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[ "What is the third smallest value in 5, i, k?", "\nk\nLet h be (-40)/19 + 8/76 + 3. ", "Which is the third biggest value? ", " (a) -4 (b) h (c) 3\na\nLet r = 14161/606 - 82/909. ", "Let i be (235/2)/5*1. ", "Let b = r - i. What is the third biggest value in 0.5, 0, b?", "\nb\nSuppose 2*p = 3*j - 59, 2*p = 5*j - 6*j - 39. ", "Which is the second smallest value? ", " (a) p (b) 5/2 (c) 0.5\nc\nLet r be 3/(210/(-2945))*-2. ", "Let k = 84 - r. What is the second biggest value in k, 3, -0.1?", "\n-0.1\nSuppose -l = 4 - 9. ", "Suppose 10 = -l*i - 25. ", "Which is the second smallest value? ", " (a) 0.1 (b) i (c) 1 (d) -0.4\nd\nSuppose j = 7*j + 312. ", "Let s be (1 - (-6)/4)*j. ", "Let u = s + 394/3. ", "Which is the biggest value? ", " (a) -1/3 (b) u (c) -4\nb\nLet t = 478 - 478. ", "Which is the second biggest value? ", " (a) -8 (b) t (c) 7\nb\nLet v = -0.23 - -0.05. ", "Let k = -0.48 - v. Let q = -362/55 - -32/5. ", "Which is the second biggest value? ", " (a) 3 (b) k (c) q\nc\nLet v(j) = -62*j + 4. ", "Let s be v(2). ", "Let d be 164/s - (-2)/(-15). ", "Which is the third biggest value? ", " (a) -2 (b) 4 (c) d\na\nSuppose -27 = -4*c - 3*l, 0*l - 16 = -2*c - 2*l. ", "Suppose 4*w = c*w + 1. ", "What is the third biggest value in -4/5, -2, w?", "\n-2\nLet f = -0.3441 + 0.0441. ", "Which is the smallest value? ", " (a) f (b) 2/9 (c) -6\nc\nLet j = 3.6 + -3.53. ", "Let r = j + -0.27. ", "Let b = -6 - -10. ", "What is the smallest value in b, r, 2/7?", "\nr\nSuppose 3*x = -f + 5 - 13, -f + 7 = -2*x. ", "Suppose -17 = -9*j - 26. ", "Let m be j + 2 + -2 + 4. ", "Which is the third biggest value? ", " (a) -5 (b) f (c) m\na\nLet g = -1.1 - -3.6. ", "Let c = -23 - -21.5. ", "Let k = g - c. What is the second smallest value in -2, -4, k?", "\n-2\nLet m = -0.6 - -0.3. ", "Let o = m - -0.4. ", "Let g be (-1)/(132/(-16))*(-2 + (-7)/(-14)). ", "What is the third biggest value in 5, g, o?", "\ng\nLet j = -284 - -1987/7. ", "Which is the third biggest value? ", " (a) 0.4 (b) 0.12 (c) j\nc\nSuppose -3*w = -4*h + 60, 0*h + 2*w = -4*h + 40. ", "Let c be (-1)/(-4) + (-90)/8. ", "Let n be c/(154/h) - -1. ", "What is the second smallest value in n, 2/5, 0?", "\nn\nLet g = 12.7 + 95.3. ", "What is the smallest value in -4, -2, g, 0.2?", "\n-4\nLet t = -397.1 + 397. ", "What is the smallest value in 3/7, t, 6, -3?", "\n-3\nLet g(m) = -3*m + 11 - 10 + 4. ", "Let j be g(3). ", "Which is the third biggest value? ", " (a) 2 (b) j (c) -3\nb\nSuppose 2 = -4*f + 6. ", "Let u = 99 - 691/7. ", "What is the second smallest value in -7, u, f, -2?", "\n-2\nLet r = -976 - -979. ", "Let o = -3 + 8. ", "Which is the third smallest value? ", " (a) -1/6 (b) o (c) r (d) 3/5\nc\nLet m = 3 + -3.2. ", "Suppose -2 = -2*p - 34. ", "Let r = 17 + p. Which is the smallest value? ", " (a) r (b) 4/7 (c) m\nc\nLet j = 303.3 - 303. ", "Which is the third smallest value? ", " (a) 2 (b) j (c) 108\nc\nLet n = 47 - 35. ", "Let z = -12.5 + -2.5. ", "Let k = n + z. Which is the second smallest value? ", " (a) k (b) 0.4 (c) 4\nb\nLet v = 4.48 - 4. ", "Let x = -21.52 - v. Let r = x - -26. ", "What is the biggest value in -0.1, 2, r?", "\nr\nLet q = 261 + -260.2. ", "Let d = -5.15 - -0.15. ", "What is the smallest value in d, 0.4, q?", "\nd\nLet f = -15 + 17. ", "Let l = f - 16. ", "Which is the third smallest value? ", " (a) 0 (b) 2/3 (c) l\nb\nLet q be (-39)/189 - (125/(-45) - -3). ", "Let b = 0.02 - -0.98. ", "What is the fourth smallest value in 5, q, -2, b?", "\n5\nLet t = 0.007 - 3.007. ", "Which is the third smallest value? ", " (a) -0.04 (b) -2/7 (c) t\na\nLet l = -65 + 65. ", "Let x = 18.17 + -23.3. ", "Let i = x - -0.13. ", "Which is the second biggest value? ", " (a) l (b) -4 (c) i\nb\nLet v = -137.3 + 187.3. ", "Which is the second biggest value? ", " (a) 0.1 (b) v (c) -4\na\nSuppose 0 = -l - 3*q + 13, -2*q = -4*l + 10 - 0. ", "Let y be 2/l*50/20. ", "Which is the third biggest value? ", " (a) -1 (b) 3 (c) y\na\nLet t be 312/208*2/(-3). ", "What is the biggest value in -15, -5, -2/7, t?", "\n-2/7\nLet t = -32 - 184. ", "Let o be t/240*2/3. ", "Which is the second biggest value? ", " (a) 4 (b) o (c) -0.3\nc\nLet r be ((-76)/(-133))/(12/(-14)). ", "Which is the third smallest value? ", " (a) 5 (b) 0 (c) r\na\nLet d = -885 + 884. ", "Let r = 635 - 3162/5. ", "Which is the smallest value? ", " (a) -3/5 (b) d (c) r\nb\nSuppose 4*u - 18 - 14 = 0. ", "Suppose -w + 4*n = -u, -2*w + 2 = -4*w - n. What is the third biggest value in -0.5, 1, -2/7, w?", "\n-2/7\nSuppose i - 23 = -5*j, -4*j + 19 + 9 = 4*i. ", "Suppose 6 = j*v - v + 3*y, -v - 2*y + 1 = 0. ", "What is the second smallest value in -5, v, -3, 5?", "\n-3\nLet u = 0.3036 - 2.3036. ", "Let m = 0.04 + 0.36. ", "Which is the smallest value? ", " (a) 0.6 (b) u (c) m (d) -1/2\nb\nLet o = -118/119 - -12/17. ", "What is the second biggest value in 0.4, o, 1, -5?", "\n0.4\nSuppose 3*q - 25 = -2*q. ", "Let x = 7 + -10.1. ", "What is the second biggest value in x, 2/3, q?", "\n2/3\nLet s = 55 + -57. ", "What is the second biggest value in 18/13, s, 2/7?", "\n2/7\nLet f = -29 - -15. ", "Let g be ((-36)/(-56))/((-12)/f). ", "Which is the smallest value? ", " (a) g (b) -0.1 (c) 2\nb\nLet d = -71 + 74. ", "Suppose 0*j + 5 = j. What is the fourth biggest value in d, j, 2/13, -1/9?", "\n-1/9\nLet t = 18 + -17.63. ", "Let h = t - 5.37. ", "What is the smallest value in -12, h, -3?", "\n-12\nLet m = 39 - 34. ", "Let k = 20 - 23. ", "What is the smallest value in m, 1, k, 4?", "\nk\nSuppose 4*f = -z, 4*f = -2*z + 6*z + 20. ", "Let n = 0.73 + -0.63. ", "What is the biggest value in f, n, -1, 0.07?", "\nf\nLet h = -0.02 - -0.07. ", "Let v = 0.209 - 0.009. ", "What is the fourth smallest value in -4, 0.3, v, h?", "\n0.3\nSuppose -4*a - 26 = -6. ", "Let h be a/10 - (-28)/(-8). ", "What is the third smallest value in 1, h, 2?", "\n2\nSuppose -2*r + 3 + 3 = 0. ", "Let i = 16 - 19. ", "Let g be i/(-4)*48/(-54). ", "Which is the smallest value? ", " (a) 0.2 (b) g (c) r\nb\nLet o be 0/2 - (-6)/(-9). ", "Let j = -309 - -312. ", "Which is the second biggest value? ", " (a) 2/7 (b) o (c) j\na\nLet z = 85/2 - 42. ", "What is the third biggest value in -3/5, -3, z, -2/13?", "\n-3/5\nLet t = 157 - 156.93. ", "Which is the third smallest value? ", " (a) -4 (b) t (c) 1 (d) -2\nb\nLet q = -1/1461 - 5839/7305. ", "Let r = 2 - 2.5. ", "What is the fourth biggest value in r, -0.6, 0.2, q?", "\nq\nLet d = -3 + 2.7. ", "Let f be 4*3/90*(-1)/1. ", "Let q = -0.1 - 0.1. ", "Which is the third smallest value? ", " (a) f (b) d (c) q\na\nLet y = 17.177 - 0.077. ", "Let c = y + -17. ", "Let f be 8/6*6 + 1. ", "What is the smallest value in c, f, 3?", "\nc\nLet s = -1 - -3. ", "Let n be s/(-4) + 6/28. ", "Let q = 27.289 - 25.289. ", "Which is the second smallest value? ", " (a) n (b) -0.4 (c) q\na\nLet l be (4/(-10))/(2 - (-45)/(-25)). ", "Which is the fourth smallest value? ", " (a) 5/4 (b) 4/7 (c) 0 (d) l\na\nSuppose -h = 2*h - 18. ", "Suppose w - h = -3*f, -w = -0*f + f - 2. ", "Which is the smallest value? ", " (a) -2 (b) -4 (c) f\nb\nLet u = 50.889 - -0.111. ", "Let p = -56 + u. Which is the third biggest value? ", " (a) -4 (b) p (c) 5 (d) 0\na\nLet p = -1.2 - -1.8. ", "Let k = -25 + 25.13. ", "Let i = k - -0.27. ", "Which is the biggest value? ", " (a) p (b) i (c) 0\na\nLet q = -0.0224 + -1.9776. ", "Which is the fourth smallest value? ", " (a) -3 (b) 0.5 (c) 2/5 (d) q\nb\nLet v = -0.0147 + 0.3847. ", "Which is the fourth smallest value? ", " (a) -1 (b) v (c) 5 (d) -0.4\nc\nLet c = -0.076 - 7.924. ", "What is the smallest value in c, -1, 2?", "\nc\nLet z be -1 - 1/161*-163. ", "Let a = z + 479/322. ", "Let m be (2 + 0)*6/30. ", "What is the smallest value in 1, a, m?", "\nm\nSuppose 0 = -6*h + 2 + 16. ", "Let w be 4/8*h/2. ", "Let v = 7 + -7.3. ", "What is the biggest value in w, v, 0.2?", "\nw\nLet a be 92/(-10) - (22 - 31). ", "What is the third biggest value in 4, a, 0.04, 2?", "\n0.04\nLet z = 150 + -152. ", "What is the smallest value in 2/5, 2.1, z?", "\nz\nLet l = -813 + 808. ", "Which is the fourth biggest value? ", " (a) -3/4 (b) 4 (c) l (d) 1.1\nc\nLet p = -5 - -7. ", "Suppose -p = j - h, -3*j - 2*h + h + 2 = 0. ", "Let r = -2 - -5. ", "Which is the second biggest value? ", " (a) -0.3 (b) j (c) r\nb\nLet p be (-89)/30 - 11/(-11)*3. ", "What is the fourth biggest value in p, -3/8, 0.4, 5?", "\n-3/8\nLet v = 0.065 + 0.235. ", "What is the second biggest value in -2, v, -0.006?", "\n-0.006\nLet k(q) = -q**2 + 6*q - 6. ", "Let j be k(3). ", "Let h be (j/12)/((-3)/(-9)). ", "What is the second biggest value in 3/7, -0.2, h?", "\n3/7\nSuppose 3*t + 20 = 38. ", "Suppose -m = -3*s + 10, 2*m = s - 2*s - t. Which is the second biggest value? ", " (a) -3/8 (b) s (c) -2\na\nSuppose -60 - 120 = -10*q. ", "What is the smallest value in q, 1/4, -4?", "\n-4\nLet r = 63.89 + -64. ", "What is the third smallest value in r, 5, -2, 1/9?", "\n1/9\nLet l(r) = 2 - 5*r + 7*r**2 - 7 - 8*r**2. ", "Let a be l(-5). ", "Let m be 8/320 + 2/a. What is the third biggest value in 1/8, m, 1?", "\nm\nLet k = -75.4 - -79.4. ", "Which is the biggest value? ", " (a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 2/9 (d) k\nb\nLet h(o) = o - 14. ", "Let j be h(19). ", "Suppose j*x = -x - 30. ", "Whi" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHaving trouble calling a static method in main method\n\nI've written a static method that method takes a single int parameter that is the numeric month and returns the number of days in the given month. ", "So, a parameter of 1 would return 31 since there are 31 days in January and a parameter of 2 would return 28 since there are 28 days in February, so on and so forth.", "\nHowever, when I try to call the static method in my main method, I get an error message that reads void type not allowed here. ", "Can someone help me figure out what I've done wrong? ", "Here is what I have so far:\npublic class Days {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n\n System.out.println(daysInMonth(1));\n\n }\n public static void daysInMonth(int month) {\n if (month==1||month==3||month==5||month==7||month==8||month==10||month==12)\n System.out.println(\"31\");\n else if (month==4||month==6||month==9||month==11)\n System.out.println(\"30\");\n else if (month==2)\n System.out.println(\"28\");\n }\n}\n\nA:\n\nYour method is void. ", "You can't print a void value. ", "You could change\nSystem.out.println(daysInMonth(1));\n\nto\ndaysInMonth(1);\n\nor change daysInMonth to return the int value like\npublic static int daysInMonth(int month) {\n if (month == 1 || month == 3 || month == 5 || month == 7 || month == 8\n || month == 10 || month == 12)\n return 31;\n else if (month == 4 || month == 6 || month == 9 || month == 11)\n return 30;\n return 28;\n}\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "About Jolokia\n\nJolokia is a specialized video solutions provider that helps enterprise customers and UC providers to manage high quality video, in a secure and flexible manner, live as well as on-demand. ", "Jolokia has a unique combination of proprietary SaaS and PaaS technology in addition to in-depth webcasting and streaming expertise. ", "We customize and integrate solutions to each customer’s and partners’ specific needs.", "\n\nWhat We Offer You\n\nCare: Jolokia is your partner and we are committed to your success!", "\n\nExperience: over 50 years of combined experience in networks, video streaming and integration\n\nCustomer Service: customers appreciate us for dedicated customer service" ]

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[ "// Boost.", "Varaint\r\n// Contains multivisitors that are implemented via variadic templates and std::tuple\r\n//\r\n// See http://www.boost.org for most recent version, including documentation.", "\r\n//\r\n// Copyright Antony Polukhin, 2013-2014.", "\r\n//\r\n// Distributed under the Boost\r\n// Software License, Version 1.0. (", "See accompanying file\r\n// LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt).", "\r\n\r\n#ifndef BOOST_VARIANT_DETAIL_MULTIVISITORS_CPP11_BASED_HPP\r\n#define BOOST_VARIANT_DETAIL_MULTIVISITORS_CPP11_BASED_HPP\r\n\r\n#if defined(_MSC_VER)\r\n# pragma once\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n#include <boost/variant/detail/apply_visitor_unary.hpp>\r\n#include <boost/variant/variant_fwd.hpp> // for BOOST_VARIANT_DO_NOT_USE_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES\r\n\r\n#if defined(BOOST_VARIANT_DO_NOT_USE_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES) || defined(BOOST_NO_CXX11_HDR_TUPLE)\r\n# error \"This file requires <tuple> and variadic templates support\"\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n#include <tuple>\r\n\r\nnamespace boost { \r\n\r\nnamespace detail { namespace variant {\r\n\r\n // Implementing some of the C++14 features in C++11\r\n template <std::size_t... I> class index_sequence {};\r\n\r\n template <std::size_t N, std::size_t... I> \r\n struct make_index_sequence \r\n : make_index_sequence<N-1, N-1, I...> \r\n {};\r\n template <std::size_t... I> \r\n struct make_index_sequence<0, I...> \r\n : index_sequence<I...> \r\n {};\r\n\r\n template <class... Types>\r\n std::tuple<Types&...> forward_as_tuple_simple(Types&... args) BOOST_NOEXCEPT\r\n {\r\n return std::tuple<Types&...>(args...);\r\n }\r\n\r\n // Implementing some of the helper tuple methods\r\n template <std::size_t... I, typename Tuple>\r\n std::tuple<typename std::tuple_element<I + 1, Tuple>::type...> \r\n tuple_tail_impl(const Tuple& tpl, index_sequence<I...>)\r\n {\r\n return std::tuple<\r\n typename std::tuple_element<I + 1, Tuple>::type...\r\n > (std::get<I + 1>(tpl)...);\r\n }\r\n\r\n template <typename Head, typename... Tail>\r\n std::tuple<Tail...> tuple_tail(const std::tuple<Head, Tail...>& tpl)\r\n {\r\n return tuple_tail_impl(tpl, make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Tail)>());\r\n }\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n // Forward declaration\r\n template <typename Visitor, typename Visitables, typename... Values>\r\n class one_by_one_visitor_and_value_referer;\r\n\r\n template <typename Visitor, typename Visitables, typename... Values>\r\n inline one_by_one_visitor_and_value_referer<Visitor, Visitables, Values... >\r\n make_one_by_one_visitor_and_value_referer(\r\n Visitor& visitor, Visitables visitables, std::tuple<Values&...> values\r\n )\r\n {\r\n return one_by_one_visitor_and_value_referer<Visitor, Visitables, Values... > (\r\n visitor, visitables, values\r\n );\r\n }\r\n\r\n template <typename Visitor, typename Visitables, typename... Values>\r\n class one_by_one_visitor_and_value_referer\r\n {\r\n Visitor& visitor_;\r\n std::tuple<Values&...> values_;\r\n Visitables visitables_;\r\n\r\n public: // structors\r\n one_by_one_visitor_and_value_referer(\r\n Visitor& visitor, Visitables visitables, std::tuple<Values&...> values\r\n ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT\r\n : visitor_(visitor)\r\n , values_(values)\r\n , visitables_(visitables)\r\n {}\r\n\r\n public: // visitor interfaces\r\n typedef typename Visitor::result_type result_type;\r\n\r\n template <typename Value>\r\n BOOST_VARIANT_AUX_GENERIC_RESULT_TYPE(result_type) operator()(Value& value) const\r\n {\r\n return ::boost::apply_visitor(\r\n make_one_by_one_visitor_and_value_referer(\r\n visitor_,\r\n tuple_tail(visitables_),\r\n std::tuple_cat(values_, std::tuple<Value&>(value))\r\n )\r\n , std::get<0>(visitables_) // getting Head element\r\n );\r\n }\r\n\r\n private:\r\n one_by_one_visitor_and_value_referer& operator=(const one_by_one_visitor_and_value_referer&);\r\n };\r\n\r\n template <typename Visitor, typename... Values>\r\n class one_by_one_visitor_and_value_referer<Visitor, std::tuple<>, Values...>\r\n {\r\n Visitor& visitor_;\r\n std::tuple<Values&...> values_;\r\n\r\n public:\r\n one_by_one_visitor_and_value_referer(\r\n Visitor& visitor, std::tuple<> /*visitables*/, std::tuple<Values&...> values\r\n ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT\r\n : visitor_(visitor)\r\n , values_(values)\r\n {}\r\n\r\n typedef typename Visitor::result_type result_type;\r\n\r\n template <class Tuple, std::size_t... I>\r\n BOOST_VARIANT_AUX_GENERIC_RESULT_TYPE(result_type) do_call(Tuple t, index_sequence<I...>) const {\r\n return visitor_(std::get<I>(t)...);\r\n }\r\n\r\n template <typename Value>\r\n BOOST_VARIANT_AUX_GENERIC_RESULT_TYPE(result_type) operator()(Value& value) const\r\n {\r\n return do_call(\r\n std::tuple_cat(values_, std::tuple<Value&>(value)),\r\n make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Values) + 1>()\r\n );\r\n }\r\n };\r\n\r\n}} // namespace detail::variant\r\n\r\n template <class Visitor, class T1, class T2, class T3, class... TN>\r\n inline BOOST_VARIANT_AUX_GENERIC_RESULT_TYPE(typename Visitor::result_type)\r\n apply_visitor(const Visitor& visitor, T1& v1, T2& v2, T3& v3, TN&... vn)\r\n {\r\n return ::boost::apply_visitor(\r\n ::boost::detail::variant::make_one_by_one_visitor_and_value_referer(\r\n visitor,\r\n ::boost::detail::variant::forward_as_tuple_simple(v2, v3, vn...),\r\n std::tuple<>()\r\n ),\r\n v1\r\n );\r\n }\r\n \r\n template <class Visitor, class T1, class T2, class T3, class... TN>\r\n inline BOOST_VARIANT_AUX_GENERIC_RESULT_TYPE(typename Visitor::result_type)\r\n apply_visitor(Visitor& visitor, T1& v1, T2& v2, T3& v3, TN&... vn)\r\n {\r\n return ::boost::apply_visitor(\r\n ::boost::detail::variant::make_one_by_one_visitor_and_value_referer(\r\n visitor,\r\n ::boost::detail::variant::forward_as_tuple_simple(v2, v3, vn...),\r\n std::tuple<>()\r\n ),\r\n v1\r\n );\r\n }\r\n\r\n} // namespace boost\r\n\r\n#endif // BOOST_VARIANT_DETAIL_MULTIVISITORS_CPP11_BASED_HPP\r\n\r\n" ]

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[ "# object.defaults [](https://www.npmjs.com/package/object.defaults) [](https://npmjs.org/package/object.defaults) [](https://npmjs.org/package/object.defaults) [](https://travis-ci.org/jonschlinkert/object.defaults)\n\n> Like `extend` but only copies missing properties/values to the target object.", "\n\n## Install\n\nInstall with [npm](https://www.npmjs.com/):\n\n```sh\n$ npm install --save object.defaults\n```\n\nInstall with [bower](https://bower.io/)\n\n```sh\n$ bower install object.defaults --save\n```\n\n## Usage\n\n```js\nvar defaults = require('object.defaults');\n\nvar obj = {a: 'c'};\ndefaults(obj, {a: 'bbb', d: 'c'});\nconsole.log(obj);\n//=> {a: 'c', d: 'c'}\n```\n\nOr immutable defaulting:\n```js\nvar defaults = require('object.defaults/immutable');\nvar obj = {a: 'c'};\nvar defaulted = defaults(obj, {a: 'bbb', d: 'c'});\nconsole.log(obj !", "== defaulted);\n//=> true\n```\n\n## About\n\n### Contributing\n\nPull requests and stars are always welcome. ", "For bugs and feature requests, [please create an issue](../../issues/new).", "\n\n### Contributors\n\n| **Commits** | **Contributor** | \n| --- | --- |\n| 16 | [jonschlinkert](https://github.com/jonschlinkert) |\n| 1 | [phated](https://github.com/phated) |\n| 1 | [sobolevn](https://github.com/sobolevn) |\n\n### Building docs\n\n_(This project's readme.md is generated by [verb](https://github.com/verbose/verb-generate-readme), please don't edit the readme directly. ", "Any changes to the readme must be made in the [.verb.md](.verb.md) readme template.)_", "\n\nTo generate the readme, run the following command:\n\n```sh\n$ npm install -g verbose/verb#dev verb-generate-readme && verb\n```\n\n### Running tests\n\nRunning and reviewing unit tests is a great way to get familiarized with a library and its API. ", "You can install dependencies and run tests with the following command:\n\n```sh\n$ npm install && npm test\n```\n\n### Author\n\n**Jon Schlinkert**\n\n* [github/jonschlinkert](https://github.com/jonschlinkert)\n* [twitter/jonschlinkert](https://twitter.com/jonschlinkert)\n\n### License\n\nCopyright © 2017, [Jon Schlinkert](https://github.com/jonschlinkert).", "\nReleased under the [MIT License](LICENSE).", "\n\n***\n\n_This file was generated by [verb-generate-readme](https://github.com/verbose/verb-generate-readme), v0.5.0, on April 26, 2017._" ]

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[ "Molecular characterization of a novel 55.1 kb (G)gamma((A)gammadeltabeta)(0)-thalassemia deletion in two Canadian families.", "\nWe report two Canadian families in which there are four carriers of a novel (G)gamma((A)gammadeltabeta)(0)-thalassemia deletion. ", "The patients all have mild microcytosis and hypochromia, and elevated levels of Hb F ranging from 9.7 to 17.3%. ", "The precise endpoints of the deletion have been identified and are unique relative to other forms of (G)gamma((A)gammadeltabeta)(0)-thal reported in the literature. ", "The deletion encompasses approximately 55.1 kb, beginning approximately 1.6 kb downstream of the (G)gamma-globin gene and extending approximately 29.0 kb downstream of the beta-globin gene." ]

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[ "Great Fit, Great Comfort\nI am a female. ", "I enjoy wearing the Men's Munsingwear V=Neck Undershirts. ", "The all cotton shirt feels good next to my skin and add extra warmth under my clothing. ", "I wear the shirts all winter.", "\nDecember 1, 2014\n\ngreat fit\nmy husband is an average height. ", "this shirt just fits to a \"tee\". ", "launders well and keeps white. ", "his favorite brand over all.", "\nAugust 26, 2013\n\nVery nice quality tee shirts\nMost bargain brand tee shirts are thin and don't wash well. ", "These are a nice quality material and wash beautifully.", "\nMarch 13, 2013\n\nThe great t shirts\nYears ago my Mother worked at a company in Worcester that had a employee store. ", "They sold the Munsingwear t shirts. ", "My husband loved them. ", "When we could no longer get these, he tried others and with no luck.", "\nWhen I received your magazine, He was thrilled to see the Munsingwear t's for sale. ", "I have since ordered them and he is happily wearing them.", "\nThank you for carring a great product.", "\nFebruary 7, 2013\n\nEndless Underwear\nEvery year Mom got us underwear and socks for Christmas. ", "EVERY SINGLE YEAR. ", "As kids, we dreaded opening those boxes because we had to make a fuss or Mom would be hurt and we couldn't handle that. ", "But as an adult, if I don't get underwear for Christmas, I feel let down. ", "So I get my own, and I love ordering it from the Vermont Country Store, as at least I get to OPEN THE PACKAGE when it arrives in the mail. ", "I can depend on the quality of the product, and I HATE shopping for underwear in stores...it's kinda a peronal thing, ya know?", "\nNovember 10, 2012\n\n\"Dear Mr. Orton, I ordered Munsingwear V-neck T-shirts for my husband—another brand from the past. ", "They are fantastic. ", "They retain their size and shape, even after many washings, and the color does not fade to a dingy yellow or gray. ", "My husband is pleased with the feel of the material, and I am pleased with the value.\" - ", "Patricia Nau, Hammond, IN" ]

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[ "Claude Beales\n\nClaud Alfred Herbert Beales (23 August 1887 – 3 August 1963) was an Australian rules footballer who played with St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL).", "\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links \n\nCategory:1887 births\nCategory:1963 deaths\nCategory:Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)\nCategory:St Kilda Football Club players\nCategory:Chilwell Football Club players" ]

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[ "(CNN) A march honoring Nicaraguans killed in violence surrounding recent anti-government demonstrations also ended in bloodshed Wednesday -- the country's Mother's Day.", "\n\n\"We've received grave claims of deaths and serious injuries that resulted from today's violence in Nicaragua,\" Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) Executive Secretary Paulo Abrao tweeted Wednesday.", "\n\nOn Thursday, the Nicaraguan Center for Human Rights released a statement saying 16 people had been killed and 88 injured during the clashes. ", "The march had been promoted as a peaceful demonstration by organizers.", "\n\nRights group Amnesty International, which had a delegation accompanying the march, said it \"witnessed the chaos caused by the detonation of firearms,\" and accused police and pro-government groups, known as \"Sandinista mobs,\" of carrying out attacks.", "\n\nCivil unrest has plagued the Central American country since April, when massive protests broke out over proposed government reforms to the country's social security system.", "\n\nRead More" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to make a scrolling row of Divs using CSS & Javascript?", "\n\nI am trying to create a webpage with a dynamic number of forms (to represent a list of items a user can describe.", "\nI have most of my functionality working, but I would like the dymicly added forms to show up in a row (with a scroll bar if needed) I have this mostly working. ", "in Firefox it works as expected, but in IE9 (in standards mode) once the the content forces a scroll bar to be show the below the dymanic forms gets pushed down more for each new item added (If I set overflow-x: scroll rather than \"auto\" I do not get this) I am OK with the visual shift when the scrollbar initally apears, but after that I would not expect further shifts.", "\nstripped down example:\n<!", "DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n<head>\n<script>\n var next_id = 1;\n\n function maximize_width(element) {\n var w = 0;\n var c = element.firstChild;\n\n while (c) {\n if (!", "isNaN(c.offsetWidth)) {\n w += c.offsetWidth;\n }\n c = c.nextSibling;\n }\n element.style.width = w + \"px\";\n }\n\n function do_add() {\n var container = document.getElementById(\"container\");\n var t = document.getElementById(\"template\").cloneNode(true); //clone the template\n t.id = \"item_\" + next_id; //create a new unique id\n t.className = \"item\";\n next_id += 1;\n container.appendChild(t);\n maximize_width(container);\n }\n\n</script>\n<style>\n\n#template{\n display:none;\n}\n\n#scroll-container {\n width: 100%;\n margin: 0px;\n overflow-x: auto;\n overflow-y: hidden;\n}\n\n#container{\n}\n\n.item{\n display:inline-block;\n margin: 0px;\n width: 200px;\n height: 200px;\n background-color: green;\n}\n\n</style>\n</head>\n <body>\n <div id=\"scroll-container\">\n <div id=\"container\">\n <form id=\"template\" class=\"template\">\n </form>\n </div>\n </div>\n <button onclick=\"do_add()\">Add</button>\n </body>\n</html>\n\nA:\n\nDoesn't this addition to your header suffice ?", "\n<meta http-equiv=\"X-UA-Compatible\" content=\"IE=edge\" />\n\n(I haven't IE on my linux workstation but it is usually enough to make IE9 work as expected if the doctype is already correct)\n\n" ]

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[ "Wristband Accelerometers to motiVate arm Exercises after Stroke (WAVES): a pilot randomized controlled trial.", "\nTo evaluate the feasibility of a multicentre, observer-blind, pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) of a wristband accelerometer with activity-dependent vibration alerts to prompt impaired arm use after stroke. ", "Parallel-group pilot RCT. ", "Four English stroke services. ", "Patients 0-3 months post stroke with a new arm deficit. ", "Participants were randomized to wear a prompting or 'sham' wristband during a four-week self-directed therapy programme with twice-weekly therapy review. ", "Recruitment, retention and adherence rates, safety and completion of assessments were reported. ", "Arm recovery was measured by Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) and Motor Activity Log (MAL) without statistical comparison. ", "In total, 33 patients were recruited (0.6 per month/site; median time post stroke: 26 days (interquartile range (IQR):15.5-45)). ", "Baseline, four-week and eight-week median (IQR) ARAT for the control group (n = 19) were 15 (2-35), 35 (15-26) and 31 (21-55) and those for the intervention group (n = 14) were 37 (16-45), 57 (29-57) and 57 (37-57), respectively; for MAL Amount of Use, the corresponding values in the control group were 0.2 (0.0-1.2), 1.1 (0.3-2.9) and 1.2 (0.7-2.9) and in the intervention group were 1.4 (0.5-2.6), 3.8 (1.9-4.5) and 3.7 (2.1-4.3). ", "Four participants withdrew from the study. ", "Wristbands were worn for 79% of the recommended time. ", "The intervention and control group participants received a median of 6.0 (IQR: 4.3-8.0) and 7.5 (IQR: 6.8-8.0) therapy reviews. ", "A median of 8 (IQR: 6-10) prompts were delivered per intervention participant/day. ", "Research assessments were completed for 28/29 and 25/28 patients at four and eight weeks. ", "Eight serious adverse events were reported, all unrelated to the intervention. ", "A multicentre RCT of wristband accelerometers to prompt arm activity early after stroke is feasible. ", "A total sample of 108 participants would be required." ]

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[ "Check out the above link. ", "The recall last week involving the 8 Toyota models has now prompted Toyota to suspend sales of these vehicles due to faulty gas pedals. ", "This does not involve the recall for floor mats.", "\n\nI talked to toyta today in the service department and they said the floormat thing is crap. ", "if you bring it in they just put a smaller gas pedal on it or cut the pedal. ", "The new recall is freaking alot of people out they said, everybody and their mom is coming in saying there car is doing weird stuff now. ", "It is like if you tell some I think your getting sick .. then they think they are sick\n\nReminicient of the claims against Audi in the 80s. ", "Nothing was ever proven faulty, well except the nuts behind the wheel. ", "Everyone was coming out of the woodwork that it was the cars fault when any accident occurred. ", "Who knows how much revenue they lost.....\n\nYeah I'm sure hope it is an easy fix and doesnt hurt them too bad, Toyota is an awesome company and it would suck for them to have to start saving pennies here and there through shotty parts and labor just because this hurt them financially.", "\n\nYou know thats what happens, big companies take a big hit and then they have to find all areas where they can cut back to try and get back on top. ", "I just hope it isnt that big of a hit, they are one of the last companies that makes quality vehicles that last a long time and hold their value.", "\n\nYeah I'm sure hope it is an easy fix and doesnt hurt them too bad, Toyota is an awesome company and it would suck for them to have to start saving pennies here and there through shotty parts and labor just because this hurt them financially.", "\n\nYou know thats what happens, big companies take a big hit and then they have to find all areas where they can cut back to try and get back on top. ", "I just hope it isnt that big of a hit, they are one of the last companies that makes quality vehicles that last a long time and hold their value.", "\n\nTOKYO (Reuters) - Toyota Motor Corp (7203.T) plans to cut auto parts procurement costs by around 30 percent over three years to help it regain profitability, media said on Tuesday.", "\nToyota has asked its suppliers to cut prices of some parts by 30-40 percent for cars that will hit the market by 2013, the Asahi daily said. ", "The Nikkei business daily also said Toyota plans to switch to less expensive materials and parts.", "\nToyota spokesman Takanori Yokoi said the automaker had made \"various suggestions including cost reductions\" to suppliers on Monday, but he declined to disclose details.", "\nToyota, which has forecast its second straight annual operating loss, plans to overhaul its car designs to help cut costs, the two newspapers said.", "\nToyota's request for a 30 percent reduction in costs -- the biggest in 10 years -- comes as the automaker is trying to sharpen its price competitiveness in emerging markets, the Asahi said.", "\nGrowing concern over the yen's continued strength is also behind the move, the Asahi said.", "\nToyota's shares gained 1.6 percent to 3,780 yen while the broader Nikkei 225 index .N225 advanced 1 percent." ]

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[ "Suppressed MMP-9 Activity in Myocardial Infarction-Related Cardiogenic Shock Implies Diminished Rage Degradation.", "\nReceptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and its cleavage fragment soluble RAGE (sRAGE) are opposite players in inflammation. ", "Enhanced monocytic RAGE expression and decreased plasma sRAGE levels are associated with higher mortality in infarction-related cardiogenic shock. ", "Active matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) has been implied in RAGE ectodomain cleavage and subsequently sRAGE shedding in vitro. ", "We investigated MMP-9 activity in myocardial infarction-induced cardiogenic shock with regard to RAGE/sRAGE regulation. ", "We determined MMP-9 serum activity by zymography and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP-1) expression by Western blot and correlated it to RAGE/sRAGE data in patients with cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction (CS, n = 30), in patients with acute myocardial infarction without shock (AMI, n = 20) and in healthy volunteers (n = 20).MMP-9 activity is increased in AMI (P = 0.02 versus controls), but significantly decreased in CS with lowest levels in non-survivors (n = 13, P = 0.02 versus AMI). ", "In all patients, MMP-9 activity correlated inversely with RAGE expression on circulating monocytes (r = -0.57; P = 0.0001; n = 50).TIMP-1 levels showed an inverse regulation in comparison to active MMP-9 with significantly decreased levels in AMI as compared with controls (P = 0.02 versus controls) and highest levels in non-survivors of CS (P <0.001 versus AMI). ", "Serum MMP-9 activity is increased in acute myocardial infarction, but markedly suppressed in cardiogenic shock. ", "Maintaining MMP-9 activity could be a therapeutic target to limit RAGE-induced deleterious inflammation in cardiogenic shock." ]

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[ "Inhaled nitric oxide attenuates reperfusion inflammatory responses in humans.", "\nReduced bioavailability of endothelium-derived nitric oxide associated with reperfusion could potentially exacerbate the inflammatory response during reperfusion. ", "Evidence suggests the pharmacologic effects of inhaled nitric oxide may extend beyond the pulmonary vasculature, and this is attributed to nitric oxide-derived complexes in blood that ultimately orchestrate antiinflammatory effects. ", "In this study, the authors evaluated the potential for inhaled nitric oxide (80 ppm) to attenuate inflammation instigated by ischemia-reperfusion in a human model using patients undergoing knee surgery where a tourniquet was used to produce a bloodless surgical field. ", "Inhaled nitric oxide (80 ppm) was administered before tourniquet application and continued throughout reperfusion until the completion of surgery. ", "Venous blood samples were collected before and after reperfusion, for the measurements of nitrate and nitrite, CD11b/CD18, soluble P-selectin, and lipid hydroperoxide. ", "Muscle biopsies were obtained from the quadriceps muscle before skin closure and analyzed for myeloperoxide, conjugated dienes, and nuclear factor-kappaB translocation. ", "Administration of inhaled nitric oxide (80 ppm) significantly attenuated the inflammatory response characterized by reduced expression of CD11b/CD18, P-selectin, and nuclear factor kappaB compared with the control group. ", "This was accompanied by increased plasma levels of nitrate and nitrite and reduced oxidative stress. ", "Administration of inhaled nitric oxide at 80 ppm significantly reduces inflammation in lower extremity ischemia-reperfusion in humans. ", "This observation supports the concept that during diseases characterized by dysfunction in nitric oxide metabolism, inhaled nitric oxide may be an effective therapy to replenish systemic nitric oxide, thus retarding inflammatory-mediated injury." ]

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[ "Analog and digital audio content is customarily originated, captured, stored, and delivered to consumers via analog and digital media of various types. ", "For example, CDs, DVDs, BDs, magnetic tape, LP records, film prints, digital files and streams are used with various inherent limitations and benefits to deliver sufficient fidelity to be enjoyed by consumers. ", "The benefits and drawbacks of many of the aforementioned origination, capture, storage and transmission media and means are well known.", "\nEach listener brings a personal set of perceptual characteristics to his or her experience of hearing. ", "Because of natural differences between each listener's hearing acuity and perceptual apparatus, individual listeners may experience audio content differently from the same content as it is experienced by another person, for example by the content producer. ", "Natural frequency, dynamic, and time domain deviations may exist among different listeners, including between each ear among listeners. ", "These naturally occurring differences may include differences in apparent sound intensity, pitch, thresholds such as ‘the threshold of audibility’ at different frequencies, and sensitivity to positional cues.", "\nCreative producer mixes of popular music and movie/episodic soundtracks are available, each highlighting creative choices that may emphasize certain audio characteristics such as frequency response curves and balance, dynamics, or single channel, stereo or multichannel effects such as surround, echo, delay or other positional cues. ", "However, physical characteristics of each listener's outer and inner ears, and each listener's perceptual biases, influence what each listener hears when listening to the same audio recording, even when using identical sound reproduction equipment in identical environments. ", "Such differences may cause subtle impediments to communication between the producer and listener, by preventing the listener from subjectively perceiving what the creative producer intended.", "\nThe creative intent in presenting a particular audio recording—sometimes referred to as a “mix”—may include offering listeners a particular listening experience, for example a listening experience that includes a certain frequency balance, dynamics, and surround sound field. ", "Although origination, capture, storage, and delivery systems for audio reproduction are often exactingly managed in an attempt to provide high fidelity to the source content, each listener's ears and perceptual biases may nonetheless influence their hearing experience in uncontrolled ways when listening to an audio recording using a player device. ", "Thus, the subjective experience of listeners may not match the acoustic experience intended by the content producer, despite careful attention to high-fidelity reproduction in the audio player and listening environment.", "\nThese and other limitations of prior methods for processing audio content for high-fidelity may be overcome by the novel methods and apparatus disclosed herein." ]

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[ " UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT\n FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA\n\n\n PAULETTE JACKSON,\n\n Plaintiff,\n\n v.\n Civil Action No. ", "16-2056 (RDM)\n NANCY A. BERRYHILL, 1 Acting\n Commissioner of Social Security,\n\n Defendant.", "\n\n\n MEMORANDUM OPINION ADOPTING\n REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF MAGISTRATE JUDGE\n\n Plaintiff Paulette Jackson brings this action under 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) seeking reversal of\n\nthe final decision of the Acting Commissioner of Social Security denying her claim for benefits.", "\n\nThe matter is before the Court on Jackson’s motion for judgment of reversal and the\n\nCommissioner’s motion for judgment of affirmance. ", "Adopting the Report and Recommendation\n\nof Magistrate Judge G. Michael Harvey, the Court will deny Jackson’s motion and grant the\n\nCommissioner’s motion.", "\n\n Paulette Jackson applied for disability insurance and supplemental security income in\n\nMarch 2011. ", "Dkt. ", "7-5 at 2–14 (A.R. 221–33). ", "2 She claimed that she was disabled due to\n\nosteoporosis, a bleeding ulcer, and pain in her lower back, left hip, and pelvis. ", "Dkt. ", "7-6 at 7\n\n(A.R. 280). ", "The administrative law judge (“ALJ”) denied her application for benefits in May\n\n2013 on the grounds that she did not qualify as disabled. ", "Dkt. ", "7-3 at 46–52 (A.R. 114–20).", "\n\n\n1\n Acting Commissioner of Social Security Nancy A. Berryhill is automatically substituted for\nCarolyn W. Colvin pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(d).", "\n2\n Citations to the administrative record are labeled “A.R.”\n\fJackson successfully appealed that decision to the Appeals Council of the Social Security\n\nAdministration’s Office of Disability Adjudication and Review. ", "Dkt. ", "7-6 at 76–78 (A.R. 349–\n\n51). ", "The Appeals Council agreed with Jackson that the ALJ erred by failing to address the\n\nopinions of Jackson’s primary care provider, Dr. Amy Kossoff, and her previous primary care\n\nprovider, Dr. Anju Menon, and, on that basis, remanded the matter to the ALJ. ", "Dkt. ", "7-3 at 58–61\n\n(A.R. 126-29).", "\n\n On remand, the ALJ again concluded that Jackson was not disabled within the meaning\n\nof the Social Security Act. ", "Dkt. ", "7-2 at 20–28 (A.R. 19–27). ", "Although he found that Jackson’s\n\nlumbar degenerative disc disease and radiculopathy qualified as severe impairments, the ALJ\n\ndetermined that neither condition met or medically equaled a listed impairment. ", "Id. at 23–25\n\n(A.R. 22–24). ", "He also found that Jackson had the capacity to perform light work, such as her\n\npast work as an administrative assistant. ", "Id. at 25–28 (A.R. 24–27). ", "As directed by the Appeals\n\nCouncil, the ALJ considered the opinions of Jackson’s primary care providers, but he concluded\n\nthat they did not support Jackson’s claim. ", "First, he concluded that Dr. Kossoff’s opinion carried\n\nlittle weight:\n\n Amy Kossoff, M.D., a primary care provider of the claimant, opined that the\n claimant is in too much pain to concentrate on even simple tasks or [to] get\n through an eight-hour workday. . . . [", "But Jackson’s] representative did not submit\n any of her treatment records to bolster such opinions. ", "Such opinions are overly\n drastic in light of the claimant’s conservative treatment of record, mild objective\n findings, mild diagnostic findings, and lack of interest in further treatment\n modalities.", "\n\nId. at 27 (A.R. 26). ", "Second, the ALJ also declined to accord significant weight to Dr. Menon’s\n\nopinion:\n\n Anju Menon, M.D., the claimant’s previous primary care physician, . . . ", "opined\n moderate limitations with activities of daily living and episodes of\n decompensation, no limitations with social functioning and concentration,\n persistence, and pace, and that the claimant cannot work for a year. . . . [", "But]\n\n 2\n\f [t]here is no evidence of anything in the record similar to an extended episode of\n decompensation. ", "Primary care records noting that the claimant is independent in\n her activities of daily living do not support moderate problems. ", "The claimant’s\n mild diagnostic findings, few objective findings, and her conservative treatment\n do not support such significant symptoms.", "\n\nId. (citations omitted). ", "This time around, the Appeals Council denied review, rendering\n\nthe ALJ’s decision the Commissioner’s final decision. ", "Id. at 2–4 (A.R. 1–3).", "\n\n Having exhausted her administrative remedies, Jackson filed this action in\n\nOctober 2016 asking that the Court reverse the ALJ’s unfavorable decision and grant her\n\napplication for benefits. ", "Dkt. ", "1 (Compl.). ", "She subsequently moved for judgment of\n\nreversal. ", "Dkt. ", "8. ", "In that motion, she first argues that the ALJ failed to follow regulations\n\ngoverning the consideration of the opinions of treating physicians and further argues that\n\nthe ALJ’s “irrational handling” of the case resulted in a denial of due process. ", "Id. at 1–2.", "\n\nThe Commissioner, in turn, opposed Jackson’s motion and moved for judgment of\n\naffirmance. ", "Dkts. ", "9, 10. ", "The Commissioner asserts that the ALJ’s decision was\n\nsupported by substantial evidence and that the ALJ correctly applied the relevant legal\n\nstandards in rendering that decision. ", "Dkt. ", "9 at 3. ", "In January 2017, the Court referred the\n\nmatter to a Magistrate Judge for full case management. ", "Min. ", "Order of Jan. 24, 2017.", "\n\nMagistrate Judge G. Michael Harvey’s Report and Recommendation is now before the\n\nCourt. ", "3 Dkt. ", "15.", "\n\n After comprehensively reviewing the administrative record, Magistrate Judge\n\nHarvey has recommended that the Court deny Jackson’s motion and grant the\n\nCommissioner’s. ", "Id. at 1. ", "He concludes that the ALJ properly weighed the opinions of\n\nDrs. ", "Kossoff and Menon: “The ALJ explained his reasons for giving less weigh[t] to their\n\n\n3\n The Report and Recommendation is attached to this opinion as an Appendix.", "\n\n 3\n\fopinions, and the reasons given were legitimate and supported by substantial evidence\n\nfound in the record.” ", "Id. at 19. ", "With respect to Jackson’s due process challenge,\n\nMagistrate Judge Harvey notes that “[a]lthough it is not entirely clear which actions of\n\nthe ALJ the Plaintiff claims denied her a fair hearing, the undersigned can find nothing in\n\nthe record that would support such a claim.” ", "Id. at 24.", "\n\n The Report and Recommendation advised the parties of their right to file\n\nobjections within fourteen days of receiving the report. ", "Id. at 25; see also Local Rule\n\n72.3(b). ", "The parties were further notified that failing to file timely objections could result\n\nin waiver of their right to appeal the Court’s adoption of the Report and\n\nRecommendation. ", "Id. at 25–26. ", "No objections were filed by the deadline or by the date\n\nof this opinion.", "\n\n The Court has reviewed the parties’ briefs, the administrative record, and\n\nMagistrate Judge Harvey’s Report and Recommendation, and it agrees with Magistrate\n\nJudge Harvey’s thorough analysis and conclusions. ", "In particular, the Court agrees that\n\nthe ALJ’s decision to accord little weight to the opinions of Jackson’s treating physicians\n\nwas supported by substantial evidence and comported with the relevant regulations and\n\ncase law. ", "The Court further agrees that the ALJ’s handling of Jackson’s claim did not\n\nresult in a denial of due process.", "\n\n For these reasons, and in the absence of any timely-filed objections, the Court will\n\nADOPT Magistrate Judge Harvey’s Report and Recommendation in their entirety.", "\n\nAccordingly, Jackson’s Motion for Judgment of Reversal, Dkt. ", "8, will be DENIED, and\n\n\n\n\n 4\n\fthe Commissioner’s Motion for Judgment of Affirmance, Dkt. ", "9, will be GRANTED.", "\n\n A separate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.", "\n\n\n\n /s/ Randolph D. Moss\n RANDOLPH D. MOSS\n United States District Judge\n\n\nDate: August 2, 2017\n\n\n\n\n 5\n\f UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT\n FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA\n\n\n PAULETTE JACKSON,\n\n Plaintiff,\n\n v. Civil Action No.", "\n 1:16-cv-02056 (RDM/GMH)\n NANCY A. BERRYHILL,\n Acting Commissioner of Social Security,\n\n Defendant.", "\n\n\n REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION\n\n This matter was referred to the undersigned for full case management. ", "In this action,\n\nPaulette Jackson (“Plaintiff”) seeks a reversal of the decision of the Commissioner of the Social\n\nSecurity Administration (“Defendant” or “SSA”) denying her disability and supplemental security\n\nbenefits under the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. § 405(g).", "\n\n Before the undersigned are Plaintiff’s motion for judgment of reversal and Defendant’s\n\nmotion for judgment of affirmance. ", "Plaintiff alleges that the Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”)\n\nerred in failing to accord significant weight to the opinions of her treating physicians. ", "She further\n\nalleges that the ALJ did not provide her with a full and fair hearing because of what she terms his\n\n“erratic” behavior and “irrational” handling of the case. ", "The undersigned finds neither contention\n\ncorrect. ", "Therefore, based upon review of the entire record herein, 1 the undersigned recommends\n\nthat Defendant’s motion be granted and Plaintiff’s motion be denied.", "\n\n\n1\n The relevant docket entries for purposes of this Report and Recommendation are (1) Plaintiff’s Motion for Judgment\nof Reversal (“Pl. ", "Mot.”) [", "Dkt. ", "8]; (2) Defendant’s Motion for Judgment of Affirmance and in Opposition to Plaintiff’s\nMotion for Judgment of Reversal (“Def. ", "Mot.”) [", "Dkt. ", "9]; (3) Plaintiff’s Reply to Motion for Affirmance (“Pl. ", "Reply”)\n[Dkt. ", "12]; (4) Defendant’s Reply in Support of her Motion for Judgment of Affirmance (“Def. ", "Reply”) [Dkt. ", "14]; and\n(5) the Administrative Record (“AR”) [Dkt. ", "7]. ", "With the exception of the Administrative Record, all citations to page\nnumbers within a particular document will be to the ECF docket page numbers for the document. ", "For the\nAdministrative Record, citations will be to the Bates numbering appearing therein.", "\n\f BACKGROUND\n\n A. Legal Framework\n\n To be eligible for disability benefits under the Social Security Act, a claimant must be\n\nfound to be “disabled” by the Social Security Administration. ", "42 U.S.C. § 423(a). ", "In most cases,\n\nto determine whether a claimant is disabled within the meaning of the Act, an ALJ gathers\n\nevidence, holds a hearing, takes testimony, and performs a five-step legal evaluation of the claim\n\nusing that evidence. ", "20 C.F.R. § 404.1520. ", "Specifically, the ALJ must determine whether: (1)\n\nthe claimant is “presently engaged in substantial gainful activity”; (2) the claimant has a “medically\n\nsevere impairment”; (3) the claimant’s impairment is equivalent to one of the impairments listed\n\nin the appendix of the relevant disability regulation; (4) the impairment prevents the claimant from\n\nperforming her past relevant work; and (5) the claimant, in light of her age, education, work\n\nexperience, and residual functional capacity (“RFC”), can still perform another job available in the\n\nnational economy. ", "Id. A claimant’s RFC is an assessment of the most she is able to do\n\nnotwithstanding her physical and mental limitations. ", "See Butler v. Barnhart, 353 F.3d 992, 1000\n\n(D.C. Cir. ", "2004).", "\n\n The claimant bears the burden of proof at the first four steps of the evaluation. ", "Callahan\n\nv. Astrue, 786 F. Supp. ", "2d 87, 89 (D.D.C. 2011). ", "At step five, however, the burden shifts to the\n\nCommissioner to identify specific jobs available in the national economy that the claimant can\n\nperform. ", "Id. In making this determination, an ALJ may call a vocational expert (“VE”) to testify\n\nas to whether a claimant can perform other work that exists in the national economy. ", "Id. at 90. ", "A\n\nVE may draw his conclusions from a number of sources, including the Dictionary of Occupational\n\nTitles (“DOT”). ", "Id. The DOT, last published by the U.S. Department of Labor in 1991, provides\n\na brief description of occupations within the national economy and lists the capabilities that each\n\n\n\n\n 2\n\foccupation requires of a worker. ", "See generally DOT (1991 ed.). ", "Along with VE testimony, the\n\nALJ generally relies on the DOT to determine if there are jobs in the national economy that a\n\nclaimant can perform, given her RFC. ", "See 20 C.F.R. § 416.966–416.969. ", "Based on this analysis,\n\nif there are no such jobs, the claimant is deemed disabled; if there are, she is deemed not disabled.", "\n\n B. Factual Background\n\n 1. ", " Plaintiff Paulette Jackson\n\n Plaintiff was fifty-nine years old at the time of the ALJ’s decision. ", "AR 39. ", "She is a high\n\nschool graduate and has completed one semester of college. ", "Id. She has worked as a secretary for\n\nthe federal government for twenty-nine years, ending in April 2007. ", "Id. at 39, 223, 228. ", "Her work\n\nrecord was sufficient to maintain her disability insurance coverage through December 31, 2012.", "\n\nId. at 20, 114.", "\n\n 2. ", " Plaintiff’s Application for Disability Benefits\n\n Plaintiff applied for disability insurance and supplemental security income benefits in\n\nMarch 2011. ", "AR 221–33. ", "She claimed that she had been disabled since May 1, 2010. ", "Id. at 221.", "\n\nShe complained of osteoporosis; a bleeding ulcer; and pain in her lower back, left hip, and pelvis.", "\n\nId. at 280. ", "Her applications were denied in June and July 2011. ", "Id. at 130–32, 136–39. ", "In\n\nNovember of that year, her applications were again denied following her request for\n\nreconsideration. ", "Id. at 89–108.", "\n\n In January 2012, Plaintiff requested a hearing before an ALJ, id. at 150, which was held on\n\nMay 22, 2013, id. at 114. ", "The ALJ issued his decision denying her application in May 2013,\n\nwherein he found that Plaintiff retained the capacity to perform the full range of sedentary work,\n\nincluding her past relevant work as a government clerk. ", "Id. at 117, 119. ", "In June 2013, Plaintiff\n\nrequested that the ALJ reopen his decision because it failed to mention or discuss the opinions of\n\n\n\n\n 3\n\fher two treating physicians, Dr. Amy Kossoff and Dr. Anju Menon. ", "Id. at 349–51. ", "The ALJ\n\ndenied her motion. ", "Id. at 195. ", "In June 2013, Plaintiff requested review by the Appeals Council of\n\nthe ALJ’s decision on the basis of his failure to consider these opinions. ", "Id. at 190–96. ", "The\n\nAppeals Council agreed and remanded the case to the ALJ for further proceedings in July 2014.", "\n\nId. at 126–29.", "\n\n Following remand, the ALJ held a second hearing on May 6, 2015. ", "Id. at 34–51. ", "Prior to\n\nthis hearing, Plaintiff moved to amend her alleged onset date to March 11, 2011; the motion was\n\ngranted. ", "Id. at 19. ", "On July 21, 2015, the ALJ issued a second decision, this time finding Plaintiff\n\ncapable of light work, subject to a variety of restrictions. ", "Id. at 24. ", "As this second assessment was\n\nless restrictive than the first, the ALJ again found Plaintiff capable of performing her past relevant\n\nwork. ", "Id. at 27. ", "Plaintiff requested reconsideration by the Appeals Council arguing that the ALJ\n\nagain accorded incorrect weight to the opinions of her two treating physicians. ", "Id. at 12. ", "The\n\nrequest was denied by the Appeals Council in August 2016. ", "Id. at 1–6. ", "The ALJ’s July 21, 2015\n\ndecision thus became the Commissioner’s final decision. ", "Id. at 1.", "\n\n 3. ", " The Administrative Record\n\n In reaching his final decision, the ALJ evaluated Plaintiff’s condition based on the evidence\n\nin the administrative record, which includes Plaintiff’s medical records, and testimony from\n\nPlaintiff and a VE. ", "The portions of the administrative record relevant to Plaintiff’s appeal to this\n\nCourt are summarized below. ", "Since Plaintiff challenges the ALJ’s assessment of the opinions of\n\nher two treating physicians, Drs. ", "Menon and Kossoff, the summary will focus on the record with\n\nrespect to them.", "\n\n\n\n\n 4\n\f a. Unity Health Care\n\n The record documents Plaintiff’s primary care treatment at Minnesota Avenue Health\n\nCenter, part of Unity Health Care, over the period between October 2009 and September 2011.", "\n\nSee AR 809, 828. ", "Excluding visits related exclusively to securing various forms of financial\n\nassistance, the record reflects three visits in 2009, fifteen in 2010 and fifteen in 2011. ", "Anju Menon,\n\nM.D. examined Plaintiff fourteen times between September 2010 and September 2011. ", "Id. at 539–\n\n41, 636–37, 639–40, 643–45, 649–50, 651–52, 653–55, 658–59, 660–61, 662–63, 718–19, 828,\n\n829, 833–34. ", "While there is no explicit statement in these medical records that Dr. Menon had\n\nbeen designated as Plaintiff’s primary care physician, this seems to have been the case by late\n\n2010. ", "Of Plaintiff’s fourteen visits to Dr. Menon, seven came after her amended alleged onset\n\ndate of March 11, 2011. ", "See id. at 636–37, 639–40, 643–45, 718–19, 828, 829, 833–34.", "\n\n In February 2010, Plaintiff saw Dr. Kamdar for the first time. ", "Id. at 790. ", "She reported that\n\nher back pain had become “worse” after shoveling snow, but that she had not seen a pain\n\nmanagement specialist in nearly three years. ", "2 Id. She requested Tylenol 4, 3 but was prescribed\n\nFlexeril. ", "4 Id. In May 2010, Plaintiff told Dr. Kamdar that she needed an MRI of her back for an\n\nupcoming appointment with her pain management specialist. ", "Id. at 561. ", "Notes from that visit\n\nfurther indicate that Plaintiff was given a refill of Percocet, 5 but it was not listed as a current\n\n\n\n2\n The only report in the record from Plaintiff’s pain management history is a post-consultation diagnosis checklist\ncompleted following a December 6, 2010 consultation with Baffour Osai, M.D., of Howard University Hospital Pain\nManagement Services. ", "AR 635. ", "Plaintiff’s treatment relationship with Dr. Osai appears to have been ongoing.", "\nPlaintiff referred to it in her testimony, id. at 42–43, and it was occasionally referenced in her treatment notes from\nUnity Health Care, see, e.g., id. at 692 (June 29, 2010 treatment notes), 664 (October 18, 2010 treatment notes).", "\n3\n Tylenol 4 is a brand name for a pain medication containing acetaminophen and codeine, an opioid. ", "See DRUGS.COM,\nTylenol with Codeine #4, https://www.drugs.com/mtm/tylenol-with-codeine-4.html.", "\n4\n Flexeril is a brand name for a muscle relaxant containing cyclobenzaprine. ", " See DRUGS.COM, Flexeril,\nhttps://www.drugs.com/flexeril.html.", "\n5\n Percocet is a brand name for a pain medication containing acetaminophen and oxycodone, an opioid. ", "See\nDRUGS.COM, Percocet, https://www.drugs.com/percocet.html.", "\n\n\n\n 5\n\fmedication. ", "Id. at 561–62. ", "The record does not indicate when the initial prescription was written,\n\nnor by whom. ", "Nearly all of Plaintiff’s subsequent treatment notes indicate refills for Percocet.", "\n\n An MRI of Plaintiff’s lumbosacral spine was performed in June 2010. ", "It showed mild\n\nligament hypertrophy and facet prominence at each vertebral juncture between L3 and S1. ", "Id. at\n\n397. ", "At L5-S1, there was mild disc bulging and bilateral neural foramina narrowing. ", "Id. There\n\nwas no significant canal stenosis. ", "Id.\n\n Plaintiff returned to see Dr. Kamdar later that month. ", "Notes from that visit indicate that\n\nPlaintiff had signed a “pain contract.” ", "Id. at 558. ", "There is no indication in the record of its contents\n\nor the impetus for asking Plaintiff to sign it. ", "Dr. Kamdar did note, however, that\n\n I told [patient] that I did not feel comfortable prescribing more than 30 [P]ercocet\n a month given her lumbar [MRI] findings. ", "I told [patient] she may want to consider\n changing to another [primary care physician] if she does not feel I am adequately\n controlling her pain. . . . ", "The [patient] responded that she already changed her\n [primary care physician] to me this year and does not want to change again.", "\n\nId. at 559.", "\n\n In July 2010, Dr. Kamdar noted that Plaintiff had refused injections 6 to control her back\n\npain, and preferred to continue taking Percocet. ", "Id. at 549. ", "Plaintiff specifically requested “brand-\n\nname” Percocet, as she had experienced constipation while taking what was presumably a generic\n\nform of the drug. ", "Id.\n\n In September 2010, Plaintiff saw Dr. Menon for the first time. ", "Id. at 539. ", "Dr. Menon\n\nreported that Plaintiff provided a poor account of her medical history, but that Plaintiff would bring\n\nher medical records to her subsequent visit. ", "Id. at 539–40.", "\n\n\n\n\n6\n Presumably this is a reference to injections recommended by Dr. Osai of Howard University Hospital Pain\nManagement Services. ", "See supra, note 2. ", "Plaintiff described in her hearing testimony injections suggested by Dr.\nOsai. ", "AR 42–44.", "\n\n\n\n 6\n\f In November 2010, Dr. Menon ordered a drug screen test of Plaintiff. ", "Id. at 663. ", "Despite\n\nher filling her prescription for Percocet, the test was negative for Percocet. ", "Id. When Dr. Menon\n\ndiscussed the results of that screen with Plaintiff and announced her intention not to refill\n\nPlaintiff’s Percocet prescription Plaintiff became “very angry and agitated” and asserted that “the\n\nproviders are not considerate about her osteoporosis pain.” ", "7 Id. at 661. ", "Dr. Menon refilled the\n\nprescription. ", "Id. In December 2010, Dr. Menon noted that Plaintiff’s previous three drug screen\n\ntests had all been negative. ", "Id. at 659. ", "She further reported that Plaintiff signed another pain\n\ncontract, and that she discussed the details of the contract with Plaintiff. ", "Id.\n\n The only other visit of note to Unity Health Care came in June 2011, when Plaintiff\n\nreported having hurt her back lifting a crate of apples and a foot locker at a shelter. ", "Id. at 715.", "\n\nPlaintiff reported that Percocet was not controlling her pain. ", " Id. She was prescribed\n\ncyclobenzaprine. ", "8 Id. at 716.", "\n\n The record also contains a letter from Amy Kossoff, M.D., dated April 30, 2013, written\n\non Unity Health Care letterhead. ", "Id. at 345. ", "In that letter, in addition to expressing her opinions\n\nas to Plaintiff’s physical limitations, discussed further below, Dr. Kossoff stated that she had been\n\ntreating Plaintiff “for the past year.” ", "9 Id. The record contains no contemporaneous records of this\n\nongoing treatment corroborating Dr. Kossoff’s findings. ", "10 The most recent treatment notes are of\n\nPlaintiff’s September 2011 visit to Dr. Menon. ", "Id. at 828. ", "The record also contains an email to\n\n\n\n\n7\n Earlier, in October 2010, Plaintiff saw Telisha Anthony-Brevard, F.N.P., and specifically denied selling or being\naddicted to “her medication.” ", "AR 664.", "\n8\n See supra note 4.", "\n9\n For the period relevant to Plaintiff’s application for benefits, therefore, Plaintiff was under Dr. Kossoff’s care from\nApril 30, 2012 until the expiration of Plaintiff’s disability insurance coverage on December 31, 2012. ", "See AR 20,\n114.", "\n10\n The record contains only mammography reports from November 2012 and January 2015 which list Dr. Kossoff as\nthe requesting physician. ", "The findings of both reports are unremarkable. ", "See id. at 875–77, 879–81.", "\n\n\n 7\n\fPlaintiff’s counsel from Dr. Kossoff, dated April 16, 2015. ", "Id. at 872. ", "That email stated that “Ms.\n\nJackson has continued to be my patient since the date of [her April 30, 2013] evaluation. ", "The\n\nlimitations that I described in that evaluation continue to exist.” ", "Id.\n\n b. The Opinions of Plaintiff’s Treating Physicians\n\n At the administrative level, Plaintiff described both Drs. ", "Menon and Kossoff as her “long-\n\nstanding treating physicians,” AR 12, and submitted opinion evidence from each. ", "See id. at 345,\n\n346–47, 872. ", "Dr. Menon completed a District of Columbia “Medical Examination Report” for\n\nPlaintiff, dated July 15, 2011. ", "Id. at 346–47. ", "She listed as Plaintiff’s diagnoses gastric ulcer,\n\nhypertension, gastroesophageal reflux disease, osteoporosis and degenerative disc disease. ", "Id. at\n\n346. ", "She described all of these conditions as “stable at present.” ", "Id. She opined that Plaintiff\n\nexperienced “moderate” restrictions in daily living and “moderate” “repeated episodes of\n\ndecompensation,” but no difficulties in social functioning or maintaining concentration,\n\npersistence or pace. ", "Id. at 347. ", "She opined that Plaintiff could sit for about six hours, stand for at\n\nleast two hours and walk for less than two hours. ", "Id. She opined that Plaintiff could lift or carry\n\nless than ten pounds, but lift or carry ten pounds frequently. ", "11 Id. Finally, she opined that\n\nPlaintiff’s medical condition would prevent her from working until July 2012. ", "Id.\n\n As noted above, Dr. Kossoff wrote a letter expressing her opinion as to Plaintiff’s\n\nlimitations on April 30, 2013. ", "In full, it reads:\n\n I am writing this letter regarding Paulette Jackson . . . . ", "You have asked for a short\n evaluation of Ms. Jackson’s physical impairments. ", "I am her primary care physician\n and have been treating her for the past year. ", "She suffers from osteoporosis, lumbar\n\n\n\n\n11\n Curiously, the minimum option for lifting on the D.C. Medical Examination Report is “less than 10 lbs,” whereas\nthe minimum option for lifting frequently is “10 lbs.” ", "AR 347.", "\n\n\n\n\n 8\n\f radiculopathy12 from degenerative disc disease and myofascial pain. ", "13 These\n conditions leave her in too much pain to get through a normal 8-hour workday.", "\n They also make it difficult for her to lift anything over 10 pounds. ", "She needs to\n take frequent breaks and it is hard to imagine a situation in which she would not\n miss many days of work each month. ", "Additionally, most of the time her pain would\n interfere significantly with her ability to pay attention to and concentrate on even\n simple tasks.", "\n\nId. at 345. ", "Following the Appeals Council’s remand, Plaintiff submitted into the record another\n\nemail from Dr. Kossoff, dated April 16, 2015, stating that Plaintiff continued to be in her care and\n\nthat the limitations described in Dr. Kossoff’s April 30, 2013 evaluation “continue to exist.” ", "Id.\n\nat 872.", "\n\n c. The Opinions of the State Agency Consultants\n\n The first State agency consultant to issue an assessment of Plaintiff’s RFC was Jacqueline\n\nMcMorris, M.D., in November 2010. ", "AR 627–34. ", "She described Plaintiff’s back problem as\n\ndegenerative joint disease with disc bulge, and classified that diagnosis as primary. ", "Id. at 627.", "\n\nShe listed reactive gastropathy as a secondary diagnosis, and history of gastrointestinal bleeding\n\nand osteoporosis as other alleged impairments. ", "Id. She opined that Plaintiff could lift ten pounds\n\noccasionally and frequently, stand for at least two hours and sit for about six hours of an eight-\n\nhour day, and push or pull without limitation except for the weight restriction. ", "Id. at 628. ", "She\n\nfurther opined that Plaintiff could climb ramps or stairs, balance, stoop, kneel, crouch or crawl\n\noccasionally, but could not climb ladders, ropes or scaffolds. ", "Id. at 629. ", "She opined that Plaintiff\n\nshould avoid concentrated exposure to vibration, and all exposure to hazards like machines or\n\n\n\n\n12\n Radiculopathy is “the consequence of nerve root damage (from any cause).” ", "UNIV. ", "OF WISCONSIN NEUROSCIENCE\nRESOURCE PAGE, Radiculopathy, http://www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu/SClinic/Radiculo/Radiculopathy.htm.", "\n13\n Myofascial pain syndrome is marked by “pressure on sensitive points” in muscles causing “pain in seemingly\nunrelated parts” of the body. ", "MAYO CLINIC, Myofacial Pain Syndrome, http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-\nconditions/myofascial-pain-syndrome/basics/definition/con-20033195.", "\n\n\n\n 9\n\fheights. ", "Id. at 631. ", "She concluded that Plaintiff appeared capable of “at least sedentary work.”", "\n\nId. at 634.", "\n\n The next assessment by a State agency consultant was issued by Alex Hemphill, M.D., in\n\nJune 2011. ", "He described Plaintiff’s “Disorders of Back—Discogenic and Degenerative” as\n\nprimary, her osteoporosis as secondary, and her ulcer and hypertension as additional impairments.", "\n\nId. at 75. ", "He found all of these to be severe. ", "Id. He concluded that, in light of Plaintiff’s history\n\nof chronic pain treated with narcotics and her abdominal issues, “a light [RFC with] postural\n\nlimitations appears appropriate.” ", "Id. He opined that Plaintiff was capable of lifting twenty pounds\n\noccasionally and ten pounds frequently, pushing and pulling without limitation within this weight\n\nrestriction, and standing or sitting for about six hours in an eight-hour day. ", "Id. at 76. ", "The only\n\npostural limitation he found was that Plaintiff should only climb ladders ropes or scaffolds\n\noccasionally, but he also noted that she “should avoid climbing ladders/ropes/scaffolds because of\n\nlumbar disc disease.” ", "Id. at 77. ", "He did not find any environmental limitations appropriate. ", "Id.\n\n The third assessment by a State agency consultant was issued by Veronica Bedeau, M.D.\n\nin July 2011. ", "Id. at 80–87. ", "She considered Plaintiff’s ulcer to be primary and her back issues\n\nsecondary, with no other impairments. ", "Id. at 84. ", "She found Plaintiff capable of lifting ten pounds\n\noccasionally and frequently, and pushing or pulling without limitation within this weight range.", "\n\nId. at 85. ", "She found Plaintiff able to stand for four hours and sit for six hours of an eight-hour\n\nworkday. ", "Id. The only postural limitation she found Plaintiff to have was that she could never\n\nclimb ladders, ropes or scaffolds. ", "Id.\n\n The fourth and fifth assessments were issued by Jacqueline McMorris, M.D. in November\n\n2011. ", "Id. at 89–108. ", "She found there to have been “no significant change or worsening” since the\n\ninitial evaluations of Plaintiff’s applications by herself, Dr. Hemphill, and Dr. Bedeau. ", "Id. at 94,\n\n\n\n\n 10\n\f104. ", "Her analysis as to Plaintiff’s limitations is identical to that issued by Dr. Bedeau in July 2011.", "\n\nCompare id. at 95–98 and 105–08, with id. at 84–85.", "\n\n 4. ", " The ALJ’s First Decision\n\n As Plaintiff’s attorney alluded to in examining Plaintiff, in his first decision, issued on July\n\n21, 2014, the ALJ found that “several elements in the record call into question the credibility of\n\nthe claimant’s allegations.” ", "AR 118. ", "He noted her refusal to treat her pain with injections, Dr.\n\nMenon’s note that Plaintiff provided a poor account of her medical history, and Plaintiff’s\n\ndescriptions of her day-to-day activities. ", "Id.\n\n He further found her to be “exhibiting drug seeking behavior” because (1) she refused to\n\ntreat her pain with injections; (2) she walked in to Unity Health Care in June 2010 to request\n\nPercocet, even though she had an appointment later in the week; (3) she made two requests for\n\nPercocet in one week in September 2010; (4) in October 2010, she reported taking two to three\n\nPercocets a day while prescribed only one per day; and (5) she had an argument in November 2010\n\nwith Dr. Menon regarding drug screens indicating that she had not been taking Percocet. ", "Id.; see\n\nalso id. at 558–59 (June 2010 treatment notes); id. at 539–46 (September 2010 treatment notes);\n\nid. at 664–65 (October 2010 treatment notes); id. at 660–61 (November 2010 treatment notes).", "\n\n The ALJ considered Plaintiff’s claims of osteoporosis, gastrointestinal bleeding and\n\ndepression. ", "Id. at 116. ", "He found only the first to be severe. ", "Id. He found her gastrointestinal\n\nbleeding not to have lasted longer than a year, and her depression to have caused no more than\n\n“minimal limitations” in her work capacities. ", "Id. at 116–17.", "\n\n In determining Plaintiff’s RFC, the ALJ considered only the opinion evidence of the State\n\nagency physicians, Drs. ", "McMorris, Bedeau and Hemphill. ", "Id. at 118–19. ", "He reported their\n\nconclusions as to Plaintiff’s postural limitations and Dr. McMorris’s November 2010 conclusion\n\n\n\n\n 11\n\fthat Plaintiff should avoid vibration and hazards; he did not mention any limitations regarding\n\nlifting weights. ", "Id. He accorded “significant weight” to the opinions of Drs. ", "McMorris and Bedeau\n\nand “little weight” to that of Dr. Hemphill, who found Plaintiff capable of lifting twenty pounds\n\noccasionally and ten pounds frequently, standing or sitting for six hours of an eight-hour day, and\n\nno other limitations except for climbing ladders, ropes or scaffolds only occasionally. ", "Id. at 76–\n\n77. ", "The ALJ discounted this opinion as “inconsistent with the opinion of the other State agency\n\nconsultant and not supported by the claimant’s increased pain after lifting a crate of apples and\n\nlifting a foot locker/trunk the wrong way.” ", "Id. at 119. ", "He concluded that Plaintiff retained the\n\ncapacity to perform “the full range of sedentary work,” including her past relevant work as a\n\n“government clerk.” ", "Id. at 117, 119.", "\n\n 5. ", " The Second Administrative Hearing\n\n Following Plaintiff’s request for reconsideration before the Appeals Council, the matter\n\nwas remanded back to the ALJ in July 2014 for consideration of Plaintiff’s impairments in light\n\nof the opinions of her two treating physicians, Drs. ", "Kossoff and Menon. ", "AR 126–29. ", "Prior to his\n\nsecond decision, the ALJ held another hearing on May 6, 2015. ", "14 At that hearing, Plaintiff was\n\nfirst examined by the ALJ, who asked questions concerning her name and address, height and\n\nweight, education and work history, and daily activities. ", "AR at 38–41. ", "She stated that she cooked\n\nfor herself, and cleaned and did the grocery shopping with occasional help from her niece. ", "Id. at\n\n40. ", "Otherwise, when asked how she spent her days, she responded, “not much.” ", "Id.\n\n Plaintiff was then examined by her counsel, and testified at some length concerning her\n\npain and the decisions she had made in its management. ", "She stated that she did not “think that\n\n\n14\n As noted above, the ALJ held hearings prior to each of his two decisions. ", "Only the transcript of the second hearing,\non May 6, 2015, is included in the record. ", "It appears that Defendant omitted the transcript of the first hearing in error:\nthe table of contents for the Administrative Record lists transcripts for hearings held May 6, 2015, AR 34–51, and\nMay 22, 2013, id. at 52–69. ", "These two sections of the record in fact each contain the transcript for the second hearing.", "\n\n\n\n 12\n\fother people have the right to tell somebody what they should do, or how they feel best that they\n\nshould treat, or serve, or look after their own body.” ", "Id. at 41–42. ", "She said that she had refused\n\ninjections as an alternative to Percocet for the treatment of her pain when Dr. Osai, her pain\n\nmanagement physician at Howard University, described to her “maybe 10 or 11, 12 side-effects\n\n[associated with the injections], which scared the hell out of [her].” ", "Id. at 42.", "\n\n Plaintiff further averred that she was taking one to two Percocet every four hours, “or as\n\nneeded for pain.” ", "Id. at 44. ", "She defended this dosage as in accordance with a prescription from\n\nDr. Kossoff, and referred to a report showing it was safe to take “as many as six or seven a day.”", "\n\nId. at 44–45. ", "She denied that she was either addicted to Percocet or was selling it to others.", "\n\nId. at 45–46. ", "In the remainder of her testimony, Plaintiff asserted that she had “never failed” a\n\ndrug screen under the care of Dr. Kossoff, and that she was limited to lifting weights of less than\n\ntwo pounds “due to the surgery—due to the problems that I had with my stomach.” ", "15 Id. at 46–\n\n47.", "\n\n Plaintiff’s testimony was followed by that of a VE. ", "Id. at 47–50. ", "After the VE’s testimony,\n\nthe ALJ asked Plaintiff’s counsel whether there were any additional documents that should be\n\nadded to the record. ", "Id. at 50. ", "Plaintiff’s counsel replied that there were not. ", "Id.\n\n 6. ", " The ALJ’s Second Decision\n\n Following the May 6, 2015 hearing, the ALJ began his second decision by denying a\n\npending request from Plaintiff that the ALJ recuse himself from the matter. ", "Id. at 19. ", "The ALJ\n\ncharacterized the request as being made “because [Plaintiff’s counsel] was unhappy that the\n\n\n\n\n15\n It is unclear whether Plaintiff was referring to her ulcer (and so misspoke when she mentioned a “surgery”) or\nanother stomach condition. ", "In 2001, Plaintiff underwent a gastric bypass. ", "AR 378. ", "In 2007, she developed a small\nbowel obstruction resulting from the bypass. ", "Id. at 374–88. ", "The ALJ did not resolve this ambiguity either in the\nhearing or in his decision. ", "See id. at 25.", "\n\n\n\n 13\n\fundersigned did not previously find the claimant fully credible.” ", "Id. The ALJ observed in his\n\ndecision that this “is not grounds for recusal.” ", "Id.\n\n The ALJ next considered Plaintiff’s claims of lumbar degenerative disc disease with a disc\n\nbulge, radiculopathy, osteoporosis, a bleeding ulcer, acid reflux, hypertension, obesity, hiatal\n\nhernia, and depression. ", "Id. at 22–23. ", "Of these, he found the first two to be severe. ", "Id. at 22. ", "He\n\nfound Plaintiff’s osteoporosis to be nonsevere because she had not mentioned it in her hearing\n\ntestimony and because there was no evidence of any fractures. ", "Id.\n\n The ALJ found that the evidence did “not substantiate disabling spinal impairments.” ", "Id.\n\nat 25. ", "According to the ALJ, her June 2010 MRI\n\n only revealed L5–S1 degenerative changes with a disc bulge and mild neural\n foramina exit narrowing. ", "16 It also revealed no significant canal stenosis, 17 no\n significant neural foramina exit narrowing, and no abnormal spinal canal\n enhancement (Exh. ", "3F, pp. ", "3–4 [i.e., AR 397–98]). ", "As discussed by the listings,\n the claimant’s objective findings are on the milder side, mostly noted to be\n tenderness (Exhs. ", "8F, 13F, 16F, 19F [i.e., AR 532–566, 636–703, 715–811, 828–\n 859]).", "\n\nId. Further, the ALJ found that “[t]here is no evidence of anyone recommending surgery. ", "There\n\nis no evidence of any hospital visits for back pain during the relevant period.” ", "Id. He also noted\n\nseveral concerns with Plaintiff’s credibility, including inconsistencies as to whether she stopped\n\nworking for medical or nonmedical reasons, Dr. Menon’s note that Plaintiff provided a poor\n\nmedical history, and Plaintiff’s various behaviors concerning her prescription for Percocet. ", "Id. at\n\n25.", "\n\n\n\n\n16\n Neural foraminal exit narrowing is a narrowing of the nerve opening in the spinal canal. ", "MEDLINEPLUS,\nForaminotomy, https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007390.htm.", "\n17\n Spinal stenosis is “a narrowing of the open spaces within [the] spine, which can put pressure on [the] spinal cord\nand the nerves that travel through the spine.” ", "MAYO CLINIC, Spinal Stenosis, http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-\nconditions/spinal-stenosis/basics/definition/con-20036105.", "\n\n\n\n 14\n\f Finally, the ALJ considered the opinion evidence from Drs. ", "Kossoff and Menon, and the\n\nState agency consultants. ", "Id. at 26. ", "He accorded “little weight” to Dr. Kossoff’s opinion, since\n\nno treatment records were submitted to support it. ", "Id. (citing id. at 343–44 (Plaintiff’s May 6,\n\n2013 administrative brief quoting Dr. Kossoff’s April 30, 2013 letter in full); id. at 367–69\n\n(Plaintiff’s April 22, 2015 administrative remand brief, quoting both of Dr. Kossoff’s\n\ncommunications in full); id. at 870 (Dr. Kossoff’s April 30, 2013 letter); id. at 871 (Dr. Kossoff’s\n\nApril 16, 2015 email)). ", "Dr. Kossoff’s opinion, expressed in a letter and email in the record, was\n\nthat Plaintiff was unable to concentrate on even simple tasks or to tolerate an eight-hour workday\n\nbecause of her pain; was incapable of lifting more than ten pounds; and would require frequent\n\nbreaks and days off work. ", "Id. at 345. ", "The ALJ further discounted this opinion, finding it “overly\n\ndrastic in light of the claimant’s conservative treatment of record, mild objective findings, mild\n\ndiagnostic findings, and lack of interest in further treatment modalities.” ", "Id. at 26.", "\n\n Turning to Dr. Menon, the ALJ wrote,\n\n Anju Menon, M.D., the claimant’s previous primary care physician, opined the\n ability to lift and carry up to ten pounds, sit six hours, stand at least two hours, and\n walk less than two hours. ", "He opined moderate limitations with activities of daily\n living and episodes of decompensation, no limitations with social functioning and\n concentration, persistence, and pace, and that the claimant cannot work for a year\n (Exhs. ", "12E [i.e., AR 343–44 (Plaintiff’s May 6, 2013 administrative brief)], 22F\n [i.e., AR 868–69 (District of Columbia Medical Examination Report completed by\n Dr. Menon)]). ", "The undersigned affords little weight to Dr. Kossoff’s [sic] opinions.", "\n There is no evidence of anything in the record similar to an extended episode of\n decompensation. ", "Primary care records noting that the claimant is independent in\n her activities of daily living do not support moderate problems (Exh. ", "8F, pp. ", "14–15\n [i.e., AR 545–46 (treatment notes from Plaintiff’s September 2, 2010 visit to Dr.\n Kamdar at Unity Health Care)]). ", "The claimant’s mild diagnostic findings, few\n objective findings, and her conservative treatment do not support such significant\n symptoms.", "\n\nId. at 26.", "\n\n The ALJ then considered that the State agency consultants disagreed as whether Plaintiff\n\ncould perform light work or sedentary work with four of six hours standing. ", "Id. The ALJ accorded\n\n\n 15\n\fthe opinions concluding that Plaintiff could perform light work “great and more weight” based on\n\nPlaintiff’s “ milder objective findings and diagnostic findings, activities of daily living . . ., ", "and\n\nher conservative treatment of record with inconsistencies noted by her controlled medications.”", "\n\nId. at 26. ", "He concluded his analysis by finding that Plaintiff was capable of performing light,\n\nskilled work, sitting or standing as needed and occasional postural movements. ", "Id. at 24. ", "Based\n\non this RFC, and the testimony of the VE from the hearing, the ALJ again concluded that Plaintiff\n\nwas capable of performing her past relevant work as an “administrative assistant secretary.” ", "Id. at\n\n27.", "\n\n C. Plaintiff’s Complaint in the District Court\n\n Plaintiff’s second appeal to the Appeals Council was denied in August 2016, making the\n\nALJ’s July 21, 2015 decision the Commissioner’s final decision concerning Plaintiff’s alleged\n\ndisability. ", "AR at 1. ", "Having exhausted her administrative remedies, Plaintiff commenced this\n\naction under 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), seeking review of the Commissioner’s denial of her claim for\n\ndisability benefits. ", "She requests that this Court reverse the Commissioner’s decision and remand\n\nfor payment of benefits or remand without reversal to the Commissioner for further proceedings.", "\n\nPl. ", "Mot. ", "at 1.", "\n\n LEGAL STANDARD\n\n A district court has jurisdiction over a civil case challenging a final decision of the\n\nCommissioner. ", "42 U.S.C. § 405(g). ", "The court has the authority to reverse or remand the\n\nCommissioner’s decision if it is not supported by substantial evidence or not made in accordance\n\nwith applicable law or regulations. ", "See Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971); Simms\n\nv. Sullivan, 877 F.2d 1047, 1047 (D.C. Cir. ", "1989). ", "The D.C. Circuit has instructed that “[i]f the\n\ncase is one that involves the taking of additional evidence for any reason, the district court is\n\n\n\n\n 16\n\fobligated to obtain an enhancement or revision of the record by way of remand to the\n\n[Commissioner]” rather than outright reversal. ", "Callahan v. Astrue, 786 F. Supp. ", "2d 87, 93 (D.D.C.\n\n2011) (quoting Ignoia v. Califano, 568 F.2d 1383, 1389 (D.C. Cir. ", "1977)).", "\n\n The plaintiff bears the burden of proving that the Commissioner’s decision is not supported\n\nby substantial evidence. ", "Id.; see also Brown v. Barnhart, 408 F. Supp. ", "2d 28, 31 (D.D.C. 2006).", "\n\nSubstantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to\n\nsupport a conclusion.” ", "Richardson, 402 U.S. at 401 (citation and quotation marks omitted). ", "It\n\nrequires “more than a mere scintilla of evidence, but can be satisfied by something less than a\n\npreponderance of the evidence.” ", "Fla. Mun. ", "Power Agency v. Fed. ", "Energy Regulatory Comm’n,\n\n315 F.3d 362, 365–66 (D.C. Cir. ", "2003). “", "The substantial evidence standard requires considerable\n\ndeference to the decision rendered by the ALJ.” ", "Crosson v. Shalala, 907 F. Supp. ", "1, 2 (D.D.C.\n\n1995). ", "The reviewing court may neither reweigh the evidence presented to it nor replace the\n\nCommissioner’s judgment “concerning the credibility of the evidence with its own.” ", "Id. Rather,\n\nthe reviewing court must determine whether the ALJ “has analyzed all evidence and has\n\nsufficiently explained that weight he has given to obviously probative exhibits.” ", "Lane-Rauth v.\n\nBarnhart, 437 F. Supp. ", "2d 63, 65 (D.D.C. 2006) (internal quotation omitted); see also Butler v.\n\nBarnhart, 353 F.3d 992, 999 (D.C. Cir. ", "2004) (finding that the district court’s role is not to re-\n\nweigh the evidence but only to determine whether the ALJ’s findings are based on substantial\n\nevidence and a correct interpretation of the law).", "\n\n\n\n\n 17\n\f DISCUSSION\n\n Plaintiff advances two claims of error. ", "First, she claims that the ALJ erred in failing to\n\naccord significant weight to the opinions of her treating physicians, Drs. ", "Menon and Kossoff. ", "18\n\nSecond, she alleges that he was incapable of providing her with a full and fair hearing because of\n\nhis “erratic” behavior. ", "The undersigned finds no merit in either contention.", "\n\n A. The ALJ’s Consideration of the Opinions of Plaintiff’s Treating Physicians\n\n By regulation, opinions from treating physicians should “generally” be given “more\n\nweight” by ALJs because these sources are “likely to be the medical professionals most able to\n\nprovide a detailed, longitudinal picture of [the claimant’s] medical impairment(s) and may bring a\n\nunique perspective to the medical evidence that cannot be obtained from objective medical\n\nfindings alone or from reports of individual examinations. . . .” ", "20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c)(2). ", "ALJs\n\nare instructed to give “controlling weight” to such opinions where they are “well-supported by\n\nmedically acceptable clinical and laboratory diagnostic techniques and . . . ", "not inconsistent with\n\nthe other substantial evidence in [the] case record.” ", "Id. In addition, ALJs are directed to “give\n\ngood reasons” for the weight they give to a treating source’s opinion.", "\n\n In addition to these regulatory requirements, the D.C. Circuit has “a treating physician rule\n\nof [its] own.” ", "Butler v. Barnhart, 353 F.3d 992, 1003 (D.C. Cir. ", "2004). ", "Like the Social Security\n\nAct’s regulations, because a claimant’s treating physicians have “great familiarity” with his or her\n\nconditions, their reports must generally be accorded “substantial weight.” ", "Poulin v. Bowen, 817\n\nF.2d 865, 873 (D.C. Cir. ", "1987). ", "A treating physician’s report is binding “unless contradicted by\n\nsubstantial evidence.” ", "Butler, 353 F.3d at 1003. ", "Further, an ALJ who rejects the opinion of a\n\n\n18\n For the purposes of evaluating medical opinions, a treating physician or source is one who “has, or has had, an\nongoing treatment relationship” with a patient and has seen that patient “with a frequency consistent with accepted\nmedical practice for the type of treatment and/or evaluation required.” ", "20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(a)(2). ", "There is no dispute\nbetween the parties that Drs. ", "Kossoff and Menon were Plaintiff’s treating physicians.", "\n\n\n 18\n\ftreating physician should explain his or her reasons for doing so. ", "See Williams v. Shalala, 997\n\nF.2d 1494, 1498 (D.C. Cir. ", "1993). ", " A “bare statement” rejecting the opinion, without an\n\nexplanation of the reason for doing so, is insufficient. ", "Jones v. Astrue, 647 F.3d 350, 355 (D.C.\n\nCir. ", "2011). “", "The treating physician rule requires an explanation by the SSA, not the court.” ", "Id.\n\nThat said, the D.C. Circuit has held that the ALJ’s failure to “expressly state his reason for not\n\napplying the treating physician rule is of no moment [where he or she] note[s] the contradictory\n\nevidence in the record, which record supplies the reason.” ", "Williams, 997 F.2d at 1499.", "\n\n Here, the ALJ’s decision to accord the opinions of Drs. ", "Kossoff and Menon less than\n\ncontrolling weigh comports with the treating physician’s rule. ", "The ALJ explained his reasons for\n\ngiving less weigh to their opinions, and the reasons given were legitimate and supported by\n\nsubstantial evidence found in the record. ", "The treating physician’s rule does not require more.", "\n\n With respect to Dr. Kossoff’s opinions that Plaintiff was in “too much pain to concentrate\n\non even simple tasks or get through an eight-hour workday,” could lift “no . . . ", "more than ten\n\npounds,” could expect “numerous . . . ", "missed days of work,” and “would need to take many\n\nbreaks,” the ALJ afforded them “little weight” because he found them “overly drastic in light of\n\nthe claimant’s conservative treatment of record, mild objective findings, mild diagnostic findings,\n\nand lack of interest in further treatment modalities.” ", "AR 26, 345. ", "The latter findings are “good\n\nreasons” to discount a treating physician’s opinions, see, e.g., Turner v. Astrue, 710 F. Supp. ", "2d\n\n95, 106–07 (D.D.C. 2010) (finding that ALJ properly accorded less than controlling weight to a\n\ntreating physician’s opinion which was “conclusory in nature and not culled from objective\n\nmedical evidence”), and each is supported by substantial evidence in the record. ", "As the ALJ\n\nproperly found, Plaintiff’s June 2010 MRI\n\n\n\n\n 19\n\f only revealed L5–S1 degenerative changes with a disc bulge and mild neural\n foramina exit narrowing. ", "19 It also revealed no significant canal stenosis, 20 no\n significant neural foramina exit narrowing, and no abnormal spinal canal\n enhancement [AR 397–98]. ", "As discussed by the listings, the claimant’s objective\n findings are on the milder side, mostly noted to be tenderness [AR 532–566, 636–\n 703, 715–811, 828–859].", "\n\nId. at 25. ", "Further, as the ALJ observed, that “[t]here is no evidence of anyone recommending\n\nsurgery” in the record. ", "Id. Nor “is [there any] evidence of any hospital visits for back pain during\n\nthe relevant period” or Plaintiff having received “any other common conservative treatments for\n\nback pain like as single visit of physical therapy or an orthopedic evaluation.” ", "Id. She has rejected\n\nspinal injections in favor of pain medication. ", "Id. Plaintiff does not dispute than any of these\n\nfindings are based on evidence in the record. ", "See generally Pl. ", "Mot.", "\n\n The ALJ also correctly observed that Plaintiff’s counsel “did not submit any of [Dr.\n\nKossoff’s] treatment records to bolster [her] opinions.” ", "Id. at 26. ", "In fact, following the remand,\n\nPlaintiff’s counsel submitted only a single, brief April 16, 2015 email from Dr. Kossoff wherein\n\nshe represented that Plaintiff continued to be in her care and that the limitations described in her\n\nApril 30, 2013 letter “continue to exist.” ", "Id. at 872. ", "That addition to the record did little to\n\nsubstantiate Dr. Kossoff’s April 30, 2013 letter, which was itself conclusory as to the nature and\n\nseverity of Plaintiff’s alleged disability. ", "Id. at 345. ", "Plaintiff faults the ALJ for not mentioning Dr.\n\nKossoff’s April 16, 2015 email in his second decision, contending that the absence of any\n\ndiscussion of the email was due to the ALJ “not [being] aware of [the email’s] existence despite\n\nthe fact that it was quoted in full in Plaintiff’s brief on remand.” ", "Pl. ", "Mot. ", "at 8. ", "The undersigned\n\n\n\n\n19\n Neural foraminal exit narrowing is a narrowing of the nerve opening in the spinal canal. ", "MEDLINEPLUS,\nForaminotomy, https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007390.htm.", "\n20\n Spinal stenosis is “a narrowing of the open spaces within [the] spine, which can put pressure on [the] spinal cord\nand the nerves that travel through the spine.” ", "MAYO CLINIC, Spinal Stenosis, http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-\nconditions/spinal-stenosis/basics/definition/con-20036105.", "\n\n\n\n 20\n\ffinds it is more likely that the ALJ did not mention that five-line email because it was conclusory\n\nand added little to nothing in support of Plaintiff’s claim for benefits.", "\n\n Plaintiff also seeks to fault the ALJ for not obtaining Dr. Kossoff’s treatment notes himself.", "\n\nPl. ", "Mot. ", "at 9. ", "The adjudication of that issue is a closer one because, in this Circuit, the ALJ has an\n\n“affirmative duty to investigate fully all matters at issue and to develop the comprehensive record\n\nrequisite for a fair determination of disability.” ", "Poulin, 817 F.2d at 870. ", "But, as another judge of\n\nthis Court has observed, “the duty [of the ALJ] to recontact a treating source arises only when the\n\nevidence as a whole is inadequate to determine disability.” ", "Smith v. Astrue, 534 F. Supp. ", "2d 121,\n\n134 (D.D.C. 2011). ", "Where, as here, “the majority of the objective evidence in the record shows\n\nnormal findings and other physicians have not found plaintiff unable to work, a single, unsupported\n\nfinding does not establish a need for additional evidence.” ", "Id.\n\n Moreover, Plaintiff and her counsel also bear responsibility for developing the record. ", "The\n\nclaimant bears the burden of proving that he or she is disabled, see Jones v. Astrue, 647 F.3d 350,\n\n352 (D.C. Cir. ", "2011), and “must . . . ", "submit all evidence known to [him or her] that relates to\n\nwhether or not [he or she is] blind or disable.” ", "20 C.F.R. § 404.1512(a). ", "Plaintiff’s counsel has\n\nan affirmative obligation to do so as well. ", "See id. §§ 404.1740(b)(1); 416.1540(b)(1) (claimant’s\n\nattorney has an “[a]ffirmative duty” to “[a]ssist the claimant in complying . . . ", "with [the agency’s]\n\nrequests for information or evidence at any stage of the administrative decision making process\n\n. . .”). ", "Plaintiff’s counsel failed to satisfy that obligation here – odd, given that Plaintiff had\n\nprevailed on the Appeals Council in her demand that the case be remanded for further development\n\nand consideration of the opinions of her treating physicians. ", "AR 126–29. ", "Indeed, nine months\n\nprior to the second hearing, the SSA sent a letter to Plaintiff’s counsel directing him to submit any\n\nnew evidence or \"any other relevant, medical . . . ", "or other records not already in the file” which\n\n\n\n\n 21\n\fsupported Plaintiff’s claimed disability. ", "Id. at 352–53. ", "Other than submitting Dr. Kossoff’s\n\nperfunctory April 16, 2015 email, Plaintiff failed to submit any other records in support of Dr.\n\nKossoff’s opinions prior to the second hearing. ", "Moreover at the conclusion of the hearing, the\n\nALJ asked Plaintiff’s counsel directly if he knew of “outstanding documents which should be\n\nsubmitted for . . . ", "consideration in the case”; Plaintiff’s counsel answered “No. ", "I do not . . . .” ", "Id.\n\nat 50. ", " Thereafter, the ALJ nevertheless “waited for months after the hearing” to permit\n\n“[Plaintiff’s] representative to update records,” but further records pertinent to Plaintiff’s disability\n\nclaim were not submitted. ", "21 Id. at 19. ", "In such a case, the ALJ is permitted to adjudicate a social\n\nsecurity plaintiff’s claim for benefits based on the record presented by her counsel and to “assume\n\nthat the applicant is making [her] strongest case for benefits,” 22 Glenn v. Secretary of Health and\n\nHuman Services, 814 F.2d 387, 391 (7th Cir. ", "1987) – a proposition that finds support even in\n\nPlaintiff’s brief. ", "See Pl. ", "Mot. ", "at 9 (“[m]ore evidence was not . . . ", "submitted [by Plaintiff prior to\n\nthe second hearing] because the file contained sufficient and updated evidence” for Plaintiff’s\n\nclaim to be adjudicated).", "\n\n Moreover, Plaintiff made no proffer before this Court as to what Dr. Kossoff’s treatment\n\nrecords might contain that would be helpful to Plaintiff’s claim for benefits. ", "See Gachette v.\n\nWeinberger, 551 F.2d 39, 41 (3d Cir. ", "1977) (indicating that claimant’s counsel should “make an\n\noffer of proof regarding what a more fully developed record might have shown” on remand).", "\n\nReversal for failure to develop the record when there has been no showing that the deficiency was\n\n\n\n21\n As Plaintiff notes in her motion, records for her care at Howard University Hospital between August 2010 and\nJanuary 2015 were, in fact, received by the SSA on September 14, 2015, subsequent to the issuance of the ALJ’s\nsecond decision. ", "Id. at 873–958; Pl. ", "Mot. ", "at 10. ", "But Plaintiff concedes that these records were requested by the ALJ,\nnot Plaintiff, and that they and that they were of little moment as “[n]one of [them] . . . ", "related to the conditions for\nwhich the Plaintiff was seeking benefits.” ", "Pl. ", "Mot. ", "at 10–11.", "\n22\n Conversely, this case is not at all like Poulin where the D.C. Circuit recognized an ALJ’s affirmative obligation to\ndevelop the record. ", "In Poulin, the Plaintiff was unrepresented at the administrative level, had limited fluency in\nEnglish, and had a mental illness that impaired his ability to represent himself. ", "817 F.2d at 870.", "\n\n\n 22\n\f“‘unfair or prejudicial”’ to the claimant, is unwarranted. ", "See Clark v. Astrue, 826 F. Supp. ", "2d 13,\n\n24 (D.D.C. 2011) (quoting Smith v. Astrue, 534 F. Supp. ", "2d 121, 134 (D.D.C. 2008)).", "\n\n Plaintiff’s challenge to the ALJ’s diminution of Dr. Menon’s opinions fares no better.", "\n\nMany of the errors she perceives in the ALJ’s analysis can only be described as trifling. ", "She asserts\n\nthat at one point the ALJ misstates Dr. Menon’s gender, and at another that he mistakenly refers\n\nto her as “Dr. Kossoff.” ", "Pl. ", "Mot. ", "at 6. ", "While admitting that any ambiguities caused by these errors\n\ncould be cured by reading the ALJ’s decision in context – a conclusion with which the undersigned\n\nagrees – Plaintiff argues that an “appellate tribunal should not contravene her right to a fair hearing\n\nby filling in gaps in [the ALJ’s] opinion.” ", "Id. at 6. ", "Plaintiff is incorrect. ", "Ignoring inconsequential,\n\ntypographic errors in an ALJ’s decision denies a claimant nothing of importance.", "\n\n As for substance, the undersigned finds no defect justifying remand in the ALJ’s analysis\n\nof Dr. Menon’s opinions. ", "Dr. Menon opined that Plaintiff only had the ability to lift and carry up\n\nto ten pounds, sit six hours, stand at least two hours and walk less than two hours. ", "AR 26. ", "The\n\nALJ afford “little weight” to these opinions because, like for Dr. Kossoff, the ALJ determined that\n\nsuch “significant findings” were contradicted by the previously mentioned “mild diagnostic\n\nfindings, few objective findings, and [Plaintiff’s] conservative treatment” demonstrated in the\n\nrecord. ", "Id. at 26. ", "Again, such are legitimate reasons to afford less weight to a treating physician’s\n\nopinion. ", "Conversely, the ALJ afforded “great and more weight” to the State agency medical\n\nconsultants who found Plaintiff could perform light work based on Plaintiff’s “milder objective\n\nfindings and diagnostic findings, activities of daily living 23. . ., ", "and her conservative treatment of\n\n\n23\n With respect to Plaintiff’s activities of daily living, while she denied participation in “any meaningful activities,”\nAR 41, the record indicates that she volunteered at a shelter, id. at 715, took an exercise class while attending a day\nprogram, id. at 281, can cook, id. at 41, 333, clean, id., shop, id. at 41, 334, do laundry, id. at 282, 333, and engage in\npersonal care with only the occasional assistance of others, id. at 281; see also id. at 545 (patient “states she can\ncomplete all her [activities of daily living] on her own”).", "\n\n\n\n\n 23\n\frecord with inconsistencies noted by her controlled medications.” ", "Id. 24 The undersigned can find\n\nno error justifying remand in the ALJ’s analysis of the competing physician’s opinions.", "\n\n B. The ALJ’s Purported “Erratic” Behavior\n\n Plaintiff also contends that the ALJ “was . . . ", "unable to provide her with a full and fair\n\nhearing” because of his purported “erratic” behavior and “irrational” handling of the case. ", "Pl. ", "Mot.", "\n\nat 1–2, 6, 8, 11; Pl. ", "Reply at 2. ", "Although it is not entirely clear which actions of the ALJ the\n\nPlaintiff claims denied her a fair hearing, the undersigned can find nothing in the record that would\n\nsupport such a claim. ", "As stated above, the ALJ properly considered the record evidence in\n\ndiscounting the opinions of Plaintiff’s treating physicians. ", "His questioning of Plaintiff at the\n\nsecond hearing was entirely unremarkable: he asked her name and address, height and weight,\n\neducation and had her testify about her work history and daily activities. ", "AR at 56–59. ", "His\n\nassessment of Plaintiff’s credibility—which was the primary reasons that Plaintiff asserted at the\n\nsecond hearing that the ALJ should recuse himself, see id. at 41–46—is detailed and supported by\n\nthe record, id. at 24–25.", "\n\n To the extent that Plaintiff is asserting that the ALJ was biased against her, her claim also\n\nfails. ", "An ALJ is presumed to be unbiased. ", "See Keith v. Barnhart, 473 F.3d 782, 788 (7th Cir.", "\n\n2007). ", "Courts reviewing a claimant’s allegations of bias must look for “coercive,” “intimidating,”\n\nand “irrelevant” questioning from the ALJ, as well as interference on the part of the ALJ with the\n\nintroduction of evidence. ", "Ventura v. Shalala, 55 F.3d 900, 902–04 (3d Cir. ", "1995); see also Rosa\n\nv. Bowen, 677 F. Supp. ", "782, 783 (D.N.J. 1988) (finding claimant was denied a fair adjudication\n\n\n24\n Indeed, respect to the latter finding concerning Plaintiff’s use of Percocet, if anything, Dr. Menon’s records\nundermine Plaintiff’s position. ", "Those records from November and December 2010 substantiate that Plaintiff failed\nthree drug screens, suggesting that she was not taking the Percocet that she was being prescribed and shedding doubt\non the severity of the pain that she claimed to be experiencing. ", "Id. at 659–61. ", "When Dr. Menon confronted Plaintiff\nwith the negative drug test result, as the ALJ noted, Plaintiff attempted to explain that “maybe it was negative because\nshe ran out” of Percocet. ", "Id. at 25, 661. ", "Dr. Menon responded by reminding Plaintiff that she had just “told [Dr.\nMenon] that she took the last dose the night before.” ", "Id.\n\n\n 24\n\fwhere ALJ provided a hearing that “was shameful in its atmosphere of alternating indifference,\n\npersonal musings, impatience and condescension”). ", "Other courts have similarly instructed that a\n\ncourt assessing the impartiality of an ALJ “must focus its inquiry not on whether the judge actually\n\nharbored subjective bias, but rather on whether the record, viewed objectively, reasonably supports\n\nthe appearance of prejudice or bias.” ", "Robinson v. Comm’r Soc. ", "Sec. ", "Admin., ", "2009 WL 872030, at\n\n*3 (D.N.J. March 30, 2009) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). ", "In other words, “[i]t\n\nis only after a petitioner has demonstrated that the decisionmaker ‘displayed deep-seated and\n\nunequivocal antagonism that would render fair judgment impossible’ that the presumption [of an\n\nALJ’s impartiality] is rebutted, the findings set aside, and the matter remanded for a new hearing.”", "\n\nKeith, 473 F.3d at 788 (quoting Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 556 (1994)). ", "The\n\nundersigned finds nothing in the record that amounts to “coercive,” “intimidating,” or “irrelevant”\n\nquestioning or actions by the ALJ. ", "Accordingly, to the extent that the Plaintiff is asserting a claim\n\nof bias on the part of the ALJ, that claim should be rejected as well.", "\n\n CONCLUSION\n\n For the reasons stated above, the undersigned recommends that Plaintiff’s motion be\n\ndenied, that Defendant’s motion be granted, and that the decision of the Commissioner be affirmed.", "\n\n * * * * *\n\n The parties are hereby advised that under the provisions of Local Rule 72.3(b) of the United\n\nStates District Court for the District of Columbia, any party who objects to the Report and\n\nRecommendation must file a written objection thereto with the Clerk of this Court within 14 days\n\nof the party’s receipt of this Report and Recommendation. ", "The written objections must specifically\n\nidentify the portion of the report and/or recommendation to which objection is made, and the basis\n\nfor such objections. ", "The parties are further advised that failure to file timely objections to the\n\n\n\n\n 25\n\f Case 1:16-cv-02056-RDM-GMH Document 15 Filed 06/27/17 Page 26 of 26\n\n\n\nfindings and recommendations set forth in this report may waive their right of appeal from an order\n\nof the District Court that adopts such findings and recommendation. ", "See Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S.\n\n140 (1985).", "\n\n\nDate: June 27, 2017 ___________________________________\n G. MICHAEL HARVEY\n UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE\n\n\n\n\n 26\n\f" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "Cohoes Mayor Shawn Morse is facing political backlash after a Times Union story Sunday detailed allegations of domestic abuse against him going back decades.", "\n\nNew York state Assemblywoman Patricia Fahy went on Twitter Sunday to say that Morse should resign. ", "And the Albany County Democratic Committee, where Morse has been an influential player in the past, met Sunday night and issued a statement regarding the mayor.", "\n\n\"The Albany County Democratic Committee does not condone domestic violence or any form of violence,\" read the statement from committee Chairman Jack Flynn. \"", "If in fact, the allegations are found to be true, we ask that Mayor Morse resign from office immediately.\"", "\n\nFahy doesn't think that Morse should wait until the investigation is complete.", "\n\n'These are disturbing revelations from the @timesunion about a history of domestic violence and unacceptable behavior not becoming of the title 'Honorable' from an elected official,\" Fahy wrote on Twitter. \"", "Time for Cohoes Mayor Shawn Morse to make an honorable move and step aside.\"", "\n\nFlynn said that Morse and his alleged actions against women will likely be the subject of an investigation by his party's ethics committee. ", "It was discussed at a meeting Sunday night of the Democratic committee.", "\n\n\"I believe in due process,\" Flynn said, noting a current investigation that is being conducted concerning a 911 call made last month by Morse's wife. \"", "The State Police are investigating and until the investigation is complete, I will be reserving judgement.\"", "\n\nOn Sunday, the Times Union reported about domestic abuse allegations involving Morse that stretch back more than two decades. ", "They include an incident in the mid-1990s when a woman he dated for several years called police and said Morse had grabbed her by the neck and lifted her off the ground during an argument at her apartment.", "\n\nFahy's 109th district does not include Cohoes. ", "But the City of Albany Democrat is a major player in the county party. ", "Morse has also been an influential Democrat, previously serving as Albany County Legislature chairman.", "\n\nThe assemblywoman appeared Sunday on the Spectrum News show \"In Focus Albany\" to discuss the impact of sexual misconduct cases on the political landscape. ", "She could not be immediately reached for comment Sunday about her Twitter call for Morse to step down.", "\n\nAssemblyman John McDonald, whose family has operated Marra's Pharmacy in Cohoes for decades and represents the city in his district, on Friday confirmed to the Times Union that he recalled an incident in which Morse once grabbed a former girlfriend by her hair while she was working at the pharmacy and dragged her out of the store.", "\n\nMcDonald said on Sunday that Morse has to \"make a decision that is in best for his family and the City of Cohoes.\"", "\n\n\"At this time the community is struggling due to the Nov. 30th fire which will need the Mayor's full attention to the matters at hand for a considerable period of time,\" McDonald said.", "\n\nDetails about Morse's alleged history of abusive behavior are surfacing as State Police investigate a domestic violence incident on the morning of Nov. 10 when Morse's wife, Brenda, called 911 and told a dispatcher that her husband \"grabbed her by the throat and threw her to the ground,\" according to a police record.", "\n\nMorse and his wife have declined to authorize the release of her 911 call.", "\n\nMorse could not be immediately reached for comment Sunday. ", "On Friday, Morse's attorney Joseph Ahearn issued a statement that said in part that he has asked Morse to refrain from discussing any aspects of his personal life, Ahearn said, \"the mayor is confident that after a thorough investigation by the State Police, it will be evident that the mayor did not engage in any wrongdoing or criminal conduct.\"", "\n\nSteve Hughes contributed to this report." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nUsing module method inside class\n\nI have \n/a.rb\n\nrequire_relative ‘a/b’\nmodule A\n def self.foo\n \"HA\"\n end\nend\n\n/a/b.rb\nmodule A\n class B\n VAR = A.foo * 3\n end\nend\n\nUnfortunately it errors out as Undefined foo method inside A module and I don't know why.", "\nA is used mostly as a namespace, and I've decided to put some methods in there as configuration - they actually set the root of the project and the root + /config directory for configuration purposes.", "\nHow can I accomplish this?", "\n\nA:\n\nProblem was requiring the file before defining the methods I was using in it.", "\nI was requiring b.rb before defining A::foo.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "EDGEWATER, N.J. -- Firefighters battled a huge fire at a New Jersey apartment complex Wednesday night with flames and smoke visible from New York City across the Hudson River.", "\n\nThe fire broke out around 4:30 p.m. and raged on multiple floors of the Avalon Edgewater complex in Edgewater, about 10 miles north of New York City. ", "It quickly spread to hundreds of units and was still burning violently five hours after it started, CBS New York reported.", "\n\nAuthorities say it appears everyone in the four-story building was able to get out safely. ", "No injuries had been reported.", "\n\nEntire complex is a loss. #", "edgewater A video posted by Sean (@halliganipa) on Jan 21, 2015 at 5:56pm PST\n\nThe fire was raised to five alarms as structures collapsed, according to Edgewater police. ", "According to CBS New York reporter Jessica Schneider, sounds that appeared to be explosions were heard around 9 p.m. as the structures fell.", "\n\nGet Breaking News Delivered to Your Inbox\n\nEmbers rose 500 feet and smoke ascended 1,000 or 1,500 feet into the air.", "\n\nFire departments from surrounding towns were called in to help, but the firefighting effort was hampered by strong winds and frigid temperatures.", "\n\nThe water supply at the scene also proved problematic, according to a fire battalion chief from nearby Bogota.", "\n\n\"If you hit the hydrant in so many locations, it lowers the pressure,\" Bogota Fire Battalion Chief Joe DeMauro told CBS New York. \"", "Not a lot of water.\"", "\n\nThe fire grew so large that the flames were visible from Midtown Manhattan. ", "New York emergency officials advised residents in Manhattan and the Bronx that they might see or smell smoke.", "\n\nThe fire stretched for at least three city blocks and affected more than 400 people who had to be evacuated. ", "One firefighter told Schneider he had never seen a blaze like it.", "\n\n\"I came here around 5:30, and basically there wasn't that much of a fire, but it was just smoke,\" said resident Hamza Alkhayyat. \"", "But now, as you can see, it's horrible.\"", "\n\nAt least 50 percent of the complex was completely destroyed. ", "The cause of the fire was not immediately known.", "\n\nThe apartment complex was the scene of a fire in August 2000, when it was still under construction. ", "Several nearby homes were also damaged." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nFeedMe SSL error - cURL error 35: SSL connect error\n\nI'm getting an error when trying to access an endpoint over ssl in FeedMe. ", "eg https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts\nThe error is\ncURL error 35: SSL connect error\nError reported in web.log is\n[verbb\\feedme\\base\\PluginTrait::error] Test: Unable to reach https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts. ", "Message: cURL error 35: SSL connect error (see http://curl.haxx.se/libcurl/c/libcurl-errors.html)\nI've tried running curl directly from commandline on the server and it runs fine:\ncurl https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts prints the JSON.", "\nPHP: 7.2.5\ncURL: 7.19.7\n\nA:\n\nMost likely the PHP curl version that's on your box is trying to connect to the endpoint using an older SSL protocol (TLS 1.0, 1.1, etc.) ", "and the endpoint requires something higher (TLS 1.2, 1.3, etc.).", "\nhttp://blog.techstacks.com/2010/03/3-common-causes-of-unknown-ssl-protocol-errors-with-curl.html\nThe command line version of curl is probably using a newer protocol.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "EEC syndrome (ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia and cleft lip/palate) with a balanced reciprocal translocation between 7q11.21 and 9p12 (or 7p11.2 and 9q12) in three generations.", "\nFamilial cases (a grandfather, a father and a daughter) of the EEC syndrome (ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia and cleft lip/palate) are reported. ", "All of them have a balanced reciprocal translocation (46,XY or XX, t(7;9) (q11.21;p12) or (46,XY or XX, t(7;9) (p11.2;q12)), but no other members of the family have either the EEC syndrome or chromosome abnormalities. ", "This indicates that one of the chromosome sites 7q11.21, 9p12, 7p11.2 and 9q12 is a candidate for gene locus of the EEC syndrome." ]

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[ "Bitcoin cash blockchain size\n\nMingoCoin Plans to Ride the Wave of Mobile Messaging to 1.2M Users in 2018.", "\n\nWhat Is Bitcoin Cash - bitemycoin.com\n\nBitcoin Cash wants to increase the block size. ", "the operating power outside of the main blockchain.", "Hong Kong Stock Exchange to Launch Blockchain-Powered Market.", "\n\nA group of miners unhappy with scaling proposal Segwit2x have created Bitcoin Cash,. ", "bitcoin blockchain.", "Bitcoin Cash is about to. ", "scaling issues caused by block size.", "\n\nBitcoin 'Forks': A Brief Guide On Bitcoin Cash\n\nGet started with Bitcoin: find a wallet, buy bitcoin, shop with bitcoin, read bitcoin news,.", "\n\nAt a 1 MB block size limit, the Bitcoin blockchain can only handle 7 transactions per second compared to a peak of 56,000.", "\n\nBitcoin Cash is Bitcoin's Newest Rival. ", "It's Looking Dangerous\n\nOn August 1st at 12:20 UTC a new cryptocurrency called Bitcoin Cash. (", "blockchain) with Bitcoin has.", "\n\nThe controversial Bitcoin Cash, has rocketed to be the third-biggest cryptocurrency in terms of its market cap in less than 24 hours,.", "A total of 41 Bitcoin Cash blocks were mined since the hard fork took place.", "\n\nRecent commentary among developers hints at how bitcoin cash may seek to improve its technology and further its already large economic network.", "\n\nWhen the BIP 91 update to the Bitcoin Blockchain was locked in. ", "an increase in the block size to 8 MB instead. ", "new Bitcoin Cash blockchain starts.", "Because of its size and complexity, the entire blockchain is. ", "bitcoin resembles cash as. ", "which will then be timestamped into the bitcoin blockchain.", "The leader in blockchain news, CoinDesk is an independent media outlet that strives for the highest journalistic standards and abides by a strict set of editorial policies.", "Miners can choose the size of the blocks they want to mine,.", "\n\nWhat Is Bitcoin Cash? ", "Why Is Bitcoin Splitting? — ", "The\n\nBitcoin News: Bitcoin Cash:. (", "SegWit) and a block size increase.", "\n\nA controversial bitcoin spinoff called Bitcoin Cash has officially broken off from the main network, forging ahead with its own blockchain.", "\n\nFirst Bitcoin Cash Block Has Been Mined, As Blockchain\n\nThe online gambling industry is now gearing up to help further the fledging success of the newest cryptocurrency in town—Bitcoin Cash.", "\n\nFaucetHub.us Best Faucet Bitcoin Cash\n\nAn effort to create an alternative version of the bitcoin blockchain is officially moving ahead.", "The value of Bitcoin Cash as a new altcoin largely depends on the hash rate of the network.", "We break down the difference between Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash,.", "BTC and BCC are two possible forks for the bitcoin blockchain." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nmanipulate html before append to DOM\n\n$(document).ready(function(){\r\n var x = '<div><span></span><div id=\"container\"><span>one</span><span class=\"target\"></span></div></div>';\r\n console.log($(x).find('#container').get(0));\r\n});\n<script src=\"https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js\"></script>\n\nI am able to get the container block but how to remove the .target span?", "\n\nA:\n\nAre you looking to remove the entire element if the class matches .target?", "\nTry this:\n$(document).ready(function(){\n var x = $('<div><span></span><div id=\"container\"><span>one</span><span class=\"target\"></span></div></div>');\n x.find('.target').get(0).remove();\n console.log(x.html());\n});\n\nHere's a fiddle.", "\n\nEdit\nAs x.html() strips off the root element (i.e. the <div></div>), here is the solution if you would like to get the full HTML string.", "\n$(document).ready(function(){\n var x = $('<div><span></span><div id=\"container\"><span>one</span><span class=\"target\"></span></div></div>');\n x.find('.target').get(0).remove();\n x = x.wrap('<div>').parent().html();\n console.log(x);\n});\n\nUpdated fiddle.", "\n\nEdit 2\nIn the case where there are more than one .target, say for example the following string:\n<div><span></span><div id=\"container\"><span>one</span><span class=\"target\"></span><span class=\"target\"></span><i class=\"target\"></i></div></div>\nYou can consider removing get(0).", "\n$(document).ready(function(){\n var x = $('<div><span></span><div id=\"container\"><span>one</span><span class=\"target\"></span><span class=\"target\"></span><i class=\"target\"></i></div></div>');\n x.find('.target').remove();\n x = x.wrap('<div>').parent().html();\n console.log(x);\n});\n\nUpdated the fiddle again.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "\"The National Industry Liaison Group (NILG) is a unique consortium of professionals consisting of federal contractors and subcontractors in partnership with regulatory agencies, working toward achieving equal employment opportunities for all.\"", "\n\nThe National Industry Liaison Group (NILG) is a non-profit organization formed in 1992 for the main purposes of improving communications between the U.S. Department of Labor’s Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP) and Industry Liaison Groups (ILGs); and, enhancing the quality and overall effectiveness of Industry Liaison Groups. ", "The NILG Board supports approximately 61 Industry Liaison Groups (ILGs), which are comprised of small, mid-size and large federal contractors and subcontractors across the country. ", "Local ILGs are in every Department of Labor (DOL) region. ", "No other employer association has a broader base of constituents focused on EO/AA matters. ", "Since its beginning, the National Industry Liaison Group has continued to improve and enhance its structure, purpose, and membership; and has evolved to address new challenges and opportunities.", "\n\nOur Vision: To be the premier association of federal contractors supporting affirmative action and equal opportunity in the workplace through collaboration with ILGs and liaisons with the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP), the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), and other government agencies and organizations connected to federal contracting EEO and AA requirements.", "\n\nOur Mission:\n\nSupport individual Industry Liaison Groups\n\nCoordinate the annual ILG National Conference\n\nProvide comments and feedback to regulators\n\nLiaise with OFCCP, ODEP, VETS, EEOC and related stakeholders\n\nWe accomplish this mission by carrying out the activities outlined in our bylaws and by achieving targeted objectives. ", "The NILG is proud of the voluntary and unique partnership of public and private sector cooperation it has been able to foster as an effective approach in dealing with important legal and regulatory issues regarding affirmative action and equal employment opportunity. ", "The National Industry Liaison Group is committed to. . . ", "Working Together Towards Equality In The Workplace!", "\n\nDisclaimer:\n\nThe information contained on this Website is for informational purposes only and is not intended to provide legal or other advice. ", "Visitors to this site should consult legal counsel of their own choosing to determine how the information on this site relates to their individual circumstances and how to utilize the information, if at all. ", "The views and opinions expressed by the National Industry Liaison Group (NILG) on this site do not necessarily reflect those of individual NILG Board Members or their respective employers. ", "This site contains links to other Websites. ", "NILG is not responsible for and did not contribute to the information or opinions expressed on those Websites." ]

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[ "Beach Girls (Indian TV series)\n\nBeach Girls is a Tamil reality show that premiered on Raj TV. ", "In the program, the Tamil television industry celebrities share their lifetime experiences and achievements. ", "Season 1 ran from 29 October 2012 to 19 March 2013 and Season 2 ran from 5 July 2014 to 25 October 2014.", "\n\nExternal links\n Raj TV Official Site \n\nCategory:Raj TV television series\nCategory:Tamil-language television programs\nCategory:Tamil Nadu drama television series\nCategory:Tamil talk shows\nCategory:2013 Tamil-language television series debuts\nCategory:2010s Tamil-language television series\nCategory:2014 Tamil-language television series endings" ]

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[ "In Chapter 3, on page 7, in the novel Things Fall Apart, we are introduced to kola nut, which is a very significant object in the Ibo culture, as “who brings kola brings life”. ", "Kola nuts, as well as palm-wine, is constantly mentioned in the book, especially during ceremonies, to focus on the traditional hospitality of the Ibo people. ", "When Okoye came to see Unoka, to collect his debt, they did not start talking about it immediately and instead, Unoka proposed his guest kola, because it was a symbol of hospitality. ", "They started arguing, because they couldn’t decide on who was to break the kola nut, until eventually Unoka “accepted the honour of breaking the kola”. ", "This phrase included by Achebe in the beginning of the novel, when kola nuts are just introduced signifies how honorable and respectable it is, for a person to break a kola nut. ", "Breaking a kola nut is a very spiritual process, as when Unoka broke the kola nut, he “prayed to their ancestors for life and health, and for protection against their enemies”, and Okoye drew some lines and his big toe on the floor, just for this short “ceremony”. ", "Only after they have eaten, Okoye reminded him why he came to see Unoka. ", "By this, the reader can see that kola nut is a very significant object in the Ibo culture, as it is also a symbol of respect to the guest and is offered on a regular basis, just like in other cultures, you offer your guest something to drink when they visit you, but however, the process of breaking it is more honorable and more spiritual.", "\n\nIn chapter twenty-one of the novel, ‘Things Fall Apart’, the reader is introduced to Mr Brown, a white missionary. ", "Mr Brown is a symbol of any positive aspects of colonization. ", "The character, Mr Brown, shows mutual respect towards the Ibo people, as shown on page 130 when the author remarks, “and so Mr Brown came to be respected even by the clan, because he trod softly on its faith”. ", "Mr Brown shows understanding that in order to be respected by the clan he cannot impose his beliefs upon them. ", "This is contrasted with the presentation of Mr Smith in future chapters who appears apathetic and uninterested in understanding the culture of the Ibo people. ", "Mr Smith represents oppression and the negative elements of colonization. ", "His name, Mr Smith, is a common British name, suggests a majority of colonizers acted in the same way as him rather than Mr Brown. ", "Mr Brown also shows a sharing of ideas and culture when he and Akunna begin “talking through an interpreter about religion. ", "Neither of the succeeded in converting the other but they learnt more about their different beliefs.” ", "This exchange of ideas represents the exchange of ideas that is possible from the colonizer and the colonized. ", "Mr Brown is also has much in common with the colonized; a desire for peace. ", "This is shown when the narrator remarks that “Mr Brown preached against such excess of zeal”. ", "This suggests that Mr Brown is not extreme in his actions and is rather pacifistic in his belief. ", "All of the actions of Mr Brown show the positive elements of colonization. ", "He does not express a sense of superiority or make the Ibo people feel inferior, atypical of the other colonizers.", "\n\nIn Chinua Achebe’s novel, “Things Fall Apart”, the python is presented as a sacred animal in Ibo culture, because it is literally a symbol of the god of water. ", "This python has its own way of being addressed, as well as a specialized ceremony if killed accidentally. ", "On page 116, Achebe explains that the compensation for murdering a python is “…such as was done for a great man.” ", "This compares the value of a python to that of a man and vice versa, implying just how essential it is in their culture. ", "The concept of the sacred python is first introduced to the reader in the later chapters of the novel, when an outcast (later implied as Enoch, the son of the snake-priest) kills the sacred python, an event that never crossed the minds of the Ibo people (hence their difficulty in determining the consequences).", "\n\nAs mentioned before, the python is what Achebe describes as an “emanation” (page 116) of the god of water; thus, to kill a python would be blasphemous. ", "Consequently, conflict is initiated between the clan and the Christians. ", "In this situation, the outcast represents the Christians, or colonizers, portraying their callousness and incongruity with “uncivilized”, less modern societies. ", "On page 117, Achebe writes, “Such a thing could never happen in his [Okonkwo’s] fatherland, Umuofia.” ", "The author has used irony here, because Okonkwo’s thought is later contradicted, when the missionaries establish themselves later in Umuofia as well. ", "Another noteworthy point is that this event could potentially symbolize the death of the clan’s religion.", "\n\nIn “Things Fall Apart”, Achebe uses several literary elements to describe a particular character or a specific event in the novel. ", "One of the literary elements in the novel is a motif. ", "Achebe mentions about chi several times throughout the novel which makes “chi” itself a motif. ", "Achebe uses chi as a motif because chi is considered as a significant symbol for the individuals and the Ibo culture as a whole. ", "In Ibo culture, the Ibo people have a strong belief and greatly honor their chis. ", "In Ibo society, in order to be successful in life, they have to be positive, have the right conduct and work efficiently to make their chi happy. ", "On pg. ", "20, Okonkwo is described as successful and also tells us how he achieved his success. ", "It also describes if his chi is bad or good: “At an early age he had achieved fame as the greatest wrestler…..when a man says yes his chi says yes also. ", "Okonkwo said yes strongly, so his chi agreed” (p. 20). ", "This indicates that being competent and working efficiently instead of being lazy and giving up satisfies his/her chi in Ibo culture. ", "Therefore Okonkwo is successful in life. ", "Thus, it implies that chi is a significant part in Ibo culture because chi acts as an impetus that coerces people to act positively and be productive in their work that leads them to success.", "\n\nIn the book ‘Things Fall Apart’ Chinua Achebe describes Ikemefuna as an ‘ill fated lad’. ", "Behind the meaning of this description lie different literary elements that pay a great significance to the book, in general.", "\n\nBefore the author describes Ikemefuna in this manner, he writes about Okonkwo’s reputation and youth. ", "He says, referring to Okonkwo, ‘He was a wealthy farmer and had two barns full of yams, and had just married his third wife’. ", "By saying these words, the author wants to show Okonkwo as a man who earned his good reputation by hard work and not family wealth. ", "He also writes ‘And so although Okonkwo was still young, he was already one of the greatest men of his time’ meaning that age was not the problem for him to succeed in life. ‘", "As the elders said, if a child washed his hands he could eat with kings’, by stating this proverb, the author means that being one of those boys who ‘washed their hands’, Okonkwo believed that he himself, could treat anyone in this manner if they ‘washed their hands’. ", "He compares and contrasts Okonkwo’s youth against Ikemefuna’s who is later on described as an ‘ill fated lad’. ", "Behind the description of Ikemefuna as an ‘ill fated lad’ lies foreshadowing which shows the readers that the fate of Ikemefuna is not fortunate, and there will be some event later on in the book that will prove the description right. ", "As well as foreshadowing, the words ‘ill fated’ are a metaphor. ‘", "ill fated’ if translated correctly means a fate that is ill, therefore unfortunate.", "\n\nEven though the passage where Ikemefuna is described is short, there lies a lot of significance that affects the book as a whole. ", "If the readers would not have read those lines saying ‘the ill-fated’ lad, they would most likely not predict anything unusual happening to him in the future. ", "And because this line foreshadows the coming of Ikemefuna’s unfortunate fate, the readers pay more attention to the way Okonkwo treats Ikemefuna later on in the book. ", "They see how Okonkwo treats him like his own son, and for the first time it is seen that Okonkwo becomes interested in something more than simply power and physical strength." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nmatching ID when expanding list of vectors to data.frame\n\nI have a data frame that consists of an ID and a column containing a list of vectors for each row. ", "So kind of like this except I put \"list of vectors\" in the column for simplicitys sake:\n id lists\n1 123 list of vectors\n2 345 list of vectors\n3 456 list of vectors\n4 789 list of vectors\n\nAfter expanding each list into a data.frame and appending, the result of the lists column into a data.frame looks like this:\n att1 att2 run\n1 600 43 a\n2 500 34 b\n3 300 54 a\n4 300 34 b\n5 250 34 a\n6 360 34 b\n7 700 23 a\n8 750 12 b\n\nWhat I'd like to do is then include a first column with which id each row belongs to. ", "In this case, each id should have two runs, so I know I can do rep(dt[,1],each=2) to get this:\n id att1 att2 run\n1 123 600 43 a\n2 123 500 34 b\n3 345 300 54 a\n4 345 300 34 b\n5 456 250 34 a\n6 456 360 34 b\n7 789 700 23 a\n8 789 750 12 b\n\nbut I'd really like a better way to do this in the case where the runs vary for each id. (3 runs for one id, 7 runs for another, etc.)", "\n\nA:\n\nIt is not clear about the structure. ", " Assuming the lists is a list of lists, then\nlibrary(tidyverse)\ndf1 %>% \n pull(lists) %>%\n set_names(df1$id) %>%\n map_df(data.frame, .id = 'id')\n\n" ]

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[ "Norwich baronets\n\nThe Norwich Baronetcy, of Brampton in the County of Northampton, was a title in the Baronetage of England. ", "It was created on 24 July 1641 for John Norwich, Member of Parliament for Northamptonshire and Northampton. ", "The second Baronet was Member of Parliament for Northampton. ", "The title is presumed to have become extinct on the death of the fourth Baronet in 1742.", "\n\nNorwich baronets, of Brampton (1641)\nSir John Norwich, 1st Baronet (1613–1661)\nSir Roger Norwich, 2nd Baronet (1636–1691)\nSir Erasmus Norwich, 3rd Baronet (1668–1720)\nSir William Norwich, 4th Baronet (1711–1742)\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Extinct baronetcies in the Baronetage of England" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nPlease explain Subversion to me\n\nEvery site and video I have seen introduces at least five new concepts in each sentence (for example, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WjddHpBi8Go). ", "It's like all these articles are in a whole other language. ", "What is this Subversion thing in plain English, including how to go about implementing it?", "\n\nA:\n\nEvery site and video I have seen\n introduces at least 5 new concepts in\n each sentence\n\nSince you're not looking for a quick, dense introduction, I suggest that you take the time to read through the excellent subversion book.", "\n\nA:\n\nSubversion is a revision control system, which means that it can be used to track all changes to your source code (or anything else you put in it). ", " If you cause some horrible bug and find out 6 weeks later, you can easily revert back to the original source.", "\nAnother common use is branching and merging, which allows several different developers/teams to work on their own copy (branch) of the source code at the same time. ", " When it's time to release, you can follow a consistent process to combine all of the different changes made by different teams.", "\nTo implement it, just go to the Subversion web site and install it. ", " The FAQ should answer most of your questions. ", " If you have more specific questions, you can search for/ask them here.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Pathologic changes in ferrets exposed to pseudorabies virus.", "\nFerrets experimentally infected by various routes with pseudorabies virus were examined for gross and microscopic lesions. ", "Nonsuppurative meningoencephalomyelitis, as well as visceral lesions, occurred. ", "The incubation period seemed related to the viral dose and to the distance between the inoculation site and the central nervous system. ", "The distribution of the lesions in the central nervous system appeared to be closely related to the peripheral nerve pathways from the inoculation sites. ", "Other findings indicated that the lymphohematogenous route could have a role in the dissemination of the virus in infected ferrets." ]

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[ "package eventstream\n\nimport (\n\t\"bytes\"\n\t\"encoding/binary\"\n\t\"hash/crc32\"\n)\n\nconst preludeLen = 8\nconst preludeCRCLen = 4\nconst msgCRCLen = 4\nconst minMsgLen = preludeLen + preludeCRCLen + msgCRCLen\nconst maxPayloadLen = 1024 * 1024 * 16 // 16MB\nconst maxHeadersLen = 1024 * 128 // 128KB\nconst maxMsgLen = minMsgLen + maxHeadersLen + maxPayloadLen\n\nvar crc32IEEETable = crc32.MakeTable(crc32.IEEE)\n\n// A Message provides the eventstream message representation.", "\ntype Message struct {\n\tHeaders Headers\n\tPayload []byte\n}\n\nfunc (m *Message) rawMessage() (rawMessage, error) {\n\tvar raw rawMessage\n\n\tif len(m.", "Headers) > 0 {\n\t\tvar headers bytes.", "Buffer\n\t\tif err := EncodeHeaders(&headers, m.Headers); err !", "= nil {\n\t\t\treturn rawMessage{}, err\n\t\t}\n\t\traw.", "Headers = headers.", "Bytes()\n\t\traw.", "HeadersLen = uint32(len(raw.", "Headers))\n\t}\n\n\traw.", "Length = raw.", "HeadersLen + uint32(len(m.", "Payload)) + minMsgLen\n\n\thash := crc32.New(crc32IEEETable)\n\tbinaryWriteFields(hash, binary.", "BigEndian, raw.", "Length, raw.", "HeadersLen)\n\traw.", "PreludeCRC = hash.", "Sum32()\n\n\tbinaryWriteFields(hash, binary.", "BigEndian, raw.", "PreludeCRC)\n\n\tif raw.", "HeadersLen > 0 {\n\t\thash.", "Write(raw.", "Headers)\n\t}\n\n\t// Read payload bytes and update hash for it as well.", "\n\tif len(m.", "Payload) > 0 {\n\t\traw.", "Payload = m.Payload\n\t\thash.", "Write(raw.", "Payload)\n\t}\n\n\traw.", "CRC = hash.", "Sum32()\n\n\treturn raw, nil\n}\n\ntype messagePrelude struct {\n\tLength uint32\n\tHeadersLen uint32\n\tPreludeCRC uint32\n}\n\nfunc (p messagePrelude) PayloadLen() uint32 {\n\treturn p.Length - p.HeadersLen - minMsgLen\n}\n\nfunc (p messagePrelude) ValidateLens() error {\n\tif p.Length == 0 || p.Length > maxMsgLen {\n\t\treturn LengthError{\n\t\t\tPart: \"message prelude\",\n\t\t\tWant: maxMsgLen,\n\t\t\tHave: int(p.", "Length),\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\tif p.HeadersLen > maxHeadersLen {\n\t\treturn LengthError{\n\t\t\tPart: \"message headers\",\n\t\t\tWant: maxHeadersLen,\n\t\t\tHave: int(p.", "HeadersLen),\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\tif payloadLen := p.PayloadLen(); payloadLen > maxPayloadLen {\n\t\treturn LengthError{\n\t\t\tPart: \"message payload\",\n\t\t\tWant: maxPayloadLen,\n\t\t\tHave: int(payloadLen),\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\treturn nil\n}\n\ntype rawMessage struct {\n\tmessagePrelude\n\n\tHeaders []byte\n\tPayload []byte\n\n\tCRC uint32\n}\n" ]

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[ "Psychostimulant drugs can elicit seemingly paradoxical mixtures of appetitive and aversive behaviors. ", "To investigate the neural bases of these behaviors, we gave awake behaving rats systemic injections of amphetamine while making single-unit recordings from the lateral habenula (LHb), a region previously shown to encode negative reward prediction errors. ", "At a population level, LHb units were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by amphetamine injections (1mg/kg and 3mg/kg, i.p.). ", "Closer examination showed that X/Y (??%) ", "of LHb units were inhibited (XX%), while the other half showed no response or, in a few cases, weak excitation. ", "These results closely parallel those from intracellularly recorded LHb cells in brain slices. ", "Dopamine (DA, 50uM) application inhibited 29/49 (59.2%) neurons, an effect that was completely blocked by the D2 antagonist eticlopride (200nM), while quinpirole inhibited 7/13 (53.8%) cells. ", "The remaining neurons either did not respond to DA or were slightly excited, similar to the in vivo results. ", "Further, bath applied amphetamine (n = 5, 10uM) resulted in a 66% reduction in action potential firing frequency, which correlated with a 50pA change in holding current. ", "In awake behaving rats, inhibition of LHb units peaked at 15 minutes post-injection, and persisted for nearly an hour. ", "Interestingly, a subset of LHb neurons show compensatory rebound excitations persisting for much longer, in some cases up to 3 hours after injection. ", "These rebound excitations occur at a time when the rewarding effects of amphetamine (as measured by conditioned place preference) are greatly attenuated, possibly reflecting early stages of drug withdrawal. ", "We hypothesize that this delayed excitation reflects a compensatory reaction that contributes to the subjective properties of drug withdrawal. ", "Furthermore, because LHb stimulation inhibits a large percentage of dopamine neurons, presumably via GABAergic neurons in the rostromedial tegmentum (RMTg), our findings suggest the possibility that dopamine neurons and LHb neurons are reciprocally inhibitory, although further study is needed to test this hypothesis." ]

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[ "Pin The Tail On the Donkey – Party Game\nSold Single\nSize: 19.5 Inch(39cm) x 15.5 Inch(49cm) Game SheetSet Contains:\n16 Self Stick Tails\nBlindfold Instructions Included\nPerfect for all kids and themed parties\nSurprise your guest with these wonderful and colourful Partyware\nGreat Value For Your Money" ]

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[ "'Don't you love a bit of gore?' ", "asks Deborah, Dowager Duchess of\nDevonshire, as I stamp away the snow on the doormat of the airy\nDerbyshire vicarage that has been her home since she left\nChatsworth four years ago after 54 years in situ. ", "The taxi\ndriver who ferried me from Chesterfield Station to have lunch with\nthe Duchess at Edensor, on the edge of the Chatsworth estate, spent\nthe 20-minute journey regaling me with gruesome tales of local\nmassacres. ", "When not waxing lyrical about the horror of the Pottery\nCottage murders and the like, he holds forth on his admiration for\nDebo Devonshire, the last living Mitford sister. ", "She insists on\ncoming out into the snow to meet him before she goes to feed her\nchickens. ", "She pulls on a pair of gum boots and shrugs a gilet over\nher cream cashmere poloneck and dark green kilt before bounding out\nalong the snowy drive. ", "She is 90 at the end of March and, although\nshe remains ramrod straight, she must sense my anxiety about the\ntreacherous ice beneath our feet because she starts to show off.", "\n'Oh isn't slidey,' she says skidding around like a skater. '", "You\nwouldn't want to slip,' she chirrups hopping from foot to foot.", "\nEventually her niece-by-marriage, Charlotte Mosley, appears with a\nwooden walking stick - of the variety whittled for rambling and\nhiking rather than one intended for the infirm. ", "Because, the\nDuchess is not infirm. ", "She is old and her sight is misty but, other\nthan that, I have rarely met a person more in possession of their\nfaculties. ", "She chatters away to the somewhat star-struck cab\ndriver. '", "I love a bit of gore' she tells him happily.", "\n\nActually she loathes a bit of gore and struggles to find\nanything at all to watch on television. '", "I am what you might call\nselective,' she says. '", "I can't look at anything sad or violent or\nanything with heaving sheets - I hate that - so that rules out most\nof telly.' ", "The Mitfords, historically, have not dwelt on the darker\nside of life though at times they have lived it. ", "A selection\nof 75 years' worth of letters between the six sisters was published\nin 2007, and some readers found their resolute lightness of touch a\nlittle grotesque. '", "I think we made little of sorrow really,' says\nDebo. '", "We weren't sloppy-sentimental. ", "It was all rather skated\nover. ", "It wasn't the thing to keep belly-aching.' ", "Perhaps a\ncollection of letters is rather like a photograph album: dedicated\nto the good times. '", "Deborah Devonshire is not someone to whom one\ncan say \"Joking apart…' wrote Alan Bennett in his introduction to\nHome to Roost and Other Peckings the Duchess's most recent\ncollection of essays. '", "Joking is never apart: with her it's of the\nessence even of the most serious and indeed saddest moments.'", "\n\nDebo was the baby of seven - six sisters and a brother. ", "Her\nautobiography, coming out in September, will be called Wait For Me,\n'Because of my stubby, stumpy legs and all the others running\naway.' ", "Her parents, David, 2nd Baron Redesdale and his wife Sydney\nalways called her Stubby - in Mitford world nicknames stick. ", "Even\nthe current Duke of Devonshire, Debo's son Peregrine, is known to\neverybody as Stoker. ", "Nancy, the oldest of the seven Mitford\nsiblings, 16 years Debo's senior, always called her Nine because\nshe declared that to be her mental age. ", "Nancy was the acclaimed\nnovelist, although Debo's autobiography will be her 12th book\n(including a cookbook, various tomes about Chatsworth and the\nsurrounding countryside and collections of short observational\npieces), which makes her almost as prolific. '", "Nancy would have\nthought it very, very comical that anything written by the nine\nyear-old could be taken the least bit seriously,' says Debo who\nadored Nancy. '", "Then she would have laughed at some of the jokes. ", "I\nthink she would.'", "\n\nNancy was sounds terrifying. ", "Life never went quite right for her\nand she was prone to almost bizarre displays of disloyalty and\npique, presumably fuelled by jealousy. ", "After all, Debo, the squit\nof the family with a thumb flat from sucking (Nancy once declared\nto a tearful young Debo that no one would ever marry her on account\nof that deformed thumb) was meant to be marrying a publisher. ", "Her\nlate husband, Lord Andrew Cavendish, was a younger son when she\nmarried him, and they both fully expected to be poor unless he\ncould carve out a career for himself working for 'Uncle Harold'\nMacmillan who was married to Dorothy Cavendish, Andrew's aunt. ", "Like\nthe Queen Mother, Debo was looking forward to a life of relative\nobscurity- where she could have as many dogs and chickens as she\npleased and no one would tell her not to let them crawl over the\nsofa - until her brother-in-law, Billy Hartington was killed by a\nsniper's bullet in 1944, four months after his marriage to Kathleen\n'Kick' Kennedy, JFK's lively sister. ", "Four years later the\nimmensely popular Kick died in a plane crash and is buried in the\nchurchyard at Edensor at the bottom of Debo's garden. ", "On her\nheadstone is engraved, 'Joy she gave. ", "Joy she has found.'", "\n\nWhen the 10th Duke died unexpectedly in 1950, Deborah and Andrew\nfound themselves the 11th Duke and Duchess of Devonshire with\nChatsworth, Hardwick Hall, Lismore Castle and Bolton Abbey to look\nafter, not to mention per cent death duties (the old duke had died\n14 weeks before tax relief would have kicked in) to tackle if they\nwere to hold on to them. ", "After Hardwick Hall was donated to the\nnation, precious works of art were sold and Andrew negotiated and\njuggled endlessly, the debt was finally settled in 1974. ", "Debo\nredecorated Chatsworth entirely and with great élan; it had been\nleased to a girl's school and was sorely battered. ", "Once she had\nadded, among other things, 17 new bathrooms, ('Who is my sister\ngoing to wash in all those bathrooms?' ", "asked an acid Nancy) she\nentertained extensively and is completely relaxing as a hostess.", "\n'Won't you have cream?' ", "she asks as her cook produces a lime and\nchocolate buttermilk pudding to follow the kedgeree (made with her\nchickens' eggs) that we have had for lunch. '", "My mother used to say\nthat the English way of entertaining was to light a fire and put\ncream into every course.'", "\n\nIn 1977 Debo - controversially - opened her Chatsworth Farm Shop\nwhich paved the way for fancy farm businesses like Daylesford and\nPrince Charles's Highgrove Farm shop as well as helping Chatsworth\nto wash its face. '", "It was against the collar because the estate\noffice said that we had no knowledge of retailing food and that it\nwas a complete shot in the dark and it would upset the butchers,'\nshe remembers. '", "It would upset everybody according to them and of\ncourse in the end it didn't upset anybody.' ", "It now turns over\nnearly £6 million. '", "People have a sort of misapprehension that it\nwas me that stopped Chatsworth from being sold but that's\nabsolutely not true. ", "It was entirely Andrew,' she says. '", "He was\nfunny and clever and cross sometimes and marvellous lots of times.'", "\nThey had three children - Emma (mother of the model Stella\nTennant), Stoker and Sophia - as well as three babies who died soon\nafter birth. '", "Having babies successfully seems to be the most\ndifficult thing in the world,' she wrote to Nancy in May 1947. '", "I\ncan't think how some people manage to pull it off every time.' ", "She\nstill doesn't talk about her sorrows, unable to see the point of\ndwelling. '", "Grief. ", "It is part of life,' she says. '", "The disaster of\nsomeone dying was talked about for a bit and the person was mourned\nbut you didn't go on about it and take pills and have to be\ncounselled. ", "Money and illness and sex were not talked about in\nthose days and they are the only things people talk about these\ndays, aren't they?'", "\n\nThe late Duke was also, at times, rather over-shadowed by his\nmagical Mitford wife, despite Debo's distaste - initial, she\nhas got used to it now - for the spotlight. ", "It was undoubtedly a\nsuccessful marriage (lasting for 63 years until Andrew died in\n2004) but he nonetheless took advantage of the freedom his long\nstays at their house in Mayfair afforded him, while she was much\nadmired. ", "She sat for Lucian Freud who remains a great friend,\nand the priapic but charismatic Jack Kennedy was a devotee. '", "Lucian\nFreud came for the weekend,' wrote Debo to Diana in August 1957.", "\n'He seems very nice & not at all wicked but I'm always wrong\nabout that kind of thing. ", "He's mad on tennis, rather\nunexpected.'", "\n\nThe Duke admitted he could feel a bit jealous of the Mitford\nmania: \"Did you see the musical about them?' ", "he asked, 'I called it\nLa Triviata.\" ", "Debo has always rather cultivated the myth\nof her own stupidity, selling herself as deeply unlettered and\nignorant and consistently declaring her ennui when faced with a\nbook. ", "It seems to me that where most people pretend to have read\nthe books they haven't, Debo has tended to err on the side of\npretending not to have read the books that she has. '", "There\nmay be a substratum of truth in that,' she admits. '", "That was to get\nout of talking about them for hours.'", "\n\nShe has always stringently avoided talking about or declaring\nany interest in politics even though Andrew unsuccessfully\ncontested Chesterfield for the Conservatives in 1945 and again in\n1950. ", "This natural lack of interest was also a useful one as most\nof her sisters had an unlikely predeliction for the more vigorous\nend of mid-20th-century politics. ", "Pamela Mitford, the second-oldest\nsister, quietly married a physicist called Derek Jackson (15\nyear-old Debo had a crush on Derek and fainted when she heard the\nnews. '", "I have always been in love with somebody or something,' she\nsays), but she was the exception.", "\n\nAt 18 Jessica, the second-youngest sister, and the red sheep of\nthe family, ran off to Spain with Esmond Romilly to fight for the\ncommunist cause. ", "Romilly was a rare beast in that he was one of the\nterribly few people who Debo has truly disliked. '", "He was just so\nawful to our parents,' she says. '", "Disrespectful would be putting it\nmildly. ", "He was incredibly rude and unpleasant in every possible\nway.' ", "When Jessica absconded, Debo felt rather abandoned, living,\nas she was, in a tiny cottage in the Cotswold village of Swinbrook\nwith her mild-mannered mother and her extremely irascible father,\nwho was immortalised by Nancy as Uncle Matthew in The Pursuit of\nLove. '", "He was just so funny,' says Debo. '", "It was the turn of phrase\nand the way he really muddled people by the fact that they didn't\nknow if he was serious or not. ", "He started everything with, \"Have a\ngasper,' and gave them one of the cheapest Wills cigarettes. ", "He\ncould be frightening - you did as far as you dared and then he\nturned and roared at you. ", "Actually, I was immune because I was the\nlast and I happened to be the favourite.'", "\n\nAnd while the others were desperate to escape the country, Debo\nhas always been a true land girl with her chickens and dogs and\nhorses and guinea pigs and shooting and hunting and gardening and\nestate management and all that wholesome stuff that served her well\nas a chatelaine, although she once lamented that Chatsworth's 297\nrooms (that figure varies according to source) made puppy training\nexceedingly tricky.", "\n\nDebo thinks her father must have longed for male company\nsurrounded as he was by women. ", "Her only brother Tom, was away at\nEton and was later killed in Burma in 1945. ", "The girls were all\nschooled by a governess at home because Lord Redesdale disapproved\nof education for women and refused to send his daughters to school\nbecause he though hockey would make their ankles fat.", "\n\nUnity, the third sister, notoriously became obsessed with Nazism\nand fell in love with Adolf Hitler. ", "Debo had tea with him once but\nit was all conducted in German and she says that he 'didn't make a\ngreat impression.' ", "Debo's big crush is Elvis and plans to include\nthe section of his picket fence that she procured from Graceland\n(it had to be replaced when he became really famous because, she\nsays, 'it wasn't man enough for the job') in the exhibition of her\nlife that will take place at Chatsworth from mid-March. ", "She becomes\nalmost po -faced with passion when talking about Elvis. '", "First of\nall, when he was young he was astonishingly beautiful, secondly\nhe's got the best voice of any of those singers by far and away and\nthirdly his timing is so wonderful. ", "He's absolutely precise and\nthere's that self-deprecating charm so you feel that you just love\nhim because he's so self-conscious about being famous.' ", "Lack of\nself-congratulation was essential to the Mitford\nphilosophy.", "'Self-pity and self-esteem, which are now the key things\nin schools, were not allowed,' she says. '", "Self esteem? ", "Nanny used\nto say, 'Who's going to look at you?' ", "Nanny rather forgot herself\nand said that to Diana on her wedding day. '", "And she looked so\nbeautiful,' recalls Debo with just a touch of wistfulness. '", "She was\nalways beautiful; she never had an off day.'", "\n\nOn 3rd September 1939, the day that England a France declared\nwar on Germany, Unity, unable to reconcile herself with the\nconflict between her homeland and the Fatherland, took herself off\nto the English Garden in Munich and shot herself in the head. ", "The\nbullet failed to kill her but lodged itself in her brain inflicting\nirreversible brain damage. ", "Hitler arranged for Unity to be\ntransported to Switzerland and Debo accompanied her mother to\ncollect the invalid. '", "She was not the person we knew,' says Debo.", "\n'I don't know if you have come across someone who has had a major\nstroke and has a completely changed personality, but she was like\nthat and it was so sad.' ", "Unity became a very bombastic creature who\nreplaced her political fervour with religious zeal.", "\n\nEventually the Redesdales separated. ", "Their marriage was already\nunder strain from political disagreements (he was violently\nanti-German, she wasn't) and Lord Redesdale eventually departed for\nInch Kenneth, a tiny island in the Inner Hebrides, taking the\nparlour-maid Margaret Wright with him. '", "Unity was a terribly\ndestructive influence in a way,' says Debo. '", "It was like having a\nnew child in the house and it was quite hard because we lived in a\nvery small cottage and we were all hug-a-mug.' ", "In Mitford style,\nthe Redesdales remained firm penpals until he died in 1958, 10\nyears after Unity's death aged 33, from meningitis.", "\n\nDiana, Debo's favourite sister, left her first husband, Bryan\nGuinness, for the fascist leader Sir Oswald Mosley, and was\nimprisoned in Holloway from 1940 until 1943. ", "Nancy informed on\nDiana to the Foreign Office, calling her 'an extremely dangerous\nperson.' ", "She later admitted that this was, 'not very sisterly\nbehaviour' but did it again in protest against her sister's release\nfrom prison, a betrayal that Diana mercifully never discovered.", "\nAlthough Nancy was sharp and elegant, Diana was the staggering\nbeauty, and it may have fanned the flames when Diana, who had two\nsons from her first marriage, gave birth to two Mosley sons\n(Formula 1's Max, and Alexander, who died four years ago) within\nweeks of Nancy's two miscarriages.", "\n\nNancy, with her naturally satirical mind, could not observe\nUnity's naïve passion and Diana's commitment to the fascist cause\n(so at odds with her gentle, empathetic character) without\nimmortalising it as best she knew how. ", "Wigs On The Green\nis her most obscure novel largely because it has been out of print\nfor nearly 75 years and is only now about to be reprinted with a\nforward by Charlotte Mosley. ", "First published in 1935, it satirised\nUnity's blind gusto and fascism in general. ", "A character called\nEugenia Malmains - notably large in stature like Unity - dashes\naround the county banging her drum for the Union Jackshirts and\ntrying to stop her nanny and granny (TPOF which stands for The Poor\nOld Female) from sabotaging her grand political plan.", "\n\nBoth Diana and Unity took a very dim view, furious with Nancy\nfor mocking Mosley's Blackshirts, and the novel caused a rift\nbetween the sisters that took years to heal. ", "Apart from just having\na go, Nancy was scrabbling - or scribbling - about, trying to make\na living. ", "This was ten years before the publication of The\nPursuit of Love, the novel that would make her a sta, and she,\nlike the rest of her sisters prior to their marriages, had no\nmoney. ", "It can't have helped that her own romantic life was fairly\ndismal. ", "In 1933, after a dead-end romance with Hamish\nSt.Clair-Eskine who was gay, she married Peter Rodd who was\nhandsome, poor, lazy and amusing. '", "He was hopeless as a husband,'\nsays Debo. '", "He never held down a job so he never earned any money\nand he was a sort of tramp really, by nature. ", "Very clever. ", "He knew\neverything, really everything, and he used to rather rattle on\nabout it. ", "But I was rather fond of him and he was awfully\nnice-looking. ", "He wasn't very nice to Nancy and used to bring back\ndrunken friends from the pub - such a nuisance.' ", "Peter appears in\nWigs On The Green in the form of Jasper, a witty waster and\nparasite who blackmails and cajoles his way through life. ", "He and\nNancy separated in 1939 but didn't divorce until 1958, by which\ntime Nancy had long been in love with Colonel Gaston Palewski\n(Charles de Gaulle's Chief of Staff), with whom she had an affair\nduring the Second World War. ", "She moved to Paris to be near him but\nthe relationship was largely one-sided. '", "They were never an item\nbut he was very fond of her,' says Debo. ", "When the Colonel married a\nFrench aristocrat in 1969, Nancy was heartbroken and was soon\ndiagnosed with cancer of the liver and then the spine. '", "Her illness\nwas a nightmare,' says Debo. '", "Four years of intermittent agony\nthen, 'oh, I'm cured,' and the next day back came the pain.' ", "Nancy\ndied in 1973 and the Colonel was with her on the day she died. ", "She\nis buried at Swinbrook next to her parents, her sisters and a\nmemorial commemorating her brother Tom whose body was never\nrecovered from Burma.", "\n\nDebo's eyesight is too poor for reading nowadays although she\nplans to get someone to read her Wigs On The Green to\nremind herself of all Nancy's 'marvellous jokes.' ", "She can still\nwrite - 'although I can't read what I've written which sounds very\nupside down but happens to be true' - and still answers all her fan\nmail by hand. ", "People have suggested a one-size-fits-all typed\ntemplate that she might top and tail but she won't hear of it.", "\nNancy, on the other hand, copied Evelyn Waugh's example and used to\nsend back a postcard with, 'Nancy Mitford is unable to do what you\nask' printed on it.", "\n\nDebo misses her sisters but says that with advanced age has\narrived a certain numbing of emotion. '", "Things went rather over my\nmother's head and I must say I notice they do over mine now.' ", "A\nMitford to the core, rather than dissolving herself in the past,\nshe prefers to berate her chickens for not laying enough, put on\nall her jewels at once to play The Oldest Miss World In The World\n(this was a few years ago) for the Women's Institute, or host a\nfloral fanfare in the local church complete with a cardboard\ncut-out of Elvis (this was a few weeks ago) and Alan Bennett making\na star turn. ", "She brought an almost American vigour to the job of\nbeing a Duchess. '", "Somebody asked me what it's like to be a duchess.", "\nWell, it's absolutely no different to anything else. ", "I've been one\nfor so long now that I can't remember what it was like before.' ", "And\nneither can anyone else." ]

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[ "Gerlinger Hall\n\nGerlinger Hall is a historic building on the University of Oregon campus in Eugene, Oregon as part of the Women’s Memorial Quadrangle. ", " For the first time, enough women were attending the University that they could occupy their own full quadrangle.", "\n\nName \nIrene Hazard Gerlinger campaigned for the construction of Woman’s Memorial Hall starting in 1913; the Hall was built 6 years later (1919-1921). ", "The building was named after her because of her involvement in the fundraising and construction of the Hall, as well as her involvement with the University of Oregon on a larger scale as the first woman Regent. ", "She was also an important fundraiser for the University of Oregon Museum of Art (now the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art).", "\n\nDesign \nGerlinger Hall was designed by Ellis Lawrence and William Holford. ", " They had studied at MIT together and were architectural partners from 1913-1928. ", " Ellis Lawrence was employed in 1914 to create an architecture program and an architectural plan for the University of Oregon.", "\nThe Quadrangle, including the Hall, is finished with brick and Classical details. ", "The buildings feature gambrel roofs, and are Georgian Revival in style. ", "Gerlinger Hall is the most distinctively Georgian of the buildings. ", "It is rectangular in plan with a wing on both the east and west sides. ", "The structural system of the hall is heavy timber and the exterior walls are brick. ", "There are three stories and no basement.", "\n\nConstruction \nConstruction lasted from August 1919 to May 1921. ", "The general contractor was W.O. Heckart of Eugene. ", "Washington Brick of Spokane did the brick, Rushlight and Hastorf did the heating, City Iron Works in Portland did the ironwork, and Standard Artificial Stone Company of Portland did the cast stone. ", "The carvines on the mantels and the grand stairway were based on designs done by students in the Art Department and Professor Larry Schroff did the over-mantel paintings \n\nThe Hall was designed for women’s physical education, featuring classrooms, ballrooms, a swimming pool, and an alumni hall.", "\n\nCampus role \nGerlinger Hall is one of three halls (Gerlinger Hall, Susan Campbell Hall, and Hendricks Hall) that make up the Women’s Memorial Quadrangle Ensemble, a group recognized on the National Register of Historic Places. ", "The group was nominated under Associated Property Types for the Architecture of Ellis F. Lawrence Multiple Property Submission, previously accepted by the National Register of Historic Places. ", "The nomination has three contributing buildings, the contributing site of the Quadrangle, and one contributing object: the Pioneer Mother statue.", "\n\nIn the 1930s Ellis Lawrence considered converting Gerlinger Hall, with a rear addition, into a student union but Erb Memorial Student Union was designed instead.", "\n\nIn the 1940s, the third floor of Gerlinger Hall briefly served as a girls’ dormitory. ", "This was the same period during which the second floor of Villard Hall was converted into a living space for male students.", "\nIn the 1970s, Gerlinger Hall saw some remodeling: the enlarging of locker rooms and compliance with safety regulations\n\nCurrent status\nAmong the Women’s Memorial Quad, the main interior spaces of Gerlinger Hall, Alumni Hall, Gymnasium, and the south gallery are \"essentially intact.\" ", " They are among just a couple historic interiors with good integrity remaining on the University of Oregon campus. ", "Gerlinger Hall’s uses have changed little aside from the brief use of the 3rd floor as a girls’ dormitory in the 1940s\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:University of Oregon buildings\nCategory:1921 establishments in Oregon" ]

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[ "Staffanstorp\n\nStaffanstorp is a locality and the seat of Staffanstorp Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 14,808 inhabitants in 2010. ", "Staffanstorp is the largest Scanian settlement never to acquire town privileges before 1971, when they were abolished in Sweden.", "\n\nGeography \n\nThe town is situated at the center of a large triangular fertile plain, reaching approximately 25 kilometres from the Øresund strait inwards in Scania. ", "The base of the triangle follows the coast, approximately 25 kilometres starting in Malmö in the south.", "\n\nHistory\nAs a village it is mentioned in 14th century sources, but it would remain fairly insignificant in the shadow of more important towns such as Lund, Dalby and Malmö. ", "An inn and the local hundred-jail with two cells were located there in the 19th century. ", "\n\nStaffanstorp has been the site for Housing Trade Shows, the first in 1970 with 43 furnished homes and 100.000 paying visitors, and the most recent in 1997, with 25 exhibited homes. ", "In the 1990s the town center was recreated with inspiration from New Urbanism. ", "The unpopular buildings from the 1960s were literally covered by new roofs, façades and more stories built in a traditional Scanian pastiche architectural style , a couple of multi-storey buildings were added on a lot that had previously been the local stadium, and the road plan was further complicated in order to make drivers slow down and if possible avoid going through the center at all.", "\n\nSchools \nStaffanstorp used to have two högstadieskola schools (senior level of compulsory school), Centralskolan and Hagalidskolan. ", "Centralskolan was located in the central part of Staffanstorp. ", "It had approximately 500 pupils in 2005, but now the amount is about 250 due to fewer born children.", "\n\nIn 2013, Centralskolan its changed name to Baldersskolan and began housing students between the ages 6 to 15.", "\n\nNotable people \nRenate Cerljen Miss Universe Sweden 2009\nDick Harrison historian \nAnders Johnsson (sport shooter)\nMalin Strömberg swimmer in 1992 Summer Olympics\nAnders Jansson\nJonas Ridderstråle business speaker and author\n\nReferences \n\n Lärn-Nilsson & Larsson (2002), Staffanstorps Kommun 50 år, (Swedish)\n\nCategory:Populated places in Skåne County\nCategory:Municipal seats of Skåne County\nCategory:Swedish municipal seats\nCategory:Populated places in Staffanstorp Municipality" ]

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[ "[Inhibition of Paeoniflorin on TNF-α-induced TNF-α Receptor Type I /Nuclear Factor-κB Signal Transduction in Endothelial Cells].", "\nTo study the inhibitory effect of paeoniflorin (PAE) on TNF-α-induced TNF receptor type I (TNFR1)-mediated signaling pathway in mouse renal arterial endothelial cells (AECs) and to explore its underlying molecular mechanisms. ", "Mouse AECs were cultured in vitro and then they were treated by different concentrations PAE or TNF-α for various time periods. ", "Expression levels of intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were detected in the normal group (cultured by serum-free culture media), the TNF-α group (cultured by 2-h serum-free culture media plus 6-h TNF-α 30 ng/mL), the low dose PAE group (cultured by 2-h PAE 0.8 μmo/L plus 6-h TNF-α 30 ng/mL), the middle dose PAE group (cultured by 2-h PAE 8 μmol/L plus 6-h TNF-α 30 ng/mL), the high dose PAE group (cultured by 2-h PAE 80 μmol/L plus 6-h TNF-α 30 ng/mL) with Western blot analysis. ", "Nuclear translocation of transcription factor NF-κB (NE-κB) was detected in the normal group (cultured by serum-free culture media), the TNF-α group (cultured by 2-h serum-free culture media plus 45-mm TNF-α 30 ng/mL), and the high dose PAE group (cultured by 2-h PAE 80 μmol/L plus 45-min TNF-α 30 ng/mL) by immunofluorescent staining. ", "Expression levels of the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated (protein) kinase (ph-ERK) and p38 (ph- p38) were detected in the normal group (cultured by serum-free culture media) and the high dose PAE group (2-h PAE 80 μmol/L culture) by Western blot. ", "NF-κB inhibitor-α (IκBα) protein expressions were detected in the normal group (cultured by serum-free culture media), the TNF-α group (cultured by 2-h serum-free culture media plus 30-min TNF-α 30 ng/mL), the high dose PAE group (cultured by 2-h PAE 80 μmol/L plus 30-min TNF-α 30 ng/mL), the p38 inhibitor group (SB group, pretreatment with SB238025 25 μmol/L for 30 min, then treated by PAE 80 μmol/L for 2 h, and finally treated by TNF-α 30 ng/mL for 30 min), the ERK inhibitor group (PD group, treated by PD98059 50 μmol/L for 30 min, then treated by PAE 80 μmol/L for 2 h, and finally treated by TNF-α 30 ng/mL for 30 min) by Western blot. ", "Compared with the normal group, ICAM-1 protein expression levels obviously increased (P < 0.01). ", "Compared with the TNFα group, ICAM-1 protein expression levels were obviously inhibited in the high dose PAE group (P < 0.05). ", "Protein expression levels of ph-p38 and ph-ERK were obviously higher in the hIgh dose PAE group (P < 0.05). ", "Compared with the normal group, IκBα protein expression levels obviously decreased in the TNF-α group (P < 0.01). ", "Compared with the TNFα group, TNF-α-induced IκBα degradation could be significantly inhibited in the high dose PAE group (P < 0.01); the inhibition of PAE on IκBα degradation could be significantly inhibited in the SB group (P < 0.05). ", "NF-κB/p65 signal was mainly located in cytoplasm in the normal group. ", "NF-κB/p65 was translocated from cytoplasm to nucleus after stimulated by 45 min TNF-α in the TNF-α group, while it could be significantly inhibited in the high dose PAE group. ", "PAE inhibited TNF-α-induced expression of lCAM-1. ", "Its action might be associated with inhibiting TNFR1/NF-κB signaling pathway. ", "p38 participated and mediated these actions." ]

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[ "Innovations in managing difficult behaviors.", "\nCaring for people with difficult behaviors is among the greatest challenges for nursing facility providers. ", "This month, Provider looks at successful techniques in caring for people with dementias and other difficult-to-manage behaviors." ]

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[ "For the past month, we ranked nearly 900 Vue.js articles to pick the Top 10 stories that can help advance your career (1.1% chance).", "\n\nTweet of the Month\n\n“Watch” Vue.js Monthly Top 10 on Github and get email once a month.", "\n\nAs we rank articles, we take quality very seriously and make sure each article you read is great. ", "Mybridge AI considers the total number of shares, minutes read, and uses our algorithm to rank articles. ", "This is a competitive list and you’ll find the experience and techniques shared by the Vue.js leaders useful.", "\n\n<Course of the month>\n\nA) Beginners: Vue.js on Steroids: Build highly engaging Vue JS apps with Nuxt.js. [", "10,787 recommends, 4.7/5 stars]\n\nB) Firebase: Build Web Apps with Vue JS 2 & Firebase. [", "4,217 recommends, 4.7/5 stars]" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSolutions to system of congruences?", "\n\nSay you have the following:\n$x \\equiv a \\pmod c$ and $x \\equiv b \\pmod d$, where $a$ and $b$ are known integers, and $c$ and $d$ are known positive integers.", "\nThe following claim is made regarding the above:\n\"When $c$ and $d$ are coprime, any two solutions for $x$ differ by $k(cd)$, where $k$ is some integer.\"", "\nHow does one go about proving this sort of claim? ", "I'd imagine that you can show that any two solutions are congruent $\\pmod {cd}$, but I'm not sure how to prove that.", "\n\nA:\n\nLet $x_1, x_2 $ be two different solutions which satisfy the congruences. ", " Then we have:\n$$ x_1 - x_2 \\equiv a - a \\equiv 0 \\mod c$$\n$$x_1 - x_2 \\equiv b - b \\equiv 0 \\mod d$$\nSo $c, d$ both divide $x_1 - x_2$. Thus $x_1 - x_2 = mc = nd$ for some integers $m, n$. \nBut this means $c$ divides $nd$, and as $c$ is relatively prime to $d$, all prime factors of $c$ must divide $n$. So $c$ divides $n$ and we have $n = kc$ for some integer $k$. Substituting back for $nd = kcd$, we also then have $x_1 - x_2 = k(cd)$ as you wanted.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Similar Ebooks\n\nLong acknowledged as a master of nightmarish visions, H. P. Lovecraft established the genuineness and dignity of his own pioneering fiction in 1931 with his quintessential work of supernatural horror, At the Mountains of Madness. ", "The deliberately told and increasingly chilling recollection of an Antarctic expedition’s uncanny discoveries–and their encounter with untold menace in the ruins of a lost civilization–is a milestone of macabre literature.", "\n\nThis exclusive new edition, presents Lovecraft’s masterpiece in fully restored form, and includes his acclaimed scholarly essay “Supernatural Horror in Literature.” ", "This is essential reading for every devotee of classic terror.", "\n\nNow a major motion picture Stephen King’s terrifying, classic #1 New York Times bestseller, “a landmark in American literature” (Chicago Sun-Times)—about seven adults who return to their hometown to confront a nightmare they had first stumbled on as teenagers…an evil without a name: It.", "\n\nWelcome to Derry, Maine. ", "It’s a small city, a place as hauntingly familiar as your own hometown. ", "Only in Derry the haunting is real.", "\n\nThey were seven teenagers when they first stumbled upon the horror. ", "Now they are grown-up men and women who have gone out into the big world to gain success and happiness. ", "But the promise they made twenty-eight years ago calls them reunite in the same place where, as teenagers, they battled an evil creature that preyed on the city’s children. ", "Now, children are being murdered again and their repressed memories of that terrifying summer return as they prepare to once again battle the monster lurking in Derry’s sewers.", "\n\nReaders of Stephen King know that Derry, Maine, is a place with a deep, dark hold on the author. ", "It reappears in many of his books, including Bag of Bones, Hearts in Atlantis, and 11/22/63. ", "But it all starts with It.", "\n\nH. P. Lovecraft was one of the greatest horror writers of all time. ", "His seminal work appeared in the pages of legendary Weird Tales and has influenced countless writer of the macabre. ", "This is one of those stories.", "\n\nThe Southern Reach Trilogy begins with this Nebula Award-winning novel that \"reads as if Verne or Wellsian adventurers exploring a mysterious island had warped through into a Kafkaesque nightmare world\" (Kim Stanley Robinson).", "\n\nArea X has been cut off from the rest of the continent for decades. ", "Nature has reclaimed the last vestiges of human civilization. ", "The first expedition returned with reports of a pristine, Edenic landscape; the second expedition ended in mass suicide; the third expedition in a hail of gunfire as its members turned on one another. ", "The members of the eleventh expedition returned as shadows of their former selves, and within weeks, all had died of cancer. ", "In Annihilation, the first volume of Jeff VanderMeer's Southern Reach trilogy, we join the twelfth expedition. ", "The group is made up of four women: an anthropologist; a surveyor; a psychologist, the de facto leader; and our narrator, a biologist. ", "Their mission is to map the terrain, record all observations of their surroundings and of one another, and, above all, avoid being contaminated by Area X itself. ", "They arrive expecting the unexpected, and Area X delivers—they discover a massive topographic anomaly and life forms that surpass understanding—but it's the surprises that came across the border with them and the secrets the expedition members are keeping from one another that change everything.", "\n\n\"The Call of Cthulhu\" is one of H. P. Lovecraft's best-known short stories. ", "Written in the summer of 1926, it was first published in Weird Tales, February 1928. ", "It is the only story written by Lovecraft in which the extraterrestrial entity Cthulhu himself makes a major appearance.", "It is written in a documentary style, with three independent narratives linked together by the device of a narrator discovering notes left by a deceased relative. ", "The narrator pieces together the whole truth and disturbing significance of the information he possesses, illustrating the story's first line: \"The most merciful thing in the world, I think, is the inability of the human mind to correlate all its contents. ", "We live on a placid island of ignorance in the midst of black seas of infinity; and it was not meant that we should voyage far.\"", "\n\nThe classic supernatural thriller by an author who helped define the genre\n\nFirst published in 1959, Shirley Jackson's The Haunting of Hill House has been hailed as a perfect work of unnerving terror. ", "It is the story of four seekers who arrive at a notoriously unfriendly pile called Hill House: Dr. Montague, an occult scholar looking for solid evidence of a \"haunting\"; Theodora, his lighthearted assistant; Eleanor, a friendless, fragile young woman well acquainted with poltergeists; and Luke, the future heir of Hill House. ", "At first, their stay seems destined to be merely a spooky encounter with inexplicable phenomena. ", "But Hill House is gathering its powers—and soon it will choose one of them to make its own.", "\n\nFor more than seventy years, Penguin has been the leading publisher of classic literature in the English-speaking world. ", "With more than 1,700 titles, Penguin Classics represents a global bookshelf of the best works throughout history and across genres and disciplines. ", "Readers trust the series to provide authoritative texts enhanced by introductions and notes by distinguished scholars and contemporary authors, as well as up-to-date translations by award-winning translators.", "\n\nRandolph Carter dreams three times of a majestic sunset city, but each time he is abruptly snatched away before he can see it up close. ", "When he prays to the gods of dream to reveal the whereabouts of the phantasmal city, they do not answer, and his dreams of the city stop altogether. ", "Undaunted, Carter resolves to go to Kadath, where the gods live, to beseech them in person. ", "However, no one has ever been to Kadath and none even knows how to get there. ", "In dream, Randolph Carter descends \"the seventy steps to the cavern of flame\" and speaks of his plan to the priests Nasht and Kaman-Thah, whose temple borders the Dreamlands. ", "The priests warn Carter of the great danger of his quest and suggest that the gods withdrew his vision of the city on purpose.", "\n\n\"Hell House is the scariest haunted house novel ever written. ", "It looms over the rest the way the mountains loom over the foothills.\" -- ", "Stephen King\n\nRolf Rudolph Deutsch is going die. ", "But when Deutsch, a wealthy magazine and newpaper publisher, starts thinking seriously about his impending death, he offers to pay a physicist and two mediums, one physical and one mental, $100,000 each to establish the facts of life after death.", "\n\nDr. Lionel Barrett, the physicist, accompanied by the mediums, travel to the Belasco House in Maine, which has been abandoned and sealed since 1949 after a decade of drug addiction, alcoholism, and debauchery. ", "For one night, Barrett and his colleagues investigate the Belasco House and learn exactly why the townfolks refer to it as the Hell House.", "\n\nAt the Publisher's request, this title is being sold without Digital Rights Management Software (DRM) applied.", "\n\nH. P. Lovecraft was one of the greatest horror writers of all time. ", "His seminal work appeared in the pages of legendary Weird Tales and has influenced countless writer of the macabre. ", "This is one of those stories.", "\n\nMillenia ago, the Old Ones ruled our planet. ", "Since that time, they have but slumbered. ", "But when a massive sea tremor brings the ancient stone city of R'lyeh to the surface once more, the Old Ones awaken at last.", "\n\nOne of NPR's Best Books of 2016, winner of the Shirley Jackson Award, the British Fantasy Award, the This is Horror Award for Novella of the Year, and a finalist for the Hugo, Nebula, Locus, World Fantasy, and Bram Stoker Awards\n\nPeople move to New York looking for magic and nothing will convince them it isn't there.", "\n\nCharles Thomas Tester hustles to put food on the table, keep the roof over his father's head, from Harlem to Flushing Meadows to Red Hook. ", "He knows what magic a suit can cast, the invisibility a guitar case can provide, and the curse written on his skin that attracts the eye of wealthy white folks and their cops. ", "But when he delivers an occult tome to a reclusive sorceress in the heart of Queens, Tom opens a door to a deeper realm of magic, and earns the attention of things best left sleeping.", "\n\nA storm that might swallow the world is building in Brooklyn. ", "Will Black Tom live to see it break?", "\n\n\"LaValle's novella of sorcery and skullduggery in Jazz Age New York is a magnificent example of what weird fiction can and should do.\" — ", "Laird Barron, author of The Beautiful Thing That Awaits Us All\n\n\"[LaValle] reinvents outmoded literary conventions, particularly the ghettos of genre and ethnicity that long divided serious literature from popular fiction.\"— ", "Praise for The Devil in Silver from Elizabeth Hand, author of Radiant Days\n\n“LaValle cleverly subverts Lovecraft’s Cthulhu mythos by imbuing a black man with the power to summon the Old Ones, and creates genuine chills with his evocation of the monstrous Sleeping King, an echo of Lovecraft’s Dagon... [The Ballad of Black Tom] has a satisfying slingshot ending.” – ", "Elizabeth Hand for Fantasy & ScienceFiction\n\nAt the Publisher's request, this title is being sold without Digital Rights Management Software (DRM) applied.", "\n\nA definitive collection of stories from the unrivaled master of twentieth-century horror in a Penguin Classics Deluxe edition with cover art by Travis Louie\n\nFrequently imitated and widely influential, Howard Philips Lovecraft reinvented the horror genre in the 1920s, discarding ghosts and witches and instead envisioning mankind as a tiny outpost of dwindling sanity in a chaotic and malevolent universe. ", "S. T. Joshi, Lovecraft's preeminent interpreter, presents a selection of the master's fiction, from the early tales of nightmares and madness such as \"The Outsider\" to the overpowering cosmic terror of \"The Call of Cthulhu.\" ", "More than just a collection of terrifying tales, this volume reveals the development of Lovecraft's mesmerizing narrative style and establishes him as a canonical - and visionary - American writer.", "\n\nFor more than seventy years, Penguin has been the leading publisher of classic literature in the English-speaking world. ", "With more than 1,700 titles, Penguin Classics represents a global bookshelf of the best works throughout history and across genres and disciplines. ", "Readers trust the series to provide authoritative texts enhanced by introductions and notes by distinguished scholars and contemporary authors, as well as up-to-date translations by award-winning translators.", "\n\nRobert Bloch's Psycho captivated a nation when it appeared in 1959. ", "The story was all too real-indeed this classic was inspired by the real-life story of Ed Gein, a psychotic murderer who led a dual life. ", "Alfred Hitchcock too was captivated, and turned the book into one of the most-loved classic films of all time the year after it was released.", "\n\nNorman Bates loves his Mother. ", "She has been dead for the past twenty years, or so people think. ", "Norman knows better though. ", "He has lived with Mother ever since leaving the hospital in the old house up on the hill above the Bates motel. ", "One night Norman spies on a beautiful woman that checks into the hotel as she undresses. ", "Norman can't help but spy on her. ", "Mother is there though. ", "She is there to protect Norman from his filthy thoughts. ", "She is there to protect him with her butcher knife.", "\n\nThis is the collection that true fans of horror fiction have been waiting for: sixteen of H.P. Lovecraft's most horrifying visions, including Lovecraft's masterpiece, THE SHADOW OUT OF TIME--the shocking revelation of the mysterious forces that hold all mankind in their fearsome grip.", "\"I think it is beyond doubt that H.P. Lovecraft has yet to be surpassed as the Twentieth Century's greatest practitioner of the classic horror tale.", "\"Stephen King\n\nOne of the most influential practitioners of American horror, H.P. Lovecraft inspired the work of Stephen King, Anne Rice, and Clive Barker. ", "As he perfected his mastery of the macabre, his works developed from seminal fragments into acknowledged masterpieces of terror. ", "This volume traces his chilling career and includes:IMPRISONED WITH THE PHARAOHS--Houdini seeks to reveal the demons that inhabit the Egyptian night.", "AT THE MOUNTAINS OF MADNESS--An unsuspecting expedition uncovers a city of untold terror, buried beneath an Antarctic wasteland.", "Plus, for the first time in any Del Rey edition:HERBERT WEST: REANIMATOR--Mad experiments yield hideous results in this, the inspiration for the cult film Re-Animator.", "COOL AIR--An icy apartment hides secrets no man dares unlock.", "THE TERRIBLE OLD MAN--The intruders seek a fortune but find only death!AND TWENTY-FOUR MORE BLOOD-CHILLING TALES\n\nGeorge Orwell’s 1984 takes on new life with extraordinary relevance and renewed popularity.", "\n\n“Orwell saw, to his credit, that the act of falsifying reality is only secondarily a way of changing perceptions. ", "It is, above all, a way of asserting power.", "”—The New Yorker\n\nIn 1984, London is a grim city in the totalitarian state of Oceania where Big Brother is always watching you and the Thought Police can practically read your mind. ", "Winston Smith is a man in grave danger for the simple reason that his memory still functions. ", "Drawn into a forbidden love affair, Winston finds the courage to join a secret revolutionary organization called The Brotherhood, dedicated to the destruction of the Party. ", "Together with his beloved Julia, he hazards his life in a deadly match against the powers that be.", "\n\nLionel Trilling said of Orwell’s masterpiece, “1984 is a profound, terrifying, and wholly fascinating book. ", "It is a fantasy of the political future, and like any such fantasy, serves its author as a magnifying device for an examination of the present.” ", "Though the year 1984 now exists in the past, Orwell’s novel remains an urgent call for the individual willing to speak truth to power.", "\n\nHoward Phillips Lovecraft's unique contribution to American literature was a melding of traditional supernaturalism (derived chiefly from Edgar Allan Poe) with the genre of science fiction that emerged in the early 1920s. ", "This Penguin Classics edition brings together a dozen of the master's tales-from his early short stories \"Under the Pyramids\" (originally ghostwritten for Harry Houdini) and \"The Music of Erich Zann\" (which Lovecraft ranked second among his own favorites) through his more fully developed works, \"The Dunwich Horror,\" The Case of Charles Dexter Ward, and At the Mountains of Madness.", "\n\nThe Thing on the Doorstep and Other Weird Stories presents the definitive corrected texts of these works, along with Lovecraft critic and biographer S. T. Joshi's illuminating introduction and notes to each story.", "\n\nFor more than seventy years, Penguin has been the leading publisher of classic literature in the English-speaking world. ", "With more than 1,700 titles, Penguin Classics represents a global bookshelf of the best works throughout history and across genres and disciplines. ", "Readers trust the series to provide authoritative texts enhanced by introductions and notes by distinguished scholars and contemporary authors, as well as up-to-date translations by award-winning translators.", "\n\nStephen King’s second novel, the classic vampire bestseller ’SALEM’S LOT, tells the story of evil in small-town America. ", "For the first time in a major trade edition, this terrifying novel is accompanied by previously unpublished material from King’s archive, two short stories, and eerie photographs that bring King’s fictional darkness and evil to vivid life.", "\n\nWhen Stephen King’s classic thriller’SALEM’S LOT hit the stands in 1975, it thrilled and terrified millions of readers with tales of demonic evil in small-town America. ", "Now, thirty years later and still scaring readers witless, ’SALEM’S LOT reemerges in a brilliant new edition, complete with photographs, fifty pages of deleted and alternate scenes, and two short stories related to the events of the novel.", "\n\nWhile the original edition of ’SALEM’S LOT will forever be a premier horror classic, ’SALEM’S LOT: ILLUSTRATED EDITION, with the inclusion of material from King’s archive, is destined to become a classic in its own right and a must-have for all Stephen King fans. ", "In this edition, the hair-raising story of Jerusalem’s Lot, a small town in Maine whose inhabitants succumb to the evil allure of a new resident, is told as the author envisioned it, complete with fifty pages of alternate and deleted scenes. ", "With a new introduction by the author, two short stories related to the events and residents of Jerusalem’s Lot, the lavishly creepy photographs of Jerry Uelsmann, and a stunning new page design, this edition brings the story to life in words and pictures as never before.", "\n\nNo library will be complete without this ideal collector’s item for any King aficionado, the definitive illustrated edition of the great ’SALEM’S LOT.", "\n\nH. P. Lovecraft was one of the greatest horror writers of all time. ", "His seminal work appeared in the pages of legendary Weird Tales and has influenced countless writer of the macabre. ", "This is one of those stories.", "\n\nH. P. Lovecraft was one of the greatest horror writers of all time. ", "His seminal work appeared in the pages of legendary Weird Tales and has influenced countless writer of the macabre. ", "This is one of those stories.", "\n\nFrank Herbert’s classic masterpiece—a triumph of the imagination and one of the bestselling science fiction novels of all time.", "\n\nSet on the desert planet Arrakis, Dune is the story of the boy Paul Atreides—who would become known as Muad’Dib—and of a great family’s ambition to bring to fruition humankind’s most ancient and unattainable dream.", "\n\nA stunning blend of adventure and mysticism, environmentalism and politics, Dune won the first Nebula Award, shared the Hugo Award, and formed the basis of what is undoubtedly the grandest epic in science fiction.", "\n\nH. P. Lovecraft was one of the greatest horror writers of all time. ", "His seminal work appeared in the pages of legendary Weird Tales and has influenced countless writer of the macabre. ", "This is one of those stories.", "\n\nStephen King’s apocalyptic vision of a world blasted by plague and tangled in an elemental struggle between good and evil remains as riveting and eerily plausible as when it was first published.", "\n\nA patient escapes from a biological testing facility, unknowingly carrying a deadly weapon: a mutated strain of super-flu that will wipe out 99 percent of the world’s population within a few weeks. ", "Those who remain are scared, bewildered, and in need of a leader. ", "Two emerge—Mother Abagail, the benevolent 108-year-old woman who urges them to build a peaceful community in Boulder, Colorado; and Randall Flagg, the nefarious “Dark Man,” who delights in chaos and violence. ", "As the dark man and the peaceful woman gather power, the survivors will have to choose between them—and ultimately decide the fate of all humanity.", "\n\n(This edition includes all of the new and restored material first published in The Stand: The Complete And Uncut Edition.)", "\n\nH. P. Lovecraft was one of the greatest horror writers of all time. ", "His seminal work appeared in the pages of legendary Weird Tales and has influenced countless writer of the macabre. ", "This is one of those stories.", "\n\nAfter thirty years, the only human engagement with Area X—a seemingly malevolent landscape surrounded by an invisible border and mysteriously wiped clean of all signs of civilization—has been a series of expeditions overseen by a government agency so secret it has almost been forgotten: the Southern Reach. ", "Following the tumultuous twelfth expedition chronicled in Annihilation, the agency is in complete disarray. ", "John Rodrigues (aka \"Control\") is the Southern Reach's newly appointed head. ", "Working with a distrustful but desperate team, a series of frustrating interrogations, a cache of hidden notes, and hours of profoundly troubling video footage, Control begins to penetrate the secrets of Area X. But with each discovery he must confront disturbing truths about himself and the agency he's pledged to serve. ", "In Authority, the second volume of Jeff VanderMeer's Southern Reach trilogy, Area X's most disturbing questions are answered . . . ", "but the answers are far from reassuring.", "\n\nIn the isolated, desolate and decrepit village of Dunwich, Wilbur Whateley is the hideous son of Lavinia Whateley, a deformed and unstable albino mother, and an unknown father (alluded to in passing by mad Old Whateley, as \"Yog-Sothoth\"), and strange events surround his birth and precocious development. ", "Wilbur matures at an abnormal rate, reaching manhood within a decade, locals shun him and his family and animals fear and despise him. ", "All the while, his sorcerer grandfather indoctrinates him into certain dark rituals and the study of witchcraft. ", "The story culminates with the actual Dunwich horror: Early one morning, the Whateley farmhouse explodes as the thing, an invisible monster, rampages across Dunwich, cutting a path through fields, trees, and ravines, leaving huge \"prints\" the size of tree trunks. ", "The town is terrorized by the invisible creature for days, until Doctors, all of Miskatonic University, arrive with the knowledge and weapons needed to kill it.", "\n\nH. P. Lovecraft was one of the greatest horror writers of all time. ", "His seminal work appeared in the pages of legendary Weird Tales and has influenced countless writer of the macabre. ", "This is one of those stories.", "\n\nH. P. Lovecraft was one of the greatest horror writers of all time. ", "His seminal work appeared in the pages of legendary Weird Tales and has influenced countless writer of the macabre. ", "This is one of those stories.", "\n\nFrank Cotton's insatiable appetite for the dark pleasures of pain led him to the puzzle of Lemarchand's box, and from there, to a death only a sick-minded soul could invent. ", "But his brother's love-crazed wife, Julia, has discovered a way to bring Frank back—though the price will be bloody and terrible . . . ", "and there will certainly be hell to pay.", "\n\nH. P. Lovecraft was one of the greatest horror writers of all time. ", "His seminal work appeared in the pages of legendary Weird Tales and has influenced countless writer of the macabre. ", "This is one of those stories.", "\n\nH. P. Lovecraft was one of the greatest horror writers of all time. ", "His seminal work appeared in the pages of legendary Weird Tales and has influenced countless writer of the macabre. ", "This is one of those stories.", "\n\nOf the many admiring reviews Bram Stoker's Dracula received when it first appeared in 1897, the most astute praise came from the author's mother, who wrote her son: \"It is splendid. ", "No book since Mrs. Shelley's Frankenstein or indeed any other at all has come near yours in originality, or terror.\"", "\n\nA popular bestseller in Victorian England, Stoker's hypnotic tale of the bloodthirsty Count Dracula, whose nocturnal atrocities are symbolic of an evil ages old yet forever new, endures as the quintessential story of suspense and horror. ", "The unbridled lusts and desires, the diabolical cravings that Stoker dramatized with such mythical force, render Dracula resonant and unsettling a century later.", "\n\nH. P. Lovecraft was one of the greatest horror writers of all time. ", "His seminal work appeared in the pages of legendary Weird Tales and has influenced countless writer of the macabre. ", "This is one of those stories.", "\n\nNow a television series on Spike TV #1 New York Times bestselling author Stephen King’s terrifying novella about a town engulfed in a dense, mysterious mist—as humanity makes its last stand against unholy destruction…\n\nIn the wake of a destructive Maine summer thunderstorm, an impenetrable mist descends from the direction of a local military facility and infiltrates the small town of Bridgton. ", "David Drayton and his son Billy are dragged into a living nightmare as unnatural and violent forces concealed by the mist begin to emerge, wreaking havoc in their wake. ", "Now trapped in the local supermarket with a ragtag group of survivors, David unexpectedly faces a growing threat from within, one that promises to challenge the boundaries of sanity itself. ", "In this horrifying mist, hearing is seeing—and believing. ", "And what you’re about to hear, you’ll never forget.", "\n\nOriginally published in his acclaimed collection, Skeleton Crew, this riveting, eerie novella proves why Stephen King is a master storyteller in short form.", "\n\nH. P. Lovecraft was one of the greatest horror writers of all time. ", "His seminal work appeared in the pages of legendary Weird Tales and has influenced countless writer of the macabre. ", "This is one of those stories.", "\n\nThe #1 New York Times bestseller and winner of the 1986 Locus Award for Best Collection, Skeleton Crew is “Stephen King at his best” (The Denver Post)—a terrifying, mesmerizing collection of stories from the outer limits of one of the greatest imaginations of our time.", "\n\n“Wildly imaginative, delightfully diabolical…King once again proves to be the consummate storyteller” (The Associated Press).", "\n\nA supermarket becomes the place where humanity makes its last stand against destruction. ", "A trip to the attic becomes a journey to hell. ", "A woman driving a Jaguar finds a scary shortcut to paradise. ", "An idyllic lake harbors a bottomless evil. ", "And a desert island is the scene of the most terrifying struggle for survival ever waged. ", "This “wonderfully gruesome” collection (The New York Times Book Review) includes:\n\nH. P. Lovecraft was one of the greatest horror writers of all time. ", "His seminal work appeared in the pages of legendary Weird Tales and has influenced countless writer of the macabre. ", "This is one of those stories.", "\n\nH. P. Lovecraft was one of the greatest horror writers of all time. ", "His seminal work appeared in the pages of legendary Weird Tales and has influenced countless writer of the macabre. ", "This is one of those stories.", "\n\nH. P. Lovecraft was one of the greatest horror writers of all time. ", "His seminal work appeared in the pages of legendary Weird Tales and has influenced countless writer of the macabre. ", "This is one of those stories.", "\n\nIn this spectacular father/son collaboration, Stephen King and Owen King tell the highest of high-stakes stories: what might happen if women disappeared from the world of men?", "\n\nIn a future so real and near it might be now, something happens when women go to sleep: they become shrouded in a cocoon-like gauze. ", "If they are awakened, if the gauze wrapping their bodies is disturbed or violated, the women become feral and spectacularly violent. ", "And while they sleep they go to another place, a better place, where harmony prevails and conflict is rare.", "\n\nOne woman, the mysterious “Eve Black,” is immune to the blessing or curse of the sleeping disease. ", "Is Eve a medical anomaly to be studied? ", "Or is she a demon who must be slain? ", "Abandoned, left to their increasingly primal urges, the men divide into warring factions, some wanting to kill Eve, some to save her. ", "Others exploit the chaos to wreak their own vengeance on new enemies. ", "All turn to violence in a suddenly all-male world.", "\n\nSet in a small Appalachian town whose primary employer is a women’s prison, Sleeping Beauties is a wildly provocative, gloriously dramatic father-son collaboration that feels particularly urgent and relevant today.", "\n\nWIKIPEDIA says: 'H.P. Lovecraft's reputation has grown tremendously over the decades, and he is now commonly regarded as one of the most important horror writers of the 20th century, exerting an influence that is widespread, though often indirect.' ", "His tales of the tentacled Elder God Cthulhu and his pantheon of alien deities were initially written for the pulp magazines of the 1920s and '30s. ", "These astonishing tales blend elements of horror, science fiction and cosmic terror that are as powerful today as they were when they were first published.", "\n\nTHE NECRONOMICON collects together the very best of Lovecraft's tales of terror, including the complete Cthulhu Mythos cycle, just the way they were originally published. ", "It will introduce a whole new generation of readers to Lovecraft's fiction, as well as being a must-buy for those fans who want all his work in a single, definitive volume.", "\n\nStephen King presents “a fresh adrenaline rush of terror” (People) in this electrifying #1 New York Times bestseller!", "\n\nThe new minister came to Harlow, Maine, when Jamie Morton was a boy doing battle with his toy army men on the front lawn. ", "The young Reverend Charles Jacobs and his beautiful wife brought new life to the local church and captivated their congregation. ", "But with Jamie, he shares a secret obsession—a draw so powerful, it would have profound consequences five decades after the shattering tragedy that turned the preacher against God, and long after his final, scathing sermon. ", "Now Jamie, a nomadic rock guitarist hooked on heroin, meets Charles Jacobs again. ", "And when their bond becomes a pact beyond even the Devil’s devising, Jamie discovers that the word revival has many meanings….", "\n\nH. P. Lovecraft was one of the greatest horror writers of all time. ", "His seminal work appeared in the pages of legendary Weird Tales and has influenced countless writer of the macabre. ", "This is one of those stories.", "\n\nOne of the Ten Best Books of The New York Times Book Review Winner of the Los Angeles Times Book Prize Soon to be a miniseries from Hulu starring James Franco\n\nON NOVEMBER 22, 1963, THREE SHOTS RANG OUT IN DALLAS, PRESIDENT KENNEDY DIED, AND THE WORLD CHANGED. ", "WHAT IF YOU COULD CHANGE IT BACK?", "\n\nIn this brilliantly conceived tour de force, Stephen King—who has absorbed the social, political, and popular culture of his generation more imaginatively and thoroughly than any other writer—takes readers on an incredible journey into the past and the possibility of altering it.", "\n\nIt begins with Jake Epping, a thirty-five-year-old English teacher in Lisbon Falls, Maine, who makes extra money teaching GED classes. ", "He asks his students to write about an event that changed their lives, and one essay blows him away—a gruesome, harrowing story about the night more than fifty years ago when Harry Dunning’s father came home and killed his mother, his sister, and his brother with a sledgehammer. ", "Reading the essay is a watershed moment for Jake, his life—like Harry’s, like America’s in 1963—turning on a dime. ", "Not much later his friend Al, who owns the local diner, divulges a secret: his storeroom is a portal to the past, a particular day in 1958. ", "And Al enlists Jake to take over the mission that has become his obsession—to prevent the Kennedy assassination.", "\n\nSo begins Jake’s new life as George Amberson, in a different world of Ike and JFK and Elvis, of big American cars and sock hops and cigarette smoke everywhere. ", "From the dank little city of Derry, Maine (where there’s Dunning business to conduct), to the warmhearted small town of Jodie, Texas, where Jake falls dangerously in love, every turn is leading eventually, of course, to a troubled loner named Lee Harvey Oswald and to Dallas, where the past becomes heart-stoppingly suspenseful, and where history might not be history anymore. ", "Time-travel has never been so believable. ", "Or so terrifying.", "\n\nThe Festival was written in the year 1925 by Howard Phillips Lovecraft. ", "This book is one of the most popular novels of Howard Phillips Lovecraft, and has been translated into several other languages around the world.", "\n\nThis book is published by Booklassic which brings young readers closer to classic literature globally.", "\n\nIt is winter in Area X, the mysterious wilderness that has defied explanation for thirty years, rebuffing expedition after expedition, refusing to reveal its secrets. ", "As Area X expands, the agency tasked with investigating and overseeing it--the Southern Reach--has collapsed on itself in confusion. ", "Now one last, desperate team crosses the border, determined to reach a remote island that may hold the answers they've been seeking. ", "If they fail, the outer world is in peril.", "\n\nMeanwhile, Acceptance tunnels ever deeper into the circumstances surrounding the creation of Area X--what initiated this unnatural upheaval? ", "Among the many who have tried, who has gotten close to understanding Area X--and who may have been corrupted by it?", "\n\nIn this last installment of Jeff VanderMeer's Southern Reach trilogy, the mysteries of Area X may be solved, but their consequences and implications are no less profound--or terrifying.", "\n\nH. P. Lovecraft was one of the greatest horror writers of all time. ", "His seminal work appeared in the pages of legendary Weird Tales and has influenced countless writer of the macabre. ", "This is one of those stories.", "\n\nAnother excellent edition in the Knickerbocker Classic series, The Complete Fiction of H.P. Lovecraft collects the author's novel, four novellas, and fifty-three short stories. ", "Written between the years 1917 and 1935, this collection features Lovecraft's trademark fantastical creatures and supernatural thrills, as well as many horrific and cautionary science-fiction themes, that have influenced some of today's writers and filmmakers, including Stephen King, Alan Moore, F. Paul Wilson, Guillermo del Toro, and Neil Gaiman. ", "Included in this volume are The Case of Charles Dexter Ward, \"The Call of Cthulhu,\" \"The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath,\" \"At the Mountains of Madness,\" \"The Shadow Over Innsmouth,\" \"The Colour Out of Space,\" \"The Dunwich Horror,\" and many more hair-raising tales. ", "The Knickerbocker Classics bring together the works of classic authors from around the world in stunning gift editions to be collected and enjoyed. ", "Complete and unabridged, these elegantly designed cloth-bound hardcovers feature a slipcase and ribbon marker, as well as a comprehensive introduction providing the reader with enlightening information on the author's life and works.", "\n\nNow a major motion picture, Stephen King's brilliant and terrifying story of a marriage with truly deadly secrets.", "\n\nDarcy Anderson’s husband of more than twenty years is away on one of his routine business trips when the unsuspecting Darcy looks for batteries in the garage. ", "Her toe knocks up against a hidden box under a worktable and in it she discovers a trove of horrific evidence that her husband is two men—one, the benign father of her children, the other, a raging rapist and murderer. ", "It’s a horrifying discovery, rendered with bristling intensity, and it definitively ends “A Good Marriage.”", "\n\nThis story was originally published in Stephen King’s acclaimed collection, Full Dark, No Stars.", "\n\nH. P. Lovecraft was one of the greatest horror writers of all time. ", "His seminal work appeared in the pages of legendary Weird Tales and has influenced countless writer of the macabre. ", "This is one of those stories.", "\n\nOriginally published in 1971, The Exorcist is now a major television series on FOX. ", "It remains one of the most controversial novels ever written and went on to become a literary phenomenon: It spent fifty-seven weeks on the New York Times bestseller list, seventeen consecutively at number one. ", "Inspired by a true story of a child’s demonic possession in the 1940s, William Peter Blatty created an iconic novel that focuses on Regan, the eleven-year-old daughter of a movie actress residing in Washington, D.C. A small group of overwhelmed yet determined individuals must rescue Regan from her unspeakable fate, and the drama that ensues is gripping and unfailingly terrifying.", "\n\nTwo years after its publication, The Exorcist was, of course, turned into a wildly popular motion picture, garnering ten Academy Award nominations. ", "On opening day of the film, lines of the novel’s fans stretched around city blocks. ", "In Chicago, frustrated moviegoers used a battering ram to gain entry through the double side doors of a theater. ", "In Kansas City, police used tear gas to disperse an impatient crowd who tried to force their way into a cinema. ", "The three major television networks carried footage of these events; CBS’s Walter Cronkite devoted almost ten minutes to the story. ", "The Exorcist was, and is, more than just a novel and a film: it is a true landmark.", "\n\nPurposefully raw and profane, The Exorcist still has the extraordinary ability to disturb readers and cause them to forget that it is “just a story.” ", "Published here in this beautiful fortieth anniversary edition, it remains an unforgettable reading experience and will continue to shock and frighten a new generation of readers.", "\n\nH. P. Lovecraft was one of the greatest horror writers of all time. ", "His seminal work appeared in the pages of legendary Weird Tales and has influenced countless writer of the macabre. ", "This is one of those stories.", "\n\nH. P. Lovecraft was one of the greatest horror writers of all time. ", "His seminal work appeared in the pages of legendary Weird Tales and has influenced countless writer of the macabre. ", "This is one of those stories.", "\n\nH. P. Lovecraft was one of the greatest horror writers of all time. ", "His seminal work appeared in the pages of legendary Weird Tales and has influenced countless writer of the macabre. ", "This is one of those stories.", "\n\nFrom the #1 New York Times bestselling authors of The Talisman, “an intelligent…suspenseful page-turner” (The Wall Street Journal) from “two master craftsmen, each at the top of his game” (The Washington Post).", "\n\nTwenty years ago, a boy named Jack Sawyer traveled to a parallel universe called the Territories to save his mother and her Territories “Twinner” from an agonizing death that would have brought cataclysm to the other world. ", "Now Jack is a retired Los Angeles homicide detective living in the nearly nonexistent hamlet of Tamarack, Wisconsin. ", "He has no recollection of his adventures in the Territories, and was compelled to leave the police force when an odd, happenstance event threatened to awaken those memories.", "\n\nWhen a series of gruesome murders occur in western Wisconsin that are reminiscent of those committed several decades ago by a madman named Albert Fish, the killer is dubbed “the Fishman,” and Jack’s buddy, the local chief of police, begs Jack to help the inexperienced force find him. ", "But are these new killings merely the work of a disturbed individual, or has a mysterious and malignant force been unleashed in this quiet town? ", "What causes Jack’s inexplicable waking dreams—if that is what they are—of robins’ eggs and red feathers? ", "It’s almost as if someone is trying to tell him something. ", "As this cryptic message becomes increasingly impossible to ignore, Jack is drawn back to the Territories and to his own hidden past, where he may find the soul-strength to enter a terrifying house at the end of a deserted tract of forest, there to encounter the obscene and ferocious evils sheltered within it.", "\n\nH. P. Lovecraft was one of the greatest horror writers of all time. ", "His seminal work appeared in the pages of legendary Weird Tales and has influenced countless writer of the macabre. ", "This is one of those stories." ]

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[ "<?", "php defined(\"SYSPATH\") or die(\"No direct script access.\");", "\n/**\n * Gallery - a web based photo album viewer and editor\n * Copyright (C) 2000-2013 Bharat Mediratta\n *\n * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify\n * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by\n * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at\n * your option) any later version.", "\n *\n * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but\n * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", " See the GNU\n * General Public License for more details.", "\n *\n * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License\n * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software\n * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street - Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.", "\n */\nclass navcarousel_theme_Core {\n static function head($theme) {\n if ($theme->page_type == \"item\") {\n if (locales::is_rtl()) {\n $rtl_support = \"rtl: true,\\n\";\n } else {\n $rtl_support = \"rtl: false,\\n\";\n }\n $carouselwidth = module::get_var(\"navcarousel\", \"carouselwidth\", \"600\");\n if ($carouselwidth == 0) {\n $carouselwidth = \"100%\";\n $containerwidth = \"\";\n } else {\n $carouselwidth = $carouselwidth .\"px\";\n $containerwidth = \".jcarousel-skin-tango .jcarousel-container-horizontal {\\n\n width: \". ", "$carouselwidth .\";\\n\n }\\n\";\n }\n $thumbsize = module::get_var(\"navcarousel\", \"thumbsize\", \"50\");\n $showelements = module::get_var(\"navcarousel\", \"showelements\", \"7\");\n $childcount = $theme->item->parent()->viewable()->children_count();\n $itemoffset = intval(floor($showelements / 2));\n if ($childcount <= $showelements) {\n $itemoffset = 1;\n } else {\n $itempos = $theme->item->parent()->get_position($theme->item);\n $itemoffset = $itempos - $itemoffset;\n if ($itemoffset < 1) {\n $itemoffset = 1;\n }\n if (($itemoffset + $showelements) > $childcount) {\n $itemoffset = $childcount - $showelements + 1;\n }\n }\n if (module::get_var(\"navcarousel\", \"noajax\", false)) {\n $ajaxhandler = \"\";\n } else {\n $ajaxhandler = \"itemLoadCallback: navcarousel_itemLoadCallback,\\n\";\n }\n if (module::get_var(\"navcarousel\", \"showondomready\", false)) {\n $onwinload = \"\";\n } else {\n $onwinload = \"});\\n\n $(window).load(function () {\\n\";\n }\n return\n $theme->script(\"jquery.jcarousel.min.js\")\n . ", "$theme->css(\"skin.css\")\n . \"", "\\n<!-- Navcarousel -->\n <style type=\\\"text/css\\\">\\n\n \". ", "$containerwidth .\"", "\n .jcarousel-skin-tango .jcarousel-clip-horizontal {\\n\n width: \". ", "$carouselwidth .\";\\n\n height: \". (", "$thumbsize + 25) .\"px;\\n\n }\\n\n .jcarousel-skin-tango .jcarousel-item {\\n\n width: \". (", "$thumbsize + 25) .\"px;\\n\n height: \". (", "$thumbsize + 25) .\"px;\\n\n }\\n\n #navcarousel-loader {\\n\n height: \". (", "$thumbsize + 25) .\"px;\\n\n }\\n\n .jcarousel-skin-tango .jcarousel-next-horizontal {\n top: \". (", "intval(floor($thumbsize / 2.8))) .\"px;\n }\n .jcarousel-skin-tango .jcarousel-prev-horizontal {\n top: \". (", "intval(floor($thumbsize / 2.8))) .\"px;\n }\n </style>\\n\n <script type=\\\"text/javascript\\\">\\n\n jQuery(document).ready(function() {\\n\n jQuery('#navcarousel').jcarousel({\\n\n \". ", "$ajaxhandler .\"", "\n itemFallbackDimension: \". (", "$thumbsize + 25) .\",\\n\n start: \". ", "$itemoffset .\",\\n\n size: \". ", "$childcount .\",\\n\n visible: \". ", "$showelements .\",\\n\n \". ", "$rtl_support .\"", "\n scroll: \". ", "module::get_var(\"navcarousel\", \"scrollsize\", \"7\") .\"\\n\n });\\n\n \". ", "$onwinload .\"", "\n $(\\\".jcarousel-prev-horizontal\\\").css(\\\"visibility\\\", \\\"visible\\\");\\n\n $(\\\".jcarousel-next-horizontal\\\").css(\\\"visibility\\\", \\\"visible\\\");\\n\n $(\\\"#navcarousel\\\").css(\\\"visibility\\\", \\\"visible\\\");\\n\n $(\\\"#navcarousel-wrapper\\\").css(\\\"background\\\", \\\"none\\\");\\n\n $(\\\"#navcarousel-wrapper\\\").css(\\\"float\\\", \\\"left\\\");\\n\n });\\n\n </script>\\n\n <!-- ", "Navcaoursel -->\";\n }\n }\n \n static function photo_bottom($theme) {\n if (!", "module::get_var(\"navcarousel\", \"abovephoto\", false)) {\n if ($theme->page_type == \"item\") {\n return new View(\"navcarousel.html\");\n }\n }\n }\n \n static function photo_top($theme) {\n if (module::get_var(\"navcarousel\", \"abovephoto\", false)) {\n if ($theme->page_type == \"item\") {\n return new View(\"navcarousel.html\");\n }\n }\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Healthy Living: How to Fit in Fitness With Meredith Schneider!", "\nby Donna John\n\nMoms are busy. ", "But do you use that as an excuse to not exercise, or to not eat healthy?30Second Mom contributor and healthy lifestyle coach Meredith Schneider, mom of four, was on hand recently to share her tips for fitting in fitness throughout your busy life!", "\n\nQ: How does a busy mom of four find the time to exercise?", "\nFirst off, I don’t find the time. ", "I make the time! ", "We have more time than we think. ", "How do you make time? ", "Open your calendar and schedule your workouts. ", "Make it non-negotiable. ", "Share your schedule and your health and fitness goals with your family.", "\n\nQ: What creative ways have successfully fit fitness into your busy lifestyle?", "\nI have my kids join me. ", "Double bonus! ", "I’m working out and they are burning off energy. ", "Take your workout outside. ", "Give the kids chalk and tell them to have a drawing contest. ", "Take your kids and workout to the park! ", "Run, do pull-ups, push-ups with your feet on the swing. ", "Rainy day workout – making workout stations in the house gets everyone involved and cures boredom.", "\n\nQ: How do you motivate yourself to exercise on days that you just don’t want to?", "\nLooking at my before picture and seeing how far I have come motivates me to get moving. ", "I remember how awful it was to hit rock bottom and don’t want to experience or have my kids see me at my worst again. ", "I remind myself how amazing I feel afterwards. ", "Proud and full of energy. ", "Others looking to me for inspiration and motivation helps me stay accountable. ", "Sharing it can be done is powerful.", "\n\nQ: What about healthy eating? ", "How do you avoid junk and fuel up on the go?", "\nThe first step to avoiding junk food? ", "I don’t buy any! ", "I stock up my fridge full of healthy goodness! ", "Lots of veggies and fruit. ", "I eat before leaving the house. ", "Or I arm myself with a piece of fruit, sliced veggies or almonds in my purse.", "\n\nQ: How do I begin my health and fitness journey with you?", "\nLet’s connect on Facebook here. ", "For daily inspiration, motivation and health and fitness tips be sure to like my page here. ", "Message me your email if you would like to be the first notified when my Vlog launches and follow me on Twitter!", "\n\nOh my goodness Donna John & Elisa All Schmitz 30Seconds ! ", "This just popped up on my 'on this day' Facebook timeline. ", "Where did 3 years go?! ", "Tips remain the same because consistency is KEY to crushing our goals! ", "xoxoxo" ]

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[ "# ◓\n\nHeim is the backend and frontend of [euphoria](https://euphoria.io), a\nreal-time community platform. ", "The backend is a Go server that speaks JSON over\nWebSockets, persisting data to PostgreSQL. ", "Our web client is built in\nReact/Reflux.", "\n\n**Currently, heim is released in a pre-alpha state**. ", "Please be advised that\nnew development is currently being prioritized over stability. ", "We're releasing\nin this form because we want to open up our codebase and development progress.", "\nWe will make breaking changes to the protocol, and will be slow to merge\ncomplex pull requests while we get our core building blocks in place.", "\n\n[](https://travis-ci.org/euphoria-io/heim)\n[](https://godoc.org/euphoria.io/heim)\n\n## Getting started\n\n1. ", "Install `git`, [`docker`](https://docs.docker.com/installation/), and\n [`docker-compose`](https://docs.docker.com/compose/install/).", "\n\n2. ", "Ensure dependencies are fetched: run `git submodule update --init` in this repo directory.", "\n\n### Running a server\n\n1. ", "Build the client static files: `docker-compose run frontend`.", "\n\n2. ", "Init your db: `docker-compose run upgradedb sql-migrate up`.", "\n\n3. ", "Start the server: `docker-compose up backend`.", "\n\nHeim is now running on port 8080. ", "\\o/\n\n### Developing the client (connected to euphoria.io)\n\n1. ", "Launch the standalone static server and build watcher: \n `docker-compose run --service-ports frontend gulp develop`\n\n2. ", "To connect to [&test](https://euphoria.io/room/test) on euphoria.io\n using your local client, open:\n <http://localhost:8080/room/test/#connect=https://euphoria.io>\n\n### Running tests\n\n#### Backend\n\n`docker-compose run backend go test -v euphoria.io/heim/...`\n\nNote: some tests require a database. ", "See the [CI automation script](ci/test.sh) for more context.", "\n\n#### Frontend\n\n`docker-compose run frontend npm test`\n\n## Discussion\n\nQuestions? ", "Feedback? ", "Ideas? ", "Come join us in\n[&heim](https://euphoria.io/room/heim) or email hi@euphoria.io.", "\n\n## Licensing\n\nSoftware code is distributed under the terms of the MIT license.", "\n\nArt and documentation are distributed under the terms of the CC-BY 4.0 license.", "\n\nSee [LICENSE.md](LICENSE.md) for licensing details.", "\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nPull and list most common id inside a flat file database\n\nI have a flat file database of twitter ids that are following daesh accounts with just under half a million lines that looks like this:\n722030494578122752 | User Followes/followed pxayrxxcz\n\nWhen I want to search for an id I just do a simple bash script that looks like this.", "\ngrep -R $id | sort\n\nand that will pull up every daesh account i have scraped that that id follows. ", "I'd like to create another script, the start of which would look something like this.", "\ncat * | sort | uniq | othercodehere > mostcommonids.txt\n\nWhat i want to do is to run this script on my database files and have it spit out the, say ten, most common ids that it runs across. ", "id like to have it list how many times the id is come across but i don't know if that is possible.", "\nHere is 8 line example of the database:\n701719369605222400 | User Follows/followed 2ccdcccdcc\n701719369605222400 | User Follows/followed omans_228\n701719369605222400 | User Follows/followed Qs_7ii\n721205276146343936 | User Follows/followed DDSSW890\n712955245035331584 | User Follows/followed dxbdbd54\n725779221335912452 | User Follows/followed GAREBSHAMI\n713079851499040768 | User Follows/followed oobaida_793\n713079851499040768 | User Follows/followed AbuH3\n\nSo in this case 701719369605222400 (the first three ids) is the most common id in the list, and 713079851499040768 (the two last ids) is the second most common id in the list. ", "Id like the output file to look like this:\n701719369605222400 3\n713079851499040768 2\n\nA:\n\nUse uniq -c:\nsort file.txt | uniq -c\n\nMost common IDs first:\nsort file.txt | uniq -c | sort -k1,1rn\n\nLeast common IDs first:\nsort file.txt | uniq -c | sort -k1,1n\n\nEdit:\nDo:\ngrep -o '^[^[:blank:]]\\+' file.txt | sort | uniq -c | sort -k1,1nr\n\nTo get the first 2 values:\ngrep -o '^[^[:blank:]]\\+' file.txt | sort | uniq -c | sort -k1,1nr | tail -2\n\nTo get proper formatting:\ngrep -o '^[^[:blank:]]\\+' file.txt | sort | uniq -c | sort -k1,1nr | sed -r 's/^[[:blank:]]+([0-9]+)[[:blank:]]+(.*)$/\\2 \\1/'\n\n" ]

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[ "Effect on apparent liver blood flow of histamine-receptor blockers and inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.", "\nWe have recently shown that histamine H2-receptor blockade with cimetidine reduces apparent liver blood flow. ", "To determine the effects of inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and of H1-receptor blockade and of their additive effects when combined with cimetidine (600 mg), we estimated liver blood flow from the clearance of a single dose (0.5 mg/kg) of indocyanine green (ICG) in six healthy subjects after indomethacin (50 mg. ", "three times during 24 hr) and chlorpheniramine (8 mg. ", "three times during 24 hr). ", "Indomethacin and chlorpheniramine reduced ICG estimated liver blood flow by 18 +/- 3% and 13 +/- 4% (mean +/- SEM). ", "When cimetidine was added to indomethacin or chlorpheniramine, the reductions in flow of 22 +/- 6% and 19 +/- 5% were not significantly greater than that after indomethacin, chlorpheniramine, or cimetidine alone (16 +/- 6%). ", "These data suggest that both histamine acting through H1- and H2-receptors and prostaglandins may influence liver blood flow in man and are consistent with evidence from animal experiments that suggest a role for prostaglandins in H2-mediated vascular responses." ]

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[ "Graded activity of transcription factor Runx3 specifies the laminar termination pattern of sensory axons in the developing spinal cord.", "\nDifferent functional classes of dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons project their axons to distinct target zones within the developing spinal cord. ", "To explore the mechanisms that link sensory neuron subtype identity and axonal projection pattern, we analyzed the roles of Runx and ETS transcription factors in the laminar targeting of sensory afferents. ", "Gain- and loss-of-function studies in chick embryos reveal that the status of Runx3 expression is a major determinant of the dorso-ventral position of termination of proprioceptive and cutaneous sensory axons. ", "In addition, the level of expression and/or activity of Runx3 in individual proprioceptive sensory neurons appears to specify whether their axons terminate in intermediate or ventral regions. ", "Our findings suggest that the selectivity of Runx3 expression, and its level of activity, control sensory afferent targeting in the developing spinal cord." ]

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[ "Stem Cell Therapy for Peripheral Neuropathy in Greenville, SC\n\nPeripheral neuropathy or neuropathy is a term used to describe damage to any part of the nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. ", "When a nerve becomes damaged, it restricts the information that passes between the brain and other parts of the body. ", "This can affect muscle movements and the ability to receive sensations such as heat, pain, or even touch. ", "When the nerves that transmit automatic functions are impaired, it can alter your heart rate, digestion, and the bladder.", "\n\nCauses of Peripheral Neuropathy\n\nThe easiest way to damage a nerve is through some form of physical trauma. ", "Damage could also occur from a chronic condition that puts pressure on a nerve for extended periods of time. ", "Here are some other conditions that could lead to neuropathy:\n\nSymptoms of Peripheral Neuropathy\n\nYour nerves play a vital function in your sense of touch, muscle movement, and the involuntary processes of your body. ", "Because of this, neuropathy can lead to a number of symptoms. ", "Here are some of the most common:\n\nNumbness or pain in the hands and feet. ", "This can eventually spread to the arms and legs\n\nDiminished feeling in the hands and fingers. ", "Some patients describe the sensation as being similar to wearing a glove\n\nExtreme sensitivity to touch\n\nBurning pain\n\nWeakness\n\nBowel or bladder problems\n\nPeripheral Neuropathy Diagnosis\n\nThe first step your doctor will likely take in diagnosing neuropathy is to sit down with you to discuss the history of your symptoms. ", "This consultation may be followed by a neurological exam to test your reflexes, coordination, and the ability to feel sensations. ", "Your doctor may also perform a blood test to seek out possible infections that could be leading to your condition.", "\n\nYour doctor might also request a CT scan or MRI to help determine if there is any damage to your muscles or other tissues. ", "To test the function of your nerves, electromyography may also be performed.", "\n\nPeripheral Neuropathy Treatment\n\nThe goal of neuropathy treatment is to remove any pressure on the damaged nerve or nerve group so that they can heal. ", "This can be accomplished with stem cell therapy. ", "In investigational procedures involving stem cell deployment, your own stem cells are harvested using a short, mini-liposuction procedure. ", "After the cells are processed with growth factors, they are returned to your body in the specific area where you are experiencing dysfunction from neuropathy." ]

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[ "c) = -2*c**2 - 28*c + 4. ", "Calculate the lowest common multiple of d and l(-14).", "\n36\nLet d(q) = -q**3 - 3*q**2 + 4*q + 10. ", "Let c be d(-4). ", "Suppose 6*a - c*a + 12 = 0. ", "Calculate the lowest common multiple of 3 and a*(0 - 8/(-12)).", "\n6\nLet p = -27938017897/3888 - -7185704. ", "Let z = p - -1/243. ", "Calculate the common denominator of -41/16 and z.\n16\nLet s = -7/2068 - 101/141. ", "Calculate the common denominator of s and 55/27.", "\n1188\nSuppose -4*p = -p - 60. ", "Suppose p = -u - 4*u. ", "What is the least common multiple of 6 and u/(-26) + 1792/182?", "\n30\nSuppose 952 = 49*t - 616. ", "Calculate the lowest common multiple of 124 and t.\n992\nSuppose -17388 = -66*a + 12*a. ", "What is the smallest common multiple of 22 and a?", "\n3542\nLet h = -1 + 10. ", "Find the common denominator of -69/10 and ((-2)/14)/(1/h).", "\n70\nLet i(p) = 34*p + 221. ", "Suppose -2*y = 5*g - 38 + 4, 4*g = 16. ", "What is the least common multiple of i(-6) and y?", "\n119\nLet o = -2729 - -859. ", "Let u be 4/18*((-101691)/(-4))/(-3). ", "Let m = u - o. Find the common denominator of m and -67/2.", "\n6\nLet i be 8/6*15/10. ", "Suppose -i*s = 2, 4*o = -2*s - 2*s + 4. ", "Suppose -d = -68 + 52. ", "Calculate the lowest common multiple of o and d.\n16\nLet w = 1 + 9. ", "Calculate the lowest common multiple of 7 + 5 + -3 + -5 and w.\n20\nLet x = 744 + -444. ", "What is the lowest common multiple of x and 120?", "\n600\nLet t = 53 - 49. ", "Let o be (-3)/(-15) + (-44)/(-5). ", "Let i = -5 + o. Calculate the least common multiple of t and i.\n4\nSuppose 0 = -9*q + 8*q + 50. ", "Suppose 0 = 3*z + 5*d - 61, 4*z - 10 = 4*d + q. Let r = z + -1. ", "What is the lowest common multiple of r and 20?", "\n80\nLet r(l) = -13*l**3 - l**2 + l + 6. ", "Let k be r(4). ", "Calculate the common denominator of (-14)/(-35) + k/(-80) and -25/4.", "\n8\nLet k be (-842)/(-14) - 1/7. ", "Suppose 2*y + k = 7*y + 5*l, -5*y + 3*l + 60 = 0. ", "What is the smallest common multiple of 6 and y?", "\n12\nLet b = 4955/4 - 1223. ", "Let k = 31 + -39. ", "What is the common denominator of k/(-12)*149/4 and b?", "\n12\nLet w = 1851/2 - 891. ", "Let g be 0 + (-6)/8*33. ", "Let c = g + 769/28. ", "Find the common denominator of w and c.\n14\nSuppose 12*i + 20*i = 9856. ", "What is the lowest common multiple of i and 11?", "\n308\nWhat is the common denominator of 1051/520 - 130/(-845) and 58/45?", "\n360\nSuppose 2*t + 4 = s - 0*s, 5*t = 3*s - 16. ", "Suppose 234 + 6 = 3*u. ", "Suppose -4*k + 70 = -2*r, -3*k - u = -8*k + 4*r. ", "What is the least common multiple of k and s?", "\n60\nWhat is the common denominator of 85/(-3)*(-9)/(-6) and 31/(2 - -3 - -5)?", "\n10\nLet p be (-2)/(((-15)/170)/3). ", "Let y = p + -62. ", "Calculate the least common multiple of y and 10.", "\n30\nSuppose 4*f + 5*q - 46 = -0*f, -4*q - 50 = -3*f. ", "What is the lowest common multiple of 506 and f?", "\n3542\nLet z = 0 + 0. ", "Suppose -3*n = -4*j - 23, z = 2*n - j - 3*j - 22. ", "What is the lowest common multiple of n and 6?", "\n6\nCalculate the common denominator of 67/272 and 4/(-40)*1510/(-12).", "\n816\nWhat is the common denominator of (-21)/(-36)*42/(-4) and (-438)/12 + -3 + 2?", "\n8\nSuppose 0 = 3*k - 0 - 195. ", "Calculate the least common multiple of k and 55.", "\n715\nLet s = -1135779/8 - -140693. ", "Let l = -1269 - s. Let p = -12991 + 181781/14. ", "Find the common denominator of l and p.\n56\nSuppose 8 = -0*u + 4*u. ", "Suppose u*w = -3*d + 54, -w + 2*w - 77 = -4*d. ", "Calculate the smallest common multiple of d and 14.", "\n140\nLet k = 5 - -3. ", "Suppose -k*o + 3*o + 50 = 0. ", "What is the smallest common multiple of o and 12?", "\n60\nLet c = 804593/30 - 26817. ", "What is the common denominator of -17/50 and c?", "\n150\nSuppose -2*a = -0*a. ", "Suppose a = -3*o - 717 + 123. ", "Find the common denominator of (6/o)/((-2)/177) and -43/4.", "\n44\nLet d be (-182)/15 - (-6)/45. ", "Calculate the least common multiple of 22 and 24 + (-3)/(d/(-8)).", "\n22\nLet r = 358 + -759/2. ", "Find the common denominator of (5/(-20))/((-2)/198*2) and r.\n8\nLet h = 405 - 383. ", "What is the smallest common multiple of h and 68?", "\n748\nCalculate the common denominator of 1/36 and 226/(-180)*(-7)/((-252)/30).", "\n108\nLet d be (-10996)/84040*136/(-8086). ", "Let h = d - 6/20215. ", "Let a = h + -123983/12606. ", "Calculate the common denominator of a and -91/2.", "\n6\nLet d(p) = 0*p - 11 + 19 + 2*p**2 - 3 - p. What is the least common multiple of 28 and d(3)?", "\n140\nLet d = -7324 - -73147/10. ", "Let y = -21527/9 + 2400. ", "Calculate the common denominator of y and d.\n90\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 230/40 - (-3)/12 and (-6)/(-5)*10/4?", "\n6\nSuppose 0 = -2*a - 0*a + 3984. ", "Let l = 4083/2 - a. Calculate the common denominator of l and 1 - -1*(-95)/(-2).", "\n2\nSuppose -37 = 2*p - u, 2*p + 34 = 2*u - 4*u. ", "Let f(q) = -2*q**2 - 27*q - 8. ", "Let d be f(-14). ", "Let z = p - d. What is the smallest common multiple of z and 22?", "\n44\nCalculate the common denominator of (-338)/50*(-10)/12 and ((-203406)/32732)/((1 - 2) + (-25)/(-7)).", "\n60\nLet q = 8770472/14723 + -318902303035/526612264. ", "Let z = q + -2/4471. ", "What is the common denominator of -91/2 and z?", "\n8\nLet j = -7 + 10. ", "Suppose -x = f + 2, 0 = -6*f + 2*f - 5*x - 13. ", "Calculate the smallest common multiple of j and f.\n3\nLet q = -10853/462 + 556/33. ", "Find the common denominator of 50/(-24) - (-3)/(-4) and q.\n42\nLet m(a) = 19*a - 15. ", "Find the common denominator of m(3) and ((-1)/4)/(9/(-40)).", "\n9\nLet z = 9568/825 + 2/825. ", "What is the common denominator of z and (-1590)/1836 - 2/9?", "\n170\nLet l(c) = -c**3 + 7*c**2 + 20*c - 14. ", "Let a be l(9). ", "Calculate the common denominator of -13/33 and (13/195)/(a/314).", "\n330\nLet r = 472 + -454. ", "Let c(o) = o**2 + 3*o + 6. ", "Calculate the smallest common multiple of c(-5) and r.\n144\nLet a(l) = l**3 + 7*l**2 + 5*l - 7. ", "Calculate the least common multiple of a(-5) and (-574)/(-24) - (-108)/1296.", "\n72\nLet p = -3/121 + -2653/363. ", "Let t = 9854 + -39417/4. ", "Find the common denominator of p and t.\n12\nSuppose 88 = s - 157. ", "What is the smallest common multiple of s and 77?", "\n2695\nSuppose -g - 6 = -6. ", "Suppose -35 = -5*o + 5*z, g*z + 3*z + 12 = 0. ", "Calculate the lowest common multiple of o and 74.", "\n222\nLet n(f) = -9*f - 14. ", "Let b be n(-16). ", "Find the common denominator of -105/52 and b*((-3)/1 + 262/88).", "\n572\nSuppose -51 = 5*z + 4*y, 0 = -0*z + 3*z + 2*y + 31. ", "Let n = 20 + z. What is the least common multiple of 10 and n?", "\n90\nLet p be (-3439)/57 - 2/(-6). ", "Find the common denominator of (-128)/p - 2*1/(-2) and 37/27.", "\n135\nSuppose -223 = -5*x + w, 5*w - 120 = -3*x + 25. ", "What is the smallest common multiple of 33 and x?", "\n495\nFind the common denominator of ((-4)/(-18))/((-6)/(-99)) and 41/15.", "\n15\nLet q be 48/8 - (2 + 2). ", "Find the common denominator of -24/55 and -1 + (q - (-177)/(-50)) + 1.", "\n550\nSuppose 0 = 4*r + 8, -3*r - 39 = 2*s - 201. ", "Calculate the smallest common multiple of 24/s + 234/14 and 7.", "\n119\nLet h be ((-261)/18)/(1/2). ", "Let q = h - -65. ", "What is the lowest common multiple of 12 and q?", "\n36\nLet u = 2337 - 3357. ", "Let t be 6/45 - 8984/u. Let j = t - 214/119. ", "What is the common denominator of j and -52/3?", "\n21\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 55 and 570/12 + 7 - 1/(-2).", "\n55\nSuppose -2*y - 4*d + 44 = -0*y, 0 = -3*y + 2*d + 42. ", "Let q = -10 + y. Calculate the smallest common multiple of q and 7.", "\n42\nLet a(g) = g**2 + 7*g - 104. ", "Calculate the smallest common multiple of a(9) and 220.", "\n440\nFind the common denominator of 10/20 + (-27)/60 + 0 and -9/14.", "\n140\nFind the common denominator of (56/144)/((-4)/(-30)) and -37/51.", "\n204\nLet p be 26/6 + 3/(-9). ", "Suppose -p = z - 5*s, -z - 5*s = 4*z - 70. ", "Let h(y) = y - 33. ", "Calculate the least common multiple of h(39) and z.\n66\nSuppose 6758 = 4*r + 63026. ", "Let q = r - -759469/54. ", "What is the common denominator of q and -137/12?", "\n108\nLet k be (-8)/(-8) - (-1 - -6). ", "Let j = -2/1977 + 65257/15816. ", "Find the common denominator of 73/(-8) + 4/k and j.\n8\nLet o = 6 - 2. ", "Let x be (6/o)/((-12)/(-36536)). ", "Let y = x + -45783/10. ", "Find the common denominator of 21/2 and y.\n10\nLet n = -3268 + 363. ", "Let r = 3639025/1253 - 863/179. ", "Let z = r + n. What is the common denominator of -43/9 and z?", "\n63\nSuppose -2*c + 0*a = 2*a - 11960134, 4*c - 23920284 = 4*a. ", "Let s = c - 209337421/35. ", "Let f = s + 1001. ", "Calculate the common denominator of 83/4 and f.\n140\nLet n be 4/42*565/30. ", "Let t = 395/42 - n. What is the common denominator of t and -3 + (-4)/(208/(-18))?", "\n234\nLet w be ((-16)/10)/(2/(-5)). ", "Let x = -779 + 1163. ", "What is the least common multiple of 20 and 6/w*x/36?", "\n80\nSuppose 0*x = x - 6. ", "Let w(r) = r**3 + 10*r**2 + 2*r - 5. ", "Let b be w(-10). ", "Let j = b + 35. ", "What is the least common " ]

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[ "<!", "DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN\">\n<html>\n<head>\n<!--", "\n\n This library is part of OpenCms -\n the Open Source Content Management System\n\n Copyright (c) Alkacon Software GmbH & Co. KG (http://www.alkacon.com)\n\n This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or\n modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public\n License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either\n version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.", "\n\n This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", "See the GNU\n Lesser General Public License for more details.", "\n\n For further information about Alkacon Software GmbH & Co. KG, please see the\n company website: http://www.alkacon.com\n\n For further information about OpenCms, please see the\n project website: http://www.opencms.org\n\n You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public\n License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software\n Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA\n\n-->\n</head>\n<body bgcolor=\"white\">\n\nContains data beans used on the server side as well as on the client side of the XML content editor.<p>\n\n\n<!-- ", "Put @see and @since tags down here. --", ">\n\n@since 8.5.0 \n\n</body>\n</html>\n" ]

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[ "The present invention relates to an electroluminescent (referred to as \"EL\" hereinbelow) display and, more particularly, a connector for an EL display panel and a driver.", "\nConventionally, leading connectors for electrodes of an EL display panel are provided with an etched plate which is made of Cu and is plated with Sn or Ni, a ribbon plate, or a mesh plate. ", "The connector is soldered to a substrate for carrying a driving circuit. ", "When the number of the leading connectors to be connected increases in the case where leading terminals of display digits are connected, the conventional leading connectors resulted in the difficulty of achieving an automatic manufacturing processing and speed up so as to thereby provide low productivity.", "\nWiring substrates for the leading connectors comprise a flexible substrate which is a film made of a polyimide etc. ", "laminated with a Cu foil, or an Al foil. ", "The flexible substrate is etched and plated to provide a wiring pattern. ", "The etching and plating process is rather complicated. ", "Further, it is difficult to treat the waste solution and assure a safe working environment." ]

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[ "India Stun Qatar 2-1 In International Friendly\n\nDoha, Jul 17: India stunned Qatar 2-1 in an international football friendly in one of the most memorable victories by the country over a top Asian side here today.", "Sunil Chhetri put India ahead in the\n\nPTI [ Updated: July 19, 2011 21:41 IST ]\n\nindia stun qatar 2 1 in international friendly\n\nDoha, Jul 17: India stunned Qatar 2-1 in an international football friendly in one of the most memorable victories by the country over a top Asian side here today.", "\n\nSunil Chhetri put India ahead in the 16th minute when he converted a penalty kick before Sushil Kumar Singh struck in the 73rd minute at the Al Sadd Stadium.", "\n\nQatar pulled one back in the 74th minute through Ibrahim Khalfan.", "\n\nIndia had not beaten a top Asian side for a long time and it would boost new coach Armando Colaco's side ahead of their double-leg World Cup qualifiers against United Arab Emirates at Al Ain near Dubai on July 23 and in New Delhi on July 28.", "\n\nQatar are ranked 94th in the world and ninth in Asia while India are now at 147th at FIFA rankings. ", "PTI" ]

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[ "Not unlike Popeye eating spinach or Superman thrusting his rippling Kryptonian pecs in the direction of the sun’s powerful rays, I like to think that the survival of TMT is forever prolonged by something metaphysical… and yet, assuredly phallic-shaped. ", "Whereas the relatively strict professionalism (*scoff*) of comparable publications often prevents liberal references, it’s a different story over here. ", "We have penises coming out of our ears, which conventional knowledge of human anatomy tells us are directly attached to our heads — the ones containing our brains, silly. ", "Attribution? ", "It certainly preceded Death Grips, so let’s blame it on something inherently comical.", "\n\nAnd so it cums with veiny enthusiasm that I’m able to announce the announcement of Weird Universe, the first full-length (but nonetheless satisfying) non-CD-R release from Unicorn Hard-On, the electron-ish and rhythmically intricate project of Valerie Martino, which has been making the rounds in cramped spaces since about 2003. ", "Putting aside the project name for a moment, which Martino unsurprisingly describes as a joke that stuck, but also a reflection of genuine fascination, the album is an attempt at echoing a beat-driven evolution that she’s come to appreciate in the noise scene. ", "Vocals were snubbed as incongruent, and the result is ultimately a “labor of love” fitting to that evolution, as well as the style of the sponsoring label.", "\n\nWeird Universe is out September 30 on Spectrum Spools. ", "Here’s the official release page, and watch/listen below to get a sense.", "\n\nP.S. - Major twist at the end of the YouTube video, btw. ", "Where are you Ripley???", "\n\nNot unlike Popeye eating spinach or Superman thrusting his rippling Kryptonian pecs in the direction of the sun’s powerful rays, I like to think that the survival of TMT is forever prolonged by something metaphysical… and yet, assuredly phallic-shaped. ", "Whereas the relatively strict professionalism (*scoff*) of comparable publications often prevents liberal references, it’s a different story over here. ", "We have penises coming out of our ears, which conventional knowledge of human anatomy tells us are directly attached to our heads — the ones containing our brains, silly. ", "Attribution? ", "It certainly preceded Death Grips, so let’s blame it on something inherently comical.", "\n\nAnd so it cums with veiny enthusiasm that I’m able to announce the announcement of Weird Universe, the first full-length (but nonetheless satisfying) non-CD-R release from Unicorn Hard-On, the electron-ish and rhythmically intricate project of Valerie Martino, which has been making the rounds in cramped spaces since about 2003. ", "Putting aside the project name for a moment, which Martino unsurprisingly describes as a joke that stuck, but also a reflection of genuine fascination, the album is an attempt at echoing a beat-driven evolution that she’s come to appreciate in the noise scene. ", "Vocals were snubbed as incongruent, and the result is ultimately a “labor of love” fitting to that evolution, as well as the style of the sponsoring label.", "\n\nWeird Universe is out September 30 on Spectrum Spools. ", "Here’s the official release page, and watch/listen below to get a sense.", "\n\nP.S. - Major twist at the end of the YouTube video, btw. ", "Where are you Ripley???", "\n\nHey bands! ", "Do you want to record a record? ", "Probably, you’re a band! ", "Are you planning on recording that record at Olympia’s Dub Narcotic Studio? ", "Maybe. ", "If your band holds quite a regard for the K Records catalog, then there’s a much higher chance that, yeah, you’re recording at Dub Narcotic. ", "These days, not only can you get that classic Dub Narcotic sound, you can record with Calvin Johnson himself. ", "You might know him from the likes of Beat Happening, The Halo Benders, the exclamation-point-less Go Team, and owning K Records and the aforementioned Dub Narcotic Studio. ", "HE’S A VERY IMPORTANT MAN.", "\n\nJohnson is now offering his services as a studio engineer for any band who wants it. ", "BUT HOLD ON, young bucks looking to get some of that Calvin Johnson magic. ", "While anyone can request a session with him, Johnson will only be available three days a month. ", "If you’re dedicated to getting Calvin Johnson to engineer your album, inquire with the studio’s fine folks through studio@krecs.com. ", "Sessions at the studio are $450 per day, which includes engineering fees. ", "Currently, I am saving up my money so that Calvin Johnson will record my spoken-word album and make it sound like Jamboree.", "\n\nWHAT? ", "Four Tet announced a new studio album, and so far we’ve (I’ve) neglected to cover it? ", "Allow me to remedy that immediately. ", "Four Tet recently announced the upcoming release of Beautiful Rewind, his seventh studio album, and the first of entirely new material since 2010’s There Is Love in You (TMT Review). ", "The public, of which I include cave-dwelling music journalists, hasn’t been given any more information, beyond what was posted to Four Tet’s website a couple of weeks ago. ", "Said information includes the tracklisting, a few credits, a release date of “Coming soon,” and the cover art for the album, which inspires thoughts of what it would be like to trip in a family planning clinic, armed with nothing but a pair of scissors. ", "Those ultrasound images just have too many… right angles!", "\n\nIt’s been a fair while since Pause and Rounds acted as dual revelations of Kieran Hebden’s genius, but as for signs of slowing down, he’s showing none. ", "Of most recent note, besides the new studio album, is his producer role on Omar Souleyman’s debut LP Wenu Wenu, set for release on October 21.", "\n\nPSYCH! ", "There’s more information concerning Beautiful Rewind, and it comes in the form of sound waves and some dude repeatedly requesting your attention. ", "Listen to the track “Kool FM” below.", "\n\nThose of us who are creatively or artistically minded — and I consider writing to be, at its core, a creative activity — should know the feeling all too well: inevitable interruptions, sometimes regardless of their length, have the capacity to ruin a creative mindset, to the point where attempts to re-indulge result in blank stares and paranoid thoughts about the inevitable fading away of one’s talents. ", "Obviously, there’s a term in the literary world for this, but apply it on a macro-level to all artistic endeavors, and you have a shared conundrum with probably a subjective, variable solution: is the smell of bacon conducive to creativity? ", "Okay, that’s more like a sub-conundrum.", "\n\nAxel Willner a.k.a. ", "The Field just has it, though. ", "Recalling the early stages of production for his new album Cupid’s Head, due September 30, he talks about an initial awkwardness, overcome by an inherent genius that arose out of his being like a divine aura. “", "But then, after a few modest attempts, I got a first loop together and running which turned out (in a short time) to be ‘No. ", "No…’. ", "It was a revelation of sorts as making it felt new to me, and different, and that’s when it all came out.” ", "Color me unsurprised, given the consistent talent on display throughout his discography.", "\n\nHere’s a deviation, though: Cupid’s Head, following up 2011’s Looping State of Mind (TMT Review), is The Field’s first solo recording since From Here We Go Sublime (TMT Review), and it’s also the first one crafted without the use of computers, which is like, duh… for sure a rarity in contemporary electronic music. ", "Elaborate loops remain a trademark, but to an end that’s “darker,” “slower paced,” and possibly inspired by the decapitation of mythological deities.", "\n\nBill Orcutt is back again with yet another full-length. ", "This time he’s not hanging around with his buddies Chris Corsano or Loren Connors. ", "Nope, this time he’s going straight-up stag to the prom, and let me tell you, he looks damn good in that tux. ", "The album is called A History of Every One and it’s out September 30 from Editions Mego. ", "With a title like that it would appear as if this project is even more ambitious than his past efforts in which he merely attempted to play every note on the guitar all at once while riding the instrument down a mountain like a skateboard. ", "A history of everyone? ", "Unless he’s been doing PRISM-level spying on all of us since the beginning of time, that seems to be a pretty tall order. ", "I guess if someone’s going to pull it off, it’s probably going to be Bill Orcutt.", "\n\nBased on the tracklist — and the first song he’s released, which is ostensibly a cover of Disney’s “Zip a Dee Doo Dah” — the album appears to be a collection of covers of traditional and/or classic songs like “White Christmas,” “When You Wish Upon a Star,” and “Ballad of Davy Crockett,” in which the standard arrangements of “only a few notes every once in awhile” are swapped out for “literally every note always.” ", "Seriously how does he do it? ", "Does he have more than two hands? ", "Is he a wizard? ", "Preorder the album from Editions Mego right now if you’re hoping, like me, that the label will send out a FAQ on the album that will answer such questions and more." ]

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[ "Produktbeschreibung\n\n10 IN 1 Universal Oil Service Airbag LIGHT is an essential tool for resetting of oil service light,service warning light,service mileage,service intervals and airbag warning light on European made vehicles." ]

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[ "SAN FRANCISCO/BENGALURU, India (Reuters) - Tesla Inc deliveries fell 31 percent in its first quarter as the electric car maker struggled with its first shipments of the Model 3 sedan to Europe and China due to longer transit times.", "\n\nFILE PHOTO: A Tesla car is seen in Santa Monica, California, United States, October 23, 2018. ", "REUTERS/Lucy Nicholson/File Photo\n\nBut the Silicon Valley carmaker reaffirmed its guidance to deliver between 360,000 and 400,000 vehicles this year, and said U.S. orders for its new Model 3 - which was recently made available for $35,000 - outpaced what the company was able to fulfill in the quarter.", "\n\nTesla, whose delivery numbers missed analysts’ expectations, said it had only delivered half of the quarter’s numbers by March 21, with 10,600 vehicles still in transit at the end of the quarter. ", "By comparison, only 1,900 vehicles were in transit at the end of the fourth quarter.", "\n\n“Overall, the Street was expecting an apocalyptic quarter and Model 3 deliveries were better than feared by many,” said Wedbush analyst Daniel Ives, who noted the overall number was “clearly rocky.”", "\n\nLower deliveries in the first quarter had been expected, as Tesla shifted for the first time to delivering its new Model 3 to China and Europe in January and February, amid a slowdown in demand in North America and after a $7,500 tax credit was cut in half at the end of 2018.", "\n\nOn Wednesday, Tesla said net income in the quarter would be negatively impacted by the lower delivery and recent price cuts. ", "The company warned in February that it would post a first-quarter loss.", "\n\nTesla delivered 50,900 Model 3s in the quarter, falling short of analysts’ estimates of 58,900, according to IBES data from Refinitiv.", "\n\nTesla delivered a total of 63,000 vehicles, including 12,100 Model S sedans and Model X SUVs. ", "That was less than half the 27,550 Model S and Xs delivered in the fourth quarter.", "\n\nAnalyst Ives called S and X numbers poor, with Tesla focused on Model 3.", "\n\nTotal production fell 10.92 percent to 77,100 vehicles from 86,555 vehicles in fourth quarter. ", "The company churned out 62,950 Model 3s, up from a total of 61,394 Model 3s in the fourth quarter.", "\n\nThe Model 3 is the linchpin of Tesla’s growth strategy and Chief Executive Officer Elon Musk is under pressure to deliver the vehicle to new international markets efficiently, while guarding working capital.", "\n\nMusk has been engaged in a public battle with U.S. regulators stemming from his tweets about Tesla’s production estimates and a judge will hear the case on Thursday.", "\n\nAlthough Tesla said in late February that it would soon begin selling its originally promised $35,000 version of its Model 3 sedan to its North American customers, the change came too late to make a marked difference in its quarterly deliveries.", "\n\nNEW CHALLENGES\n\nDelivering its Model 3 to international markets posed new challenges for Tesla. ", "Musk tweeted that the company encountered “many unexpected challenges” when Model 3s came through the Belgian port of Zeebrugge in early February. ", "More recently, misprinted labels delayed Model 3s entering through Shanghai.", "\n\nThe arrival of the Model 3 in Norway led to a surge in market share for Tesla in that country, with the car the biggest seller in Norway in March.", "\n\nStill, some analysts have questioned the sustainability of global demand as European rivals roll out competing electric vehicles.", "\n\nToo many vehicles in transit can put a strain on Tesla’s working capital. ", "Before Tesla’s release, Bernstein analyst Toni Sacconaghi estimated that working capital could be tapped by as much as $800 million in the quarter due to such vehicles.", "\n\nTesla said it ended the quarter with “sufficient cash on hand.”", "\n\nAs the company strives to improve margins and post profit later in 2019, the company has laid off workers, including about half of the team hired to deliver cars in the United States, and said it would close stores to lower costs. ", "It has since said it would keep higher-volume stores open, while announcing a 3 percent price increase on some models.", "\n\nShares of Tesla closed up 2 percent on Wednesday to $291.81, before the announcement." ]

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[ "[Note: For reasons that I don’t understand, there are two sets of corrections dated 21st October 2011]\n\nNeil Morrissey\n\nAn article on 19 March suggested that actor Neil Morrissey had been banned from a French bar for drunken behaviour and encouraging binge-drinking, and that his property was worth £500,000.", "\n\nWhile we were shown a poster which indicated that he had been barred, we now accept that none of these allegations are correct. ", "We also accept that local property valuations were overstated. ", "We apologise to Mr Morrissey.", "\n\nGluten-Free Bread\n\nAn article on 19 July reported, in common with other newspapers, that the NHS paid £32.27 per loaf of gluten-free bread for patients with coeliac disease.", "\n\nIn fact, this was the price for an average prescription of several loaves; the price per loaf was around £2.82.", "\n\nSolar Power\n\nA recent Moneymail article stated that generators of solar power receive 3.1p for every kilowatt hour of energy that they export to the national grid. ", "In fact the tariff, linked to RPI, is 3.1p per kWh for 50pc of the total generated.", "\n\n[Note: For reasons that I don’t understand, there are two sets of corrections dated 21st October 2011]\n\nAstrid Harbord\n\nDue to a miscaptioned agency picture, the photograph which accompanied Richard Kay’s diary item about Prince Harry’s friend Astrid Harbord yesterday was not in fact of her but of Olivia Hunt. ", "We apologise for the confusion.", "\n\nDownton on the High Street\n\nSaturday’s ‘Downton On the High Street’ about clothes inspired by the TV series gave the price of a cream chiffon dress at £150. ", "Although House of Fraser supplied this information at the time, the correct price is £316.", "\n\n[Note: For reasons that I don’t understand, there are two sets of corrections dated 20th October 2011]\n\nMuntjac Deer\n\nAn article on Monday claimed that muntjac deer cause 42,000 road accidents a year. ", "In fact, this is the number of accidents caused by all deer and not just the muntjac.", "\n\nSir Alex Ferguson\n\nDue to a production error between editions, some copies of Tuesday’s Daily Mail ran comments by Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson on the back page turning directly to quotes from Leeds chairman Ken Bates inside. ", "We apologise for any confusion caused.", "\n\n[Note: For reasons that I don’t understand, there are two sets of corrections dated 20th October 2011]\n\nLady Moore\n\nThe Daily Mail apologised in court yesterday for wrongly identifying, in a one-paragraph item in the Ephraim Hardcastle column, Lady Moore, the wife of Sir Roger Moore, as the subject of a Spectator column by Taki about a Swedish beauty who had courted rich men on the French Riviera in the 1950s.", "\n\nWe accepted that Lady Moore was not the person to whom Taki was referring and have agreed to pay damages and costs.", "\n\nIllegal Immigrants\n\nCommentary articles on 5 and 16 August referred to six individuals apprehended in France who were attempting to enter Britain in wheelie bins on a lorry as asylum seekers when they should have been described as illegal immigrants.", "\n\nWe are happy to set the record straight.", "\n\nMummified Cabbie\n\nYesterday’s article about the terminally ill cabbie who chose to be mummified said that the Channel 4 documentary about him had been screened on Monday." ]

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[ "[Expression of glucocorticoid receptors and blast cell clearance in children with different variants of acute lymphoblastic leukemia].", "\nGlucocorticoid receptor (GR) levels were estimated in blast cells of 24 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, in different immunocytologic subvariants of the disease. ", "No relationship was revealed between immunophenotype and GR number in blasts. ", "It was found that the response to prednisolone therapy did not depend on the number of sites specifically bound to glucocorticoids. ", "The response character is determined not by immunophenotype but by the initial number of blast cells in the peripheral blood (the higher blastosis, the worse response). ", "High blastosis is probably dependent on the tumor growth rate." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nFinding eigenvalues of $A=PDP^{-1}$ for $3\\times3$ matrices\n\nIf I have the equation $A=PDP^{-1}$ for $3 \\times 3$ matrices, where $P$ and $D$ are known and $D$ is a diagonal matrix, how can I use this information to find the eigenvalues of $A$?", "\n\nA:\n\nFor any two square $n \\times n$ matrices $M$ and $N$ such that\n$M = PNP^{-1}, \\tag{1}$\nthe eigenvalues are the same. ", " For if\n$N \\vec v =\\mu \\vec v, \\tag{2}$\nwith $\\vec v \\ne 0$, then\n$M(P\\vec v) = PNP^{-1}(P\\vec v) = PN\\vec v = P(\\mu \\vec v) = \\mu P \\vec v, \\tag{3}$\nshowing that $\\mu$ is an eigenvalue of $M$ with eigenvector $Pv \\ne 0$. Thus every eigenvalue of $N$ is also one of $M$; reversing the roles of $M$ and $N$ so that \n$N = QMQ^{-1} \\tag{4}$\nwhere\n$Q = P^{-1} \\tag{5}$\nshows the eigenvalues of $M$ are shared by $N$. Thus the eigenvalues of $M$ and $N$ are the same. ", " Now take $N = D$ and $M = A$. ", " Since $D$ is diagonal, the eigenvalues of $D$ are simply its diagonal entries.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "---\nabstract: |\n A series of solar energetic particle (SEP) events were observed at Parker Solar Probe (PSP) by the Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun ([IS$\\odot$IS]{}) during the period from April 18, 2019 through April 24, 2019. ", "The PSP spacecraft was located near 0.48 au from the Sun on Parker spiral field lines that projected out to 1 au within $\\sim\n 25^\\circ$ of near Earth spacecraft. ", "These SEP events, though small compared to historically large SEP events, were amongst the largest observed thus far in the PSP mission and provide critical information about the space environment inside 1 au during SEP events. ", "During this period the Sun released multiple coronal mass ejections (CMEs). ", "One of these CMEs observed was initiated on April 20, 2019 at 01:25 UTC, and the interplanetary CME (ICME) propagated out and passed over the PSP spacecraft. ", "Observations by the Electromagnetic Fields Investigation (FIELDS) show that the magnetic field structure was mostly radial throughout the passage of the compression region and the plasma that followed, indicating that PSP did not directly observe a flux rope internal to the ICME, consistent with the location of PSP on the ICME flank. ", "Analysis using relativistic electrons observed near Earth by the Electron, Proton and Alpha Monitor (EPAM) on the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) demonstrates the presence of electron seed populations (40–300 keV) during the events observed. ", "The energy spectrum of the [IS$\\odot$IS]{}  observed proton seed population below 1 MeV is close to the limit of possible stationary state plasma distributions out of equilibrium. [", "IS$\\odot$IS]{}  observations reveal the [enhancement]{} of seed populations during the passage of the ICME, which [likely indicates a key part]{} of the pre-acceleration process that occurs close to the Sun.", "\nauthor:\n- 'N. A. Schwadron'\n- 'S. Bale'\n- 'J. Bonnell'\n- 'A. Case'\n- 'E. R. Christian'\n- 'C. M. S. Cohen'\n- 'A. C. Cummings'\n- 'A. J. Davis'\n- 'T. Dudok de Wit'\n- 'W. de Wet'\n- 'M. I. Desai'\n- 'C. J. Joyce'\n- 'K. Goetz'\n- 'J. Giacalone'\n- 'M. Gorby'\n- 'P. Harvey'\n- 'B. Heber'\n- 'M. E. Hill'\n- 'M. Karavolos'\n- 'J. C. Kasper'\n- 'K. Korreck'\n- 'D. Larson'\n- 'R. Livi'\n- 'R. A. Leske'\n- 'O. Malandraki'\n- 'R. MacDowall'\n- 'D. Malaspina'\n- 'W. H. Matthaeus'\n- 'D. J. McComas'\n- 'R. L. McNutt Jr.'\n- 'R. A. Mewaldt'\n- 'D. G. Mitchell'\n- 'L. Mays'\n- 'J. T. Niehof'\n- 'D. Odstrcil'\n- 'M. Pulupa'\n- 'B. Poduval'\n- 'J. S. Rankin'\n- 'E. C. Roelof'\n- 'M. Stevens'\n- 'E. C. Stone'\n- 'J. R. Szalay'\n- 'M. E. Wiedenbeck'\n- 'R. Winslow'\n- 'P. Whittlesey'\ntitle: 'Seed Population Pre-Conditioning and Acceleration Observed by Parker Solar Probe'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nThe NASA Parker Solar Probe (PSP) Mission provides humanity’s first direct exploration of our Star, and its environment [@Fox:2016]. ", "The Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun ([IS$\\odot$IS]{}) instrument suite [@McComas:2016] provides comprehensive measurements of solar energetic particles (SEPs) using two Energetic Particle Instruments measuring higher (EPI-Hi) and lower (EPI-Lo) energy particles [@McComas:2016] over the range 0.02 – 200 MeV/nucleon. ", "Here, we examine the sources of this energetic particle environment and the seed populations therein, which respond dynamically to the solar wind observed by the Solar Wind Electrons Alphas and Protons Investigation (SWEAP) [@Kasper:2016] and the magnetic field observed by the Electromagnetic Fields Investigation (FIELDS) [@Bale:2016] locally around PSP. ", "Global context for the solar wind’s surrounding density structures are observed by the Wide Field Imager for Solar Probe Plus (WISPR) [@Vourlidas:2016], though WISPR observations not reported within this paper.", "\n\nWe use solar energetic particle events (SEPs) observed by [IS$\\odot$IS]{}  to examine the period from April 18, 2019 to April 24, 2019 when two active regions near the Sun’s equator became highly active, releasing numerous flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). ", "We describe the SEP events observed by [IS$\\odot$IS]{}  that occurred over this period. ", "These events are the largest SEP events so far observed by PSP [@McComas:2019] and demonstrate the complex interplay between flares, seed populations and coronal mass ejections in the acceleration of energetic particles near the Sun.", "\n\nThe paper is organized as follows. ", "In §\\[sec:analysis\\], we provide detailed analysis of the energetic particle events observed by [IS$\\odot$IS]{}  from April 18 to 24, 2019. ", "We then assess seed populations and accelerated particles observed at PSP based on measurements of nearly scatter-free electrons in §\\[sec:electrons\\]. ", "Type III radio bursts are associated with CMEs observed over this period. ", "We show results of a CME model in §\\[sec:modeling\\], and characterize the compression of energetic particle seed populations during the passage of an interplanetary CME over PSP. ", "In §\\[sec:conclusion\\], we summarize key results and present our major conclusions.", "\n\nSEPs observed by [IS$\\odot$IS]{}  from April 18 to April 24, 2019 {#sec:analysis}\n=================================================================\n\nThe energetic particle fluxes observed from April 18 (day-of-year, DOY 108) to April 24 (DOY 114), 2019 are shown in Figure \\[fig:flux\\]. ", "The energetic fluxes in the direction outward from the Sun along a nominal Parker spiral (for a 400 km s$^{-1}$ solar wind speed) are shown in Panel (a) for EPI-Hi and (c) for EPI-Lo. ", "Inward fluxes along the nominal Parker spiral are shown in Panel (b) for EPI-Hi and (d) for EPI-Lo. ", "Observed distributions early in the event development (from DOY 108 through 109.8) show larger anisotropies. ", "These distributions become increasingly isotropic as the associated SEP events progress after DOY 110.5.", "\n\nPSP instruments were operational only intermittently during the period studied. ", "Satellite contacts including high-speed data transfers occurred throughout the period. ", "Instruments were powered off during these periods.", "\n\n![", "The energetic particle fluxes observed by [IS$\\odot$IS]{}  during the period from April 18 to April 24, 2019. ", "Panels (a) and (b) show energetic proton differential fluxes observed by EPI-Hi directed from and to the Sun on the nominal direction of Parker field lines. ", "Panels (c) and (d) show EPI-Lo differential proton fluxes in the corresponding directions. ", "The two top labels show radial distance and the start times of CME events observed by STEREO and LASCO. ", "The CME start times and related information are listed in Table \\[tab:table\\]. ", "The width of the vertical lines are used to indicate the angular proximity of the CME to PSP, with the thickest lines corresponding the CMEs that likely overtook the PSP spacecraft. ", "Both CMEs released on April 20 and April 22 were directed such that they would overtake the PSP spacecraft. ", "The CME released on 4/20/2019 at 01:25 UTC drove a compression that overtook the PSP spacecraft on 4/21/2019 at $\\sim$16:00 (red thick line). []{", "data-label=\"fig:flux\"}](f1-flux.pdf){width=\"0.95\\columnwidth\"}\n\nThe ion spectra averaged before (4/20 14:00 – 18:00) during (4/21 12:00 – 18:00) and after (4/22 04:00 – 18:00) are shown in Figure \\[fig:spectra2\\]. ", "We note that the spectra are all very similar, but the differential energy spectrum observed during the ICME passage is almost uniformly enhanced relative to the differential spectra observed before and after the ICME passage. ", "In §\\[sec:modeling\\], we discuss modeling of compression and acceleration of the seed populations swept up into the compression driven by an ICME observed by PSP on April 21, 2019.", "\n\n![", "The observed [IS$\\odot$IS]{}  differential energy fluxes observed by before (black), during (red), and after the ICME passage (blue) plotted together with predictions (red curves) for compression of the energetic particle seed population based on detailed in § \\[sec:modeling\\]. ", "The semi-transparent data points below 2 MeV are likely affected by instrumental effects currently under study. ", "Differential flux power-laws are shown by dot-dashed, dashed and dotted curves. ", "The solid and dashed red curves show prediction for compressed and accelerated seed populations using the energetic particle fluxes ahead and behind the ICME, respectively, as the proxy for the uncompressed seed population. []{", "data-label=\"fig:spectra2\"}](f10-flx-isois-fit-april-2019.pdf){width=\"0.8\\columnwidth\"}\n\nFour coronal mass ejections (CMEs) were released from the Sun on April 18, 20, 21, and 22. ", "These events were identified using the Space Weather Database Of Notifications, Knowledge, Information (DONKI) provided by the Community Coordinated Modeling Center (CCMC, https://ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov). ", "Table \\[tab:table\\] provides details on each of these events including the start time, direction, PSP location, initial speed, and width of the CME. ", "The vertical lines in the top panel of Figure \\[fig:flux\\] identify these CME release times, and the width of the vertical lines are used to indicate the angular proximity of the CME to PSP, with the thickest lines corresponding to CMEs that overtook the PSP spacecraft. ", "In particular, both CMEs released on April 20 and April 22, respectively, propagated in a direction such that they would overtake the PSP spacecraft.", "\n\nThe CME released on April 20 overtook the PSP spacecraft on April 21 near 16:00 UTC when the [IS$\\odot$IS]{}  instruments, solar wind instruments (SWEAP) and magnetic field instruments (FIELDS) were powered on. ", "Figure \\[fig:fluxSweap\\] shows the energetic particle data from EPI-Hi and EPI-Lo plotted together with plasma and field data on PSP.", "\n\n![", "The energetic particle fluxes (outward along the Parker spiral) observed by [IS$\\odot$IS]{}  are shown together with SWEAP plasma and FIELDS observations during the period from April 18 to April 24, 2019. ", "Panels (a) and (b) show energetic proton differential fluxes observed by EPI-Hi and EPI-Lo, respectively, in directions outward away from the Sun along the nominal Parker spiral magnetic field. ", "Panels (c) – (g) show the solar wind density, radial wind speed, thermal speed, magnetic field strength (black curve in Panels f and g), and RTN field components. ", "Here, RTN refers to Radial ($\\mathbf{r}$, blue curve), Tangential ($\\mathbf{t} \\propto\n \\mathbf{\\Omega}_\\odot \\times\\mathbf{r}$, green curve) and Normal ($\\mathbf{n} = \\mathbf{r}\\times\\mathbf{t}$, red curve) orthonormal components with $\\Omega_\\odot$ defined as the spin-axis of the Sun (in J2000). ", "The two top labels show radial distance and the start times of CME events observed by STEREO and LASCO. []{", "data-label=\"fig:fluxSweap\"}](f2-fluxSweap.pdf){width=\"0.95\\columnwidth\"}\n\nUsing the time difference between the CME release on April 20 and the observation at PSP on April 21, we infer an average Interplanetary CME (ICME) speed of $\\sim$515 km s$^{-1}$. This average propagation speed is larger than 387 km s$^{-1}$ speed inferred from observations of CMEs near the Sun listed in the DONKI database. ", "However, CME measurement near the Sun remains somewhat subjective [@Webb:2012] and coronagraphs identify the propagation of the the core CME that drives the plasma. ", "The identification of shocks or compressions in front of the core CME (often in the form of a flux rope) in white light coronagraph images has been very difficult [e.g., @Vourlidas:2003; @Ontiveros:2009; @Vourlidas:2009]. ", "Therefore, the larger average propagation speed deduced from the compression that leads the CME compared to the speed derived from coronagraph images is expected. ", "The arrival time of 16:00 UTC is similar to the arrival time at PSP of 19:09 UTC predicted from the WSA-ENLIL+Cone Model (https://kauai.ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov/DONKI/view/WSA-ENLIL/14640/1), which is detailed in §\\[sec:modeling\\] and Appendix \\[sec:enlilApp\\].", "\n\nShown in Figure \\[fig:fluxExpanded\\] is an expanded view of the ICME passage. ", "The compression shows plasma speed rising from $V \\sim 300$ km s$^{-1}$ to $V \\sim 380$ km s$^{-1}$. The SWEAP analysis during this period was a particular challenge since the solar wind signature in SWEAP was difficult to identify unambiguously. ", "After averaging the more than two hour time-period used for the second SWEAP data point centered at about 16:00 UTC on April 21, we were able to identify a solar wind signature. ", "A gradient in radial solar wind speed is observed along with a rise in the thermal speed suggesting that a compressional plasma structure passed by the spacecraft. ", "However, the lack of time resolution makes it difficult to determine whether the structure was a shock or a compression. ", "The final speed of the structure and the associated plasma density are also undetermined. ", "The average propagation speed of 515 km s$^{-1}$ [was deduced from the distance to PSP divided by the propagation time of the CME to the PSP spacecraft. ", "The proagation time was from CME initiation observed in coronagraph images to the arrival time at PSP. ", "The average 515 km s$^{-1}$ CME speed]{} and the slow wind speed $\\sim$ 300 km s$^{-1}$ in front of the ICME suggest that the compression ratio was of order $V_f/V_s \\approx 1.7$, where $V_f$ is the fast wind speed and $V_s$ is the slow wind speed. ", "This compression ratio must be taken as a crude estimate given the lack of higher resolution plasma data. ", "We note from the modeled plasma timeline shown in Appendix \\[sec:enlilApp\\] that the CME may have accelerated as a part of a larger scale stream interaction region. ", "If this were the case, the CME compression region forms as a part of an even larger compression region within the solar wind.", "\n\nIt is possible that the compressed plasma within the ICME is a remnant of an already merged structure. ", "If this were the case, the ICME plasma may have been moving more quickly upstream, and subsequently slowed as the fast flow merged with the slower flow. ", "Therefore, we take a compression ratio of $\\sim$ 1.7 as a lower limit.", "\n\n![", "The energetic particle fluxes observed by [IS$\\odot$IS]{}  (outward along the Parker spiral) together with plasma observations during the passage of the ICME on April 21. ", "This ICME was associated with the CME released from the Sun on April 20. ", "The average ICME propagation speed of 515 km s$^{-1}$ was inferred from the time difference between the compression passage at PSP and the CME release. ", "Panels (a) and (b) show energetic proton differential fluxes observed by EPI-Hi and EPI-Lo in directions outward away from the Sun along the nominal Parker spiral magnetic field. ", "Panels (c), (d), (e), (f) and (g) show the solar wind density, radial wind speed, thermal speed, magnetic field strength (black curve in Panels f and g), and RTN (blue, green and red curves, respectively) field components. ", "The top label shows radial distance of the PSP spacecraft. []{", "data-label=\"fig:fluxExpanded\"}](f3-sweapBlowup.pdf){width=\"0.95\\columnwidth\"}\n\nAs shown in the bottom panel of Figure \\[fig:fluxExpanded\\], the radial magnetic field (blue curve) and the magnetic field strength (black curve) are almost equal throughout the April 21 period. ", "The magnetic field has a large radial component throughout the ICME passage making it unlikely that a flux rope passed [over]{} the PSP spacecraft. ", "The largest $\\sim 55^\\circ$ deviation of the field from radial occurs from 16:30 – 17:30 on April 21. ", "As discussed in §\\[sec:modeling\\], modeling consistently suggests that the PSP spacecraft was overtaken by the flank of the ICME.", "\n\n[c|cccccc]{} 4/18/2019 & 11:09 & (-149[$^\\circ$]{},1[$^\\circ$]{}) & (57[$^\\circ$]{},1.5[$^\\circ$]{}) & 428 & 44 & STEREO-A\\\n4/20/2019 & 01:25 & (90[$^\\circ$]{},2[$^\\circ$]{}) & (60[$^\\circ$]{},1.8[$^\\circ$]{}) & 387 & 60 & WIND\\\n4/21/2019 & 05:00 & (117[$^\\circ$]{},11[$^\\circ$]{}) & (61[$^\\circ$]{},1.9[$^\\circ$]{}) & 367 & 54 & WIND\\\n4/22/2019 & 03:36 & (87[$^\\circ$]{},9[$^\\circ$]{}) & (63[$^\\circ$]{}, 2[$^\\circ$]{}) & 434 & 52 & WIND\n\nContemporaneous Remote and *In Situ* Observations {#sec:electrons}\n=================================================\n\nIn assessing the source of seed populations and accelerated particles observed at PSP, it is important to identify solar flares and Type III radio bursts observed over the period studied. ", "Energetic electrons are often nearly scatter-free [e.g., @Lin:1974] and provide an unambiguous identification of energetic particle seed populations. ", "Further, the observed Type III emissions over this period provide remote association with energetic particles release near CME ejection.", "\n\n![", "Illustration of the position of PSP in the ecliptic plane on April 20, 2019 relative to Earth and other planets within the inner heliosphere, and STEREO A. The red curve shows the second orbit of PSP about the Sun, and the solid grey curves show nominal (400 km s$^{-1}$) Parker spiral magnetic fields lines connected to PSP and to Earth. ", "The dashed grey curve represents the 1 au circle in the ecliptic plane. ", "The coordinate system used here is Heliocentric Earth Ecliptic (HEE) [@Russell:1971; @Hapgood:1992; @Franz:2002]. []{", "data-label=\"fig:orbit\"}](f4-orbit.pdf){width=\"0.95\\columnwidth\"}\n\nThe PSP spacecraft was [East of Earth in the heliocentric frame (i.e., ahead and upstream of Earth in its orbit)]{} on Parker spiral field lines less than 25$^\\circ$ from near-Earth spacecraft. ", "Figure \\[fig:orbit\\] shows the PSP orbit relative to the Earth and other planets within the inner heliosphere, and relative to the STEREO A spacecraft. ", "This configuration proves to be important because the ACE spacecraft located at the Lagrangian L1 point was close to being magnetically connected to PSP. ", "As such, we use observations from ACE of energetic electrons as indicators of seed populations.", "\n\nFigure \\[fig:fluxElectrons\\] Panel (c) shows an overview of the 20-min and spin-averaged differential intensities of four electron channels (DE1-DE4: 38-315) as measured by the B detector head of the CA60 telescope of the EPAM (Electron, Proton and Alpha Monitor) experiment on ACE. ", "Details regarding the instrument and observations over the period studied are provided by Appendix A. Panel (d) shows 20-min and spin-averaged differential intensities of 1.1-4.9 MeV energetic ions measured by the LEMS120 telescope of the EPAM experiment for the same interval.", "\n\nOn April 20 and 21, two near-relativistic prompt electron events are observed (E1 and E2). ", "The electron event on April 21 (E2) is more intense and extends to a higher energy range, up to 315 keV. An electron event is observed superposed during the decay phase of the first event of this period. ", "The electron events exhibit typical rise-time to maximum of a few tens of minutes, a long smooth decay [@Lin:1970; @Lin:1974], and beam-like pitch-angle distributions, as detailed in Appendix A. In these prompt electron events, particles accelerated in a magnetically well-connected solar source region arrive abruptly at the spacecraft [e.g. @Reames:1999; @Malandraki:2002]. ", "Two, relatively weak, proton intensity enhancements (Figure \\[fig:fluxElectrons\\], Panel d) are observed in association with these electron events.", "\n\nAppendix A discusses observed electron pitch-angle distributions used to estimate the event onset times at the Sun: E1 at 00:44 UTC on April 20, roughly 40 minutes prior to the corresponding CME release time listed in Table \\[tab:table\\]; and E2 at 04:47 UTC on April 21, 2019, which is 13 minutes prior to the CME release time listed in Table \\[tab:table\\].", "\n\n![", "The energetic particle fluxes (panels a and b, outward along the Parker spiral) together with spin and 20-minute averaged intensities of 38-315 keV electrons versus time, observed with the ACE/EPAM experiment in the interval April 18-24, 2019 (panel c). ", "1.1-4.8 MeV spin and 20-min averaged ion intensities observed with the LEMS120 detector of the ACE/EPAM experiment (panel d). ", "The middle label CMEs identified in Table 1 and the top label shows radial distance of the PSP spacecraft. []{", "data-label=\"fig:fluxElectrons\"}](f5-electrons.pdf){width=\"0.95\\columnwidth\"}\n\nBoth events on April 20 and April 21 showed strong enhancements in $^3$He [@Wiedenbeck:2019] observed by [IS$\\odot$IS]{}. ", "These strong enhancements definitively support the concept that energetic particle seed populations contained flare-accelerated material [[@Mason86; @Reames:1999; @Mason:2002; @Desai:2003; @Bucik:2015; @Bucik:2016]]{}.", "\n\nThe CMEs initiated on April 18, April 20 and April 21 (Table \\[tab:table\\]) were associated with Type III bursts observed by STEREO A Radio and Plasma Wave Investigation (WAVES) on April 18, and by the Wind Radio and Plasma Wave Investigation (WAVES) on April 20 and April 21[^1]. ", "There were [only weak]{} Type III emissions observed by Wind/WAVES on April 22 [prior to and during the CME initiation]{}. ", "Type III bursts start at around 10 MHz and then progress to lower frequencies with time. ", "These bursts are delayed with respect to the associated flare and last on average $\\sim$ 20 minutes. ", "Type III bursts are associated with CMEs and typically solar energetic protons [@Cane:2002; @MacDowall:2003]. ", "However, [@Gopalswamy:2010] found that a Type III burst does not always signify the presence of solar energetic protons.", "\n\nModeling of the April 20-21 SEP event at PSP {#sec:modeling}\n============================================\n\nThe energetic particle events studied were associated with CMEs, suggesting a relationship with a solar active region. ", "The PSP spacecraft was at heliocentric distances ranging from 0.46 to 0.49 au during the April 20–22 time period. ", "The SEP events detected by PSP were mapped along the Parker spiral back to the Sun using the Current Sheet Source Surface (CSSS) Model, detailed in Appendix \\[sec:CSSS\\].", "\n\nIn Figure \\[fig:backmapping\\], the black dotted line represents the solar equator and the symbols (triangles) indicate the footpoint locations on the source surface at 15 R$_s$ in the corona mapped back on April 20, 21 and 22. ", "The filled circles show the respective photospheric footpoints mapped back along the open magnetic field lines. ", "Note that the photospheric footpoints lie close to the active region (AR12738) boundaries.", "\n\n![", "Source surface model to map magnetic fields from the PSP location to source regions at the Sun. ", "The triangles are the angular positions of PSP mapped back to the source surface at 15 R$_s$ and the circles show the corresponding footpoints at the photosphere on April 20, 21, and 22. ", "These footpoints were back-mapped using solar wind speeds of 300, 350, 400 km s$^{-1}$, respectively. ", "Footpoints are over plotted on the HMI synoptic map for Carrington rotation CR 2216 which includes the SEP event observed by PSP during April 20 – 22. []{", "data-label=\"fig:backmapping\"}](f6-pspfootpoint2019April20-22.pdf){width=\"0.95\\columnwidth\"}\n\nFigures \\[fig:enlil1\\] and \\[fig:enlil2\\] show the propagation of the CME released on April 20 from the Sun using the Enlil model [@Odstrcil:2003] initialized using CME parameters from the CCMC’s DONKI database. ", "The location of PSP is on the flank of the CME, which is consistent with plasma compression during the passage of the ICME without the accompanying signature of a flux rope. ", "Further results from Enlil modeling are detailed in Appendix \\[sec:enlilApp\\] and supplementary online materials include a movie of the CME.", "\n\n![", "Snapshots showing the Enlil model of the April 20, 2019 CME released at 01:25 UTC and propagating out to PSP. ", "Panels (a) - (b) show the evolution of the CME through the inner heliosphere at different stages of the CME’s propagation to PSP. ", "Left panels show modeled densities and right panels show the speed structure from the 3-D model. []{", "data-label=\"fig:enlil1\"}](f7-enlilModelCMEV3.pdf){width=\"0.95\\columnwidth\"}\n\n![", "Enlil model snapshots similar to Figure \\[fig:enlil1\\] showing the stages of the CME’s propagation after April 21 out to 1 au.[]{data-label=\"fig:enlil2\"}](f8-enlilModelCMEV4.pdf){width=\"0.95\\columnwidth\"}\n\nThe compression ratio, estimated to be $r_c = 1.7$, is difficult to determine because SWEAP observations were incomplete during the ICME passage and the plasma speed and density were likely time variable, as suggested by the results of the Enlil model (Figures \\[fig:enlil1\\] and \\[fig:enlil2\\]). ", "This compression ratio is similar to that found from the Enlil simulation.", "\n\nThe $^3$He enhancements observed during this period [@Wiedenbeck:2019] confirm that solar flares are responsible for producing at least part of the energetic particle seed population observed. ", "Appendix \\[sec:compress\\] considers the situation where an energetic particle population is swept up, compressed and accelerated with the solar wind plasma in front of the ICME, as depicted in Figure \\[fig:ICMEcartoon\\].", "\n\n![", "Schematic of the the Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejection (ICME), which drives a compression region (shown by grey region) ahead of the ICME. ", "We show the fluxes observed by [IS$\\odot$IS]{}  before, during and after the ICME passage, and indicate where relative to the ICME these populations are observed. []{", "data-label=\"fig:ICMEcartoon\"}](f11-CartoonICME-SEPs.pdf){width=\"0.95\\columnwidth\"}\n\nAppendix \\[sec:compress\\] shows that if the width of the compression is wider than the diffusion region, particle distributions are convected through the compression and accelerated by the solar wind speed gradient. ", "As a result, the distribution function in the compression is given by $f_c = r_c^{\\gamma/3} \\tilde{f}_0$ where $r_c$ is the compression ratio ($r_c = 1.7$), and $\\gamma$ is the power-law index of the energetic particle distribution $\\tilde{f}_0$ in the faster wind behind the compression such that $\\tilde{f}_0 \\propto p^{-\\gamma}$. The criterion required for this form of acceleration is that the scattering mean free path $\\lambda$ must be sufficiently small compared to the width, $\\delta x$, of the speed gradient to restrict diffusion upstream. ", "Therefore, $\\lambda < 3 u \\delta x / v$ where $u$ and $v$ are the solar wind and particle speeds, respectively. ", "We estimate the compression region width of $\\sim 0.07$ au based on an average convection speed of 400 km s$^{-1}$ and the time period of $\\sim 7$ hrs over which the enhanced energetic particle fluxes are observed (see Figure \\[fig:fluxExpanded\\]). ", "For these parameters, the mean free path of a 1 MeV proton would have to be less than 0.006 au or $\\sim 1.3$ R$_s$ to restrict upstream diffusion.", "\n\nFor reference, we show the modeled time profile of the event at PSP in Appendix \\[sec:enlilApp\\]. ", "The modeled compression region is more than 0.25 au in scale, which is larger than the the inference using [IS$\\odot$IS]{}  data. ", "A significant portion of the compression region appears to be missed when the instruments were powered off over satellite contacts and high-speed data transfers. ", "This potentially larger size of the compression region would slightly relax the limit on the scattering mean free path, $\\lambda < 0.02$ au. ", "More importantly, the model results indicate that the ICME may be in the process of being enveloped in a stream interaction region.", "\n\nFigure \\[fig:flux\\] shows the energetic proton differential fluxes observed by EPI-Hi and EPI-Lo directed from and to the Sun on the nominal direction of Parker field lines. ", "These observations show that the distributions are closest to being isotropic at the highest energies observed and we observe an outward anisotropy in the spacecraft reference frame, which is most pronounced at the lowest energies observed. ", "The observations are consistent with distributions that are close to being isotropic in the solar wind reference frame. ", "Standard diffusion theory [e.g., @Forman:1975] specifies the energetic particle anisotropy (the Compton-Getting term) in the spacecraft reference frame, $\\mathbf{\\xi} \\approx \\gamma \\mathbf{u} /v$. Below 1 MeV, observations within the compression indicate $\\gamma \\approx 5.4$. At 100 keV, the inferred anisotropy magnitude is $\\sim 50$ % and at 1 MeV, the anisotropy magnitude drops to 16%. ", "Both the outward direction of the observed anisotropy, and its magnitude appear roughly consistent with the Compton-Getting term.", "\n\nIn Figure \\[fig:spectra2\\], we show the energetic particle distributions (red curves) that result from the compressive acceleration of seed populations. ", "For energies below 1 MeV, we use the energetic particle fluxes ahead of the CME (black data points) as a proxy for the uncompressed seed population. ", "Above 1 MeV, the solid red curve shows the prediction using the energetic particle fluxes ahead of the ICME (black points) as the proxy for the seed population, and with power-law indices ($\\gamma$) based on the two fits indicated in the Figure ($J \\propto E^{-2.8}$ for $1$ MeV $< E \\leq 3$ MeV and $J\n\\propto E^{-4.2}$ for $E > 3$ MeV). ", "The dashed red curve shows the prediction using the energetic particle fluxes behind the ICME (blue points) as the proxy for the seed population.", "\n\nThere is a fundamental change in energetic particle fluxes between energies below and above 1 MeV. The fluxes ahead of the ICME provide better proxies for the uncompressed seed population below 1 MeV, but the fluxes of seed populations were likely time variable over the period observed. ", "For example, it is likely that additional seed populations were associated with the April 21 04:47 UTC CME. ", "These additional fluxes may account for the change in the seed population above 1 MeV. This scenario is consistent provided that slower protons from the April 21 flare with energies $<$ 1 MeV did not propagate to PSP during the ICME passage, whereas faster $>1$ MeV protons were capable of propagating to the spacecraft.", "\n\n[ The propagation of seed populations following a delta function injection at the Sun creates a spatially and temporally dependent variation of the seed particle distribution function [e.g., @Schwadron:1994]. ", "Early in an event, particles move out from a flare at the causal limit dictated largely by the particle speed, and later in events distributions relax into diffusive propagation. ", "A 1 MeV proton has a speed of $v =\n $13.8$\\times 10^3$ km s$^{-1}$. We take a propagation distance of $\\delta x = 0.48$ au to PSP and a propagation time of $\\delta t = $ 11.2 hr from the point of energetic particle injection to the observation time at PSP. ", "The causal limit for propagation is at a distance of 3.7 au. ", "Because PSP is so much closer in at 0.48 au, we can safely consider distributions that evolve diffusively, with a spatial profile $f_D \\propto \\exp\\left(-x^2/[4 \\kappa_\\parallel t]\n \\right)$. We take the parallel diffusion coefficient given by $\\kappa_\\parallel = \\lambda v/3$ where $\\lambda$ is the scattering mean free path. ", "We use the proxy that the characteristic diffusive propagation distance is where the spatial profile falls to a factor of 2 lower than near the source, allowing us to estimate the one unknown, the scattering mean free path, $\\lambda = 3 \\delta x^2/ (4\n \\ln(2) v \\delta t) \\approx 0.1$ au. ]{} ", "This estimate appears roughly consistent with scattering mean free paths observed previously over similar ranges of rigidity [@Bieber:1994]; however the assumption that the mean free path is independent of distance can be questioned. ", "For example, if we assume that the scattering mean free path scales with the radial distance, then we would infer a slightly [larger average mean free path, $\\sim 0.11$ au, than that inferred with]{} no radial dependence .", "\n\nOur results show that compressive acceleration of seed populations requires a scattering mean free path smaller than $\\sim 0.006$ au, [which is about 17 times smaller than the $\\sim 0.1$ au mean free path estimated for energetic particle propagation from the April 21 CME ejection.]{} ", "In other words, compressive acceleration of seed populations requires a reduced scattering mean free path within the compression region. ", "It is possible that this reduced mean free path is the natural outcome of compression, or that the CME itself plays a role in reducing the scattering mean free path.", "\n\nThe reduced mean free path [in the ICME compression]{} is also consistent with an instability driven by the streaming and subsequent scattering of high fluxes of energetic protons [@Stix:1992; @Melrose:1980]. ", "The instability was invoked in models of wave growth and diffusive shock acceleration [@Lee:1983]. ", "Observations show that 3 – 6 MeV proton intensities early in large gradual events did not exceed a plateau value of $\\sim$ 100 – 200 (cm$^2$ sr s MeV)$^{-1}$ [@Reames:1990], which was subsequently dubbed the “streaming limit,” although intensities could rise much higher during passage of the shock. ", "Observations [@Ng:1994] show that wave growth greatly limits the flow and streaming of protons. ", "Although the differential fluxes observed in this paper are significantly lower than the streaming limit, the reduced scattering mean free path within the compression appears generally consistent with streaming limited scenarios. ", "Observations were also used to extend the streaming limit to higher energies [@Reames:1998] and showed how the low-energy spectra can be flattened, but only when sufficient intensities of high energy protons precede them [@Reames:2010]. ", "Therefore, the presence of high fluxes of seed populations preceding the events observed may be critical to limiting the scattering mean free path throughout the compression region.", "\n\n[Given the reduced scattering mean free path of 0.006 au in the compression region, we estimate in Appendix \\[sec:compress\\] that the time required for diffusive acceleration to 1 MeV requires more than 2.5 days. ", "This result demonstrates that even with a reduced mean free path within the compression region, the local particle acceleration rate to 1 MeV is still too low to account for the changes in fluxes observed throughout the event. ", "This low acceleration rate therefore reinforces the need for pre-existing seed populations that are fed the compression region, and demonstrates why the energetic particle spectrum within the compression region remains so similar compared to the differential energy fluxes up- and downstream from the compression. ]{}", "\n\n[Given the importance of pre-existing seed populations needed to explain the observations within the ICME compression, it is important to ask further how these seed populations were generated.]{} ", "The results obtained from the changes to differential energy spectra shown in Figure \\[fig:spectra2\\] indicate that compression of seed populations within the solar wind plasma accounts for the increase in differential energy fluxes during the passage of the ICME. ", "However, the question remains as to how the seed populations are produced. ", "As discussed previously, the presence of enhanced $^3$He throughout the events provides definitive evidence that flares contribute to the seed populations observed [@Mason86; @Reames:1999; @Mason:2002; @Desai:2003]. ", "Curiously though, the compression ratio of $r_c \\approx 1.7$ inferred for ICME compression would yield a differential energy spectrum with a power-law of $E^{-2.6}$ based on DSA. ", "The power-law above 1 MeV is $\\sim E^{-2.8}$, similar to the DSA prediction, and we observe a steeper power-law of $\\sim E^{-4.2}$ above $\\sim 3$ MeV. This characteristic broken power-law distribution was described by [@Schwadron:2015SEP] and [@Schwadron:2015JPCS] as a product of particle acceleration driven by CMEs in the low corona. ", "Alternatively, [@Li:2009] demonstrated that such broken power-laws may also naturally result from quasi-perpendicular shocks.", "\n\nAnother feature observed in the spectrum below 1 MeV is a differential flux power-law of $E^{-1.7}$. Based on the diffusion calculation presented previously, it appears that the $< 1$ MeV protons are sufficiently *immobile* so that they cannot propagate directly from the April 21 CME and flare source to PSP during the ICME passage. ", "In other words, the $<1$ MeV particles are likely to interact over longer propagation periods within the solar wind plasma prior to being swept up by the ICME compression. ", "It may not be surprising then that these particles exhibit a harder spectrum. ", "In fact, the spectrum is so hard that it is close to the $E^{-1.5}$ limit of possible stationary state plasma distributions out of equilibrium [@Livadiotis:2009; @Livadiotis:2010]. ", "The seed population below 1 MeV is likely a superposition of particles from multiple flares and compressions in the solar wind. [", "@Schwadron:2010h] argued that superposed distributions are a natural source of kappa-distributions with hard suprathermal power-laws in the typical range of $E^{-2.5}$ - $E^{-1.5}$. The $E^{-1.5}$ spectrum was also considered a “ubiquitous” characteristic of the low-energy seed population [@Fisk:2006] within the solar wind. ", "A pump mechanism detailed by [@Fisk:2008] and [@Fisk:2010] to account for this $E^{-1.5}$ spectrum remains controversial [@Jokipii:2010].", "\n\nWe conclude this section by noting the significant differences between the [IS$\\odot$IS]{}  observations from April 18–24, 2019 compared to the observations on Nov 11, 2018 [@Giacalone:2019] of solar energetic particles produced by a slow coronal mass ejection when PSP was at $\\sim$0.25 au. ", "The particle event showed velocity dispersion with higher energy protons arriving well before the lower energy ones. ", "After onset, the particle intensities increased gradually over a period of a few hours, reaching a peak, and then decayed gradually before the arrival of the CME at PSP. ", "The SEP intensity decreased significantly when the CME crossed PSP. ", "The differential energy spectrum was nearly a power-law as a function of energy with a soft $E^{-4.73}$ spectrum (40-200 keV). ", "By comparison, the spectral slope in the April 21, 2019 event below 1 MeV was much harder, $E^{-1.7}$, but the higher energy slope above 3 MeV was also quite soft, $E^{-4.2}$.\n\nDuring the Nov 11, 2018 event, anisotropies show that the earliest arriving particles moved radially outward from the Sun along the interplanetary magnetic field. ", "However, later in the event the observed anisotropies are consistent with the advection of an isotropic distribution. ", "This behavior is consistent with the observations throughout the April 21, 2019 event, indicating significant interplanetary scattering of the energetic particles.", "\n\nSummary and Conclusions {#sec:conclusion}\n=======================\n\nWe have investigated energetic particles observed by [IS$\\odot$IS]{}  from April 18 through April 20 of 2019. ", "During this period the Sun released multiple CMEs, three of which propagated out relatively near PSP. ", "This period was unique because the PSP spacecraft was close to being magnetically connected to spacecraft near Earth. ", "The vantage point of PSP in the inner heliosphere at $\\sim 0.5$ au during a period of generally low activity provided us with the ability to observe relatively isolated CME events and their interaction with energetic particle seed populations.", "\n\nWe observed a time period on April 21 in which the flank of an ICME passed over the PSP spacecraft. ", "The solar wind plasma ahead of the ICME contained strong enhancements in energetic particle fluxes that appear to have been compressed and accelerated within the sheath ahead of the CME. ", "The contemporaneous observation of strong $^3$He enhancements [@Wiedenbeck:2019] confirm that seed populations are rich in material released by solar flares. ", "Back-mapping of the solar wind’s magnetic field on April 21 place the fieldline footpoints close to the boundaries of Active Region 12738. ", "Each of the events observed on April 18, 20, and 21 were also associated with the release of CMEs from the Sun. ", "And, on April 21, we observed a broken-power law above 1 MeV in the compressed ICME sheath consistent with predictions of diffusive shock acceleration from shocks or compressions from low in the corona.", "\n\n[ Observations show that the passage of the ICME on April 21 was associated with an abrupt increase in energetic particle fluxes (see Figures \\[fig:flux\\] and \\[fig:spectra2\\]). ", "This abrupt increase is inconsistent with diffusive shock acceleration, which invokes a diffusive ramp that increases exponentially to the shock interface (Equation \\[eq:diff1\\]). ", "The abrupt increase in differential fluxes is observed together with the lack of a clearly defined shock, the general presence of seed populations upstream of the ICME, and a differential energy spectrum that approximately maintains its form before, during and after ICME passage. ", "Together these observations suggest that compression in front of the ICME also enhances the fluxes of energetic particle seed populations. ]{}", "\n\n[In Appendix \\[sec:compress\\] we discuss a compression mechanism to explain the enhanced energetic particle fluxes ahead of the ICME. ", "The mechanism has no free parameters: the compression ratio $r_c$, and seed population spectral index $\\gamma$ determine the enhancement in the energetic particle flux within the compression region (Equation \\[eq:sol\\]). ", "The fluxes predicted by the mechanism are generally similar to observations within the ICME-driven compression (Figure \\[fig:spectra2\\]). ]{}", "\n\n[ The local enhancement of energetic particle seed populations requires restricted propagation within the compression. ", "If this restricted propagation is caused by increased scattering, the mean free path of a 1 MeV proton would have to be less than 0.006 au or $\\sim 1.3$ R$_s$ within the compression (see §\\[sec:modeling\\]).]{}", "\n\n[In comparing the seed population before and after the ICME passage in Figure \\[fig:spectra2\\], we observe some increase in energetic particle fluxes above 1 MeV after the ICME passage. ", "These increased fluxes were likely associated with energetic particles and flare particles associated with the April 21 04:47 UTC CME, as detailed in §\\[sec:modeling\\]. ", "The timing of the changes in the $>1$ MeV seed population fluxes indicate a scattering mean free path for the energetic particle seed populations of $\\sim$ 0.1 au, more than a decade larger than the $\\sim$ 0.006 au mean free path needed to restrict seed populations within the ICME compression. ", "It is possible that the restricted propagation within the compression region is the natural outcome of compressed plasma, or that the ICME itself plays a role in reducing the scattering mean free path. ", "Wave growth may greatly limit the flow and streaming of protons [@Ng:1994] and the observed restricted propagation has physical similarities to observations of streaming limited energetic particle fluxes [@Reames:1990]. ", "Future theoretical work is needed to develop a deeper understanding of the restricted propagation within the ICME compression. ]{}", "\n\n[With a reduced scattering mean free path of 0.006 au in the ICME compression region, the diffusive shock acceleration to 1 MeV would require more than 2.5 days. ", "It is therefore unlikely that the local enhancements observed on April 21 at PSP can be accounted for by local diffusive shock acceleration. ", "Consistently, the observed energy spectrum within the ICME compression in Figure \\[fig:spectra2\\] does not show significant changes in the differential energy spectrum beyond the increased fluxes at all energies observed. ]{}", "\n\n[A break in the differential energy spectrum at $\\sim$ 3 MeV is observed throughout the observed events (see Figure \\[fig:spectra2\\]). ", "The compression ratio of $r_c \\approx 1.7$ inferred for the ICME compression would yield a differential energy spectrum with a power-law of $E^{-2.6}$ based on diffusive shock acceleration. ", "The power-law above 1 MeV is $\\sim E^{-2.8}$, similar to this prediction, and we observe a steeper power-law of $\\sim\n E^{-4.2}$ above $\\sim 3$ MeV. This characteristic broken power-law distribution was described by [@Schwadron:2015SEP] and [@Schwadron:2015JPCS] as a product of particle acceleration driven by CMEs *in the low corona*. [", "@Li:2009] found that these broken power-laws result from quasi-perpendicular shocks. ", "These particle acceleration scenarios for the seed population would require the formation of stronger shocks or compressions, and much smaller scattering mean free paths in the strong magnetic fields low in the corona near these shocks and compressions for rapid particle acceleration. ]{}", "\n\n[We return to the open question]{} as to how the energetic particle seed populations are fed into particle acceleration at interplanetary shocks. ", "It has been widely known that energetic particle seed populations are often rich with nearly scatter-free electrons and species such as $^3$He known to be flare associated [@Mason86; @Reames:1999; @Mason:2002; @Desai:2003]. ", "The enhancements in energetic particle seed populations observed in this study demonstrate how the early evolution of ICMEs [could]{} enhance the fluxes of energetic particle seed populations, which precondition the particle acceleration process at distances further from the Sun where compressions can steepen into shocks.", "\n\nThe [IS$\\odot$IS]{}  observations below 1 MeV show a very hard $E^{-1.7}$ energy spectrum that is likely a superposition of particles from multiple flares and compressions in the solar wind. ", "The spectrum is so hard that it is close to the $E^{-1.5}$ limit of possible stationary state plasma distributions out of equilibrium [@Livadiotis:2009; @Livadiotis:2010], which suggests that suprathermal particles may play a more fundamental role for the pressure and heating of the solar wind.", "\n\nThe SEP acceleration process relies on solar flares to produce energetic particle seed populations, and the acceleration of seed populations by compressions and shocks driven by CMEs as these structures propagate through the interplanetary medium. ", "Parker Solar Probe was at the right place and at the right time to observe the compression of energetic particle seed populations. ", "Thus, we have observed a key part of the pre-acceleration process that occurs close to the Sun in the development of energetic particle events. ", "The [enhancement]{} of energetic particle seed populations observed here [within the CME-driven compression]{} could pre-condition the production of larger fluxes of higher energy accelerated particles as the compression region grows and steepens further out in the heliosphere.", "\n\nWe are deeply indebted to everyone that helped make the Parker Solar Probe (PSP) mission possible. ", "We thank all of the outstanding scientists, engineers, technicians, and administrative support people across all of the [IS$\\odot$IS]{}, FIELDS and SWEAP institutions that produced and supported the [IS$\\odot$IS]{}, FIELDS and SWEAP instrument suites, support its operations and the scientific analysis of its data. ", "This work was supported as a part of the PSP mission under contract NNN06AA01C. The [IS$\\odot$IS]{}data and visualization tools are available to the community at: https://spacephysics.princeton.edu/missions-instruments/isois; data are also available via the NASA Space Physics Data Facility (https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/). ", "Parker Solar Probe was designed, built, and is now operated by the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory as part of NASA’s Living with a Star (LWS) program (contract NNN06AA01C). ", "Support from the LWS management and technical team has played a critical role in the success of the Parker Solar Probe mission. ", "We thank and acknowledge Dr. X.P. Zhao for providing the CSSS model.", "\n\n[63]{} natexlab\\#1[\\#1]{}\n\n, C. N. & [Pizzo]{}, V. J. 2000, J. Geophys.", " Res., ", "105, 10465\n\nBale, S. D., Goetz, K., Harvey, P. R., Turin, P., Bonnell, J. W., Dudok de Wit, T., Ergun, R. E., MacDowall, R. J., Pulupa, M., Andre, M., Bolton, M., Bougeret, J.-L., Bowen, T. A., Burgess, D., Cattell, C. A., Chandran, B. 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", "Inspection showed that the intensity profile of the LEFS60 response tracks with the intensity profile of the magnetically deflected electrons. ", "Thus, the LEFS60 response is primarily due to electrons. ", "The LEFS60 telescope has a geometrical factor equal to $\\sim$0.397 cm$^2$ sr. ", "The number 60 (in ’LEFS60’) denotes the angle that the collimator centerline of the telescope makes with the spacecraft spin axis.", "\n\nThe 20-min averaged measurements of electrons (DE) measured by the B detector of the CA60 telescope are reported in the energy ranges DE1 (38-53 keV), DE2 (53-103 keV), DE3 (103-175 keV) and DE4 (175-315 keV). ", "The CA60 has a geometrical factor of 0.103 cm$^2$ sr. ", "We also present 20-min averaged measurements of energetic ion intensities from ACE in the energy range 1.1-4.9 MeV as detected by the LEMS120 telescope.", "\n\nFigure \\[fig:fluxElectronsApril20\\] shows 80-sec averages of the maximum intensity of the E’2 channel for the April 20, 2019 event. ", "These data correspond to 62-102 keV electrons measured in one of the eight sunward-looking sectors of the LEFS60 telescope. ", "In this case, the E’2 channel is chosen for the determination of a clear onset. ", "Even if there were a residual straggling effect in this channel, this instrumental effect leads to an underestimate of the delay for the onset of this channel. ", "Therefore, the onset in this channel gives us (at the worst) a lower bound on the actual onset at those energies [@Haggerty:2002]. ", "Since the energy spectrum of this particular electron event is steep, the straggling effect of higher energy channels on this channel is not expected to be significant.", "\n\nEstimated instrumental background values have been subtracted from the electron intensities. ", "The derived onset time of the electron event, based on the 2$\\sigma$ data-driven onset time determination method [see @Malandraki:2012 for more details for this onset time determination method] is marked by the red vertical line at 01:13 UTC on April 20, 2019. ", "Taking the FWHM of the electron Pitch-Angle Distributions (PADs) at 01:45 UTC, an effective pitch angle of 45$^\\circ$ is obtained. ", "The transit time for a 45$^\\circ$ pitch-angle along a nominal 1.2 AU long Parker spiral, for the mean energy of the E’2 channel, is $\\sim$29 minutes; therefore the anticipated electron release time at the Sun is found to be 00:44 UTC on April 20. ", "This release time is roughly 40 minutes prior to the corresponding CME release time listed in Table \\[tab:table\\], implying that the electron release likely occurred near the CME initiation period.", "\n\n![", "Observations of energetic electrons during the onset (red vertical line) of the April 20, 2019 event. ", "The inset shows the maximum normalized intensity as a function of pitch-angle for the 62-102 keV electrons streaming away from the Sun measured in one of the sectors of the LEFS60 sunward-looking telescope. ", "This is a representative snapshot of the highly anisotropic electron pitch-angle distributions observed during this event. []{", "data-label=\"fig:fluxElectronsApril20\"}](fa1-ele.pdf){width=\"0.95\\columnwidth\"}\n\nThe briefest of the three events began on April 20, around 09:15 UTC during the decay phase of the event that occurred earlier (00:44 UTC) that day. ", "This electron event did not have a clear association with an ion event, but the onset time lines up with the second Type III event that occurred on April 20.", "\n\nIn Figure \\[fig:fluxElectronsApril21\\], we show 1-min averages of the maximum intensity of the E’3 channel during the April 21, 2019 event. ", "These data corresponds to 102-175 keV energetic electrons that stream away from the Sun as measured in one of the eight sunward-looking sectors of the LEFS60 telescope. ", "In this event, the two lower energy electron channels (E’1 and E’2) have an enhanced ambient flux due to a prior weak electron event, which masks the event onset fluxes and makes it difficult to accurately determine onset times in these channels. ", "Furthermore, these two channels can be strongly affected by straggling of the higher energy electrons (depending on the steepness of the spectrum), whereas this effect is negligible in the highest two channels (E’3 and E’4), as previously highlighted by [@Haggerty:2002] and [@Haggerty:2003]. ", "Since for this electron event the E’4 electron channel enhancement was rather weak, we have utilized the E’3 channel measurements as the highest energy channel (i.e. highest velocity electrons) where an onset time can be reliably determined.", "\n\nThe red vertical line marks the time of the onset of the electron event, at 05:07 UTC, which was determined as the time that the intensity exceeded the background level by 2$\\sigma$ [@Malandraki:2012]. ", "The inset of Figure \\[fig:fluxElectronsApril21\\] shows 15-min averaged PADs for the 45-62 keV electrons at 05:15 UTC on April, 21, 2019. ", "On that day the radial component of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) was pointing away from the Sun. ", "The electron population comprises an electron beam that exhibits a strong anisotropy directed parallel to the IMF and is therefore propagating away from the Sun. ", "These peaked electron PADs argue for nearly scatter-free propagation of these particles during their outward transit from the corona to the ACE spacecraft at L1. ", "Taking the FWHM of the electron PADs at 05:15 UT on April 21, 2019 we obtain a value of 35$^\\circ$ as the effective pitch angle of this electron population. ", "The transit time of an electron with a 35$^\\circ$ pitch-angle, along a nominal 1.2 au Parker spiral length, and with a mean energy of the E’3 channel is $\\sim$20 minutes. ", "Therefore, the deduced electron injection time at the Sun is found to be at 04:47 UTC on April 21, 2019, which is 13 minutes prior to the CME release time listed in Table \\[tab:table\\].", "\n\n![", "Observations of energetic electrons during the onset of the April 21, 2019 event. ", "The maximum intensity of the 102-175 keV electrons streaming away from the Sun measured in one of the sectors of the sunward-looking telescope LEFS60 for each 1-min interval is shown. ", "The inset presents 15-min averaged PADs of 45-62 keV electrons at 05:15 UT April 21, 2019, which exhibit a strong anisotropy directed parallel to the IMF. ", "Normalized differential intensity is plotted versus pitch-angle. ", "The red vertical line indicates the time of the determined onset of the electron event.[]{data-label=\"fig:fluxElectronsApril21\"}](fa2-ele.pdf){width=\"0.95\\columnwidth\"}\n\nCurrent Sheet Source Surface Model {#sec:CSSS}\n==================================\n\nWe used the Current Sheet Source Surface (CSSS) model [@zha95; @pod14; @pod16; @jac19] of the corona in magnetostatic equilibrium [@bog86]. ", "The analytical solutions [@bog86] incorporate volume and sheet currents effectively [see @zha95 and the references therein] by dividing the corona into three regions separated by two concentric spherical surfaces; the inner surface, the cusp surface (associated with the cusps of helmet streamers) placed at around 2.5 $R_s$, and the outer source surface [Figure 1 in @zha95] placed at $\\sim 15 R_s$. The magnetic field lines are open at the cusp surface though still non–radial until the source surface where the solar wind moves radially out into the heliosphere.", "\n\nThe CSSS model extrapolates the observed photospheric magnetic field to obtain the coronal magnetic field. ", "The model takes the synoptic map of the photospheric magnetic field as input and employs a spherical harmonic expansion to compute the coronal magnetic field for the inner, middle and outer coronal regions separated by the cusp and source surfaces. ", "For the mapping presented in Figure \\[fig:backmapping\\], we used the synoptic map constructed using the high–resolution, high–cadence magnetograms taken by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) telescope on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) for Carrington Rotation CR2216 (April 8–May 5, 2019).", "\n\nEnlil Modeling of the April 21, 2019 CME {#sec:enlilApp}\n========================================\n\nEnlil is a time-dependent 3D MHD model of the heliosphere [@Odstrcil:2003]. ", "It solves equations for plasma mass, momentum and energy density, and magnetic field, using a Flux-Corrected-Transport (FCT) algorithm. ", "The Enlil cone model forecasts CME propagation from the Enlil inner boundary (at 21.5 R$_s$) to 2 au. ", "The ambient solar wind is based on the Wang-Sheeley-Arge (WSA) model [@Arge:2000]. ", "In the Enlil cone model, the CME propagates out close to the Sun with constant angular and radial velocity. ", "The Enlil model takes the following input parameters at its inner boundary\n\n- **Start time at 21.5 R$_s$:** April 20, 2019 at 10:33 UTC.", "\n\n- **Direction:** HEEQ longitude 90$^\\circ$ and latitude 2$^\\circ$.\n\n- **Half Angular Width:** 30$^\\circ$ half of the full angular width of the cone.", "\n\n- **Speed:** 387 km s$^{-1}$ radial velocity (km/s) at the Enlil inner boundary\n\nFigures \\[fig:enlilc1\\] and \\[fig:enlilc2\\] show the evolution of the CME released on April 20. ", "The structure propagates to and beyond PSP, driving a large compression in front of the structure. ", "These images are taken from a movie available as supplementary material. ", "Figure \\[fig:enlilc3\\] shows the timeline of the modeled plasma at the location of the PSP spacecraft.", "\n\n![", "Snapshots showing the Enlil model of the April 20, 2019 CME propagating out to PSP. ", "Left panels show modeled densities and right panels show the difference between the modeled density with the CME and the ambient density in the background solar wind. []{", "data-label=\"fig:enlilc1\"}](fc1-enlilSeq1.pdf){width=\"0.95\\columnwidth\"}\n\n![", "Enlil model snapshots similar to Figure \\[fig:enlilc1\\] showing the stages of the CME’s propagation after April 21 out to 1 au.[]{data-label=\"fig:enlilc2\"}](fc2-enlilSeq2.pdf){width=\"0.95\\columnwidth\"}\n\n![", "Timeline of the Enlil model results at the location of the PSP spacecraft: (top panel) ion density (black), solar wind and CME velocity (green); (bottom panel) magnetic field strength (black), and plasma temperature (orange). []{", "data-label=\"fig:enlilc3\"}](fc3-ENLIL_CONE_PSP_timeline.pdf){width=\"0.9\\columnwidth\"}\n\nCompressive Enhancement of Energetic Particles {#sec:compress}\n==============================================\n\n![", "Illustration of a CME-driven compression region including energetic particles that diffuse away from the Sun after a flare or particle acceleration from the low corona. []{", "data-label=\"fig:icmeApp\"}](fc1-appCartoon.pdf){width=\"0.7\\columnwidth\"}\n\nIn this appendix, we describe a scenario in which energetic particles are compressed by the plasma as they move into a compression region, as illustrated in Figure \\[fig:icmeApp\\]. ", "Our treatment departs from the conventional solution for DSA. ", "We begin by describing how diffusive ramps are treated within DSA theory and show how compressive enhancements differ.", "\n\nFor simplicity, we take the compression formed simply from faster solar wind plasma with speed $u_f$ ramming into a slower plasma with speed $u_s$. The compression ratio is $r_c = u_f/u_s$ and the local width of compression region with a speed gradient is taken to be $\\delta x$. We assume that the magnetic field and the solar wind direction are aligned in the $x$-direction.", "\n\nThe evolution of the isotropic part of the distribution function is typically described using the Parker transport equation [@Parker:1965]: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\frac{\\partial f_0}{\\partial t} + \\mathbf{u} \\cdot \\nabla f_0 - \\nabla \\cdot \\left( \\mathbf{K} \\cdot \\nabla f_0 \\right) - \\frac{\\nabla \\cdot \\mathbf{u}}{3} p \\frac{\\partial f_0}{\\partial p} = 0\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\mathbf{u}$ is the solar wind velocity, and $\\mathbf{K}$ is the diffusion tensor. ", "In DSA theory, a discontinuity between fast and slow wind creates the conditions for rapid particle acceleration. ", "Upstream from the fast-slow wind interface, there is a balance of diffusive streaming against the convected fast solar wind, $$\\begin{aligned}\nu_f f_0 - \\kappa \\frac{\\partial f_0}{\\partial x} = 0.\\end{aligned}$$ The convective-diffusion solution follows, $$\\begin{aligned}\nf_{u}(x) = f_{s} \\exp( x u_f/\\kappa)\n\\label{eq:diff1}\\end{aligned}$$ where $f_s$ is isotropic part of the distribution at the stream interface, $x=0$, and $f_u$ is the upstream solution. ", "The upstream solution in Equation (\\[eq:diff1\\]) results from outward convection of energetic particles away from the Sun and diffusive streaming back toward the Sun. ", "It is important to note, however, that we have assumed the source is a delta function at $x=0$. If there is a seed population, then the correct upstream solution involves both the shock-accelerated population that streams against the flow and the pre-existing seed population that convects with the flow.", "\n\nWe consider a different scenario in which the gradient in solar wind speed is not a discontinuity. ", "We take the distribution to remain approximately isotropic as it is convected into the speed gradient such that the rate of convection exceeds the rate of diffusion. ", "In this departure from DSA theory, we take $$\\begin{aligned}\nu \\frac{\\partial f_0}{\\partial x} > \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x}\\left(\\kappa \\frac{\\partial f_0}{\\partial x} \\right).\\end{aligned}$$ This requires that $u > \\kappa/\\delta x$. Equivalently, this places a requirement on the scattering mean free path, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\lambda < 3 u \\delta x / v. \n\\label{eq:lam2}\\end{aligned}$$ Taking $u = 400$ km s$^{-1}$, a width of $\\delta x = 0.1$ au, and a 1 MeV proton, this would require a scattering mean free path, $\\lambda <\n2$ R$_s$ (or 0.009 au) within the compression.", "\n\nTo help conceptualize the limit on the mean free path, we consider the rate of particle acceleration if the compression were instead a discontinuity. ", "The DSA acceleration time to a given momentum $p$ is [@Forman:1983; @Drury:1983; @Jokipii:1982; @Jokipii:1987; @Schwadron:2015SEP]: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\tau_p \\approx \\frac{3 \\delta x_\\mathrm{dsa}}{\\Delta u} \n\\label{eq:tdsa}\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\Delta u = u_f - u_s$, the width of the DSA acceleration region is $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\delta x_\\mathrm{dsa} = \\frac{\\kappa_f}{u_f} + \\frac{\\kappa_s}{u_s} ,\\end{aligned}$$ and $\\kappa_s$ and $\\kappa_f$ are the diffusion coefficients on the slow and fast wind side of the stream discontinuity. ", "For simplicity, we take $\\kappa_f > \\kappa_s \\approx 0$ due to the presence of downstream turbulence. ", "Using the previously stated limit for $\\lambda$, Equation (\\[eq:lam2\\]), we find that $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\delta x_\\mathrm{dsa} < \\delta x.\n\\label{eq:dxdsa}\\end{aligned}$$ Not surprisingly, this implies that the region of diffusive acceleration must be smaller than the width of compressive gradient. ", "Conversely, if the width of the speed gradient exceeds the width of DSA acceleration region, then compressive acceleration will dominate.", "\n\nWe find the DSA acceleration time by substituting Equation (\\[eq:dxdsa\\]) into Equation (\\[eq:tdsa\\]), $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\tau_p < 3 \\frac{\\delta x}{\\Delta u}. ", "\n\\label{eq:tp}\\end{aligned}$$ The quantity $\\delta x/\\Delta u$ represents the convection time through the speed gradient. ", "Therefore the condition in Equation (\\[eq:tp\\]) implies that if the convection time exceeds the DSA acceleration time, then compressive acceleration will dominate.", "\n\nGiven the condition on the scattering mean free path in Equation (\\[eq:lam2\\]), we find the following approximation for transport into the compression, $$\\begin{aligned}\n u \\frac{\\partial f_0}{\\partial x} - \\frac{1}{3}\\frac{\\partial u}{\\partial x} p \\frac{\\partial f_0}{\\partial p} = 0. ", "\\end{aligned}$$ This is solved for the compressed isotropic portion of the distribution function, $f_c$, as a function of the distribution function $\\tilde{f}_0$ convected into the compression, $$\\begin{aligned}\nf_c = r_c^{\\gamma/3} \\tilde{f}_0.", "\n\\label{eq:sol}\\end{aligned}$$ Here $\\gamma$ is the power-law index of the energetic particle distribution in the faster wind behind the compression, $\\tilde{f}_0 \\propto p^{-\\gamma}$.\n\n[^1]: Browse data for these experiments are available at the Goddard Space flight Center STEREO Science Center, https://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/browse/.\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to Encrypt a URL?", "\n\nI am building a web service that I want my users to register for before they can use it. ", "I would then give them a registration key.", "\nWhen they call my service they would pass me the registration key. ", "I would then decrypt the key to validate the user and service.", "\nI tried this using AES for the encryption, but the key was way too large. ", "Is there another way to encrypt that would give me a smaller key that can be passed in the URL.", "\nI want it to be decryptable so to avoid a database lookup.", "\nThanks\nEdit: Sorry I was not passing around the AES key, I meant the encrypted AES value. ", "which was 96 bytes if I counted correctly.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou shouldn't be passing around the key. ", "You use the key to encrypt the user's ID, e.g.\n$userID = 42;\n$crypted = aes_encrypt($key, $userID . \"", "some random salting/padding stuff\");\n$encoded = base64_encoded($crypted);\n\n$url = \"http://example.com?registrationConfirnmationID=$encoded\";\n\nthen you send the user $url via the registration email. ", "They click on it, and you do the reverse on the server:\n$encodedID = $_GET['registrationConfirmation'];\n$crypted = base64_decode($encodedID);\n$registrationString = aes_decrypt($key, $crypted);\n\nwhich would give you\n42some random salting/padding stuff\n\nAfter that, you strip off the salt, and you're done.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "what exactly is avatar?? ", "I was trying to get a photo from my comp. ", "and it kept saying I had too many pixels...and the pic. ", "was too big? ", "They are not supposed to be over 100 something KB?? ", "The picture I was trying to upload was only 11KB??", "\nAlso what and where would the profile picture be found??", "\n\nsham\n\n07-28-2004, 09:41 PM\n\nohh and the little things on the side of my posts?? ", "what does a reputation mean?? ", "and what is the little grey/blue rectangle?? ", "it says I am off the scale??", "\n\nGriffin\n\n07-28-2004, 09:59 PM\n\nwhat exactly is avatar?? ", "I was trying to get a photo from my comp. ", "and it kept saying I had too many pixels...and the pic. ", "was too big? ", "They are not supposed to be over 100 something KB?? ", "The picture I was trying to upload was only 11KB??", "\nAlso what and where would the profile picture be found??", "\n\nAn avatar is just a little picture underneath your name. ", "It cannot be more than 200 pixels lengthwise or widthwise. ", "If it was over 200 pixels on a side it wouldn't let you upload it.", "\n\nthanks but..I wasn't allowed to see the page you linked...\nif any admin. ", "can answer my Q's..which I am sure they can..I will figure out what all those little symbols are to the left of each post..I know the ones tell me which users have yahoo, or ICQ or MSN, but the little rectangle and the things at the bottom..I don't understand..\n**Also, how can I get and make sure my picture is the right pixels?? ", "How is everyone else getting them their pictures to work??", "\n\nGriffin\n\n07-28-2004, 10:23 PM\n\nthanks but..I wasn't allowed to see the page you linked...\nif any admin. ", "can answer my Q's..which I am sure they can..I will figure out what all those little symbols are to the left of each post..I know the ones tell me which users have yahoo, or ICQ or MSN, but the little rectangle and the things at the bottom..I don't understand..\n**Also, how can I get and make sure my picture is the right pixels?? ", "How is everyone else getting them their pictures to work??", "\n\nThe link works for me, but here's the copy and pasted text:\n\nThe little square is your reputation. ", "Near the bottom, the little dot shows whether or not you are online (green = a user is online.) ", "Next to that is the \"Scale of Reputation.\" ", "Underneath other user's info there's also a \"Yield Sign\"-looking thingy.", "\n\nIf you click on the scale, you can give reputation points to someone if you liked their post or they gave good info or they're funny or something. ", "If you didn't like a post, you can click on the little yield sign (I think that's how the yield-thing works, anyways.) ", "The little square shows your reputation. ", "If you get a certain number of reputation points, I believe you get more squares.", "\n\nTo turn on avatars and signatures, go to the User CP at the top left of the page. ", "Click on Edit Options, then scroll down and you should see a place where you can check a box to see images. ", "Don't forget to save your settings.", "\n\n---------\n\nAs far as editing the number of pixels, you'd have to use an image editing program like Photoshop. ", "There are free versions out there, but I'm not sure where. ", "If you'd like me to resize it for you tonight, email me at stormfront_stables@yahoo.com . ", "I'm leaving for BF in the morning. :", "cheer Yay!", "\n\nHope this helps.", "\n\n~~Griffin~~\n\nseventhdream\n\n07-28-2004, 10:49 PM\n\n'Thanks Griffin, I *think* you got it right... and I'm s Heather & Flicksmom appreciate the help with three of the mods here in Kentucky without a lot of time to check Blab.", "\n\nSham - with the recent upgrade in software, even the mods are still learning the ropes. ", "PLease bear with us :lol\n\nIf you can't get your avatar up by the time I get home from BF, and if Heaher doesn't beat me to it, I'll fix that right up for you.", "\n\nsham\n\n07-29-2004, 10:36 AM\n\nthanks guys..I might try again, but I'll probably wait till BF is over and you all have to come back home..ha..ha.. Man, I wish I was there smelling horses and seeing thousands of plastic ponies!!!", "\n\nHeather\n\n07-29-2004, 11:51 AM\n\nGriffin's got it nailed - except the yield sign/triangle-exclamation mark thing is to report a post to management. ", "Like, if someone were REALLY out of hand. ", "If you don't like a post, you can click on the reputation scale and click \"disapprove.\" ", "If people start to abuse that, however, we'll disable it for them. :", "thumbsup\n\nFor your avatar, just make sure it's no more than 200 pixels high, and 200 pixels wide. ", "If you don't have any way to size your avatar, let one of us know and we can do it for you and email it back to you. ", "Then, you just browse and attach it in your User CP.", "\n\nLet me know if you need more help!", "\n\nsham\n\n07-30-2004, 01:52 PM\n\n:clap yeah..my avatar picture is up..thanks so much for all your help and heather for resizing it... ;)\n\nGriffin\n\n08-02-2004, 08:38 PM\n\nGriffin's got it nailed - except the yield sign/triangle-exclamation mark thing is to report a post to management. ", "Like, if someone were REALLY out of hand. ", "If you don't like a post, you can click on the reputation scale and click \"disapprove.\" ", "If people start to abuse that, however, we'll disable it for them. :", "thumbsup\nAha! ", "I was wondering about that. ", "Good to know. :", "clap" ]

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[ "The Real Economy\n\nHigh technology can seem like the land of the quick or the dead: either a company grows rapidly to dominate its industry or else it dies aborning. ", "The rocketing tech businesses that turn up on stock pickers' lists of hot companies fit that image to a T. To fans the businesses are tomorrow's Microsofts and Dells. ", "To skeptics they're candidates for dot-com-style flameout. ", "Whichever the outcome, everyone agrees: they won't stay small for long.", "\n\nBut that picture is incomplete. ", "For every Microsoft there are a thousand small, specialized software companies churning out programs for niche markets. ", "And for every eToys -- the #2 site on the Web during the holidays last year and now in bankruptcy -- there are any number of small shops actually making money on the Internet. \"", "Tens of thousands of small businesses you've never heard of are quietly making a go of it online,\" reports Business Week's Robert D. Hof. ", "Example: ElectricShaver.com, a sales, service, and repair outfit that does 90% of its $1 million in revenues on the Web.", "\n\nAnd when you step out beyond the usual confines of big computer companies and the Internet, you see still more of what small companies do in high tech. ", "They pioneer technologies that big companies haven't yet begun to explore. ", "They make the parts and provide the services that make places like Silicon Valley hum. ", "Two reports from the field:\n\nMEMS the wordEver hear of MEMS? ", "The acronym stands for microelectromechanical systems. ", "Rick Snyder, CEO and cofounder of Ardesta LLC, in Ann Arbor, Mich., a venture-capital firm that describes itself as an \"accelerator\" for the industry, calls MEMS \"small tech.\" ", "Hundreds of small private companies, many affiliated with research labs, are working to make this new technology as pervasive as semiconductors.", "\n\nMEMS are components -- superminiaturized machines that can be used as pressure sensors, for example, or as part of an optical switch. ", "The tiny machines are having an impact on industries ranging from telecommunications and biotechnology to ordinary manufacturing. \"", "There are at least 1,000 different MEMS products and prototypes, and up to 20 variations on each of those,\" says Steve Walsh, director of technology entrepreneurship at the University of New Mexico and cochairman of an international MEMS conference. \"", "There are at least 15 of them in a new car, and more than 100 in the next-generation John Deere tractor.\"", "\n\nWalsh can rattle off a list of small companies around the world that are working on commercial MEMS applications, including many of the 70 or so businesses that are using the technology to develop an all-optical switch for the telecommunications industry. ", "Why hasn't a larger company taken the lead in this expensive research? \"", "People who are winning in an existing industry don't want to reinvent themselves, because they don't want to lose their existing position,\" says Walsh. ", "Snyder agrees: \"Large companies have traditional ways of doing things that work. ", "The industrial and consumer markets will be gigantic, but it's going to take longer for larger-scale companies to say, 'We need it.' \"", "\n\nOut of the spotlightWhile it seems that every day a new small company from Silicon Valley makes its debut in the public eye, plenty of neighboring businesses toil in the background -- never the hot IPO, never the subject of a \"companies to watch\" article, but critical nevertheless to the valley's health. ", "Among them are the hundreds of contract electronics manufacturers (CEMs) that build the parts inside PCs, networks, and printers. \"", "You don't hear about them because they don't put their name on any labels,\" says Doug Henton, cofounder and president of Collaborative Economics, in Palo Alto, Calif., an economic consulting company focused on community development. ", "In a study a few years ago, Henton found, more than 500 companies of all sizes were doing contract electronics manufacturing in the region. \"", "It's one of the largest sectors we have here,\" Henton says.", "\n\nA few of those manufacturers -- Solectron Corp., for instance -- are giants. ", "But there are far more small companies in the contract industry than large ones. ", "Pamela Gordon, president and founder of Technology Forecasters Inc., a high-tech market-research company in Alameda, Calif., says that only about 70 of the roughly 3,000 CEMs in the world have sales greater than $100 million. ", "One that just crossed that line is Flash Electronics Inc., in Fremont, Calif. Last year it was 19th on the Inc. 500 list, with an eye-popping five-year growth rate of 5,050%. ", "In 2000 Flash stayed on the fast track, as its revenues jumped from $37 million in 1999 to $125 million." ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We analytically determine the properties of two interacting particles in a harmonic trap subject to a rotation or a uniform synthetic magnetic field, where the spherical symmetry of the relative Hamiltonian is preserved. ", "Thermodynamic quantities such as the entropy and energy are calculated via the second order quantum cluster expansion. ", "We find that in the strongly interacting regime the energy is universal, however the entropy changes as a function of the rotation or synthetic magnetic field strength.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'B. C. Mulkerin'\n- 'C. J. Bradly'\n- 'H. M. Quiney'\n- 'A. M. Martin'\nbibliography:\n- 'RotationAndMagField.bib'\ntitle: Universality in rotating strongly interacting gases\n---\n\nOver the last few years ultracold degenerate gases have attracted much interest due to their controllability and stability. ", "Advances in tight confining harmonic traps and the use of magnetic fields and Feshbach resonances in controlling atomic collisions have made it possible to explore the BCS-BEC crossover [@Chin2010; @Shin:2008; @zwierlein-2006-442]. ", "Difficulties with developing a many-body theory for these systems in the strongly interacting regime using mean-field approximations have motivated the study of few-body problems as a means to gain insight into the many-body problem. ", "Few-body systems with contact interactions are exactly solvable or numericaly tractable [@Busch:1998; @Werner2006; @Kestner2007; @Daily2010], particularly in the strongly interacting regime and have been experimentally studied in their own right [@Staferle2006]. ", "The virial expansion of few-body physics can be used to calculate the thermodynamics of many-body systems [@Liu2009; @Liu2010; @Daily2012] and has been verified experimentally [@Nascimbene2010].", "\n\nIn this work we address the problem of unitary gases subject to a rotation or synthetic magnetic field by solving the two-body problem and finding the virial expansion to second order. ", "This enables us to show that entropy in the presence of a rotation or synthetic magnetic field is not universal, in contrast to the universal character of the total energy.", "\n\nA system subject to a rotation and one subject to a synthetic magnetic field have several similarities. ", "In both systems angular momentum states and time-reversal symmetry are broken. ", "Furthermore, both problems can be described by gauge-dependent Hamiltonians, making it convenient to consider the systems together and to draw comparisons between the two. ", "In ultracold trapped gases the dominant contribution to the low energy behavior is from the two-particle s-wave interactions.", "\n\nTo begin the analysis the rotating system is considered first. ", "Specifically, the motion of two particles of mass $m$ in a harmonic trap potential $V_\\text{trap}(\\mathbf{r})$ subject to a rotation $\\mathbf{\\Omega}$ and a contact interaction potential $V_\\text{int}(\\mathbf{r_1-r_2})$ are described by the Hamiltonian $$\\begin{aligned}\n{1} \\label{eq:2ParticleHamiltonian}\nH= & \\frac{\\mathbf{p}_{1}^2}{2m}+ \n\\frac{\\mathbf{p}_{2}^2}{2m} + V_\\text{trap}(\\mathbf{r_1}) + V_\\text{trap}(\\mathbf{r_2}) + \\nonumber \\\\ &\n\\mathbf{\\Omega\\cdot r_1 \\times p_1}+\\mathbf{\\Omega\\cdot r_2 \\times p_2} + V_\\text{int}(\\mathbf{r_1-r_2}),\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\mathbf{r_i}$ and $\\mathbf{p_i}$ are the positions and momenta of each particle. ", "Equation can be decoupled in center of mass and relative coordinates, yielding $$\\begin{aligned}\n{1}\nH_\\text{cm}&=\\frac{\\mathbf{P}^2}{4m}+V_\\text{trap}(\\mathbf{R})-\\mathbf{\\Omega \\cdot R \\times P} \\label{eq:COMHamiltonian} \\\\ \nH_\\text{rel}&=\\frac{\\mathbf{p}^2}{m}+V_\\text{trap}(\\mathbf{r})-\\mathbf{\\Omega \\cdot r \\times p}+V_\\text{int}(\\mathbf{r}), \n\\label{eq:RelativeHamiltonian}\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\mathbf{R}=(\\mathbf{r_1+r_2})/\\sqrt{2}$ and $\\mathbf{r}=(\\mathbf{r_1-r_2})/\\sqrt{2}$ are the center of mass and relative coordinates. ", "We consider the case where the rotation is about the $z$-axis with frequency $\\Omega_z$ so that $\\mathbf{\\Omega}=(0,0,\\Omega_z)$. The harmonic trapping potential is chosen to be axially symmetric with transverse and axial frequencies $\\omega_\\perp$ and $\\omega_z$, respectively. ", "Using the axial trap length $d=\\sqrt{\\hbar/(m\\omega_z)}$ and energy $\\hbar\\omega_z$, Eq.", "  can be written in the dimensionless form $$\\begin{aligned}\n{1}\\label{eq:DimensionlessHamiltonian}\nH_\\text{cm}=\\frac{1}{2}\\nabla^2_\\mathbf{R} + \\frac{1}{2}\\left(\\eta^2 \\rho^2+z^2\\right) - i\\xi\\left(x\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial y}-y\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x}\\right),\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\eta=\\omega_\\perp/\\omega_z$ and $\\xi=-\\Omega_z/\\omega_z$ parameterize the aspect ratio of the trap and the applied rotation. ", "Equation is the Hamiltonian for a shifted anisotropic harmonic oscillator with eigenstates $$\\begin{aligned}\n{1}\n& \\psi_{nmk}(\\rho,\\phi,z)=R_{nm}(\\rho,\\phi) Z_k(z) \\label{eq:Basis} \\\\ & \nR_{nm}(\\rho,\\phi) = \\sqrt{\\frac{\\eta^{|m|+1} n!}{(n+m)!\\pi}} \\rho^{|m|} e^{-\\eta\\rho^2/2} L^{|m|}_n(\\eta\\rho^2) e^{im\\phi} \\\\ & \nZ_k(z)=\\frac{e^{-z^2/2}}{\\pi^{1/4}\\sqrt{2^k k!}} ", "H_k(z),\\end{aligned}$$ and eigenenergies, in units of $\\hbar \\omega_z$, $$\\label{eq:SingleParticleEnergies}\nE_{nmk}=(2n+|m|+1)\\eta + m\\xi + (k+1/2),$$ where $L^{|m|}_n(\\rho)$ and $H_k(z)$ are, respectively, Laguerre and Hermite polynomials. ", "The center-of-mass component is therefore solved exactly and the effects of the interparticle interaction are described entirely within the relative component.", "\n\nIn the presence of a synthetic magnetic field the Hamiltonian for the center-of-mass of two anisotropically trapped particles is $$\\label{eq:MagHamiltonian}\nH_\\text{cm}^\\text{mag}=\\frac{1}{4m}\\left({\\bf{P}} - q \\bf{A}\\right)^2 + V_\\text{trap}(\\mathbf{R}),$$ where $\\mathbf{A}$ is the synthetic magnetic vector potential. ", "While the properties of a magnetic system are formally independent of choice of gauge, the problem is not analytically tractable in the Landau gauge, but is tractable in the symmetric gauge. ", "For a uniform synthetic magnetic field, $B$, in the $z$-direction we therefore set $\\mathbf{A}=\\tfrac{B}{2}(-y,x,0)$. It can then be shown that the eigenstates and eigenenergies for Eq.", "  are given exactly by Eqs.", "  and with redfined parameters $$\\label{eq:EffectiveFrequencies}\n\\xi_\\text{cm}=\\frac{\\omega_c}{\\omega_z} \\quad \\text{and} \\quad \\eta_\\text{cm}=\\sqrt{\\frac{\\omega_\\perp^2}{\\omega_z^2} + \\frac{\\omega_c^2}{4\\omega_z^2}},$$ where $\\omega_c=|qB/M|$ is the cyclotron frequency with $M=2m$. For the single-particle Hamiltonian, the eigenstates and eigenenergies are expressed in terms of $\\xi_1$ and $\\eta_1$ using $M=m$ and for the relative Hamiltonian the eigenstates and eigenenergies are expressed in terms of $\\xi_\\text{rel}$ and $\\eta_\\text{rel}$ using $M=m/2$. In contrast, for the rotating case the relative, centre-of-mass and single particles are parameterised by the same $\\eta$ and $\\xi$ as defined in Eq.", " . ", "Having solved the center of mass Hamiltonian in both the rotating and synthetic magnetic field cases, the relative Hamiltonian needs to be solved exactly. ", "The low-energy regularized $s$-wave contact interaction is [@Huang1957] $$\\begin{aligned}\n{1}\\label{eq:ContactInt}\nV_\\text{int}(\\mathbf{r})=\\frac{4\\pi\\hbar^2a}{m}\\delta(\\mathbf{r})\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial r}r,\\end{aligned}$$ where $a$ is the scattering length. ", "In the single-particle basis the relative wavefunction can be written as $$\\label{eq:RelativeWaveFxn}\n\\Psi_\\text{rel}({\\bf r})=\\sum_{n,k=0}^\\infty c_{nk} \\psi_{n0k}(\\rho,\\phi,z),$$ where the $m \\not =0$ states are omitted because they do not contribute, due to the centrifugal barrier in cylindrical coordinates. ", "As such, the projection of angular momentum along the $z$-axis due to the rotation or synthetic magnetic field is contained entirely within the center-of-mass energy. ", "Following [@Idziaszek2006] we find that the energy spectrum of the relative motion can be determined from $$\\label{eq:Transcendental}\n\\mathcal{F}\\left(-\\frac{E-\\eta-\\tfrac{1}{2}}{2}\\right)=-\\sqrt{2\\pi}\\frac{d}{a} ,$$ where $$\\mathcal{F}(x)=\\int_0^\\infty \\!\\!\\!\\! ", "\\mathrm{d}t \\left[ \\frac{\\eta e^{-x t}}{\\sqrt{1-e^{-t}}(1-e^{-\\eta t})} - \\frac{1}{t^{3/2}} \\right].$$ This integral is not analytic in general and is formally valid only for $x>0$ but can be extended to all energies by the recurrence relation $$\\begin{aligned}\n{1}\n\\mathcal{F}(x)+\\mathcal{F}(x+\\eta)=\\eta\\sqrt{\\pi}\\frac{\\Gamma(x)}{\\Gamma(x+1/2)}.", "\n\\label{eq:Recurrence}\\end{aligned}$$\n\n![", "Eigenenergies of the relative Hamiltonian for (a) $\\eta=1$ and (b) $\\eta=\\sqrt{11/9} \\approx 1.10$, as a function of the inverse scattering length.[]{data-label=\"fig:RelativeEnergies\"}](togetherplot){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nIn Fig.", " \\[fig:RelativeEnergies\\] we plot the energy eigenspectrum Eq.", "  as a function of inverse scattering length $d/a$ for two values of $\\eta$. For the case $\\eta=1$, Fig.", " \\[fig:RelativeEnergies\\](a) shows states evenly spaced by $2\\hbar \\omega_z$ with a smooth transition across the Feshbach resonance and a single bound state as the ground-state in the repulsive regime. ", "Unlike in the spherical basis, the $s$-wave interaction allows the orbital angular momentum states to be present at each energy level but they are degenerate. ", "It is possible to take a linear combination of these degenerate wave functions to obtain the usual spherically symmetric, zero orbital angular momentum wave function. ", "If $\\eta$ is rational, by the properties of some of these degeneracies are restored. ", "For the special case when $\\eta$, or $1/\\eta$, is an integer then all degeneracies are restored [@Peng2011]. ", "The most extreme case is when $\\eta$ is irrational, for which there can be no degeneracies with higher states. ", "If the spherical symmetry is broken so that $\\eta \\not =1$ then the degeneracies are lifted, as shown in Fig.", " \\[fig:RelativeEnergies\\](b). ", "Angular momentum is no longer conserved and a linear combination of wave functions will not reduce the number of accessible states. ", "As such, one could argue that as soon as the spherical symmetry of the problem is broken the properties of the gas become independent of the relative Hamiltonian and hence the interactions. ", "Of course, this cannot be correct and to overcome this dichotomy one must consider an interaction potential that is regularized in accordance with the symmetries of the system [@Wodkiewicz1991], and including contributions from higher order (non-$s$-wave scattering) processes [@Derevianko2003; @Pricoupenko2006; @Bolda2003; @Idziaszek2006a].", "\n\nIn the following analysis, we assume spherical symmetry of the relative Hamiltonian. ", "In the rotation case, $\\eta=1$ means that the trap is isotropic and the relative eigenenergies are unaffected by the rotation. ", "In the synthetic magnetic field case, $\\eta_\\text{rel}=1$ is equivalent to , from Eq.", " . ", "This means that for a given magnetic field there is a particular trap shape that preserves the spherical symmetry of $H_\\text{rel}$.\n\nFew-body physics has importance beyond small scale systems into the thermodynamics of a many-particle gas. ", "We can achieve this through a quantum cluster expansion of the grand thermodynamic potential $\\Omega=-k_B T \\ln \\mathcal{Z}$ in terms of the fugacity $z=\\exp(\\mu/k_B T)$: $$\\Omega=-k_B T Q_1 \\left(z+b_2 z^2+\\dots\\right),\n\\label{eq:GTPOmega}$$ where $$b_2=(Q_2-Q_1^{2}/2)/Q_1$$ is the second virial coefficient and the $N$-particle partition function $Q_N=\\text{Tr}[\\exp(-\\mathcal{H}_N/k_B T)]$ is determined from solving the $N$-body problem [@HuangBook].", "\n\nIn order to calculate the thermodynamics it is more convenient to consider the difference between the interacting and non-interacting systems and define $$\\label{eq:Deltab2}\n\\Delta b_2=(b_2-b_2^{(0)}) = (Q_2 - Q_2^{(0)})/Q_1,$$ where the superscript ‘0’ denotes non-interacting quantities. ", "The thermodynamics of a non-interacting two-component Fermi gas in an anisotropic trap with a constant magnetic field or a rotation are determined from the grand potential $\\Omega^{(0)}$. Using the energy spectrum to determine the density of states it can be shown that $$\\label{eq:NonIntGrandPotential}\n\\Omega^{(0)} = -k_B T Q_1^{(0)} \\frac{1}{2} \\int_0^\\infty \\!\\!\\!\\! {", "\\mathrm{d}}E E^2 \\ln(1+z e^{-E}) ,$$ where $$\\label{eq:NonIntQ1}\nQ_1^{(0)} = 2\\left(\\frac{{\\hbar}\\omega_z}{k_B T}\\right)^3 \\left(\\frac{1}{2\\eta(\\eta+\\xi)} + \\frac{1}{2\\eta(\\eta-\\xi)}\\right).$$ Equations and reduce to the more familiar forms in the limits of no rotation or synthetic magnetic field ($\\xi \\to 0$) and isotropic trapping ($\\eta \\to 1$) [@Liu2010]. ", "The integral in Eq.", "  can be expanded in powers of the fugacity $z$ to obtain the non-interacting virial coefficients .", "\n\nIn the thermodynamic limit, $\\Delta b_2$ is independent of temperature. ", "In the following calculations it is useful to introduce the small parameter $\\tilde{\\omega}={\\hbar}\\omega_z/k_B T$. Expanding the virial coefficients and cluster partition function in the small parameter $\\tilde{\\omega}$ allows us to determine their universality.", "\n\nSince the two-body problem may be separated into relative and center-of-mass coordinates, we can sum over the center-of-mass component $Q_\\text{cm}$ and the relative component independently so that Eq.", "  becomes $$\\label{eq:b2Sums}\n\\Delta b_2 = \\frac{Q_\\text{cm}}{Q_1} \\sum_{E_\\text{rel}} \\left( e^{-E_\\text{rel}\\tilde{\\omega}} - e^{-E_\\text{rel}^{(0)}\\tilde{\\omega}} \\right).$$\n\nIn the case of a rotating gas both $Q_1$ and $Q_\\text{cm}$ are determined from the single particle energy spectrum . ", "Including a factor of 2 to account for the spin states $$\\label{eq:Q1}\nQ_1 = \\frac{2 e^{\\tilde{\\omega} \\left(\\eta + \\xi+\\frac{1}{2}\\right)}}{\\left(e^{\\tilde{\\omega}}-1\\right) \\left(e^{\\eta \\tilde{\\omega}}-e^{\\xi \\tilde{\\omega}}\\right) \\left(e^{\\tilde{\\omega} \\left(\\eta+\\xi\\right)}-1\\right)}$$ and $Q_\\text{cm}=Q_1/2$. In the high temperature limit ($\\tilde{\\omega}\\to 0$) the leading order behavior of Eq.", "  is exactly Eq.", " .", "\n\nThe magnetic field case is more complicated. ", "As in the rotating case the same energy spectrum is used. ", "However, $Q_1$ is obtained by exchanging $\\eta$ and $\\xi$ in Eq.", "  with $\\eta_1$ and $\\xi_1$. Similarly, $Q_\\text{cm}$ is obtained by exchanging $\\eta$ and $\\xi$ with $\\eta_\\text{cm}$ and $\\xi_\\text{cm}$, and omitting the spin-counting factor of 2.", "\n\nTo perform the remaining sums in Eq.", "  we need the eigenenergies of $H_\\text{rel}$. Specifically, the case of $\\eta=\\eta_\\text{rel}=1$, i.e. the relative Hamiltonian is isotropic, is considered. ", "The non-interacting ($a=0$) spectrum is $E_\\text{rel}^{(0)}=2n+3/2$ and the spectrum in the unitary regime ($a\\to\\infty$) is $E_\\text{rel}=2n+1/2$ [@Busch:1998]. ", "For attractive interactions all states are included, but for repulsive interactions the $n=0$ bound state is omitted.", "\n\nFor a rotating trapped gas in the high temperature limit with a large number of particles $$\\begin{aligned}\n{1}\n\\Delta b_2^\\text{att} & = \\frac{1}{4} - \\frac{\\tilde{\\omega}^2}{32} + \\dots \\\\\n\\Delta b_2^\\text{rep} & = -\\frac{1}{4} - \\frac{\\tilde{\\omega}}{4} + \\dots \\end{aligned}$$ and for a trapped gas in a synthetic magnetic field $$\\begin{aligned}\n{1}\n\\Delta b_2^\\text{att} & = \\frac{\\xi _1^2-\\eta _1^2}{4 \\left(\\xi _{\\text{cm}}^2-\\eta _{\\text{cm}}^2\\right)} \n\\nonumber \\\\ \n& + \\frac{\\left( \\xi_1^2 - \\eta_1^2 \\right) \\left(\\eta_1^2 + \\xi_1^2 - \\eta_{\\text{cm}}^2 - \\xi_{\\text{cm}}^2 - \\tfrac{3}{2} \\right) }{48 \\left(\\xi_{\\text{cm}}^2 - \\eta_{\\text{cm}}^2\\right)} \\tilde{\\omega}^2\n+ \\dots \\\\\n\\Delta b_2^\\text{rep} & = -\\frac{\\xi_1^2 - \\eta_1^2}{4 \\left(\\xi_\\text{cm}^2 - \\eta_\\text{cm}^2 \\right)} + \\frac{\\left(\\xi_1^2 - \\eta_1^2 \\right) \\tilde{\\omega}}{4 \\left(\\xi_\\text{cm}^2-\\eta_\\text{cm}^2\\right)} + \\dots\\end{aligned}$$ We are now able to calculate thermodynamic quantities like the total energy and entropy of the gas from the grand potential Eq.", "  [@HuangBook]. ", "To determine the energy and entropy the fugacity $z$ must be calculated first from $N(z)=-{\\partial}\\Omega/{\\partial}\\mu$, which is quadratic in $z$. In the rotating case there is always a single positive root of $N(z)$ and so the fugacity is always physical. ", "In contrast, in the synthetic magnetic field case the roots are non-trivial. ", "Despite the temperature [*regime*]{} relative to the trap ground-state energy being set by $\\tilde{\\omega}$, the temperature decreases as $\\xi_1$ icreases, where $\\xi_1$ parameterizes the synthetic magnetic field. ", "This is due to the restriction of isotropy in the relative coordinate, i.e. $\\eta_\\text{rel}=1$ so that the transverse trapping must change as the magnetic field changes. ", "For the attractive case, in all regimes there is a pole at $\\xi_1=4/\\sqrt{31} \\approx 0.718$. For magnetic field strengths below this there is always one non-negative solution, which is physical. ", "Above this value, we see that for larger $\\tilde{\\omega}$ more critical points appear at $\\xi_1=4/\\sqrt{28} \\approx 0.756$ and $\\xi_1=4/\\sqrt{19} \\approx 0.918$. Specifically, this occurs when $\\tilde{\\omega}>\\left[(820+32\\sqrt{651})/(9N) \\right]^{1/3}$. Between these two critical points there is always one physical solution, but outside these values both solutions are complex. ", "As a result of this behavior, we consider that the virial expansion for the synthetic magnetic field case in the attractive regime is valid for $\\xi_1 \\lesssim 0.75$. This problem is not present for the rotating gas where the parametrization merely restricts $\\xi<1$, which is not an issue because we already expect that when $|\\Omega_z|>\\omega_z$ the gas becomes effectively untrapped. ", "The same calculations can be performed for repulsive interactions to determine where the virial expansion is valid.", "\n\nFor the case of attractive interactions, we plot in Fig.", " \\[fig:EnergyAndEntropy\\] the energy (a,b) and entropy (c,d) per particle of a gas in a harmonic trap, subject to a rotation (a,c) or a synthetic magnetic field (b,d) in the case $\\eta=\\eta_\\text{rel}=1$. Increasing the rotation or the synthetic magnetic field at a given temperature does not significantly affect the total energy of the system. ", "In both cases the rotation and synthetic magnetic field can be viewed as a reparameterization of the transverse trapping frequencies, but at unitarity the interactions still dominate the energy of the system. ", "In contrast, for both systems the entropy increases for larger $\\xi$ (or $\\xi_1$), as more states become accessible to the centre-of-mass because the rotation or synthetic magnetic field couple higher angular momentum states to lower energies. ", "In the case of repulsive interactions, although the details are different, the same calculations can be performed and the results are qualitatively the same; the total energy of the gas is universal, but the entropy increases as rotation frequency or synthetic magnetic field strength is increased.", "\n\n![", "Energy per particle (a), (b) and entropy per particle (c), (d) of a rotating atomic gas and a uniform synthetic magnetic field, respectively, for attractive interactions. ", "Curves are plotted for $\\xi=\\xi_1=0.0 \\, \\, \\text{(solid)}, 0.5 \\, \\, \\text{(dashed)}, 0.75 \\, \\, \\text{(dotted)}$ for both systems and additionally for $\\xi=0.95 \\, \\, \\text{(dot-dashed)}$ for the rotating system (a,c).[]{data-label=\"fig:EnergyAndEntropy\"}](EnergyAndEntropy){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nIn conclusion, we have parameterized the problem of two ultracold atoms in a harmonic trap subject to a rotation or a synthetic magnetic field to retain spherical symmetry in the relative Hamiltonian. ", "When the spherical symmetry is broken, even by a small perturbation, the $s$-wave contact interaction allows many more distinct relative energy states. ", "These energy states appear because the spherical nature of the regularized interactions is incompatible with the cylindrical symmetry of the trap. ", "In the special case of the relative Hamiltonian being isotropic in the unitary limit the total energy in the thermodynamic limit is universal and the entropy is not. ", "This is due to the rotation or synthetic magnetic field coupling higher angular momentum states to lower energy levels and increasing the number of states available to the centre-of-mass of the system in a given energy range. ", "However, in the unitary limit the total energy is dominated by the relative energy, which is determined by the interaction energy, and hence is largely independent of the rotation or synthetic magnetic field.", "\n" ]

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[ "Tag Archives: glass\n\nVisiting a college friend in New Haven, I was warmly welcomed both by her and co-host, Beau. ", "Beau is a Papillon, (note the butterfly-shaped ears): he is also the only dog I know who spurns food. ", "Weight Watchers would find … Continue reading →" ]

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[ "/*\n * Copyright 2010 the original author or authors.", "\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n */\npackage org.awaitility.classes;\n\npublic class Asynch {\n\tprivate final FakeRepository repository;\n\n\tpublic Asynch(FakeRepository repository) {\n\t\tthis.repository = repository;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic void perform() {\n\t\tThread thread = new Thread(new Runnable() {\n\t\t\tpublic void run() {\n\t\t\t\ttry {\n\t\t\t\t\tThread.sleep(600);\n\t\t\t\t\trepository.setValue(1);\n\t\t\t\t} catch (InterruptedException e) {\n\t\t\t\t\tthrow new RuntimeException(e);\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t});\n\t\tthread.start();\n\t}\n}\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow Modify specific object in json subArray sql server\n\nI have json string in sql db as this \n{\n \"MainItem\":{\n \"UserId\":4,\n \"UserName\":\"name\",\n \"CityDetails\":{\n \"CityId\":1,\n \"CityName\":\"egypt\"\n },\n \"ListSubItems\":[\n {\n \"UserId\":2,\n \"UserName\":\"name2\",\n \"FullDescription\":\"\",\n \"ShortDescription\":\"wish\",\n \"CityDetails\":{\n \"CityId\":2,\n \"CityName\":\"us\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"UserId\":3,\n \"UserName\":\"name3\",\n \"FullDescription\":\"\",\n \"ShortDescription\":\"wish\",\n \"CityDetails\":{\n \"CityId\":44,\n \"CityName\":\"sau\"\n }\n }\n ]\n }\n}\n\nyou can parse on https://jsonparseronline.com/ to view json \nI need to update $.MainItem.", "ListSubItems where UserId=3 set UserName ='new name' \nI need update all userid = 3 \nas \nupdate MyTable \n set jsonCol= json_modify(jsonCol, $.MainItem.", "ListSubItems .where userId=3 , userName='new name ')\n\nA:\n\nIf i'm following what you are trying to do, this should work. ", "I don't know how many records are in your table so some tweaking/tuning may be necessary. ", "\nDECLARE @MyTable TABLE\n(\n ID INT IDENTITY (1,1) NOT NULL\n ,JsonCol NVARCHAR(MAX)\n)\n\nINSERT INTO @MyTable\n(\n JsonCol\n)\nVALUES\n(N'{\n \"MainItem\":{\n \"UserId\":4,\n \"UserName\":\"name\",\n \"CityDetails\":{\n \"CityId\":1,\n \"CityName\":\"egypt\"\n },\n \"ListSubItems\":[\n {\n \"UserId\":2,\n \"UserName\":\"name2\",\n \"FullDescription\":\"\",\n \"ShortDescription\":\"wish\",\n \"CityDetails\":{\n \"CityId\":2,\n \"CityName\":\"us\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"UserId\":3,\n \"UserName\":\"name3\",\n \"FullDescription\":\"\",\n \"ShortDescription\":\"wish\",\n \"CityDetails\":{\n \"CityId\":44,\n \"CityName\":\"sau\"\n }\n }\n ]\n }\n}'\n)\n\nUPDATE @MyTable\nSet JsonCol = \n JSON_MODIFY\n (jsonCol\n ,'$.MainItem.", "ListSubItems'\n ,(select \n orig.", "UserId\n ,COALESCE(NewVals.", "UserName, orig.", "UserName) as UserName\n ,orig.", "FullDescription\n ,orig.", "ShortDescription\n ,orig.", "CityDetails\n from OPENJSON(jsonCol, '$.MainItem.", "ListSubItems') \n WITH (\n UserId INT \n ,UserName NVARCHAR(100)\n ,FullDescription NVARCHAR(1000)\n ,ShortDescription NVARCHAR(250)\n ,CityDetails NVARCHAR(MAX) as json\n ) as orig\n left join \n (\n SELECT 3 as UserID, 'new name' as UserName\n ) as NewVals ON orig.", "UserId = NewVals.", "UserID\n FOR JSON AUTO)\n )\n\nSELECT * FROM @MyTable\n\n" ]

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[ "\\documentclass{article}\n\\usepackage[fancyhdr,pdf]{latex2man}\n\n\\input{common.tex}\n\n\\begin{document}\n\n\\begin{Name}{3}{unw\\_destroy\\_addr\\_space}{David Mosberger-Tang}{Programming Library}{unw\\_destroy\\_addr\\_space}unw\\_destroy\\_addr\\_space -- destroy unwind address space\n\\end{Name}\n\n\\section{Synopsis}\n\n\\File{\\#include $<$libunwind.h$>$}\\\\\n\n\\Type{void} \\Func{unw\\_destroy\\_addr\\_space}(\\Type{unw\\_addr\\_space\\_t} \\Var{as});\\\\\n\n\\section{Description}\n\nThe \\Func{unw\\_destroy\\_addr\\_space}() routine destroys the\naddress space specified by argument \\Var{as} and thereby releases\nall associated resources (such as memory).", "\n\nApplications must not destroy the local address space\n\\Var{unw\\_local\\_addr\\_space}. ", " Attempting to do so results in\nundefined behavior (e.g., the application may crash).", "\n\n\\section{See Also}\n\n\\SeeAlso{libunwind(3)},\n\\SeeAlso{unw\\_create\\_addr\\_space(3)}\n\n\\section{Author}\n\n\\noindent\nDavid Mosberger-Tang\\\\\nEmail: \\Email{dmosberger@gmail.com}\\\\\nWWW: \\URL{http://www.nongnu.org/libunwind/}.", "\n\\LatexManEnd\n\n\\end{document}\n" ]

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[ "Le gouvernement français a envoyé à 16h14 une alerte attentat concernant Châtelet à Paris, alerte qui demandait aux riverains de ne pas sortir de chez eux. ", "Finalement, à 16h48, la préfecture de police de Paris mettait fin à l'alerte, expliquant qu'aucun danger n'avait finalement été découvert. ", "La fusillade / prise d'otage dans une église n'était finalement qu'un appel malveillant, qui a provoqué un mouvement de panique.", "\n\nL'application d'alerte du gouvernement français (SAIP) a envoyé à 16h14 ce samedi une alerte attentat concernant le quartier commerçant très fréquenté des Halles à Châtelet, dans le 1er arrondissement à Paris.", "\n\n\n\nSelon les premières informations de la presse française, une prise d'otage dans une église située rue Saint-Denis y était en cours. ", "Deux églises différentes ont été citées, l'église Saint-Marcel ou l'église Saint-Leu Saint-Gilles, ouvertes aujourd'hui dans le cadre des journées du patrimoine. ", "C'est cette dernière qui était visée. ", "Des tweets faisaient également état d'une fusillade dans le quartier, et un journaliste sur place a lui expliqué qu'un mouvement de panique avait eu lieu rue Rambuteau.", "\n\n\n\nUne vaste opération de police a été déclenchée et les policiers de la Brigade de recherche et d'intervention (BRI) se sont rendus sur place. ", "Tout le quartier des Halles a été bouclé. \"", "Des policiers armés sont entrés dans mon immeuble et ressortis\", a raconté à l'AFP un riverain, sous couvert d'anonymat. \"", "Je suis descendu dans la rue, tout était bouclé et des policiers armés étaient postés au coin de l'église, ils nous ont crié de rentrer chez nous\".", "\n\n\n\nFinalement, la préfecture de police de Paris a envoyé ce message à 16h48 pour rassurer la population: \"Fin de l'intervention des forces de l'ordre - Levée de doute effectuée, aucun danger à signaler\".", "\n\n\n\n\n\nDes circonstances floues\n\n\n\nC'est un appel à la police qui serait à l'origine du déclenchement de ce qui s'est donc révélé être une fausse alerte, selon les informations confiées par le responsable de l'église Saint-Leu au journaliste Remy Buisine, en direct sur Periscope. \"", "On nous a dit que la police avait reçu un coup de fil comme quoi il y avait une prise d'otage ici\", ce qui n'était pas le cas. ", "Puis les policiers \"sont arrivés dehors et ont dit à tout le monde rentrez, rentrez\" à l'intérieur de l'église. ", "Ce serait en fait un vigile qui serait à l'origine de l'appel. ", "Il a appelé avec le numéro de la paroisse, d'où la crédibilité de l'appel. ", "Il a cru entendre des coups de feu et aurait immédiatement sécurisé le bâtiment dont il avait la charge.", "\n\n\n\n\"De ce que nous comprenons à ce stade, il y aurait eu un mouvement de foule dans la rue, qui aurait conduit des personnes à se confiner dans l'église et provoqué l'alerte\", a relaté Patrice Latron, directeur du cabinet du préfet de police. ", "A ses côtés, Pierre-Henry Brandet, le porte-parole du ministère de l'Intérieur, a poursuivi: \"à 15H39 les services de police ont reçu un appel faisant état d'une possible prise d'otages en cours à l'église St-Leu\".", "\n\n\n\n\"C'est bien une fausse alerte\", a indiqué le ministre de l'Intérieur français Bernard Cazeneuve dans un communiqué, ajoutant que \"les circonstances qui ont mené à cette intervention restent à déterminer avec précision\". ", "Le système SAIP a été déclenché \"par précaution\", selon le ministre." ]

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[ "Get over 50 fonts, text formatting, optional watermarks and NO adverts! ", "Get your free account now!", "\n\nI've been trying to deal well with frequent seizures - But I've been fantasizing about my MRI showing a tumor so this can all be over.", "\n\nCheck out all our blank memes" ]

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[ "Compliance with soft contact lens replacement schedules and associated contact lens-related ocular complications: the UCLA Contact Lens Study.", "\nFailure to comply with the manufacturers' recommended replacement frequency (MRRF) is expected to result in ocular complications. ", "The goal of this study is to evaluate the empirical relationship between compliance with MRRF and the presence of ocular complications. ", "All soft contact lens-wearing patients who presented at either of 2 clinics were evaluated prospectively for contact lens-related complications and for compliance with MRRF. ", "Compliance with MRRF varies significantly across replacement modality (P < 0.01) and lens solution type (P = 0.04). ", "Among noncompliant patients, average days of overwear beyond MRRF significantly varies across age group (P = 0.02), lens material type (P = 0.01), and lens solution type (P = 0.02). ", "Regression analysis controlling for demographic factors and lens and solution type found a marginally significant (P = 0.07) positive effect of days of overwear on average complications per eye. ", "We find noncompliance broadly present across demographic groups and patient types and marginally positively related to complications." ]

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[ "× Thanks for reading! ", "Log in to continue. ", "Enjoy more articles by logging in or creating a free account. ", "No credit card required. ", "Log in Sign up {{featured_button_text}}\n\nNorth Dakota Highway Patrol troopers working near the Dakota Access Pipeline protests are not wearing name tags, due to concerns about officers being threatened online.", "\n\n\"Early on when the protests were starting, there were numerous incidents of social media posts identifying officers by their name and posting of specific threats towards those officers on social media,\" Lt. ", "Tom Iverson said.", "\n\nIverson said officers also were advised to monitor their social media accounts to make sure they were not providing identifying information for \"someone that would want to do harm to you or your family.\"", "\n\nTroopers were notified by email on Aug. 13 and the change took place the following Monday, he said.", "\n\nThey are still wearing badges with their numbers, which would allow anyone to report an officer who acted badly.", "\n\nIverson said the threatening posts were found through simple keyword searches on social media sites, such as Facebook. ", "He would not share the posts with the Tribune, citing an ongoing criminal investigation.", "\n\n\"It makes no difference what they take off; they're still here,\" said Frank White Bull, a tribal councilman on the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation.", "\n\n-- Bismarck Tribune reporter Lauren Donovan contributed to this article.", "\n\nReach Caroline Grueskin at 701-250-8225 or at caroline.grueskin@bismarcktribune.com\n\nLove 0 Funny 0 Wow 0 Sad 0 Angry 0" ]

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[ "Rikkunshito and ghrelin secretion.", "\nRikkunshito is a kampo herbal medicine which is widely used in Japan for the treatment of the upper gastrointestinal symptoms of patients with functional dyspepsia (FD), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), dyspeptic symptoms of postgastrointestinal surgery patients, and chemotherapy-induced dyspepsia in cancer patients. ", "Recently, very unique characteristics of rikkunshito have been unveiled; oral administration of rikkunshito potentiates orexigenic action of ghrelin through several different mechanisms. ", "In addition, several lines of evidence obtained from both animal and human studies indicate that rikkunshito can be an attractive and promising therapeutic option for the anorectic conditions including cisplatin-induced dyspepsia, anorexia of aging, stress-induced hypophagia, cancer cachexia-anorexia syndrome. ", "In this review, we will highlight what is known about the orexigenic effect of rikkunshito with a special focus on an interaction with ghrelin signaling system." ]

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[ "Caught on Camera: Trooper Hits Bikers\n\nDashcam footage shows brutal collision between Ohio State Highway Patrol trooper and couple on motorcycle. ", "The video shows Trooper Jacob Daymon driving on U.S. 35 east of Dayton on the night of August 17th. ", "Daymon showed no signs of braking and rear-ended Amy and Corey Waldman's motorcycle, tossing the couple over the cruiser. ", "Alison Montoya reports." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nhow to delete key from hash of array reference in perl\n\nI would like to delete a key from a hash of array reference:\nif the \"key\" which I want to delete is 'Test', I tried something like \n$Test = 'Test';\n\nforeach my $k (keys %{$line}) {\n @{$line->{$k}} = grep @{$line->{'$Test'}} !", "= 0, @{$line->{$k}};\n}\n\nBut I could not remove it! ", "Could someone tell me how to remove it?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe perl delete operation does this. ", " See the perlfunc manual:\n\ndelete EXPR\nGiven an expression that specifies a hash element, array element, hash slice, or array slice, deletes the specified element(s) from the hash or array. ", " In the case of an array, if the array elements happen to be at the end, the size of the array will shrink to the highest element that tests true for exists() (or 0 if no such element exists).", "\n\nIt is discussed here:\n\nHow do I completely remove a key/value pair from my hash?", "\n5.3. ", "Deleting from a Hash\nHow should I delete hash elements while iterating?", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHelp with compiz window borders\n\nI tried to make a small change in my Compiz settings, and set off a whole chain of chaos. ", "\nI don't like the application switcher that I had, that switched between whole applications on Alt-tab rather than individual windows. ", "I'm not totally sure whether that was Unity or not, but I used to have one that I really liked, back in Gnome 11.04: I'd hit alt-tab and I could see all my open active windows, alt-tab through them or pick one with the mouse. ", "I keep mucking with my Compiz settings trying to get that back. ", "\nI haven't managed to find it but I did manage to do something to hide or kill all my window borders. ", "I've got windows with no borders, and no way to get minimize/maximize/close buttons. ", "How do I get the borders back?", "\nI think that I did the following: \n\nenable application switcher and try to resolve the conflicts in \"alt-tab\" and \"alt-shift-tab\" in favor of the application switcher (they were in conflict with the unity plugin)\nChange the reveal mode to \"bottom\" from \"left\" -- this caused a conflict with Desktop Wall. ", "I tried to resolve the conflict and was left with Desktop Wall disabled completely.", "\nI've tried turning \"unity grab handles\" on and off. ", "Neither seems to have an impact.", "\n\n(PS. ", "I tried running unity --replace. ", "Didn't help. ", "Is there a way to dump my compiz settings so someone can look at them?)", "\n\nA:\n\nI used the window decoration plugin to restore window borders and minimize/maximize/close buttons. ", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat is the convention when relevant data needs to be stored in a join table?", "\n\nSuppose you have a data model that is something like\nclass Question\n\nhas_and_belongs_to_many :choices\n\nend\n\nNow suppose, on that choices model, there is a position column. ", "What is the best way to access that information without having horrible messy queries / models?", "\nThe beauty of has_and_belongs_to_many is that it keeps things concise and simple. ", "Is there a way to accomplish that, but still have access to my questions_choices.position?", "\n\nA:\n\n\"You should use has_many :through if you need validations, callbacks, or extra attributes on the join model.\"", "\n\nA Guide to Active Record Associations\n\n" ]

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[ "Related Best Sellers\n\nUnique and stylish way to cover the rear fender when converting from the two-up to a solo seat Constructed of marine grade vinyl and backed with felt, it will last for years and not harm your paint job Plain finish, this bib will match your stock, a ...\n\nThis Specbolt 250 piece kit will save you many trips to the dealership for that special OEM fastener needed for all liquid cooled Kawasaki KX 2 Stroke models. ", "This includes KX60 KX65 KX80 KX85 KX100 KX100 Big wheel or Expert KX125 KX250 and KX500. ", "Yo...\n\nThis Specbolt 120 piece kit will save you many trips to the dealership for that special OEM fastener needed for all liquid cooled Kawasaki KX 2 Stroke models. ", "This includes KX60 KX65 KX80 KX85 KX100 KX100 Big wheel or Expert KX125 KX250 and KX500. ", "Yo..." ]

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[ "As professional communicators look at how to connect with the next wave of young adults, they may be surprised to find that social media is not the whole answer. ", "A national study by the child advocacy group Common Sense Media found that 49 percent of respondents ages 13-17 preferred face-to-face communication over texting (33 percent) and social media (7 percent). ", "In fact, more than one in three young people said social media cuts into the time they can spend with friends, and nearly half said they were annoyed when others were checking or updating their online status during face-to-face time. ", "That’s not to say communication platforms such as Facebook are going the way of print newspapers anytime soon. ", "Some 75 percent of the survey’s respondents have profiles on Facebook, Twitter, Google+ or MySpace, and most felt social media helps them stay connected with friends and family. ", "But as someone who has heaved more than a few deep sighs at people who insist social media is, and will be, the go-to tool to communicate, I’m feeling a bit vindicated. ", "Don’t get me wrong: Social media will continue to be a very powerful and effective tool for communicating with key audiences. ", "Those who ignore it do so at their peril. ", "But effective communication means being strategic with its use. ", "I look at the “all social media all the time” mantra the same way I view “let’s put out an email” or “let’s do a brochure.” ", "Communication is all about creating a dialogue that is meaningful and effective with the group you’re trying to reach. ", "If I need to reach out to a group of older retirees, posting something on Twitter isn’t going to be effective. ", "If I need to get employees excited and engaged in a project, they need to see and hear that I’m excited, that management is engaged—and that takes more than a blog post on the intranet. ", "I remain a firm believer in the value of face-to-face communication. ", "I can write an impassioned email on a topic, but until my audience sees that passion in my eyes and has the opportunity to ask me questions, hear my response and perhaps challenge my perspective, I’m not really engaging in communication, i.e., a two-way, interactive relationship. ", "Regardless of the tool you use, that’s the foundation of true communication." ]

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[ "For those who believe that America's physicians contribute to the country's spiraling healthcare costs by demanding more—more unnecessary tests, more expensive prescriptions, more complex treatment regimens—change is on the way. ", "Increasingly aware and concerned about the growing cost of healthcare, for the first time a majority of physicians show an increased willingness to consider the cost implications of the products they use. ", "They recognize a pressing need to adjust their clinical practices to accommodate healthcare cost considerations. ", "As the shift in attitude gathers momentum, it promises to have a profound impact on the approach to managing healthcare costs in the US. ", "A Bain & Company survey captures the rising tide of change currently under way in physician behavior and highlights how these shifts will fundamentally transform the way healthcare companies conduct business.", "\n\nOf all the changes sweeping across healthcare in the US, perhaps the least documented—but potentially most direct—factor likely to help reduce healthcare costs in the future is this shift in physician behavior. ", "To capture the trend, we surveyed more than 500 physicians from across the nation, including primary care physicians, surgeons and other specialists. ", "Respondents included physicians with varying years of experience, ranging from just five years to more than 40 years. ", "The sample represented a balance in factors such as geography, practice type and physician payment method. ", "The survey included diverse physicians' organizations, including multi-specialty and single-specialty group practices, health systems and hospitals of all sizes and types—including physician-owned hospitals, academic medical centers, ambulatory surgery centers and specialty hospitals.", "\n\nRegardless of demographics, physicians sent an unequivocal message: increasingly, America's doctors are ready to adjust their clinical practices to accommodate economic considerations. ", "They display greater price sensitivity to the products they use and are aware of procedure costs to patients and providers. ", "More likely to align with hospitals than ever before, physicians expect they will increasingly respond to rather than resist initiatives such as incentives to decrease utilization; measures to promote preventive care; limits on the practice of \"defensive\" medicine; and the application of generally accepted clinical treatment protocols. ", "How quickly more physicians move down that path will depend on payers and hospital providers. ", "They can set the pace, ideally with active and thoughtful engagement of physicians, by developing the right approaches that will align incentives to reduce the total cost of care.", "\n\nSignificant changes in physician behavior\n\nSuch fundamental shifts create both challenges and opportunities for the healthcare industry. ", "They are also a wake-up call for those who cling to the belief that these changes are temporary and physician habits—for example, buying behavior for new drugs and devices—will revert to the old ways. ", "Straddling nearly a decade of perceptions, the survey shows that physicians are not just reacting to the recession or months of recent debate on healthcare reform. ", "These findings represent systemic change rather than a reactive distortion.", "\n\nWe believe these changes in physician behavior are so significant, they represent a tipping point. ", "They will require stakeholders across the healthcare value chain to react in substantial ways, perhaps, in many cases, redefining their business models. ", "By identifying these emerging attitudes and understanding their implications, leaders can get ahead of the changes and create new sources of value in their respective sectors.", "\n\nIn this section, we take a detailed look at the survey findings and discuss the implications for stakeholders in the healthcare ecosystem. ", "Next, we share some \"no-regret\" actions that can help healthcare companies tap into the opportunity—and calibrate their business models to get the most out of changing physician behavior.", "\n\nPhysicians increasingly see controlling costs as part of their job\n\nCurrently, the reimbursement system for products and procedures creates a barrier between the cost and efficacy of care. ", "Physicians are thus able to focus on providing the most effective care for patients, but that is often done regardless of cost. ", "In the past, physicians functioned with the entrenched belief that managing costs was the responsibility of payers. ", "But in recent years, physicians have begun to consider the cost-effectiveness of a treatment in addition to its efficacy when making healthcare choices.", "\n\nThe Bain survey shows that more than 80 percent of physicians \"agree\" or \"strongly agree\" that they consider bringing healthcare costs under control as part of their responsibility. ", "That was a consistent finding across the board, regardless of demographics such as age, practice type, geography or specialty. ", "Driven in part by the highly visible national debate on healthcare costs and in part by physicians' increasing alignment with providers, the new attitude marks a significant shift from the past. ", "Increasingly, America's doctors want to embrace the opportunity and play a leading role in reducing healthcare costs.", "\n\nWhile some physicians are further along than others, even the least cost-conscious physicians expect costs to wield a much greater influence on their actions over the next two years. ", "Nearly 70 percent of these \"cost-insensitive\" physicians, already in the minority, respond that cost will have more influence on their decisions in two years' time. ", "In addition, physicians who are already relatively cost conscious state they will be even more conscious about costs in the future.", "\n\nThe implications are significant. ", "Pharma and medtech companies must develop and commercialize products with a focus on proving significant differentiation versus standard of care, keeping a keen eye on delivering products with clear health economic value. ", "Payers and providers can expect more physicians to work in collaboration with them on initiatives that bring down the cost of care.", "\n\nHelping these trends is the growing alignment of incentives. ", "Today, physicians can directly contribute to improved practice and hospital profitability by reducing the cost of consumables (medical devices and products) and decreasing inpatient lengths of stay (or using outpatient sites of care). ", "Both approaches result in improved profitability for providers and can contribute to lower system costs overall. ", "While the fee-for-service model has not provided physicians with incentives to drive preventive care, decrease system utilization, limit the practice of \"defensive\" medicine or curtail overuse of medical procedures, the changing attitudes, combined with the potential for payment reform, are priming the market for change. ", "For example, much of today's healthcare debate focuses on structural solutions such as accountable care organizations (ACOs), medical homes and integrated delivery networks. ", "While these are early days in this \"final frontier\" of fully aligned incentives, our survey data reinforces that the physician community may respond more quickly to such approaches than ever before.", "\n\nFor players in the healthcare industry, the message is clear: physicians may no longer be the barriers to change that they have been accused of being in the past. ", "Each part of the healthcare value chain needs to reevaluate its value proposition and ensure long-term alignment with clinical innovation and cost management.", "\n\nPhysicians demand more before trying new drugs or devices\n\nIn the past, product improvement was synonymous with innovation. ", "Physicians wholeheartedly embraced most new products with the belief that the more current a drug or device, the superior the product. ", "Physicians focused on bringing the latest—and therefore, the greatest—drugs and devices to their patients.", "\n\nIn contrast, physicians are now looking at new products with increasing skepticism. ", "More than 50 percent of physicians say the \"burden of proof\" for trying new products is now higher than ever. ", "One private practice family doctor we interviewed admitted, \"Physicians have become jaded with pharma companies and the new drugs they want us to use. ", "There are a lot of me-too drugs out there that offer minimal benefits.\" ", "A pediatrician added, \"The more experience you have, the more skeptical you are. ", "Physicians are aware of the pressures of the industry where everyone is trying to push the newest product.\"", "\n\nIn further support of this trend, our analysis points to a significant number of physicians who are less likely to try new products than in the past. ", "Approximately 25 percent of physicians say that they are less likely to try new products as soon as they become available compared with five to 10 years ago.", "\n\nThis wariness about using new products has increased for several reasons. ", "While physicians cite payer restrictions as one of several barriers to using new products, importantly, a range of individual motivations are also at play. ", "First, doctors express a high level of overall satisfaction with the drugs and devices currently available. ", "In fact, the biggest unmet need they perceive in both drugs and devices is cost-effectiveness. ", "Second, physicians express concern about the long-term safety profile of new drugs and devices. ", "Perhaps influenced by a number of recent high-profile product recalls and greater regulatory scrutiny overall, physicians no longer feel \"new\" axiomatically implies \"improved.\"", "\n\nIn addition, only 50 percent believe that new drugs generally offer valuable benefits and only 30 percent believe that they actually offer sufficient value. ", "In the case of devices, the lack of differentiation between some brands further influences physicians' unwillingness to try newer products. ", "In short, physicians are increasingly joining the calls of payers and demanding clear evidence of clinical differentiation and economic value before they use new drugs or devices.", "\n\nPhysicians are comfortable with more standardized care\n\nThe era of the fiercely independent physician is waning. ", "Most physicians in our survey believe that care should be more standardized than it is today. ", "Moreover, an interest in standardized care is correlated with a focus on cost management—suggesting that the two issues are increasingly linked in the minds of physicians. ", "A number of recent studies1 address this relationship in detail. ", "Our data describe the underlying reason why physicians may now be predisposed to change their clinical practice to manage costs. ", "Nearly 75 percent of \"cost-conscious\" physicians believe care should be more standardized versus less than 50 percent of \"cost-insensitive\" physicians. ", "It appears that those physicians who advocate most strongly for standardization see it as an effective way to address healthcare costs.", "\n\nThe survey also shows that physicians adhere to clinical guidelines more today than ever before. ", "The average number of patients for whom guidelines were applied rose from a third five years ago to nearly half today, and that number is expected to increase further two years from now. ", "Younger hospital-employed specialists tend to apply guidelines the most: physicians with less than 15 years of experience say they refer to practice guidelines for more than 60 percent of their patients. ", "The survey projects that across all physician segments, guideline usage will increase over the next two years. ", "Says a primary care physician at a private practice: \"There are so many treatments out there that are ineffective or downright harmful. ", "By using treatment guidelines you feel more secure that you are doing something 'tried and true' and not responding to advertising.\"", "\n\nThe growing acceptance of more standardized care combined with enabling technology such as electronic access to guidelines promises to generate a virtuous cycle. ", "Doctors visit online resources like UpToDate, ModernMedicine, MDLinx and Epocrates in large numbers. ", "UpToDate currently reports more than 400,000 users. ", "Hospitals are also pushing standardization, often by incorporating \"checklists\" into the software physicians are required to use. ", "Our survey shows that while only a limited number of physicians worked with hospital-enforced checklists five years ago, by 2012, this number may exceed 50 percent.", "\n\nIn response to declining practice economics and a growing administrative burden, private practice physicians are increasingly turning to employment in hospitals or larger practices. ", "When asked how likely they were to switch practice type, almost 25 percent of private practice physicians said they \"are somewhat likely\" or \"extremely likely\" to change practice types in the next five years. ", "Nearly two-thirds of these physicians indicated they would be likely to move to a hospital or health system.", "\n\nIn response to why they would switch practices, most respondents cite the drop in reimbursement rates coupled with rising costs. ", "Three quarters claim the autonomy of running their own practice would no longer be worth the associated economic pressures. ", "These trends have had a dramatic impact on a number of specialties. ", "For example, says a cardiologist, \"Most cardiology practices have experienced dramatically reduced reimbursement rates and a vast majority of cardiologists have moved to hospital employment.\"", "\n\nAs physicians become employed or aligned with more integrated systems, we see a reallocation of decision roles in the healthcare landscape. ", "In the US, increasingly, both clinicians and administrators will influence decisions on which guidelines to follow, which drugs to prescribe or which medical technology to use. ", "Five years ago, almost 40 percent of the physicians surveyed felt they had complete discretion over all medical supply and device decisions; fewer than one in five feel they will have the same control two years from today.", "\n\nIn recent years, this transition led to an \"us-versus-them\" mentality between clinicians and hospital administrators. ", "But in reality, the most sophisticated buyers have developed truly collaborative approaches where both clinical and economic considerations are weighed and evaluated by value analysis teams (VATs) comprised of physicians and procurement professionals. ", "When done well, this approach can lead to better informed health economic decisions, strong alignment between clinicians and administrators, and improved economics for all stakeholders.", "\n\nTaking \"no-regret\" actions\n\nChanges in physician behavior of this magnitude are likely to rearrange the healthcare landscape in significant ways. ", "For pharma and medtech companies, the change in physician attitudes will require engagement with stakeholders—such as CFOs and procurement professionals—beyond their historical physician base. ", "Manufacturers will need to focus increasingly on new product innovations that either offer true clinical differentiation or demonstrably improve the overall cost of care.", "\n\nWith a market primed with physicians more ready to accommodate change, payers and providers must determine how best to align incentives and reduce overall system costs. ", "Physicians must maintain sufficient independence to exercise appropriate clinical judgment while being rewarded for new models of care management and longer-term patient outcomes. ", "This study demonstrates their willingness to adapt to approaches focused on cost management.", "\n\nOver the next two years, physicians expect a fivefold increase in the prevalence of electronic access to clinical treatment guidelines, nearly an eightfold increase in pay-for-performance programs and approximately one third expect they will participate in a medical home or ACO model. ", "A majority of physicians endorse the need for comparative effectiveness research and believe electronic access to guidelines will improve the quality of healthcare.", "\n\nEach such insight represents opportunity. ", "Different stakeholders in healthcare will react differently based on how slowly or quickly they see these changes in attitude gather momentum. ", "Let's consider some concrete actions companies can take.", "\n\nManufacturers (pharmaceuticals, diagnostics and medical technology)\n\nSelling products in this new environment will require a fundamentally different business model for manufacturers of pharmaceuticals, medical products, diagnostics and medical devices. ", "Increasing recognition that \"new\" is not equivalent to \"clinically differentiated\" raises the bar for innovators. ", "Next-generation products with incremental improvements will no longer command a premium in the market; instead, they will find themselves competing with prior-generation products or other low-cost substitutes. ", "Given that the existing R&D pipelines of many manufacturers consist of products that don't meet the \"differentiated\" hurdle, many pharma and medtech companies will need to cull such products from their portfolio to improve the returns on their investment in R&D.\n\nFor example, in surgical endo-mechanical instruments, an entire industry has sprung up to recycle single-use surgical instruments. ", "These \"reprocessors\" such as Ascent (now owned by Stryker), SterilMed and others tap into the current market demand for \"good enough\" products, in which the latest features are often traded off for lower prices. ", "Moreover, companies like GE find that \"de-engineering\" products such as ultrasound machines or ECG devices not only helps penetration in emerging markets but also opens up new opportunities for expansion in developed markets. ", "In some product categories, medtech products stripped of little-used features can help defend share of wallet, serve a broader range of customers and sometimes even expand profit pools.", "\n\nDue to these shifts, in some ways the definition of \"innovation\" is expanding. ", "In addition to delivering true clinical differentiation and improved patient outcomes, innovation will increasingly include products that improve care economics: products that may not have differential clinical impact, but improve efficiency and reduce total costs. ", "This new approach to innovation will require more collaborative engagement with both payers and providers. ", "Manufacturers will need to understand their customer's processes and work flows better and deliver programs that focus on the metrics payers and providers deem most relevant. ", "They will need to build product pipelines influenced by an increasingly broad range of inputs, including clinical, administrative and economic considerations. ", "Ultimately, manufacturers will be compelled to self-fund comparative effectiveness studies to demonstrate the economic superiority of their products.", "\n\nThe commercialization of products will also depend on a broader set of skills beyond those in predominant use today. ", "The ability to communicate both clinical and economic impact will only increase in significance and will involve engagement with physicians and administrators. ", "Sales reps will continue to play a meaningful role, but they will be supplemented by account managers who understand their customers' profit and loss situation and can engage procurement professionals and service-line leaders in a more comprehensive discussion.", "\n\nPayers\n\nOur research highlights an opportunity for payers to work in partnership with physicians to restructure the payment system and align incentives with high-quality, cost-effective care. ", "Now, more than ever before, physicians expect payment reform, and will become increasingly amenable to new incentive and risk arrangements.", "\n\nFor example, to arrest spiraling medical costs, Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts (BCBSMA) developed the Alternative Quality Contract (AQC). ", "Under the terms of the five-year contract, providers receive a global monthly budget per patient and are allowed to keep the savings if care costs less than this amount; they share the risk if care costs more. ", "They can also earn substantial bonuses for exceeding process and outcome quality standards. ", "Incentives encourage eliminating wasteful care while robust performance measures create accountability for quality and safety. ", "Payers also provide individual physicians with information on their practice patterns relative to others, arming them with data that can help them rethink choices in the context of quality and cost and help successfully manage the risk.", "\n\nIn the future, expect more payers to invest in such change. ", "A good starting point: developing tools and support that allow providers to deliver more cost-effective care and track their performance. ", "These might include member-specific care alerts and the provision of care guidelines that are integrated into physicians' work flows.", "\n\nThe growing acceptance of guidelines by physicians allows physicians, providers and payers to press ahead on standardizing care based on evidence. ", "By investing in comparative effectiveness research and partnering with providers in their network, payers can develop a strong set of guidelines with support from physicians who will use them. ", "BCBSMA found that physicians became \"passionate\" frontline champions against clinical waste when they saw clinically and specialty-specific data on how practice patterns could vary. ", "By transparently revealing the wide variations between doctors in treatment components—lab tests, office visits, pharmacies—for a host of conditions like hypertension, arthritis, depression and skin inflammation, BCBSMA quickly and effectively proved its case for standardized guidelines.", "\n\nFinally, as they rethink their business models, payers can consider opportunities that assume a more collaborative relationship with physicians. ", "For example, payers can aspire to emerge as the trusted source for patients' clinical and lifestyle information needs. ", "With physicians backing their efforts, payers can also provide better tools to patients to manage their health; create more sophisticated informatics and decision support systems for providers to improve care and reduce costs; and even create the infrastructure for provider teaming, ACOs and other coordinated care models.", "\n\nProviders\n\nWith more physicians giving up private practice to join hospitals and health systems, providers can build more captive referral networks and better align incentives, and at the same time redesign care in a coordinated way. ", "A consortium of top medical centers in the US—including the Cleveland Clinic, Dartmouth-Hitchcock, Denver Health, Geisinger Health System, Intermountain Healthcare and Mayo Clinic—plan to share data with one another in an effort to lower costs and improve the delivery of care in specific areas of focus, such as knee replacement procedures. ", "More than 300,000 total knee replacements take place every year in the US, but the costs vary across the country from $16,000 to $24,000 per surgery. ", "The project focuses on identifying best practices in eight conditions that show a wide variance in the cost of treatment and the quality of outcomes across the country.", "\n\nAs physicians show a growing willingness to embrace new healthcare models, providers can collaborate with payers to restructure the payment system. ", "That will not be easy—provider revenue models will be altered, risk management capabilities developed and reinforcing compensation structures created. ", "But this effort has the potential to realign incentives in a way that can truly enable effective and efficient delivery of care. ", "Providers can then harness the trends we now see among physicians and empower them to rethink delivery of care. ", "They can do this effectively by developing strong practice guidelines and protocols—grounded in compelling, evidence-based information and cost data—and provide the tools and incentives to ensure broad use.", "\n\nPreparing for change\n\nOf course, it would be a mistake to imagine that all these changes in physician attitudes will resolve all of the industry's cost and quality challenges. ", "In addition to cost-consciousness, the survey surfaced some disquieting trends, too. ", "About 40 percent of physicians voice the concern that cost pressures force them to make decisions that are not always aligned with the best patient care. ", "These physicians fret that in two years more than 50 percent of their patients might not get the best care due to cost-cutting. ", "The two areas physicians are most concerned about: restrictions on their ability to prescribe the best drugs or treatments and limits to their use of necessary tests and diagnostic methods.", "\n\nOver the next two years, physicians predict that cost will play a great role in all care decisions across the board: prescription drugs, devices, diagnoses, procedures and referrals. ", "That shift will require action from companies throughout the healthcare value chain. ", "These changes spell opportunity, but they also imply responsibility. ", "Increasingly, as physicians shift their focus on costs, the onus of finding the balance on ensuring quality care will also get reallocated across the industry.", "\n\nIt's our belief that the shift in physician attitudes will enable substantial change in the healthcare industry. ", "Ignoring the shifts or betting on too slow a pace of transformation will steer companies into a dangerous place: they risk being swept away by disruptive forces. ", "Instead, leading companies can take charge of the future by embracing change. ", "They can review their current model through the lens of evolving physician attitudes and identify practical approaches that will deliver results as trends gather even more momentum. ", "By getting ahead of the swell, they can position themselves for success now as well as in the future.", "\n\nChuck Farkas is a partner with Bain & Company and a leader in the firm's Healthcare practice. ", "Tim van Biesen is a partner with Bain & Company and leads Bain's Healthcare practice in the Americas." ]

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[ "1. ", "Introduction {#sec1}\n===============\n\nIsoliquiritigenin (ISL) is a flavonoid compound from *Glycyrrhiza glabra*, the licorice plant of the traditional Chinese herb \\[[@B1]\\]. ", "Studies have shown that isoliquiritigenin has a variety of activities such as anticancer \\[[@B2]\\], antibacterial \\[[@B3]\\], antivirus \\[[@B4]\\], antiasthma \\[[@B5]\\], anti-inflammatory \\[[@B6]\\], antidiabetic \\[[@B7]\\], and antioxidant activities \\[[@B8]\\]. ", "Furthermore, ISL could reduce low-density lipid (LDL) via antioxidant activity \\[[@B9]\\]. ", "In addition, ISL has been shown to inhibit the proliferation and induce the apoptosis of tumor cells \\[[@B10]--[@B13]\\].", "\n\nVascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play an important role to maintain vascular tension and basic physiological functions in tunica media. ", "In the development of atherosclerosis, VSMCs can transform to dedifferentiated phenotype after intimae damage and have increased the ability of proliferation and migration \\[[@B14]\\]. ", "The phenotype change of VSMCs participates in the process of plaque forming and atherosclerosis acceleration \\[[@B15]\\]. ", "However, whether ISL could suppress the proliferation of VSMCs remains obscure.", "\n\nAs an important second messenger, Ca^2+^ is controlled by different types of Ca^2+^ channels and transporters in the membrane of VSMCs. ", "Among them, store-operated channels (SOCs) can activate the transcription of early response genes and affect the proliferation, migration, and synthesis of excessive extracellular matrix \\[[@B16]\\]. ", "Transient receptor potential canonical 5 (TRPC5) channel is a representative of SOCs mainly localized in VSMCs and is activated by IP~3~ (inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate) to induce slow and continuous calcium influx \\[[@B17]\\]. ", "Interestingly, a recent study reported that ISL induced vasodilation by activating Ca^2+^-activated K^+^ channels in VSMCs \\[[@B18]\\]. ", "Therefore, we hypothesized that ISL may modulate the TRPC5 channel to regulate the proliferation of VSMCs. ", "In this study, we used the apolipoprotein *E* (ApoE) model and angiotensin II- (Ang II-) induced VSMCs model to elucidate the pharmacological mechanism of ISL to inhibit atherosclerosis.", "\n\n2. ", "Materials and Methods {#sec2}\n========================\n\n2.1. ", "Animal Model {#sec2.1}\n-----------------\n\nAll animal experiments were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Binzhou Medical University. ", "C57BL/6J mice and ApoE knockout C57BL mice (male, 6-week-old) were purchased from the Laboratory Animal Center of Peking University (Beijing, China). ", "The mice were bred and maintained in barrier facilities at 24°C--26°C with 12 h light/12 h dark cycle. ", "All mice were treated following the Chinese Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. ", "ApoE^−/−^ mice were randomly divided into 2 groups (*n* = 20): model group and ISL group, and fed with a regular chow diet (21% fat + 0.15% cholesterol). ", "ISL group mice were lavaged with ISL (20 mg/Kg/d). ", "C57BL/6J mice were chosen to be the control group (*n* = 20), which were fed ordinary food. ", "All the mice were killed by euthanasia after 12 weeks.", "\n\n2.2. ", "Reagents {#sec2.2}\n-------------\n\nISL (MB2209, Dalian, China) was purchased from Melone and dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to make a stock solution of 0.25 mol/l. Then, it was diluted to the final concentrations in a culture medium, and DMSO final concentration was \\<0.1% (v/v) to avoid its toxic effect on the growth of cells. ", "Primary antibodies for TRPC5 and MOMA-2 were from Abcam, *α*-SMA antibody was from Bioss (China), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) antibody was from Affinity, and GAPDH antibody was from Epitomics.", "\n\n2.3. ", "Blood Lipid Analysis {#sec2.3}\n-------------------------\n\nThe retro-orbital plexus method was used to obtain blood samples. ", "Serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured by using commercial enzymatic methods with the kits on RX-30 device (Nihon Denshi, Tokyo, Japan).", "\n\n2.4. ", "Histology and Morphometric Analyses {#sec2.4}\n----------------------------------------\n\nThe aortic roots were collected and stored at −80°C. ", "Samples were sliced into 25 sections (10 *μ*m thick). ", "The sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and plaque area (PA), luminal area (LA), and the percentage of corrected plaque area (PA/LA) were measured using Image-Pro Plus software. ", "In addition, the sections were subjected to immunohistochemical (IHC) staining with TRPC5 and integrated option density (IOD) of TRPC5 staining was measured using Image-Pro Plus software.", "\n\n2.5. ", "Cell Culture {#sec2.5}\n-----------------\n\nVSMCs were isolated from C57BL/6J mice thoracic aorta as described (Rodriguez et al., ", "2007). ", "Cells were cultured in Dulbecco\\'s modified Eagle\\'s medium (DMEM)/high glucose (HyClone, USA) supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco, USA) in a humid atmosphere with 5% CO~2~ at 37°C. ", "VSMCs were characterized by *α*-actin immunocytochemistry assay (Bioss, Beijing, China). ", "Cells from generations 4--9 were used for the experiments. ", "VSMCs were divided into 5 groups: control group (treated with 2% FBS), Ang II 10^−6^ mol/l group (treated with angiotensin II at 10^−6^ mol/l), Ang II 10^−6^ mol/*l* + 10 *μ*mol/l ISL group, Ang II 10^−6^ mol/*l* + 20 *μ*mol/l ISL group, Ang II 10^−6^ mol/*l* + 40 *μ*mol/l ISL group, and Ang II 10^−6^ mol/*l* + 60 *μ*mol/l ISL group.", "\n\n2.6. ", "Cell Proliferation Assay {#sec2.6}\n-----------------------------\n\nVSMCs were seeded at 2,000 cells/well in 96-well plates overnight. ", "After the treatment, cells were incubated with 10 *µ*l/ml CCK8 for 4 h, and then the absorbance at 450 nm was measured using a reader.", "\n\n2.7. ", "PCR {#sec2.7}\n--------\n\nTotal RNA was extracted from aorta using Trizol. ", "Real-time PCR was performed using SYBR Green on a Rotor-Gene 3000 Run StepOnePlus^™^ Real-Time PCR System (Corbett, Australia). ", "The sequences of primers were as follows: TRPC5, forward 5′-ACAAAAAGGTCAACTACTCACCG-3′, reverse 5′-CAGTGGCATAGTCCCCCTTCT-3′; GAPDH, forward 5′-AACTGCTTAGCACCCCTGGC-3′, reverse 5′-ATGACCTTGCCCACACAGCCTT-3′. Quantitative measurements were determined using the ΔΔCt method and GAPDH was used as an internal control.", "\n\n2.8. ", "Western Blot Analysis {#sec2.8}\n--------------------------\n\nProteins were extracted and 40 *μ*g from lysates per lane was loaded on a 10% SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis gel and then electrophoresed and transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes. ", "The membranes were blotted with specific antibodies against TRPC5, PCNA, and GAPDH at 4°C overnight and then incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody for 1 h. Immunoreactivity was detected by using the enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) method. ", "Protein content was calculated by densitometry using LabWorks software.", "\n\n2.9. ", "Statistical Analysis {#sec2.9}\n-------------------------\n\nAll data are presented as mean ± SD and analyzed by SPSS 13.0 software. ", "For comparison among groups, one-way ANOVA was applied, followed by LSD test. *", "P* \\< 0.05 was regarded as significant.", "\n\n3. ", "Results {#sec3}\n==========\n\n3.1. ", "ISL Improved the Health Condition in ApoE^−/−^ Mice {#sec3.1}\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe general condition of the control group was the best in all mice. ", "ApoE^−/−^ mice in the AS model group showed the lowest growth and the weight increased faster (Figures [1(a)](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [1(b)](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Compared to the AS model group, ApoE^−/−^ mice in the ISL group had better body mass index (BMI) at 12--18 weeks ([Figure 1(c)](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, *P* \\< 0.05).", "\n\n3.2. ", "ISL Improved Blood Lipids and Atherosclerosis Lesion in ApoE^−/−^ Mice {#sec3.2}\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nHE staining indicated that the atherosclerosis model group had unstable plaques which were diffusing all the lumen of aortas, but they were improved in the ISL group ([Figure 2(a)](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Serum levels of TC, TG, and LDL-C were the highest while HDL-C level was the lowest in atherosclerosis model group. ", "TC, TG, and LDL-C levels significantly declined and the HDL-C level increased in the ISL group compared with the model group ([Figure 2(b)](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The aortic intima of the model group was thickened, and plaque formation, significant luminal stenosis, more lipid pools, and meager fibrous caps within plaques were observed in the model group. ", "In contrast, these lesions were slight, plaque areas were small, lipid pools were thin, and fewer foam cells and inflammatory cells were found in the ISL group, and plaque area was reduced (Figures [2(c)](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}--[2(e)](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n3.3. ", "ISL Inhibited TRPC5 Expression in Atherosclerosis Model Mice {#sec3.3}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nImmunohistochemical analysis showed that TRPC5 was located both in tunica media and in VSMCs which migrated into artery intima (Figures [3(a)](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [3(b)](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "TRPC5 staining was significantly stronger in the model group compared to the control group but was significantly weaker in the ISL group compared to the model group ([Figure 3(c)](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "PCR analysis confirmed that the relative TRPC5 mRNA level was significantly higher in the model group compared to the control group but was significantly lower in the ISL group compared to the model group ([Figure 3(d)](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n3.4. ", "ISL Inhibited Ang II-Induced Proliferation of VSMCs {#sec3.4}\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe isolated VSMCs from C57BL/6J mice aorta and immunocytochemistry confirmed the identification of VSMCs ([Figure 4(a)](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "CCK8 assay showed that VSMCs proliferation was activated by angiotensin II. ", "However, Ang II-stimulated VSMCs proliferation was inhibited by ISL in a concentration-dependent manner ([Figure 4(b)](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n3.5. ", "ISL Inhibited TRPC5 and PCNA Expression in Ang II-Stimulated VSMCs {#sec3.5}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nReal-time PCR showed that Ang II significantly induced the expression of TRPC5 mRNA in VSMCs, but ISL reduced Ang II-stimulated TRPC5 mRNA expression ([Figure 5(a)](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Western blot analysis showed that Ang II significantly induced the expression of TRPC5 protein in VSMCs, but ISL reduced Ang II-stimulated TRPC5 protein expression (Figures [5(b)](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [5(c)](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In addition, Ang II significantly induced the expression of PCNA protein in VSMCs, but ISL reduced Ang II-stimulated PCNA protein expression ([Figure 5(d)](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n4. ", "Discussion {#sec4}\n=============\n\n*Glycyrrhiza glabra* (Licorice) is a traditional medicinal herb widely used with many pharmaceutical effects \\[[@B19]\\]. ", "ISL is a flavonoid compound isolated from this plant and has a variety of activities \\[[@B20]\\]. ", "However, the pharmaceutic effects of ISL on atherosclerosis have not been explored. ", "Therefore, in this study, we chose ApoE knockout mice as an atherosclerosis model to investigate the anti-atherosclerosis effects of ISL.", "\n\nIn the present study, we found that ISL could regulate blood lipids of ApoE^−/−^ mice. ", "A previous study showed that licorice flavonoid oil could regulate the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes to ameliorate hyperlipidemia of C57BL/6J mice \\[[@B21]\\]. ", "Our results showed that ISL significantly improved the weight and blood lipids in ApoE^−/−^ mice fed with a high-fat diet. ", "Furthermore, ISL could inhibit TRPC5 expression not only in high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis model but also in primary VSMCs stimulated by angiotensin II.", "\n\nIt is known that phenotype changes in VSMCs promote the formation of atherosclerosis \\[[@B22], [@B23]\\]. ", "Proliferation and migration of VSMCs are critical for plaque formation and atherosclerosis development. ", "TRPC5 is the main subtype of store-operated channels in the aorta and can be activated by inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3), leading to continuous calcium influx \\[[@B17]\\]. ", "TRPC5 could regulate the function of VSMCs \\[[@B24], [@B25]\\]. ", "Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), a risk factor accelerating atherosclerosis, was found to promote VSMCs proliferation and migration, and TRPC5 channels were sensitive to antioxidant \\[[@B26]\\]. ", "In ApoE^−/−^ mice, blood lipid deposits on the aorta intima increased ox-LDL to stimulate TRPC5 overexpression. ", "In vitro, angiotensin II induced VSMCs proliferation, and internal Ca^2+^ could stimulate TRPC5 channels directly \\[[@B27]\\]. ", "In our present study, we found that ISL significantly downregulated TRPC5 and PCNA expression in a dose-dependent manner. ", "Thus, we speculate that ISL may inhibit VSMCs proliferation by downregulating TRPC5. ", "However, our study has limitations in that we did not further investigate the signaling pathways which may be responsible for mediating the inhibitory effects of ISL on TRPC5 expression.", "\n\nInterestingly, it was reported that ISL could inhibit NF-*κ*B and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signal pathways \\[[@B28]\\]. ", "It has been confirmed that the activation of NF-*κ*B and MAPK pathways accelerates the atherosclerosis process and promotes VSMCs proliferation and migration \\[[@B29]\\]. ", "Oxidative stress and calcium influx may also affect TRPC5 expression. ", "Therefore, further studies are needed to reveal the mechanisms by which ISL modulates TRPC5 expression and inhibits atherosclerosis.", "\n\nIn conclusion, we demonstrate that ISL inhibits TRPC5 overexpression not only in a high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis mouse model but also in primary VSMCs stimulated by angiotensin II. ", "Furthermore, ISL improved atherosclerosis in the mouse model and inhibited the proliferation of primary VSMCs. ", "These findings provide novel insight into the pharmacological effects of ISL on atherosclerosis and suggest that ISL is beneficial for cardiovascular protection.", "\n\nThe present study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. ", "81401625) and the Initial Foundation of Binzhou Medical University (BY2009KYQD05).", "\n\nData Availability\n=================\n\nAll data are available upon request from the corresponding authors.", "\n\nConflicts of Interest\n=====================\n\nThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.", "\n\nAuthors\\' Contributions\n=======================\n\nJie Qi and Jianguo Cui contributed equally to this work.", "\n\n{#fig1}\n\n{#fig2}\n\n{#fig3}\n\n{#fig4}\n\n{#fig5}\n\n[^1]: Guest Editor: Annalisa Noce\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Dance All Night (Jessica Wright song)\n\n\"Dance All Night\" is the debut single by British singer and reality television star Jess Wright. ", "The song was produced by Christian Davies, Steve Cocky and Lee Butler, and released in the United Kingdom on All Around the World as a digital download on 16 September 2012. ", "The song entered the UK Singles Chart at number 36.", "\n\nMusic video\nA music video to accompany the release of \"Dance All Night\" was first released onto YouTube on 20 June 2012 at a total length of three minutes and twenty-one seconds.", "\n\nTrack listing\n\nChart performance\n\nRelease history\n\nCredits and personnel\nCairon Bell - Composer\nLee Butler - Composer, Producer, A&R\nCab @ AllStar - Assistant Engineer\nSteve Cocky - Composer, Producer, Vocal Engineer, A&R\nChristian Davies - Composer, Producer, Instrumentation, Mixing, Mastering\nMartin O'Shea - Executive Producer, Management\nLouise Rogan - Backing Vocals\nEmma Rouse - Management\nJessica Wright - Composer, Primary Artist\nRecorded at AllStar Studios and Base Studios\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Jess Wright on Facebook\n Jess Wright on Twitter\n\nCategory:2012 singles\nCategory:2012 songs\nCategory:All Around the World Productions singles" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThis invention relates in general to database management systems performed by computers, and in particular, to the optimization of SQL queries in a relational database management system by propagating and exploiting column nullability.", "\n2. ", "Description of Related Art\nRelational DataBase Management System (RDBMS) software using a Structured Query Language (SQL) interface is well known in the art. ", "The SQL interface has evolved into a standard language for RDBMS software and has been adopted as such by both the American Nationals Standard Organization (ANSI) and the International Standards Organization (ISO).", "\nIn RDBMS software, all data is externally structured into tables. ", "The SQL interface allows users to formulate relational operations on the tables either interactively, in batch files, or embedded in host languages such as C, COBOL, etc. ", "Operators are provided in SQL that allow the user to manipulate the data, wherein each operator operates on either one or two tables and produces a new table as a result. ", "The power of SQL lies on its ability to link information from multiple tables or views together to perform complex sets of procedures with a single statement.", "\nAccording to the SQL standard (i.e., ISO-ANSI Working Draft: Database Language SQL2 and SQL3; X3H2; ISO/IEC JTC1/SC21/WG3, 1993), column nullability for various set operations is based on the two-valued logic, i.e., a column is either nullable or non-nullable. ", "In the SQL standard, null values can be stored only in nullable columns. ", "For example, the following CREATE statement describes an employee table in the SQL standard:\nCREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE (EMPNO INTEGER NOT NULL, LASTNAME CHAR (20), SALARY FLOAT) PA0 SELECT LASTNAME PA0 FROM EMPLOYEE PA0 WHERE EMPNO IS NULL\nIn the above example, the column \"EMPNO\" is specified as \"NOT NULL\", i.e., the \"EMPNO\" column cannot contain any null values, whereas other columns may or may not contain null values. ", "Consider a simple SELECT query performed against the employee table:\nSince the EMPNO column cannot contain null values by definition, it can be verified at query compile time that the above query will return an empty result table. ", "Without this simple and yet important optimization, the RDBMS software would have to fetch all tuples from the employee table and then apply the \"IS NULL\" predicate to the tuples. ", "However, the \"IS NULL\" predicate is always false for the above query, since the \"EMPNO\" column was defined as \"NOT NULL.\"", "\nThe above example illustrates the importance of exploiting column nullability information in query optimization. ", "The exploitation of column nullability can mean a potentially huge saving in query execution time. ", "However, determining if a column is nullable becomes less straightforward in presence of complex views or derived tables.", "\nSome researchers have performed important work in this area, as reflected in the following publication: G. N. Paulley and Per-Ake Larson, \"Exploiting Uniqueness in Query Optimization,\" Proceedings of IEEE '94 International Conference on Data Engineering, Houston, Tex., ", "1994, pp. ", "68-79. ", "For example, this publication discusses the complexity of exploiting uniqueness in query optimization in the presence of null values. ", "However, the current state-of-the-art in SQL query optimization has few solutions for optimizing query expressions by propagating and exploiting column nullability. ", "Thus, there is a need in the art for improved methods of optimizing SQL queries by propagating and exploiting column nullability." ]

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[ "With a title inspired by Audre Lorde’s striking poem Making Love to Concrete, this exhibition positions three artists’ time-based works within an intimate space to explore the architecture of memory, oppression, and forgiveness. ", "Catalina Ouyang’s poetic meditations on structure are carved and constructed from stone and bone, but they also contain more fragile organic elements that will slowly decompose over the course of the exhibition. ", "Bret Schneider’s tactile sonic work refers to its own schematic imagery: the artist digitally runs saw waves through comb filters to create a pulsing aural illusion of synthetic verisimilitude. ", "A site-responsive sculpture informs Marie Bannerot McInerney’s performative drawing gesture, which will take place during the opening reception and act to preserve the evidence of time passing. ", "As an extension of the exhibition, these three artists collaborated on a gif that will reside in the advertising space of www.temporaryartreview.com throughout the month of August.", "\n\n*The work’s title, No Stars Till You Go To the Country, is a line borrowed from Audre Lorde’s poem, Making Love to Concrete. ", "This piece is indebted to the work and vision of Audre Lorde." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates generally to the field of corn breeding. ", "In particular, the invention relates to inbred corn seed and plants designated WQDS7, and derivatives and tissue cultures thereof.", "\n2. ", "Description of Related Art\nThe goal of field crop breeding is to combine various desirable traits in a single variety/hybrid. ", "Such desirable traits include greater yield, better stalks, better roots, resistance to insecticides, herbicides, pests, and disease, tolerance to heat and drought, reduced time to crop maturity, better agronomic quality, higher nutritional value, and uniformity in germination times, stand establishment, growth rate, maturity, and fruit size.", "\nBreeding techniques take advantage of a plant\"\"s method of pollination. ", "There are two general methods of pollination: a plant self-pollinates if pollen from one flower is transferred to the same or another flower of the same plant. ", "A plant cross-pollinates if pollen comes to it from a flower on a different plant.", "\nCorn plants (Zea mays L.) can be bred by both self-pollination and cross-pollination. ", "Both types of pollination involve the corn plant\"\"s flowers. ", "Corn has separate male and female flowers on the same plant, located on the tassel and the ear, respectively. ", "Natural pollination occurs in corn when wind blows pollen from the tassels to the silks that protrude from the tops of the ear shoot.", "\nPlants that have been self-pollinated and selected for type over many generations become homozygous at almost all gene loci and produce a uniform population of true breeding progeny, a homozygous plant. ", "A cross between two such homozygous plants produces a uniform population of hybrid plants that are heterozygous for many gene loci. ", "Conversely, a cross of two plants each heterozygous at a number of loci produces a population of hybrid plants that differ genetically and are not uniform. ", "The resulting non-uniformity makes performance unpredictable.", "\nThe development of uniform corn plant hybrids requires the development of homozygous inbred plants, the crossing of these inbred plants, and the evaluation of the crosses. ", "Pedigree breeding and recurrent selection are examples of breeding methods used to develop inbred plants from breeding populations. ", "Those breeding methods combine the genetic backgrounds from two or more inbred plants or various other broad-based sources into breeding pools from which new inbred plants are developed by selfing and selection of desired phenotypes. ", "The new inbreds are crossed with other inbred plants and the hybrids from these crosses are evaluated to determine which of those have commercial potential.", "\nThe pedigree breeding method involves crossing two genotypes. ", "Each genotype can have one or more desirable characteristics lacking in the other; or, each genotype can complement the other. ", "If the two original parental genotypes do not provide all of the desired characteristics, other genotypes can be included in the breeding population. ", "Superior plants that are the products of these crosses are selfed and selected in successive generations. ", "Each succeeding generation becomes more homogeneous as a result of self-pollination and selection. ", "Typically, this method of breeding involves five or more generations of selfing and selection: S1xe2x86x92S2; S2xe2x86x92S3; S3xe2x86x92S4; S4xe2x86x92S5, etc. ", "After at least five generations, the inbred plant is considered genetically pure.", "\nBackcrossing can also be used to improve an inbred plant. ", "Backcrossing transfers a specific desirable trait from one inbred or non-inbred source to an inbred that lacks that trait. ", "This can be accomplished, for example, by first crossing a superior inbred (A) (recurrent parent) to a donor inbred (non-recurrent parent), which carries the appropriate locus or loci for the trait in question. ", "The progeny of this cross are then mated back to the superior recurrent parent (A) followed by selection in the resultant progeny for the desired trait to be transferred from the non-recurrent parent. ", "After five or more backcross generations with selection for the desired trait, the progeny are heterozygous for loci controlling the characteristic being transferred, but are like the superior parent for most or almost all other loci. ", "The last backcross generation would be selfed to give pure breeding progeny for the trait being transferred.", "\nA single cross hybrid corn variety is the cross of two inbred plants, each of which has a genotype which complements the genotype of the other. ", "The hybrid progeny of the first generation is designated F1. ", "Typically, F1 hybrids are more vigorous than their inbred parents. ", "This hybrid vigor, or heterosis, is manifested in many polygenic traits, including markedly improved yields, better stalks, better roots, better uniformity and better insect and disease resistance. ", "In the development of hybrids only the F1 hybrid plants are typically sought. ", "An F1 single cross hybrid is produced when two inbred plants are crossed. ", "A double cross hybrid is produced from four inbred plants crossed in pairs (Axc3x97B and Cxc3x97D) and then the two F1 hybrids are crossed again (Axc3x97B)xc3x97(Cxc3x97D).", "\nThe development of a hybrid corn variety involves three steps: (1) the selection of plants from various germplasm pools; (2) the selfing of the selected plants for several generations to produce a series of inbred plants, which, although different from each other, each breed true and are highly uniform; and (3) crossing the selected inbred plants with unrelated inbred plants to produce the hybrid progeny (F1). ", "During the inbreeding process in corn, the vigor of the plants decreases. ", "Vigor is restored when two unrelated inbred plants are crossed to produce the hybrid progeny (F1). ", "An important consequence of the homozygosity and homogeneity of the inbred plants is that the hybrid between any two inbreds is always the same. ", "Once the inbreds that give a superior hybrid have been identified, hybrid seed can be reproduced indefinitely as long as the homogeneity of the inbred parents is maintained. ", "Conversely, much of the hybrid vigor exhibited by F1 hybrids is lost in the next generation (F2). ", "Consequently, seed from hybrid varieties is not used for planting stock. ", "It is not generally beneficial for farmers to save seed of F1 hybrids. ", "Rather, farmers purchase F1 hybrid seed for planting every year.", "\nNorth American farmers plant tens of millions of acres of corn at the present time and there are extensive national and international commercial corn breeding programs. ", "A continuing goal of these corn breeding programs is to develop corn hybrids that are based on stable inbred plants and have one or more desirable characteristics. ", "To accomplish this goal, the corn breeder must select and develop superior inbred parental plants.", "\nIn one aspect, the present invention provides a corn plant designated WQDS7. ", "Also provided are corn plants having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of corn plant WQDS7. ", "The inbred corn plant of the invention may further comprise, or have, a cytoplasmic or nuclear factor that is capable of conferring male sterility. ", "Parts of the corn plant of the present invention are also provided, for example, pollen obtained from an inbred plant and an ovule of the inbred plant.", "\nThe invention also concerns seed of the corn plant WQDS7. ", "A sample of this seed has been deposited under ATCC Accession No. ", "PTA-3125. ", "The inbred corn seed of the invention may be provided as an essentially homogeneous population of inbred corn seed of the corn plant designated WQDS7. ", "Essentially homogeneous populations of inbred seed are those that consist essentially of the particular inbred seed, and are generally free from substantial numbers of other seed, so that the inbred seed forms between about 90% and about 100% of the total seed, and preferably, between about 95% and about 100% of the total seed. ", "Most preferably, an essentially homogeneous population of inbred corn seed will contain between about 98.5%, 99%, 99.5% and about 99.9% of inbred seed, as measured by seed grow outs.", "\nTherefore, in the practice of the present invention, inbred seed generally forms at least about 97% of the total seed. ", "However, even if a population of inbred corn seed was found, for some reason, to contain about 50%, or even about 20% or 15% of inbred seed, this would still be distinguished from the small fraction of inbred seed that may be found within a population of hybrid seed, e.g., within a bag of hybrid seed. ", "In such a bag of hybrid seed offered for sale, the Governmental regulations require that the hybrid seed be at least about 95% of the total seed. ", "In the most preferred practice of the invention, the female inbred seed that may be found within a bag of hybrid seed will be about 1% of the total seed, or less, and the male inbred seed that may be found within a bag of hybrid seed will be negligible, i.e., will be on the order of about a maximum of 1 per 100,000, and usually less than this value.", "\nThe population of inbred corn seed of the invention can further be particularly defined as being essentially free from hybrid seed. ", "The inbred seed population may be separately grown to provide an essentially homogeneous population of inbred corn plants designated WQDS7.", "\nIn another aspect of the invention, single locus converted plants of WQDS7 are provided. ", "The single transferred locus may preferably be a dominant or recessive allele. ", "Preferably, the single transferred locus will confer such traits as male sterility, yield stability, waxy starch, yield enhancement, industrial usage, herbicide resistance, insect resistance, resistance to bacterial, fungal, nematode or viral disease, male fertility, and enhanced nutritional quality. ", "The single locus may be a naturally occurring maize gene or a transgene introduced through genetic transformation techniques. ", "When introduced through transformation, a single locus may comprise one or more transgenes integrated at a single chromosomal location.", "\nIn yet another aspect of the invention, an inbred corn plant designated WQDS7 is provided, wherein a cytoplasmically-inherited trait has been introduced into said inbred plant. ", "Such cytoplasmically-inherited traits are passed to progeny through the female parent in a particular cross. ", "An exemplary cytoplasmically-inherited trait is the male sterility trait. ", "A cytoplasmically inherited trait may be a naturally occurring maize trait or a trait introduced through genetic transformation techniques.", "\nIn another aspect of the invention, a tissue culture of regenerable cells of inbred corn plant WQDS7 is provided. ", "The tissue culture will preferably be capable of regenerating plants capable of expressing all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of the foregoing inbred corn plant, and of regenerating plants having substantially the same genotype as the foregoing inbred corn plant. ", "Examples of some of the physiological and morphological characteristics of the inbred corn plant WQDS7 include characteristics related to yield, maturity, and kernel quality, each of which are specifically disclosed herein. ", "The regenerable cells in such tissue cultures will preferably be derived from embryos, meristematic cells, immature tassels, microspores, pollen, leaves, anthers, roots, root tips, silk, flowers, kernels, ears, cobs, husks, or stalks, or callus or protoplasts derived from these tissues. ", "Still further, the present invention provides corn plants regenerated from the tissue cultures of the invention, the plants having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of corn plant WQDS7.", "\nIn yet another aspect of the invention, processes are provided for producing corn seeds or plants, which processes generally comprise crossing a first parent corn plant with a second parent corn plant, wherein at least one of the first or second parent corn plants is the inbred corn plant designated WQDS7. ", "These processes may be further exemplified as processes for preparing hybrid corn seed or plants, wherein a first inbred corn plant is crossed with a second, distinct inbred corn plant to provide a hybrid that has, as one of its parents, the inbred corn plant WQDS7. ", "In these processes, the step of crossing will result in the production of seed. ", "The seed production occurs regardless of whether the seed is collected or not.", "\nIn a preferred embodiment of the invention, crossing comprises planting in pollinating proximity seeds of a first and second parent corn plant, and preferably, seeds of a first inbred corn plant and a second, distinct inbred corn plant; cultivating or growing the seeds of said first and second parent corn plants into plants that bear flowers; emasculating the male flowers of the first or second parent corn plant, (i.e., treating or manipulating the flowers so as to prevent pollen production, in order to produce an emasculated parent corn plant) allowing natural cross-pollination to occur between the first and second parent corn plants; and harvesting the seeds from the emasculated parent corn plant. ", "Where desired, the harvested seed is grown to produce a corn plant or hybrid corn plant.", "\nThe present invention also provides corn seed and plants produced by a process that comprises crossing a first parent corn plant with a second parent corn plant, wherein at least one of the first or second parent corn plants is the inbred corn plant designated WQDS7. ", "In one embodiment of the invention, corn plants produced by the process are first generation (F1) hybrid corn plants produced by crossing an inbred in accordance with the invention with another, distinct inbred. ", "The present invention further contemplates seed of an F1 hybrid corn plant. ", "Therefore, certain exemplary embodiments of the invention provide an F1 hybrid corn plant and seed thereof An example of such a hybrid which can be produced with the inbred designated WQDS7 is the hybrid corn plant designated 8001306.", "\nIn still yet another aspect of the invention, an inbred genetic complement of the corn plant designated WQDS7 is provided. ", "The phrase xe2x80x9cgenetic complementxe2x80x9d is used to refer to the aggregate of nucleotide sequences, the expression of which sequences defines the phenotype of, in the present case, a corn plant, or a cell or tissue of that plant. ", "An inbred genetic complement thus represents the genetic make up of an inbred cell, tissue or plant, and a hybrid genetic complement represents the genetic make up of a hybrid cell, tissue or plant. ", "The invention thus provides corn plant cells that have a genetic complement in accordance with the inbred corn plant cells disclosed herein, and plants, seeds and diploid plants containing such cells.", "\nPlant genetic complements may be assessed by genetic marker profiles, and by the expression of phenotypic traits that are characteristic of the expression of the genetic complement, e.g., isozyme typing profiles. ", "Thus, such corn plant cells may be defined as having an SSR genetic marker profile in accordance with the profile shown in Table 6, or a genetic isozyme typing profile in accordance with the profile shown in Table 7, or having both an SSR genetic marker profile and a genetic isozyme typing profile in accordance with the profiles shown in Table 6 and Table 7. ", "It is understood that WQDS7 could also be identified by other types of genetic markers such as, for example, Simple Sequence Length Polymorphisms (SSLPs) (Williams et al., ", "1990), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Arbitrary Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) (EP 534 858, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) (Wang et al., ", "1998).", "\nIn still yet another aspect, the present invention provides hybrid genetic complements, as represented by corn plant cells, tissues, plants, and seeds, formed by the combination of a haploid genetic complement of an inbred corn plant of the invention with a haploid genetic complement of a second corn plant, preferably, another, distinct inbred corn plant. ", "In another aspect, the present invention provides a corn plant regenerated from a tissue culture that comprises a hybrid genetic complement of this invention." ]

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[ "Controversial and throught-provoking are two words that describe one of the most talked-about documentaries of 2006.", "\n\n\n\nDetermined to find the law that requries American citizens to pay income tax, producer Aaron Russo (Bette Midler'sThe Rose, Trading Places) set out on a journey to find the evidence.", "\n\n\n\nNeither left nor right-wing, this startling examination of government exposes the systematic erosion of civil liberties in America since 1913 when the Federal Reserve system was fraudulently created. ", "Through interviews with two U.S. Congressmen, former IRS Commissioner and former IRS and FBI agents, tax attorneys and authors, Russo connects the dots between money creation, federal income tax, and the national identity card, which becomes law in May 2008 and will use Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. ", "Could this be a precursor to an impending police state in America? ", "Watch the film and make your own conclusions.", "\n\nAddeddate 2007-08-16 14:35:20 Color color Identifier freedom_to_fascism Sound sound Year 2006" ]

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[ "Opiskelija ei saa asua liian hyvin tai syödä avokadoa, koska aikuisten mielestä opiskelijalla kuuluu olla vähän kurjaa\n\nSoluasunnot eivät enää kelpaa kaikille opiskelijoille ja sekös monia ärsyttää, kirjoittaa kolumnissaan Tuija Siltamäki.", "\n\nViimeisin opiskelija-asuntoni oli oikeastaan vähän liian hyvä opiskelijalle. ", "Siinä oli ikkuna, 27 neliötä ja keittiö kätevästi eteisessä. ", "Käytävästä pystyi kurkistamaan, unohtuiko kahvinkeitin päälle.", "\n\nEsteettisesti yksiö oli tosi ankea. ", "Vihertävänharmaat sävyt ja loisteputkilamput saivat sen näyttämään enemmän psykiatriselta osastolta kuin kodilta. ", "Ovessa oli punainen lappu, jossa kiellettiin monia asioita. ", "Ripustin kattoon värikkäitä viirejä ja pelkäsin, että pakastepitsa laukaisee keskuspalovaroittimen ja saan 800 euron laskun turhasta hälytyksestä." ]

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[ "Gartner is already working on a consolidated response to this event. ", "However for the e-commerce market this is an interesting event from two points of view.", "\n\nThe first one is that two e-commerce Magic Quadrant vendors are consolidating into one (IBM a leader and Sterling Commerce a Challenger). ", "Provided the deal closes without any interference, this event could signal other acquisitions of smaller e-commerce vendors by larger vendors. ", "I believe that these acquisitions will seek to take advantage of the growing e-commerce market as organizations make investments in the web sales capabilities.", "\n\nSecondarily, the e-commerce market is evolving and this evolution is well beyond those changes driven by a desire for new user experiences such as social software and mobile (more research on this coming out soon). ", "This evolution includes much more than business-to-consumer functionality; it includes global business-to-business e-commerce with industries such as manufacturing, distribution and telecommunications seeking to improve their online self-service sales capabilities. ", "This is where this deal will be one to watch in 2010 and beyond.", "\n\nCan we see another Dot.com 2.0 with plenty of e-commerce announcements in 2010 and beyond? ", "Yes! ", "We still have Internet Retailer and our Gartner CRM Summit events in June. ", "So stay tuned.", "\n\nGene Alvarez is a VP in the Gartner CRM Research organization. ", "Mr. Alvarez has more than 30 years of IT experience in business impact assessment, vendor management, project management, software development and delivery of complex...Read Full Bio\n\nAbout\n\nComments or opinions expressed on this blog are those of the individual contributors only, and do not necessarily represent the views of Gartner, Inc. or its management. ", "Readers may copy and redistribute blog postings on other blogs, or otherwise for private, non-commercial or journalistic purposes, with attribution to Gartner. ", "This content may not be used for any other purposes in any other formats or media. ", "The content on this blog is provided on an \"as-is\" basis. ", "Gartner shall not be liable for any damages whatsoever arising out of the content or use of this blog." ]

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[ "The free-agent slugger agreed to a one-year deal worth a reported $16 million with the Astros on Saturday, leaving the Yankees with one fewer bat to pursue this offseason.", "\n\nThe Yankees traded Beltran to Texas in July during the final season of his three-year contract, and there had been interest in bringing him back on a short-term deal. ", "Instead, he’ll join another former Yankee, Brian McCann, in Houston.", "\n\nAccording to sources, the Yankees did not offer Beltran a contract before he signed with Houston.", "\n\nWith the Winter Meetings set to begin on Monday, the Yankees will have to see what else is available. ", "GM Brian Cashman has been in contact with the representatives for Edwin Encarnacion, but he is expected to land a four or five-year deal that might not fit the Yankees’ current plans.", "\n\nThey could turn to Matt Holliday or Mike Napoli, both veterans who would come far cheaper than Encarnacion. ", "The right-handed Holliday will be 37 next month and hasn’t played more than 110 games since 2014. ", "Napoli, 35, is another right-handed power hitter who helped spark Cleveland’s run to the World Series with 34 homers.", "\n\nAnother option is Chris Carter, who was designated for assignment by the Brewers, despite hitting a career-high — and league-leading — 41 homers in 2016.", "\n\nAs of now, they don’t have a clear-cut option at DH or a veteran presence at first base to perhaps platoon with lefty-swinging Greg Bird.", "\n\nThey certainly will need to add a middle-of-the-order bat this offseason, in addition to a starting pitcher and likely a closer, with a reunion with Aroldis Chapman a possibility — as well as determining how to move forward under the new Collective Bargaining Agreement.", "\n\nBeltran, who turns 40 in April, will be going back to one of his old teams, with whom he’s had a complicated relationship.", "\n\nTraded from Kansas City to Houston in 2004, Beltran went on to have one of the most dominant postseasons in MLB history, hitting eight homers in 12 games, with a 1.557 OPS, as the Astros fell one win short of the World Series.", "\n\nBeltran went on from that postseason to sign with the Mets, and Astros fans never forgave him for it, booing him whenever he played in Houston over the last 12 years." ]

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[ "Epitope mapping of prostate-specific antigen with monoclonal antibodies.", "\nProstate-specific antigen (PSA) is a widely used marker for screening and monitoring prostate cancer. ", "We identified and characterized the epitopes of two anti-PSA monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) designated B80 and B87. ", "The epitopes were initially mapped as nonoverlapping by developing a sandwich immunoassay to measure PSA with the two anti-PSA mAbs. ", "The two antibodies do not cross-react with homologous pancreatic kallikrein, but recognize epitopes unique to PSA. ", "B80 and B87 can recognize both free and complexed PSA and hence measure total PSA. ", "Epitope scanning and bacteriophage peptide library affinity selection procedures were used to identify and locate an epitope on PSA. ", "A possible epitope for B80 was identified as being located on or near PSA amino acid residues 50-58 (-GRH-SLFHP-). ", "The epitope for B87 was likely on an exposed nonlinear conformational determinant, unique to PSA, and not masked by the binding of B80 or alpha 1-antichymotrypsin." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nenable_shared_from_this (c++0x): what am I doing wrong?", "\n\nI'm just toying around with the smart pointers in the upcoming new c++ standard. ", "However I fail to grasp the usage of the shared_from_this function. ", "Here is what I have:\n#include <iostream>\n#include <memory>\n\nclass CVerboseBornAndDie2 : public std::enable_shared_from_this<CVerboseBornAndDie2>\n{\npublic:\n std::string m_Name;\n CVerboseBornAndDie2(std::string name) : m_Name(name)\n {\n std::cout << m_Name << \" (\" << this << \") is born!\" ", "<< std::endl;\n }\n virtual ~CVerboseBornAndDie2()\n {\n std::cout << m_Name << \" (\" << this << \") is dying!\" ", "<< std::endl;\n }\n};\n\nint main(){\n CVerboseBornAndDie2* vbad = new CVerboseBornAndDie2(\"foo\");\n std::shared_ptr<CVerboseBornAndDie2> p = vbad->shared_from_this();\n}\n\nand it throws a std::bad_weak_ptr exception in the line\nstd::shared_ptr<CVerboseBornAndDie2> p = vbad->shared_from_this();\n\nif I instead do\nstd::shared_ptr<CVerboseBornAndDie2> p(vbad);\n\nit works and I can afterwards do\nstd::shared_ptr<CVerboseBornAndDie2> p2 = p.get()->shared_from_this();\n\nso must the object belong to one shared_ptr before I can use shared_from_this? ", "But how can I know this beforehand?", "\n\nA:\n\nIt is a precondition of using shared_from_this that there must exist at least one shared_ptr which owns the object in question. ", "This means that you can only use shared_from_this to retrieve a shared_ptr that owns an object to which you have a reference or pointer, you cannot use it to find out if such an object is owned by a shared_ptr.", "\nYou need to rework your design so that either you are guaranteed that any such object is being managed by a shared_ptr or that you don't ever need to know or finally (and least desirably) you create some other way of managing this knowledge.", "\n\nA:\n\nTo extend Charles answer, when you use enable_shared_from_this you usually want something like below in order to guarantee that there exists a shared_ptr.", "\nclass my_class : public std::enable_shared_from_this<my_class>\n{\npublic:\n static std::shared_ptr<my_class> create() // can only be created as shared_ptr\n {\n return std::shared_ptr<my_class>(new my_class());\n }\nprivate\n my_class(){} // don't allow non shared_ptr instances.", "\n};\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nRevisiting Fixed Point: What does it mean in the world of computer science?", "\n\nA while ago I asked Fixed point, what does it mean in the world of computer science?", "\nWhile the answers did help me to understand what Fixed point meant, the answers left me in a murky world when ever I thought about what a fixed point meant. ", "In other words, no clear definition poped into my mind and I would wonder about in thought trying to match up a definition with what I was trying to learn or understand.", "\nToday I was watching the video Categories for the Working Programmer by Jeremy Gibbons in which he stated: (Time index: 33:00)\n\nIt's fix point because it's the solution of a recursive equation.", "\n\nAnd I thought that makes sense; is it really that simple?", "\nSo the question is:\nCan the definition of fix point be thought of simply as \n\n\"It's the solution of a recursive equation.\"", "\n\nA:\n\nA fixed point of a function $f$ is an element $x$ satisfying $f(x) = x$. A solution to a recursive equation can be put in that form.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "The Shab-al-Hiri Roach\n\nThe Shab-al-Hiri Roach is a role-playing game by Jason Morningstar, independently published by Bully Pulpit Games.", "\n\nDescription\nThe game is GM-less and designed for single-session play at the end of which a winner is determined. ", " Its tone is black comedy, lampooning academia.", "\n\nThe game is about the internal politics of a buttoned-down New England college campus in 1919. ", " The titular roach is a soul-eating telepathic insect bent on destroying human civilization. ", " A major part of play is which characters are under the control of the roach and its offspring.", "\n\nThe goal of the game is to be the player with the most reputation at the end of the game. ", " You cannot be the winner if you are currently under the control of the roach, but being under its control allows you to gain reputation much more easily.", "\n\nPublication history\nJason Morningstar came up with the core ideas for The Shab-al-Hiri Roach in thinking about his own fear of cockroaches and about Lovecraftian horror. ", "Morningstar submitted this game to the Game Chef 2005 competition, where it was chosen as one of the \"Inner Circle\" - the group of the nine best games from that year's 28 entrants. ", "The Shab-al-Hiri Roach continued to undergo revisions as Morningstar, Steve Segedy, and Patrick M. Murphy founded Bully Pulpit Games, and was in its 45th revision (since they started counting) by Thanksgiving 2005. ", "The Shab-al-Hiri Roach went on sale on March 10, 2006, and the company printed just 100 copies. ", "All hundred copies of The Shab-al-Hiri Roach had sold out by May 12, by which time Bully Pulpit had ordered a second printing. ", "Most of those 200 reprints went to Bully Pulpit's new partner, Indie Press Revolution, who put The Shab-al-Hiri Roach into wider circulation, selling their 180 copies by September 26.", "\n\nReception\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \nOfficial homepage of The Shab-al-Hiri Roach\nReview at rpg.net\nOriginal version as released in the 2005 Game Chef competition\n\nCategory:Indie role-playing games\nCategory:Role-playing games introduced in 2006" ]

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[ "Islamic Republic of Iran is among the top 10 countries most affected by coronavirus disease (COVID-19) worldwide.^[@r1]^ The first case of the disease was diagnosed on February 19, 2020, in Iran and spread rapidly throughout the country.^[@r1]^ The latest statistics of COVID-19 in Iran on June 20 indicate that the total number of people living with COVID-19 in Iran reached 202 584, the death toll reached 9507, and the total number of people recovered from the disease so far reached 161 384.^[@r2]^ The Iranian Government took various measures to respond, including closing schools, universities, and guilds. ", "In addition, the Iranian Government decided to shut down most sectors during the Iranian New Year holidays in March 2020 for 2 weeks.^[@r3]^ The refugees are a critical population regarding diseases control.^[@r4]^ According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Iran is one of the 10 countries hosting the largest number of refugees in the world.^[@r5]^ Afghan nationals form the largest population of refugees in Iran.^[@r6]^ Sharing a common culture, religion, and language with Iranians has raised the number of refugees from Afghanistan in the last 40 years.^[@r6]^ According to the statistics, more than 2 million Afghan nationals live in Iran, of whom 40% are registered with asylum cards, 2% hold long-term residence permits, 22% possess short-term passports, and 36% live in Iran with no official documents.^[@r7]^ In Iran, given the problems that Afghan refugees face, special attention needs to be made to this population in the COVID-19 response. ", "The first and ever-existing challenge is the lack of insurance and, consequently, high medical expenses. ", "Many cannot afford insurance due to lack of residence cards, which results in not referring to medical centers and the unwillingness to be hospitalized. ", "Considering the fact that most refugees in Iran are day laborers and do not have an income due to the COVID-19 outbreak and nationwide quarantine, the number of patients referred to clinics has decreased. ", "Therefore, the main concern for treatment is related to the medical expenses that, if solved, there will be no problem in hospitalizing these people. ", "More than 124 000 (6%) Afghan nationals in Iran have registered for health insurance.^[@r7]^ The refugees can be insured in 2 ways: the social security insurance that gives the same services to the refugees as what is provided for the Iranians, and a specific health insurance for the refugees with asylum cards. ", "Afghan nationals work in a variety of service occupations ranging from high-paying self-employers to low-income laborers with an average income of US\\$ 150 per month. ", "Considering the fact that a noticeable number of wage workers have lost their jobs as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the challenge of crowded families, economic problems have been exacerbated for the refugees.", "\n\nIn Iran, the basic service package is provided free-of-charge through Universal Health Coverage plan for 95% of the population.^[@r8]^ In general, health insurance covers 70% of the costs of insurer-listed drugs, as well as 90% of public hospital costs, with extra provision for those with rare diseases or in remote areas.^[@r9]^ Typical costs of COVID-19 for patients range from US\\$ 30 to 1600, depending on the patient's condition and need for critical care. ", "Hospital services and testing are provided free of charge for COVID-19 patients. ", "Other challenges can be mentioned as low level of education and consequently low health literacy, lower access to cyberspace, and not following COVID-19 news which might be responsible for observing less safety and health procedures by the refugees. ", "Moreover, as a result of low health literacy and lack of awareness of diseases, refugees have always hesitated to refer to the medical centers even in cases of serious illnesses. ", "Iranian health houses provide free and quality primary health care services for the refugees in the settlements as for the whole population in all cities of Iran, which solves the lack of access to health services.^[@r10]^ However, the problem lies in the cultural belief that stops the refugees to refer to the health centers and care about the health issues being particularly observed in the illiterate, the middle-aged and above, and undocumented refugees. ", "Despite poor sanitation facilities in the houses, the younger generation has taken a different approach and is more concerned about the health issues. ", "A large number of refugees in Iran are second or third generations living in the country.^[@r11]^\n\nAs the next drawback, a majority of refugees may live in groups in crowded living conditions in different parts of the city, especially in old areas and abandoned houses, which makes it difficult to control these people in the outbreaks, hence the need for accurate planning for monitoring. ", "According to UNHCR, approximately 97% of the refugees live in urban and semi-urban areas, whereas the remaining 3% reside in refugee settlements^[@r12]^ -- although the exact percentage is yet to be known for undocumented refugees.", "\n\nGiven the above, it seems necessary for the Iranian Government to take appropriate actions to assist the refugees. ", "In this regard, a facilitating point in Iran is sharing the same language with Afghan nationals. ", "Full coverage of all refugees (legal and illegal) with health insurance seems to be essential. ", "Advocacy in international assemblies to attract financial resources can be considered as a way to finance this issue. ", "Free-of-charge treatment for infected refugees can be an alternative to reassuring refugees until full insurance coverage is provided. ", "Despite the high costs for the government, health coverage should save on total health expenditures over the long run, facilitating the control over the patients and avoiding the rapid spread of disease to a larger population. ", "Other necessary measures to maintain refugees' health are listed as follows: raising refugees' awareness through community-based programs, involving refugees' representatives in relevant decisions, distributing essential items for prevention (eg, masks and disinfectants), supporting them with their livelihood to reduce traffic, and avoiding forced repatriation. ", "In conclusion, improved access to affordable care for the refugees might be considered as a way to make all of Iran safer from COVID-19.", "\n\nConflict of Interest Statement {#s1}\n==============================\n\nThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.", "\n" ]

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[ "The $25,000 Challenge is organized by the Illinois Metro East Small Business Development Center (SBDC). ", "The purpose of the Challenge is to identify, encourage and support entrepreneurs and business startups across the SBDC’s nine-county service area.", "\n\nThe first-place winner will receive a $15,000 cash prize. ", "Two runners-up will receive $5,000 each. ", "Prizewinners will also receive an array of in-kind professional services.", "\n\nFor the second year, PNC Bank is the Challenge’s top sponsor. ", "Other returning sponsors include University Park at SIUE and the St. Louis Regional Chamber. ", "The Leadership Council Southwestern Illinois joins the Challenge in 2015 as a major sponsor with additional support from the City of Edwardsville and Greater Belleville Chamber. ", "SIUE’s School of Business, the SBDC’s host organization, will assist with facilitating the competition.", "\n\nPatrick McKeehan, director of the SBDC in Edwardsville and East St. Louis, was pleased with last year’s results and believes the 2015 Challenge will build upon that success. “", "The Metro East Start-Up Challenge elevated the discussion of and support for entrepreneurship across our region,” McKeehan said. “", "The interest in this year’s Challenge started immediately after we announced our 2014 winners.”", "\n\nOne of those winners, Old Dutch Classics Bats founder Todd Eschman, used his cash prize and the competition experience to take his startup to the next level.", "\n\n“The prize money immediately provided an unbudgeted infusion of capital and multiplied itself by giving me the ability to take advantage of economies of scale through bulk purchase of raw materials,” Eschman said. “", "But the greatest benefit of the Challenge was preparing an award-winning business plan.", "\n\n“The rigorous process and the expert assistance of the SBDC helped me address holes in my plan and impress the judges. ", "If I took the time to monetize the value of the Challenge in my first year in business, I'm certain it would surpass the amount written on the giant check.”", "\n\nThe 2015 Challenge invites entrepreneurs and startup businesses from four target industries: information technology, manufacturing, health care and food. ", "For a startup business enterprise to be eligible, it must have been established after April 30, 2012 and be headquartered in the Illinois portion of the St. Louis Metro region (Calhoun, Jersey, Madison, Bond, Clinton, St. Clair, Washington, Monroe and Randolph counties). ", "For pre-venture entrepreneurs, proposed new business operations will need to be located within the same nine counties.", "\n\nThe Metro East Start-Up Challenge includes three rounds, beginning with a brief questionnaire and executive summary submittal that is open to all applications that meet the eligibility guidelines. ", "Participants selected for the second round are invited to expand on their business idea by submitting a full business plan. ", "The last round is the “final pitch” in front of a panel of business experts.", "\n\nFor more information on the 2015 Challenge or to initiate the application process, go to siue.edu/metroeaststartup. ", "The entry deadline is Friday, June 12. ", "Semi-finalists will be announced Wednesday, June 17, with finalists notified on Monday, Aug. 3.", "\n\nThe Metro East Startup Challenge will announce its cash prizewinners on Friday, Sept. 4 in conjunction with the Leadership Council’s September Board Meeting in Collinsville.", "\n\nThe Illinois SBDC Network is a service to the community supported, in part, by the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), the Illinois Dept. ", "of Commerce and Economic Opportunity, and the SIUE School of Business.", "\n\nSIUE operates two Small Business Development Centers and the International Trade Center. ", "All three Centers provide resources, information and support to entrepreneurs, and small business owners in the nine-county Metro East region of Calhoun, Jersey, Madison, Bond, Clinton, St. Clair, Washington, Monroe and Randolph. ", "By aiding entrepreneurs and companies in defining their path to success, the SBDC positively impacts the Metro East by strengthening the business community, creating and retaining new jobs, and encouraging new investment. ", "When appropriate, the SBDC strives to affiliate its ties to the region to support the goals and objectives of both the SIUE School of Business and the University at large.", "\n\nTo learn how the SBDC can help your small business, contact the Metro East SBDC at (618) 650-2929 or sbdcedw@gmail.com." ]

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[ "//\n// Copyright (c) Microsoft. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n// Licensed under the MIT license. ", "See LICENSE file in the project root for full license information. ", "\n//\n\n/*============================================================================\n**\n** Source: test1.c\n**\n** Purpose: Test to ensure that WaitForMultipleObjects() performs\n** as expected when called with an INFINITE timeout.", "\n**\n**\n**==========================================================================*/\n#include <palsuite.h>\n\n/* global data */\nstatic BOOL bEventSet = FALSE;\nstatic HANDLE hEvent = NULL;\n\n\n/* handler function */\nstatic BOOL PALAPI CtrlHandler( DWORD CtrlType )\n{\n if( CtrlType == CTRL_C_EVENT )\n {\n if( hEvent !", "= NULL )\n {\n bEventSet = TRUE;\n if( ! ", "SetEvent( hEvent ) )\n {\n Fail( \"ERROR:%lu:SetEvent call failed\", GetLastError() );\n }\n }\n return TRUE;\n }\n\n return FALSE;\n}\n\n\n/* main entry point function */\nint __cdecl main( int argc, char **argv )\n\n{\n /* local variables */\n BOOL ret = FAIL;\n DWORD dwRet;\n\n\n /* PAL initialization */\n if( (PAL_Initialize(argc, argv)) !", "= 0 )\n {\n return( FAIL );\n }\n\n\n /* set the console control handler function */\n if( ! ", "SetConsoleCtrlHandler( CtrlHandler, TRUE ) )\n {\n ret = FAIL;\n Trace( \"ERROR:%lu:SetConsoleCtrlHandler() failed to add \"\n \"CtrlHandler\\n\",\n GetLastError() );\n goto done;\n }\n\n\n /* create a manual-reset event on which to wait */\n hEvent = CreateEvent( NULL, TRUE, FALSE, NULL );\n if( hEvent == NULL )\n {\n Trace( \"ERROR:%lu:CreateEvent() call failed\\n\", GetLastError() );\n goto done;\n }\n\n /* helpful instructions */\n Trace( \"This program is designed to test WaitForMultipleObjects using\\n\"\n \"a timeout value of INFINITE, and consequently it's expected\\n\"\n \"to run forever, waiting and waiting. ", "Press CTRL-C when you feel\\n\"\n \"you've sufficiently approximated infinity to end the test.\\n\" );\n\n /* wait on the event forever, until the user stops the program */\n dwRet = WaitForMultipleObjects( 1, &hEvent, TRUE, INFINITE );\n if( dwRet !", "= WAIT_OBJECT_0 )\n {\n Trace( \"ERROR:WaitForMultipleObjects returned %lu, \"\n \"expected WAIT_OBJECT_0\\n\",\n dwRet );\n goto done;\n }\n\n /* verify that the bEventSet flag has been set */\n if( ! ", "bEventSet )\n {\n Trace( \"ERROR:WaitForMultipleObjects returned WAIT_OBJECT_0 \"\n \"but the event was never set\\n\" );\n goto done;\n }\n\n /* success if we get here */\n ret = PASS;\n\n\ndone:\n /* close our event handle */\n if( hEvent !", "= NULL )\n {\n if( ! ", "CloseHandle( hEvent ) )\n {\n Trace( \"ERROR:%lu:CloseHandle call failed\\n\", GetLastError() );\n ret = FAIL;\n }\n }\n\n /* unset the control handle that was set */\n if( ! ", "SetConsoleCtrlHandler( CtrlHandler, FALSE ) )\n {\n ret = FAIL;\n Trace( \"ERROR:%lu:SetConsoleCtrlHandler() failed to \"\n \"remove CtrlHandler\\n\",\n GetLastError() );\n }\n\n /* check for failure */\n if( ret == FAIL )\n {\n Fail( \"test failed\\n\" );\n }\n\n\n /* PAL termination */\n PAL_Terminate();\n\n\n /* return success */\n return PASS;\n}\n\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCommutative algebraic version of algebraic geometric object\n\nIn my work, I have to understand certain objects in commutative algebra (for example Gorenstein rings, Cohen–Macaulay rings e.t.c). ", "I have a reasonable background in commutative algebra (I suppose!) ", "and very basic knowledge of algebraic geometry. ", "The problem is that most of the time I have tried to understand some properties about these objects from a paper, I found that it is written in the language of advanced algebraic geometry which is almost impossible for me to understand. ", "Therefore my question is:\nAre there notes, books, papers or survey articles which has parallel discussions about objects in commutative algebra and its counterpart in algebraic geometry?", "\nStudying algebraic geometry is of course the answer but as both of these topics are not directly related to my work and I have already spent reasonable amount of time to understand one of them, this kind of literature would be extremely helpful for me. ", "\nPS1: Any suggestion is welcome. ", "Thanks in advance. ", "\nPS2: I apologise if this question is not relevant in mathoverflow but I have asked people and searched but I could not find any advance literature like these. ", " \n\nA:\n\nI think this question is quite important. ", "For a commutative algebraist, some knowledge of algebraic geometry is extremely useful (and vice versa). ", "Not only that, and more important to me personally, it makes life more fun, like being able to talk in another language. ", "You can converse meaningfully with more people, appreciate more talks and papers, and get more insights/motivations for your own research. ", "\nUnfortunately, with the explosion of knowledge and Balkanization of the areas, it is now virtually impossible for young people to learn deeply both subjects at the same time, unless if you are very motivated and is at a school with leading experts. ", "So a lot of algebraists will go through their career without having to really learn what a \"projective variety\" or a \"line bundle\" is, and so are many geometers with \"Gorenstein ring\" or \"integral closure of an ideal\".", "\nBelow I will describe my own experience, hopefully it will help you. ", "Unfortunately, I do not know any convenient text. ", " \nFirst, you don't have to become an expert. ", "Even being able to translate simple phrases will serve you well. ", "For example, in my thesis I had a problem about primes ideals over a local hypersurface. ", "I translated it in to a question about subvarieties of a projective hypersurface, and realized that my question can be solved there with the \"moving lemma\". ", "While that is not available in my local situation, I was able to find a weak version to make things work.", "\nSecond, you still need to invest a certain amount of time on learning some basic geometry, probably by selecting certain topics from Hartshorne's first 3 chapters and compare them with bits from Eisenbud. ", "I would focus my attention to the following to start:\n\nThe connections between the geometry of a projective scheme $X$ and it's various embeddings. ", "Even when $X$ is the projective space. ", "\nThe connections between the graded coordinate ring with respect to an embedding and the local ring at the origin. ", "\nThe connections between sheaf cohomology of a coherent sheaf and the local cohomology of the corresponding module.", "\n\nThird, you can pick up more knowledge by occasionally looking at abstracts/papers, go to seminars/conferences, and try to match up what people are doing over there with what you know. ", "For instance, you may learn that a smooth Calabi-Yau hypersurface is really a graded hypersurface of degree $n$ in $n$ variables with isolated singularity. ", "So next time, when people talk about CY hypersurfaces, try to translate what they are interested in to your world. ", " \nLet me give a concrete example of the simplest Calabi-Yau hypersurface, namely an elliptic curve $E$ embedded in $\\mathbb P^2$. Say $X= Proj(R)$ with $R=k[x,y,z]/(x^3+y^3+z^3)$. Then $H^1(E,\\mathcal O_E)=k$, a fact you can relate to algebraically by realizing that this is the $0$-graded piece of local cohomology $H^2_m(R)_0$. You may also learn that the Frobenius action on this cohomology is $0$ or bijective depending on what reduction you make (\"ordinary\" and \"supersingular\" curves). ", "It is not hard to compute this piece of local cohomology, it is generated by the class of $\\frac{z^2}{xy}$, and the Frobenius takes this to $\\frac{z^{2p}}{x^py^p}$. See for yourself why this class is $0$ or not depending on residue of $p$. Such an example would help you to see the connections more clearly and build up your confidence. ", " \nLast comment, make sure you read/watch people who are strong in both worlds and are good communicators. ", "For instance, the papers by David Eisenbud and Karen Smith often have useful paragraphs that explain connections between local algebra and global geometry. ", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nassigning string to something\n\nI am trying to use a sorting function for grade, which will sort \"name surname midterm1\", but I cannot figure how to assign name and surname strings to a temp array. ", "Any ideas?", "\nvoid student_swap(struct student *x){\n int z,y,temp;\n char temp2[15];\n for(z=0; z<10; z++){\n for(y=0; y<9; y++){\n if(x[y].mid1>x[y+1].mid1){\n temp = x[y+1].mid1;\n x[y+1].mid1 = x[y].mid1;\n x[y].mid1 = temp;\n\n strcpy (temp2,x[y+1].name);\n strcpy (x[y+1].name,x[y].name);\n strcpy (x[y+1].name,temp2);\n strcpy (temp2,x[y+1].surname);\n strcpy (x[y+1].surname,x[y].surname);\n strcpy (x[y+1].surname,temp2);\n\n } // if\n } // for\n } // for\n} //student_swap\n\nSorting int values works fine but strcpy does nothing.", "\nthis is my out put code\nfor (i=9;i>=0;i--){\n ;\n printf (\"%s %s %d\\n\",x[i].name,x[i].surname,x[i].mid1);\n}\nprintf (\"\\n\");\n\n student_swap(x);\n\n for (i=9;i>=0;i--){\n ;\n printf (\"%s %s %d\\n\",x[i].name,x[i].surname,x[i].mid1);\n}\n\nand this is my output\nmurat hot 73\nmehmet umur 72\nidil saracoglu 55\necem bektas 75\nsevde pir 70\nasli devecioglu 65\ncan akkurt 45\nlevent dogan 60\nanil erdiz 30\nali durmus 40\n\nmurat hot 75\nmehmet umur 73\nidil saracoglu 72\necem bektas 70\nsevde pir 65\nasli devecioglu 60\ncan akkurt 55\nlevent dogan 45\nanil erdiz 40\nali durmus 30\n\nA:\n\nShouldn't it be:\n strcpy (temp2,x[y+1].name);\n strcpy (x[y+1].name,x[y].name);\n strcpy (x[y].name,temp2); // <-- note the index used\n\n?", "\nAnd likewise for the surname.", "\n\n" ]

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