domain, from the most membrane-proximal component of the endodomain, consists of a hydrophobic alpha helix that spans the membrane \\[[@CR1], [@CR3], [@CR4]\\]. ", "The stability of the receptor is related to the transmembrane domain. ", "The presence of the native CD3-zeta transmembrane can cause the incorporation of the artificial TCR into the native TCR. ", "At present, the CD28 transmembrane domain is the most stable receptor.", "\n\nEndodomain {#Sec5}\n----------\n\nThe endodomain is the functional end of the receptor, and the most common component is CD3 ζ included three immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) \\[[@CR3], [@CR4]\\]. ", "After antigen recognition, the receptors cluster and signal was activated, then the sigal is transmitted to the T cell. ", "Co-stimulatory signaling is needed during this profression.", "\n\nEvolution of CAR-T cells {#Sec6}\n========================\n\nSince the initial development of CARs in 1989, CAR-T cells can be divided into four generations according to the structure of the endodomain (Fig. [", "2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The evolution of CAR therapy is an excellent example of the application of basic research to the clinic.", "Fig. ", "2Evolution of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) from the first generation to the fourth generation. ", "Single chain antibody (CD3ζ or FcεRIγ) links the ITAM at transmembrane region for the first generation. ", "Costimulatory molecule (CM1), such as CD28, has been engineered to the signal transduction region for the second generation. ", "Another costimulatory molecule (CM2) based on the second generation for the third generation has been engineered to the signal transduction region, such as combining CD134 or CD137. ", "The interleukin-12 (IL-12) based on the second generation for the fourth generation has been engineered to the signal transduction region. ", "ITAM: Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs\n\nFirst generation {#Sec7}\n----------------\n\nSingle structure from the CD3 ζ- chain or FcεRIγ from the intracellular domain for the first generation of CARs is the typical characteristics, which is the primary transmitter of signals from endogenous T cell receptor (TCR) \\[[@CR5], [@CR6]\\]. ", "However, these CAR-T cells could not produce enough interleukin-2 (IL-2), so in order to kill tumor cells it was necessary to administer exogenous IL-2. ", "Therefore, the first generation of CAR-T cell therapy transfected with single-chain receptors benefitted substantially from the accompanying administration of cytokines \\[[@CR7]\\].", "\n\nRecent studies showed that the deletion of phosphorylation on ITAM A and C in the CD3ζ signaling moiety could decrease the apoptosis signal, which is beneficial for the continuous expression of the transgene \\[[@CR8], [@CR9]\\]. ", "However, more studies were performed with CAR-T cells with the CD3ζ-chain than the FcεRIγ-chain in clinics. ", "The reason may be that three ITAMs were included in CD3ζ-chain, but only one in the FcεRIγ-chain. ", "On the other hand, the CAR-T cells with the CD3ζ-chain were more effective at activating T cells and killing tumor cells, although they had lower expression levels *in vitro*. ", "The transmembrane domain of CAR-T cells consists of a dimer of homologous or heterologous in combinations of CD3, CD8 and CD28, which can mediate optimal cellular activation via the dimerization of CARs and the functional interaction of this receptor with the endogenous TCR. ", "Carcinoembryonic Ag-specific CD3ζ (MFEζ) -CAR-T cells, alpha-folate receptor (FR) -CAR-T cells, CE7R-CAR-T cells, scFv(G250)-CAR-T cells, GD2- CAR-Tcells and CD10- CAR-T cells were used to treat different tumors \\[[@CR10]--[@CR15]\\]. ", "However, most of these studies with first-generation CAR-T cells did not achieve the desired outcomes because of inadequate proliferation, a short life span *in vivo* and insufficient secreted cytokines.", "\n\nSecond generation {#Sec8}\n-----------------\n\nDual signal was the typical characteristics for T cell activation. ", "Three different receptor types including the T-cell antigen receptors, cytokine receptors and co-stimulatory receptors are included in this progression. ", "The first signal is the special signal that, triggered by the TCR, recognizes the antigenic peptide-MHC complex on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. ", "The second signal is the co-stimulatory signal, produced by a co-stimulatory molecule such as CD28/B7, which promotes the IL-2 synthesis to complete the activation of T cells and avoid apoptosis. ", "Naïve T cells cannot perform their normal role if the co-stimulatory signal is absent, and the same is true even if the T cells are stimulated by the antigen. ", "Therefore, CARs that only include the CD3ζ sequence cannot activate CAR-T cells without a co-stimulatory signal. ", "Accordingly, second generation CARs added intracellular signaling domains from various co-stimulatory protein receptors to the cytoplasmic tail of the CARs to provide additional signals to the T cell, such as CD28 or CD137(4-1BB and CD134(OX40)), which can improve the proliferation, cytotoxicity, and sustained response, and prolong the life of CAR-T cells *in vivo* \\[[@CR16]--[@CR18]\\]. ", "CD28-mediated co-stimulation is very important in the regulation of proliferation and survival for lymphocytes, and plays a key role for the establishment of memory cells and effector cells. ", "CD134 can sustain proliferation and strengthen IL-2 production. ", "CD137 can maintain the response signal of T cells, which plays a key role in the survival of T cells and the memory of CD8^+^ T cells \\[[@CR19]--[@CR21]\\]. ", "The scFvCD19-CD137-CD3-CAR-T cells, MOv19-BBζ-CAR-T cells and scFvCD19-CD28-CD3ζ-CAR-T cells were used to treat B cell malignancies, and achieved better outcomes than the first generation \\[[@CR22], [@CR23]\\]. ", "It seems that the 4-1BBζ-CAR-T cells have a longer persist time than CD28ζ-CAR-T cells, however, the direct comparisons is absent \\[[@CR24]\\]. ", "The CD28ζ-CAR-T cells can cause constitutively stimulation, proliferation and growth \\[[@CR25]\\]. ", "However, the 4-1BBζ-CAR-T cells can induce early exhaustion, which may limit antitumor efficacy \\[[@CR26], [@CR27]\\].", "\n\nThird generation {#Sec9}\n----------------\n\nThe third-generation CARs were made by combining multiple signaling domains, such as CD3ζ-CD28-OX40 or CD3ζ-CD28-41BB, to augment potency with stronger cytokine production and killing ability \\[[@CR28]\\]. ", "These scFv CD20-CD28-CD137-CD3ζ-CAR-T cells and HER2-CAR-T cells were used to treat lymphoma and colon cancer; however, outcomes were not improved relative to the second generation \\[[@CR29], [@CR30]\\]. ", "The reason may be that the number of cases studied was small. ", "Therefore, further studies are needed to explore the safety and efficacy of these treatments, and the selection of co-stimulatory molecules is also important.", "\n\nFourth generation {#Sec10}\n-----------------\n\nThe fourth-generation CARs were generated by adding IL-12 to the base of the second-generation constructs, and are known as T cell redirected for universal cytokine-mediated killing (TRUCKs). ", "TRUCKs augment T-cell activation and activate and attract innate immune cells to eliminate antigen-negative cancer cells in the targeted lesion. ", "It would be worthwhile to explore the role of TRUCKs in shaping the tumor environment by the inducible release of transgenic immune modifiers. ", "Such TRUCK T cells can also treat viral infections, metabolic disorders and auto-immune diseases \\[[@CR31]\\].", "\n\nAltogether, these successive generations of CAR-T cell therapy have generated a great deal of enthusiasm in cancer treatment \\[[@CR32]\\].", "\n\nTools of transduction for CAR-T cells {#Sec11}\n=====================================\n\nA tool is needed for the delivery of the foreign gene into human cells. ", "At present, there are two ways to accomplish gene incorporation with vectors, i.e., viral systems and non-viral systems.", "\n\nThe major vectors for gene therapy in basic research and clinical study are viruses, because of the high transfer efficiency, the relatively short time needed to reach the clinically necessary numbers of cultured T cells and the availability of different viruses with different expression characteristics. ", "Most viral systems can accommodate genes from helpful and interesting cells and can provide the viral structural enzymes and proteins to allow for the generation of vector-containing infectious viral particles. ", "The virus vectors include retroviruses (including lentivirus), adenovirus and adeno-associated virus. ", "Among them, the most popular tools for gene delivery are genetically engineered retroviruses \\[[@CR33]\\]. ", "Retroviridae is a family of retroviruses. ", "In this family, amino acid and nucleotide sequence, genome structure, pathogenicity and host range is difference. ", "However, the virus vectors pose a potential safety hazard. ", "The insertion mutation used to induce the immune reaction can lead to tumorigenesis and toxicity, the carrier capacity is limited and the titer achieved is not high enough \\[[@CR33], [@CR34]\\].", "\n\nNon-viral gene therapy has maintained its position as an approach for treating cancer because of its higher efficiency, target specificity, non-infectiousness, unlimited carrier capacity, controlled chemical constitution and generous production, \\[[@CR35], [@CR36]\\]. ", "Non-viral vectors include nude DNA, liposomes, polymerizers and [molecular conjugates](http://www.baidu.com/link?url=XfLPNhaHPFKHecVhAimZooIk0fRGr0AH7UzrxG0Jph8BZ7amtoFSHFMvupT64DocY2hyPMcjePvlEhzYIO8UHsma4SxFv8YZVg-OaghEzZSnWaAJgV42_nU6jJomcGxl). ", "Minicircle DNA vectors free of plasmid bacterial DNA sequences are novel non-viral vectors which are generated in bacteria from a parental plasmid, and can persistently express transgene with high levels *in vivo*. ", "It is practicable in clinics for this method \\[[@CR37], [@CR38]\\].", "\n\nProduction of CAR-T Cells {#Sec12}\n=========================\n\nSeveral steps are required for the production of CAR-T cells. ", "It is also very important to conduct quality control testing throughout the entire protocol \\[[@CR39]\\].", "\n\nFirst, leukocytes are taken from the patient's or donor's body using leukapheresis. ", "Second, The T cells are enriched and washed to separate them from the leukocytes \\[[@CR40]\\]. ", "Third, the T cell subsets at the level of CD4/CD8 composition are separated using specific antibody bead conjugates or markers. ", "Culture is then needed to activate the T cells. ", "This process requires purifying autologous antigen-presenting cells (APCs) from the patients or donors, or beads coated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies, or anti-CD3 antibodies alone or in combination with feeder cells and growth factors, such as IL-2. ", "IL-2 is the most commonly used agent because it induces rapid T cell growth. ", "In order to polarize T cells to a specific phenotype, the culture conditions are further refined \\[[@CR41]\\].", "\n\nCARs are encoded with viral vectors, which guide the RNA to reverse-transcribe into DNA and permanently integrate into the genome of the patient cells. ", "The viral vector is washed out of the culture via medium exchange and/or dilution during the activation process. ", "Lentiviral vectors are more commonly used than gammaretroviral vectors in clinical trials because of their safer integration site profile \\[[@CR42]\\]. ", "The other methods includes Sleeping Beauty transposon system and mRNA transfection. ", "However, many concerns remain, such as the requirement for several rounds of infusion using transient mRNA transfection and the unknown potential of insertional mutagenesis and remobilization of transposons when using the Sleeping Beauty transposon system \\[[@CR43]\\].", "\n\nThree bioreactor culture systems are used to culture CAR-T cells: WAVE Bioreactor, G-Rex and CliniMACS Prodigy \\[[@CR44]\\]. ", "The major drawback of the former two systems is that the flask must be opened during cell inoculation. ", "However, the CliniMACS Prodicy system is a single device that can effectively enrich, activate, transducer and expand the cells \\[[@CR45]\\]. ", "After the cells reach the numbers required for clinical uses, they are collected and transfused into the patients.", "\n\nChallenges for CAR-T cell therapy {#Sec13}\n=================================\n\nAlthough CAR-T cells have been used in clinics, many questions still need to be addressed, such as the optimal vector and the long-term safety profile.", "\n\nThe key raw material for the CAR-T cell product is the viral vector that transduces the CARs into the T cells. ", "The viral vector encoding the CARs can be made in large quantities and stored at −80 °C even for about 9 years \\[[@CR46]\\]. ", "Therefore, the sterility of the vector is crucial because these cells will be infused into the patients. ", "The third-generation minimal lentiviral vector may be the safest one that has been developed thus far \\[[@CR47]\\]. ", "Quality control testing on the safety, sterility, titer, purity and potency is absolutely crucial. ", "The comparison of vector purity, stability, and function is also important because vectors can be obtained from different suppliers. ", "It would be most desirable to control these variables by using a single vector for the generation of CAR-T cells.", "\n\nThe potential for insertional mutagenesis caused by the integration of vector DNA into host cells is a concern. ", "Lentiviral vectors may have a lower risk of mutagenesis than others \\[[@CR48]\\]. ", "However, both lentiviral and retroviral vectors are potentially oncogenic. ", "The long-term safety of using viral vectors for CAR-T cell therapy remains unknown. ", "Therefore, it is necessary to monitor carefully for any potential delayed adverse event related to these vectors for an extended period of time. ", "The effects of persistent CAR-T cells on future pregnancies are also unknown.", "\n\nEffective coordination among the collection, manufacturing, and treatment sites is crucial in order to ensure correct handling of the material and appropriate scheduling of patients during the therapeutic process. ", "It is therefore very important to develop a standardized manufacturing process for CAR-T cells in order to establish the critical quality characteristics and target product profile. ", "It is also important to gain more experience with these procedures because the CARs positivity, phenotype and viability vary among different products \\[[@CR49]\\]. ", "Comparing products is difficult because of the variability between the starting materials generated from leukapheresis.", "\n\nThe good results were observed in clinics with CAR-T cells therapy in hematological malignancies, however, it is still a change in the solid tumors because of antigen loss in tumor cells, the lack of unique antigens and the immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment of solid tumors \\[[@CR50], [@CR51]\\]. ", "So in order to improve the effect of CAR-T cells therapy, many progresses have been made by incorporating CARs with another effector molecules such as PD1 switch receptors, anti-oxidant enzymes, matrix degradation enzymes and so on \\[[@CR52]--[@CR56]\\].", "\n\nThe major adverse effect observed after CAR-T cell therapy is severe cytokine release syndrome (CRS). ", "Although most of the adverse events subsequent to CAR-T cell therapy can be managed with currently available interventions, it is nevertheless important to reduce the adverse effects while maintaining the efficacy of the treatment \\[[@CR57]\\]. ", "Similarly, it is also important to increase the safety of CAR-T cell therapy when improving the specificity of the modified T cells.", "\n\nConclusion {#Sec14}\n==========\n\nCAR-T treatment for patients with tumors has shown promising outcomes; however, many remaining challenges need to be considered \\[[@CR58]\\]. ", "The high quality of CAR-T products needs to be ensured through optimization of protocols, and the long-term safety requires further study \\[[@CR59]\\].", "\n\nCARs\n\n: Chimeric antigen receptors\n\nCAR-T cells\n\n: Chimeric antigen receptor redirected T cells\n\nscFv\n\n: Single-chain Fragment variant\n\nITAMs\n\n: immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs\n\nIL-2\n\n: Interleukin-2\n\nTCR\n\n: T cell receptor\n\nTRUCKs\n\n: T cell redirected for universal cytokine-mediated killing\n\nAPCs\n\n: Antigen-presenting cells\n\nCRS\n\n: Cytokine release syndrome\n\nNot applicable.", "\n\nFunding {#FPar1}\n=======\n\nThis study was funded by the clinical key foundation of Xinqiao Hospital of Third Military Medical University (No. ", "2016YLC03).", "\n\nAvailability of data and materials {#FPar2}\n==================================\n\nData sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.", "\n\nAuthors' contributions {#FPar3}\n======================\n\nLJ and ZC wrote the paper. ", "ZX and ZJF revised the paper. ", "All authors collected the data, read and approved the final manuscript.", "\n\nCompeting interests {#FPar4}\n===================\n\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.", "\n\nConsent for publication {#FPar5}\n=======================\n\nNot applicable.", "\n\nEthics approval and consent to participate {#FPar6}\n==========================================\n\nNot applicable.", "\n" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention generally relates to techniques for using electrical signals generated by the human body as a means of control. ", "More specifically, the present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for using electrical signals generated by single muscle contractions to control multiple aspects of a single device or multiple devices.", "\n2. ", "Related Art\nWith more than 250,000 people living with spinal cord injuries in the United States alone, there has always been strong motivation to develop systems that can improve the independence and quality of life of people with such injuries. ", "Individuals who are paralyzed or have other conditions which cause severely impaired mobility often need power wheelchairs to move around. ", "Currently available power wheelchairs are typically controlled by manipulating a joystick controller with one hand. ", "However, individuals with severe spinal injuries cannot use their hands, and thus cannot use these joystick-based wheelchairs.", "\nSeveral alternative techniques based on other viable body functions have been developed for controlling power wheelchairs without using the hand. ", "These viable body functions can include, but are not limited to, head movement, voice, tongue, eye-gaze, and breathing. ", "However, while obviating the use of a hand to control the wheelchair, systems based on these body functions can interfere with normal body functions and routine activities.", "\nSystems based on electrical brain signals (brain-computer interfaces or “BCIs”) provide another exciting form of human-machine interface for mobility-impaired individuals. ", "In particular, for patients without consistent command of body muscles, BCIs provide one of the only meaningful solutions for achieving control of their environment. ", "However, surface electroencephalographic (EEG) BCIs require electrode placement over a large part of the scalp, and direct recordings from the brain cortex require an invasive surgical procedure to implant the electrodes into the cortex. ", "Hence, for those patients with consistent control of at least some muscles, systems based on electrical brain signals may not represent a preferable mode for controlling a power wheelchair.", "\nAlternatively, electromyographic (EMG) systems based on electrical signals generated by muscle contractions (“EMG signals” hereafter) have been used to control moving objects, such as power wheelchairs, or video-game controllers. ", "These EMG-based systems require no surgical electrode placement, and electrodes may be placed over only a small localized area of the head. ", "Unfortunately, current EMG-based systems use one muscle for each control channel, and hence require multiple muscles to control multiple aspects of an object, such as navigating a power wheelchair. ", "This requirement necessitates extensive wiring on a subject, imposes requirement on the subject to simultaneously control multiple muscles, and interferes with the normal functions of these muscles.", "\nHence, what is needed is a method and a system for controlling multiple objects or multiple aspects of an object using EMG signals without the above-described problems." ]

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[ "Introduction {#S0001}\n============\n\nPatients with congenital heart defects usually suffer from a variety of complex cardiovascular disorders and concomitant non-cardiac problems. ", "The complexity of accompanying diseases could affect the treatment plans and therapeutic strategies, unless it crosses the threshold of 'acceptable' risk for cardiac surgery or percutaneous interventions. ", "Great efforts are made to qualify patients with congenital heart defects in their optimal condition with circulatory compensation and medical fixation of accompanying deficiencies. ", "In emergency settings, decompensated cardiac problems render impossible the treatment in a conventional manner. ", "Typically predictive procedures could result in atypical but predictable complications in sub-compensated critically ill patients. ", "Unfortunately, in some children the evaluation of risk due to poor general condition and concomitant problems preclude conventional treatment for congenital heart defects \\[[@CIT0001]\\].", "\n\nComprehensive alternative hybrid and staged interventional treatment (AHASIT) with an option of forthcoming surgical procedures can be a reasonable alternative to conventional treatment of congenital heart defects in patients with complex cardiac and non-cardiac problems. ", "An individually designed strategy of hybrid or interventional treatment could reduce the risk of cardiac surgery or interventions performed separately, and give an additional chance for critically ill children with complex congenital heart defects \\[[@CIT0002]\\]. ", "The potential of avoiding cardiopulmonary bypass, peripheral vascular access limitations and hemodynamic instability related to transcatheter closure in pediatric patients are the advantages that make this option attractive for borderline patients and children with severe non-cardiac problems \\[[@CIT0003]\\].", "\n\nHybrid cardiac procedures are modern techniques that rely on the cooperation of cardiac surgeons with interventional cardiologists performing their basic skills in a common operative theatre. ", "On the other hand, interventional percutaneous procedures prove their great effectiveness in well-established areas, in which they support or eliminate the need of surgery, and provide better results \\[[@CIT0001], [@CIT0004]\\].", "\n\nGrowing experience naturally results in an observable tendency to broaden cooperative cardiovascular strategies to include potentially extremely high-risk children, suffering from prematurity, low body weight, newborn edema, intracranial hemorrhage, cyanosis with intolerance to drug therapy, or cardiogenic shock. ", "In accordance with hybrid and interventional treatment, there seems to be an achievable method also for patients for whom new therapies are the only chance, despite their borderline poor general condition that precludes conventional management.", "\n\nWe focused on exceptionally risky children who underwent an alternative hybrid and staged interventional treatment in our institution. ", "The severity of their preoperative clinical condition made us modify our routine strategies. ", "In order to create a new approach for borderline patients and provide an acceptable therapeutic option for complex problems, we decided to broaden the inclusion criteria despite being fully aware of the extreme risk.", "\n\nAim {#S0002}\n===\n\nThe aim of the study was to present our institutional experience and the results of AHASIT of severely ill or borderline children referred for surgery with the diagnosis of congenital heart defects.", "\n\nMaterial and methods {#S0003}\n====================\n\nA group of 22 patients with complex cardiac and non-cardiac pathologies was retrospectively selected from the whole group of 109 consecutive patients who underwent hybrid treatment in Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery in the period from 1.01.2008 to 4.09.2014. ", "We performed the analysis with the focus on borderline children with complex cardiac and accompanying non-cardiac problems in the group of patients referred for AHASIT.", "\n\nThe patients included in the group were treated with different strategies in order to provide a definitive or a staged solution of complex cardiovascular problems. ", "The main types of procedures performed in selected clinical problems were as follows:Closure of intracardiac defects of unsuitable localization or atypical clinical presentation of the patient (difficult peripheral vascular access, anomalies of systemic venous return, congenital anomalies of the chest structure) ([Photo 1 A](#F0001){ref-type=\"fig\"}).Stenting of the patent arterial duct (PDA) in duct-dependent circulation: systemic and pulmonary ([Photo 1 B](#F0001){ref-type=\"fig\"}).Peripheral percutaneous and surgical approach (lateral thoracotomy) stenting of pulmonary arteries before, or late after the correction of right heart lesions (tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia) using artificial or biological implants (xenografts) ([Photo 1 C](#F0001){ref-type=\"fig\"}).Aortic coarctation or aortic arch stenosis in critically ill newborns ([Photo 1 D](#F0001){ref-type=\"fig\"}).Improvement of an interatrial shunt in single ventricle staged treatment (Fontan principle).", "\n\n{#F0001}\n\nThe analyzed data were retrospectively selected from our institutional database which includes surgical, interventional and hybrid patients, following the AHASIT inclusion criteria. ", "The endpoint of the observation was the date of the last outpatient follow-up or retrieving the data from the database of the department.", "\n\nThe inclusion criteria for the AHASIT group were congenital cardiac defect with accompanying comorbidities: low body weight, prematurity, cardiac sub-compensation prior to the hybrid procedure, a history of cardiopulmonary resuscitation related to the worsening of general condition, complex cardiovascular pathologies (complex cardiac disease with central and peripheral vascular anomalies), emergency settings due to failed interventional procedures or bad response to medical treatment (catecholamines, intolerance to prostaglandins). ", "The criteria for exclusion were: 'classic' and planned hybrid treatment in a scheduled manner, conventional cardiac surgery and percutaneous interventional treatment when performed as separate procedures. ", "We also excluded from the analysis patients referred for planned hybrid treatment without additional problems (muscular ventricular septal defects -- mVSDs), whose data were analyzed and presented in our previous papers \\[[@CIT0005], [@CIT0006]\\].", "\n\nFor the purpose of further analysis the patients were initially divided into two age groups: group 1 -- newborns (age up to 30 days), and group 2 -- infants and older children (age more than 30 days). ", "The general characteristics of the patients from the analyzed group with major preoperative problems are presented in [Table I](#T0001){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "We retrospectively analyzed the percentage of patients with complex congenital heart defects and non-cardiac problems in the group of children who underwent hybrid and staged interventional therapies, as well as the number of AHASIT patients in the total population managed at the institution in the period. ", "The AHASIT group was additionally divided into two main groups: group A -- patients for whom the hybrid procedure was definitive, final treatment, and group B -- patients referred for a hybrid procedure as a stage in comprehensive, stage-planned treatment.", "\n\n###### \n\nPatients' general characteristics with symptoms of accompanying problems and an initial division into two subgroups: newborns, and infants and children older than 12 months\n\n Feature Number (%)/mean (SD; range) -- total (*n* = 22) General Number (%)/mean (SD; range) -- newborns (*n* = 8) Group 1 Number (%)/mean (SD; range) -- infants and older children (*n* = 14) Group 2\n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Gender (male/female) 10 (45.5%)/12 (54.5%) 3 (13.6%)/5 (22.7%) 7 (50%)/7 (50%)\n Age \\[months\\] 25.5 (47.2; 0.03--194) 0.47, median 0.52 (0.29; 0.03--0.87) 39.7, median 13.1 (54.7; 2.7--194)\n Body weight \\[kg\\] 9.5 (12.1; 1.8--50) 2.5 (0.56; 1.8--3.2) 13.5, median 7.4 (2.9--50)\n Prematurity (\\< 38 weeks gestational age) 7 (31.8%) 2 5\n Low birth weight (\\< 2.5 kg) 10 (45.5%) 6 4\n Perinatal infection 6 (27.3%) 2 4\n Respiratory failure 9 (40.9%) 5 4\n Cyanosis 13 (59.1%) 5 8\n Low body weight 11 (50%) 6 5\n Coarctation of the aorta 3 (13.6%) 0 3\n Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) 2 (9.1%) 2 0\n Genetic syndrome 6 (27.3%) 1 5\n Thymus gland agenesia 4 (18.2%) 2 2\n History of an emergency cardiac, interventional or surgical procedure in newborn 9 (40.9%) 3 6\n Single ventricle circulation (SV) 5 (22.7%) 4 1\n Follow-up \\[months\\] 18.7 (16.3; 0--56.5) 10.5, median 1.97 (0--35.5) 23.2, median 19.4 (4.2--56.5)\n\nAn individual preoperative severity scale was established for AHASIT patients. ", "We summarized points related to all listed problems, with an equal number of one point for each clinical problem. ", "Analyzed preoperative complications or non-cardiac problems were as follows: prematurity, low body weight, cyanosis, intolerance to drug therapy, failed interventional treatment prior to admission, mechanical ventilation prior to the procedure, chronic respiratory failure and non-cardiac, mainly congenital malformations (congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), lower extremity agenesia requiring orthopedic treatment, duodenal atresia) and acquired problems (newborn edema, necrotic enterocolitis (NEC), intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), liver and renal failure, anemia and thrombocytopenia, infections or colonization with drug-resistant pathogens). ", "The maximum count of listed preoperative comorbidities in a patient used for further analysis was 16 points (100%).", "\n\nWe analyzed the total number of interventions: each hybrid procedure, percutaneous intervention or a minor cardiovascular intervention (chest revision, pericardial or pleural drainage, peritoneal dialysis), and major postoperative complications: prolonged mechanical ventilation time and prolonged catecholamine administration (over 24 h), multiorgan failure features and infections during the treatment until departure were summarized. ", "We followed the rule to give an equal value of one point to each postoperative complication listed above.", "\n\nThe final results, the effectiveness of definitive treatment or staged strategy, prolonged complications, total mortality and survival time were analyzed in the group of alternative hybrid and staged interventional cases. ", "The success of AHASIT therapy was both: a final good result of a definitive hybrid procedure and survival to the next, or final stage in the group of staged treatment. ", "A good result in VSD patients was judged after placement of the occluder in the correct position with an acceptable residual (mild or trivial) shunt, without hemodynamic significance. ", "The success of aortic or pulmonary artery stenting, or hybrid angioplasty, was judged as reduction of the initial gradient to 20 mm Hg, or below. ", "Effective stenting of the duct, or other side-selective pulmonary banding, was assessed with color Doppler echocardiography (intraoperative, transoesophageal and transthoracic) and the final angiography.", "\n\nThe clinical outcomes, interventions and postoperative complications were finally matched with the retrospectively analyzed numeric preoperative severity scale (AHASIT severity score) of the patients.", "\n\nOutline of technical considerations: surgical, hybrid and interventional treatment {#S20004}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe techniques of hybrid procedures designed for septal defects and single-ventricle pathologies were analogous with those previously reported by other authors, and are presented in our previous papers \\[[@CIT0007], [@CIT0008]\\]. ", "We used standard implants for septal defect closure (Amplatzer VSD Occluder (AGA Med. ", "Corp., USA) or alternatively Amplatzer Duct Occluder II (AGA Med. ", "Corp., USA)), pressure catheter balloons and Cook stents (Cook, EU) for PDA and pulmonary artery stenting. ", "For the smallest and premature babies the only possible option was the use of coronary stents for PDA or aortic arch treatment. ", "The surgical approach was a classic median sternotomy, miniinvasive lower ministernotomy, right anterior minithoracotomy for hybrid atrial septal defect (ASD) closure, and left thoracotomy for peripheral left pulmonary artery (LPA) stenting. ", "The surgery was done after initial half-dose heparinization (1.5 mg per kg body weight (bw)) under fluoroscopy control with simultaneous transoesophageal (TEE) and epicardial (EE) echocardiography. ", "The technique of percutaneous stenting of the pulmonary arteries, aorta, Kommerell\\'s diverticulum and the interatrial communication (patent foramen ovale (PFO)) was regularly done in the cath lab from inguinal punctures. ", "The final angiography (exit angio) was done routinely immediately after fluoroscopy-controlled arterial balloon angioplasty and direct stent implantation.", "\n\nStatistical analysis {#S20005}\n--------------------\n\nDistribution of relevant characteristics of the patients was described using mean and percentage with standard deviation (SD) and range for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. ", "Quantitative data were reported in terms of absolute frequencies and percentages. ", "Pearson goodness-of-fit χ^2^ test was used to analyze associations between independent variables. ", "Value of *p* \\< 0.05 was chosen as the cut-off point for significance. ", "Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v. 13.0 (SPSS Inc, USA).", "\n\nResults {#S0006}\n=======\n\nHybrid and alternative interventional treatment was the definitive solution in 6 children (group A -- 27.2%), while in 16 (group B -- 72.8%) cases it was a part of staged therapy on the way to the final surgical procedure. ", "The analysis of preoperative comorbidities and postoperative complications in both groups is presented in [Table II](#T0002){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\n###### \n\nPreoperative and postoperative complications in AHASIT patients: staged approach group B (*n* = 16) versus definitive treatment group A (*n* = 6)\n\n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Feature Group A\\ Group B\\ Value of *p*\n Number (%) -- definitive Number (%) -- staged \n ---------------------------------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- --------------\n Preoperative complications: \n\n  Prematurity (\\< 38 Hbd) 3 (50) 4 (25) 0.262\n\n  Low birth weight 2 (33.3) 8 (50) 0.484\n\n  Perinatal infection 2 (33.3) 4 (25) 0.696\n\n  Respiratory failure 2 (33.3) 7 (43.8) 0.658\n\n  Cyanosis 2 (33.3) 11 (68.8) 0.132\n\n  Low body weight 2 (33.3) 9 (56.3) 0.338\n\n  Coarctation of aorta 0 (0) 3 (18.8) 0.254\n\n  Diaphragmatic hernia 0 (0) 2 (12.5) 0.364\n\n  Genetic syndrome 3 (50) 3 (18.8) 0.142\n\n  Lack of thymus 1 (16.7) 3 (18.8) 0.91\n\n  Non-cardiac surgical procedure 3 (50) 6 (37.5) 0.595\n\n  Left heart hypoplasia 0 (0) 5 (31.3) 0.119\n\n  Intolerance of pharmacological treatment 3 (50) 10 (62.5) 0.595\n\n  Failed interventions before 2 (33.3) 3 (18.8) 0.467\n\n  Mechanical ventilation 0 (0) 5 (31.3) 0.119\n\n  Concomitant multiorgan failure 3 (50) 6 (37.5) 0.595\n\n Postoperative complications: \n\n  Total number of procedures 1 procedure -- 1 (16.7)\\ 1 procedure -- 2 (12.5)\\ 0.752\n 2 procedures -- 3 (50)\\ 2 procedures -- 4 (25)\\ \n 3 procedures -- 1 (16.7)\\ 3 procedures -- 4 (25)\\ \n 4 procedures -- 1 (16.7)\\ 4 procedures -- 1 (6.3)\\ \n 5 procedures -- 0 (0)\\ 5 procedures -- 1 (6.3)\\ \n 6 procedures -- 0 (0)\\ 6 procedures -- 3 (18.8)\\ \n 7 procedures -- 0 (0) 7 procedures -- 1 (6.3) \n\n  Mechanical ventilation up to 24 h after procedure 2 (33.3) 6 (37.5) 0.856\n\n  Prolonged catecholamine infusion 1 (16.7) 9 (56.3) 0.097\n\n  Multiorgan failure symptoms 0 (0) 6 (37.5) 0.079\n\n  Death 0 (0) 6 (37.5) 0.079\n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe analysis of preoperative comorbidities and postoperative complications in both age groups (groups 1 and 2) is presented in [Table III](#T0003){ref-type=\"table\"} ([Table IV](#T0004){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n###### \n\nPreoperative and postoperative complications in AHASIT patients in the two age groups: group 1 (newborns) and group 2 (infants and older children)\n\n --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Feature Group 1\\ Group 2\\ Value of *p*\n Number (%) -- newborns\\ Number (%) -- infants and\\ \n (*n* = 8) older children (*n* = 14) \n -------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------- --------------\n Preoperative complications: \n\n  Prematurity (\\< 38 Hbd) 2 (25) 5 (357) 0.604\n\n  Low birth weight 6 (75) 4 (28.6) 0.035\n\n  Perinatal infection 2 (25) 4 (28.6) 0.856\n\n  Respiratory failure 5 (62.5) 4 (28.6) 0.119\n\n  Cyanosis 5 (62.5) 8 (57.1) 0.806\n\n  Low body weight 6 (75) 5 (35.7) 0.076\n\n  Coarctation of aorta 0 (0) 3 (21.4) 0.159\n\n  Diaphragmatic hernia 2 (25) 0 (0) 0.05\n\n  Genetic syndrome 1 (12.5) 5 (35.7) 0.24\n\n  Lack of thymus 2 (25) 2 (14.3) 0.521\n\n  Non-cardiac surgical procedure 3 (37.5) 6 (42.9) 0.806\n\n  Hypoplastic left heart syndrome 4 (50) 1 (7) 0.021\n\n  Intolerance of pharmacological treatment 6 (75) 7 (50) 0.251\n\n  Failed interventions before 1 (12.5) 4 (28.6) 0.387\n\n  Mechanical ventilation 4 (50) 1 (7) 0021\n\n  Concomitant multiorgan failure 4 (50) 5 (35.7) 0.512\n\n Postoperative complications: \n\n  Total number of procedures 1 procedure -- 1 (12.5)\\ 1 procedure -- 2 (14.3)\\ 0\\. 367\n 2 procedures -- 3 (37.5)\\ 2 procedures -- 4 (28.6)\\ \n 3 procedures -- 3 (37.5)\\ 3 procedures -- 2 (14.3)\\ \n 4 procedures -- 0 (0)\\ 4 procedures -- 2 (14.3)\\ \n 5 procedures -- 1 (12.5)\\ 5 procedures -- 0 (0)\\ \n 6 procedures -- 0 (0)\\ 6 procedures -- 3 (21.4)\\ \n 7 procedures -- 0 (0) 7 procedures -- 1 (7) \n\n  Mechanical ventilation up to 24 h after the procedure 3 (37.5) 5 (35.7) \n\n  Prolonged catecholamine infusion 6 (75) 4 (28.6) 0.035\n\n  Multiorgan failure symptoms 5 (62.5) 1 (7) 0.005\n\n  Death 6 (75) 0 (0) 0.001\n --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n###### \n\nMajor indications for AHASIT treatment in different groups of procedures\n\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Main types of procedures Number (%) Group A (definitive) :\\ Major indications for AHASIT treatment\n group B (staged) \n -------------------------------------------- ------------ ------------------------- ----------------------------------------\n Closure of intracardiac defects 5 (22.7) 4 : 1 Morphology of defect\\\n Concomitant non-cardiac disorders\n\n Stenting of the arterial duct (PDA) 7 (32) 0 : 7 Prematurity\\\n Low birth weight\\\n Respiratory failure\\\n Congenital malformations\n\n Stenting of pulmonary arteries 3 (13.6) 0 : 3 Multiple surgical intervention\\\n Stenosis after surgical repair\n\n Stenting aortic arch and coarctation 3 (13.6) 1 : 2 Prematurity\\\n Low birth weight\\\n Respiratory failure\\\n Poor clinical condition\n\n Improvement of interatrial shunt and other 4 (18.2) 1 : 3 Concomitant non-cardiac disorders\\\n Low body weight\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThere were 3 early deaths, within 24 h after the hybrid procedure (13.6%) in the presented group, and 3 other patients (13.6%) died in mid-term observation. ", "The patients who died early after the procedure suffered from severe circulatory failure with a bad response to maximum medical therapy. ", "Unfortunately there were clear contraindications to any mechanical circulatory support because of non-surgical bleeding. ", "Two of 3 children lost in mid-term observation died because of severe infection (premature newborn with interrupted aortic arch (IAA) treated for pneumonia) and non-compensated multiorgan failure (3-year-old girl suffering from recurrent infections after initial treatment for CDH). ", "The longest survival time in the group of 6 children who died after AHASIT treatment was 36 months. ", "The overall mortality in the presented group was 27.3%. ", "All patients who died were AHASIT children operated on as newborns ([Figure 1](#F0002){ref-type=\"fig\"}), as well as naturally the patients from the \"staged\" group ([Figure 2](#F0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#F0002}\n\n{#F0003}\n\nThe mean count of overall invasive procedures (major and minor interventions) per patient was 3.5 (SD = 2.1; range: 1--8), while there were 3.2 major procedures per patient (SD = 1.8; range: 1--6).", "\n\nProlonged duration of postoperative ventilation (more than 24 h) was observed in 8 (36.4%) children, while prolonged duration of catecholamine support was observed in 10 (45.5%) patients. ", "Postoperative multiorgan failure features were observed in 6 (27.3%) children. ", "There were no postoperative infections related to the hybrid or interventional treatment.", "\n\nThe mean preoperative AHASIT severity score of group 1 (newborns) was 6.63 points (SD = 2.6; range: 3--10) while in group 2 (infants and older children) it was 4.6 points (SD = 3.2; range: 1--11), without statistical significance (Mann-Whitney *U* test, *p* = 0.099); the respective percentages were as follows: group 1 -- 41.4% (SD = 16.3; range: 19--63%) vs. group 2 -- 29% (SD = 19.7; range: 6--69, *p* = 0.099) ([Figure 3](#F0004){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Mean preoperative AHASIT severity score in group B (staged treatment) was 5.6 points (SD = 3.4; range: 1--11) while in group A (definitive treatment) it was 4.7 points (SD = 2.1; range: 3--8, *p* = 0.683); the respective percentages were as follows: group B -- 35% (SD = 21.3; range: 6--69%) vs. group A -- 29% (SD = 12.9; range: 19--50%, *p* = 0.683).", "\n\n{#F0004}\n\nMean survival time was 42.2 months in group 2 (SE = 4.47, 95% CI, range: 33.7--51.2 months) while in group 1 (newborns) it was 31.4 months (SE = 7.2; 95% CI, range: 17.3--45.5 months, *p* = 0.184).", "\n\nThe analysis of AHASIT severity score in the patients who survived showed 4.6 points (SD = 2.9; range: 1--11), and in those who died 7.2 points (SD = 2.8; range: 3--10, *p* = 0.081); the respective percentages were as follows: survived 29% (SD = 19; range: 3--10%) vs. died 45% (SD = 17; range: 19--63%, *p* = 0.081). ", "The analysis of preoperative AHASIT severity score and survival is shown in [Figure 4](#F0005){ref-type=\"fig\"}.", "\n\n{#F0005}\n\nFor the purpose of the analysis of the preoperative comorbidities and the survival, with postoperative complication rate, the patients were divided into two subgroups: group C with 0--4 AHASIT points (10 patients), and group D with 5 AHASIT points or more (12 patients) ([Figure 5](#F0006){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#F0006}\n\nThe analysis of postoperative course showed that the patients from group D (5 AHASIT points or more) had a more complicated postoperative course than the patients from group C. Mechanical ventilation longer than 24 h was noted in 8 patients (group D) vs. 0 in group D (*p* = 0.002), prolonged catecholamine use in 9 (group D) vs. 1 patient in group C (*p* = 0.004), and the symptoms of multiorgan failure appeared in 5 (group D) vs. 1 patient from group C (*p* = 0.162).", "\n\nIt is worth mentioning that only 4 patients from the whole analyzed group were discharged home after AHASIT procedures (18.1%), while 15 children were transferred to other facilities (68.1%) for further treatment.", "\n\nDiscussion {#S0007}\n==========\n\nContemporary cardiac surgery and interventional cardiology are inextricably linked together, despite both of them have separately established position in treatment of different congenital heart diseases.", "\n\nTranscatheter balloon atrioseptostomy as well as an interventional critical pulmonary valvular stenosis (PS) are currently used as the procedures of choice in newborns. ", "Both interventions prove their superior effectiveness over any initial surgical treatment. ", "Peripheral angioplasty with direct stent implantation is reported as an alternative to surgery in cardiovascular pathologies presented in newborns and small infants with an unfavorable general condition \\[[@CIT0001]\\]. ", "Occluders and coils have become a first-choice standard in the treatment of different left-to-right shunt lesions in older patients, with their limitations related to body weight and troublesome peripheral vascular access in children with body weight less than 10 kg \\[[@CIT0004], [@CIT0009]\\]. ", "Nonetheless, complex defects still persist in the spectrum of comprehensive surgical treatment, although single ventricle pathologies are supported with interventional techniques \\[[@CIT0010], [@CIT0011]\\].", "\n\nHybrid cardiac procedures prove their effectiveness in closure of septal defects, and therefore are reasonable alternatives to surgical or transcatheter closure of mVSD. ", "Classic surgical or interventional percutaneous treatment in small children is related to well-known risk of significant complications and residual shunts. ", "The main advantages of the hybrid approach for mVSD in complex children are closure of the defect under direct control, diminished risk of hemodynamic compromise, as well as simultaneous correction of other defects, such as: surgical closure of perimembranous VSD, pulmonary artery (PA) de-banding and PA surgical or balloon angioplasty. ", "Hybrid closure of ASD is an option for children with contraindications for contemporarily preferred interventional closure (positional pathologies or anomalous systemic venous return) and for patients unsuitable for traditional surgical treatment (low body weight with neurologic or neurodevelopmental problems, structural defects of the chest and skeletal pathologies) \\[[@CIT0012]\\].", "\n\nIn the presented series patients with VSD were referred for an AHASIT procedure because of the additional risk or inconvenience of a classic treatment. ", "We achieved the success known as complete closure or hemodynamic relevance of the VSD in every referred patient, although we observed trivial to moderate residual shunts just after the procedure. ", "This observation seems to be common in early observations reported by many investigators \\[[@CIT0001], [@CIT0003], [@CIT0009]\\]. ", "Although our group was primary borderline and suffered from additional morbidities, the results are similar to those presented in the multicenter study by Michel-Behnke *et al*. ", "\\[[@CIT0009]\\]. ", "They reported a series of 26 muscular VSD patients (23 pediatric and 3 adults, mean pediatric age 6.7 months, mean bw: 5.8 kg), who were referred for successful hybrid VSD closure with a history of additional cardiovascular problems (mainly TGA, DORV, Swiss-cheese VSD, and CoA). ", "The main differences between the group reported by Michel-Behnke and our VSD children were the age and body weight at the time of the procedure (4 patients, mean age: 12.85 months, mean bw: 6.6 kg), as well as the number of accompanying problems. ", "The advantage of pre-banded children referred for postponed hybrid treatment was an elective, non-emergency treatment, without hemodynamic instability, which was a main inclusion criterion, and of course the risk factor for the patients presented in our analysis.", "\n\nThe hybrid strategy appeared to be beneficial for incidental emergencies such as implant migration after failed interventional PDA closure. ", "The cooperation between the cardiac surgeon and interventional cardiologist makes possible miniinvasive removal of the migrated implant and effective PDA closure during a single approach procedure. ", "This somewhat unusual solution of unexpected problems could provide new effective algorithms for difficult individual settings \\[[@CIT0013]\\].", "\n\nThe early hybrid cardiovascular strategy following the principle of staged hybrid HLHS treatment could be effective in neonates with left-sided CDH and significant isolated left heart hypoplasia (LHH): direct stenting of the PDA and banding on the right pulmonary artery, with the goals to increase blood flow in the aorta and at the same time reduce right ventricle overload and pulmonary hypertension \\[[@CIT0014]\\]. ", "The concept follows the idea of hybrid operations performed as the first stage in the hybrid treatment of the hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS): bilateral PA bandings with PDA stent implantation via the ministernotomy approach \\[[@CIT0002], [@CIT0011]\\]. ", "Both operations improve the child\\'s general condition, give time for the restoration of the left ventricle (CDH) or prepare the newborn for the next stage: comprehensive HLHS hybrid stage II, or, in selected cases, for biventricular repair. ", "In the group we performed an interventional re-stenting of ostially stenosed primary-stented PDA (telescope technique) that was found to be an effective, life-saving option for a HLHS baby after hybrid HLHS stage I \\[[@CIT0015]\\].", "\n\nIn the group of single ventricle (SV) pathologies, balloon atrioseptostomy performed separately sometimes needs to be followed by direct stenting of the atrial septum in the area of foramen ovale (PFO) \\[[@CIT0001]\\]. ", "In the presented series we used this percutaneous balloon atrioseptostomy in five patients, although we want to emphasize that the strategy was ineffective in a patient with restrictive flow through a small and rigid PFO. ", "The neonatal procedure of percutaneous balloon dilatation with direct PFO stent implantation (after initial BT shunt) was found to be an effective staged strategy. ", "The stent was smartly removed while performing the Glenn shunt without any complications; finally the patient successfully completed the extracardiac total cavopulmonary connection (extracardiac TCPC) at the age of 2 years. ", "The patients with single-ventricle pathophysiology were referred with more comorbidities (high AHASIT score), followed by a higher postoperative complication score, and of course predictable mortality \\[[@CIT0011]\\].", "\n\nMost of the patients with complex form of tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) present different degrees of hypoplasia of one or both pulmonary arteries, with rare pulmonary malformations called \"discontinuous pulmonary arteries\". ", "The anomalous origin of the pulmonary artery branch needs to be anatomically corrected upon surgical intracardiac repair of ToF, while initial cardiology interventional treatment could be beneficial with the aim of recruiting (direct stenting), or widening (balloon angioplasty) pulmonary arteries. ", "We used the percutaneous technique to widen an anomalous pulmonary artery origin, narrowed LPA from the aorta, and for direct stenting of the Kommerell\\'s diverticulum that gave rise to the LPA \\[[@CIT0016]\\]. ", "We preferred percutaneous stent deployment in contrast to the report of Menon and co-workers, who implanted intraoperatively 27 stents in 24 patients, medium age 15 years, who were initially treated because of pulmonary atresia (PA -- 9 cases) and ToF (7 cases) \\[[@CIT0017]\\]. ", "We followed the intraoperative concept for peripheral approach stenting of critical stenosis of the LPA in a 6.5-year-old 20 kg bw boy after the correction of PA-VSD: the stent was successfully implanted after the left re-thoracotomy and regaining of the remnant stump of the initially occluded BT shunt.", "\n\nSeverely ill newborns with complex coarctation (CoA), multiorgan failure and severe general edema could be alternatively referred for emergency stenting of the isthmus, or transverse aortic arch stenosis apart from the typical coarctation area. ", "The strategy of minimally invasive interventional bridging of a borderline newborn with CoA is a continuation of the experience with stenting of native coarctations in older patients, or complex recurrent stenosis of previously surgically treated children. ", "In the report of Pushparajah *et al*., ", "who presented four-center experience with stenting of the proximal and distal aortic arch, the intervention was a final treatment for a much older common group of 21 patients (median age 16.5 years, median weight 55 kg) \\[[@CIT0010]\\]. ", "The end-points of their analysis were the improvement of local flow parameters gained from the catheterization and the reduction of hypertensive medication, and there was no need of further surgery in mid-term follow-up. ", "As a difference, procedures performed in neonates presented in the analysis above (2 patients, age: 1 day and 3.5 months, body weight: 3.2 kg and 2.9 kg) were performed as a temporary solution, and were followed by planned surgical stent removal and repair of the arch (correction of complex CoA and complex ToF with arch stenosis) after stabilization of the general condition of the children.", "\n\nThe strategy of a hybrid approach based on hybrid HLHS treatment was used for a staged approach for a critically premature newborn with IAA type B. The direct PDA stent implantation was a temporary solution to postpone major surgery that was contraindicated in the 1.8 kg baby, similarly to the concept presented in three cases by Valeske \\[[@CIT0018]\\].", "\n\nThe limitations of the study are the small number of patients involved and relatively short follow-up period. ", "We honestly reported the high mortality (3 early, and 3 mid-term deaths), but it should be borne in mind that the bad results were obtained in critically ill children who could not meet the criteria for any standard therapeutic option (medical, surgical or interventional). ", "Thus the reported mortality was not primarily related to the cardiac problem itself, and undertaken treatment. ", "Therefore our questionable results in this group outline our clinical attempts to provide any acceptable solution for 'non-option patients'. ", "After the meticulous analysis there are possible some initial conclusions that a staged approach in newborns before 30 days after birth are the risk factors of earlier or interstage mortality, and limit the survival. ", "The youngest children included in the analysis exhibited in fact the highest extent of comorbidities defined by AHASIT points. ", "We found that in the most severe and the smallest children the AHASIT strategy allowed us to wait until the next stage for 60% of newborns, regardless of severe comorbidities and critical condition. ", "Despite the fact that we did not reach any statistical significance, the AHASIT score, although prepared for the purpose of this particular study, seems to be promising, and potentially a valuable prognostic factor in the future \\[[@CIT0019]--[@CIT0021]\\]. ", "The value of the analysis improves the complete data of consecutively managed patients, who were referred for hybrid and interventional emergencies, with concomitant growing experience of the heart team \\[[@CIT0022]\\]. ", "There is an unquestionable need to enlarge the group as well as to continue the follow-up to obtain more data that will empower the analysis to reveal any statistical significance.", "\n\nConclusions {#S0008}\n===========\n\nAlternative hybrid and staged interventional treatment of pediatric congenital heart defects with complex and non-cardiac problems appeared to be an attractive option for selected severely ill patients. ", "The strategy of a miniinvasive interventional bridge to postpone, or continue major surgical repair appeared to be effective in selected neonates suffering from complex and accompanying non-cardiac pathologies, with positive final results of both cardiology intervention and planned surgery. ", "We wish to stress that the presented strategies, although used with conscience in extremely suboptimal circumstances, gave in our experience a reasonable last chance solution of critical cardiac problems with acceptable results.", "\n\nConflict of interest {#S0009}\n====================\n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "S. Xavier\n\nS. Xavier (1920 - 6 December 2009) was a lawyer, trade union leader and Swatantra party politician from the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ", "He served as the Member of Lok Sabha for Tirunelveli from 1967 to 1971 and expired on 6 December 2009.", "\n\nEarly life\nXavier was born in the year 1920. ", "He graduated in 1941 and entered government service the very same year. ", "He studied law and graduated as a lawyer in 1952 and started practising from 1953 onwards. ", "Xavier lead various trade unions and worker's organisations in Madras state.", "\n\nPolitics\nXavier took an active interest in politics and joined the Swatantra party established by C. Rajagopalachari in 1959. ", "He contested in the 1967 elections from Tirunelveli and was elected to the Lok Sabha.", "\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n \n\nCategory:1920 births\nCategory:2009 deaths\nCategory:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu\nCategory:Tamil Nadu politicians\nCategory:Swatantra Party politicians\nCategory:4th Lok Sabha members\nCategory:People from Tirunelveli district" ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'Unconventional superconductivity often arises from Cooper pairing between neighboring atomic sites, stipulating a characteristic pairing symmetry in the reciprocal space. ", "The twisted bilayer graphene (TBG) presents a new setting where superconductivity emerges on the flat bands whose Wannier wavefunctions spread over many graphene unit cells, forming the so-called Moiré pattern. ", "To unravel how Wannier states form Cooper pairs, we study the interplay between electronic, structural, and pairing instabilities in TBG. ", "For comparisons, we also study graphene on boron-nitride (GBN) possessing a different Moiré pattern, and single-layer graphene (SLG) without a Moiré pattern. ", "For all cases, we compute the pairing eigenvalues and eigenfunctions by solving a linearized superconducting gap equation, where the spin-fluctuation mediated pairing potential is evaluated from materials specific tight-binding band structures. ", "We find an extended $s$-wave as the leading pairing symmetry in TBG, in which the nearest-neighbor Wannier sites form Cooper pairs with same phase. ", "In contrast, GBN assumes a $p+ip$-wave pairing between nearest-neighbor Wannier states with odd-parity phase, while SLG has the $d+id$-wave symmetry for inter-sublattice pairing with even-parity phase. ", "Moreover, while $p+ip$, and $d+id$ pairings are chiral, and nodeless, but the extended $s$-wave channel possesses accidental [*nodes*]{}. ", "The nodal pairing symmetry makes it easily distinguishable via power-law dependencies in thermodynamical entities, in addition to their direct visualization via spectroscopies.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'Sujay Ray$^1$, Jeil Jung$^2$, and Tanmoy Das$^1$'\ntitle: Wannier pairs in the superconducting twisted bilayer graphene and related systems\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nStrongly correlated quantum phases and superconductivity have long been predicted in single-layer graphene (SLG) at the van-Hove singularity (VHS).[@SLGVHS] However, their experimental realization has so far remained elusive. ", "Recently, both correlated insulating gap[@TBGMott] and superconductivity[@TBGSC] have been observed in a twisted bilayer graphene (TBG) at a narrow range of twist angles, namely the ‘magic’ angles $\\sim 1^{o}$. In this region, the single-particle density of states (DOS) acquires a sharp peak near the Fermi level, with an effective bandwidth reducing to $\\sim 5$ meV.[@MacDonald; @JJ] The emergence of this flat band is intrinsic to the physics of  pattern, formed in TBG as well as in graphene on hexagonal Boron Nitride (GBN).[@MacDonald; @JJ; @WW_JJ] The  superlattice produces ‘cloned’ Dirac cones at the  zone boundaries, in addition to the primary Dirac cone at the  zone center. ", "The band dispersion between the primary and cloned Dirac cones pass through saddle-points or VHSs, and hence yields a flat band. ", "It is tempting to assume that the ‘magic’ angle creates a similar VHS-like state as in SLG and/or GBN, and thus the predicted correlated physics of SLG/GBN are also at play in TBG. ", "However, a closer look at the electronic instabilities at the VHS and their characteristic localizations into unique Wannier states in the direct lattice reveals stark differences between them (see Fig.", " \\[fig1\\]). ", "This leads to an essential question: How do such Wannier states, enveloping many graphene unit cells, condensate into Cooper pairs?", "\n\n![(", "a-c) Computed FSs of SLG, GBN, and TBG, respectively at their corresponding VHS energies (dashed line depicts the 1st BZ). (", "d-f) Corresponding positions of the Wannier states of the VHS/flat band in the direct lattice. ", "For SLG \\[(a) and (d)\\], the VHS’s Wannier states are localized on the ‘A’, and ‘B’ sublattices in the primitive unit cell. ", "In GBN \\[(b) and (e)\\], the Wannier states are localized on the corners of the hexagonal -supercell. ", "In TBG \\[(c) and (f)\\], the Wannier states show a fully formed triangular lattice at the flat band for [*each valley*]{}, where ‘A’ sublattices of the original two graphene lattices merge on top of each other (defined as ‘AA’ site). ", "The Wannier states in both -lattices spread over several graphene unit cell. ", "$a=2.46\\AA$ is the graphene’s lattice constant, while $a'$ is the  lattice constant. []{", "data-label=\"fig1\"}](fig_1){width=\"85mm\"}\n\nThe relationships between the $k$-space electronic structure and direct lattice Wannier states of the SLG, GBN, and TBG are delineated in Fig.", " \\[fig1\\]. ", "The effective bandwidth of the VHS/flat band decreases from $\\sim$1 eV in SLG to $\\sim$100 meV in GBN to $\\sim$3-5 meV in TBG, making the latter more prone to correlation. ", "Fermi surface (FS) of SLG, GBN, and TBG are compared in Fig.", " \\[fig1\\] at their corresponding VHS position. ", "The FS of SLG is most flat (producing large nesting), while that for GBN is most circular (weak nesting), and TBG lies in between. ", "In addition, we observe a systematic transition from six-fold to three-fold rotational symmetry in going from SLG to GBN to TBG, rearranging the corresponding Wannier states accordingly in the direct lattice. ", "The three-fold symmetic FS of TBG is for a given valley band, while the other valley band has the complementary three-fold symmetry so that the FS becomes six-fold symmetric when both valley bands are included.[@hexagonallattice; @hexagonallattice1] This [*three-fold*]{} symmetric FS makes TBG distinct from other hexagonal[@SLGVHS] and triangular lattices[@NaCoO2] with six-fold symmetric FS and plays an important role in stabilizing a distinct pairing symmetry here.", "\n\nOne of the most striking differences emerges when we investigate the corresponding Wannier states of individual flat band in the direct lattice, see Fig.", " \\[fig1\\](lower panel). ", "In the flat region of the VHS in SLG near the [**K**]{}-point, the states are localized on the ‘A’ sublattices, while the states near the [**K$^{\\prime}$**]{} point are localized on the ‘B’-sublattice and vice versa. ", "In GBN and TBG, the situation changes drastically due to -supercell formation. ", "In the low-energy model of the GBN -lattice, the band structure can be described by that of a SLG under an effective supercell potential due to BN substrate with the supercell periodicity being much larger than the graphene unit cell. ", "The corresponding Wannier states are maximally localized only on the corners of the hexagonal -supercell (enclosing several ‘A’ and ‘B’ sublattices of the original graphene unit cell),[@JJ] see Fig.", " \\[fig1\\](e). ", "On the contrary, in TBG the Wannier states of a given valley band are maximally localized on the ‘AA’ lattice sites (where ‘A’ sublattices of both graphene layers become aligned on top of each other) at all -supercell corners, as well as at the center, forming a full triangular symmetry,[@TBGMott; @TBGSC; @macdonaldcorrelations] see Fig.", " \\[fig1\\](f). ", "The other valley band is also localized on the same ‘AA’ sites, forming an unit cell with [*two Wannier orbitals per site*]{}, with different orbitals possessing complementary rotational symmetry.[@MacDonald; @JJ; @hexagonallattice; @hexagonallattice1]\n\nWe perform the pairing symmetry calculation using materials specific, multiband Hubbard model. ", "Hubbard model has a SC solution arising from the repulsive many-body pairing interaction which mediates unconventional, sign-reversal pairing symmetry.[@SCrepulsive] Such a mechanism, often known as spin-fluctuation mediated unconventional superconductivity, basically depends on strong FS nesting instability at a preferred wavevector, say ${\\bf Q}$. The nesting can promote a SC solution with a momentum-dependent pairing symmetry $\\Delta_{\\bf k}$ such that the pairing symmetry changes sign on the FS as: ${\\rm sgn}[\\Delta_{\\bf k}]=-{\\rm sgn}[\\Delta_{\\bf k+Q}]$. This sign reversal is required to compensate for the positive (repulsive) pairing potential. ", "This theory of spin-fluctuation driven superconductivity consistently links between the observed pairing symmetry and FS topology in many different unconventional superconductors.[@spinfluc; @SCpnictides; @SCHF; @SCorganics] A ${\\bf k}$-dependent pairing symmetry incipiently requires that pairing occurs between different atomic sites in the direct lattice. ", "In what follows, the characteristic momentum structure of the pairing symmetry is intimately related to the underlying pairing mechanism, FS topology, and its contributing Wannier sites.", "\n\nFor each material, we obtain the non-interacting, low-energy band structures by tight-binding model in the unit cell or  cell, as appropriate. ", "Next we solve the pairing eigenvalue (SC coupling constant) and eigenfunction (pairing symmetry) solution of the linearized Eliashberg equation, where the pairing potential stems from many-body spin- and charge fluctuations.[@spinfluc; @SCpnictides; @SCHF; @SCorganics] The obtained eigenfunction for the largest eigenvalue gives the pairing symmetry in the momentum space. ", "We obtain the real-space mapping of the pairing symmetry by inverse Fourier transform. ", "This illuminates the Cooper pairs between the nearest neighbor Wannier orbitals with corresponding phase factor.", "\n\nIn SLG, the computed pairing eigenfunction agrees with a $d+id$-wave symmetry, which arises from inter-sublattice pairing between the ‘A’ and ‘B’ Wannier sites in a hexagonal primitive lattice. ", "In GBN, the pairing solution changes to a $p+ip$-symmetry where the inter-sublattice pairing occurs between the nearest neighbor (NN) Wannier orbitals with odd-parity phases. ", "On the other hand, in TBG, we find an extended $s$- pairing with even parity phases between the same Wannier orbitals in NN sites. ", "Note that the extended $s$-wave solution can produce accidental nodes when the FS is large near the VHS doping.", "\n\nThe rest of the manuscript is organized as follows. ", "In Sec.", " \\[Sec:Cal\\] we discuss the computational details for the electronic structure calculations, and pairing eigenvalue calculations. ", "All results are presented in discussed in Sec.", " \\[Sec:Results\\]. ", "Finally we conclude in Sec.", " \\[Sec:Discussion\\].", "\n\nTheory {#Sec:Cal}\n======\n\nElectronic structure and FS nestings {#Sec:Band}\n------------------------------------\n\nFor SLG, we use a typical two band tight-binding (TB) model as presented in the literature.[@CastroNetoRMP; @JJWannier] For the -lattices in GBN and TBG, we directly use the TB model presented in Refs.", " . ", "As we are interested in the low-energy properties, we downfold all the bands into an effective low-energy six band model.[@TB_technicaldetails] Details of each band structure parameterization are given in Appendix \\[AppA\\]. ", "In Fig.", " \\[fig1\\] (top panel), we show computed FS topology for the three systems under study with the chemical potential placed at the VHS/flat band. ", "In the corresponding lower-panel of Fig.", " \\[fig1\\], we show the Wannier states for the Fermi momenta on the flat band.", "\n\nTo estimate the FS nesting features, and the corresponding pairing potential, we compute the multiband Lindhard susceptibility $\\chi_{\\alpha\\beta}({\\bf q},\\omega)$: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\chi_{\\alpha\\beta}(\\omega,{\\bf q})=-\\sum_{\\bf k}F_{\\nu\\nu'}^{\\alpha\\beta}({\\bf k,q})\\frac{f(\\epsilon_{\\bf k}^{\\nu})-f(\\epsilon_{\\bf k+q}^{\\nu'})}{\\omega+i\\delta-\\epsilon_{\\bf k}^{\\nu}+\\epsilon_{\\bf k+q}^{\\nu'}},\n\\label{Eq:Bare}\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\xi^{\\nu}_{\\bf k}$ is the $\\nu^{\\rm th}$ band, and $f(\\xi_{\\bf k}^{\\nu})$ is the corresponding fermion occupation number. ", "$\\alpha$, $\\beta$ give the orbital indices, and ${\\bf q}$ and $\\omega$ are the momentum and frequency transfer, respectively. ", "$F_{\\bf k,q}$ as form factor arising from the eigenvectors as $$F_{\\nu\\nu'}^{\\alpha\\beta}({\\bf k,q}) = u_{\\alpha}^{\\nu\\dag}({\\bf k})u_{\\beta}^{\\nu}({\\bf k})u_{\\beta}^{\\nu'\\dag}({\\bf k+q})u_{\\alpha}^{\\nu}({\\bf k+q}),$$ where $u_{\\alpha}^{\\nu}$ represents the eigenvector for the $\\nu^{\\rm th}$-band projected to the $\\alpha^{\\rm th}$ basis (Wannier orbitals). ", "We evaluated the form-factor numerically.[@footform]\n\nWe present the 2D profile of the susceptibility (total $\\chi=\\sum_{\\alpha\\beta}\\chi_{\\alpha\\beta}$) for $\\omega\\rightarrow 0$ in Fig.", " \\[fig2\\] (top panel) for all three systems. ", "We find stark differences in the nesting features. ", "In SLG, the FS is extremely flat, causing paramount FS nesting at ${\\bf Q}\\sim (2/3, 1/3)$ r.l.u., ", "and its equivalent points. ", "The nesting is considerably weak in GBN since here the FS is quite circular, with some residual nesting occurring at small wavevectors. ", "For TBG, the nesting is strong at ${\\bf Q}\\sim (1/3, 0)$ r.l.u.. Such a FS nesting drives translation symmetry breaking into various density-wave orders in the particle-hole channels and/or unconventional pairing instability. ", "The FS nesting driven superconductivity stabilizes a characteristic symmetry which changes sign on the FS.", "\n\nPairing symmetry calculations {#Sec:Pair}\n-----------------------------\n\nNext we compute the pairing symmetry and pairing strength arising from the density-density fluctuations. ", "It should be noted that although the bandwidth is lower near the magic angles, the FS becomes large due to VHS. ", "This enhances screening, and hence the effective Coulomb interaction is reduced.[@ADas] The largest insulating gap obtained near half-filling in TBG is $\\sim$0.3 meV $<$ bandwidth, rendering an effective weak or intermediate coupling regime for correlation. ", "For such a correlation strength, the many-body density-density (spin and charge) correlation functions are computed from multiband Hubbard model. ", "Since we restrict our doping range to only within individual flat bands, the corresponding intra-band Hubbard $U$ dominate the correlation spectrum. ", "The multiband Hubbard interaction reads as $$\\begin{aligned}\nH_{int} = \\frac{1}{\\Omega_{\\rm BZ}}\\sum_{\\alpha\\alpha'} U_{\\alpha\\beta}\\sum_{{\\bf q},\\sigma\\sigma'}n_ {\\alpha\\sigma}({\\bf q})n_{\\beta\\sigma'}(-{\\bf q}),\n\\label{HubbardU}\\end{aligned}$$ where $n_{\\alpha\\sigma}({\\bf q})$ is the density operator for the $\\alpha^{\\rm th}$-band with $\\sigma=\\uparrow,\\downarrow$ spins, and $U_{\\alpha\\beta}$ is the Hubbard $U$ between the two bands. ", "Based on this Hubbard model, we compute pairing potential from the bubble and ladder diagrams to obtain for singlet and triplet channels as[@spinfluc; @SCpnictides; @SCHF; @SCorganics] $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\tilde{\\Gamma}^{\\rm s}({\\bf q})&=& \\frac{1}{2}{\\rm Re}\\big[3{\\tilde U}_s{\\tilde \\chi}^s({\\bf q}){\\tilde U}_s - {\\tilde U}^c{\\tilde \\chi}^c({\\bf q}){\\tilde U}_c + {\\tilde U}_s+{\\tilde U}_c\\big],\n\\label{singlet}\\\\\n\\tilde{\\Gamma}^{\\rm t}({\\bf q})&=&-\\frac{1}{2}{\\rm Re}\\big[{\\tilde U}_s{\\tilde \\chi}^s({\\bf q}){\\tilde U}_s + {\\tilde U}_c{\\tilde \\chi}^c({\\bf q}){\\tilde U}_c - {\\tilde U}_s-{\\tilde U}_c\\big].", "\n\\label{triplet}\\end{aligned}$$ Here we introduce ‘tilde’ to symbolize a quantity to be a matrix of dimension $N\\times N$, with $N$ being the total number of bands. ", "Superscript ‘s’, and ‘c’ denote many-body spin and charge susceptibilities $\\tilde{\\chi}^{s/c}({\\bf q})$ matrix whose components are defined as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\chi_{\\alpha\\beta}^{\\rm s/c}=\\chi_{\\alpha\\beta}(1 \\mp U^{\\rm s/c}_{\\alpha\\beta}\\chi_{\\alpha\\beta})^{-1}.\\end{aligned}$$ Here $\\chi_{\\alpha\\beta}$ is the bare susceptibility defined in Eq.", "  above. ", "The many-body susceptibilities are obtained within the random phase approximation (RPA). ", "$U_{s/c}$ are the Hubbard $U$ matrix for spin-flip and non spin-flip interactions, respectively (Eq.", " ). ", "Here $U^{s/c}_{\\alpha\\beta}=U$ for $\\alpha=\\beta$ and $U^{s/c}_{\\alpha\\beta}=V$ for $\\alpha \\ne \\beta$. $U$ differs in different systems.[@U] Clearly, larger $U$ increases (decreases) spin (charge) susceptibility. ", "Essentially in moderate coupling regime, spin-fluctuation dominates while charge sector acts as pair-breaker for the spin-singlet pairing ($\\Gamma^{\\rm s}$ in Eq.", " ).", "\n\nA triplet pairing channel $\\Gamma^{\\rm t}$ increases when the onsite interaction dominates over spin and charge fluctuations, as in the case of GBN (see below). ", "In both singlet and triplet cases, it is evident that the pairing potentials have strong peaks at the momenta where the underlying susceptibility itself obtains peaks, i.e., pairing potentials $\\Gamma^{\\rm s/t}({\\bf q})$ also diverge at the FS nesting wavevectors, and hence stabilize a characteristic pairing symmetry in a given system.", "\n\nBased on the above pairing potential, we solve the linearized multiband SC gap equation, which is the pairing eigenvalue equation, as given by (see Appendix \\[AppB\\] for details) $$\\lambda_{\\nu} g_{\\nu}({\\bf k}_{\\alpha})=-\\frac{1}{\\Omega_{\\rm FS}}\\sum_{\\beta,{\\bf k}_{\\beta}^\\prime}\n\\Gamma^{\\nu}_{\\alpha\\beta}({\\bf k}_{\\alpha}-{\\bf k}_{\\beta}^{\\prime})g_{\\nu}({\\bf k}_{\\beta}^{\\prime}),\n\\label{eq:lambda}$$ where ${\\bf k}_{\\alpha}$ is the Fermi momentum for the $\\alpha^{\\rm th}$ band. ", "The eigenvalue calculation is performed over the entire 2D FS to estimate the dominant eigenvalue $\\lambda$ (which measures the SC coupling constant), and the corresponding eigenvector gives the leading pairing symmetry $g({\\bf k})$. The same eigenvalue equation is solved for both singlet ($\\nu\\equiv$ s) and triplet ($\\nu\\equiv$ t) channels. ", "Since the pairing potentials $\\Gamma^{\\rm s/t}$ scale with the Hubbard $U$, SC coupling constant $\\lambda$ also increases with increasing $U$. Within the first-order approximation, the pairing symmetry $g({\\bf k})$ does not scale with $U$ (in the weak to moderate coupling regime). ", "Therefore, our general conclusions about the pairing symmetry, and the phase diagram are dictated by the nesting strength, and remain valid for different values of $U$ in this coupling regime.", "\n\nFor a repulsive interaction $\\Gamma^{\\nu}>0$, according to Eq., ", "a positive eigenvalue $\\lambda$ can commence with the corresponding eigenfunction $g({\\bf k})$ changing sign as ${\\rm sgn}[g({\\bf k})]=- {\\rm sgn}[g({\\bf k'})]$ mediated by strong peak(s) in $\\Gamma^{\\nu}$ at ${\\bf Q}=\\mathbf{k}-\\mathbf{k^{'}}$. Looking into the origin of $\\Gamma^{\\nu}$ in Eqs.", " , , we notice that $\\Gamma^{\\nu}$ inherits strong peaks from that in $\\chi^{s/c}$, which is directly linked to the FS nesting feature embedded in $\\chi$.\n\n![(", "a-c) Spin susceptibility within RPA approximation for (a) SLG, (b) GBN and (c) TBG. (", "d-f) Computed pairing eigenfunctions for the highest eigenvalue of Eq.", "  for (d) SLG, (e) GBN and (f) TBG at their VHS dopings are plotted on the FS in a blue (negative) to white (nodes) to red (positive) colormap. ", "The pairing structure is consistent with a $d+id$-wave and $p+ip$-wave symmetry in SLG, and GBN, respectively. ", "On the other hand for TBG in (f) we find a rotationally invariant extended $s$-wave symmetry. (", "g-i) The real space picture of the pairing for (g) SLG, (h) GBN and (i) TBG systems. ", "$g_{j}$ denote the pairing strength between nearest sites which is obtained from Fourier transformation of corresponding pairing functions \\[Eq.", " \\]. []{", "data-label=\"fig2\"}](fig_2){width=\"85mm\"}\n\nResults {#Sec:Results}\n=======\n\nHere we discuss our results of the pairing eigenstates for three systems under considerations at their VHS dopings. ", "The computed results of $g({\\bf k})$ for the largest eigenvalue of Eq.", "  are shown in the middle panel in Fig.", " \\[fig2\\]. ", "The momentum space symmetry of the eigenfunction $g({\\bf k})$ is obtained by comparing with the orbital symmetry of the spherical harmonics. ", "After that we inverse Fourier transform the $g({\\bf k})$ to the unit cell/Moire superlcell as $$\\begin{aligned}\ng_j=\\frac{1}{\\Omega_{\\rm BZ}}\\sum_{\\bf k}g({\\bf k})e^{-i({\\bf k}.{\\bm \\delta}_{j}-\\phi_{\\bf k})},\n\\label{InvFT}\\end{aligned}$$ where $g_j$ gives the pairing amplitude between two Wannier sites separated by a distance ${\\bf \\delta}_j$, see Fig.", " \\[fig2\\](g-i). ", "$\\phi_{\\bf k}={\\rm Arg}[\\sum_j e^{-i{\\bf k}.{\\bm \\delta}_{j}}]$ is an additional phase factor arising in the hexagonal lattice possessing two Wannier basis per unit cell.[@SLG_pairing] We discuss below each system separately.", "\n\nSLG\n---\n\nFor SLG, numerous calculations predicted that an exotic $d_{x^2-y^2}+id_{xy}$ ($d+id$) - wave symmetry is the dominant pairing channel, constrained by the FS nesting at the VHS.[@SLGVHS] We also find here that the two highest eigenvalues are the same with $\\lambda=0.26$ with the corresponding degenerate eigenfunctions being $$\\begin{aligned}\ng^{d_{x^2-y^2}}({\\bf k})&=&\\cos\\left(k_{y}-\\phi_{\\bf k}\\right)+\\cos\\left(\\frac{k_{y}}{2}+\\phi_{\\bf k}\\right)\\cos\\left(\\frac{\\sqrt{3}k_{x}}{2}\\right),\\nonumber\\\\\ng^{d_{xy}}({\\bf k})&=&\\sin\\left(\\frac{k_{y}}{2}+\\phi_{\\bf k}\\right)\\sin\\left(\\frac{\\sqrt{3}k_{x}}{2}\\right).", "\n\\label{gkSLG1}\\end{aligned}$$ These two eigenfunctions, respectively, represent $d_{x^2-y^2}$ and $d_{xy}$ symmetries in the hexagonal BZ. ", "Because of the degeneracy, the $E_{2g}$ irreducible representation allows a complex mixing between them which is called the $d+id$-pairing symmetry in SLG.[@KL_doped_graphene] (We repeat the calculation with different $U$, the absolute value of the eigenvalue changes, but the eigenfunctions remain the same). ", "In Fig.", " \\[fig2\\](d) we show the $d_{x^2-y^2}$ eigenfunction, overlaid on the corresponding FS a color-gradient scale. ", "Using Eq.", " , we obtain pairing amplitude between three nearest-neighbors to be $g_{1,2,3} = (2, -1, -1)$ for $d_{x^2-y^2}$ case, and $g_{1,2,3} = (0, 1, -1)$ for the $d_{xy}$ pairing state (as shown in Fig.", " \\[fig2\\](g)). ", "The result establishes that the $d+id$-pairing state in SLG at the VHS occurs between the NN sublattices with characteristic phases which accommodate the FS nesting features and corresponding sign-reversal in the gap structure.", "\n\nGBN\n---\n\nIn GBN, the circular FS allows small-angle nestings, and hence triplet pairing channel gains dominance, as in Sr$_2$RuO$_4$[@Sr2RuO4] and UPt$_3$[@UPt3]. ", "This renders an odd-parity $p+ip$ wave pairing as shown in Fig.", " \\[fig2\\](e). ", "The symmetry belongs to the $E_{1}$ representation with two degenerate eigenfunctions[@KL_doped_graphene]: $$\\begin{aligned}\ng^{p_x}({\\bf k})&=&\\sin\\left(k_{y}-\\phi_{\\bf k}\\right)+\\sin\\left(\\frac{k_{y}}{2}+\\phi_{\\bf k}\\right)\\cos\\left(\\frac{\\sqrt{3}k_{x}}{2}\\right),\\nonumber\\\\\ng^{p_y}({\\bf k})&=&\\cos\\left(\\frac{k_{y}}{2}+\\phi_{\\bf k}\\right)\\sin\\left(\\frac{\\sqrt{3}k_{x}}{2}\\right).", "\n\\label{gkGBN}\\end{aligned}$$ Compared to the other two compounds, we find a considerably lower value of $\\lambda=0.03$ in GBN. ", "This is expected since this system does not have a strong nesting at a single wavevector, rather small-angle scattering wavevectors with lower strength. ", "The inverse Fourier transformation of the pairing state yields $g_{1,2,3}=(2i, -i, -i)$ for the $p_{y}$ state and $g_{1,2,3}=(0, i, -i)$ for the $p_{x}$ state for the three NN Wannier sites (as shown in Fig.", " \\[fig2\\](h)). ", "Both $d+id$ - symmetry in SLG and $p+ip$ - wave pairing in GBN break time-reversal symmetry, and are chiral and nodeless in nature.", "\n\nTBG\n---\n\nThere have already been several proposals for unconventional pairing symmetries, and pairing mechanisms in TBG, such as $d+id$[@TBGdSC; @hexagonallattice1] as in SLG, odd-parity $p+ip$[@TBGpSC], and others[@TBGotherSC]. ", "The FS topology is quite different in TBG, exhibiting a three-fold symmetry for each valley. ", "The three-fold symmetric FS is different from other triangular lattices with six-fold symmetric FS.[@NaCoO2] This FS topological change plays an important role in governing a distinct pairing symmetry in TBG. ", "Here we obtain an extended $s$-wave pairing as shown in Fig.", " \\[fig2\\](f), with its functional form given by $$\\begin{aligned}\ng^{\\rm ext-s}({\\bf k})&=& 2\\cos{(\\sqrt{3}k_x/2)}\\cos{\\left(k_y/2\\right)} + \\cos{(k_y)}.", "\n\\label{gkTBG}\\end{aligned}$$ The pairing function is rotationally symmetric and changes sign between the -zone center and corners, governing a symmetry that is consistent with the $A_{2g}$-group and hence called extended $s$-wave pairing. ", "For the large FS at the VHS doping, the tip of the FS crosses through the nodal lines and thus gapless SC quasiparticle are obtained in this pairing state. ", "This is a purely [*real*]{} gap function. ", "In the direct -lattice, this pairing symmetry stems from a nearest neighbor pairing between the Wannier sites in a triangular lattice given by $g_{1-6}=1$ for all components, see Fig.", " \\[fig2\\](i).", "\n\nWe also note that the computed pairing symmetry in TBG is different from that of the other triangular lattices, such as Na$_x$CoO$_2\\cdot y$H$_2$O (NCOHO).[@NaCoO2] This is because the FS of NCOHO has the six-fold symmetry, while the FS for a given valley in TBG has three-fold symmetry.", "\n\n### Valley dependent pairing symmetry in TBG\n\n![(", "a-c) Spin susceptibility when (a) only intra-valley interaction ($U$) included with $V=0$, (b) only inter-valley interaction $V$ is included with $U=0$, and (c) both intra- and iter-valley interactions are included with $U=V$. (d-i) Computed pairing eigenfunctions for the highest eigenvalue of Eq. ", "4 in the main text for the corresponding cases in the upper panel. ", "TBG at their VHS dopings are plotted on the FS in a blue (negative) to white (nodes) to red (positive) colormap. ", "We separately plot the two valley result in different rows for easy visualization. (", "d-f) for one valley and (g-i) for the other valley.[]{data-label=\"pairing_TBG_valley\"}](fig_3)\n\nWe repeat the calculation for the pairing eigenvalue and eigenfunctions by including both valley states for TBG. ", "The FS for the two valleys are mutually rotated to each other by $\\pi$. This changes the symmetry of the TBG lattice from triangular to hexagonal, as seen from the FS in Fig.", " \\[pairing\\_TBG\\_valley\\](d-f). ", "This opens up two competing nesting wavevectors $-$ intra-band and inter-band nestings $-$ as captured in the susceptibility result, see Fig.", " \\[pairing\\_TBG\\_valley\\](a-c). ", "We analyze the details of the pairing symmetry in the three limiting cases of (i) intra-valley interaction $U=3.5$ meV, inter-valley $V\\rightarrow 0$, (ii) $U\\rightarrow 0$, $V=3.5$ meV, and (iii) $U=V=3.5$ meV. In the three cases, we obtain extended $s$-, $s^{\\pm}$- and $p+ip$-wave pairings, respectively. ", "Below we discuss in details all three pairing states.", "\n\n\\(i) First we consider the case for only intra-valley nesting in the limit of $U>>V$. Here the results are similar to the single-valley calculations shown in the main text. ", "Consistently, we find an extended-$s$ wave symmetry for both valleys, where we have a sign reversal between center and corner of the BZ, with a circular nodal line (Fig.", " \\[pairing\\_TBG\\_valley\\](d)). ", "Inside the circle pairing value is positive and outside it is negative. ", "We call it extended-$s$, because of the full rotational symmetry of the pairing function over the entire BZ.", "\n\n\\(ii) Next we consider the case for only inter-valley nesting alone in the limit of $V>>U$. We obtain a completely different pairing symmetry. ", "Here we find an [*onsite*]{}, $s$-wave pairing for each valley state, but the sign of the pairing is completely reversed between the two valleys, and hence called $s^{\\pm}$-pairing state. ", "The result is shown in Fig.", " \\[pairing\\_TBG\\_valley\\](e). ", "It is evident that the pairing symmetry does not have any $k$-dependence and arises solely from the onsite pairing of the Wannier orbitals, with different Wannier orbitals on the same site possess opposite phases. ", "This pairing state is quite interesting in that while onsite pairing is often considered in the context of conventional, electron-phonon coupling cases, here one obtains an equivalent condition with an unconventional, electron-electron interaction, mechanism. ", "Note that although the pairing interaction in obtained from the many-body electronic interaction, the strong onsite Coulomb repulsion potential is also present. ", "Therefore, the onsite repulsion overturns the this onsite pairing strength, and such a onsite $s^{\\pm}$ is disfavored.", "\n\n\\(iii) Lastly we study the case of having both intra- and inter-valley nestings. ", "The pairing eigenfunction map, plotted in Fig.", " \\[pairing\\_TBG\\_valley\\](f) shows an approximate $p+ip$-pairing in a hexagonal lattice. ", "We identify the pairing symmetry by identifying the corresponding nodal lines \\[see Fig.", " \\[pairing\\_TBG\\_valley\\](d)\\] and by performing a reflection operation on any point of the FS. ", "However, unlike previous cases, this symmetry contains higher harmonics of the $p$-wave symmetries as can be anticipated from complicated colormap of the pairing function on the FS. ", "The pairing eigenvalue of this state is however much lower than the extended-$s$ wave pairing symmetry discussed above.", "\n\n### Doping dependent pairing strength for TBG\n\nFinally, we study the doping dependence of the pairing eigenvalue $\\lambda$, the SC coupling constant, in TBG, and the result is shown in Fig.", " \\[fig5\\]. ", "We find that $\\lambda$ attains maxima at the positions of the maxima of the density of states of the flatbands (roughly at half-fillings in both electron and hole doped sides). ", "The present calculation does not include a correlated Mott gap. ", "Mott gap opposes superconductivity and this will shift the SC maximum away from the half-filling, and one will reproduce the experimental phase diagram (work in progress).", "\n\n![", "Maximum pairing eigenvalue (SC coupling constant) $\\lambda$ as a function of chemical potential shift $\\mu$ for TBG. ", "Note that the peaks in pairing eigenvalues occur when a flat band passes through the Fermi level. []{", "data-label=\"fig5\"}](fig_4){width=\"80mm\"}\n\nDiscussions and conclusions {#Sec:Discussion}\n===========================\n\nAll the complex $d+id$, and $p+ip$ pairing symmetries do not possess SC gap nodes on the FS and thus their detection usually requires phase sensitive measurements. ", "The extended $s$-wave one in TBG possess accidental nodes on both sides of the saddle-point near the VHS doping, and thus the SC gap is very anisotropic. ", "The $k$-space mapping of the pairing symmetry can be measured via various modern techniques, such as angle-dependent photoemission spectroscopy, scanning tunneling probes via quasiparticle interference (QPI) pattern, field-angle dependence study of thermal conductivity, and so on. ", "The nodal SC quasiparticle also leads to a power-law temperature dependence in many thermodynamical and transport properties which makes it easier to distinguish from conventional pairing. ", "The sign reversal of the pairing symmetry leads to a magnetic spin-resonance at energy $<2\\Delta$ ($\\Delta$ is SC gap amplitude),[@magresonance] magnetic field dependence of QPI peaks,[@QPI] impurity resonance[@impurity] which all can be measured in future experiments for the verification of the underlying pairing symmetry.", "\n\nIn a typical unconventional superconductor, the Wannier states of the Fermi momenta are localized on each lattice site, and hence the correspondence between the reciprocal and direct lattice pairing is trivial. ", "In the  lattice, the location of the Wannier states corresponding to the flat band in TBG depends on energy, twist angle, and inter-layer coupling. ", "In GBN, the Wannier states are localized on a hexagonal lattice. ", "In TBG, they form a triangular lattice for each valley, where the hexagonal symmetry is restored when both valleys are included. ", "Because of these materials specific peculiarities, the pairing symmetry of these materials turn out to be characteristically unique. ", "The present paper spares several open questions for future studies. ", "Superconductivity appears at a considerably low-carrier density ($\\sim10^{12}$cm$^{-2}$), which may require adjustments in the theory. ", "The competition between superconductivity and the correlated insulator gap is another interesting theme of research which will be perused in the future.", "\n\nWe thank Priyo Adhikary for useful discussions. ", "The work is supported by the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) of the Department of Science & Technology (DST), Govt. ", "of India for the Start Up Research Grant (Young Scientist), and also benefited from the financial support from the Infosys Science foundation under Young investigator Award.", "\n\nModel Hamiltonians for different systems {#AppA}\n========================================\n\nSLG\n---\n\nWe use a tight-binding (TB) model for SLG for our calculation taking into account nearest neighbour (NN) and the next nearest neighbour (NNN) hoppings. ", "We start by describing the graphene lattice in terms of sublattices A and B with three NN translation vectors connecting sublaticce A to three NN-sublattices B as ${\\bf \\delta_{1}}=(\\frac{1}{2},\\frac{\\sqrt{3}}{2})a_{0}$, ${\\bf \\delta_{2}}=(\\frac{1}{2},-\\frac{\\sqrt{3}}{2})a_{0}$, ${\\bf \\delta_{3}}=(-\\frac{1}{2},0)a_{0}$ with $a_{0}$ denoting the carbon-carbon distance in graphene lattice. ", "Six NNN traslation lattice vectors can be written as ${\\bf a}_1=\\pm({\\bf \\delta_{1}}-{\\bf \\delta_{2}})$, ${\\bf a}_2=\\pm({\\bf \\delta_{2}}-{\\bf \\delta_{3}})$, ${\\bf a}_3=\\pm({\\bf \\delta_{3}}-{\\bf \\delta_{1}})$. We can write the Hamiltonian as $$H_{\\rm SLG} = H_{\\rm on-site} + H_{\\rm NN} + H_{\\rm NNN}$$ where, $$\\begin{aligned}\n&& H_{\\rm on-site}=\\sum_{i,\\sigma}\\epsilon_{a} a^{\\dagger}_{i,\\sigma}a_{i,\\sigma} + \\sum_{j,\\sigma}\\epsilon_{b} b^{\\dagger}_{j,\\sigma}b_{j,\\sigma} \\\\\n&& H_{\\rm NN}=-t\\sum_{\\langle i,j\\rangle,\\sigma} \\left( a^{\\dagger}_{i,\\sigma}b_{j,\\sigma} + h.c. ", "\\right) \\\\\n&& H_{\\rm NNN}=-t'\\sum_{\\langle\\langle i,j\\rangle\\rangle,\\sigma} \\left( a^{\\dagger}_{i,\\sigma}a_{j,\\sigma} + b^{\\dagger}_{i,\\sigma}b_{j,\\sigma} + h.c. ", "\\right)\\end{aligned}$$ with $\\epsilon_{a}$ and $\\epsilon_{b}$ are sublattice energies for sublattice A and B respectively, $t$ and $t'$ are nearest neighbour and next nearest neighbour hopping amplitude respectively, $a^{\\dagger}$ and $b^{\\dagger}$ are creation operators on sublattices A and B respectively. ", "Next we Fourier transform the creation and anihilation operators to get the band dispersion as $$\\begin{aligned}\n&& H_{\\rm on-site}=\\sum_{{\\bf k},\\sigma} \\left( \\epsilon_{a} a^{\\dagger}_{{\\bf k},\\sigma}a_{{\\bf k},\\sigma} + \\epsilon_{b} b^{\\dagger}_{{\\bf k},\\sigma}b_{{\\bf k},\\sigma} \\right) \\\\\n&& H_{\\rm NN}=\\sum_{{\\bf k},\\sigma} \\left( \\epsilon_{\\bf k}^{\\rm NN} a^{\\dagger}_{{\\bf k},\\sigma}b_{{\\bf k},\\sigma} + h.c. ", "\\right) \\\\\n&& H_{\\rm NNN}=\\sum_{{\\bf k},\\sigma} \\left( \\epsilon_{\\bf k}^{\\rm NNN} a^{\\dagger}_{{\\bf k},\\sigma}a_{{\\bf k},\\sigma} + h.c. ", "\\right)\\end{aligned}$$ with $$\\begin{aligned}\n&& \\epsilon_{\\bf k}^{\\rm NN}=-t\\sum_{i=1,2,3}e^{i{\\bf k}.{\\bf \\delta}_{i}} \\\\\n&& \\epsilon_{\\bf k}^{\\rm NNN}=-t\\sum_{i,j(i\\ne j)}e^{i{\\bf k}.\\left( {\\bf \\delta}_{i}-{\\bf \\delta}_{j}\\right)} \\end{aligned}$$ The model with more tight-binding parameters and their values is given in Ref.", " [@JJWannier].", "\n\nGBN\n---\n\nWe construct the low energy model for graphene on hBN by following Ref.", " [@JJ]. ", "We write the four-band model in terms of $2 \\times 2$ blocks given by $$\\begin{aligned}\nH_{\\rm GBN} = \\left[\n\\begin{array}{ c c }\nH_{\\rm BN} & T_{\\rm BN,SLG}\\\\\nT_{\\rm SLG,BN} & H_{\\rm SLG}\n\\end{array} \\right],\\end{aligned}$$ where $H_{\\rm BN}$ and $H_{\\rm SLG}$ are Hamiltonians for Boron Nitride and SLG layers, respectively. ", "$T_{\\rm SLG,BN}$, $T_{\\rm BN,SLG}$ are corresponding tunneling matrices in sublattice basis. ", "The effective simplified model for this case is obtained by integrating out the boron nitride orbitals as $H=H_{\\rm SLG}-T_{\\rm SLG,BN}H_{\\rm BN}^{-1}T_{\\rm BN,SLG}$. Now the sub lattice dependent terms in the Hamiltonian can be written as $$\\begin{aligned}\nH_{ss\\prime}=H_{ss\\prime}^{0}+H_{ss\\prime}^{\\rm MB},\\end{aligned}$$ where $H_{ss\\prime}^{0}$ is the Hamiltonian that describes Dirac cones and $H_{ss\\prime}^{\\rm MB}$ gives the Moiré band modulation as $$\\begin{aligned}\nH_{ss^{\\prime}}^{0}&=&H_{ss^{\\prime}}^{0}({\\bf k,G}=0)\\delta_{\\bf k,k\\prime},\\\\\nH_{ss^{\\prime}}^{MB}&=&\\sum\\limits_{{\\bf G}\\neq 0}H_{ss^{\\prime}}^{\\rm MB}({\\bf k,G})\\delta_{\\bf k\\prime-k-G}.\\end{aligned}$$ All the terms of the effective Hamiltonian now can be determined by the following equations $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&H_{0}=C_{0}e^{i\\phi_{0}},\\ \\ \\ H_{z}=C_{z}e^{i\\phi_{z}},\\\\\n&&H_{\\rm AA}=H_{0}+H_{z},\\ \\ \\ H_{BB}=H_{0}-H_{z},\\\\\n&&H_{\\rm AB,{\\bf G}_{1}}=H_{AB,{\\bf G}_{4}}^{*}=C_{\\rm AB}e^{i(2\\pi/3-\\phi_{\\rm AB})},\\\\\n&&H_{\\rm AB,{\\bf G}_{3}}=H_{AB,{\\bf G}_{2}}^{*}=C_{\\rm AB}e^{-i\\phi_{\\rm AB}},\\\\\n&&H_{\\rm AB,{\\bf G}_{5}}=H_{AB,{\\bf G}_{6}}^{*}=C_{\\rm AB}e^{i(-2\\pi/3-\\phi_{\\rm AB})}.\\end{aligned}$$ In Ref.", " [@JJ], it is shown that this effective model can be completely specified by six numbers $C_{0}=-10.13$ meV, $\\phi_{0}=86.53^{0}$, $C_{z}=-9.01$ meV, $\\phi_{0}=8.43^{0}$, $C_{\\rm AB}=-11.34$ meV, $\\phi_{\\rm AB}=19.60^{0}$.\n\nTBG\n---\n\n![", "Momentum-space formulation of TBG Moiré pattern. ", "Red and blue BZ of SLG denotes the upper and lower layer, respectively. ", "The upper layer is rotated by an angle $\\theta/2$ and lower layer by $-\\theta/2$ with respect to the $k_{x}$, $k_{y}$ axis shown in the figure. ", "Smaller (solid black) hexagons represent the Moiré BZ of the TBG for a given valley state. ", "Dashed black hexagon represents the Moiré BZ for the other valley state.[]{data-label=\"TBG\"}](fig_5)\n\nWe construct the Hamiltonian for the TBG following the work of Bistritzer and MacDonald [@MacDonald]. ", "We write down the low-energy Hamiltonian by considering two SLGs which were rotated by an angle $\\theta$ with respect to each other and tunneling between the SLG layers (see Fig.", " \\[TBG\\]). ", "Low-energy continuum model Hamiltonian for SLG can be written in a $2 \\times 2$ matix as $$\\begin{aligned}\nh_{\\bf k}\\left( \\theta \\right) = -vk\\left[\n\\begin{array}{ c c }\n0 & e^{i(\\phi_{\\bf k}-\\theta)}\\\\\ne^{i(\\phi_{\\bf k}-\\theta)} & 0\n\\end{array} \\right],\\end{aligned}$$ where $v$ = 3.2 eVÅ$^{-1}$ is the Dirac velocity, [**k**]{} is the momentum measured from Dirac point, and $\\phi_{\\bf k}=\\tan^{k_y/k_x}$, and $\\theta$ is twist angle \\[see Fig.", " \\[TBG\\]\\]. ", "Next we consider the inter-layer hoppings integrals, which can be accurately described by three distinct tunnelings with three distinct wavevectors ${\\bf q}_{j}$ ($j=1,2,3$) \\[see Fig.", " \\[TBG\\]\\], whose directions are given by $(0,-1)$ for $j=1$, $(\\sqrt{3}/2,1/2)$ for $j=2$, and $(-\\sqrt{3}/2,1/2)$ for $j=3$. The magnitude is $|{\\bf q}_{j}|=2k_{D}\\sin{(\\theta/2)}$ where $k_{D}$ is the magnitude of BZ corner wavevector for a SLG. ", "Corresponding tunneling matrices $T_{j}$ are given by $$\\begin{aligned}\nT_{1} = c\\left[\n\\begin{array}{ c c }\n1 & 1\\\\\n1 & 1\n\\end{array} \\right], \\ \\ \nT_{2} =c \\left[\n\\begin{array}{ c c }\ne^{-i\\zeta} & 1\\\\\ne^{i\\zeta} & e^{-i\\zeta}\n\\end{array} \\right], \\ \\ \nT_{3} = c\\left[\n\\begin{array}{ c c }\ne^{i\\zeta} & 1\\\\\ne^{-i\\zeta} & e^{i\\zeta}\n\\end{array} \\right],\\nonumber\\\\\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\zeta=2\\pi/3$. If the ${\\bf k}$-cutoff is choosen in the first Moiré pattern BZ given by reciprocal lattice vectors $G_{1}=|{\\bf q}_{j}|(\\sqrt{3},0)$ and $G_{2}=|{\\bf q}_{j}|(-\\sqrt{3}/2,3/2)$. $c=0.9$ eV is the inter-layer tunneling amplitude. ", "Now the Hamiltonian for TBG is a $8 \\times 8$ matrix given by $$\\begin{aligned}\nH_{\\bf k} = \\left[\n\\begin{array}{ c c c c }\nh_{\\bf k}\\left( \\theta/2 \\right) & T_{1} & T_{2} & T_{3}\\\\\nT_{1}^{\\dagger} & h_{\\bf q_{1}}\\left( -\\theta/2 \\right) & 0 & 0\\\\\nT_{2}^{\\dagger} & 0 & h_{\\bf q_{2}}\\left( -\\theta/2 \\right) & 0\\\\\nT_{3}^{\\dagger} & 0 & 0 & h_{\\bf q_{3}}\\left( -\\theta/2 \\right)\n\\end{array} \\right].\\nonumber\\\\\\end{aligned}$$ We consider [**k**]{}-points beyond the first shell approximation which resulted in a $400 \\times 400$ matrix. ", "After diagonalizing this matrix, we downfold the eigenvalues to the two (four) low-energy flat bands for a single valley (both valleys) that are near the FS, and all the subsequent calculations are performed considering only these bands.", "\n\nCalculation of pairing potential {#AppB}\n================================\n\nWe start with an extended Hubbard model both the valleys: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{extended-Hubbard}\nH_{\\rm int}&=&\\sum_{\\alpha\\beta,\\sigma\\sigma^{\\prime},{\\bf q}} U_{\\alpha\\beta}n_{\\alpha\\sigma}({\\bf q})n_{\\beta\\sigma^{\\prime}}(-{\\bf q})\\nonumber \\\\\n &=&U\\sum_{\\alpha,{\\bf k,k^{\\prime}},{\\bf q}}c_{{\\bf k}\\alpha \\uparrow}^{\\dagger}c_{{\\bf k+q}\\alpha \\uparrow}c_{{\\bf k^{\\prime}}\\alpha \\downarrow}^{\\dagger}c_{{\\bf k^{\\prime}-q}\\alpha \\downarrow}\\nonumber\\\\\n&&+V\\sum_{\\alpha\\ne\\beta,{\\bf k,k^{\\prime},q},\\sigma,\\sigma^{\\prime}}c_{{\\bf k}\\alpha \\sigma}^{\\dagger}c_{{\\bf k+q}\\alpha \\sigma}c_{{\\bf k^{\\prime}}\\beta\\sigma^{\\prime}}^{\\dagger}c_{{\\bf k^{\\prime}-q}\\beta\\sigma^{\\prime}},\\nonumber\\\\\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\alpha$ and $\\beta$ are valley indices, taking values of 1 and 2 for two valleys in TBG. ", "$c^{\\dagger}$ and $c$ are creation and annihilation operators, respectively. ", "$U$ and $V$ are intra-valley and inter-valley coupling strength respectively. ", "In Eq.", " \\[extended-Hubbard\\] first term is the intra-valley interaction and second term is inter-valley interaction. ", "By expanding Eq.", " \\[extended-Hubbard\\] to include multiple-interaction channels, we obtain the effective pairing potential $\\Gamma_{\\alpha\\beta}({\\bf k}-{\\bf k^{\\prime}})$ for the singlet and triplet states. ", "The corresponding pairing Hamiltonian is $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{superconducting}\nH_{\\rm int} \\approx \\sum_{\\alpha\\beta,{\\bf k,k'},\\sigma,\\sigma'} \\Gamma_{\\alpha\\beta}({\\bf k}-{\\bf k^{\\prime}}) c_{{\\bf k}\\alpha \\sigma}^{\\dagger}c_{-{\\bf k}\\alpha \\sigma^{\\prime}}^{\\dagger}c_{-{\\bf k^{\\prime}}\\beta\\sigma^{\\prime}}c_{{\\bf k^{\\prime}}\\beta\\sigma}.\\nonumber\\\\\\end{aligned}$$ The pairing potentials are $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\tilde{\\Gamma}^{\\rm s}_{\\alpha\\beta}({\\bf q})= \\frac{1}{2}{\\rm Re}\\big[3{\\tilde U}^{s}{\\tilde \\chi}^{s}_{\\alpha\\beta}({\\bf q}){\\tilde U}^{s} - {\\tilde U}^{c}{\\tilde \\chi}^{c}_{\\alpha\\beta}({\\bf q}){\\tilde U}^{c} + {\\tilde U}^{s}+{\\tilde U}^{c}\\big],\\nonumber\\\\\n\\label{singlet_valley}\\\\ \\nonumber\\\\\n\\tilde{\\Gamma}^{\\rm t}_{\\alpha\\beta}({\\bf q})= -\\frac{1}{2}{\\rm Re}\\big[{\\tilde U}^{s}{\\tilde \\chi}^{s}_{\\alpha\\beta}({\\bf q}){\\tilde U}^{s} + {\\tilde U}^{c}{\\tilde \\chi}^{c}_{\\alpha\\beta}({\\bf q}){\\tilde U}^{c}- {\\tilde U}^{s}-{\\tilde U}^{c}\\big].\\nonumber\\\\\n\\\\\n\\label{triplet_valley} \\nonumber\n$$ Here $U^{s/c}=U$ for $\\alpha=\\beta$ and $U^{s/c}=V$ for $\\alpha \\ne \\beta$. From the superconducting Hamiltonian Eq.", " \\[superconducting\\] we can construct the superconducting gap (SC) equation as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Delta_{n,{\\bf k}}^{\\alpha}&&= -\\sum_{\\beta,{\\bf k^{\\prime}}}\\Gamma^{n}_{\\alpha\\beta}({\\bf k}-{\\bf k^{\\prime}})\\left\\langle c_{-{\\bf k^{\\prime}}\\beta\\sigma}c_{{\\bf k^{\\prime}}\\beta\\sigma'} \\right\\rangle\\end{aligned}$$ Here $n=s,t$ for singlet and triplet pairing channels where $\\sigma'=\\mp\\sigma$, respetively. ", "In the limit $T \\rightarrow 0$ we have $\\left\\langle c_{-{\\bf k^{\\prime}}\\beta\\sigma}c_{{\\bf k^{\\prime}}\\beta\\sigma'}\\right\\rangle \\rightarrow \\lambda_n\\Delta_{n,{\\bf k^{\\prime}}}^{\\beta}$ which makes the above equation an eigenvalue equation $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Delta_{n{\\bf k}}^{\\alpha}&&= -\\lambda\\sum_{\\beta,{\\bf k^{\\prime}}}\\Gamma^n_{\\alpha\\beta}({\\bf k}-{\\bf k^{\\prime}})\\Delta_{n,{\\bf k^{\\prime}}}^{\\beta}.\\end{aligned}$$ In our work we solve the eigenvalue problem separately for the singlet and triplet channels. ", "The following equations remain the same for both these pairing channels and thus the index ’$n$’ is omitted for simplicity. ", "This is an eigenvalue equation for the k-points in the Fermi surface $(\\Delta_{\\bf k_{F}}^{\\alpha})$. For this purpose we construct the matrix $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Gamma({\\bf k_{F}}-{\\bf k^{\\prime}_{F}}) = \\left[\n\\begin{array}{ c c c}\n\\Gamma_{{\\bf k_{F}}{\\bf k_{F}}^{\\prime}}^{11} & \\Gamma_{{\\bf k_{F}}{\\bf k_{F}}^{\\prime}}^{12} & \\dots\\\\\n\\Gamma_{{\\bf k_{F}}{\\bf k_{F}}^{\\prime}}^{21} & \\Gamma_{{\\bf k_{F}}{\\bf k_{F}}^{\\prime}}^{22} & \\dots\\\\\n\\vdots & \\vdots & \\ddots\n\\end{array} \\right],\\end{aligned}$$ where 1,2, refer to the band/valley indices, and ${\\bf q}={\\bf k_{F}}-{\\bf k^{\\prime}_{F}}$ the Fermi surface nesting vctor and $\\Gamma_{{\\bf k_{F}}{\\bf k_{F}}^{\\prime}}^{\\alpha\\beta}$ refers to $N\\times N$ matrix if $N$ number of points on the Fermi surface is considered for each valley. 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", "For TBG, the triangular lattice sites have the NN distances (on both sides) as: ${\\bm \\delta}_{1}=(-1,0)a'$, ${\\bm \\delta}_{2,3}=(\\pm 1,\\sqrt{3})a'/2$, where the corresponding -lattice constant $a'\\sim 40a$ near the magic angles\n\nFor simple two-band tight-binding model of SLG, $F$ can be evaluated analytically by substituting the analytical form of the eigenvectors, yielding $F_{\\nu\\nu'}^{\\alpha\\beta}({\\bf k,q})=(1+\\nu\\nu'\\cos \\theta)$, where $\\nu,\\nu'=\\pm 1$ for the two bands, and $\\theta$ is the angle between ${\\bf k}$, and ${\\bf k+q}$.[@form_factor_1; @form_factor_2]\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "Vivente rege\n\nVivente rege (Latin: \"with the king (still) living\") is a form of king's election, where the king's successor, usually of the same dynasty, was elected before the old king died. ", "It was an important element of politics in Poland during the times of the nobilities' election of kings, when monarchs would attempt to push through the election of their heir, and Polish nobility (szlachta) would oppose it, on the grounds that it would lead to absolute monarchy.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Latin political words and phrases\nCategory:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth" ]

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[ "Christians in Orissa Relief Camp Attacked\n\nA relief camp in Kandhamal, Orissa, India was attacked Monday night by Hindu radicals, reported a leading Christian advocacy group in the country.", "\n\nAccording to the Global Council of Indian Christians (GCIC), Hindu radicals attacked Mondakia relief camp in Kandhamal, where 1,500 Christian refugees displaced from the August 2008 attacks were staying.", "\n\n\"Swasti Nayak, who was at the front of the camp, was injured at 8:00 p.m. last night,\" GCIC reported. \"", "Terrified Christian refugees heard the familiar sounds of drum beats and Hindutva slogans.\"", "\n\nFearing a repeat of the August violence that left at least 60 Christians dead and more than 50,000 displaced, the advocacy group asked local authorities to ensure safety for Christians.", "\n\n\"GCIC has informed the SP and Collector and other authorities to send in additional police protection immediately.\"", "\n\nCurrently, only 3,000 Christians remain in relief camps as many have been forced to return home despite threats from Hindu militants and little compensation.", "\n\nMore than 5,000 Christian homes were burned in the anti-Christian violence and 252 churches were destroyed.", "\n\nThe latest attack this week comes as millions of Indians have gone to the polls for the country's parliamentary elections. ", "The elections began last month and are being conducted in phases over the course of four weeks in order to ensure that security personnel and officials are present to protect the more than 700 million voters. ", "Results will be released May 16.", "\n\nSecurity officials guarding the Kandhamal district were initially scheduled to protect the population only until April 24, but with apprehensions of more violence, the Election Commission extended their stay until election results come out." ]

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[ "Around the world, I am seeing efforts to support ‘quick-fix’ programmes aimed at developing vaccines and therapeutics against COVID-19. ", "Groups in the United States and China are already planning to test vaccines in healthy human volunteers. ", "Make no mistake, it’s essential that we work as hard and fast as possible to develop drugs and vaccines that are widely available across the world. ", "But it is important not to cut corners.", "\n\nVaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, polio, smallpox and influenza have a long history of safe use and were developed in line with requirements of regulatory agencies.", "\n\nI have worked to develop vaccines and treatments for coronaviruses since 2003, when the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak happened. ", "In my view, standard protocols are essential for safeguarding health. ", "Before allowing use of a COVID-19 vaccine in humans, regulators should evaluate safety with a range of virus strains and in more than one animal model. ", "They should also demand strong preclinical evidence that the experimental vaccines prevent infection, even though that will probably mean waiting weeks or even months for the models to become available.", "\n\nLatest news on the coronavirus\n\nThat is time well spent. ", "Work with the SARS virus shows that worrying immune responses were seen in ferrets and monkeys, but not in mice. ", "Also, some viral protein fragments can elicit more potent or less risky immune responses than others, and it makes sense to learn this in animal studies before trying them in people.", "\n\nGovernments are understandably desperate for anything that would forestall the deaths, closures and quarantines resulting from COVID-19. ", "But combating this disease demands a vaccine that is safe and potent. ", "The fatality rate is low (3.4% by the World Health Organization’s latest estimate, although this is highly uncertain), yet transmission rates are high and the spread is difficult to track. ", "That means many people — perhaps the majority in hotspots — would need to be vaccinated to stop the spread and prevent deaths. ", "By contrast, Ebola virus has very high fatality rates (averaging around 50%, but varying from 25% to 90%), yet is less contagious, so vaccination can be more targeted.", "\n\nDecades ago, vaccines developed against another coronavirus, feline infectious peritonitis virus, increased cats’ risk of developing the disease caused by the virus (T. Takano et al. ", "J. Vet. ", "Med. ", "Sci. ", "81, 911–915; 2019). ", "Similar phenomena have been seen in animal studies for other viruses, including the coronavirus that causes SARS (Y. W. Kam et al. ", "Vaccine 25, 729–740; 2007).", "\n\nRegulators must continue to require that vaccine developers check for potentially harmful responses in animal studies. ", "They must also be careful to assess healthy human volunteers for antibodies against any coronaviruses before enrolling them in safety trials. ", "Funders should beware of hype, and release more grants for appropriate tests for coronavirus drug and vaccine development.", "\n\nChina is advancing several COVID-19 vaccines of different types, and has announced plans to have products in human tests or emergency use in healthy people in April. ", "My worry is that this could mean a vaccine is administered before its efficacy and safety have been fully evaluated in animal models or clinical trials. ", "And in the United States, the biotechnology company Moderna in Norwood, Massachusetts, has shipped an experimental vaccine based on messenger RNA to the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) in Bethesda, Maryland, for testing in a clinical trial. ", "The mRNA-based platform for delivering vaccines has been shown to be safe in humans, but this COVID-19 vaccine has not. ", "The NIAID argues that the risk of delaying the advancement of vaccines is much higher than the risk of causing illness in healthy volunteers, but I worry that vaccine developers will rush in too hastily if standards are lowered.", "\n\nCoronavirus: hospitals must learn from past pandemics\n\nMore than 100 COVID-19 treatments are listed in China’s public clinical-trials registry. ", "Most of these involve a drug that has already been approved for another disease. ", "That means that they do not act specifically against human coronaviruses and have not been tested in COVID-19 animal models, even though that would usually be required by Chinese regulators. ", "What is more, trials done to gain approval of the treatment for other diseases often do not consider combinations with other drugs. ", "The potential for synergistic toxicity needs to be assessed before such ‘old’ drugs enter COVID-19 treatment regimes.", "\n\nAnother factor should also be considered: the potential for emerging and re-emerging coronaviruses to cause future outbreaks. ", "The virus behind COVID-19 might well mutate in ways that would make previously effective vaccines and antivirals useless. ", "Therefore, any regulatory agency considering ways to accelerate treatments into testing should also weigh up how likely these drugs are to work beyond this particular coronavirus.", "\n\nTesting vaccines and medicines without taking the time to fully understand safety risks could bring unwarranted setbacks during the current pandemic, and into the future. ", "The public’s willingness to back quarantines and other public-health measures to slow spread tends to correlate with how much people trust the government’s health advice. ", "A rush into potentially risky vaccines and therapies will betray that trust and discourage work to develop better assessments. ", "Despite the genuine need for urgency, the old saying holds: measure twice, cut once." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field\nThe present disclosure relates to a multilayer capacitor and a method of manufacturing the same.", "\n2. ", "Description of Related Art\nA multilayer capacitor is an important chip component with applications in devices such as communications devices, computers, home appliances, automobiles, and the like. ", "Due to its small size, a multilayer capacitor allows for the implementation of high capacitance, may be easily mounted, and is a core passive element used particularly in various electric, electronic and information communications devices such as a mobile phones, computers, digital televisions (TV), and the like.", "\nRecently, in accordance with miniaturization and performance improvements of electronic devices, multilayer capacitors have miniaturized while their capacitance levels have increased. ", "Accordingly, securing a high degree of reliability in multilayer capacitors has become an important consideration.", "\nTo secure a high degree of reliability in multilayer capacitors, a conductive resin layer in an external electrode has been disclosed to absorb tension stress generated due to mechanical or thermal factors, to prevent the generation of cracks due to stress.", "\nSuch a conductive resin layer serves to electrically and mechanically bond a sintered electrode layer and a plating layer of an external electrode of a multilayer capacitor to each other and also serves to protect the multilayer capacitor from mechanical or thermal stress depending on a process temperature and warpage impact of a circuit board at the time of mounting the multilayer capacitor on the circuit board.", "\nHowever, in order for the conductive resin layer to serve to electrically and mechanically bond the electrode layer and the plating layer to each other and serve to protect the multilayer capacitor, the resistance of the conductive resin layer should be low. ", "Also, the adhesion strength in the conductive resin layer bonding of the electrode layer and the plating layer should be excellent to prevent a delamination phenomenon of the external electrode that may be generated in such a process.", "\nThe conductive resin layer according to the related art has a high degree of resistivity, such that equivalent series resistance (ESR) may be higher than that of a product that does not include the conductive resin layer." ]

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[ "Search form\n\nWill There Be Climate Migrants en Masse?", "\n\nBy Arno Tanner\n\nWhile some countries are historically responsible for climate change, should the global community take up responsibility for climate migrants, even if they do not cross international borders? ", "Should there be immigration concessions for climate migrants when they need to or have to cross borders? ", "These are important questions that arise at a time of global climate change.", "\n\nIt is important to first carefully ponder the character and probability of \"climate migration\" before we learn to cope with it. ", "Is climate migration a new phenomenon? ", "How large could it become? ", "And most important, will climate events cause \"en masse\" local or regional migration?", "\n\nClimate factors often cause local and global migration independently of the nature and severity of global climate change. ", "In developing countries, drought has rendered large land masses non-arable or essentially unproductive, forcing people to move to cities where jobs are ever scarcer and food increasingly expensive. ", "Emigration out of the country is then seen as the only viable solution. ", "In this way, local climate problems have led to international migration.", "\n\nNevertheless, existing moderate climate-bound migration may be exaggerated and the severity and certainty of it, too soon to predict. ", "It is too early to say with certainty that there will be massive consequences of global warming, for example, the oceans wiping out the small-island States and other lowlands. ", "It is also premature to argue that this will result in unprecedented mass migrations.", "\n\nThe factors limiting mass migration have to do with the scope of global warming, as well as with the probability and manner of intercontinental mass emigration in a life-threatening situation.", "\n\nIt is improbable that there would be long-distance mass population movements even in a situation of systemic climate change. ", "As seen today refugee camps and shelter villages are typically set up not far from the site of the calamity.", "\n\nWe can look for an analogy in the number of current wars and levels of human rights violations, compared with the number of refugees and migrants actually fleeing those situations. ", "Comparing the quantity of asylum applicants to the number of people threatened by the twenty or more wars currently being waged in the world, we see that the number of victims is many times that of those who actually flee long distances. ", "While current wars severely disrupt the lives of tens of millions of people, the European Union and the United States, for instance, receive asylum applications only in the hundreds of thousands every year. ", "The number of long-distance migrants is much less than the actual number of victims.", "\n\nWhy do victims tend to stay near the site of the crisis? ", "Why would long-distance mass migration not necessarily ensue in a climate created crisis? ", "First, research has suggested that people whose livelihoods are most sensitive to environmental changes also tend to be those who do not have the means to move very far. ", "They lack the information and the financial capacity to set out on long journeys; and even if they had access to information, they often cannot travel.", "\n\nSecond, victims do not automatically want to migrate. ", "An increasingly accepted view treats emigration as an essentially voluntary decision, even in very compelling, life-threatening situations. ", "Typically, the victim desires to stay as close to her homeland as possible rather than set out on a long-distance journey into the unknown. ", "What attracts the highly skilled as well as the seasonal returning workers to the Western world may not apply among the often poor and weaker victims of crises.", "\n\nA third reason why climate migrants may not seek shelter, for instance, in the industrialized North is the following: Although sea levels may rise by one metre, and drylands with up to two billion inhabitants may become too dry, it is also true that many uninhabitable areas today, for example in northern, northwestern and western China, or the northern Russian Federation, may become fertile. ", "Many Asians might prefer to remain in the Eastern Hemisphere than migrate to distant destinations in Europe and the United States. ", "Hence, new routes of migration may form between and within developing countries, replacing in part traditional migratory routes.", "\n\nA fourth reason that would probably impede acute, permanent, long-distance mass migration is that global warming, if it is indeed occurring, will take place at a snail's pace. ", "Even in the worst-case scenarios, sea levels are projected to rise at a maximum of tens of centimetres a year. ", "People have accommodated to much more serious and acute incidents without resorting to non-returning, long-distance migration.", "\n\nEven if the crisis was a sudden, powerful and all-pervasive one, such as Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans or the tsunami in Asia, people would only have a minimum incentive to migrate permanently to a distant destination. ", "They would rather stay as close to their homes and return as soon as possible. ", "How could slow and long-term climate change, be expected to cause rapid mass global migration when acute full-scale crises have not resulted in that? ", "Let us look at future scenarios, drawing connections between two questions: Is climate change a local or a spacially szstemic phenomenon? ", "Will the ensuring migration be global and long-term, or short-distance and returning?", "\n\nOf the four permutations of the above scenarios, the least probable pair is that climate problems are at least de facto systemic and that its consequent migration will be global and long-term. ", "Climate change indications hardly become systemic but remain local, because the populations are able to anticipate them and prepare accordingly. ", "Only relatively small areas of coastal land would most likely be affected, and if the areas were larger, the inhabitants would have a longer time to adjust. ", "The time scale is one of years, or months, in the most extreme scenarios. ", "If more acute cases should occur, people would tend to move to nearby areas, and return when the situation allows. ", "In any case, any permanent movement would occur to the nearest destinations possible, possibly even to areas made recently inhabitable or fertile by the environmental change.", "\n\nEven in a purely systemic climate change with considerable sea level rises occurring rapidly, e.g. over months or years, and large crop-failures in one very season, migration would still remain local. ", "People of Nauru would most likely move to the Pitcairns. ", "People of the Maldives would seek for land in southern India. ", "In Africa, acute and massive droughts might cause internal displacements, with some migratory streams reaching the Mediterranean. ", "All in all, wiped out lowlands would be replaced by finding new, fertile agriland in higher, formerly harsh altitudes.", "\n\nHowever, the most probable scenario would see only localized indications of climate change. ", "Some of these conditions have existed in the past and some might be due to global warming. ", "However, the effects would in any case be slow, with the resultant migration occurring gradually over months and years. ", "Migration would stay within the nearby region, and migrants would return.", "\n\nFinally, we can return to the question posed at the beginning of the essay: While some countries are historically responsible for climate change, should the global community take up responsibility for climate migrants, even if they do not cross international borders? ", "Based on the above scenarios, it is probable that most migration would remain local or regional. ", "It is imperative that in order for the concerned region and country to cope, the international community should assist in the initial phase of relocation by providing the necessary requirements for a smooth transition.", "\n\nThis means stronger resources for the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, for example, in acute situations, and measures to integrate the migrants with the local population. ", "Due to the quality of the migrations, it is less probable to see acute and full-scale crises but, rather, slower and more orderly movements. ", "In the long run, one could even remain optimistic about the success of the transition. ", "Over time, migrants would make their own way and accommodate themselves elsewhere, and many would want and even be able to return to their countries of origin should conditions allow.", "\n\nHow about immigration concessions for climate migrants? ", "These would be slow and not necessarily related to acute climatic crises. ", "We could talk about \"forced migration\", similar to that of persecution-related refugees. ", "But the idea of persecution-related forced migration -- a refugee status -- denotes a \"no way out\" scenario, ie, one cannot resort to the authorities or flee internally. ", "In climate-based migration, particularly if the change has been slow, the population would most probably accommodate voluntarily. ", "If, however, there is a volcanic eruption, an earthquake or a tsunami, and the event essentially causes a climate change, some legal measure is called for to consider such victims as \"forced migrants\", comparable to Geneva Convention refugees. ", "It is more difficult, however, to think of sea-level rise by ten centimetres per year as acute \"force\".", "\n\nIn conclusion, one ought not to overstate the scale of the migrations that might occur due to possible global climate changes. ", "The speed and scope of climate change, as well as the human ability to adapt, make forced, acute, climate-induced mass migration improbable. ", "Some surges may be seen, but also managed with good preparation and research into questions such as: Which parts of the globe have the highest population densities and are simultaneously at the greatest risk of a climatic crisis? ", "Which nearby areas could serve as temporary havens for potential climate refugees? ", "Which circumstances, formerly harsh, would turn lucrative? ", "What would be the best measures the global community could take to facilitate the movement of climate migrants? ", "Finally, what legal measures could strengthen the status of a single migrant who has been forced to leave his homeland because of climate change?", "\n\nAbout the Author\n\nArno Tanner is Adjunct Professor, Universities of Helsinki and Tampere. ", "Most recently, he published \"The Future of International Migration Governance\"." ]

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[ "package vc.zz.qduxsh.alxlocationmanager;\n\nimport android.app.", "Application;\nimport android.content.", "Context;\nimport android.content.", "Intent;\nimport android.content.", "SharedPreferences;\nimport android.location.", "Location;\nimport android.net.", "ConnectivityManager;\nimport android.net.", "Network;\nimport android.net.", "NetworkInfo;\nimport android.net.wifi.", "ScanResult;\nimport android.net.wifi.", "WifiInfo;\nimport android.net.wifi.", "WifiManager;\nimport android.os.", "Build;\nimport android.os.", "Bundle;\nimport android.os.", "Handler;\nimport android.support.annotation.", "NonNull;\nimport android.support.annotation.", "Nullable;\nimport android.telephony.", "CellIdentityCdma;\nimport android.telephony.", "CellIdentityGsm;\nimport android.telephony.", "CellIdentityLte;\nimport android.telephony.", "CellIdentityWcdma;\nimport android.telephony.", "CellInfo;\nimport android.telephony.", "CellInfoCdma;\nimport android.telephony.", "CellInfoGsm;\nimport android.telephony.", "CellInfoLte;\nimport android.telephony.", "CellInfoWcdma;\nimport android.telephony.", "CellLocation;\nimport android.telephony.", "NeighboringCellInfo;\nimport android.telephony.", "TelephonyManager;\nimport android.telephony.cdma.", "CdmaCellLocation;\nimport android.telephony.gsm.", "GsmCellLocation;\nimport android.util.", "Log;\nimport android.widget.", "Toast;\n\nimport com.alibaba.fastjson.", "JSON;\nimport com.google.android.gms.common.", "ConnectionResult;\nimport com.google.android.gms.common.api.", "GoogleApiClient;\nimport com.google.android.gms.location.", "LocationListener;\nimport com.google.android.gms.location.", "LocationRequest;\nimport com.google.android.gms.location.", "LocationServices;\n\nimport org.json.", "JSONArray;\nimport org.json.", "JSONException;\nimport org.json.", "JSONObject;\n\nimport java.util.", "ArrayList;\nimport java.util.", "List;\nimport java.util.", "Timer;\nimport java.util.", "TimerTask;\n\nimport cn.finalteam.okhttpfinal.", "BaseHttpRequestCallback;\nimport cn.finalteam.okhttpfinal.", "HttpRequest;\nimport cn.finalteam.okhttpfinal.", "RequestParams;\n\n\n/**\n * Created by AlexLocation on 2016/6/6.", "\n */\npublic class AlxLocationManager implements GoogleApiClient.", "ConnectionCallbacks,GoogleApiClient.", "OnConnectionFailedListener,LocationListener {\n public static final String GOOGLE_API_KEY = \"AIzaSyDLToSD04V2ylySZaswsUWZX9s-WCGDx5g\";\n public static final boolean autoChina = true;//中国境内的坐标是否自动转换成火星坐标系\n public static final boolean isGeoApp = true;//当前APP对GPS要求高不高，普通APP只需要了解大概位置的话应填false，对位置要求严格的APP比如地图的话填true\n\n //下面这三个是没拿到第一次经纬度的时候耗电抓取经纬度的策略\n\n private static final int MAX_deviation = isGeoApp?60:100;//首次获取最小精确度限制\n public static final int FAST_UPDATE_INTERVAL = isGeoApp?10000:20000; // 10 sec 平均更新时间,同时也是没有获取成功的刷新间隔，是耗电量的重要参数，普通APP 20s,敏感型10s\n private static final int FATEST_INTERVAL = 5000; // 5 sec 最短更新时间\n public static final int FAST_DISPLACEMENT = isGeoApp?1:10; // 10 meters 为最小侦听距离,如果当前APP位置敏感，那就填1m\n\n //下面这个是省电抓取经纬度的策略,敏感型APP不会开启省电策略\n private static final int SLOW_UPDATE_INTERVAL = 60000; // 60 sec 平均更新时间\n private static final int SLOW_INTERVAL = 30000; // 30 sec 最短更新时间\n private static final int SLOW_DISPLACEMENT = 500; // 500 meters 为最小侦听距离\n\n private Application context;//防止内存泄漏，不使用activity的引用\n private GoogleApiClient mGoogleApiClient;\n public static AlxLocationManager manager;//单例模式\n\n public STATUS currentStatus = STATUS.NOT_CONNECT;\n private Timer locationTimer;\n public String dataJson;//发送给谷歌API的WiFi和基站数据\n\n\n public enum STATUS{\n NOT_CONNECT,//没有连接相关硬件成功\n TRYING_FIRST,//第一次获取地理位置，此时gps指示图标闪烁，耗电量大\n LOW_POWER,//开启app拿到精确度的GPS之后，开启省电模式\n NOT_TRACK//当前没有开启跟踪模式\n }\n\n public final static boolean isDebugging = true;//是否显示toast开关\n\n public static AlxLocationManager getInstance(){\n return manager;\n }\n /**\n * 注册gps监听服务\n * @param context\n */\n public static void onCreateGPS(final Application context){\n if(manager!=null && manager.mGoogleApiClient!=null)return;\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"准备开启gps\");\n manager = new AlxLocationManager();\n manager.context = context;\n manager.mGoogleApiClient = new GoogleApiClient.", "Builder(context)\n .addConnectionCallbacks(manager)\n .addOnConnectionFailedListener(manager)\n .addApi(LocationServices.", "API)\n .build();\n manager.mGoogleApiClient.connect();\n new Handler().postDelayed(new Runnable() {\n @Override\n public void run() {\n if(manager == null || manager.context == null || manager.currentStatus !", "= STATUS.NOT_CONNECT)return;//如果连接GPS硬件到9s后还没成功\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"该手机没有安装谷歌框架服务,使用Android原生获取吧\");\n Toast.makeText(manager.context,\"警告：你没有安装谷歌服务框架，请root后安装\",Toast.", "LENGTH_LONG).show();\n context.startService(new Intent(manager.context, AlxLocationService.class));\n if(manager.locationTimer==null)manager.locationTimer = new Timer();\n try {\n manager.locationTimer.scheduleAtFixedRate(new LocationTask(),0,FAST_UPDATE_INTERVAL);//10s获取一次\n }catch (Exception e){\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"开启locationtask出现异常\",e);\n }\n new AlxAsynTask<Void,Void,String>(){//在子线程中获取附近的基站和wifi信息\n\n @Override\n protected String doInBackground(Void... params) {\n GeoLocationAPI geoLocationAPI = null;\n try {\n geoLocationAPI = getCellInfo(manager.context);//得到基站信息,通过基站进行定位\n }catch (Exception e){\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"获取附近基站信息出现异常\",e);\n }\n if(geoLocationAPI ==null){\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"获取基站信息失败\");\n return \"{}\";\n }\n getWifiInfo(manager.context, geoLocationAPI);\n String json = geoLocationAPI.toJson();//这里使用gson.toJson()会被混淆，推荐使用手动拼json\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"准备发给google的json是\"+json);\n return json;\n }\n\n @Override\n protected void onPostExecute(String json) {\n super.onPostExecute(json);\n //开启子线程请求网络\n if(manager!=null && context!=null)manager.sendJsonByPost(json,\"https://www.googleapis.com/geolocation/v1/geolocate?key=\"+GOOGLE_API_KEY);\n else return;\n Toast.makeText(context,\"没有安装谷歌框架！！！发给google api 的json是；：\"+json,Toast.", "LENGTH_LONG).show();\n }\n }.executeDependSDK();\n }\n },9000);\n }\n\n public static class LocationTask extends TimerTask {\n\n @Override\n public void run() {\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"location task 执行\"+\"manager是\"+manager+\" destroy是\"+AlxLocationService.isDestory);\n if(manager==null || !", "AlxLocationService.isDestory)return;//如果之前被destroy了，就重开一个\n manager.context.startService(new Intent(manager.context, AlxLocationService.class));//使用安卓原生API获取地理位置\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * 进入某些页面，重新刷GPS\n * @param context\n */\n public static void restartGPS(Application context){\n stopGPS();//先停止当前的GPS\n onCreateGPS(context);//重启GPS\n }\n\n\n\n /**\n * 停止gps服务，用来省电\n */\n public static void stopGPS(){\n if(manager==null)return;\n pauseGPS();\n manager.mGoogleApiClient = null;\n manager = null;\n }\n\n /**\n * 当app被放到后台时，暂停GPS\n */\n public static void pauseGPS(){\n Log.i(\"Alex\",\"准备暂停GPS\");\n if(manager==null || manager.mGoogleApiClient==null || manager.currentStatus== STATUS.NOT_CONNECT || manager.currentStatus == STATUS.NOT_TRACK)return;\n try {\n LocationServices.", "FusedLocationApi.removeLocationUpdates(manager.mGoogleApiClient, manager);\n manager.currentStatus = STATUS.NOT_CONNECT;\n if (manager.mGoogleApiClient.isConnected() || manager.mGoogleApiClient.isConnecting()) manager.mGoogleApiClient.disconnect();\n manager.mGoogleApiClient = null;\n }catch (Exception e) {\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"暂停GPS出现异常\",e);\n }\n }\n @Override\n public void onConnected(@Nullable Bundle bundle) {\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"connect gps成功\");\n if(currentStatus !", "= STATUS.NOT_CONNECT)return;//有些手机会多次连接成功\n currentStatus = STATUS.TRYING_FIRST;\n if(!getCurrentLocation()) {//得到当前gps并记录\n //如果没有成功拿到当前经纬度，那么就通过实时位置监听去不断的拿，直到拿到为止\n //如果没有拿到经纬度，就一直监听\n LocationServices.", "FusedLocationApi.requestLocationUpdates(mGoogleApiClient, createFastLocationRequest(), this);//创建位置监听\n new TowerAndWiFiTask().executeDependSDK();\n }else if(isGeoApp){\n //@对位置准确度要求高，希望一直跟踪位置的APP\n LocationServices.", "FusedLocationApi.requestLocationUpdates(mGoogleApiClient, createFastLocationRequest(), this);//创建位置监听\n new TowerAndWiFiTask().executeDependSDK();\n Toast.makeText(manager.context,\"成功获取到了上次的经纬度，并进行跟踪\",Toast.", "LENGTH_LONG).show();\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"成功获取到了上次的经纬度，并进行跟踪\");\n\n } else {//获取了最后一次硬件记录的经纬度，不进行追踪\n //在获取最近一次硬件经纬度成功之后要不要开启追踪模式，应该视项目的具体需求而定，如果对定位的准确度要求不是特别高的APP,那么拿到最近一次的定位就不用追踪了，减少耗电\n //对位置要求不高，要求省电的APP\n Toast.makeText(manager.context,\"成功获取到了上次的经纬度，所以不进行追踪了\",Toast.", "LENGTH_LONG).show();\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"成功获取到了上次的经纬度，所以不进行追踪了\");\n currentStatus = STATUS.NOT_TRACK;\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * 在子\n */\n class TowerAndWiFiTask extends AlxAsynTask<Void,Void,String>{\n @Override\n protected String doInBackground(Void... params) {\n GeoLocationAPI geoLocationAPI = null;\n try {\n geoLocationAPI = getCellInfo(context);//得到基站信息,通过基站进行定位\n }catch (Exception e){\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"获取附近基站信息出现异常\",e);\n }\n if(geoLocationAPI ==null){\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"获取基站信息失败\");\n return \"{}\";\n }\n getWifiInfo(context, geoLocationAPI);\n String json = geoLocationAPI.toJson();//这里使用gson.toJson()会被混淆，推荐使用手动拼json\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"准备发给goggle的json是\"+json);\n return json;\n }\n\n @Override\n protected void onPostExecute(String json) {\n super.onPostExecute(json);\n //发送json数据到谷歌，等待谷歌返回结果\n sendJsonByPost(json,\"https://www.googleapis.com/geolocation/v1/geolocate?key=\"+GOOGLE_API_KEY);\n Toast.makeText(context,\"恭喜你安装了谷歌框架，发给google api 的json是；：\"+json,Toast.", "LENGTH_LONG).show();\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * 拿到最近一次的硬件经纬度记录,只用精确度足够高的时候才会采用这种定位\n * @return\n */\n public boolean getCurrentLocation(){\n Location mLastLocation = LocationServices.", "FusedLocationApi.getLastLocation(mGoogleApiClient);\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"得到last Location的gps是==\"+mLastLocation);\n if (mLastLocation == null) return false;//在少数情况下这里有可能是null\n double latitude = mLastLocation.getLatitude();//纬度\n double longitude = mLastLocation.getLongitude();//经度\n double altitude = mLastLocation.getAltitude();//海拔\n float last_accuracy = mLastLocation.getAccuracy();//精度\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"last Location的精度是\"+last_accuracy);\n String provider = mLastLocation.getProvider();//传感器\n float bearing = mLastLocation.getBearing();\n float speed = mLastLocation.getSpeed();//速度\n if(isDebugging)Toast.makeText(context,\"获取到last location经纬度 \"+\"纬度\"+latitude+\" 经度\"+longitude+ \"精确度\"+last_accuracy,Toast.", "LENGTH_LONG).show();\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"获取last location成功，纬度==\"+latitude+\" 经度\"+longitude+\" 海拔\"+altitude+\" 传感器\"+provider+\" 速度\"+speed+ \"精确度\"+last_accuracy);\n if(last_accuracy < MAX_deviation){\n recordLocation(context,latitude,longitude,last_accuracy);\n }else {\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"精确度太低，放弃last Location\");\n }\n return last_accuracy < MAX_deviation;\n }\n\n @Override\n public void onConnectionSuspended(int i) {\n\n }\n\n /**\n * 注册完位置跟踪策略后，每隔一段时间会调用的这个方法，同时会拿到当前的位置\n * @param location\n */\n @Override\n public void onLocationChanged(Location location) {\n if(currentStatus == STATUS.LOW_POWER)Log.i(\"Alex\",\"现在是低电力的定位策略\");\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"位置改变了\"+location);\n if(location==null)return;\n if(isDebugging) Toast.makeText(context,\"获取到了最新的GPS \"+location.toString()+\" 精度是\"+location.getAccuracy(),Toast.", "LENGTH_LONG).show();\n if(location.getAccuracy() < MAX_deviation ){//精度如果太小就放弃\n recordLocation(context,location.getLatitude(),location.getLongitude(),location.getAccuracy());\n }else {\n Log.i(\"Alex\",\"精确度太低，准备放弃最新的位置\");\n }\n if(location.getAccuracy() > 50 || currentStatus!= STATUS.TRYING_FIRST || isGeoApp)return;//如果现在是高电量模式，那么就停止当前监听，采用低电量监听\n //地理位置敏感APP并不会进入低电量模式\n LocationServices.", "FusedLocationApi.removeLocationUpdates(mGoogleApiClient,this);//成功获取到之后就降低频率来省电\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"准备开启省电策略\");\n currentStatus = STATUS.LOW_POWER;\n LocationServices.", "FusedLocationApi.requestLocationUpdates(mGoogleApiClient, createLowPowerLocationRequest(), this);//创建位置监听\n }\n\n @Override\n public void onConnectionFailed(@NonNull ConnectionResult connectionResult) {\n\n }\n\n /**\n * 当手机移动后通过回调获得移动后的经纬度，在这个函数里配置相应的刷新频率\n * 建立一个耗电的，尽快的拿到当前经纬度的策略\n */\n private static LocationRequest createFastLocationRequest() {\n LocationRequest mLocationRequest = LocationRequest.create();\n mLocationRequest.setInterval(FAST_UPDATE_INTERVAL);\n mLocationRequest.setFastestInterval(FATEST_INTERVAL);\n mLocationRequest.setPriority(LocationRequest.", "PRIORITY_HIGH_ACCURACY);//耗电模式\n mLocationRequest.setSmallestDisplacement(FAST_DISPLACEMENT);\n return mLocationRequest;\n }\n\n /**\n * 建立一个省电的跟踪经纬度的策略\n * 注意此方法要慎用，使用了低电量模式以后，精确度会大幅下降\n * @return\n */\n private static LocationRequest createLowPowerLocationRequest() {\n LocationRequest mLocationRequest = LocationRequest.create();\n mLocationRequest.setInterval(SLOW_UPDATE_INTERVAL);\n mLocationRequest.setFastestInterval(SLOW_INTERVAL);\n mLocationRequest.setPriority(LocationRequest.", "PRIORITY_BALANCED_POWER_ACCURACY);//省电模式，PRIORITY_LOW_POWER要慎用，会导致定位精确度大幅下降，能偏到好几十公里以外去\n mLocationRequest.setSmallestDisplacement(SLOW_DISPLACEMENT);\n return mLocationRequest;\n }\n\n /**\n * 将获取到的经纬度记录在本地\n * @param context\n */\n public static void recordLocation(Context context, double latitude, double longitude, float accuracy){\n SharedPreferences sharedPreferences = context.getSharedPreferences(\"lastLocationRecord\", Context.", "MODE_PRIVATE);\n SharedPreferences.", "Editor editor = sharedPreferences.edit();\n //中国境内换算成火星坐标系\n MyLocation myLocation = gps84_To_Gcj02(latitude,longitude);\n if(myLocation !", "= null && autoChina){\n latitude = myLocation.latitude;\n longitude = myLocation.longitude;\n }\n editor.putString(\"latitude\", String.valueOf(latitude));\n editor.putString(\"longitude\", String.valueOf(longitude));\n editor.putFloat(\"accuracy\",accuracy);\n editor.apply();\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"最终经过火星转换的结果是latitude=\"+latitude+\" longitude=\"+longitude+\" accuracy=\"+accuracy);\n MyLocation myLocationStatic = MyLocation.getInstance();\n //当以前没有记录，或者30s内连续获取的数据（Google的数据，手机自带GPS返回的数据）根据accuracy择优录取\n if(myLocationStatic.updateTime == 0 || System.currentTimeMillis() - myLocationStatic.updateTime > SLOW_INTERVAL || accuracy <= myLocationStatic.accuracy) {\n myLocationStatic.latitude = latitude;\n myLocationStatic.longitude = longitude;\n myLocationStatic.accuracy = accuracy;\n myLocationStatic.updateTime = System.currentTimeMillis();\n if(isDebugging)Toast.makeText(context,\"最终记录的经过火星转换的结果是latitude=\"+latitude+\" longitude=\"+longitude+\" accuracy=\"+accuracy,Toast.", "LENGTH_LONG).show();\n }else {\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"本次位置获取不精确，放弃\");\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * 从sharedPreference中获取上次开启app时候的地理位置,前面的是纬度，后面的是经度\n * @return\n */\n public static double[] getOldLocation(Context context){\n SharedPreferences sharedPreferences = context.getSharedPreferences(\"lastLocationRecord\", Context.", "MODE_PRIVATE);\n String latitudeStr = sharedPreferences.getString(\"latitude\",\"\");\n String longitudeStr = sharedPreferences.getString(\"longitude\",\"\");\n float accuracy = sharedPreferences.getFloat(\"accuracy\",9999);\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"SP里的精确度\"+accuracy);\n if(latitudeStr.length()==0 || longitudeStr.length()==0)return null;\n double[] latlng = {-1,-1};\n try {\n latlng[0] = new Double(latitudeStr);\n latlng[1] = new Double(longitudeStr);\n }catch (Exception e){\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"解析经纬度出现异常\",e);\n }\n return latlng;\n }\n\n /**\n * 得到附近的基站信息，准备传给谷歌\n */\n public static GeoLocationAPI getCellInfo(Context context){\n //通过TelephonyManager 获取lac:mcc:mnc:cell-id\n GeoLocationAPI cellInfo = new GeoLocationAPI();\n TelephonyManager mTelephonyManager = (TelephonyManager) context.getSystemService(Context.", "TELEPHONY_SERVICE);\n if(mTelephonyManager==null)return cellInfo;\n // 返回值MCC + MNC\n /*# MCC，Mobile Country Code，移动国家代码（中国的为460）；\n * # MNC，Mobile Network Code，移动网络号码（中国移动为0，中国联通为1，中国电信为2）；\n * # LAC，Location Area Code，位置区域码;\n * # CID，Cell Identity，基站编号；\n * # BSSS，Base station signal strength，基站信号强度。", "\n */\n String operator = mTelephonyManager.getNetworkOperator();\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"获取的基站信息是\"+operator);\n if(operator==null || operator.length()<5){\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"获取基站信息有问题,可能是手机没插sim卡\");\n return cellInfo;\n }\n int mcc = Integer.parseInt(operator.substring(0, 3));\n int mnc = Integer.parseInt(operator.substring(3));\n int lac;\n int cellId;\n // 中国移动和中国联通获取LAC、CID的方式\n CellLocation cellLocation = mTelephonyManager.getCellLocation();\n if(cellLocation==null){\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"手机没插sim卡吧\");\n return cellInfo;\n }\n if(mTelephonyManager.getPhoneType() == TelephonyManager.", "PHONE_TYPE_GSM) {\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"当前是gsm基站\");\n GsmCellLocation location = (GsmCellLocation)cellLocation;\n lac = location.getLac();\n cellId = location.getCid();\n //这些东西非常重要，是根据基站获得定位的重要依据\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\", \" MCC移动国家代码 = \" + mcc + \"\\t MNC移动网络号码 = \" + mnc + \"\\t LAC位置区域码 = \" + lac + \"\\t CID基站编号 = \" + cellId);\n }else if(mTelephonyManager.getPhoneType() == TelephonyManager.", "PHONE_TYPE_CDMA) {\n // 中国电信获取LAC、CID的方式\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"现在是cdma基站\");\n CdmaCellLocation location1 = (CdmaCellLocation) mTelephonyManager.getCellLocation();\n lac = location1.getNetworkId();\n cellId = location1.getBaseStationId();\n cellId /= 16;\n }else {\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"现在不知道是什么基站\");\n return cellInfo;\n }\n cellInfo.radioType = determine2g3g4g(context);//这里填要慎重，要是填的不对就会报404 notFound\n cellInfo.homeMobileCountryCode = mcc;\n cellInfo.homeMobileNetworkCode = mnc;\n cellInfo.carrier = getCarrier(operator);\n cellInfo.considerIp = considerIP(context);//这里要判断是否采用了vpn，在wifi的时候可以用ip辅助定位，但是如果是用的2g3g4g信号那就只能用基站，ip会不准\n ArrayList<GoogleCellTower> towers = new ArrayList<>(1);\n GoogleCellTower bigTower = new GoogleCellTower();//这个塔是当前连接的塔，只有一个，但是对定位有决定性的作用\n bigTower.cellId = cellId;\n bigTower.mobileCountryCode = mcc;\n bigTower.mobileNetworkCode = mnc;\n bigTower.locationAreaCode = lac;\n bigTower.signalStrength = 0;\n towers.add(bigTower);\n cellInfo.cellTowers = towers;\n // 获取邻区基站信息\n if(Build.", "VERSION.SDK_INT<17) {//低版的android系统使用getNeighboringCellInfo方法\n List<NeighboringCellInfo> infos = mTelephonyManager.getNeighboringCellInfo();\n if(infos==null){\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"手机型号不支持基站定位1\");\n return cellInfo;\n }\n if(infos.size()==0)return cellInfo;//附近没有基站\n towers = new ArrayList<>(infos.size());\n StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(\"附近基站总数 : \" + infos.size() + \"\\n\");\n for (NeighboringCellInfo info1 : infos) { // 根据邻区总数进行循环\n GoogleCellTower tower = new GoogleCellTower();\n sb.append(\" LAC : \" + info1.getLac()); // 取出当前邻区的LAC\n tower.locationAreaCode = info1.getLac();\n tower.mobileCountryCode = mcc;\n tower.mobileNetworkCode = mnc;\n tower.signalStrength = info1.getRssi();\n sb.append(\" CID : \" + info1.getCid()); // 取出当前邻区的CID\n tower.cellId = info1.getCid();\n sb.append(\" BSSS : \" + (-113 + 2 * info1.getRssi()) + \"\\n\"); // 获取邻区基站信号强度\n towers.add(tower);\n }\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"基站信息是\"+sb);\n }else {//高版android系统使用getAllCellInfo方法，并且对基站的类型加以区分\n List<CellInfo> infos = mTelephonyManager.getAllCellInfo();\n if(infos!=null) {\n if(infos.size()==0)return cellInfo;\n towers = new ArrayList<>(infos.size());\n for (CellInfo i : infos) { // 根据邻区总数进行循环\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\", \"附近基站信息是\" + i.toString());//这里如果出现很多cid\n GoogleCellTower tower = new GoogleCellTower();\n if(i instanceof CellInfoGsm){//这里的塔分为好几种类型\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"现在是gsm基站\");\n CellIdentityGsm cellIdentityGsm = ((CellInfoGsm)i).getCellIdentity();//从这个类里面可以取出好多有用的东西\n if(cellIdentityGsm==null)continue;\n tower.locationAreaCode = cellIdentityGsm.getLac();\n tower.mobileCountryCode = cellIdentityGsm.getMcc();\n tower.mobileNetworkCode = cellIdentityGsm.getMnc();\n tower.signalStrength = 0;\n tower.cellId = cellIdentityGsm.getCid();\n }else if(i instanceof CellInfoCdma){\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"现在是cdma基站\");\n CellIdentityCdma cellIdentityCdma = ((CellInfoCdma)i).getCellIdentity();\n if(cellIdentityCdma==null)continue;\n tower.locationAreaCode = lac;\n tower.mobileCountryCode = mcc;\n tower.mobileNetworkCode = cellIdentityCdma.getSystemId();//cdma用sid,是系统识别码，每个地级市只有一个sid，是唯一的。", "\n tower.signalStrength = 0;\n cellIdentityCdma.getNetworkId();//NID是网络识别码，由各本地网管理，也就是由地级分公司分配。每个地级市可能有1到3个nid。", "\n tower.cellId = cellIdentityCdma.getBasestationId();//cdma用bid,表示的是网络中的某一个小区，可以理解为基站。", "\n }else if(i instanceof CellInfoLte) {\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\", \"现在是lte基站\");\n CellIdentityLte cellIdentityLte = ((CellInfoLte) i).getCellIdentity();\n if(cellIdentityLte==null)continue;\n tower.locationAreaCode = lac;\n tower.mobileCountryCode = cellIdentityLte.getMcc();\n tower.mobileNetworkCode = cellIdentityLte.getMnc();\n tower.cellId = cellIdentityLte.getCi();\n tower.signalStrength = 0;\n }else if(i instanceof CellInfoWcdma && Build.", "VERSION.SDK_INT>=18){\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"现在是wcdma基站\");\n CellIdentityWcdma cellIdentityWcdma = ((CellInfoWcdma)i).getCellIdentity();\n if(cellIdentityWcdma==null)continue;\n tower.locationAreaCode = cellIdentityWcdma.getLac();\n tower.mobileCountryCode = cellIdentityWcdma.getMcc();\n tower.mobileNetworkCode = cellIdentityWcdma.getMnc();\n tower.cellId = cellIdentityWcdma.getCid();\n tower.signalStrength = 0;\n }else {\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"不知道现在是啥基站\");\n }\n towers.add(tower);\n }\n }else {//有些手机拿不到的话，就用废弃的方法，有时候即使手机支持，getNeighboringCellInfo的返回结果也常常是null\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"通过高版本SDK无法拿到基站信息，准备用低版本的方法\");\n List<NeighboringCellInfo> infos2 = mTelephonyManager.getNeighboringCellInfo();\n if(infos2==null || infos2.size()==0){\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"该手机确实不支持基站定位，已经无能为力了\");\n return cellInfo;\n }\n towers = new ArrayList<>(infos2.size());\n StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(\"附近基站总数 : \" + infos2.size() + \"\\n\");\n for (NeighboringCellInfo i : infos2) { // 根据邻区总数进行循环\n GoogleCellTower tower = new GoogleCellTower();\n sb.append(\" LAC : \" + i.getLac()); // 取出当前邻区的LAC\n tower.age = 0;\n tower.locationAreaCode = i.getLac();\n tower.mobileCountryCode = mcc;\n tower.mobileNetworkCode = mnc;\n sb.append(\" CID : \" + i.getCid()); // 取出当前邻区的CID\n tower.cellId = i.getCid();\n sb.append(\" BSSS : \" + (-113 + 2 * i.getRssi()) + \"\\n\"); // 获取邻区基站信号强度\n towers.add(tower);\n }\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"基站信息是\"+sb);\n }\n }\n cellInfo.cellTowers = towers;\n return cellInfo;\n }\n\n /**\n * 看看现在用wifi流量还是手机流量，如果是wifi返回true\n * @param context\n * @return\n */\n public static boolean isWifiEnvironment(Context context){\n ConnectivityManager connectivityManager = (ConnectivityManager) context.getSystemService(Context.", "CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);\n NetworkInfo networkInfo = connectivityManager.getActiveNetworkInfo();\n if(networkInfo==null){\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"现在没有联网\");\n return false;\n }\n int netType = networkInfo.getType();\n switch (netType){\n case ConnectivityManager.", "TYPE_WIFI:\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"现在是wifi网络,可以用ip定位\");\n return true;\n case ConnectivityManager.", "TYPE_VPN://这个基本没用\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"现在是VPN网络\");\n break;\n case ConnectivityManager.", "TYPE_MOBILE:\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"现在是移动网络,不能用ip定位\");\n int subType = networkInfo.getSubtype();\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"移动网络子类是\"+subType+\" \"+networkInfo.getSubtypeName());//能判断是2g/3g/4g网络\n break;\n default:\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"不知道现在是什么网络\");\n break;\n }\n return false;\n }\n\n /**\n * 看看现在是wifi联网还是用的流量，如果是wifi返回true，因为wifi的时候可以用ip定位,但如果这时候是vpn，那就不能用ip定位\n * @param context\n */\n public static boolean considerIP(Context context){\n boolean considerIP = true;//默认是考虑\n ConnectivityManager connectivityManager = (ConnectivityManager) context.getSystemService(Context.", "CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);\n if(connectivityManager==null)return true;\n if(!isWifiEnvironment(context))return false;//如果现在不是wifi网络，就不能用ip定位\n if(Build.", "VERSION.SDK_INT<21) {//旧版本安卓获取网络状态\n NetworkInfo[] networkInfos = connectivityManager.getAllNetworkInfo();\n if(networkInfos==null)return true;\n for(NetworkInfo i:networkInfos){\n if(i==null)continue;\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"现在的网络是\"+i.getTypeName()+i.getType()+\" \"+i.getSubtypeName());//WIFI,VPN,MOBILE+LTE\n if(i.getType()== ConnectivityManager.", "TYPE_VPN){\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"现在用的是VPN网络，不能用ip定位\");\n considerIP = false;\n break;\n }\n }\n }else {//新版\n Network[] networks = connectivityManager.getAllNetworks();\n if(networks==null)return true;\n for(Network n:networks){\n if(n==null)continue;\n NetworkInfo networkInfo = connectivityManager.getNetworkInfo(n);\n if(networkInfo==null)continue;\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"现在的网络是\"+networkInfo.getTypeName()+networkInfo.getType()+\" \"+networkInfo.getSubtypeName());//WIFI,VPN,MOBILE+LTE\n if(networkInfo.getType()== ConnectivityManager.", "TYPE_VPN){\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"现在用的是VPN网络，不能用ip定位\");\n considerIP = false;\n break;\n }\n }\n }\n return considerIP;\n }\n\n /**\n * 判断当前手机在2g，3g，还是4g，用于发给谷歌\n */\n public static String determine2g3g4g(Context context){\n ConnectivityManager connectivityManager = (ConnectivityManager) context.getSystemService(Context.", "CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);\n if(connectivityManager==null)return null;\n if(Build.", "VERSION.SDK_INT<21) {//旧版本安卓获取网络状态\n NetworkInfo[] networkInfos = connectivityManager.getAllNetworkInfo();\n if(networkInfos==null)return null;\n for(NetworkInfo i:networkInfos){\n if(i==null)continue;\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"正在查看当前网络的制式\"+i.getTypeName()+i.getType()+\" \"+i.getSubtypeName());//WIFI,VPN,MOBILE+LTE\n if(i.getType()!= ConnectivityManager.", "TYPE_MOBILE)continue;//只看流量\n else Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"现在是移动网络\");\n return determine2g3g4g(i);\n }\n }else {//新版\n Network[] networks = connectivityManager.getAllNetworks();\n if(networks==null)return null;\n for(Network n:networks){\n if(n==null)continue;\n NetworkInfo networkInfo = connectivityManager.getNetworkInfo(n);\n if(networkInfo==null)continue;\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"正在查看当前网络的制式\"+networkInfo.getTypeName()+networkInfo.getType()+\" \"+networkInfo.getSubtypeName());//WIFI,VPN,MOBILE+LTE\n if(networkInfo.getType()!= ConnectivityManager.", "TYPE_MOBILE) continue;//只看流量\n return determine2g3g4g(networkInfo);\n }\n }\n return null;\n }\n\n /**\n * 看看现在用的是几g，什么网络制式\n * @param info\n * @return\n */\n public static String determine2g3g4g(NetworkInfo info){\n if(info==null)return null;\n switch (info.getSubtype()){\n case TelephonyManager.", "NETWORK_TYPE_LTE:\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"手机信号是lte\");\n return \"LTE\";\n case TelephonyManager.", "NETWORK_TYPE_EDGE:\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"手机信号是edge\");\n return \"EDGE\";\n case TelephonyManager.", "NETWORK_TYPE_CDMA:\n return \"CDMA\";\n case TelephonyManager.", "NETWORK_TYPE_GPRS:\n return \"GPRS\";\n case TelephonyManager.", "NETWORK_TYPE_HSDPA:\n return \"HSDPA\";\n case TelephonyManager.", "NETWORK_TYPE_HSPA:\n return \"HSPA\";\n case TelephonyManager.", "NETWORK_TYPE_HSPAP:\n return \"HSPAP\";\n case TelephonyManager.", "NETWORK_TYPE_HSUPA:\n return \"HSUPA\";\n case TelephonyManager.", "NETWORK_TYPE_EVDO_0:\n return \"EVDO_0\";\n case TelephonyManager.", "NETWORK_TYPE_EVDO_A:\n return \"EVDO_A\";\n case TelephonyManager.", "NETWORK_TYPE_EVDO_B:\n return \"EVDO_B\";\n case TelephonyManager.", "NETWORK_TYPE_IDEN:\n return \"IDEN\";\n case TelephonyManager.", "NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS:\n return \"UMTS\";\n case TelephonyManager.", "NETWORK_TYPE_EHRPD:\n return \"EHRPD\";\n case TelephonyManager.", "NETWORK_TYPE_1xRTT:\n return \"RTT\";\n case TelephonyManager.", "NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN:\n return \"UNKNOWN\";\n }\n return null;\n\n }\n\n /**\n * 得到附近的wifi信息，准备传给谷歌\n * @param context\n * @param geoLocationAPI\n * @return\n */\n public static GeoLocationAPI getWifiInfo(Context context, GeoLocationAPI geoLocationAPI){\n WifiManager wifiManager = (WifiManager) context.getSystemService(Context.", "WIFI_SERVICE);\n if(wifiManager == null)return geoLocationAPI;\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"准备开始扫描附近wifi\");\n wifiManager.startScan();\n //准备所有附近wifi放到wifi列表里，包括现在正连着的wifi\n ArrayList<AlxScanWifi> lsAllWIFI = new ArrayList<AlxScanWifi>();\n List<ScanResult> lsScanResult = wifiManager.getScanResults();//记录所有附近wifi的搜索结果\n if(lsScanResult == null){\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"搜索附近wifi热点失败\");\n return geoLocationAPI;\n }\n for (ScanResult result : lsScanResult) {\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"发现一个附近的wifi::\"+result.", "SSID+\" mac地址是\"+result.", "BSSID+\" 信号强度是\"+result.level);\n if(result == null)continue;\n AlxScanWifi scanWIFI = new AlxScanWifi(result);\n lsAllWIFI.add(scanWIFI);//防止重复\n }\n ArrayList<GoogleWifiInfo> wifiInfos = new ArrayList<>(lsAllWIFI.size());\n for (AlxScanWifi w:lsAllWIFI){\n if(w == null)continue;\n GoogleWifiInfo wifiInfo = new GoogleWifiInfo();\n wifiInfo.macAddress = w.mac.toUpperCase();//记录附近每个wifi路由器的mac地址\n wifiInfo.signalStrength = w.dBm;//通过信号强度来判断距离\n wifiInfo.channel = w.channel;//通过信道来判断ssid是否为同一个\n wifiInfos.add(wifiInfo);\n }\n geoLocationAPI.wifiAccessPoints = wifiInfos;\n return geoLocationAPI;\n }\n\n /**\n * 扫描附近wifi之后，记录wifi节点信息的类\n */\n public static class AlxScanWifi implements Comparable<AlxScanWifi> {\n public final int dBm;\n public final String ssid;\n public final String mac;\n public short channel;\n public AlxScanWifi(ScanResult scanresult) {\n dBm = scanresult.level;\n ssid = scanresult.", "SSID;\n mac = scanresult.", "BSSID;//BSSID就是传说中的mac\n channel = getChannelByFrequency(scanresult.frequency);\n }\n public AlxScanWifi(String s, int i, String s1, String imac) {\n dBm = i;\n ssid = s1;\n mac = imac;\n }\n\n /**\n * 根据信号强度进行排序\n * @param wifiinfo\n * @return\n */\n public int compareTo(AlxScanWifi wifiinfo) {\n int i = wifiinfo.dBm;\n int j = dBm;\n return i - j;\n }\n\n /**\n * 为了防止添加wifi的列表重复，复写equals方法\n * @param obj\n * @return\n */\n public boolean equals(Object obj) {\n boolean flag = false;\n if (obj == this) {\n flag = true;\n return flag;\n } else {\n if (obj instanceof AlxScanWifi) {\n AlxScanWifi wifiinfo = (AlxScanWifi) obj;\n int i = wifiinfo.dBm;\n int j = dBm;\n if (i == j) {\n String s = wifiinfo.mac;\n String s1 = this.mac;\n if (s.equals(s1)) {\n flag = true;\n return flag;\n }\n }\n flag = false;\n } else {\n flag = false;\n }\n }\n return flag;\n }\n public int hashCode() {\n int i = dBm;\n int j = mac.hashCode();\n return i ^ j;\n }\n\n }\n\n /**\n * 根据频率获得信道\n *\n * @param frequency\n * @return\n */\n public static short getChannelByFrequency(int frequency) {\n short channel = -1;\n switch (frequency) {\n case 2412:\n channel = 1;\n break;\n case 2417:\n channel = 2;\n break;\n case 2422:\n channel = 3;\n break;\n case 2427:\n channel = 4;\n break;\n case 2432:\n channel = 5;\n break;\n case 2437:\n channel = 6;\n break;\n case 2442:\n channel = 7;\n break;\n case 2447:\n channel = 8;\n break;\n case 2452:\n channel = 9;\n break;\n case 2457:\n channel = 10;\n break;\n case 2462:\n channel = 11;\n break;\n case 2467:\n channel = 12;\n break;\n case 2472:\n channel = 13;\n break;\n case 2484:\n channel = 14;\n break;\n case 5745:\n channel = 149;\n break;\n case 5765:\n channel = 153;\n break;\n case 5785:\n channel = 157;\n break;\n case 5805:\n channel = 161;\n break;\n case 5825:\n channel = 165;\n break;\n }\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"信道是\"+channel);\n return channel;\n }\n\n /**\n * 根据国家代码获取通信运营商名字\n * @param operatorString\n * @return\n */\n public static String getCarrier(String operatorString){\n if(operatorString == null)\n {\n return \"0\";\n }\n\n if(operatorString.equals(\"46000\") || operatorString.equals(\"46002\"))\n {\n //中国移动\n return \"中国移动\";\n }\n else if(operatorString.equals(\"46001\"))\n {\n //中国联通\n return \"中国联通\";\n }\n else if(operatorString.equals(\"46003\"))\n {\n //中国电信\n return \"中国电信\";\n }\n\n //error\n return \"未知\";\n }\n\n /**\n * 用于向谷歌根据基站请求经纬度的封装基站信息的类\n */\n public static class GeoLocationAPI {\n\n /**\n * homeMobileCountryCode : 310 移动国家代码（中国的为460）；\n * homeMobileNetworkCode : 410 和基站有关\n * radioType : gsm\n * carrier : Vodafone 运营商名称\n * considerIp : true\n * cellTowers : []\n * wifiAccessPoints : []\n */\n\n public int homeMobileCountryCode;//设备的家庭网络的移动国家代码 (MCC)\n public int homeMobileNetworkCode;//设备的家庭网络的移动网络代码 (MNC)。", "\n public String radioType;//radioType：移动无线网络类型。支持的值有 lte、gsm、cdma 和 wcdma。虽然此字段是可选的，但如果提供了相应的值，就应该将此字段包括在内，以获得更精确的结果。", "\n public String carrier;//运营商名称。", "\n public boolean considerIp;//指定当 Wi-Fi 和移动电话基站的信号不可用时，是否回退到 IP 地理位置。请注意，请求头中的 IP 地址不能是设备的 IP 地址。默认为 true。将 considerIp 设置为 false 以禁用回退。", "\n public List<GoogleCellTower> cellTowers;\n public List<GoogleWifiInfo> wifiAccessPoints;\n\n public String toJson(){\n JSONObject jsonObject = new JSONObject();\n try {\n jsonObject.put(\"homeMobileCountryCode\",homeMobileCountryCode);\n jsonObject.put(\"homeMobileNetworkCode\",homeMobileNetworkCode);\n jsonObject.put(\"radioType\",radioType);\n jsonObject.put(\"carrier\",carrier);\n jsonObject.put(\"considerIp\",considerIp);\n if(cellTowers!=null){\n JSONArray jsonArray = new JSONArray();\n for (GoogleCellTower t:cellTowers) jsonArray.put(t.toJson());\n jsonObject.put(\"cellTowers\",jsonArray);\n }\n if(wifiAccessPoints!=null){\n JSONArray jsonArray = new JSONArray();\n for (GoogleWifiInfo w:wifiAccessPoints) jsonArray.put(w.toJson());\n jsonObject.put(\"wifiAccessPoints\",jsonArray);\n }\n } catch (JSONException e) {\n e.printStackTrace();\n }\n return jsonObject.toString();\n\n\n }\n\n }\n\n /**\n * 封装和基站有关的数据，准备发给谷歌\n */\n public static class GoogleCellTower {\n /*\n GSM:\n {\n \"cellTowers\": [\n {\n \"cellId\": 42,\n \"locationAreaCode\": 415,\n \"mobileCountryCode\": 310,\n \"mobileNetworkCode\": 410,\n \"age\": 0,\n \"signalStrength\": -60,\n \"timingAdvance\": 15\n }\n ]\n }\n WCDMA\n {\n \"cellTowers\": [\n {\n \"cellId\": 21532831,\n \"locationAreaCode\": 2862,\n \"mobileCountryCode\": 214,\n \"mobileNetworkCode\": 7\n }\n ]\n }\n\n */\n //下面的是必填\n int cellId;//（必填）：小区的唯一标识符。在 GSM 上，这就是小区 ID (CID)；CDMA 网络使用的是基站 ID (BID)。WCDMA 网络使用 UTRAN/GERAN 小区标识 (UC-Id)，这是一个 32 位的值，由无线网络控制器 (RNC) 和小区 ID 连接而成。在 WCDMA 网络中，如果只指定 16 位的小区 ID 值，返回的结果可能会不准确。", "\n int locationAreaCode;//（必填）：GSM 和 WCDMA 网络的位置区域代码 (LAC)。CDMA 网络的网络 ID (NID)。", "\n int mobileCountryCode;//（必填）：移动电话基站的移动国家代码 (MCC)。", "\n int mobileNetworkCode;//（必填）：移动电话基站的移动网络代码。对于 GSM 和 WCDMA，这就是 MNC；CDMA 使用的是系统 ID (SID)。", "\n int signalStrength;//测量到的无线信号强度（以 dBm 为单位）。", "\n //下面的是选填\n int age;//自从此小区成为主小区后经过的毫秒数。如果 age 为 0，cellId 就表示当前的测量值。", "\n int timingAdvance;//时间提前值。", "\n\n public JSONObject toJson(){\n JSONObject jsonObject = new JSONObject();\n try {\n jsonObject.put(\"cellId\",cellId);\n jsonObject.put(\"locationAreaCode\",locationAreaCode);\n jsonObject.put(\"mobileCountryCode\",mobileCountryCode);\n jsonObject.put(\"mobileNetworkCode\",mobileNetworkCode);\n jsonObject.put(\"signalStrength\",signalStrength);\n jsonObject.put(\"age\",age);\n jsonObject.put(\"timingAdvance\",timingAdvance);\n } catch (JSONException e) {\n e.printStackTrace();\n }\n return jsonObject;\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * 向谷歌服务器根据附近wifi请求位置的json\n */\n public static class GoogleWifiInfo {\n\n /**\n * macAddress : 01:23:45:67:89:AB\n * signalStrength : -65\n * age : 0\n * channel : 11\n * signalToNoiseRatio : 40\n */\n\n public String macAddress;//（必填）Wi-Fi 节点的 MAC 地址。分隔符必须是 :（冒号），并且十六进制数字必须使用大写字母。", "\n public int signalStrength;//测量到的当前信号强度（以 dBm 为单位）。", "\n public int age;//自从检测到此接入点后经过的毫秒数。", "\n public short channel;//客户端与接入点进行通信的信道\n public int signalToNoiseRatio;//测量到的当前信噪比（以 dB 为单位）。", "\n\n public JSONObject toJson(){\n JSONObject jsonObject = new JSONObject();\n try {\n jsonObject.put(\"signalStrength\",signalStrength);\n jsonObject.put(\"age\",age);\n jsonObject.put(\"macAddress\",macAddress);\n jsonObject.put(\"channel\",channel);\n jsonObject.put(\"signalToNoiseRatio\",signalToNoiseRatio);\n } catch (JSONException e) {\n e.printStackTrace();\n }\n return jsonObject;\n }\n }\n\n\n /**\n * 使用httpclient发送一个post的json请求\n * @param url\n * @return\n */\n public void sendJsonByPost(String json, String url){\n this.dataJson = json;\n RequestParams params = new RequestParams();\n params.applicationJson(JSON.parseObject(json));\n HttpRequest.post(url, params, new BaseHttpRequestCallback<String>(){\n @Override\n protected void onSuccess(String s) {\n super.onSuccess(s);\n /*\n 谷歌返回的json如下\n {\n \"location\": {\n \"lat\": 1.3553794,\n \"lng\": 103.86774439999999\n },\n \"accuracy\": 16432.0\n }\n */\n if(s==null || context==null)return;\n String result = s;\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"成功\"+s);\n if(isDebugging)Toast.makeText(context,\"谷歌成功，返回json是\"+result,Toast.", "LENGTH_LONG).show();\n if(result==null || result.length()<10 || !", "result.startsWith(\"{\")){\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"返回格式不对\"+result);\n }\n JSONObject returnJson = null;\n try {\n returnJson = new JSONObject(result);\n JSONObject location = returnJson.getJSONObject(\"location\");\n if(location==null){\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"条件不足，无法确定位置\");\n return;\n }\n double latitude = location.getDouble(\"lat\");\n double longitute = location.getDouble(\"lng\");\n double google_accuracy = returnJson.getDouble(\"accuracy\");\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"谷歌返回的经纬度是\"+latitude+\" : \"+longitute+\" 精度是\"+google_accuracy);\n if(isDebugging)Toast.makeText(context,\"谷歌返回的经纬度是\"+latitude+\" : \"+longitute+\" 精度是\"+google_accuracy,Toast.", "LENGTH_LONG).show();\n recordLocation(context,latitude,longitute,(float) google_accuracy);//当没有从GPS获取经纬度成功，或者GPS的获取经纬度精确度不高，则使用基站和wifi的结果\n } catch (JSONException e) {\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"条件不足，无法确定位置2\",e);\n }\n\n }\n\n @Override\n public void onFailure(int errorCode, String msg) {\n super.onFailure(errorCode, msg);\n if(msg==null)return;\n //这里如果报404异常的话，一般是根据当前的基站cid无法查到相关信息\n //如果返回值是 400 Bad Request，说明有的必填项没有填\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"失败了\"+msg+\" \"+errorCode);\n if(errorCode==0)Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"谷歌没有根据现有条件查询到经纬度\");\n if(isDebugging)Toast.makeText(context,\"WIFI和基站定位失败，原因没有翻墙或者网络不通\",Toast.", "LENGTH_LONG).show();\n }\n });\n }\n\n\n\n /**\n * 检查当前Wifi网卡状态\n */\n public void checkNetCardState(WifiManager mWifiManager) {\n if (mWifiManager.getWifiState() == 0) {\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\", \"网卡正在关闭\");\n } else if (mWifiManager.getWifiState() == 1) {\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\", \"网卡已经关闭\");\n } else if (mWifiManager.getWifiState() == 2) {\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\", \"网卡正在打开\");\n } else if (mWifiManager.getWifiState() == 3) {\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\", \"网卡已经打开\");\n } else {\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\", \"没有获取到状态\");\n }\n }\n\n public static void getConnectedWifiInfo(WifiManager wifiManager){\n if(wifiManager==null)return;\n WifiInfo wifiConnection = wifiManager.getConnectionInfo();\n if (wifiConnection !", "= null) {//获取当前链接的wifi信息，没什么用\n String wifiMAC = wifiConnection.getBSSID();\n int i = wifiConnection.getRssi();\n String s1 = wifiConnection.getSSID();\n String mac = wifiConnection.getMacAddress();//注意这里的mac是手机的mac而不是热点的mac\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"手机的mac地址是\"+mac);\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * 根据经纬度计算两点间的距离\n * @param lat_a\n * @param lng_a\n * @param lat_b\n * @param lng_b\n * @return\n */\n public static double getGPSDistance(double lat_a, double lng_a, double lat_b, double lng_b) {\n final double M_PI = 3.14159265358979323846264338327950288, EARTH_RADIUS = 6378138.0;\n final double dd = M_PI / 180.0;\n\n double lon2 = lng_b;\n double lat2 = lat_b;\n\n double x1 = lat_a * dd, x2 = lat2 * dd;\n double y1 = lng_a * dd, y2 = lon2 * dd;\n double distance = (2 * EARTH_RADIUS * Math.asin(Math.sqrt(2 - 2 * Math.cos(x1)\n * Math.cos(x2) * Math.cos(y1 - y2) - 2 * Math.sin(x1)\n * Math.sin(x2)) / 2));\n Log.i(\"AlexLocation\",\"位置发生了移动，距离是\"+distance);\n if(isDebugging && manager!=null)Toast.makeText(manager.context,\"位置移动了\"+distance+\"米\",Toast.", "LENGTH_LONG).show();\n return distance;\n }\n\n public static double pi = 3.1415926535897932384626;\n public static double a = 6378245.0;\n public static double ee = 0.00669342162296594323;\n/**\n * 84 to 火星坐标系 (GCJ-02) World Geodetic System ==> Mars Geodetic System\n *\n * @param lat\n * @param lon\n * @return\n */\n public static MyLocation gps84_To_Gcj02(double lat, double lon) {\n if (outOfChina(lat, lon)) {return null;}\n double dLat = transformLat(lon - 105.0, lat - 35.0);\n double dLon = transformLon(lon - 105.0, lat - 35.0);\n double radLat = lat / 180.0 * pi;\n double magic = Math.sin(radLat);\n magic = 1 - ee * magic * magic;\n double sqrtMagic = Math.sqrt(magic);\n dLat = (dLat * 180.0) / ((a * (1 - ee)) / (magic * sqrtMagic) * pi);\n dLon = (dLon * 180.0) / (a / sqrtMagic * Math.cos(radLat) * pi);\n double mgLat = lat + dLat;\n double mgLon = lon + dLon;\n return new MyLocation(mgLat, mgLon);\n }\n\n public static double transformLat(double x, double y) {\n double ret = -100.0 + 2.0 * x + 3.0 * y + 0.2 * y * y + 0.1 * x * y + 0.2 * Math.sqrt(Math.abs(x));\n ret += (20.0 * Math.sin(6.0 * x * pi) + 20.0 * Math.sin(2.0 * x * pi)) * 2.0 / 3.0;\n ret += (20.0 * Math.sin(y * pi) + 40.0 * Math.sin(y / 3.0 * pi)) * 2.0 / 3.0;\n ret += (160.0 * Math.sin(y / 12.0 * pi) + 320 * Math.sin(y * pi / 30.0)) * 2.0 / 3.0;\n return ret;\n }\n\n public static double transformLon(double x, double y) {\n double ret = 300.0 + x + 2.0 * y + 0.1 * x * x + 0.1 * x * y + 0.1 * Math.sqrt(Math.abs(x));\n ret += (20.0 * Math.sin(6.0 * x * pi) + 20.0 * Math.sin(2.0 * x * pi)) * 2.0 / 3.0;\n ret += (20.0 * Math.sin(x * pi) + 40.0 * Math.sin(x / 3.0 * pi)) * 2.0 / 3.0;\n ret += (150.0 * Math.sin(x / 12.0 * pi) + 300.0 * Math.sin(x / 30.0 * pi)) * 2.0 / 3.0;\n return ret;\n }\n\n /**\n * 根据真实经纬度判断在不在中国境内，采用方形判断\n * @param lat\n * @param lon\n * @return\n */\n public static boolean outOfChina(double lat, double lon) {\n if (lon < 72.004 || lon > 137.8347)\n return true;\n if (lat < 0.8293 || lat > 55.8271)\n return true;\n return false;\n }\n}" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nGenerating unsigned, bounded random value using signed bounded random values\n\nUse case: I have a random number generator that can generate random numbers in a range that is limited by a number $x$, say $x$ ranges from $2$ to $2^{(n - 1)} - 1$ exclusive. ", "In this case $n$ is $16$, i.e. we can generate a number from $0$ to $32767$ exclusive. ", "Programmers will directly identify the upper bound to be a possitive, signed value of 16 bits.", "\nNow I want to generate a bounded number from $0$ to $y$, where $y$ ranges from $2$ to $2^n - 1$, i.e. we can generate a number from $0$ to $65535$ exclusive. ", "Yes, this is an unsigned value of 16 bits. ", "Is there an algorithm that can do this efficiently? ", "Loops are allowed; the random in the range $0$ to $x$ may be generated repeatedly. ", "\nIf this is not possible, I have no problem allowing $0$ to $65533$ exclusive because $32766 * 2 = 65532$ and generating $65533$ and $65534$ could significantly increase the complexity.", "\nAll generated random values must have a uniform distribution.", "\n\nA:\n\nI assume $R(x)$ is the original generator, returning $r$ uniformly distributed with $0\\le r<x$ for $x<2^{n-1}$, as does Java's int nextInt(int) for $n=32$; and we want to extend that to $R'(y)$, returning $r$ uniformly distributed with $0\\le r<y$ for $y<2^n$. $R$ and $R'$ should treat an argument less than $2$ in the same way (perhaps accept it and return $0$, or reject if somehow). ", "Out of laziness I'll only handle $n$ even and $n>2$, which covers practical use cases.", "\nIf $y<2^{n-1}$, $R'(y)=R(x)$ is fine.", "\nIf $y=a\\cdot b$ with $a>1$ and $b>1$, $R'(y)=b\\cdot R(a)+R(b)$ is fine. ", "That is useful when $y$ is known at compilation time and composite.", "\nElse (when $y\\ge2^{n-1}$ and prime), there is no method guaranteed to work with a finite number of invocations of $R$, and we must use some iterative method.", "\n\nOut of my head (not tested), a possible line of action when $y$ is known only at runtime:\n\nif $y<2^{n-1}$, return $R(y)$.\nif $y$ is even, return $2\\cdot R(y/2)+R(2)$.\nif $y=2^n-1$, return $(2^{n/2}-1)\\cdot R(2^{n/2}+1)+R(2^{n/2}-1)$.\nrepeat\n\nlet $r:=R((y+1)/2)$\nif $R(2)\\ne0$, return $r$.\nif $r\\ne0$, return $y-r$.\n\nNotes:\n\nWith the assumption that $n$ is even, we can handle $y=2^n-1$ as $(2^{n/2}+1)\\cdot(2^{n/2}-1)$.\nWhen $R((y+1)/2)$ is computed, this is valid since $1<(y+1)/2<2^{n-2}$.\nAt each iteration of the loop (which occurs only for odd $y$), the value returned (if any) is correctly distributed because:\n\n$r$ is returned with odds $1/2$, and then is uniform on $[0\\dots(y-1)/2]$\n$y-r$ is returned with odds $1/2-1/(y+1)$, and then is uniform on $[(y+1)/2\\dots y-1]$\nthe \"repeat\" loop continues with odds $1/(y+1)$, which is at most $1/2^{n-2}$, and thus low for practical $n$.\n\nWe can lower the expected number of calls to $R$ (by $46\\%$ for $n=16$ and $2^{n-1}\\le y<2^n-1$) by accumulating $n-2$ uniform bits (and a sentinel) in a variable $b$ surviving across invocations, set to $0$ initially (in the C programming language, that could be static short b = 0; in the body of a function). ", "It is however at the expense of increased complexity, and perhaps of thread-safety, and thus a bad idea in most practical situations! ", "The algorithm (not tested) can become:\n\nif $y<2^{n-1}$, return $R(y)$.\nif $y=2^n-1$, return $(2^{n/2}-1)\\cdot R(2^{n/2}+1)+R(2^{n/2}-1)$.\nrepeat\n\nlet $b:=\\begin{cases}R(2^{n-2})+2^{n-2}& \\text{if }b<4\\\\\\lfloor b/2\\rfloor&\\text{otherwise}\\end{cases}$\nlet $r:=R(\\lfloor(y+1)/2\\rfloor)$\nif $b$ is even, return $r$.\nif $y$ is even, return $y-1-r$.\nif $r\\ne0$, return $y-r$.\n\n" ]

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[ "Think swimsuits are old-fashioned? ", "Think again! ", "This jacquard swimsuit with its strapless neckline and elegant back is refined, stylish, and youthful. ", "A real must-have! ", "The top has removable straps with padded cups and a reinforced back.", "\n\nThe exquisite design makes Brigitte extremely seductive and the jacquard fabric and subtle details (that button!) ", "steal the show. ", "Bold red is a colour that suits any skin tone!" ]

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[ "Taoiseach Enda Kenny and Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams had a brief exchange on the campaign trail in Sligo.", "\n\nOn his way into an interview with Ocean FM, Mr Kenny and Mr Adams exchanged pleasantries.", "\n\nTaoiseach meets Gerry Adams in Sligo. ", "Brief exchange of pleasantries follows... #GE16 pic.twitter.com/FzO4ytjHbH — Pat McGrath (@patmcgrath) February 10, 2016\n\nThe Sinn Féin leader had completed an interview on the same station a short time earlier.", "\n\nThe Taoiseach called Mr Adams over and the pair shook hands and conversed as gaeilge.", "\n\nMr Kenny told Sinn Féin supporters they were competing against a very strong Fine Gael team in the Sligo-Leitrim constituency.", "\n\nIn turn, the Taoiseach was assured that Sinn Féin had a strong team in the area as well.", "\n\nThe brief discussion ended with both leaders wishing each other well during the campaign.", "\n\nIn his radio interview, the Sinn Féin leader would not be drawn on whether he would lead the party after the next election.", "\n\nSpeaking on Ocean FM, Mr Adams said \"let's deal with that\" before trailing off.", "\n\nHe said he is a \"team player\" and part of a \"collective leadership\" and that he serves the party in whatever capacities they decide.", "\n\nMr Adams also said that it is ironic that Sinn Féin is \"rooting for the democratic process and being railed against by other parties\".", "\n\nHe rejected assertions that the party is soft on crime saying that he has \"stood with communities against criminal activity\".", "\n\nMr Kenny began his interview on the local station by defending the Government's health policy and stressing his party's economic plans for the next five years.", "\n\nAt the launch of his party's \"Supporting Older People\" policy, the Taoiseach said he wanted to see a country where people could maintain their independence and grow older with dignity.", "\n\nTaoiseach hoping to bowl over older voters with launch of FG plan in Sligo this morning #GE16 pic.twitter.com/rxpQUixMR9 — Pat McGrath (@patmcgrath) February 10, 2016\n\nHe conceded that many people had seen a drop in their living standards but said the Government was determined to improve the situation during the lifetime of the next administration.", "\n\nFine Gael says it will increase contributory and non contributory pensions and says that a total of €790m has been ring fenced in its financial projections for this purpose.", "\n\nThe party says this is the biggest funding commitment it is making apart from the proposal to abolish the USC.", "\n\nMr Adams had taken to Twitter earlier accusing the Taoiseach of playing \"hide and seek\" for leaving his local supporters waiting on the steps of the hotel in which Mr Adams was staying.", "\n\nMr Kenny waited for the Sinn Féin leader to depart before he arrived for a function there.", "\n\nCome out. ", "Come out. ", "Wherever U r. — Gerry Adams (@GerryAdamsSF) February 10, 2016" ]

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[ "Image copyright Getty Images Image caption Activists in Indonesia have campaigned against the Bank of China\n\nThe world's most endangered orangutans could be pushed towards extinction after an Indonesian court approved a controversial dam project, say campaigners.", "\n\nThe 22 trillion rupiah (£1.15bn; $1.5bn) dam will be built in North Sumatra's Batang Toru forest.", "\n\nThe region is home to the Tapanuli orangutans, which were only identified as a new species in 2017.", "\n\nOnly 800 of them remain in the wild and they all live in this ecosystem.", "\n\nOne scientist, who acted as an expert witness in the case, told the BBC the move would \"put the orangutans on a firm path to extinction\".", "\n\n'Worst area of the forest'\n\nThe billion-dollar hydropower dam, scheduled for completion in 2022, will be constructed in the heart of the Batang Toru rainforest, which is also home to agile gibbons and Sumatran tigers.", "\n\nIt is expected to supply electricity to the North Sumatra province and will be operated by Indonesian firm PT North Sumatra Hydro Energy. ", "The company said the 510-megawatt dam would provide clean electricity to the region.", "\n\nAccording to the Jakarta Post newspaper, the dam will be constructed by Chinese state-owned firm Sinohydro. ", "The Bank of China is one of several international banks funding the project.", "\n\nEnvironmental group the Indonesian Forum for the Environment (Walhi) had earlier this year filed a lawsuit against the North Sumatra administration, challenging its decision to green-light the project.", "\n\nBut the Medan State Administrative Court in North Sumatra has now rejected the lawsuit, clearing the way for the dam to be built.", "\n\n\"The judges reject every part of the plaintiff's lawsuit,\" presiding judge Jimmy C Pardede said, according to the Jakarta Post.", "\n\nThe judges said a proposal which detailed the environment impact of the project was in line with existing regulations.", "\n\nWalhi has said it will appeal against the decision.", "\n\nImage copyright Getty Images Image caption Sumatran orangutans are also critically endangered\n\nProf Serge Wich, a specialist in primate conservation at Liverpool John Moores University, said the decision was \"disappointing\".", "\n\nHe had been called in by the court to assess the impact the project would have on the orangutans.", "\n\nHe said the environmental assessment behind the project was \"certainly flawed\" and he was \"amazed\" the project had been allowed to go ahead.", "\n\nProf Wich, who was one of the scientists who confirmed the existence of the Tapanuli species in 2017, said the dam would separate the already tiny orangutan population, which are clustered in three areas of the Batang Toru forest.", "\n\n\"Where they are building the dam is actually where the density of this species is the highest, so it's actually the worst area in the forest you could build it,\" he said.", "\n\nOne of the three areas where the Tapanuli orangutans live will not be affected by the development, but Prof Wich said it was \"very risky to have all our eggs in one basket\".", "\n\n\"[There will be] low numbers so that's not sufficient for a viable population. ", "There are many other potential places in Indonesia to build the dam... it's unclear why this has to built here.", "\n\n\"The dam will put the orangutans on a firm path to extinction.\"", "\n\nWalhi, the environmental activist group, has called on the Bank of China to stop funding the project\n\n\"As Batang Toru's main financier, Bank of China could pull out and stop the dam from being built,\" said executive director Dana Tarigan.", "\n\n\"Primary forest is currently being cleared for the dam and scientists have documented orangutans fleeing the area. ", "Time is running out fast.\"", "\n\nBank of China has previously said it does not comment on specific projects.", "\n\nBut it says it takes \"all relevant factors into consideration when formulating policies and making decisions\".", "\n\nScientists say the tiny population of orangutans are the world's most threatened ape species.", "\n\n\"With less than 800 left, the Tapanuli orangutan is already the most endangered great ape species in the world,\" Matthew Nowak, Director of Research at the Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme said in 2017.", "\n\nReporting by the BBC's Yvette Tan in Singapore" ]

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[ "Front Mission 2\n\nis a tactical role-playing game for the Sony PlayStation developed by G-Craft and published by Squaresoft, and was released in Japan on September 25, 1997. ", "Front Mission 2 is the second main entry and the third entry overall in the Front Mission series. ", " Like other Front Mission titles, Front Mission 2 is part of a serialized storyline that follows the stories of various characters and their struggles involving mecha known as wanzers. ", "The game was well received by critics and fans, and was part of Square Enix's \"Ultimate Hits\" collection in 2005.", "\n\nGameplay\nFront Mission 2 uses 3D models and a moving camera.", "\n\nFront Mission 2 expands on the mechanics found in Front Mission. ", "The video game progresses in a linear manner: watch cut-scene events, complete missions, set up their wanzers during intermissions, and sortie for the next mission. ", "The player travels to locations on a point-and-click world map. ", "As the player progresses through the plot, new locations are revealed on the world map. ", "Towns and cities act as intermission points where the player can organize and set up their units for the upcoming mission. ", "Battle zones are where the missions take place, though they become inaccessible upon the completion of a mission. ", "A new element of progression in Front Mission 2 involves alternating scenarios between the game's three main characters. ", "After reaching a certain point of the game, control switches over to a different group of characters for the next few missions. ", "Towards the climax, all three scenarios merge for the remainder of Front Mission 2.", "\n\nFront Mission 2 missions are traditional tactical RPG fare, ranging from destroying all enemy targets to protecting a certain allied target. ", "There are a number of new main features that are used for mission play in Front Mission 2. ", "Action Points (AP) is a feature that dictates how much actions can be done with each unit. ", "Actions such as moving and attacking require a certain amount of AP to use. ", "At the end of a full turn, which is one Player Phase and Enemy Phase, a set amount of AP is replenished. ", "A unit's AP amount and recharge value increases as their pilots gain proficiency levels through destroying enemy targets. ", "The Action Points feature ties into a second feature known as Honor. ", "Moving around while allied units are nearby can result in statistical advantages such as increased AP charge or accuracy. ", "In contrast, being surrounded by enemy units will result in statistical disadvantages such as decreased evasion or AP charge. ", "By destroying enemy targets, a unit's pilot can gain Honor Points.", "\n\nWhen enough Honor Points are accumulated, the aforementioned pilot will learn abilities that provide special benefits or detriments to nearby allied or enemy units; one of these abilities is Links. ", "Links is a unique ability that allows multiple units to provide defensive support to each other during Enemy Phase battles. ", "Up to two units can be linked together to form one \"link\". ", "For linked actions, only melee weapons and short-range weapons can be used during a linked battle. ", "As long as the linked units are within an eight-square radius of each other, they can participate in linked battles. ", "Furthermore, the target of an enemy unit is protected entirely from their attack; the linked unit is hit by the attack instead during linked battles. ", "Other new features for mission play include armor coating and flanking. ", "Armor coating allows a unit to resist certain types of attacks, while flanking improves a unit's chances at hitting an enemy target.", "\n\nMissions aside, there are several returning features from Front Mission that are expanded upon Front Mission 2. ", "The Arena feature returns, which allows players to fight against the AI or against another player for monetary rewards. ", "A new addition to the Arena is team matches, in which the player can field more than one wanzer to do battle with an opposing team. ", "Briefings are also retained, and now operate differently. ", "Instead of providing basic information on the enemy, briefings allow the player to review battle maps - enemy placements, allied units, and player starting positions can all be seen. ", "Returning features aside, Front Mission 2 introduces the Network - a pseudo-Internet feature that allows the player to better understand the world of Front Mission through various websites and web pages.", "\n\nStory\nThe story takes place 12 years after Front Mission 1st. ", "Set in June 2102, the game's story of takes place in Alordesh (modern-day Bangladesh), a member state for the Oceania Cooperative Union (OCU). ", "The formation of the OCU in the early 21st century led to rapid industrialization of developing countries such as Bangladesh. ", "During the 1st Huffman Conflict in 2070, Bangladesh's economic growth flourishes with the OCU because of many war factories in the country. ", "However, the economic boom begins to slow down in 2080, with a loss of foreign investments and pullout of several businesses. ", "Five years later, the OCU offers to provide Bangladesh with foreign aid, provided it joins the union. ", "The Bangladeshi economy resurges briefly during the 2nd Huffman Conflict. ", "Anti-OCU sentiments grew after the war and in 2094, Bangladesh renames itself as the \"People's Republic of Alordesh\". ", "Four years later, the Alordeshi military staged a coup d'état. ", "While the coup failed, it further increased anti-OCU support and led to a second coup in 2102.", "\n\nPlot\nThe plot of Front Mission 2 revolves around three individuals from the OCU - Corporal Ash Faruk, Captain Thomas Norland, and intelligence officer Lisa Stanley. ", "On June 12, 2102, the Alordeshi Armed Forces overthrows the pro-OCU government and subsequently declares independence from the OCU. ", "Through a well-orchestrated plan, Alordeshi troops overwhelm the local OCU garrisons at their military bases in the country. ", "In the midst of the chaos, Ash Faruk and members of the Muddy Otters unit attempt to flee the country. ", "Along the way, they come across some OCU survivors led by Thomas Norland of the Dull Stags unit. ", "Thomas leads the survivors to the estate of Saribash Labra, the CEO of the transport business Burg Transportation. ", "Saribash offers to help them escape by the seashore, the only part of Alordesh not controlled by the coup d'état forces. ", "As the survivors head for the seashore, an OCU regiment lands in the country. ", "Tasked with freeing POWs, Stanley leads a small unit to investigate the movements of the coup d'état forces.", "\n\nUpon intercepting a transport helicopter, she learns of a detention center where OCU POWs are being held. ", "Lisa succeeds in liberating the inmates and begins preparing for an operation to rescue Alordeshi government officials in Dhaka. ", "A major battle breaks out in the city. ", "The operation succeeds with some help from Thomas and his subordinates, who opted to stay in the country and fight the coup forces. ", "Meanwhile, aboard the OCU aircraft carrier Monto, Ash is confronted by an officer from the OCU's Central Intelligence Unit. ", "He reluctantly agrees to return to the country when the officer, Pike Reischauer, reveals that some of his colleagues in the Muddy Otters are still alive. ", "Upon returning to Alordesh, they are pursued by coup leader Ven Mackarge. ", "A link between Ven's pursuit of them, the OCU's liberation attempts, and Burg Transportation's involvement in the war is eventually formed when it is revealed that the coup forces are receiving support from an unknown third party, and are in possession of a device codenamed \"FENRIR\".", "\n\nDevelopment\n\nMusic\n\nFront Mission 2 was composed by Noriko Matsueda, who also composed the original Front Mission. ", "The Front Mission 2 Original Soundtrack was released by DigiCube on September 21, 1997 on a single 43-track disc.", "\n\nRelease\nAccording to the series' public relations manager Koichiro Sakamoto, the game was never released outside Japan due to the presence of situations and vocabulary which would be considered faux pas in North America.", "\n\nFront Mission 2 was both a financial and critical success in Japan. ", "The game sold 496,200 copies, making it the 18th best-selling game of 1997. ", "It received a \"Gold Prize\" from Sony in May 1998, indicating sales above 500,000 units in Japan.", "\n\nThe game was also later re-released alongside both Front Mission and Front Mission 3 as part of the Front Mission History compilation. ", "This version included a Quick Battle option that allows players to progress through the game's story at a faster pace.", "\n\nReception\n\nFamitsu magazine awarded the game 32 out of 40 upon its release. ", "The magazine chose the game as the number 63rd best game on the original PlayStation. ", "At the time of the re-release of Front Mission 2 under the Ultimate Hits line on October 5, 2006, the game sold over 510,000 copies in Japan.", "\n\nFront Mission 2 has been criticized for its long loading times, causing a player to wait over 10 seconds for a battle sequence to begin, something which could happen nearly a hundred times in a battle. ", "A workaround for this technical flaw was added in the Ultimate Hits version of the game, which enables the ability to skip battle sequences.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nFront Mission 2 at Square-Enix.com \nFront Mission official website at Square-Enix.com \nTen-Mou / Worldwide Network System \n\nCategory:1997 video games\nCategory:Front Mission\nCategory:Japan-exclusive video games\nCategory:PlayStation (console) games\nCategory:PlayStation Network games\nCategory:Tactical role-playing video games\nCategory:Video games developed in Japan\nCategory:Video games set in Bangladesh" ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We study quantum correlations and quantum noise in the soliton collision described by a general two-soliton solution of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, by using the back-propagation method. ", "Our results include the standard case of a $sech$-shaped initial pulse analyzed earlier. ", "We reveal that double-hump initial pulses can get more squeezed, and the squeezing ratio enhancement is due to the long collision period in which the pulses are more stationary. ", "These results offer promising possibilities of using higher-order solitons to generate strongly squeezed states for the quantum information process and quantum computation.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'Ray-Kuang Lee$^{1,2}$, Yinchieh Lai$^2$, and Yuri S. Kivshar'\ntitle: Quantum correlations in the soliton collisions\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nLight squeezing is an important physical concept that continues to attract attention of researchers due to its potential for implementing quantum information processing and quantum computing. ", "As an alternative to single-photon schemes, the demonstration of the Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR) paradox and quantum teleportation with continuous variables have been realized experimentally by using the entanglement from squeezed states [@Ou92; @Furusawa98]. ", "Moreover, experimental progress in the study of various quantum information processing with squeezed states generated from optical fibers has recently been reported [@Silberhorn01; @Silberhorn02; @Glockl03; @Konig02]. ", "To increase the entanglement fidelity of continuous variables, the enhancement of squeezing effect becomes very vital.", "\n\nOriginal proposals to generate squeezed states from optical fibers are based on the use of the fundamental solitons supported by the Kerr nonlinearity of silica glass. ", "Temporal (pulse) solitons in optical fibers are described by the nonlinear Schr[ö]{}dinger equation (NLSE) that can exhibit quadrature-field squeezing [@Carter87; @Drummond87; @Lai89a; @Lai89b; @Lai90] as well as amplitude squeezing [@Friberg; @RK-fbg], and both intra-pulse and inter-pulse correlations [@Schmidt00]. ", "Besides the exact quantum soliton NLSE solutions constructed by using the Bethe ansatz [@Lai89b], the quantum properties of temporal solitons are well described by the linearization approach [@Lai90] for the average photon number as high as $10^9$. Based on this linearization approach, many different numerical methods have been developed during the past two decades in order to study quantum noise associated with nonlinear pulse propagation, including the positive-$P$ representation [@Carter87; @Drummond87], back-propagation method [@Lai95], and the cumulant expansion technique [@Schmidt99].", "\n\nExperimentally, the soliton squeezing from a Sagnac fiber interferometer, 1.7 dB below the shot noise, was first observed in 1991 by Rosenbluh and Shelby  [@Rosenbluh]. ", "Since that, larger quadrature squeezing from fibers has been obtained with a gigahertz Erbium-doped fiber lasers that allow to suppress the guided acoustic-wave Brillouin scattering, and 6.1 dB noise reduction below the shot noise has been reported [@Yu01]. ", "As an attempt to enhance the soliton squeezing effect, one may increase the energy of an optical soliton enhancing the importance of nonlinear effects and, employing this idea, 7.1 dB photon-number squeezing has been demonstrated by using spectral filters [@Werner97].", "\n\nHowever, it is known that the basic model of the pulse propagation in optical fibers described by NLSE possesses more general $N-$soliton solutions which can be obtained, for example, by applying the inverse scattering transform [@Zakharov]. ", "As was demonstrated, such higher-order ($N=2,3,\\dots$) solitons can be more squeezed since they contain $N^2$ times of the energy than the fundamental soliton [@Werner96; @Yeang99; @Schmidt00]; as an example, up to 8.4 dB enhancement was predicted for the $N=2$ soliton states [@Schmidt-oc].", "\n\nIt is important to mention that all previous studies of the soliton quantum noise and quantum squeezing of higher-order solitons have employed a very special case of two-soliton states generated by a simple sech-like input pulse. ", "However, a general NLSE solution describing the $N$-soliton state is characterized by N free parameters which can be controlled independently. ", "In this paper, we develop the theory of quantum noise and quantum squeezing in the context of the multi-soliton states and apply it to study squeezing of the general $N$-soliton bound states of NLSE. ", "In particular, we reveal that the conventional sech-like single-hump pulses are not the most suitable pulses for generating highly squeezed states and, using the case of the general two-parameter solution for $N=2$ solitons as an example, we show that an input double-hump soliton is better for generating strongly squeezed states, even such solitons have the same energy as the single-hump pulses. ", "The enhancement of the squeezing effect is explained by the long collision period of a double-hump soliton, consequently the pulse profile is more stationary for getting squeezed. ", "Since these double-hump solitons have also been generated in the fiber laser systems, more strongly squeezed state from optical fibers are expected to be realized with the current technology.", "\n\nTwo-soliton bound states\n========================\n\n![", "The contour plots the evolution of the $N=2$ solitons with (a) $\\eta_1:\\eta_2=1:3$, and (b) $\\eta_1:\\eta_2=1:2$. The insets show the initial soliton profiles at $z = 0$. In all cases, $\\eta_1+\\eta=2$. The straight lines mark the propagation distances shown in Fig. ", "\\[fig\\_f3\\].[]{data-label=\"fig_f1\"}](cnt-13.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"1.6in\"} ![", "The contour plots the evolution of the $N=2$ solitons with (a) $\\eta_1:\\eta_2=1:3$, and (b) $\\eta_1:\\eta_2=1:2$. The insets show the initial soliton profiles at $z = 0$. In all cases, $\\eta_1+\\eta=2$. The straight lines mark the propagation distances shown in Fig. ", "\\[fig\\_f3\\].[]{data-label=\"fig_f1\"}](cnt-12.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"1.6in\"}\n\nTo describe the pulses propagating in optical fibers with the anomalous dispersion and Kerr-type nonlinearity, one employ the NLSE model written for the normalized variables, $z$ and $t$, $$i \\frac{\\partial U(z,t)}{\\partial z}+\\frac{\\partial^2 U(z,t)}{\\partial t^2}+|U(z,t)|^{2}U(z,t)=0,\n\\label{NLSE}$$ where $U(z,t)$ is the pulse envelope. ", "According to the results of the inverse scattering transform [@Zakharov], this equation possesses exact solutions describing interaction of $N$ solitons, which are characterized by a set of complex variables $\\{\\lambda_j, C_j\\}$, $j=1,2,\\dots,N$. The complex $\\lambda_j$ and $C_j$ are the “poles” and the “residues” of the corresponding scattering data [@Zakharov]. ", "In particular, such solutions describe the so-called $N-$soliton bound states (also called “breathers”) when all solitons have vanishing velocities at the infinity, and their interaction leads to the formation of a spatially localized but time-periodic state. ", "The full set of such solutions for the $N=2$ soliton bound states can be written as [@s-laser; @surface-mode], $$\\begin{aligned}\nU(z,t) =4\\eta_1\n\\frac{(\\eta_1+\\eta_2)}{|\\eta_2-\\eta_1|}\\frac{A(z,t)}{B(z,t)}e^{2 i\n\\eta_1^2 z},\\end{aligned}$$ where $$\\begin{aligned}\nA(z,t) &=& {\\rm cosh}(2\\eta_2 t)+\\frac{\\eta_2}{\\eta_1}{\\rm cosh}(2\\eta_1 t)e^{2i(\\eta_2^2-\\eta_1^2)z},\\\\\nB(z,t) &=& \\frac{(\\eta_1+\\eta_2)^2}{(\\eta_2-\\eta_1)^2}{\\rm\ncosh}{[}2(\\eta_2-\\eta_1) z{]}\\\\\\nonumber\n&+& \\frac{4\\eta_1}{(\\eta_2-\\eta_1)^2}\\cos{[}2(\\eta_2^2-\\eta_1^2) z{]} + {\\rm cosh}{[}2(\\eta_1+\\eta_2) z{]}.\\end{aligned}$$ The two free parameters, $\\eta_1$ and $\\eta_2$, are the imaginary parts of the poles in the scattering data, i.e. $\\lambda_j=i \\eta_j$, and the residues are related to the poles by the relations $$C_j^2 = \\frac{\\prod_{k=1}^N (\\eta_j+\\eta_k)}{\\prod_{k=1,k\\neq j}^N |\\eta_j-\\eta_k|}.$$ When $\\eta_1:\\eta_2 = 1:3$, the soliton solution at $z= 0$ has a specific, sech-like single-hump initial profile, $$U(0,t) = \\frac{2}{{\\rm sech}(t)},$$ as shown in the insert of Fig.", " \\[fig\\_f1\\](a). ", "However, when the ratio of $\\eta_1/\\eta_2$ becomes larger than $1/3$, the initial profile of the $N=2$ soliton solution becomes double-humped, as shown in the insert of Fig.", " \\[fig\\_f1\\](b) for the special case of $\\eta_1:\\eta_2 = 1:2$. In spite of such a difference in the soliton profiles, the soliton energy defined as $$P=\\int|U(z,t)| d\\,t^2,$$ remains the same for the full set of the $N=2$ soliton solutions, i.e. $P=8$ for $\\eta_1+\\eta_2 = 2$ and arbitrary ratio $\\eta_1/\\eta_2$.\n\nSoliton squeezing\n=================\n\nAfter knowing that the general solution for the $N=2$ solitons may have different initial profiles when we change the ratio $\\eta_1/\\eta_2$, we apply the *back-propagation method* [@Lai95] to calculate the quantum fluctuations of a full set of the $N=2$ soliton solutions. ", "To evaluate the quantum fluctuations around the bound solitons, we replace the classical function $U(z,t)$ in Eq. (", "\\[NLSE\\]) by the quantum-field operator variable, $\\hat{U}(z,t)$, which satisfies the equal-coordinate bosonic commutation relations. ", "Next, we substitute the expansion $\\hat{U}=U_{0}+\\hat{u}$ into Eq. (", "\\[NLSE\\]) to linearize it around the classical solution $U_{0}$ for the soliton containing a large number of photons. ", "Then we calculate the quantum uncertainty of the output field by back-propagating the output field to the input field with the assumption that the statistics of the input quantum-field operators obey the Poisson distribution. ", "In particular, we calculate the squeezing ratio, defined below, of the output field based on the homodyne detection scheme [@Haus90; @Lai93], $$R(L)\\equiv \\frac{\\mathrm{var}[\\langle f_{L}(t)|\\hat{u}(L,t)\\rangle]}{\\mathrm{var}[\\langle f_{L}(t)|\\hat{u}(0,t)\\rangle]},\n\\nonumber$$ where $\\mathrm{var}[\\cdot ]$ stands for the variance, $f_{L}(t)$ is the normalized classical pulse solution in the output with an adjustable phase shift, $$f_{L}(t)=\\frac{U_{0}(L,t)e^{i\\theta }}{\\sqrt{\\int_{-\\infty }^{+\\infty}d\\,t|U_{0}(L,t)|^{2}}},$$ which acts as a local oscillator. ", "The optimal (minimum) value of the squeezing ratio $R(z)$ can be chosen by varying the parameter $\\theta$. When $\\theta =0$, the in-phase quadrature component is detected, and when $\\theta =\\pi /2$, the out-of-phase quadrature component is detected.", "\n\n![", "Optimal squeezing ratio vs. propagation distance for the $N=2$ solitons with different values of the ratio of $\\eta_1/\\eta_2$, for $\\eta_1+\\eta_2=2$. Dashed line shows the optimal squeezing ratio curve for the case of the $N=1$ soliton.[]{data-label=\"fig_f2\"}](SRL-2.eps){width=\"3.0in\"}\n\nBased on the formulation above, now we calculate the optimal quadrature squeezing ratios for a full set of the $N=2$ soliton bound states in Fig.", " \\[fig\\_f2\\]. ", "Compared to the optimal squeezing ratio of the fundamental soliton (dashed line), all $N=2$ solitons get more squeezed in the beginning of their propagation because they contain more energy [@Yeang99; @Schmidt00]. ", "Moreover, after a certain propagation distance, the optimal squeezing ratio of the $N=2$ soliton state change periodically due to the oscillating behavior of the breather, with the period of the $N=2$ soliton [@s-laser], $$\\begin{aligned}\nZ_p = \\frac{\\pi}{(\\eta_2+\\eta_1)(\\eta_2-\\eta_1)}.", "\n\\label{eq_p}\\end{aligned}$$ However, if we compare the optimal squeezing ratios between the $N=2$ solitons with different ratios $\\eta_1/\\eta_2$, we find that solitons with larger $\\eta_1/\\eta_2$ are more squeezed, even all of them have the same energy.", "\n\nThe reason that a $N=2$ soliton with a larger $\\eta_1/\\eta_2$ gets more squeezed can be inducted from the comparison of the optimal squeezing ratio with that of the $N=1$ soliton. ", "When the propagation distance is large enough (beyond the propagation range shown in the Fig. ", "\\[fig\\_f2\\]), there is a oscillating tail in the optimal squeezing ratio of the $N=1$ soliton coming form the continuum part of the noise due to the use of the same pulse profile as the local oscillator. ", "But basically the optimal squeezing ratio of the fundamental soliton increases monochromatically along the propagation distance due to the stationary characteristic of the pulses. ", "On the contrary, the oscillation nature of $N=2$ solitons prevent the increase of the optimal squeezing ratio after a certain degree. ", "Since a $N=2$ soliton with larger ratio of $\\eta_1/\\eta_2$ has a longer collision period, as shown in Eq. (", "\\[eq\\_p\\]), it is this longer collision period that makes the pulse to behave more stationary, and more squeezed.", "\n\n![", "Correlation spectra in the frequency domain for $N = 2$ soliton bound states. (", "a)-(c) an initial single-hump soliton, $\\eta_1:\\eta_2=1:3$, at different propagation distances, $3.1$, $3.9$, and $4.7$, respectively. (", "d)-(f) an initial double-hump soliton, $\\eta_1:\\eta_2=1:2$, at different propagation distances, $2.3$, $3.5$, and $4.7$, respectively. ", "Insets show the soliton Fourier components. ", "In all cases, $\\eta_1+\\eta=2$.[]{data-label=\"fig_f3\"}](k-13-1.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"1.6in\"} ![", "Correlation spectra in the frequency domain for $N = 2$ soliton bound states. (", "a)-(c) an initial single-hump soliton, $\\eta_1:\\eta_2=1:3$, at different propagation distances, $3.1$, $3.9$, and $4.7$, respectively. (", "d)-(f) an initial double-hump soliton, $\\eta_1:\\eta_2=1:2$, at different propagation distances, $2.3$, $3.5$, and $4.7$, respectively. ", "Insets show the soliton Fourier components. ", "In all cases, $\\eta_1+\\eta=2$.[]{data-label=\"fig_f3\"}](k-12-1.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"1.6in\"} ![", "Correlation spectra in the frequency domain for $N = 2$ soliton bound states. (", "a)-(c) an initial single-hump soliton, $\\eta_1:\\eta_2=1:3$, at different propagation distances, $3.1$, $3.9$, and $4.7$, respectively. (", "d)-(f) an initial double-hump soliton, $\\eta_1:\\eta_2=1:2$, at different propagation distances, $2.3$, $3.5$, and $4.7$, respectively. ", "Insets show the soliton Fourier components. ", "In all cases, $\\eta_1+\\eta=2$.[]{data-label=\"fig_f3\"}](k-13-3.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"1.6in\"} ![", "Correlation spectra in the frequency domain for $N = 2$ soliton bound states. (", "a)-(c) an initial single-hump soliton, $\\eta_1:\\eta_2=1:3$, at different propagation distances, $3.1$, $3.9$, and $4.7$, respectively. (", "d)-(f) an initial double-hump soliton, $\\eta_1:\\eta_2=1:2$, at different propagation distances, $2.3$, $3.5$, and $4.7$, respectively. ", "Insets show the soliton Fourier components. ", "In all cases, $\\eta_1+\\eta=2$.[]{data-label=\"fig_f3\"}](k-12-3.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"1.6in\"} ![", "Correlation spectra in the frequency domain for $N = 2$ soliton bound states. (", "a)-(c) an initial single-hump soliton, $\\eta_1:\\eta_2=1:3$, at different propagation distances, $3.1$, $3.9$, and $4.7$, respectively. (", "d)-(f) an initial double-hump soliton, $\\eta_1:\\eta_2=1:2$, at different propagation distances, $2.3$, $3.5$, and $4.7$, respectively. ", "Insets show the soliton Fourier components. ", "In all cases, $\\eta_1+\\eta=2$.[]{data-label=\"fig_f3\"}](k-13-5.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"1.6in\"} ![", "Correlation spectra in the frequency domain for $N = 2$ soliton bound states. (", "a)-(c) an initial single-hump soliton, $\\eta_1:\\eta_2=1:3$, at different propagation distances, $3.1$, $3.9$, and $4.7$, respectively. (", "d)-(f) an initial double-hump soliton, $\\eta_1:\\eta_2=1:2$, at different propagation distances, $2.3$, $3.5$, and $4.7$, respectively. ", "Insets show the soliton Fourier components. ", "In all cases, $\\eta_1+\\eta=2$.[]{data-label=\"fig_f3\"}](k-12-5.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"1.6in\"}\n\nIn addition, in Fig. ", "\\[fig\\_f3\\] we present the results of our calculations of the frequency-domain photon-number correlation spectra for the $N=2$ solitons with two values, $\\eta_1:\\eta_2 = 1:3$ and $\\eta_1:\\eta_2 = 1:2$. The correlation coefficients, which are defined through the normally ordered covariance, $$C_{ij}\\equiv \\frac{\\langle :\\Delta \\hat{n}_{i}\\Delta\\hat{n}_{j}:\\rangle }{\\sqrt{\\Delta \\hat{n}_{i}^{2}\\Delta\n\\hat{n}_{j}^{2}}}~,\n\\label{C}$$ are calculated by means of the back-propagation method [@Lai95]. ", "In Eq. (", "\\[C\\]), $\\Delta \\hat{n}_{j}$ is the photon-number fluctuation in the $i$-th slot $\\Delta \\omega_{i}$ in the frequency domain, $$\\Delta \\hat{n}_{i}=\\int_{\\Delta \\omega_{i}}d\\,t[U(z,\\omega)\\Delta \\hat{U}^{\\dag}(z,\\omega)+U^{\\ast }(z,\\omega)\\Delta \\hat{U}(z,\\omega)],$$ where $\\Delta \\hat{U}(z,\\omega)$ is the perturbation of the quantum-field operator, $U(z,\\omega)$ is the classical unperturbed solution, and the integral is taken over the given spectral slot.", "\n\nFirst, we reproduce the results for the photon-number correlation spectra of the initial $sech$-like single-hump solitons at $\\eta_1:\\eta_2 = 1:3$, reported earlier by Schmidt *et al*.", " [@Schmidt00; @Schmidt-oc]. ", "A cross-pattern of the anti-correlated components, corresponding to the values $C_{ij}=-1$, occurs when the solitons merge, as shown in Fig.", " \\[fig\\_f3\\](b). ", "This is the reason why an efficient number squeezing of the NLSE solitons can be produced by spectral filtering that removes the noisy spectral components [@Friberg]. ", "In between, the photon-number correlation spectra change periodically as the classical soliton profiles Fig.", " \\[fig\\_f3\\](a-c) It must be noted that there are some correlated patterns outside the center part of the solitons, even though the amplitude of the Fourier components there almost vanishing. ", "These correlated components in the far fringes come from the breathering dynamics of the $N=2$ solitons.", "\n\nNow we turn to the case of a initially double-hump profile, $\\eta_1:\\eta_2=1:2$, as presented in Figs.", " \\[fig\\_f3\\](d-f). ", "As can be seen in Fig.", " \\[fig\\_f3\\](b) and Fig.", " \\[fig\\_f3\\](e), the spectra for a double-hump pulse contains the same correlation patterns as that for a single-hump soliton when all of them merge, at $z = 3.9$, for $\\eta_1/\\eta_2 = 1:3$, and $z = 3.7$, for $\\eta_1/\\eta_2 = 1:2$. That is what one expects for both of them having the same energy and same profile when the two solitons merge. ", "And again, the correlation spectrum for a double-hump soliton returns to the same pattern after a collision period, as shown in Fig.", " \\[fig\\_f3\\](d) and Fig.", " \\[fig\\_f3\\](f). ", "For double-hump solitons, there are significant differences in their correlation spectra patterns, see, e.g., Fig.", " \\[fig\\_f3\\](a) and Fig.", " \\[fig\\_f3\\](d). ", "If we only look at the center part of the correlation spectra where the soliton Fourier components are dominated, we can clearly see that there are strongly anti-correlated patterns for a double-hump soliton than in the case of a single-hump soliton. ", "This may be the reason that makes a double-hump $N=2$ soliton states get more squeezed than a single-hump one, although there are also some strongly anti-correlated patterns for a single-hump soliton in the far range where the soliton Fourier component almost vanish. ", "And only strongly [*positive*]{} correlated patterns occur in the center parts of both solitons, when the $N=2$ solitons merge into a single pulse. ", "Consequently, the optimal squeezing ratio of $N=2$ solitons degrades.", "\n\nConclusions\n===========\n\nWe have demonstrated that a two-soliton bound state gets more squeezed when it has a double-hump initial profile, and this effect is associated with longer soliton collision period. 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[ "Q:\n\nIs this a mirror site affiliated with SO or a clone?", "\n\nFound this thread https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4117659/problem-uploading-ipad-4-2-app-to-apple\n... --> here, with an ad in front. ", "http://www.expert.tc/topic.php?id=93952\nJust wondering...\n\nA:\n\nIt's clearly an independent site; as you can see, the question was asked 2012 years ago. ", "Stack Overflow didn't exist back then.", "\nOkay, just kidding. ", "Yes, this is a site that takes content from Stack Overflow and presents it without proper attribution. ", "It's already in the list.", "\nIn other words, those are bad guys.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "The Ring of Dragons\n\nA ring of information, and fun regarding the Ultima series of computer games by Origin, and the Ultima Dragons, its fan club.", "\n\nSponsored Links\n\nApproved Member Sites\n\nUltimas, Daggerfall, Eye of Beholder, and old games Preview\n— GoBritannia full map (highres) for Ultima6 & 7. ", "Pseudo-3D meshes of the 22 dungeons in Ultima6. ", "3D dungeons of Daggerfall. ", "3D levels of Ultima Underworld 1&2. ", "3D levels of System Shock 1&2. ", "Old attempt to recode \"Ultima6\" and \"Eye of the Beholder\" for windows. ", "And other stuff about old Dos-Games.", "\n\nIvanhoe's Ultima Universe Preview\n— GoThis english/german Website is dedicated to the great roleplaying series Ultima from Origin. ", "You will find informations, walkthroughs, maps, manuals and downloads about these games here.", "\n\nSir Cabirus Ultima Homepage Preview\n— GoGerman and (in the future) english Ultima Page with information about Ultima Underworld and Ultima VII - The Black Gate - with maps, pictures, storys and other things. ", "Also you can get Windows Icons for all Ultima games\n\nUltima origins Preview\n— GoThis site has information and resources pertaining to Ultimas I - IX and Ultima Underworld I & II.", "\n\nUltimania Online Network Preview\n— GoA network set up for all UO players to help in communication, organizing, learning, adventuring Etc. ", "Come join us and see for yourself how we can help you improve your gaming experience!" ]

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[ "Quantitative valuation placed by children and teenagers on participation in two hypothetical research scenarios.", "\nFor paediatric medicine to advance, research must be conducted specifically with children. ", "Concern about poor recruitment has led to debate about payments to child research participants. ", "Although concerns about undue influence by such 'compensation' have been expressed, it is useful to determine whether children can relate the time and inconvenience associated with participation to the value of payment offered. ", "This study explores children's ability to determine fair remuneration for research participation, and reviews payments to children participating in research. ", "Forty children were interviewed before outpatient visits at two London Hospitals: Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital and the Whittington Hospital District General Hospital. ", "Children were asked to value their involvement in two hypothetical research scenarios - the first an 'additional blood sample', the second also involving daily oral oil capsules taken for a fortnight before further venesection. ", "Background knowledge about familiarity with money, and experience with hospitalisation was assessed. ", "The mean valuation of involvement in the second scenario (£13.18) was higher than in the first (£2.84) (p<0.001). ", "This higher valuation persisted when children were categorised into groups 'aged 12+' and 'below 12'. ", "Those undergoing a blood test on the day placed a higher valuation on participation in the second scenario (£10.43, £21.67, p=0.044). ", "These children aged 8-16 demonstrated the capacity to discern a fair valuation for participation in medical research. ", "The monetary sums are influenced by the time and inconvenience involved in the research, and by the extent of recent experience with hospital procedures. ", "The authors review current ethical thinking regarding payments to child research participants and suggest that a fair wage model might be an ethically acceptable way to increase participation of children in research." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nFunction is defined on the whole real line and $|f(x) -f(y)| \\leq |x-y|^\\alpha$, then....\n\nGiven: $f(x)$ is defined on $\\mathbb{R}$ and $|f(x) -f(y)| \\le |x-y|^\\alpha$. Which of the following statements are true?", "\nI. If $\\alpha > 1$, then $f(x)$ is constant.", "\nII. ", "If $\\alpha = 1$, then $f(x)$ is differentiable.", "\nIII. ", "$0 < \\alpha < 1$, then $f(x)$ is continuous.", "\nAnswer: I $-$ true, II $-$ false, III $-$ true.", "\nI wonder how this result was obtained. ", "Maybe somebody can give some explanations?", "\n\nA:\n\nYour condition is a special case of Hölder continuity. ", "If $\\alpha = 1$, it is usually called Lipschitz instead of Hölder. ", "I'll give some hints.", "\nI. Suppose $\\alpha = 1 + \\epsilon$ for $\\epsilon > 0$. Then $\\left|\\frac{f(x) - f(y)}{x-y}\\right| \\leq |x-y|^\\epsilon$. If we take the limit as $y \\to x$, what does this say about the derivative of $f$ at $x$?", "\nII. ", "Consider $f(x) = |x|$.\nIII. ", "Let $\\epsilon > 0$, and $\\delta = \\epsilon^{\\frac{1}{\\alpha}}$. If $|x-y| < \\delta$, then what can be said about |f(x) - f(y)|?", "\n\nA:\n\nIf $f: I \\rightarrow \\Bbb R$ is a function for which exists $c, \\alpha > 0$ such that $$|fx - fy| \\leq c|x - y|^\\alpha$$\nthen $f$ is said to be Hölder continuous. ", "If $\\alpha = 1$, then we say $f$ is Lipschitz continuous. ", "This way, way, every Lipschitz function is a Hölder function. ", "Now, if $\\alpha > 1$, $f$ is constant because it's derivative is zero, see that: $$ 0 < |fx - fy| \\leq |x-y|^\\alpha \\\\ 0 < \\frac{|fx - fy|}{|x - y|} \\leq c|x - y|^{\\alpha - 1}$$\nSince $\\alpha - 1 > 0$, making the difference $x - y \\to 0$, we get that $f' \\equiv 0$, hence $f$ is constant. ", "If $f$ is differentiable, then $f$ is continuous.", "\nHowever, we can say something stronger. ", "Every Hölder continuous function is uniformly continuous. ", "Let $\\epsilon > 0$, choose $\\delta = \\sqrt[\\alpha]{\\frac{\\epsilon}{c}}$, and $x,y \\in I$ such that $|x - y| < \\delta$. Then we get $$|fx - fy| \\leq c|x-y|^\\alpha < c\\sqrt[\\alpha]{\\dfrac{\\epsilon}{c}}^\\alpha = \\epsilon$$\nFor the counter-example, $f(x) = |x|$ will do, as @user71352 said.", "\nHere is a question a bit related to Hölder continuity, with a great answer, and lot of references.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Something Is Wrong When A Judge Needs 350 Pages To Decide If A College's Digital Archives Are Fair Use\n\nfrom the feel-free-to-dig-in dept\n\nA bunch of the specific claims didn't even reach a fair use analysis because the judge rejected them for failure to prove they held the copyrights in question! ", "This may seem like a basic point, but US law is pretty clear that the burden is on the plaintiff to prove they own the copyright (though, this is something that the US is trying to change under the leaked draft of the Trans Pacific Partnership agreement). ", "The failure of the publishers to even be able to show they held the copyright is a pretty stunning flop.", "\n\nAnother batch of claimed infringements were dropped on the basis of de minimis copying because they were never downloaded by any students . ", "This is an interesting interpretation of de minimis, though I'm not convinced it would hold up at a higher level if the case gets that far. ", "James Grimmelmann's summary explains what happened here: The court dismisses these from the lawsuit as de minimis, explaining that these uses by the University, while technical implicating the copyright owners’ exclusive rights, don’t affect the incentives for authors to create. ", "This puts more teeth in the de minimis doctrine in copyright: it goes beyond the view that de minimis means “not substantially similar.” ", "It also strengthens the argument that “internal use” copies never used to reach an to an audience that reads them for their content don’t infringe. ", "Think, for example, of the HathiTrust’s archive of scans from Google Books.", "\n\ncopying . ", "This is an interesting interpretation of de minimis, though I'm not convinced it would hold up at a higher level if the case gets that far. ", "James Grimmelmann's summary explains what happened here: When it gets to the rest, Judge Evans dutifully does the standard 4-factor \"fair use\" test on each and every case rather than broad brushing across the batch. ", "While the four factor test is supposed to be used in fair use cases, I do always worry when judges view the fair use test entirely as a \"formula.\" ", "The law is pretty clear that while the four factor test should be considered, it need not be the only thing that is considered -- here, however, the judge just lines up each claim and runs it through the test.", "\n\nEven more worrisome, is that the judge seems to get excessively formulaic in applying parts of the test. ", "Specifically, the third factor, on the amount copied, leads the judge to come up with her own hard and fast rules, based on... well... that's not entirely clear. ", "Here's what the judge decided: Where a book is not divided into chapters or contains fewer than ten chapters, unpaid copying of no more than 10% of the pages in the book is permissible under factor three. ", "The pages are counted as previously set forth in this Order. ", "In practical effect, this will allow copying of about one chapter or its equivalent. ", "Where a book contains ten or more chapters, the unpaid copying of up to but no more than one chapter (or its equivalent) will be permissible under fair use factor three. ", "While there are some benefits to having a specific \"rule,\" I'm not sure how this particular rule really matches with the intent and reasoning behind the fair use doctrine. ", "If you copy two whole chapters in a book with 50 chapters, suddenly that goes against this factor, despite, percentage-wise, being less than copying 10% from a book with less than 10 chapters? ", "Why the odd distinction?", "\n\nWhile there are some benefits to having a specific \"rule,\" I'm not sure how this particular rule really matches with the intent and reasoning behind the fair use doctrine. ", "If you copy two whole chapters in a book with 50 chapters, suddenly that goes against this factor, despite, percentage-wise, being less than copying 10% from a book with less than 10 chapters? ", "Why the odd distinction? ", "The \"good\" news on this point, at least, is that while she created her own rules for the third factor, she flat out rejected the ridiculous \"Classroom Guidelines\" that had been set up in 1976 between the publishing industry and \"certain representatives of the education establishment.\" ", "Basically these were rules that, if followed, meant the publishers wouldn't sue. ", "However, the judge finds them somewhat silly, and with no basis in the law, including things like the claim that a professor can only claim fair use if they use a work for one semester (requiring them to license it for future use).", "\n\nAlso troubling is the interpretation on the fourth factor -- \"the effect on the market,\" -- which is often considered the most important factor (even if some reject this claim). ", "Some courts have argued that this factor often depends on whether the copyright holder is offering a license for the work or not -- and Judge Evans buys into that argument here. ", "Basically, the result on this factor depends, almost entirely, on whether or not the publisher is offering a license for the work. ", "Again, Grimmelmann points out that there's good and bad here. ", "This does, at the very least, suggest that libraries can make use of orphan works, since there won't be any active licenses available for those works. ", "But, more troubling, is that it doesn't look at wider market factors, including alternatives to licensing (i.e., not obtaining the work, or obtaining it through other means, such as by photocopying). ", "You shouldn't automatically assume that if a publisher offers a license, not licensing it automatically means the publisher loses out on revenue. ", "But the judge seems to make exactly that assumption here.", "\n\nOn the other two factors, the judge reasonably says that the fair use factors clearly favor fair use: the \"purpose\" of the use being for \"nonprofit, educational purposes of teaching and scholarship,\" and the nature of the works being \"informational.\" ", "That's good, and is applied across the board.", "\n\nThank you for reading this Techdirt post. ", "With so many things competing for everyone’s attention these days, we really appreciate you giving us your time. ", "We work hard every day to put quality content out there for our community. ", "Techdirt is one of the few remaining truly independent media outlets. ", "We do not have a giant corporation behind us, and we rely heavily on our community to support us, in an age when advertisers are increasingly uninterested in sponsoring small, independent sites — especially a site like ours that is unwilling to pull punches in its reporting and analysis. ", "While other websites have resorted to paywalls, registration requirements, and increasingly annoying/intrusive advertising, we have always kept Techdirt open and available to anyone. ", "But in order to continue doing so, we need your support. ", "We offer a variety of ways for our readers to support us, from direct donations to special subscriptions and cool merchandise — and every little bit helps. ", "Thank you.", "\n\n–The Techdirt Team\n\nNearly a year ago, we wrote about a somewhat \"obscure\" lawsuit concerning fair use at universities. ", "We've been noting that, up in Canada, the courts and upcoming legislation are potentially clearing the field for universities to declare \"fair dealing\" on the use of works—but they are bizarrely failing to do so. ", "In the US, however, Georgia State did assert its fair use rights over certain educational uses, leading to a complex situation in the courts. ", "Georgia State was sued by some publishers, because of the use of \"e-reserves\" (content posted on websites for students to download). ", "The university claimed fair use. ", "The publishers (who had the lawsuit funded by the American Association of Publishers and the Copyright Clearance Center -- who helps collect fees for these kinds of things) argued that an older ruling about print shops not being able to print out coursepacks without clearing everything applied.", "On Friday, the ruling came out , and it's a somewhat astounding 350 pages, as district court Judge Orinda Evans spent the time to meticulously go through every count of infringement in great detail to determine whether or not the university infringed. ", "The summary version is that the publishers only won on 5 out of 99 counts. ", "That certainly doesn't look very good for the publishers. ", "However, digging into the details is where it gets interesting. ", "I'd recommend reading both NY Law School's James Grimmelmann's analysis and Duke University's Kevin Smith's analysis There's a lot to dig into, but the quick summary is that it'sgood, but there are still some significant problems with the ruling. ", "Let's call out some highlights:On the whole, the publishers certainly won't be happy that they lost on so many claims in the case. ", "And there are some good points on fair use in there -- but as described above, many of the statements by the judge are a bit worrisome, and could lead to problems for future fair use claims in situations where a fresh analysis might seem like it should be fair use.", "All that said, it seems highly likely that the publishers are going to appeal this, and we could be bouncing around the court system for years before any of this is finalized.", "\n\nFiled Under: copyright clearance center, education, fair use, georgia state, licensing" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nMultiple fullscreen background images on vertical site\n\nUsing the JQuery ScrollTo plugin, I've created the following vertical site LINK. ", " The basic page architecture is as follows:\n<div id=\"fixed-menu\">\n <!-- ", "MAIN MENU FIXED TO TOP OF WINDOW -->\n</div>\n\n<div id=\"wrapper\">\n <div id=\"mask\">\n <div id=\"page1\">\n <!-- ", "PAGE 1 CONTENT -->\n </div>\n <div id=\"page2\">\n <!-- ", "PAGE 2 CONTENT -->\n </div>\n <div id=\"page3\">\n <!-- ", "PAGE 3 CONTENT -->\n </div>\n <div id=\"page4\">\n <!-- ", "PAGE 4 CONTENT -->\n </div>\n </div>\n</div>\n\nMy issue is when trying to have a fullscreen background image for each separate 'page'. ", " I have experience using the JQuery plugin Fullscreenr to create a background image which properly adapts to different screen resolutions, etc. ", " I am unfamiliar, though, with how to set a different one for each 'page' of the site. ", " I've been thinking that an alternative may be to trigger a change of background image depending on which menu item is selected. ", " Does anyone have any experience or advice in the matter? ", " I have tried stacking the images, but I want to avoid seeing partial background images at any point on the site.", "\n\nA:\n\nHaving had a hard time getting JQuery Waypoints to work successfully, I ended up simply changing the background image after a mouse-click of the relevant heading. ", " Because the site is only auto-scrolling (no mouse-wheel functionality), this will work fine.", "\nThe JQuery code used is as follows:\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n$(function() {\n $('a.panel-about').click(function(){\n $(\"#bgimg\").attr('src',\"<?php bloginfo('stylesheet_directory'); ?", ">/images/bg2.jpg\");\n return false;\n });\n});\n</script>\n\nSo when the link with class 'panel-about' is clicked, the background image changes to bg2.jpg from the existing bg1.jpg specified in the html.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "News & Notes\n\nTonight, NBC has the first season finale of Amne$ia and Miss USA 2008.", "\n\nOver on cable, Sci Fi has the series premiere of The Sarah Jane Adventures.", "\n\nIn returning show news, I mentioned last week that Moonlight would be back tonight, but was working off of old info. ", "It is now scheduled to return on April 25th.", "\n\nPrime Picks\n\nBones (FOX): Repeat. ", "It looks like Brennan’s nemesis may have been burned to death and the team investigates, in “The Man in the Cell” from season two.", "\n\nCanterbury’s Law (FOX): New. ", "Elizabeth is attempting to cut a deal and get things put to rest, but the rest of her firm is secretly building a case in her defense.", "\n\nNumb3rs (CBS): New. ", "A woman from Don’s past is back to prosecute a case, but witnesses are being murdered and she might be next. ", "The team investigates.", "\n\nSolid Selections\n\nAmne$ia (NBC): Season Finale. ", "Someone gets quizzed on events from their past in an effort to win money.", "\n\nDuel (ABC): New. ", "Contestants go after the big prize by answering questions, but have to contend with another contestant to do so.", "\n\n20/20 (ABC): New. ", "Investigative reports.", "\n\nCable Choices\n\nThe Sarah Jane Adventures (Sci Fi): Series Premiere. ", "This spin-off has Sarah Jane Smith, who was a companion of the Third and Fouth incarnations of Doctor Who from the original series. ", "Elisabeth Sladen is back in the role and is out trying to stop alien plots or help lost extraterrestrials find their way home. ", "Runs 90-minutes and starts a half hour before primetime. ", "Plays again later.", "\n\nBattlestar Galactica (Sci Fi): New. ", "Issues of faith and loyalty are coming to the surface as conflicts are dividing Humans and Cylons. ", "Plays again later. ", "If you can’t wait until tonight, the episode will be available starting at 12:00 p.m. Eastern at SciFi.com. ", "Or, check out a clip from the episode below. (", "RSS and eMail Subscribers may need to click to the site to view the video)Update 4.21.2008: Sci Fi has granted TVaholic the right to use the weekly Battlestar Galactica preview clips only until the next week’s episode airs, which is why this clip no longer appears here.", "\n\nOther Options\n\nChefography (Food Network): Repeats. ", "First up is Paula Deen. ", "Second is Bobby Flay. ", "Their lives and careers are profiled. ", "Both replay again later.", "\n\nSports Notes\n\nESPN has round two coverage of the Masters golf tournament.", "\n\nESPN2 has NBA action with the Cleveland Cavaliers at the Chicago Bulls and then later NASCAR racing with the Nationwide Series: Bashas’ Supermarkets 200.", "\n\nVersus has doubleheader NHL playoff action.", "\n\nLate Night\n\nDirt (FX): Repeat. ", "Sunday’s episode, “And the Winner Is …,” replays, where the staff finds that the big story is behind the scenes at an awards show.", "\n\nTV Marathons\n\nMTV has 11 episodes of America’s Next Top Model.", "Nickelodeon has 10 episodes of SpongeBob SquarePants tonight.", "Sci Fi has eight episodes of Doctor Who early.", "Spike TV has 10 episodes of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation." ]

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[ "package com.dianping.puma.core.dto.binlog.request;\n\npublic class BinlogUnsubscriptionRequest extends BinlogRequest {\n}\n" ]

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[ "Encounter with a Skull\n\n\"Encounter with a Skull\" is a short story by Koda Rohan.", "\n\nPlot summary\nThe story is told from the perspective of a fictional version of the author with the pen name \"Rohan\". ", " During his journey to Tokyo, young Rohan enters a small town. ", " He is told he must cross through the mountain to reach his next destination. ", " Rohan makes the trek. ", " Freezing and exhausted, he chances upon a small hut nestled away in the environment. ", " A strange young woman offers him shelter and nurses him back to health. ", " Taken with this strange woman, Rohan inquires as to how she came to this unfortunate circumstance out so far away from civilisation. ", " The woman relates to him her story of how she became a hermit. ", " After the tale, the house vanishes and Rohan is left out in the snow alone. ", " Next to him is a skull in place of the young woman. ", " Rohan finally finishes his trek through the mountain and enters into the next village. ", " He inquires about the hermit woman he encountered. ", " A towns person tells him that the woman was originally a hideous, insane old beggar who, rejected from society, fled into the mountains and was never heard from again.", "\n\nReferences\nKoda, Rohan & Irie Mulhern, Chieko (January 15, 2006) Pagoda, Skull and Samurai: Three Stories by Koda Rohan. ", "280 pages. ", "Tuttle Publishing.", "\n\nCategory:1890 short stories\nCategory:Japanese short stories\nCategory:Buddhism in fiction" ]

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[ "Editor's note: Fareed Zakaria is an author and foreign affairs analyst who hosts \"Fareed Zakaria GPS\" on CNN at 10 a.m. and 1 p.m. ET Sundays and on CNN International at 2 and 10 p.m. Central European Time/ 5 p.m. Abu Dhabi/ 9 p.m. Hong Kong.", "\n\nNew York (CNN) -- The crackdown on protesters in the Persian Gulf nation of Bahrain is a rash move that will enrage many of its people and cost the regime international prestige, says analyst Fareed Zakaria.", "\n\nSix people have died this week in the protests by demonstrators seeking political reform in Bahrain, a U.S. ally that is the base for the headquarters of the U.S Navy's Fifth Fleet. ", "Police raided an encampment of protesters before dawn, firing pellets, rubber bullets and tear gas, according to witnesses. ", "A majority Shiite country, Bahrain is ruled by a Sunni Muslim royal family.", "\n\n\"The Gulf states have tended to have a softer touch when dealing with political dissent,\" Zakaria said, \"and the fact that Bahrain has been so tough tells you that they have been rattled. ", "But ultimately this is a terrible mistake and they will pay a heavy price for it.\"", "\n\nThe author and host of CNN's \"Fareed Zakaria GPS\" spoke to CNN on Thursday. ", "Here is an edited transcript:\n\nCNN: Observers are saying the Bahrain conflict is causing a real dilemma for the United States. ", "Why is that?", "\n\nZakaria: Bahrain is another one of these places where the United States has deep geopolitical interests that tip it in one direction and values that tip it in the other direction.", "\n\nThe United States has a very important base in Bahrain, which is one of the principal mechanisms by which the U.S. maintains and projects power in the Persian Gulf. ", "Remember that this is an area where 40 to 50% of the world's oil supply passes through. ", "So maintaining the freedom of navigation and the free flow of goods and services is crucial to economic activity in the rest of the world.", "\n\nAnd Bahrain has been a very loyal American and western ally. ", "But protesters also have fair and legitimate complaints about the rulers of Bahrain.", "\n\nFareed Zakaria in TIME: Why there's no turning back in the Middle East\n\nCNN: What do you think will be the impact of the crackdown on protesters?", "\n\nZakaria: The regime in Bahrain is doing something very rash and unwise; it is trying to respond by using force and punitive measures. ", "This is not going to work in the end, and my guess is that they will pull back when they realize that this isn't going to work, but alas the damage will have been done, and they would have both blackened their reputation in the world's eyes, but also created lasting animosity and enmity within their own country.", "\n\nCNN: As you look at the trend of protests sweeping the Middle East and North Africa, where do you think this is headed?", "\n\nZakaria: I think Egypt is too central in the Arab world for this not to have an effect. ", "I think it has awakened the consciousness of people throughout the Arab world.", "\n\nThese are often tough regimes. ", "They have basically two methods of control. ", "I would divide the Arab world into two groups of countries. ", "There are those that use mass repression, and there are those that use mass bribery. ", "The mass repression is of course the Syrias of the world, and the bribery tends to be done more by the Gulf States. ", "Kuwait and Bahrain in recent weeks have given bonuses to every citizen -- Kuwait gave $3,000 and Bahrain $2,700.", "\n\nAll of these regimes are trying their own tactics, and I think in some cases they will work The Saudis have a long tradition of buying off their political opposition, but everywhere I think you're going to see an effect and a demand for accountability, for transparency, for better treatment.", "\n\nCNN: What regimes are most threatened?", "\n\nZakaria: My guess is that the places that are most vulnerable are places like Yemen where the government is inherently weak, or Bahrain where a minority rules a majority. ", "Ironically it is in places like Bahrain where you see the cracks most clearly, because it has been liberalizing and allowing enough openness that people are connected to the outside world.", "\n\nThe interesting one to watch will be Syria, which is of course deeply repressive, by some measures the most repressive. ", "But yet, having done so little liberalization, the Assad family presides over a very stagnant country, where things seem less stirred up than in other countries where there have been some half measures at openness.", "\n\nCNN: What about the situation in Libya?", "\n\nZakaria: Libya has a lot of oil money and (Moammar) Gadhafi has used that money pretty effectively to buy off the tribes, but he has also run the state in such a tough and arbitrary fashion that there are lots of discontented people there. ", "My own guess is that is another place that we'll see some turmoil over the next few years.", "\n\nThe other place we should be looking is not just in the Middle East, but in Africa, because they, too, look at Egypt, and they claim it as an African country. ", "And there are 17 elections coming up in Africa this year. ", "That provides potential turning points in each of these countries, because you may just find that an election is rigged and that triggers protests. ", "So that part, too, has to be dealt with.", "\n\nCNN: You talked about the conflict between U.S. interests and values. ", "How should the United States respond to what's happening?", "\n\nZakaria: I think that the United States has to recognize that in thinking about its geopolitics, and thinking about the case for geopolitical alliances, that allying with these regimes that have been very brutal and very tough on their people has a security cost on the United States.", "\n\nBy allying with the regime in Egypt we did not get security, because the Mubarak regime was a dictatorship. ", "It had repressed all opposition. ", "The opposition as a result was more extreme, more religiously oriented, and more violent. ", "But here's the important twist -- it was also anti-American because it saw America as supporting the Mubarak regime. ", "So in a very real sense by supporting the Mubarak regime we intensified the forces that led to the creation of al Qaeda and that made al Qaeda view the United States as the great enemy.", "\n\nThey view America as supporting all these dictatorships that oppressed the Arab people. ", "So there is a cost to maintaining these alliances.", "\n\nCNN: Should the U.S. end its support for these regimes?", "\n\nZakaria: The regimes have been good allies of the United States .They are in many cases very responsible people and we should be trying to work with them, but we should be pushing them to really engage in significant reforms, really address the demands of their people -- and by reforms I mean they will have to start sharing power in a much more significant way than they have done.", "\n\nIt is not simply handing people crumbs from the table. ", "There will have to be a fundamentally different compact between the regime and its people and it will have to be one that makes those people citizens, not subjects.", "\n\nWatch Fareed Zakaria GPS Sundays at 10am and 1pm ET. ", "For the latest from Fareed Zakaria GPS click here." ]

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[ "James Corden looks at the headlines of the day, including the stir over notes President Donald Trump carried into a discussion about gun violence in schools and some questionable marijuana health advice." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDoes Apache2 support virtual hosting of subdomains?", "\n\nCurrently my Apache server is set up like so\n<VirtualHost *:80>\n ServerName www.example.com\n ServerAlias example.com\n DocumentRoot /var/www\n</VirtualHost>\n\nThe problem is that everything below /var/www is accessible from everywhere else. ", "If I have a web page /var/www/john/bio.html, then that web page could borrow scripts/pictures from var/www/jane/\nI want to set up my Apache server like so\n<VirtualHost *:80>\n ServerName www.example.com\n ServerAlias example.com\n DocumentRoot /var/www\n</VirtualHost>\n\n<VirtualHost *:80>\n ServerName www.john.example.com\n ServerAlias john.example.com\n DocumentRoot /var/www/john\n</VirtualHost>\n\n<VirtualHost *:80>\n ServerName www.jane.example.com\n ServerAlias jane.example.com\n DocumentRoot /var/www/jane\n</VirtualHost>\n\nSo all the files for user john go in the /var/www/john/ folder, and likewise for user jane. ", "Then, with symbolic links turned off (by default), and access only provided from /var/www/user/ downwards (again by default), I don't have to worry about john's web page including scripts/images from jane's web page. ", "\n\nA:\n\nUsing local measures only (/etc/hosts instead of a DNS) I found that this can indeed work.", "\nFirst, change your /etc/hosts file to have a mapping of your desired website name(s) (www.example.com), and target IP address (192.168.1.1). ", "I used my local IP address.", "\n IPAddress Hostname Alias\n----------- -------------------------- ------------------\n192.168.1.1 www.example.com example.com \n192.168.1.1 www.john.example.com john.example.com\n192.168.1.1 www.jane.example.com jane.example.com\n\nYour web browser will check your /etc/hosts file before looking at the world wide web. ", "\nNext go through all your Apache config files (httpd.conf, apache2.conf, ports.conf, conf.d/*) and make sure in exactly one file the command NameVirtualHost *:80 is issued (it doesn't have to be port :80 but if it is issued more than once, you will get this problem). ", "Mine was issued in /etc/apache2/ports.conf, so put yours there if you have to. ", "Finally, update your Apache configuration file (mine was at /etc/apache2/sites-available/default) like so.", "\n<VirtualHost *:80>\n ServerName www.example.com\n ServerAlias example.com\n DocumentRoot /var/www\n</VirtualHost>\n\n<VirtualHost *:80>\n ServerName www.john.example.com\n ServerAlias john.example.com\n DocumentRoot /var/www/john\n</VirtualHost>\n\n<VirtualHost *:80>\n ServerName www.jane.example.com\n ServerAlias jane.example.com\n DocumentRoot /var/www/jane\n</VirtualHost>\n\nAs a final step, you may need to add the websites to Apache by issuing the below commands (this step is not necessary, if you give all websites into sites-available/default and not into separate files for individual websites).", "\n# a2ensite www.example.com\n# a2ensite www.john.example.com\n# a2ensite www.jane.example.com\n\nAfter doing this, john.example.com will go to /var/www/john. ", "That directory will then act as the root directory, and john will no longer have access to www, and, therefore, have no access to /var/www/jane.", "\nLikewise, after doing this, jane.example.com will go to /var/www/jane. ", "That directory will then act as the root directory, and jane will no longer have access to www, and, therefore, have no access to /var/www/john.", "\nWith symbolic links turned off --by default-- neither directories will be able to access each other\n\n" ]

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[ "Low intensity exercise does not impact cognitive function during exposure to normobaric hypoxia.", "\nExposure to hypoxia is associated with cognitive impairment, mediated by cerebral deoxygenation. ", "This can be problematic for individuals who perform mental tasks at high altitude. ", "Eight healthy men completed two experimental trials consisting of 5h of exposure to normobaric hypoxia (12.5% O2). ", "In one of the experimental trials (Hypoxia) subjects remained resting in a seated position the entire 5h; in the other experimental trial (Hypoxia and Exercise) subjects rested 2h, cycled for 1h at constant wattage (workload equivalent to 50% of altitude adjusted VO2max), then rested the last 2h. ", "Cerebral oxygenation was measured continuously via near-infrared spectroscopy and cognitive performance was assessed by Trail Making Test A and B. Cerebral oxygenation and cognitive performance both were impaired during exposure to hypoxia. ", "In the Hypoxia and Exercise trial, subjects experienced further declinations in cerebral oxygenation without concomitant decreases in cognitive function. ", "These data demonstrate that cognitive function declines during exposure to normobaric hypoxia and this decline is not exacerbated by low intensity exercise." ]

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[ "/*\n * MIT License\n *\n * Copyright (c) 2019 Jianhui Zhao <zhaojh329@gmail.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to deal\n * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights\n * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell\n * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all\n * copies or substantial portions of the Software.", "\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. ", "IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,\n * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE\n * SOFTWARE.", "\n */\n\n#ifndef RTTY_FILE_H\n#define RTTY_FILE_H\n\n#include <ev.h>\n#include <sys/un.h>\n\n#include \"buffer.h\"\n\nenum {\n RTTY_FILE_MSG_START_DOWNLOAD,\n RTTY_FILE_MSG_INFO,\n RTTY_FILE_MSG_DATA,\n RTTY_FILE_MSG_CANCELED,\n RTTY_FILE_MSG_BUSY,\n RTTY_FILE_MSG_PROGRESS,\n RTTY_FILE_MSG_REQUEST_ACCEPT,\n RTTY_FILE_MSG_SAVE_PATH,\n RTTY_FILE_MSG_NO_SPACE\n};\n\nstruct file_context {\n int sid;\n int fd;\n int sock;\n bool busy;\n uint32_t total_size;\n uint32_t remain_size;\n struct sockaddr_un peer_sun;\n struct ev_io ios; /* used for unix socket */\n struct ev_io iof; /* used for upload file */\n ev_tstamp last_notify_progress;\n};\n\nint start_file_service(struct file_context *ctx);\n\nvoid parse_file_msg(struct file_context *ctx, int type, struct buffer *data, int len);\n\nvoid update_progress(struct ev_loop *loop, ev_tstamp start_time, struct buffer *info);\n\nvoid cancel_file_operation(struct ev_loop *loop, int sock);\n\nint read_file_msg(int sock, struct buffer *out);\n\nint connect_rtty_file_service();\n\nvoid request_transfer_file();\nbool detect_file_operation(uint8_t *buf, int len, int sid, struct file_context *ctx);\n\n#endif\n\n" ]

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[ "Resolution No. ", "27 - Worker Ownership and Workers Capital\n\nWHEREAS, our employers are earning record profits while the wages of working families stagnate; and\n\nWHEREAS, Wall Street and Bay Street have left Main Street behind as our stock markets hit record highs, but unemployment and underemployment remain persistent problems; and\n\nWHEREAS, in the United States, 95% of income gains since 2009 have gone to the wealthiest 1% of the population; and\n\nWHEREAS, we now have the highest wealth inequality in the United States since 1928; and\n\nWHEREAS, wealth inequality has increased in Canada over the past 25 years, with the wealthiest 86 Canadians having as much wealth as the poorest 11 million Canadians; and\n\nWHEREAS, USW members have billions of dollars invested in pension plans, 401(k) plans and labour sponsored investment plans in Canada, such as the Quebec Federation of Labour Solidarity Fund; and\n\nWHEREAS, history has proven that these investments of our savings can produce both a healthy monetary return and a social return that sustains and creates jobs and invests in our communities; and\n\nWHEREAS, we have too often seen the opposite result when we do not influence those investments, leaving Wall Street and Bay Street to gamble with our money in ways that threaten our jobs and destroy our communities; and\n\nWHEREAS, worker ownership has proven to be fruitful when ownership means much more than just the value of a share; and\n\nWHEREAS, our former International President Lynn Williams was instrumental in forming the Western Labour/Worker Co-op Council in Saskatoon, SK in 2006; and\n\nWHEREAS, the USW began efforts of collaboration in 2009 with the Mondragon Cooperatives, the world’s largest worker-owned cooperative with 85,000 worker-owners, to develop unionized, worker-owned cooperatives in the United States and Canada; and\n\nWHEREAS, our Union partnered with Mondragon and the Ohio Employee Ownership Center to release a Union Co-op model in 2012 to provide a roadmap for workers to gain ownership of their own businesses; and\n\nWHEREAS, creating sustainable jobs that pay a living wage also helps to create sustainable communities; and\n\nWHEREAS, we have been active in developing unionized, worker-owned Union Co-ops in Pittsburgh, PA; Cincinnati, OH; Buffalo, NY; and Reading, PA; and\n\nWHEREAS, the USW has assisted in launching a new worker-owned Union Co-op in Worcester, MA in 2014, where all workers are proud members of USW Local 2936; and\n\nWHEREAS, the USW supports 1worker1vote.org, a new non-profit formed by Mondragon USA to help incubate and network Union Co-ops in the United States; and\n\nWHEREAS, we have launched a website (www.usw.coop) to provide resources and ongoing updates to our membership.", "\n\nTHEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that:\n\n(1) Our Union will continue to pursue every responsible avenue to ensure that the investments of the USW and of USW members collectively are used in a way that not only provides a reasonable monetary return, but also provides job security, job creation and invests in our communities.", "\n\n(2) Our Union will continue to promote and develop unionized, worker-owned Union Co-ops, as well as other forms of worker-ownership, as a profitable and sustainable means to create jobs and support our communities.", "\n\n(3) The USW supports the United States Federation of Worker Co-operatives (www.usworker.coop) and the Canadian Worker Co-op Federation (www.canadianworker.coop) in their efforts to promote and support worker-owned businesses. ", "The USW further supports 1worker1vote.org in developing unionized, worker-owned Union Co-ops.", "\n\nClick Here for a copy of this document" ]

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[ "Hey I'm Island. ", "I plan to become extremely active in this MMA community. ", "I'm very knowledegable. ", "I'm 16, I've had 3 amateur fights, I've won them all. ", "2 by submission one by majority decision. ", "I practice striking in the morning from 10:30 to 11:30 at my gym with my trainers, in the evening 7:30 to 9:30 we practice submissions and jiu-jitsu. ", "I go to Thailand a lot in some summers for 2 months to train Muy Thai, though I wasn't able to go this summer. ", "I work on conditioning a lot, i tear myself apart with it. ", "2 hours of running outside, then20 minutes of jump-roping. ", "not all at once. ", "5 minutes straight jump-roping, finish, 40 push-ups, 40 sit-ups, 40 squats. ", "finish jump-roping again for 5 minutes. ", "we do that 5 times. ", "that's at the gym. ", "anyways I've been watching MMA and the UFC for a long time. ", "My favorite fighters are in my signature area.", "\n\nHey I'm Island. ", "I plan to become extremely active in this MMA community. ", "I'm very knowledegable. ", "I'm 16, I've had 3 amateur fights, I've won them all. ", "2 by submission one by majority decision. ", "I practice striking in the morning from 10:30 to 11:30 at my gym with my trainers, in the evening 7:30 to 9:30 we practice submissions and jiu-jitsu. ", "I go to Thailand a lot in some summers for 2 months to train Muy Thai, though I wasn't able to go this summer. ", "I work on conditioning a lot, i tear myself apart with it. ", "2 hours of running outside, then20 minutes of jump-roping. ", "not all at once. ", "5 minutes straight jump-roping, finish, 40 push-ups, 40 sit-ups, 40 squats. ", "finish jump-roping again for 5 minutes. ", "we do that 5 times. ", "that's at the gym. ", "anyways I've been watching MMA and the UFC for a long time. ", "My favorite fighters are in my signature area." ]

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[ "module Jennifer::Adapter\n class Docker < ICommandShell\n def execute(command) : NamedTuple\n command_string = String.build do |io|\n add_income_stream(io, command)\n io << \"sudo \" if config.command_shell_sudo\n io << \"docker exec -i \"\n add_inline_vars(io, command)\n io << config.docker_container\n io << \" \"\n io << config.docker_source_location\n io << command.executable\n io << \" \"\n io << OPTIONS_PLACEHOLDER\n add_outcome_stream(io, command)\n end\n invoke(command_string, command.options)\n end\n\n private def add_income_stream(io, command)\n return unless command.in_stream?", "\n io << command.in_stream\n io << \" \"\n end\n\n private def add_outcome_stream(io, command)\n return unless command.out_stream?", "\n io << \" \"\n io << command.out_stream\n end\n\n private def add_inline_vars(io, command)\n return unless command.inline_vars?", "\n command.inline_vars.each do |name, value|\n io << \"-e \"\n io << name\n io << \"=\"\n io << value\n io << \" \"\n end\n end\n end\n\n DBCommandInterface.register_shell(\"docker\", Docker)\nend\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nConfused about how I execute a PhantomJS file. ", "Beginner needing advice. [", "MacOS]\n\nI'm currently trying to execute the hello.js example file in my Terminal but an completely failing to do so. ", "The examples, I've found online either ask me to type:\nphantomjs hello.js\n\nmy terminal returns \nCan't open 'hello.js'\n\nOr the absolute file path which for me is\n/usr/local/Cellar/phantomjs/2.1.1/share/phantomjs/examples/hello.js\n\nmy terminal returns \n-bash: /usr/local/Cellar/phantomjs/2.1.1/share/phantomjs/examples/hello.js: Permission denied\n\nWhat am I doing wrong here? :(", "\nThanks in advance.", "\nScreenshot\n\nA:\n\nTo run the file in Phantomjs, you either need to supply phantomjs with the full path to the file:\nphantomjs /usr/local/Cellar/phantomjs/2.1.1/share/phantomjs/examples/hello.js\n\nor you can make life a little easier on yourself by copying the examples directory to somewhere easy to access (e.g. your home directory)\ncp -r /usr/local/Cellar/phantomjs/2.1.1/share/phantomjs/examples ~/\n\n(~/ is a shortcut to your home directory; you could use the Finder to the examples directory to your home directory)\nchanging to that directory in Terminal\ncd ~/examples\n\nand then running\nphantomjs hello.js\n\n" ]

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[ "Structural analysis of the exopolysaccharides produced by Lactobacillus spp. ", "G-77.", "\nThe exopolysaccharide produced by a ropy strain of Lactobacillus spp. ", "G-77 in a semi-defined medium, was found to be a mixture of two homopolymers composed of D-Glc. ", "The two poly-saccharides were separated and, on the basis of monosaccharide and methylation analyses, 1H, 13C, 1D and 2D NMR experiments, one of the polysaccharides was shown to be a 2-substituted-(1-3)-beta-D-glucan, identical to that described for the EPS from Pediococcus damnosus 2.6 (M.T. Dueñas-Chasco, M.A. Rodríguez-Carvajal, P. Tejero-Mateo, G. Franco-Rodríguez, J. L. Espartero, A. Irastorza-Iribar, and A.M. Gil-Serrano, Carbohydr. ", "Res., ", "303 (1997) 453-458), and the other polysaccharide was shown to consist of repeating units with the following structure [formula: see text]" ]

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[ "The Daily Star's FREE newsletter is spectacular! ", "Sign up today for the best stories straight to your inbox Sign up today! ", "Thank you for subscribing See our privacy notice Invalid Email\n\n(Image: SWNS.COM)\n\nDominic Whittingham, 40, took his clothes off and jumped on his motorcycle on a main road before pretending to have sex with it.", "\n\nHe went onto perform the solo sex act while sat on the bike on August 4, a court heard.", "\n\nWhittingham, 40, was spared prison at North Staffordshire Justice Centre yesterday after admitting outraging public decency.", "\n\n(Image: GOOGLE STREET VIEW)\n\nWhittingham was handed a 12-month community order and fined a total of £320 for the lewd act.", "\n\nSteve Knowles, prosecuting, said: \"The female witness saw him in a state of undress and he was talking to himself. ", "He then climbed onto a motorbike and started to make motorcycle noises.", "\n\n“The defendant then simulated sex on the bike before performing a sex act while sat on the bike.", "\n\n“He had pushed the bike across the road and then the police arrived. ", "He was arrested and taken away.", "\n\n“He said he could not recall anything. ", "The defendant said he was taking medication for a bad back and missed his morning dose and could not remember anything until being arrested.\"", "\n\n(Image: SWNS.COM)\n\nThe court heard Whittingham, from Ball Green, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffs., ", "was in a \"confused state\" when he mounted the bike.", "\n\nScott Ashdown, defending, said: \"He has great difficulties both physical and with mental health. ", "It's managed by certain medications and some are psychoactive. ", "By taking medication and stopping certain medications that has resulted in an imbalance and it had an adverse affect on his behaviour.", "\n\n“A consultant psychiatrist was asked about whether it stacks up that he can't remember events and the doctor says the combination of withdrawal led to him being in a confused state.", "\n\n“He wants the court to understand that was not his usual behaviour.", "\n\n“He has not been charged with exposure or an accusation of it being anything sexual. ", "It was the actions of a person who is unwell.\"" ]

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[ "Former Golden Eagle P.J. Mays returns to call the action\n\nDec 17, 2013\n\nCOOKEVILLE, Tenn. -- P.J. Mays, who hosts a sports/talk radio\nprogram in Atlanta, returned to his alma mater Monday night to call\nthe action for the Tennessee Tech's women's basketball game against\nFlorida International, the first of several planned guest spots by\nthe former Golden Eagle guard.", "\n\nMays called the play-by-play on the Golden Eagle Sports Network,\nafter spending several minutes doing as a guest on the live\nwebstream on the OVC Digital Network with Dylan Vazzano.", "\n\n\"I had a great time,\" Mays said afterward. \"", "It was an exciting\ngame, the fans were really into it, and Tennessee Tech played hard.", "\nWhat more can you ask. ", "It was a really fun opportunity.\"", "\n\nA native of Cincinnati, Mays was a communications major with an\nemphasis on broadcasting, and graduated in 1993. ", "He was recruited\nout of Purcell-Marian High School by Missouri, after being named\nall-state and honorable mention All-America. ", "A knee injury slowed\nhim in his senior season, and he left Missouri after one semester,\nmoving to Anderson (S.C.) Junior College, where he was teamates\nwith a post player named Charles Edmondon.", "\n\nA year later, both Mays and Edmonson were on the Golden Eagle\nroster and playing for coach Frank Harrell. ", "The knee injury plagued\nhim, however, and he sat out the season after undergoing surgery.", "\nIn the meantime, he worked for the school newspaper, The Oracle,\nwhere his beat was...the men's basketball team.", "\n\nIn 1991-92, he played in 25 games and averaged 3.4 points and 1.7\nrebounds as a backup point guard. ", "The injury put an early end to\nhis playing career, but he has remained immersed in sports ever\nsince. ", "Beginning with a company in his hometown, Mays has worked in\nsports hosting, a line of work that took him to Atlanta. ", "He\ncurrently co-hosts a talk show on AM 1100 in Atlanta.", "\n\nPlans call for Mays to return to Tech to add his insight to men's\nand women's games once the Ohio Valley Conference schedule gets\nunderway.", "\n\n\"I'm looking forward to it,\" Mays said. \"", "I saw several people I\nremember from when I was on the team, and I look forward to getting\nback and seeing a lot more, including some of the guys I played\nwith. ", "We had a really tight group, and I've been in touch with some\nof them through the years, but I'd love to see more of them and\nspend some time with them.\"" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWPF Replacing AND extending styles\n\nHow do I change what WPF's idea of the default style for a control is? ", " And why is this happening in the first place? ", " In the below XAML, I declare a Style for Button, and then further declare a new Style that overrides one of the setters called \"HugeBut\". ", " I would expect that HugeBut is implicitly BasedOn my new un-named style, but apparently it is not;\n<Window.", "Resources>\n <Style TargetType=\"{x:Type Button}\">\n <Setter Property=\"Foreground\" Value=\"Black\"/>\n <Setter Property=\"Template\">\n <Setter.", "Value>\n <ControlTemplate TargetType=\"{x:Type Button}\">\n <Border Background=\"Red\">\n <ContentPresenter/>\n </Border>\n </ControlTemplate>\n </Setter.", "Value>\n </Setter>\n </Style>\n\n <!-- ", "badness -->\n <Style TargetType=\"{x:Type Button}\" x:Key=\"HugeBut\">\n <Setter Property=\"Foreground\" Value=\"Yellow\"/>\n </Style>\n\n <!-- ", "works, but I do not want to explicitly set the based-on. --", ">\n <Style TargetType=\"{x:Type Button}\" x:Key=\"HugeBut\" BasedOn=\"{StaticResource {x:Type Button}}\">\n <Setter Property=\"Foreground\" Value=\"Yellow\"/>\n </Style>\n</Window.", "Resources>\n\n<Button Content=\"Regular\" />\n<Button Content=\"huge!\" ", "Style=\"{StaticResource HugeBut}\"/>\n\nYou would expect two red buttons, one with black text and one with yellow, but Style HugeBut inherits all of the values that I did not specify in my unnamed style from the system default theme for Button (Aero in my case).", "\nWhat can I do to change this behavior? ", " \n\nA:\n\nIt appears that the answer is here:\nhttp://wpfthemereplacer.codeplex.com/\nFrom the site description:\n\nThis library allows users to provide their own resource dictionaries\n to replace the default theme dictionaries loaded by WPF. ", "This makes it\n so you don't have to decorate custom styles with\n BasedOn=\"{StaticResource {x:Type ...}}\" when your own custom theme is\n being used in your application. ", "It also makes it so if you have custom\n controls that just provide enhanced capability and don't need to\n replace the the style, you don't need to define a new style or\n override the DefaultStyleKey when you create the custom control.", "\n\nThis is exactly what I'm looking for. ", " This will allow me to use Styles as they are meant to be used across an app that has been extensively \"re-themed\", rather than theme-ing by setting global styles (and then deal with tracking down bits of code that are missing BasedOn, or cannot deal with it at all due to WPF bugs and other constraints)\n\n" ]

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[ "I spent one Christmas knocking on the doors of the parents of murdered children. ", "The families were gathered around the trees in their living rooms, sobbing loudly or sitting quietly in shock. ", "I asked grieving mothers to describe their dead boys. ", "What were they like? ", "What will you miss most about them? ", "What presents did you get them that they’ll never open? ", "I hated it. ", "I did it because people wanted to read it, and because it was important that they did.", "\n\n\nWe have already reached the smarm phase of today’s mass shooting on an Oregon college campus. ", "Your Twitter timeline is likely filled with comments and variations on this:\n\n\nThese people in the replies all have two things in common: they are reporters, and they are reporting.", "\n\nThis is the gruesome business of newsgathering laid bare. ", "It is invaluable and messy and it not only doesn’t diverge from the most basic principles of journalism, it exemplifies them. ", "This is a massive breaking story; the nation is deliriously thirsty for facts and details; and the reporters and producers clogging up a witnesses’s timeline are the ones who are going to bring you that news.", "\n\nOver the coming hours and days, millions of people are going to watch millions of hours and read millions of words on the Umpqua Community College shooting. ", "They will learn what it looked like, from witnesses who escaped with their lives; they will learn about the victims—their lives, their hobbies, their dreams—from their friends and families; they will learn about the killer’s (or killers’) backgrounds and motives. ", "Many of the same people who will eagerly consume this heartbreaking and enlightening information are the ones now criticizing the reporters gathering it for them. ", "Where the fuck does the public think this news comes from?", "\n\nThe public may say it doesn’t want the horrible details; ratings, circulation, and traffic say the public is lying. ", "The public may claim it values accuracy over speed, and that it is monstrous to contact witnesses this soon after a tragedy; the broad and voracious consumption of breaking reports, and the tendency to spread them as far and wide as possible, argue otherwise. ", "The public will definitely immediately turn on CNN when news is breaking, then mock CNN for having clueless reporters uselessly speculate because there’s nothing to report yet, then turn to another channel to see if they’ve got something to report.", "\n\n\nNo outlet could conceivably think of sitting out the race to report something like this. ", "Before television, when getting news before competitors was a question of days, newspaper reporters knocked on doors. ", "Before the internet, when being first was a question of hours, TV trucks camped out in front yards. ", "Now reporters tweet because it is the fastest (and, for the moment for non-local outlets, the only) way to contact those who have announced themselves as witnesses. ", "It’s logical, it’s efficient, and it’s about a million times less ghoulish than what came before it.", "\n\nThe basic process of reporters asking strangers what they saw has been going on for a very long time now. ", "If there’s been a change in recent years, it’s that the public—on whose behalf reporters gather and distill first-hand accounts—can now see the raw process involved in informing them about what’s happening in the world around them. ", "They may not like what they see, but I guarantee that that won’t change their behavior. ", "Where it’s convenient, they’ll signal virtue by expressing disgust or high-mindedness; when they’re done, they’ll read and watch the stories.", "\n\n\nLet me say—both objectively, and as someone who had spent that Christmas Eve trying to bluff and sneak my way into a hospital to interview the badly burned family whose home had burned down because of faulty Christmas lighting—that it is immensely less invasive to tweet at someone than to do things the way reporters have traditionally done them. ", "The witness above can ignore the reporters in her timeline. ", "Ten years ago, they would have been waiting for her when she got home and calling until she took her phone off the hook—and not out of any bad motives, but because they wanted to get accurate facts about what had happened.", "\n\nSome reporters are assholes; this doesn’t excuse them, and it doesn’t absolve anyone of foregoing basic decency when going about their jobs, but by and large, the reporters and producers doing this don’t like it any more than you do, and aren’t any more crass about it than you would be. ", "They are human. ", "The ones contacting victims are almost always young, resting at the bottom of the journalism totem pole. ", "Because no one wants to do this. ", "Getting facts is shit work. ", "I was fresh out of school when door-knocking was my daily routine, and it devastated me. ", "More than once I got home, exhausted and sick-mad at the world, and just cried. ", "And then I went in the next day and did it again. ", "Because I didn’t have much of a choice—not if I wanted to keep my job and graduate to a place where some other poor kid would have do the door-knocking instead. ", "Reporters don’t contact victims and bystanders because they get off on it; they do it because they’re a small part of a long-established news ecosystem that begins and ends with an audience that understandably wants to know what the facts are, which is to say that it wants to hear what victims and bystanders saw.", "\n\n\nI got out of tabloid reporting because I couldn’t take feeling awful anymore. ", "One former co-worker said she got out of it the moment she realized she had been doing it long enough to stop feeling awful. ", "But there are reporters wired for this stuff—the cruel, cold, invaluable business of reporting on a tragedy. ", "It’s because of those reporters that we’re going to know anything about the terrible thing that happened in Oregon today, and if you think a public that knows what’s happening in the world a good thing, you should be glad they’re doing the ugly work.", "\n\nArt by Jim Cooke" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat is the Max capability of Databricks memory?", "\n\n1st lets have a look my cluster configuration.", "\nWorker Type: Standard_D3_V2 (14GB Memory,4Cores,0.75 DBU)\nand I have 35 worker so total is\n35 Workers: 490.0 GB Memory, 140 Cores, 26.25 DBU\n1 Driver: 14.0 GB Memory, 4 Cores, 0.75 DBU\n\nSo my total memory is 14*36=504GB\nBut when I run job,Code etc in this cluster and in Spark UI it seems my Total Memory is 320GB not 504GB\n\nMy question is why its not showing total memory? ", "I am not saying why it is not using total memory,\nWhat I am saying my total memory is 504GB but its show Total=320GB, where is others 184GB goes? ", "\n\nA:\n\nTotal memory is divided into the physical memory and virtual memory.", "\nYou have selected total memory (14 x 36 = 504 G) divided into 320 physical memory and 184 as the virtual memory.", "\nTo get more details on the total memory, go to Live Metrics => Ganglia UI => click on the Physical View and Select the a Node and check out the available memory for each node after setup up the VM.", "\n\nNote: Available memory = (Available memory from physical view) x (Number of Nodes)\n\nTo understand difference between Physical storage and virtual Address\n space, you may go through the below details:\n\nThe virtual address space of each process can be smaller or larger than the total physical memory available on the VM. ", "The subset of the virtual address space of a process that resides in physical memory is known as the working set. ", "If the threads of a process attempt to use more physical memory than is currently available, the system pages some of the memory contents to disk. ", "The total amount of virtual address space available to a process is limited by physical memory and the free space on disk available for the paging file.", "\nPhysical storage and the virtual address space of each process are organized into pages, units of memory, whose size depends on the VM selected.", "\nTo maximize its flexibility in managing memory, the system can move pages of physical memory to and from a paging file on disk. ", "When a page is moved in physical memory, the system updates the page maps of the affected processes. ", "When the system needs space in physical memory, it moves the least recently used pages of physical memory to the paging file. ", "Manipulation of physical memory by the system is completely transparent to applications, which operate only in their virtual address spaces.", "\nHope this helps.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Full Video for 8am Worship Service on 10-20-13\n\nI had enough positive feedback to encourage me to provide a full video version of our service from last Sunday.", "\n\nIf you enjoy this yourself or know of others who will enjoy the ability to see our entire worship service on a regular basis via the Internet, please add a comment below or send me an email @ [email protected]\n\nIt does take a couple hours to produce this and I’d like to know if it’s worth our efforts. ", "Thanks" ]

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[ "Body Armours\n\nArmour: 401\n\nEnergy Shield: 91\n\nArmour:Energy Shield:\n\nRequires Level 70 , 99 Str, 115 Int\n\n5 % reduced Movement Speed (Hidden)\n\n(150–190) % increased Armour and Energy Shield\n\n+(60–90) to maximum Life\n\nAnimated Guardian deals 5 % increased Damage per Animated Weapon\n\nAnimated Minions' Melee Attacks deal Splash Damage to surrounding targets\n\nAnimated Minions' Melee Attacks deal 50 % less Damage to surrounding targets\n\nanimate_guardian_and_weapon_track_on_kill [1]\n\nTrigger Level 20\n\nanimate_guardian_and_weapon_track_on_kill [1]\n\n10 % chance to Trigger Level 18\n\nYou cannot have non-Animated Minions % increased Armour and Energy Shieldto maximum LifeAnimated Guardian deals% increased Damage per Animated WeaponAnimated Minions' Melee Attacks deal Splash Damage to surrounding targetsAnimated Minions' Melee Attacks deal% less Damage to surrounding targetsTrigger Level 20 Animate Guardian 's Weapon when Animated Guardian Kills an Enemy% chance to Trigger Level 18 Animate Guardian 's Weapon when Animated Weapon Kills an EnemyYou cannot have non-Animated Minions\n\nA general may carry his men to greatness,\n\nor be dragged beneath the mire by their burden." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nreturn value by searching for title inside a multidimensional array\n\nI'd like to be able to search for the array with the title Seattle, which will be set by a variable. ", "Then return the x or y coordinate for that array. ", "I've tried 5 or 6 different ways of trying to locate it without any luck.", "\nThis is the query I am using and how I am printing my array:\nglobal $wpdb;\n$myquery = $wpdb->get_row(\"SELECT * FROM wp_maps WHERE title = 'Test Map'\"); \n$mymap = $mylink->data;\n\nprint_r($mymap);\n\nThis is the actual output.", "\n{ \"title\":\"USA\", \"location\":\"World\", \"levels\":[ { \"id\":\"states\", \"title\":\"States\", \"locations\":[{\"id\":\"bhAAG\",\"title\":\"Seattle\",\"description\":\"The City of Goodwill\",\"x\":47.6097,\"y\":122.3331},{\"id\":\"biAAG\",\"title\":\"Portland\",\"description\":\"Portland, Maine. ", "Yes. ", "Life’s good here.", "\",\"x\":43.6667,\"y\":70.2667}] } ] }\n\nSame output (formatted for easier viewing).", "\n{\n \"title\":\"USA\",\n \"location\":\"World\",\n \"levels\":[\n {\n \"id\":\"states\",\n \"title\":\"States\",\n \"locations\":[\n {\n \"id\":\"bhAAG\",\n \"title\":\"Seattle\",\n \"description\":\"The City of Goodwill\",\n \"x\":47.6097,\n \"y\":122.3331\n },\n {\n \"id\":\"biAAG\",\n \"title\":\"Portland\",\n \"description\":\"Portland, Maine. ", "Yes. ", "Life’s good here.\",", "\n \"x\":43.6667,\n \"y\":70.2667\n }\n ]\n }\n ]\n}\n\nAny help would be appreciated.", "\n\nA:\n\nYour myMap data is in JSON format. ", "You can json_decode it into an array and then search all locations for an array with the specified title:\n$myMap = '{ \"title\":\"USA\", \"location\":\"World\", \"levels\":[ { \"id\":\"states\", \"title\":\"States\", \"locations\":[{\"id\":\"bhAAG\",\"title\":\"Seattle\",\"description\":\"The City of Goodwill\",\"x\":47.6097,\"y\":122.3331},{\"id\":\"biAAG\",\"title\":\"Portland\",\"description\":\"Portland, Maine. ", "Yes. ", "Life’s good here.", "\",\"x\":43.6667,\"y\":70.2667}] } ] }';\n\n// Convert JSON and grab array of locations\n$array = json_decode($myMap, true);\n$locations = $array['levels'][0]['locations'];\n\n// What we are looking for\n$title = 'Seattle';\n\n// Search locations\nforeach ($locations as $location) {\n if ($location['title'] == $title) {\n $x = $location['x'];\n $y = $location['y'];\n }\n}\n\necho \"x = $x, y = $y\", PHP_EOL;\n\nOutput:\nx = 47.6097, y = 122.3331\n\n" ]

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[ "Fallout Protection\n\nFallout Protection: What To Know And Do About Nuclear Attack was an official United States federal government booklet released in December 1961 by the United States Department of Defense and the Office of Civil Defense.", "\nThe first page of the book is a note from then-U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara explaining that the booklet is the result of the first task he was given when he assumed responsibility for the Federal Civil Defense Program in August 1961. ", "The task, assigned by President John F. Kennedy, was to \"give the American people the facts they need to know about the dangers of a thermonuclear attack and what they can do to protect themselves.\"", "\n\nSubject matter \nMuch more straightforward about the dangers of atomic weapons than Survival Under Atomic Attack, and published in the era of the hydrogen bomb and the ICBM, the book first explains general information and hazards of nuclear weapons, fallout and radiation. ", "Second, it covers community fallout shelters, improvised fallout shelters and supplies that one ought to have ready in case of a nuclear attack. ", "There is a brief section outlining \"emergency housekeeping\" which covers water and food conservation and first aid for the time spent in the shelter. ", "Last, the booklet mentions recovery and how to clean up the fallout.", "\n\nSee also \nFallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy\nFallout shelter\nList of books about nuclear issues\nNuclear fallout\nProtect and Survive\nSurvivalism\nNuclear War Survival Skills\nSurvival Under Atomic Attack\nUnited States civil defense\nDuck and Cover (film)\n\nExternal links \nFallout Protection Booklet History\nFallout Protection in various formats from the Internet Archive\n\nCategory:Disaster preparedness in the United States\nCategory:Publications of the United States government\nCategory:Cold War history of the United States\nCategory:Nuclear warfare\nCategory:Books about nuclear issues\nCategory:Cold War documents\nCategory:United States civil defense\nCategory:Nuclear fallout" ]

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[ "EARRINGS\n\nMilestone Earrings - Sterling Silver - Blue Sapphire\n\nThese sterling silver stud earrings feature brilliant Australian blue sapphires and have been designed to embrace the roman numerals for 2018 ( MMXVIII ) in a subtle way along the outside face. ", "These earrings will forever remind you of your special event and or achievement in 2018. ", "Earrings measure 7mm in dia. ", "Please allow 2 weeks lead time." ]

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[ "Why Top to Toe?", "\n\nNot all EPOS systems are the same. ", "Learn what makes Top to Toe different and why thousands of retailers choose us over other systems" ]

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[ "Local governments in the Washington, D.C., region are planning a “full-scale” terror attack drill for Wednesday – an exercise that comes amid mounting tensions with North Korea and other threats.", "\n\nThe Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments confirmed in a press release that law enforcement and first responders will participate in the exercise “designed to prepare for the possibility of a complex coordinated terror attack in the National Capital Region.”", "\n\nThe drill prepares for an attack involving multiple locations and “teams of perpetrators” – and will be staged at six sites across the District of Columbia and the Virginia and Maryland suburbs.", "\n\nIt will involve hundreds of police and other emergency personnel and volunteer actors.", "\n\n“Law enforcement officials practice and exercise their skills on their own regularly because that’s the best way to ensure we are always ready to respond quickly and professionally,” Scott Boggs, managing director of homeland security and public safety at COG, said in a statement.", "\n\nHe said the exercise set for Wednesday will “go one step further and stage a very realistic emergency event involving multiple sites and actors posing as the casualties.”", "\n\nHe stressed “there is no reason for residents to be alarmed because the exercise will occur in a controlled environment.”", "\n\nThe timing may be coincidental, but the drill comes as the Trump administration is working to address concerns about North Korea’s missile capabilities – and ahead of a major North Korea briefing for all 100 U.S. senators on the White House grounds later Wednesday.", "\n\nAfter dining with the president, Republican Sen. Lindsey Graham told reporters Trump will not allow North Korea to build a nuclear-tipped missile capable of striking the United States.", "\n\n\"If I were North Korea, I would not underestimate President Trump's resolve to stop them from getting a missile to hit our homeland,\" he said.", "\n\nThe Trump administration has warned that all options, including a military strike, are on the table to block North Korea from developing a nuclear-tipped missile that could reach the U.S. mainland. ", "But a pre-emptive strike against North Korea's nuclear and missile facilities isn't likely. ", "The Trump administration is instead seeking to put pressure on North Korea with the help of China.", "\n\nThe Associated Press contributed to this report." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to keep colorBy fixed for each class across charts for canvasxpress Scatter3D?", "\n\nHow would I specify a fixed colorBy so that the class is the same across charts? ", "For example, if I have two charts on a page and I want setosa red, versicolor blue and virginica to green, how would I fix that in advance? ", "I have multiple charts so the class should be the same color in each chart.", "\n# setosa red / versicolor blue\nlibrary(canvasXpress)\ny=read.table(\"cX-irist-dat.txt\", header=TRUE, sep=\"\\t\", quote=\"\", row.names=1, fill=TRUE, check.names=FALSE, stringsAsFactors=FALSE)\nz=read.table(\"cX-irist-var.txt\", header=TRUE, sep= \"\\t\", quote=\"\", row.names=1, fill=TRUE, check.names=FALSE, stringsAsFactors=FALSE)\n\nfn <- data.frame(cbind(y, Species = z), stringsAsFactors=FALSE)\nfn1 <- fn[1:90,] # first dataset\nfn2 <- fn[91:150,] # second dataset shares 1 class with first\n\nx1 <- fn1[,1:3]\nx2 <- subset(fn1,select=\"Species\")\n\ncanvasXpress(\n data=x1,\n varAnnot=x2,\n axisTickScaleFontFactor=0.5,\n axisTitleScaleFontFactor=0.5,\n colorBy=\"Species\",\n graphType=\"Scatter3D\",\n title=\"Iris Data Set\",\n xAxis=list(\"Sepal.", "Length\"),\n yAxis=list(\"Sepal.", "Width\"),\n zAxis=list(\"Petal.", "Length\")\n)\n\n# versicolor red should be blue / virginica blue should be green\nx3 <- fn2[,1:3]\nx4 <- subset(fn2,select=\"Species\")\n\ncanvasXpress(\n data=x3,\n varAnnot=x4,\n axisTickScaleFontFactor=0.5,\n axisTitleScaleFontFactor=0.5,\n colorBy=\"Species\",\n graphType=\"Scatter3D\",\n title=\"Iris Data Set\",\n xAxis=list(\"Sepal.", "Length\"),\n yAxis=list(\"Sepal.", "Width\"),\n zAxis=list(\"Petal.", "Length\")\n)\n\nI cannot add the tag canvasxpress, but probably should be added - awesome library thank you!", "\n\nA:\n\nJust add the colorKey parameter to your config like this:\ncolorKey = list(\"Species\"=list(\"setosa\"=\"gold\",\"versicolor\"=\"silver\",\"virginica\"=\"red\"))\n\nand then call:\ncanvasXpress(\n data=x3,\n varAnnot=x4,\n axisTickScaleFontFactor=0.5,\n axisTitleScaleFontFactor=0.5,\n colorBy=\"Species\",\n graphType=\"Scatter3D\",\n title=\"Iris Data Set\",\n xAxis=list(\"Sepal.", "Length\"),\n yAxis=list(\"Sepal.", "Width\"),\n zAxis=list(\"Petal.", "Length\"),\n colorKey=colorKey\n)\n\n" ]

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[ "Wild-type and mutant alpha-synuclein induce a multi-component gene expression profile consistent with shared pathophysiology in different transgenic mouse models of PD.", "\nThe pathophysiological processes that cause Parkinson's disease (PD) affect dopamine neurons residing in the substantia nigra with devastating consequences for normal movement. ", "One important gene involved in both familial and sporadic PD is alpha-synuclein. ", "We have generated three strains of alpha-synuclein transgenic mice to study the pathologic consequences of the targeted expression of mutant or wild-type human alpha-synuclein in a model system. ", "We have analyzed gene expression patterns in these mice using high throughput microarrays in anatomical regions implicated in disease (substantia nigra and brainstem). ", "Our study reveals gene dosage-dependent dysregulation of several genes important for the dopaminergic phenotype in mice over-expressing wild-type human alpha-synuclein in the substantia nigra at time points preceding neuronal cell death. ", "Analysis of mutant alpha-synuclein mice at a time point when pathology is advanced reveals several new candidate genes that may play a role in neuronal demise and/or protein accumulation." ]

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[ "Join me for 30 days of tackling your fears, negative self-talk, and excuses so that you can Build fitness habits that STICK, Start feeling ENERGY you didn’t know existed, LOSE WEIGHT like it’s just melting off your body, and take on bigger and cooler things!", "\n\nCuz YOU ARE one of those people who’s going to pull it off this year. ", "Let me show you how!" ]

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[ "The Aggressors (Warriors 111, Heat 106)\n\nOliver Wendell Holmes once wrote that “the great thing in the world is not so much where we stand, as in what direction we are moving.” ", "There was nothing pretty about the Warriors stunning 111-106 come-from-behind victory over the Heat Tuesday night. ", "There were major components — like the horribly stagnant third quarter and Monta Ellis’ non-buzzer-beater — that you’d go out of your way to avoid in future games. ", "But at the core of the Warriors’ victory was a toughness we didn’t see during the recent five-game losing streak. ", "They were the aggressor, coming from behind against the heavily favored team. ", "They needed a hero. ", "Multiple people stepped up. ", "And when the Warriors finally barreled their way back into the game, they didn’t let up. ", "They finally closed out a fourth quarter (well, overtime) against a quality opponent. ", "In the frustrating reality that has been the Warriors 2011-12 season so far, that’s tremendous progress.", "\n\nPut simply, what Warriors fans saw Tuesday night was a group of players believing in themselves even when they had no rational reason to do so. ", "The 2-6 Warriors without two starters rationally didn’t stand a chance against the then 8-1 Heat. ", "Nate Robinson, the Warriors’ 5-9 guard fresh off the NBA scrap-heap, rationally didn’t stand a chance of blocking Dwyane Wade slashing to the hoop. ", "Dorell Wright, in the midst of a horrific shooting slump, rationally shouldn’t have been throwing up one long-range bomb after another. ", "But what happened at the Oracle in front of a deliriously receptive crowd was not rational. ", "A team that was well on its way to losing the faith of its fans managed to keep faith in itself. ", "This win — more than any of the basketball analysis below — is a testament to the coaches and players not rolling over at the end of the third quarter, with the lead in double-digits against one of the NBA’s best squads. ", "Instead, they did what all winning teams instinctively do: they fought back.", "\n\nThe basketball improvements that helped the Warriors deliver their improbable win were largely at the margin. ", "The half-court offense is still a mess, but they found ways to score easier baskets by transforming defensive stops into fast breaks. ", "The defense still has huge holes, as Miami demonstrated in its 35-point second-quarter explosion, but Mark Jackson found a combination of players capable of patching some of them. ", "The Warriors still bring less raw talent to the court on most nights than their opponents, but on Tuesday for the final 17 minutes, there was no question which team was working harder or wanted the game more. ", "Guys like David Lee — finally powering to the basket and delivering hard fouls — and Nate Robinson — fearlessly slashing time-after-time against the bruising Heat defense — demonstrated that the Warriors weren’t going to be intimidated. ", "Once it became a dogfight, the Warriors managed to translate some of their desperation for a win into hustle, energy and intensity. ", "Think of the performance less as a blueprint for future wins and more as a wrecking ball to clear out the debris from this last five-game losing streak.", "\n\nThe two things the Warriors will want to build on from this game are related — their defense and their fast-break offense. ", "Like the Chicago and New York games (although not as impressively), the team delivered some key stops against their opponents best players. ", "After getting anything they wanted in the first three quarters, Wade (1-8) and LeBron (0-0) struggled in the fourth quarter to get anything going. ", "The Warriors used fundamentally sound defense to force the Heat into taking greater risks. ", "Those risks — additional passes, lower-percentage shots — allowed the Warriors opportunities for steals and quick outlets, finally producing some easy looks not bogged down by endless dribbling or aimless perimeter passing. ", "The Warriors aren’t precise or focused enough yet to execute in the half-court — and they may never be with this collection of players — so by getting in the open court they finally managed to minimize their offensive weaknesses and play to their strengths. ", "You can do the usual chicken-egg routine here, but to my eyes, the team finally found a glimmer of offensive hope by cranking up the defensive pressure. ", "If they can make that defense their calling card, they’ll have more and more offensive outbursts like we saw in the fourth quarter and overtime.", "\n\nAdvertisement\n\nIn a win this big, there are plenty of heroic moments. ", "These performances stood out:\n\nNate Robinson — What Nate brings during his best moments won’t help every team. ", "He dominates the ball, disregards structured offense and is itching to throw up potentially big shots. ", "But given that the Warriors aren’t exactly running a well-oiled offensive machine, it’s not like Robinson’s game is derailing some masterful system. ", "If the Warriors are going to play junkball, they might as well get someone good at playing that style. ", "Robinson fits the role, and his energy and aggressiveness has been a boost to this Warriors team looking for any sort of inspiration — particularly since Curry went down for an indefinite period of time. ", "Robinson’s performance Tuesday night was tremendous for how focused it was. ", "He relentlessly went at the Heat’s defense, drawing fouls to allow the Warriors to claw back into the game. ", "He delivered hard fouls on the defensive end and was relatively conservative gambling for steals. ", "Jackson managed the offense/defense rotation — subbing McGuire in overtime — to make sure Robinson didn’t get too overwhelmed in mismatches. ", "Wright may have hit most of the big shots to get the Warriors over the hump, but it was Robinson’s relentless aggressiveness that willed the Warriors back into striking distance in the first place. ", "If Nate keeps playing like this, he’s going to win over a lot of his critics.", "\n\nDorell Wright — Part of the exuberance that flowed through the Oracle Tuesday night came from the release — and relief — of seeing Wright finally get back on track. ", "The loss of confidence when his shots stopped falling was palpable in his game. ", "He was hesitating, shying away from action, and generally taking himself out of the flow of the game. ", "The Wright that went 3-3 in overtime showed none of those flaws. ", "He was back as the long-range threat the Warriors need to spread the court. ", "He was decisive in his shots, careful in his decisions and physical at both ends of the court. ", "His offense will get all the headlines, but his defense on LeBron James was generally excellent late in the game. ", "James gives everyone fits, but Wright put his body on the line to make things difficult. ", "Last year, Wright was one of the most reliable Warriors. ", "He helped provide a reliable third option — ensuring that even if Curry or Ellis had an off-night the Warriors wouldn’t be without offensive threats. ", "The absence of that reliable third option (particularly with Lee struggling) had crippled the Warriors during the road trip. ", "If Wright can build from this breakout performance, it’ll go a long way towards helping the Warriors stabilize as the season progresses.", "\n\nDavid Lee — There have been plenty of 20/14 stat lines in Lee’s tenure with the Warriors, but this one stands apart for how he earned it. ", "After a road trip where he was increasingly ineffective at both ends of the court, Lee look re-energized to be back home. ", "He went up strong and forcefully at the offensive end — trying to convert the basket rather than just getting fouled. ", "He kept decent focus on the defensive end, particularly when it mattered most in the fourth quarter and overtime. ", "It wasn’t a perfect game by any stretch, but with Biedrins down and now Brown potentially out, Lee gave a steady effort despite logging a game high 48 minutes. ", "The Warriors don’t need Lee to be spectacular (contract aside). ", "They need him to be solid. ", "This type of game showed what he can bring — put-backs, slashes to the basket, competent defense — to an integrated Warriors attack.", "\n\nMonta Ellis — 9-25 from the floor, 9 turnovers, questionable defense against Dwyane Wade and a horrible replay of the potential game-ending possession from Utah all add up to an off night for Ellis. ", "He played out of control for large stretches of the game and his 1-4, 3 turnover third quarter was a big part of why the Warriors ended up in a double-digit whole. ", "But if there’s any redemption for Ellis, it comes from his ability to integrate his game with the Warriors when it mattered at crunch time. ", "Jackson hid him on defense (covering Battier, with Rush on Wade) and moved him off the ball with Robinson running the offense. ", "With Ellis not at the heart of the Warriors’ defense or offense, others suddenly became more active and involved. ", "This win was not just the Monta Ellis show, and the Warriors are better for the diversity of significant contributions. ", "When the Warriors did need a big shot in overtime, Ellis was there to drain it. ", "I still don’t think it was a particularly good shot (Ellis one-on-one, fading from long-range in the corner), but in the crazed flow of the game at that point, it was good enough. ", "When the Warriors watch tape of their fourth quarter and overtime, they’ll see how many people other than Ellis had the ball passing through their hands.", "\n\nBrandon Rush — His line is nothing special, but Rush completely changed the Warriors’ defensive energy with his fourth quarter play on Wade. ", "After seemingly getting to the rim at will against Ellis, Wade had to work harder for clean looks against Rush. ", "He started settling for deeper shots. ", "And eventually those shots stopped falling. ", "This is precisely the type of performance the Warriors wanted from him when they acquired him — make an impact on defense, but don’t hurt the team on offense. ", "He’s not a great two-way player, but by Warriors’ standards, he’ll do.", "\n\nKwame Brown — We’ll learn the fate of Kwame’s shoulder in the days to come, but the injury (hopefully not severe) demonstrates just how physically punishing the play was in the paint Tuesday. ", "Brown threw his body around against Joel Anthony and Udonis Haslem. ", "He struggled to defend the rim at time, but still filled up the lane with his size. ", "Things fell apart in the third quarter after Brown went to the bench. ", "The shift wasn’t entirely due to his absence, but the Heat undeniably had an easier time executing their slashing offense when Brown was off the floor.", "\n\nEkpe Udoh — A nice night for Udoh in the intangible categories. ", "He provided defensive energy and helped cover others’ defensive mistakes with smooth rotations. ", "He rebounded at a better rate than usual, even snagging a few in traffic (a frustratingly rare sighting these days). ", "His relatively mistake-free presence allowed Jackson to give him extended fourth-quarter minutes next to David Lee when the game was on the line. ", "At some point we may need to give ourselves the Kwame Brown speech in reference to Udoh — it’s not Udoh’s fault that Larry Riley reached for a role player with the Warriors’ highest lottery pick in years. ", "When Udoh has games like his performance on Tuesday, he’s a positive (if quiet) presence on the floor.", "\n\nDominic McGuire — Like Rush, McGuire played the role of defensive stopper, subbing in on a platoon basis during overtime to make life harder for Wade in particular. ", "Wade nailed a tough shot over him the first time; but McGuire got the best of the second face-to-face and forced a miss. ", "The scramble that followed should have been McGuire’s heroic moment — knocking the ball off the Heat and out of bounds — but the refs robbed him of it. ", "It didn’t matter in the end, and it shouldn’t matter for evaluating McGuire’s performance. ", "Jackson looked down the bench and asked a guy who hadn’t been in for over a quarter to jump up and stop the Heat’s hottest player. ", "That’s exactly what McGuire eventually did. ", "Gamers like McGuire don’t need long runs to warm up. ", "They’re ready when they’re needed, if only for a brief but crucial contribution.", "\n\nSo after the buzz wears off from what may be the Warriors most electric and improbable win in years, the question still remains whether this team can build something more consistent from its victory. ", "As discussed above, this game won’t be sent straight to Springfield for offensive execution or even consistent defense. ", "The value of this win was in the emotional, not technical, performance. ", "The Warriors stared down the bully, took a few rounds of punches, then delivered a knockout blow. ", "If nothing else, it proved to the League — and maybe the players themselves — that there’s still plenty of fight left in this team.", "\n\nAdam Lauridsen\n\nPost navigation\n\n“Having the Warriors’ best post defender out could mean a big game for Magic center Dwight Howard.”", "\n\nUh oh…Frank’s not gonna like that……. ", "🙂\n\nMopedelic\n\nAnother unpopular question:\n\nWhy is it that the smartest team of owners (including one smart enough to teach at UCLA, another that is über smart venture capitalist and was co-owner of a storied franchise that won the championship), wise and experienced GM, shrewd advisers, ever assembled in warriors history,\n\nwhy oh why would such smart people…\n\nrefuse to trade the young boy, that lame boy nobody wants to talk about, for Chris Paul or a bag of second rounders? ", "I understand they would not take him behind the arena and shoot him, I am told we do not do that to basketball players, but why not trade him yesterday already. ", "I mean when healthy, he is worth about 1/100 to an average PG, now he is worth what? ", "It must be because they were reluctant to include the other players needed to make the trade work, that must be it. ", "Who would not trade the whole past and future career of that excuse of a player for just one game of Chris Paul, just one game, just a measly one!", "\n\nWe are told this management team, the team owners are smarter than all the herein contributors put together, with the exception of one or two perhaps. ", "And yet, these guys refused to include him in a trade with NO. ", "How is that possible?", "\n\nI am telling you, I have lost my faith in UCLA and venture capitalists.", "\n\ndave in LA\n\n“Who would not trade the whole past and future career of that excuse of a player for just one game of Chris Paul, just one game, just a measly one!”", "\n\nWhile you might enjoy just one measly CP3 game…my sense is that ownership (and most here) might just be looking at slightly longer timeline….", "\n\nBryhsiao\n\nAlso enough of We lost because curry didnt have Monta and we won when monta didn’t have curry.", "\n\nTalking about sample sizes.", "\n\nI listed 20 games curry stats where Monta missed in Curry’s rookie season many times here where you refused to comment on.", "\nCurry was doing incredible during that stretch including triple doubles and lots of two digits assists all without Monta.", "\n\n20 games vs yr 1 game sample size of Curry without Monta?", "\n\nYour failure to even provide rational analysis is just annoying the hell out of this blog and you need to look into the mirror when you claim you are a data guy since you obviously don’t know sample size at all.", "\n\njustinclosing\n\nWhat a thrilling victory against the Heat! ", "I’m looking forward to another great TEAM performance tonight against the Magic. ", "Will be up watching the DVR’d event just after 10:30 pm here in Davidson, NC.", "\n\nArguing that a salary isn’t over-priced because there are others around that are even more egregious is not an argument at all. ", "If the Warriors were saddled with Carlos Boozer’s contract, it wouldn’t make it a good contract. ", "Amare’s contract, also, would likely be questioned, especially at the salary he’s being paid. ", "It’s not like Bull and Knick fans are content with those deals, either. (", "Amare, I should note, does have one advantage over Lee in that, whether his actual production on the floor is significantly better than Lee’s or not, he is a bigger draw, by himself, and he may be valuable in luring other FA to play with him, something Lee, rightly or wrongly, cannot claim).", "\n\nI’ve been attacked by both sides of this arguments for holding an opinion of Lee which is consistently down the middle. ", "I don’t think Lee is as bad as some like to argue, because he clearly is a productive player. ", "His salary does tend to skew a lot of people’s opinions of him too far to the negative, but it’s not commensurate with his impact.", "\n\nThat is the key problem. ", "Moreover, salary aside, he does have flaws in his games that make him difficult to justify as a ‘centerpiece’ player. ", "Sure, all players have flaws, but his flaws at PF do necessitate that he be paired with particular types of C’s that can cover those flaws, and, quite frankly, that’s the hardest position to fill in that manner. ", "If you have a SG that’s a little undersized (like Ellis), finding other wing players/PG that can potentially cover for that is far easier to accommodate. ", "The Warriors haven’t really done that by pairing Ellis with Curry (or Curry with Ellis), which only exacerbates the problems they have at PF, because now both their backcourt and their PF need a C who can wipe out some of their defensive liabilities. ", "Kwame Brown and Andris Biedrins simply don’t do that. ", "Udoh doesn’t either, because he has some limitations of his own when he tries to masquerade as a C, let alone his more natural position of PF.", "\n\nIt should be understood that any complaints I have about Lee, and they aren’t that big, to be honest, primarily stem from the fact that I think this roster is fundamentally flawed to make noise, let alone a deep run. ", "Lee being added, in what appeared like a knee-jerk first move by the new owners, that failed to look at how he fit the needs of the existing roster. ", "Meir keeps pointing out that he’s the best PF the team has had since Webber. ", "Great. ", "Doesn’t mean he necessarily fits with the rest of the roster. ", "If the team went out right now and traded Lee for Nash (never going to happen, just making a point), Nash might be the best PG the team has had since Tim Hardaway. ", "With Ellis and Curry on the roster, Nash doesn’t really fit, though, and may not improve the team at all by himself. ", "This is Nash, multiple time all-star, former MVP, we’re talking about, too.. not Lee, a very good (but not great, and definitely flawed) PF.", "\n\nPoint being, I’m always against just acquiring players without a plan, especially when a team is paying top dollar for that player. ", "I don’t get the vision for the team that Lee currently fits. ", "Is that vision “let’s get Dwight Howard” (a pipe dream)? ", "In reality, the problem with adding Lee is that it often leads to even more flawed roster building… like pursuing Josh Smith to play SF because he might cover for Lee’s defensive shortcomings. ", "I like Josh Smith, but is he a guy who really pushes the team forward another step, or is acquiring him (which would require trading Ellis), only a fix for an issue that shouldn’t have been added in the first place?", "\n\nThe other flaw with this team is, of course, that it still remains too perimeter oriented with the two best perimeter players being very similar to one another (yes, Curry has a much better feel for the floor and how to space and move the ball, and yes, Ellis is a more athletic player who can penetrate and get to the rim, but, at a macro level, they both accomplish similar things).", "\n\nThose are the lemons. ", "So how to make lemonade? ", "I don’t think blowing up the team is a totally viable option, especially given the salaries some key players have, and I do think the team could potentially find ways of making Lee an effective piece, but I continue to have serious doubts about how effective a triumverate of Lee, Ellis, and Curry can be. ", "I think the team needs to figure out what their future is and then move one of these three so that they can try to balance their roster a bit more. ", "Having defensive minded role players like Rush, Kwame, and McGuire is all well and good, but they don’t do enough to cover for some of the issues that remain as long as these three are the key focal points.", "\n\n36pts 13assists 10rebs\nCurry’s first triple double against LAC WITHOUT Monta.", "\nThe SG was CJWaston. ", "lol\n\nFrank\n\nI’m still estatic whenever I think of the fourth quarter of the Heat game. ", "I loved that we put Robinson, Ellis, Rush, and D-Wright, all three point shooters on the court, along with D. Lee. ", "They gave us five good shooters and the ability to play with the center postion open allowing drives to the hoop. ", "And Udoh helped out as well.", "\n\nDefensively, with Robinson covering Haslem, he was able to steal the ball, and Rush and even D. Lee were able to cover the three point line. ", "And to see our opposition only scoring 12 points in the fourth was just great.", "\n\nWhile some can call this small ball, for me, it’s placing mostly swift and deadly shooters on the court and guys who can cause turnovers which results in easy baskets, as well as cause serious match-up problems for the opposition.", "\n\nTonight’s game:\n\nTHe Warriors have to make an extra effort to defend the three-point line as Orlando’s roster is filled with good three point shooters: Anderson, Redick, RIchardson, Turk, Wafer, and Nelson.", "\n\nOrlando is a perimeter team, except for Howard.", "\n\nOrlando only takes approx. ", "24 foul shots per game which is good for the Warriors, as we should be able to get to the foul line more than Orlando.", "\n\nWhen K.Brown defended Howard last year, Howard shot 5-9 from the field. ", "I assume that Howard easily went around K.Brown.", "Let’s see how Howard performs tonight.", "\n\nDefinitely believe that that you stated. ", "Your favourite justification appeared to be at the net the easiest factor to be aware of. ", "I say to you, I definitely get irked while people think about worries that they plainly don’t realize about. ", "You controlled to hit the nail upon the top as neatly as defined out the entire thing with no need side-effects , people can take a signal. ", "Will probably be again to get more. ", "Thank you\n\nJanG\n\nI’m so relieved we’ll have our defensive stalwart AB expected back to battle Superman tonight! ", "Could you just imagine how shorthanded we would be with our force in the paint?", "\n\nFor those in W’s braintrust who went into this season actually believing that a rehabilitated AB would be the anchor we need to take this team into the playoffs and be the double-double player this team so desperately needs, well, I’m sorry to say that it’s not gonna happen. ", "In fact, for all this discussion about Curry’s injury, Monta’s stellar play, DW apparent comeback, MJax coaching errors, even Nate Robinson’s energized play – they don’t mean anything! ", "This team will never be a contender, even for a playoff spot in a shortened season, with AB starting at the center position, backed up by Udoh and Tyler.", "\n\nSorry folks but if Jerry West was worth the money they are paying him, his first course of action would have been to recommend an amnesty for AB, trading him to a Latvian team, packaging him with anyone to show him the door, anything to turn the page on this depressing era. ", "Yes, I know they tried to get Chandler. ", "But that didn’t happen, we’re stuck with AB, and I hear of nothing to suggest that they are shopping this guy. ", "So continue with all this talk about Lee, Monta, Nate, whomever. ", "The fact remains that this team is going straight back into the lottery as long as we have AB manning the starting center spot. ", "I still maintain there are a number of second tier centers in the league that could be had with the right deal. ", "And for all those blasting Blatche as Cousins-lite, I’d take this guy in a heartbeat if it meant showing AB the door!", "\n\ndave in LA\n\n157.", "\n\nhuh?", "\n\ndave in LA\n\nSorry Frank. ", "My huh was not at your post. ", "Numbers are messed up on my end. ", "Actually was aimed at Ventilation Cleaning…whoever that is….", "\n\nGet a quality defensive center who you could sign to a long-term deal – Chandler or Jordan – and failing that signing a lower quality one to a short-term deal – Brown. ", "Even if they’re not plus rebounders their defensive presence should improve team rebounding.", "\n\nSign or trade for a long defensive wing and a defensive swing-man who can catch and shoot.", "\n\nAll these moves help compensate somewhat for the defensive shortcomings of our big 3 who are all one-way players.", "\n\nI think the next move was to trade Monta – at or near the trade deadline – for someone who better fitted with Curry in the back-court (and maybe a draft pick). ", "They were going to keep Curry for all the reasons obvious to those capable of rational thought. ", "But Curry’s injury concerns threw a spanner in those works and I doubt that they see Monta (despite his many gifts as a player and exciting play) as a long-term piece for going forward. ", "He is also the only tradeable piece at present in terms of potentially improving the team more immediately.", "\n\nPlan B seemed to be to trade either Curry or Monta and assets for Superman, in the unlikely event that such a trade would appeal to Orlando even with a healthy Curry.", "\n\nWhat do they do now? ", "They’ll wait and see on Curry and if he can get through to the trade deadline in an encouraging manner then plan A will resume though they may strike they do. ", "Last season he scored 24.1 points on 20.1 shots. ", "This season’s trend so far is near identical (23.9 points on 21.2 shots) and isn’t going to do anything to change the league wide perception of him being a gunner who scored too inefficiently. ", "Maybe his additional assists numbers might help but I doubt it. ", "I’m guessing that not getting sufficient value back for Monta and lingering concerns over Curry will see them sit with the current team beyond a minor move or two by the trade deadline.", "\n\nal oha\n\nWe know someone here has a Curry voodoo doll.", "\n\nIt may be inflatable, too.", "\n\nsartre\n\nOops, sorry for the garbled sentence in the last paragraph (somehow lost the end in editing). ", "What I meant to say was that the dubs might strike the same problem they previously have in relation to trading Monta.", "\n\nReally bad news about Brown. ", "The dubs injury curse continues. ", "Seven million down the drain.", "\n\ndave in LA\n\nSo much easier to be an armchair owner here on the blog when it’s not MY $7mil that just went up in smoke. ", "Sucks for Kwame…torn pec is seriously painful. ", "Maybe the fact that he made $777,777.00 for each of his nine games this season might take a bit of the edge off tho…\n\nWhy wasn’t I born tall? ", "🙁\n\nsartre\n\nWhat now? ", "Waive Ish and sign Fesenko? ", "I don’t think they’ll want to let McGuire go. ", "Can they stay below the cap and sign Fesenko?", "\n\nJanG\n\nRe #160\n\nNow want to retract everything I just wrote. ", "Glad we have AB now! ", "Tis the season for flip-flopping.", "\n\nFrank\n\nJanG: No reason to be so down. ", "We just beat Miami who some say are the best team in the NBA. ", "And we did so without Curry and fairly poor play by Ellis. ", "THe Warriros are a quick athletic team with plenty of good shooters. ", "THe Warrriors will hold their own with Robinson, Rush and Udoh coming off the bench.", "\n\nThis season is not going to turn on Biedrins play. ", "Unlike last year, the Warriors go down 6 points during his stint on the court. ", "Probably, just 2.", "\nIf the Warrriors run tonight, they should win.", "\n\nbryhsiao\n\nKS\n“Sure, all players have flaws, but his flaws at PF do necessitate that he be paired with particular types of C’s that can cover those flaws, and, quite frankly, that’s the hardest position to fill in that manner”\n\nnicely done.", "\nExactly how I felt about Lee’s impact to our frontline or the future of our frontline.", "\n\ncoltraning\n\nlike some ever-patient senescent Gollum, ever- patient, ever-laying the bait of tea party level one trick pony, one stat thinking, repeating his one talking point like a GOP-polished mantra of “job-killing regulations”, “government takeover of health care” or “Muslim-Kenyan-Socialist”, our Cap’n Logorrhea gently caresses the fabled assist to turnover ratio, ready at a moment’s notice to brandish it with a righteous, spittle-encrusted and depends-coddled fury and vigor (except as applies to any other PG in the league than the coddled candyass Curry), ever vigilant to protect his Monstrously Magnificent Monta from the mean mean malignings of the unwashed underclass who populate this board. ", "A single and singular voice for truth and justice, dismissing any and ALL measures EXCEPT the fabled A/TO (except as applied to Magnificent Monta, who is ALL HEART, I TELL YA, and did you SEE the clutch spin move that ALMOST got a buzzer winner?).", "\n\nThe heart beats in anticipation of Cap’n Logorrhea’s next foray into a repeated talking point. ", "Hell, if repetition got even liberals talking about non-existent death panels, this should be easy…\n\nand with that he oozes slowly back into the cool and comfortable muck of his dank, Monta-postered cave….", "\n\ncoltraning\n\ntough news on Kwame B, so now we will see if Frank’s theory on Udoh holds up, since Biedrens is not going to get that many minutes tonight…\n\nFrank\n\nOur Team: You have written the best stuff in the pas how Udoh moves on the court defensively.", "\n\nHe sets great picks for others to drive to the hoop.", "\n\nI just don’t understand why he doesn’t get himself in the position to receive a pass and score when Ellis drives to hoop, or why no alley-opps come his way.", "\n\nI think his footwork in the low post is fluid. ", "I would like to see him get more playing time (he probably will with K.Brown having to undergo surgery and be out 3 or 4 months.) ", "power to the hoop more and get to the foul line, and for Jackson to integrate him into the offense more so that we can see whether or not he can develop an offensive game.", "\n\nbullship\n\nWell, Brown was playing fairly well- especially for him- so tough break for the W’s.", "\n\nI am not sure about AB, I thought ( was hoping really) that maybe the W’ s were keeping his mins down because they were working on or were close to a trade….sigh…now it looks like he is their only 7 footer again. ", "But hey , at least the warriors have FIVE players that are 6’2″ or SHORTER on the roster. ", "It is well known that small guys are hard to find……oh wait , maybe it is BIG GUYS that are hard to find.", "\n\nThe Warriors are the only team in the NBA that stockpiles small combo guards….", "\n\nAnyone notice that teams like Portland and the Lakers are long at every position?…and gee they win games…go figure.", "\n\nbryhsiao\n\nKS, another gem I missed in the last post re your Lee comment\n“only a fix for an issue that shouldn’t have been added in the first place?”", "\n\nYes, that’s what I get for Lee’s signing in the very beginning. ", "He was a good player to have but with 6years contract(5 yrs 80M extension) at the time was not rational for a PF who has below the average defense and lower BPG than our PG/SG.", "\n\nWhat we needed was a monster down low in both ends or at least on D.\nWe got an offensive PF with below the average D where we already were one of the highest scoring team in the league\n\n” I’m always against just acquiring players without a plan, especially when a team is paying top dollar for that player.”", "\n\nTo me, Lee’s signing like you said was miscalculated and misfitting. ", "A nice player to have but not solving much of our main problem in interior defense and at that price.", "\n\nNow we have to throw 15M at Chandler to try to cover up Lee’s weakness and we still do not have post plays in our front court to dump the ball too even if we get Chandler.", "\n\nEnd up, we got a 7M Brown and now injured.", "\n\nAlso I fully agree that adding Josh Smith to mask Lee’s weak D was really not that great of an idea but since we are stuck with Lee, that’s what some other posters could think of at that time.", "\n\nLee is a complementary player, nice to have , same thing as Ryan Anderson of Magic this year but is he/Lee the corner stone or just a good starter to have who needs Dhoward next to him?", "\nbtw Ryan Anderson is getting paid 2.3M this year and 3M next year.", "\n\nLets watch how he goes against Lee tonight. ", "I bet people may be surprised on how well he plays at PF at such a low price.", "\n\nGreat post again KS.", "\n\nGmoney\n\nDamn, Kwame is out and so is our interior presence.", "\n\nExpect to see a lot of Lee at the 5 and Mcguire at the 4.", "\n\nWhat happened to the cat who got released due to heart issues? ", "Hayes? ", "isn’t he still available?", "\n\nbullship\n\nAnd the ‘ Blow- Up’ is happening anyway…\n\nThe Warriors need to trade Ellis asap….before he gets hurt.", "\n\nI actually think dumping Ellis at this point may be addition by subtraction. ", "Nothing against Ellis, but it would force other guys to step- up offensively and would improve the team defense considering mcguire and rush would get more pt. ", "Plus he is the only Warrior that may yield a top 10 draft pick at this point.", "\n\nAnd Orlando will crush the W’s tonight…no curry, no brown, hobbled AB….no chance\n\nKommon Senze\n\nI do think Ellis’ highlight reel plays, improved passing, etc. ", "may help change some perceptions around him. ", "He’s done a lot since he hit his low point a couple years ago, to rehabilitate his value, and, in a more cost conscious age, his $11 million per is actually quite reasonable (especially since it doesn’t escalate year to year).", "\n\nIs he inefficient at times? ", "Yes. ", "So is Carmelo Anthony. ", "Does he have a tendency to over-pound the rock? ", "yes, but so do a number of other players around the league.", "\n\nI maintain that it would be easier to build around Curry due to his better understanding of the PG position. ", "No, he’s not Steve Nash, but that doesn’t mean he’s not better than Monta at running an offense. ", "Monta will always be a better 1-1 player than Curry. ", "There are ways to build around such a player, too, but the options are more limited to build a team correctly around such a talent that’s undersized at the SG position. ", "Curry’s ankle issues, of course, muddy this equation a little.", "\n\nI should add that comparisons of Ellis to Kobe Bryant are off base for a number of reasons (starting with overall production efficiency, following through defensive impact, and ending with the significant size discrepancy which effects the ability of one, and not the other, to play post-up basketball — a key ingredient to half-court play). ", "That said, Ellis is one of the best scoring guards in the league. ", "That does have value if, as noted repeatedly, you have the right pieces to build around such a player.", "\n\nI don’t have the time (literally) to work out speculations on potential trades, but.. as long as the team tries to build around their version of the ‘big-3’ I think this team will continue to run into limitations that keep them from becoming much better. ", "Could they make the playoffs as an 8-seed? ", "Yeah, they could. ", "But I don’t see much room beyond that in their current ceiling, and that’s why I’d be looking more to changing things up. ", "This isn’t the NFL, where getting to the playoffs means you have a shot at going all the way. ", "The NBA championship gauntlet is a game of attrition, and, while, with all the chips falling right, any team might pull off a ‘We Believe’ like upset in one round, it never extends itself much beyond that.", "\n\nbryhsiao\n\nFor all the people beg on AB this year, I have to differ.", "\nI think he played fairly well in his limited time this year.", "\nHis hookshots are accurate this year and he got the bounce back.", "\n\nAB may not be giving you much other than a few outbacks/hooks but he will give you rebounds/a couple blocks/altering shots AND many fouls 😀\n\nI am predicting a decent game tonight from AB. ", "Of course he could just get 2 early fouls and sit for the rest of the game.", "\nBut I hope we will see an aggressive AB tonight regardless.", "\nAnd I believe AB may look better than Kwame in the stone hand department down low.", "\n\nAB may also surprise us with his FT% if he gets any. ", "It’s not that hard to be above 37% (what we have in Kwame) right?", "\n\nSJ Jim\n\nI’m not predicting anything along these lines tonight, but does anybody else remember the sterling defensive effort Lee displayed last year against Howard? ", "If he can repeat that, maybe we can actually stay in this game.", "\n\nA nice lady bought a house across the street from me – and paid $600k and took out a $200k second mortgage on a house that she can’t now sell for $400k now… There’s a foreclosure sticker in her window today.", "\n\n“I maintain that it would be easier to build around Curry due to his better understanding of the PG position. ", "No, he’s not Steve Nash, but that doesn’t mean he’s not better than Monta at running an offense. ", "Monta will always be a better 1-1 player than Curry. ", "There are ways to build around such a player, too, but the options are more limited to build a team correctly around such a talent that’s undersized at the SG position.”", "\n\nMonta is a SG who tried to dish off when stuck.", "\nCurry is a PG who tried to assist first and if no other option, he would try to score.", "\nBoth are good players but like you said it’s easier to build around a PG like Curry than on a 6-3 185lbs SG.", "\nAlso like you mentioned Monta cannot compare to Kobe where Kobe is 6-6 205lbs. ", "And\nFrom wiki,\nMichael Jordan, Gary Payton, Kevin Garnett, and Kobe Bryant share the record for most NBA All-Defensive first team selections with nine.", "\nNine times of All defensive first team.", "\n\nHow can you compare these 2? ", "When Monta may be among one of the worse defensive guards in the league, or simply below the average all these years.", "\n\nall they have is the chucker stats but Kobe has way more tools in him for the clutch time to get that killer shot since he can post up and induce fouls and all arrays of fade aways.", "\nMonta is either pull-up jumpers most of the time contested (since he is 6-3 instead it’s easier for players like Battier to put a hand at the ball or in his face.) ", "or trying to get a layup among trees. (", "how that works for us in the last few secs in the game?)", "\n\nMonta is damn quick though and his speed is the weapon mainly over many other scorers. ", "however, what would we get when he gets bogged down by injury like Kobe?", "\n\nKobe still has the height/wingspan and variety of moves/post moves and high basketball IQ even when he had been slowed down by injuries these years.", "\n\nMonta without speediness –> would lose a lot of his effectiveness.", "\nA smallish SG with no speed will be hard to watch but every NBA player is likely getting to the point where they need to adept their game due to the decline of their physical ability.", "\nby then, players like Nash stand out since they don’t rely on their physical ability as much.", "\n\nAll the above may be reasons why I think Warriors would rather build upon Curry and trade Monta. ", "the problem was people don’t want Monta because they know Monta is a SG averaging 21 shots a game with real high usage rate and many teams already have one player or more who need the ball at hand at all time. ", "Or they are afraid such a player will disrupt their already established system and chemistry because like you said, it would need a specific team design to fit with Monta and it’s definitely not conventional build for every team.", "\n\nDavid Lee is a career .774 free throw shooter. ", "4 seasons shooting over 80% from charity.", "\n\nSo yes, David Lee is VERY SOLID at the free throw line. ", "Especially for a big man.", "\n\nDavid Lee is a career .544 shooter from the field although he was limited to dunks/layups at the beginning of his career. ", "His .507 number last year is more what I expect and is VERY SOLID.", "\n\nsartre\n\n@Petey, I think the difference for the current season was due to your statistic covering only the first 8 games. ", "And I mistakenly gave his 2008/2009 season FT% instead of his 2009/2010 one.", "\n\nI’m greedy, I want him to be consistently over 80% from the FT line while playing for the dubs. ", "I wasn’t meaning to question his overall offensive strengths and ability to rebound. ", "As you say these are offset some by his defensive limitations. ", "While with the dubs the team rebounding has been poorer with him on the court, presumably because his defensive limitations contribute to fewer missed shots to potentially rebound.", "\n\ndeano\n\nLosing Kwame for the season is a big bummer. ", "He was doing well, and there is no one on the roster to replace him. ", "As astute as the FO has been this season, I doubt that they can find a replacement.", "\n\nI feel bad for Beans, because the heat will be on him to be aggresssive for 30 minutes a game rather than 15 — and still avoid fouling out. ", "Not likely. ", "The loss of Kwame is all the more poignant with Dwight Howard in town. ", "Time to recalibrate the expectations, and prepare (as seemingly always) for the Draft.", "\n\nTarheel Warrior\n\nMopedelic@152\n\nToo funny! ", "Bet the old reprobate was ROTFL.", "\n\nsartre\n\nAs bad as our start has been 3-6, seven teams presently have a poorer record. ", "It takes real effort (in the absence of good luck with the lottery balls) to be bad enough to draft 1-7.", "\n\nGmoney\n\nInteresting takes on the Curry/Ellis conundrum. ", "I agree with a lot of what KS and Bry have to say. ", "But, I do have one caveat. ", "Curry does not draw anywhere near the attention Monta does. ", "Was watching that 4th quarter against the Heat again carefully. ", "Their defense consisted of pitting Monta vs. Wade/LBJ and Battier, three of the best defenders in the game of basketball. ", "Battier wasn’t even guarding his man half the time, he was simply shadowing Monta and that’s how both Nate and Wright got the open threes they did in crunch time. ", "Players like this are extremely rare and a good coach, with good players, can use this fixation by the D on one player to his advantage. ", "I get the chucking claim, but after rewatching it, he had to throw up a lot of late in the shot clock J’s that were the product of great team defense by the Heat. ", "I just hope Curry comes back soon so we can talk about how well they play together (remember what they did to the Spurs until Curry went down?) ", "as opposed to which one I would rather keep.", "\n\nmeir34\n\nGood news, terrible news.", "\n\nBiedrins will play tonight.", "\n\nKwame to have surgery and out for at least three months. ", "Torn chest muscle.", "\n\nNow I AM worried.", "\n\nSaw another Physical Therapist (not my friend who was with three Denver sports teams-that I often quote), and he said Curry will have a few more sprains this season, likely. ", "And his ankle will never be strong enough to make it for long in the pros. ", "Get him well and try to dump him off on someone. ", "Too bad we didn’t trade him while the bids were high. ", "Our fate. ", "BW and now SC. ", "And then Kwame. ", "Whom can we pick up. ", "7 1/2 mill invested in Kwame this year only. ", "We have no choice but either to use Lee at Center or Udoh. ", "And start going small.", "\n\nNot what I wanted. ", "I wanted us to move Curry as part of a deal to get a Center or a real pg, and then build on whom we got, Monta and Lee at PF. ", "Bad scene. ", "Like the stock market, you buy on lows, sell on the hype and compound your assets. ", "I wonder what kind of insurance we have on Kwame and on Curry for when he next goes down? ", "Certainly at best paying part of their salaries. ", "Not getting the bodies we could have gotten.", "\n\nAs for tonight, maybe a Nellie move, like putting Nate on Superman is in order.", "\n\npurvisshort\n\nGuess it is time to see if Tyler can step up to the plate. ", "Howard might dunk him through the hoop. ", "Nothing like being thrown into the fire. ", "Anyway I would like to see Tyler get a few minutes.", "\n\nal oha\n\nDavid Lee can be an effective player when used correctly.", "\n\nAs a FT line and elbow-extended, high post player, he passes well, perpetuates “flow” with the offense going thru him, and can hit that jumper with high efficiency. ", "Good pick and roll player. ", "But, I prefer other plays where he can choose to pass to players coming off other picks.", "\n\nIf played in the low-post however, he struggles to finish among the opponent’s Bigs and jambs up the key with his defender, for other slashers and drivers.", "\n\nmeir34\n\nConfusion: Steinmetz reports a muscle in his right shoulder.", "\nThat’s two reports that are different. ", "Not that it matters. ", "They both agree on surgery and at least 3 mos out." ]

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[ "Background {#Sec1}\n==========\n\nImmunosuppression secondary to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) can predispose to opportunistic infections of the central nervous system (CNS). ", "Many such CNS infections are Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)-defining illnesses and include toxoplasmosis, cryptococcal meningitis, tuberculosis, cytomegalovirus and Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) secondary to JC virus reactivation \\[[@CR1]\\]. ", "Nocardia is a gram positive bacterium that predominantly infects immunocompromised hosts and affects both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary sites, but is relatively rarer than PML, toxoplasmosis and cryptococcal meningitis as a cause of opportunistic CNS infections in HIV/AIDS \\[[@CR2]\\]. ", "In a 1994 case series of thirty patients with nocardiosis in HIV/AIDS only one patient over a four year period had simultaneous pulmonary and extra-pulmonary nocardiosis \\[[@CR3]\\]. ", "Indeed, the present authors could only find one case report of intracranial nocardiosis in the setting of AIDS published in the past decade in which a man with previously diagnosed HIV presented with amnesia, weakness, headaches and fever and was found to have multiple ring enhancing lesions in his frontoparietal cortices bilaterally \\[[@CR4]\\]. ", "Indeed, many CNS opportunistic infections present with similarly non-specific features such as fever, confusion and lethargy. ", "Such non-specific presentations can delay recognition and appropriate treatment, particularly in patients with undiagnosed HIV/AIDS. ", "Furthermore, there are multiple differentials of cerebral ring enhancing lesions in HIV/AIDS including toxoplasmosis, tuberculosis, fungal abscess and primary CNS lymphoma \\[[@CR5]\\]; definitive diagnosis relies on biopsy, and so consideration of Nocardia in the initial differential diagnosis is essential to prevent delays in initiation of treatment for this rare but potentially fatal CNS infection.", "\n\nThe present article reports the case of a previously well 59 year old man presenting with sudden onset of left sided hemiparesis and sensory change, right sided headache, diplopia and confusion who was initially treated as a stroke but was eventually found to have pulmonary and cerebral Nocardia abscesses secondary to a new diagnosis of HIV/AIDS. ", "This is the only case report in the literature to describe a first presentation of HIV as cerebral Nocardia abscesses that were initially treated as a stroke.", "\n\nCase presentation {#Sec2}\n=================\n\nA 59 year old Caucasian retired sailor with past medical history notable only for hypertension, who was not on regular medication and who had a significant alcohol and smoking history was admitted to the emergency department. ", "He described sudden onset left arm and leg weakness 6 days previously with 'pins and needles' and a 'dragging' sensation in his left leg for 3 days and right sided headache for 5 days that was sharp, constant, kept him awake at night and was worse in the morning and on coughing. ", "He also complained of recent onset diplopia and an episode of fever (self measured temperature 39 °C) 7 days before admission.", "\n\nOn examination he was confused with weakness (Medical Research Council \\[MRC\\] power 3/5), drift, mild spasticity and numbness to light touch throughout his left arm and leg. ", "The left knee was hyperreflexic and his left Babinski reflex was positive. ", "His gait was ataxic.", "\n\nAdmission blood results demonstrated a mild macrocytosis (Mean Cell Volume \\[MCV\\] 105 fL), neutrophilia (neutrophil count 12 x 10^9^/L), lymphopenia (lymphocyte count 0.39 x 10^9^/L) and hyponatremia (sodium 130 millimolar (mM). ", "An initial non-contrast Computed Tomography (CT) head (see Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}) showed scattered areas of hypodensity involving grey and white matter in the left cerebellar hemisphere, right basal ganglia, bilateral frontal lobes, bilateral parietal lobes and left occipital lobe. ", "Ventricles were undistended and undisplaced, no mass or haemorrhage was seen and the images were reported as being consistent with multiple ischaemic infarcts. ", "The patient was diagnosed as having a stroke with a National Institute of Health Stroke Score (NIHSS) of 3 and started on aspirin, a statin and an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor.", "Fig. ", "1Non-contrast Computed Tomography head. ", "Non-contrast Computed Tomography head taken on admission showing scattered areas of hypodensity involving grey and white matter in the right basal ganglia, bilateral frontal lobes (see arrow) and bilateral parietal lobes\n\nOn day 2 of admission the non-contrast CT head report was revised as being suggestive of metastatic lesions with surrounding oedema, raising the possibility of cerebral metastases. ", "It was noted that the hypodensities on the non-contrast CT head demonstrated cortical sparing and were not wedge shaped, suggesting against multiple lacunar infarcts. ", "A CT-chest, abdomen and pelvis and a CT head with contrast were requested for staging of the presumed tumour, and dexamethasone was started for presumed symptomatic cerebral metastases with oedema. ", "Due to patient confusion, this imaging was only obtained whilst anaesthetised on day 6 of admission. ", "The CT head with contrast (see Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) showed the aforementioned hypodensities to be multiple ring enhancing lesions with surrounding oedema; additional lesions were noted in the brainstem, and the largest lesion was in the right frontal lobe measuring 22 mm in diameter. ", "It was reported that appearances were consistent with disseminated brain metastases but that intracerebral tuberculomas could give a similar appearance. ", "The CT-chest, abdomen and pelvis showed left upper lobe consolidation suggestive of infection, with no evidence of metastases, primary tumour or adenopathy. ", "Blood tests for tumour markers alpha-fetoprotein, cancer antigen 19--9 (CA19-9), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) were all within normal limits. ", "Prophylactic levetiracetam was started.", "Fig. ", "2Computed Tomography head with contrast. ", "Computed Tomography head with contrast showing multiple ring enhancing lesions with surrounding oedema (see arrows)\n\nA Diffusion Weighted Image-Magnetic Resonance Image (DWI-MRI) with contrast was subsequently obtained (see Fig.", " [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "This showed multiple lesions with restricted diffusion consistent with multiple abscesses and developing hydrocephalus. ", "A HIV test was requested; serology was positive for HIV-1, HIV-1 ribonucleic acid (RNA) was detected on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the patient's CD4 T cell count was 50/mm^3^. A stereotactic biopsy of the right frontal lobe abscess was performed; PCR of the aspirate demonstrated the presence of Nocardia. ", "PCR on a subsequent Broncho-Alveolar Lavage (BAL) confirmed a diagnosis of pulmonary and cerebral Nocardia. ", "The patient was started on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) for HIV and cotrimoxazole for pulmonary and cerebral nocardiosis. ", "An External Ventricular Drain (EVD) was inserted due to hydrocephalus; acute bilateral frontal lobe haemorrhages with intraventricular extension on the left were noted on a repeat CT head following neurosurgery. ", "The patient had neurosurgical burr holes and was cared for on a neuro-intensive treatment unit (ITU) for several weeks, but eventually recovered and was discharged. ", "Follow up CT head showed a reduction in size of the previous haematoma, decreased size of abscesses and no hydrocephalus.", "Fig. ", "3Diffusion Weighted Image-Magnetic Resonance Image. ", "A Diffusion Weighted Magnetic Resonance Image showing multiple lesions with restricted diffusion (see arrows) consistent with multiple abscesses and developing hydrocephalus\n\nDiscussion {#Sec3}\n==========\n\nHIV infection can produce a variety of neurological presentations at all stages of the illness, with the added possibility of multiple pathological processes being present simultaneously. ", "As well as predisposing to atypical CNS infections, HIV itself can cause HIV-associated dementia, vacuolar myelopathy, distal sensory peripheral neuropathy, mononeuritis multiplex and polymyositis. ", "Combining this with potential side effects of antiretroviral drugs leads to a diagnostic challenge that is only further complicated in instances, such as the present case, when HIV infection has not yet been diagnosed. ", "It is therefore imperative that appropriate imaging is done at an early stage to ensure timely initiation of appropriate therapy. ", "Non-contrast CT heads often have poor specificity in diagnosing intracranial abscesses; even ring-enhancing lesions on contrast-enhanced CT head images have a wide differential diagnosis, including toxoplasmosis, tuberculosis, bacterial and fungal abscess, primary CNS lymphoma and solid tumour metastases with surrounding oedema \\[[@CR5]\\]. ", "It was only after diffusion weighted MRI that intracranial abscesses were thought to be the most likely pathology in the present patient and thus a cause for probable immunosuppression was sought; this was because diffusion restriction favours a diagnosis of intracranial abscess \\[[@CR4]\\]. ", "Definitive diagnosis inevitably requires biopsy of the lesion in question. ", "Whilst Nocardia has historically been diagnosed using conventional culturing techniques \\[[@CR6]\\], validated PCR tests have been developed to rapidly diagnose Nocardia species in tissue samples \\[[@CR6]\\], thus enabling more rapid initiation of definitive therapy. ", "However, it should be borne in mind that up to 15 % of CNS opportunistic infections in HIV/AIDS involve multiple concurrent processes \\[[@CR1]\\]; a failure to respond adequately to definitive therapy should therefore merit further investigations for the possibility of comorbid CNS infections.", "\n\nConclusions {#Sec4}\n===========\n\nThis report describes a case of pulmonary and cerebral Nocardia abscesses secondary to undiagnosed HIV/AIDS that presented with clinical signs of a stroke. ", "This highlights the variety of possible neurological presentations of HIV/AIDS and the appropriate investigations and management of cerebral abscesses.", "\n\nConsent {#Sec5}\n=======\n\nWritten informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this Case Report and any accompanying images. ", "A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.", "\n\nEthics {#Sec6}\n------\n\nEthical approval was not required for this Case Report.", "\n\nHIV\n\n: Human Immunodeficiency Virus\n\nCNS\n\n: Central Nervous System\n\nAIDS\n\n: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome\n\nPML\n\n: Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy\n\nMRC\n\n: Medical Research Council\n\nMCV\n\n: Mean Cell Volume\n\nmM\n\n: Millimolar\n\nCT\n\n: Computed Tomography\n\nNIHSS\n\n: National Institute of Health Stroke Score\n\nACE\n\n: Angiotensin converting enzyme\n\nCEA\n\n: Cancer antigen 19--9, CA19-9 carcinoembryonic antigen\n\nPSA\n\n: Prostate specific antigen\n\nDWI\n\n: Diffusion Weighted Image\n\nMRI\n\n: Magnetic Resonance Image\n\nRNA\n\n: Ribonucleic acid\n\nPCR\n\n: Polymerase chain reaction\n\nBAL\n\n: Broncho-Alveolar Lavage\n\nHAART\n\n: Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy\n\nEVD\n\n: External Ventricular Drain\n\nITU\n\n: Intensive treatment unit\n\n**Competing interests**\n\nThe author declares that he has no competing interests.", "\n\n**Authors' contributions**\n\nJS researched, planned and wrote the article.", "\n\n**Authors' information**\n\nJS MA BM BCh\n\nI would like to thank cooperation from the patient.", "\n" ]

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[ "BookRenter.com's\n5-Star Satisfaction Guarantee\n\nWe strive to deliver the best value to our customers and ensure complete satisfaction for all our textbook rentals.", "\n\nYou can return your online books for any reason within our refund period – no questions asked.", "\n\nEvery order is available for express shipping, and return shipping is always free.", "\n\nYou'll be happy with the quality of your books (or we'll ship you another one on our dime).", "\n\nYou can extend your rental up to 14 days – at the same cheap daily rental rate.", "\n\nIf you decide to keep the book it will never cost more than the purchase price.", "\n\nAs always, you have access to over 5 million titles. ", "Plus, you can choose from 5 rental periods, so you only pay for what you’ll use. ", "And if you ever run into trouble, our top-notch U.S. based Customer Service team is ready to help by email, chat or phone.", "\n\nCongratulations—you’ve purchased an iPhone 4, arguably the coolest smartphone on the market. ", "Now it’s time to learn how to take advantage of all the features, apps, and secret techniques available. ", "To accomplish this, look no further than iPhone 4 Made Simple. ", "Over 1,000 screen visuals and clear-cut instructions guide you through both basic and...\nShow More\n\nCongratulations—you’ve purchased an iPhone 4, arguably the coolest smartphone on the market. ", "Now it’s time to learn how to take advantage of all the features, apps, and secret techniques available. ", "To accomplish this, look no further than iPhone 4 Made Simple. ", "Over 1,000 screen visuals and clear-cut instructions guide you through both basic and advanced features of the iPhone xG, from email and calendar tips to navigating the App Store and understanding Bluetooth and Wi-Fi networks. ", "Written by two successful smartphone trainers and authors, this is the go-to guide for the latest and greatest version of the iPhone. ", "What you’ll learn How to utilize the new multitasking capabilities Using the new camera functionality to get professional results Use copy/paste, spotlight search, and voice memos Support for both Windows and Mac users Use music, videos, photos & voice notes Detailed iTunes instructions Sync playlists, videos, contacts, calendar, and notes Fast email, phone, calendar, and browser tips Create your own ringtones & wallpapers Use Google Maps to find just about anything! ", "Navigate the App Store for games, productivity apps, and more Understand Bluetooth and Wi-Fi network setup & security Install & remove software icons Use you phone internationally and save money when traveling overseas Save your battery life by understanding the network settings All the best tips and tricks for the touch screen Who this book is for This book is for anyone who has or is considering an iPhone, whether it's the iPhone 4 or a 3G or 3Gs running on iOS4. ", "Table of Contents Getting Started Typing Tips, Copy/Paste and Search Sync Your iPhone with iTunes Other Sync Methods Wi-Fi and 3G Connectivity Bluetooth on the iPhone 4 Organize Your iPhone: Icons and Folders Multitasking and Voice Control Personalize and Secure Your iPhone Using Your iPhone as a Phone SMS and MMS Messaging FaceTime Video Messaging and Skype Playing Music iBooks and E-Books New Media: Reading Newspapers, Magazines, and More Viewing Videos, TV Shows, and More Surfing the Web with Safari Email on Your iPhone Working with Contacts Your Calendar iPhone Photography Maps Eliminate Your Paper Notes Utilities: Clock, Calculator, Compass, and Weather iTunes on Your iPhone 4 The Amazing App Store Games and Fun Social Networking Troubleshooting Your iTunes User Guide\nShow Less\n\nWhat's Hot\n\nOur Story\n\nSince launching the first textbook rental site in 2006, BookRenter has never wavered from our mission to make education more affordable for all students. ", "Every day, we focus on delivering students the best prices, the most flexible options, and the best service on earth. ", "On March 13, 2012 BookRenter.com, Inc. formally changed its name to Rafter, Inc. We are still the same company and the same people, only our corporate name has changed." ]

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[ "\n\nBATS Cancels Its IPO After a Day of Glitches - twakefield\nhttp://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304636404577299560502440118.html\n\n======\ntwakefield\nArticle includes a nice TL;DR\n\nThursday, @ 7:30 p.m. BATS prices its IPO at $16 a share, the low end of\nexpected range. ", "6.3 million shares are priced.", "\n\nFriday, 10:45 a.m.: BATS trading begins with trades occurring at BATS Exchange\nat $15:25, and seconds later trading stops due to technical issues.", "\n\n10:48 a.m.: BATS says it is \"investigating system issues\" in all stock symbols\nbetween A and BFZZZ.", "\n\n10:57: A trade on BATS in Apple shares sends stock falling 9.4% to $542.80.", "\nTrading halted.", "\n\n11:02: Apple shares resume trading.", "\n\n11:07: BATS declares \"self help,\" an industry term meaning the exchange is\nhaving problems and other exchanges can stop routing orders to it.", "\n\n11:14: BATS reopens trading of its stock and 1.2 million shares are executed\nat $15.25.", "\n\n11:14: BATS shares route to Nasdaq and in seconds crash to pennies.", "\n\n11:14: BATS shares halted.", "\n\n11:53: BATS resolved issues regarding stocks with symbols A through BFZZZ.", "\n\n11:55: \"Self help\" is revoked.", "\n\n12:21 p.m.: BATS says it is cancelling all open orders in impacted stocks, and\nthat trading would reopen for them at 12:50 p.m. It also says a \"resume time\"\nfor its shares would be \"communicated shortly.\"", "\n\n12:41: BATS says it will restart trading of its shares at 1:20 p.m.\n\n1:03: BATS says it will be \"further delaying\" trading of its stock.", "\n\n3:10: BATS says its shares won't trade Friday.", "\n\n3:42: BATS withdraws IPO.", "\n\n------\ndoug1001\nremarkably this article was not from The Onion.", "\n\n------\nhollerith\nMaybe now that an IPO has failed because of software bugs, we will see a\nlittle more emphasis on QA.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "ICMSF Methods Studies. ", "XVI. ", "Comparison of Salt Polymyxin Broth with Glucose Salt Teepol Broth for Enumerating Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Naturally Contaminated Samples.", "\nTwo media, glucose salt teepol broth (GSTB) and salt polymyxin broth (SPB), were compared for their efficacy in enumerating Vibrio parahaemolyticus in naturally contaminated samples using the most probable number (MPN) procedure. ", "Eleven laboratories in four countries participated, six of them using two analysts. ", "One hundred ninety-six of 335 samples were found to contain V. parahaemolyticus . ", "Neither enrichment medium was superior, and both media appeared necessary to prevent false-negative results. ", "There was a high (52.5%) percentage of MPN patterns that were improbable with respect to Poisson distribution in those MPN tubes that yielded V. parahaemolyticus . ", "Suspect colonies that developed on thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose (TCBS) plates streaked from GSTB were confirmed (1,438/1,929 = 75%) about as frequently as when streaked from SPB (2,155/3,038 = 71%)." ]

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[ "Pedestrian and Traffic Safety\n\nYou’re in the Driver’s Seat\n\nYour safety\nis Clemson’s No. ", "1 priority, and pedestrian and traffic safety is an area of\nparticular concern on a campus where people and vehicles share some of the same\nspaces. ", "Please take a few minutes to read the questions and answers below and\nlearn what you can do to make Clemson University a safer place to live, learn\nand work. ", "If you have more questions or want to comment or make a suggestion, call\n864-656-2222.", "\n\nWhat can I do to improve traffic and pedestrian safety?", "\n\nYou\nalready know the answers to that question.", "\n\nWhen you are driving, slow down.", "\n\nWatch for pedestrians who might step in front\nof your vehicle.", "\n\nDon’t text or e-mail while you are driving.", "\n\nWhen you are walking or riding a bicycle or\nskateboard, look both ways before you cross the street.", "\n\nDon’t assume drivers see you or will stop.", "\n\nBe aware of what is happening around you, so\nbe careful if you are texting or listening to music while you are walking.", "\nYou may not see or hear a vehicle or the bicyclist who is about to pass\nyou.", "\n\nWhat is the speed limit on campus?", "\n\nThe speed\nlimit on campus streets is 15 mph unless they are otherwise marked. ", "If you\ndon’t see a speed limit sign or are unsure, assume the speed limit is 15 mph.", "\nBecause of the pedestrian and bicycle traffic on campus it is not safe to drive\nfaster than the speed limit.", "\n\nWho has the right of way at\ncrosswalks?", "\n\nSouth Carolina\nlaw says vehicles must yield to pedestrians who are in a\ncrosswalk on their side of the road or if the pedestrian approaching from the\nother side is close enough to be in danger. ", "Pedestrians should look both ways\nbefore stepping into a crosswalk to be sure drivers see them and are going to\nstop.", "\n\nIf the pedestrian is in the\ncrosswalk, stop. ", "Vehicles have the right of way when there’s a Don’t Walk\nsignal for pedestrians, but drivers should be alert for people who cross\nanyway.", "\n\nIf there are no vehicles coming,\nis it OK to cross even if the signal says Don’t Walk?", "\n\nNo. ", "It’s\nagainst the law to start crossing the street if the Don’t Walk sign is on. ", "Even\nif no cars are in sight, it’s very dangerous. ", "Drivers may turn from side\nstreets or come speeding around a curve and assume the road is clear because\nthe light is green.", "\n\nWho\nhas the right of way if a pedestrian crosses where there is no crosswalk?", "\n\nVehicles have the right of way if a\npedestrian crosses the street at any place other than a marked crosswalk. ", "But\nsafety comes first, so drivers must be prepared to stop if pedestrians step\ninto the road where there is no crosswalk or from between parked vehicles.", "\nPedestrians should look both ways before crossing any road.", "\n\nIs\nit illegal to text while driving on campus?", "\n\nIt is not illegal on campus, but it\nis highly dangerous to drive while distracted by texting, e-mailing or adjusting\nthe radio. ", "It is illegal to text or e-mail while driving in the city of\nClemson, which includes most of the roads that surround the campus. ", "The\npenalty for violating the ordinance is a fine up to $100.", "\n\nAre\npassengers in vehicles required to wear seat belts?", "\n\nYes. ", "South Carolina law requires\noccupants of a vehicle to wear seat belts. ", "There are a very few exceptions, such\nas having written verification from a doctor that there is a physical reason\nfor not wearing a seat belt.", "\n\nIs there a limit to the number of\npassengers in a vehicle?", "\n\nIt’s illegal to drive a vehicle with\nmore than three people in the front seat or to “obstruct the view of the driver\nto the front or sides of the vehicle or as to interfere with the driver's\ncontrol over the driving mechanism of the vehicle.” ", "It is unsafe to have more\npassengers than a vehicle is designed to carry. ", "Passengers also are required to\nwear seat belts.", "\n\nWhat are the rules about riding\nbicycles on campus?", "\n\nBicyclists must observe the same laws as other\nvehicles, including obeying traffic lights and signs.", "\n\nBicyclists should use hand signals when\nturning and stopping. ", "Hand signals can be simple as\npointing for 5 seconds in the intended direction of travel.", "\n\nBicycles may not be ridden on sidewalks.", "\n\nThe\nClemson University Police Department encourages bicyclists to follow these\nsafety tips:\n\nAlways wear a helmet when riding a bicycle.", "\n\nWear\nbrightly colored or reflective clothing\n\nAttach\nlights and/or reflectors to your bike to help with visibility during poor\nweather conditions or at night.", "\n\nAlways check for traffic before entering an\nintersection or crossing a road.", "\n\nBe considerate. ", "Don’t ride more than two\nabreast on roads.", "\n\nDon’t use mobile devices or iPods that might\ninterfere with your ability to hear or see oncoming traffic. ", "Pull over and\nget off your bike to use them.", "\n\nYield to pedestrians.", "\n\nGive\nan audible signal before overtaking and passing a pedestrian.", "\n\nAre there rules about riding\nmopeds?", "\n\nMopeds\nmust have a rearview mirror, operable running\nlights and brake lights. ", "The moped’s operating lights must be turned on at all\ntimes. ", "Moped riders should be aware that the number of serious accidents\ninvolving mopeds in South Carolina is on the rise, so it is especially\nimportant to drive safely and be aware of other vehicles.", "\n\nIs\nit OK to ride skateboards on campus?", "\n\nSkateboards being used for\ntransportation are allowed on most campus sidewalks. ", "However, acrobatic\nmaneuvers, stunts, trick riding and speed runs are prohibited on campus. ", "Curbs,\nbenches, steps, railings and similar objects have been damaged by skateboards.", "\n\nPolice recommend that skateboarders:\n\nWear\na helmet and other protection to avoid serious injury\n\nAvoid\nriding in areas where there are a lot of pedestrians\n\nNot\nride in the street\n\nWhat\ndo people driving golf carts and utility vehicles on campus need to know?", "\n\nDrivers of golf carts and utility\nvehicles should adhere to the same traffic laws as cars and trucks. ", "They must\nobey traffic signals and they should give pedestrians the right of way at\ncrosswalks. ", "They should avoid traveling on sidewalks or other walkways unless\nit is necessary for the task at hand (for instance, brush removal), and should\nmake an audible signal when they are about to overtake pedestrians. ", "Drivers\nalso should signal their intention to stop or turn. ", "If the vehicle is not\nequipped with signals they should use hand signals.", "\n\nTiger Transit is now a part of\nthe m.clemson app. ", "This means everyone with an Internet-enabled device can easily access the\nride request screen and get a ride with Tiger Transit. ", "In m.clemson we\nare part of the \"Links\" section. ", "Learn more about Mobile\nClemson at www.clemson.edu/mobile/." ]

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[ "\n\n\n\nProduced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading\nTeam at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from\nimages generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL.", "\n\n NUMBER 42. ", " SATURDAY, APRIL 17, 1841. ", " VOLUME I.\n\n[Illustration: ANTRIM CASTLE, THE RESIDENCE OF THE EARL OF MASSARENE]\n\nThe fine old mansion of the noble family of Skeffington, of which\nour prefixed wood-cut will give a very correct general idea, is well\ndeserving of notice, not only from its grandeur of size and the beauty\nof its situation, but still more as presenting an almost unique example,\nin Ireland, of the style of domestic architecture introduced into the\nBritish islands from France, immediately after the Restoration.", "\n\nThis castle is generally supposed to have been erected in or about the\nyear 1662, by Sir John Clotworthy, Lord Massarene, who died in 1665, and\nwhose only daughter and heir, Mary, by her marriage with Sir John, the\nfifth baronet of the Skeffington family, carried the Massarene estate and\ntitle into the latter family. ", "But though there can be no doubt, from the\narchitectural style of the building, that Antrim castle was re-edified\nat this period, there is every reason to believe that it was founded\nlong before, and that it still preserves, to a great extent, the form\nand walls of the original structure. ", "The Castle of Antrim, or Massarene,\nas it is now generally called, appears to have been originally erected\nearly in the reign of James I., by Sir Hugh Clotworthy, who, by the\nestablishment of King James I. had the charge of certain boats at\nMassarene and Lough Sidney, or Lough Neagh, with an entertainment of five\nshillings Irish by the day, and 18 men to serve in and about the said\nboats, at ten-pence Irish by the day each. ", "This grant was made to him by\npatent for life, in 1609; and on a surrender of it to the king in 1618,\nit was re-granted to him, and his son and heir John Clotworthy, with a\npension of six shillings and eight pence per day, and to the longer liver\nof them for life, payable out of the revenue. ", "For this payment Sir Hugh\nClotworthy and his son were to build and keep in repair such and so many\nbarks and boats as were then kept upon the lough, and under his command,\nwithout any charge to the crown, to be at all times in readiness for\nhis Majesty’s use, as the necessity of his service should require. ", "John\nClotworthy succeeded his father as captain of the barks and boats, by\ncommission dated the 28th January 1641, at 15s. ", "a-day for himself; his\nlieutenant, 4s.; ", "the master, 4s.; ", "master’s mate, 2s.; ", "a master gunner,\n1s. ", "6d.; ", "two gunners, 12d.; ", "and forty men at 8d. ", "each.", "\n\nOn the breaking out of the rebellion shortly afterwards, the garrison at\nAntrim was considerably increased, and the fortifications of the castle\nand town were greatly strengthened by Sir John Clotworthy, who became\none of the most distinguished leaders of the parliamentary forces in the\nunhappy conflict which followed. ", "Still commanding the boats of Lough\nNeagh, that magnificent little inland sea, as we may not very improperly\ncall it, became the scene of many a hard contest between the contending\nparties, of one of which Sir R. Cox gives the following graphic account.", "\nIt took place in 1642.", "\n\n“But the reader will not think it tedious to have a description of\na naval battel in Ireland, which happened in this manner: Sir John\nClotworthy’s regiment built a fort at Toom, and thereby got a convenience\nto pass the Ban at pleasure, and to make incursions as often as he\npleased into the county of Londonderry. ", "To revenge this, the Irish\ngarrison at Charlemont built some boats, with which they sailed down the\nBlack-water into Loughneagh and preyed and plundered all the borders\nthereof. ", "Hereupon, those at Antrim built a boat of twenty tun, and\nfurnished it with six brass guns; and they also got six or seven lesser\nboats, and in them all they stowed three hundred men, under the command\nof Lieutenant-Colonel Owen O’Conally (the discoverer of the rebellion,\nwho was a stout and active man) and Captain Langford. ", "These sailed over\nthe lough, and landed at the mouth of the Black-water, where they cast\nup two small forts, and returned. ", "But the Irish found means to pass\nby these forts, in dark nights, and not only continued their former\nmanner of plundering, but also raised a small fort at Clanbrazill, to\nprotect their fleet upon any emergency. ", "Upon notice of this, Conally and\nLangford manned out their navy again, and met the Irish near the shore\nof Clanbrazill; whereupon a naval battel ensued: but the rebels being\nfresh-water soldiers, were soon forced on shore; and the victors pursuing\ntheir fortune, followed them to the fort, and forced them to surrender\nit: and in this expedition sixty rebels were slain, and as many were\ntaken prisoners, which, together with the boats, were brought in triumph\nto Antrim.”", "\n\nBut Sir John Clotworthy’s little fleet were not always so successful\nagainst the Irish as on this occasion. ", "In an Irish MS. ", "journal of the\nrebellion it is stated that on the 15th September 1645, a boat belonging\nto the governor of Massarene was captured by Sir Felim O’Neil, in which\nwere two brass cannon, ten muskets, twelve barrels of salted fish, some\nsailors, and a company of soldiers. ", "They brought it to the mouth of the\nriver Black-water, at Charlemont. ", "The journalist coolly adds, “Some of\nthe men were hanged, and some redeemed!” ", "And again, according to the same\nauthority, in May 1646, Sir Felim had the good fortune to capture seven\nboats, taking fourteen men prisoners, and killing above twenty more.", "\nHowever, upon the whole, the governor of Massarene did good service to\nthe cause of the Protector, for which, in consideration of the surrender\nof his pension of 6s. ", "8d. ", "a-day, &c. an indenture was perfected on the\n14th of August 1656 between the Protector and him, whereby a lease was\ngranted him for 99 years of Lough Neagh, with the fishing and soil\nthereof, and the islands therein, and also the lough and river of Ban,\nand as far as the Salmon-leap, containing six salmon-fishings, and\ntwo mixed fishings of salmon and eels, &c.; and being instrumental in\nforwarding the restoration of King Charles II. ", "after Cromwell’s death,\nhe was raised to the peerage by patent, dated at Westminster, Nov. 21,\n1660, by the title of Baron of Lough Neagh and Viscount Massarene,\nentailing the honours, in case of failure of his issue male, on Sir John\nSkeffington and his issue male, with whom they have since remained. ", "A new\npatent, constituting Sir John Skeffington captain of Lough Neagh, was\ngranted to him in 1680.", "\n\nWe shall conclude with a few words upon the castle itself, which is\nbeautifully situated at the extremity of the principal street of the town\nof Antrim, on the banks of the Six-mile-water river, and immediately\ncontiguous to Lough Neagh. ", "The entrance from the town is through a fine\ngate-house, in the Tudor style of architecture, built of cut lime-stone,\nand closed by two folding-doors of cast iron, which are opened from a\nroom overhead by means of machinery. ", "The principal front of the castle\nfaces the gate-house, and is in the centre of a curtain wall, connecting\ntwo large square towers placed at the angles of the building, and which\nagain have smaller circular towers at three of their angles. ", "This front\nis approached by a magnificent double stone staircase, and presents a\ngreat variety of enrichments in the French style of the seventeenth\ncentury, and is also decorated with shields having the armorial bearings\nof the founder’s family, and with medallions containing the portraits\nof Charles I. and II. ", "The greatest length of the castle, however, runs\nparallel with the river, from which it is separated only by a low parapet\nwall, while the terraces of the gardens are situated on the other side.", "\nThese gardens are no less attractive than the castle itself, with which\nthey appear to be of equal age; they are laid out in the French style,\nthe flower-beds being formed into a variety of patterns, among which\nthat of the _fleur-de-lis_ is the most common and conspicuous. ", "This\ndesign is in its way extremely beautiful, and to carry it out fully, no\nexpense or trouble seems to have been spared. ", "The borders are often of\ntriple and quadruple rows of box, between which is laid fine gravel of\ndifferent colours, which adds greatly to the effect. ", "It is said that\na red kind of this gravel was imported from Holland, and cost upwards\nof 1s. ", "2d. ", "a quart. ", "This garden is traversed from east to west by a\nsuccession of fish-ponds, of which the most central one is circular, and\nthe rest oblong: and miniature cascades conduct the water from the most\nelevated of these ponds to the lowest. ", "The timber in this garden is of\ngreat age and beauty, particularly the lime and oak; and it contains two\nor three specimens of the rhododendron, which are celebrated for their\nmagnificence, being fully fifteen feet in height, and of corresponding\ncircumference.", "\n\nThe house contains some fine pictures and curious articles of antique\nfurniture.", "\n\n P.\n\n\n\n\nORIGIN AND MEANINGS OF IRISH FAMILY NAMES.", "\n\nBY JOHN O’DONOVAN.", "\n\nSecond Article.", "\n\n\nIn returning to the subject of the origin of Irish family names, I feel\nit necessary to adduce two or three additional instances of the erroneous\nstatements put forward by Mr Beauford, as they have had such an injurious\ninfluence with subsequent Irish writers on this subject:--\n\n3. “", "OSRAGH, derived from _Uys raigagh_, or the kingdom between the\nwaters, the present Ossory, called also Hy Paudruig, or the district of\nthe country between the rivers, &c., the hereditary chiefs of which were\ndenominated _Giolla Paudruig_, or the chief of the country between the\nrivers, called also _Mac Giolla Padruic_,” &c.\n\nThis seems an exquisite specimen of etymological induction, and I have\noften heard it praised as beautiful and ingenious; but it happens that\nevery assertion made in it is untrue! _", "Osragii_ is not the Irish name of\nthis territory, but the Latinized form of the name of the inhabitants.", "\nAgain, _Osragii_ is not compounded of _Uys_ and _raigagh_; and even if\nit were, these two vocables are not Irish words, and could not mean\nwhat is above asserted, the kingdom between the waters. ", "Again, Ossory\nwas never called _Hy Pau-druic_, and even if it were, _Hy Pau-druic_\nwould not mean “district of the country between the rivers.” ", "Next, the\nhereditary chiefs were not denominated _Giolla Paudruic_, but _Mic\nGiolla Paudruic_ (a name afterwards anglicized Fitzpatrick), from an\nancestor called _Giolla Paudruic_, who was chief of Ossory in the tenth\ncentury, and who is mentioned in all the authentic Irish annals as\nhaving been killed by Donovan, the son of Imar, king of the Danes of\nWaterford, in the year 975. ", "Moreover, _Giolla-Phadruic_, the name of\nthis chieftain, does not mean “chief of the country between the rivers,”\nas Mr Beauford would have us believe, but _servant of Saint Patrick_,\nwhich, as a man’s name, became very common in Ireland shortly after the\nintroduction of Christianity, for at this time the Irish were accustomed\nto give their children names not only after the Irish apostle, but also\nafter other distinguished saints of the primitive Irish church; and the\nnames of these saints were not at this period adopted as the names of\nthe children, but the word _Giolla_, or _Maol_, servant, was generally\nprefixed to the names of the saints to form those of the children:\nthus, _Giolla Padruic_, the servant of St Patrick; _Giolla Ciarain_,\nthe servant of St Kieran; _Giolla Caoimhghin_, the servant of St Kevin;\n_Giolla Coluim_, the servant of St Columb, &c.\n\n4. “", "CONMAICNE MARA, or the chief tribe on the great sea, comprehending\nthe western parts of the county of Galway on the sea coast; it was\nalso called _Conmaicne ira_, or the chief tribe in the west, and _Iar\nConnaught_, that is, west Connaught; likewise _Hy Iartagh_, or the\nwestern country: the chiefs of which were denominated Hy Flaherty or\nO’Flaherty, that is, the chief of the nobles of the western country, and\ncontaining the present baronies of Morogh, Moycullen, and Ballinahinch.”", "\n\nThis is also full of bold assertions, unsupported by history or\netymology. _", "Conmaicne_ does not mean the chief tribe, but the race of\na chieftain called Conmac; _Conmaicne mara_, which is now anglicised\nConnamara, was never called _Conmaicne ira_, and _Conmaicne mara_ and\n_Iar Connaught_ are not now coextensive, nor were they considered to be\nso at any period of Irish history. _", "Conmaicne mara_ was never called\nHy Iartagh, and O’Flaherty was not the ancient chief of _Conmaicne\nmara_, for O’Flaherty was located in the plains of Moy Seola, lying\neastwards of Lough Corrib, until he was driven across that lake into\nthe wilds of Connamara by the De Burgos in the 13th century. ", "Again, the\nsurname O’Flaherty does not mean “the chief of the nobles of the western\ndistrict,” but is derived from _Flaithbheartach_, who was chief of _Hy\nBriuin Seola_, not of _Conmaicne mara_, in the tenth century; and this\nchief was not the first who received the name, for it was the name of\nhundreds of far more distinguished chieftains who flourished in other\nparts of Ireland many centuries before him, and O’Flaherty became the\nname of a far more powerful family located in the north of Ireland; which\nshows that the name has no reference to north or west, but must look for\nits origin to some other source. ", "Now, to any one acquainted with the\nmanner in which compound words are formed in the Irish language, it will\nbe obvious that the name _Flaithbheartach_ is not derived from a locality\nor territory, but that it is formed from _flaith_, a chief, and _beart_,\na deed or exploit, in the following manner: _flaith_, a lord or chief,\n_flaithbheart_, a lordly deed or exploit; and by adding the adjective\nand personal termination _ach_ (which has nearly the same power with\nthe Latin _ax_), we have _flaithbheartach_, meaning the lordly-deeded,\nor a man of lordly or chieftain-like exploits. ", "According to the same\nmechanism, which is simple and regular, are formed several other compound\nwords in this language, as _oirbheart_, a noble deed; _oirbheartach_,\nnoble-deeded, &c.\n\nFinally, Mr Beauford is wrong in the extent which he gives to _Conmaicne\nmara_. ", "He is wrong in giving _Morogh_ as the name of a modern barony,\nfor there is none such in existence; and we have the most indisputable\nevidence to prove that the territory of _Conmaicne mara_, now called\nConnamara, never since the dawn of authentic history comprised more than\none barony. ", "It is to be regretted that these etymological phantasies of\nMr Beauford about the country of O’Flaherty are received as true history\nby the O’Flahertys themselves, and repeated in modern topographical and\nliterary productions of great merit.", "\n\nI shall give one specimen more of this writer’s erroneous mode of\nexplaining topographical names, and I shall then have done with him.", "\n\n5. “", "CAIRBRE AOBHDHA, or the district on the water, from _cairbre_, a\ndistrict, and _aobhdha_, waters; the present barony of Kenry, in the\ncounty of Limerick. ", "This country was also denominated _Hy dun na bhan_,\nor the hilly district on the river; the ancient chiefs whereof were\ncalled Hy Dun Navan or O’Donovan, that is, the chiefs of the hilly\ncountry on the river.”", "\n\nHere every single assertion comprises a separate error. _", "Cairbre_ does\nnot mean a district, and _aobhdha_ does not mean waters. ", "This territory\nwas not otherwise called Hy Dunnavan; and even if it were, that name\nwould not mean “the hilly district on the river.” ", "Again, the territory\nof _Cairbre Aobhdha_ is not the barony of Kenry, neither is it a hilly\ndistrict, but one of the most level plains in all Ireland; and lastly,\nthe name O’Donovan does not moan “chiefs of the hilly district on the\nriver,” for this family name was called after Donovan, the son of Cathal,\nchief of the Hy Figeinte, a people whose country extended from the river\nShannon to the summit of Slieve Logher in the county of Kerry, and from\nBruree and the river Maigue westwards to the verge of the present county\nof Kerry. ", "He flourished in the tenth century, and was killed by the\nfamous Brian Boru in a pitched battle, fought in the year 977; and his\nname was derived, not from his “hilly country on the river” Maigue, as\nMr Beauford would have us believe (though it must be acknowledged that\nhe resided at Bruree, which is a _dun-abhann_, or dun of the river), but\nfrom the colour of his hair; for the name is written by Mac Firbis and\nothers _Dondubhan_, which signifies _brown-haired chief_.", "\n\nI trust I have now clearly proved the fallacy of Mr Beauford’s mode of\ninvestigating the origin and meaning of the names of Irish families\nand territories. ", "It is by processes similar to the five specimens\nabove given that he has attempted to demonstrate his theory, that the\nnames of Irish tribes and families were derived from the territories\nand localities in which they dwelt, a theory never heard of before his\ntime; for up to the time of the writers of the _Collectanea de Rebus\nHibernicis_, all were agreed that the Irish tribes took their surnames\nfrom certain distinguished ancestors, while the Saxons and Anglo-Normans\ntook theirs generally from their territories and places of residence. ", "For\nfurther information on this subject I refer the reader to Verstegan’s\nwork, entitled “Restitution of Decayed Intelligence” and Camden’s\n“Remains.” ", "The learned Roderic O’Flaherty, in his Ogygia Vindicated,\np. 170, speaks on this subject in terms which Mr Beauford could not\nhave mistaken. “", "The custom of our ancestors was not to take names and\ncreations from places and countries as it was with other nations, but to\ngive the name of the family to the seigniory by them occupied.”", "\n\nTo prove that I am not alone in the estimate that I have thus formed of\nthe speculations of Mr Beauford, I shall here cite the opinions of a\ngentleman, the best acquainted of all modern writers with this subject,\nthe venerable Charles O’Conor, of Belanagare, who, in a letter to the\nChevalier Thomas O’Gorman, dated May 31, 1783, speaking of two tracts\nwhich he had published, to refute some errors of Dr Ledwich and Mr\nBeauford, says--\n\n“Both were drawn from me to refute very injurious as well as very false\nrepresentations published in the 9th number of the same Collectanea by\nMr Ledwich, minister of Achaboe, and Mr Beauford, a schoolmaster in\nAthy. ", "Little moved by any thing I have written against these gentlemen,\nthe latter published his Topography of Ireland in the 11th number, the\nmost flagrant imposition that I believe ever appeared in our own or in\nany age. ", "This impelled me to resume the subject of our antiquities, and\nadd the topography of Ireland, as divided into districts and tribes in\nthe second century; a most curious record, preserved in the Lecan and\nGlendalough collections, as well as in your Book of Ballymote. ", "I have\nshown that Beauford, a stranger to our old language, had but very slight\nmaterials for our ancient topography, and distorted such as he had to a\ndegree which has no parallel, except perhaps in the dreams of a sick man\nin a phrenzy.", "”[1]\n\nAgain, the same gentleman, writing to his friend J. C. Walker on the same\nsubject, expresses himself as follows:--\n\n“Mr Beauford has given me satisfaction in his tract on our ancient\nliterature, published in the Collectanea, and yet, in his ancient\ntopography of Ireland, a book as large as his own might be written to\ndetect his mistakes.”", "\n\nIt is quite obvious from the whole testimony of authentic Irish history\nthat the names of tribes in Ireland were not derived from the territories\nand localities in which they dwelt, but from distinguished ancestors; for\nnine-tenths of the names of territories, and of the names of the tribes\ninhabiting them, are identical. ", "The tribe names were formed from those of\nthe progenitors, by prefixing the following words:--\n\n 1. _", "Corc_, _Corca_, race, progeny, as _Corc-Modhruadh_, now\n Corcomroe in Clare, _Corca-Duibhne_, now Corcaguinny in Kerry.", "\n\n 2. _", "Cineal_, race, descendants; _cineal Eoghain_, the race of\n Eoghan; _cineal Conaill_, the race of Conall. ", "This word is\n translated _Genus_ throughout the Annals of Ulster.", "\n\n 3. _", "Clann_, children, descendants; as _clann Colmain_, the tribe\n name of a great branch of the southern Hy-Niall.", "\n\n 4. _", "Dal_, tribe, descendants, as _Dal-Riada_, _Dal-Araidhe_,\n _Dal-g-cais_, _Dal Mesincorb_, &c. This word has been explained\n by the venerable Bede, and from him by Cormac Mac Cullenan,\n archbishop of Cashel, as signifying _part_ or _portion_ in\n the Scottic language; but from the manner in which it is used\n in Irish genealogies, this would appear to be but a secondary\n and figurative meaning. ", "O’Flaherty seems to doubt that this\n word could be properly translated _part_; but Charles O’Conor,\n who gave much consideration to the subject, writes in a note\n to Ogygia Vindicated, p. 175, “that _dal_ properly signifies\n posterity, _or descent by blood_; but in an enlarged and\n figurative sense it signifies a district, that is, the division\n or part allotted to such posterity: that of this double sense\n we have numberless instances, and that in this _second sense_\n Bede’s interpretation is doubtlessly admissible.”", "\n\n 5. _", "Muintir_, family, people; as _Muintir Murchadha_, the tribe\n name which the O’Flahertys bore before the establishment of\n surnames.", "\n\n 6. _", "Siol_, seed, progeny; as _Siol Aodha_, seed of Hugh, the\n tribe name of a branch of the Mac Namaras in Thomond; _Siol\n Maoluidhir_, the progeny of Maeleer, a great tribe in Leinster,\n who gave name to the territory of Shelmalier, in the county of\n Wexford.", "\n\n 7. _", "Tealach_, family; as _Telach Eathach_, the family of Eochy,\n the tribe name of the Magaurans in Breffney.", "\n\n 8. _", "Sliocht_, posterity; as _Sliocht Aodha Slaine_, the progeny\n of King Hugh Slany in Meath.", "\n\n 9. _", "Ua_, grandson, descendant; nominative plural, _ui_; dative\n or ablative, _uibh_. ", "This prefix in its upright uninflected\n form appears in the names of Irish tribes oftener than any of\n the other seven. ", "Some ignorant Irish scribes have supposed\n that it signifies a region or country, and some of the modern\n transcribers of Keating’s History of Ireland have taken the\n liberty to corrupt it to _aoibh_, a form not to be found in any\n ancient or correct MS. ", "In support of the meaning above given may\n be adduced the high authority of Adamnan, abbot of Iona in the\n 7th century, who, in his life of his predecessor St Columbkille,\n invariably renders _ua_, _ui_, _uibh_, _nepos_, _nepotes_,\n _nepotibus_, in conformity with his habitual substitution of\n Latin equivalents for Irish tribe names, as often as he found it\n practicable. ", "Thus, in the 16th chapter of the second book, he\n renders _Ua Briuin_, _nepos Briuni_; in the 5th chapter of the\n third book he translates _Ua Ainmirech_, _nepos Ainmirech_; in\n the 17th chapter of the same book he translates _Ua Liathain_,\n _nepos Liathain_; in the 49th chapter of the first book he\n renders _Ui Neill_, _nepotes Nelli_, i.e., the race of Niall; and\n in the 22d chapter of the same book he translates _Ui Tuirtre_,\n _nepotes Tuitre_.", "\n\nWe have also for the same interpretation the authority of the annalist\nTigernach, who, in his Annals of Ireland at the year 714, translates _Ui\nEachach_ (now Iveagh, in the county Down), _nepotes Eochaidh_.", "\n\nOn this subject it may not be uninteresting to the reader to hear the\nopinion of the learned Roderic O’Flaherty. ", "Treating of the Hy Cormaic, a\ntribe located near Lough Foyle, in the present county of Londonderry, he\nsays--\n\n“_Hy_ or _I_ (which calls for an explanation) is the plural number\nfrom _Hua_ or _O_, a grandson, and is frequently prefixed to the names\nof progenitors of families, as well to particularize the families as\nthe lands they possess, as _Dal_, _Siol_, _Clann_, _Kinel_, _Mac_,\n_Muintir_, _Teallach_, or any such name, pursuant to the adoptive power\nof custom.", "”--_Ogygia_, Part III. ", "Chap. ", "76.", "\n\nBesides the words above enumerated, after which the names of progenitors\nare placed, there are others to be met with after which the names of\nterritories are placed, as _Aes_, people; _Fir_ or _Feara_, men; _Aicme_,\ntribe; and _Pobul_, people; as _Aes Greine_, i.e., _the people of Grian_,\na tribe located in the present county of Limerick; _Aes tri Magh_, _the\npeople of the three plains_, in the same county; _Feara Muighe Feine_,\n_the men of Moy Feine_, now Fermoy, in the county of Cork; _Fir Rois_,\n_the men of Ross_, the name of a tribe in the present county of Monaghan;\n_Feara Arda_, i.e., _the men of Ard_, a tribe in the present county of\nLouth; _Pobul Droma_, in Tipperary.", "\n\nMany other names were formed by a mode not unlike the Latin and Greek\nmethod, that is, by adding certain terminations to the name or cognomen\nof the ancestors of the tribes. ", "These terminations are generally\n_raighe_, _aighe_, _ne_, and _acht_, as _Caenraighe_, _Muscraighe_,\n_Dartraighe_, _Calraighe_, _Ciarraighe_, _Tradraighe_, _Greagraighe_,\n_Ernaidhe_, _Mairtine_, _Conmaicne_, _Olnegmacht_, _Connacht_,\n_Cianacht_, _Eoghanacht_, &c. &c. This is the usual form of the tribe\nnames among the descendants of the Belgic families enumerated in the\nBooks of Lecan and Glendalough, as existing in Ireland in the first\ncentury, and it is not improbable that the tribe names given on Ptolemy’s\nMap of Ireland are partly fanciful translations, and partly modifications\nof them.", "\n\nIt appears from the authentic Irish annals, and the whole tenor of Irish\nhistory, that the Irish people were distinguished by tribe names _only_\nup to the period of the monarch Brian Boru, who published an edict that\nthe descendants of the heads of tribes and families then in power should\ntake name from them, either from the fathers or grandfathers, and that\nthese names should become hereditary and remain fixed for ever. ", "To this\nperiod we must refer the origin of family names or surnames.", "\n\nPreviously to this reign the Irish people were divided into various\ngreat tribes commanded by powerful chieftains, usually called kings, and\nthese great tribes were further sub-divided into several minor ones,\neach commanded by a petty chieftain, but who was subject to the control\nof the _Righ_, or head of the great tribe. ", "Thus, in Thomond the name of\nthe great tribe was _Dal Cais_, from Cormac Cas, the progenitor of the\nregal family, and of all the sub-tribes into which this great race was\ndivided. ", "Immediately before the establishment of surnames, Brian Boru,\nwhose descendants took the name of O’Brien, was the leader and supposed\nsenior representative of this great race; but there were various other\ntribes under him, known by various appellations, as the _Hy-Caisin_\notherwise _clann Cuileain_, who after the reign of Brian took the name of\nMac Namara; the _Kinel-Fearmaic_, who took the name of O’Dea; _Muintir\nIffernain_, who took the name of O’Quin; the _Kinel Donghaile_, who\ntook the name of O’Grady; the _Sliocht Dunchuain_, who took the name of\nO’Kennedy; the _Hy-Ronghaile_, who took the name of O’Shanaghan; the\n_Hy-Kearney_, who took the name of O’Ahern, &c.\n\nThe chiefs of these tribes had generally the names of their fathers\npostfixed to their own, and sometimes, but not often, those of their\ngrandfathers; but previous to the reign of Brian in the tenth century,\nthese appellations changed in every generation.", "\n\nThe next article shall treat of surnames.", "\n\n[1] Original in possession of Messrs Hodges and Smith, College Green,\nDublin.", "\n\n\n\n\nBOYHOOD AND MANHOOD.", "\n\n\n Oh, for the merry, merry month of June,\n When I was a little lad!", "\n When the small birds’ throats were all in tune,\n And the very fields were glad.", "\n And the flowers that alas! ", "were to fade too soon,\n In their holiday clothes were clad.", "\n\n Oh, I remember--remember well,\n The scent of the morning grass,\n Nor was there a sight, sweet sound, or sweet smell,\n That can e’er from my memory pass:\n For they lie on my heart with the power of a spell,\n Like the first love I felt for a lass.", "\n\n Ay, there is the river in which I swam,\n The field where I used to play--\n The fosse where I built the bridge and the dam,\n And the oak in whose shade I lay:\n But, oh, how changed a thing I am!", "\n And how unchanged are they!", "\n\n Time was--ah! ", "that was the happy time!--\n When I longed a man to be;\n When a shaven chin was a thing sublime--\n And a fine thing to be free:\n And methought I had nought to do but climb\n To the height of felicity.", "\n\n But, alas! ", "my beard is waxen grey\n Since I mingled among men;\n And I’m not much wiser, nor half so gay,\n Nor so good as I was then;--\n And I’d give much more than I care to say\n To be a boy again.", "\n\n N.\n\n * * * * *\n\nOLD AGE.--Remember, old man, that you are now in the waning, and the\ndate of your pilgrimage well nigh expired; and now that it behoveth you\nto look towards your final accounting, your force languisheth, your\nsenses impair, your body droops, and on every side the ruinous cottage\nof your faint and feeble flesh threateneth the fall; and having so many\nharbingers of death to premonish you of your end, how can you but prepare\nfor so dreadful a stranger? ", "The young man may die quickly, but the old\nman cannot live long; the young man’s life by casualty may be abridged,\nbut the old man’s term by no physic can be long adjourned; and therefore,\nif green years should sometimes think of the grave and the judgment, the\nthoughts of old age should continually dwell on the same.--_Remains of\nSir Walter Raleigh._", "\n\n\n\n\nEXTRAORDINARY DETECTION OF MURDER.", "\n\n\nIt is a speculation perhaps equally interesting to the philosophic as to\nthe untutored mind, and dwelt on with as much placidity by the one as by\nthe other, to reflect on the various and extraordinary modes by which\nthe hand of Providence has through all ages withdrawn the dark mantle of\nconcealment from the murderer’s form, and stamped condemnation on his\nbrow--sometimes before the marks of the bloody deed were yet dried, and\nsometimes after long years of security had seemed to insure final escape,\nwhether the detection arose from some peculiar circumstance awaking\nremorse so powerfully as to compel the murderer to self-accusation\nthrough an ungovernable impulse; from the hauntings of guilty terror;\nfrom over-anxiety to avoid suspicion; or from some utterly slight and\nunforeseen casualty.", "\n\nThe popular belief has always been, that of all criminals the shedder of\nblood _never_ escapes detection and punishment even in this life; and\nthough a very limited experience may show the fallacy of such belief as\nregards the vengeance man can inflict, who may conceive that inflicted by\nthe tortured conscience?--that hell which even the unbeliever does not\nmock, which permits neither hope nor rest, invests the summer sunshine\nwith a deeper blackness than that of midnight, peoples the air with\nmoving and threatening spectres, embodies the darkness into terrible\nshapes, and haunts even slumber with visionary terrors more hideous than\nthe worst realities.", "\n\nThe records of crime in our own and other countries contain numerous\nstriking examples of the detection of murder by singular and sometimes\napparently trivial means. ", "These have appeared in a variety of published\nforms, and are of course generally known; but we shall select a few\nunpublished instances which have come within our own cognizance, and seem\nto us to possess peculiar and striking features of their own, in the hope\nthat they may be found to possess some interest for the readers of the\nIrish Penny Journal.", "\n\nThe case we shall first select, not so much for the manner of the\nmurderer’s detection as for the singular plan he struck out to escape\nsuspicion, and the strange circumstances connected with the crime and its\npunishment altogether, is that of a man named M’Gennis, for the murder of\nhis wife.", "\n\nM’Gennis, when we saw him on his trial, was a peculiarly powerful-looking\nman, standing upwards of six feet, strongly proportioned, and evidently\nof great muscular strength. ", "His countenance, however, was by no means\ngood, his face being colourless, his brow heavy, and the whole cast of\nhis features stern and forbidding. ", "From his appearance altogether he\nstruck us at once as one eminently fitted and likely to have played a\nconspicuous part in the faction fights so common during his youth at\nour fairs and markets. ", "But though we made several inquiries both then\nand since, we could not learn that he had ever been prominent in such\nscenes, or remarkable for a quarrelsome disposition. ", "He was a small\nfarmer, residing at a village nearly in a line between the little town of\nClaremorris, and the still smaller but more ancient one of Ballyhaunis,\nnear the borders of Mayo. ", "With him lived his mother and wife, a very\ncomely young woman, it is said, to whom he had not been long married at\nthe time of the perpetration of the murder, and with whom he had never\nhad any previous altercation such as to attract the observation or\ninterference of the neighbours.", "\n\nIt was on a market evening of Claremorris, in the year 1830, that the\nmother of M’Gennis, a withered hag, almost doubled with age, and who on\nour first seeing her strongly reminded us of the witches that used, in\ndescription at least, to frighten and fascinate our boyhood, hobbled with\ngreat apparent terror into the cabin nearest her own, and alarmed the\noccupants by stating that she had heard a noise in the potato room, and\nthat she feared her daughter-in-law was doing some harm to herself. ", "Two\nor three of them accordingly returned speedily with her, and, entering\nthe room, saw the lifeless body of the unfortunate young woman lying on\nthe potatoes in a state of complete nudity. ", "There was no blood or mark of\nviolence on any part of the body, except the face and throat, round the\nlatter of which a slight handkerchief was suffocatingly tied, by which\nshe had evidently been strangled, as both face and neck were blackened\nand swollen.", "\n\nWho then had perpetrated the deed? ", "was the question whispered by all the\nneighbours as they came and went. ", "M’Gennis, according to his mother’s\naccount, had not yet returned from the market; the hag herself would not\nhave had strength to accomplish the murder even if bloody-minded enough\nto attempt it, and it was next to an impossibility that the young woman\nherself could have committed self-destruction in _that_ manner.", "\n\nWhile the callous hag was so skilfully supporting her part in the\nmurderous drama, the chief performer, who had not been seen to return\nfrom the market, immediately after the commission of the horrid deed,\nthrough whatever motive he had done it, crossed a neighboring river to\nBricken, where it intersects the high-road by means of stepping-stones,\nas bridge it had none,[2] though it is occasionally in winter a furious\ntorrent. ", "On the opposite side he chanced to meet a country tailor (we\nforget his name), who was proceeding from one village to another, to\nexercise his craft in making and mending; and the devil suggesting a plan\non the spur of the moment, which was to recoil with destruction on his\nguilty head, he forced the tailor to take on his knees the most fearful\noaths that he would never divulge what should then be revealed to him,\nand that he would act in strict conformity with the directions he should\nreceive, threatening, if he refused compliance, to beat out his brains\nwith a stone, and then fling him into the river.", "\n\nThe affrighted tailor having of course readily taken the required oaths,\nM’Gennis confessed to him the murder of his wife, using at the same time\nhorrible imprecations, that if ever a word on the subject escaped the\ntailor’s lips, he would, _dead or alive_, take the most deadly vengeance\non him. ", "He then proceeded to cut and dinge his hat in several places, and\ninflict various scratches on his hands and face, directing the tailor\nto assert that he had found _him_ attacked by four men on the road, on\nhis return from Claremorris; after which, to give the more appearance\nof probability to the tale, he obliged his involuntary accessory after\nthe fact (as the law has it) to bear him on his back to a cabin at some\ndistance, as if the murderer were too weak to proceed himself after the\nviolent assault committed on him. ", "And here, if we could venture to raise\na smile in the course of so revolting a detail, we would observe, that it\nmust have been a ludicrous sight to see the tailor, who was but a meagre\nspecimen of humanity, trailing along the all but giant frame of the\nmurderer. ", "The poor tailor’s own feelings were, however, at the time much\nmore akin to mortal terror than to mirth or humour, as he found at the\nsame time his mind burdened with an unwished-for, terrible, and dangerous\nsecret, and himself in company with the murderer, who might at any moment\nchange his mind, repent his confession, and take _his_ life too.", "\n\nOn reaching the cabin, the tailor told the story of the pretended\nattack, as he had been directed, while M’Gennis himself, showing his\nscratches, and detailing in a weak voice the assault on him by men he\ndid not know, affected such faintness as to fall from the chair on which\nhe had been placed. ", "A farrier was then procured at his request; and to\nsuch lengths did he proceed with the plan he had struck out, that he got\nhimself blooded, though the farrier shrewdly perceived at the same time\n(according to his after evidence) that there seemed to be no weakness\nwhatever about him, except in his voice, and that his pulse was strong\nand regular.", "\n\nIt may seem strange at first that M’Gennis should have divulged to the\ntailor, an entire stranger, the secret of his guilt, then unknown to any\nbeing on earth but his mother; an instant’s reflection will show us that\nwhen once the thought occurred to make use of the tailor’s assistance\nin the manner described to aid him in avoiding detection, he might just\nas well confess the whole terrible secret, which, coming from _him_,\nwould strike additional terror--the only engine on which he could rely\nfor procuring the secrecy and assistance he required. ", "Accordingly, so\nstrongly was the terror impressed, that on the following day the tailor\ndisappeared from that part of the country, and reappeared not, though\nM’Gennis and his mother were at once committed on suspicion, till the\napproach of the ensuing assizes, when he came forward, probably as much\ninduced by the large reward offered for the murderer’s conviction, as\nfor the purpose of disburdening himself of his fearful secret in aiding\njustice.", "\n\nThere was much interest excited at those assizes, we recollect, by the\ntrial of M’Gennis and his mother, who were arraigned together, and of a\ngrey-haired man named Cuffe, for a murder committed twenty-four years\npreviously, of which more anon; and with respect to the former parties,\nthere was unmixed abhorrence expressed by the numerous auditors. ", "It\nwas indeed a revolting sight, and one not readily to be forgotten, the\ntowering and powerfully proportioned son in the prime of life, and\napparently with the most hardened callousness, standing side by side\nto be tried for the same heinous offence with his withered parent,\nwhose age-bowed head scarce reached his shoulder, while her rheumed and\nstill rat-like eye wandered with an eager and restless gaze round the\ncourt, as if she was only alive to the novelty of the scene, and utterly\nunconcerned for the fearful position she stood in. ", "It was absolutely\nheart-sickening to see how repeatedly the wretched hag pulled her guilty\nson towards her during the trial, to whisper remarks and inquiries,\nfrequently altogether unconnected with the evidence, and the crime she\nwas accused of and believed to have instigated and aided in.", "\n\nEven in the strongly guarded court, it was on the side of the dock\nremotest from where M’Gennis stood that the tailor ventured forward to\ngive his evidence, though the murderer’s reckless hardihood of bearing\naltered not for a moment, either in consequence of his appearance, or\nduring the course of his evidence; in fact, he seemed to be principally\noccupied in answering his mother’s queries, and quieting her.", "\n\nThe testimony of the tailor, bearing strongly the impress of truth,\nsingular as it was, was strengthened by that of the brother of the\ndeceased, who seemed greatly affected while deposing that he had\nmet M’Gennis in Claremorris on the day of the murder, and that the\nhandkerchief afterwards found round his sister’s neck had been worn by\nthe murderer on that occasion. ", "There was not an iota of evidence for the\nprisoners, and accordingly a verdict against the son was instantly handed\nin, though the vile hag was acquitted for want of substantiating evidence\nagainst her, to the regret of a crowded court.", "\n\nAfter condemnation, M’Gennis was placed in the same cell with Cuffe,\nthe other murderer, who had been also convicted; and nothing could be\nmore dissimilar than their demeanour while together. ", "Cuffe was calm,\ncommunicative, and apparently penitent, while M’Gennis was sullen and\nsilent; nor could all the exertions of the clergymen who attended him\ninduce him to acknowledge either guilt or repentance. ", "On the morning\nafter conviction, an alarm was given in the cell by Cuffe, and on\nentering, the turnkeys found that M’Gennis had anticipated the hangman’s\noffice, by rather strangling than hanging himself. ", "He had effected the\nsuicide by means of a slight kerchief appended to the latch of the door,\nwhich was scarcely three feet from the floor, and on a level with which\nhe had brought his neck, by shooting the lower portion of his body along\nthe cell-flags from the door; and perhaps not the least remarkable fact\nconnected with this extraordinary suicide is, that the handkerchief was\nthe very one with which he had effected the murder of his wife, and\nwhich had been produced on the trial. ", "It is very unusual for any article\nproduced in evidence to find its way to the dock, but in this case it\nappears the handkerchief must by some strange casualty have come into the\nhands of the murderer again; and having soaped it highly (he was allowed\nsoap even in the condemned cell), he consummated his fearful deeds with\nit.", "\n\nShortly after the discovery of the suicide, we among others visited the\ncell to see the body, when, in a conversation with the acute and highly\nintelligent physician to the prison, he observed what iron nerves the\nmurderer must have possessed to effect such a suicide, as from his own\nheight, and the lowness of the latch, he must, in order to complete the\nstrangulation, have persevered for several minutes in keeping his neck\nstrained, during any one of which, up to the last few, he might have\nreadily recovered himself. ", "The body was still stretched on the flags, and\nexhibited the appearance of a very powerful frame; and when we considered\nthe desperate and utterly fearless mind that had actuated it, it struck\nus, and others who spoke on the same subject, with more surprise than\never, that M’Gennis should not have been implicated in outrage and\nbloodshed long before. ", "Such, however, it would appear, was not the case.", "\n\nOn being examined at the inquest, the other occupant of that fearful\ncell denied all knowledge of his brother convict’s intention to commit\nsuicide, or of his having committed it, until morning, stating that\nhe had slept soundly, and heard no noise whatever during the night--a\ncircumstance which seems rather curious, as the cell was but of small\ndimensions, and M’Gennis must have certainly made some noise, from the\nmanner in which he had perpetrated the horrid deed. ", "On the other hand, it\nis well known that persons, no matter how restless or uneasy they may\nhave been previously, almost invariably sleep soundly on the night before\nexecution. ", "All doubts and uncertainty are then over: the mental struggle\nhas ceased.", "\n\nRumours, indeed, were afloat that Cuffe had witnessed the commission\nof the suicide, and that M’Gennis had urged him to do the like also,\nin order not to give their enemies and the crowd the gratification of\nwitnessing their execution. ", "But how could this circumstance be known,\nas Cuffe himself did not admit it? ", "Another rumour was, that M’Gennis’s\nmother, at parting with him, had instigated him to the terrible act; and\nthis we would be more inclined to give credit to, from what we have heard\nof her character, as well as from our own observation of her demeanour\nthroughout the trial.", "\n\nThe crime of murder is always that most revolting and abhorrent to our\nnature; but when committed on our bosom partner, whom we have sworn\nto defend and cherish, and who in her helplessness looks up to us as\nher only stay and protection on earth, it assumes an utterly fiendish\ncharacter. ", "That it was felt to be so in M’Gennis’s case, unfortunately\nprone as we sometimes are to have sympathy for crime, we were ourselves\na witness, as, on the verdict against him being proclaimed, there was\nan audible buzz of applause through the court; and when the account of\nhis suicide afterwards became public, men expressed the most heart-felt\ngratification that the world was rid of such a fiend. ", "Yet, singular\nit is that never since has it transpired, at least as far as we could\nlearn, what motive M’Gennis could have had for the murder of his wife,\nto whom, as was before stated, he had not been long married. ", "Reports\nthere were, to be sure, that the wife and mother had led an uncomfortable\nand bickering life since coming together--unfortunately a very frequent\ncase, and one which often produces much misery and crime in humble\nlife; and that it was in consequence of the division of some milk at\ntheir homely evening meal, that an altercation arose, which, through\nthe hag’s instigation, led to the destruction of the daughter-in-law,\nand eventually to that of the son. ", "But as these rumours only became\ncurrent after the murder, it is not easy to attach much credit to them,\nespecially if we place any reliance on the statement that M’Gennis had\nreturned home from Claremorris through fields and bye-paths to avoid\nbeing seen, as if he had been contemplating the crime. ", "At all events,\nwhether he had contemplated it, or whether it emanated from a sudden\nburst of wrath fanned by his parent’s wicked suggestions, it seems\nclearly not to have arisen from jealousy, hatred, or revenge--those\npassions so generally productive of such crime; and there is no one\nnow living to explain the mystery, as the hag died without a word in\nexplanation of it.", "\n\nThe space we have limited ourselves to, prevents us from saying more in\nthis number of Cuffe, whose crime was of a much more national character,\nand occupied a good deal the attention of the government of the period;\nand whose detection, after a lapse of twenty-four years--in fact, after\nhis having declined gradually from the prime of manhood to hoary-headed\nage--seems to go farther in supporting the popular prejudice that\nthe murderer can never escape detection. ", "But we shall take an early\nopportunity to detail to the reader his case, and the state of society\nthat led to it.", "\n\n A.\n\n[2] There is a bridge now in progress of erection over it at this spot.", "\n\n\n\n\nTHE BALD BARRYS, OR THE BLESSED THORN OF KILDINAN.", "\n\n “----Make curl’d-pate ruffians\n Quite bald.”", "\n\n SHAKSPEARE.", "\n\n\nThe breeze of the declining March day blew keenly, as I strode across the\nextensive fields towards the old burial-ground of Kildinan, in the county\nof Cork. ", "On reaching the ancient church, I rested on the broken bank that\nenclosed the cemetery, to contemplate the scene before me, and pause upon\nthe generations of men that have been impelled along the stream of time\ntowards the voiceless ocean of eternity, since the day on which an altar\nwas first erected on this desolate spot, in worship of the Deity. ", "The\nmost accurate observer would scarcely suppose that this enclosure had\never been a place of interment, save that certain little hillocks of two\nor three spans long, and defined by a rude stone, were scattered along\nits surface. ", "To a fanciful imagination these would seem to have been\nthe graves of some pigmy nation, concerning which tradition had lost\nall remembrance. ", "But the little sepulchres were the resting-places of\nunfortunate babes that die in the birth, or but wake to a consciousness\nof life--utter the brief cry of pain, and sleep in death for ever. ", "These\nunbaptized ones are never permitted to mingle with Christian clay, and\nare always consigned to these disused cemeteries. ", "With this exception,\nthe old churchyard had long ceased to receive a human tenant, and its\nfoundation could scarcely be traced beneath the rank grass. ", "The father\nof the present proprietor of the land had planted the whole space with\nfir-trees, and these flourishing in the rich soil formed by decomposed\nhuman bodies for many a foot beneath, have shot up to an unusual size,\nand furnish a proof that even in death man is not wholly useless, and\nthat, when his labour is ended, his carcase may fertilize the sod\nimpoverished by his greedy toil. ", "In these tall firs a colony of rooks had\nestablished their airy city, and while these young settlers were building\nnew habitations, the old citizens of the grove were engaged in repairing\nthe damage their homes had received from the storms of winter; and the\nshrill discordant voices of the sable multitude seemed to mock the repose\nof them that occupied the low and silent mansions beneath.", "\n\nWhile indulging these _grave_ reflections, I saw a man approach by the\npath I lately trod. ", "He was far advanced in the decline of life; his tall\nfigure, which he supported with a long staff, was wrapped in a blue-grey\ncoat that folded close under a hair cincture, and the woollen hat,\nsusceptible of every impression, was drawn over his face, as if to screen\nit from the sharp blast that rushed athwart his way. ", "He suddenly stopped,\nthen fixed his glance upon a certain spot of the burial ground where\nstood a blasted and branchless whitethorn, that seemed to have partaken\nof the ruin of the ancient fabric, over whose gross-grown foundation it\nyet lingered. ", "Then raising his eyes to heaven, he sank upon his knees,\nwhile his lips moved as if in the utterance of some fervid ejaculation.", "\nSurely, thought I, this old man’s elevated devotion, at such a place\nand time, proceeds not solely from the ordinary motives that induce the\npenitent to pray--some circumstance, some tradition connected with this\nancient place, has wrought his piety to this pitch of enthusiasm. ", "Thus\ndid my fancy conjecture at the moment, nor was I mistaken.", "\n\nAs the old man rose from his attitude of supplication, I approached and\nsaid, “My friend, I hope you will pardon this intrusion, for your sudden\nand impassioned devotion has greatly awakened my curiosity.”", "\n\nHe immediately answered in the Irish tongue, “I was only begging mercy\nand pardon for the souls who in the close darkness of the prison-house\ncannot relieve themselves, and beseeching that heaven would cease to\nvisit upon the children the guilt of their fathers. ", "This spot brought to\nmy memory an act of sacrilege which my forefathers perpetrated, and for\nwhich their descendants yet suffer; and I did not conceive at the moment\nthat a living being beheld me but God.", "\n\n“Perhaps,” he continued, “as you seem to be a stranger in these parts,\nyou have never heard of the Bald Barrys, and the blessed Whitethorn of\nKildinan. ", "It is an old tradition, and you may be inclined to name it a\nlegend of superstition; but yonder is the whitethorn, blasted and decayed\nfrom the contact of my ancestors’ unholy hands; and here stands the last\nof their name, a homeless wanderer, with no other inheritance than this\nmark of the curse and crime of his race.” ", "So saying, he pulled off the\nold woollen hat, and exhibited his head perfectly smooth and guiltless of\na single hair.", "\n\n“That old heads should become bald, is no uncommon occurrence,” I\nobserved, “and I have seen younger heads as hairless as yours.”", "\n\n“My head,” he returned, “from my birth to this moment, never knew a\nsingle hair; my father and grandfather endured the same privation, while\nmy great-grandfather was deprived of his long and copious locks in one\ntearful moment. ", "I shall tell you the story as we go along, if your course\nlies in the direction of this pathway.”", "\n\nAs we proceeded, he delivered the following legend. ", "The old man’s\nphraseology was copious and energetic, qualities which I have vainly\nstriven to infuse into the translation; for an abler pen would fail in\nour colder English of doing justice to the very poetical language of the\nnarrator.", "\n\n“Many a biting March has passed over the heads of men since Colonel\nBarry lived at Lisnegar. ", "He was of the true blood of the old Strongbow\nchiefs, who became sovereign princes in the land; and forming alliances\nwith the ancient owners of the soil, renounced the Saxon connection and\nname. ", "This noble family gloried in the title of M’Adam;[3] and the\ncolonel did not shame his descent. ", "He kept open house for all comers, and\nevery day an ox was killed and consumed at Lisnegar. ", "All the gentlemen\nof the province thronged thither, hunting and hawking, and feasting\nand coshering; while the hall was crowded with harpers and pipers,\n_caroughs_ and _buckaughs_, and _shanachies_ and story-tellers, who came\nand went as they pleased, in constant succession. ", "I myself,” said the\nold man, sighing, “have seen a remnant of these good old times, but now\nthey are vanished for ever; the genius of hospitality has retired from\nthe chieftain’s hall to the hovel on the moor; and the wanderer turns\nwith a sigh from lofty groves and stately towers, to the shelter of the\npeasant’s shed!", "\n\nDavid Barry and his seven brothers lived with M’Adam, and were of his\nown name and race; and whether he enjoyed the sport of the chase, or\ntook the diversion of shooting, or moved among the high and titled of\nthe land, they always accompanied him, and formed a sort of body-guard,\nto share his sports or assert his quarrels. ", "At that time, on the banks\nof the Bride, near the ruined tower of Shanacloch, lived a man named\nEdmund Barry. ", "A thick and briary covert on his farm had been for many\nyears the haunt of a fox celebrated all over the south of Ireland for\nthe extraordinary speed and prowess he evinced in the many attempts made\nto hunt him down. ", "Many gallant and noble huntsmen sought the honour of\nbearing home his brush, but in vain; and it was a remarkable fact, that\nafter tiring out both hounds and horses in the arduous pursuit, and\nthough his flight might extend over a considerable part of the province,\nhe invariably returned at night to his favourite covert. ", "A treaty of\npeace, it would seem, had been tacitly instituted between Edmund Barry\nand the fox. ", "Barry’s poultry for a series of years, whether they sought\nthe banks of the Bride or the neighbourhood of the barn door, never\nsuffered by the dangerous vicinity: Reynard would mix with Barry’s dogs\nand spend an hour of social intercourse with them, as familiarly as if\nhe belonged to the same species; and Barry gave his wild crafty friend\nthe same protection and licence that he permitted his own domestic curs.", "\nThe fame of this strange union of interests was well known; and to this\nday the memory of Barry’s _madra roc_ survives in the traditions of the\ncountry.", "\n\nOne evening as M’Adam and his train returned from a long and unsuccessful\nchase of Edmund Barry’s fox, their route lay by the ruins of the ancient\nchurch of Kildinan; near this sacred spot a whitethorn tree had stood,\nand its beauty and bloom were the theme of every tongue. ", "The simple\ndevotee who poured his orisons to God beneath its holy shade believed\nthat the hands of guardian spirits pruned its luxuriance and developed\nits form of beauty--that dews from heaven were sprinkled by angel hands\nto produce its rich and beautiful blossoms, which, like those of the\nthorn of Glastonbury, loaded the black winds of December with many\na token of holy fragrance, in welcome of the heavenly advent of HIM\nwho left his Father’s throne to restore to the sons of Adam the lost\ninheritance of heaven. ", "M’Adam was charmed with the beauty of the tree,\nand little regarding the sanctity or the superstitious awe attached to\nits character, was resolved to transfer it to Lisnegar, that his lawn\nmight possess that rare species of thorn which blooms in beauty when all\nits sisters of the field are bare and barren.", "\n\nNext day, when M’Adam signified his intention of removing the whitethorn\nof Kildinan, his people stood aghast at his impiety, and one and all\ndeclared they would suffer a thousand deaths rather than perpetrate so\naudacious a sacrilege. ", "Now, M’Adam was a man of high blood and haughty\nbearing, and accustomed at all times to the most rigid enforcement of\nhis commands. ", "When he found his men unhesitatingly refuse to obey him,\nhis anger sent the glow of resentment to flush his cheek; he spurned the\nearth in a paroxysm of rage, exclaiming, ‘Varlets! ", "of all that have eaten\nthe bread of M’Adam, and reposed under the shadow of his protection, are\nthere none free from the trammels of superstitious folly, to execute his\ncommands?’", "\n\n‘Here are seven of your own name and race,’ cried David Barry, ‘men\nsworn to stand and fall together, who obey no commands but yours, and\nacknowledge no law but your will. ", "The whitethorn of Kildinan shall leave\nits sacred tenement, if strong hands and brave hearts can effect its\nremoval. ", "If it be profanation to disturb the tree which generations have\nreverenced, the curse for sacrilege rests not with us: and did M’Adam\ncommand us to tear the blessed gold from the shrine of a saint, we would\nnot hesitate to obey--we were but executing the will of our legal chief.’", "\n\nSuch was the flattering unction which the retainers of M’Adam applied\nto their souls, as they proceeded to desecrate the spot hallowed by the\nreverence of ages, and around whose holy thorn superstition had drawn a\nmystic circle, within whose limit human foot may not intrude. ", "Men have\nnot yet forgotten this lesson of the feudal school; the sack of cities,\nthe shrieks of women, the slaughter of thousands, are yet perpetrated\nwithout ruth or remorse in obedience to superior command, and the sublime\n_Te Deum_ swells to consecrate the savage atrocity.", "\n\nOn that evening M’Adam saw the beautiful whitethorn planted in his lawn,\nand many were the thanks and high the reward of the faithful few who\nrose superior to the terrors of superstition in the execution of his\ncommands. ", "But his surprise was great when David Barry broke in upon his\nmorning’s repose, to announce that the tree had disappeared during the\nnight, and was again planted where it had stood for ages before, in the\nancient cemetery of Kildinan. ", "M’Adam, conjecturing that this object of\nthe people’s veneration had been secretly conveyed by them during the\nnight to its former abode, dispatched his retainers again to fetch it,\nwith strict injunctions to lie in watch around it till morning. ", "The\nbrothers, obedient to the call of their chief, brought the whitethorn\nback, and having supported its stem, and carefully covered its roots with\nrich mould, after the most approved method of planting, prepared to watch\nround it all night, under the bare canopy of heaven. ", "The night was long\nand dark, and their eyes sleepless; the night-breeze had sunk to repose,\nand all nature seemed hushed in mysterious awe. ", "A deep and undefinable\nfeeling of dread stole over the hearts of the midnight watchers; and\nthey who could have rejoiced in the din of battle, were appalled by this\nfearful calm. ", "Obedience to the commands of M’Adam could not steel their\nbosoms against the goadings of remorse, and the ill-suppressed murmur\nrose against their sacrilegious chief. ", "As the night advanced, impelled by\nsome strange fear, they extended their circle round the mysterious tree.", "\nAt length David, the eldest and bravest of the brothers, fell asleep. ", "His\nshort and fitful snatches of repose were disturbed by wild and indistinct\ndreams; but as his slumbers settled, those vague images passed away, and\nthe following vision was presented to the sleeper’s imagination:--\n\nHe dreamt that as he was keeping watch where he lay, by the blessed thorn\nof Kildinan, there stood before him a venerable man; his radiant features\nand shining vesture lighted all the space around, and pierced awful and\nfar into the surrounding darkness. ", "His hand held a crosier; his head was\ncrowned with a towering mitre; his white beard descended to the girdle\nthat encircled his rich pontificals; and he looked, in his embroidered\n‘sandal shoon’ and gorgeous array, the mitred abbot of some ancient\nmonastery, which the holy rage of the Saxon reformation had levelled in\nthe dust. ", "But the visage of the sainted man was fearfully severe in its\nexpression, and the sleeping mortal fell prostrate before the unearthly\neye that sent its piercing regards to search his inmost soul.", "\n\n‘Wretch,’ said the shining apparition, in a voice of thunder, ‘raise thy\nhead and hear thy doom, and that of thy sacrilegious brothers.’", "\n\nBarry did raise his head in obedience to the terrific mandate, though his\nsoul sank within him, before his dreadful voice and eye of terror.", "\n\n‘Because you,’ continued the holy man, ‘have violated the sanctity of\nthe place consecrated to God, you and your race shall wander homeless\nvagabonds, and your devoted heads, as a sign and a warning to future\ntimes, shall abide the pelting of every storm, and the severity of every\nchanging season, unprotected by the defence which nature has bestowed\nupon all men, till your name and race be faded from the land.’", "\n\nAt this wrathful denunciation the terrified man falls prostrate to\ndeprecate the fearful malediction, and awakes with a cry of terror which\nalarms the listeners. ", "As he proceeds to reveal the terrible vision which\nhis sleeping eyes beheld, the crash of thunder, the flash of lightning,\nand the sweep of the whirlwind, envelope them. ", "As the day dawns, they\nare found senseless, at a considerable distance from the spot where\nthey had lain the preceding night to guard the fatal tree. ", "The thorn\nhad likewise disappeared; and, strange to relate, the raven hair which\nclustered in long ringlets, that any wearer of the ancient _coolin_\nmight well have envied, no longer adorns their manly heads. ", "The fierce\nwhirlwind, that in mockery of human daring had tossed them, like the\nstubble of the field, had realized the dream of the sleeper, and borne\noff their long profuse hair in its vengeful sweep.”", "\n\nSuch was the narrative of the last representative of the “Bald\nBarrys.” ", "I bequeath it to the reader without note or comment. ", "He of\ncourse will regard it according to his particular bias--will wonder\nhow an imaginative people will attribute the downfall of families, or\nthe entailment of hereditary disease, to the effect of supernatural\nintervention; or exclaim, as some very pious and moral men have done, that\n\n “There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio,\n Than are dreamt of in your philosophy.”", "\n\n E. W.\n\n[3] Dr Smith, in his History of the County of Cork, thus mentions\nColonel Barry:--“The town of Rathcormack also belongs to this gentleman,\nwho is descended from an ancient branch of the Barry family, commonly\ncalled M’Adam, who have been seated here 500 years, and formerly sat\nin parliament; particularly David de Barry of Rathcormack, who sat in\nthe upper house, in a parliament held 30th Edward I., 1302. ", "South of\nRathcormack is a fair stone bridge over the _Bride_, upon which is this\ninscription,--‘The foundation of this bridge was laid June 22, 1734;\nColonel Redmund Barry, Jonas Devonshire, and James Barry, gentlemen,\nbeing overseers thereof.’”", "\n\n * * * * *\n\nTHE INFLUENCE OF WOMEN.--How often have I seen a company of men, who\nwere disposed to be riotous, checked all at once into decency by the\naccidental entrance of an amiable woman; while her good sense and\nobliging deportment charmed them into at least a temporary conviction\nthat there is nothing so beautiful as female excellence, nothing so\ndelightful as female conversation. ", "To form the manners of men, nothing\ncontributes so much as the cast of the women they converse with. ", "Those\nwho are most associated with women of virtue and understanding will\nalways be found the most amiable characters. ", "Such society, beyond\neverything else, rubs off the protrusions that give to many an ungracious\nroughness; it produces a polish more perfect and pleasing than that which\nis received by a general commerce with the world. ", "This last is often\nspecious, but commonly superficial; the other is the result of gentler\nfeelings, and a more elegant humanity: the heart itself is moulded, and\nhabits of undissembled courtesy are formed.--_Fordyce._", "\n\n * * * * *\n\nOUR ATTACHMENT TO LIFE.--The young man, till thirty, never feels\npractically that he is mortal. ", "He knows it indeed, and if needs were,\nhe could preach a homily on the fragility of life; but he brings it not\nhome to himself any more than in a hot June we can appropriate to our\nimagination the freezing days of December. ", "But now--shall I confess a\ntruth? ", "I feel these audits but too powerfully. ", "I begin to count the\nprobabilities of my duration, and to grudge at the expenditure of moments\nand shortest periods, like misers’ farthings. ", "In proportion as the years\nboth lessen and shorten, I set more count upon their periods, and would\nfain lay my ineffectual finger upon the spoke of the great wheel. ", "I am\nnot content to pass away “like a weaver’s shuttle.” ", "Those metaphors\nsolace me not, nor sweeten the unpalatable draught of mortality. ", "I\ncare not to be carried with the tide that smoothly bears human life to\neternity, and reluct at the inevitable course of destiny. ", "I am in love\nwith this green earth--the face of town and country--the unspeakable\nrural solitudes--and the sweet security of streets. ", "I would set up my\ntabernacle here. ", "I am content to stand still at the age to which I am\narrived--to be no younger, no richer, no handsomer. ", "I do not want to be\nweaned by age, or drop, like mellow fruit, as they say, into the grave!", "\nAny alteration on this earth of mine, in diet or in lodging, puzzles\nand discomposes me. ", "My household gods plant a terribly fixed foot, and\nare not rooted up without blood. ", "They do not willingly seek Lavinian\nshores. ", "A new state of being staggers me. ", "Sun and sky, and breeze and\nsolitary walks, and summer holidays, and the greenness of fields, and\nthe juices of meats and fishes, and society, and the cheerful glass, and\ncandle-light, and fire-side conversations, and jests and irony--do not\nthese things go out with life? ", "Can a ghost laugh, or shake his gaunt\nsides when you are pleasant with him?--_Life and Remains of Charles Lamb._", "\n\n * * * * *\n\nA man cannot get his lesson by heart so quick as he can practise it: he\nwill repeat it in his actions.", "\n\n * * * * *\n\n Printed and published every Saturday by GUNN and CAMERON, at the\n Office of the General Advertiser, No. ", "6, Church Lane, College\n Green, Dublin.--Agents: R. GROOMBRIDGE, Panyer Alley, Paternoster\n Row, London; SIMMS and DINHAM, Exchange Street, Manchester; C.\n DAVIES, North John Street, Liverpool; SLOCOMBE & SIMMS, Leeds,\n JOHN MENZIES, Prince’s Street, Edinburgh; & DAVID ROBERTSON,\n Trongate, Glasgow.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nEnd of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. ", "1 No.", "\n42, April 17, 1841, by Various\n\n*** " ]

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