Datasets:

j-chim

/

pii-pile-chunk3-250000-300000-tagged

like 0

[ "Infrared Spectrometer for ExoMars: A Mast-Mounted Instrument for the Rover.", "\nISEM (Infrared Spectrometer for ExoMars) is a pencil-beam infrared spectrometer that will measure reflected solar radiation in the near infrared range for context assessment of the surface mineralogy in the vicinity of the ExoMars rover. ", "The instrument will be accommodated on the mast of the rover and will be operated together with the panoramic camera (PanCam), high-resolution camera (HRC). ", "ISEM will study the mineralogical and petrographic composition of the martian surface in the vicinity of the rover, and in combination with the other remote sensing instruments, it will aid in the selection of potential targets for close-up investigations and drilling sites. ", "Of particular scientific interest are water-bearing minerals, such as phyllosilicates, sulfates, carbonates, and minerals indicative of astrobiological potential, such as borates, nitrates, and ammonium-bearing minerals. ", "The instrument has an ∼1° field of view and covers the spectral range between 1.15 and 3.30 μm with a spectral resolution varying from 3.3 nm at 1.15 μm to 28 nm at 3.30 μm. ", "The ISEM optical head is mounted on the mast, and its electronics box is located inside the rover's body. ", "The spectrometer uses an acousto-optic tunable filter and a Peltier-cooled InAs detector. ", "The mass of ISEM is 1.74 kg, including the electronics and harness. ", "The science objectives of the experiment, the instrument design, and operational scenarios are described. ", "Key Words: ExoMars-ISEM-Mars-Surface-Mineralogy-Spectroscopy-AOTF-Infrared. ", "Astrobiology 17, 542-564." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "\r\nCREATE TABLE mytable\r\n(\r\n mycol1 int,\r\n timestamp\r\n)" ]

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[ "The event took place on Oct. 23\n\nSaints offensive guard Jahri Evans and Saints mascot Gumbo spent time at Harry Hurst Middle School on Oct. 23 teaching students about Halloween safety. ", "Local policemen and firemen presented to the students and spent time talking about the importance of safety while they’re trick-or-treating.", "\n\n“We have been doing this safety program for a while and we do it for the kids in the community. ", "It’s great to have the Saints out here supporting our program,” said HMS Principal Steven Guitterrez. “", "Halloween is a night that kids are out on the street and we want to have a lot of people here to learn about being safe as they are trick-or-treating.”", "\n\nThe event gave students from Norco Primary, Norco Elementary, New Sarpy Elementary and Ethel Schoeffner Elementary the opportunity to dress up and participate in their own ‘trick-or-treat,’ while also learning about safety on Halloween night. ", "The students also enjoyed performances by the HMS cheerleaders and Runnerettes.", "\n\nTo attend, students had to bring one canned good to kick off the HMS’s Harvester’s Thanksgiving Food Drive." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nsum two values from different datasets using lookups in report builder\n\nI have a report that should read values from 2 dataset by Currency:\nDataset1: Production Total\nDataset2: Net Total\n\nIve tried to use:\nLookup(Fields!Currency_Type.", "Value, \n Fields!Currency_Type1.Value,\n Fields!Gross_Premium_Amount.", "Value, \n \"DataSet2\")\n\nThis returns only the first amount from dataset 2.", "\nI've tried Lookupset function as well but it didn't SUM the retrieved values.", "\nAny help would be appreciated.", "\n\nA:\n\nThanks Jamie for the reply.", "\nTHis is what i have done and it worked perfect:\nFrom Report Properties--> Code , write the below function:\nFunction SumLookup(ByVal items As Object()) As Decimal\nIf items Is Nothing Then\nReturn Nothing\nEnd If\nDim suma As Decimal = New Decimal()\nDim ct as Integer = New Integer()\nsuma = 0\nct = 0\nFor Each item As Object In items\nsuma += Convert.", "ToDecimal(item)\nNext\nIf (ct = 0) Then return 0 else return suma \nEnd Function\n\nThen you can call the function:\ncode.", "SumLookup(LookupSet(Fields!Currency_Type.", "Value, Fields!Currency_Type1.Value,Fields!Gross_Premium_Amount.", "Value, \"DataSet2\"))\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Jean-Pierre Gallet\n\nJean-Pierre Gallet (7 April 1943 – 11 February 2020) was a Belgian journalist who worked for RTBF.", "\n\nBiography\nGallet began working in media in 1976 with La Première. ", "He then hosted the television program bulletin d'information from 1982 to 1988 with Georges Moucheron, Jean-Jacques Jespers, and Françoise Van De Moortel. ", "He became news director in 1995, then left the organization in 2004.", "\n\nJean-Pierre Gallet died on 11 February 2020.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1943 births\nCategory:2020 deaths\nCategory:Belgian journalists" ]

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[ "Interest field is grayed out when importing interest for Organizations\n\nWhen importing interests for organizations the interest field is grayed out in the batch that is generated, and should not be because Altru allows interest to be imported on to organization records.", "\n\nArticle\nNumber:97327\n\nProducts:\n\nAltru_Arts_Cultural\n\nThis issue has been resolved. ", "If you continue to experience issues, please chat with support and provide the exact steps to duplicate.", "\n\nSteps to Duplicate\n\n1. ", "Go to Administration > Batch > Batch Entry > Batch Templates2. ", "Click the left arrows next to Constituent Update Batch > Choose Edit3. ", "Select fields and defaults > On the left select Interest > move to the selected fields for the batch4. ", "To default import organizations > Select Constituent type and change the default value from individual to organization5. ", "Save the batch6. ", "Go to Administration > Import > Generate Import Header file > Choose either Constituent Update Batch or Constituent Batch (depending on if the organizations are already populated in your database)7. ", "Edit the quantity for Collection field interest to reflect the max number of Interests you may be importing for each organization8. ", "Click Ok > This will Generate a header file for your import9. ", "Populate your headerfile and save as a CSV\n\nCreate the Import process under Administration, then Import\n\nTo create a new import process click Add\n\nFill in a meaningful name (ex. ", "Constituent Import Process)\n\nClick the button “Choose from local file” and browse to the import file\n\nBatch template – choose Constituent Update Batch\n\nBatch owner – Select your username\n\nMap the fields. ", "Click on auto-map and then map the collection fields manually if necessary.", "\n\nEx. ", "To map phones select the phones line and then click on “Map Collection Field” button. ", "Enter the number of phones then click on auto-map\n\nOn the OPTIONS tab select “Add new entries” under code table fields and select “Quick Find” under search list fields if you are adding a primary business relationship or spouse record\n\nClick save when all fields are mapped\n\nTo run the import\n\nHighlight the import and click “Start Import”\n\nAny exceptions will show on the Recent Status tab. ", "You can fix the exceptions and run the import again. ", "Note that the .csv file must be closed when you run the import\n\nRunning the import creates a Batch. ", "If you run the import multiple times you’ll have multiple batches so make sure you run the right one\n\nCommit the batch\n\nClick on Batch Entry and highlight your batch created from the import process" ]

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[ "On October 25, Kakao held a press conference at their office in Pangyo. ", "Co-CEOs Yeo Min Soo and Jo Soo Yong announced that Kakao and Daum will be removing the comment feature for articles and pages related to entertainment news.", "\n\nYeo Min Soo said, “We will be temporarily closing down comments for entertainment news within this month and we will get rid of related search words for people within this year. ", "As we know from the recent unfortunate news, entertainment news comments that reach the level of character defamation are detrimental to having a healthy public community.”", "\n\nHe continued, “While the original purpose of related search words was to provide users with a wide variety of helpful and informative content, we decided that these related search words have serious side effects such as invasion of privacy and defamation.”", "\n\nStarting with this measure, Kakao plans on finding more ways to fundamentally improve their subscription and news services.", "\n\nJo Soo Yong added, “Matters that we have contemplated over the past two years will materialize in the first half of the next year. ", "Since we have a societal responsibility we will take preemptive measures rather than wait until that time. ", "We will do what we can prior to the official reorganization and observe user responses.”", "\n\nWhat are your thoughts on these changes?", "\n\nSource (1)" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nUnity3d. ", "Get same component for duplicated GameObject\n\nI have a gameObject (myObject) and a component that attached somewhere in that gameObject (myComponent).", "\n\nI duplicate game object:\nvar duplicate = Instantiate(myObject);\n\nAnd then I want to have reference to the same component, but on my duplicate gameObject.", "\nIs there a way to get same component on duplicated object?", "\n\nI tried to get component by index, but is is not work for hierarchy of game objects.", "\n\nA:\n\nThanks to all of you.", "\nI was needed something like this:\npublic static T GetSameComponentForDuplicate<T>(T c, GameObject original, GameObject duplicate)\n where T : Component\n{\n // remember hierarchy\n Stack<int> path = new Stack<int>();\n\n var g = c.gameObject;\n while (!", "object.", "ReferenceEquals(g, original))\n {\n path.", "Push(g.transform.", "GetSiblingIndex());\n g = g.transform.parent.gameObject;\n }\n\n // repeat hierarchy on duplicated object\n GameObject sameGO = duplicate;\n while (path.", "Count !", "= 0)\n {\n sameGO = sameGO.transform.", "GetChild(path.", "Pop()).gameObject;\n }\n\n // get component index\n var cc = c.gameObject.", "GetComponents<T>();\n int componentIndex = -1;\n for (int i = 0; i < cc.", "Length; i++)\n {\n if (object.", "ReferenceEquals(c, cc[i]))\n {\n componentIndex = i;\n break;\n }\n }\n\n // return component with the same index on same gameObject\n return sameGO.GetComponents<T>()[componentIndex];\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "Land Swap: Steel Mill Jobs for Forests?", "\n\nThe expansion of an existing steel mill could mean more jobs but less forest. (", "Photo courtesy of AmericasLibrary.gov)\n\nEverybody has different ideas about how land ought to be used. ", "Lately, the fight’s been about whether to allow expanding retail development on farmland. ", "But a different fight’s going on right now, too. ", "It’s a fight between two long-time rivals – heavy industry and open space. ", "It’s also about jobs and preservation. ", "The Great Lakes Radio Consortium’s Shawn Allee has this report:\nhttp://environmentreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2005/05/allee_053005.mp3\n\nTranscript\n\nEverybody has different ideas about how land ought\nto be used. ", "Lately, the fight’s been about whether to allow\nexpanding retail development on farmland. ", "But a different\nfight’s going on right now, too. ", "It’s a fight between two\nlong-time rivals – heavy industry and open space. ", "It’s also\nabout jobs and preservation. ", "The Great Lakes Radio Consortium’s\nShawn Allee has this report:\n\n(Sound of train)\n\nThe town of Riverdale’s a kind of industrial crossroads. ", "It’s near a Great Lakes port, heavy trucks lumber through its streets, and in some areas, rail crossings are as common as stop signs. ", "At one time, this village just south of Chicago was known for more than just moving industrial goods – thosands of workers used to make things here, especially steel.", "\n\n(Sound of birds)\n\nToday, there are only a few hundred steel jobs left in Riverdale. ", "Most are at one plant that sits near a stretch of Cook County Forest Preserve, a place called Whistler Woods. ", "The remaining steel mill wants to expand. ", "It wants to swap twenty one acres of Whistler Woods for thirty one acres of its own wooded land. ", "Supporters hope the move will bring jobs to the town.", "\n\nJim Bush grew up in the area and is with the region’s chamber of commerce. ", "He supports the deal, saying the area is fighting for its economic future.", "\n\n“So you can see, it’s pretty hard to keep your schools up to standards and all your city services when you’re faced with a declining tax base.”", "\n\nBush says this is urgent. ", "The Riverdale plant was recently bought out by Mittal Steel, the world’s largest steel company. ", "Bush says to keep the mill attractive to the new owners, the county needs to make the company happy now.", "\n\n“Mittal USA has plants all around the world. ", "If they don’t do this expansion here, they’re talking about taking it to Ohio. ", "We can’t let other states take business away from Illinois without doing something.”", "\n\nBesides, he says, critics of the land swap should just do the math.", "\n\n“Thirty-one acres for twenty-one acres. ", "Sounds like a no-brainer to the business community.”", "\n\nBut not everyone’s buying into that calculation. ", "To understand why, I meet with Benjamin Cox. ", "He’s with Friends of the Forest Preserves, an advocacy group. ", "Cox and I are traveling along the bike path leading to the field the company wants to acquire.", "\n\n“As you’re walking along here, you can hear many, many birds. ", "We just saw some deer. ", "There are wonderful native plants here.”", "\n\nCox says the forest preserve district could use an extra ten acres, but the company’s offering land that’s half a mile away and across a river. ", "Cox says that land won’t help these woods. ", "He also doesn’t have much faith in the company’s new owners.", "\n\n“The part of this that nobody’s talked about yet is that they have not committed to actually bring these jobs here or do this project.”", "\n\nThe company confirms this, saying it can’t make promises about jobs even if it could expand the plant. ", "Cox adds the proposal flies in the face of Forest Preserves history. ", "During the past ninety years, it’s only sold or traded land a handful of times and the last time it did, it go burned. ", "A few years ago, it let go of two acres so Rosemont, a Chicago suburb, could build a casino parking lot. ", "The parking lot got built, but the casino project never got started.", "\n\nNow Cox fears if this deal goes through, it’ll be open season on Forest Preserve land.", "\n\n“As soon as you start nibbling away at the corners, a little acre here, a little acre there, twenty acres here. ", "All of a sudden, it’s ‘You did it for them, you should do it for me.'”", "\n\nThe plan’s supporters say they don’t want to sell off the preserves, they just want a little flexibility.", "\n\nCook County Commissioner Deborah Sims represents Riverdale and surrounding communities. ", "She says opponents are typically from more affluent parts of the county, places that have an easy time attracting new businesses. ", "There, she says,\n\n“All you have to do is build a few houses and everybody will come. ", "We don’t have that luxury. ", "So, any economic development we have, we can’t afford to lose.”", "\n\nSo the land swap seems a small price to pay for a little economic security.", "\n\nA tall chain-link fence separates the woods from the Riverdale steel plant. ", "Despite the division, both parcels of land have something in common – their boosters are motivated by fear.", "\n\nThe area’s steel industry is, in many ways, a diminishing, precious resource. ", "The Cook County Forest Preserve District also faces a crossroads, but a more political one. ", "It holds tens of thousands of acres of open land, but it’s not clear whether it can always fend off demands made by a land-hungry economy." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the invention\nThe present invention relates to a lighting device using an argon lamp as the light source, in particular, to a lighting device wherein an argon lamp is lighted by energizing a voltage exceeding its rating.", "\n2. ", "Description of the prior art\nRecently, the number of school children with pseudomyopia and workers with eyestrain is steadily increasing. ", "This would be due to long-time TV and fine print watching under inappropriate lighting, as well as to increasing VDT task. ", "Recent tendency prefers lighting devices which makes a person to recognize the color of an article as it really is, and repeated discussions have been focused on color rendering properties of lighting.", "\nLight sources which have been extensively used in lighting devices are fluorescent and incandescent lamps. ", "Fluorescent lamp has the merit that its relatively high total flux provides a bright lighting, as well as having the demerits that its flicker tends to cause eyestrain, and that the unbalance between total flux and color temperature deteriorates the color rendering properties to make articles look paler than they really are.", "\nAlthough incandescent lamp is superior to fluorescent lamp because the well balance between total flux and color temperature achieves satisfiable color rendering properties, incandescent lamp has the demerit that it is generally low in total flux and this tends to cause eyestrain when used in lighting for long time.", "\nIn order to overcome these drawbacks of conventional lighting device, the present inventor investigated incandescent lamps having superior color rendering properties. ", "As the result, the present inventor found that a light obtained by applying to an incandescent lamp a voltage exceedings its rating attains a color temperature approximately the same as that of early morning sunlight (about 3,000 K.) which is comfortable to the eyes, as well as that such a light is suitable for general lighting. ", "The present inventor disclosed these in Japanese Patent Laid-Opens No.193,398/86, No.185,516/87, No.26,909/88 and No.88,792/88.", "\nThe present inventor also found that in the case of argon lamps wherein argon gas is enclosed as the filling gas, many of the argon lamps as tested, however, emitted no natural light which had both a color temperature of about 2,900 K. or higher, desirably, in the range of about 2,950-3,050 K., and superior color rendering properties when energized with an overvoltage which fell within a practical range chosen in consideration with service life and safeness." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nObservable from click event in Angular2\n\nWhat's the preferred way to create an observable from a button's onclick event using Angular 2?", "\nI'm not sure if it's considered best practice to grab the native element from the DOM in the component code (how do I do this?), ", "or if there's some other shortcut I don't know about.", "\n\nA:\n\nDon't overthink it.", "\n@ViewChild('button') button;\nclicks$:Observable<any>;\n\nngOnInit() {\n this.clicks$ = Observable.fromEvent(this.button.nativeElement, 'click');\n}\n\nA:\n\nYou can use Observable.fromEvent like explained in Angular2 RxJS getting 'Observable_1.Observable.fromEvent is not a function' error\nOr just forward to an observable like\nprivate obs = new Subject();\npublic obs$ = this.obs.asObservable();\n\n@HostListener('click', ['$event']) \nclickHandler(event){\n this.obs.next(event);\n}\n\nor\n<button (click)=\"obs.next($event)\">\n\nA:\n\n@Gunter's example didn't quite work for me, because my compiler didn't recognize publ.", "\nHere's an example of what worked for me:\nmodal.component.ts\nimport { Output, Component } from '@angular/core';\nimport {Subject} from \"rxjs/Subject\";\n\nexport class MyModal{\n\n private clickStream = new Subject<Event>();\n\n @Output() observ = this.clickStream.asObservable();\n\n buttonClick(event:Event){\n this.clickStream.next(event);\n }\n}\n\nInside modal.component.html:\n<button type=\"button\" class=\"btn btn-default\" (click)=\"buttonClick($event)\">click me</button>\n\n" ]

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[ "Brian Hioe:The first thing I wanted to ask if, how did you two come to Taiwan and how did the project start?", "\n\nGideon Welles:I was born here, moved to Hong Kong as a kid, grew up there, and went to USC to study film in college. ", "As I was graduating, I didn’t know what I wanted to do next in life, but I knew that improving my Chinese was something I wanted to do to obtain a skill set which could open doors, so I came back here on scholarship to study Chinese at National Taiwan University for a year.", "\n\nAfter that, I worked on film in China for a year and came back to Taiwan. ", "That’s when I met Pratik and we hit it off because we had that California connection.", "\n\nPratik Suketu:I came in the beginning of 2015, I had been freelancing for this company in the Unites States, and they were basically shutting down their US operations, but they asked me to come to Taiwan for a bit to take on new projects, because that’s where their headquarters was. ", "I said, “Yeah! ", "Let me check it out, see what it’s about.” ", "Originally it was a three month gig, but pretty much as soon as I got here, I got promoted, and ended up staying here full time.", "\n\nI was working at that company as a creative director when I met Gideon and, yeah, we hit it off because of the California connection, as well as that we both studied film. ", "It was at this terrible house party. [", "Laughs] We ended up meeting through mutual friends.", "\n\nI was getting really fed up with corporate work in general and there was an incident at work which sparked this short story. ", "That was around the time that Gideon had started going to Pinglin, so I shared the short story with him, and he was like, “Oh, you should come with me to Pinglin next time I go!” ", "Things snowballed from there.", "\n\nGW: Yeah. ", "It was really good timing for us personally. ", "I think we wanted to embark on a passion project. ", "I had started going to Pinglin in October 2015. ", "I was introduced to the farmers through a mutual friend.", "At that time, I was teaching English. ", "And on the weekends, I wanted to get out and do stuff. ", "I wanted to learn more about tea farming and so through my friend’s connection, I went up to Pinglin.", "\n\nThey were like, “Oh! ", "Not many white guys come here. ", "Not many adogas come here.” ", "They were welcoming and I felt very at home and at ease there, oddly enough.", "\n\nIt’s a very small village, quaint, and there’s only one road up and down, so it’s quite protected from the bustle of the main street Pinglin town. ", "I took Pratik up there and he was definitely the first brown person they had seen.", "\n\nPS: Yeah. [", "Laughs] They mentioned that multiple times. ", "And then we started just going up all the time, as we began talking more and more, this short story becoming more and more of a treatment.", "\n\nGW:We went on a trip during Chinese New Year’s around the island. ", "We already loved Taiwan’s beautiful nature but you don’t actually get an appreciation for that until you’ve gone around the whole island and seen a lot of it firsthand. ", "We had a couple of other friends come into Taiwan for that trip.", "\n\nOne of them was our writer, Keryl, who I went to school with, so she studied screenwriting. ", "She really helped us flesh out the short story into a proper script, and to develop the characters. ", "Especially Hsiao-Juan, the hero, she’s a woman, so we needed that female perspective.", "\n\nPhoto credit: At Road’s End\n\nPS: The three of us had similar goals with the script from the very beginning. ", "A lot was happening just as the casting for Ghost in the Shell was announced, so we were pretty angry about that.", "\n\nOne of the big things coming out of Hollywood was the view that, “Oh, you can’t sell a film globally with an unknown Asian lead.” ", "We were like, “Well, why don’t we try to?”", "\n\nMost female heroines are also overly sexualized. ", "And we wanted to create this badass character that didn’t rely on that. ", "We had a lot of similar goals right off the bat and the whole process was very organic.", "\n\nBH: Pratik, I recall that you mentioned in the video, one of your ideas for the film was transplanting Indian adaptations of westerns to a Taiwanese setting. ", "Could you kind of elaborate on that?", "\n\nPS:I grew up watching a lot of Sergio Leone’s spaghetti westerns and at the same time, the Indian version of that. ", "It wasn’t necessarily taking the Indian spaghetti western and bringing that to Taiwan, but more that concept of taking this genre and changing up the region, adding in different cultural influences, and seeing how that affects the story.", "\n\nBut spaghetti westerns in general are usually about society in transition. ", "The original ones were about the end of that western era, when industrialization started in the United States. ", "And so because we wanted to set our film in the 1980s in Taiwan, that fit in pretty naturally with the Taiwan Miracle as a backdrop.", "\n\nBH:So you decided to set the film in Pinglin because of your connections to Pinglin and also because it was an area which was more remote from the city?", "\n\nGW:Yeah, it’s only an hour from Taipei. ", "But it’s completely different. ", "The air is much fresher and its a completely different change of lifestyle. ", "We had that access from the villagers, which was instrumental. ", "The farmers gave us a house that we made into a film set. ", "We saved a lot of money and with the resources that we had, we could create something unique.", "\n\nPS: And one of the things we both talked about really loving while living in Taipei is just the fact that so much nature is just outside the city. ", "You don’t have to go that far to completely lose yourself in nature.", "\n\nThat’s one of the reasons why I wanted to stay in Taiwan. ", "Even if I had a bad week at work, as soon as the weekend hit, I could just get out and spend the entire weekend hiking and exploring. ", "That’s something that’s very unique to Taipei which isn’t really captured on film as much.", "\n\nBH:What other influences would you had in terms of filmmaking style?", "\n\nPhoto credit: At Road’s End\n\nGW: We watched a lot of movies before and during the writing process. ", "We both like that kind of postmodern Tarantino style.", "\n\nPS:We also marathoned the entire Dollars Trilogy while we were writing. ", "In terms of Taiwan’s films, we watched Hou Hsiao-Hsien’s films as well.", "\n\nGW: We also had a great deal of appreciation for Korean cinema as well. ", "A willingness to explore the darker aspects of people and the bonds that tie them together. ", "We often watch a lot of contemporary Taiwanese movies, but many of them are maybe too “nice”. ", "A lot of that is maybe because of budget constraints, that you can only shoot a coming of age romance so many times.", "\n\nBH: What are some other inspirations from Taiwan you would mention?Gideon, you mentioned the RCA incident to me in your e-mail, for example.", "\n\nGW: At the same time we were writing the movie, Flint, Michigan was happening in the United States.", "\n\nPS: That’s what encountered the first couple drafts. ", "After our executive producer came on board, she read one of those first drafts and instantly drew that connections to RCA. ", "So we started researching a lot more into that case.", "\n\nGW: We went to Taoyuan to do more location scouting because we thought, if we’re going to integrate this into the storyline, we should try and see if we can shoot in Taoyuan too. ", "We were very lucky that the local film commission helped us get this water treatment plant that looks like an industrial, oil refinery or something like that. ", "Our final scene in the movie is set there, which was really cool.", "\n\nObviously, we don’t think that this film is going to speak for victims of RCA. ", "It’s a fictional film, but I would hope that the audience can get a sense of what happens when corporate greed goes wrong, and that people should be held accountable for their actions.", "\n\nIt was great to see that they got that second ruling recently. ", "It’s a small victory, but many of the people that were victims weren’t included in the original settlement, so it’s hard to say that it’s the end of the case.", "\n\nThe onus should be on be if people can leave films like ours and ask, “What can we all do to make sure this doesn’t happen in the future?”", "\n\nPhoto credit: At Road’s End\n\nPS:Film is one of the best tools to change public opinion, which is why it’s disappointing when, around the world, most contemporary films are flat and skirt over issues that they do have the power to influence opinion on.", "\n\nIn the US, we saw in the late 1990s and early 2000s, that television got much more inclusive. ", "It’s not there yet, there’s still a lot wrong with it, but it is getting more and more inclusive, and that’s had a huge impact on public opinion about so many different issues.", "\n\nWith film, the medium has that power. ", "We can’t give answers, we can’t say that this is how things should be, but by telling these stories that do tackle tougher issues, we hope to start a conversation.", "\n\nBH: What have responses been in Taiwan? ", "Internationally?", "\n\nGW: A lot of Asian-Americans and Taiwanese-Americans have been supportive. ", "We’ve been talking with Taiwanese-American and Asian-American organizations, which have been very supportive. ", "Everyone wants to see more Taiwan stuff out there. ", "I think also that, to maybe to pivot to Taiwan, anyone is happy to see people doing something entrepreneurial and not the rat race, corporate thing.", "\n\nWe feel very blessed to have had the opportunity to do it this year. ", "It’s obviously a lot harder to live on savings and to become a starving artist in the US, but between our resources here and our network, we were able to put together a lot of cool stuff. ", "I think a lot of that is because our film resonates with them.", "\n\nMaybe a lot of Taiwanese people are a bit bewildered that two foreigners would come to Taiwan—they regard me as a foreigner, too, although I’m half-Taiwanese and was born here—but I hope that with things such as the campaign, we can slowly get them to realize that we have this perspective of Taiwan, that it’s beautiful, has a great culture, and is something we really value. ", "I think most Taiwanese people will value that too.", "\n\nPS: This campaign is our first time facing the public for the movie. ", "But even when we were in pre-production and trying to get staff and crew and everything, a lot of people were pretty excited about how different this project seems. ", "Most of our crew came from a commercial background. ", "Just seeing a film trying to do something different got them excited.", "\n\nPhoto credit: At Road’s End\n\nGW: There were a couple of meetings when we walked in, hoping to find actors—someone gave us this outrageous quote for his services, thinking that we were some big Hollywood production. ", "That just goes to speak that because Lucy and Silence came here, that’s become thought of as foreigners are loaded or something like that.", "\n\nThat view might not change anytime soon, but it’d be good to expand the overall pie of indie production. ", "It’s not just good if we’re successful. ", "We want to create opportunities for everyone here. ", "That benefits us too, it’d be more people to work with.", "\n\nPS: Within our own circle, our crew, our friends, everyone, we have a lot of friends that want to work in the indie film scene here. ", "This year we’ve seen more people that have taken the initiative, writing their own scripts, within our own circle. ", "We hope that continues. ", "We can’t claim responsibility for this trend, but we’re really stoked that it’s happening.", "\n\nBH:What have the challenges been in making the film? ", "You mentioned that there are not a lot of these sorts of films and in general, indie productions face uphill challenges.", "\n\nGW:Language was a big barrier. ", "I had to wear a lot of different hats. ", "But we had a pretty nice crew, that was quite understanding, and a lot of the crew was bilingual and a lot of the actors were bilingual. ", "That helped Pratik a lot.", "\n\nBH: Is there anything you’ve observed about the film industry here?", "\n\nGW:We were locking down locations and I thought, “Okay, I need to get insurance.” ", "I got the crew insurance, since at the very minimum we need that. ", "I talked to the insurance agent and I asked her, “Do you guys also do location insurance? ", "In case something happens? ", "Or even equipment?” ", "And she was like, “Location insurance. ", "That’s very interesting. ", "We don’t have that product, but we can make one for you if you want.”", "\n\nIt was pretty straightforward, I thought. ", "There are some things which maybe just don’t exist in terms of infrastructure or framework here.", "\n\nCrowdfunding rewards for At Road’s End. ", "Photo credit: At Road’s End\n\nPS: Even when we were casting, we found most of our cast through open casting calls.", "There’s a lot of agents here, but there are only two or three agencies, and they mostly focus on modeling.", "\n\nGW: Everybody’s aunt is an agent here.", "\n\nPS: With three or four actors on their roster. ", "So it was a very different process from what we expected initially, but like everything in filmmaking, you just have to find a solution and figure things out.", "\n\nGW: On-set, we shot a lot of the film in Pinglin. ", "When you’re shooting outdoors, you’re supposed to shoot all the natures scenes outdoors in the beginning of the shoot, in case of weather. ", "We didn’t. ", "It was too hard scheduling.", "\n\nSo by the end of it, we were really rushing. ", "There was rain. ", "And we found out later that Pinglin is on a flight path, so a lot of times, after we had put food outside for the stray dogs and there’s a rooster in and out, we would hear the “Whoosh!” ", "of a plane engine roaring.", "\n\nPS:There were so many times on-set when we would get a perfect take. ", "I would be excited, the cinematographer would be excited, the actors would be like, “We nailed it, right?” ", "And we’d look over at the sound guy and he’d be shaking his head. [", "Laughs]\n\nGW: It’s all a good lesson.", "\n\nBH: What about marketing? ", "Or trying to get the word out?", "\n\nGW: A lot of Taiwanese people just don’t know what IndieGogo is. ", "They’re also wary of credit card fraud. ", "As a result, because our team’s network is more based in the US or international, many of our donations have been international. ", "But Taiwan is #2.", "\n\nPS: 30% of donations have come from Taiwan and the remaining 75% have been from around the world. ", "But that’s a good thing, too, since that means that a lot of people around the world are interested in this film, that it’s set in Taiwan.", "\n\nGW: People are just going to have to get to know us more in Taiwan. ", "Because we’re going to be around. ", "The US is probably more used to this narrative of two guys in their twenties trying to do something, going for broke.", "\n\nBut at the same time, right now, Netflix and other companies are really trying to see what opportunities there are in Asia. ", "English language content isn’t the only form of content anymore. ", "So time-wise, there are a lot of opportunities available. ", "Once we hit the festival circuit, I’m really excited to have conversations with a lot more people, and see what’s next.", "\n\nPitch video for At Road’s End. ", "Film credit: At Road’s End\n\nBH: Lastly, then, what do you think are the next steps for your film?", "\n\nPS: The immediate next step is getting through the campaign first.", "\n\nGW: We finish on December 5th. ", "And we’ll use these funds for music, visual effects, sound and mixing, and stuff like that. ", "We hope to start applying to festivals after Chinese New Year. ", "This time next year, we’re hopefully in festivals. ", "Hopefully in Golden Horse, you never know.", "\n\nWith what we started with the crowdfunding, we want to build that audience, to cultivate that audience, and our content to be focused on people who have an appreciation for Taiwan but may not know as much about Taiwan, and can experience it through this movie or our future movies.", "\n\nPS: That’s the great thing about a crowdfunding campaign. ", "It doesn’t matter how much people are giving as much as how many people there are. ", "All those people become really adamant fans of you and your work. ", "We hope that this creates a foundation for us to build off of.", "\n\nGW:For example, can we find a thousand people across the world?Not just people who gave money, but on Instagram or Facebook, but people who are really behind us. ", "Nowadays if you have a big group of people behind you, you can achieve a lot. ", "We’re excited. ", "It’s promising.", "\n\nBrian Hioe was one of the founding editors of New Bloom. ", "He is a freelance writer on social movements and politics, and occasional translator. ", "A New York native and Taiwanese-American, he has an MA in East Asian Languages and Cultures from Columbia University and graduated from New York University with majors in History, East Asian Studies, and English Literature. ", "He was Democracy and Human Rights Service Fellow at the Taiwan Foundation for Democracy from 2017 to 2018.", "\n\nAbout New Bloom\n\nNew Bloom is an online magazine covering activism and youth politics in Taiwan and the Asia Pacific, founded in Taiwan in 2014 in the wake of the Sunflower Movement. ", "We seek to put local voices in touch with international discourse, beginning with Taiwan." ]

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[ "18 Sep: The 47-year-old actress filed a complaint about \"toxic\" behaviour on the set of 'America's Got Talent' earlier this year, following her decision last year to quit the show after just one season on the judging panel because of the alleged racial bias and discrimination she faced... more\n\n" ]

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[ "Greetings, adventurer.", "\n\nJanuary has always been the perfect month to grab great deals after the holiday season, and my store is the perfect place for some fantastic deals!", "\n\nThroughout all of January, we’ll have a range of items that will be 25% off all month. ", "However keep an eye out because each day we’ll be taking one of those items and boosting the discount to 66% off for 24 hours only! ", "A different item each day means that you’ll be able to grab a massive bargain each day throughout the month.", "\n\nAnd even more reason to watch these deals; when January ends, all the items that have been on sale will be removed from Solomon Store. ", "That’s right, this may be your very last chance to ever get your hands on these particular items, keep a keen eye and act fast!", "\n\nGet more RuneCoins to use in my shop by redeeming Bonds in-game, by clicking ‘Buy RuneCoins’ when you’re in Solomon’s store, or by visiting our billing page directly.", "\n\nDrop by the store in game to say hello soon. ", "You can find me just south of Varrock’s Grand Exchange!", "\n\nUntil next time,\n\nSolomon" ]

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[ "Cardano will become the most decentralized cryptocurrency in the world, 50 to 100 times more decentralized than Bitcoin once all its upgrades are implemented.", "\n\nAt least that’s the word according to Cardano co-founder and CEO of IOHK Charles Hoskinson, who caught up with Cointelegraph at CV Summit, a day-long crypto event running alongside the 50th edition of the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland.", "\n\nSpeaking with Cointelegraph’s Kristina Cornèr, Hoskinson said he believes the hard fork, consisting of an implementation of the Ouroboros Bizantine Fault-Tolerant Consensus Protocol, will be seamless and easy. ", "Following the hard fork, the protocol will undergo a series of additional upgrades which should eventually turn Cardano into the most decentralized cryptocurrency in the world.", "\n\nCheck out the full interview with Charles Hoskinson and don’t forget to subscribe to our YouTube Channel!" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCan't store time over 9 hours and 10 minutes\n\nI am making a clock on my Arduino Uno using the time library http://playground.arduino.cc/Code/Time\nI let the user set a time. ", "Which is then converted to seconds and used in the\nsetTime(s);\n\nfunction.", "\nWhen the value is over 9:10h, the seconds evaluate to 4 294 941 360 seconds (=\n1 193 039.27 hours)\nA code snippet:\nvoid timeChange() {\n lcd.clear();\n lcd.setCursor(0, 0);\n lcd.print(\"Change time\");\n lcd.setCursor(0, 1);\n lcd.print(\"00:00\");\n int hoursSet = 0; //Stores the hours added.", "\n int minutesSet = 0; //Stores the minutes added.", "\n String printTime;\n bool timeComplete = false;\n while (!", "timeComplete) {\n int buttonVal = analogRead(A0);\n if (buttonVal >= 490 && buttonVal <= 520) { //Indicates button 3 is pressed. ", "It's function is to add one hour to the time.", "\n hoursSet = (hoursSet + 1) % 24; //Adds one hour to the hours.", "\n delay(100);\n } else if (buttonVal >= 5 && buttonVal <= 10) { //Indicates button 4 is pressed. ", "It's function si to add 5 minutes to the time.", "\n minutesSet = (minutesSet + 5) % 60; //Adds minutes to the minutes.", "\n delay(100);\n }\n\n lcd.setCursor(0,1);\n String strHr = String(hoursSet);\n String strMn = String(minutesSet);\n if(strHr.length() == 2){\n lcd.print(hoursSet);\n } else if(strHr.length() == 1) {\n lcd.print(\"0\");\n lcd.setCursor(1, 1);\n lcd.print(hoursSet);\n }\n\n lcd.setCursor(2,1);\n lcd.print(\":\");\n lcd.setCursor(3,1);\n if(strMn.length() == 2){\n lcd.print(minutesSet);\n } else if(strMn.length() == 1) {\n lcd.print(\"0\");\n lcd.setCursor(4, 1);\n lcd.print(minutesSet);\n }\n delay(100);\n\n if (buttonVal >= 990 && buttonVal <= 1010) { //if button 2 is pressed again, the timecomeplete is set to true, and the script continues.", "\n timeIsSet = true;\n timeComplete = true;\n }\n }\n lcd.clear(); //Clear the screen\n lcd.setCursor(0, 0);\n lcd.print(\"The time\"); //Print text, move cursor and print the time\n lcd.setCursor(0, 1);\n String strHr = String(hoursSet);\n String strMn = String(minutesSet);\n if(strHr.length() == 2){\n lcd.print(hoursSet);\n } else if(strHr.length() == 1) {\n lcd.print(\"0\");\n lcd.setCursor(1, 1);\n lcd.print(hoursSet);\n }\n lcd.setCursor(2,1);\n lcd.print(\":\");\n lcd.setCursor(3,1);\n if(strMn.length() == 2){\n lcd.print(minutesSet);\n } else if(strMn.length() == 1) {\n lcd.print(\"0\");\n lcd.setCursor(4, 1);\n lcd.print(minutesSet);\n }\n lcd.print(\" is saved!\");", "\n setTime((hoursSet * 3600) + (minutesSet * 60));\n timeIsSet = true;\n delay(5000); //Wait five, seconds then proceed\n\n}\nAdded this to the code:\n Serial.print(\"hours \");\n Serial.println(hoursSet);\n Serial.print(\"hours in s \");\n Serial.println(hoursSet * 3600);\n Serial.print(\"minutes \");\n Serial.println(minutesSet);\n Serial.print(\"minutes in s \");\n Serial.println(minutesSet * 60);\n Serial.print(\"Combined: \");\n Serial.println( (hoursSet * 3600) + (minutesSet * 60) );\n\nWhen I input 5:15 it results in:\n\nhours 5\n hours in s 18000\n minutes 15\n minutes in s 900\n Combined: 18900\n\nWhen I input 9:15 it results in:\n\nhours 9\n hours in s 32400\n minutes 15\n minutes in s 900\n Combined: -32236\n\nSo, it looks like the library only holds an Int. ", "But that seems odd, as the function expects seconds.", "\n\nA:\n\nHere's a hint: 32767 seconds is 9 hours, 6 minutes and 7 seconds.", "\nWhat is the largest value that an int can hold?", "\n\nEDIT: I can't add comments on this computer (old browser), so I have to respond to your question here.", "\ntime_t is an unsigned 32-bit value, but all of your input values are signed 16-bit values. ", "When you take a product like 3600*10, you get a bit pattern of 1000110010100000, which is 36000 when interpreted as an unsigned value, but is -29536 when interpreted as a signed value.", "\nWhen assigned to a time_t, the value is sign-extended to 32 bits, which makes it 11111111111111111000110010100000, which is 4294937760 when interpreted as an unsigned value.", "\nIf you want to write a statement like\ntime_t x = (hoursSet * 3600) + (minutesSet * 60);\n\nyou need to type-cast your input arguments to the correct type first:\ntime_t x = ((time_t)hoursSet * 3600) + ((time_t)minutesSet * 60);\n\n" ]

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[ "Choka Savings at Swell\n\nDrop into savings with the Swell email list to get $20 off next $100 purchase and receive exclusive deals and giveaways on great gear.", "\n\n2. ", "Connect on Social Media\n\nGet cranking with Swell on Facebook, Twitter and other social media sites for the latest sales, rad new products and more.", "\n\n3. ", "Free Shipping\n\nGet the drop with free standard shipping on orders over $39\n\n4. ", "Get Rewards\n\nEnter the green room with Swell's rewards program. ", "Swell likes making savings easy. ", "Creating an account automatically enrolls customers in the rewards program. ", "Each purchase gives shoppers 3% rewards points, and they're tallied up for a quarter, and then redeemable for a month. ", "Swell sends reminders so savings don't go flat.", "\n\n5. ", "Join the Surfrider Foundation\n\nSurf-lovers everywhere join Surfrider Foundation to help keep the oceans beautiful. ", "Membership not only keeps the beaches sandy -- it nets a 20% discount on all purchases at Swell.", "\n\nAbout\n\nFrom Grommets to Dawn Patrol, Swell has the gear to make surfing classy. ", "Since 1999, Swell has teamed up with the best brands in the world to give surfers and skaters a beautiful ride. ", "Don’t be a beach leech, get great prices on boards, wax and equipment. ", "Beyond just boards, Swell has great surf apparel, footwear and accessories to make every day at the beach a day to get amped. ", "Get choka savings and smooth sailing at Swell." ]

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[ "Come explore my world of bicycle racing in Michigan as I continue my quest race after race for a top 5 podium position in Mountain bike and Cyclocross racing. ", "Look here for my weekly ramblings, race reports, race pictures and clips from friends and family.", "\n\nWednesday, December 14, 2011\n\nWhat started out as a bad year of weight gain, work stress, piss poor training, and then racing was turned around in July with a new position, some weight loss, better training, and a renewed focus on racing. ", "Especially with CX in my sights. ", "So as for the year I am very pleased with my results. ", "I try to set some goals every year, to drive me and keep me focused. ", "These are goals that are reachable but always challenging for me. ", "So how did I fare for 2011?", "\n\nMy mountain bike season started out rough. ", "I focused on more endurance miles, which I saw a big return on my endurance for the longer races. ", "But weighing over 190 lbs left me struggling to reach the podium. ", "What made it worse was a string of like 3 or 4 6th place finishes. ", "But again, July came and a lot was lifted off my shoulders. ", "For the last 3 races of the Tailwind Series, I nailed 3 spots on the podium. ", "My morale improved and I was back on track. ", "CX was in full swing now but there was still one more mountain bike race to settle the score. ", "The ICEMAN. ", "And this time it was a USAC sanctioned race, so doing well meant even more to me this year than ever before. ", "I was nailing my training plan, and had one goal in mind. ", "Win the damn thing! ", "I gave it my all and just missed winning by less than a minute. ", "But I set a personal best time on a longer course and came home with 2nd place in my class. ", "My best result to date!", "\n\nThen came the Cyclocross season. ", "I was stoked. ", "I knew I would be a player somewhere in the Master 35+ class, but where was yet to be seen. ", "I started out the season racing doing the B race at Plaster Creek which is part of the Kisscross series and I took a commanding win. ", "I was surprised that I just beat 40 other guys, but knew this was not a USAC race. ", "That's the one I was hungry for... The following week was the kick off to the Tailwind series, and I came out swinging. ", "I took the Win on the 1st day! ", "I could not believe it. ", "It was my first win since 2008! ", "I was really stoked, and this confidence carried me through the rest of the season. ", "I was a top 3 guy almost every race and finished up the series 3rd overall in points. ", "I missed a state championship medal, but can not complain about my consistency through out the season. ", "In addition, I fared well at the USGP's racing single speed and finished in the top 10 at all but the last race.", "\n\nSo as for my actual goals, here is how I did.", "\n\nMountain Bike Goals\n\n1. ", "Finish Top 3 at Brighton Stage Race Overall - Took a DNF.2. ", "Break top 3 in a USAC XC Race - Did not accomplish in Tailwind, but did at ICEMAN!!!3. ", "Finish in top 5 at least 4 times in Any Series - I accomplished goal, thanks to ICEMAN.", "\n\nCyclocross Goals\n\n1. ", "Top 3 overall in Masters 35+ for Points - Nailed it! ", "3rd overall!2. ", "Top 3 at the CX state Championship race - Missed it. ", "Took 4th.3. ", "Win a USAC CX Masters 35+ race - Nailed it!!!! ", "and took a total of 4 wins counting my single speed races and plaster creek.", "\n\nI am already looking forward to 2012, and am eager to get back on the bike and push my limits. ", "Goals are being set, and training plans getting dialed in...\n\nThanks again to everyone who cheered and encouraged me along the way. ", "it is a big help. ", "And look forward to seeing all of you again at the races!", "\n\nSunday, December 11, 2011\n\nMy season officially ended after Springfield Oaks, but I could not resist the chance to do one more local race. ", "Especially since it would be a new venue for me. ", "JB Hancock was designing the course, and I had nothing on the line so no pressure. ", "After Springfield, I took a complete week off the bike, and now feel like a complete slug. ", "But how much fitness could lose? ", "I'll be OK for one more dance right?", "\n\nThe race was the Stomach of Anger Series final - Big Bad Wolf CX by Red Zone Racing. ", "And unlike the Mad Anthony race in the Stomach of Anger series, this was a well thought out, regulation, fun with lap counters CX course. ", "Brian did a wonderful job using all the terrain to make for a fast free flowing challenging CX course. ", "One of the best this year! ", "Team Sandbag was out for total domination today. ", "Starting with Jacob Ridley taking a win in the C-race. ", "Securing him as series champion! ", "Then for something new, Curt, Jim and I lined up against 4 other 3 person teams in the team race and came home with gold! ", "and a few growlers!!!! ", "Jim went first and stuck to Jim Hilditch's wheel for the first lap. ", "Then curt took his turn and past Kevin of the Racing Greyhounds to put us in First. ", "the final lap was up to me. ", "With a small lead, I punched it pulling away farther and farther from the final Greyhound! ", "Crossed the line and collect our Beer! ", "This was one of the funnest, most exciting cx races I have ever done. ", "We need more stuff like this in the state! ", "Next up was all 3 of us lining up for the single speed class for 60 mins. ", "And again, it was a TSB clean sweep of the podium --- AND MORE FREE BEER!I expect for this race to grow and would recommend it highly. ", "Especially is JB stays involved.", "Furthermore, this was a great day for Team Sandbag and myself to end the season. ", "Now it time to start planning for next year.", "\n\nMonday, December 5, 2011\n\nWell, Springfield Oaks is becoming my new Stony Creek. ", "2 years in a row now I came up empty handed. ", "Last year was my rear shifter going out, leaving me with no morale, and a DNF. ", "This year I was ready (at least I thought) but it just didn't workout. ", "I think I'm kind of like that stuff you buy at the Hostess Outlet store. ", "You know, the stuff that's outdated. ", "It still taste good, but just not as good as it is when its fresh....\n\nThe conditions were what I was hoping for, but sometimes you wish and wish, then you get and get. ", "It was too muddy. ", "At least for a heavy guy. ", "But it was the hand that everyone was dealt. ", "So it was our turn. ", "Masters 35+ looking around, there were some new faces. ", "Title sniping! ", "But it was to be expected. ", "It really didn't matter to me at that point. ", "Because I only had 2 things to worry about Try to beat Simon and Dan Bannink. ", "From the start, I let a few guys go. ", "Pete Thompson, Adam Naish and a few others. ", "I wanted to race smart. ", "I was in a good spot, and as soon as we hit the slippy down hills, I was starting to pass guys left and right. ", "I was now sitting near 3-4th, and growing a gap. ", "But the course was zapping my power. ", "Still fighting, and holding my own. ", "Andrew Weir came by and I pushed on. ", "I was still in the top 3 hunt for states. ", "Half way through the race, I was still feeling good and looking for opportunity to bridge the gap back to Andy who I could still see just ahead. ", "And then it happened... In the off camber section of the course, my chain fell off the cassette on the inside and got stuck in the spokes. ", "I was forced off the bike, and had to yank it out by hand. ", "During this time at least 5 guys passed me. ", "I was pissed, but did not panic. ", "I jumped on the bike and 50 ft later, it happened again. ", "I finally got it back on again and was riding. ", "as soon as I hit the next technical section, I caught all the guys that just passed me except for Todd Frerichs. ", "Todd slowly inched his way away from me for the rest of the race. ", "I tried to burn the rest of my matches to make contact, but they were gone from the attacks after the mechanical. ", "Then Jarod caught and passed me, but I was able to make one more move to pass him again. ", "It didn't last. ", "He passed me again. ", "Final final nail in the coffin was when Dan came around me riding the strongest race he had all year. ", "I new this was the final spot on the podium for the Masters 35-39 state championship. ", "And my last chance of seeing a top 5 for the race.", "\n\nI was disappointed, but realized that a lot of things were out of my control. ", "More importantly, I learned a ton about training and realizing when your body has told you its enough. ", "I had a great run for the entire season, and I can't hang my head on 1 race in which I didn't get the result I was looking for. ", "As my good friend Brad Lako told me today... It's just fuel for the fire.", "\n\nOverall for the points series I took 3rd. ", "It was unbelievable how tight the series was for the entire season. ", "My hats off to all the guys I raced against in Masters. ", "It will be a season I will never forget.", "\n\nCongrats to all the state champ podiums (some of my favorites - Simon, Jarod, Todd F, Sven, Kelly, Jeff W, Wiz, Jim G, JB, Andrea, DC, Keith, Andy, Pete, Marc D, Rich S.). ", "And thanks to everyone for their support, encouragement and cheering this year! ", "You are all the best!", "\n\nMonday, November 21, 2011\n\nThe season may be winding down, but it honestly feels like the Masters 35+ Class is still heating up. ", "As soon as I got to the race, it just felt special for some reason. ", "Sure it was Bloomer. ", "Same song and dance, but everyone was happy, excited about racing, and there were a lot of new people out finally giving this CX thing a try. ", "And for some reason the crowd was really into it for this race as well. ", "Every class that raced, yelling, screaming, laughing! ", "it was great! ", "I felt like I was in my own little Tour de France, as I rounded every corner, ever hill, every straight someone was yelling my name or cheering me along, and they were all loud as hell! ", "it was awesome, and just made me want to go that much harder. ", "I can't thank everyone enough for that! ", "it truly helps when your body is telling you to stop!So the race. ", "Everyone was ready to win. ", "With only 2 races left, its been on every one's mind. ", "Either \"Can I score one more before the season is done?\", ", "or \"Can I win just one before the season is done?\" ", "These were the questions on every one's mind at the start line. ", "You could almost smell it. ", "You could see the twinkle in every one's eye. ", "You could see the drool on their lips. ", "This was going to be an all out old school cyclocross battle in the Masters 35+! ", "Just as Jarod said at Iceman \" this is about bragging rights Bitches!\"", "\n\nAnd it begins. ", "One of the most talented Fields assembled of the year. ", "Simon, Johnson, Makowski, Bannink, Stack, Selle, Frerichs, Hilditch. ", "They all been down this road before, and all know how to get it done. ", "It was nothing short of a battle field. ", "Everyone with strategic plans, and back up plans. ", "As soon as the whistle went the attacks started. ", "First for the hole shot was Johnson. ", "He was successful with this move at Vets park, the chase was immediately on. ", "Simon grabbed his wheel and I followed for 3rd. ", "Over the wood chip pile and into the course. ", "Shortly after I heard a loud crash. ", "I guess Ron Stack's wheel came off. ", "We kept on marching at the front. ", "Johnson kept up a good pace, but started to let up into the 2nd lap. ", "I was ready to cash it in if I had the chance, so at the start finish area - I went! ", "I drilled it. ", "Started to open up the gap a bit. ", "But it did not stick. ", "By lap 4, the group was back together. ", "This time Simon came around and Jarod Followed. ", "David and I stayed back, and the gap grew. ", "By this time Jim Hilditch was still with us and decided to attack and start to bridge the gap. ", "We could see the leaders the entire time just dangling in front of us. ", "With 2 laps to go, I was yo-yoing off the back of David and Jim. ", "I did make contact again, and when I did, I attacked. ", "this time I caused a little hurt, including myself. ", "We were getting closer to the leader and them Simon made his last move. ", "This was enough to for him to drop Jarod and eventually win the race. ", "Jarod then joined us and it was on for 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th! ", "I would jump in front, then Jim would make a move and then David would attack again. ", "We were wheel to wheel and stingy about giving up an inch! ", "Up the finally climb behind the velodrome, it was important to be 1st going into the final paved section. ", "David continued to pull ahead, and Jim tired to make a move around me. ", "I went deep into the red. ", "More like the \"dark\" red to not let him by. ", "I was at the limit for the rest of the race. ", "I was inching my way closer to David, and pulling away from Jim. ", "I tried to sprint for 2nd, but was a few yards too short. ", "So I protected 3rd place instead.", "\n\nWhat an amazing race. ", "And congrats to Simon, David, Jim, And Jarod for rounding out the top 5. ", "One more to go boys!", "\n\nAlso, thanks to everyone for partying with me and killing my PBR 30 pack! ", "And great job to JB for taking and finishing a full PBR hand up! ", "JB was also the winner of the Elite prime! ", "Awesome!", "\n\nMonday, November 14, 2011\n\nWell, it's been 3 years in a row now that I have done this race, and it just keeps getting better. ", "The course that was laid out for both days was by for the funnest and toughest CX course I have ever raced on. ", "It is sure to be a crowd pleaser for the up coming Masters and UCI Worlds. ", "So you wont want to miss'em if you can make it. ", "As for my racing, I will keep it short - but I can say I felt really, really good both days. ", "There was some deep talent in the single speed class for the the Derby City Cup this year, so any dreams of a top 3 finish were destroyed in the starting grid. ", "But hey, I can still do the best I can so that is what I did. ", "So with a top 10 goal in mind, this is how it went.", "\n\nDay 1 - The toughest of the 2 courses, saw 3 sand pits 2 run ups, a fly-over, and set of barriers. ", "And oh, steep punchy hills all about. ", "I some how got a 2nd row start, and this caused me to fall mid pack at the start. ", "So once I got the jitters out I went to work! ", "I started some where in the teens, and picked off riders one by one. ", "The good thing is, I was able to ride hard for the entire race, but still put in huge surges on the flats to attack, and open up gaps. ", "It was awesome. ", "When it was all done, I finished 8th out of 20 something. ", "I felt this was very respectable, especially considering the guys racing at the front and the skill level needed to navigate the course.", "\n\nDay 2 - Jim and I got there early and scouted out the course. ", "Looked a little easier, except for the course went through a 12 inch deep mud hole. ", "Why would they go out of there way to find the only mud hole on the course? ", "Not a lot of happy people, and this will come into play later. ", "I got a front row position this time and was ready and feeling good. ", "The gun went and we were off. ", "I was in about 5th place going through the barriers. ", "Perfect! ", "I was hanging off the back of the lead guys but they were still in site. ", "A few guys got around, but I was still in a good position and growing the gap behind every lap. ", "I was feeling stronger and better than the day before. ", "Half way through the race, I was closing in on 3 of the guys that passed me earlier. ", "Pop 1! ", "Pop 2! ", "and now I was closing in on 6th place. ", "I was with in reach and I still had a allot of space between the chasers behind me. ", "Going into the last lap, it was TT time and race smart. ", "I nailed everything. ", "And as I approached the mud hole for the last time, I started my roll, squared up the best possible line and splash oh $%&*! ", "Something grabbed my wheel and threw me to the right side of the course through the tape and course stakes like a ton of bricks onto the ground! ", "I popped up like I just stole 2nd base, but did not panic. ", "I grabbed the bike and started to run. ", "The front wheel would not roll. ", "Then 1, 2, 3 guys passed me. ", "Shit! ", "I didn't have a rolled tubular but what the hell!? ", "Finally someone in the crowd noticed my brake arm was jammed under my front rim. ", "I beat it back with my hand, straightened out my now loose brake lever and jumped back on. ", "I made a big push, and actually made it up to the tail end of the guys that passed me. ", "But my brake level was loose and every time it move, it pulled my front brake to drag. ", "So I finished the rest of the lap with my brake dragging and had to settle for 11th. ", "Not bad with all the bad luck. ", "Immediately, after our race. ", "They took the mud hole out for the rest of the day. ", "Go figure...\n\nCongrats to Jon Card on 2 back to back wins in Masters 45+ Awesome!", "\n\nAnd congrats to Mike Wissink for an awesome win on Day 1!", "\n\nEven better, Mike showed he is truly a class act by sitting up in the last few hundred meters on Day 2 to let Richard Feldman through to take 2nd place, which allowed him to keep the leaders jersey going into the last round of the USGP. ", "Nice job Wiz! (", "Feldman was on the front in one of the last turns. ", "He took the outside line and was forced off his bike as the eventual leader went inside. ", "This allowed Wiz to get around him and would have had an easy 2nd. ", "However, this would have kicked Feldman out of the leaders jersey, and Wiz is not in the jersey competition this year.)That move made a huge impression on me. ", "Thanks!", "\n\nFinally, congrats to all the Miscene folks that made it down to race. ", "There were some very good results across the board. ", "And we all supported each other and represented very well! ", "Always fun!!!", "\n\nSunday, November 6, 2011\n\nAnother great Iceman weekend in the books. ", "It's always great to see so many people in place place enjoying their bikes out in the woods. ", "And there is nothing like being able to test yourself against and other mountain bikers in a national level race in fields that are 70-100+ deep! ", "The Iceman has been a very good race for me every year that I have done it. ", "So I usually look forward to it every year. ", "And with it falling in the middle of my CX season, I seem to be fit enough to give it my all. ", "So this year, my goal was simple even though I didn't announce it to too many folks. ", "I was going to try and win it. ", "Plain and simple. ", "But it wasn't going to be easy.", "\n\nI was lucky enough to be starting in wave 1, because of my 3rd place finish and time from the year before. ", "So this would surely help out my plan. ", "Especially with the caliber of riders I could ride with such as Jarod, Selle, Brad, Tom Clark, Adam, Jason Lummis, Tom Payne, Dan Krajcovic, etc. ", "The list went on and on. ", "Its an awesome feeling sitting in wave 1 looking around as the national anthem is being played to realize that you are in a very select group of guys that are some of the fastest and best mountain bike racers in the state. ", "Truly an honor!", "\n\nThe count down began, the whistle blew, and we were off in downtown Kalkaska! ", "The start was fast and steady. ", "The group all stayed together until we hit the dirt and then it started to string out. ", "I soon found myself off the back a little, but did not panic as I could see the folks I needed to be riding with just ahead. ", "I fought through the pack and soon found myself with Dan (Last years All Men 36 winner). ", "I knew this would be a good wheel and someone I need to keep in reach. ", "A few touch of brakes, bad lines, and traffic, Dan started to get a gap on me especially in the short single track sections. ", "Again I did not panic, because I knew my strengths and made sure I had a smart race. ", "I caught Brad and hoped to work with him through the pack. ", "Shortly after, I was chasing Dan and the group ahead and closing fast. ", "On the longer double track section, I made my move. ", "I hammered and could see the guys I was after. ", "It was a large group containing jarod, Dan, Selle, and a few others. ", "I got on the tail end and recovered for a bit. ", "The groups pace did not seem to be very strong, so I decided to pull around and go on the next climb. ", "Jarod made the jump and at the top of the hill as Selle, Jarod and myself were all side by side, Jarod said with snot and spit hanging from his face, \" this is for bragging rights bitches!\" ", "I laughed my ass off and he pulled away. ", "I followed but soon got gaped a little in the next single track section by slower riders. ", "Selle stuck on my wheel, and we dropped Dan. ", "As we approached Williamsburg road, I knew I was going to have a great day. ", "Legs felt strong and I was full of piss and vinegar! ", "I began to sprint up the rest of the hills after to try and take away as much time as possible. ", "As we got closer to the end and into the short punchy series of hills, Selle came around and pulled. ", "I stayed with him, and would pull around and power as hard as I could through the flats. ", "We got to Anita's hill, and slowly started my spin up. ", "But the legs were not filling up with lactic acid like I thought they would at this stage of the game! ", "OH YEAH. ", "I sprinted the rest of the climb, went past Selle and said \"hop on Rob\" and went. ", "That was the last I seen of him. ", "I sprinted up the rest of the climbs and was closing in on the next group. ", "I kept telling myself to push, push, push! ", "By this time I knew I could be coming in around a 1:45 plus on the clock, and the possibility of 1st place was becoming a reality! ", "I could feel the adrenaline pumping and could no longer feel any pain in my legs and went as hard as I could go. ", "I finally caught the group that was ahead of me, and went right past. ", "2 of the guys went with me, and I just pedaled, and pedaled. ", "Through the last section on single track I rode smart but took risk. ", "Then the last challenge of the day, Wood Chip hill. ", "I attacked 1 more rider I believe was in my age group, couldn't take any chances. ", "I got to the top and he was gassed. ", "I clicked up into my big ring and sprinted home. ", "I looked at my clock before the last corner and realized I had a chance to beat my personal best time and go sub 1:49! ", "I round the last corner and sprinted as hard as I could! ", "1:48:57! ", "Personal best by over 40 seconds on a longer course. ", "And I ended up taking 2nd place, missing 1st by only 54 seconds! ", "I just had one of the best races of my life! ", "I didn't win, but I can't say I didn't try.", "\n\nCongrats to Tom Clark, Andy Weir for awesome wins! ", "And Congrats and thanks to Jarod (2nd), Dan (4th), and Selle (5th) on great finishes and for the help! ", "Also, Congrats to Simon, Jay, Jim B, Jim G, Adam, Jeff P, Don C and Brad L (Top 10 - stay focused) on some awesome results! ", "There are several others so I apologize if I didn't give you some love here. ", "You will get some personal love the next time I see you ; )\n\nSunday, October 30, 2011\n\nWoke up this morning to below freezing temps, and a nice layer of front on the ground. ", "By the time I got to the park, All the water in the ground, combined with the melting frost soon turned the course to mud during the C-race --- YES! ", "So by the time the B's went, and masters were getting ready, the course was muddy and slick. ", "Just what I have been looking for. ", "It was time to put my Dugast Rhinos to the test.", "\n\nWe had a larger field today. ", "All the fast guys were here and again, a few new faces. ", "From the whistle, David Johnson took the hole shot. ", "Then Simon Baliey and Jim Hilditch followed. ", "I got in behind them. ", "We let David go, figuring we could reel him back or he would just pop. ", "This was a big mistake. ", "At the beginning of the 2nd lap, I managed to work my way around Jim and onto Simon's wheel. ", "He signaled for me to take a turn, so I figured it would be a good time to chase David down. ", "I made huge surge, and after the long slick switch back climb, the slippery as hell run up, and then sketchy slick off camber turns through the trees, I quickly realized I rode everyone off my wheel except for Jarod Makowski. ", "I continued to drive hard, and slowly started to cut into David's gap. ", "I was slowly inching my gap longer between Jarod and myself lap after lap. ", "I focused on riding smart and clean, and punched it through all the power sections. ", "the 3rd to last lap, David must of made an attack because his gap suddenly grew out of reach. ", "I tried to accelerate hoping he would tire out, but it was no use. ", "However, this did open up my gap even more onto the rest of the field. ", "By the time the last lap started, I could see a group of 3 riders working together to pull me back. ", "It was Jarod, Simon, and Jim. ", "Simon broke free, and was charging hard! ", "I knew I could not give up my position with such a huge lead and in the last lap. ", "I went \"deep to the well\" all the way up the run up to keep my lead. ", "I then took some risks through the off camber sections, and sprinted up the final climb. ", "I knew if I still had a good gap up the final climb Simon could not catch me. ", "It worked! ", "I finished with a solid 2nd place and one of the best races I have had all year.", "\n\nMy fitness seems to be right where it should be -- finally! ", "And just in time for Iceman. ", "I will see most of you all next weekend in Traverse City. ", "And good luck to the remaining CX folks going to the UCI3 races in Cincinnati.", "\n\nGreat win today David. ", "And Great job Simon, Jarod, and Jim and 2 podiums for the weekend. ", "Also, great job to Mark Parmelee for a hard fought, smart 2nd place today! ", "it was awesome to watch.", "\n\nBrad Lako - Thanks for the photo and cheering me on. ", "Your going to get that podium. ", "3 more shots left!", "\n\nSaturday, October 29, 2011\n\nWhen I think of cyclocross, this is the place that comes to mind. ", "Veterans Park in Ann Arbor Michigan. ", "It is my favorite venue to race cross. ", "Even more that the National level races. ", "It has something for everyone there. ", "And for some, maybe a little too much of what they don't like. ", "But for me Vet's park is it.", "\n\nThis year was no different. ", "As soon as I got there, I was giddy and ready to race! ", "By the time the Masters were up. ", "I was ready to rock. ", "All the usual cast of characters were there along with a few \"never seen before\" folks which this race usually has every year. ", "the whistle blew and we were off. ", "I lined up right out the gate behind Jim Hilditch sitting in 3rd. ", "This is exactly where I wanted to be. ", "Let someone else control the pace, and attach or react on my terms. ", "This was also important because the first switch back climb was very greasy and one wrong move could spell disaster! ", "And it did. ", "I took the tape to tape out side line, and David Johnson tired to cut across the inside to get around me. ", "As soon has he did, one of the \"never seen before\" guys took a real shity line and clipped David's front wheel. ", "This sent him sliding down the hill and backing up the race behind. ", "I was able to ride around and hitched onto the Simon, Jim, and new dude train. ", "The pace went up from here. ", "I was sitting 4th on the back for most of the race. ", "I would get gaped a little on climbs, but would come right back to them in the turns and off camber sections. ", "The good news was, I was recovering quickly and could manage the accelerations like I wanted too. ", "With 2 laps to go, it was still 4 of us on the front and we had a rather big gap from the next group. ", "The pace seem to be fading, and I did not want anyone else to catch back up. ", "Furthermore, I wasn't in the mood to play roadie tactics in a CX race, which seemed to be where the race was heading. ", "So I was feeling really good and knew I had gas in the tank and attacked in the start /finish area! ", "Only Simon and the new dude were able to hang on. ", "Jim got popped off the back. ", "I went for about 1/4 of a lap, then Simon and the new dude came around me. ", "I stayed on their wheel the best I could. ", "Simon was determined to keep the pressure on for the final lap and grew a few bike lengths out of reach. ", "As we all round the final few turns, there was no way I was going to hitch back on. ", "I finished 3rd - 10 seconds behind Simon who took his 2nd Masters 35+ win of the series. ", "Congrats Simon!", "\n\nSaturday, October 22, 2011\n\nOne of the cool things about cyclocross is the flexibility of where you can have a race. ", "Almost anywhere! ", "So when you get a chance to race in a historic U.S. Military fort that was built in the 1840's to protect our country against possible British attacks coming from Canada, how can you resist? ", "So I finally got to do the Mad Anthony CX race this year. ", "And I have to say it was really cool. ", "I'm sure that this will become an instant classic in Michigan on the CX calendar as long and Joe Lekovish keeps getting permission to use the land. ", "But I think having a bunch of folks riding around the fort in their PJ's actually will help bring awareness to this historical treasure, before it totally slips away into ruins. ", "As it is already on it's way. ", "This would be a great place to take the family and spend the day much like Greenfield Village or Fort Mackinac if it were all restored. ", "It really would be a damn shame to let it slip away.", "\n\nBut back to racing. ", "There was a huge turnout in almost all the classes. ", "For this race, the masters would be doing a full 60 min race. ", "The master 35+ was decent size with many new faces. ", "However, most of the top guys from the Tailwind series were there so it was easy to spot who to watch as the race unfolded. ", "From the start I had a great position. ", "I stayed near the front for the first 2 laps. ", "The pace was good, and very manageable. ", "I was feeling good, and was ready to figure out if I was going to have a similar performance to Linden the prior week, or if I was dialed back in. ", "In the beginning of the 3rd lap, Rob Selle was growing a small gap on the long straight away. ", "JarodMakowski and myself made the jump. ", "I drifted a bit on the long grass climb, and this is when Jarod attacked. ", "It was amazing! ", "He absolutely turned himself inside out! ", "From there Rob and I could not get back on. ", "He got the gap and kept it for the win. ", "Way to go Jarod! ", "As for the rest of us, it was still a battle. ", "Rob and I took turns trying to chase. ", "Throughout the race, Patrick Russell and Dan Bannink caught back up and joined the chase. ", "I slowly drifted to the back of this group but was still hanging on. ", "Selle, made a small attack at the right time and was able to get a small gap. ", "Patrick and Dan dropped me, but Dan got a flat. ", "It was then time for the last lap. ", "I buried myself past the red zone to see if I could catch Patrick and then Rob. ", "I made contact with Patrick again, and could still see Selle dangling just ahead of us. ", "Once we made it back into the fort walls, I cramped going over the barriers, and then cramped again up the last steep short climb. ", "This was enough to lose Patrick for good. ", "He finished just ahead of me for 3rd. ", "I took a very tough 4th.", "\n\nOverall I felt better than Linden. ", "But I still feel like I am missing that \"extra gear\" to make an attack when I need to. ", "I know some of the adjustments I have made during the week have paid off, but there may still need to be some tweaking.", "\n\nI want to say thanks to all the folks that keep cheering and heckling me for all the races! ", "You can't imagine how much this helps me keep digging deeper at every race. ", "Especially when all I want to do is stop and puke! ", "Thank you!", "\n\nSunday, October 16, 2011\n\nOne thing I really enjoy about bike racing is the challenge of trying to figure it all out. ", "Wheter its trying to advance through the ranks, Figuring out how to nail a personal best time, figuring out how to balance racing, training, work and family and still try to be competitive, its often the challenge that's most rewarding. ", "When you look at it, it's sometime the race that's within the race that is more fun than the actual race. ", "And when you finally figure how to win it, it's just as rewarding. ", "As a result, there is usually a lesson learned and that usually makes you a better rider in the end.", "\n\nSo this brings me to Linden Park CX. ", "The course was a lot better than last year. ", "THANKS JOE BROWN! ", "The same mix of loose bumpy twisty sections. ", "Lots of grass, and the long road climb. ", "I was not feeling 100% the days leading up to the race, but by the time I got to the park I thought I was feeling better ready to race. ", "My warm up went well, and my confidence was high. ", "We all lined up and and we went. ", "I was 2nd wheel going into the course behind Jim Hilditch. ", "He was setting a good pace but not blistering. ", "However, it was only Simon and myself that latched on. ", "By the time the beginning of the 4th lap started, Dave Johnson and Dan Bannink jumped up with us. ", "This is when it happened. ", "I completely popped! ", "I went from feeling in control, to pedaling squares with lead legs. ", "I tried to stay with the leaders, but was slowly slipping back. ", "A little later, I washed my front tire out in a loose corner and went down. ", "This allowed Dan to slip past me. ", "I was now in 5th and trying to hold on. ", "I never could make contact again with Dan or the leaders and finished the race riding alone. ", "I hung onto 5th and had the dry heaves after the finish. ", "What the hell happen? ", "My lap times took a mean shift of around 20 seconds after lap 3. ", "They were consistent, but the power was gone. ", "As of right now, the 2 most likely reasons was a bonk, or dehydration. ", "And in reality, it's probably a combination of the 2.", "\n\nSo as I mentioned in the beginning, It's time to figure out my challenge and nail down what went wrong. ", "I had a good race, but it could have been better.", "\n\nCongrats to Simon Bailey for the W. There have been 4 races thus far in the Tailwind series, and 4 different winners in the Masters 35+. ", "What a great series this is going to be!", "\n\nAnd great job Jim Hilditch, Dave Johnson, and Dan Bannink. ", "You guys all rocked it and it could a went either way at the end.", "\n\nFinally, Great job Brad Lako. ", "You were there bro. ", "just a little more!!!", "\n\nSunday, October 2, 2011\n\nAnyone that has raced Munson before knows what it's all about. ", "Windy, cold, grass, windy, cold, hill, windy, cold, flat, windy, cold. ", "Well this year it was windy, cold, and they added the spiral of death - at least it was different. ", "So even though Munson is not the best or most stimulating CX course around, it is fun to race and I have always seemed to do well their.", "\n\nFor this year, all I can say is it was one of the hardest CX races I have ever done! ", "Not because of the course but because of the intensity at the front! ", "All I can think of is one of the the lines from one of my favorite Slayer songs... \"taste your blood as it trickles through the air\"... to best describe it. ", "Because I was past the red zone the entire time, and I could taste blood in my mouth and at times, blood mixed with puke at others. ", "But boy was it fun!From the whistle, I grabbed the hole shot and wanted to blow the field apart as soon as possible and see who could hang on. ", "I put in a huge effort. ", "Probably too big looking back at it, but I also wanted to explore where my limits were. ", "I led for the first lap, and by the time the 2nd lap rolled through the start/finish, only Simon Bailey and David Johnson were left. ", "And we had a huge lead. ", "The race remained wheel to wheel for every single lap. ", "And all 3 of us were on the gas, full tilt the entire time. ", "It was so hard, that you could not even make an attack unless you wanted to completely blow yourself up. ", "I stuck to their wheels the best I could hoping for someone to fall apart, or make a mistake. ", "It did not happen. ", "On the last lap, the pace quickened even more as Simon led us out. ", "With only a few turns and the hill run up left, David Johnson went around Simon through a tricky corner and never looked back. ", "Neither Simon or I could not react, but we still kept him within striking distance. ", "However, the move was enough for David to stay a few feet ahead to take his first Win off the season, and it was up to Simon and I to decide 2nd. ", "Simon led going into the final corner onto the short section of gravel. ", "As soon as he hit it, he was out of the saddle sprinting. ", "I did the same and came up to his side. ", "We crossed the line at the same time, except I was about a 1/2 wheel behind. ", "I had to settle for 3rd. ", "Another great finish for me in a nail biting finish for first place!Congrats to David for the Win. ", "You earned it. ", "And congrats to Simon for a great race, and putting the hurt on us to make us both earn our results. ", "The Masters 35+ is going to be a hell of a series to be apart of, and a really good one to watch as well...\n\nAfter the Masters race, I jumped into the Single speed class and took first. ", "Not to much to write about. ", "However, I really like racing my single speed. ", "And I was happy with how I felt after the race, with the amount of effort I put out for the night. ", "I just need to squeeze out a bit more fitness. ", "Be able to have that \"extra gear\"... I think I am almost there...\n\nMonday, September 26, 2011\n\nWhat a great race series. ", "I can't get enough of these. ", "To race against some of the top talent in the country, See some of the best pro racers in the World go at it, and just be apart of a very festive well run event is awesome. ", "This was the first time I did the Madison races. ", "And I was not disappointed. ", "The really cool thing that was even better than the Louisville races which are incredible year after year was the the WISCO fans really know how to party, cheer, make noise, heckle. ", "Call it what you want, but they love their 'cross!", "\n\nThe weekend went very well for me. ", "The goal was to try and take a top 10 in both days in the always tough and unpredictable single speed class. ", "The course were very different each day, and mother nature decide to make it interesting on Day 2. ", "But Day 1 was a very fast, twisty, course with well placed straight aways and punchy climbs. ", "It was a course the suited single speeds very well, and suited power riders very well. ", "So I was feeling good. ", "I was on the front row, and punched it right off the line. ", "I grabbed the hole shot and took a good lead going into the course. ", "I controlled the flow for about 3/4 of a lap, and then the really fast guys began to pass me. ", "But I was still rolling well, and picked off most of the Master 55+ class that started ahead of us. ", "As I continued along. ", "I started to pull back one of the single speeders that passed me earlier. ", "I was struggling to get around some of the slower riders in the Masters class, so I could never pull him back. ", "But lap after lap, I was continuing to distance myself from the rest of the class. ", "In the end, I finished a very respectable 7th out 18 and felt great. ", "This was my best USGP finish to date as I finished 9th last year in the single speed class in Louisville.", "\n\nDay 2. ", "As we woke up the clouds were gray and looked angry. ", "We got to the course and within a few minutes. ", "the sky opened up and dump ton of rain. ", "It poured. ", "It Thundered! ", "It hailed! ", "as the races continued, the entire course was a mud pit. ", "4 inches deep in some spots. ", "This would be my first true in the rain, complete mud race, and I was getting really excited. ", "I also, was nervous because I really didn't feel prepared as I was going to do this on a single speed, and I was running fangos. ", "A tire I only raced on 1 time before, and that was yesterday! ", "But I couldn't wait to get on the course and let the mud fly. ", "Same as the day before I tired to grab the hole shot, but was just edged out by a wheel. ", "But Sitting 2nd wheel was a good spot to be in as we all hit the mud at full speed. ", "I powered ahead as I slipped and slid around. ", "The top 5 guys soon came around me and I could not hold on. ", "But there was also no one else behind. ", "I forced the bike in corners. ", "Rode the tape from side to side, and had an awesome race! ", "As I continued to plow through the muddy course Curt my team mate was at the top of the Stanley Run Up informed me that I was closing in on 5th place. ", "As I got to the top of the hill, I could see him. ", "I started to push harder and took more risk in the off camber sections and turns. ", "However, I ran out of laps, and had to settle for 6th place out of 21! ", "Again very happy with the result and improvement. ", "But even more happy know that I will be able to go toe to toe in the mud at any race.", "\n\nMy hats off to Jim Goerlich my team mate for finishing 7th on day 2 in the single speed race as well. ", "He really stepped up to the muddy challenge, and let his mountain bike skills shine through!", "\n\nSunday, September 18, 2011\n\nWow, what a weekend. ", "I have to say I am rather pleased and excited for the rest of the season. ", "And the strength of the Masters 35+ field this year is amazing. ", "Should make for some great racing to not only be apart, but to watch as well.", "\n\nAs for day 2, I was still riding high from my win the day before. ", "I had a much better start to the race as well, and went into the grass 2nd wheel behind David Johnson. ", "However, this did not last long as Rob Selle, Andy Fedwa, and Simon Baily pulled around me. ", "As soon as we got to the Orange Crush, Ron Stack passed me. ", "I was still haging on to the group but was slipping back 1 spot at a time. ", "Meanwhile, David was putting in a huge lead over the field, but it was still very early. ", "On the 2nd loop, Rob Selle went ahead to bridge the gap to David, and didn't look back. ", "David slipped back into the pack, and I lost another position on the Orange Crush. ", "By the time the 4th lap rolled around I was in a large group, and sitting 8th! ", "Selle had a sizable lead, and Jarod Makowski was able to bridge back to Selle shortly after. ", "I knew this was the train I needed to catch. ", "I was starting to recover better and not making the simple mistakes as in the first few laps. ", "Toward the end of the 4th lap, I made my move burying myself on a long straight section into a false flat. ", "Only a few of the guys tired to grab my wheel. ", "I knew everyone was starting to feel the effects of the race by now, but I also knew that this one move would not stick alone or bridge me back to the lead group. ", "I continued to dig deep up the hill, and into the headwind on the pavement section. ", "The group behind me was thinning out, and I was slowly getting closer to the lead group. ", "At the start of the last lap, I finally caught Jarod and Selle. ", "Into the grass, Jarod sat up a bit and said go ahead. ", "I was rather surprised, but continued to go after Selle. ", "By this time, I was also starting to ride Andy and Simon off my wheel. ", "I came within a few hundred feet of Selle, and just like the day before, if I could have been into the single track section first, I would give myself a chance to pull away in the flats. ", "Selle hit it first and continued to grow his lead. ", "Finally into the last flatter sections, I was pulling time back again, but I was running out of it just as fast. ", "I tired hard, and tried hard to make sure no one would latch on to my wheel and pull around me for a final sprint. ", "I pulled closer but it was too late. ", "Selle took an awesome win, and I finished 3 seconds behind for a hard earned 2nd place. ", "I am super stoked about this weekend!", "\n\nMy hats off to David, Jarod, Selle, Andy, and Simon, Dan, Ron, and the rest of the Masters 35+ class. ", "What a great group of guys to be racing with, and you all had great races!", "\n\nAnd congrats to Andrea Tucker. ", "She put down the camera this year to try some cyclocross racing! ", "And rocked it out for 1st place both days. ", "Awesome!", "\n\nSaturday, September 17, 2011\n\nCyclocross is finally here!!!!! ", "I felt like a kid at Christmas all week for this day to come. ", "I was hoping that racing Kisscross Plaster Creek CX, would chill me out a bit. ", "But it just aint the same. ", "If you want to race some real cyclocross in Michigan, with real cyclocrosstalent in every class, it has to be a USAC race, and no one has been doing it longer or better than Tailwind. ", "And this year's kick off was no different. ", "The season/series kicked off with the traditional Doublecross weekend. ", "Held at Waterford Hill Race track, the course has always got a surprise or 2. ", "And of all the times I have raced here, this is the best course design I have seen here. ", "My hats off to Joe Brown on a great job setting it up! ", "The course itself consist of a nice black top start/finish area, some bumpy grass. ", "A deep hole in the ground that acts as short single track sections in the middle, a set of barrier, and few twist and turns all over the place, and oh that favorite of every one's - the Orange Crush Flyover!I got to the course early to try and sneak in a few quick recon loops to check out what I was up against in between the C and B races. ", "I then got a good warm up in. ", "Said hi to all the folks I have not seen in a year. ", "And finally got ready to race. ", "Lined up on the front row, and looked around to see who was present. ", "The usual suspects, a few missing, and a few new ones. ", "We got Ready, and the whistle blew! ", "Everyone went out like they were shot out of a cannon. ", "I could not clip into my pedal!!! ", "I was falling back quick. ", "In about 50 yrds, I was somewhere near dead last. ", "I finally got in and clawed my way to 6th place before hitting the grass. ", "A large group of 6-7 guys stayed together as Rob Selle rode off the front. ", "It was hard to get around anyone in the course, mainly because it was so fast. ", "The group kept a good pace, but I was still sitting at the tail end of it. ", "We hit the pavement again, but no one wanted to react. ", "Rob had since fell back into the pack. ", "Then David Johnson shot off the front and did not look back, and again no one reacted. ", "This time I was able to pull up a few spots and went around for another loop. ", "On the 3rd lap, it was my turn. ", "As soon as I hit the pavement, I launched an attack to try and bridge the gap to David Johnson. ", "The only one that reacted was JarodMakowski as he got on my wheel and we reeled in David. ", "All 3 of us stayed lock together for the rest of the race, growing the gap behind us bigger and bigger! ", "We would all take a few turns pulling on the front. ", "Then with about 3 laps to go, Jarod made his move. ", "It was hard counter for me. ", "David stayed close, as I slipped back through the more technical single track sections in which Jarodexcelled at. ", "At the end of the 6 lap, David and I pulled Jarrod back into us as we were going into our final lap. ", "I knew that if I let those guys get through the single track section before me, it would be hard to stay on there wheels. ", "However, if I could control the pace through the single track, I would be the first one onto the longer flat grass sections and final pavement, thus being able to lay the power down and hopefully ride them off my wheel.", "\n\nSo that was the plan, now the last lap. ", "I attacked early on the false flat start. ", "I got around Jarod, and David followed. ", "I hit the pavement and those guys stuck to me like white on rice! ", "I buried myself and felt like puking the entire time. ", "I was the first one up the Orange Crush and David hopped on his bike at the same time I did. ", "We rolled down together. ", "This was the deciding moment. ", "He struggled to clip in. ", "I punched it just ahead of him into the right hand turn into the first single track section! ", "Goal 1 accomplished. ", "I controlled the tempo though the rest of this section so they could not get around. ", "Next was the barriers. ", "We all went in together, but I was able to muscle back to the front around the next corner. ", "From here to the end was free sailing unless the other guys had more in the tank than I. I popped it up a few more gears and did not look back. ", "I was the first onto the pavement and gunned it. ", "I was not sure how close the other guys were, but never looked back. ", "As I got a few feet from the line I finally was able to throw both my hands into the air and celebrate for the first time since 2008! ", "I just won my first cyclocross Master 35+ race!", "\n\nIt was great to see everyone, and it was even better to hear all the yelling a screaming at us as the race was happening. ", "Tomorrow is another day, another race. ", "So I hope I can sneak in another podium...\n\nSunday, September 11, 2011\n\nI finally did my first Kisscross Cyclocross race today at Plaster Creek, in Grand Rapids. ", "Not really knowing what to expect, other than being grassroots, laid back, and with a heavy focus on beer, I decided to sign up for the B race and then jump in the A race. ", "I have to say, it was a good time, and for how simple the event was put together, it went very well. ", "And on top of that, I had a good day on the bike as well.", "\n\nThe course was suited for my strengths. ", "Long flat sections with sweeping turns. ", "A few climbs, a long cement stair run-up and a set of triple barriers. ", "I lined up with 44 other B racers and soon found myself off the front of the group in the first lap. ", "I continued to build on my lead throughout the 8 laps. ", "I was very happy with how my legs felt lap after lap, and that my heart rate remained in control. ", "So for the first time since 2008, I finally got a \"W\" in a CX race. ", "Now its not a USAC CX win, that I am so hungry to get, but it is a legitimate win none the less and I will take it!", "\n\nAfter the B race, I lined up again in the hot sun for the A race. ", "Right from the jump, I was feeling the fatigue in my legs. ", "However, I still put out a respectable 11 more laps of pain! ", "I got passed by several, but pulled back several others. ", "In the end, I was starting to cramp every time I would go over the barriers. ", "So I ended up 22 out of 36. ", "With a fresh set of leg, I'm sure I could have pulled back a few more spots.", "\n\nNext weekend is my official CX season kick off with the Tailwind Doublecross CX Day 1 & 2.", "\n\nSunday, August 28, 2011\n\nStony Creek.... Yep, revisiting this one again. ", "Love, Hate, Love. ", "Well, it was love this time - and perfect timing. ", "This was the close of the Tailwind USAC Mountain Bike XC series, and the realization that cyclocross is just around the corner. ", "I have not done well at this race for the 2-3 years, and the last time I got a podium was in sport class. ", "But my training has been ramping up and I have been starting to feel really strong. ", "So could this year be different?", "\n\nAs this is the last race of the series, and being at Stony Creek, I knew that most if not all the fast guys would be out. ", "And they were. ", "There were at least 14 on the line for Expert Men 30-39. ", "This was good and bad for me. ", "If I could nail a podium in this class today that would be awesome! ", "And I had a good shot at securing 4th place overall in the series. ", "But there were about 3 other guys that could also take 4th overall if they had good races. ", "So here we go...\n\nOn the whistle, I could not get my right foot to clip in. ", "So this pushed me back to around 9th place. ", "As we approached the single track, I could see the lead group slip away. ", "The main reason was that Simon Bailey was holding up about 6 of us, and we could not get by. (", "I don't normally call people out, but come on. ", "When people call out to let them by, let them by! ", "If you know your bike handling skills are not as good as others in the class, get the hell out of the way!) ", "OK, sorry about that. ", "So once I got past that issue, I opened it up a bit and started to catch the tail end of the lead group. ", "I was able to do this by powering through the flats. ", "I was able to close down all the gaps, and then all of a sudden found myself sitting in 4th-5th place, and making ground. ", "The only person I could not shake was Todd Freidinger who had an awesome race! ", "I would blow out Todd on the flats, and he would pick his way back up to me in the single track. ", "It stayed this way for the entire race, which made the racing aspect more enjoyable. ", "At the end of 2nd lap, Jeff Poirier caught me. ", "I was a little concerned and thought \"Here goes my race again\". ", "But by the start of the 3rd lap, I was climbing myself away from him again, and could no longer see him. ", "I kept putting out the same effort and sticking to the same plan. ", "Steady in the single track, and turning myself inside out on the flats!!! ", "Next, I caught Brian Harris at the end of the 3rd lap, and he rode with me through about half of the lap, and I was able to drop him on a climb. ", "Then it was Todd and myself for the final lap. ", "Starting to feel some cramps forming in my quads, I just rode smart. ", "In the middle of the roller coaster I had a little brain fart and washed out my front tire and went down hard. ", "Todd just missed riding over me and pulled away. ", "I tried to get on my bike as fast as I could to limit the loss, but I have a horrible cramp shoot up my left hamstring. ", "It very painful, but I was able to ride it out. ", "Todd, pulled farther and farther ahead. ", "I made it to the last double track climb and spun up it as gingerly as possible to avoid any cramps. ", "At the top I took a look back to see if I was starting to lose time and let Jeff claw his way back. ", "SHIT! ", "There he was at the bottom of the climb. ", "I popped it up into my big ring one last time and TT'ed as hard as I could to the end. ", "I sprinted to the top of the last sled hill with no full blown cramps and made one last push to the finish. ", "Jeff came in 9 seconds later. ", "I never made contact again with Todd, but I did get a hard earned 4th place, but I did not keep 4th overall in the series.", "\n\nIt has been a strange and slow season for me up until the last 3-4 races. ", "But my fitness is starting to click, and my confidence is starting to soar. ", "It really couldn't happen at a better time. ", "I think I love Stony again....\n\nMonday, August 22, 2011\n\nFor what ever reason, this race never even gets a break when it comes to rain. ", "Maybe the course is on top of an ancientIndian burial ground. ", "Who really knows, but the sky let loose once again the day before to make this an iffy race to do for most. ", "Luckily, Todd Powers and many other members of our great team (Team Sandbag) put in many hours of trail work to once again beat mother nature to the punch and make sure the trail was immaculate for any conditions! ", "She was slick in spots, but totally race ready!", "\n\nI have not been feeling the Ruby vibe this year. ", "And really was not looking forward to the race at all, other than hanging out with the team. ", "And when it rained it made it even worse. ", "There really isn't much to talk about other than just about everyone on the team taking full advantage of the home course advantage by nailing most of the podium spots on the day. ", "Most notable was Todd taking 4th on a flawless race, and letting folks in the state know that when it comes to technical old school single track, there ain't too many better than Todd. ", "Mark Z nailed another W, and well on his way to being a competitive sport rider. ", "Drew L, finished 4th but not before an untimely flat took his 1st place away. ", "Hats off to Randy Lange for getting up on his own power after a severe crash on the \"wash out\". ", "He ended up taking a trip by ambulance, but was thumbs up and smiles all the way. ", "And to the rest of the team. ", "It was great to come together, and let the mountain bike world know what we and the sport are all about having fun!!", "\n\nAs for my race. ", "I got the 4th place finishers medal since there were only 4 in the class. ", "But on a positive note. ", "This gives me a legitimate chance for top 3 overall if I have a good race at Stony. ", "I was cranking out 26 min laps even in slick conditions. ", "All 4 of my laps were within less than 1 min of each other. ", "And for the first time in like 3 years, I did not cramp at this race!!!!!", "\n\nSunday, August 14, 2011\n\nSo far for August, it has been surprising wet, a few of the mornings have been crisp, clean smelling, and with dew all over everything. ", "I can't help but think about cyclocross! ", "And with many of the local and national series registrations going live, and race calendars being finalized, you would be a fool not to recognize that the 2011 CX season is upon us!!!! ", "With less than a month away before the first race of the season here in Michigan, its time to plan, time to train, and time to get excited for cyclocross.", "\n\nThere will be lots of opportunity to race CX this year in Michigan, as over 5 separate series have popped up. ", "So that means there is at least one race every weekend from Sept 11th - Dec 18th! ", "And with the National level races moving their traditional calenders to go deeper into the year to align with Nationals taking place in January now, it will be easier for me to race and experience some of the other local races and series to see what they are all about. ", "For the first time, I will be jumping into a Kisscross race or 2. ", "Finally get to take part in the most unique CX race in the country with Mad Anthony CX. ", "And I will dabble in some sure to be fun Mid Michigan cyclocross action! ", "So without much more chatter, here is my proposed CX schedule for 2011. ", "See you at the races!", "\n\nI'm still on the fence for the new UCI races in Chicago New Years Eve and New Years Day. ", "And As more info comes available, I will decide on what to do for CX Nationals in Madison, WI in January and throwing my name in the hat for CX Masters World in Louisville! ", "More to come later in the season...\n\nSunday, August 7, 2011\n\nSorry for opening with a Star Wars phrase, but I am a bit of Star Wars nerd. ", "However, I finally had some things come together for me in a mountain bike race this year. ", "With CX in the horizon, I have taken my training up a notch. ", "And now I got a little something to build on.", "\n\nToday was the Big M race USAC XC mountain bike race near Manistee, Mi. ", "It was not originally on my calendar, but a few folks on the team were going to make the trip, and since I have not been on the podium this year I figured I would try to give myself one more chance. ", "The course was in awesome shape and the fast as hell! ", "I was surprised at all the guys that actually made the long trip up to race. ", "All the big names in my class were there minus my good friend Lako.", "\n\nThe whistle blew, and I got a good position. ", "I was able to maintain the pace of the top 5 guys with no issues . ", "Then we started getting to the climbs, and I was hanging on, but slowly started to drift back. ", "I was still in a good position, and then saw Jim Bonnel falling back and fast. ", "I passed him on a climb, and looked up and saw Brain Harris appear to be struggling on the climbs also. ", "I put in an attack and pulled away from Brain. ", "Soon after he was on my wheel again and passed me at the bottom of the long sandy downhill. ", "I figured I would ride his wheel again for as long as I could. ", "By the time we got to the long false flat, I was putting in huge time between us. ", "I looked back and could not see him any longer. ", "I knew I was in at least 5th place at this time and was feeling good. ", "When the last lap started, I knew I had enough gas to make it to the end, but did not want to go too hard and risking cramping. ", "With about 2 miles to go, I saw Brain again. ", "This time he pulled back onto my wheel, and passed me! ", "Knowing there were some bigger climbs just ahead, Brian being a better descender than I, and a chance to get my first podium of the year within grasp, I wasn't going to give it up that easy! ", "I made a huge attack up the next climb in the biggest gear I could manage, and time trailed as hard as I could to the line. ", "The entire time, I was maxed out, and not 100% sure if I dropped Brian or if he was with me. ", "Climb after climb I hammered it. ", "On the last long sandy downhill, I peaked back and saw the team colors of Brian's team. ", "Not knowing if it was him I took every risk I could on the decent. ", "He never passed me. ", "Then into the final sprint, I took the last corner too fast and went down. ", "I was able to remount my bike very fast and sprinted for the line. ", "The Cross Country Cycle rider was not Brian. ", "He came in a minute or so later. ", "I finally nailed my first podium of the year for mountain bike racing. ", "4th place.", "\n\nMonday, July 25, 2011\n\nIt's Love, Hate, Love again for Stony Creek. ", "I will save you some time reading about why and what if, sticking to my training plan blah, blah, blah. ", "Even I'm getting sick of reading my blog at times. ", "This is how it rolled.", "\n\nI got 8th in the Expert Men 30-39 with a time of 53:51. ", "And I went out again for the Expert/Elite Single speed race and got 7th. ", "In both races, I had chain suck that forced me off my bike and I cramped in the single speed race at the end causing me to run a hill or 2. ", "Bottom line, times slower than last year. ", "Competition is harder this year.", "\n\nBig M next...\n\nCongrats to Brad Lako for nailing the double podium. ", "And this was his first race on the single speed too! ", "Way to go!", "\n\nSaturday, July 9, 2011\n\nWell first thing is, at least I didn't crash.... But we will cover this in a minute. ", "With my mountain bike season, training, etc. ", "coming to crawl with not much on tap for the next month other than start ramping up for CX, I decided to throw my name in the hat a venture into some road racing. ", "And what better way to do it than to do the First Annual Cirterium Detroit City! ", "What a great place for this style of racing. ", "Located on the twisty block of the Opera House just behind Comerica Park. ", "The course was short but it had plenty of corners and none of them were the same. ", "The one thing that could use some improvement was the many many wheel destroying pot holes located at random. ", "But hey, this is Detroit. ", "Overall, the venue and the style of racing was top notch. ", "You may see me pop in a few more in the future. ", "And I think I will be back for this one for sure if they continue to have it.", "\n\nAs for the race itself, I wasn't sure what to expect. ", "I had to do the Cat 5 race because I don't hold a road licence, or have any road races under my belt for an upgrade. ", "But not a problem. ", "I got to start somewhere. ", "So I put my wheel on the line with 27 other \"Cat 5's\" (I am curious what the criteria is to be a Cat 5) and we were off. ", "Since the race was going to be under 30 mins, the pace was quick right from the start. ", "It instantly strung out on the first lap. ", "Soon after, it came together for a bit, and then it was a battle to make sure people would hold their line. ", "I got a little frustrated with this, and about 10 mins into the race decided to make a break to open things up a bit. ", "I went hard for about 1 lap and paid for it. ", "I was soon caught, but my plan worked and the pace stayed high from here on out. ", "Another break went off, and this time I was in the field to chase them down. ", "We worked together and got them back. ", "I continued to stay up near the front to avoid any crashes. ", "Everything was fine, until the last 2-3 laps. ", "One rider went down hard on the right side of the course in a tricky section of corners. ", "Luckily I was on the other side, and no one else went down. ", "This did however cause several riders to get nervous and panic for the rest of the race. ", "With 2 laps to go, the pace was getting quicker. ", "I was sitting in the top 10 waiting to make a move if I could. ", "In the final lap, things were strung out again, and others were trying to move to the front. ", "I was in an OK position, but should have been closer to the front. ", "Lesson learned. ", "As I rounded the last corner getting ready to cue up for the sprint. ", "I got boxed out by the guy on the inside of me, and I guess he needed to use his brakes. ", "This pushed me toward the back of the top 10 pack. ", "I shifted into a few more bigger gears but I was on the outside of the road and racers on the inside were already going into their sprint. ", "I stood up and started to give it all I had. ", "I was making ground on some and getting pulled back by others. ", "With about 75 yards to go, There was a spectacular crash just ahead of me with the top 3-5 guys which also took out the race officials standing on the side of the road! ", "WOW! ", "As Soon as I saw this I backed off my sprint to avoid being part of the carnage. ", "I ended up 12th out of 27. ", "Not too bad I guess for a dirty mountain bike/CX racer... In the end, I was surprised that a Cat 5 group would avg. ", "24.2 mph! ", "really? ", "Are these actually Cat 5 dudes? ", "I guess I really have no reference to go by. ", "But I do know how I will do things different if I line up again for a Crit...\n\nSaturday, July 2, 2011\n\nThe race that I vow that I will never do again year after year. ", "Bad luck mechanicals. ", "Dehydration. ", "Crazy hot weather. ", "Lack of endurance training. ", "It has all seemed take a toll on me at this race one way or another. ", "So here I am again. ", "Again at what I like to call the Stony Death March. ", "Beginner friendly Stony Creek, turned into one evil event year after year with 50 miles of pain for the experts. ", "And this year was no different. ", "With Temps in the mid 90's and the heat index at 102! ", "Even the bad asses of the sport were getting mowed down one by one with the dreaded DNF. ", "For me it was simple. ", "Rely on all my additional base miles I put in for the year, and grind this thing out. ", "Knowing that there will be a lot of DNFs for mechanicals and cramps, I rolled the dice and hoped for the best.", "\n\nThe plan for the day was to \"Just Finish\", maintain my hydration and nutrition plan so I wouldn't cramp, and try to keep my lap times as consistent as possible. ", "From the whistle, the lead group went out like a 20 mile XC race. ", "Have fun boys. ", "I decided to go at my own pace and have my own race. ", "My bud Shawn Schaffert had the same plan, and we helped pull and encourage each other on all 5 laps. ", "This was awesome, to have someone there to help with the boredom of the race. ", "We plugged along at a respectable clip, each taking turns. ", "I felt good for the entire race, except for the last 4 miles or so. ", "This is when Shawn was able to ride away from me. ", "Its too bad I let him get away, because for both of our consistent efforts and determination to finish strong, Shawn was rewarded with a 5th place and I came in less than a minute later in 6th. ", "I just can't seem to shake that 6th place curse, as this is my 3rd race in a row looking at the last step on the podium. ", "But overall I had a great race. ", "All my laps were between 45-48 mins. ", "I finished in under 4 hrs with 3:54. ", "And I felt great in the end. ", "This is great news as I am nearing the start of my CX season.", "\n\nTSB had a full squad representing also, which was great! ", "And out of the 8 racers that showed up, at least half got on the podium! ", "Great job. ", "And special thanks to Trixie for all her hard work handing out bottles, and providing lunch to a bunch of famished stinky bike racers. ", "Your the best!So before I start training again for CX in less than a month, will my next stop be the Criterium Detroit City next weekend???? ", "Its time to get my power on!", "\n\nSunday, June 26, 2011\n\nThings have been winding down. ", "I haven't done any training in 2 weeks other than riding my bike for fun. ", "No Plan. ", "No intervals. ", "Just fun. ", "I start my new job on July 5th. ", "So I really hope this is a new beginning for not only work, but getting mentally focused again for my life, racing, and training. ", "I have already dropped 7lbs since Fort Custer. ", "So I am getting back on track. ", "And with everyday, every race, cyclocross is getting closer. ", "Sometime around July it will be time to put on the running shoes again, and pull out the barriers to get ready for my real season. ", "But before I get too carried away, there are still a few mountain bike races to take care of, and this is one of my favorites. ", "Pontiac Lake XC...\n\nLike I said, I have been basically peaked out since the Brighton Debacle. ", "So I figured I would give it a go, and see what my fitness has done since. ", "Surprisingly, I have been feeling great, and my Power on the flats is still high. ", "Goal was simple. ", "Ride as hard as I can. ", "Don't pop. ", "And sneak in a top 5. ", "There were a few guys that came out of the woodwork today. ", "Gotta love racing... So I knew it was going to be a tough race if I wanted to crack the top 5. ", "The whistle blew, and we were off. ", "Blistering pace into the single track for the first few miles. ", "The trail was in awesome shape, and very fast. ", "I settled into 5th place early on and slipped back to 6th. ", "I was feeling good, and could really tell the difference the 7lbs made in climbing the hills! ", "Gives me motivation to keep going. ", "I pushed hard all the way. ", "I caught and passed 5th place, and soon was riding by myself. ", "Into the 2nd lap, I missed a bottle hand up. ", "This proved to detrimental as I lost my other bottle on the bike on a bumpy downhill early in the 2nd lap. ", "So I went the entire lap without any water and or nutrition. ", "Ouch! ", "On the last climb I could feel it. ", "But during this time, I had also caught the dude in 4th, but he kept yo-yo-ing away from me. ", "Into the 3rd lap, I got another bottle and sucked down as much as I could before the single track. ", "Surprisingly, it helped me recover a little. ", "Thanks Hammer Nutrition. ", "I then got caught and passed by 2 others in my class. ", "Not good. ", "I was still feeling strong but was slowing a bit from the effects of the missed bottle. ", "I pushed on knowing that anything could happen, and I was still in the hunt for a podium spot. ", "On the last climb, I gave it all I had. ", "I could hear someone coming up behind me, and not knowing what class they were in, I punched it. ", "Onto the flats and into the last grass section, I big ringed it all the way home. ", "I did not want to give any chances of getting beat at the line. ", "Thank God, cause he was in my class. ", "I ended up 6th... again. ", "And missed 5th again, by 20 seconds. ", "I was still happy with my result and my progress heading into Cyclocross and my new beginning at work. ", "My lap times were not too bad either. ", "43, 45, 47. ", "Obviously, the missed bottle hurt me in the end.", "\n\nMaybe you might even see me at the Stony Marathon... It's still up in the air.", "\n\nMonday, June 13, 2011\n\nIts been an off year, and a year for change. ", "And not just in racing...\n\nI guess if you wait long enough good things will happen. ", "But sometimes, if you just sit back and wait for them to happen, the good things will never come. ", "You have to make them happen! ", "Does that all make sense?", "\n\nAnd so that brings me to the Fort Custer TT. ", "First off, what a fantastic trail! ", "I had a smile from ear to ear the entire time!!! ", "Wow! ", "If only I lived closer. ", "Fort Custer has something for everyone, and this race is always one of my favorites. ", "Much like my opening statement, this year the race day changed from the previous years to a much earlier time of year. ", "And I was very welcome to it. ", "However, as this has been a slightly off year for me so far in the life and training world, it was time for me to look forward and start making things happen again. ", "I did not have the best racing day of my life, but it did offer a look into the rest of the year, and overall I was very pleased.", "\n\nI did the usually double bagger. ", "Geared and Single speed. ", "I felt really good for both and mentally was ready to give it my all (first time all year). ", "In the Expert 30-39 race. ", "I gave it full gas. ", "I could hang with anyone on the flat twisty sections, letting me know I have gained a lot of power over the spring, and could actually use it! ", "However, I would lose time in the more technical sections, and of course on the climbs. ", "but this is all great information I was able to process to make changes for the rest of the mountain bike season and especially for cyclocross. ", "I finished up 6th place on the day with a time of 1:07:58. ", "Just missing 5th place by 24 seconds. ", "I am back in the hunt, and my 2011 podium quest continues! ", "Overall I was very happy with the result especially considering the tough field that showed up.", "\n\nBy the time the Single speed raced rolled around, I was already spent from the first race, but was ready to give it all I had 1 more time. ", "All the heavy hitters from the MI Single Speed world showed up to play! ", "The filed was stacked, and it seemed like all the elites and experts that raced earlier had the same idea of doubling up for the day. ", "With all the big names starting, I set my goal for a top 10 finish. ", "I was riding fully rigid and the trail beat the hell out of me. ", "So with not much left in the tank, I pushed as hard as I could and finished with a time of 1:13 and some change. ", "This was enough for me to sneak into 10th place!", "\n\nGreat job to all my TSB team mates for making the trek over. ", "We had about 10 folks and nailed a few podiums as well! ", "See you all in a few weeks!", "\n\nMonday, May 16, 2011\n\nNot much to report. ", "Too many things went wrong, not enough went right. ", "What was suppose to be my first A race of the year turned south. ", "I wont bore you with the details or the pity party, but I did take something positive from the weekend. ", "No matter how much I train, plan, and have luck on my side, bad races are going to happen. ", "Its what I learn from them, to get stronger and perform better the next chance I get.", "\n\nSo sit tight. ", "Got a make a few minor adjustments, because the season is only just begun...\n\nCongrats to everyone that stuck it out the entire weekend and \"finished\" on Sunday's Mud fest. ", "And if you were lucky enough to end up on the podium like my friend Brad Lako and Patrick Russell, my hats off to you because it was truly earned!", "\n\nSunday, April 24, 2011\n\nFor a second, I thought summer was upon us. ", "Well at least that's how it felt in the afternoon for this years addition of the Pontiac Lake TT. ", "This race is always a crap shoot, and this year was not any different. ", "Heavy rain fell the the night before, and the winter has been hanging on day after day. ", "So it was any one's guess what the trail conditions would be like for one of my favorite races. ", "Well Mother Nature was on our side again for the most part. ", "The trail was in good shape considering. ", "A few greasy corners and some sloppy mud puddles. ", "But it got better and better every lap.", "\n\nI felt real strong again for the race, and was hoping for a good result. ", "My lap times were just a hair under last year for my geared race. ", "But with the conditions, I guess you could expect that some what. ", "Like I said I was feeling strong and very consistent on the bike. ", "But was only able to snag 7th out of 16. ", "Just missing 5th by around 30 secs. ", "My overall race time was 1:31 and some change. ", "Not too bad considering I am only 4 weeks into the TCTP training plan.", "\n\nAs always I paid the extra $10 and jumped into the expert/elite single speed race. ", "It was a very stacked class of elite racers. ", "Probably almost all the fastest racers in the state! ", "So I was not expecting a podium. ", "However, I wanted to put up the fastest time I could, and get in some more hard training miles under race conditions. ", "I nailed another 45 min lap. ", "Again I was happy with this, but know it should have been faster.", "\n\nAt this point in my season, there is only one person to blame. ", "Me. ", "For the good and the bad. ", "It is time to make the necessary adjustments to get the benefits from all my training. ", "It begins now...\n\nOn a final note. ", "Congrats to all my TSB team mates for their hard work at earning podiums! ", "I hope to see more. ", "And congrats to Lako and Payne on a Podium and a great finish! ", "See you boys in a few weeks...\n\nTuesday, April 19, 2011\n\nI have waited over 4 months to finally get my tires dirty in some single track. ", "And I finally did it, and did it in a race to boot. ", "As I kicked off my mountain bike race season with the MMBA CPS Yankee Springs TT.", "\n\nIt was very cold and even snowed. ", "But that did not impact the sandy single track that makes up the majority of Yankee Springs. ", "I had the same plan as last year. ", "Race the Expert/Elite Single speed class to get in some good hard miles under race pace, and see where I stack up with the training I had put forth so far. ", "I will have to say it went very well. ", "I took 9th out of 24 in the class with a very respectable finishing time of 1:47:40. ", "This would have been a good enough time to place me 2nd if I raced Expert 30-39. ", "So I was very happy with the result. ", "In addition, the real test for the day was the fact that the Expert single speeders had to do 2 laps this year. ", "So my goal was to try and be consistent as possible with my lap times, and to try to keep them within 2 mins. ", "My first lap was 52 and some change and my 2nd lap was just over 54. ", "So I was happy with that.", "\n\nOverall I felt really strong, and feel real confident going into the Pontiac Lake TT this weekend. ", "I just got to make sure I can get off of work...\n\nSunday, March 27, 2011\n\nFinally, a bike race. ", "Kicked off the race season this weekend by taking part in the Barry-Roubaix \"Killer Gravel Road Race\". ", "Wasn't expecting too much overall. ", "Just wanted to get in a good long hard effort at race pace, collect some good powertap data, and try to beat my personal best time. ", "This is a really tough race, but it's a type that suits me well. ", "So with one week of training under my belt doing the Time Crunched Training Plan, this is how it went. ", "It was very cold to say the least, but I layered perfect considering the temps barley got above 20 for most of the day. ", "It was a mass start, with no neutral roll out this year. ", "So nothing like 1000 bike racers trying to win the race in the 1st few miles. ", "It was crazy, but manageable. ", "I felt really good for the entire race. ", "The hills killed me! ", "between the extra flab I'm carrying and lack of Interval training thus far, made every hill a struggle. ", "But I was able to Hammer all the flats, and descend like a rock. ", "I stayed near the front for about half the race, but was consumed by a very large group which I could not hang on to. ", "Later, in the last 5 miles, I rallied back and time trialed my way up the long paved road, and made up a lot of time and positions and actually caught the group that passed me earlier. ", "By the time I made it back to the final straight to the finish, I was in the red. ", "I ramped up my speed and pushed all the way to the end. ", "I finished in 1:54:48. ", "that was 4 mins better than last year. ", "This earned me 18th out of 84. ", "Good day overall. ", "I got 18th last year also. ", "The best thing about the day, is that I was able to keep my fingers out of the wheel! ", "It was really great to see all my good cycling friends. ", "And there were some awesome results. ", "Congrats to Mike W. Don C. Pete T. Mike S. Patrick R. for your efforts. ", "And thanks to Brad Lako for letting me get one more, before he moves on to glory in the Tailwind USAC XC series. ", "My money is riding on you.... Now on to the After party. ", "This event marks the Rouge Racing Project / TSB bi-yearly reunion and Mayhem! ", "We did it right. ", "Drank as much free Founder's Ale as we could after the race. ", "Enjoyed Jon Coleman's life saving chili! ", "And then unleashed our fury in downtown Kalamazoo! ", "The Kentucky boys really know how to party, and its always a good time to hang out with all of you. ", "A couple more months and we will do it all again at the USGP of Cyclocross in Louisville. ", "I can't wait!!!", "\n\nSunday, March 13, 2011\n\nThe un-official kick off to my 2011 season has started. ", "For the 3rd year in a row, I did it with the Port Huron YMCA Leprechaun Loop 5K. My early goal set for this year was to break the 20 min barrier, but with winter conditions being miserable the past few months, it has been hard to do any type of Sprint or interval type running to nail my high end. ", "So in the past few weeks, I decided to alter my goal and just focus on beating my personal best of 21:56 from 2 years ago. ", "As race day approached, I was able to get in a few really good practice runs and new I would be in striking distance of my goal and hopes of a podium. ", "It would be tougher this year as I have moved to the Men 35-39 age group, and this group usually has some really fast guys.", "\n\nBut as luck would have it, within 2 days before the event, heavy snow fell again in the Port Huron area making everything a mess including the race loop.", "\n\nI arrived early to pick up my stuff and meet my team mates and friends. ", "Todd, Brad D, Brad H, Masher and family, and my work pal Curt were all ready to have fun and kick some butt. ", "We took our spots on the line, and then we were off.", "\n\nI went out rather hard, trying to keep pace with my pal Curt, but he was turning it on. ", "So then I trailed my team mate Brad H for most of the race, as he was setting about the same pace I could hold. ", "A little later, Todd came by and started to put in a good sized gap. ", "Half way through the loop, the surface turned to a sheet of off camber ice along the board walk!!! ", "This really hurt the pace as it was wise to be cautious. ", "Several folks took spills all around me, including Brad as we rounded the old YMCA building. ", "On the 2nd half of the loop, more ice and Brad and I pulled back Todd. ", "As we rounded the corner on Quay Street, I was already at my max effort. ", "Todd pulled a few feet ahead and Brad came around both of us. ", "Down the final stretch, we all tried to kick it up a notch for the final push. ", "Todd was able to pull ahead the farthest, then Brad, and then me just off his heels. ", "I could not go any harder without puking! ", "We crossed the line\n\nTodd - 22:19Brad H - 22:27Me - 22:30\n\nThis was enough for us to also do the podium sweep for 1st through 3rd in Men 35-39!!!!! ", "Way to go boys.", "\n\nAs for my pal Curt, he blew the doors off with an under 20:59 and took First in his age group!", "\n\nBrad D also had a smoking performance with a 23 min effort, taking home 3rd in Men 30-34!", "\n\nAnd Avery in her first ever 5K took home 3rd in the 11 and under class with a 42 min effort! ", "WOW!", "\n\nOverall this was a fantastic day for all. ", "Great event, and I plan on doing it every year. ", "I did not hit my time I was shooting for, but considering the conditions, I think I would have been there. ", "So this is a good sign that my winter training has been going well overall. ", "Now its time to hang the running shoes up until the fall, and focus completely on the bike! ", "Barry-Roubaix will be in just a few short weeks, and with that my actual focused training plan with kick off too.", "\n\nMonday, February 14, 2011\n\nThis Winter has been brutal! ", "I wanted to use the winter time this year to build some good long and slow endurance miles outside, and it just hasn't panned out like I wanted. ", "Well I managed to get in some Sunday rides outside, but only 2 have been the quality I was hoping for. ", "Overall, training has went \"OK\". ", "I have been sticking with the plan of running more days per week outside (which has been low quality and a pain in the ass with all the snow) and running stairs.", "\n\nI went through a bout of \"training depression\" or just lack of motivation which was triggered by a location and schedule change at work. ", "That seems to be back on track, and I just finished my best solid week of training. ", "As my training shifts back to bike specific workouts as the month goes on, I hope the weather continues to improve with it.", "\n\nIt all may just be a case of cabin fever or winter blues. ", "But I am slowly getting back on track, and soon will be going at it with a laser beam focus. ", "With the first few events just over the horizon, I am already getting geeked for the Port Huron YMCA Leprechaun Loop 5K, Barry-Roubiax, Yankee Springs TT, and the kick off to my actual Mountain Bike season the Pontiac Lake TT!", "\n\nFriday, January 7, 2011\n\nNew year and new look. ", "Decided to freshen up the ol' blog. ", "So hope it is easier on the eyes.", "\n\nSo after a quick break from racing, and getting through the holidays with some motivation issues to start training again, I am back in full swing! ", "I did not gain the stupid amounts of weight I have in previous years, so I am happy for that. ", "I seem to still be carrying a lot of fitness from CX, and since the MTB calendar was finally released I finished up the final touches to the 2011 training plan. ", "This years Tailwind USAC XC series looks awesome! ", "Many of my favorite races are jam packed in the early season. ", "So this appears to not only suit my training plan but also a lot of my strengths. ", "Time will tell. ", "I will kick my race season off again with the soon to be classic, Barry-Roubaix. ", "And have not decided if I am going to try out Paris-Ancaster or stick to the Yankee Spring TT. ", "Then it will be game on for the USAC XC Series.", "\n\nMy training plan is simple and to the point. ", "Lots of Early Endurance miles (if I have the time) mixed in with some strength/cross training. ", "The tools are all the same as last year. ", "My bike, Powertap, Trainer, and the Time Crunched Training Program. ", "The wife is finally done with school, so I am hoping this means a few more minutes on the bike this year. ", "I would really like to hit the upper limits of the TCTP of 8 hrs instead of the 6 or sometimes lower that I did last year. ", "But this plan works, so I am sticking to my guns.", "\n\nI will have 2 seasons again. ", "With Cyclocross being the main focus. ", "So as with 2 seasons, I will have 2 sets of goals this year. ", "Goals are few, simple, and to the point. ", "I know what I want to accomplish, so here they are..." ]

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[ "The current invention relates to the field of digital detection for skin color pixels in a digital image, and in particular to the field of hair-skin color pixel separation in a digital image.", "\nSkin color detection is adopted as a preliminary step in automatic redeye detection and correction of consumer images for real-time use (see commonly assigned U.S. Ser. ", "No. ", "08/919,560 filed Aug. 29, 1997 entitled xe2x80x9cA Computer Program Product for Redeye Detectionxe2x80x9d). ", "In this redeye detection application, skin color areas are first located and subsequent steps are employed to determine if the red dots within the skin color areas are true red eyes. ", "The success of redeye detection largely depends on the success of having clean face skin color regions identified. ", "Previous experiences tell that it is particularly difficult to obtain clean face regions in color images with the presence of blond hairs.", "\nThe algorithm designed in the aforementioned redeye detection application is used for locating and correcting redeye defects in consumer images without user intervention such as ROI (region-of-interest) selection. ", "The major goal of the redeye detection algorithm is to detect redeye defects with a minimum number of false positives and within a minimum execution time without sacrificing performance. ", "For this reason, face-region (with most of the hair regions eliminated) detection is performed so that unnecessary processing is not performed on red-dot candidates that are not located in detected face regions. ", "The easiest and fastest way for face-region localization is the use of skin-color pixel detection that requires only pixel operations. ", "It has been shown that difficulties arise when dealing with images having faces associated with blond hairs. ", "In these cases, the skin-color detection process fails to produce satisfactory or desired results that would assist in the redeye detection procedure. ", "FIG. ", "1 displays an example picture 500 that causes problems. ", "In FIG. ", "1, objects 504, 505, 508, 509, and 510 are non-skin objects; 501 and 506 are blond hairs; 502, 503, and 507 are skin regions. ", "In FIG. ", "2, picture 600 shows the example result of conventional skin detection algorithms. ", "Clearly, the skin-color detection process does not separate the hairs from the face (see object 601) and therefore the subsequent redeye detection process will take the whole head plus the body as the face region and no redeye defects will be corrected.", "\nThere have been many publications recently addressing skin color detection for face recognition in color image processing, but only a few of them concern the issue of hair-face skin pixel identification. ", "For instance, in Wu et al. (", "H. Wu, Q. Chen, and M. Yachida, xe2x80x9cFace Detection From Color Images Using a Fuzzy Pattern Matching Method,xe2x80x9d IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. ", "21, No. ", "6, pp. ", "557-563, 1999), a hair model is used to assist face detection. ", "The RGB color information in an image is first converted to CIE\"\"s XYZ color representation through a linear transformation resulting in one luminance component Y and two chromaticity components x=X/(X+Y+Z) and y=Y/(X+Y+Z). ", "Then the two chromaticity components, x and y, are furthered converted to another space through a non-linear transformation, resulting in two new color components, u and v, that are perceptually uniformly-distributed in the new color space. ", "The hair model is a function of three variables: the luminance Y and the chromaticities, u and v. Noticeably, this hair model works mainly for Asian faces with dark hairs. ", "Moreover, the conversion from RGB to the corresponding CIE tristimulus values requires the knowledge of the color calibration that varies from imaging device to device.", "\nThere are a number of color spaces currently used by researchers for color image processing as described below.", "\nPsychological spacexe2x80x94Some researchers believe that the RGB basis is not a particularly good one to explain the perception of colors. ", "Alternatively, a transformed non-RGB space, or a psychological space, is well accepted to describe xe2x80x98colorsxe2x80x99. ", "It is compatible to human color perception. ", "This non-RGB space is composed of three components, hue (H), saturation (S) and brightness value (V). ", "Instead of using three values (R,G,B) to distinguish color objects, a single component, H, is used to label a color pixel in this transformed space.", "\nCIELab space-CIE in 1976 recommended the CIELab formula for color measurement. ", "It is designed that colors in the CIELab space are perceptually more uniformly spread than are colors in RGB and psychological (e.g. HSV) spaces. ", "Therefore, using the CIELab space enables the use of a fixed color distance in decision making over a wide range of colors.", "\nLst spacexe2x80x94The Lst space is traditionally called T-space in graphic applications and is constructed with log exposures. ", "L is the luminance component, and s and t are the two chrominance components. ", "It is shown that the statistical distribution of color signals is more symmetrical in Lst space than in linear space.", "\nYCRCB spacexe2x80x94The YCRCB space is designed for television broadcasting signal conversion. ", "Y is the luminance component, CR and CB are two chrominance components. ", "Researchers working in video images prefer using this space.", "\nGeneralized R-G-B Space (gRGB)xe2x80x94This is also called normalized R-G-B space. ", "This space is transformed from the native R-G-B space by normalizing each of the three elements of the original R-G-B by the summation of the three original elements. ", "The resultant three new elements are linearly dependent so that only two elements are needed to effectively form a new space that is collapsed from three dimensions to two dimensions. ", "So, it is also called a collapsed R-G-B space in some articles. ", "This space does not provide an explicit luminance component like the other spaces. ", "This generalization process reduces the illuminant effects on chromaticity components.", "\nSo far, there are no conclusive data showing that any one of the above color spaces is overwhelmingly superior to any others in terms of skin-color detection performance. ", "The skin-color detector performance, rather, mostly depends on the structure of the detector itself. ", "The reality is that space transformation from RGB to another color domain does not change the skin-pixel and non-skin-pixel distribution overlap in the original RGB space. ", "This skin-pixel and non-skin-pixel distribution overlap is the major cause of FP (false positive) in skin-color detection. ", "The selection of color space largely depends on designers\"\" preference, practical use effectiveness, and model complexity.", "\nTable 1 illustrates the computation expense for different transformation operations. ", "Among them, gRGB transformation has the lowest computation expense. ", "This is one of the advantages that gRGB transformation provides.", "\nWhat is therefore needed is a way to provide an efficient skin-color detection method with which desirable clean face regions can be obtained with very low computation complexity prior to further image processing for applications such as the aforementioned redeye detection in the presence of blond hairs. ", "The present invention describes a mechanism that overcomes the difficulty of separating blond hair pixels from skin color pixels by fusing two color detection strategies that work in generalized RGB (gRGB) space and the hue space respectively.", "\nIt is an objective of the present invention to automatically detect the skin color region in a digital color image.", "\nIt is a further object of the present invention to produce a clean skin color image in the presence of blond hairs.", "\nThe present invention is directed to overcoming one or more of the problems set forth above. ", "Briefly summarized, according to one aspect of the present invention, a method and a computer program product for generating a clean skin color image comprises the steps of:\n(a) converting an input RGB color image from the native RGB space to a preferred color space, the generalized RGB (gRGB) space, resulting in a GRGB color image;\n(b) selecting two of the generalized RGB color components (generalized R and G in this case) to form a working space for skin color detection;\n(c) classifying the pixels of the converted input image, the gRGB color image, into skin color and non-skin color pixels;\n(d) eliminating non-skin color pixels and forming a binary skin color mask;\n(e) masking the gRGB color image obtained in step (a) to form a masked gRGB image;\n(f) converting the masked gRGB image to a hue image;\n(g) separating blond hair color pixels and the skin color pixels in the hue space using the hue image;\n(h) removing the blond hair color pixels in the hue image and forming a new skin color binary mask;\n(i) masking the original RGB color image to form a masked color image that retains skin color pixels only.", "\nThese and other aspects, objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be more clearly understood and appreciated from a review of the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments and appended claims, and by reference to the accompanying drawings.", "\nThe present invention is effective in obtaining a clean skin color image in the presence of blond hair color pixels and has the advantages of:\n(1) performing skin detection in the dimension-reduced space;\n(2) conducting skin detection recfinement in one-dimension space;\n(3) fusing two color classification strategies performed in two stages (skin detection and skin detection refinement);\n(4) effectively using intermediate results of the first stage in the second stage;\n(5) providing imaging applications such as redeye detection with cleaner skin color images." ]

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[ "This overseas ploy is all about stepping on a court for cash, not the level of competition!!!!!", "\n\nWhy does SI still employ Thomsen when he said that drafts include players that will never be any good, tall guys who were told to be basketball because of their heights, and brought up Olympiakos as a place for LeBron to play????", "\n\nIt seems like Thomsen is always trying to go outside the box unnecessarily when the basketball society is easy to figure out!!!" ]

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[ "[Elevated cortisol level in blood of patients with unstable coronary disease and acute myocardial infarction--new approach].", "\nThe aim of this study was to assess changes in serum cortisol concentration, enzymatic markers of myocardial ischemia and necrosis, leucocytosis and glucose in patients with unstable coronary disease and acute myocardial infarction. ", "The study was performed in 75 patients (20 females and 55 males aged 38-75 years; mean age 59.4 +/- 6.52), including 13 patients with unstable coronary disease (6 females and 7 males aged 40-66 years; mean age 59.4 +/- 6.52; group I), 40 patients with acute myocardial infarction (8 females and 32 males aged 38-72 years; mean age 57.3 +/- 9.57; group II) and 22 healthy volunteers (6 females and 16 males aged 39-75 years; mean age 53.1 +/- 9.62; control group). ", "Acute ischemia as well as myocardial infarction are potent stress factors that destabilisate the functional equilibrium of the body. ", "Considering the mechanism of action of cortisol and its physiological role, it seems that current views on elevated plasma cortisol levels as a response to stress and pain in infarction and acute ischemia should be supplemented. ", "Anti-inflammatory properties of cortisol deserve more attention, while elevated levels might be of prognostic value in the above-mentioned diseases." ]

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[ "Sony Bend may be working on an unannounced action/adventure PS4 game, according to the Linkedin profile of Rick Stalder, Sr. ", "UI Artist at Sony Computer Entertainment America.", "\n\nHere’s what his profile reads:\n\nSr. ", "UI Artist\n\nSony Computer Entertainment America\n\nAugust 2013 – Present (3 months) Unannounced Action/Adventure (PS4 ONLY)\n\nDevelop the UI style through the development of moodboards.", "\n\nSince it says PS4 only, they could be working on the next Uncharted game although that’s simply a speculation based on the genre described.", "\n\nWhat do you think it could be? ", "Let us know in the comments section below.", "\n\nVia GAF." ]

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[ "Coronavirus Update: The Inn at Castle Hill hopes to open for the season on July 1, 2020. ", "IF you have a reservation prior to July 1 our Innkeepers will contact you to reschedule or refund your stay. ", "We are available at the inn to answer any questions. ", "Please email theinn@thetrustees.org or call us at 978.412.2555." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of Invention\nThe present disclosure relates to liquid crystal cells. ", "More particularly, the present disclosure relates to nominal manufacturing methods or post manufacturing processing of the liquid crystal cells.", "\n2. ", "Description of Related Art\nLiquid crystal displays have many advantages, such as high definition, small volume, lightweight, low voltage drive, low consumption of power, a broad range of applications, etc. ", "Therefore, liquid crystal displays are already broadly used in consumer electronic devices or computer products, such as portable televisions, cellular phones, camcorders, laptop computers, desktop displays, projection televisions, etc., ", "thereby becoming the main stream for displays.", "\n“Display panel” is one of the critical parts of a liquid crystal display. ", "Conventionally, the manufacturers may separate a glass substrate into a plurality of panel units and then perform a back end of line (BEOL) process to produce a display panel. ", "However, as the quality demand for liquid crystal displays increases, the foregoing processes have to face a series of challenges.", "\nFor example, traditionally, the manufacturers may create a cutting line or a median crack on the surface of the glass substrate first, and then the glass substrate is separated into a plurality of panel units by separation along the median crack. ", "However, since the glass substrate becomes thinner today, the glass substrate can no longer provide enough mechanical strength to form the median crack, thereby causing bad separation." ]

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[ "List of state leaders in 1001\n\n\n\nAfrica\nFatimid Caliphate – Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (996-1021)\nIfriqiya – Badis ibn Mansur, Zirid dynasty Viceroy (995-1016)\n\nAsia\n\nKingdom of Ani – Gagik I (989-1020)\nByzantine Empire – Basil II Bulgaroktonus (976-1025)\nChina (Northern Song dynasty) – Emperor Zhenzong (997-1022)\nGhaznavid Empire – Mahmud of Ghaznavid (998-1030)\nBuyid Empire (Iraq) – Baha' al-Daula (990-1013)\nAbbasid Caliphate (Baghdad) – Al-Qadir (991–1031)\nJapan (Heian period) –\nMonarch – Emperor Ichijō (986-1011)\nde facto – Fujiwara no Michinaga (995-1017)\nKhitan Empire – Shengzong (982-1031)\nKhmer Empire – Udayadityavarman I (1001–1002)\nKorea (Goryeo Kingdom) – Mokjong (997-1009)\nKingdom of Mataram – Dharmawangsa (985-1006)\nChola Empire (Tamil Nadu) – Rajaraja Chola I (985-1014)\n\nEurope\n\nBulgaria – Samuil, Tsar of Bulgaria (977–1014)\nKingdom of Burgundy – Rudolf III (993–1032)\nCounty of Burgundy – Otto-William (982–1026)\nCounty of Provence –\nRotbold II (968–1008)\nWilliam II (993–1018)\nByzantine Empire – Basil II the Bulgar-slayer (976–1025)\nCaucasus\nBagratuni Kingdom of Armenia – Gagik I (989–1020)\nKingdom of Georgia – Gurgen (994–1008)\nPrincipality of Kakheti – David (976–1010)\nKlarjeti – Sumbat III, Prince of Klarjeti (993–1011)\nKingdom of Croatia –\nKrešimir III, co-King of Croatia (1000–1030)\nGojslav, co-King of Croatia (1000–1020)\nKingdom of Denmark – Sweyn I (985/986–1014)\nKingdom of England – Æthelred the Unready (978–1013)\nKingdom of France – Robert II (996–1031)\nCounty of Angoulême – William IV (988–1028)\nCounty of Anjou – Fulk III (987–1040)\nDuchy of Aquitaine – William V (995–1030)\nCounty of Blois – Theobald II (995–1004)\nDuchy of Brittany – Geoffrey I (992–1008)\nDuchy of Burgundy – Eudes-Henry (965–1002)\nCounty of Flanders – Baldwin IV (987–1035)\nCounty of Maine – Hugh III (992–1015)\nDuchy of Normandy – Richard II (996–1026)\nCounty of Toulouse – William III Taillefer (978–1037)\nCounty of Vermandois – Albert II (c. 1000–1010)\nDuchy of Gascony – Bernard I William (996–1009)\nHoly Roman Empire – Otto III (996–1002)\nDuchy of Bavaria – Henry IV (995–1005)\nMarch of Austria – Henry I (994–1018)\nMarch of the Nordgau – Henry of Schweinfurt (994–1004)\nDuchy of Bohemia – Boleslav III (999–1002)\nDuchy of Carinthia – Henry IV (995–1002)\nDuchy of Lower Lorraine – Otto (977–1012)\nCounty of Frisia – Dirk III (993–1039)\nCounty of Mons – Reginar IV (998–1013)\nCounty of Namur – Albert I (c. 981–1011)\nDuchy of Upper Lorraine – Theodoric I (978–1026/1027)\nCounty of Bar – Theodoric I (978–1026/1027)\nCounty of Luxembourg – Henry I (998–1026)\nCounty Palatine of Lotharingia – Ezzo (996–1034)\nDuchy of Saxony – Bernard I (973–1011)\nEastern March – Gero II (993–1015)\nNorthern March – Lothair (983–1003)\nMarch of Meissen – Ekkehard I (985–1002)\nDuchy of Swabia – Hermann II (997–1003)\nKingdom of Hungary – Stephen (1000–1038)\nIreland – Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, High King of Ireland (980–1002)\nAilech – Áed mac Domnaill Ua Néill, King of Ailech (989–1004)\nConnacht – Cathal mac Conchobar mac Taidg, King of Connacht (973–1010)\nUí Maine – Tadhg Mór Ua Cellaigh, King of Uí Maine (985–1014)\nLeinster – Donnchad mac Domnall Claen, King of Leinster (984–1003)\nKingdom of Mide – Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill (c. 975–1022)\nKingdom of Munster – Brian Boru (978–1014)\nKingdom of Italy – Otto III (996–1002)\nDuchy of Amalfi – Manso I (966–1004)\nPrincipality of Benevento – Pandulf II (981–1014)\nPrincipality of Capua – Landulf VII (999–1007)\nCatepanate of Italy – Gregory Tarchaneiotes (998–1006)\nDuchy of Gaeta – John III (984–1008)\nMarch of Ivrea – Arduin (c. 990–1015)\nMarch of Montferrat – William III (991–1042)\nDuchy of Naples – John IV (997–1002)\nPapal States – Pope Silvester II (999–1003)\nPrincipality of Salerno – Guaimar III (994–1027)\nEmirate of Sicily – Ja'far al-Kalbi (998–1019)\nMarch of Tuscany – Hugh (961–1001)\nRepublic of Venice – Pietro II Orseolo, Doge of Venice (991–1009)\nKievan Rus' – Vladimir I (980–1015)\nPrincipality of Polotsk –\nIzyaslav (989–1001)\nBryachislav (1001–1044)\nPrincipality of Rostov – Yaroslav I the Wise (996–1010)\nPrincipality of Turov – Sviatopolk Vladimirovich (997–1019)\nKingdom of Norway –\nSveinn Hákonarson, Regent (1000–c. 1015)\nEiríkr Hákonarson, Regent (1000–1012)\nSweyn I (1000–1014)\nPoland (Piast dynasty) – Bolesław I the Brave, Duke of Poland (992–1025)\nKingdom of Alba (Scotland) – Kenneth III (997–1005)\nSerbia (Duklja) – Jovan Vladimir, Zhupan of Duklja (c. 990–1016)\nKingdom of Spain -\nCounty of Barcelona – Ramon Borrell (993–1017)\nCounty of Castile – Sancho García (995–1017)\nCaliphate of Córdoba –\nHisham II (976–1009)\nAl-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir, Hajib (978–1002)\nKingdom of León – Alfonso V (999–1028)\nCounty of Portugal – Mendo II Gonçalves (997–1008)\nKingdom of Pamplona – García Sánchez II (994–1004)\nKingdom of Viguera – Sancho Ramírez (c. 991–c. 1002)\nCounty of Urgell – Ermengol I (993–1011)\nKingdom of Sweden – Olof Skötkonung (995–1022)\nVolga Bulgaria – Abd ar-Rahman bine Mö'min (980–1006)\nWales -\nKingdom of Gwynedd – Cynan ap Hywel (999–1005)" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nInterclick interval resolution of the ear\n\nLet's say I have an almost perfect metronome which ticks at 60 beats per minute, except for one beat that is slightly off from time to time. ", "\nWhat's the maximum error this metronome can have without a human being able to notice the rhythmic default?", "\nIs there any study related to that?", "\nAlso, would it depend on the metronome speed?", "\n\nA:\n\nThere have been studies on this, both with paired clicks and long streams of clicks. ", " Normal listeners can detect changes of the sort you describe with essentially perfect reliability down to about 45 ms and with better chance performance below 30 ms. ", " I haven't been able to find a study measuring the minimal threshold for this change, but from the studies I have found it should probably be in the 10-20 ms range.", "\nAs for how the interval affects it, the answer depends on the direction of change and the direction of interval change, so it is hard to give a single answer. ", " The affect seems to be larger at larger interval changes.", "\nNote that this is a very low-level task, with slightly higher modulation rates processed at the very lowest levels of the auditory pathway. ", " It is also a task that is highly \"conserved\" evolutionarily, that is it is very consistent across species. ", " Fish have similar performance to humans at this task. ", " And not that in the stream study, it used mismatch negativity, which is a change in electrical activity in your brain that occurs even if you are not paying attention to the stimulus and don't consciously notice the change.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Intensity mixed with fire, enthusiasm combined with artistic expression, forward thinking yet historically dramatic... A doer, an idea maker, a talker and thinker... always needing to do more movement, to make more music and to live with inspiration." ]

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[ "Comments\n\nNCAAF Picks\n\nWho Has The Easiest & Hardest Big 12 2015 College Football Schedules\n\nThe inaugural College Football Playoff was called a success by everyone but the Big 12 as it was the only Power-5 Conference left out. ", "So get a Big 12 title game! ", "Here are the three easiest & hardest schedules by NCAA rankings for Big 12 teams.", "\n\nTCU\nThe Horned Frogs are currently third-favorites to win the national title and have one of the Heisman favorites in quarterback Trevone Boykin. ", "So will the fact that TCU has just the No. ", "94 schedule in the country hurt it come College Football Playoff selection time? ", "The Frogs' 2015 opponents finished a combined 74-78 last season (48.7 percent; no FCS opponents included on any schools if applicable) with seven teams finishing with winning records, seven who were bowl eligible and three concluding the year ranked. ", "Because Big 12 teams play all other nine teams, only three non-conference games for each. ", "TCU has a tricky opener at Minnesota, although the Gophers are 18-point dogs. ", "The other two non-conference games are laughable: vs. Stephen F. Austin (they play football?) ", "and SMU. ", "Tough Big 12 road games at K-State, Oklahoma State and Oklahoma.", "\n\nKansas State\nThe Wildcats' schedule is ranked No. ", "92 in the country with their opponents a combined 75-77 last season (49.3 percent), six finishing with winning records, seven who were bowl eligible and three teams that finished ranked. ", "This is another laughable non-conference schedule: South Dakota (come on!), ", "at UTSA, vs. Louisiana Tech. ", "When will Big 12 teams learn? ", "Toughest road conference games: Oklahoma State, Texas. ", "Huge, huge break that K-State gets TCU, Oklahoma and Baylor in Manhattan. ", "If KSU is ever going to reach the College Football Playoff while Bill Snyder is still the coach, this is the season with that schedule.", "\n\nBaylor\nThe Bears' schedule is ranked as the No. ", "89 in the nation with their opponents a combined 75-76 last season (49.7 percent), with seven finishing with winning records, seven bowl eligible and three concluding ranked. ", "The Bears are the kings of cupcake non-conference scheduling. ", "They last season played SMU, Northwestern State and predictably slaughtered each of them. ", "This year's it's only slightly better: SMU (road), Lamar and Rice. ", "Wow! ", "Baylor won't leave the state of Texas, other than a trip to lousy Kansas, until Nov. 5 at K-State. ", "That and, Oklahoma State and TCU are the three tough conference road games.", "\n\nKansas\nIt's the first season for new head coach David Beaty, and he has a mess to clean up at one of the worst Power-5 programs in the country. ", "KU backers just don't care about football -- it's always basketball season there. ", "The Jayhawks have the toughest schedule in the conference and No. ", "14 in the nation as their opponents were 93-62 last season (60 percent), with nine finishing with winning records, nine bowl eligible and five ranked. ", "KU might be favored only once all season: the opener against South Dakota State. ", "The other non-conference games are home to Memphis (program on rise) and at Rutgers. ", "I won't bother you with the toughest Big 12 road games because Kansas probably isn't going to win any of them. ", "Or at home.", "\n\n5Dimes Win Total: 1, with 'over' a -185 favorite. ", "This is the lowest I've seen of any team. ", "Can KU get a win other than SDSU? ", "Memphis and Iowa State are possibilities. ", "Go 'over.'", "\n\nIowa StateThe hottest coaching seat in the Big 12 belongs to Cyclones coach Paul Rhoads. ", "ISU's schedule ranks as the 17th-toughest in the country as its opponents were 92-63 last season (59.4 percent), with nine finishing with winning records, nine bowl eligible and four in the Top 25. ", "ISU will win its opener at home against Northern Iowa (that would be a fantastic basketball game) and Rhoads could stave off the doubters on Sept. 12 in Ames with a win against Iowa. ", "The non-conference finale is at Toledo. ", "ISU won't win a Big 12 road game and the only time it will be favored at home is Oct. 3 vs. Kansas.", "\n\n5Dimes Win Total: 3, with 'over' a -140 favorite. ", "I like a push here, but go 'under.' ", "So long Mr. Rhoads.", "\n\nTexas Tech\nThe Red Raiders have the No. ", "26 schedule in the country as their opponents were 89-66 last season (57.4 percent) with nine concluding with winning records, nine bowl eligible and four ranked. ", "The bloom is off the rose for Coach Kliff Kingsbury at TTU. ", "His job might be in some jeopardy with another bad season. ", "The Red Raiders will beat visiting Sam Houston and UTEP to open the year but then lose at Arkansas. ", "They do get TCU, K-State and Oklahoma State at home, with Baylor at a neutral site (Arlington, Texas).", "\n\n5Dimes Win Total: 6, with 'under' a -135 favorite and that's the lean." ]

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[ "The Christmas holiday brings more than the holiday cheer; the season brings Christmas outfits. ", "When buying outfits, you want to choose those outfits that exemplify your Christmas spirit. ", "The simple t-shirt with a Christmas design, logo or phrase is cute, but there are so many other Christmas outfits you can purchase. ", "Christmas outfits fit the needs of every occasion: Whether you are lounging around at home, attending a Christmas party, or taking a family Christmas photo.", "\n\n\n\nChristmas outfits typically come in the form of a costume. ", "Some schools and churches buy Shepherd costumes for children to portray the Christmas Nativity scene. ", "Mary, Joseph, Jesus and Wiseman costumes are also available for those participating in the Nativity scene. ", "Popular Christmas costumes for girls and women are the Christmas Angel costumes, which consist of a long white gown, wand and halo. ", "Christmas outfits are not all religion-themed. ", "Elves, reindeers, and Santa Claus are other types of Christmas costumes. ", "Toy soldier, Santa’s helper, Mrs. Claus and Frosty the Snowman are other types of Christmas outfits you can wear. ", "Adults can even purchase unisex gift-box Christmas costumes. ", "Christmas costumes can be worn for holiday parties at school, work or any other social outing.", "\n\n\n\nWhen you think of Christmas outfits, costumes should not be the only clothing that comes to your mind. ", "Regular dresses, slacks, sweaters and shirts are considered Christmas outfits, depending on the color, style and material of the outfit. ", "Clothing items that are green and red are generally labeled as Christmas colors, especially when these items are worn during the Christmas season; however, any color can be considered a Christmas color, based on the material of the clothing. ", "Classic fleece coats, flocked taffeta vests and pants to match, five-piece suits, taffeta and velvet bubble dresses are all considered Christmas outfits. ", "Sequin dresses and shirts are very popular during the Christmas season. ", "These are all types of Christmas outfits that you or your child can wear during the holidays.", "\n\n\n\nChristmas outfits would not be complete without some Christmas accessories. ", "Santa Claus hats are the most popular accessories that you can wear with your Christmas outfits. ", "These hats have changed in style over the years. ", "Originally, Santa Claus hats were red and white. ", "Nowadays, Santa Claus hats can be purchased in a variety of styles and colors. ", "The more popular Santa Claus hats of today include those that represent a consumer’s favorite sports’ team. ", "In addition to hats, bows can be purchased to accompany your outfits. ", "Hair accessories come in different designs, including Christmas tree hairclips. ", "Reindeer noses and antlers, Christmas bell necklaces and Christmas aprons are some of the many accessories you can wear with your Christmas outfits.", "\n\n\n\nThe good thing about Christmas outfits, costumes and accessories is that they can be worn year after year – granted you do not gain any weight during the holiday season. ", "When shopping this holiday season, remember that Christmas is not all about the presents and Santa Claus; it’s also about the Christmas outfits!", "\n\nFor your holiday needs, view our other holiday pages: April Fools, President's Day, New Years and more!" ]

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[ "/*\n===========================================================================\nLoom SDK\nCopyright 2011, 2012, 2013 \nThe Game Engine Company, LLC\n\nLicensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\nyou may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\nYou may obtain a copy of the License at\n\n http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n\nUnless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\ndistributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\nWITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\nSee the License for the specific language governing permissions and\nlimitations under the License. ", "\n===========================================================================\n*/\n\npackage loom.modestmaps \n{\n import loom2d.math.", "Matrix;\n import loom2d.display.", "DisplayObject;\n\n\n /**\n * Static native class for helping with optimal Modest Maps logic.", "\n */\n public native class ModestMaps \n {\n /**\n * Helper vars to get native calculations back into script.", "\n */\n public static native var LastCoordinateX:Number;\n public static native var LastCoordinateY:Number;\n public static native var ParentLoadCol:int;\n public static native var ParentLoadRow:int;\n public static native var ParentLoadChild:int;\n public static native var ParentLoadZoom:int;\n public static native var GridZoom:Number;\n public static native var GridTLx:Number;\n public static native var GridTLy:Number;\n public static native var GridBRx:Number;\n public static native var GridBRy:Number;\n public static native var GridTRx:Number;\n public static native var GridTRy:Number;\n public static native var GridBLx:Number;\n public static native var GridBLy:Number;\n public static native var GridCx:Number;\n public static native var GridCy:Number;\n\n\n /**\n * Returns the key for the tile given it's coordinates\n *\n * @param col Column of the tile\n * @param row Row of the tile\n * @param zoom Zoom of the tile\n */\n public static native function tileKey(col:int, row:int, zoom:int):String;\n\n /**\n * Preps the ParentLoad helper vars for use and returns the name of the parent tile.", "\n */\n public static native function prepParentLoad(col:int, row:int, zoom:int, parentZoom:int):String;\n\n /**\n * Preps the LastCoordinate helper vars for use.", "\n */\n public static native function setLastCoordinate(col:Number, \n row:Number, \n zoom:Number, \n zoomLevel:Number, \n invTileWidth:Number, \n mat:Matrix, \n context:DisplayObject,\n object:DisplayObject):void;\n /**\n * Preps the Grid helper vars for use.", "\n */\n public static native function setGridCoordinates(invMatrix:Matrix,\n mapWidth:int, \n mapHeight:int, \n mapScale:Number):void;\n /**\n * Calculates and returns the inverse matrix for the TileGrid.", "\n */\n public static native function getGridInverseMatrix(worldMatrix:Matrix,\n tileWidth:int, \n tileHeight:int, \n mapScale:Number,\n resultMatrix:Matrix);\n\n /**\n * Gets the Microsoft Map Provider compatible zoom string.", "\n */\n public static native function getMSProviderZoomString(col:Number, row:Number, zoom:Number):String;\n }\n}" ]

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[ "Posts Tagged colloid\n\nWe were told in 2011 that the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has proposed a recommendation of 0.7 milligrams of fluoride per liter of community drinking water which replaces the current recommended range of 0.7 to 1.2 milligrams. ", "Those in control are reducing the recommended amount of fluoride in drinking water, as water […]\n\nThere continues to be greater and greater concern about the public health issues surrounding what medical science has named osteopenia and osteoporosis. ", "Osteopenia has two Greek ancestors: “osteon,” bone and “penia,” poverty. ", "So osteopenia is simply bone poverty. ", "Even though osteopenia is not considered a “disease,” by medical science, it is considered to be an […]\n\nResearchers claim they have deciphered the structure and functional mechanism of the glucansucrase enzyme responsible for dental plaque sticking to teeth. ", "This knowledge will stimulate the identification of substances that inhibit the enzyme. ", "Just add that substance to toothpaste, or even sweets, and tooth decay will be a thing of the past, right? ", "NOT SO […]" ]

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[ "Q:\n\n24vAC to Multiple DC Supplies\n\nI am trying to put together a power circuit which will take a 24vAC supply to the following DC supplies.", "\n\n+24vDC (700mA) - Powering DC relays and OpAmps.", "\n+5vDC (500mA) - Powering MCU, Ethernet etc.", "\n+3.3vDC (150mA) - Powering MCU. ", " \n\nI'm thinking of using the following setup\n\n24vAC -> Bridge Rectifier -> 24v MC78M24BTG Linear Regulator ->\n -> 5v LM2596 Switching Regulator -> 3.3v LM317 LDO ->.", "\n\nIs this the best way forward for my application?", "\n\nA:\n\nIf you have 24Vac then after rectification and smoothing this will be more like 32Vdc or maybe 33Vdc. ", "The first thing you need to do is reduce that to 24Vdc for powering the relays and op-amps. ", "I'd use a switcher because using a linear (at 700mA) is going to dissipate 6.3 watts.", "\nIn fact I'd use switchers for all the rails (all powered from the raw 32Vdc voltage). ", "\nIf the 24V dc rail needs to be fairly \"quiet\" for the op-amps I might consider using a switcher to generate 25Vdc then a LDO linear regulator to take 25Vdc to 24Vdc (this would dissipate about 1 watt in total). ", "\nAlternatively, if the op-amps were only using 50mA (guesswork) I'd generate two 24V rails - one for the relays (bulk of the 700mA current) and one for the op-amps but it depends on the mix of currents and I can't realistically guess what that is.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nNotation: Δu and Δv in the context of complex functions\n\nIn the context of complex number functions, what do $\\Delta u$ and $\\Delta v$ mean?", "\nI think it has something to do with partial derivatives and holomorphic or harmonic functions, but I can't find this notation anywhere except some exercises which give me no more clues about it.", "\n\nA:\n\nJust so that this question has an answer: $\\Delta$ is the Laplacian, i.e.\n$$ \\Delta u = \\frac{\\partial^2 u}{\\partial x^2} + \\frac{\\partial^2 u}{\\partial y^2}.$$\n(Or however many variables you have.)", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Santa Pictures have been posted!", "\n\nWe hope everyone enjoyed meeting Santa on Saturday and getting their picture taken! ", "Thank you to Jessi J. Photography for taking wonderful photos and to the Canyon Hills Social Events Committee for putting on this great event!" ]

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[ "# Translation of Odoo Server.", "\n# This file contains the translation of the following modules:\n# \t* project_template\n#\nmsgid \"\"\nmsgstr \"\"\n\"Project-Id-Version: Odoo Server 13.0\\n\"\n\"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \\n\"\n\"Last-Translator: \\n\"\n\"Language-Team: \\n\"\n\"MIME-Version: 1.0\\n\"\n\"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\\n\"\n\"Content-Transfer-Encoding: \\n\"\n\"Plural-Forms: \\n\"\n\n#. ", "module: project_template\n#: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:project_template.project_template_view_inherit_form\nmsgid \"Create Project From Template\"\nmsgstr \"\"\n\n#. ", "module: project_template\n#: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:project_template.project_template_view_inherit_kanban\nmsgid \"Create Project from Template\"\nmsgstr \"\"\n\n#. ", "module: project_template\n#: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:project_template.field_project_project__is_template\nmsgid \"Is Template\"\nmsgstr \"\"\n\n#. ", "module: project_template\n#: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:project_template.project_template_view_inherit_form\nmsgid \"Is Template?\"", "\nmsgstr \"\"\n\n#. ", "module: project_template\n#: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:project_template.project_template_view_inherit_search\nmsgid \"Non-Templates\"\nmsgstr \"\"\n\n#. ", "module: project_template\n#: model:ir.model,name:project_template.model_project_project\nmsgid \"Project\"\nmsgstr \"\"\n\n#. ", "module: project_template\n#: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:project_template.project_template_view_inherit_search\nmsgid \"Templates\"\nmsgstr \"\"\n" ]

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[ "INFO:\n\nCONTACT:\n\nSite Resources:\n\nFun Stuff:\n\n07/06/2015\n\nTonight in Florida, militant anti-equality activist Tony Perkins, who insists Christians need not abide by marriage laws, will be telling the faithful they need to \"reclaim America.\" ", "The far-right is going around spinning outright myths about one of those handful..." ]

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[ "Archive for octubre 21st, 2016\n\nDaniel Craig, James Bond himself, can look in ” Wars: The Power Stimulates” being a Stormtrooper, and we’ve Star Trek’s Scotty for dropping the beans, to thank. ", "Simon Pegg, the English actor who delivered Scotty in J.J your. ", "Abrams’ “Startrek” reboot, is definitely an ” Star Wars ” enthusiast, so he cast Pegg within an unannounced role, although it is likely to be considered a cameo, when Abrams signed on to primary Event VII. ", "Within an interview with Britainis The Sun paper while endorsing his fresh picture “Man-Up,” Pegg described his engagement together with the “Star Wars.” ", "In dispelling a rumor over what function he was playing, he inadvertently poured the beans on Daniel Craigis purpose within the video. ” ", "I wasnot a Stormtrooper,” he said. ” ", "Daniel Craig, he was a Stormtrooper.” ", "Herself was easily captured by Pegg, after which mentioned “I shouldnot have said that.” ", "Craig’s role in ” Star Wars ” have been rumored as far back as but here is the first verification, though it was unintentional. (", "más…)" ]

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[ "5776465 to 2 dps.", "\n0.58\nRound 0.001316519 to six dps.", "\n0.001317\nRound 0.01183717 to four dps.", "\n0.0118\nRound 63.942648 to 0 decimal places.", "\n64\nWhat is -149.632 rounded to the nearest 10?", "\n-150\nWhat is -26966.415 rounded to the nearest one hundred?", "\n-27000\nRound -1798.06 to the nearest 10.", "\n-1800\nWhat is -1459250 rounded to the nearest one thousand?", "\n-1459000\nWhat is -0.00021144977 rounded to six decimal places?", "\n-0.000211\nWhat is 2803.732 rounded to zero decimal places?", "\n2804\nRound 250.0609 to 0 dps.", "\n250\nRound -119820270 to the nearest one hundred thousand.", "\n-119800000\nRound 0.00610435 to 3 decimal places.", "\n0.006\nRound 0.56447389 to three decimal places.", "\n0.564\nRound -2.69293 to 2 decimal places.", "\n-2.69\nWhat is 191071.18 rounded to the nearest ten thousand?", "\n190000\nWhat is -0.00002172776 rounded to 6 dps?", "\n-0.000022\nWhat is 10.4014 rounded to the nearest integer?", "\n10\nWhat is -21854800 rounded to the nearest 1000000?", "\n-22000000\nRound 16.563 to 1 dp.", "\n16.6\nWhat is -1477306 rounded to the nearest one thousand?", "\n-1477000\nWhat is 0.005142367 rounded to three decimal places?", "\n0.005\nWhat is 0.00421859 rounded to 5 dps?", "\n0.00422\nWhat is 287206000 rounded to the nearest one million?", "\n287000000\nRound 34.7236 to 1 decimal place.", "\n34.7\nWhat is -1.569355 rounded to 3 dps?", "\n-1.569\nWhat is 6.1824381 rounded to three dps?", "\n6.182\nRound -237.0642 to 0 decimal places.", "\n-237\nWhat is -105160 rounded to the nearest 1000?", "\n-105000\nRound 0.15454804 to four decimal places.", "\n0.1545\nWhat is -0.145493 rounded to three decimal places?", "\n-0.145\nRound -0.0001461491 to six dps.", "\n-0.000146\nWhat is -437525400 rounded to the nearest 1000000?", "\n-438000000\nWhat is -299834 rounded to the nearest ten thousand?", "\n-300000\nWhat is -37142.66 rounded to the nearest ten?", "\n-37140\nRound -24.45334 to 0 dps.", "\n-24\nRound 0.00038803283 to five decimal places.", "\n0.00039\nWhat is 0.000649197 rounded to five decimal places?", "\n0.00065\nWhat is -2.623318 rounded to one dp?", "\n-2.6\nRound 3166591.9 to the nearest 100000.", "\n3200000\nRound 27.1814 to one decimal place.", "\n27.2\nWhat is -32674 rounded to the nearest one thousand?", "\n-33000\nWhat is 423.70812 rounded to the nearest one hundred?", "\n400\nWhat is -39.2347 rounded to the nearest ten?", "\n-40\nRound 37700.8 to the nearest one thousand.", "\n38000\nWhat is -0.764395 rounded to 1 dp?", "\n-0.8\nRound -0.000197983 to four decimal places.", "\n-0.0002\nRound 0.00001504635 to 6 decimal places.", "\n0.000015\nRound 0.000008526223 to 7 decimal places.", "\n0.0000085\nWhat is 3787358 rounded to the nearest one thousand?", "\n3787000\nWhat is -0.0000622083 rounded to 7 dps?", "\n-0.0000622\nWhat is -0.00011594144 rounded to six decimal places?", "\n-0.000116\nRound -0.40027987 to 4 dps.", "\n-0.4003\nRound -1013.283 to the nearest 100.", "\n-1000\nWhat is -26555.33 rounded to the nearest ten?", "\n-26560\nWhat is 4073.0553 rounded to the nearest one hundred?", "\n4100\nWhat is 1687980 rounded to the nearest 10000?", "\n1690000\nWhat is -268.1088 rounded to the nearest ten?", "\n-270\nRound 0.6042183 to 1 dp.", "\n0.6\nRound 65776.63 to the nearest ten thousand.", "\n70000\nWhat is 0.1799629 rounded to 3 decimal places?", "\n0.18\nRound -22466920 to the nearest 100000.", "\n-22500000\nWhat is 213.0627 rounded to the nearest 10?", "\n210\nWhat is -2247899 rounded to the nearest 100000?", "\n-2200000\nWhat is -936.4689 rounded to the nearest 100?", "\n-900\nRound 43711400 to the nearest 1000000.", "\n44000000\nWhat is 21012400 rounded to the nearest one million?", "\n21000000\nRound 98789900 to the nearest 100000.", "\n98800000\nRound 0.449745 to the nearest integer.", "\n0\nRound -0.1198184 to 2 dps.", "\n-0.12\nWhat is 0.004209315 rounded to five dps?", "\n0.00421\nWhat is -656.8515 rounded to 1 dp?", "\n-656.9\nRound -3288110 to the nearest 100000.", "\n-3300000\nWhat is 41670850 rounded to the nearest one hundred thousand?", "\n41700000\nWhat is -62.4495 rounded to zero dps?", "\n-62\nRound 779781.8 to the nearest 100000.", "\n800000\nRound 346.2259 to 0 decimal places.", "\n346\nRound 9994650 to the nearest one hundred thousand.", "\n10000000\nRound 0.005974513 to 5 decimal places.", "\n0.00597\nWhat is -0.1155123 rounded to 3 decimal places?", "\n-0.116\nWhat is -0.09971885 rounded to 2 dps?", "\n-0.1\nWhat is -12230540 rounded to the nearest ten thousand?", "\n-12230000\nRound 1105.1402 to zero dps.", "\n1105\nWhat is -1998.216 rounded to the nearest one hundred?", "\n-2000\nRound 120.486 to the nearest integer.", "\n120\nRound -0.0016067214 to 5 dps.", "\n-0.00161\nRound -6225.3136 to the nearest integer.", "\n-6225\nWhat is 2246083200 rounded to the nearest one million?", "\n2246000000\nRound -5.07109 to 2 decimal places.", "\n-5.07\nRound -25112.7 to the nearest 100.", "\n-25100\nWhat is 0.0497789 rounded to five dps?", "\n0.04978\nWhat is 1504693 rounded to the nearest one hundred thousand?", "\n1500000\nRound 404870.2 to the nearest ten thousand.", "\n400000\nWhat is -8231420 rounded to the nearest 1000000?", "\n-8000000\nRound 27738.94 to the nearest 1000.", "\n28000\nWhat is 0.315586 rounded to one decimal place?", "\n0.3\nWhat is 823.346 rounded to the nearest ten?", "\n820\nRound 25732310 to the nearest 10000.", "\n25730000\nWhat is 1100.103 rounded to the nearest 100?", "\n1100\nRound -27.65964 to the nearest integer.", "\n-28\nWhat is -0.0000003972771 rounded to 7 dps?", "\n-0.0000004\nRound 37.07445 to zero decimal places.", "\n37\nWhat is 0.0001448754 rounded to 5 dps?", "\n0.00014\nRound -0.00001207125 to six decimal places.", "\n-0.000012\nWhat is -0.00013930857 rounded to seven dps?", "\n-0.0001393\nRound -1768433 to the nearest 1000.", "\n-1768000\nWhat is 78.975 rounded to the nearest 10?", "\n80\nWhat is -0.00256296 rounded to 5 dps?", "\n-0.00256\nWhat is 14121.23 rounded to the nearest one thousand?", "\n14000\nWhat is -0.0000854269 rounded to 7 dps?", "\n-0.0000854\nRound 395.682 to the nearest 100.", "\n400\nRound 25505490 to the nearest 10000.", "\n25510000\nWhat is 2411260.4 rounded to the nearest ten thousand?", "\n2410000\nWhat is 49314.7 rounded to the nearest 10000?", "\n50000\nWhat is 48426.82 rounded to the nearest 1000?", "\n48000\nRound 0.16467308 to 4 dps.", "\n0.1647\nWhat is 329.82752 rounded to the nearest 100?", "\n300\nWhat is -0.442 rounded to the nearest 10?", "\n0\nRound 0.139013 to one decimal place.", "\n0.1\nRound 1.4414 to 0 dps.", "\n1\nWhat is -0.00002042292 rounded to 7 dps?", "\n-0.0000204\nRound -18.60773 to 2 decimal places.", "\n-18.61\nRound -104226100 to the nearest 100000.", "\n-104200000\nWhat is 1370479700 rounded to the nearest 1000000?", "\n1370000000\nWhat is -48.81691 rounded to the nearest integer?", "\n-49\nWhat is 0.00000041018 rounded to 7 dps?", "\n0.0000004\nWhat is 701906.4 rounded to the nearest 1000?", "\n702000\nRound 2753086800 to the nearest one million.", "\n2753000000\nWhat is -84338250 rounded to the nearest 1000000?", "\n-84000000\nRound 27.5948 to one decimal place.", "\n27.6\nWhat is -0.0957893 rounded to 4 dps?", "\n-0.0958\nWhat is 188842.3 rounded to the nearest 1000?", "\n189000\nWhat is 0.0000159155 rounded to 7 decimal places?", "\n0.0000159\nRound -112981.7 to the nearest one thousand.", "\n-113000\nRound -0.0000797241 to 5 dps.", "\n-0.00008\nWhat is 0.000000232419 rounded to seven dps?", "\n0.0000002\nRound 0.0004783034 to 7 decimal places.", "\n0.0004783\nWhat is 590.362 rounded to the nearest 10?", "\n590\nRound 0.0000888064 to six dps.", "\n0.000089\nWhat is 0.521052 rounded to 2 decimal places?", "\n0.52\nWhat is 73304000 rounded to the nearest one million?", "\n73000000\nRound 0.48630729 to three decimal places.", "\n0.486\nRound -0.01638336 to 3 dps.", "\n-0.016\nRound -0.0442592 to 4 dps.", "\n-0.0443\nWhat is 0.09987145 rounded to four dps?", "\n0.0999\nRound 39771260 to the nearest 100000.", "\n39800000\nWhat is 0.000212683 rounded to six decimal places?", "\n0.000213\nWhat is -0.000095282 rounded to 5 decimal places?", "\n-0.0001\nRound -98.457 to the nearest integer.", "\n-98\nRound 48651230 to the nearest 100000.", "\n48700000\nRound -257.204 to zero dps.", "\n-257\nWhat is 8670472 rounded to the nearest one million?", "\n9000000\nWhat is 0.014824 rounded to five decimal places?", "\n0.01482\nWhat is 976.77 rounded to the nearest ten?", "\n980\nRound -8.70381 to 2 dps.", "\n-8.7\nWhat is -0.326605 rounded to 2 decimal places?", "\n-0.33\nWhat is -0.000045463984 rounded to seven decimal places?", "\n-0.0000455\nRound -94.2105 to the nearest 10.", "\n-90\nRound 2861.69 to the nearest one hundred.", "\n2900\nRound -2016646.5 to the nearest 10000.", "\n-2020000\nWhat is -50796.112 rounded to the nearest 1000?", "\n-51000\nWhat is -0.0000130957 rounded to 6 decimal places?", "\n-0.000013\nRound 1.727191 to three dps.", "\n1.727\nWhat is 0.1617972 rounded to 3 dps?", "\n0.162\nWhat is 0.4599251 rounded to 3 decimal places?", "\n0.46\nRound -0.235757 to 3 dps.", "\n-0.236\nRound -24736.47 to the nearest 1000.", "\n-25000\nRound 403705000 to" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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"recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "NhsRecognizer_140094861024608", "recognizer_name": "NhsRecognizer" }, "score": 1, "start": 6031 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 6722, "entity_type": "UK_NHS", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "NhsRecognizer_140094861024608", "recognizer_name": "NhsRecognizer" }, "score": 1, "start": 6712 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2894, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2879 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2975, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2966 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3654, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 3646 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 4607, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 4599 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 4804, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 4790 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 5948, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 5928 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 6041, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 6031 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 7022, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 7002 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 8117, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 8099 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 564, "entity_type": "US_PASSPORT", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsPassportRecognizer_140094861021536", "recognizer_name": "UsPassportRecognizer" }, "score": 0.4, "start": 555 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 625, "entity_type": "PHONE_NUMBER", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "PhoneRecognizer_140094861343232", "recognizer_name": "PhoneRecognizer" }, "score": 0.4, "start": 615 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1032, "entity_type": "US_PASSPORT", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsPassportRecognizer_140094861021536", "recognizer_name": "UsPassportRecognizer" }, "score": 0.4, "start": 1023 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1194, "entity_type": "PHONE_NUMBER", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "PhoneRecognizer_140094861343232", "recognizer_name": "PhoneRecognizer" }, "score": 0.4, "start": 1187 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2179, "entity_type": "PHONE_NUMBER", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "PhoneRecognizer_140094861343232", "recognizer_name": "PhoneRecognizer" }, "score": 0.4, "start": 2172 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2232, "entity_type": "PHONE_NUMBER", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "PhoneRecognizer_140094861343232", "recognizer_name": "PhoneRecognizer" }, "score": 0.4, "start": 2224 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2601, "entity_type": "PHONE_NUMBER", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "PhoneRecognizer_140094861343232", "recognizer_name": "PhoneRecognizer" }, "score": 0.4, "start": 2591 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2789, "entity_type": "PHONE_NUMBER", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "PhoneRecognizer_140094861343232", "recognizer_name": "PhoneRecognizer" }, "score": 0.4, "start": 2782 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2827, "entity_type": "PHONE_NUMBER", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "PhoneRecognizer_140094861343232", "recognizer_name": "PhoneRecognizer" }, "score": 0.4, "start": 2820 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2894, "entity_type": "PHONE_NUMBER", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "PhoneRecognizer_140094861343232", "recognizer_name": "PhoneRecognizer" }, "score": 0.4, "start": 2885 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3386, "entity_type": "PHONE_NUMBER", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "PhoneRecognizer_140094861343232", "recognizer_name": "PhoneRecognizer" }, "score": 0.4, "start": 3378 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3859, "entity_type": "US_PASSPORT", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsPassportRecognizer_140094861021536", "recognizer_name": "UsPassportRecognizer" }, "score": 0.4, "start": 3850 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3963, "entity_type": "PHONE_NUMBER", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "PhoneRecognizer_140094861343232", "recognizer_name": "PhoneRecognizer" }, "score": 0.4, "start": 3955 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 4292, "entity_type": "PHONE_NUMBER", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "PhoneRecognizer_140094861343232", "recognizer_name": "PhoneRecognizer" }, "score": 0.4, "start": 4282 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 4339, "entity_type": "PHONE_NUMBER", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "PhoneRecognizer_140094861343232", "recognizer_name": "PhoneRecognizer" }, "score": 0.4, "start": 4329 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 4441, "entity_type": "PHONE_NUMBER", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "PhoneRecognizer_140094861343232", "recognizer_name": "PhoneRecognizer" }, "score": 0.4, "start": 4434 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 5698, "entity_type": "PHONE_NUMBER", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "PhoneRecognizer_140094861343232", "recognizer_name": "PhoneRecognizer" }, "score": 0.4, "start": 5688 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 5715, "entity_type": "PHONE_NUMBER", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "PhoneRecognizer_140094861343232", "recognizer_name": "PhoneRecognizer" }, "score": 0.4, "start": 5709 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 6041, "entity_type": "PHONE_NUMBER", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "PhoneRecognizer_140094861343232", "recognizer_name": "PhoneRecognizer" }, "score": 0.4, "start": 6031 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 6084, "entity_type": 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[ "Q:\n\nWindows 7 - Multiple monitors (cloned display) configuration is messed up\n\nI have Windows 7 in a Dell 15z with a LG TV working as secondary monitor. ", "Some time today, my configuration was messed up by a video running in VLC while disconnecting the HDMI cable. ", "\nNow I can't plug my TV in a cloned configuration.", "\nAny ideas how to solve this problem?", "\nNote: The monitor with number 2 in the first screenshot doesn't really exist.", "\nNote 2: The TV works in every other configuration (extended desktop or only the external monitor). ", "And this is a problem in Windows not in the TV to the HDMI cable. ", "Check the screenshots and note the [1|2] monitors in first screenshot (clonned display config) and the second (extended desktop) and compare it.", "\nNote 3: I have a hybrid graphic card in my system an Intel HD video card and Nvidea video card with optimus.", "\n\nA:\n\nUse Windows+P with your TV plugged in to switch to dual mode.", "\nProblem was solved in Chat - User had Hybrid Intel/Nvidia Graphics and OPTIMUS was treating the laptop display as 2 monitors, and cloning both of them.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Juniata College's 139th Commencement will be held on Saturday, May 13, 2017 at 10:00\na.m. on the lawn in front of Rosenberger Auditorium (weather permitting). ", "The Baccalaureate\nService will be held on Friday, May 12, 2017 at 6:00 p.m. in Memorial Gymnasium of\nKennedy Sports and Recreation Center." ]

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[ "The effects of intraocular lidocaine on the corneal endothelium.", "\nThe study aimed to evaluate the direct effect of intraocular lidocaine hydrochloride (HCl) 1% on corneal endothelial cell function, ultrastructure, and viability using an in vitro perfusion specular microscope system. ", "Paired rabbit and human corneas were isolated and mounted in an in vitro specular microscope for endothelial perfusion evaluation. ", "Corneas were perfused with a control solution (BSS Plus for humans, glutathione bicarbonate Ringer's [GBR] for rabbits) for a 1-hour stabilization period. ", "After the stabilization period, one cornea of each matched pair was perfused with preservative-free lidocaine HCl 1% for 15 minutes followed by control solution for an additional 2 to 3 hours. ", "The control cornea continued to receive either GBR or BSS Plus. ", "Corneal thickness measurements were taken every 15 minutes throughout the perfusion period. ", "Corneal swelling and deswelling rates were calculated by linear regression analysis. ", "At the end of the experiment, corneas were fixed for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. ", "In another group of corneas, the endothelial viability was assayed after direct perfusion with lidocaine HCl 1%. ", "Lidocaine HCl 1% caused endothelial cell edema, which reversed on removal of lidocaine from perfusion media. ", "Corneal swelling and deswelling rates did not differ significantly between the lidocaine and control groups. ", "Electron microscopy showed the effects of transient endothelial cell edema with an otherwise normal mosaic pattern and ultrastructure for both treatment groups. ", "Endothelial cell viability was maintained after the direct lidocaine exposure and a 2-hour washout. ", "Lidocaine HCl 1% causes a transient endothelial cell edema to the in vitro perfused endothelium of human and rabbit corneas. ", "Proper attention should be given to the type of lidocaine injected intraocularly (i.e., concentration, vehicle, preservatives, pH, osmolarity). ", "Although lidocaine HCl 1% appears to be safe to both human and rabbit endothelium during short-term in vitro exposure, further in vivo and in vitro studies are needed to determine long-term effects of intraocular lidocaine on the corneal endothelium." ]

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[ "Designing and testing chimeric zinc finger transposases.", "\nTransposons have been effectively utilized as non-viral gene delivery systems that are capable of promoting stable transgene expression in mammalian and human cells. ", "Two specific transposon systems, Sleeping Beauty (SB) and piggyBac (PB), have been successfully modified by the addition of a zinc finger (ZF) DNA-binding domain as a strategy for directing transposon integration near ZF target sites in a host cell genome. ", "Site-directed integration could improve transposon-mediated gene transfer by limiting positional effects on transgene integration, limiting genotoxicity, and improving the overall safety in gene therapy applications. ", "In this chapter, we describe methodology for creating and characterizing functional chimeric ZF transposases and experimental approaches for testing their transpositional activity in human cells." ]

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[ "A world redrawn: Top Spain chef sees fewer restaurants, more home cooking\n\nA world redrawn: Top Spain chef sees fewer restaurants, more home cooking\n\nBARCELONA-Agence France-Presse\n\nWhen the pandemic struck, top chef Ferran Adria was in the final phases of preparing to reopen his world-famous El Bullirestaurant nine years after it closed.", "\n\nAlthough the rest of the world ground to a halt, this highly-decorated Catalan chef has been using the lockdown to work around the clock to ensure the August opening goes ahead as planned.", "\n\nAnd when it does, the newly-transformed restaurant which held three Michelin stars, will reopen as a creativity laboratory to foster inventions in both gastronomy and other areas.", "\n\nBut for this Spanish master of molecular cuisine, the virus has caused \"a lot of grief\" for the sector, even if it has transformed many people's relationship with their own kitchens at home, he told AFP.", "\n\n\"It's a brutal situation, a real tragedy,\" he admitted, saying the crisis had silenced all other debates raging within the sector.", "\n\n\"Now the question is: if I'm solvent, I will be able to open my business. ", "If I'm not, I won't.\"", "\n\nAfter being shuttered for months, restaurants now face tough, restrictive conditions for reopening, with new norms limiting capacity and social distancing, which could spell disaster for many, he said.", "\n\n\"It's not like you just open and that's the end of it. ", "When you're in hospitality, either you're 70 percent full or you're not running a viable business, except in some cases.\"", "\n\nAnd if people can't freely associate with friends and family, it reduces the chances of them going out to eat.", "\n\n\"With all the problems they're talking about, are you likely to go to a restaurant and spend 100 euros? ", "No,\" Adria said.", "\n\n\"We go to restaurants because it's sociable. ", "The most important thing is to be with friends. ", "To eat well, yes, but with friends. ", "If you can't do that, it's going to be very difficult.\"", "\n\nPerfecting the recipes\n\nBut the lockdown, which was imposed in Spain on March 14 to slow the spread of the virus that has now killed around 28,000 people, had also spawned other changes that would have an impact on society.", "\n\n\"One thing that is going to come out of this lockdown is that some of the population are learning about cooking. ", "Some for entertainment and others because, for the first time in their lives, either they cook or they have to order online every day,\" he said.", "\n\n\"By now, many people have entered the kitchen. ", "And that is going to have a social impact, even more so with remote working.\"", "\n\nLike many other top chefs, Adria has been sharing some of his own recipes to encourage the home cooking revolution.", "\n\n\"I've also been sharing recipes online but more than that I've tried to teach people how to organise themselves in the kitchen. ", "And that has also helped me establish a routine,\" he said.", "\n\nFor him, being forced to stay at home has given him space to work flat out on the August reopening, getting up \"at 4:30 am every day and working until 9:00 pm\".", "\n\n\"Working remotely has always been quite normal with the El Bulli Foundation given how much I'm travelling. ", "Now that I'm not going out, working this way is much more efficient\".", "\n\nBut for Adria, being cut off from the world is not something new -- with a period of isolation built into the yearly cycle of running El Bulli, which topped the World's 50 Best Restaurants list a record five times.", "\n\nLocated a tiny remote cove off Spain's northeastern coast, the restaurant only opened a few months per year and Adria and his team would spend 10 weeks isolated from the rest of the world perfecting the recipes.", "\n\n\"I would spend six months at El Bulli in Montjoi and the first two-and-a-half-months was basically like lockdown,\" he said.", "\n\n\"So I've already lived through this experience of being pretty much alone.\"" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nShrink encrypted home partition\n\nMy current partition setup looks like this\n$ sudo df -h\nFilesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on\nudev 7.7G 0 7.7G 0% /dev\ntmpfs 1.6G 2.3M 1.6G 1% /run\n/dev/mapper/nvme0n1p1_crypt 96G 24G 71G 26% /\n/dev/nvme0n1p3 1.3G 263M 920M 23% /boot\n/dev/nvme0n1p2 1.5G 40M 1.4G 3% /boot/efi\n/dev/mapper/nvme0n1p4_crypt 379G 307G 73G 81% /home\n\nI want to shrink my encrypted home partition by 50Gb and make it as a new partition to install windows\nI tried Gparted and googled for the solution that doesn't involve loss of data, but no luck\nPlease suggest a way without data loss\nThanks in advance \n\nA:\n\nI suggest you take a look at this article from Ubuntu Help, is very well explained and no data loss is involved. ", "You said you tried Gparted, please note that in order to \"play\" with partitions you might be using a Live version of Ubuntu, as Ubuntu won't let you shrink any partitions from the system which is being used. ", "Therefore you are going to need the USB you used for installing Ubuntu, or create one from Startup disk creator which is preinstalled in Ubuntu, you will just need to download the Ubuntu image.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nI want to delete the stored image while update new image\n\nI want to delete the stored image while update new image \npublic function update($id)\n {\n $users = AdminLogin::find($id);\n\n if(Input::hasFile('image_file'))\n {\n $file = Input::file('image_file');\n $name = time() . '-' . ", "$file->getClientOriginalName();\n $file = $file->move(('uploads/images'), $name);\n $users->image_file= $name;\n }\n $users->save();\n return response()->json($users);\n }\n\nA:\n\nYou can write this. ", "This will solve your problem\npublic function update($id)\n{\n $users = AdminLogin::find($id);\n\n if(Input::hasFile('image_file'))\n {\n $usersImage = public_path(\"uploads/images/{$users->image_file}\"); // get previous image from folder\n if (File::exists($usersImage)) { // unlink or remove previous image from folder\n unlink($usersImage);\n }\n $file = Input::file('image_file');\n $name = time() . '-' . ", "$file->getClientOriginalName();\n $file = $file->move(('uploads/images'), $name);\n $users->image_file= $name;\n }\n $users->save();\n return response()->json($users);\n}\n\nThis will delete the previous image and update the new image\n\n" ]

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[ "Jungle Birthday Invitations (8-pack)\n\nInvite everyone to your party with our Jungle Birthday Invitations, and a stampede will form as everyone rushes to get to your celebration! ", "Eight 5.5 x 4.25 invitations come with each pack of 8, and they showcase a cute elephant coming out of some jungle leaves. ", "A splash of orange and a polka dot trim add to the fun! ", "Get our other Jungle Birthday partyware, too, for a great jungle themed bash!" ]

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[ "{\n \"cells\": [\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"### Simulation\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 16,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"data\": {\n \"text/html\": [\n \"\\n\",\n \"<style>\\n\",\n \" div#notebook-container { width: 95%; }\\n\",\n \" div#menubar-container { width: 65%; }\\n\",\n \" div#maintoolbar-container { width: 99%; }\\n\",\n \"</style>\\n\"\n ],\n \"text/plain\": [\n \"<IPython.core.display.", "HTML object>\"\n ]\n },\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"output_type\": \"display_data\"\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"from IPython.display import Image\\n\",\n \"Image(filename=\\\"figure.png\\\",width=600)\\n\",\n \"from IPython.display import display, HTML\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"display(HTML(data=\\\"\\\"\\\"\\n\",\n \"<style>\\n\",\n \" div#notebook-container { width: 95%; }\\n\",\n \" div#menubar-container { width: 65%; }\\n\",\n \" div#maintoolbar-container { width: 99%; }\\n\",\n \"</style>\\n\",\n \"\\\"\\\"\\\"))\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"### Equation generation\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 5,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"import sympy as sp\\n\",\n \"import numpy as np\\n\",\n \"from IPython.display import display\\n\",\n \"sp.init_printing(use_latex='mathjax')\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 6,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"# parameters\\n\",\n \"# Angular moment of inertia\\n\",\n \"J_B = 1e-2 * np.diag([1., ", "1., ", "1.])\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# Gravity\\n\",\n \"g_I = np.array((-1, 0., ", "0.))\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# Fuel consumption\\n\",\n \"alpha_m = 0.01\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# Vector from thrust point to CoM\\n\",\n \"r_T_B = np.array([-1e-2, 0., ", "0.])\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"def dir_cosine(q):\\n\",\n \" return np.matrix([\\n\",\n \" [1 - 2 * (q[2] ** 2 + q[3] ** 2), 2 * (q[1] * q[2] +\\n\",\n \" q[0] * q[3]), 2 * (q[1] * q[3] - q[0] * q[2])],\\n\",\n \" [2 * (q[1] * q[2] - q[0] * q[3]), 1 - 2 *\\n\",\n \" (q[1] ** 2 + q[3] ** 2), 2 * (q[2] * q[3] + q[0] * q[1])],\\n\",\n \" [2 * (q[1] * q[3] + q[0] * q[2]), 2 * (q[2] * q[3] -\\n\",\n \" q[0] * q[1]), 1 - 2 * (q[1] ** 2 + q[2] ** 2)]\\n\",\n \" ])\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"def omega(w):\\n\",\n \" return np.matrix([\\n\",\n \" [0, -w[0], -w[1], -w[2]],\\n\",\n \" [w[0], 0, w[2], -w[1]],\\n\",\n \" [w[1], -w[2], 0, w[0]],\\n\",\n \" [w[2], w[1], -w[0], 0],\\n\",\n \" ])\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"def skew(v):\\n\",\n \" return np.matrix([\\n\",\n \" [0, -v[2], v[1]],\\n\",\n \" [v[2], 0, -v[0]],\\n\",\n \" [-v[1], v[0], 0]\\n\",\n \" ])\\n\",\n \"\\n\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 7,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"f = sp.zeros(14, 1)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"x = sp.", "Matrix(sp.symbols(\\n\",\n \" 'm rx ry rz vx vy vz q0 q1 q2 q3 wx wy wz', real=True))\\n\",\n \"u = sp.", "Matrix(sp.symbols('ux uy uz', real=True))\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"g_I = sp.", "Matrix(g_I)\\n\",\n \"r_T_B = sp.", "Matrix(r_T_B)\\n\",\n \"J_B = sp.", "Matrix(J_B)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"C_B_I = dir_cosine(x[7:11, 0])\\n\",\n \"C_I_B = C_B_I.transpose()\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"f[0, 0] = - alpha_m * u.norm()\\n\",\n \"f[1:4, 0] = x[4:7, 0]\\n\",\n \"f[4:7, 0] = 1 / x[0, 0] * C_I_B * u + g_I\\n\",\n \"f[7:11, 0] = 1 / 2 * omega(x[11:14, 0]) * x[7: 11, 0]\\n\",\n \"f[11:14, 0] = J_B ** -1 * \\\\\\n\",\n \" (skew(r_T_B) * u - skew(x[11:14, 0]) * J_B * x[11:14, 0])\\n\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 8,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"data\": {\n \"text/latex\": [\n \"$$\\\\left[\\\\begin{matrix}- 0.01 \\\\sqrt{ux^{2} + uy^{2} + uz^{2}}\\\\\\\\vx\\\\\\\\vy\\\\\\\\vz\\\\\\\\\\\\frac{- 1.0 m - ux \\\\left(2 q_{2}^{2} + 2 q_{3}^{2} - 1\\\\right) - 2 uy \\\\left(q_{0} q_{3} - q_{1} q_{2}\\\\right) + 2 uz \\\\left(q_{0} q_{2} + q_{1} q_{3}\\\\right)}{m}\\\\\\\\\\\\frac{2 ux \\\\left(q_{0} q_{3} + q_{1} q_{2}\\\\right) - uy \\\\left(2 q_{1}^{2} + 2 q_{3}^{2} - 1\\\\right) - 2 uz \\\\left(q_{0} q_{1} - q_{2} q_{3}\\\\right)}{m}\\\\\\\\\\\\frac{- 2 ux \\\\left(q_{0} q_{2} - q_{1} q_{3}\\\\right) + 2 uy \\\\left(q_{0} q_{1} + q_{2} q_{3}\\\\right) - 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[ "---\nabstract: |\n In 2013, Duchêne, Kheddouci, Nowakowski and Tahraoui [@duchene2013labeled; @tahraoui2012coloring] introduced a labeled version of the graph packing problem. ", "It led to the introduction of a new parameter for graphs, the $k$-labeled packing number $\\lambda^k$. This parameter corresponds to the maximum number of labels we can assign to the vertices of the graph, such that we will be able to create a packing of $k$ copies of the graph, while conserving the labels of the vertices.\\\n The authors intensively studied the labeled packing of cycles, and, among other results, they conjectured that for every cycle $C_n$ of order $n=2k+x$, with $k\\geq 2$ and $1\\leq x \\leq 2k-1$, the value of $\\lambda^k(C_n)$ was $2$ if $x$ was $1$ and $k$ was even, and $x+2$ otherwise.\\\n In this paper, we disprove this conjecture by giving a counter example. ", "We however prove that it gives a valid lower bound, and we give sufficient conditions for the upper bound to hold.\\\n We then give some similar results for the labeled packing of circuits.\\\n \\\n **Key words:** Packing of graphs, Labeled packing, Cycles, Circuits.", "\nauthor:\n- 'Alice Joffard, Hamamache Kheddouci'\nbibliography:\n- 'biblio.bib'\ntitle: Labeled Packing of Cycles and Circuits\n---\n\nDefinitions and notations\n=========================\n\nWe will work with simple graphs, with no multiple edges nor loops. ", "For an undirected graph $G=(V(G),E(G))$, $V(G)$ will represent the set of vertices of $G$, $E(G)$ will represent the set of edges of $G$. For a directed graph $G=(V(G),E(G))$, $V(G)$ will represent the set of vertices of $G$, $E(G)$ will represent the set of arcs of $G$. The *order* $n$ of a graph $G$ will represent its number of vertices, its *size* $m$ will represent its number of edges or arcs, and $\\Delta(G)$ will represent its maximal degree.\\\n$K_n$ will be the complete undirected graph of order $n$, $K_{p,q}$ the complete bipartite graph of partition sizes $p$ and $q$, $P_n$ the path of order $n$, $C_n$ the cycle of order $n$, and $S_n$ the star of order $n$. $\\overleftrightarrow{K_n}$ will be the *complete directed graph* of order $n$, meaning that its set of arcs contains all the possible arcs from one of its vertices to another, and $\\overrightarrow{C_n}$ will be the *circuit* of order $n$, that is the cyclic orientation of the cycle $C_n$.\\\n$G\\cup H$, the *union* of $G$ and $H$, will represent the graph $G\\cup H=(V(G)\\cup V(H),E(G)\\cup E(H))$. The complement of $G$ will be denoted by $\\overline{G}$. The $k_{th}$ power $G^k$ of a undirected graph $G$ will correspond to the graph $G$, with the addition of edges between any pair of vertices that have a path of length less or equal to $k$ between them.\\\nFor $p, q$ and $r$ any integers, $p \\mod q$ will denote the remainder of the euclidean division of $p$ by $q$, and $p\\equiv r\\mod q$ is equivalent to $p\\mod q=r\\mod q$.\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nThe graph packing problem has been widely studied in the literature, in many different ways. ", "The general idea of the problem is to find sufficient conditions on a set of graphs ($H_1$,$H_2$,...,$H_k$) or on a graph $G$, such that ($H_1$,$H_2$,...,$H_k$) will admit a packing in $G$, a packing being defined in the following way:\n\nA packing of ($H_1$,$H_2$,...,$H_k$) in $G$ is a set of injections $\\alpha_i: V(H_i) \\rightarrow V(G), i=1,...,k$, such that $\\alpha_i^*(E(H_i)) \\cap \\alpha_j^*(E(H_j)) = \\emptyset$ for $i\\neq j$ where $\\alpha_i^*:E(H_i)\\rightarrow E(G)$ is induced by $\\alpha_i$.\n\nIf for all $i \\in [1,k], |V(H_i)|=|V(G)|=n$, the $k$ injections are actually bijections. ", "In the case of a $k$*-placement*, where the vertices of the same graph $H$ are sent $k$ times to the vertices of $K_n$, we can send the images of the vertices of $H$ in the vertices of $H$ instead of the ones of $K_n$. Thus, the bijections are actually permutations on the vertices of $H$. In this context, we call a *fixed point* any vertex $\\alpha \\in V(G)$ such that for all $i \\in [1,k], \\sigma_i(\\alpha)=\\alpha$.\n\nThe first results concerning the problem of graph packing focused on the packings into the complete graph $K_n$. In this case, the only conditions for the injections to form a packing is that the induced images of the edges should not intersect. ", "Spencer and Sauer [@sauer1978edge] got first interested in the packing of two graphs, and found two sufficient conditions on the graphs for them to admit a packing in $K_n$.\n\n[@sauer1978edge] If $|E(H_1)|.|E(H_2)|\\leq \\dbinom{n}{2}$, then $(H_1,H_2)$ pack into $K_n$.\n\n[@sauer1978edge] If $2\\Delta(H_1) \\Delta(H_2)< n$, then $(H_1,H_2)$ pack into $K_n$.\n\nThose two conditions are quite representative of two common approaches in graph packing theory, one that is interested in bounding the size of the graphs, and the other in bounding their maximal degree. ", "Concerning the more general case of the packing of $k$ graphs, Bollobás and Eldridge formulated the following conjecture, still focusing on small sizes graphs:\n\n[@bollobas1978packings] If $|E(H_1)|,|E(H_2)|,...,|E(H_k)|\\leq n-k$, then $(H_1,H_2,...,H_k)$ pack in $K_n$.\n\nThe conjecture has been proven for $k=2$ [@sauer1978edge] and $k=3$ [@kheddouci2001packing]. ", "For $k\\geq 4$, the conjecture remains open and is still the subject of many researches, as it is considered to be one of the most important open problems in graph packing theory. ", "Another very important conjecture, about the packing of two graphs in $K_n$, is also interested on the maximal degree of two graphs:\n\n[@bollobas1978packings] If $(\\Delta(H_1)+1)(\\Delta(H_2)+1)\\leq n+1$, then $(H_1,H_2)$ pack into $K_n$.\n\nMost of the studies concerning graph packing focused on the conditions on the graphs $H_i$ to pack into the complete graph $K_n$. However, some authors chose a different point of view, which is to fix the graphs $H_1$,$H_2$,...,$H_k$ and search for a minimal size graph $G$ that would make the packing of the $H_i$ in $G$ possible. ", "A great part of this work has focused on the cases where the $H_i$ were trees.", "\n\n[@kheddouci2000packing; @kaneko2006packing] For $n>3$, $T$ a tree of order $n$, $T\\neq S_n$, there exists a 2-placement $\\sigma$ of $T$ such that $\\sigma(T) \\subset T^3$.\n\nIf the reader wants to go into more details concerning the packing of graphs, he is invited to refer to the numerous surveys on the subject [@wozniak2004packing; @yap1988packing].", "\n\nIn 2013, Duchene, Kheddouci, Nowakowski, and Tahraoui introduced the notion of labeled packings of graphs. ", "They gave the following definition of a $p$-labeled packing of $k$ copies of a graph $G$:\n\n[@duchene2013labeled; @tahraoui2012coloring] For $p\\geq 1$, $G$ a graph of order less or equal to $n$, and $f$ a mapping from $V(K_n)$ to a set of labels of cardinality $p$, $f$ is a $p$-labeled packing of $k$ copies of $G$ into $K_n$ if and only if for every $i$ in $\\{1,2,...,k\\}$, there exists an injection $\\sigma_i: V(G)\\rightarrow V(K_n)$ such that: $\n\\\\\n\\left\\{\n \\begin{array}{ll}\n \\mbox{For every } i \\neq j, \\sigma_i^*(E(G))\\cap \\sigma_j^*(E(G))=\\emptyset, \\mbox{ where } \\sigma_i^*: E(G)\\rightarrow E(K_n) \\mbox{ is induced by } \\sigma_i\\\\\n \\mbox{For every } v \\in V(G), f(\\sigma_1(v))=f(\\sigma_2(v))=...=f(\\sigma_k(v)).\\\\\n \\end{array}\n\\right.", "\n$\n\nDifferently said, a $p$-labeled packing of $k$ copies of $G$ is a labeling of the vertices of $K_n$ with exactly $p$ distinct labels, such that there exists a set of $k$ injections from the vertices of $G$ to the vertices of $K_n$ such that the images of the edges of $G$ never overlap in $K_n$, and for any vertex $v$, the $k$ images of $v$ have the same label. ", "It can be seen as a generalization of the problem of graph packing, as for $p=1$, all the vertices of $G$ have the same label and can thus be sent to any other vertex, as it is the case in the classic graph packing.\\\nThis definition allowed the authors to introduce a new parameter for a graph $G$, called the $k$-labeled packing number of $G$:\n\n[@duchene2013labeled; @tahraoui2012coloring] The $k$-labeled packing number of $G$, denoted by $\\lambda^k(G)$, is the largest $p$ such that $G$ admits a $p$-labeled packing of $k$ copies of $G$.\n\nThe authors linked this new parameter to the cycle decomposition of permutations in the following observation:\n\n[@duchene2013labeled; @tahraoui2012coloring] The notion of $k$-labeled packing number is closely related to the cycle decomposition of the packings as permutations.", "\n\nIndeed, for $k=2$, if $(id,\\sigma_2)$ is a packing of $2$ copies of $G$ decomposed into $p$ disjoint cycles, then we know that in $\\sigma_2$, the vertices of $G$ are sent to vertices that belong to the same cycle of the permutation, so that we can always associate one label to each of the $p$ cycles. ", "That way, we can obtain a valid $p$-labeled packing of $2$ copies of $G$, so that we have $\\lambda^2(G)\\geq p$.\\\nThe authors, among other results, analyzed the value of $\\lambda^k$ for cycles, and proved the following:\n\n[@duchene2013labeled; @tahraoui2012coloring] Every cycle $C_n$ of order $n\\leq 2k$ does not admit any $k$-placement. ", "For every cycle $C_n$ of order $n=2km+x$, $k,m\\geq 2$, $x<2k$, we have:\\\n$\\lambda^k(C_n) = \\left\\{\n \\begin{array}{ll}\n \\frac{n}{2}+1 & \\mbox{ if } m=2, k>2 \\mbox{ and } x\\equiv 2 \\mod 4\\\\\n \\lfloor \\frac{n}{2} \\rfloor +m+1 & \\mbox{ if } x=2k-1\\\\\n \\lfloor \\frac{n}{2} \\rfloor +m & \\mbox{ otherwise.}\\\\\n \\end{array}\n\\right.", "\n$\n\nConcerning the left values of $n$, they proposed the following conjecture:\n\n[@duchene2013labeled; @tahraoui2012coloring] For every cycle $C_n$ of order $n=2k+x$, $k\\geq 2$, $1\\leq x \\leq 2k-1$, we have:\\\n$\\lambda^k(C_n) = \\left\\{\n \\begin{array}{ll}\n 2 & \\mbox{ if } x=1 \\mbox{ and } k \\mbox{ is even }\\\\\n x+2 & \\mbox{ otherwise.}\\\\\n \\end{array}\n\\right.", "\n$ \\[THEconjecture\\]\n\nTo support this conjecture, they gave the following results, that focus on some particular values of $k$ and $x$:\n\n[@duchene2013labeled; @tahraoui2012coloring] Let $C_n$ be the cycle of order $n=2k+x$, $k \\geq 2$, $2k-3 \\leq x \\leq 2k-1$ and $(k,n) \\neq (2,5)$. We have $\\lambda^k(C_n) = x+2$. \\[xbetween\\]\n\n[@duchene2013labeled; @tahraoui2012coloring] Let $C_n$ be the cycle of order $n=2k+x$, $k$ a power of $2$, $x=1$. We have $\\lambda^k(C_n) = 2$. \\[x1\\_kpowerof2\\]\n\n[@duchene2013labeled; @tahraoui2012coloring] Let $C_n$ be the cycle of order $n=2k+x$, $k$ prime, $x=1$. We have $\\lambda^k(C_n) \\leq x+2$. \\[x1\\_kprime\\]\n\n[@duchene2013labeled; @tahraoui2012coloring] Let $C_n$ be the cycle of order $n=2k+x$, $k$ even, $x=2$. We have $\\lambda^k(C_n) \\leq x+2$. \\[x2\\_keven\\]\n\nLabeled packing of cycles\n=========================\n\nIn this part, we start by disproving Conjecture \\[THEconjecture\\]. ", "Indeed, we give a counter example to show that the upper bound it gives is not valid in general. ", "However, we give some particular cases for which the upper bound is valid, and we prove that the lower bound always holds.", "\n\nThe counter example uses the values $k=9$, $x=3$, and therefore $n=21$. We show that there exists a $7$-labeled packing of $9$ copies of $C_{21}$, so that $\\lambda^9(C_{21}) \\geq 7$, while Conjecture \\[THEconjecture\\] would give $\\lambda^9(C_{21}) = 3 +2 = 5$. 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(63.7,-9.3) node\\[below\\][$c$]{}; (66.2,-7.8) circle (5pt); (66.2,-7.8) node\\[below\\][$d$]{}; (68.3,-5.6) circle (5pt); (68.3,-5.6) node\\[right\\][$f$]{}; (69.6,-2.9) circle (5pt); (69.6,-2.9) node\\[right\\][$g$]{};\n\n(70,0) – (50.1,-1.5) – (68.3,5.6) – (57.8,9.7) – (66.2,-7.8) – (57.8,-9.7) – (66.2,7.8) – (68.3,-5.6) – (52.7,6.8) – (69.6,-2.9) – (50.1,1.5) – (69.6,2.9) – (51,-4.3) – (63.7,-9.3) – (55,8.7) – (60.7,10) – (60.7,-10) – (52.7,-6.8) – (63.7,9.3) – (55,-8.7) – (55,-8.7) – (51,4.3) – (70,0);\n\n\\[’a1’, ’b3’, ’c1’, ’a3’, ’d3’, ’e3’, ’a2’, ’f3’, ’b2’, ’g1’, ’d2’, ’b1’, ’e2’, ’c3’, ’f1’, ’e1’, ’g3’, ’c2’, ’d1’, ’f2’, ’g2’\\]\n\n(10,-30) circle (5pt); (10,-30) node\\[right\\][$a$]{}; (9.6,-27.1) circle (5pt); (9.6,-27.1) node\\[right\\][$b$]{}; (8.3,-24.6) circle (5pt); (8.3,-24.6) node\\[right\\][$c$]{}; (6.2,-22.2) circle (5pt); (6.2,-22.2) node\\[above\\][$a$]{}; (3.7,-20.7) circle (5pt); (3.7,-20.7) node\\[above\\][$d$]{}; (0.7,-20) circle (5pt); (0.7,-20) node\\[above\\][$e$]{}; (-2.2,-20.3) circle (5pt); (-2.2,-20.3) node\\[above\\][$a$]{}; (-5,-21.3) circle (5pt); (-5,-21.3) node\\[above\\][$f$]{}; (-7.3,-23.8) circle (5pt); (-7.3,-23.8) node\\[left\\][$b$]{}; (-9,-25.7) circle (5pt); (-9,-25.7) node\\[left\\][$g$]{}; (-9.9,-28.5) circle (5pt); (-9.9,-28.5) node\\[left\\][$d$]{}; (-9.9,-31.5) circle (5pt); (-9.9,-31.5) node\\[left\\][$b$]{}; (-9,-34.3) circle (5pt); (-9,-34.3) node\\[left\\][$e$]{}; (-7.3,-36.8) circle (5pt); (-7.3,-36.8) node\\[below\\][$c$]{}; (-5,-38.7) circle (5pt); (-5,-38.7) node\\[below\\][$f$]{}; (-2.2,-39.7) circle (5pt); (-2.2,-39.7) node\\[below\\][$e$]{}; (0.7,-40) circle (5pt); (0.7,-40) node\\[below\\][$g$]{}; (3.7,-39.3) circle (5pt); (3.7,-39.3) node\\[below\\][$c$]{}; (6.2,-37.8) circle (5pt); (6.2,-37.8) node\\[below\\][$d$]{}; (8.3,-35.6) circle (5pt); (8.3,-35.6) node\\[right\\][$f$]{}; (9.6,-32.9) circle (5pt); (9.6,-32.9) node\\[right\\][$g$]{};\n\n(6.2,-22.2) – (9.6,-27.1) – (3.7,-39.3) – (-2.2,-20.3) – (3.7,-20.7) – (-2.2,-39.7) – (10,-30) – (-5,-21.3) – (-9.9,-31.5) – (-9,-25.7) – (6.2,-37.8) – (-7.3,-23.8) – (-9,-34.3) – (8.3,-24.6) – (-5,-38.7) – (0.7,-20) – (9.6,-32.9) – (-7.3,-36.8) – (-9.9,-28.5) – (8.3,-35.6) – (0.7,-40) – (6.2,-22.2);\n\n\\[’a2’, ’b1’, ’c3’, ’a3’, ’d1’, ’e3’, ’a1’, ’f1’, ’b3’, ’g2’, ’d3’, ’b2’, ’e2’, ’c1’, ’f2’, ’e1’, ’g1’, ’c2’, ’d2’, ’f3’, ’g3’\\]\n\n(40,-30) circle (5pt); (40,-30) node\\[right\\][$a$]{}; (39.6,-27.1) circle (5pt); (39.6,-27.1) node\\[right\\][$b$]{}; (38.3,-24.4) circle (5pt); (38.3,-24.4) node\\[right\\][$c$]{}; (36.2,-22.2) circle (5pt); (36.2,-22.2) node\\[above\\][$a$]{}; (33.7,-20.7) circle (5pt); (33.7,-20.7) node\\[above\\][$d$]{}; (30.7,-20) circle (5pt); (30.7,-20) node\\[above\\][$e$]{}; (27.8,-20.3) circle (5pt); (27.8,-20.3) node\\[above\\][$a$]{}; (25,-21.3) circle (5pt); (25,-21.3) node\\[above\\][$f$]{}; (22.7,-23.2) circle (5pt); (22.7,-23.2) node\\[left\\][$b$]{}; (21,-25.7) circle (5pt); (21,-25.7) node\\[left\\][$g$]{}; (20.1,-28.5) circle (5pt); (20.1,-28.5) node\\[left\\][$d$]{}; (20.1,-31.5) circle (5pt); (20.1,-31.5) node\\[left\\][$b$]{}; (21,-34.3) circle (5pt); (21,-34.3) node\\[left\\][$e$]{}; (22.7,-36.8) circle (5pt); (22.7,-36.8) node\\[below\\][$c$]{}; (25,-38.7) circle (5pt); (25,-38.7) node\\[below\\][$f$]{}; (27.8,-39.7) circle (5pt); (27.8,-39.7) node\\[below\\][$e$]{}; (30.7,-40) circle (5pt); (30.7,-40) node\\[below\\][$g$]{}; (33.7,-39.3) circle (5pt); (33.7,-39.3) node\\[below\\][$c$]{}; (36.2,-37.8) circle (5pt); (36.2,-37.8) node\\[below\\][$d$]{}; (38.3,-35.6) circle (5pt); (38.3,-35.6) node\\[right\\][$f$]{}; (39.6,-32.9) circle (5pt); (39.6,-32.9) node\\[right\\][$g$]{};\n\n(36.2,-22.2) – (22.7,-23.2) – (33.7,-39.3) – (40,-30) – (20.1,-28.5) – (27.8,-39.7) – (27.8,-20.3) – (38.3,-35.6) – (20.1,-31.5) – (30.7,-40) – (33.7,-20.7) – (39.6,-27.1) – (30.7,-20) – (38.3,-24.4) – (25,-21.3) – (21,-34.3) – (21,-25.7) – (22.7,-36.8) – (36.2,-37.8) – (25,-38.7) – (39.6,-32.9) – (36.2,-22.2);\n\n\\[’a2’, ’b2’, ’c3’, ’a1’, ’d2’, ’e3’, ’a3’, ’f3’, ’b3’, ’g3’, ’d1’, ’b1’, ’e1’, ’c1’, ’f1’, ’e2’, ’g2’, ’c2’, ’d3’, ’f2’, ’g1’\\]\n\n(70,-30) circle (5pt); (70,-30) node\\[right\\][$a$]{}; (69.6,-27.1) circle (5pt); (69.6,-27.1) node\\[right\\][$b$]{}; (68.3,-24.4) circle (5pt); (68.3,-24.4) node\\[right\\][$c$]{}; (66.2,-22.2) circle (5pt); (66.2,-22.2) node\\[above\\][$a$]{}; (63.7,-20.7) circle (5pt); (63.7,-20.7) node\\[above\\][$d$]{}; (60.7,-20) circle (5pt); (60.7,-20) node\\[above\\][$e$]{}; (57.8,-20.3) circle (5pt); (57.8,-20.3) node\\[above\\][$a$]{}; (55,-21.3) circle (5pt); (55,-21.3) node\\[above\\][$f$]{}; (52.7,-23.2) circle (5pt); (52.7,-23.2) node\\[left\\][$b$]{}; (51,-25.7) circle (5pt); (51,-25.7) node\\[left\\][$g$]{}; (50.1,-28.5) circle (5pt); (50.1,-28.5) node\\[left\\][$d$]{}; (50.1,-31.5) circle (5pt); (50.1,-31.5) node\\[left\\][$b$]{}; (51,-34.3) circle (5pt); (51,-34.3) node\\[left\\][$e$]{}; (52.7,-36.8) circle (5pt); (52.7,-36.8) node\\[below\\][$c$]{}; (55,-38.7) circle (5pt); (55,-38.7) node\\[below\\][$f$]{}; (57.8,-39.7) circle (5pt); (57.8,-39.7) node\\[below\\][$e$]{}; (60.7,-40) circle (5pt); (60.7,-40) node\\[below\\][$g$]{}; (63.7,-39.3) circle (5pt); (63.7,-39.3) node\\[below\\][$c$]{}; (66.2,-37.8) circle (5pt); (66.2,-37.8) node\\[below\\][$d$]{}; (68.3,-35.6) circle (5pt); (68.3,-35.6) node\\[right\\][$f$]{}; (69.6,-32.9) circle (5pt); (69.6,-32.9) node\\[right\\][$g$]{};\n\n(66.2,-22.2) – (50.1,-31.5) – (52.7,-36.8) – (57.8,-20.3) – (50.1,-28.5) – (60.7,-20) – (70,-30) – (68.3,-35.6) – (69.6,-27.1) – (69.6,-32.9) – (63.7,-20.7) – (52.7,-23.2) – (57.8,-39.7) – (63.7,-39.3) – (55,-38.7) – (51,-34.3) – (60.7,-40) – (68.3,-24.4) – (66.2,-37.8) – (55,-21.3) – (51,-25.7) – (66.2,-22.2);\n\n\\[’a2’, ’b3’, ’c2’, ’a3’, ’d2’, ’e1’, ’a1’, ’f3’, ’b1’, ’g1’, ’d1’, ’b2’, ’e3’, ’c3’, ’f2’, ’e2’, ’g3’, ’c1’, ’d3’, ’f1’, ’g2’\\]\n\n(10,-60) circle (5pt); (10,-60) node\\[right\\][$a$]{}; (9.6,-57.1) circle (5pt); (9.6,-57.1) node\\[right\\][$b$]{}; (8.3,-54.6) circle (5pt); (8.3,-54.6) node\\[right\\][$c$]{}; (6.2,-52.2) circle (5pt); (6.2,-52.2) node\\[above\\][$a$]{}; (3.7,-50.7) circle (5pt); (3.7,-50.7) node\\[above\\][$d$]{}; (0.7,-50) circle (5pt); (0.7,-50) node\\[above\\][$e$]{}; (-2.2,-50.3) circle (5pt); (-2.2,-50.3) node\\[above\\][$a$]{}; (-5,-51.3) circle (5pt); (-5,-51.3) node\\[above\\][$f$]{}; (-7.3,-53.8) circle (5pt); (-7.3,-53.8) node\\[left\\][$b$]{}; (-9,-55.7) circle (5pt); (-9,-55.7) node\\[left\\][$g$]{}; (-9.9,-58.5) circle (5pt); (-9.9,-58.5) node\\[left\\][$d$]{}; (-9.9,-61.5) circle (5pt); (-9.9,-61.5) node\\[left\\][$b$]{}; (-9,-64.3) circle (5pt); (-9,-64.3) node\\[left\\][$e$]{}; (-7.3,-66.8) circle (5pt); (-7.3,-66.8) node\\[below\\][$c$]{}; (-5,-68.7) circle (5pt); (-5,-68.7) node\\[below\\][$f$]{}; (-2.2,-69.7) circle (5pt); (-2.2,-69.7) node\\[below\\][$e$]{}; (0.7,-70) circle (5pt); (0.7,-70) node\\[below\\][$g$]{}; (3.7,-69.3) circle (5pt); (3.7,-69.3) node\\[below\\][$c$]{}; (6.2,-67.8) circle (5pt); (6.2,-67.8) node\\[below\\][$d$]{}; (8.3,-65.6) circle (5pt); (8.3,-65.6) node\\[right\\][$f$]{}; (9.6,-62.9) circle (5pt); (9.6,-62.9) node\\[right\\][$g$]{};\n\n(-2.2,-50.3) – (9.6,-57.1) – (-7.3,-66.8) – (10,-60) – (3.7,-50.7) – (-9,-64.3) – (6.2,-52.2) – (-5,-68.7) – (-7.3,-53.8) – (0.7,-70) – (6.2,-67.8) – (-9.9,-61.5) – (0.7,-50) – (3.7,-69.3) – (8.3,-65.6) – (-2.2,-69.7) – (-9,-55.7) – (8.3,-54.6) – (-9.9,-58.5) – (-5,-51.3) – (9.6,-62.9) – (-2.2,-50.3);\n\n\\[’a3’, ’b1’, ’c2’, ’a1’, ’d1’, ’e2’, ’a2’, ’f2’, ’b2’, ’g3’, ’d3’, ’b3’, ’e1’, ’c3’, ’f3’, ’e3’, ’g2’, ’c1’, ’d2’, ’f1’, ’g1’\\]\n\n(40,-60) circle (5pt); (40,-60) node\\[right\\][$a$]{}; (39.6,-57.1) circle (5pt); (39.6,-57.1) node\\[right\\][$b$]{}; (38.3,-54.4) circle (5pt); (38.3,-54.4) node\\[right\\][$c$]{}; (36.2,-52.2) circle (5pt); (36.2,-52.2) node\\[above\\][$a$]{}; (33.7,-50.7) circle (5pt); (33.7,-50.7) node\\[above\\][$d$]{}; (30.7,-50) circle (5pt); (30.7,-50) node\\[above\\][$e$]{}; (27.8,-50.3) circle (5pt); (27.8,-50.3) node\\[above\\][$a$]{}; (25,-51.3) circle (5pt); (25,-51.3) node\\[above\\][$f$]{}; (22.7,-53.2) circle (5pt); (22.7,-53.2) node\\[left\\][$b$]{}; (21,-55.7) circle (5pt); (21,-55.7) node\\[left\\][$g$]{}; (20.1,-58.5) circle (5pt); (20.1,-58.5) node\\[left\\][$d$]{}; (20.1,-61.5) circle (5pt); (20.1,-61.5) node\\[left\\][$b$]{}; (21,-64.3) circle (5pt); (21,-64.3) node\\[left\\][$e$]{}; (22.7,-66.8) circle (5pt); (22.7,-66.8) node\\[below\\][$c$]{}; (25,-68.7) circle (5pt); (25,-68.7) node\\[below\\][$f$]{}; (27.8,-69.7) circle (5pt); (27.8,-69.7) node\\[below\\][$e$]{}; (30.7,-70) circle (5pt); (30.7,-70) node\\[below\\][$g$]{}; (33.7,-69.3) circle (5pt); (33.7,-69.3) node\\[below\\][$c$]{}; (36.2,-67.8) circle (5pt); (36.2,-67.8) node\\[below\\][$d$]{}; (38.3,-65.6) circle (5pt); (38.3,-65.6) node\\[right\\][$f$]{}; (39.6,-62.9) circle (5pt); (39.6,-62.9) node\\[right\\][$g$]{};\n\n(27.8,-50.3) – (22.7,-53.2) – (38.3,-54.4) – (40,-60) – (36.2,-67.8) – (30.7,-50) – (36.2,-52.2) – (25,-51.3) – (39.6,-57.1) – (21,-55.7) – (33.7,-50.7) – (20.1,-61.5) – (27.8,-69.7) – (22.7,-66.8) – (38.3,-65.6) – (21,-64.3) – (39.6,-62.9) – (33.7,-69.3) – (20.1,-58.5) – (25,-68.7) – (30.7,-70) – (27.8,-50.3);\n\n\\[’a3’, ’b2’, ’c1’, ’a1’, ’d3’, ’e1’, ’a2’, ’f1’, ’b1’, ’g2’, ’d1’, ’b3’, ’e3’, ’c2’, ’f3’, ’e2’, ’g1’, ’c3’, ’d2’, ’f2’, ’g3’\\]\n\n(70,-60) circle (5pt); (70,-60) node\\[right\\][$a$]{}; (69.6,-57.1) circle (5pt); (69.6,-57.1) node\\[right\\][$b$]{}; (68.3,-54.4) circle (5pt); (68.3,-54.4) node\\[right\\][$c$]{}; (66.2,-52.2) circle (5pt); (66.2,-52.2) node\\[above\\][$a$]{}; (63.7,-50.7) circle (5pt); (63.7,-50.7) node\\[above\\][$d$]{}; (60.7,-50) circle (5pt); (60.7,-50) node\\[above\\][$e$]{}; (57.8,-50.3) circle (5pt); (57.8,-50.3) node\\[above\\][$a$]{}; (55,-51.3) circle (5pt); (55,-51.3) node\\[above\\][$f$]{}; (52.7,-53.2) circle (5pt); (52.7,-53.2) node\\[left\\][$b$]{}; (51,-55.7) circle (5pt); (51,-55.7) node\\[left\\][$g$]{}; (50.1,-58.5) circle (5pt); (50.1,-58.5) node\\[left\\][$d$]{}; (50.1,-61.5) circle (5pt); (50.1,-61.5) node\\[left\\][$b$]{}; (51,-64.3) circle (5pt); (51,-64.3) node\\[left\\][$e$]{}; (52.7,-66.8) circle (5pt); (52.7,-66.8) node\\[below\\][$c$]{}; (55,-68.7) circle (5pt); (55,-68.7) node\\[below\\][$f$]{}; (57.8,-69.7) circle (5pt); (57.8,-69.7) node\\[below\\][$e$]{}; (60.7,-70) circle (5pt); (60.7,-70) node\\[below\\][$g$]{}; (63.7,-69.3) circle (5pt); (63.7,-69.3) node\\[below\\][$c$]{}; (66.2,-67.8) circle (5pt); (66.2,-67.8) node\\[below\\][$d$]{}; (68.3,-65.6) circle (5pt); (68.3,-65.6) node\\[right\\][$f$]{}; (69.6,-62.9) circle (5pt); (69.6,-62.9) node\\[right\\][$g$]{};\n\n(57.8,-50.3) – (50.1,-61.5) – (63.7,-69.3) – (66.2,-52.2) – (66.2,-67.8) – (51,-64.3) – (70,-60) – (55,-68.7) – (69.6,-57.1) – (60.7,-70) – (50.1,-58.5) – (52.7,-53.2) – (60.7,-50) – (52.7,-66.8) – (55,-51.3) – (57.8,-69.7) – (69.6,-62.9) – (68.3,-54.4) – (63.7,-50.7) – (68.3,-65.6) – (51,-55.7) – (57.8,-50.3);\n\n\\[’a3’, ’b3’, ’c3’, ’a2’, ’d3’, ’e2’, ’a1’, ’f2’, ’b1’, ’g3’, ’d2’, ’b2’, ’e1’, ’c2’, ’f1’, ’e3’, ’g1’, ’c1’, ’d1’, ’f3’, ’g2’\\]\n\nDespite the fact that Conjecture \\[THEconjecture\\] is now proven to be false, it gives a good lower bound for $\\lambda^k(C_n)$, as expressed in the following theorem:\n\nFor every cycle $C_n$ of order $n=2k+x$, $k\\geq 2$, $1\\leq x \\leq 2k-1$, we have:\\\n$\\lambda^k(C_n) \\geq \\left\\{\n \\begin{array}{ll}\n 2 & \\mbox{ if } x=1 \\mbox{ and } k \\mbox{ is even }\\\\\n x+2 & \\mbox{ otherwise.}\\\\\n \\end{array}\n\\right.", "\n$ \\[borne\\_sup\\_theorem\\]\n\nWe split the proof into five cases, depending on the values of $k$ and $x$, as follows:\n\n- $k$ is odd\n\n - $1\\leq x\\leq k-1$\n\n - $k \\leq x \\leq 2k-1$\n\n- $k$ is even and $x=1$\n\n- $k$ is even and $x>1$\n\n - $2\\leq x\\leq k-1$\n\n - $k\\leq x \\leq 2k-1$\n\nFor each case, we construct a labeling $f$ with the given number of labels, and give the associated packing $\\sigma=\\{\\sigma_j, 1\\leq j\\leq k\\}$.\n\nLet $V(C_n)=\\{v_0,...,v_n\\}$ be the vertices of $C_n$. For each of those cases, we will partition $V(C_n)$ into a set $F$ containing all the fixed points, and a set $V_l$ for each other label $l$, containing all the vertices having this label:\\\n$F=\\{v\\in V(C_n) : \\mbox{ for all } j\\in [1,k], \\sigma_j(v)=v\\}$\\\n$V_l=\\{v\\in V(C_n) : f(v)=l\\}$ for any l.\\\nWe will also partition the set of edges $E(C_n)$ depending on the labels of their vertices:\\\n$E_F=\\{\\{u,v\\}\\in E(C_n) : u\\in F \\mbox{ or } v\\in F\\}$\\\n$E_{p,q}=\\{\\{u,v\\}\\in E(C_n) : u\\in V_p \\mbox{ and } v\\in V_q\\}$.\n\nFor $f$ to be a labeled packing with respect to $\\sigma$, we must have, for all $j \\neq j'$ and $v \\in V(C_n)$, $f(\\sigma_j(v))=f(\\sigma_{j'}(v))$. In any case, for all $v\\in F$, since $\\sigma_j(v)=v$, we know that $f(\\sigma_j(v))=f(v)=f(\\sigma_{j'}(v))$. Thus, we only have to show that for all $v\\not \\in F$ and $j\\neq j'$, $f(\\sigma_j(v))=f(\\sigma_{j'}(v))$.\n\nFor $\\sigma$ to be a packing, we must have, for all $j \\neq j', \\sigma_j^*(E(C_n))\\cap \\sigma_{j'}^*(E(C_n))=\\emptyset$. Assuming that $f$ is a labeled packing with respect to $\\sigma$, we already know that for all labels $p,q$, if $X\\neq E_{p,q}$, then $\\sigma_j^*(E_{p,q})\\cap \\sigma_{j'}^*(X)=\\emptyset$.\\\nWe will show for each case that for all $p,q$ and $\\{u,v\\},\\{u',v'\\}\\in E_{p,q}$ , $\\sigma_j(\\{u,v\\})=\\sigma_{j'}(\\{u',v'\\})$ implies $j=j'$, so that for all $j\\neq j', \\sigma_j^*(E_{p,q})\\cap \\sigma_{j'}^*(E_{p,q})=\\emptyset$.\\\nTo show that $\\sigma_j^*(E_F)\\cap \\sigma_{j'}^*(E_F)=\\emptyset$, since each edge of $E_F$ contains one fixed point, we only have to show that its two neighbors $u$ and $v$ verify $\\sigma_j(u)\\neq \\sigma_{j'}(u)$, $\\sigma_j(v)\\neq \\sigma_{j'}(v)$, $\\sigma_j(u)\\neq \\sigma_{j'}(v)$ and $\\sigma_j(v)\\neq \\sigma_{j'}(u)$. For the two first conditions, we will always choose $\\sigma$ such that for all $v\\not \\in F$ and $j\\neq j'$, $\\sigma_j(v) \\neq \\sigma_{j'}(v)$. The two last conditions are respected if $f(u)\\neq f(v)$, assuming that $f$ is a labeled packing with respect to $\\sigma$. If $f(u)=f(v)$, we will show them.", "\n\nFor each of the five cases, we are thus going to give a construction and prove that:\n\n- For each $v\\not \\in F$ and $j\\neq j'$, $f(\\sigma_j(v))=f(\\sigma_{j'}(v))$.\n\n- For any $p,q$ and any $\\{u,v\\},\\{u',v'\\}\\in E_{p,q}$ , if $\\sigma_j(\\{u,v\\})=\\sigma_{j'}(\\{u',v'\\})$, then $j=j'$.\n\n- For any $v\\not \\in F$ and $j\\neq j'$, $\\sigma_j(v) \\neq \\sigma_{j'}(v)$.\n\n- For each $u,v$ such that there exists $x\\in F$ such that $\\{u,x\\}, \\{x,v\\} \\in E(C_n)$, if $f(u)=f(v)$, then, for all $j\\neq j'$, $\\sigma_j(u)\\neq \\sigma_{j'}(v)$ and $\\sigma_j(v)\\neq \\sigma_{j'}(u)$.\n\n<!-- --", ">\n\n- $k$ is odd:\n\n - $1\\leq x\\leq k-1$:\n\n In this case, the principle of the construction is the following: For $x=1$, we label with $1$ the vertex $v_{2k}$, with $a$ every other vertex of even number, and with $b$ every other vertex of odd number. ", "Then, we create the first copy of $C_n$ by joining the vertices in the following order: $$v_0,v_{n-2},v_1,v_{n-3},v_2,v_{n-4},...,v_{\\frac{n-1}{2}-1},v_{\\frac{n-1}{2}},v_{2k},v_0.$$ We create each other copy by following the same order as the previous one but with every number but $2k$ added to $2$ modulo $n-1$. Note that, since $k$ is odd, the obtained packing is exactly the decomposition of $K_n$ given by Walecki [@alspach2008wonderful]. ", "For $x>1$, we add fixed points to the previous construction, on $x-1$ of the $k$ edges that link a vertex $u$ of label $a$ to a vertex $v$ of label $b$, cutting every edge into two edges.", "\n\n To express it in a more formal way, we take the following labeling $f$, packing $\\sigma=\\{\\sigma_j, 1\\leq j\\leq k\\}$, and vertices and edges partitions of $C_n$:\n\n $f(v_i)=\\left\\{\n \\begin{array}{ll}\n a & \\mbox{ if } 0\\leq i \\leq 2k-1 \\mbox{ and } i \\mbox{ is even } \\\\\n b & \\mbox{ if } 0\\leq i \\leq 2k-1 \\mbox{ and } i \\mbox{ is odd } \\\\\n i-2k+1 & \\mbox{ if } i \\geq 2k.\\\\\n \\end{array}\n \\right.", "\n $\n\n $\\sigma_j(v_i)=\n \\left\\{\n \\begin{array}{ll}\n v_{i+2(j-1)\\mod 2k} & \\mbox{ if } i < 2k\\\\\n v_{i} & \\mbox{ if } i \\geq 2k.\\\\\n \\end{array}\n \\right.$\n\n $F=\\{v_i,2k\\leq i\\leq n-1\\}$\\\n $V_a=\\{v_i,0\\leq i \\leq 2k-1 \\mbox{ and } i\\equiv 0 \\mod 2\\}$\\\n $V_b=\\{v_i,0\\leq i \\leq 2k-1 \\mbox{ and } i\\equiv 1 \\mod 2\\}$.\n\n $E_F=\\{\\{v_{i-1},v_{2k+i}\\}\\cup \\{v_{2k-i},v_{2k+i}\\}, 1\\leq i\\leq x-1\\}\\cup \\{\\{v_0,v_{2k}\\},\\{v_k,v_{2k}\\}\\}$\\\n $E_{a,a}=\\{\\{v_i,v_{2k-i}\\}, 1\\leq i\\leq k-1 \\mbox{ and } i\\equiv 0 \\mod 2\\}$\\\n $E_{b,b}=\\{\\{v_i,v_{2k-i}\\}, 1\\leq i\\leq k-1 \\mbox{ and } i\\equiv 1 \\mod 2\\}$\\\n $E_{a,b}=\\{\\{v_i,v_{2k-1-i}\\}, x-1\\leq i\\leq k-1\\}$.\n\n The obtained graph $G$ is, as wanted, isomorphic to $C_n$.\\\n Indeed, for $x=1$, for $H$ a graph, if $V(H)=\\{v_1,v_2,...,v_n\\}$ and\\\n $E(H)=\\{\\{v_i,v_{i+1 \\mod n}\\},1\\leq i\\leq n\\}$, we obviously have $H\\simeq C_n$, and $G=\\tau(H)$, with $\\tau$ the permutation defined as follows:\n\n $ \\tau(v_i)=\n \\left\\{\n \\begin{array}{ll}\n v_{\\frac{i}{2}} & \\mbox{ if } i<2k \\mbox{ and } i \\equiv 0\\mod 2\\\\\n v_{2k-\\frac{i+1}{2}} & \\mbox{ if } i<2k \\mbox{ and } i \\equiv 1\\mod 2\\\\\n v_{i} & \\mbox{ if } i=2k.\\\\\n \\end{array}\n \\right.$\n\n For $x>1$, the extra fixed point are just inserted in some of the edges of $C_{2k+1}$, so that we always keep $G \\simeq C_n$.\n\n We now show that $f$ and $\\sigma$ define a $(x+2)$-labeled packing of $k$ copies of $C_n$. As previously stated, for $x=1$, since $k$ is odd the construction gives us the same decomposition of $K_n$ as the one presented by Walecki [@alspach2008wonderful]. ", "The idea of the decomposition is that all the edges that do not involve any fixed point are linking two vertices whose numbers have a unique difference. ", "Thus, those edges do not overlap, and $\\sigma$ defines a packing. ", "Moreover, as $n-1$ is even, the parity of the indices of a vertex and its image are the same, as well as their labels. ", "For $x>1$, we know that the added fixed points will not create any superposition of edges, as their neighbors have different labels and are never sent to themselves. ", "More rigorously, we have:\n\n - Since $2(j-1)$ and $2k$ are even, $i+2(j-1)\\mod 2k$ always has the same parity as $i$, and for any $v\\not \\in F$ and $j\\neq j'$, $f(\\sigma_j(v))=f(\\sigma_{j'}(v))$.\n\n - For every $p,q$ and every $\\{u,v\\},\\{u',v'\\}\\in E_{p,q}$ , $\\sigma_j(\\{u,v\\})=\\sigma_{j'}(\\{u',v'\\})$ implies $j=j'$.\\\n Indeed, for $1\\leq i,i'\\leq k-1$, if $\\sigma_j^*(\\{v_i,v_{2k-1-i}\\})=\\sigma_{j'}^*(\\{v_{i'},v_{2k-1-i'}\\})$, then:\\\n $\\left\\{\n \\begin{array}{ll}\n i+2(j-1)=i'+2(j'-1)\\mod 2k\\\\\n 2k-1-i+2(j-1)=2k-1-i'+2(j'-1)\\mod 2k.\\\\\n \\end{array}\n \\right.$\\\n By adding the two equations, since $k$ is odd, and $1\\leq j,j'\\leq k$, we get $j=j'$. Similarly, for $1\\leq i,i'\\leq k-1$, if $\\sigma_j^*(\\{v_i,v_{2k-i}\\})=\\sigma_{j'}^*(\\{v_{i'},v_{2k-i'}\\})$, $j=j'$.\n\n - $i+2(j-1)\\mod 2k=i+2(j'-1)\\mod 2k$ implies $j=j'$, so that for any $v\\not \\in F$ and $j\\neq j'$, $\\sigma_j(v) \\neq \\sigma_{j'}(v)$.\n\n - $k$ and $0$ have different parity, and so do $2k-i$ and $i-1$ for all $i$. Thus, for all $u,v$ such that there exists $x\\in F \\mbox{ such that } \\{u,x\\}, \\{x,v\\} \\in E(C_n)$, $f(u)\\neq f(v)$.\n\n In the following example, we present the packing of $k=3$ copies of $C_8$ with $4$ labels.", "\n\n (10,30) circle (5pt); (10,30) node\\[right\\][$v_3,b$]{}; (7.7,37.7) circle (5pt); (7.7,37.7) node\\[right\\][$v_6,1$]{}; (0,40) circle (5pt); (0,40) node\\[above\\][$v_0,a$]{}; (-7.7,37.7) circle (5pt); (-7.7,37.7) node\\[above\\][$v_7,2$]{}; (-10,30) circle (5pt); (-10,30) node\\[left\\][$v_5,b$]{}; (-7.7,22.3) circle (5pt); (-7.7,22.3) node\\[left\\][$v_1,b$]{}; (0,20) circle (5pt); (0,20) node\\[below\\][$v_4,a$]{}; (7.7,22.3) circle (5pt); (7.7,22.3) node\\[right\\][$v_2,a$]{};\n\n (10,30) – (7.7,37.7) – (0,40) – (-7.7,37.7) – (-10,30) – (-7.7,22.3) – (0,20) – (7.7,22.3) – (10,30);\n\n (50,30) circle (5pt); (50,30) node\\[right\\][$v_3,b$]{}; (47.7,37.7) circle (5pt); (47.7,37.7) node\\[right\\][$v_6,1$]{}; (40,40) circle (5pt); (40,40) node\\[above\\][$v_0,a$]{}; (32.3,37.7) circle (5pt); (32.3,37.7) node\\[above\\][$v_7,2$]{}; (30,30) circle (5pt); (30,30) node\\[left\\][$v_5,b$]{}; (32.3,22.3) circle (5pt); (32.3,22.3) node\\[left\\][$v_1,b$]{}; (40,20) circle (5pt); (40,20) node\\[below\\][$v_4,a$]{}; (47.7,22.3) circle (5pt); (47.7,22.3) node\\[right\\][$v_2,a$]{};\n\n (47.7,22.3) – (32.3,37.7) – (32.3,22.3) – (50,30) – (40,40) – (40,20) – (30,30) – (47.7,37.7) – (47.7,22.3);\n\n (30,0) circle (5pt); (30,0) node\\[right\\][$v_3,b$]{}; (27.7,7.7) circle (5pt); (27.7,7.7) node\\[right\\][$v_6,1$]{}; (20,10) circle (5pt); (20,10) node\\[above\\][$v_0,a$]{}; (12.3,7.7) circle (5pt); (12.3,7.7) node\\[above\\][$v_7,2$]{}; (10,0) circle (5pt); (10,0) node\\[left\\][$v_5,b$]{}; (12.3,-7.7) circle (5pt); (12.3,-7.7) node\\[left\\][$v_1,b$]{}; (20,-10) circle (5pt); (20,-10) node\\[below\\][$v_4,a$]{}; (27.7,-7.7) circle (5pt); (27.7,-7.7) node\\[right\\][$v_2,a$]{};\n\n (20,-10) – (12.3,7.7) – (30,0) – (10,0) – (27.7,-7.7) – (20,10) – (12.3,-7.7) – (27.7,7.7) – (20,-10);\n\n - $k\\leq x\\leq 2k-1$:\n\n Here, for $x=k$ and thus $n=3k$, we construct the first copy of $C_n$ by linking successively a fixed point, a vertex of label $a$, and a vertex of label $b$. Then, we construct the $k-1$ other copies by rotating $j$ times clockwise, $1\\leq j \\leq k-1$, the positions of the vertices of label $a$, and $j$ times anti-clockwise the positions of the vertices of label $b$. For $x>k$, we add fixed points to the previous construction on $x-k$ of the $k$ edges that link a vertex of label $a$ to a vertex of label $b$. We thus take :\n\n $f(v_i)=\\left\\{\n \\begin{array}{ll}\n \\frac{i}{3}+1 & \\mbox{ if } i\\leq 3k \\mbox{ and } i \\equiv 0\\mod 3\\\\\n a & \\mbox{ if } i\\leq 3k \\mbox{ and } i \\equiv 1\\mod 3\\\\\n b & \\mbox{ if } i\\leq 3k \\mbox{ and } i \\equiv 2\\mod 3\\\\\n i-2k+1 & \\mbox{ if } i>3k.\\\\\n \\end{array}\n \\right.", "\n $\n\n $\\sigma_j(v_i)=\n \\left\\{\n \\begin{array}{ll}\n v_{i} & \\mbox{ if } i \\equiv 0\\mod 3 \\mbox{ or } i>3k\\\\\n v_{i+3(j-1)\\mod 3k} & \\mbox{ if } i\\leq 3k \\mbox{ and } i \\equiv 1\\mod 3\\\\\n v_{i-3(j-1)\\mod 3k} & \\mbox{ if } i\\leq 3k \\mbox{ and } i \\equiv 2\\mod 3.\\\\\n \\end{array}\n \\right.$\n\n $F=\\{v_i,i \\equiv 0\\mod 3 \\mbox{ or } i>3k\\}$\\\n $V_a=\\{v_i,i\\leq 3k \\mbox{ and } i \\equiv 1\\mod 3\\}$\\\n $V_b=\\{v_i,i\\leq 3k \\mbox{ and } i \\equiv 2\\mod 3\\}$.\n\n $E_F=\\{\\{v_{i-1 \\mod 3k},v_{i}\\}\\cup \\{v_{i},v_{i+1 \\mod 3k}\\}, 0\\leq i< 3k \\mbox{ and } i\\equiv 0\\mod 3\\}\\cup \n \\\\ \\{\\{v_{3i-9k+1},v_{i}\\}\\cup\\{v_i,v_{3i-9k+2}\\}, 3k\\leq i< n\\}$\\\n $E_{a,a}=E_{b,b}=\\emptyset$\\\n $E_{a,b}=\\{\\{v_{3i+1},v_{3i+2}\\}, x-k\\leq i\\leq k-1\\}$.\n\n For $x=k$, we have $E(G)=\\{\\{v_i,v_{i+1 \\mod n}\\}, 0\\leq i\\leq n-1\\}$, so that $G \\simeq C_n$. For $x>k$, the extra fixed point are inserted in some of the edges of $C_{3k}$, and we keep $G \\simeq C_n$.\n\n With the way we defined $\\sigma$ and $f$, we obviously have that all the vertices are always sent to vertices that have the same label. ", "Now, to show that $\\sigma$ defines a packing, the idea is that the edges involving fixed points will never create any overlap since their neighbors have different labels and are never sent to themselves, and the other edges either, precisely because $k$ is odd. ", "The full proof is given next:\n\n - Since $3(j-1)$ and $3k$ are multiples of $3$, $i+3(j-1)\\mod 3k$ always has the same remainder in the euclidean division by $3$ as $i$, and so does $i-3(j-1)\\mod 3k$. Thus, for all $v\\not \\in F$ and $j\\neq j'$, $f(\\sigma_j(v))=f(\\sigma_{j'}(v))$.\n\n - For any $\\{u,v\\},\\{u',v'\\}\\in E_{a,b}$ , $\\sigma_j(\\{u,v\\})=\\sigma_{j'}(\\{u',v'\\})$ implies $j=j'$.\\\n Indeed, for $x-k\\leq i\\leq k-1$, if $\\sigma_j^*(\\{v_{3i+1},v_{3i+2}\\})=\\sigma_{j'}^*(\\{v_{3i'+1},v_{3i'+2}\\})$, then:\\\n $\\left\\{\n \\begin{array}{ll}\n 3i+1+3(j-1)\\mod 3k=3i'+1+3(j'-1)\\mod 3k\\\\\n 3i+2-3(j-1)\\mod 3k=3i'+2-3(j'-1)\\mod 3k.\\\\\n \\end{array}\n \\right.$\\\n By substracting the two equations, since $k$ is odd, and $1\\leq j,j'\\leq k$, we get $j=j'$.\n\n - $i+3(j-1)\\mod 3k=i+3(j'-1)\\mod 3k$ implies $j=j'$, and\\\n $i-3(j-1)\\mod 3k=i-3(j'-1)\\mod 3k$ implies $j=j'$.\\\n Thus, for all $v \\not \\in F$ and $j\\neq j'$, $\\sigma_j(v) \\neq \\sigma_{j'}(v)$.\n\n - Since for all $i$, $i-1$ and $i+1$ have have a different remainder in the euclidean\\\n division by $3$, and so do $3i-9k+1$ and $3i-9k+2$, we have that for all $u,v$ such that there exists $x\\in F \\mbox{ such that } \\{u,x\\}, \\{x,v\\} \\in E(C_n)$, $f(u)\\neq f(v)$.\n\n In the following figure, we give an example of the construction for $k=3$ and $n=11$.\n\n (10,0) circle (5pt); (10,0) node\\[right\\][$v_2,b$]{}; (8.4,5.4) circle (5pt); (8.4,5.4) node\\[right\\][$v_9,4$]{}; (4.2,9.1) circle (5pt); (4.2,9.1) node\\[above\\][$v_1,a$]{}; (-1.4,9.8) circle (5pt); (-1.4,9.8) node\\[above\\][$v_0,1$]{}; (-6.5,7.6) circle (5pt); (-6.5,7.6) node\\[left\\][$v_8,b$]{}; (-9.6,2.8) circle (5pt); (-9.6,2.8) node\\[left\\][$v_7,a$]{}; (-9.6,-2.8) circle (5pt); (-9.6,-2.8) node\\[left\\][$v_6,3$]{}; (-6.5,-7.6) circle (5pt); (-6.5,-7.6) node\\[below\\][$v_5,b$]{}; (-1.4,-9.8) circle (5pt); (-1.4,-9.8) node\\[below\\][$v_{10},5$]{}; (4.2,-9.1) circle (5pt); (4.2,-9.1) node\\[below\\][$v_4,a$]{}; (8.4,-5.4) circle (5pt); (8.4,-5.4) node\\[right\\][$v_3,2$]{};\n\n (10,0) – (8.4,5.4) – (4.2,9.1) – (-1.4,9.8) – (-6.5,7.6) – (-9.6,2.8) – (-9.6,-2.8) – (-6.5,-7.6) – (-1.4,-9.8) – (4.2,-9.1) – (8.4,-5.4) – (10,0);\n\n (50,0) circle (5pt); (50,0) node\\[right\\][$v_2,b$]{}; (48.4,5.4) circle (5pt); (48.4,5.4) node\\[right\\][$v_9,4$]{}; (44.2,9.1) circle (5pt); (44.2,9.1) node\\[above\\][$v_1,a$]{}; (38.6,9.8) circle (5pt); (38.6,9.8) node\\[above\\][$v_0,1$]{}; (33.5,7.6) circle (5pt); (33.5,7.6) node\\[left\\][$v_8,b$]{}; (30.4,2.8) circle (5pt); (30.4,2.8) node\\[left\\][$v_7,a$]{}; (30.4,-2.8) circle (5pt); (30.4,-2.8) node\\[left\\][$v_6,3$]{}; (33.5,-7.6) circle (5pt); (33.5,-7.6) node\\[below\\][$v_5,b$]{}; (38.6,-9.8) circle (5pt); (38.6,-9.8) node\\[below\\][$v_{10},5$]{}; (44.2,-9.1) circle (5pt); (44.2,-9.1) node\\[below\\][$v_4,a$]{}; (48.4,-5.4) circle (5pt); (48.4,-5.4) node\\[right\\][$v_3,2$]{};\n\n (38.6,9.8) – (44.2,-9.1) – (48.4,5.4) – (33.5,7.6) – (48.4,-5.4) – (30.4,2.8) – (38.6,-9.8) – (50,0) – (30.4,-2.8) – (44.2,9.1) – (33.5,-7.6) – (38.6,9.8);\n\n (30,-30) circle (5pt); (30,-30) node\\[right\\][$v_2,b$]{}; (28.4,-24.6) circle (5pt); (28.4,-24.6) node\\[right\\][$v_9,4$]{}; (24.2,-20.9) circle (5pt); (24.2,-20.9) node\\[above\\][$v_1,a$]{}; (18.6,-20.2) circle (5pt); (18.6,-20.2) node\\[above\\][$v_0,1$]{}; (13.5,-22.4) circle (5pt); (13.5,-22.4) node\\[left\\][$v_8,b$]{}; (10.4,-27.2) circle (5pt); (10.4,-27.2) node\\[left\\][$v_7,a$]{}; (10.4,-32.8) circle (5pt); (10.4,-32.8) node\\[left\\][$v_6,3$]{}; (13.5,-37.6) circle (5pt); (13.5,-37.6) node\\[below\\][$v_5,b$]{}; (18.6,-39.8) circle (5pt); (18.6,-39.8) node\\[below\\][$v_{10},5$]{}; (24.2,-39.1) circle (5pt); (24.2,-39.1) node\\[below\\][$v_4,a$]{}; (28.4,-35.4) circle (5pt); (28.4,-35.4) node\\[right\\][$v_3,2$]{};\n\n (18.6,-20.2) – (10.4,-27.2) – (28.4,-24.6) – (13.5,-37.6) – (28.4,-35.4) – (24.2,-20.9) – (18.6,-39.8) – (13.5,-22.4) – (10.4,-32.8) – (24.2,-39.1) – (30,-30) – (18.6,-20.2);\n\n This concludes the case where $k$ is odd.", "\n\n- $k$ is even and $x=1$:\n\n In this case, because $x=1$, $n$ is odd, and we can use a labeling of Walecki’s decomposition of $K_n$ [@alspach2008wonderful]: We label $v_{2k}$, the fixed point, with label $1$, and every other vertex with label $b$. Then, we create the first copy of $C_n$ by joining the vertices in the following order: $$v_0,v_{n-2},v_1,v_{n-3},v_2,v_{n-4},...,v_{\\frac{n-1}{2}-1},v_{\\frac{n-1}{2}},v_{2k},v_0.$$ We construct the other copies by following the same order but with every number added each time to 1 modulo $n-1$. The corresponding expressions of $f$, $\\sigma$, and the corresponding partitions are:\n\n $f(v_i)=\\left\\{\n \\begin{array}{ll}\n 1 & \\mbox{ if } i=2k\\\\\n a & \\mbox{ otherwise. }\\\\", "\n \\end{array}\n \\right.", "\n $\n\n $\\sigma_j(v_i)=\n \\left\\{\n \\begin{array}{ll}\n v_{i} & \\mbox{ if } i=2k\\\\\n v_{i+j-1\\mod 2k} & \\mbox{ otherwise. }\\\\", "\n \\end{array}\n \\right.$\n\n $F=\\{v_{2k}\\}$\\\n $V_a=\\{v_i, 0\\leq i\\leq 2k-1\\}$.\n\n $E_F=\\{\\{v_{0},v_{2k}\\}\\cup \\{v_{k},v_{2k}\\}\\}$\\\n $E_{a,a}=\\{\\{v_{i},v_{2k-i}\\}, 1\\leq i\\leq k-1\\}\\cup \\{\\{v_{i},v_{2k-1-i}\\}, 0\\leq i\\leq k-1\\}$.\n\n The obtained graph $G$ is isomorphic to $C_n$. Indeed, $G=\\tau(H)$, with $\\tau$ the permutation defined as follows:\n\n $ \\tau(v_i)=\n \\left\\{\n \\begin{array}{ll}\n v_{\\frac{i}{2}} & \\mbox{ if } i<2k \\mbox{ and } i \\equiv 0\\mod 2\\\\\n v_{2k-\\frac{i+1}{2}} & \\mbox{ if } i<2k \\mbox{ and } i \\equiv 1\\mod 2\\\\\n v_{i} & \\mbox{ if } i=2k.\\\\\n \\end{array}\n \\right.$\n\n We now show that $f$ and $\\sigma$ define a $2$-labeled packing of $k$ copies of $C_n$. Intuitively, the construction obviously gives us the same decomposition of $K_n$ as the one presented by Walecki [@alspach2008wonderful], and the labels are all the same except for the fixed point. ", "Still, we give a more rigorous proof:\n\n - Since $i+j-1\\mod 2k<2k$, we have, for all $v\\not \\in F$, $f(\\sigma_j(v))=a=f(\\sigma_{j'}(v))$.\n\n - Similarly to the case 1.a), for all $p,q$ and $\\{u,v\\},\\{u',v'\\}\\in E_{p,q}$ , $\\sigma_j(\\{u,v\\})=\\sigma_{j'}(\\{u',v'\\})$ implies $j=j'$.\n\n - Similarly to 1.a), for all $v\\not \\in F$ and $j\\neq j'$, $\\sigma_j(v) \\neq \\sigma_{j'}(v)$.\n\n - For all $j\\neq j'$, with $1\\leq j,j'\\leq k$, $0+j-1\\mod 2k\\neq k+j'-1\\mod 2k$. Thus, for all $u,v$ such that there exists $x\\in F \\mbox{ such that } \\{u,x\\}, \\{x,v\\} \\in E(C_n)$, if $f(u)=f(v)$, then, $\\sigma_j(u)\\neq \\sigma_{j'}(v)$ and $\\sigma_j(v)\\neq \\sigma_{j'}(u)$.\n\n The following example, for $k=4$, gives an idea of the general construction for the case where $k$ is even and $x=1$. We can clearly see here how it corresponds to a labelling of Walecki’s construction [@alspach2008wonderful].", "\n\n (50,40) circle (5pt); (50,40) node\\[right\\][$v_3,a$]{}; (47.1,47.1) circle (5pt); (47.1,47.1) node\\[right\\][$v_2,a$]{}; (40,50) circle (5pt); (40,50) node\\[above\\][$v_1,a$]{}; (32.9,47.1) circle (5pt); (32.9,47.1) node\\[above\\][$v_0,a$]{}; (30,40) circle (5pt); (30,40) node\\[left\\][$v_7,a$]{}; (32.9,32.9) circle (5pt); (32.9,32.9) node\\[below\\][$v_6,a$]{}; (40,30) circle (5pt); (40,30) node\\[below\\][$v_5,a$]{}; (47.1,32.9) circle (5pt); (47.1,32.9) node\\[right\\][$v_4,a$]{}; (40,41) circle (5pt); (40.2,41.2) node\\[above\\][$v_8,1$]{};\n\n (32.9,47.1) – (30,40) – (40,50) – (32.9,32.9) – (47.1,47.1) – (40,30) – (50,40) – (47.1,32.9) – (40,41) – (32.9,47.1);\n\n (90,40) circle (5pt); (90,40) node\\[right\\][$v_3,a$]{}; (87.1,47.1) circle (5pt); (87.1,47.1) node\\[right\\][$v_2,a$]{}; (80,50) circle (5pt); (80,50) node\\[above\\][$v_1,a$]{}; (72.9,47.1) circle (5pt); (72.9,47.1) node\\[above\\][$v_0,a$]{}; (70,40) circle (5pt); (70,40) node\\[left\\][$v_7,a$]{}; (72.9,32.9) circle (5pt); (72.9,32.9) node\\[below\\][$v_6,a$]{}; (80,30) circle (5pt); (80,30) node\\[below\\][$v_5,a$]{}; (87.1,32.9) circle (5pt); (87.1,32.9) node\\[right\\][$v_4,a$]{}; (80,41) circle (5pt); (80,41.2) node\\[right\\][$v_8,1$]{};\n\n (80,50) – (72.9,47.1) – (87.1,47.1) – (70,40) – (90,40) – (72.9,32.9) – (87.1,32.9) – (80,30) – (80,41) – (80,50);\n\n (50,10) circle (5pt); (50,10) node\\[right\\][$v_3,a$]{}; (47.1,17.1) circle (5pt); (47.1,17.1) node\\[right\\][$v_2,a$]{}; (40,20) circle (5pt); (40,20) node\\[above\\][$v_1,a$]{}; (32.9,17.1) circle (5pt); (32.9,17.1) node\\[above\\][$v_0,a$]{}; (30,10) circle (5pt); (30,10) node\\[left\\][$v_7,a$]{}; (32.9,2.9) circle (5pt); (32.9,2.9) node\\[below\\][$v_6,a$]{}; (40,0) circle (5pt); (40,0) node\\[below\\][$v_5,a$]{}; (47.1,2.9) circle (5pt); (47.1,2.9) node\\[right\\][$v_4,a$]{}; (40,11) circle (5pt); (39.7,11.3) node\\[above\\][$v_8,1$]{};\n\n (47.1,17.1) – (50,10) – (40,20) – (47.1,2.9) – (32.9,17.1) – (40,0) – (30,10) – (32.9,2.9) – (40,11) – (47.1,17.1);\n\n (90,10) circle (5pt); (90,10) node\\[right\\][$v_3,a$]{}; (87.1,17.1) circle (5pt); (87.1,17.1) node\\[right\\][$v_2,a$]{}; (80,20) circle (5pt); (80,20) node\\[above\\][$v_1,a$]{}; (72.9,17.1) circle (5pt); (72.9,17.1) node\\[above\\][$v_0,a$]{}; (70,10) circle (5pt); (70,10) node\\[left\\][$v_7,a$]{}; (72.9,2.9) circle (5pt); (72.9,2.9) node\\[below\\][$v_6,a$]{}; (80,0) circle (5pt); (80,0) node\\[below\\][$v_5,a$]{}; (87.1,2.9) circle (5pt); (87.1,2.9) node\\[right\\][$v_4,a$]{}; (81,11) circle (5pt); (82.2,11) node\\[above\\][$v_8,1$]{};\n\n (90,10) – (87.1,2.9) – (87.1,17.1) – (80,0) – (80,20) – (72.9,2.9) – (72.9,17.1) – (70,10) – (81,11) – (90,10);\n\n- $k$ is even and $x>1$:\n\n - $2\\leq x\\leq k-1$:\n\n The construction for this case seems more complicated, but it was actually inspired by the ones following Walecki’s construction [@alspach2008wonderful]. ", "For $x=2$, the first copy of $C_n$ follows the following sequence of vertices:\n\n $C_n=\n \\left\\{\n \\begin{array}{ll}\n (v_0,v_2,v_{n-4},v_4,v_{n-6},v_6...v_{\\frac{k}{2}},v_{n-2},v_1,v_3,v_{n-3},v_5,v_{n-5}...& \\\\\n v_{\\frac{k}{2}+1},v_{\\frac{3k}{2}},v_{\\frac{k}{2}+3},v_{\\frac{3k}{2}-2},v_{\\frac{k}{2}+5},v_{\\frac{3k}{2}-4}...v_{\\frac{3k}{2}+1},v_{n-1},v_0) & \\mbox{ if } k\\equiv 0\\mod 4\\\\\n (v_0,v_2,v_{n-4},v_4,v_{n-6},v_6...v_{\\frac{3k}{2}+1},v_{n-2},v_{n-3},v_1,v_{n-5},v_3...&\\\\\n v_{\\frac{3k}{2}},v_{\\frac{k}{2}+1},v_{\\frac{3k}{2}-2},v_{\\frac{k}{2}+3},v_{\\frac{3k}{2}-4},v_{\\frac{k}{2}+5}...v_{\\frac{k}{2}},v_{n-1},v_0) & \\mbox{ if } k\\equiv 2\\mod 4.\\\\\n \\end{array}\n \\right.$\n\n We label $v_{2k}$ and $v_{2k+1}$, the fixed points, with respective labels $2k$ and $2k+1$, and the other vertices with $a$ if their number is even and $b$ if it is odd. ", "Then, we create the other copies by adding each time $2$ modulo $n-2$ to every number but $2k$ and $2k+1$ in this sequence. ", "For $x>2$, we add extra fixed points in some edges that are linking a vertex of label $a$ and a vertex of label $b$. Thus, $G \\simeq C_n$. More formally, we take:\n\n $f(v_i)=\\left\\{\n \\begin{array}{ll}\n a & \\mbox{ if } 0\\leq i \\leq 2k-1 \\mbox{ and } i \\mbox{ is even }\\\\\n b & \\mbox{ if } 0\\leq i \\leq 2k-1 \\mbox{ and } i \\mbox{ is odd }\\\\\n i-2k+1 & \\mbox{ if } i \\geq 2k.\\\\\n \\end{array}\n \\right.", "\n $\n\n $\\sigma_j(v_i)=\n \\left\\{\n \\begin{array}{ll}\n v_{i+2(j-1)\\mod 2k} & \\mbox{ if } i < 2k\\\\\n v_{i} & \\mbox{ if } i \\geq 2k.\\\\\n \\end{array}\n \\right.$\n\n $F=\\{v_i,2k\\leq i\\leq n-1\\}$\\\n $V_a=\\{v_i,0\\leq i \\leq 2k-1 \\mbox{ and } i\\equiv 0 \\mod 2\\}$\\\n $V_b=\\{v_i,0\\leq i \\leq 2k-1 \\mbox{ and } i\\equiv 1 \\mod 2\\}$.\n\n $E_F=\\{\\{v_{\\alpha(k,i)},v_{k+3+i}\\}\\cup \\{v_{k+3+i},v_{\\alpha(k,i+1)}\\}, k-1\\leq i\\leq k+x-4\\}\\cup \\\\ \\{\\{v_{\\beta(k,1)},v_{2k}\\},\\{v_{(-1)^{\\frac{k}{2}}\\mod 2k},v_{2k}\\}\\}\\cup \\{\\{v_0,v_{2k+1}\\},\\{v_{\\beta(k,0)},v_{2k+1}\\}\\}$\\\n $E_{a,a}=\\{\\{v_{\\gamma(k,i)} ,v_{\\gamma(k,i+1)}\\}, 0\\leq i\\leq \\frac{k}{2}-2\\}$\\\n $E_{b,b}=\\{\\{v_{(-1)^{\\frac{k}{2}}+\\gamma(k,i)\\mod 2k},v_{(-1)^{\\frac{k}{2}}+\\gamma(k,i+1) \\mod 2k} \\}, 0\\leq i\\leq \\frac{k}{2}-2\\}$\\\n $E_{a,b}=\\{\\{v_{\\alpha(k,i)},v_{\\alpha(k,i+1)}\\}, k+x-3\\leq i\\leq 2k-2\\}$.\n\n With:\n\n $\\alpha(k,i)=(-1)^{\\frac{k}{2}}(1+2\\lceil \\frac{\\frac{k}{2}-1}{2}\\rceil+(-1)^{\\frac{(-1)^i+1}{2}}.2\\lfloor \\frac{i-k+1}{2}\\rfloor)+\\frac{(-1)^i+1}{2}.(k+(-1)^{\\frac{k}{2}-1})\\mod 2k$\n\n $\\beta(k,i)=\\frac{k}{2}+\\frac{(-1)^{\\frac{k}{2}+i}+1}{2}(k+1) \\mod 2k$\n\n $\\gamma(k,i)=2.(-1)^{i}\\lceil \\frac{i+1}{2}\\rceil \\mod 2k$.\n\n The obtained graph $G$ is isomorphic to $C_n$, as for $x=2$, $G=\\tau(H)$, with $\\tau$ the permutation defined as follows:\n\n $ \\tau(v_i)=\n \\left\\{\n \\begin{array}{ll}\n v_{2.(-1)^{i+1}\\lceil \\frac{i}{2}\\rceil \\mod 2k} & \\mbox{ if } 0\\leq i\\leq \\frac{k}{2}-1\\\\\n v_{(-1)^{\\frac{k}{2}}+2.(-1)^{i+1-\\frac{k}{2}}\\lceil \\frac{i-\\frac{k}{2}}{2}\\rceil \\mod 2k} & \\mbox{ if } \\frac{k}{2}\\leq i\\leq k-1\\\\\n v_{\\alpha(k,i)} & \\mbox{ if } k\\leq i\\leq 2k-1\\\\\n v_{\\frac{k}{2}} & \\mbox{ if } i=2k\\\\\n v_{i} & \\mbox{ if } i=2k+1.\\\\\n \\end{array}\n \\right.$\n\n For $x>2$, the extra fixed points are inserted in some edges of $C_{2k+2}$ who are linking a vertex of label $a$ and a vertex of label $b$. Thus, $G \\simeq C_n$.\n\n Since $2k$ is even, all the vertices are always sent to vertices that have the same label. ", "The neighbors of the fixed points always have different labels and are never sent to themselves, so that their edges will not create any problem for the packing. ", "To see that the other edges do not overlap either, the principle is similar to the one of Walecki’s construction [@alspach2008wonderful]. ", "Indeed, for every type of edge, or differently said, for every couple of labels an edge can link, we chose the difference of the numbers of the vertices to be unique modulo $2k$ in the sequence, so that no other edge can overlap it. ", "To be more precise, we show that the four previously mentioned properties hold:\n\n - Similarly to the case 1.a), for all $v\\not \\in F$ and $j\\neq j'$, $f(\\sigma_j(v))=f(\\sigma_{j'}(v))$.\n\n - For all $p,q$ and for all $\\{u,v\\},\\{u',v'\\}\\in E_{p,q}$ , $\\sigma_j(\\{u,v\\})=\\sigma_{j'}(\\{u',v'\\}) $ implies $j=j'$.\\\n Indeed, for $p=q=a$, for $0\\leq i\\leq \\frac{k}{2}-2$, suppose that: $$\\sigma_j^*(\\{v_{\\gamma(k,i)},v_{\\gamma(k,i+1)}\\})=\\sigma_{j'}^*(\\{v_{\\gamma(k,i')},v_{\\gamma(k,i'+1)}\\}).$$ Then, by adding the two equations resulting from the vertices, we get: $$2((-1)^{i+1}\\lceil \\frac{i}{2}\\rceil+(-1)^{i}\\lceil \\frac{i+1}{2}\\rceil) +2j \\equiv 2((-1)^{i+1}\\lceil \\frac{i}{2}\\rceil+(-1)^{i'}\\lceil \\frac{i'+1}{2}\\rceil) +2j' \\mod 2k.$$\\\n Since $k$ is even, this gives $j=j'$. The case where $p=q=b$ is similar.\\\n For $p=a$ and $q=b$, for $k+x-3\\leq i\\leq 2k-2$, suppose that $$\\sigma_j^*(\\{v_{\\alpha(k,i)},v_{\\alpha(k,i+1)}\\})=\\sigma_{j'}^*(\\{v_{\\alpha(k,i')},v_{\\alpha(k,i'+1)}\\}).$$ Then, by adding the two equations, we get:\n\n $2.((-1)^{\\frac{(-1)^i+1}{2}}\\lfloor\\frac{i-k+1}{2}\\rfloor + (-1)^{\\frac{(-1)^{i+1}+1}{2}}\\lfloor\\frac{i-k+2}{2}\\rfloor) +4j \\equiv$\\\n $2.((-1)^{\\frac{(-1)^{i'}+1}{2}}\\lfloor\\frac{i'-k+1}{2}\\rfloor + (-1)^{\\frac{(-1)^{i'+1}+1}{2}}\\lfloor\\frac{i'-k+2}{2}\\rfloor) +4j'\\mod 2k.$\n\n Since $k$ is even, this also gives $j=j'$.\n\n - Similarly to 1.a), for all $v\\not \\in F$ and $j\\neq j'$, $\\sigma_j(v) \\neq \\sigma_{j'}(v)$.\n\n - Since $k+(-1)^{\\frac{k}{2}-1}$ is odd, $\\alpha(k,i)$ and $\\alpha(k,i+1)$ have different parity for all $i$ such that $k-1\\leq i\\leq k+x-4$. Plus, $\\beta(k,1)$ is even while $(-1)^{\\frac{k}{2}}\\mod 2k$ is odd, and $0$ is even while $\\beta(k,0)$ is odd. ", "Thus, for all $u,v$ such that there exists $x\\in F \\mbox{ such that } \\{u,x\\}, \\{x,v\\} \\in E(C_n)$, $f(u)\\neq f(v)$.\n\n This construction is illustrated in the following figure, for $k=4$ and $n=10$.\n\n (50,40) circle (5pt); (50,40) node\\[right\\][$v_3,b$]{}; (48.1,45.9) circle (5pt); (48.1,45.9) node\\[right\\][$v_2,a$]{}; (43.1,49.5) circle (5pt); (43.1,49.5) node\\[above\\][$v_1,b$]{}; (36.9,49.5) circle (5pt); (36.9,49.5) node\\[above\\][$v_0,a$]{}; (31.9,45.9) circle (5pt); (31.9,45.9) node\\[left\\][$v_8,1$]{}; (30,40) circle (5pt); (30,40) node\\[left\\][$v_9,2$]{}; (31.9,34.1) circle (5pt); (31.9,34.1) node\\[left\\][$v_7,b$]{}; (36.9,30.5) circle (5pt); (36.9,30.5) node\\[below\\][$v_6,a$]{}; (43.1,30.5) circle (5pt); (43.1,30.5) node\\[below\\][$v_5,b$]{}; (48.1,34.1) circle (5pt); (48.1,34.1) node\\[right\\][$v_4,a$]{};\n\n (36.9,49.5) – (48.1,45.9) – (30,40) – (43.1,49.5) – (50,40) – (36.9,30.5) – (43.1,30.5) – (48.1,34.1) – (31.9,34.1) – (31.9,45.9) – (36.9,49.5);\n\n (90,40) circle (5pt); (90,40) node\\[right\\][$v_3,b$]{}; (88.1,45.9) circle (5pt); (88.1,45.9) node\\[right\\][$v_2,a$]{}; (83.1,49.5) circle (5pt); (83.1,49.5) node\\[above\\][$v_1,b$]{}; (76.9,49.5) circle (5pt); (76.9,49.5) node\\[above\\][$v_0,a$]{}; (71.9,45.9) circle (5pt); (71.9,45.9) node\\[left\\][$v_8,1$]{}; (70,40) circle (5pt); (70,40) node\\[left\\][$v_9,2$]{}; (71.9,34.1) circle (5pt); (71.9,34.1) node\\[left\\][$v_7,b$]{}; (76.9,30.5) circle (5pt); (76.9,30.5) node\\[below\\][$v_6,a$]{}; (83.1,30.5) circle (5pt); (83.1,30.5) node\\[below\\][$v_5,b$]{}; (88.1,34.1) circle (5pt); (88.1,34.1) node\\[right\\][$v_4,a$]{};\n\n (88.1,45.9) – (88.1,34.1) – (70,40) – (90,40) – (83.1,30.5) – (76.9,49.5) – (71.9,34.1) – (76.9,30.5) – (83.1,49.5) – (71.9,45.9) – (88.1,45.9);\n\n (50,10) circle (5pt); (50,10) node\\[right\\][$v_3,b$]{}; (48.1,15.9) circle (5pt); (48.1,15.9) node\\[right\\][$v_2,a$]{}; (43.1,19.5) circle (5pt); (43.1,19.5) node\\[above\\][$v_1,b$]{}; (36.9,19.5) circle (5pt); (36.9,19.5) node\\[above\\][$v_0,a$]{}; (31.9,15.9) circle (5pt); (31.9,15.9) node\\[left\\][$v_8,1$]{}; (30,10) circle (5pt); (30,10) node\\[left\\][$v_9,2$]{}; (31.9,4.1) circle (5pt); (31.9,4.1) node\\[left\\][$v_7,b$]{}; (36.9,0.5) circle (5pt); (36.9,0.5) node\\[below\\][$v_6,a$]{}; (43.1,0.5) circle (5pt); (43.1,0.5) node\\[below\\][$v_5,b$]{}; (48.1,4.1) circle (5pt); (48.1,4.1) node\\[right\\][$v_4,a$]{};\n\n (48.1,4.1) – (36.9,0.5) – (30,10) – (43.1,0.5) – (31.9,4.1) – (48.1,15.9) – (43.1,19.5) – (36.9,19.5) – (50,10) – (31.9,15.9) – (48.1,4.1);\n\n (90,10) circle (5pt); (90,10) node\\[right\\][$v_3,b$]{}; (88.1,15.9) circle (5pt); (88.1,15.9) node\\[right\\][$v_2,a$]{}; (83.1,19.5) circle (5pt); (83.1,19.5) node\\[above\\][$v_1,b$]{}; (76.9,19.5) circle (5pt); (76.9,19.5) node\\[above\\][$v_0,a$]{}; (71.9,15.9) circle (5pt); (71.9,15.9) node\\[left\\][$v_8,1$]{}; (70,10) circle (5pt); (70,10) node\\[left\\][$v_9,2$]{}; (71.9,4.1) circle (5pt); (71.9,4.1) node\\[left\\][$v_7,b$]{}; (76.9,0.5) circle (5pt); (76.9,0.5) node\\[below\\][$v_6,a$]{}; (83.1,0.5) circle (5pt); (83.1,0.5) node\\[below\\][$v_5,b$]{}; (88.1,4.1) circle (5pt); (88.1,4.1) node\\[right\\][$v_4,a$]{};\n\n (76.9,0.5) – (76.9,19.5) – (70,10) – (71.9,4.1) – (83.1,19.5) – (88.1,4.1) – (90,10) – (88.1,15.9) – (83.1,0.5) – (71.9,15.9) – (76.9,0.5);\n\n - $k\\leq x\\leq 2k-1$:\n\n For this case, we also got inspired by Walecki’s construction [@alspach2008wonderful], but with a simpler construction. ", "For $x=k$, we build a $(k+2)$-labeled packing of $G$ in the following way: We label the vertices of number $i\\leq 2k$ by their number, and the other vertices with $a$ if their number is even and $b$ if their number is odd. ", "We create the first copy of $C_n$ by joining the vertices in the following order:\n\n $v_{2k},v_0,v_{2k+1},v_1,...,v_{3k-1},v_{k-1},v_{2k-2},v_{k+1},v_{2k-4},v_{k+3},v_{2k-6},...,v_{2k-k},v_{k+(k-1)},v_{2k}.$\n\n The other copies are created by adding $2$ modulo $n-2$ to the numbers of the $a$ and $b$ label vertices of this sequence. ", "For $x>k$, we add fixed points on the edges linking a vertex of label $a$ to a vertex of label $b$. We have:\n\n $f(v_i)=\\left\\{\n \\begin{array}{ll}\n a & \\mbox{ if } 0\\leq i \\leq 2k-1 \\mbox{ and } i \\mbox{ is even }\\\\\n b & \\mbox{ if } 0\\leq i \\leq 2k-1 \\mbox{ and } i \\mbox{ is odd }\\\\\n i-2k+1 & \\mbox{ if } i \\geq 2k.\\\\\n \\end{array}\n \\right.", "\n $\n\n $\\sigma_j(v_i)=\n \\left\\{\n \\begin{array}{ll}\n v_{i+2(j-1)\\mod 2k} & \\mbox{ if } i < 2k\\\\\n v_{i} & \\mbox{ if } i \\geq 2k.\\\\\n \\end{array}\n \\right.$\n\n $F=\\{v_i,2k\\leq i\\leq n-1\\}$\\\n $V_a=\\{v_i,0\\leq i \\leq 2k-1 \\mbox{ and } i\\equiv 0 \\mod 2\\}$\\\n $V_b=\\{v_i,0\\leq i \\leq 2k-1 \\mbox{ and } i\\equiv 1 \\mod 2\\}$.\n\n $E_F=\\{\\{v_{2k+i},v_{i-1 \\mod 2k}\\}\\cup \\{v_{2k+i},v_{i}\\}, 0\\leq i\\leq k-1\\}\\cup\n \\\\ \\{\\{v_{4k-2\\lfloor\\frac{i}{2}\\rfloor-2},v_{k+i}\\},\\{v_{k+i},v_{2\\lfloor\\frac{i}{2}\\rfloor+(-1)^{i+1}-k}\\}, 2k\\leq i\\leq k+x-1\\}$\\\n $E_{a,a}=E_{b,b}=\\emptyset$\\\n $E_{a,b}=\\{\\{v_{4k-2\\lfloor\\frac{i}{2}\\rfloor-2},v_{2\\lfloor\\frac{i}{2}\\rfloor+(-1)^{i+1}-k}\\}, k+x\\leq i\\leq 3k-1\\}$.\n\n For $x=k$, $G=\\tau(H)$, with $\\tau$ the permutation defined as follows, so that $G$ is isomorphic to $C_n$.\n\n $ \\tau(v_i)=\n \\left\\{\n \\begin{array}{ll}\n v_{2k+\\frac{i}{2}} & \\mbox{ if } 0\\leq i\\leq 2k-1, i\\equiv 0\\mod 2\\\\\n v_{\\frac{i-1}{2}} & \\mbox{ if } 0\\leq i\\leq 2k-1, i\\equiv 1\\mod 2\\\\\n v_{4k-i-2} & \\mbox{ if } 2k\\leq i\\leq 3k-1,i\\equiv 0\\mod 2\\\\\n v_{i-k} & \\mbox{ if } 2k\\leq i\\leq 3k-1,i\\equiv 1\\mod 2.\\\\\n \\end{array}\n \\right.$\n\n For $x>2$, the extra fixed points are inserted in some edges of $C_{3k}$.\n\n In this construction, all the fixed points have one neighbor with label $a$ and one neighbor with label $b$, that are never sent to themselves or each other. ", "The edges involving them will thus never overlap. ", "The other edges link a vertex of label $a$ with a vertex of label $b$, and the differences between their numbers are all distinct. ", "Plus, as $2k$ is even, the parity of the vertices remains the same in all the copies, so do their labels. ", "To be more precise, we have:\n\n - Similarly to the case 1.a), for all $v\\not \\in F$ and $j\\neq j'$, $f(\\sigma_j(v))=f(\\sigma_{j'}(v))$.\n\n - For all $p,q$ and for all $\\{u,v\\},\\{u',v'\\}\\in E_{p,q}$ , $\\sigma_j(\\{u,v\\})=\\sigma_{j'}(\\{u',v'\\})$ implies $j=j'$.\\\n Indeed, suppose, for a given $i$, $k+x\\leq i\\leq 3k-1$, that: $$\\sigma_j^*(\\{v_{4k-2\\lfloor\\frac{i}{2}\\rfloor-2},v_{2\\lfloor\\frac{i}{2}\\rfloor+(-1)^{i+1}-k}\\})=\\sigma_{j'}^*(\\{v_{4k-2\\lfloor\\frac{i'}{2}\\rfloor-2},v_{2\\lfloor\\frac{i'}{2}\\rfloor+(-1)^{i'+1}-k}\\}).$$ Then, by adding the two resulting equations, we get: $$4j+(-1)^{i+1}\\mod 2k=4j'+(-1)^{i'+1}\\mod 2k.$$ Since the parity of both sides of this equality must be the same, this gives $j=j'$.\n\n - Similarly to the case 1.a), for all $v\\not \\in F$ and $j\\neq j'$, $\\sigma_j(v) \\neq \\sigma_{j'}(v)$.\n\n - Since for all $i$ with $2k\\leq i\\leq k+x-1$ ,$4k-2\\lfloor\\frac{i}{2}\\rfloor-2$ is even, and $2\\lfloor\\frac{i}{2}\\rfloor+(-1)^{i+1}-k$ is odd, they have different parity, and so do $i-1\\mod 2k$ and $i$ for all $i$ with $0\\leq i\\leq k-1$. We therefore have, for all $u,v$ such that there exists $x\\in F \\mbox{ such that } \\{u,x\\}, \\{x,v\\} \\in E(C_n)$, $f(u)\\neq f(v)$.\n\n We present this last construction in the following figure, that takes the example of $k=4$ and $n=12$\n\n (50,40) circle (5pt); (50,40) node\\[right\\][$v_1,b$]{}; (48.7,45) circle (5pt); (48.7,45) node\\[right\\][$v_9,2$]{}; (45,48.7) circle (5pt); (45,48.7) node\\[above\\][$v_0,a$]{}; (40,50) circle (5pt); (40,50) node\\[above\\][$v_8,1$]{}; (35,48.7) circle (5pt); (35,48.7) node\\[left\\][$v_7,b$]{}; (31.3,45) circle (5pt); (31.3,45) node\\[left\\][$v_4,a$]{}; (30,40) circle (5pt); (30,40) node\\[left\\][$v_5,b$]{}; (31.3,35) circle (5pt); (31.3,35) node\\[left\\][$v_6,a$]{}; (35,31.3) circle (5pt); (35,31.3) node\\[below\\][$v_3,b$]{}; (40,30) circle (5pt); (40,30) node\\[below\\][$v_{11},4$]{}; (45,31.3) circle (5pt); (45,31.3) node\\[below\\][$v_2,a$]{}; (48.7,35) circle (5pt); (48.7,35) node\\[right\\][$v_{10},3$]{};\n\n (40,30) – (45,31.3) – (48.7,35) – (50,40) – (48.7,45) – (45,48.7) – (40,50) – (35,48.7) – (31.3,45) – (30,40) – (31.3,35) – (35,31.3) – (40,30);\n\n (90,40) circle (5pt); (90,40) node\\[right\\][$v_1,b$]{}; (88.7,45) circle (5pt); (88.7,45) node\\[right\\][$v_9,2$]{}; (85,48.7) circle (5pt); (85,48.7) node\\[above\\][$v_0,a$]{}; (80,50) circle (5pt); (80,50) node\\[above\\][$v_8,1$]{}; (75,48.7) circle (5pt); (75,48.7) node\\[left\\][$v_7,b$]{}; (71.3,45) circle (5pt); (71.3,45) node\\[left\\][$v_4,a$]{}; (70,40) circle (5pt); (70,40) node\\[left\\][$v_5,b$]{}; (71.3,35) circle (5pt); (71.3,35) node\\[left\\][$v_6,a$]{}; (75,31.3) circle (5pt); (75,31.3) node\\[below\\][$v_3,b$]{}; (80,30) circle (5pt); (80,30) node\\[below\\][$v_{11},4$]{}; (85,31.3) circle (5pt); (85,31.3) node\\[below\\][$v_2,a$]{}; (88.7,35) circle (5pt); (88.7,35) node\\[right\\][$v_{10},3$]{};\n\n (80,30) – (71.3,45) – (88.7,35) – (75,31.3) – (88.7,45) – (85,31.3) – (80,50) – (90,40) – (71.3,35) – (75,48.7) – (85,48.7) – (70,40) – (80,30);\n\n (50,10) circle (5pt); (50,10) node\\[right\\][$v_1,b$]{}; (48.7,15) circle (5pt); (48.7,15) node\\[right\\][$v_9,2$]{}; (45,18.7) circle (5pt); (45,18.7) node\\[above\\][$v_0,a$]{}; (40,20) circle (5pt); (40,20) node\\[above\\][$v_8,1$]{}; (35,18.7) circle (5pt); (35,18.7) node\\[left\\][$v_7,b$]{}; (31.3,15) circle (5pt); (31.3,15) node\\[left\\][$v_4,a$]{}; (30,10) circle (5pt); (30,10) node\\[left\\][$v_5,b$]{}; (31.3,5) circle (5pt); (31.3,5) node\\[left\\][$v_6,a$]{}; (35,1.3) circle (5pt); (35,1.3) node\\[below\\][$v_3,b$]{}; (40,0) circle (5pt); (40,0) node\\[below\\][$v_{11},4$]{}; (45,1.3) circle (5pt); (45,1.3) node\\[below\\][$v_2,a$]{}; (48.7,5) circle (5pt); (48.7,5) node\\[right\\][$v_{10},3$]{};\n\n (40,0) – (31.3,5) – (48.7,5) – (30,10) – (48.7,15) – (31.3,15) – (40,20) – (35,1.3) – (45,18.7) – (50,10) – (45,1.3) – (35,18.7) – (40,0);\n\n (90,10) circle (5pt); (90,10) node\\[right\\][$1,o$]{}; (88.7,15) circle (5pt); (88.7,15) node\\[right\\][$\\alpha_1$]{}; (85,18.7) circle (5pt); (85,18.7) node\\[above\\][$0,e$]{}; (80,20) circle (5pt); (80,20) node\\[above\\][$\\alpha_0$]{}; (75,18.7) circle (5pt); (75,18.7) node\\[left\\][$7,o$]{}; (71.3,15) circle (5pt); (71.3,15) node\\[left\\][$4,e$]{}; (70,10) circle (5pt); (70,10) node\\[left\\][$5,o$]{}; (71.3,5) circle (5pt); (71.3,5) node\\[left\\][$6,e$]{}; (75,1.3) circle (5pt); (75,1.3) node\\[below\\][$3,o$]{}; (80,0) circle (5pt); (80,0) node\\[below\\][$\\alpha_3$]{}; (85,1.3) circle (5pt); (85,1.3) node\\[below\\][$2,e$]{}; (88.7,5) circle (5pt); (88.7,5) node\\[right\\][$\\alpha_2$]{};\n\n (80,0) – (85,18.7) – (88.7,5) – (75,18.7) – (88.7,15) – (71.3,5) – (80,20) – (70,10) – (85,1.3) – (75,1.3) – (71.3,15) – (90,10) – (80,0);\n\nThis concludes case 3), and thus the entire proof of Theorem \\[borne\\_sup\\_lemma\\].", "\n\nConcerning the upper bound given by Conjecture \\[THEconjecture\\], we have already seen, with a counter-example, that it did not hold in general. ", "That being said, we still found some sufficient conditions for it to hold. ", "The following lemma helped in the process of finding those conditions:\n\nLet $G$ be the cycle $C_n$ of order $n=2k+x$, $k\\geq 2$, $1\\leq x \\leq 2k-1$. Let $f$ be a $p$-labeling of $k$ copies of $G$. Let $q=\\min \\limits_{i\\in \\{1,...,p\\}}|\\{v\\in V(C_n) : f(v)=i\\}|$ be the minimum, over all $p$ labels, of the number of vertices that have this label. ", "Then, there exists in $G$ a set of at least $2k$ vertices that are associated, together, to at most $2q$ labels. ", "\\[2klemma\\]\n\nLet $j$ be one of the labels associated to exactly $q$ vertices, and $V_j$ be the set of vertices of $G$ with label $j$. All the vertices of $V_j$ have two neighbors. ", "Let $N_j$ be the set of neighbors, and $M_j=N_j-(N_j\\cap V_j)$ be the set of neighbors that are not in $V_j$. Let $L$ be the number of different labels $l_1$, $l_2$, ..., $l_L$ associated to the vertices of $M_j$, $V(l_1)$, $V(l_2)$, ..., $V(l_L)$ be the sets of vertices of $G$ associated to those respective labels, and $U=V(l_1)\\cup V(l_2) \\cup ... \\cup V(l_L)$. Let $e$ be the number of edges linking two vertices from $V_j$ in $G$, and, for all $1 \\leq i \\leq L$, $e_i$ be the number of edges linking a vertex from $V_j$ to a vertex from $V(l_i)$ in $G$. To have a valid packing, we must have, for every $i$ with $1 \\leq i \\leq L, ke_i\\leq q|V(l_i)|$. Therefore, we have: $$\\sum \\limits_{i=1}^L e_i \\leq \\frac{q}{k}\\sum \\limits_{i=1}^L|V(l_i)|.$$ But $\\sum \\limits_{i=1}^L e_i=2q-2e$, and, since the $V(l_i)$ are pairwise disjoint, $\\sum \\limits_{i=1}^L|V(l_i)|=|U|$. Therefore, $$|U| \\geq \\frac{k}{q}(2q-2e).$$ If $e=0$, we obtain $|U| \\geq 2k$. Moreover, at best, in $M_j$, we have $2q$ distinct vertices that all have distinct labels, so that $L\\leq 2q$. By taking the set $U$, we obtain a set of at least $2k$ vertices in $G$ associated to at most $2q$ labels. ", "If $e\\geq 1$, to have a valid packing, we must have $ke\\leq \\frac{q(q-1)}{2}$, we thus have $|U| \\geq 2k-(q-1)$. Plus, at best, in $M_j$, we have $2q-2$ distinct vertices that all have distinct labels, so that $L\\leq 2q-2$. Therefore, by taking the set $U\\cup V_j$, we obtain a set of at least $2k+1$ vertices in $G$ associated to at most $2q-1$ labels. ", "Those two cases give the result.", "\n\nLemma \\[2klemma\\] led, in particular, to the following theorem, that gives a sufficient condition for the upper bound given by Conjecture \\[THEconjecture\\] to hold.", "\n\nLet $G$ be the cycle $C_n$ of order $n=2k+x$, $k\\geq 2$, $1\\leq x \\leq 2k-1$. Let $f$ be a $p$-labeling of $k$ copies of $G$. Let $q=\\min \\limits_{i\\in \\{1,...,p\\}}|\\{v\\in V(C_n) : f(v)=i\\}|$ be the minimum, over all $p$ labels, of the number of vertices that have this label. ", "If $q=1$, meaning that $f$ has fixed points, or $q\\leq \\frac{x}{2}$, then $p \\leq x+2$. \\[qtheorem\\]\n\nWe know by Lemma \\[2klemma\\] that there exists in $G$ a group of at least $2k$ vertices associated to at most $2q$ labels, and the rest of the labels are represented at least $q$ times. ", "Therefore, we have: $$p\\leq 2q + \\lfloor \\frac{n-2k}{q} \\rfloor \\leq 2q + \\frac{x}{q}.$$\n\nBut, for all $q\\geq1$, $2q + \\frac{x}{q} \\leq x +2$.\\\nIndeed, for q=1, we have $2q + \\frac{x}{q}=x +2$.\\\nFor $q>1$, $2q + \\frac{x}{q} \\leq x+2 \\leftrightarrow q\\leq \\frac{x}{2}$, which is true by hypothesis. ", "Therefore, we have $p\\leq x+2$.\n\nThe disadvantage of Theorem \\[qtheorem\\] is that the conditions it gives are on a preexisting packing, while we want the upper bound to hold for all packings, with conditions on $k$ and $x$ only. ", "Such conditions are thus given in the following theorem:\n\nLet $C_n$ be the cycle of order $n=2k+x$, $k\\geq 2$, $1\\leq x \\leq 2k-1$. If $x\\geq \\sqrt{4k-2}$, then $\\lambda^k(C_n) \\leq x+2$. \\[xtheorem\\]\n\nLet us suppose that $\\lambda^k(C_n) \\geq x+3$. Then, there exists a $(x+3)$-labeling $f$ of $k$ copies of $G$. Let $q$ be the minimum, over all $p$ labels, of the number of vertices that have this label. ", "Then, by Theorem \\[qtheorem\\], we have $q\\geq \\frac{x+1}{2}$. We have therefore at least $x+3$ labels, each represented by at least $\\frac{x+1}{2}$ vertices, so that we have: $$\\frac{(x+1)(x+3)}{2}\\leq 2k+x$$ Or $$x^2+2x+(3-4k)\\leq 0.$$ For $x\\geq \\sqrt{4k-2}$, this last inequality is false and we obtain a contradiction.", "\n\nWe now have a satisfying sufficient condition for the upper bound of $x+2$ to be valid, even more satisfying when taking into account the fact that the proportion of cases it covers grows with $n$. That being said, this bound is not the one given in Conjecture \\[THEconjecture\\] for the particular case where $k$ is even and $x=1$. The following theorem thus gives a sufficient condition for this case, that depends on the considered packing:\n\nLet $C_n$ be the cycle of order $n=2k+1$, $k\\geq 2$, k even. ", "Let $f$ be a $p$-labeling of $k$ copies of $C_n$. Let $q=\\min \\limits_{i\\in \\{1,...,p\\}}|\\{v\\in V(C_n) : f(v)=i\\}|$ be the minimum, over all $p$ labels, of the number of vertices that have this label. ", "If $q=1$, then $p \\leq 2.$ \\[upper\\_x=1\\]\n\nFrom Theorem \\[qtheorem\\], since $q=1$, we already have $\\lambda^k(C_n)\\leq 3$. Let us assume that $\\lambda^k(C_n)=3$. Then, there exists a $3$-labeled packing of $k$ copies of $C_n$. By Lemma \\[2klemma\\], we know that there exists in this packing a set of $2k$ vertices associated to exactly $2$ labels, called $a$ and $b$, and one fixed point.\\\nWe have $k(2k+1)=\\frac{(2k+1)(2k+1-1)}{2}$, so that every edge between any two vertices is going to belong to exactly one of $k$ the copies of $G$. In particular, every edge between the fixed point and the other vertices is going to belong to a copy, so that the fixed point has to be linked to exactly one vertex with label $a$, and one vertex with label $b$. Therefore, there has to be $k$ vertices with label $a$ and $k$ vertices with label $b$. The number of edges linking two vertices of label $a$ in $G$ is therefore $\\frac{k(k-1)}{2k}=\\frac{k-1}{2}$, which means that $k$ is odd, and contradicts the hypothesis. ", "Therefore, $\\lambda^k(C_n)\\neq 3$, and $\\lambda^k(C_n)\\leq 2$.\n\nFor the cases where the previously seen conditions are not verified, the following theorem gives a necessary condition on $p$ for a $p$-labeled packing of $C_{2k+x}$ to exist and thus provides a different upper bound on $\\lambda^k(C_{2k+x})$:\n\nLet $C_n$ be the cycle of order $n=2k+x$. For $p \\in \\mathbb{N}^*$, if $p\\leq \\lambda^k(C_n)$, there exists a partition $n_1,n_2,...,n_p$ of $n$ into $p$ parts such that $\\sum \\limits_{i=1}^{p} \\lfloor \\frac{n_i(n_i-1)}{2k} \\rfloor + \\sum \\limits_{i=1}^{p} \\sum \\limits_{j=i+1}^{p} \\lfloor \\frac{n_in_j}{k} \\rfloor \\geq n$. \\[max\\_nb\\_edges\\]\n\nSince $p\\leq \\lambda^k(C_n)$, there exists a $p$-labeled packing $f$ of $k$ copies of $C_n$ into $K_n$. Let $1,2,...,p$ be the name of the labels of $f$, and $n_1,n_2,...,n_p$ be the number of vertices respectively associated to those labels. ", "Obviously, $n_1,n_2,...,n_p$ is a partition of $n$ into $p$ parts.", "\n\nFor all $i \\in [1,p]$, $j \\in [i+1,p]$, let $m_i$ be the number of edges of $C_n$ in $f$ linking two vertices of label $i$, and let $m_{i,j}$ be the number of edges of $C_n$ in $f$ linking a vertex of label $i$ and a vertex of label $j$.\n\nWe have $\\sum \\limits_{i=1}^{p} m_i + \\sum \\limits_{i=1}^{p} \\sum \\limits_{j=i+1}^{p} m_{i,j} = n$.\n\nFor $f$ to be a valid packing, we must have, for all $i \\in [1,p]$, $m_i\\leq \\lfloor \\frac{n_i(n_i-1)}{2k} \\rfloor$, and, for all $j \\in [i+1,p]$, $m_{i,j} \\leq \\sum \\limits_{j=i+1}^{p} \\lfloor \\frac{n_in_j}{k} \\rfloor$.\n\nThus, $\\sum \\limits_{i=1}^{p} \\lfloor \\frac{n_i(n_i-1)}{2k} \\rfloor + \\sum \\limits_{i=1}^{p} \\sum \\limits_{j=i+1}^{p} \\lfloor \\frac{n_in_j}{k} \\rfloor \\geq n$.\n\nBy regrouping the sufficient conditions of Theorems \\[x2\\_keven\\], \\[qtheorem\\] and \\[xtheorem\\], we can already restrict the possible values of $k$ and $x$ for which the second inequality of Conjecture \\[THEconjecture\\] might not hold. ", "Table \\[tab\\] lists those values and gives the upper bound given by Theorem \\[max\\_nb\\_edges\\] for each of those, until $k=35$.\n\nLabeled Packing of Circuits\n===========================\n\nIn this part, we study the directed version of the previous problem, that is the labeled packing of circuits, where the circuit $\\overrightarrow{C_n}$ of order $n$ is the directed graph defined by $V(\\overrightarrow{C_n})=\\{v_i,0\\leq i\\leq n-1\\}$ and $E(\\overrightarrow{C_n})=\\{(v_i,v_{i+1 \\mod n}),0\\leq i\\leq n-1\\}$.\n\nWe define a packing of directed graphs $(H_1,H_2,...,H_k)$ in the directed graph $G$ the same way as a packing of graphs, the only difference being that for all $i$, $E(H_i)$ stands for the arcs of $H_i$, and $E(G)$ for the arcs of $G$, so that the induced images of the arcs of the $H_i$ must go into the arcs of $G$ without intersecting. ", "We focus on the packings of $k$ copies of $H$ into the complete digraph $\\overleftrightarrow{K_n}$, the digraph of order $n$ with all possible arcs. ", "Given those modifications, the definitions of a labeled packing and of $\\lambda^k(G)$ for $G$ a digraph are direct.", "\n\nThe results we present are very similar to the ones presented for cycles, with some adaptations. ", "We first have the following conditions for the $k$-placement to exist:\n\n$\\overrightarrow{C_{k+x}}$ admits a $k$-placement if and only if $x\\geq 1$, and $(x,n)\\not \\in \\{(1,4),(1,6)\\}$.\n\nFirst, for a $k$-placement of $\\overrightarrow{C_n}$ to exist, we must have $k|E(\\overrightarrow{C_n})|\\leq |E(\\overleftrightarrow{K_n})|$, so that $n\\geq k+1$. Plus, if $x=1$, the $k$-placement would actually be a decomposition of $\\overleftrightarrow{K_n}$, and we know from Theorem 1.1 in [@alspach2003cycle] that such a decomposition exists if and only if $n\\neq 4$, and $n\\neq 6$. Now, since the existence of a packing of $k$ copies of $\\overrightarrow{C_{k+x}}$ implies the existence of a packing of $k-1$ copies of $\\overrightarrow{C_{(k-1)+(x+1)}}$, and since we have the following packings of $k=2$ copies of $\\overrightarrow{C_4}$ and $k=4$ copies of $\\overrightarrow{C_6}$, this gives the result:\n\n(10,0) circle (5pt); (10,0) node\\[right\\][$v_0$]{}; (10,10) circle (5pt); (10,10) node\\[above\\][$v_1$]{}; (0,10) circle (5pt); (0,10) node\\[above\\][$v_2$]{}; (0,0) circle (5pt); (0,0) node\\[left\\][$v_3$]{};\n\n(10,0) – (10,10); (10,10) – (0,10); (0,10) – (0,0); (0,0) – (10,0);\n\n(40,0) circle (5pt); (40,0) node\\[right\\][$v_0$]{}; (40,10) circle (5pt); (40,10) node\\[above\\][$v_1$]{}; (30,10) circle (5pt); (30,10) node\\[above\\][$v_2$]{}; (30,0) circle (5pt); (30,0) node\\[left\\][$v_3$]{};\n\n(40,0) – (30,0); (30,0) – (30,10); (30,10) – (40,10); (40,10) – (40,0);\n\n(10,0) circle (5pt); (10,0) node\\[right\\][$v_0$]{}; (5,8.7) circle (5pt); (5,8.7) node\\[above\\][$v_1$]{}; (-5,8.7) circle (5pt); (-5,8.7) node\\[above\\][$v_2$]{}; (-10,0) circle (5pt); (-10,0) node\\[left\\][$v_3$]{}; (-5,-8.7) circle (5pt); (-5,-8.7) node\\[below\\][$v_4$]{}; (5,-8.7) circle (5pt); (5,-8.7) node\\[below\\][$v_5$]{}; (10,0) – (5,8.7); (5,8.7) – (-5,8.7); (-5,8.7) – (-10,0); (-10,0) – (-5,-8.7); (-5,-8.7) – (5,-8.7); (5,-8.7) – (10,0);\n\n(50,0) circle (5pt); (50,0) node\\[right\\][$v_0$]{}; (45,8.7) circle (5pt); (45,8.7) node\\[above\\][$v_1$]{}; (35,8.7) circle (5pt); (35,8.7) node\\[above\\][$v_2$]{}; (30,0) circle (5pt); (30,0) node\\[left\\][$v_3$]{}; (35,-8.7) circle (5pt); (35,-8.7) node\\[below\\][$v_4$]{}; (45,-8.7) circle (5pt); (45,-8.7) node\\[below\\][$v_5$]{}; (50,0) – (45,-8.7); (45,-8.7) – (35,-8.7); (35,-8.7) – (30,0); (30,0) – (35,8.7); (35,8.7) – (45,8.7); (45,8.7) – (50,0);\n\n(10,-30) circle (5pt); (10,-30) node\\[right\\][$v_0$]{}; (5,-21.3) circle (5pt); (5,-21.3) node\\[above\\][$v_1$]{}; (-5,-21.3) circle (5pt); (-5,-21.3) node\\[above\\][$v_2$]{}; (-10,-30) circle (5pt); (-10,-30) node\\[left\\][$v_3$]{}; (-5,-38.7) circle (5pt); (-5,-38.7) node\\[below\\][$v_4$]{}; (5,-38.7) circle (5pt); (5,-38.7) node\\[below\\][$v_5$]{}; (10,-30) – (-5,-21.3); (-5,-21.3) – (-5,-38.7); (-5,-38.7) – (5,-21.3); (5,-21.3) – (5,-38.7); (5,-38.7) – (-10,-30); (-10,-30) – (10,-30);\n\n(50,-30) circle (5pt); (50,-30) node\\[right\\][$v_0$]{}; (45,-21.3) circle (5pt); (45,-21.3) node\\[above\\][$v_1$]{}; (35,-21.3) circle (5pt); (35,-21.3) node\\[above\\][$v_2$]{}; (30,-30) circle (5pt); (30,-30) node\\[left\\][$v_3$]{}; (35,-38.7) circle (5pt); (35,-38.7) node\\[below\\][$v_4$]{}; (45,-38.7) circle (5pt); (45,-38.7) node\\[below\\][$v_5$]{}; (50,-30) – (30,-30); (30,-30) – (45,-38.7); (45,-38.7) – (45,-21.3); (45,-21.3) – (35,-38.7); (35,-38.7) – (35,-21.3); (35,-21.3) – (50,-30);\n\nWhen those conditions are satisfied, we can study the value of $\\lambda^k(\\overrightarrow{C_n})$. We first have the following lemma, that is an extension of Duchêne, Kheddouci, Nowakowski and Tahraoui’s Lemma 7 [@duchene2013labeled] to the case of circuits, following the same proof:\n\nFor every circuit $\\overrightarrow{C_n}$ of order $n>k$, with $(x,n)\\not \\in \\{(1,4),(1,6)\\}$, we have $\\lambda^k(\\overrightarrow{C_n}) \\leq \\lfloor \\frac{n}{2} \\rfloor + \\lfloor \\frac{\\lceil \\frac{n}{2} \\rceil}{k} \\rfloor.$ \\[borne\\_sup\\_lemma\\]\n\nWhen $n\\geq 2k$, the value of $\\lambda^k(\\overrightarrow{C_n})$ can be exactly found with the following theorem:\n\nFor every circuit $\\overrightarrow{C_n}$ of order $n=2km+x$, $k,m\\geq 1$, $x<2k$, and $(x,n) \\not \\in \\{(1,4),(1,6)\\}$ we have $\\lambda^k(\\overrightarrow{C_n}) = \\lfloor \\frac{n}{2} \\rfloor + \\lfloor \\frac{\\lceil \\frac{n}{2} \\rceil}{k} \\rfloor.$ \\[borne\\_sup\\_circuits\\]\n\nFrom Lemma \\[borne\\_sup\\_lemma\\], we get the upper bound.\\\nFor the lower bound, we give a construction of the corresponding labeled packing of $\\overrightarrow{C_n}$. The idea is to put a fixed point one vertex out of two on the first copy of $\\overrightarrow{C_n}$, and to have at least $k$ vertices of any other label so that they will never be sent to themselves and thus never create superpositions of arcs.", "\n\nLet $V(C_n)=\\{v_0,...,v_n\\}$ be the set of vertices of $\\overrightarrow{C_n}$ and\\\n$E(C_n)=\\{(v_i,v_{i+1\\mod n}, 0\\leq i\\leq n-1\\}$ be its set of arcs.", "\n\nWe label the vertices with the labeling $f$:\\\n$f(v_i)=\\left\\{\n \\begin{array}{ll}\n v_{\\frac{i}{2}+1} & \\mbox{ if } 0\\leq i \\leq 2(\\lfloor \\frac{n}{2}\\rfloor -1) \\mbox{ and } i \\mbox{ is even } \\\\\n v_{\\lfloor \\frac{i}{2k} \\rfloor + \\lfloor \\frac{n}{2} \\rfloor +1} & \\mbox{ if } 1\\leq i \\leq 2k\\lfloor \\frac{\\lceil \\frac{n}{2} \\rceil}{k}\\rfloor -1 \\mbox{ and } i \\mbox{ is odd }\\\\\n v_{\\lfloor \\frac{i}{2k} \\rfloor + \\lfloor \\frac{n}{2} \\rfloor} & \\mbox{ otherwise. }\\\\", "\n \\end{array}\n\\right.", "\n$\n\nFor each label $l$, we rename the $L$ vertices that have label $l$, following the increasing order of their number, into $l_0,l_1,...,l_L$, and we associate to the labeling the set of permutations $\\sigma=\\{\\sigma_j, 1\\leq j\\leq k\\}$:\\\n$\n\\left\\{\n \\begin{array}{ll}\n \\sigma_j(l_i)=l_{i+1\\mod L} & \\mbox{ for all $l$ }\\\\\n \\sigma_j(v_i)=v_{i} & \\mbox{ if } i \\mbox{ is even. }\\\\", "\n \\end{array}\n\\right.$\n\nFor any $j$, a vertex and its image by $\\sigma_j$ obviously have the same label. ", "Plus, since for all $i$ with $0\\leq i\\leq n-1$ and $i$ even, $v_i$ is a fixed points, and for all $i$ odd and, $j\\neq j'$, $\\sigma_j(v_i)\\neq \\sigma_{j'}(v_i)$, $\\sigma$ is a packing.", "\n\nAn example of the construction is given in the following figure, for $k=3$ and $n=7$:\n\n(10,0) circle (5pt); (10,0) node\\[right\\][$v_2,2$]{}; (6.2,7.8) circle (5pt); (6.2,7.8) node\\[right\\][$v_1,a$]{}; (-2.2,9.7) circle (5pt); (-2.2,9.7) node\\[above\\][$v_0,1$]{}; (-9,4.3) circle (5pt); (-9,4.3) node\\[left\\][$v_6,a$]{}; (-9,-4.3) circle (5pt); (-9,-4.3) node\\[left\\][$v_5,a$]{}; (-2.2,-9.7) circle (5pt); (-2.2,-9.7) node\\[below\\][$v_4,3$]{}; (6.2,-7.8) circle (5pt); (6.2,-7.8) node\\[below\\][$v_3,a$]{}; (37.8,9.7) – (46.2,-7.8); (46.2,-7.8) – (50,0); (50,0) – (31,-4.3); (31,-4.3) – (37.8,-9.7); (37.8,-9.7) – (31,4.3); (31,4.3) – (46.2,7.8); (46.2,7.8) – (37.8,9.7);\n\n(50,0) circle (5pt); (50,0) node\\[right\\][$v_2,2$]{}; (46.2,7.8) circle (5pt); (46.2,7.8) node\\[right\\][$v_1,a$]{}; (37.8,9.7) circle (5pt); (37.8,9.7) node\\[above\\][$v_0,1$]{}; (31,4.3) circle (5pt); (31,4.3) node\\[left\\][$v_6,a$]{}; (31,-4.3) circle (5pt); (31,-4.3) node\\[left\\][$v_5,a$]{}; (37.8,-9.7) circle (5pt); (37.8,-9.7) node\\[below\\][$v_4,3$]{}; (46.2,-7.8) circle (5pt); (46.2,-7.8) node\\[below\\][$v_3,a$]{}; (-2.2,9.7) – (6.2,7.8); (6.2,7.8) – (10,0); (10,0) – (6.2,-7.8); (6.2,-7.8) – (-2.2,-9.7); (-2.2,-9.7) – (-9,-4.3); (-9,-4.3) – (-9,4.3); (-9,4.3) – (-2.2,9.7);\n\n(30,-30) circle (5pt); (30,-30) node\\[right\\][$v_2,2$]{}; (26.2,-22.2) circle (5pt); (26.2,-22.2) node\\[right\\][$v_1,a$]{}; (17.8,-20.3) circle (5pt); (17.8,-20.3) node\\[above\\][$v_0,1$]{}; (11,-25.7) circle (5pt); (11,-25.7) node\\[left\\][$v_6,a$]{}; (11,-34.3) circle (5pt); (11,-34.3) node\\[left\\][$v_5,a$]{}; (17.8,-39.7) circle (5pt); (17.8,-39.7) node\\[below\\][$v_4,3$]{}; (26.2,-37.8) circle (5pt); (26.2,-37.8) node\\[below\\][$v_3,a$]{}; (17.8,-20.3) – (11,-34.3); (11,-34.3) – (30,-30); (30,-30) – (11,-25.7); (11,-25.7) – (17.8,-39.7); (17.8,-39.7) – (26.2,-22.2); (26.2,-22.2) – (26.2,-37.8); (26.2,-37.8) – (17.8,-20.3);\n\nThe case where $k+1\\leq n\\leq 2k-1$ is more complicated. ", "We present here two theorems for this case, one for $k$ even, the second for $k$ odd:\n\nFor every circuit $\\overrightarrow{C_n}$ of order $n=k+x$, $k\\geq 2$, $1\\leq x \\leq k-1$, $k$ even, $(x,n) \\not \\in \\{(1,4),(1,6)\\}$, we have $\\lambda^k(\\overrightarrow{C_n}) \\geq x+1$.\n\nWe give the associated construction, inspired by Walecki’s [@alspach2008wonderful]. ", "Let $\\{v_0,v_1,...,v_{n-1}\\}$ be the vertices of $\\overrightarrow{C_n}$. We label them with $f$:\n\n$f(v_i)=\\left\\{\n \\begin{array}{ll}\n i-k+1 & \\mbox{ if } i\\geq k\\\\\n a & \\mbox{ otherwise. }\\\\", "\n \\end{array}\n\\right.", "\n$\n\nWe associate to it the set of permutations $\\sigma=\\{\\sigma_j, 1\\leq j\\leq k\\}$:\\\n$\\sigma_j(v_i)=\n\\left\\{\n \\begin{array}{ll}\n v_{i} & \\mbox{ if } i\\geq k\\\\\n v_{i+j-1\\mod k} & \\mbox{ otherwise. }\\\\", "\n \\end{array}\n\\right.$\n\nWe partition the set of vertices $V(\\overrightarrow{C_n})$ into a set $F$ containing all the fixed points, and a set $V_a$ containing all the vertices of label $a$. We partition the set of arcs $E(\\overrightarrow{C_n})$ into two sets $E_F$ and $E_{a,a}$ defined as follows:\\\n$E_F=\\{(v_{i-1},v_{k+i})\\cup (v_{k+i},v_{k-i}), 1\\leq i\\leq x-1\\}\\cup \\{(v_k,v_0),(v_{\\frac{k}{2}},v_k)\\}$\\\n$E_{a,a}=\\{(v_{k-i},v_{i}), 1\\leq i\\leq \\frac{k}{2}-1\\}\\cup \\{(v_i,v_{k-1-i}), x-1\\leq i\\leq \\frac{k}{2}-1\\}$.\n\nThe obtained graph $G$ is isomorphic to $\\overrightarrow{C_n}$. Indeed, for $x=1$, if $H=(V(H)=\\{v_1,v_2,...,v_n\\},E(H)=\\{(v_i,v_{i+1 \\mod n}),1\\leq i\\leq n\\})$, we have $H\\simeq \\overrightarrow{C_n}$, and $G=\\tau(H)$, with:\n\n$ \\tau(v_i)=\n\\left\\{\n \\begin{array}{ll}\n v_{\\frac{i}{2}} & \\mbox{ if } i<k, i \\equiv 0\\mod 2\\\\\n v_{k-\\frac{i+1}{2}} & \\mbox{ if } i<k, i \\equiv 1\\mod 2\\\\\n v_{i} & \\mbox{ if } i=k.\\\\\n \\end{array}\n\\right.$\n\nFor $x>1$, the extra fixed point are inserted in some of the edges of $\\overrightarrow{C_{k+1}}$, so that $G \\simeq \\overrightarrow{C_n}$.\n\nFor all $v\\in F$, since $\\sigma_j(v)=v$, we know that $f(\\sigma_j(v))=f(v)=f(\\sigma_{j'}(v))$. Since $i+j-1\\mod k<k$, for any $v\\not \\in F$, $f(\\sigma_j(v))=a=f(\\sigma_{j'}(v))$, and $f$ is a valid labeled packing with respect to $\\sigma$.\n\nThus, in particular, for all $j,j', \\sigma_j^*(E_F)\\cap \\sigma_{j'}^*(E_{a,a})=\\emptyset$.\n\nFor all $\\{u,v\\},\\{u',v'\\}\\in E_{a,a}$ , $\\sigma_j(\\{u,v\\})=\\sigma_{j'}(\\{u',v'\\})$ implies $j=j'$.\\\nIndeed, for $1\\leq i\\leq \\frac{k}{2}-1$, if $\\sigma_j^*((v_{k-i},v_{i}))=\\sigma_{j'}^*((v_{k-i'},v_{i'}))$, then:\n\n$\\left\\{\n \\begin{array}{ll}\n i+j-1=i'+j'-1\\mod k\\\\\n k-i+j-1=k-i'+j'-1\\mod k.\\\\\n \\end{array}\n\\right.$\n\nBy adding the two equations, since $k$ is even, and $1\\leq j,j'\\leq k$, we get $j=j'$, or $j'=j+\\frac{k}{2}$. But injecting $j'=j+\\frac{k}{2}$ into the first equation gives $i\\equiv i'+\\frac{k}{2}\\mod k$, which is a contradiction, as $1\\leq i'\\leq \\frac{k}{2}-1$.\n\nSimilarly, for $x-1\\leq i,i'\\leq k-1$, if $\\sigma_j^*((v_i,v_{k-1-i}))=\\sigma_{j'}^*((v_{i'},v_{k-1-i'}))$, $j=j'$.\n\nFor $1\\leq i\\leq k-1$ and $x-1\\leq i'\\leq k-1$ , $\\sigma_j^*((v_{k-i},v_i))=\\sigma_{j'}^*((v_{i'},v_{k-1-i'}))$ is impossible, as the sum of both equations gives an equality between an odd number and an even number.", "\n\nThus, for all $j\\neq j', \\sigma_j^*(E_{a,a})\\cap \\sigma_{j'}^*(E_{a,a})=\\emptyset$.\n\nTo show that $\\sigma_j^*(E_F)\\cap \\sigma_{j'}^*(E_F)=\\emptyset$, since each edge of $E_F$ contains one fixed point, we only have to show that its ingoing neighbor $u$ and outgoing neighbor $v$ verify $\\sigma_j(u)\\neq \\sigma_{j'}(u)$ and $\\sigma_j(v)\\neq \\sigma_{j'}(v)$. But since $i+j-1\\mod k=i+j'-1\\mod k$ implies $j=j'$, for all $v\\not \\in F$ and $j\\neq j'$, $\\sigma_j(v) \\neq \\sigma_{j'}(v)$.\n\nAn example of the construction is given in the following figure, for $k=4$ and $x=3$:\n\n(10,0) circle (5pt); (10,0) node\\[right\\][$v_2,a$]{}; (6.2,7.8) circle (5pt); (6.2,7.8) node\\[right\\][$v_1,a$]{}; (-2.2,9.7) circle (5pt); (-2.2,9.7) node\\[above\\][$v_0,a$]{}; (-9,4.3) circle (5pt); (-9,4.3) node\\[left\\][$v_6,3$]{}; (-9,-4.3) circle (5pt); (-9,-4.3) node\\[left\\][$v_5,2$]{}; (-2.2,-9.7) circle (5pt); (-2.2,-9.7) node\\[below\\][$v_4,1$]{}; (6.2,-7.8) circle (5pt); (6.2,-7.8) node\\[below\\][$v_3,a$]{}; (-2.2,9.7) – (-9,-4.3); (-9,-4.3) – (6.2,-7.8); (6.2,-7.8) – (6.2,7.8); (6.2,7.8) – (-9,4.3); (-9,4.3) – (10,0); (10,0) – (-2.2,-9.7); (-2.2,-9.7) – (-2.2,9.7);\n\n(50,0) circle (5pt); (50,0) node\\[right\\][$v_2,a$]{}; (46.2,7.8) circle (5pt); (46.2,7.8) node\\[right\\][$v_1,a$]{}; (37.8,9.7) circle (5pt); (37.8,9.7) node\\[above\\][$v_0,a$]{}; (31,4.3) circle (5pt); (31,4.3) node\\[left\\][$v_6,3$]{}; (31,-4.3) circle (5pt); (31,-4.3) node\\[left\\][$v_5,2$]{}; (37.8,-9.7) circle (5pt); (37.8,-9.7) node\\[below\\][$v_4,1$]{}; (46.2,-7.8) circle (5pt); (46.2,-7.8) node\\[below\\][$v_3,a$]{}; (46.2,7.8) – (31,-4.3); (31,-4.3) – (37.8,9.7); (37.8,9.7) – (50,0); (50,0) – (31,4.3); (31,4.3) – (46.2,-7.8); (46.2,-7.8) – (37.8,-9.7); (37.8,-9.7) – (46.2,7.8);\n\n(10,-30) circle (5pt); (10,-30) node\\[right\\][$v_2,a$]{}; (6.2,-22.2) circle (5pt); (6.2,-22.2) node\\[right\\][$v_1,a$]{}; (-2.2,-20.3) circle (5pt); (-2.2,-20.3) node\\[above\\][$v_0,a$]{}; (-9,-25.7) circle (5pt); (-9,-25.7) node\\[left\\][$v_6,3$]{}; (-9,-34.3) circle (5pt); (-9,-34.3) node\\[left\\][$v_5,2$]{}; (-2.2,-39.7) circle (5pt); (-2.2,-39.7) node\\[below\\][$v_4,1$]{}; (6.2,-37.8) circle (5pt); (6.2,-37.8) node\\[below\\][$v_3,a$]{}; (10,-30) – (-9,-34.3); (-9,-34.3) – (6.2,-22.2); (6.2,-22.2) – (6.2,-37.8); (6.2,-37.8) – (-9,-25.7); (-9,-25.7) – (-2.2,-20.3); (-2.2,-20.3) – (-2.2,-39.7); (-2.2,-39.7) – (10,-30);\n\n(50,-30) circle (5pt); (50,-30) node\\[right\\][$v_2,a$]{}; (46.2,-22.2) circle (5pt); (46.2,-22.2) node\\[right\\][$v_1,a$]{}; (37.8,-20.3) circle (5pt); (37.8,-20.3) node\\[above\\][$v_0,a$]{}; (31,-25.7) circle (5pt); (31,-25.7) node\\[left\\][$v_6,3$]{}; (31,-34.3) circle (5pt); (31,-34.3) node\\[left\\][$v_5,2$]{}; (37.8,-39.7) circle (5pt); (37.8,-39.7) node\\[below\\][$v_4,1$]{}; (46.2,-37.8) circle (5pt); (46.2,-37.8) node\\[right\\][$v_3,a$]{}; (46.2,-37.8) – (31,-34.3); (31,-34.3) – (50,-30); (50,-30) – (37.8,-20.3); (37.8,-20.3) – (31,-25.7); (31,-25.7) – (46.2,-22.2); (46.2,-22.2) – (37.8,-39.7); (37.8,-39.7) – (46.2,-37.8);\n\nThis concludes the proof of the theorem.", "\n\nThe following result, for the case where $k$ is odd, can be deduced from the previous one:\n\nFor every circuit $\\overrightarrow{C_n}$ of order $n=k+x$, $k\\geq 2$, $2\\leq x \\leq k-1$, $k$ odd, $(x,n) \\not \\in \\{(1,4),(1,6)\\}$, we have $\\lambda^k(\\overrightarrow{C_n}) \\geq x$.\n\nWe have $n=(k+1)+(x-1)$ with $k+1$ even, and $x-1\\geq 1$. Thus, by Theorem\\[borne\\_sup\\_circuits\\], there exists a $x$-labeled packing of $k+1$ copies of $\\overrightarrow{C_n}$.\n\nThe next results are interested in finding an upper bound. ", "The proofs are not given as they are similar to the ones for cycles.", "\n\nThe first result is the analogue of Lemma \\[2klemma\\] for the case of circuits. ", "The proof is identical, with the exception that we only count the outgoing neighbors and outgoing arcs of the vertices that have one of the labels that are represented by $q$ vertices.", "\n\nLet $\\overrightarrow{C_n}$ be the circuit of order $n=k+x$, $k\\geq 2$, $1\\leq x \\leq k-1$, $(x,n) \\not \\in \\{(1,4),(1,6)\\}$. Let $f$ be a $p$-labeling of $k$ copies of $\\overrightarrow{C_n}$. Let $q=\\min \\limits_{i\\in \\{1,...,p\\}}|\\{v\\in V(C_n) \\mbox{ such that } f(v)=i\\}|$ be the minimum, over all $p$ labels, of the number of vertices that have this label. ", "Then, there exists in $\\overrightarrow{C_n}$ a set of at least $k$ vertices that are associated, together, to at most $q$ labels. ", "\\[2klemma\\_circuits\\]\n\nThis lemma leads to the two following theorems:\n\nLet $\\overrightarrow{C_n}$ be the circuit of order $n=k+x$, $k\\geq 2$, $1\\leq x \\leq k-1$, $(x,n) \\not \\in \\{(1,4),(1,6)\\}$. Let $f$ be a $p$-labeling of $k$ copies of $\\overrightarrow{C_n}$. Let $q=\\min \\limits_{i\\in \\{1,...,p\\}}|\\{v\\in V(\\overrightarrow{C_n}) : f(v)=i\\}|$ be the minimum, over all $p$ labels, of the number of vertices that have this label. ", "If $q\\leq x$, then $p \\leq x+2$. \\[qtheorem\\_circuits\\]\n\nAs it was the case for cycles, the previous theorem gives conditions on the considered packing, while we want conditions on $k$ and $x$ only. ", "Thus, we give the following result:\n\nLet $\\overrightarrow{C_n}$ be the circuit of order $n=k+x$, $k\\geq 2$, $1\\leq x \\leq k-1$, $(x,n) \\not \\in \\{(1,4),(1,6)\\}$. If $x\\geq \\sqrt{k-1}$, then $\\lambda^k(\\overrightarrow{C_n}) \\leq x+2$. \\[xtheorem\\_circuits\\]\n\nFinally, considering necessary conditions on the number of arcs between each pair of labels gives an analogue of Theorem \\[max\\_nb\\_edges\\] for circuits:\n\nLet $\\overrightarrow{C_n}$ be the circuit of order $n=k+x$, $(x,n) \\not \\in \\{(1,4),(1,6)\\}$. For $p \\in \\mathbb{N}^*$, if $p\\leq \\lambda^k(\\overrightarrow{C_n})$, there exists a partition $n_1,n_2,...,n_p$ of $n$ into $p$ parts such that $\\sum \\limits_{i=1}^{p} \\lfloor \\frac{n_i(n_i-1)}{k} \\rfloor + \\sum \\limits_{i=1}^{p} \\sum \\limits_{j=i+1}^{p} \\lfloor \\frac{2n_in_j}{k} \\rfloor \\geq n$. \\[max\\_nb\\_edges\\_circuits\\]\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "'android' Tag\n\nI’ve created a recovery script that changes the screen density. ", "It is simple, yet really useful if you want to automate your ROM updates. ", "Get it here: Density-252.zip (this zip sets the density to 252). ", "Read on if you want to find out how to change the density to a different value." ]

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[ "Even with the growing use of databases, social network websites, etc., ", "entities or objects offered by service providers are limited to a service provider's default entities and thus do not extend their users (e.g., customers of service providers, etc.) ", "any significant level of customization control over their databases, tables, reports, files, etc.", "\nThe subject matter discussed in the background section should not be assumed to be prior art merely as a result of its mention in the background section. ", "Similarly, a problem mentioned in the background section or associated with the subject matter of the background section should not be assumed to have been previously recognized in the prior art. ", "The subject matter in the background section merely represents different approaches.", "\nIn conventional database systems, users access their data resources in one logical database. ", "A user of such a conventional system typically retrieves data from and stores data on the system using the user's own systems. ", "A user system might remotely access one of a plurality of server systems that might in turn access the database system. ", "Data retrieval from the system might include the issuance of a query from the user system to the database system. ", "The database system might process the request for information received in the query and send to the user system information relevant to the request. ", "The secure and efficient retrieval of accurate information and subsequent delivery of this information to the user system has been and continues to be a goal of administrators of database systems. ", "Unfortunately, conventional database approaches are associated with various limitations." ]

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[ "THE RUSSIAN HILL $8.99\n\nFLAT IRON STEAK SALAD $11.50\n\nOur Flat Iron Steak has been a hit from day one…Then we noticed we didn’t have it on a salad. ", "Not any more. ", "Try this 1/2 pound of grilled steak on fresh greens, salsa with grilled bread & our special steak sauce & seasoning.", "\n\nCOOKIES & CUPCAKES $.79\n\nOf course, fresh baked cookies & cupcakes to die for. ", "We offer a large assortment daily! ", "3/$2.25 and 12/$8.25\n\nBROWNIES $2.25\n\nAlso fresh daily! ", "Featuring the old fashioned chocolate cake icing. ", "These brownies are too good.", "\n\nCHIPS $1.99\n\nThe chip with the skin!!!!! ", "Choose from several flavors.", "\n\nGIFT CARDS IN ANY $$ AMOUNT\n\nJust stop in and ask for details.", "\n\nWICKED WOLF HOT SAUCE $3.95/JAR\n\nOur own original hot sauce bottled just for you. “", "Killer hot sauce that will chew your ASS!”", "\n\nT-SHIRTS $10-$15\n\nT-shirts are available from a.k.a. ", "Friscos, Way Cool Ice Cream® and the Friscos Wine Shop. ", "We have a variety of sizes and colors available.", "\n\nKIDS SANDWICH AND EXPLODED POTOTOES $5.99\n\nPick 2: Ham, Turkey, Bologna, Cheddar, or Provolone\n\nSKINNY GREEN PIZZA 8.50 (veggie lovers)\n\nIt’s green, and it’s cheesy.", "\n\nMAC N CHEESE $4.50\n\nTraditional Mac n’ cheese, as good as you remember!", "\n\nFRISCOS GRILLED CHEESE & EXPLODED POTATOES $4.99\n\nWarning; It’s Friscos style!", "\n\nCHEESE QUESADILLAS $3.99\n\nTwo soft flour tortillas filled with gooey cheese.", "\n\nCHEESE NACHOS $3.99\n\nOur crispy tortilla chips topped with delicious melted dippy cheese!", "\n\nSKINNY GREEN PIZZA $8.50\n\nDon’t let the name fool you. ", "This is our version of a California pizza. ", "Our crust is thin & made with spinach & pesto. ", "It has no tomato sauce on it, but does have lots of melted Monterey Jack, Cheddar & aged Romano cheeses. ", "Our fresh tomato salsa garnishes the top and is baked into the cheeses. ", "Light & very tasty. ", "Not traditional pizza, but very Friscos!", "\n\nNAPA NACHOS $8.99\n\nOur Homemade Southwest Chicken Chili makes for some mighty fine Nachos… a.k.a. ", "Friscos® style. ", "Mildly spicy with cheese & salsa. ", "We serve the chips on the side but you can do anything you want with them.", "\n\nSANTE FE $8.99\n\nThis Southwest Chicken Baked Potato is one of our most popular. ", "The chicken is in a Monterey Jack cream sauce & is mildly spicy. ", "The Baker is on shredded lettuce. ", "Next comes salsa, lots of chicken, sour cream & seasoning. ", "What are you waiting for?", "\n\nKONG LOBO $8.99\n\nSAUSALITO $8.50 (veggie lovers)\n\nThis Baked Potato is a tasty & healthy treat. ", "Imagine a steamy Baker topped with homemade tomato, green & yellow pepper salad. ", "Then comes ¼ pound of California avocado with just the right amount of seasoning. ", "The combination of the unique flavors makes for a lite & delicious meal.", "\n\nBART $8.99\n\nAnother Way popular choice. ", "We start with a steaming hot baker, add Virginia baked ham & cover it with creamy ranch dressing & melted cheddar. ", "Then we sprinkle it with chives. ", "Yum! ", "what a potato!", "\n\nTWIN PEAKS $8.50 (veggie lovers)\n\nCOIT TOWER $8.99\n\nA steaming hot Idaho Baker towered with 98% fat-free turkey. ", "We cover it with creamy ranch dressing & melted Wisconsin cheddar. ", "Chives grace the top of this incredible tasting dish.", "\n\nREDWOOD $8.99\n\nThis one starts with a steaming hot baked potato. ", "We pile thinly sliced prime roast beef on top & cover it with creamy ranch & melted cheddar. ", "The final touches include finely chopped red onion & a little horseradish.", "\n\nFRISCOS TUNA $9.43\n\nOur tuna salad is made fresh daily with Albacore all white tuna. ", "It’s lightly seasoned & very mild. ", "Served on mixed greens, topped with our homemade salsa, & served with a piece of fresh baked bread. ", "This light salad is just perfect for lunch… or for dinner.", "\n\nPOTRERO HILL $9.43\n\nFRISCOS BAJA $9.43\n\nThis features our homemade chicken salad with a spicy flair. ", "We serve this chicken salad on mixed greens with a touch of mild salsa. ", "The unique spices create just the right amount of warmth & the blend is outstanding.", "\n\nWEST OF SANTE FE $8.50/$9.60\n\nThis is the salad version of the famous Santa Fe baked potato. ", "It is served on mixed greens, lots of Southwest chicken is in the middle of the salad surrounded by veggies, pasta, sour cream, tomato salsa & shredded cheese. ", "It is as big as Texas & tastes even better.", "\n\nFISHERMAN’S WHARF $8.99\n\nMISSION $9.43 (veggie lovers)\n\nLike Brie? ", "Melted Brie on a toasted French Roll with diced tomatoes, green & yellow peppers, finely chopped red onions with alfalfa sprouts & homemade Olive Relish. ", "It has that great taste. ", "Lite but filling.", "\n\nNORTH BEACH $8.99\n\nVoted the best chicken salad in town (by us, but you will agree). ", "Fresh baked chicken breast tossed with mayo & our own secret stuff. ", "Topped with shredded lettuce & tomato & served on sliced 7 grain breads.", "\n\nBBQ SANDWICH & EXPLODED POTATOES $11.50\n\nOne half pound of our Fresh oven roasted top round beef & tons of the best BBQ sauce in the world piled on a big grilled roll makes this an easy decision. ", "Served with Exploded Potatoes makes it a no brainer. ", "Order it & enjoy! ", "No growling if someone wants a taste.", "\n\nTRANS-AM $9.43\n\nNamed after the world famous Trans American Building in San Francisco. ", "This is our improved version of the popular club sandwich. ", "It has 98% fat-free turkey, provolone cheese, shredded lettuce, sliced tomato & mayo. ", "Chopped bacon piled on top with red onion & mild caesar dressing. ", "Aged Romano cheese & seasoning are sprinkled on top. ", "WOW!!!" ]

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[ "Toward immunomodulation of witches broom disease of lime (WBDL) by targeting immunodominant membrane protein (IMP) of candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia.", "\nThe witches' broom disease of lime (WBDL) caused by Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia is the most devastating disease of acidian lime in southern part of Iran as it destroy thousands of trees yearly throughout these regions. ", "Traditional methods such as eradication of infected trees and insect vector control have shown limited effect on this case. ", "Therefore, alternative approaches such as plantibody-mediated resistance, have been considered. ", "Throughout present study we prepared sufficient amount of antigen that is required for generation of specific monoclonal recombinant antibodies against Immunodominant membrane protein (IMP) which will be exploited for plantibody-mediated resistance approach. ", "The gene encoding IMP protein was obtained by PCR amplification using specific primers and DNA extracted from the infected plants. ", "Amplified fragment was then inserted into T/A cloning vector. ", "Intact clones containing the right sequence was selected after digestion, PCR amplification and subsequent sequencing analysis. ", "IMP encoding region having the right sequence was sub-cloned into pET28a bacterial expression vector. ", "Large scale expression of His tagged recombinant protein was performed in the BL21-de3 strain of E. coli and purification under native conditions was carried out through immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) in a column containing Ni-NTA agarose beads. ", "Successful expression and purification steps were confirmed by SDS-PAGE and western blotting analyses. ", "The results obtained indicated the successful production of about 18 mg purified recombinant IMP protein with a low level of contamination in one liter cultured medium. ", "Finally the purified protein was dialyzed in phosphate saline buffer and applied for immunization of mice." ]

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[ "#ubuntu-dz 2011-08-16\n<Moncef> Bonsoir \n<Moncef> Saha ftourkoum les Algériens :)\n#ubuntu-dz 2011-08-17\n<DelphiWorld> salut Off !", "\n<Off> yop\n<DelphiWorld> sava Off ?", "\n<DelphiWorld> Off: long tamp\n<Off> oui\n<DelphiWorld> Off: ou est il buterflyOffFire ?", "\n<DelphiWorld> salut nizarus\n<nizarus> salut DelphiWorld \n<DelphiWorld> nizarus: tu est en algérie ?", "\n<nizarus> DelphiWorld, non un voisin Tunisien \n<DelphiWorld> nizarus: bienvenue alore\n<nizarus> chokran DelphiWorld \n<DelphiWorld> nizarus: :)\n<DelphiWorld> nizarus: mes félicitation pour votre indépendance\n<nizarus> DelphiWorld, merci DelphiWorld, j'espère que l'Algérie aura la sienne aussi \n<DelphiWorld> n:)\n<DelphiWorld> nizarus: :)\n<nizarus> :)\n<DelphiWorld> nizarus: tu fait quoi ?", "\n<nizarus> là je discute avec toi et avec des amis sur le salon #ubuntu-tn :)\n#ubuntu-dz 2011-08-21\n<sws_> salut\n<sws__> s\n#ubuntu-dz 2012-08-14\n<automoh> slut tt le monde\n#ubuntu-dz 2012-08-15\n<Rohff94> bonjour a tous\n<Rohff94> bjr riemann Tux-Tn\n<Tux-Tn> lu\n<sysgov> salam\n<sysgov> wa salam\n<sysgov> salam\n<ucminou> salam\n<ucminou> saha ftourkoume\n<Tux-Tn> sa7a ftourek ucminou\n<ucminou> merci tux-tn\n<Tux-Tn> tu as besoin d'aide ou tu viens juste jeter un oeil? :)", "\n<ucminou> nn nn\n<ucminou> just je viens\n<ucminou> d'etre un nouveau\n<ucminou> memebre\n<ucminou> dans un groupe\n<ucminou> ubuntu algerie\n<ucminou> donc j'ai fait une petite visite sur ce room pour vous saluer\n<Tux-Tn> ba bienvenue :D\n<ucminou> merci tux-tn\n<ucminou> vous etes tres gentil\n<Tux-Tn> tout le monde ici pourra t'aider et te conseiller en cas de besoin\n<ucminou> je vous remercie d'avance\n<ucminou> si j'aurai besoin d'aide\n<ucminou> je ferai appele a vous\n<Tux-Tn> bon je dois y aller bonne nuit tout le monde\n<ucminou> bonne nuit\n#ubuntu-dz 2012-08-18\n<Rohff94> bijour a tous\n<Rohff94> c quoi ça opendz\n<Rohff94> he c cool ça\n<Rohff94> OpenDZ - Open Source & Security research\n<Rohff94> tres bonne initiative\n<Rohff94> ya qlq un ici !!!!!", "\n#ubuntu-dz 2013-08-14\n<Adel16> bonsoir\n<Adel16> on en est ou dans le projet ubuntu-dz?", "\n#ubuntu-dz 2014-08-16\n<M_Knopfle> ?!!", "\n<M_Knopfle> yaw?", "\n" ]

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[ "Mikołajowice, Lesser Poland Voivodeship\n\nMikołajowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wierzchosławice, within Tarnów County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. ", "It lies approximately south-east of Wierzchosławice, south-west of Tarnów, and east of the regional capital Kraków.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Villages in Tarnów County" ]

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[ "Merger Control 2019\n\nNetherlands\n\nAuthors\n\nLoyens & Loeff\nis a legal and tax partner to its clients in its home markets of the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and Switzerland. ", "Its 900 advisers are based at the firm's offices in Benelux and Switzerland, as well as in key financial centres around the world. ", "A full-service practice with specific sector experience and a thorough understanding of the market, its advisers offer clients informed and tailored solutions. ", "The Loyens & Loeff EU competition team consists of approximately 30 specialised lawyers (partners, counsels and associates) who combine pragmatic advice with in-depth knowledge of the sectors of competition law in which they are active, while taking into account their clients’ business objectives. ", "The firm's EU competition team provides fully integrated legal services.", "\n\n1. ", "Legislation and Enforcing Authorities\n\n1.1 Merger Control Legislation\n\nThe Dutch merger control regime is laid down in Chapter 5 of the Dutch Competition Act (Mededingingswet). ", "This chapter is closely modelled along the lines of the EU Merger Regulation (EUMR) No 139/2004. ", "Therefore, the Dutch competition authority, the Authority for Consumers and Markets (ACM), tends to follow the European Commission’s Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice (OJ C95/1) under the EUMR in most cases. ", "Various procedural rules are laid down in the Dutch General Act on Administrative Law.", "\n\nThe ACM has published several merger control guidance documents, the most important being its 'Best Practices on Merger Control Cases' (Spelregels bij concentratiezaken). ", "In addition, the ACM has issued 'Remedies Guidelines' (Richtsnoeren Remedies) which are closely modelled on the European Commission’s Notice on Remedies (OJ 2008/C 267/1). ", "These guidelines address various procedural and material aspects of remedies. ", "Lastly, although the ACM may deviate from its precedents, it often relies on own-decision precedents and market definitions used in other cases provide useful guidance as well.", "\n\nIn a specific case, informal guidance from the ACM may be obtained by way of an informal written opinion (informele zienswijze) and/or in pre-notification meetings. ", "An informal written opinion will generally be issued by the ACM if:\n\nthere is uncertainty regarding the ACM’s jurisdiction over a particular case; and\n\nsuch uncertainty is not so complicated as to require a formal decision from the ACM.", "\n\nThe informal written opinion is often given within two weeks after the request has been made, provided that sufficient information is provided to the ACM. ", "The ACM publishes public versions of its informal opinions in anonymised form. ", "With respect to pre-notification meetings, see 3.9 Pre-notification Discussions with Authorities.", "\n\n1.2 Legislation Relating to Particular Sectors\n\nThe Netherlands does not currently have a general foreign direct investment (FDI) screening mechanism. ", "However, this may change in the near future. ", "EU Regulation 2019/452 (OJ L 79I/1) has been in force since 10 April 2019 and allows EU member states to set up a national FDI screening mechanism, as well as enhancing co-operation in this area between EU member states and the European Commission. ", "EU member states must take the necessary steps to ensure that the EU can apply the regulation as of 11 October 2020. ", "A bill for a screening mechanism for the telecom sector, known as the 'Bill on undesirable control of telecommunication' (Wetsvoorstel ongewenste zeggenschap telecommunicatie), is already pending in the Netherlands.", "\n\nSince 2014, both national and foreign undertakings have been under obligation to notify a concentration in the healthcare sector to the Dutch Healthcare Authority (Nederlandse Zorgautoriteit or NZa) if at least one undertaking concerned employs 50 people or more to provide healthcare services in the Netherlands, as defined in Article 1(1)(c) of the Act on Healthcare Market Regulation (Wet marktordening gezondheidszorg). ", "The NZa will investigate (in brief) whether the decision to enter into the proposed concentration was the outcome of a thorough decision-making process and whether all the relevant stakeholders (patients, employees, healthcare insurers) have been properly involved in the process. ", "It is important to note that the approval of the NZa should be obtained before submitting the merger control filing to the ACM.", "\n\n1.3 Enforcement Authorities\n\nThe ACM is charged with enforcing Dutch competition rules.", "\n\nPolicies regarding competition are set out and published by the minister of economic affairs. ", "This minister could also eventually grant a permit in the third phase, should the ACM refuse to grant a permit (see 4.6 Non-competition Issues).", "\n\n2. ", "Jurisdiction\n\n2.1 Notification\n\nNotification is compulsory if the turnover thresholds are met. ", "The Dutch Competition Act does not provide for any exceptions to the obligation to notify. ", "If the turnover thresholds are met, filing is compulsory.", "\n\n2.2 Failure to Notify\n\nIf the parties involved fail to notify a concentration above the applicable thresholds:\n\nthe ACM may impose a fine of up to EUR900,000 or 10% of the annual group turnover of the purchaser(s) (or parent companies in the case of a greenfield joint venture), whichever is higher;\n\nthe transaction is deemed null and void (Article 3:40(2) of the Civil Code);\n\nthe ACM may order the parties to cease and/or dissolve the concentration if it concludes (after regular, retroactive notification proceedings) that the concentration leads to a significant impediment of competition; and\n\npersonal fines of up to EUR900,000 may also be imposed on the individuals who factually led the infringement (feitelijk leidinggevers).", "\n\nThe ACM generally imposes a fine (on the purchaser) where a concentration is (partially) implemented prior to obtaining clearance, even in cases where parties inform the ACM of their own accord of their omission to obtain timeous clearance. ", "In 2013, for example, the ACM imposed a fine on Motorhuis (case 7491) when it notified a concentration which had already been implemented. ", "We are unaware of any more recent precedents.", "\n\nMerger control decisions, including decisions imposing penalties, are always published by the ACM.", "\n\n2.3 Types of Transactions\n\nThe merger control regime applies to concentrations. ", "A 'concentration' is defined in the Dutch Competition Act as:\n\na merger of two or more previously independent undertakings;\n\nthe acquisition of control by one or more undertaking(s) over the whole or parts of one or more other undertaking(s); and\n\nthe creation of a joint venture that performs all the functions of an autonomous economic entity on a lasting basis.", "\n\nInternal restructurings and reorganisations are not regarded as a concentration if these do not amount to a change of control, eg, the restructuring takes place within the same economic unit.", "\n\nIt is not only the transfer of shares or assets that qualifies as a change of control. ", "Each factual or legal ability to exercise decisive influence over an undertaking amounts to control. ", "Therefore, other means of control (such as shareholders’ agreements and/or other contractual arrangements) fall under the purview of the Dutch merger control regime, as they do under the EUMR.", "\n\n2.4 Definition of ‘Control’\n\nThe Dutch definition of 'control', as laid down in Article 26 of the Competition Act, is highly similar (and in practice often identical) to the European definition of control included in the EUMR and the Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice. ", "The definition reads as follows: “the ability to exercise decisive influence on the activities of an undertaking, either on the basis of factual or legal circumstance.” ", "Deciding whether a party has the ability to exercise decisive influence depends on whether it can influence important strategic decisions such as the appointment or dismissal of senior management, the annual budget, the business plan and/or major investments.", "\n\nAcquisitions of minority or other interests are only covered by this definition in cases where these amount to a change of control. ", "Again, the same principles as under the EUMR apply.", "\n\n2.5 Jurisdictional Thresholds\n\nA concentration requires the prior approval of the ACM if in the preceding calendar year:\n\nthe aggregate worldwide group turnover of all undertakings concerned was EUR150 million or more;\n\nthe individual group turnover in the Netherlands of each of at least two of the undertakings concerned was EUR30 million or more; and\n\nthe concentration did not fall under the purview of the EUMR (had it done so, the European Commission would have been the sole competent authority).", "\n\nSave for the exceptions mentioned below, no notification is required for a concentration below these thresholds. ", "However, pursuant to Article 29(3) of the Dutch Competition Act, the minister of economic affairs may (temporarily) lower the thresholds for certain categories of undertakings by decree.", "\n\nLower turnover thresholds apply for undertakings active in the healthcare sector. ", "Such concentrations must be notified and approved by the ACM prior to their implementation if in the preceding calendar year:\n\nat least two of the undertakings concerned each individually achieved a group turnover of EUR5.5 million or more through the provision of healthcare activities as defined in the relevant decree;\n\nthe aggregate worldwide group turnover of all undertakings concerned was EUR55 million or more; and\n\nthe individual group turnover in the Netherlands of each of at least two of the undertakings concerned was EUR10 million or more.", "\n\n2.6 Calculations of Jurisdictional Thresholds\n\nTurnover figures must be calculated according to the provisions of Article 30 of the Competition Act, which is highly similar to Article 5 of the EUMR and the Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice. ", "Turnover is defined as income from the supply of goods and services by the business of the legal entity after the deduction of rebates, tax and inter-group turnover. ", "According to an informal opinion of the ACM published in 2011, the turnover may be calculated based on Dutch General Accounting Principles (Dutch GAAP) or International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).", "\n\nThe turnover of banks and financial institutions is calculated in a different manner. ", "Pursuant to Article 31(1) of the Dutch Competition Act (and in line with Article 5(3) of the EUMR) the sum of the following revenue sources should be considered as the relevant turnover (after deduction of value added tax and other taxes directly related to these revenue sources):\n\ninterest and similar income;\n\nrevenue from securities;\n\ncommissions received;\n\nincome from financial transactions; and\n\nother operating income.", "\n\nWith respect to pension funds within the meaning of the Dutch Pension Act, the Dutch merger control regime is triggered if:\n\nthe undertakings involved generated at least EUR500 million in gross written premiums; and\n\nat least two undertakings received at least EUR100 million of the aforementioned amount from Dutch residents.", "\n\nSales booked in a foreign currency should be converted using the average rate in the respective preceding calendar year, as published by the Dutch Central Bank (De Nederlandsche Bank) on www.dnb.nl.", "\n\n2.7 Businesses/Corporate Entities Relevant for the Calculation of Jurisdictional Thresholds\n\nThe turnover figures of the undertakings concerned are relevant for the purpose of calculating the jurisdictional thresholds. ", "The definition of ‘undertakings concerned’ is similar to the European definition as included in the Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice.", "\n\nThe seller’s turnover does not need to be included with that of the target, provided that, after the transaction, the seller does not retain (joint) control.", "\n\nThe following turnover must be taken into consideration:\n\na) the turnover of the undertaking concerned;\n\nb) the turnover of those undertakings in which the undertaking concerned, directly or indirectly:\n\nowns more than half the capital or business assets, or\n\nhas the power to exercise more than half the voting rights, or\n\nhas the power to appoint more than half the members of the supervisory board, the administrative board or bodies legally representing the undertakings, or\n\nhas the right to manage the undertakings' affairs;\n\nc) the turnover of those undertakings which have, in the undertaking concerned, the rights or powers listed in (b);\n\nd) the turnover of those undertakings in which an undertaking as referred to in (c) has the rights or powers listed in (b); and\n\ne) the turnover of those undertakings in which two or more undertakings, as referred to in (a) to (d), jointly have the rights or powers listed in (b).", "\n\nEach change in turnover through acquisitions, divestments and/or business closures after the end of the relevant calendar year prior to the implementation of the transaction (‘closing’) should be taken into consideration.", "\n\n2.8 Foreign-to-foreign Transactions\n\nForeign-to-foreign transactions are subject to merger control in the Netherlands if the turnover thresholds are exceeded. ", "Dutch merger control does not require local effect and/or presence. ", "A concentration falls under the purview of the Dutch merger control regime when the turnover thresholds are exceeded.", "\n\nIn cases of acquisition of sole control, no filing is required in the Netherlands where the sales of either the target entity or the acquiring party in the territory of the Netherlands remain below EUR30 million (or EUR10 million if the lower thresholds for the healthcare sector apply; see 2.5 Jurisdictional Thresholds). ", "Where the turnover thresholds are exceeded, a notification is required irrespective of whether the target company has any assets or other physical presence in the Netherlands. ", "A notification may also be required if a target – with no sales or assets in the Netherlands, or sales that are below the applicable EUR30 million or EUR10 million threshold – functions as a full-function joint venture (see 2.10 Joint Ventures, below) and if the turnover figures of the envisaged parent companies exceed the turnover thresholds. ", "However, the substantive test applied by the ACM only relates to the effects on (parts of) the Dutch market.", "\n\n2.9 Market Share Jurisdictional Threshold\n\nNo market share jurisdictional threshold applies in the Netherlands.", "\n\n2.10 Joint Ventures\n\nThe creation of a joint venture is subject to merger control, provided that the joint venture performs, on a lasting basis, all the functions of an autonomous economic entity (ie, it is a ‘full-function' joint venture). ", "In determining whether a joint venture is full-function or not, in line with the Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice, the following factors are taken into consideration:\n\nwhether the joint venture has sufficient resources to operate independently in the market;\n\nwhether the activities of the joint venture go beyond a specific function for its parent companies;\n\nthe sale and purchase relationships with the parent companies and third parties; and\n\nwhether the joint venture operates on a lasting basis.", "\n\nJoint ventures that do not qualify as full-function joint ventures do not fall under the purview of the Dutch merger control regime, but their effects on competition need to be assessed under the cartel prohibition, as laid down in Article 6 of the Competition Act.", "\n\nThe general rules for calculating turnover are also applicable to full-function joint ventures. ", "However, in a situation where a target is controlled by an undertaking and as a result of the transaction this target will be controlled by this undertaking and a third undertaking, the turnover of the target is attributed to the turnover of the undertaking that currently controls the target.", "\n\n2.11 Power of Authorities to Investigate a Transaction\n\nTransactions below the thresholds cannot be investigated by the ACM.", "\n\nArticle 5:45 of the General Administrative Law Act (Algemene wet bestuursrecht) provides that the power to impose a fine expires five years after the infringement. ", "Pursuant to Article 82 of the Dutch Competition Act, this time period is interrupted for a period of two years by any act of the ACM aimed at conducting an investigation or proceedings concerning the infringement.", "\n\n2.12 Requirement for Clearance Before Implementation\n\nThe main rule in this regard is that the (partial) implementation of a transaction must be suspended until clearance has been obtained. ", "There are, however, a few exemptions:\n\nin the case of a public bid, no clearance is required, provided that the concentration is notified to the ACM promptly after the transaction has been implemented (the concentration must be dissolved again where the ACM subsequently refuses to clear the transaction), and the acquiring party does not exercise its voting rights; and\n\nthe ACM, may, upon request, grant an exemption from the standstill obligation where there are serious reasons (gewichtige omstandigheden) for such an exception (eg, financial difficulties of the target).", "\n\nHowever, the parties are not discharged by such an exemption from their obligation to notify the ACM of the concentration prior to its implementation.", "\n\n2.13 Penalties for the Implementation of a Transaction Before Clearance\n\nIf the parties (partially) implement a transaction before clearance:\n\nthe ACM may impose a fine of up to EUR900,000, or 10% of the annual group turnover of the purchaser(s) (or parent companies in the case of a greenfield joint venture), whichever is higher;\n\nthe transaction is considered null and void (Article 3:40(2) of the Civil Code);\n\nthe ACM may order the parties to cease and/or dissolve the concentration if it concludes (after regular, retroactive notification proceedings) that the concentration leads to a significant impediment of competition; and/or\n\npersonal fines of up to EUR900,000 may be imposed on individuals who have factually led the infringement (feitelijk leidinggevers).", "\n\nPenalties are imposed in practice. ", "In 2013, for example, the ACM imposed a fine on Motorhuis (case 7491) because the standstill obligation had been infringed. ", "We are unaware of any more recent precedents.", "\n\n2.14 Exceptions to Suspensive Effect\n\nThis is not applicable in the Netherlands.", "\n\n2.15 Circumstances Where Implementation Before Clearance is Permitted\n\nThe Dutch Competition Act does not state whether it is possible to ring-fence or hold separate businesses and/or assets in order to allow global closing. ", "In addition, there is no sufficiently clear case law. ", "The undertakings may, however, consider consulting the ACM informally where they are considering implementing a ring-fencing structure with regard to the Netherlands.", "\n\n3. ", "Procedure: Notification to Clearance\n\n3.1 Deadlines for Notification\n\nThere are no deadlines for notification. ", "Clearance should be obtained prior to the (partial) implementation of the concentration. ", "Consequently, the timetable of the transaction towards closing should include sufficient time for the merger control procedure.", "\n\n3.2 Type of Agreement Required Prior to Notification\n\nA binding agreement is not required prior to notification; a notification may be filed where there is a sufficiently specific intention to close the transaction. ", "A letter of intent containing a certain level of detail, for example, should be enough to file a notification.", "\n\nWhile a written contract is not a requirement, in the absence of any document it may be difficult to prove that the intention is sufficiently specific.", "\n\n3.3 Filing Fees\n\nA fixed filing fee for both the notification phase (Phase I) and permit phase (Phase II) is charged. ", "The current fees are EUR17,450 for Phase I and EUR34,900 for Phase II. ", "The filing fee is still due if the notification is withdrawn at a later stage.", "\n\nThe fee must be paid within six weeks from the date of the invoice.", "\n\n3.4 Parties Responsible for Filing\n\nA notification has to be filed by (one of) the undertakings concerned. ", "All undertakings concerned remain responsible for the filing. ", "However, fines for a failure to notify or closing before clearance (see 2.2 Failure to Notify and 2.13 Penalties for the Implementation of a Transaction Before Clearance) may only be imposed on the undertaking(s) acquiring or – in the case of joint control – retaining control.", "\n\n3.5 Information Included in a Filing\n\nLike the EU merger control regime, the Dutch merger control regime consists of two phases at the competition authority. ", "Standard forms can be found on the website of the ACM for both Phase I and Phase II.", "\n\nThe following information should (inter alia) be provided in the notification form for Phase I:\n\nthe contact details of the undertakings concerned;\n\ntheir legal structure;\n\na brief description of their (group) activities;\n\ntheir Dutch, EU and worldwide turnover;\n\na description of the transaction and whether the amalgamation constitutes a merger, the acquisition of sole or joint control, or the creation of a full-function joint venture;\n\na description of the market(s) in which the undertakings concerned are active. ", "The following elements, at least, should be covered:\n\naffected markets and relevant market definitions;\n\nthe market shares of the undertakings concerned in the preceding calendar year in these markets;\n\ncontact details of the five most important competitors and customers;\n\ninformation on ancillary restraints and a declaration as to whether the parties would like to have the opinion of the ACM on whether such restraints are allowed; and\n\nwhether other European jurisdictions will be notified about the concentration.", "\n\nThe following documents should be submitted in Phase I:\n\nthe most recent annual reports of the undertaking concerned;\n\nall transaction documents relating to the concentration;\n\npower of attorney of representatives; and\n\nmarket reports.", "\n\nA separate request for a permit must be filed for Phase II. ", "In brief, the undertakings concerned are required to submit more detailed information about their activities, the (structure) of the market, market shares and market data (including competitors’ market shares), among other things, in the three previous business years.", "\n\nIn Phase II, the parties are required to submit strategic internal documents relating to the transaction.", "\n\nThe filing itself must always be drafted in Dutch, although the ACM will, in general but without guarantee, accept annexes and supporting documents (such as economic reports) in English, or even other widely spoken languages.", "\n\n3.6 Penalties/Consequences of Incomplete Notification\n\nIf the ACM requests further information within five working days of receipt of the notification because the notification is incomplete, a new waiting period will commence once the notification has been completed (Article 38(1) Dutch Competition Act). ", "If the ACM believes that a notification is incomplete or that additional information is required, it will send a request for information to the parties, upon which the waiting period is automatically suspended until all questions have been answered in full (Article 38(2) Dutch Competition Act).", "\n\n3.7 Penalties/Consequences of Inaccurate or Misleading Information\n\nProviding incomplete, inaccurate or misleading information may lead to the imposition of fines of up to EUR900,000 by the ACM, or 1% of the annual worldwide group turnover of the purchaser(s), pursuant to Article 73(1) of the Competition Act, whichever is higher.", "\n\nTo date, there have been no precedents in which the undertakings concerned were fined for providing false or misleading information.", "\n\n3.8 Review Process\n\nThe Dutch merger control regime consists of two phases at the ACM. ", "There is also a third phase in which the minister of economic affairs can grant the permit (see 4.6 Non-competition Issues).", "\n\nThe ACM must take a Phase I decision within four weeks following receipt of the notification, in which it determines whether the concentration requires a permit or not (Article 37(1) Dutch Competition Act). ", "Unproblematic cases (no overlapping economic activities or low combined market share) are mostly cleared within this period in a short-form decision. ", "The Competition Act also provides for automatic clearance if the ACM does not take a decision within the applicable waiting period.", "\n\nIn relation to this waiting period of four weeks, the following must be noted:\n\nif the ACM requests further information within five working days of receipt of the notification because the notification is incomplete, a new waiting period will commence once the notification has been completed (Article 38(1) Dutch Competition Act);\n\nthe waiting period is automatically suspended, if the ACM formally requests information from the parties, until all the questions have been answered in full (Article 38(2) Dutch Competition Act); and\n\na suspension of the waiting period may be requested by the parties (eg, in order to discuss remedies). ", "Such suspension can only be requested once; a second request is inadmissible (Article 38(3) Dutch Competition Act).", "\n\nIf the ACM has reason to assume that the concentration may lead to a significant impediment of competition in (parts of) the Netherlands, the ACM will refer the concentration to Phase II for further consideration. ", "The parties are required to submit a separate request for a permit in order to initiate a Phase II investigation by the ACM. ", "The ACM has 13 weeks to take a decision on such a request (Article 44(1) Dutch Competition Act).", "\n\nDuring the Phase II investigation, the ACM performs a more thorough economic analysis of the concentration and its effects on the market. ", "The ACM normally issues a statement of objections if it intends to prohibit the concentration. ", "The parties are given an opportunity to respond to such objections and may propose remedies to address the ACM’s competition concerns.", "\n\nAlso in Phase II, the waiting period may be suspended by information requests from the ACM. ", "Such suspension is not automatic (in contrast to Phase I) and the ACM must set a deadline for the parties to comply with its information requests (Article 4:5(1)(c) General Administrative Law Act). ", "These decision-making deadlines may also be extended by the ACM, according to Article 4:14 of the General Administrative Law Act.", "\n\nUnproblematic cases (without overlap in activities or low combined market share) are mostly cleared in Phase I within four weeks. ", "More complicated cases can take substantially longer. ", "This differs greatly from case to case.", "\n\n3.9 Pre-notification Discussions with Authorities\n\nThe parties involved may request to enter into pre-notification discussions with the ACM. ", "Usually the ACM will require a draft notification form for such discussions. ", "Pre-notification discussions with the ACM are confidential.", "\n\nIt is not common to contact the ACM for pre-notification discussions in relatively uncomplicated cases. ", "Such cases are usually notified without prior contact.", "\n\n3.10 Requests for Information During Review Process\n\nIt is not common for the ACM to request information from the parties in Phase I if there is no overlap of activities. ", "If there is, the ACM regularly sends formal information requests to the parties. ", "Such formal requests suspend the waiting period of four weeks until all the questions have been fully answered. ", "The ACM may also informally request further information, which means the delay of four weeks is not suspended.", "\n\nIn Phase II, the waiting period may also be suspended by information requests from the ACM. ", "Such suspension is (in contrast to Phase I) not automatic and the ACM must set a deadline for the parties to comply with its information request (Article 4:5(1)(c) General Act on Administrative Law).", "\n\n3.11 Accelerated Procedure\n\nThere are no official short-form, fast-track or other types of accelerated procedures available for review. ", "However, the ACM generally accepts that no market information needs to be submitted if the parties can demonstrate that there are no horizontal or vertical overlaps between their activities under any possible market definition. ", "Furthermore, the ACM usually adopts a short-form decision in cases where there are no major competition concerns. ", "The majority of cases are cleared through such short-form decisions.", "\n\nThe ACM may be willing to accelerate its review in uncomplicated cases if the parties can demonstrate that there is a clear need for a shorter procedure (eg, due to financial difficulties of the target).", "\n\n4. ", "Substance of the Review\n\n4.1 Substantive Test\n\nThe ACM may refer a concentration to Phase II if it has reason to assume that the concentration may appreciably impede effective competition in (a part of) the Dutch market, in particular, as a result of the creation or strengthening of a dominant position. ", "The ACM will issue a clearance decision in Phase I if such reasons are absent.", "\n\nA permit shall be refused in Phase II if, as a result of the concentration, effective competition in (a part of) the Dutch market would be appreciably impeded, in particular, as a result of the creation or strengthening of a dominant position. ", "The ACM will issue a permit if this is not the case.", "\n\n4.2 Markets Affected by a Transaction\n\nThe ACM takes both horizontally and vertically affected markets into consideration. ", "A market is horizontally affected if the economic activities of the parties overlap. ", "A market is vertically affected if a party is active in a product market that is upstream or downstream from a product market in which any other party to the concentration is engaged. ", "In determining the relevant market, the ACM will first define the product market and subsequently the geographic market:\n\na relevant product market comprises all those products and/or services which are regarded as interchangeable or substitutable by the consumer by reason of the products’ characteristics, their price and their intended use; and\n\na relevant geographic market comprises the area in which the firms concerned are involved in the supply of products or services and in which the conditions of competition are sufficiently homogeneous.", "\n\nDutch competition law does not provide for a de minimis level below which competitive concerns are deemed unlikely. ", "However, only in exceptional cases will concentrations with combined market shares below 30% in horizontal relationships and market shares below 30% at each level of the distribution chain give rise to closer scrutiny.", "\n\n4.3 Case Law from Other Jurisdictions\n\nIn general, the ACM will rely on precedents (and, in particular, market definitions) of the European Commission, but is under no obligation to do so.", "\n\n4.4 Competition Concerns\n\nThe ACM may investigate unilateral, conglomerate, portfolio and vertical effects, and the elimination of (potential) competition, in its assessment of whether the concentration appreciably impedes effective competition in (a part of) the Dutch market. ", "In general, it will do so in accordance with the European Commission’s Guidelines on horizontal (OJ 2004/C 31/5) and non-horizontal mergers (OJ 2008/C 265/6).", "\n\n4.5 Economic Efficiencies\n\nThe ACM usually applies the European Commission’s Guidelines on horizontal mergers (OJ 2004/C 31/5) and as a consequence, the ACM may also take efficiencies into consideration since these can increase competitiveness within a market (paragraphs 76-88 of the Guidelines). ", "However, the Guidelines require that efficiencies must be:\n\nto the benefit of consumers;\n\na direct consequence of the envisaged concentration (they cannot be achieved by less anti-competitive alternatives); and\n\nverifiable.", "\n\nThere are no recent precedents because the ACM has accepted an efficiency defence on only one occasion in 2009, and then only in combination with a remedy (decision of 25 March 2009, Ziekenhuis Walcheren/Oosterscheldeziekenhuizen, case 6424).", "\n\n4.6 Non-competition Issues\n\nThe ACM is not allowed to take non-competition aspects into account as part of its review process. ", "However, if the ACM refuses to grant a permit, the parties may ask the minister of economic affairs to grant a permit in a Phase III review. ", "In such a review, the minister will assess whether any important reasons of public interest outweigh the expected impediment to competition.", "\n\nThe Phase III proceeding is laid down in Article 47 of the Competition Act.", "\n\n4.7 Special Consideration for Joint Ventures\n\nThe substantive test described above also applies in relation to the creation of a full-function joint venture. ", "No special consideration is given to joint ventures with regard to the substantive test applied.", "\n\nIn applying the substantive test to joint ventures, the ACM will also take into account whether or not the concentration may lead to a co-ordination of market conduct between the parent companies of the joint venture.", "\n\n5. ", "Decision: Prohibitions and Remedies\n\n5.1 Authorities’ Ability to Prohibit or Interfere with Transactions\n\nThe ACM may prohibit a concentration under its jurisdiction after a Phase II investigation.", "\n\nThe ACM will issue a decision declaring that a permit is required for the concentration if it has reason to assume that the concentration could lead to a significant impediment of competition in (a part of) the Dutch market. ", "The parties are not (yet) allowed to implement the concentration should this be the case. ", "However, the ACM may also attach conditions and obligations to a decision declaring that no permit is required in relation to the concentration.", "\n\nThe ACM will grant a permit in Phase II if it concludes that the concentration does not lead to a significant impediment of competition in (a part of) the Dutch market. ", "The ACM may attach conditions and obligations to its permit. ", "If it reaches the opposite conclusion, the ACM will refuse the permit. ", "In such cases, the concentration will be prohibited.", "\n\n5.2 Parties’ Ability to Negotiate Remedies\n\nIt is possible for the parties to offer remedies in Phase I and Phase II.", "\n\n5.3 Legal Standard\n\nThe Competition Act does not provide for a specific legal standard that remedies must meet in order to be deemed acceptable. ", "The remedies should, of course, address the theory of harm.", "\n\nIn 2007 the ACM issued its 'Remedies Guidelines' (Richtsnoeren Remedies), which are closely modelled on the European Commission’s Notice on Remedies (OJ 2008/C 267/1). ", "These guidelines address both the procedural and substantive aspects of remedies.", "\n\n5.4 Typical Remedies\n\nThe ACM makes a distinction between structural and behavioural remedies. ", "A structural remedy, such as the divestment of a business unit, causes a structural change to the market. ", "Pursuant to a behavioural remedy, the merged entity will be obliged to behave, or be prohibited from behaving, in a certain manner prescribed by the remedy (eg, granting third parties access to certain infrastructures under FRAND conditions, keeping its prices below a certain level etc). ", "The ACM generally prefers structural over behavioural remedies.", "\n\nThe ACM may not take non-competition aspects into consideration as part of its review process and, as such, remedies are not required to address non-competition issues.", "\n\n5.5 Negotiating Remedies with Authorities\n\nThe parties may themselves propose remedies at any stage of the proceedings. ", "Remedies are often proposed after the ACM has informed the parties of its competition concerns. ", "In Phase II proceedings, this usually takes the form of a formal statement of objections (punten van overweging). ", "Remedies may also be discussed with the ACM as early as in pre-notification discussions.", "\n\nThe ACM may not propose remedies on its own motion. ", "The initiative of proposing remedies must come from the undertakings.", "\n\nGenerally a ‘state of play’ meeting is held with the ACM after it has informed the parties of its competition concerns. ", "In Phase I, the parties may also request a suspension of the waiting period once, in order to prepare remedies. ", "Remedies must be submitted in writing at least one week before the expiration of the waiting period in Phase I. In Phase II, remedies must be submitted at least three weeks before the expiration of the waiting period. ", "The ACM will subsequently market-test the remedies proposed by the parties.", "\n\n5.6 Conditions and Timing for Divestitures\n\nIn the case of divestitures, there is a difference between fix-it-first remedies (the concentration may only be implemented following divestiture) and remedies by which the parties are obliged to divest the activities concerned within a given timeframe. ", "In this latter instance, the parties may already implement the main concentration following clearance, if the activities to be divested are placed under the supervision of a trustee approved by the ACM. ", "If the activities are not divested within this timeframe, the trustee will organise an auction at which these activities will be sold at no minimum price.", "\n\nApproval of the purchaser of the divestiture package by the ACM is a condition that is attached to all divestiture remedies. ", "The ACM will reject a purchaser if the identity of the proposed purchaser raises prima facie competition concerns, or where the ACM believes that the proposed purchaser does not have the resources to maintain the divestiture package as a serious competitor to the merged entity. ", "In some cases, the ACM may demand a fix-it-first remedy. ", "In particular, the ACM will require a fix-it-first remedy if it has doubts as to whether a suitable purchaser can be found for the remedy package.", "\n\nIf remedies are not fully complied with, the ACM may impose a fine of up to EUR900,000 or 10% of an undertaking’s group turnover, whichever is higher.", "\n\n5.7 Issuance of Decisions\n\nA formal decision (permitting or prohibiting the notified transaction) is always issued to the parties involved.", "\n\nThe ACM publishes public versions of all its merger decisions. ", "Business secrets are omitted from these public versions. ", "The ACM also usually issues one-page short-form decisions in unproblematic Phase I transactions that are highly unlikely to contain any business secrets.", "\n\n5.8 Prohibitions and Remedies for Foreign-to-foreign Transactions\n\nThere are no recent examples of foreign-to-foreign transactions in which remedies were required.", "\n\n6. ", "Ancillary Restraints and Related Transactions\n\n6.1 Clearance Decisions and Separate Notifications\n\nA clearance decision will only cover ancillary restraints if this is expressly requested by the parties involved. ", "No separate notification is required, or possible, in relation to ancillary restraints.", "\n\n7. ", "Third-party Rights, Confidentiality and Cross-border Co-operation\n\n7.1 Third-party Rights\n\nInterested third parties (belanghebbenden) that are directly concerned by the proposed concentration have the right to submit observations to the ACM during the review process. ", "The ACM may also contact third parties (eg, customers, competitors, suppliers and trade associations) in the context of its market investigation.", "\n\nIn addition to the right to submit observations, interested third parties have the same rights of appeal as the undertakings concerned. ", "In Phase II cases, interested third parties are also granted access to the ACM’s case file.", "\n\n7.2 Contacting Third Parties\n\nThe ACM may contact interested third parties (eg, customers, competitors, suppliers and experts) out of its own motion, for example, during its market investigation or when market-testing proposed remedies. ", "It is unlikely that the ACM will contact third parties in unproblematic transactions (in particular, in cases without overlap of activities between the parties or where the parties have a very low combined market share).", "\n\nThe ACM usually approaches third parties by telephone, written questionnaire, and/or by e-mail.", "\n\n7.3 Confidentiality\n\nPre-notification discussions with the ACM are confidential and the ACM does not publish any information regarding such discussions. ", "The receipt of a notification and the receipt of a request for a permit (together with a short description of the undertakings concerned and a description of the proposed transaction) is announced by the ACM in the state journal and on its website.", "\n\nThe ACM will ensure that (genuine) business secrets are kept confidential.", "\n\n7.4 Co-operation with Other Jurisdictions\n\nThe ACM is a member of the European Competition Network (ECN) and the International Competition Network (ICN). ", "It co-operates with other competition authorities with respect to general policy matters as well as in the context of specific transactions. ", "The ACM is not obliged by law to ask for permission from the parties concerned to share information with other jurisdictions, but in its 'Best practices on merger control rules' (Spelregels bij concentratiezaken), the ACM observes that it will normally liaise with the parties about the exchange of information.", "\n\n8. ", "Appeals and Judicial Review\n\n8.1 Access to Appeal and Judicial Review\n\nBoth in Phases I and II the parties have the right of appeal in relation to the ACM’s decisions. ", "Appeals must be lodged with the administrative law section of the District Court of Rotterdam (Rechtbank Rotterdam – Sector Bestuursrecht), with the possibility of a further appeal for the parties and the ACM to the Trade and Industry Appeals Court (College van Beroep voor het Bedrijfsleven) in The Hague.", "\n\n8.2 Typical Timeline for Appeals\n\nAn appeal must be lodged within six weeks of the ACM's decision. ", "It is possible to submit the reasoning for the appeal at a later stage. ", "The competent court will, in such cases, set a time limit within which grounds for the appeal must be submitted.", "\n\nAn example of a successful appeal against one of the ACM’s merger control decisions was the annulment in 2016 by the Trade and Industry Appeals Court of a decision made bythe ACM in which it prohibited a concentration in the biscuit industry (ECLI:NL:CBB:2016:23).", "\n\n8.3 Ability of Third Parties to Appeal Clearance Decisions\n\nThird parties have the same right of appeal as the undertakings concerned if they qualify as interested parties (belanghebbenden) under Dutch law. ", "To date, however, there have been no successful appeals in which third parties have challenged an ACM clearance decision.", "\n\n9. ", "Recent Developments\n\n9.1 Recent Changes or Impending Legislation\n\nAs indicated in 1.2 Legislation Relating to Particular Sectors, certain concentrations in the healthcare sector also require the prior approval of the Dutch Healthcare Authority. ", "There is a bill pending pursuant to which, the ACM will become the competent authority in relation to this procedure as well.", "\n\n9.2 Recent Enforcement Record\n\nAlthough the ACM has imposed fines in the past for infringements of the standstill obligation, we are unaware of any decisions in this regard since 2013.", "\n\nIn recent years, the ACM has prohibited a concentration between hospitals (2015, Stichting Albert Schweitzer Ziekenhuis/Rivas Zorggroep, case 14.0982.24) and a concentration in the biscuit industry (2012, Bolletje/Continental Bakeries, case 7321). ", "The latter prohibition decision was, however, later annulled in court (ECLI:NL:CBB:2016:23).", "\n\nThe ACM has imposed remedies in a substantial number of cases, for example in 2016 in Brocacef/Mediq (case 15.0849.24).", "\n\nThe ACM has no (known) enforcement record for imposing fines or remedies in relation to foreign-to-foreign transactions or for prohibiting foreign-to-foreign transactions. ", "It must, however, be observed that it has the power to do all of the foregoing in relevant cases that come under its jurisdiction.", "\n\n9.3 Current Competition Concerns\n\nIn the past, the ACM was criticised by politicians for being too permissive in allowing concentrations between healthcare providers. ", "In December 2017, the ACM produced a research paper which indicated that many hospitals that had merged in the past few years had raised their prices. ", "The ACM therefore announced that it would be stricter on future mergers in the hospital sector and published a paper in which it outlined how it would assess concentrations between hospitals (Werkwijze analyse productmarkten in de MSZ). ", "The ACM now scrutinises all cases in this sector very closely, even if these do not raise serious competition issues at first sight.", "\n\nThe notification of concentrations in the healthcare sector can be very time-consuming for this reason. ", "This critical approach towards healthcare mergers is evidenced by the fact that the only two decisions in Phase II merger applications that the ACM adopted in 2017 related to the healthcare sector. ", "In 2018, a concentration between healthcare providers was also referred to and cleared in Phase II. ", "These cases were as follows:\n\nin Parnassia/Antes, the ACM granted a permit because the parties offered a divestment remedy in relation to their capacity for ambulant specialised mental healthcare and forensic mental healthcare (decision of 12 June 2017, case 15.1259.24);\n\nin AMC/VUmc, a merger between Amsterdam’s two teaching hospitals, the concentration was eventually unconditionally cleared in Phase II. ", "Based on more reliable data, the ACM concluded that the combined market share of the parties was significantly lower than initially expected in Phase I. In addition, the ACM stated that regular non-teaching hospitals are equal competitors of the parties for most types of treatments (decision of 5 September 2017, case 17.0166.24); and\n\nin Bergman Clinics/NL Healthcare Clinics, the ACM unconditionally cleared a merger between two independent healthcare treatment centres in a Phase II decision, because the activities of the parties only overlap in a couple of geographical regions in which patients will continue to have sufficient choice after the merger (decision of 17 December 2018, case 18.0337.27).", "\n\nLoyens & Loeff\n\nLaw and Practice\n\nAuthors\n\nLoyens & Loeff\nis a legal and tax partner to its clients in its home markets of the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and Switzerland. ", "Its 900 advisers are based at the firm's offices in Benelux and Switzerland, as well as in key financial centres around the world. ", "A full-service practice with specific sector experience and a thorough understanding of the market, its advisers offer clients informed and tailored solutions. ", "The Loyens & Loeff EU competition team consists of approximately 30 specialised lawyers (partners, counsels and associates) who combine pragmatic advice with in-depth knowledge of the sectors of competition law in which they are active, while taking into account their clients’ business objectives. 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[ "## DESCRIPTION\n## Complex Numbers and Polar Form\n## ENDDESCRIPTION\n\n## Tagged by nhamblet\n\n## DBsubject(Complex analysis)\n## DBchapter(Arithmetic)\n## DBsection(Conversion to/from polar form)\n## Date(6/3/2002)\n## MLT(topolar)\n## Level(3)\n## TitleText1('College Algebra')\n## AuthorText1('Stewart, Redlin, Watson')\n## EditionText1('3')\n## Section1('3.4')\n## Problem1('47')\n## KEYWORDS('Complex', 'Polar','algebra', 'complex number')\n\nDOCUMENT(); # This should be the first executable line in the problem.", "\n\nloadMacros(\n \"PGstandard.pl\",\n \"PGchoicemacros.pl\",\n \"PGcomplexmacros.pl\",\n \"PGcourse.pl\"\n);\n\nTEXT(beginproblem());\n$showPartialCorrectAnswers = 1;\n\n$a = new Complex( 0, $PI );\n$b = new Complex( -2*sqrt($one = random(2, 3, 1 )), -($two = non_zero_random( 1, 5, 1 )) );\n$c = (new Complex( 1, -1 ) ) * ( new Complex( -sqrt($three=random(2,3,1)), 1 ) );\n$d = (new Complex( sqrt($four=random(2,3,1)), ($five = random (-5, -1, 1 )) ) )**2;\n$e = ( new Complex( ($six = random(-5, -1, 1 )), sqrt($seven = random(2,3, 1))))/( new Complex(\n($eight = random(1, 5, 1)), ($nine = random( 1, 5, 1 ) )));\n$f = -sqrt(7) * ( new Complex( 1, 1 ))/( new Complex( sqrt($ten = random( 2, 3, 1)), 1 ) );\n\n\nBEGIN_TEXT\n\nWrite the following numbers in the polar form \\(re^{i \\theta} \\), \\(-\\pi < \\theta \\le \\pi\\): $BR\n(a) \\( \\pi i\\) $BR \n\\( r = \\) \\{ans_rule(15)\\}, \\( \\theta = \\) \\{ans_rule(15)\\}, $BR \n(b) \\( -2\\sqrt{$one}\\ -\\ $two i \\) $BR \n\\( r = \\) \\{ans_rule(15)\\}, \\( \\theta = \\) \\{ans_rule(15)\\}, $BR \n(c) \\( ( 1\\ -\\ i)( - \\sqrt{$three}\\ +\\ i)\\) $BR \n\\( r = \\) \\{ans_rule(15)\\}, \\( \\theta = \\) \\{ans_rule(15)\\}, $BR \n(d) \\((\\sqrt{$four}\\ $five i)^2\\) $BR \n\\( r = \\) \\{ans_rule(15)\\}, \\( \\theta = \\) \\{ans_rule(15)\\}, $BR \n(e) \\( \\displaystyle \\frac{$six\\ +\\ \\sqrt{$seven}i}{$eight\\ +\\ $nine i}\\) $BR \n\\( r = \\) \\{ans_rule(15)\\}, \\( \\theta = \\) \\{ans_rule(15)\\}, $BR \n(f) \\( \\displaystyle \\frac{-\\sqrt{7}(1\\ +\\ i)}{\\sqrt{$ten}\\ +\\ i}\\) $BR \n\\( r = \\) \\{ans_rule(15)\\}, \\( \\theta = \\) \\{ans_rule(15)\\}, $BR \n\n$PAR $BR\nEND_TEXT\t\n\n\nANS(num_cmp( $a -> rho ));\nANS(num_cmp( $a -> theta));\nANS(num_cmp( $b -> rho ));\nANS(num_cmp( $b -> theta));\nANS(num_cmp( $c -> rho ));\nANS(num_cmp( $c -> theta));\nANS(num_cmp( $d -> rho ));\nANS(num_cmp( $d -> theta));\nANS(num_cmp( $e -> rho ));\nANS(num_cmp( $e -> theta));\nANS(num_cmp( $f -> rho ));\nANS(num_cmp( $f -> theta));\n\n\n\nENDDOCUMENT(); # This should be the last executable line in the problem.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Taylor Swift has not given up on the full-length album as an indicator of success as well as art form, and judging from pre-release sales for “Lover,” which comes out Friday, her belief in the ongoing viability of the format is not in vain.", "\n\n“The anticipation of this album is extraordinary, with pre-sales quickly approaching one million copies globally,” Monte Lipman, founder and chairman of Republic Records, tells Variety.", "\n\nSwift’s previous album, 2017’s “Reputation,” was the last album to sell a million copies in the U.S. in its opening week, and all eyes are on “Lover” — her first release since signing with Republic — to reveal whether that’s still an attainable goal this late into the streaming era. ", "The international pre-release tally suggests that it might well be.", "\n\n“Reputation,” her final Big Machine release, has sold more than 2.2 million copies in America since it came out 21 months ago. ", "The album before it, the five-year-old “1989,” stands at 6.2 million in U.S. sales.", "\n\nWhile downward trends for album sales in general make Swift’s first-week tallies hard to predict, the singer has only been trending upward as a touring artist. ", "Her Reputation Stadium Tour broke the record for an American tour gross with $266 million in receipts.", "\n\nSwift has released four new songs in the run-up to “Lover” — “Me!,” “", "You Need to Calm Down,” “The Archer” and the title track. ", "She’s set to make a number of appearances this week including a performance on “Good Morning America” and a YouTube livestream. ", "She’s also set to perform on the MTV VMAs on Aug. 26." ]

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[ "Groups supporting Common Core out of their element\n\nIn the movie \"Network\" Peter Finch said a line that has now become immortal: \"I'm as mad as hell, and I'm not going to take this anymore.\"", "\n\nFrankly, that's me, right now - and here's why.", "\n\nThe Greater Lafayette Chamber of Commerce recently listed its priorities for the legislative session, and among them is its support for Common Core.", "\n\nIf I were to write a manual telling doctors how to operate, people would laugh and doctors would rightfully ignore me. ", "I have not attended medical school, nor received the training a doctor needs.", "\n\nYet, organization after organization with little or no educational background think they are experts on education. ", "The Council for a Better Louisiana, Stand for Children Louisiana and the Louisiana Association for Business and Industry, just to name a few, have all published their support for Common Core.", "\n\nApparently, merely having attended school or college - or simply having a child - affords everyone a seat at the table to determine the future of education. ", "Worse, everyone listens to these organizations and not the teachers.", "\n\nI am a highly-qualified teacher with two bachelor's degrees and a masters in history. ", "I was chosen the Outstanding Sophomore, Junior, and Senior in UL's College of Education, not to mention the Outstanding Graduate of its 1992 Spring Commencement. ", "I have experience writing curricula and have taught Algebra I and II for 23 years, as well as numerous history and English classes. ", "I am an expert on education - not these various groups.", "\n\nI have a right to explore the qualifications and biases of every organization that supports Common Core. ", "Have they received money from Bill Gates or any of his organizations? ", "Have they teachers who have implemented the Engage New York curricula that was designed to match Common Core? ", "Have they actually read the poorly-written modules we teachers have received or taken one of their confusing tests? ", "Are they experts in the cognitive abilities of young children and adolescents? ", "I suspect the answers to these questions are a resounding \"no.\"", "\n\nAnd I have upsetting news for these organizations who don't even bother to explore what is in Common Core: The people who wrote it weren't experts, either. ", "The 27 authors were mostly test-makers, and none were teachers. ", "Why should I give their handiwork any credibility, when they lack the credentials to even be classroom teachers?", "\n\nSo, should any additional organization wish to herald the need for Common Core, I have these words of advice: Unless they are qualified to speak on the subject, it would be best if they were to stick to their own areas of expertise.", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nEmail this article\n\nGroups supporting Common Core out of their element\n\nIn the movie 'Network' Peter Finch said a line that has now become immortal: 'I'm as mad as hell, and I'm not going to take this anymore.'" ]

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[ "...le renforcement de la lutte contre d'expoloitation de la prostitution\n\nLes honorables s’apprêtent à voter une loi renforçant la lutte contre l’exploitation de la prostitution. ", "C’est avec ahurissement que je prends connaissance de l’article 2 du projet de loi – non pas que je sois d’une quelconque manière favorable au proxénétisme, qui est une forme abjecte de la traite des êtres humains – mais parce que le projet se propose, en amalgamant prostitution, proxénétisme et débauche, d’annihiler l’un des droits les plus fondamentaux de l’homme, à savoir de vivre sa sexualité comme bon lui semble, fût-ce dans la plus parfaite débauche .", "\n\n¨\n\nD’abord, un mot sur la traite des êtres humains.", "\n\nEn matière de traite, nous sommes dans un domaine à géométrie variable.", "\n\nIl y a traite et traite.", "\n\nIl y a des traites qui n’intéressent que très marginalement le Pouvoir. ", "Il en est ainsi de la mendicité en bande organisée réprimée par une loi de 2014, mais dont on n’a pas cure.", "\n\nCette traite qui se déploie sous nos yeux jour après jour, se fait de plus en plus arrogante et révoltante (crachats au visage de ceux qui refusent l’aumône, coup de poing dans le dos, insultes telles que « putain », « salope »), car elle sait qu’on la tolère et qu’on condamne ceux qui la condamnent.", "\n\nC’est le cynisme d’un Pouvoir, infecté d’une hypocrisie répugnante.", "\n\n¨\n\nMais revenons à notre projet.", "\n\nL’article 2 propose une modification de l’article 11 du Code de Procédure Pénale, en ce sens que « sur autorisation du Procureur d’Etat, la police peut entrer en tout temps dans les lieux pour lesquels il existe des indices certains, précis et concordants, faisant présumer que des actes de proxénétisme, débauche ou prostitution sont commis ».", "\n\nEt c’est dans le choix du mot « débauche » que le bât blesse.", "\n\nLa débauche n’a rien à voir ni avec la prostitution, ni avec le proxénétisme.", "\n\nIl faut être analphabète pour les confondre.", "\n\nLa débauche se définit comme l’abus des plaisirs de la chair – le débordement, le dérèglement, le désordre, l’inconduite, l’intempérance et tout ce qui peut accompagner ces plaisirs sains et inaltérables fait partie de ce que la Cour Européenne des Droits de l’Homme appelle le domaine d’autonomie personnelle .", "\n\nA ce domaine il est tout simplement crétin de vouloir toucher, dussent tous ces plaisirs pris ensemble souiller, pour paraphraser Courteline, de fange les moralisateurs frustrés, jaloux et impotents.", "\n\nLa Lust est la suprême Loi et le Vice qui la porte la Vertu première et personne n’a le droit de s’en mêler.", "\n\n¨\n\nL’article 8, alinéa 1er, de la Convention Européenne des Droits de l’Homme proclame le droit de chacun au respect de sa vie privée, y compris dans l’exercice de ses pratiques sexuelles.", "\n\nUn arrêt retentissant rendu par la Cour de Strasbourg le 17 février 2005 fait application de l’article 8. ", "On y lit :\n\n« Le droit d’entretenir des relations sexuelles découle du droit de disposer de son corps, partie intégrante de la notion d’autonomie personnelle ». ", "La Cour ajoute que « la faculté pour chacun de mener sa vie comme il l’entend peut également inclure la possibilité de s’adonner à des activités perçues comme étant d’une nature physiquement ou moralement dommageable ou dangereuse pour sa personne. ", "En d’autres termes, la notion d’autonomie personnelle peut s’entendre au sens du droit d’opérer des choix concernant son propre corps ». ", "Elle en déduit « que le droit pénal ne peut en principe intervenir dans le domaine des pratiques sexuelles consenties qui relèvent du libre arbitre des individus » (CEDH, 1pre, 17 février 2005).", "\n\n¨\n\nIl est au plus haut point inquiétant de constater que des têtes d’un autre âge, véritables albinos de concept, pondent des textes qui, s’ils étaient votés, porteraient une atteinte gravissime à l’une des libertés intangibles de l’homme, à savoir vivre en toute liberté sa vie dans les plaisirs de la chair – voire dans les excès de ces plaisirs.", "\n\nUn tel texte constituerait le pays sur une échelle planétaire en idiot du village.", "\n\nImaginez un instant ce que cela donnerait.", "\n\nUn quidam crétin signale au Procureur d’Etat que, dans une maison donnée, on se livrerait (s’entend entre parties consentantes et sans le moindre soupçon de prostitution) à des actes de débauche.", "\n\nEn pleine nuit, les sbires se pointeraient à la porte d’entrée, forceraient la serrure (comme à la sinistre époque où l’adultère était encore punissable), feraient irruption dans l’alcôve où ils n’ont rien à foutre et séviraient comme ils ont l’habitude de le faire lors des perquisitions judiciaires.", "\n\nHeureusement que notre pays ait son Conseil d’Etat.", "\n\nLà au moins, on peut encore compter sur des esprits ouverts, frais, lucides, sans compromis pour les violations des droits élémentaires.", "\n\nLes conseilleurs, paraît-il, ont balayé le mot de débauche du projet.", "\n\nCe n’est d’ailleurs pas la première fois que la Haute Corporation a dû rappeler à l’ordre les honorables qui, dans la confusion qui est la leur, avaient, lors de l’affaire du siècle, caressé l’idée délétère de rendre rétroactive une loi pénale.", "\n\nIl est vrai que ce n’est qu’un avis qui donc ne lie pas les honorables.", "\n\nObservons soigneusement ce qui va se passer lors du vote du projet sur le renforcement de la répression de l’exploitation de la prostitution.", "\n\nOn clouera au pilori le nom de tous ceux qui sont passés outre, préférant l’amalgame au droit de l’Homme.", "\n\nLe 8 janvier 2018.", "\n\nGaston VOGEL" ]

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[ "Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg thinks people are overly focusing on the “negative” aspects of Facebook’s impact on the world.", "\n\nIn a post marking Facebook’s 15th birthday, the 34-year-old billionaire published a post defending the influence of the internet – and, by extension, Facebook.", "\n\nFacebook has been beset by constant scandals over the last two years, from its role in the spread of hate speech that fuelled genocide in Myanmar to its mishandling of user data.", "\n\nBut Zuckerberg seems to shrug this off, criticising the notion that people think Facebook “is mostly harmful to society and democracy.”", "\n\nMark Zuckerberg is on the offensive.", "\n\nIn a post marking Facebook’s 15th birthday on Monday, the billionaire tech CEO said people “overly emphasise the negative” consequences of the internet and criticised the idea that it – and by extension Facebook – “is mostly harmful to society and democracy.”", "\n\nThe 1,000-word post strikes a defiant tone, defending the impact of the internet as a tool for openness and accountability, and optimistically predicts that “the next 15 years will be about people using their power to remake society in ways that have the potential to be profoundly positive for decades to come.”", "\n\nAnd it comes after a bruising two years for Facebook, which has been beset by scandals – including mishandling user data, allowing Russian operatives to disseminate propaganda, hacks affecting tens of millions of users, and the social networks’ role in the spread of hate speech that fuelled genocide in Myanmar.", "\n\nThe social network, which has 2.32 billion users, continues to face intense scrutiny, including its alleged monopoly power, its enabling of right-wing populism, and its role in spreading politically inflammatory disinformation around the world.", "\n\nZuckerberg framed the intense criticism Facebook has faced as a result as part of a broader societal soul searching over the internet: “For the last couple of years, most of the discussion has been about new social and ethical issues that these networks raise – whether that’s governing content to balance free expression and safety, the principles for protecting privacy in a world where people share so much information, how to improve health and well-being when we’re always connected, and ensuring the integrity of our elections and democratic process.”", "\n\nAnd Zuckerberg appeared to try and minimise the criticisms many have had about Facebook’s impact on society, suggesting that critics are just focusing on the negatives and struggling to adapt to change.", "\n\n“As networks of people replace traditional hierarchies and reshape many institutions in our society – from government to business to media to communities and more – there is a tendency of some people to lament this change, to overly emphasise the negative, and in some cases to go so far as saying the shift to empowering people in the ways the internet and these networks do is mostly harmful to society and democracy,” he wrote.", "\n\nHe adds: “To the contrary, while any rapid social change creates uncertainty, I believe what we’re seeing is people having more power, and a long term trend reshaping society to be more open and accountable over time. ", "We’re still in the early stages of this transformation and in many ways it is just getting started.”", "\n\nDespite Zuckerberg’s advocacy of “accountability,” Facebook is remarkably unaccountable by corporate standards. ", "Zuckerberg has majority voting power and is chair of the company board, meaning ultimate authority over the social network ultimately rests with him alone.", "\n\nSome have been highly critical of Zuckerberg’s message. ", "Anand Giridharadas, an author and columnist, called his argument “madness.”", "\n\n“Mark Zuckerberg, his company credibly accused of compromising multiple democratic elections and abetting ethnic violence, dismisses criticism as people emphasising the negative,” he tweeted.", "\n\nAnd Alex Hern of The Guardian said the CEO was deliberately conflating Facebook and the broader internet. “", "A big theme in Mark Zuckerberg’s public messaging is pretending ‘Facebook’ and ‘the internet’ are one and the same, and attacking critics of the former by issuing defences of the latter. ", "He’s done it again today,” he tweeted.", "\n\n“But if you think, say, pushing all interpersonal communication through a curated newsfeed designed to reward sensationalism is ‘mostly harmful to society’… that’s not really a criticism of “the internet”. ", "It’s a criticism of *Facebook*,” he added.", "\n\nDo you work at Facebook? ", "Got a tip?Contact this reporter via Signal or WhatsApp at +1 (650) 636-6268 using a non-work phone, email at [email protected], Telegram or WeChat at robaeprice, or Twitter DM at @robaeprice. (", "PR pitches by email only, please.) ", "You can also contact Business Insider securely via SecureDrop.", "\n\nBusiness Insider Emails & Alerts Site highlights each day to your inbox. ", "Email Address Join\n\nFollow Business Insider Australia on Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and Instagram." ]

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[ "\n893 N.E.2d 1183 (2008)\nAYANGADE\nv.\nAYANGADE.", "\nNo. ", "49A02-0710-CV-906.", "\nCourt of Appeals of Indiana.", "\nSeptember 16, 2008.", "\nROBB, J.\nDisposition of case by unpublished memorandum decision. ", "Affirmed.", "\nBAKER, C.J. Concurs.", "\nRILEY, J. Concurs.", "\n" ]

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[ "Children should be encouraged to read books other than school textbooks for all-round development\n\nIn 2017, World Bank released a report and warned the world of a global 'learning crisis'. ", "The report focused on how children in low and middle-income countries were at a disadvantage in terms of opportunities and wages in later life because their primary and secondary schools were not educating them to succeed in life. ", "The report highlighted how a middle school student faced difficulty in reading texts which included sentences in the local language.", "\n\nThe report had also suggested that one of the prime reasons for the learning crisis is the widespread socio-economic divide as well as teacher's ineptitude in teaching.", "\n\nWorld Bank, in the same report, went on to suggest certain changes which could be brought about in the education system to address the 'learning crisis'. ", "These suggested changes included a well-designed student assessment to measure the health of the education system, setting priorities for their own practice and innovation in education, and modifying the system in order to support learning.", "\n\nCommunity Action To Support Learning Among School Children\n\nCommunity outreach is as important in solving the learning crisis as is administrative effort Community outreach is as important in solving the learning crisis as is administrative effort\n\nDavid Evans, who is a Lead Economist in the Chief Economist's Office for the Africa Region of the World Bank, in an article, emphasized that to improve functional literacy among school children, community action is as important as improving teacher's training.", "\n\nWhat does he mean by community action? ", "Community action can mean something as simple as creating 'reading awareness'. ", "In Rwanda, a local NGO conducted community based reading awareness program which included running reading clubs, organizing reading festivals etc. ", "Through a donor program age-appropriate books were sourced for the children. ", "The program improved reading skills of children considerably.", "\n\nEncouraging children to read storybooks is one way that has been advocated by education experts time and again as a way to help children learn language and reading skills.", "\n\nSimilar such programs have been introduced in India. ", "Delhi Government launched 'Mission Buniyaad' in February 2018. ", "Under the programme which ran from April to June for class 3 to 5 in MCD schools and class 6 to 9 in government schools, children underwent a reading level assessment based on which they were enrolled in specialised classes.", "\n\nIn Ganjam District in Odisha, district officials donated books to schools, this January, to popularise library movement in the state.", "\n\nA Delhi-based NGO, Sarvahitey, is opening libraries including those aimed specifically for children across India to revive the reading culture and aide students in rural areas where reading material is not easily accessible.", "\n\nScience Backs Reading As A Way To Get Smarter\n\nReading, research says, makes children more empathetic and open to new ideas Reading, research says, makes children more empathetic and open to new ideas\n\nScience says that reading improves 'Theory of Mind'. '", "Theory of Mind' is a person's ability to understand another person's knowledge, beliefs, emotions, and intentions and using that understanding to navigate social situations. ", "It essentially attributes to empathy.", "\n\nReading, specially fiction, also supercharges brain and sharpens memory through imagination. ", "One of the most perceptible results of regular reading is improvement in vocabulary and writing skills.", "\n\nIt is imperative to promote a reading culture, globally as well as in India, to avert the learning crisis which looms large.", "\n\nClick here for more Education News" ]

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[ "Antigenic characterization of human interferon derived from amniotic membranes induced by virus.", "\nThe presence of protein(s) with interferon (IFN)-like activity in culture fluid from human amniotic membranes induced by viruses has been described by different groups. ", "However, the antigenic structure of this protein is controversial. ", "Here we report the presence of IFN activity in supernatants of human amniotic membranes induced by Sendai virus. ", "The major component responsible for this antiviral activity seems to be the classical IFN-beta. ", "However, we were able to demonstrate the presence of a protein fraction with antiviral activity that does not bind to an affinity column for IFN-beta. ", "The antiviral activity of this unbound fraction cannot be neutralized by antibodies to IFN-alpha, -beta, gamma, or by a mixture of them. ", "We called this unbound fraction IFN-AM. ", "We also report the development of a monoclonal antibody that does not neutralize the antiviral activity of IFN-alpha or IFN-beta but reduces the antiviral activity of a partially purified preparation of Sendai virus-induced amniotic membrane supernatant. ", "These observations suggest that the IFN-AM (the unbound fraction that lacks reactivity with antibodies against known IFNs) contains a unique antigenic determinant that is not present, or, if so, is not located at the functional domain of IFN-alpha, -beta, or -gamma." ]

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[ "Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on fertility of male rats.", "\nIn an attempt to study the influence of seminal prostaglandin reduction on male fertility, the effect of prolonged treatment with 4 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (acetylsalicylic acid, indomethacin, naproxen and phenylbutazone) on fertility was determined in male rats. ", "Before the fertility experiments, the pharmacokinetics of the drugs were determined to find dosage regimens by which drug concentrations known as active from human anti-inflammatory therapy could be reached and maintained in the animals. ", "Except for phenylbutazone, all drugs decreased prostaglandin E-2 level in seminal fluid by 80-90%, but only indomethacin reduced fertility significantly. ", "The results suggest that reduction of prostaglandin synthesis in male rats does not affect fertility, which might be related to the very low seminal prostaglandin levels in rats compared to those in animals of other species." ]

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[ "Beta-glucuronidase deficiency as cause of recurrent hydrops fetalis: the first early prenatal diagnosis by chorionic villus sampling.", "\nWe describe a patient with recurrent non-immune hydrops fetalis diagnosed as mucopolysaccharidosis type VII. ", "This rare autosomal recessive disorder is caused by a beta-glucuronidase deficiency. ", "Chorionic villus sampling was performed in the 11th week of the subsequent pregnancy and beta-glucuronidase deficiency in chorionic villi indicated that the fetus was affected. ", "After termination in the 12th week, signs of early hydrops fetalis were observed." ]

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[ "The only thing I have to say about this one is that the flower below the \"Godmother\" seems to be the main focus in this. ", "I'm guessing the \"Godmother\" figure was supposed to be the focus, but the colors between the flower and it, as well as the light behind the figure being in a very similar color to it's skin.", "\n\n\n\nOtherwise, this is GREAT.", "\n\nhow do you acrylic" ]

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[ "Krista & Chris’ Gorgeous Grey Wedding\n\nBride-to-be Krista came to me last fall with some pretty fabulous ideas for her save the date coasters. ", "Inspired by the couple’s love of nature and subtly beer-themed big day, she wanted to focus on stylized leafy laurels. ", "She also knew she wanted to avoid a super-swashy wedding script, opting instead for modern hand-drawn typography.", "\n\nI spent some time working on each element in my sketchbook before creating vector elements from my sketches on my computer. ", "When I started printing her coasters with sage-grey ink on my antique letterpress, I knew all that work had been worth it.", "\n\nWhen we started talking invitations at the beginning of the year, we both wanted to keep the main design elements the same. ", "I imbued a bit more formality into the invitations by switching out the script typeface from her save the dates for a calligraphy inspired font and lightening up the handwritten typography. ", "I’m absolutely in love with it—especially in white ink on her envelopes!", "\n\nJust before the big day, Krista got in touch for a few more projects, including a super creative guest book idea:\n\n“Often times at weddings we find that people write the same thing over and over again in the guest book. ", "We wanted our guest book to be fun and interactive, and the mad libs idea was the perfect fit for this! ", "Almost all of our guests filled it out, some people even filled out two. ", "The best part was that no two were the same. ", "We were able to make the guest book entertaining for people to fill out, and our guests left us some hilarious advice at the end of the mad libs as well. ", "We plan to make a book out of all the response and leave it on our coffee table to reminisce over for years to come!”" ]

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[ "Luminosity A Twilight Fanfiction Story by Alicorn Luminosity's first book is finished, as is the sequel, Radiance . ", "A series of short stories, Flashes , has also been written. ", "You can see a list of all chapters for both books and the stories here, or read the entire first book on one page here, the second book here, and the stories here. ", "Information about the story and author are here. ", "Links to other projects by Alicorn, including nonfiction about the theme of Luminosity , and to non-Alicorn projects that are worth linking to, are here. ", "This site will continue to update with fanfiction of Luminosity that is sent in to be hosted here (and you can write some too, if you want!). ", "You can keep updated via RSS. ", "Luminosity is created with no commercial intent or gain. ", "Stephenie Meyer owns all things that she owns, completely, wholly, and tautologically. ", "I intend to write fanfiction, not to be a bad evil stealing-type person who is bad and evil and stealing and a person." ]

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[ "By Tina Jepson\n\nYou spent a good chunk of change on your outdoor grill, but you’ve probably found that it tends to take a beating over time. ", "The constant grilling, exposure to the elements, and infrequent cleanings are just a few of the ways you may be prematurely aging your grill.", "\n\nview\n\nWhy care for your grill? ", "There are so many reasons why regular cleaning and maintenance are necessary. ", "For starters, it helps decrease the bacteria on your grill grates, meaning there’s less likelihood of contracting a foodborne illness.", "\n\nWith less “gunk” on your grill, you’re also exposed to fewer carcinogens and other grill-corroding chemicals.", "\n\nBut, when push comes to shove, the biggest reason why you should always maintain a clean grill is that it makes your food taste SO much better.", "\n\nLet’s break down the ins and outs of outdoor grill care and maintenance.", "\n\nWhat You’ll Need\n\nSince cleaning is a dirty job, prepare beforehand so you’re not running around with dirty grates and no cleanser!", "\n\nHere’s what you’ll need to clean both a gas grill:\n\nA solution of vinegar and water (25% vinegar and 75% water). ", "If you can’t stand the smell of vinegar, put a few drops of a yummy-smelling food-grade essential oil such as peppermint or lemon.", "\n\nDish-cleaning soap, such as Dawn\n\nSturdy rubber gloves\n\nA grill brush or a sponge with scrubber\n\nPaper towels or utility rags\n\nDeep Cleaning a Gas Grill\n\nCleaning a gas grill with vinegar is a chemical-free way to spruce up your grill safely without compromising on effectiveness! ", "Here’s how:\n\nPrep Your Working Space: When cleaning a gas grill, start by turning off the propane (make sure all those control knobs are turned to the “off” position). ", "Better yet, go ahead and remove the entire propane tank from the grill. ", "This way, the grill is easier to move and to clean.", "\n\nview\n\nRemove the Grates: Wearing gloves, carefully lift the cooking grates, any other racks (such as ones for warming), the grease tray, and grill burner covers and place them in your kitchen sink or large bucket. ", "Soak in warm water and a few drops of dish cleaning soap (most have strong degreasing properties!)", "\n\nview\n\nTake Inventory & Get Cleaning: Open the lid and the cabinet doors, and get to work. ", "I find it easier to work your way from top to bottom. ", "Start by applying a steady stream of the vinegar solution directly to the grill (work in sections). ", "Allow it to sit for a minute or so, and then, using paper towels or a rag, use a circular motion to remove any dirt and debris. ", "For stubborn areas, use a scrubber sponge or even the grill brush.", "\n\n\n\nClean Inside and Underneath: Are you wondering how to clean the inside of a gas grill? ", "Truth be told, you’ll use the same techniques as outlined above. ", "Simply spray, wait, and scrub. ", "Don’t forget to scrub and sweep the bottom cabinet (if you have one).", "\n\n\n\nFinish Up Those Grates: Your grates, grease tray, and burner covers have been soaking for about 15 minutes now. ", "Give them a good scrub, a final rinse, and then place them right back on the grill.", "\n\n\n\nWash Down the Outside: Even if you keep your grill covered, the outside can get quite dirty. ", "Wipe down the outside of the grill with a rag soaked in that vinegar solution. ", "Then, hose it off and allow the grill to dry before throwing the grill cover back on.", "\n\nview\n\nTotal Time: 20-30 minutes\n\nCost: Free (using only household materials!)", "\n\nGrill Cleaning and Maintenance FAQ\n\nMaintaining a clean grill helps cut down on the longevity and frequency of those deep cleans. ", "Here are some FAQs related to grill cleaning and maintenance that can help to prolong the life of your outdoor grill.", "\n\nHow often should I clean my grill? ", "Perform a deep clean once a month if you’re using the grill two, three, or more times per week. ", "Also, always clean it after a long period of inactivity to help ensure it’s both clean and working properly. ", "Don’t forget to clean your grill grates after each use!", "\n\nCan you hose down a gas grill? ", "Yes, you can hose down a gas grill or even use a pressure washer. ", "Just make sure the propane is turned off before you begin.", "\n\nWhat temperature kills bacteria on a grill? ", "A temperature between 400-450 degrees kills almost all food-borne bacteria. ", "Before each grilling session, preheat your grill for at least 15 minutes at this high temperature to ensure a clean, bacteria-free surface.", "\n\nCan I clean a grill without a brush? ", "Yes (and you should if you can). ", "Wires from grill brushes can get stuck in food, presenting a potentially fatal safety hazard. ", "If this worries you, rub an alternative grill-cleaning tool such as an onion sliced in half or a ball of aluminum foil across your grill grates.", "\n\nview\n\nTake 30 minutes or so every month to perform a deep clean of your grill. ", "In doing so, you’ll prolong the life of your grill, ensure a clean cooking surface, and ultimately have better-tasting food.", "\n\nMangiamo!", "\n\nImages used with permission, courtesy of Tina Jepson" ]

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[ "Heterogeneity in chloroplast photosystem II.", "\nPhotosystem-two (PSII) in the chloroplasts of higher plants and green algae is not homogeneous. ", "A review of PSII heterogeneity is presented and a model is proposed which is consistent with much of the data presented in the literature. ", "It is proposed that the non-quinone electron acceptor of PSII is preferentially associated with the sub-population of PSII known as PSIIß." ]

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[ "updated 04:50 pm EDT, Tue May 8, 2007\n\nPlanex BitTorrent router\n\nThe Japanese division of Planex has released the tall and thin MZK-04G, an ideal router for users who regularly download gigabytes of data at a time. ", "Critical to this are two features: a pair of USB ports are used to add external hard drives, and the router itself is preloaded with a BitTorrent client, enabling it to download files overnight without keeping a computer on. ", "There are four gigabit Ethernet ports, and the wireless side supports similar speeds, transmitting at up to 997Mbps. ", "The 04G is currently being sold in Japan at an \"open\" price; Planex does sell products in the United States, but the new router does not appear to have arrived yet. [", "viaAkihabara News]" ]

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[ "If this is your first visit, be sure to\ncheck out the FAQ by clicking the\nlink above. ", "You may have to register\nbefore you can post: click the register link above to proceed. ", "To start viewing messages,\nselect the forum that you want to visit from the selection below.", "\n\n10k is heavier than at700, so it's probably not good for you. ", "If you want some head heaviness, try 6k. ", "It's balance point is higher than the 8k. ", "If your budget is below that, the 4k is good. ", "If Zhou Mi can use it and get to 1st in world, you don't have to worry. ", "Personally, pick the highest number (but not the 10k) that's within your budget.", "\n\nThe Head website lists the 10k as 85g with a 288mm balance point. ", "That looks like a light and manuverable racquet to me. ", "Does that not match people's experience playing with it?", "\n\nI don't know what to compare it to statically because Yonexes don't have the BP, but from comparing it to the 8k, AT900p, and NS7000, it felt heavier. ", "Heavy enough for both me and the owner of the Yonexes to whack ourselves on the head.", "\nNot sure about the AT700, because I didn't play with it much.", "\n\nMetallix 2000\n\nHey guys,\nI found some really good priced Head Metallix 2000 rackets at sweatband.com but they come in three versions and I have no idea what the difference is. ", "They have Metallix 2k Tour Euro Grip, Metallix 2k and Metallix 2k Tour Series. ", "The prices differ from £23 to £28. ", "Anyone can help?", "\n\nHey guys,\nI found some really good priced Head Metallix 2000 rackets at sweatband.com but they come in three versions and I have no idea what the difference is. ", "They have Metallix 2k Tour Euro Grip, Metallix 2k and Metallix 2k Tour Series. ", "The prices differ from £23 to £28. ", "Anyone can help?", "\n\nThe Tour version is new and replaces the regular version. ", "It has a thinner frame at the top of the racquet for more speed. ", "Head.com doesn't list the 2000 as having a Tour version but if you look at the picture you can see that the one on their site is the same as the sweatband.com Tour (blue instead of black and white).", "\n\nI think that the Tour Euro Grip is a different grip size (maybe one that they don't sell normally?). ", "Head.com lists the 2000 as having 4 grip sizes, you'll probably have to email sweatband.com to find out what size the Euro grip is.", "\n\nThe Tour version is new and replaces the regular version. ", "It has a thinner frame at the top of the racquet for more speed. ", "Head.com doesn't list the 2000 as having a Tour version but if you look at the picture you can see that the one on their site is the same as the sweatband.com Tour (blue instead of black and white).", "\n\nI think that the Tour Euro Grip is a different grip size (maybe one that they don't sell normally?). ", "Head.com lists the 2000 as having 4 grip sizes, you'll probably have to email sweatband.com to find out what size the Euro grip is.", "\n\nI just got my hands on the racket - it's no Tour version, it just says Tour Series on the paper piece attached to the head of the racket. ", "It's a normal Metallix 2000 with a regular frame, no thinner frame at the top.", "\n\nThe Euro Grip just means a G1 grip size...don't know why they called it Euro Grip in the shop.", "\n\nAnyway the racket feels great in my hand and I just can't wait to play with it for the first time. ", "The only thing I'm worried about is the white grip - I don't believe it's gonna stay white for a long time.", "\n\nDon't worry, it won't. ", "A month has made mine a grey grip. ", "But it's still fine in terms of use. ", "I kinda knew that there is no tour version, my Metallix 4k also had the tour paper, but it does say that 4k isn't tour.", "\nWill be waiting for your review.", "\n\nI just got my hands on the racket - it's no Tour version, it just says Tour Series on the paper piece attached to the head of the racket. ", "It's a normal Metallix 2000 with a regular frame, no thinner frame at the top.", "\n\nThe Euro Grip just means a G1 grip size...don't know why they called it Euro Grip in the shop.", "\n\nAnyway the racket feels great in my hand and I just can't wait to play with it for the first time. ", "The only thing I'm worried about is the white grip - I don't believe it's gonna stay white for a long time.", "\n\nAccording to the Head site, neither the 2000 nor the 4000 has a Tour version.", "\n\nIf you look at the enlarged photos of the 2000 and 8000 Tour you can see the difference with the Tours. ", "Thanks for the info about Euro grip\n\nHope all had a good easter. (", "I was passing a church as the Mass was taking place and wow - being a Hindu and seeing this for the first time - it looked amazing. ", "Thought I'd share that!)", "\n\nJust to let everyone who's interested know...\nI'll be recieving my new HEAD Metallix 8000 Tour racket in 1 or 2 days time, hopefully.", "\n\nI'll try to give a thorough review of how I get on with it. ", "From what I've read so far there has not been 1 hurtful review about it other than those sarky comments from people who don't know how to play badminton properly anyway.", "\n\nFor those who are interested I've started off a YouTube Badminton Racket review line where I'll be adding the information about my coming racket and something else which I've purchased to it. ", "You can find me under 'Kishno' in YouTube.", "\nI'm not very skilled in commentary however the focus is on the badminton stuff!", "\n\nI'm currently the owner of a snapped NS7000 and Arcsaber 10. ", "I really hope the HEAD Metallix 8000 Tour will be better than the arm snapping Arc 10!!!", "\n\nI was naive in the beginning splashing out £125 on the Yonex Arc 10 but having learnt my lesson and moved around to different brands to see what they offer i've begun to see that Yonex is not the be all and the end all of badminton. ", "Don't let their extensive marketing fool you, I'm not saying they are bad, but they are expensive.", "\n\n--- and for those of you newbie badminton enthusiasts PLEASE don't fall into the trap of thinking if a racket is top of the range, it's automatically going to shower success over you cause the sad truth is, you'll just walk away with a broken arm ---\n\nAnd finally - I've read on some of the threads that people have weak wrists and forearms. ", "Simply go to youtube and search out excersices that will improve your game especially dedicated to badminton as well!", "\n\nI personally think different racquets train different things. ", "My UG4 Yonex Cab 410 was heavy as heck, and it trained my arm strength. ", "Now, training using my Metallix 4k, I finally have a smash which I can bring back to the Cab.", "\n\nRacquets aren't the end all and be all, but they do help. ", "Don't expect to win races with an Enzo if you don't know how to drive." ]

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[ "Contemporary megachurch-style worship is a self-worshiping, self-referential, nearly auto-erotic pursuit.", "\n\nMany times, I’ve chosen to use the word “masturbatory” to describe it, and it’s made a lot of people unhappy.", "\n\nLikewise, I will be heartily rebuked by many for what I write here. ", "I will be told I’m being gross, prurient, inappropriate, pagan, degenerate. ", "People will unlike my Facebook page. ", "I will get lots and lots of emails. ", "Pastors, ministers, and youth directors will be righteously indignant. ", "For many, even though who often agree with me, bringing this jargon into the discussion of Christian worship is a bridge too far.", "\n\nIt doesn’t matter. ", "I’ve got to continue to speak about this. ", "I don’t want to bring in sexual language to this conversation, but the comparison is striking, too perfect to ignore.", "\n\nReader Heidi, in a comment on my post 8 Reasons the Worship Industry Is Killing Worship, frames the problem exceptionally well:\n\nI think the phrase masturbatory worship is very apropos. ", "There is often a lack of community, of recognition or responsiveness to the others present; and a strong prioritization of my personal experience and preference–indeed, a genuine selfishness– in worship rather than the give-and-take that belongs within the communion of saints, the Body of Christ. ", "Christianity is relational–us with God in Christ; us with others, united in Christ. ", "The minimally interactive, highly sensual nature of modern praise worship is not relational in the same way; and in a way, intentionally so–relationships are hard work.", "\n\nObviously when one masturbates, the chief end is the pursuit of ones own pleasure. ", "Likewise, the contemporary worship movement, with its jettisoning of biblical, historic, liturgical elements of worship in favor of commercial pop music, has drawn an understanding of worship that is little more than a personal pursuit of pleasure through emotion and self-actualization. “", "Worship sets” of jesusy power ballads, aimed at carrying the individual away from the corporate body on waves of emotional euphoria, have replaced true worship, in which God is present with us in Word and Sacrament.", "\n\nChaplain Mike of the fabulous Internet Monk blog talks about such masturbatory worship this way:\n\nIt is designed to be “an experience” for me, not a thoughtful expression of obeisance to God. ", "It does not enable me to consider my duty to respond to God in daily life, but rather fools me into thinking this wave of emotion I’m feeling is the proper response to God.", "\n\nIn worship that is only “for me,” God is no longer the subject, moving among the gathered body. ", "The “participant” (Too strong of a word, really.) ", "becomes both the subject and object, the mover and the moved. ", "And for the modern “worshiper” only in this pointless, vacuous exercise can their little-G god be found.", "\n\nThis is why the old language of worship has been replaced by a vernacular of personal preference, taste, and experience. ", "We once recognized that some music was for worship and other music was for entertainment. ", "Now we have worship smorgasbords in which we gourd ourselves on our personal music of choice. ", "Not only does the church allow this, it has taken on the responsibility of serving it up.", "\n\nOne of the responses to elements of worship that makes me cringe is the locution “worshipful.”", "\n\n“That anthem was so worshipful.”", "\n\n“The music today was especially worshipful.”", "\n\nWhat these well-meaning folks are undoubtedly saying is that our acts of worship, meant for the good of the whole body, just happened to satisfy, satiate, or stimulate them as an individual. ", "If the church can’t make this experience happen, then it is failing them on a serious level.", "\n\nI’m reminded at this point of a conversation I once overheard (I couldn’t help it. ", "The office walls were paper-thin.) ", "at a previous place of employment. ", "A colleague, the church’s Youth Director, was consoling his apparently worshipfully frustrated wife. ", "The liturgical worship at this church just didn’t get her going. “", "I’m sorry,” he said with dismay and resignation. “", "I know deep, passionate, intense worship is something you need, and I hate that this church doesn’t give it to you.”", "\n\nBut acts that are truly “worshipful” shouldn’t be subject to any such experiential rubric.", "\n\nThe current worship trend among evangelicals, increasingly copied by mainline Christians, is disintegrating God’s covenant people into a pile of dust. ", "The masturbatory worship they hold dear is merely a narcissistic journey to nowhere, one in which we are left crowning our own individual selves as lord of all. ", "We’ve already been told that we are like sheep, each one wandering its own way. ", "The church’s historic liturgy presents us corporately with the solution. ", "Masturbatory worship proclaims a subjective gospel, a situational Christian ethic, and a selfish mission.", "\n\nChaplain Mike again:\n\nCommercialized, formulaic, self-centered “worship” is as far from what that word is supposed to signify as possible.", "\n\nWhere are the pastors, artists, and wise leaders who will move us toward maturity? ", "Who will get us to stop playing with ourselves and grow up so that we can truly love God and our neighbors?", "\n\nChristians, worshipers, all you who recognize the dire ugliness of self-gratifying pseudo-liturgy, it’s time we stopped playing with ourselves. ", "The hour is late. ", "Our hedonistic pleasure parties are toxic. ", "The antidote and the antigen are there right before us. ", "Jesus offers us his very self to grow and sustain us. ", "Will we take him at his word?", "\n\nOr will we keep pleasuring ourselves and calling it “worship?”", "\n\nPhotos:\n\nFlickr, creative commons 2.0" ]

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[ "LastMinuteLucie and the search for time\n\nPosts tagged ‘french plait’\n\nI went to the hairdressers yesterday – it was a lovely quiet couple of hours.", "\n\nWhile I was there I noticed one of the young hairdressers had a Heidi plait round her head. ", "I asked how long her hair was and discovered it was in fact a faux Heidi plait – a one sided French plait (the hair is only scooped up into the plait from the bottom, the other side is left loose from the head) When you get round to the top of the head again, the long length of plait is tucked in and pinned.", "\n\nIt can be done on medium and long length hair which is great in our house. ", "I had a go on oldest daughter’s hair and here is the result :" ]

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[ "More than 200 Gift Baskets Up for Bid at Hammond Street Senior Center\n\nThe Hammond Street Senior Center in Bangor is busting at the seams with baskets. ", "The 242 gift baskets up for bid fill up almost every nook and cranny in the center.", "The annual “It’s A Basket Case” silent auction began on Monday.", "Each basket is centered around a different theme and was hand-assembled by the senior center’s members and staff.", "”It’s an eclectic collection of various items. ", "There’s antiques, there’s antique books, from books to music to goodies. ", "We have a five pound Hershey candy bar. ", "So there is seriously something for everyone,” explained Kathy Bernier, Executive Director at the Hammond Street Senior Center.", "The silent auction runs all week long and ends on Friday at 1:00 PM. ", "You can go make a bid in person during the senior center’s hours of 8:30 AM – 4:30 PM. ", "The center will be open to bidders until 7:00 PM on Thursday.", "You can also bid over the phone or check out the baskets online at HammondStreet.org.", "All of the money raised will go directly back to the senior center’s operations and programs." ]

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", "You should create some on the <a href=\\\"\\/bills\\\">bills<\\/a>-page. ", "Bills can help you keep track of expenses.\",", "\n \"source_account\": \"\\u6765\\u6e90\\u5e10\\u6237\",\n \"hidden_fields_preferences\": \"\\u60a8\\u53ef\\u4ee5\\u5728 <a href=\\\"\\/preferences\\\">\\u8bbe\\u7f6e<\\/a>\\u4e2d\\u542f\\u7528\\u66f4\\u591a\\u7684\\u4ea4\\u6613\\u9009\\u9879\\u3002\",\n \"destination_account\": \"\\u76ee\\u6807\\u5e10\\u6237\",\n \"add_another_split\": \"\\u589e\\u52a0\\u62c6\\u5206\",\n \"submission\": \"\\u63d0\\u4ea4\",\n \"create_another\": \"\\u4fdd\\u5b58\\u540e\\uff0c\\u8fd4\\u56de\\u6b64\\u9875\\u9762\\u521b\\u5efa\\u53e6\\u4e00\\u7b14\\u8bb0\\u5f55\\u3002\",\n \"reset_after\": \"\\u63d0\\u4ea4\\u540e\\u91cd\\u7f6e\\u8868\\u5355\",\n \"submit\": \"\\u63d0\\u4ea4\",\n \"amount\": \"\\u91d1\\u989d\",\n \"date\": \"\\u65e5\\u671f\",\n \"tags\": \"\\u6807\\u7b7e\",\n \"no_budget\": \"(\\u65e0\\u9884\\u7b97)\",\n \"no_bill\": \"(no bill)\",\n \"category\": \"\\u5206\\u7c7b\",\n \"attachments\": \"\\u9644\\u52a0\\u6863\\u6848\",\n \"notes\": \"\\u6ce8\\u91ca\",\n \"external_uri\": \"External URI\",\n \"update_transaction\": \"\\u66f4\\u65b0\\u4ea4\\u6613\",\n \"after_update_create_another\": \"\\u66f4\\u65b0\\u540e\\uff0c\\u8fd4\\u56de\\u6b64\\u9875\\u9762\\u7ee7\\u7eed\\u7f16\\u8f91\\u3002\",\n \"store_as_new\": \"\\u4fdd\\u5b58\\u4e3a\\u65b0\\u4ea4\\u6613\\u800c\\u4e0d\\u662f\\u66f4\\u65b0\\u6b64\\u4ea4\\u6613\\u3002\",\n \"split_title_help\": \"\\u5982\\u679c\\u60a8\\u521b\\u5efa\\u4e00\\u4e2a\\u62c6\\u5206\\u4ea4\\u6613\\uff0c\\u5fc5\\u987b\\u6709\\u4e00\\u4e2a\\u5168\\u5c40\\u7684\\u4ea4\\u6613\\u63cf\\u8ff0\\u3002\",\n \"none_in_select_list\": \"\\uff08\\u7a7a\\uff09\",\n \"no_piggy_bank\": \"\\uff08\\u65e0\\u5b58\\u94b1\\u7f50\\uff09\",\n \"description\": \"\\u63cf\\u8ff0\",\n \"split_transaction_title_help\": \"\\u5982\\u679c\\u60a8\\u521b\\u5efa\\u4e86\\u4e00\\u4e2a\\u5206\\u5272\\u4ea4\\u6613\\uff0c\\u4ea4\\u6613\\u7684\\u6240\\u6709\\u5206\\u5272\\u9879\\u90fd\\u5fc5\\u987b\\u6709\\u5168\\u5c40\\u63cf\\u8ff0\\u3002\",\n \"destination_account_reconciliation\": \"\\u60a8\\u4e0d\\u80fd\\u7f16\\u8f91\\u5bf9\\u8d26\\u4ea4\\u6613\\u7684\\u76ee\\u6807\\u8d26\\u6237\",\n \"source_account_reconciliation\": \"\\u60a8\\u4e0d\\u80fd\\u7f16\\u8f91\\u5bf9\\u8d26\\u4ea4\\u6613\\u7684\\u6e90\\u8d26\\u6237\",\n \"budget\": \"\\u9884\\u7b97\",\n \"bill\": \"\\u5e10\\u5355\",\n \"you_create_withdrawal\": \"\\u60a8\\u6b63\\u5728\\u521b\\u5efa\\u4e00\\u4e2a\\u63d0\\u6b3e\",\n \"you_create_transfer\": \"\\u60a8\\u6b63\\u5728\\u521b\\u5efa\\u4e00\\u4e2a\\u8f6c\\u8d26\",\n \"you_create_deposit\": \"\\u60a8\\u6b63\\u5728\\u521b\\u5efa\\u4e00\\u4e2a\\u5b58\\u6b3e\",\n \"edit\": \"\\u7f16\\u8f91\",\n \"delete\": \"\\u5220\\u9664\",\n \"name\": \"\\u540d\\u79f0\",\n \"profile_whoops\": \"Whoops!\",", "\n \"profile_something_wrong\": \"Something went wrong!\",", "\n \"profile_try_again\": \"Something went wrong. ", "Please try again.\",", "\n \"profile_oauth_clients\": \"OAuth Clients\",\n \"profile_oauth_no_clients\": \"You have not created any OAuth clients.\",", "\n \"profile_oauth_clients_header\": \"Clients\",\n \"profile_oauth_client_id\": \"Client ID\",\n \"profile_oauth_client_name\": \"Name\",\n \"profile_oauth_client_secret\": \"Secret\",\n \"profile_oauth_create_new_client\": \"Create New Client\",\n \"profile_oauth_create_client\": \"Create Client\",\n \"profile_oauth_edit_client\": \"Edit Client\",\n \"profile_oauth_name_help\": \"Something your users will recognize and trust.\",", "\n \"profile_oauth_redirect_url\": \"Redirect URL\",\n \"profile_oauth_redirect_url_help\": \"Your application's authorization callback URL.\",", "\n \"profile_authorized_apps\": \"Authorized applications\",\n \"profile_authorized_clients\": \"Authorized clients\",\n \"profile_scopes\": \"Scopes\",\n \"profile_revoke\": \"Revoke\",\n \"profile_personal_access_tokens\": \"Personal Access Tokens\",\n \"profile_personal_access_token\": \"Personal Access Token\",\n \"profile_personal_access_token_explanation\": \"Here is your new personal access token. ", "This is the only time it will be shown so don't lose it! ", "You may now use this token to make API requests.\",", "\n \"profile_no_personal_access_token\": \"You have not created any personal access tokens.\",", "\n \"profile_create_new_token\": \"Create new token\",\n \"profile_create_token\": \"Create token\",\n \"profile_create\": \"Create\",\n \"profile_save_changes\": \"Save changes\",\n \"default_group_title_name\": \"(ungrouped)\",\n \"piggy_bank\": \"\\u5b58\\u94b1\\u7f50\",\n \"profile_oauth_client_secret_title\": \"Client Secret\",\n \"profile_oauth_client_secret_expl\": \"Here is your new client secret. ", "This is the only time it will be shown so don't lose it! ", "You may now use this secret to make API requests.\",", "\n \"profile_oauth_confidential\": \"Confidential\",\n \"profile_oauth_confidential_help\": \"Require the client to authenticate with a secret. ", "Confidential clients can hold credentials in a secure way without exposing them to unauthorized parties. ", "Public applications, such as native desktop or JavaScript SPA applications, are unable to hold secrets securely.\",", "\n \"multi_account_warning_unknown\": \"Depending on the type of transaction you create, the source and\\/or destination account of subsequent splits may be overruled by whatever is defined in the first split of the transaction.\",", "\n \"multi_account_warning_withdrawal\": \"Keep in mind that the source account of subsequent splits will be overruled by whatever is defined in the first split of the withdrawal.\",", "\n \"multi_account_warning_deposit\": \"Keep in mind that the destination account of subsequent splits will be overruled by whatever is defined in the first split of the deposit.\",", "\n \"multi_account_warning_transfer\": \"Keep in mind that the source + destination account of subsequent splits will be overruled by whatever is defined in the first split of the transfer.\"", "\n },\n \"form\": {\n \"interest_date\": \"\\u5229\\u7387\\u65e5\\u671f\",\n \"book_date\": \"\\u767b\\u8bb0\\u65e5\\u671f\",\n \"process_date\": \"\\u5904\\u7406\\u65e5\\u671f\",\n \"due_date\": \"\\u5230\\u671f\\u65e5\",\n \"foreign_amount\": \"\\u5916\\u5e01\\u91d1\\u989d\",\n \"payment_date\": \"\\u4ed8\\u6b3e\\u65e5\\u671f\",\n \"invoice_date\": \"\\u53d1\\u7968\\u65e5\\u671f\",\n \"internal_reference\": \"\\u5185\\u90e8\\u53c2\\u8003\"\n },\n \"config\": {\n \"html_language\": \"zh-cn\"\n }\n}" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIs it allowed/common use to a getter for getting an \"embedded\" variable or object?", "\n\nThere is something that I've been wondering for a while and I hope you guys can share your thoughts on the matter. ", "I first discovered this problem around a half a year ago when I programmed a robot that was controlled by a PLC. ", "In structured text I used get-functions to return an object from a class. ", "This way I could do anything I wanted to a member/variable of that class (with the use of getters and setters). ", "This saved me a lot of work, since I didn't have to make seperate functions to get something out of a deeper lying object.", "\nAt the moment I am programming something in Qt C++ and yet again I face this issue. ", "I am not sure if I am being completely clear right now (I am not a native English speaker and am also not that competent in coding jargon), so I will try to make it clear with an example.", "\nLet's say i have an array/vector with multiple objects in it of the class School. ", "Each object has it's own array with classes (I mean a class with students, not a programming class), each class has it's own array with students and they of course have a name, student id, age, etc.", "\nNow I would like to get the name of a random student. ", "In Qt C++ I would do it something like this:\nQString randomName = schoolVector.at(randomNumber)->getClassVector().at(anotherRandomNumber)->getStudentVector().at(yetAgainARandomNumber)->getName();\n\nYou can see that I made some get-functions to return an object in a certain class. ", "This way it makes it easy for me to manipulate an object or variable in a class.", "\nHere is the reason I am asking this question: Is this the way to go? ", "In school they teached me that the use of getters and setters is important so that you cannot manipulate a variable when you don't want to or you don't want anyone else to. ", "But when I use a getter to return a class in the classVector I can still manipulate anything in there.", "\nCan anyone tell me common practice and also if it is normal to use for-loops to find a certain object in a vector? ", "I would really appreciate it!", "\nCheers,\nMartijn\n\nA:\n\nIf I understood, you want to be able to access the objects (read them) in a way that preserves encapsulation. ", "You can achieve that by defining a getter that returns a const reference to the internal object, e.g.:\nconst std::vector<Class>& getClassVector() const { return class_vector; }\n\nNow you do have accesss to the underlying object without being able to modify it.", "\nBTW maybe it's splitting hair and you know it, but it's not exactly true that setters/getters are implemented so that people cannot modify the underlying variables when you don't want them to - a setter can be called anytime and modify the variable and you can't prevent that. ", "They are there so that any modification can be performed in a controlled way (e.g. by checking if the value about to be set is within the range that you expect and handle the case when it's not, or by recalculating some other variables dependent on the value you are setting, switching object's state, preventing possible data races etc.).", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Shotgun Blossom\n\nShotgun Blossom is the debut album by New Zealand indie rock group Snapper, released in 1990.", "\n\nTrack listing\n\"Pop Your Top\"\n\"Can\"\n\"Telepod Fly\"\n\"Eyes That Shine\"\n\"Dead Pictures\"\n\"What Are You Thinking\"\n\"Hot Sun\"\n\"I Don't Know\"\n\"Emmanuelle\"\n\"Dry Spot\"\n\"Rain\"\n\nPersonnel\nSnapper\nAlan Haig – drums\nDominic Stones – guitar\nPeter Gutteridge – guitar, keyboards, vocals, production\nChristine Voice – keyboards, vocals, artwork\n\nAdditional personnel\nBrent McLachlan – engineering, production\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Snapper (band) albums\nCategory:1990 albums\nCategory:Flying Nun Records albums\nCategory:Dunedin Sound albums" ]

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[ "(function ($) {\n\n\t/**\n\t * --------------------------------------------------------------------\n\t * jQuery-Plugin \"daterangepicker.jQuery.js\"\n\t * by Scott Jehl, scott@filamentgroup.com\n\t * reference article: http://www.filamentgroup.com/lab/update_date_range_picker_with_jquery_ui/\n\t * demo page: http://www.filamentgroup.com/examples/daterangepicker/\n\t *\n\t * Copyright (c) 2010 Filament Group, Inc\n\t * Dual licensed under the MIT (filamentgroup.com/examples/mit-license.txt) and GPL (filamentgroup.com/examples/gpl-license.txt) licenses.", "\n\t *\n\t * Dependencies: jquery, jquery UI datepicker, date.js, jQuery UI CSS Framework\n\n\t * 12.15.2010 Made some fixes to resolve breaking changes introduced by jQuery UI 1.8.7\n\t * --------------------------------------------------------------------\n\t */\n\t$.fn.daterangepicker = function(settings){\n\t\tvar rangeInput = $(this);\n\n\t\t//defaults\n\t\tvar options = $.extend({\n\t\t\tpresetRanges: [\n\t\t\t\t{text: 'Today', dateStart: 'today', dateEnd: 'today' },\n\t\t\t\t{text: 'Last 7 days', dateStart: 'today-7days', dateEnd: 'today' },\n\t\t\t\t{text: 'Month to date', dateStart: function(){ return Date.parse('today').moveToFirstDayOfMonth(); }, dateEnd: 'today' },\n\t\t\t\t{text: 'Year to date', dateStart: function(){ var x= Date.parse('today'); x.setMonth(0); x.setDate(1); return x; }, dateEnd: 'today' },\n\t\t\t\t//extras:\n\t\t\t\t{text: 'The previous Month', dateStart: function(){ return Date.parse('1 month ago').moveToFirstDayOfMonth(); }, dateEnd: function(){ return Date.parse('1 month ago').moveToLastDayOfMonth(); } }\n\t\t\t\t//{text: 'Tomorrow', dateStart: 'Tomorrow', dateEnd: 'Tomorrow' },\n\t\t\t\t//{text: 'Ad Campaign', dateStart: '03/07/08', dateEnd: 'Today' },\n\t\t\t\t//{text: 'Last 30 Days', dateStart: 'Today-30', dateEnd: 'Today' },\n\t\t\t\t//{text: 'Next 30 Days', dateStart: 'Today', dateEnd: 'Today+30' },\n\t\t\t\t//{text: 'Our Ad Campaign', dateStart: '03/07/08', dateEnd: '07/08/08' }\n\t\t\t],\n\t\t\t//presetRanges: array of objects for each menu preset.", "\n\t\t\t//Each obj must have text, dateStart, dateEnd. ", "dateStart, dateEnd accept date.js string or a function which returns a date object\n\t\t\tpresets: {\n\t\t\t\tspecificDate: 'Specific Date',\n\t\t\t\tallDatesBefore: 'All Dates Before',\n\t\t\t\tallDatesAfter: 'All Dates After',\n\t\t\t\tdateRange: 'Date Range'\n\t\t},\n\t\trangeStartTitle: 'Start date',\n\t\trangeEndTitle: 'End date',\n\t\tnextLinkText: 'Next',\n\t\tprevLinkText: 'Prev',\n\t\ttarget: rangeInput,\n\t\tdoneButtonText: 'Done',\n\t\tearliestDate: Date.parse('-15years'), //earliest date allowed \n\t\tlatestDate: Date.parse('+15years'), //latest date allowed \n\t\tconstrainDates: false,\n\t\trangeSplitter: '-', //string to use between dates in single input\n\t\tdateFormat: 'm/d/yy', // date formatting. ", "Available formats: http://docs.jquery.com/UI/Datepicker/%24.datepicker.formatDate\n\t\tcloseOnSelect: true, //if a complete selection is made, close the menu\n\t\tarrows: false,\n\t\tappendTo: 'body',\n\t\tonClose: function(){},\n\t\tonOpen: function(){},\n\t\tonChange: function(){},\n\t\tdatepickerOptions: null //object containing native UI datepicker API options\n\t}, settings);\n\t\n\t\n\n\t//custom datepicker options, extended by options\n\tvar datepickerOptions = {\n\t\tonSelect: function(dateText, inst) {\n\t\t\tvar range_start = rp.find('.range-start');\n\t\t\tvar range_end = rp.find('.range-end');\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\tif(rp.find('.ui-daterangepicker-specificDate').is('.ui-state-active')){\n\t\t\t\trange_end.datepicker('setDate', range_start.datepicker('getDate') ); \n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t$(this).trigger('constrainOtherPicker');\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tvar rangeA = fDate( range_start.datepicker('getDate') );\n\t\t\tvar rangeB = fDate( range_end.datepicker('getDate') );\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t//send back to input or inputs\n\t\t\tif(rangeInput.length == 2){\n\t\t\t\trangeInput.eq(0).val(rangeA);\n\t\t\t\trangeInput.eq(1).val(rangeB);\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\telse{\n\t\t\t\trangeInput.val((rangeA !", "= rangeB) ? ", "rangeA+' '+ options.rangeSplitter +' '+rangeB : rangeA);\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t//if closeOnSelect is true\n\t\t\tif(options.closeOnSelect){\n\t\t\t\tif(!rp.find('li.ui-state-active').is('.ui-daterangepicker-dateRange') && !", "rp.is(':animated') ){\n\t\t\t\t\thideRP();\n\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t\t$(this).trigger('constrainOtherPicker');\n\n\t\t\t\toptions.onChange();\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t},\n\t\tdefaultDate: +0\n\t};\n\n\t\t//change event fires both when a calendar is updated or a change event on the input is triggered\n\t\trangeInput.bind('change', options.onChange);\n\n\t\t//datepicker options from options\n\t\toptions.datepickerOptions = (settings) ? ", "$.extend(datepickerOptions, settings.datepickerOptions) : datepickerOptions;\n\n\t\t//Capture Dates from input(s)\n\t\tvar inputDateA, inputDateB = Date.parse('today');\n\t\tvar inputDateAtemp, inputDateBtemp;\n\t\tif(rangeInput.size() == 2){\n\t\t\tinputDateAtemp = Date.parse( rangeInput.eq(0).val() );\n\t\t\tinputDateBtemp = Date.parse( rangeInput.eq(1).val() );\n\t\t\tif(inputDateAtemp == null){inputDateAtemp = inputDateBtemp;}\n\t\t\tif(inputDateBtemp == null){inputDateBtemp = inputDateAtemp;}\n\t\t}\n\t\telse {\n\t\t\tinputDateAtemp = Date.parse( rangeInput.val().split(options.rangeSplitter)[0] );\n\t\t\tinputDateBtemp = Date.parse( rangeInput.val().split(options.rangeSplitter)[1] );\n\t\t\tif(inputDateBtemp == null){inputDateBtemp = inputDateAtemp;} //if one date, set both\n\t\t}\n\t\tif(inputDateAtemp !", "= null){inputDateA = inputDateAtemp;}\n\t\tif(inputDateBtemp !", "= null){inputDateB = inputDateBtemp;}\n\n\n\t\t//build picker and\n\t\tvar rp = $('<div class=\"ui-daterangepicker ui-widget ui-helper-clearfix ui-widget-content ui-corner-all\"></div>');\n\t\tvar rpPresets = (function(){\n\t\t\tvar ul = $('<ul class=\"ui-widget-content\"></ul>').appendTo(rp);\n\t\t\t$.each(options.presetRanges,function(){\n\t\t\t\t$('<li class=\"ui-daterangepicker-'+ this.text.replace(/ /g, '') +' ui-corner-all\"><a href=\"#\">'+ this.text +'</a></li>')\n\t\t\t\t.data('dateStart', this.dateStart)\n\t\t\t\t.data('dateEnd', this.dateEnd)\n\t\t\t\t.appendTo(ul);\n\t\t\t});\n\t\t\tvar x=0;\n\t\t\t$.each(options.presets, function(key, value) {\n\t\t\t\t$('<li class=\"ui-daterangepicker-'+ key +' preset_'+ x +' ui-helper-clearfix ui-corner-all\"><span class=\"ui-icon ui-icon-triangle-1-e\"></span><a href=\"#\">'+ value +'</a></li>')\n\t\t\t\t.appendTo(ul);\n\t\t\t\tx++;\n\t\t\t});\n\n\t\t\tul.find('li').hover(\n\t\t\t\t\tfunction(){\n\t\t\t\t\t\t$(this).addClass('ui-state-hover');\n\t\t\t\t\t},\n\t\t\t\t\tfunction(){\n\t\t\t\t\t\t$(this).removeClass('ui-state-hover');\n\t\t\t\t\t})\n\t\t\t\t.click(function(){\n\t\t\t\t\trp.find('.ui-state-active').removeClass('ui-state-active');\n\t\t\t\t\t$(this).addClass('ui-state-active');\n\t\t\t\t\tclickActions($(this),rp, rpPickers, doneBtn);\n\t\t\t\t\treturn false;\n\t\t\t\t});\n\t\t\treturn ul;\n\t\t})();\n\n\t\t//function to format a date string\n\t\tfunction fDate(date){\n\t\t\t if(!date.getDate()){return '';}\n\t\t\t var day = date.getDate();\n\t\t\t var month = date.getMonth();\n\t\t\t var year = date.getFullYear();\n\t\t\t month++; // adjust javascript month\n\t\t\t var dateFormat = options.dateFormat;\n\t\t\t return $.datepicker.formatDate( dateFormat, date );\n\t\t}\n\n\n\t\t$.fn.restoreDateFromData = function(){\n\t\t\tif($(this).data('saveDate')){\n\t\t\t\t$(this).datepicker('setDate', $(this).data('saveDate')).removeData('saveDate');\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\treturn this;\n\t\t};\n\t\t$.fn.saveDateToData = function(){\n\t\t\tif(!$(this).data('saveDate')){\n\t\t\t\t$(this).data('saveDate', $(this).datepicker('getDate') );\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\treturn this;\n\t\t};\n\n\t\t//show, hide, or toggle rangepicker\n\t\tfunction showRP(){\n\t\t\tif(rp.data('state') == 'closed'){\n\t\t\t\tpositionRP();\n\t\t\t\trp.fadeIn(300).data('state', 'open');\n\t\t\t\toptions.onOpen();\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\tfunction hideRP(){\n\t\t\tif(rp.data('state') == 'open'){\n\t\t\t\trp.fadeOut(300).data('state', 'closed');\n\t\t\t\toptions.onClose();\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\tfunction toggleRP(){\n\t\t\tif( rp.data('state') == 'open' ){ hideRP(); }\n\t\t\telse { showRP(); }\n\t\t}\n\t\tfunction positionRP(){\n\t\t\tvar relEl = riContain || rangeInput; //if arrows, use parent for offsets\n\t\t\tvar riOffset = relEl.offset(),\n\t\t\t\tside = 'left',\n\t\t\t\tval = riOffset.left,\n\t\t\t\toffRight = $(window).width() - val - relEl.outerWidth();\n\n\t\t\tif(val > offRight){\n\t\t\t\tside = 'right', val = offRight;\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\trp.parent().css(side, val).css('top', riOffset.top + relEl.outerHeight());\n\t\t}\n\n\n\n\t\t//preset menu click events\n\t\tfunction clickActions(el, rp, rpPickers, doneBtn){\n\n\t\t\tif(el.is('.ui-daterangepicker-specificDate')){\n\t\t\t\t//Specific Date (show the \"start\" calendar)\n\t\t\t\tdoneBtn.hide();\n\t\t\t\trpPickers.show();\n\t\t\t\trp.find('.title-start').text( options.presets.specificDate );\n\t\t\t\trp.find('.range-start').restoreDateFromData().css('opacity',1).show(400);\n\t\t\t\trp.find('.range-end').restoreDateFromData().css('opacity',0).hide(400);\n\t\t\t\tsetTimeout(function(){doneBtn.fadeIn();}, 400);\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\telse if(el.is('.ui-daterangepicker-allDatesBefore')){\n\t\t\t\t//All dates before specific date (show the \"end\" calendar and set the \"start\" calendar to the earliest date)\n\t\t\t\tdoneBtn.hide();\n\t\t\t\trpPickers.show();\n\t\t\t\trp.find('.title-end').text( options.presets.allDatesBefore );\n\t\t\t\trp.find('.range-start').saveDateToData().datepicker('setDate', options.earliestDate).css('opacity',0).hide(400);\n\t\t\t\trp.find('.range-end').restoreDateFromData().css('opacity',1).show(400);\n\t\t\t\tsetTimeout(function(){doneBtn.fadeIn();}, 400);\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\telse if(el.is('.ui-daterangepicker-allDatesAfter')){\n\t\t\t\t//All dates after specific date (show the \"start\" calendar and set the \"end\" calendar to the latest date)\n\t\t\t\tdoneBtn.hide();\n\t\t\t\trpPickers.show();\n\t\t\t\trp.find('.title-start').text( options.presets.allDatesAfter );\n\t\t\t\trp.find('.range-start').restoreDateFromData().css('opacity',1).show(400);\n\t\t\t\trp.find('.range-end').saveDateToData().datepicker('setDate', options.latestDate).css('opacity',0).hide(400);\n\t\t\t\tsetTimeout(function(){doneBtn.fadeIn();}, 400);\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\telse if(el.is('.ui-daterangepicker-dateRange')){\n\t\t\t\t//Specific Date range (show both calendars)\n\t\t\t\tdoneBtn.hide();\n\t\t\t\trpPickers.show();\n\t\t\t\trp.find('.title-start').text(options.rangeStartTitle);\n\t\t\t\trp.find('.title-end').text(options.rangeEndTitle);\n\t\t\t\trp.find('.range-start').restoreDateFromData().css('opacity',1).show(400);\n\t\t\t\trp.find('.range-end').restoreDateFromData().css('opacity',1).show(400);\n\t\t\t\tsetTimeout(function(){doneBtn.fadeIn();}, 400);\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\telse {\n\t\t\t\t//custom date range specified in the options (no calendars shown)\n\t\t\t\tdoneBtn.hide();\n\t\t\t\trp.find('.range-start, .range-end').css('opacity',0).hide(400, function(){\n\t\t\t\t\trpPickers.hide();\n\t\t\t\t});\n\t\t\t\tvar dateStart = (typeof el.data('dateStart') == 'string') ? ", "Date.parse(el.data('dateStart')) : el.data('dateStart')();\n\t\t\t\tvar dateEnd = (typeof el.data('dateEnd') == 'string') ? ", "Date.parse(el.data('dateEnd')) : el.data('dateEnd')();\n\t\t\t\trp.find('.range-start').datepicker('setDate', dateStart).find('.ui-datepicker-current-day').trigger('click');\n\t\t\t\trp.find('.range-end').datepicker('setDate', dateEnd).find('.ui-datepicker-current-day').trigger('click');\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\treturn false;\n\t\t}\n\n\n\t\t//picker divs\n\t\tvar rpPickers = $('<div class=\"ranges ui-widget-header ui-corner-all ui-helper-clearfix\"><div class=\"range-start\"><span class=\"title-start\">Start Date</span></div><div class=\"range-end\"><span class=\"title-end\">End Date</span></div></div>').appendTo(rp);\n\t\trpPickers.find('.range-start, .range-end')\n\t\t\t.datepicker(options.datepickerOptions);\n\n\n\t\trpPickers.find('.range-start').datepicker('setDate', inputDateA);\n\t\trpPickers.find('.range-end').datepicker('setDate', inputDateB);\n\n\t\trpPickers.find('.range-start, .range-end')\n\t\t\t.bind('constrainOtherPicker', function(){\n\t\t\t\tif(options.constrainDates){\n\t\t\t\t\t//constrain dates\n\t\t\t\t\tif($(this).is('.range-start')){\n\t\t\t\t\t\trp.find('.range-end').datepicker( \"option\", \"minDate\", $(this).datepicker('getDate'));\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\telse{\n\t\t\t\t\t\trp.find('.range-start').datepicker( \"option\", \"maxDate\", $(this).datepicker('getDate'));\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t})\n\t\t\t.trigger('constrainOtherPicker');\n\n\t\tvar doneBtn = $('<button class=\"btnDone ui-state-default ui-corner-all\">'+ options.doneButtonText +'</button>')\n\t\t.click(function(){\n\t\t\trp.find('.ui-datepicker-current-day').trigger('click');\n\t\t\thideRP();\n\t\t})\n\t\t.hover(\n\t\t\t\tfunction(){\n\t\t\t\t\t$(this).addClass('ui-state-hover');\n\t\t\t\t},\n\t\t\t\tfunction(){\n\t\t\t\t\t$(this).removeClass('ui-state-hover');\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t)\n\t\t.appendTo(rpPickers);\n\n\n\n\n\t\t//inputs toggle rangepicker visibility\n\t\t$(this).click(function(){\n\t\t\ttoggleRP();\n\t\t\treturn false;\n\t\t});\n\t\t//hide em all\n\t\trpPickers.hide().find('.range-start, .range-end, .btnDone').hide();\n\n\t\trp.data('state', 'closed');\n\n\t\t//Fixed for jQuery UI 1.8.7 - Calendars are hidden otherwise!", "\n\t\trpPickers.find('.ui-datepicker').css(\"display\",\"block\");\n\n\t\t//inject rp\n\t\t$(options.appendTo).append(rp);\n\n\t\t//wrap and position\n\t\trp.wrap('<div class=\"ui-daterangepickercontain\"></div>');\n\n\t\t//add arrows (only available on one input)\n\t\tif(options.arrows && rangeInput.size()==1){\n\t\t\tvar prevLink = $('<a href=\"#\" class=\"ui-daterangepicker-prev ui-corner-all\" title=\"'+ options.prevLinkText +'\"><span class=\"ui-icon ui-icon-circle-triangle-w\">'+ options.prevLinkText +'</span></a>');\n\t\t\tvar nextLink = $('<a href=\"#\" class=\"ui-daterangepicker-next ui-corner-all\" title=\"'+ options.nextLinkText +'\"><span class=\"ui-icon ui-icon-circle-triangle-e\">'+ options.nextLinkText +'</span></a>');\n\n\t\t\t$(this)\n\t\t\t.addClass('ui-rangepicker-input ui-widget-content')\n\t\t\t.wrap('<div class=\"ui-daterangepicker-arrows ui-widget ui-widget-header ui-helper-clearfix ui-corner-all\"></div>')\n\t\t\t.before( prevLink )\n\t\t\t.before( nextLink )\n\t\t\t.parent().find('a').click(function(){\n\t\t\t\tvar dateA = rpPickers.find('.range-start').datepicker('getDate');\n\t\t\t\tvar dateB = rpPickers.find('.range-end').datepicker('getDate');\n\t\t\t\tvar diff = Math.abs( new TimeSpan(dateA - dateB).getTotalMilliseconds() ) + 86400000; //difference plus one day\n\t\t\t\tif($(this).is('.ui-daterangepicker-prev')){ diff = -diff; }\n\n\t\t\t\trpPickers.find('.range-start, .range-end ').each(function(){\n\t\t\t\t\t\tvar thisDate = $(this).datepicker( \"getDate\");\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif(thisDate == null){return false;}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t$(this).datepicker( \"setDate\", thisDate.add({milliseconds: diff}) ).find('.ui-datepicker-current-day').trigger('click');\n\t\t\t\t});\n\t\t\t\treturn false;\n\t\t\t})\n\t\t\t.hover(\n\t\t\t\tfunction(){\n\t\t\t\t\t$(this).addClass('ui-state-hover');\n\t\t\t\t},\n\t\t\t\tfunction(){\n\t\t\t\t\t$(this).removeClass('ui-state-hover');\n\t\t\t\t});\n\n\t\t\tvar riContain = rangeInput.parent();\n\t\t}\n\n\n\t\t$(document).click(function(){\n\t\t\tif (rp.is(':visible')) {\n\t\t\t\thideRP();\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t});\n\n\t\trp.click(function(){return false;}).hide();\n\t\treturn this;\n\t}\n\n})(jQuery);\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "A Queensland senator wants women given the right to arm themselves with tasers and pepper spray to protect themselves against rapists and murders.", "\n\nKatter Australia Party's Fraser Anning moved a motion in the upper house calling on the Federal Government to allow the importation of spray, mace, and tasers for individual self-defence and for state governments to legalise and \"actively promote\" the carrying of them.", "\n\nThe motion noted the recent spate of \"horrific violent crimes against women\" and that the first duty of government is to ensure \"innocent victims are protected from harm\".", "\n\nFraser Anning wants women to be able to arm themselves for their own safety. ", "Picture: AAP (AAP)\n\nThe murder of Eurydice Dixon has triggered a public debate on how to ensure public safety. ", "Picture: AAP (Supplied.)", "\n\nVulnerable people, the motion stated, need some form of defence \"against violent individuals of superior strength\".", "\n\nGreens Senator Janet Rice dismissed the motion as \"blundering and ill-conceived\".", "\n\n\"The last thing that women in Australia need now is another man in power telling us that we are responsible for violence against us,\" Senator Rice said.", "\n\nSenator Anning believes arming women would give them security and confidence so they won't become another violent crime statistic.", "\n\nGovernment frontbencher James McGrath told the senate there was no plan to relax weapons importation laws, and the opposition opposed the idea." ]

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[ "The most correct view regarding Allah’s saying: {When He decrees a matter, He only says to it, “Be,” and it is.} [", "2:117] is to say: it is general in everything that Allah decreed and administered, because the apparent of that is generality, and it is not permissable to interpret the apparent to a hidden meaning of taweel without evidence, due to the reason I mentioned in my book “Kitab al-Bayan ‘an Usool al-Ahkam”.", "\n\nAnd if this is the case, then Allah’s –Ta’ala Dhikruh– command for a thing, if he willed its formation/existence, is with His saying {kun (Be)}. ", "In the moment of His Will –Jal Thana’uh– for it to become, the existence of that which He willed its formation does not proceed His Will for it, nor His command (i.e. kun/Be) for it to be, nor does it delay; because it is not possible that a thing be commanded to exist except that it is existent, and willed so; nor (is it possible) that it be existent except that it be commanded to exist, and willed so.", "\n\nAnd like His saying {When He decrees a matter, He only says to it, “Be,” and it is.} ", "is His saying: {Among His Signs is that heaven and earth hold firm by His command. ", "Then, when He calls you forth from the earth, you will emerge at once.} [", "30:25], The emergence of the people from their graves does not precede Allah’s call to them, nor does it delay.”", "\n\nQuestion: Why does Saudi Arabia permit celebrating the commemoration of Muhammad bin Abdel Wahhab in a conference, paying hundreds\nof thousands for it, and it is not allowed for us to celebrate the commemoration of the mawlid of the Messenger of Allah -Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam-?", "\nWho is more deserving of that: the Messenger of Allah -Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam- or Muhammad bin Abdel Wahhab?", "\nThis is a question that some of the people of knowledge of Damascus ask, please give us an answer.", "\n\nThe Answer:\nAll praise be to Allah alone, and Salat and Salam be upon the Messenger of Allah\nThe week of shaikh Muhammad bin Abdel Wahhab was only an academic conference held in 1400 Hijri, under the supervision of the Islamic\nUniversity of Imam Muhammad bin Sa’ud in Riyadh, it consisted for a number of researches regarding the dawah of shaikh Muhammad bin Abdel\nWahhab in terms of its emergence and its affects, and the doubts created surrounding it with its refutation. ", "In addition to that, the works of\nshaikh Muhammad bin Abdel Wahhab were printed after compiling and organizing it.", "\n\nThe difference between that conference and the celebration of the Prophetic Mawlid is obvious, as the week of shaikh Muhammad bin Abdel\nWahhab was not an act of worship itself, what was meant by it is to inform about this dawah and to do justice to its reviver; also, the week of the\nshaikh does not reoccur or return as is the case with the ones who celebrate the Prophetic Mawlid, tending it every year; while this week was\nheld about a quarter century ago, and has ended.", "\n\n—————-\n\nShaikh Ibn Uthaimeen -rahimahullah-:\n\nThe shaikh was asked: What is the difference between what is called “The week of shaikh Muhammad bin Abdel Wahhab” -Rahimahullah, and\nthe celebration of the Prophetic Mawlid, as the second is condemned, while the first isn’t?", "\n\nSo he answered:\n“The difference between them -according to our knowledge- is from two sides:\nThe first is: the week of shaikh Muhammad bin Abdel Wahhab -Rahimahullah Ta’ala- was not done as a means to get closer to Allah -Azza wa Jal-, it is only meant for removing doubts that are in the hearts of some people towards this man, and to show what Allah has blessed the\nMuslims through this man.", "\nلإhe second is: the week of shaikh Muhammad bin Abdel Wahhab -Rahimahullah- does not reoccur and return (every year) as is the case with\n‘Eids; it is something that has been clarified to the people, things were written in it, and the truth regarding this man, that was not known before,\nwas shown to many people, then it ended.”", "\n\nThe Question:\nThe people of innovation say: You commemorate some individuals or like the week of shaikh Muhammad bin Abdel Wahhab – rahimahullah-,\nthey say: what we do is similar to that, and the Messenger -alayhi assalam- is greater than Imam Muhammad?", "\n\nThe answer:\nThe Messenger of Allah is greater than all human beings, but the commemoration of the Messenger (Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) is not specific to to this night. ", "I have mentioned to you before, that every act of worship includes the commemoration of the Messenger -alayhi assalatu\nwasSalam-, this is from one point, and from another point: the week of Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab, was it made into a eid that reoccurs? ", "we\nsay: it was not made an eid … and an eid is something that returns and reoccurs, you made this (i.e. mawlid) an eid that reoccurs every year, and\nthis is munkar; that is why if someone, one day, stood up and spoke about the mission of the Messenger – alayhi asSalatu wasSalam- and his\nvisiting, we would not call him an innovator, but to make it into an eid that reoccurs every year like a the religious eids such as Eid al Fitr and Eid\nAl-Adha, then this is munkar; and if we assume that the week of the Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab was wrong, does that mean we compare a\nwrong with wrong? ", "we don’t.", "\n\nDawud bin Ali said : We were at Ibn Al-‘Arabi, and a man came up to him and said: “O Abu Abdullah, what is the meaning of Allah’s saying:\n(Ar-Rahmanu ‘ala al-Arsh Istawa – The Most Merciful upon the Throne Istawa) ?", "\nHe (Ibn Al A’rabi) said: “He is on (‘ala) His Throne like He informed.”", "\nSo the man said: “It is not like that, It means: Istawla (conquered or took over).”", "\nSo Ibn Al-A’rabi said to him: “And what makes you know what this is?! ", "The Arabs do not say about a man: istawla upon something unless he has an opposition in it. ", "Then whoever of the two defeats the other, it is said: istawla; and there is no opponent to Allah, and He is on His Throne like He informed.”", "\n(An authentic reported quoted by al Bayhaqi in his book al sifat and others)\n\nAl Bayhaqi rahimahullah mentioned in his book “Al Asmaa was-Sifat” :\n\nقال : وليس ذلك في الآية بمعنى الاستيلاء ، لأن الاستيلاء غلبة مع توقع ضعف(And he said: “And istila (conquoring or taking over) is not from the meaning of the ayah, because istila’ is dominance with anticipation of weakness.”)", "\nIbn Kathir rahimahullah said in his book “al Bidayah wan-Nihaya“, when speaking about al Akhtal who was an Arab Christian poet :\n\n[And he is the one who vocalized his poetry to Bishr bin Marwan, in which he said:. ]", "\n\nIstawa Bishr over Iraq without a sword or spilt blood.", "\n\nAnd these verses (of poetry) are used as evidence by the Jahmiyah that Istiwa’ over the Throne means: al Istila’ (conquer, take over), and this is from the distortion of the speech, and there is no proof in this Christian’s poetry verse for that.", "\n\nAnd Allah Azza wa Jal didn’t intend by His Istiwa on the Throne that He conquered it, greatly exalted be Allah from the saying of the Jahmiyyah. ", "Becasue it is said: Istawa upon something if that thing was rebellious or resistant to him before he took it over, like the conquering of Bishr over Iraq, and the taking over of a city by the king after its rebellion against him.", "\nAnd the Throne of the Lord was not forbiden or inaccessable for Him, for one to say: Istawa over it or the meaning of Istiwa’ is “isteela”.", "\n\nAnd you will not find a weaker proof than that of the Jahmiya, to the point of their lack of proof leading them to using a poetic verse by an ugly censured Christian, and there is no proof in it, and Allah Knows best\n\nNovember 7, 2008\n\nIt was said that the first to innovate the Mawlid were the Ubaydeen (called Fatimads), and others say that the first was king al Muzaffar Kukabri (549 – 630 A.H.) of Irbil.", "\n\nIbn Kallikan, who was a witness of the Mawlid of al Mudhaffar/Muzaffar, reported how the mawlid was, in his book “Wifayat al A’yan“; he said:\n\n“The pomp with which he celebrated the birthday of the Prophet (Mawlid) surpassed all description ; but I will mention a part of it:\n\nThe people of the neighbouring provinces have heard of his good belief in regards to the Prophet sallallahu alayhi was allam, so every year, a big number of fuqaha, Sufis, preachers, Quran recitors, and poets would come from near lands – such as baghdad, Mawsel, al Jazira …etc. – ", "and they would continue coming from Muharram until the begining of Rabi’ al Awwal. ", "Before that, al Mudhaffar would have already erected wooden pavilions, each pavilion is 4 or 5 stories, and he would make more than 20 wooden pavilions, one for him, and the rest for the amirs, and high ranking personal in his state.", "\n\nThen when it was the first of the month of Safar (month before Rabi’ al Awwal), these pavilions were decorated in a most splendid manner, and in every pavilion sat a group of singers, a group of composers/actors, and musicians; not a story was left without the company of these people.", "\n\nDuring the whole period all business was suspended, and the only occupation of the people was to watch (the bands play) and walk from one band to another. ", "These pavilions were erected from the gate of the citadel/castle to the door of the khanqah (A place for Sufi retreat for worship) that is near the field/hippodrome. ", "Everyday, after Asr prayer, Mudhaffar Ad-Deen would go and stop at each pavilion, one by one, listening to their singing, and watch their acting and other things done in the pavilions.", "\n\nHe then would pass the night in the khanqah, listening to the sufi religious singing; and after fajr prayer, he would ride out to hunt, and return to the citadel before dhuhr; this is what he did everyday until the day of the Mawlid.", "\n\nHe used to do the Mawlid one year on the eighth of the month, and the next on the twelfth, because of the difference of opinion regarding it (the date of his birth). ", "Two days before the Mawlid, he would send a huge number of camels, cattle, and sheep to the field, accompanied with drums, singers, and musicians. ", "Then they begin the slaughtering of the animals, and set up a number of caldrons, and cook in various manners.", "\n\nThen when it was the eve of the Mawlid, after praying Maghrib, he would listen to the singing in the citadel; then he would go forth, preceeded by a great number of people bearing candles; two or four of these candles – not sure of the exact number – were such as employed in grand ceremonies, each of them being fastened on the back of a mule, with a man seated behind it to support it. ", "He advanced in this manner until reaching the khanqah.", "\n\nThe morning of the next day, a quantity of pelisses were brought out to the khanqah by the sufis, in the hands of each of them is a bundle, and advanced one after the other. ", "A great number of it is brought down, I can’t count how many. ", "Then he would go to the khanqah; there gathered high distinct persons, chiefs, and a great number of other eminent individuals, and he would set up chairs for preaching. ", "And there, set up for Mudhaffar Ad-Deen, would be a wooden tower with windows overlooking the place where the people and chairs of the preachers were, and other windows open on the field, which was extremely wide. ", "In it the soldiers were gathered for display, and he would sometimes look at the soldiers, and other times towards the people and preachers; he would continue like this until the soldiers were done.", "\n\nRight then, a repast was brought into the field for the poor, and it would be a public meal, consisting of an immense quantity of food and bread, that couldn’t be described. ", "Then a second repast would be prepared in the khanqah for the people gathered at the chairs. ", "And during the time of soldiers display and the preachers’ exhorting, he would send for each one of the eminant men, chiefs, and the comers for this festival, of whom we mentioned previously, from the fuqaha, preachers, Quran recitors, and poets; and he would cloth each in a pelisse, after which he would return to his place.", "\n\nWhen all of that was done, the repast was brought in, and a portion of it was sent to the house of the ones whom were designated. ", "This would continue until Asr time or after, then he would stay that night there, listening to sufi religious singing until day-break. ", "This is what he does every year. ", "And I have summarized the situation, because a full description of it would take a lot. ", "When they were done with this festival, each person would get ready to go back to his country so he would give each his spending/outlay.”", "\n\nNovember 6, 2008\n\nThe types of tawassul that are permissible, with no dispute amongst the scholars, are:\n\n1. ", "Tawassul through the beautiful Names and exalted Attributes:\n\nAllah said – translation of the meaning- And (all) the Most Beautiful Names belong to Allâh, so call on Him by them. [", "Al A’raf (6):180]\n\nExamples of this type of tawassul are found in the Quran and Sunnah:\n\nAllah said, “And he said: ‘My Lord! ", "Inspire and bestow upon me the power and ability that I may be grateful for Your Favours which You have bestowed on me and on my parents, and that I may do righteous good deeds that will please You, and admit me by Your Mercy among Your righteous slaves.’” [", "An Naml (27): 19]\n\nThe Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) entered the mosque and saw a man who had finished his prayer, and was reciting the tashahhud saying:\n“O Allah, I ask You, O Allaah, the One, the Single, the Self Sufficient Master Who needs none, but all have need of (Him), Who does not beget, nor was He begotten, nor is there any like Him…, that You forgive me my sins, indeed You are the Most forgiving, the Most Merciful’. ” [", "Sunan Abu Dawud : Book 3 Hadith 980]\n\nThe Messenger of Allah (saw) said:\n“Whoever becomes greatly troubled or saddened and says: ‘ O Allaah I am Your slave, son of Your male slave and female slave. ", "My forelock is in Your Hand. ", "Your judgement is continually operative upon me. ", "Your sentence concerning me is just. ", "I ask You by every name which is Yours, with which You named Yourself, taught to anyone from Your creation, or sent down in Your Book, or which You kept to Yourself in the knowledge of the Hidden with You, that You make the Qur’aan the spring of my heart, the light of my chest, the removal of my sadness and of my anxiety’ then Allaah will remove his anxiety and sorrow and replace it with joy…” [Musnad Ahmad; Ahmad Shakir said: Sahih 5\\267]\n\n2. ", "Tawassul through the supplicator’s own good deeds.", "\n\nExamples in the Quran and Sunnah:\n\n“Those who say: ‘Our Lord! ", "We have indeed believed, so forgive us our sins and save us from the punishment of the Fire.’” [", "Al Imran (3):16]\n\n“Our Lord! ", "We believe in what You have sent down, and we follow the Messenger so write us down among those who bear witness (to the truth (i.e. Lâ ilâha ill-Allâh – none has the right to be worshipped but Allâh).” [", "Al Imran (3): 53]\n\nThe Prophet –sallallahu alayhi wa sallam- said, “While three persons were walking, rain began to fall and they had to enter a cave in a mountain. ", "A big rock rolled over and blocked the mouth of the cave. ", "They said to each other, ‘Invoke Allah with the best deed you have performed (so Allah might remove the rock)’. ", "One of them said, ‘O Allah! ", "My parents were old and I used to go out for grazing (my animals). ", "On my return I would milk (the animals) and take the milk in a vessel to my parents to drink. ", "After they had drunk from it, I would give it to my children, family and wife. ", "One day I was delayed and on my return I found my parents sleeping, and I disliked to wake them up. ", "The children were crying at my feet (because of hunger). ", "That state of affairs continued till it was dawn. ", "O Allah! ", "If You regard that I did it for Your sake, then please remove this rock so that we may see the sky.’ ", "So, the rock was moved a bit. ", "The second said, ‘O Allah! ", "You know that I was in love with a cousin of mine, like the deepest love a man may have for a woman, and she told me that I would not get my desire fulfilled unless I paid her one-hundred Dinars (gold pieces). ", "So, I struggled for it till I gathered the desired amount, and when I sat in between her legs, she told me to be afraid of Allah, and asked me not to deflower her except rightfully (by marriage). ", "So, I got up and left her. ", "O Allah! ", "If You regard that I did if for Your sake, kindly remove this rock.’ ", "So, two-thirds of the rock was removed. ", "Then the third man said, ‘O Allah! ", "No doubt You know that once I employed a worker for one Faraq (three Sa’s) of millet, and when I wanted to pay him, he refused to take it, so I sowed it and from its yield I bought cows and a shepherd. ", "After a time that man came and demanded his money. ", "I said to him: Go to those cows and the shepherd and take them for they are for you. ", "He asked me whether I was joking with him. ", "I told him that I was not joking with him, and all that belonged to him. ", "O Allah! ", "If You regard that I did it sincerely for Your sake, then please remove the rock.’ ", "So, the rock was removed completely from the mouth of the cave.” (", "Sahih Bukhari and Muslim)\n\nAnother example is: “O Allah I ask you by my love for your Prophet …..”; Because loving the Messenger of Allah is a good deed.", "\n\n3. ", "Tawassul by the supplication of a righteous living person, by asking them to make dua for you.", "\n\nIf a Muslim falls into great difficulty or a great misfortune befalls him, and he knows that he has been very negligent with regard to Allaah, the Blessed and Most High’s, rights upon him, so he wishes to use a strong means of drawing nearer to Allaah. ", "So he goes to a man whom he believes to be righteous and asks him to supplicate to his Lord for him that He (Allaah) should relieve his distress and remove what had befallen him.", "\n\nExamples from the Sunnah and the actions of the Sahabah (companions of the Messenger sallallahu alayhi wa sallam)\n\nAnas b. Malik reported that a person entered the mosque through the door situated on theside of Daral-Qada’ during Friday (prayer) and the messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) was delivering the sermon while standing. ", "He came and stood in front of the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) and said: “Messenger of Allah, the camels died and the passages were blocked; so supplicate Allah to send down rain upon us.", "”The Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) raised his hands and then said: (O Allah, send down rain upon us; O Allah, send dowp rain upon us; O Allah, send down rain upon us.)", "\nAnas said:\nBy Allah, we did not see any cloud or any patch of it, and there was neither any house or building standing between us and the (hillock) Sal’a. ", "There appeared a cloud in the shape of a shield from behind it, and as it (came high) in the sky it spread and then there was a downpour of rain. ", "By Allah, we did not see the sun throughout the week. ", "Then (that very man) came on the coming Friday through the same door when the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) was standing and delivering the sermon. ", "He stood in front of him and said: “Messenger of Allah, our animals died and the passages blocked. ", "Supplicate Allah to stop the rain for us. ”", "The Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) again raised his hands and said: (O Allah, let it (rain) fall in our suburbs and not on us, O Allah (send it down) on the hillocks and small mountains and the river-beds and at places where trees grow.)", "\nThe rain stopped, and as we stepped out we were walking in sun- shine. ", "He (the narrator) said to Sharik: I asked Anas b. Malik if he was the same man. ", "He said: I do not know. [ ", "Sahih Muslim: Book 4: Hadith 1955]\n\nNarrated Anas: Whenever drought threatened them, ‘Umar bin Al-Khattab, used to ask Al-Abbas bin ‘Abdul Muttalib to invoke Allah for rain. ", "He used to say, “O Allah! ", "We used to ask our Prophet to invoke You for rain, and You would bless us with rain, and now we ask his uncle to invoke You for rain. ", "O Allah ! ", "Bless us with rain.” ", "And so it would rain.", "\n\nIbn Hajar Al Asqalani –rahimahu Allah- said :\n\n“And az-Zubair bin Bakkar showed in the ansab the description of the duaa of al-Abbasin this incident and the time in which that happened.", "\nHe narrated with his isnad that al Abbas, when Umar did istisqa’ through him, said: ” “O Allah, truly no tribulation descends except because of sin, nor is lifted except with repentence. ", "The people have turned to you by means of me because of my position in relation to your prophet, and here are our hands [raised up] towards you – despite our sins – and our forelocks in repentence, so send down water for us.” ", "Whereupon the sky let down water as thick as ropes.”", "\n\nThen he said:\n\n“And we benefit, from the story of Al Abbas, the recommendation (istihbab) of seeking intercession by the pious and the family of the Prophetsallallahu alayhi wa sallam.” [", "Fath al Bari]\n\nSalim bin ‘Amer Al Khaba’iri reported: That the sky withheld all its rain, so Mu’awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan and the people of Damascus went out to pray for rain. ", "So when Mu’awiyah sat upon the minbar he said: ‘Where is Yazid ibn al-Aswad al-Jurashi?’ ", "So the people called him and he came stepping between the people. ", "Then Mu’aawiyah commanded him and he ascended the minbar and sat at his feet. ", "Then\nMu’awiyah said: “O Allaah we are today asking the best and most noble amongst us to supplicate to You for us, O Allaah today we put Yazeed ibn al-Aswad al-Jurashee forward to supplicate to You for us,” “O Yazeed raise up your hands to Allaah.” ", "So he raised up his hands and the people raised up their hands. ", "Then very quickly rain-clouds like a large shield came quickly from the west, and the wind blew and it rained so profusely that people could hardly reach their houses. [", "Sharh Usool I’tiqad Ahlus-Sunnah by Al Lalika’i]; Ibn Hajar al Asqalani said: “Abu Zur’ah Ad-Dimashqi and Ya’qub bin Sufyan narrated in their tarikh, with a sahih chain, through Salim bin ‘Amer ….” [", "al Isabah fi Tameez As Sahabah]\n\n“Wassaltu to my Lord Wasilatan, means: I did a deed that by which I drew near to Him. ", "And I did tawassul to someone by a book or a relative, means that I sought means of approach to him by it.", "\nLabeed said:\n\n‘I see that the people do not know the value of their affair,\nwhere as every religious person seeks to draw nearer to Allaah.’", "\n\nQatadah said that the ayah means, “Seek the means of approach to Him by obeying Him and performing the acts that please Him.”", "\n\nAnd there is no disagreement amongst the mufassireen on what those Imams said.", "\n\nThus the general meaning of Tawassul is to seek nearness to Allah through performing good deeds.", "\nAs for the specific meaning of Tawassul, it is to hope for and seek the answering of one’s duaa (supplication).", "\n\n“Those who seek to make innovations good and acceptable claim that Imam ash-Shafi’i – may Allaah have mercy upon him – agrees to the concept of ‘good innovations’ – and they have taken it by what has been attributed to him – may Allaah have mercy upon him – regarding innovation: ’innovated matters are of two classes: that which is innovated and is contrary to the Book, or the Sunnah, or a narration, or ijmaa – then this is an innovation of misguidance, and: those good things which are innovated that do not contradict any of these – then this is a novelty which is not blameworthy. ", "And ‘Umar said concerning the night-prayer in Ramadhaan: ‘what a good innovation this is’ meaning something new not previously present, and if done does not rebut anything which existed before.” [", "Reported by al-Bayhaqee in ‘Manaaqibush ash-Shafi’i (1/469) from ar-Rabee’ Ibn Sulaymaan. …..]", "\n\nAnd it is reported with the wording: “Innovation is of two types: praiseworthy innovation and blameworthy innovation. ", "So whatever agrees with the sunnah is praiseworthy, and whatever contradicts the sunnah is blameworthy.” ", "And he used as evidence the saying of ‘Umar radiallaahu ‘anhu – about night prayer in Ramadhaan: ‘what a good innovation this is’ [reported by Abu Nu’aym in ‘Hilyatul Awliyaa’ (9/113)from Hurmulah Ibn Yahyaa.", "\n\n.", "\n\n.", "\n\n…… (The part discussing the chain has been removed because it was proven to be authentic) ….", "\n\n.", "\n\n.", "\n\na) The saying of ash-Shafi’ee – even if authentic – cannot be used to oppose or particularize the generality of the hadeeth of Allaah’s Messenger sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam, since ash-Shaafi’ee himself – rahimahullaah – is reported by his students to have said that the saying of a solitary companion is not a proof, and it is not obligatory for those after him to follow him [as in ‘Takhreej Furoo alaa al-‘Usul’ of az-Zanjaanee (pg. ", "179) with the checking of Muhammad Adeeb as-Saalih, ‘Mu’assatur Risaalah’]\n\nAnd this is what the verifying scholar Ibnul-Qayyim affirmed in his ‘I’ilaam al-Muwaqqi’een’ (4/121-123) So how can the saying of ash-Shaafi’ee be a proof if the saying of a companion is not a proof?!", "\n\nb) How can ash-Shaafi’ee – may Allaah have mercy upon him – be one of those who agree to ‘good innovations’ whilst he said the famous saying: ‘whosoever declares something good has made it part of the sharee’ah,’ and he said in Ar-Risaalah (pg.507), ‘declaring things good (istihsaan) is a form of exercising desires’.", "\n\nTherefore anyone who wants to explain the words of ash-Shaafi’ee – may Allaah have mercy upon him – then let him do so within the rules and fundamentals of ash-Shaafi’ee – which necessitate understanding his principles – this is something applicable in every branch of knowledge – so he who is ignorant of the terminologies of their specialists will be ignorant of the meaning of their sayings – and will incorrectly explain their meaning, and here is an example to show what we mean:\n\ni) The wording ‘agreed upon’ with the scholars of hadeeth means that which was reported by Bukhaaree and Muslim, however according to Abu Baraaqaat ‘Abdus Salaam Ibn Taymiyyah, the author of ‘Muntaqal Akhbaar’, it means that which is reported by Ahmad, Bukhaaree and Muslim.” [", "al-Bid’ah’ (pp 63-66)] Even if this statement was authentic, it’s meaning would be that of linguistic bid’ah as was stated by Ibn Rajab, and as we will further clarify in the next note on al-Haafidh Ibn Hajar.", "\n\n5. ", "Ibn Hajaron bid’ah as in ‘Fath (13/314+) Kitaabul-I’tisaam, Chapter: Following The Sunan of The Prophet sallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam.", "\n\n“His saying, ‘and the worst of matters are the newly invented matters.’, ", "and muhadathat means the newly invented matters that have no basis in the sharee’ah, and the are called according to the convention of the sharee’ah ‘bid’ah’, and that which has a basis in the sharee’ah that would prove it then it is not a bid’ah.", "\n\nSo bid’ah in the convention of the sharee’ahis blameworthycontrary to the language (linguistic defintion), for linguisticallyevery thing that is newly invented, be it blameworthy or praiseworthy, is called bid’ah…and ash-Shafi’i said, ‘bid’ah is of two types..’ Reported by Abu Nu’aym via the route of Ibraaheem Ibn Junayd, and there occurs from ash-Shaafi’ee also what is reported by al-Bayhaqee in his ‘Manaaqib’, ‘the newly invented matters are of two types.’ ", "end.", "\n\nAnd some of the scholars divided bid’ah into the five categories of ahkaam and this is clear. ", "And it is established from Ibn Mas’ood that he said, ‘indeed you have matured upon the fitrah, but indeed you shall innovate, and things shall be innovated for you, so when you see the innovations then stick to the original guidance’…And Imaam Ahmad reported with a good sanad from Ghadeef Ibnul-Haarith who said, ‘al-Malik Ibn Marwaan sent (someone) to me and he said: indeed we gather the people for two matters: raising the hands (for du’aa) upon the minbar on the day of jumu’ah, and giving exhortations after the fajr and ‘asr prayers. ", "So he said:as for these two, then they are examples of your innovations in my opinion and I will not accept anything of them from you because the Prophet sallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam said, ‘a people do not introduce an innovation except that a sunnah the likes of it is raised (i.e. forgotten and neglected)’ and sticking to the sunnah is better then introducing a bid’ah’.", "So if this was the answer of this sahabi concerning a matter that has a basis in the religion, then what do you think the case would be concerning a matter that has no basis in the religion?", "\n\nAnd how about when it includes things that contradict the sunnah?….", "\n\nAnd as for his saying in the hadeeth of al-Irbaadh, ‘indeed every bid’ah is a misguidance‘ after saying, ‘and beware of the newly invented matters’ proves that newly invented matters are called bid’ah. ", "And his saying, ‘and indeed every bid’ah is misguidance’ is a complete sharee’ah principle both in wording and understanding. ", "As for in wording then it is as if it is said, ‘the ruling of such and such is that it is a bid’ah and every bid’ah is a misguidance’ and so it would not be from the sharee’ah because the sharee’ah, in it’s totality, is guidance…and the meaning of his words ‘every bid’ah is a misguidance’ is that which has been introduced that has no evidence in either a specific or general way…Ibn ‘Abdis Salaam said at the end of ‘al-Qawaa’id’: bid’ah is of five classifications [mentioning the five and some examples of them]” [End of Ibn Hajar’s words]\n\nThere are some points to be recognized here:\n\n1. ", "Ibn Hajars quoting from Imaam ash-Shaafi’ee after making clear that in the language bid’ah is of two types but in the Sharee’ah it is only one.", "\n\n2. ", "Indicating that he understands the statement ‘praiseworthy bid’ah’ in the linguistic sense as did Ibn Rajab.", "\n\n3. ", "His quoting Ibn ‘Abdis Salaam in his classifying bid’ah into 5 categories but he himself saying, ‘and the meaning of his words ‘every bid’ah is a misguidance’ is that which has been introduced that has no evidence in either a specific or general way’ and other similar statements.", "\n\nI came across a translation of Ibn al Jawzi’s (ghafarAllahu lahu wa rahimah) argument regarding the belief that Allah is neither inside His creation nor outside of it.", "\n\nHere is a part of it that I would like to comment on.", "\n\nQuote:\n\nFurthermore, from another point of view, it can be pointed out that He is neither in this world nor outside it because entering and exiting are inseparable attributes of things which occupy space. ", "Entering and exiting are just like movement and stillness and all other accidents which apply to bodies only.", "Notice that Ibn al-Zaghūnī claims above [Ibn al-Jawzī had quoted from one of his books] that He did not create things in His Essence (dhāt); therefore, he presumes it is established that they are separate from Him. [", "In refutation of this claim] we declare [that is, Ibn al-Jawzī] that the Essence of the Transcendent God (dhātuhū al-muqaddasah) is\nbeyond having things created in it, or that things should occur in it. ", "Now, material separation in relation to Him requires of Him what it requires of substances [namely, that He be defined by finite limits]. ", "Indeed, the definition of location is that what occupies it prevents a similar thing from being found there; [whereas, nothing is similar to God in any way].", "\n\nIt is apparent that what [these anthropomorphists] presume is based on sensory analogy. ", "Their inability to conceive of a reality beyond material experience led them into bewilderment, and to liken the attributes of the Transcendent God to the attributes of originated things [that is, to commit tashbīh].", "\n\nThe last statement is exactly what he (rahimahu Allah), the Asha’irah and mutakalimeen were doing in relation to Allah’s attributes !", "\n\nBecause they could not comprehend a hand that is not like what we see and know, because of Their inability to conceive of a reality beyond material experience led them into bewilderment and to liken the attributes of the Transcendent God to the attributes of originated things [that is, to commit tashbīh] in their minds,which then caused themto reject its dhahir thinking it leads to tashbih, and choose a figurative meaning for it !", "\nThey did the same with most of Allah’s attributes.", "\n\nWhat he said describes him (rahimahu Allah), the Ash’aris and the other groups who denied Allah’s attributes 0R made tawil of it.", "\n\nIt does not describe us at all.", "\n\nHow is that ?", "\n\nFirstly: Islam did not come with anything that is irrational (contradicts intellect\\reason\\’aql)\n\nIslam came with\n\nمحارات العقولmaharat al ‘uqool (what bewilders\\puzzles the mind)\n\nbut did NOT come with\n\nمحالات العقولmahalat al ‘uqool (what is impossible in the mind [unfeasible ?? ", "is that also a correct word for it, excuse my bad English])\n\nThe belief in Allah having a yad (hand) that is different than that of creation, a hand that we could not imagine because of not seeing something similar to it, for Allah is not like anything, is not impossible.", "Yes, it puzzles the mind, it is uncomprehendable because it is something that we have not seen anything like, but it is not impossible, only puzzling and bewildering.", "\n\nIf someone had told the people of the past, who came thousands of years before us, about the computer and internet that we have today, they would not beleive it because they wouldn’t be able to comprehend it since they have not seen anything even close to it, but does that mean it is impossible just because they couldn’t comprehend it, or seen anything like it? ", "No.", "\n\nThe same with the fruits of al Jannah and its rivers, castles..etc. ", "It basically shares the name and general meaning of the fruits, rivers..etc. ", "of this dunya, but in its description (kayfiyyah), it is different, it is not like anything we have seen or imagined.", "\n\nSo our belief that Allah has a hand that is not like the of creation, or anything we have seen or know, or exists in creation, a hand that is befitting Allah, is not impossible, it is from the first category (maharat al uqool) not from the second (mahalat al uqool).", "\n\nWe all agree that Allah Has an Essence, and we have no problem believing that His Essence is not like that of any essence we have seen or can imagine, it is not something that is impossible in the mind, the same applies to all of Allah’s attributes.", "\n\nMeanwhile, from my understanding, Asharis make it (believing Allah to have a hand that is not a limb) from mahalat al uqool (impossibilities of the mind), based on greek logic (ilm al kalam), which is purely derived from some human minds, concluded from limited human observation of the creation , with no backing from shar’i text, then they used this flawed limited human logic in understanding the ayah (nothing is like unto Him), applying it to the Creator’s [Allah] attributes.", "\n\nThus contradicting the ayah (nothing is like unto Him), since they used those mens’ conclusions from the limited observation of creation to accept or reject an attribute of the Creator, and give it another meaning that fits more with their logic.", "\n\nOur belief is based on evidence from the Quran and Sunnah with the understanding of righteous Salaf and Imams of sunnah who came after them. ", "Our beliefs are based on sama’ (hearing/the text), not based on human logic, but at the same time, our belief is not something that is impossible in the human mind, it does not contradict the sound mind.", "\n\nWhile Asharis and other groups’ beliefs were affected by ilm al kalam and their flawed understanding of the ayah (Nothing is like unto Him) using their aql (mind) to apply that ayah, if the mind could not comprehend except a hand that is a limb, then it cannot be accepted. ", "In regards to the belief of the later Ashari’s that Allah is neither in His creation nor outside of it, and neither in contact/attached to His creation nor seperate from it, it is from mahalat al uqool (impossibilitiesin the mind).", "\n\nBefore Allah created creation, there was only Allah, then Allah created creation, all agree that Allah did not create it inside of Him, there is only one other choice that is possible in the mind, which is outside of Him.", "\n\nAllah being neither inside the creation nor outside of it would only be possible if Allah was non-existent.", "\nAnd Allah exists without any doubt, subhanahu wa Ta’ala.", "\n\nThis belief is not something that puzzles the mind, it is something that the mind finds impossible.", "\n\nIt is like saying that a person is neither alive nor dead, this would only be possible if your speaking about a non-existent person.", "\n\nOur rejection of such a belief is because:\n\n1. ", "It contradicts the authentic texts stating that Allah is above the Throne, above His creation, which is supported by the statments of the Salaf and many scholars of ahl assunnah who came after them, including some of the early Asharis.", "\n\n2. ", "There is no text that supports such a belief, and Allah’s saying (laysa kamithlihi shay’ – nothing is like unto Him) is not evidence for such a belief. ", "The Mu’tazilah and Jahmiya used the same ayah to support their false beliefs, they have no evidence for it except their own faulty understanding of the ayah.", "\n\n3. ", "They have no statments from the Salaf to support such a belief, not even a weak one, while there are many statments by the Salaf and early scholars of Sunnah, sahih and hasan narrations, that state Allah being above His Throne, above the Heavens, separate from His creation.", "\n\nWe didn’t reject it based on its impossibility, but its impossibility strengthens the belief that such a belief is not from shari’ah.", "\n\nAnd even if it were possible, we wouldn’t accept it just based on its possibility, it must be supported by text and the understanding of the righteous Salaf." ]

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[ "Introduction {#s1}\n============\n\nAccording to Tajfel and Turner ([@B27]), social categorization is a process that allows people to analyze the environment, act efficiently within it, and to identify people\\'s position in society, in relation to the value socially attributed to their group membership. ", "The outcome of this process is the social identity, the part of one\\'s self-concept that derives from group memberships. ", "This self-concept is relational, relative, and comparative. ", "Therefore, people\\'s self-esteem depends on the positive or negative worth conferred to their group membership. ", "Individuals who belong to devalued groups undergo stigmatization. ", "Stigma is a set of negative beliefs and attitudes that are shown by bias, stereotypes, prejudices, rejection, and discrimination toward target groups. ", "Independently from the value ascribed to a group, people tend to evaluate their in-group members more positively than out-group components.", "\n\nYee and Brown ([@B29]) stated not only that children get involved in the social categorization process but also that when as young as 3 years old they show in-group favoritism.", "\n\nMoreover, Aboud ([@B1], [@B2]) suggested that children\\'s stereotypes change with their cognitive development. ", "Specifically, per his Cognitive-Developmental Theory, young children\\'s evaluations are dominated by the fear of the unfamiliar and are therefore crude and encompassing toward differences. ", "By approximately 5--8 years of age, children\\'s prejudice reach a peak, as they prefer their in-group to out-groups and then, from about 8 to 9 years of age, it decreases because children increasingly appreciate other people\\'s perspectives.", "\n\nStigma, like categorization is context-dependent. ", "Therefore, in different cultures and at different times, stigmatization may affect different groups. ", "Today, in our Western society, obesity appears as one of the most stigmatizing and least socially acceptable conditions among children (Schwimmer et al., [", "@B25]). ", "Several studies have highlighted that overweight and obese children are more likely to be victims of aggression than normal size peers and are frequently exposed to peers\\' intentional negative actions that are physical (e.g., kicking, pushing, hitting), verbal (e.g., being teased, name calling, derogatory remarks,) or relational (e.g., being ignored or avoided, social exclusion, being targets of rumors; Janssen et al., [", "@B14]; Griffiths et al., [", "@B9]; Puhl and Latner, [@B22]).", "\n\nThis phenomenon can be explained through the impact of the socially dominant esthetic ideals that equate thinness with beauty, self-efficacy, power, and success and that is pervasive especially for girls more than for boys (Grossi and Ruspini, [@B10]; Riva, [@B23]).", "\n\nBased on the stimulus provided by the aforementioned theories the present review examines if:\n\n1. ", " Obese children show in-group favoritism and thus show less anti-fat attitudes than their thin and normal weight peers.", "\n\n2. ", " Fat stigma is more prevalent toward overweight and obese girls than toward boys.", "\n\n3. ", " The intensity of weight-related stigma changes as does the cognitive development of children.", "\n\nMethods {#s2}\n=======\n\nElectronic databases (PsycARTICLES, Scopus and Web of Science) were searched using the following 8 terms \"victimization,\" \"anti-fat bias,\" \"anti-fat attitude,\" \"stigmatization,\" \"stigma,\" \"discrimination,\" \"prejudice,\" \"stereotype\" combined with \"obese children\" or \"obesity AND children.\" ", "Databases were investigated limiting the search to psychology and social work but excluding any restrictions about articles\\' year of publication.", "\n\nAdditional manuscripts were derived from the bibliography\\'s analysis of eligible articles.", "\n\nStudies were included in the review if: (1) the age of participants didn\\'t exceed 11 years old[^1^](#fn0001){ref-type=\"fn\"}; (2) the weight-based stigmatization phenomenon was analyzed by the perpetrator\\'s point of view and not by the victims\\' or by the observers\\' ones; (3) the main objective of the study was to assess the presence and the nature of this phenomenon instead of focusing on its causes and its effects.", "\n\nResults {#s3}\n=======\n\nAs described in Figure [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, the initial search identified 416 papers. ", "One hundred and fifty-three articles were removed due to duplication, 188 excluded upon review of title and another 38 left out after reading abstracts and full texts. ", "The process resulted in 24 papers for inclusion in the review. ", "Five articles were reviews and thus were not addressed in the results section.", "\n\n{#F1}\n\nOverall study characteristics\n-----------------------------\n\nAs it can be inferred from Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}, more than half of the studies took place in Europe (*n* = 11), 7 in the USA and 1 in New Zealand.", "\n\n###### \n\n**Overall study characteristics**.", "\n\n --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n **Authors** **Country** **Aim of the study** **Sample (size and age range in years or mean age and were indicated, BMI)** **Study design** **Measures** **Main findings** **Limitations**\n ------------------------------------------ ------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Lerner and Gellert, [@B19] USA To investigate:\\ 45 children (24 males and 21 females) between 5.3 and 6.2 years old. ", "Regarding [ethnicity]{.ul}, all participants were white. ", " Cross-sectional [A body build preference task]{.ul}: children were shown three pictures of a thin, an average and a fat peer. ", "Then they were asked to select the photograph that best depicts themselves, the one they would most want to look like and the one they would least like to look like. ", "Finally, they were also asked to indicate same-sexed classmates who most resemble each picture. ", " Although no particular body build preference was shown by the majority, a consistent aversion to chubbiness was expressed by 86%. ", "No gender differences were noted. ", " • The sample size\\\n • Children\\'s ability to recognize their body size\\ • The lack of participants\\' BMI\\\n • Children\\'s preference for different body sizes. ", " • The use of silhouettes that didn\\'t correspond to specific BMIs\n\n Counts et al., [", "@B5] USA To assess:\\ 24 children (12 males and 12 females) between 8 and 11 years old. ", "More in detail:\\ Cross-sectional • [Subjective evaluation of body size]{.ul}\\ In the absence of facial attractiveness information, both normal and obese children selected the average space target as a better partner and leader than the overweight and obese ones. ", "In the presence of facial attractiveness information, both normal and obese children viewed the obese target fairly positively. ", "Actual body size didn\\'t influence the selection task. ", "No sex differences were revealed. ", " • The sample size\\\n • The role of facial attractiveness and body build on social perception among obese and normal weight children. ", " • 6 third graders (50% boys)\\ • [2 adjective and behavior attribution]{.ul} [tasks:]{.ul} first children were asked to evaluate an overweight 14-year-old student teacher regarding her attractiveness and her expected competence as a teacher. ", "Then participants were show a photograph representing an average and a fat space person and were asked to attribute to them a set of 8 positive and negative qualities (better partner, smarter, friendlier, better leader, works better in a group, more sad, fights, works alone). ", " • The lack of participants\\' BMI\\\n • 14 fourth graders (50%boys)\\ • The use of silhouettes that didn\\'t perfectly correspond to specific BMIs\\\n • 4 fifth graders (50% boys) Regarding [body build]{.ul}, 12 participants were obese and 12 weren\\'t obese. ", "Concerning [ethnicity]{.ul}, all children were white, Caucasian. ", " • The lack of children\\'s perceived body size\n\n Goldfield and Chrisler, [@B8] USA To explore:\\ 29 children (14 females and 15 males) 6 years of age. ", "Concerning [ethnicity]{.ul} participants were 12 Hispanic, 10 Caucasian, 6 African American and 1 Asian American. ", " Cross-sectional • Body size perception: children were shown a set of body silhouettes and then they were asked to indicate which child they resemble most.\\ Many children (*f* = 28) were significantly less likely to say that the endomorphic child looked like them and significantly less likely to say they would want to be friends with the endomorphic child. ", "No gender differences were noted. ", " • The number of participants\\\n • Children\\'s stigmatization of fat peers • [A friend selection task:]{.ul} children were shown the same set of body silhouettes and then they were asked which they would like most as a friend.\\ • The lack of participants\\' BMI\\\n • [A body preference task:]{.ul} children were shown the same set of body silhouettes and then they were asked to indicate which child was the good one. ", " • The use of silhouettes that didn\\'t perfectly correspond to a specific BMI\n\n Cramer and Steinwert, [@B6] USA To investigate:\\ 113 preschool children between 3 and 5 years old. ", " Cross-sectional 4 measures to assess the obesity bias:\\ Fat stigmatism was stronger in the older children, but it was clearly present in the 3 year olds. ", "The cultural stereotype that \\'fat is bad\\' was pervasive across gender, regardless of the child\\'s own body build. ", "In fact, overweight preschoolers demonstrated stronger stigmatism than did those who were not overweight. ", " • The lack of children\\'s BMIs\\\n • Anti-fat attitudes in children as young as 3--5 years old\\ • [A simple adjective attribution task.]{.ul}\\ • The lack of children\\'s perceived body size\\\n • Relationship between anti-fat attitudes and body size • [An adjective attribution task based on a]{.ul} [story.]{.ul}\\ • The forced-choice paradigm\n • [A personal body attitude task.]{.ul}\\ \n • [A playmate preference task.]{.ul} \n\n Turnbull et al., [", "@B28] UK To investigate:\\ 25 children (12 boys and 13 girls) aged between 2 and 5. ", " Cross-sectional [A force choice adjective attribution task]{.ul} to assess anti-fat bias realized through the use of dolls. ", " Children ascribed more negative characteristics than positive ones to fat figures than to normal figures, and more to fat female than to fat male figures. ", " • The sample size\\\n • Gender differences in anti-fat attitudes in preschool children • The lack of participants\\' BMIs\\\n • The forced-choice paradigm\\\n • Considering participants as a large group instead of dividing them into different categories\n\n Kraig and Keel, [@B18] UK To investigate:\\ 34 children (19 girls and 15 girls) between 7 and 9 years old. ", "Regarding [BMI]{.ul}, subjects\\' mean BMI was 18.6 (3.5) kg/m^2^. Two children (6%) had BMIs that fell below the 5th percentile for pre-adolescent children, and one child (3%) had a BMI that fell above the 95th percentile for pre-adolescent children. ", "Concerning [ethnicity]{.ul}, 22 children (65%) were Caucasian, 10 (29%) had mixed ethnic backgrounds and 2 (6%) were Asian. ", "Participants\\' [socio-economic background]{.ul} was quite high. ", " Cross-sectional • [BMI]{.ul}\\ Evaluations were most favorable for illustrations of thin children and least favorable for illustrations of chubby children. ", "Children\\'s BMI did not influence the pattern of their evaluations. ", "Although girls didn\\'t appear to be the object of a greater degree of social stigmatization compared to boys, this study revealed that when rating boys, children distinguished between being overweight vs. being normal weight or thin. ", "When rating girls, however, children distinguished between being thin vs. being normal weight and overweight. ", " • The sample size\\\n • If girls are subject to more negative anti-fat stigmatization than boys • An [adjective attribution task]{.ul} based on the methodology used by Staffieri. ", "The unique differences were that in this study: 1) the illustrations to rate were 6:3 representing a thin, an average and an obese boy and 3 representing a thin, an average and an obese girl; 2) there were 9 descriptors. \"", "Fat\" was the one introduced. ", " • The limited range of socio-economic backgrounds\\\n • The disproportion between normal weight vs. average and thin children\\\n • The use of figures that don\\'t correspond to specific BMI\n\n Penny and Haddock, [@B20] UK To investigate:\\ Eighty-nine children (47 females and 42 males) aged between 5 and 10 years. ", " Cross-sectional • [A friend selection task]{.ul} realized through the use of wenty-four pairs of images specifically created for this study. ", " Anti-fat prejudice, with children preferring average-weight to overweight targets was evident. ", "Second, overweight female targets were liked less than average-weight female targets, with no effect of target size for male targets. ", "This is likely due to a higher emphasis being placed on female thinness. ", "Third, target size and background size interacted to influence liking judgments of a female target, with an average-weight female target evaluated more negatively on an overweight background and an overweight female target evaluated more negatively on an average-weight background. ", " • The sample size\\\n • the mere proximity effect as a possible manifestation of anti-fat attitudes • The lack of BMIs\\\n • The lack of children\\'s perceived body size\\\n • The sample size The use of figures that don\\'t correspond to specific BMI\n\n Penny and Haddock, [@B21] UK To investigate:\\ 73 children (47 females and 26 males) between 5 and 10 years old, divided into three age groups:\\ Cross-sectional • An [adjective attribution task]{.ul} based on 12 stories. ", "Each story was related with one of the following 4 themes:\\ Overall, overweight characters were less likely to be associated with high athletic ability than average-weight characters. ", "Older participants and boys did it more than younger participants and girls. ", "Overall, overweight characters were less associated with possessing high academic ability. ", "This result was found between 5- to 6-year-olds and 7- to 8-year-olds but not in 9- to 10-year-olds. ", "No gender differences were noted. ", "Overall, good artistic ability was less attributed to overweight figures. ", "However, among 9- to 10-year-olds there was no association between weight and artistic ability. ", "No gender differences were noted. ", "Children 5--8 years old were significantly less likely to associate high social ability with overweight children. ", "However, children 9--10 years old tended to associate high social abilities with overweight children and low social abilities with average-weight children. ", "No gender differences were noted. ", " • The sample size\\\n • The presence of anti-fat attitudes in children\\ • 27 participants (18 females and 9 males) aged between 5 and 6 years;\\ ◦Athletic competence\\ • The lack of BMIs\\\n • The predictions of the Cognitive-Developmental Theory (Aboud, [@B1], [@B2]) • 26 participants (16 females and 6 males) aged between 7 and 8 years;\\ ◦Academic competence\\ • The lack of children\\'s perceived body size\\\n • 20 participants (13 females and 7 males) aged between 9 and 10 years. ", " ◦Artistic competence\\ • The lack of implicit measures\n ◦Social competence \n\n Holub, [@B13] USA To investigate:\\ 69 children (61% girls and 39% boys) between 3 and 6 years old. ", "Concerning BMI, BMI z-score ranged from -3.02 to 3.27. ", "Regarding ethnicity, there were 97% Caucasian, 1.5% African American and 1.5% Asian. ", "Children\\' socio-economic background was between \\$55,000 and \\$75,000. ", " Cross-sectional • [BMI]{.ul}\\ Neither perceived nor body size ratings were related to children\\'s attitudes toward the thinnest figure. ", "Young children who perceived themselves as heavy had less negative attitudes toward overweight children. ", "Self-reported body size correlates more than BMI with anti-fat attitudes. ", " • The sample was too homogeneous in terms of ethnicity and socio-economic status\\\n • The relationship between body size perception and children\\'s anti-fat attitudes • [The figure rating scale]{.ul} (with figures A, D, and G only) (Collin\\'s, [@B4a]) to assess children\\'s personal body size perception.\\ • The use of Collins\\' figure rating scale. ", "Collins\\' figures do not correspond to specific BMI The use of Collins\\' figure rating scale with children younger than 7 years old. ", "There is no data available for this age\\\n • [An adjective attribution task:]{.ul} children were shown three figures (A, D, G) of the rating scale (Collin\\'s, [@B4a]) and were asked to attribute to them 5 pairs of adjectives (nice/mean, smart/stupid, has friend/has no friend, neat/sloppy, cute/ugly). ", " • The study design. ", "A longitudinal study would be better\\\n • Considering participants as a large group instead of dividing them into different categories\n\n Hansson et al., [", "@B11] Sweden To investigate:\\ 1,409 (647 boys and 762 girls) all 10 years old. ", "Concerning [BMI]{.ul}, 141 children were underweight, 1,128 normal weight and 140 overweight and obese. ", "Regarding [ethnicity]{.ul}, 95% of children were Caucasian, 5 were Asian, African or South American. ", "Concerning [socio-economic status]{.ul}, 456 participants had a high socio-economic background while 953 had a low one. ", " Cross-sectional • [BMI]{.ul}\\ The prejudice against obesity was present and not influenced by children\\'s own body size. ", "Any greater degree of obesity prejudice against girls than against boy was discovered. ", "However, boys were more positive to the thin girl figure than the girls themselves. ", "Moreover, children with high socioeconomic status were more likely to show obesity prejudice than children with low socioeconomic status. ", " • The use of Collins\\' figure rating scale. ", "Collins\\' figures do not correspond to specific BMI\n • Anti-fat stereotypes and prejudice in relation to children\\'s sex, sex of the silhouette figure, socio-economic status, place of residence (urban vs. rural) and BMI. ", " • An [adjective attribution task]{.ul}. ", "Children were asked to rate 6 silhouettes on 19 adjectives (kind, joyful, good, fast, healthy, satisfied, hard-working, honest, happy, loved, clean, popular, good-looking, sloppy, lazy, coward, lonely, slow, strange, stupid, different). ", "The silhouettes used were figures A, D, and I of the Collins\\' scale (Collins, [@B4a]) both for boys and girls. ", " \n\n Koroni et al., [", "@B17] Greece To investigate:\\ 1,861 Greek children (934 girls and 927 boys) aged between 10 and 11 years. ", "Regarding [BMI]{.ul}, there were 14.1% underweight, 17.7% normal weight, 21.6% overweight and 25.5% obese children. ", " Cross-sectional • [BMI]{.ul}\\ Elementary school students in Greece showed strong anti-fat attitudes against obese peers. ", "All children, regardless of their own body weight, tend to hold negative attitudes toward obese children. ", "Gender differences were discovered in five out of six rankings. ", "Greek boys disliked more functional disabilities (\"wheelchair\" and \"hand\"), while Greek girls disliked more appearance problems (\"face\" and \"obese\"). ", " • The ethnic homogeneity\\\n • Elementary school students\\' attitudes toward obesity in Greece • The [rank-order preference task ideated by]{.ul} [Richardson and Royce, [@B22a]]{.ul}. ", "Children were shown 6 figures representing a thin healthy child, an overweight child and 4 children with different forms of disabilities or disfigurements (a child on crutches, a child in a wheelchair, a child with no left hand and a child with a large scar on the left side of the face.) ", "Then they were asked to rank them from the first to the least preferred. ", " • Lack of body children\\'s perceived body size\n\n Askevis-Leherpeux and Schiaratura, [@B3] France To investigate:\\ 65 (37 boys and 38 girls) between 5 and 6 years old. ", "Concerning [body size]{.ul}, 2 girls were considered as overweight by the researchers Regarding [ethnicity]{.ul}, there were 45% European and 40% Maghrebi children. ", "Concerning [socioeconomic status]{.ul}, all participants had a low socioeconomic background. ", " Cross-sectional • Rank order preference task: children were shown 3 series of 6 pictures each representing a specific child (boy or girl). ", "The 3 series diverged because each specific child was once thin, once average and once overweight.\\ Both males and females firstly preferred the average peer, secondly the thin one and thirdly the obese peer. ", "However, girls refused obese peers more than boys did. ", "Both boys and girls believed that overweight peers are fat because they eat too much. ", "However, regarding the solutions, girls underline more than boys that children can modify their weight doing more exercise and eating less. ", " • The sample size\\\n • If females and males show different grades of anti-fat attitudes toward peers.\\ • A questionnaire to assess children\\'s opinions about responsibility and controllability of weight. ", " • The lack of BMIs\\\n • If overweight children are considered responsible for their weight and can change their body size • The use of figures that don\\'t correspond to specific BMI\n\n Solbes and Enesco, [@B26] Spain To explore:\\ 120 children (60 boys and 60 girls) between 6 and 11 years old, divided into three different age groups:\\ Cross-sectional 3 measure to assess explicit attitudes toward weight:\\ All age participants showed important prejudice and stereotypes against overweight children, both at the explicit and implicit levels. ", "However, as they grew older, they reduced their levels of explicit prejudice, but not the intensity of implicit bias. ", " • The ethnic and socio-economic characteristics of the sample. ", "It was too homogeneous under this point of view\\\n • The presence of explicit and implicit anti-fat attitudes and their links with participants\\' personal body attitudes\\ • 40 children from first grade (6--7 years old, mean age = 6.9)\\ • [Simple preferences and rejections task:]{.ul} children were asked to indicate their preferences and rejections toward 4 photos of boys (2 average and 2 overweight) and 4 girls (2 average and 2 overweight)\\ • The lack of participants\\' BMI data\n • If explicit and implicit anti-fat attitudes predict children\\'s playmate preference • 40 from third grade (8--9 years old, mean age = 8.9)\\ • [Sociometric task:]{.ul} children were asked to choose and reject possible partners to carry out different activities (working together, playing and going to a birthday party)\\ \n • 40 from fifth grade (10--11 years old, mean age = 10.8) Regarding ethnicity, all participants were white Spanish. ", "Concerning socio-economic status, all children had an upper-middle socio-economic background. ", " • [Adjective attribution task]{.ul} similar to the storyline method developed by Cramer and Steinwert ([@B6]) 1 measure to assess personal body attitudes:\\ \n • [Figure rating scale]{.ul} (Collin\\'s, [@B4a]) 1 measure to assess implicit attitudes toward weight:\\ \n • [Implicit Association Task]{.ul} in a child-oriented version adapted from Baron and Banaji ([@B3a]). ", " \n\n Durante et al., [", "@B7] Italy To explore:\\ 158 children (79 males and 79 females) of which:\\ Cross-sectional • [A rating preference task:]{.ul} children were shown 6 pictures (3 representing a thin, an average and a fat boy and 3 representing a thin, an average and a fat girl) and then were asked some questions created in order to assess: 1) the attitude toward body size; 2) the stereotype content, in terms of competence and warmth\\ Children showed the most positive attitude toward average-weight targets and the most negative attitude toward overweight targets. ", "Both the preference for average weight and dislike for the overweight children lowered from the first to the fifth grade children due to the increase of social desirability concerns. ", "Regarding gender, the authors found that children favored their own gender even if average-weight and overweight female targets were evaluated less favorably than their male counterparts. ", "Concerning the stereotypes\\' content, overweight targets were perceived as the least competent but warmer than the thin targets. ", "Thin figures were judged as more competent than warm, while average-weight targets were perceived as both competent and warm. ", "Anti-fat attitudes declined based on participants\\' age and level of social desirability. ", " • The CDSDTC was administered only to fifth-grade children\\\n • Children\\'s body size attitudes in relation to the stereotype contents • 50 participants (24 males and 26 females) between 6 and 7 years old\\ • [The Crandall Social Desirability Test for Children]{.ul} (CDSDTC short form, 1965) to assess social desirability in the fifth-grade children. ", " • Thin and average figures were more similar to the average than the heavy one.\\\n • 55 participants (30 males and 25 females) between 8 and 9 years old\\ • The lack of BMIs\n • 53 participants (25 males and 28 females) between 10 and 11 years old. ", " \n\n Kornilaki, [@B15] Greece To investigate:\\ 85 nursery children (42 boys and 43 girls) between 58 and 68 months of age. ", "Concerning [BMI]{.ul}, there were 56.5% normal weight and 43.5% obese children. ", "Regarding [ethnicity]{.ul}, participants were predominantly Greek. ", " Cross-sectional BMI and 2 measures to assess the obesity bias:\\ Preschool children tended to assign negative qualities to obese figures and positive characteristics firstly to normal weight and secondly to thin figure silhouettes. ", "Similarly, in the playmate preference task, the average and the thin figures were the most wanted, both by normal and obese children. ", "Therefore, obesity bias resulted present at preschool age and independent of children\\'s body size. ", " • The use of Collins\\' figure rating scale. ", "Collins\\' figures do not correspond to specific BMI\\\n • The content and the extent of obesity bias in preschool children\\ • [An adjective attribution task]{.ul} based on the storyline method developed by Cramer and Steinwert ([@B6]). ", "Children were asked to attribute social, school, athletic, art and self-competence to a story\\'s characters different in body size.• [The playmate preference task]{.ul} realized through the use of three figure (A, D, G) of the Collins\\' figure rating scale. ", " • The use of Collins\\' figure rating scale with children younger than 7 years old. ", "There is no data available for this age\n • The effects of body size on children\\'s anti-fat bias \n\n Kornilaki, [@B16] Greece To investigate:\\ 414 children of which:\\ Cross-sectional • BMI\\ Children tended to identify themselves with the low average figures of Collins\\' (1991) scale, irrespective of their own body size. ", "Girls chose the lighter figures significantly more often than boys. ", "Weight status affected the accuracy of body size perception. ", "Average weight children were the most accurate while the overweight and obese children underestimated their weight and the underweight overestimated it. ", "Obesity bias is strengthened with age and it is influenced by perceived rather than by actual body size. ", "Only the overweight and obese children that identified themselves as heavy had lower obesity bias scores, but still had them. ", " • The use of Collins\\' figure rating scale. ", "Collins\\' figures do not correspond to specific BMI\\\n • How children of various weight perceive their body size\\ • 131 were 5--6 years old (68 boys and 63 girls)\\ • [The figure rating scale]{.ul} (with 7 figures) (Collins, [@B4a]) to assess children\\'s perceived body size. ", "An adjective attribution task, based on the storyline method developed Cramer and Steinwert, [@B6] to assess obesity bias. ", " • The use of Collins\\' figure rating scale with children younger than 7 years old. ", "There is no data available for this age\n • If children\\'s BMI or perceived body size is connected with their anti-fat views\\ • 152 were 7--8 years old (76 boys and 76 girls)\\ \n • How overweight and obese children perceive themselves and if their body perception determines their anti-fat attitudes • 131 were 9--10 years old (56 girls and 75 boys Concerning [BMI]{.ul}, there were 3.6% underweight, 60% normal weight, 23.9% overweight, and 12.3% obese children. ", "Regarding the [ethnicity]{.ul}, all participants were white Caucasian. ", "Children\\'s [socio-economic]{.ul} background varied. ", " \n\n Harriger, [@B12] USA To explore:\\ 102 girls between 3 and 5 years old of which 35 were 3 years old, 37 were 4 years old and 30 were 5 years old. ", "Regarding [ethnicity]{.ul}, there were 62% white, 24% Hispanic and 14% of children of other minorities. ", " Cross-sectional 2 measures to assess the anti-fat bias\\ Preschool-aged girls did engage in body-size stereotyping. ", "They attributed more negative adjectives to fat targets and more positive adjectives to thin targets. ", "They were also more likely to select a thin figure as their playmate or their best friend than a fat figure. ", "In a number of tasks no age differences existed, but follow-up analysis evidenced that 3-year-olds tended to select a fat friend more often compared to 5-year-olds. ", "On the contrary, in the adjective attribution task, younger girls were harsher with fat figures, compared to the older ones. ", " • The lack of boys\\\n • The age differences in the development of body-size stereotyping • An [adjective attribution task:]{.ul} children were shown 3 figures (A, D, G of the figure rating scale by Collins, [@B4a]) then asked to evaluate them on 6 pairs of adjectives (nice/mean, smart/stupid, neat/sloppy, has friend/has no friend, cute/ugly, quiet/loud)\\ • The lack of BMIs\\\n • [A friend selection task]{.ul} realized through the use of the same figures utilized in the first task. ", " • The lack of children\\'s perceived body size\n\n Burmeister et al., [", "@B4] USA To explore:\\ 44 (45.5% girls and 54.5% boys) whose mean age was 4.7 (*SD* = 0.49). ", "Concerning [BMI]{.ul}, the mean percentile ranking was 73.30 (*SD* = 25.93). ", "Regarding [ethnicity]{.ul}, there were 89.5% white, 5.3% black and 5.3% multiracial children. ", " Cross-sectional • [BMI]{.ul}\\ Boys and girls rated children with obesity in images differently depending on how they were depicted. ", "Boys had more favorable impressions of overweight children shown in active roles while girls had negative impressions of overweight children portrayed both in active and passive roles. ", " • The size sample\\\n • Children\\'s reactions to a set of images representing active or inactive obese children\\ • [A rating preference task:]{.ul} children were shown 6 images (3 representing active obese peers and 3 representing inactive obese peers). ", "Then participants were asked to answer a series of questions created to assess their ratings through the use of a 4-point scale. ", " • The ethnic aspect of the sample.", "\n • Gender differences in that task \n\n Ruffman et al., [", "@B24] New Zealand To explore:\\ 70 mother-child dyads comprising 18 young infants (*M* = 6.99 months), 19 older infants (*M* = 11.11 months), 16 young toddlers (*M* = 28.81 months) and 17 older toddlers (*M* = 32.29 months). ", " Cross-sectional • [Children\\'s looking biases]{.ul} to assess the babies looking preference. ", "Infants and toddlers were shown 10 pairs of figures containing an average and an obese figure.\\ Older toddlers\\' preferential looking was significantly influenced by maternal attitudes, so that the children of mothers with anti-fat attitudes could express clear preferences for normal weight figures, while infants (*M* = 11 months) had a bias for looking at the obese figures. ", " • The sample size\\\n • If infants and toddlers exhibit anti-fat bias • [The Crandall\\'s Anti-fat Attitudes]{.ul} [Questionnaire]{.ul} (1994) to assess mothers\\' explicit anti- prejudice.\\ • The lack of paternal anti-fat bias\\\n • [Maternal and paternal BMI.]{.ul}\\ • The ethnic homogeneity of the sample\n • [Children\\'s television viewing.]{.ul} \n --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe papers identified produced a sample size ranging from very small (*n* = 24 children, Counts et al., [", "@B5]) to large-scale studies (*n* = 1, 861 children, Koroni et al., [", "@B17]). ", "The age range covered 6 months---11 years old within the articles and all but 1 study included both boys and girls. ", "The exception was Harriger ([@B12]) an girl-only sample.", "\n\nFrom an ethnical point of view, the majority of the studies included above all white participants. ", "However, other ethnicities are represented as part of the sample in 6 papers (Goldfield and Chrisler, [@B8]; Kraig and Keel, [@B18]; Holub, [@B13]; Askevis-Leherpeux and Schiaratura, [@B3]; Hansson, 2009; Harriger, [@B12]; Burmeister et al., [", "@B4]). ", "All studies are cross-sectional.", "\n\nAnti-fat stigma and body size\n-----------------------------\n\nThe search revealed 8 papers addressing the relationship between anti-fat stigma and body size (Counts et al., [", "@B5]; Cramer and Steinwert, [@B6]; Kraig and Keel, [@B18]; Holub, [@B13]; Hansson et al., [", "@B11]; Koroni et al., [", "@B17]; Kornilaki, [@B15], [@B16]; Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n### Instruments used\n\nRegarding the measurement of anti-fat stigmatization, 7 out of 8 studies used an adjective attribution task (Counts et al., [", "@B5]; Cramer and Steinwert, [@B6]; Kraig and Keel, [@B18]; Holub, [@B13]; Hansson et al., [", "@B11]; Kornilaki, [@B15], [@B16]), 2 a playmate preference task (Cramer and Steinwert, [@B6]; Kornilaki, [@B15]) 1 a rank order preference task (Koroni et al., [", "@B17]) and 1 a personal body attitude task (Cramer and Steinwert, [@B6])[^2^](#fn0002){ref-type=\"fn\"}.", "\n\nConcerning the measurement of body size, 6 studies calculated participants\\' BMI while one (Counts et al., [", "@B5]) evaluated children\\'s body size by eye. ", "Additionally, 2 also investigated children\\'s perceived body size (Holub, [@B13]; Kornilaki, [@B16]).", "\n\n### Findings\n\nDespite the sample and the methodological differences, all studies concluded that actual body size---precisely measured in terms of BMI or even calculated visually by researchers---does not affect children\\'s anti-fat attitudes significantly. ", "Thus, researchers who try to correlate body size and anti-fat bias discovered that overweight and obese children stigmatized their in-group peers as well as thin and average children did or even more so (Cramer and Steinwert, 1995).", "\n\nHowever, this unexpected result appears mitigated by the conclusions reached by the two studies that added the perceived body size information to the BMI data. ", "Interestingly, both Holub ([@B13]) and Kornilaki ([@B16]) found a low correlation between children\\'s self-perceived and actual body size especially in overweight and obese children. ", "Specifically, they discovered that the latter categories of children tended to underestimate their body size.", "\n\nIn particular, Kornilaki ([@B16]) observed that the great majority of fat children considered themselves as normal (77.8%) or even thin (9.1%), with only 13.1% correctly identifying with the heaviest silhouette. ", "Moreover, she ascertained that overweight accuracy considerably improved with age (from 11.8% at the age of 5--6 to 24.2% at the age of 9--10) but it steadily remained lower than the one reached by average peers, which went from 68.2% at the age of 5--6 to 86.8% at the age of 9--10. ", "Thus, at every age, more than half of the overweight children identified themselves as average and stigmatized the fat silhouette as if it represented an out-group member. ", "Only the minority of children who recognized their actual body size showed less anti-fat stigma, but still presented it.", "\n\nSimilar conclusions were found by Holub ([@B13]) and stated that perceived body size is the only univariate predictor of anti-fat attitudes in overweight children.", "\n\nAnti-fat stigma and sex\n-----------------------\n\nThe search revealed 13 papers addressing the relationship between anti-fat stigma and sex (Lerner and Gellert, [@B19]; Counts et al., [", "@B5]; Goldfield and Chrisler, [@B8]; Cramer and Steinwert, [@B6]; Turnbull et al., [", "@B28]; Kraig and Keel, [@B18]; Penny and Haddock, [@B20],[@B21]; Askevis-Leherpeux and Schiaratura, [@B3]; Hansson, 2009; Koroni et al., [", "@B17]; Durante et al., [", "@B7]; Burmeister et al., [", "@B4]; Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n### Instruments used\n\nRelative to the measurement of anti-fat stigmatization 6 studies utilized an adjective attribution task (Counts et al., [", "@B5]; Cramer and Steinwert, [@B6]; Turnbull et al., [", "@B28]; Kraig and Keel, [@B18]; Penny and Haddock, [@B21]; Hansson, 2009), 3 a friend selection task (Goldfield and Chrisler, [@B8]; Cramer and Steinwert, [@B6]; Penny and Haddock, [@B20]) 2 a rank order task (Askevis-Leherpeux and Schiaratura, [@B3]; Koroni et al., [", "@B17]) 2 a rating preference task (Durante et al., [", "@B7]; Burmeister et al., [", "@B4]), and 3 a body size preference task (Lerner and Gellert, [@B19]; Goldfield and Chrisler, [@B8]; Cramer and Steinwert, [@B6]).", "\n\nRegarding the measurement of body size, 3 studies calculated participants\\' BMI (Hansson, 2009; Koroni et al., [", "@B17]; Burmeister et al., [", "@B4]) while 2 (Counts et al., [", "@B5]; Askevis-Leherpeux and Schiaratura, [@B3]) evaluated children\\'s body size visually.", "\n\nMoreover, Askevis-Leherpeux and Schiaratura ([@B3]) administered a questionnaire to assess children\\'s opinions about responsibility and controllability of weight and Durante et al. ([", "@B7]) administered The Crandall Social Desirability Test for Children (1965).", "\n\n### Findings\n\nFirstly, all studies, regardless of the sample and the methodological differences, evidenced that both male and female children as young as 2 years old exhibited anti-fat attitudes toward their overweight and obese peers. ", "Thus, the overweight or obese silhouettes/drawings/photos were overall associated with negative adjectives and less preferred as friends than the normal weight ones.", "\n\nHowever, 5 studies found no significant differences between sexes in the degree of anti-fat attitudes shown actively by boys and girls, in the degree of anti-fat bias directed toward male and female stimuli and even in the attitudes expressed toward average and thin figures. ", "Conversely, 8 studies identified sex differences.", "\n\nIn particular, 2 studies (Kraig and Keel, [@B18]; Hansson et al., [", "@B11]) revealed that there was a sex difference regarding the socially valued body size. ", "In particular, Kraig and Keel ([@B18]) noticed that girls didn\\'t seem to be the object of a greater degree of anti-fat bias but, interestingly, when evaluating boys, children distinguished between overweight boys---who were devalued---and normal and thin males---who were both valued. ", "Differently, when evaluating girls, children distinguished between thin peers---who were the most valued---and average and overweight females---who were more devalued.", "\n\nHansson et al. ([", "@B11]), instead, found that boys rated thin girls more positively than the girls themselves did. ", "Thus, both studies underlined the fact that boys could in some sense press girls to value being thin.", "\n\nMoreover, 6 studies identified a gender difference in anti-fat bias. ", "Turnbull et al. ([", "@B28]) as well as Penny and Haddock ([@B20]) found that fat stigma was stronger toward female targets rather than male ones. ", "Moreover, the second group of authors discovered another interesting trend in children, asking them to evaluate a male or female figure who was surrounded by average or overweight characters. ", "In fact, in theory, children should not take into consideration the background characters, but in practice it emerged that the target and background size interacted and influenced judgments regarding female targets. ", "More precisely, an average-weight female target was evaluated more negatively on an overweight background and an overweight female target was evaluated more negatively on an average-weight background.", "\n\nOther authors revealed that girls exhibited higher more deeply-rooted forms of anti-fat bias than boys. ", "Askevis-Leherpeux and Schiaratura\\'s study ([@B3]) showed that, although boys and girls believed that overweight peers were fat because they ate too much, girls rejected chubby peers more than boys. ", "Moreover, females thought that losing weight depended on willpower and recommended more physical exercises to girls and dieting to boys.", "\n\nBurmeister et al. ([", "@B4]) demonstrated that males and females rate obese peers in various images differently depending on how they are portrayed. ", "Specifically, while boys value more positively obese children depicted while doing dynamic activities than doing passive ones, girls are not influenced by them. ", "This phenomenon may be explained considering that boys might have more favorable attitudes toward active overweight children because for males the thin-ideal is mixed with the muscular one. ", "For girls, instead, independently from how they are depicted, obese children still remain obese and for this reason, deplorable.", "\n\nSimilar conclusions were reached by Koroni et al. ([", "@B17]). ", "These authors, asking Greek children to rank 6 figures representing a thin healthy child, an overweight child and 4 children with different forms of disabilities or disfigurements (a child on crutches, a child in a wheelchair, a child with no left hand and a child with a large scar on the left side of the face), evidenced that boys disliked more functional disabilities (\"wheelchair\" and \"hand\"), while girls disliked more appearance problems (\"face\" and \"obese\").", "\n\nFinally, Durante et al. ([", "@B7]) found that usually children favored their own gender even if average-weight and overweight female targets were evaluated less favorably than their male counterparts. ", "Thus, in-group favoritism was less evident in girls when rating both average and chubby peers.", "\n\nAnti-fat stigma and age\n-----------------------\n\nGenerally, all research papers may be used to analyze the relationship between anti-fat attitudes and age. ", "However, from a more analytic point of view, 8 articles address this issue more precisely (Cramer and Steinwert, [@B6]; Turnbull et al., [", "@B28]; Penny and Haddock, [@B21]; Solbes and Enesco, [@B26]; Harriger, [@B12]; Kornilaki, [@B16]; Durante, 2016; Ruffman, 2016; Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n### Instruments used\n\nConcerning the measurement of anti-fat stigmatization, 6 studies utilized an adjective attribution task (Cramer and Steinwert, [@B6]; Turnbull et al., [", "@B28]; Penny and Haddock, [@B21]; Solbes and Enesco, [@B26]; Harriger, [@B12]; Kornilaki, [@B16]), 2 a playmate selection task (Cramer and Steinwert, [@B6]; Harriger, [@B12]), 2 a personal body size attitude task (Cramer and Steinwert, [@B6]; Solbes and Enesco, [@B26]), 1 a simple preferences and rejections task, a socio-metric task and the Implicit Association Task (Solbes and Enesco, [@B26]),1 a rating preference task and 1 a looking bias task (Ruffman, 2016).", "\n\nRegarding the measurement of body size, only 1 study calculated participants\\' BMI (Kornilaki, [@B16]).", "\n\nMoreover, Durante et al. ([", "@B7]) administered The Crandall Social Desirability Test for Children (1965).", "\n\n### Findings\n\nFirst, all studies evidenced the presence of anti-fat stigma, demonstrating that it is very pervasive and deeply rooted.", "\n\nHowever, analyzing this phenomenon over time the following trend emerges:\n\nIn the first place, according to Turnbull et al. ([", "@B28]) and Ruffman et al. ([", "@B24]) the anti-fat attitude emerges during the second year of life. ", "In fact, both the adjective attribution task used by the first group of authors and a looking preference task used by the second group of authors revealed this.", "\n\nRegarding the age group between 3 and 5 year olds, Cramer and Steinwert ([@B6]) recorded that both in the adjective attribution and in the playmate preference tasks fat stigmatization was stronger in older children. ", "Contrarily, Harriger ([@B12]), with an only-girl sample, discovered that in the adjective attribution task younger girls were harsher on fat figures compared to the older ones. ", "However, in the friend selection task, 3-year-old girls selected fat friends more frequently than 5-year-old ones.", "\n\nConcerning the age group between 5 and 10, Penny and Haddock ([@B21]) and Kornilaki ([@B16]) reached opposite conclusions. ", "Penny and Haddock found that children 5--8 were less likely to associate being overweight with athletic, artistic and social abilities. ", "On the contrary, this phenomenon didn\\'t emerge in children 9--10, who even tended to attribute social abilities to overweight peers. ", "Conversely, Kornilaki revealed that obesity stigma increased with age.", "\n\nFinally, concerning children between 6 and 11 both Solbes and Enesco ([@B26]) and Durante et al. ([", "@B7]) found that anti-fat stigma reduced with age. ", "However, Durante et al. ", "underlined that this phenomenon was directly proportional not only to age but also to the increase of social desirability. ", "Similarly, Solbes and Enesco revealed that as children grew older, they reduced their level of explicit prejudice but not the intensity of the implicit bias.", "\n\nConclusion {#s4}\n==========\n\nRegarding the first objective of this paper, it emerged that overweight and obese children show in-group favoritism and thus less anti-fat attitudes only when they correctly perceive their actual body size (Holub, [@B13]; Kornilaki, [@B16]). ", "However, according to Kornilaki the majority of fat children don\\'t accurately identify their body even at 9--10 years old. ", "Therefore, children\\'s in-group favoritism may be a rare phenomenon.", "\n\nConcerning the second aim, the question remained substantially unanswered because 5 articles posit no gender differences (Lerner and Gellert, [@B19]; Counts et al., [", "@B5]; Goldfield and Chrisler, [@B8]; Cramer and Steinwert, [@B6]; Penny and Haddock, [@B20]) while 8 noticed that girls stigmatize more than boys and are even more often the object of fat prejudice compared to their male peers (Kraig and Keel, [@B18]; Askevis-Leherpeux and Schiaratura, [@B3]; Hansson, 2009; Koroni et al., [", "@B17]; Durante et al., [", "@B7]; Burmeister et al., [", "@B4]) However, overall, it can be noted that 4 out of the 5 studies that didn\\'t perceive sex differences were published before 2000.", "\n\nFinally, concerning the third purpose, most of the studies considered partially or fully corroborated Aboud\\'s Cognitive-Developmental Theory (1988, 2003). ", "In fact, in the adjective attribution task, both Cramer and Steinwert ([@B6]) and Kornilaki ([@B16]) noticed an intensification of the anti-fat bias between 3 and 5 years old, while in the playmate selection task only Cramer and Steinwert recognized it. ", "Moreover, except for Kornilaki ([@B16]), the other studies examined (Penny and Haddock, [@B21]; Solbes and Enesco, [@B26]; Durante et al., [", "@B7]) observed an explicit decrease in anti-fat bias starting at 9 years old. ", "However, as noticed by Penny and Haddock, this change may be ascribed to the increase of social desirability and as noticed by Solbes and Enesco, it could be only exterior but not interior.", "\n\nThree among the possible future developments of this mini-review, which demonstrates the limitation of using a small number of articles written in different time periods, could be: (1) expand the research; (2) consider the effect of the research contexts on the results; (3) more deeply analyze the methodologies used and their impact on the results.", "\n\nAuthor contributions {#s5}\n====================\n\nRD handled the global structure of the work and the literature selection. ", "LC collaborated in the process of literature selection.", "\n\nConflict of interest statement\n------------------------------\n\nThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.", "\n\n^1^The decision to place the cut off at 11 years old is dictated by the desire to analyze the phenomenon before adolescence.", "\n\n^2^It\\'s important to notice that, although the methodologies used are often nominally similar, in practice they are very heterogeneous in terms of the number of adjectives chosen, semantic field they belong to and stimulus figures utilized.", "\n\n[^1]: Edited by: Caroline Braet, Ghent University, Belgium\n\n[^2]: Reviewed by: Netalie Shloim, University of Leeds, UK; Benjamin Missbach, Cornell University, USA\n\n[^3]: This article was submitted to Eating Behavior, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Sponsorship Opportunities\n\nAdvertise your business to the thousands of potential customers that visit our rinks each year! ", "Our current customers could be your future customers. ", "Our two facilities have two rinks each and play host to thousands of hockey games, practices, camps and clinics, with over 500,000 adults in attendance each year.", "\n\nTake advantage of this opportunity to get your message out to a captive audience and advertise your business in our rinks. ", "We have several packages available, including sponsoring teams, naming buildings or rinks and advertising boards and we’re open to any additional ideas you may have.", "\n​For further information regarding advertising and sponsorship opportunities, !" ]

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[ "The present invention relates to a through type high withstand voltage ceramic capacitor, in particular, relates to such a capacitor for the use in the noise filter in a high power and high frequency apparatus, like a microwave oven, a broadcasting transmitter and/or an X-ray generator.", "\nIn a high frequency and high power apparatus operating in the VHF band or UHF band, the noise superposed on a commercial power line must be prevented. ", "For that purpose, a noise filter, which is actually a low-pass filter is inserted in a power supply line of an apparatus.", "\nFIG. ", "1A shows the circuit diagram of a noise filter inserted in a power supply line of a heater of a magnetron in a microwave oven. ", "In FIG. ", "1A, the capacitors C.sub.1 and C.sub.2, and the inductors L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 compose a noise filter, the reference numeral 100 is a conductive filter housing, 102 is a magnetron, 104 is a heater of the magnetron 102, and 106 is an anode of the magnetron 102, and that anode is grounded.", "\nThe capacitors C.sub.1 and C.sub.2 must have a high withstand voltage, since a magnetron has a high operational voltage between an anode electrode and a heater. ", "Further, those capacitors must have excellent temperature characteristics, since those capacitors are repetitively heated to a high temperature in a microwave oven.", "\nThe present invention relates to the improved structure of a capacitor for the use in for instance the noise filter in a microwave oven.", "\nThe capacitor for that purpose is a through capacitor, and two separate capacitors, or a twin capacitor which has two capacitors in a single housing is utilized for that purpose.", "\nFIG. ", "1B shows the example of a prior twin through capacitor for a noise filter, FIG. ", "1C is a cross sectional view of the capacitor of FIG. ", "1B, and FIG. ", "1D is the cross sectional view of the noise filter utilizing a twin capacitor of FIGS. ", "1B and 1C.\nIn those figure, an elliptic ceramic body 1 has a pair of holes 2 and 3 in the thick vertical direction of the ceramic body 1. ", "On the upper surface of the ceramic body 1, a pair of separated electrodes 4 and 5 having corresponding holes are attached, and on the lower surface of the ceramic body 1 a common electrode 6 is attached. ", "The rectangular ground conductor 7 has a plate 7c and a elevated portion 7a. ", "The plate 7c has four holes 7c-1 through 7c-4 for fixing the twin capacitor to the filter housing, and the elevated portion 7a has a pair of holes 9 and 10 which correspond to the holes 2 and 3 on the ceramic body 1, and said elevated portion 7a has also a plurality of small holes 7b along the peripheral line of the elevated portion 7c. ", "Those small holes 7b serve to flow an insulating means as described later. ", "The common electrode 6 is fixed on the elevated portion 7a of the ground conductor 7 so that the holes 9 and 10 coincide with the holes 2 and 3, respectively, and the small holes 7b are positioned outside of the ceramic body 1. ", "The pair of elongated through conductors 11 and 12 are inserted in the holes 2 and 3, and the holes 9 and 10, respectively, so that those conductors 11 and 12 do not electrically contact with the common electrode 6. ", "In order to assure the insulation between the common electrode 6 and the conductor rods 11 and 12, those rods 11 and 12 are covered with flexible plastics tubes (insulation tubes) 15 and 16, respectively. ", "The caps 13 and 14 are put on the upper portion of the conductive rods 11 and 12, respectively, and those caps 13 and 14 are soldered to both the conductive rods 11 and 12, and the electrodes 4 and 5, respectively, in order to assure the electrical contact between the rods 11 and 12, and the electrodes 4 and 5, respectively. ", "Those caps 13 and 14 also have elevated portions which have a plurality of small holes 13a and 14a, respectively, along the each peripheral line. ", "The hollow elliptic cylindrical plastic cover 8 is attached under the ground conductor 7 so that said cover 8 encloses the rods 11 and 12 with the tubes 15 and 16, respectively.", "\nThe insulation filler 17, which is for instance epoxy resin, covers the portion of the bottom of the cover 8, and the periphery of the ceramic body 1, the caps 13 and 14 and the rods 11 and 12, as shown in FIG. ", "1C. In injecting the insulation filler 17, the capacitor body is covered with the cover 18, and the filler 17 is injected in the capacitor from the bottom of the cover 8. ", "The injected insulation filler is injected into the capacitor through the small holes 7b provided on the ground conductor 7, and the small holes 13a and 14a provided on the caps 13 and 14, and thus, the area inside of the cover 18 is filled with the insulation filler 17. ", "After the filler thus injected is hardened, the cover 18 is removed, and the twin capacitor is completed, and the insulation and the protection of the capacitor from the moisture are assured by the injected epoxy resin.", "\nHowever, a prior twin capacitor as described above has the disadvantages as follows.", "\nThe first disadvantage is that the life time of a capacitor is rather short when utilized in a microwave oven. ", "The reason for that short life time comes from the substantially elliptic shape of the filled insulator 17. ", "Because of the elliptic insulator 17, the distribution of the stress generated in the insulator 17 is not uniform. ", "That nonuniform stress is generated in the insulator 17 when the insulator 17 is cooled and hardened in the manufacturing stage, and/or the capacitor is repetitively heated in a microwave oven. ", "In particular, in the case of a microwave oven with a steam oven, the capacitor is disposed in the atmosphere with high temperature and high moisture repetitively. ", "The nonuniform stress in the insulator 17 generated by the temperature change causes gaps and/or cracks between the insulator 17 and the capacitor components (ground conductor 7, cover 8, and/or conductor rods 11 and 12 et al). ", "If gaps and/or cracks are generated, the electromagnetic fields in the cracks are increased, and the withstand voltage and/or the voltage at which an arc is generated is decreased.", "\nAnother disadvantage of the prior twin type capacitor is that the particular design consideration is necessary for the conductor rods 11 and 12, the insulator 17 and the cover 8 because of the nonuniform distribution of the stress in the insulator 17.", "\nAnother disadvantage of the prior twin type capacitor is that the size of the capacitor must be large in order to assure the preferable withstand voltage in spite of the generation of gaps and/or cracks.", "\nIt should be appreciated that said nonuniform stress in the insulator comes from the substantially elliptic shape of the insulator, and said elliptic shape comes from the twin capacitor. ", "In case of a single capacitor, the whole body is circular, and the stress in the body is uniform, and thus, the disadvantage described above does not exist." ]

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[ "This invention relates to a flexible disk drive for carrying out data recording and reproducing operations to and from a rotating disk-shaped magnetic recording medium of a flexible disk and, in particular, to an arrangement structure for a Hall element for generating an index signal.", "\nIn the manner which is well known in the art, the flexible disk drives (which may be hereinafter called xe2x80x9cFDDsxe2x80x9d for short) of this type are devices for carrying out data recording and reproducing operations to and from disk-shaped magnetic recording media of the flexible disks (which may be hereinafter called xe2x80x9cFDsxe2x80x9d for short) loaded therein. ", "In addition, such flexible disk drives are widely mounted or loaded in electronic devices such as a personal computer, a work station, a word processor, or the like.", "\nLoaded in the flexible disk drive, the flexible disk is rotated by a motor. ", "An index signal is used to determine a starting position of the rotating flexible disk. ", "That is, the index signal is a pulse signal that is generated each time the disk-shaped magnetic recording medium in the flexible disk makes one revolution. ", "For example, the index signal is used for generation of a xe2x80x9cReadyxe2x80x9d signal in the FDD. ", "The xe2x80x9cReadyxe2x80x9d signal is a signal for notifying the system that writing/reading can be prepared and is generated by detecting that the disk-shaped magnetic recording medium or the motor is rotated by means of the index signal. ", "In the system, the index signal is referred on starting of writing on track formatting, and the index signal is used for determining a point for stopping after one revolution. ", "The index signal is used for management of processing time on writing and on reading. ", "For example, a predetermined count is preliminarily defined and processing is made as an error if the processing for a designated sector is not carried out until counting the number of pulses of the index signal up to the predetermined count on writing/reading.", "\nIn order to generate such as an index signal, in an FDD for driving an FD of 5.25 inch type (which will be hereinafter called xe2x80x9cFDD of 5.25 inch typexe2x80x9d), an index hole bored in a flexible disk is used. ", "More specifically, generation of the index hole was carried out by irradiating light beam through the index hole bored in a jacket or a cartridge and by detecting presence of the index hole by the light beam.", "\nOn the other hand, in an FDD for driving an FD of 3.5 inch type (Which will be hereinafter called (FDD of 3.5 inch type) which becomes presently mainstream, there is no index hole in the flexible disk. ", "In the FDD of 3.5 inch type, driving of the flexible disk is carried out by rotating a driving pin projecting from a disk table (chucking table) toward the flexible disk. ", "It is therefore possible to rotatably position among the disk table, a rotor of the motor, and the flexible disk. ", "As a result, it is possible to detect rotation of the flexible disk by looking over rotation of the disk table or the rotor.", "\nIn particular, in a flexible disk drive where a DD (direct-drive) motor such as a spindle motor is used for rotatably driving the flexible disk, the index signal is generated on the basis of operation in periphery of a rotor of the DD motor. ", "More specifically, a notch portion is partially provided with a peripheral side surface of a disk-shaped casing composing the rotor while a magnet is disposed inside the casing so that only one magnetic pole (e.g. a north pole) is visible via the notch portion. ", "Such a magnet is called an index detection magnet. ", "In addition, on a main frame on which a stator of the DD motor and so on are mounted, a main printed wiring board on which a predetermined circuit is formed is disposed. ", "A Hall element is located on the main printed wiring board at a predetermined position corresponding to the outside of the rotor. ", "The Hall element is called an index detection Hall element.", "\nHerein, the Hall element is a semiconductor element applying a Hall effect. ", "The Hall element is a phenomenon where an electric field occurs in a conductor in a y-direction perpendicular to both of an x-direction and a z-direction when the electric current flows in the x-direction in the conductor and when the magnetic field is applied to the z-direction perpendicular to the x-direction. ", "The electric field caused thereby is a Hall electric field and an output of the Hall element in response thereto is a Hall output.", "\nIn addition, Hall elements are used not only as the index detection Hall element but also for detecting a position in the rotor of the spindle motor. ", "Such Hall elements are called position detection Hall elements. ", "A spindle motor using the position detection Hall elements is called a Hall motor.", "\nIn the manner which is described above, in prior art, a single-pole magnetized magnet is used as the index detection magnet. ", "It is difficult to obtain a stable generation timing for the index signal. ", "Accordingly, in order to obtain the stable generation timing for the index signal, the co-inventors of the present invention have already proposed and filed an application to use, as the index detection magnet, a double-pole magnetized magnet (that is, one where a south pole and a north pole are put side by side) (see Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication Tokkai No. ", "2001-190,055 or JP-A 2001-190055).", "\nIn addition, the index detection magnet mounted on the rotor and the index detection Hall element located on the printed wiring board are disposed so that they are apart from each other at a magnetic field detection position by a little distance. ", "The printed wiring board is disposed so as to extend in a direction normal to a rotation axis of the spindle motor. ", "Accordingly, a conventional index detection Hall element necessarily has a magnetic detection surface which is disposed to extend in parallel with a direction of the magnetic field generated by the index detection magnet. ", "Therefore, the conventional index detection Hall element is disadvantageous in that it has a poor sensitive condition for the magnetic field.", "\nOn the other hand, in order to improve the sensitive condition for the magnetic field, it may be devised to use, as the index detection Hall element, a specific Hall element having a magnetic field detection surface extending in a lateral direction (namely, at a side surface instead of an upper surface) thereof. ", "However, inasmuch as the specific Hall element is not generally commercially available and is a specific and rare one, it is disadvantageous in that cost rises.", "\nIt is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a flexible disk drive which is provided with an index detection Hall element having an improved detection sensitive condition for a magnetic field.", "\nOther objects of this invention will become clear as the description proceeds.", "\nOn describing the gist of an aspect of this invention, it is possible to be understood that a flexible disk drive comprises a main frame in which a flexible disk is inserted. ", "The main frame has a frame main surface and a frame back surface. ", "Mounted on the frame main surface of the main frame, a motor rotatably drives the flexible disk inserted in the main frame. ", "The motor has a rotation axis. ", "The motor comprises a rotor rotatably disposed around the rotation axis and a stator combined with the rotor. ", "The rotor has an external peripheral side surface on which an index detection magnet is mounted. ", "Mounted on the frame back surface of the main frame, a circuit board mounts a control circuit for carrying out a driving control of the motor thereon. ", "According to the aspect of this invention, the above-understood circuit board comprises a main circuit board for mounting the control circuit thereon and for extending in a direction perpendicular to the rotation axis of the motor and a sub circuit board mounted to said main circuit board at a position close to the external peripheral side surface of the rotor so as to extend in a direction in parallel with the rotation axis of the motor. ", "Attached on the sub circuit board, an index detection Hall element has a magnetic field detection surface which is disposed so as to oppose to the external peripheral side surface of the rotor.", "\nIn the above-mentioned flexible disk drive, the sub circuit board has a board main surface opposed to the rotor and a board back surface opposite to the board main surface. ", "The sub circuit board may have a penetration for penetrating between the board main surface and the board back surface. ", "In this event, the index detection Hall element may preferably be inserted in the penetration so that the magnetic field detection surface is faced to the board main surface of the sub circuit board. ", "The main circuit board may have an edge close to the rotor. ", "In this event, the sub circuit board may desirably be attached to the main circuit board at the edge of the main circuit board. ", "The board back surface of the sub circuit board may serve as a soldering surface. ", "In this event, the sub circuit board and the main circuit board may preferably be soldered with each other at the soldering surface with the board back surface of the sub circuit board and the edge of the main circuit board in contact with each other. ", "The index detection Hall element may have terminals electrically connected to the soldering surface." ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We present cosmological parameter constraints obtained from galaxy clusters identified by their Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect signature in the 2500 square degree South Pole Telescope Sunyaev Zel’dovich (SPT-SZ) survey. ", "We consider the [377]{} cluster candidates identified at $z>0.25$ with a detection significance greater than five, corresponding to the $95\\%$ purity threshold for the survey. ", "We compute constraints on cosmological models using the measured cluster abundance as a function of mass and redshift. ", "We include additional constraints from multi-wavelength observations, including [*Chandra*]{} X-ray data for [82]{} clusters and a weak lensing-based prior on the normalization of the mass-observable scaling relations. ", "We introduce a numerical technique to efficiently compute the cluster likelihood in the presence of an arbitrary number of mass proxies, each of which relate to the underlying cluster mass with a power-law scaling relation and contain scatter, of which a log-normal component may be correlated between mass proxies. ", "Assuming a spatially flat  cosmology, where the species-summed neutrino mass has the minimum allowed value (${\\ensuremath{\\Sigma m_\\nu}}= 0.06~\\mathrm{eV}$) from neutrino oscillation experiments, we combine the cluster data with a prior on $H_0$ and find $\\sigma_8 = {\\ensuremath{0.784 \\pm 0.039}}$ and ${\\ensuremath{\\Omega_m}}= {\\ensuremath{0.289 \\pm 0.042}}$, with the parameter combination ${\\ensuremath{\\sigma_8 \\left({\\ensuremath{\\Omega_m}}/0.27\\right)^{0.3}}}= {\\ensuremath{0.797 \\pm 0.031}}$. These results are in good agreement with constraints from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) from SPT, [[*WMAP*]{}]{}, and [[*Planck*]{}]{}, as well as with constraints from other cluster datasets. ", "Adding the sum of the neutrino masses as a free parameter, we find ${\\ensuremath{\\Sigma m_\\nu}}= {\\ensuremath{0.14 \\pm 0.08}}~\\mathrm{eV}$ when combining the SPT cluster data with [[*Planck*]{}]{} CMB data and baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) data, consistent with the minimum allowed value. ", "With this dataset, when we simultaneously free [$\\Sigma m_\\nu$]{} and the effective number of relativistic species ([$N_\\mathrm{eff}$]{}), we find ${\\ensuremath{N_\\mathrm{eff}}}= {\\ensuremath{3.28 \\pm 0.20}}$ and ${\\ensuremath{\\Sigma m_\\nu}}= {\\ensuremath{0.18 \\pm 0.09}}~\\mathrm{eV}$. Finally, we consider a cosmology where [$\\Sigma m_\\nu$]{} and [$N_\\mathrm{eff}$]{} are fixed to the  values, but the dark energy equation of state parameter $w$ is free. ", "Using the SPT cluster data in combination with an $H_0$ prior, we measure $w = {\\ensuremath{-1.28 \\pm 0.31}}$, a constraint consistent with the  cosmological model and derived from the combination of growth of structure and geometry. ", "When combined with primarily geometrical constraints from [[*Planck*]{}]{} CMB, $H_0$, BAO and SNe, adding the SPT cluster data improves the $w$ constraint from the geometrical data alone by , to $w = {\\ensuremath{-1.023 \\pm 0.042}}$.'\nauthor:\n- 'T. de Haan, B. A. Benson, L. E. Bleem, S. W. Allen, D. E. Applegate, M. L. N. Ashby, M. Bautz, M. Bayliss, S. Bocquet, M. Brodwin, J. E. Carlstrom, C. L. Chang, I. Chiu, H-M. Cho, A. Clocchiatti, T. M. Crawford A. T. Crites, S. Desai, J. P. Dietrich, M. A. Dobbs, A. N. Doucouliagos, R. J. Foley, W. R. Forman, G. P. Garmire, E. M. George, M. D. Gladders, A. H. Gonzalez, N. Gupta, N. W. Halverson, J. Hlavacek-Larrondo, H. Hoekstra, G. P. Holder, W. L. Holzapfel, Z. Hou, J. D. Hrubes, N. Huang, C. Jones, R. Keisler, L. Knox, A. T. Lee, E. M. Leitch, A. von der Linden, D. Luong-Van, A. Mantz, D. P. Marrone, M. McDonald, J. J. McMahon, S. S. Meyer, L. M. Mocanu, J. J. Mohr, S. S. Murray, S. Padin, C. Pryke, D. Rapetti, C. L. Reichardt, A. Rest, J. Ruel, J. E. Ruhl, B. R. Saliwanchik, A. Saro, J. T. Sayre, K. K. Schaffer, T. Schrabback, E. Shirokoff, J. Song, H. G. Spieler, B. Stalder, S. A. Stanford, Z. Staniszewski, A. A. Stark, K. T. Story, C. W. Stubbs, K. Vanderlinde, J. D. Vieira, A. Vikhlinin, R. Williamson, and A. Zenteno'\ntitle: |\n Cosmological Constraints from Galaxy Clusters\\\n in the 2500 square-degree SPT-SZ Survey\n---\n\nIntroduction {#sec:intro}\n============\n\nGalaxy clusters trace extreme peaks in the matter density field on megaparsec scales. ", "The abundance of these peaks as a function of mass and redshift is highly sensitive to the matter density and the growth of structure. ", "As this abundance can be predicted with sufficient accuracy for a given cosmology [@tinker08; @bhattacharya10; @holder01a], even modest measurements of cluster abundance can yield powerful cosmological constraints. ", "These constraints are particularly powerful when combined with or compared to independent constraints from probes such as the power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO). ", "Taken together, growth-based and geometrical probes can place significantly tighter constraints on parameters such as the equation of state of dark energy than either one independently, because of nearly orthogonal parameter degeneracies. ", "Considered independently, these constraints provide a consistency test of the dark energy paradigm and the validity of general relativity [@ishak06; @zhan09; @mortonson09; @mortonson10b; @rapetti09; @rapetti10; @acquaviva10; @vanderveld12].", "\n\nIn recent years, constraints on cosmological parameters from cluster abundance measurements have advanced significantly using cluster samples selected at X-ray [e.g., @vikhlinin09; @mantz10a; @mantz15], optical [e.g., @rozo10], and millimeter [e.g., @reichardt13; @planck13-20; @hasselfield13; @bocquet15; @planck15-24] wavelengths. ", "The predominant millimeter-wave (mm-wave) signal from clusters arises from the thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich (tSZ) effect [@sunyaev72], i.e., the scattering of CMB photons by hot electrons in the intra-cluster medium (ICM). ", "The surface brightness of the tSZ effect is redshift-independent, allowing high-resolution mm-wave surveys to obtain nearly mass-limited samples of clusters to arbitrarily high redshift. ", "The ability to cleanly select clusters out to the redshift at which dark energy begins to contribute significantly to the energy budget of the universe ($z \\sim 1$) is particularly important for constraints on the dark energy equation of state and tests of the dark energy paradigm. ", "Cluster surveys using high-resolution tSZ data are uniquely positioned to deliver such constraints [@carlstrom02].", "\n\nThe primary limitation to cosmological constraints from current cluster surveys at all wavelengths is an imperfect understanding of the relationship between the quantity that can be predicted from theory or simulations (the cluster mass or the height of the associated density peak) and the observable property of the cluster that is used as a proxy for this quantity. ", "The mass proxy can be the observable quantity used to construct the sample; it can also include observables from follow-up observations, often at different wavelengths than the cluster selection observable. ", "Since the cluster abundance is an extremely steep function of mass, misestimation of the relation between the mass proxy and the true cluster mass can lead to significant biases on the resulting cosmological parameter constraints.", "\n\nDifferent cluster mass proxies have distinct advantages and disadvantages related to the accuracy and precision with which they trace the true cluster mass and the expense of obtaining the data required to construct them. ", "In terms of ultimate accuracy, or absence of bias, the current gold standard mass proxy is derived from measurements of weak gravitational lensing of background galaxies by clusters (see @vonderlinden14b for a discussion). ", "Optical mass measurements from weak gravitational lensing are observationally expensive to obtain at high redshift, and the scatter on individual cluster mass estimates is large. ", "Gravitational lensing of the CMB by clusters is a promising future avenue for mass estimation—e.g., @madhavacheril14 [@baxter14; @planck15-24]. ", "Cluster velocity dispersions, generally obtained through spectroscopic observations of tens of cluster member galaxies, are also mostly unaffected by complex ICM physics but are expensive observationally and have large scatter [e.g., @evrard08; @saro13a; @sifon13; @ruel14], as well as uncertain velocity bias [e.g., @munari13]. ", "Where weak lensing measurements provide high accuracy, measurements of the gas mass $M_\\mathrm{gas}$, and/or of the integrated cluster pressure $Y$ provide high precision. ", "Estimated from tSZ or X-ray data, integrated cluster pressure is predicted and measured to track cluster mass with low scatter [e.g., @motl05; @nagai07; @stanek10; @kravtsov06a], but its relation to true cluster mass can be complicated by non-thermal pressure support in clusters [e.g., @evrard96; @nagai07; @yu15]. ", "Furthermore, robust $Y$ estimates require either relatively high-quality X-ray data (to provide deprojected temperature and density profiles), or tSZ measurements with accurate information on all cluster scales (sub-arcminute scales to the virial radius). ", "Mass proxies built from the same data used to select clusters, such as optical richness, X-ray luminosity, and tSZ detection significance, come at no extra cost but can demonstrate high scatter and require external calibration data to tie them robustly to the true cluster mass.", "\n\nIn this work, we use a sample of clusters derived from the SPT-SZ survey, a three-band mm-wave survey of 2500 [$\\mathrm{deg}^2$]{} of the southern sky conducted with the South Pole Telescope [SPT, @carlstrom11]. ", "The cluster selection method, redshift determination, and sample characteristics are described in detail in @bleem15b [hereafter B15]. ", "We use the mm-wave and redshift information from B15 in conjunction with targeted X-ray follow-up observations from *Chandra* to obtain cosmological constraints. ", "The mass proxy we use is the tSZ detection significance $\\xi$, calibrated using X-ray integrated pressure , which is in turn tied to true cluster mass using optical weak lensing (WL) measurements.", "\n\nThe paper is organized as follows. ", "In §\\[sec:szdata\\], we briefly describe the cluster sample, including the mm-wave data and analysis methods that went into producing the sample. ", "We summarize the optical/infrared data and redshift estimation in §\\[sec:redshifts\\], and the X-ray data and analysis methods in §\\[sec:xray\\]. ", "The cosmological analysis methods are described in §\\[sec:cosmo\\], and we present the cosmological parameter constraints in §\\[sec:constraints\\]. ", "We compare the cosmological constraints from this work to those from other cluster surveys in §\\[sec:compare\\], and we conclude in §\\[sec:concl\\].", "\n\nWhen parameter constraints are reported, the best-fit value and uncertainties correspond to the mean and standard deviation of the posterior distribution. ", "Cluster masses, denoted with $M_{\\Delta}$, refer to spherical overdensities for which the enclosed density is equal to $\\Delta$ times the critical density, $\\rho_c$. Similarly, ${\\ensuremath{r}}_{\\Delta}$ refers to the associated radius such that $M_{\\Delta} = \\frac{4}{3} \\pi {\\ensuremath{r}}_\\Delta^3 \\Delta \\rho_c(z)$.\n\nSZ Data and Methods {#sec:szdata}\n===================\n\nThe cluster sample used in this work is a subset of that previously presented in B15. ", "We choose the clusters with redshift $z>0.25$ and detection significance $\\xi > 5$. The significance cut was chosen such that the resulting catalog has high ($\\sim 95\\%$) purity, and the redshift cut allows for a nearly redshift-independent selection function [@vanderlinde10 hereafter V10]. ", "Our strategy for tying the cluster abundance measurement to the cosmologically predicted halo mass function is to calibrate the SZ-mass scaling relation using [*Chandra*]{} X-ray measurements. ", "The X-ray scaling relation is taken from @vikhlinin09b [@vikhlinin09 hereafter V09], though we modify the overall normalization of this relation in §\\[sec:wlprior\\] to be consistent with more recent weak lensing measurements from @hoekstra15 [hereafter H15] and the Weighing the Giants (WtG) project [@applegate14; @vonderlinden14a; @mantz15].", "\n\nSample of SZ Cluster Candidates {#sec:sz_sample}\n-------------------------------\n\nThe SPT is a 10-m telescope located at the geographic South Pole. ", "With a 1 degree field of view and $\\sim1$ arcminute resolution, it was designed to rapidly map large areas of sky while being well matched to the angular size of high-redshift clusters. ", "The SPT-SZ camera operated from 2007 through 2011 and consisted of a 960-element, photon-noise-limited bolometer array observing in three frequency bands centered at 95, 150, and 220 GHz, though this work uses only the first two bands. ", "The observation strategy and analysis for the 2500-square-degree SPT-SZ survey are described in many previous SPT papers (e.g. @schaffer11), and the analysis specific to obtaining the cluster sample is described in B15. ", "Briefly, the majority of the 2500 square-degree survey was performed using the following scan strategy. ", "The telescope is moved using a right-going scan in azimuth, followed by a left-going scan, followed by a step in elevation. ", "This pattern is repeated until a $\\gtrsim$100 square degree patch of sky is observed. ", "One such iteration is termed an *observation*, whereas the patch of sky is termed a *field*. ", "In the only exception to this observing strategy, for two thirds of the data taken on one field (ra21hdec-50), the scan pattern instead consisted of scans in elevation at a series of fixed azimuth positions. ", "Each field was observed until a depth of $\\lesssim$$18~\\mathrm{\\mu K}$-arcmin at 150 GHz was reached. ", "Table \\[tab:fields\\] lists the 19 fields that comprise the full survey. ", "For more information on the properties of the fields, see Table 1 of B15.", "\n\nTwo-dimensional maps of the sky are made by binning the time ordered data (TOD), to which mild time-domain filtering has been applied, into 0.25-arcminute pixels. ", "This produces estimates of the 95 and 150 GHz sky, to which we apply a simultaneous spatial-spectral filter, yielding a filtered estimate of the tSZ sky, optimized for extracting cluster candidates. ", "The candidates are identified using a peak-finding algorithm.", "\n\nDue to the exact choice of field extent, as well as the finite footprint of the SPT-SZ array on the sky, the fields overlap slightly. ", "The overlap regions only comprise $\\sim2\\%$ of the total survey area, and for simplicity we choose to treat the fields as fully independent. ", "As a result of this treatment, we would expect to double-count roughly $2\\%$ of cluster candidates, or seven to eight of our total number of candidates. ", "In fact we find nine cases of candidates with a very high probability of having been detected in two different fields (i.e., 18 total candidates that correspond to nine physical clusters). ", "There is no bias to our cosmological constraints from this treatment. ", "Our uncertainties will be very slightly underestimated, but this has a negligible effect on our final cosmological constraints.", "\n\n### SZ-Mass Scaling Relation Parameterization {#sec:sr_sz}\n\nWe use the same functional form for the SZ-mass scaling relation as previous SPT cluster cosmology analyses (V10; @benson13, hereafter B13; @reichardt13, hereafter R13; @bocquet15).", "\n\nBriefly, we introduce two SZ parameters related to the cluster detection process. ", "The first is the detection significance $\\xi$. After generating filtered synthesized SZ maps at a series of filter scales, each map pixel value is divided by the RMS of the map in a strip that spans 90 arcminutes in declination. ", "Then the maximum peak height over all filter scales is identified and defined as $\\xi$, the SZ observable used in this paper. ", "Because this observable allows for a very well-understood selection function, and cosmological constraints are dominated by the unknown normalization of the observable-mass scaling relation, we find that this observable is preferred over going to a different SZ observable such as $Y_\\mathrm{SZ}$.\n\nThe second parameter is the unbiased significance $\\zeta$. It is defined as the value of $\\xi$ that would be found in the absence of instrumental noise and astrophysical contaminants (including the SZ background). ", "Due to the fact that $\\xi$ is determined by maximizing the significance after searching in two-dimensional position space and source template size, the average $\\xi$ found across many noise realizations is enhanced by those three degrees of freedom, resulting in the approximate relation $$\\left< \\xi \\right>^2 = \\zeta^2 + 3 .$$ Since this relation cannot hold down to very low $\\zeta$, we only model this maximization bias for $\\zeta > 2$. We find that changing the location of this cutoff to $\\zeta > 1.5$ or $\\zeta > 2.5$ has negligible impact on the results presented in this work. ", "Motivated by the definition of $\\xi$, and the fact that the astrophysical contaminants and instrument noise are Gaussian to a high degree, we model $\\xi$ as related to $\\left< \\xi \\right>$ by unit-width Gaussian scatter. ", "We then parameterize the  scaling relation as $$\\label{eq:sr_sz}\n \\zeta = A_\\mathrm{SZ} \\left( \\frac{M}{3 \\times 10^{14} M_{\\odot} h^{-1}} \\right)^{B_\\mathrm{SZ}} \\left(\\frac{E(z)}{E(0.6)}\\right)^{C_\\mathrm{SZ}},$$ with an additional log-normal intrinsic scatter parameter $\\sigma_{\\ln \\zeta}$. The dimensionless Hubble parameter is denoted by $E(z)$. We follow B13 and R13 and apply Gaussian priors to these scaling relation parameters. ", "However, the mean values and widths of the priors are updated to reflect results from the more recent cosmo-OWLS hydrodynamic simulations [@lebrun14], which will be discussed in §\\[sec:sims\\]. ", "Specifically, we use the Gaussian priors $A_\\mathrm{SZ} = 5.38 \\pm 1.61$, $B_\\mathrm{SZ} = 1.340 \\pm 0.268$, $C_\\mathrm{SZ} = 0.49 \\pm 0.49$, and $\\sigma_{\\ln \\zeta} = 0.13 \\pm 0.13$, while requiring $\\sigma_{\\ln \\zeta} > 0.05$.\n\nBy-Field Simulations {#sec:sims}\n--------------------\n\nEach of the 19 fields that comprises the 2500 square degree survey has slightly different properties, which we account for using two similar types of simulations. ", "The first is to account for the fact that the map noise is slightly different in each of the fields. ", "This causes the detection significance $\\xi$ (the selection observable) of a cluster to relate to true underlying mass differently depending on the field in which the cluster was found. ", "We model this by simulating the relation between true cluster mass and unbiased significance $\\zeta$ separately for each field. ", "The simulations contain several components.", "\n\n1. ", " A Gaussian random field with a power spectrum equal to the CMB power spectrum calculated using the best-fit  parameters from @keisler11.", "\n\n2. ", " A Gaussian random field meant to approximate the background of emissive point sources after the brightest sources are masked. ", "The power spectrum is generated using three components. ", "The first is a Poisson component modeling the radio point source population with an amplitude at $\\ell=3000$ of $D_{3000}^r = 1.28 \\mathrm{\\mu K_{CMB}}^2$ at 150 GHz and spectral index $\\alpha_r=-0.6$ (defined by flux $\\propto \\nu^\\alpha$). ", "The second and third components model the Poisson and clustered dusty star-forming galaxy (DSFG) populations, respectively. ", "The assumed spectral index is $\\alpha_\\mathrm{DSFG} = 3.6$ and the amplitudes are the best-fit values from @shirokoff11.", "\n\n3. ", " Atmospheric and instrumental noise. ", "These are simulated using the actual TOD. ", "The coherent nature of the sky signal, modulated by the scan strategy, and the incoherent nature of the instrumental and atmospheric noise contributions allow us to estimate the map noise by simply subtracting the right-going scan TOD from the left-going scan TOD (up- and down-going in the case of most of the ra21hdec-50 field) in the map making process. ", "This removes any coherent signal present on the sky. ", "We furthermore apply a sign change to half the observations before they are coadded into the final map. ", "By changing which signs are assigned, we generate different realizations of realistic noise maps.", "\n\n4. ", " Maps of the Compton $y$ parameter from the cosmo-OWLS simulations in @lebrun14. ", "We use maps from the AGN8.0 model and convert the Comptonization maps to CMB temperature units by integrating the measured frequency response of the instrument against a relativistic 5 keV tSZ spectrum.", "\n\nA modified version of the standard cluster-finding process is run on the sum of these four components, and the cluster candidates are recorded. ", "In addition, the same spatial-spectral filter is applied to the maps only containing SZ signal. ", "The latter is used to identify cluster candidates and define their SZ center. ", "The amplitude in these filtered, SZ-only maps, divided by the standard deviation in a 90-arcminute strip in the filtered maps that include noise is precisely the unbiased significance $\\zeta$ introduced in §\\[sec:sr\\_sz\\]. ", "These candidates are then compared to the underlying halo catalog used to generate the mock SZ maps, which provide the cluster redshift. ", "For each SZ-identified cluster candidate, we choose the nearest dark matter halo with $M_{200} > 5 \\times 10^{13} {\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{M}_\\odot}}$.\n\nWith mass, unbiased significance and redshift in hand, we use the method of least absolute deviations to fit the  relation from Equation \\[eq:sr\\_sz\\] over the range $z>0.25$, $M_{500} > 1 \\times 10^{14} {\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{M}_\\odot}}$. We find nearly identical results when using a linear least squares method. ", "The normalization parameter $A_\\mathrm{SZ}$ differs from field to field by up to $30\\%$, while the other scaling relation parameters only vary at the few percent level. ", "We therefore model field variation with one parameter [$\\gamma_\\mathrm{field}$]{} that renormalizes the overall scaling: $A_\\mathrm{SZ} \\rightarrow {\\ensuremath{\\gamma_\\mathrm{field}}}A_\\mathrm{SZ}$. For consistency with previous publications, we normalize [$\\gamma_\\mathrm{field}$]{} such that the weighted average over the three fields which share 100% of the raw data used in R13 matches the weighted average in that work. ", "We note that any other choice of normalization would simply alter the definition of $A_\\mathrm{SZ}$, leaving all other results unaffected. ", "The values of [$\\gamma_\\mathrm{field}$]{} are shown in Table \\[tab:fields\\].", "\n\nThe other field-specific simulation is used to compute the expected false detection rate. ", "At a detection threshold of $\\xi>5$, approximately $5\\%$ of cluster candidates are expected to be false. ", "In order to simulate the rate of false detections, we perform the cluster-finding process on the simulated maps described above, omitting the SZ component. ", "The resulting number of cluster candidates as a function of $\\xi$ is recorded for 100 such simulations. ", "To reduce shot noise from the finite number of simulated realizations, we model the false detection rate with the empirically chosen fitting function $$\\label{eq:false}\n N_\\mathrm{false}(>\\xi) = {\\ensuremath{\\alpha_\\mathrm{field}}}\\exp \\left ( -{\\ensuremath{\\beta_\\mathrm{field}}}(\\xi-5) \\right ) \\ .$$ The values of [$\\alpha_\\mathrm{field}$]{} and [$\\beta_\\mathrm{field}$]{} are shown in Table \\[tab:fields\\]. ", "The total number of expected false detections per 2500 square degrees with $\\xi > 5$ from these simulations is $18 \\pm 4$, which is consistent with the number of optically unconfirmed cluster candidates, 21 (B15).", "\n\n[ l c c c ]{} <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ra5h30dec-55</span> & 16.79 & 4.60 & 1.33\\\n<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ra23h30dec-55</span> & 17.58 & 4.03 & 1.39\\\n<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ra21hdec-60</span> & 25.64 & 4.07 & 1.29\\\n<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ra3h30dec-60</span> & 20.53 & 4.70 & 1.25\\\n<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ra21hdec-50</span> & 25.28 & 4.14 & 1.11\\\n<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ra4h10dec-50</span> & 16.75 & 5.48 & 1.27\\\n<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ra0h50dec-50</span> & 20.76 & 5.11 & 1.14\\\n<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ra2h30dec-50</span> & 14.98 & 4.78 & 1.19\\\n<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ra1hdec-60</span> & 17.25 & 5.38 & 1.18\\\n<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ra5h30dec-45</span> & 15.91 & 4.81 & 1.08\\\n<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ra6h30dec-55</span> & 17.77 & 4.58 & 1.16\\\n<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ra3h30dec-42.5</span> & 16.85 & 4.31 & 1.20\\\n<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ra23hdec-62.5</span> & 14.90 & 4.92 & 1.18\\\n<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ra21hdec-42.5</span> & 17.11 & 4.49 & 1.15\\\n<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ra1hdec-42.5</span> & 18.41 & 5.55 & 1.19\\\n<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ra22h30dec-55</span> & 16.45 & 5.23 & 1.13\\\n<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ra23hdec-45</span> & 17.00 & 5.20 & 1.19\\\n<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ra6h30dec-45</span> & 14.78 & 4.23 & 1.16\\\n<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ra6hdec-62.5</span> & 16.53 & 4.70 & 1.18\n\nRedshift Estimation {#sec:redshifts}\n===================\n\nAs the SPT-SZ selection is essentially independent of redshift, we require optical and—for the highest-redshift systems—near-infrared (NIR) data to both confirm the SPT candidates as clusters and to obtain redshifts for these systems. ", "We provide a brief overview of this process here; for more details readers are referred to B15.", "\n\nAs a first step, each SPT cluster candidate is visually inspected in imaging data from the Digitized Sky Survey (DSS),[^1] as we have found most SPT clusters at redshift $z<0.5$ are visible in these scanned photographic plates. ", "These relatively low-redshift systems are then reimaged with 1 – 2 m class telescopes to obtain robust confirmations and redshifts. ", "Higher-redshift candidates not visible in the DSS (or designated non-confirmed after imaging on the small telescopes) are observed with 4 – 6.5 m class telescopes. ", "The latter observations are conducted in two passes: first-pass observations are designed to ensure $\\ge 5 \\sigma$ detection of $0.4$L$^*$ red-sequence galaxies (where L$^*$ is the characteristic luminosity that appears in the @schechter76 formulation of the galaxy luminosity function) at $z< 0.75$; higher-redshift clusters or candidates not confirmed in the first pass are also observed (telescope resources permitting) in the optical and/or NIR to extend this redshift range to $z>0.9$. In total 69/78 of the highest-redshift ($z>0.75$) or non-confirmed systems received second-pass imaging; the majority of these systems (58/78) were observed with [[*Spitzer*]{}]{}/IRAC [@fazio04 PI: Brodwin] at 3.6 [$\\mu$m]{} and 4.5 [$\\mu$m]{}  to a depth sufficient for the $10 \\sigma$ detection of $0.4$L$^*$ galaxies at $z=1.5$ [@brodwin10].", "\n\nFollowing imaging, a few arcmin region around each SPT location is searched for an overdensity of red-sequence cluster galaxies. ", "When such an overdensity is identified, we confirm the candidate as a cluster and assign the system a redshift using a red-sequence model calibrated using the subset of SPT clusters with spectroscopic redshifts. ", "For candidates not confirmed in our imaging data we compute a redshift “lower limit” corresponding to the highest redshift for which we would have detected the overdensity of red galaxies we require to confirm a cluster [@song12b]. ", "The redshift range of the confirmed cosmological cluster sample is $0.25 \\le z \\lesssim 1.7$ with a median redshift $z_\\textrm{med}=0.58$. Typical redshift uncertainties range from $\\sigma_{z} \\sim$0.02$\\times(1+z)$ for the optical-based redshifts to $\\sim$0.035$\\times(1+z)$ for clusters with redshifts determined from [*Spitzer*]{}/IRAC observations.", "\n\nA large subset (31%) of the SPT cosmological cluster sample has also been spectroscopically observed. ", "Spectroscopic redshifts for 86 SPT clusters were obtained as part of a dedicated follow-up campaign using spectrographs on the Magellan telescope, the Gemini-South telescope, and the Very Large Telescope. ", "We have also searched the literature for cluster counterparts and find an additional 21 clusters with reported spectroscopic redshifts. ", "The spectroscopic sample spans almost the full redshift range of the cluster sample, from $0.26 < z \\le 1.478$, with a median redshift of $z_\\textrm{med}=0.53$. The SPT spectroscopic follow-up effort is described in detail in @ruel14, and the redshifts are presented in B15.", "\n\n*Chandra* X-ray Dataset and Methods {#sec:xray}\n===================================\n\nThe X-ray data used in this work were originally presented in @mcdonald13 and most were acquired as part of a *Chandra* X-ray Visionary Project (PI: Benson). ", "In general, exposure times were chosen to ensure 2000 X-ray counts, based on measured ROSAT fluxes (when available) or a combination of the $L_\\mathrm{X}-M$ relation and mass estimates from the SZ signal. ", "Data were obtained using the front-illuminated ACIS-I CCDs, and cleaned for background flares before applying calibration corrections using <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ciao</span> v4.7 and <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">caldb</span> v4.6.8.", "\n\nGlobal cluster properties (e.g., gas mass $M_{g,500}$ and X-ray temperature $kT_{500}$) for each cluster are derived in @mcdonald13, following closely the procedures described in @andersson11. ", "For a detailed description of the X-ray analysis, the reader is directed to these works. ", "In this work, we make use of the mass proxy , which is obtained from the measured gas mass and X-ray temperature. ", "This temperature $kT_{500}$ is derived by first assuming some value of ${\\ensuremath{r}}_{500}$ (i.e., 1 Mpc), and measuring the core-excised ($0.15~{\\ensuremath{r}}_{500}$ to $1.0~{\\ensuremath{r}}_{500}$) temperature within this radius. ", "Using this temperature, we compute a new estimate of ${\\ensuremath{r}}_{500}$ using the $T_\\mathrm{X}-M$ relation from V09. ", "The temperature is then measured within this radius, and the process is repeated until it converges.", "\n\nWe also measure the enclosed gas mass as a function of ${\\ensuremath{r}}_{500}$, following the procedures described in @mcdonald13b. ", "This involves measuring the X-ray surface brightness in the rest-frame energy range $0.7-2.0$ keV as a function of radius, and fitting a line-of-sight projected model for the electron density profile to these data, following @vikhlinin06. ", "In converting from the electron density to the gas density, we assume $\\rho_g = m_p n_e A/Z$, where $A = 1.397$ is the average nuclear charge and $Z = 1.199$ is the average nuclear mass. ", "The enclosed gas mass within a given radius is simply the volume integral of the gas density profile out to the specified radius.", "\n\nThese two quantities are combined into the mass proxy . ", "Since ${\\ensuremath{r}}_{500}$ must be known to compute $M_{g,500}$, we numerically solve ${\\mbox{$Y_\\mathrm{X}$}}=M_{g,500} kT_{500}$ together with the scaling relation given in Equation \\[eq:sr\\_x\\]. ", "This numerical calculation is performed for each set of cosmological parameters that will be explored in §\\[sec:cosmo\\].", "\n\n Scaling Relation Parameterization {#sec:sr_x}\n----------------------------------\n\nFollowing V09, B13, R13, and @bocquet15, we use  as a proxy for the total cluster mass. ", "We write the scaling relation as $$\\label{eq:sr_x}\n \\begin{split}\n \\frac{M_{500}}{ 10^{14} M_{\\odot} / h } = \\left(A_\\mathrm{X} h^{3/2} \\left( \\frac{h}{0.72} \\right)^{\\frac{5}{2} B_\\mathrm{X} - \\frac{3}{2}} \\right) \\\\\n \\times \\left( \\frac{{\\mbox{$Y_\\mathrm{X}$}}}{3 \\times 10^{14} M_{\\odot}\\, \\mathrm{keV}} \\right)^{B_\\mathrm{X}} E(z)^{C_\\mathrm{X}},\n \\end{split}$$ where the parameters $A_\\mathrm{X}$, $B_\\mathrm{X}$, $C_\\mathrm{X}$ describe the normalization, mass dependence and redshift dependence of the relation, respectively.[^2] As we did for the  relation, we introduce a parameter $\\sigma_{\\ln {\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Yx}}}}$ which models a log-normal intrinsic scatter in the  relation. ", "We allow the intrinsic scatter in the  relation and the  relation to be correlated, parameterizing this with the correlation coefficient $\\rho_{\\zeta,{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Yx}}}}$. We follow B13 and R13 and apply Gaussian priors of $B_\\mathrm{X} = 0.57 \\pm 0.03$, $C_\\mathrm{X} = -0.40 \\pm 0.20$, and $\\sigma_{\\ln {\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Yx}}}} = 0.12 \\pm 0.08$, respectively, as well as a uniform prior between $-0.98$ and 0.98 on $\\rho_{\\zeta,{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Yx}}}}$.\n\nPrior on the Normalization of the  Relation {#sec:wlprior}\n-------------------------------------------\n\nIn B13 and R13, we used a prior on the normalization of the  relation, $A_\\mathrm{X}$, motivated from V09. ", "In V09, the normalization was cross-checked against weak lensing mass estimates from @hoekstra07 for the 10 clusters at $z < 0.3$ that, at the time, also had sufficient [*Chandra*]{} observations to measure . ", "In B13, this normalization was remeasured using more recent weak lensing mass estimates from @hoekstra12, and found to be consistent with the assumed calibration from V09. ", "In this work, we revisit the  normalization again, using the most recent weak lensing mass estimates from H15 to constrain any mean offset in the normalization of the original hydrostatic mass calibration of the -mass scaling relation from V09. ", "In addition, we also consider any systematic offset in the H15 weak lensing mass estimates, by comparing to alternative weak lensing mass estimates from WtG.\n\nIn Figure \\[fig:yxm\\_norm\\], we compare weak lensing-based mass estimates from H15 to -based mass estimates and to weak-lensing masses from WtG. We have remeasured  from archival [*Chandra*]{} X-ray data for the 14 clusters from H15 with sufficiently deep X-ray measurements, which we use to estimate a cluster mass ($M_{\\rm {\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Yx}}}}$) using the -mass scaling relation from V09. ", "For these clusters, we also remeasure the deprojected weak-lensing aperture mass from the H15 dataset using the X-ray implied ${\\ensuremath{r}}_{500}$. Using the X-ray implied ${\\ensuremath{r}}_{500}$ approximates what would happen if the weak lensing mass estimates were included in a joint - WL scaling relation fit because of the relatively low scatter of   with cluster mass, and, as we will show later, the agreement in the resulting  relation. ", "To compare H15 and WtG mass estimates at the same radius, we extract a WtG mass for each of the 18 clusters in common at the value of ${\\ensuremath{r}}_{500}$ implied by the H15 analysis. ", "We specifically use the mass estimates computed by fitting an NFW model to the observed shear profiles from the WtG “color-cut” method [@applegate14].", "\n\nIn Table \\[tab:mass\\], we give three different measures of the relative cluster mass estimates between H15, WtG, and V09. ", "First, we fit a scaling relation of the form $\\ln(M_{\\rm WL}) = A + \\ln(M_{\\rm {\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Yx}}}})$ with a free log-normal intrinsic scatter, using the Bayesian linear regression fitting code from @kelly07. ", "For comparison, we also estimate the bootstrap mean and median of the log of the mass ratio, which makes no assumption about the underlying scatter.", "\n\nFirst considering the mass ratio between H15 and V09, we find all three estimates imply a mass ratio near unity with the scaling relation, bootstrap mean, and bootstrap median giving ratios of $1.01 \\pm 0.07$, $1.03 \\pm 0.06$, and $1.12 \\pm 0.05$, respectively. ", "This implies that the -based masses from V09 are in relatively good agreement with H15, with the H15 masses $\\sim$1-12% larger, depending on how the mass ratio is estimated. ", "Next, we consider the mass ratio between WtG and H15. ", "We also find that all three estimates imply a mass ratio near unity with the scaling relation, bootstrap mean, and bootstrap median giving ratios of $1.06 \\pm 0.07$, $1.07 \\pm 0.07$, and $1.11 \\pm 0.05$, respectively. ", "Therefore the weak lensing-based mass estimates from H15 and WtG are also in relatively good agreement, with the WtG masses $\\sim$6-11% larger, comparable to the $7\\%$ estimated systematic uncertainty from H15. ", "The overlapping cluster sample between our V09- sample and WtG is smaller (eight clusters), and therefore has larger uncertainty on the mass ratio. ", "We find that the three different mass ratio estimates between WtG and V09 range from $1.15-1.24$. This range is somewhat larger, but comparable with, the expectation when considering the mass ratios of the larger samples used to calculate the WtG/H15 and H15/V09 mass ratios, which would predict a mass ratio between WtG and V09 of $\\sim1.1-1.2$.\n\nIn summary, comparing to the original  calibration from V09, we find that the weak lensing measurements imply a normalization that increases the -based cluster masses by a factor between 1.0 and 1.2, depending on the weak lensing analysis and dataset (H15, WtG), and the fit assumptions. ", "We therefore choose a Gaussian prior on the normalization of our  relation of $A_\\mathrm{X} = 6.35 \\pm 0.61$, which increases the normalization from V09 by a factor of $1.1$ with an overall uncertainty of $10\\%$. We expect that this uncertainty includes the sum of our statistical and systematic uncertainty, because it brackets the range of values in the above comparison with the weak lensing measurements and is comparable to our naive expectation given the statistical uncertainty in the fit above and the systematic uncertainty estimated in H15. ", "This effectively gives us a purely weak lensing-derived mass scale, independent of the hydrostatic mass estimates. ", "We expect our constraints on the mass scale to improve in future work using weak lensing observations of SPT-SZ survey clusters, which we will then be able to directly include in our cosmological analysis.", "\n\nFinally, we have also estimated the dependence of the weak-lensing and X-ray-derived mass estimates on cosmological parameters. ", "Over the range of cosmological parameters explored, the ratio of the two varies negligibly compared to the uncertainty of $10\\%$.\n\n![", "A plot comparing cluster weak lensing and -based mass estimates. ", "Plotted along the $y$-axis are weak lensing-based mass estimates from WtG (red) and -based mass estimates using the scaling from V09 (black). ", "On the $x$-axis are weak lensing-based mass estimates from H15. ", "For the H15/V09 comparison (black points), we have re-estimated the H15 masses using the X-ray implied ${\\ensuremath{r}}_{500}$. The solid grey line shows a one-to-one relation, and the dashed black and red lines give the normalization implied for the bootstrap mean fit to the ratio of the masses (for details see text).[]{data-label=\"fig:yxm_norm\"}](figs/mass_vs_mass_h15.pdf){width=\"47.00000%\"}\n\n[ l c c c c]{} H15/V09 & 14 & $1.01 \\pm 0.07$ & $1.03 \\pm 0.06$ & $1.12 \\pm 0.05$\\\nWtG/H15 & 18 & $1.06 \\pm 0.07$ & $1.07 \\pm 0.07$ & $1.11 \\pm 0.05$\\\nWtG/V09 & 8 & $1.15 \\pm 0.10$ & $1.17 \\pm 0.13$ & $1.24 \\pm 0.09$\n\nCosmological Analysis {#sec:cosmo}\n=====================\n\nArmed with the abundance of clusters as a function of the observables $z$, $\\xi$, and ${\\mbox{$Y_\\mathrm{X}$}}$, and models of the scaling of these observables with cluster mass, we are almost ready to place constraints on cosmological parameters. ", "For the final step, we need a theoretical framework for translating cosmological parameters into a prediction for the number of clusters as a function of mass and redshift, and we need a statistical method for comparing those predictions to our observed abundance. ", "For both of these requirements, we closely follow the methods of V10, B13, and R13.", "\n\nParameters to Cluster Abundance Predictions {#sec:massfunction}\n-------------------------------------------\n\nFor a given set of cosmological parameters, we use the Code for Anisotropies in the Microwave Background [CAMB, @lewis00] to generate the matter power spectrum as a function of redshift. ", "We use this power spectrum as input to the [@tinker08] halo mass function, with which we calculate the number of dark matter halos as a function of spherical overdensity mass $M_{500}$ and redshift.", "\n\nMore recent results [e.g., @bhattacharya10; @skillman14] confirm that, over the range of cluster masses and redshifts considered in this work, the Tinker mass function is accurate to a level that is more than sufficient for the cosmological parameter constraints presented in this work. ", "For instance, even a shift as large as 10% in the halo mass function at $M_{500} \\sim 3 \\times 10^{14}~\\mathrm{{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{M}_\\odot}}}$ would only affect the cosmological constraints presented in §\\[sec:lcdm\\] at the $\\lesssim 0.2 \\sigma$ level.", "\n\nGiven the Tinker mass function, we relate the cluster mass to the observed quantities $\\xi$ and ${\\mbox{$Y_\\mathrm{X}$}}$ using the scaling relations described in §\\[sec:sr\\_sz\\] and §\\[sec:sr\\_x\\].", "\n\nIn our default cosmological analysis, we use the standard six-parameter  model, parameterized by the physical densities of baryons and cold dark matter at $z=0$, $\\Omega_b h^2$ and $\\Omega_c h^2$, the angular scale of the sound horizon at last scattering $\\theta_s$, the tilt of the scalar power spectrum $n_s$, the amplitude of the scalar power spectrum $A_s$, and the optical depth to reionization $\\tau$. We will often refer to values of parameters derived from combinations of these original six, such as $\\sigma_8$, the amplitude of linear matter fluctuations on 8 Mpc$/h$ scales at $z=0$, [$\\Omega_m$]{}, the total matter density at $z=0$, and $H_0 = 100h~\\mathrm{km/s/Mpc}$, the value of the Hubble parameter at $z=0$. We explore three extensions to . ", "We first explore a model in which the sum of the neutrino masses [$\\Sigma m_\\nu$]{} is a free parameter. ", "In this work we use the prescription from @constanzi13 to predict the effect of massive neutrinos on the halo mass function. ", "We also consider a cosmological model in which [$\\Sigma m_\\nu$]{} and [$N_\\mathrm{eff}$]{}, the effective number of relativistic particle species, are both free parameters, and a model in which $w$, the parameter describing the equation of state of dark energy, is allowed to vary.", "\n\nCluster Likelihood Evaluation {#sec:like}\n-----------------------------\n\nTo compare theoretical predictions for cluster abundance to the observations in this work, we closely follow the likelihood derivation of V10, B13, and R13. ", "We differ from those analyses in this work by presenting an efficient numerical technique that scales linearly rather than exponentially with the number of mass proxies.", "\n\nAs is appropriate for a cluster abundance measurement [@hu03a; @holder06], we start with the binned Poisson statistic. ", "For a given observable-space bin $x_i$, the probability of observing $n$ events, with expectation value $y(x_i)$ is $$P_i = \\frac{e^{-y(x_i)}y(x_i)^n}{n!} ", ".$$ We choose to take the limit of small bins where $y$ becomes arbitrarily small at all $x_i$, and $n$ is zero except at the locations of $x_i$ where clusters have been observed [@mantz08; @mantz10a V09]. ", "If we let $x_j$ denote the bin that contains the $j^\\mathrm{th}$ cluster, we obtain $$\\ln \\mathcal{L} = \\sum_i \\ln P_i = - \\sum_i y(x_i) + \\sum_j \\ln y(x_j) .$$ In our case, we are dealing with the three-dimensional cluster observable space ${\\textbf{x}}=\\left[z, \\xi, {\\mbox{$Y_\\mathrm{X}$}}\\right]$, though this method generalizes efficiently to a larger number of observables. ", "Writing the model expectation value $y(x_i) = N(z_i, \\xi_i, Y_{\\mathrm{X},i})$ and going to one-dimensional indices gives $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:binned_like}\n \\ln \\mathcal{L} &=& - \\sum_{i_1, i_2, i_3} N(z_{i_1}, \\xi_{i_2}, Y_{\\mathrm{X},{i_3}}) + \\\\\n \\nonumber && \\sum_j \\ln N(z_j, \\xi_j, Y_{\\mathrm{X},j}) ,\\end{aligned}$$ where the $i_1, i_2, i_3$ sums again run over all possible values and $j$ only runs over the bins where clusters were detected. ", "Going to the continuous limit would result in a divergent likelihood expression. ", "This can be understood by the fact that the model is increasingly unlikely to produce our particular realization of the cluster catalog as we go to finer binning. ", "The divergence can be removed by simply adding $- \\ln \\Delta z \\Delta \\xi \\Delta {\\mbox{$Y_\\mathrm{X}$}}$ to Equation \\[eq:binned\\_like\\]. ", "This quantity depends only on bin size, so that $\\Delta \\ln \\mathcal{L}$ for different values of cosmological or scaling relation parameters remains meaningful. ", "We then obtain the expression $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:like}\n \\ln \\mathcal{L} &=& - \\int dz d\\xi d{\\mbox{$Y_\\mathrm{X}$}}\\frac{d N(z, \\xi, Y_{\\mathrm{X}})}{dz d\\xi d{\\mbox{$Y_\\mathrm{X}$}}} + \\\\\n \\nonumber && \\sum_j \\ln \\frac{d N(z_j, \\xi_j, Y_{\\mathrm{X},j})}{dz d\\xi d{\\mbox{$Y_\\mathrm{X}$}}} .\\end{aligned}$$ V10, B13, and R13 evaluated this expression on either a two-dimensional or three-dimensional uniformly spaced grid. ", "Each dimension was gridded into several hundred points, such that the computational cost rises exponentially with the number of mass proxies. ", "The computational cost was trivial for V10, challenging for B13 and R13, and likely untractable in future work if another mass proxy is added. ", "The techniques used in @mantz10a and @vikhlinin09 also scale exponentially with the number of mass proxies.", "\n\nInstead of computing Equation \\[eq:like\\] on a uniformly spaced grid, we use the following numerical techniques. ", "First, we note that the follow-up mass proxy ${\\mbox{$Y_\\mathrm{X}$}}$ immediately integrates out of the first term. ", "This applies to any mass proxy that does not affect the survey selection function. ", "Therefore, we only need to perform a two-dimensional integral $$- \\int dz d\\xi d{\\mbox{$Y_\\mathrm{X}$}}\\frac{dN(z, \\xi, Y_{\\mathrm{X}})}{dz d\\xi d{\\mbox{$Y_\\mathrm{X}$}}} \n = - \\int_{z_\\mathrm{cut}}^\\infty dz \\int_{\\xi_\\mathrm{cut}}^\\infty d\\xi \\frac{dN}{dz d\\xi} .$$ We evaluate this expression with $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\int_{z_\\mathrm{cut}}^\\infty dz \\int_{\\xi_\\mathrm{cut}}^\\infty d\\xi \\frac{dN}{dz d\\xi} \\hspace{4cm} \\\\\n \\nonumber = \\int_{z_\\mathrm{cut}}^\\infty dz \\int_{0}^\\infty dM \\frac{dN}{dz dM} P(\\xi > \\xi_\\mathrm{cut} | M) , \n \\end{aligned}$$ where $P(\\xi > \\xi_\\mathrm{cut} | M)$ is simply the significance cut modelled through the scaling relation as described in §\\[sec:sr\\_sz\\].", "\n\nThe second term of Equation \\[eq:like\\] is more challenging to evaluate. ", "Employing a more compact notation with ${\\textbf{x}}=\\left[z, \\xi, {\\mbox{$Y_\\mathrm{X}$}}\\right]$, we start by writing the expectation density as an integral over the mass function, $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:clustint}\n \\frac{dN({\\textbf{x}}_j)}{d{\\textbf{x}}} &=& \\int d{\\textbf{x}}' \\int d\\ln M' \\\\\n \\nonumber && \\prod_i P(x_{i,j}|x_i') P({\\textbf{x}}' | z, \\ln M') \\frac{dN}{dz d\\ln M'} .\\end{aligned}$$ The probability density functions $P(x_{i,j}|x_i')$ describe the measurement error of the $i^\\mathrm{th}$ mass proxy (with the measurements being independent). ", "The $P({\\textbf{x}}' | z, \\ln M')$ describe the joint scaling relations, implemented with multi-dimensional log-normal intrinsic scatter. ", "In our case of two mass proxies ($\\xi$, ), this is implemented with three parameters: two parameters describing the marginal variances and one correlation coefficient, each of which is marginalized over in this work.", "\n\nThe computational bottleneck for evaluating the cluster likelihood in the presence of several mass proxies lies in evaluating Equation \\[eq:clustint\\]. ", "Considering a slice in redshift, we have to perform an ($N_\\mathrm{obs}+1$)-dimensional integral. ", "To do so, we perform Monte-Carlo integration, randomly sampling the mass function $\\frac{dN}{d\\ln M'}$ with points drawn from the probability distribution $\\prod_i P(x_{i,j}|x_i') P({\\textbf{x}}' | \\ln M')$. Let $\\ln {\\textbf{m}}'$ denote the integration variables corresponding to the nominal mass estimates (i.e. ${\\textbf{x}}'$ substituted into the observable-mass scaling relations). ", "We can then write $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:inttrick_start}\n P(\\ln {\\textbf{m}}' | \\ln M') = \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{(2 \\pi)^{N_\\mathrm{obs}} |{\\ensuremath{\\Psi}}|}} \\hspace{3cm} \\\\\n \\nonumber \\exp \\left( - \\frac{1}{2} \\left( \\ln {\\textbf{m}}' - \\ln M' \\right)^\\top {\\ensuremath{\\Psi}}^{-1} \\left( \\ln {\\textbf{m}}' - \\ln M' \\right) \\right) ,\\end{aligned}$$ where ${\\ensuremath{\\Psi}}$ is the mass proxy covariance matrix containing the intrinsic scatter and correlation coefficient parameters introduced in §\\[sec:sr\\_sz\\] and §\\[sec:sr\\_x\\] such that ${\\ensuremath{\\Psi}}_{kl} = \\left\\langle (\\ln m_k' - \\ln M') (\\ln m_l' - \\ln M') \\right\\rangle$.\n\nNow, we wish to obtain samples of the integration variable $\\ln M'$, given the location at which we are attempting to evaluate $dN({\\textbf{x}}_j)/d{\\textbf{x}}$. When the probabilities $P(x_{i,j}|x_i')$ involved are Gaussian or log-normal, they are constructed to be correctly normalized. ", "Due to the treatment of maximization bias in §\\[sec:sr\\_sz\\], the normalization condition needs to be explicitly applied to the SZ scaling relation. ", "This yields a factor of $$\\int \\exp \\left( - \\frac{1}{2} \\left( \\langle \\xi \\rangle - \\zeta \\right)^2 \\right) \\frac{1}{\\zeta} d\\zeta ,$$ which we evaluate numerically using the trapezoid rule. ", "In order to efficiently draw samples we first, for each $i$, draw samples from the measurement error $P(x_{i,j}|x_i')$, which is assumed to be independent for each $i$. We then substitute these values into the scaling relations to obtain an ensemble of $\\ln {\\textbf{m}}'$. The remaining task is then to draw random deviates $\\ln M'$ that follow the probability distribution explicitly shown in Equation \\[eq:inttrick\\_start\\], given each value of $\\ln {\\textbf{m}}'$. To do so, we note that $$\\label{eq:inttrick}\n \\begin{array}{l}\n \\left( \\ln {\\textbf{m}}' - \\ln M' \\right)^\\top {\\ensuremath{\\Psi}}^{-1} \\left( \\ln {\\textbf{m}}' - \\ln M' \\right) \\\\\n = \\Sigma_{ij} (\\ln m'_i - \\ln M') (\\ln m'_j - \\ln M') ({\\ensuremath{\\Psi}}^{-1})_{ij} \\\\ \n = \\Sigma_{ij} \\ln m'_i \\ln m'_j ({\\ensuremath{\\Psi}}^{-1})_{ij} \\\\ - 2 \\ln M' \\Sigma_i \\ln m'_i \\Sigma_j ({\\ensuremath{\\Psi}}^{-1})_{ij} + \\ln M'^2 \\Sigma_{ij} ({\\ensuremath{\\Psi}}^{-1})_{ij} \\\\\n = T_0 - 2 T_1 \\ln M' + T_2 \\ln M'^2 \\\\\n = \\left( \\frac{\\ln M' - T_1/T_2}{1/\\sqrt{T_2}} \\right)^2 + T_0 - \\frac{T_1^2}{T_2} , \\\\\n \\end{array}$$ where $T_0 = \\Sigma_{ij} \\ln m'_i \\ln m'_j ({\\ensuremath{\\Psi}}^{-1})_{ij}$, $T_1 = \\Sigma_i \\ln{m'_i} \\Sigma_j ({\\ensuremath{\\Psi}}^{-1})_{ij}$, and $T_2 = \\Sigma_{ij} ({\\ensuremath{\\Psi}}^{-1})_{ij}$, which is quadratic in $\\ln M'$, such that Equation \\[eq:inttrick\\_start\\] is a log-normal distribution in $M'$ with a known mean, width and normalization. ", "We compute $T_0$, $T_1$, and $T_2$ explicitly and sample from the resulting distribution.", "\n\nHaving obtained samples of $\\ln M'$, which we denote as $\\ln \\tilde{M'}$, we average the mass function $$\\frac{1}{N_\\mathrm{samples}} \\sum_{k} \\left. ", "\\frac{dN}{d \\ln M'} \\right|_{\\ln \\tilde{M'}_k} \\sqrt{\\frac{T_2}{2 \\pi}} \\frac{\\exp{-\\frac{1}{2}\\left(T_0 - \\frac{T_1^2}{T_2} \\right)}}{\\sqrt{(2 \\pi)^{N_\\mathrm{obs}} |{\\ensuremath{\\Psi}}| }}$$ and combine with Equation \\[eq:inttrick\\] to obtain an estimate for Equation \\[eq:clustint\\]. ", "Our implementation of this estimator has been demonstrated to be unbiased through extensive simulations, with well-behaved residuals. ", "The error on the mean is found to decrease as the inverse square root of the number of deviates drawn. ", "In practice, for two mass proxies and [377]{} cluster candidates, we draw $10^4$ deviates per cluster candidate, resulting in RMS noise on the likelihood surface of $\\Delta (-2\\ln \\mathcal{L}) \\lesssim 0.1$ near the maximum likelihood. ", "For the cluster catalog used in this work, the execution time is approximately one second on a single CPU thread. ", "This likelihood module has been checked against an independent implementation, based on the estimator presented in @bocquet15. ", "The comparison shows agreement to well within the 1-$\\sigma$ uncertainties on the cosmological parameter constraints found in this work.", "\n\nExternal Datasets {#sec:external}\n-----------------\n\nIn §\\[sec:constraints\\], we will discuss the cosmological constraints obtained using the analysis laid out so far. ", "We will evaluate the compatibility of the cluster data with other datasets, as well as show the improvements in parameter constraints when the cluster dataset is combined with other datasets. ", "The primary external data we use are CMB power spectrum measurements, measurements of BAO from galaxy surveys, and distances to Type Ia supernovae (SNe).", "\n\nThe canonical CMB power spectrum data we use is the temperature-temperature power spectrum from the [[*Planck*]{}]{} 2013 release, combined with low-$\\ell$ polarization information from [[*WMAP*]{}]{} [@planck13-16 hereafter [[*Planck*]{}]{}+WP]. ", "The qualitative results from this work will be very similar to those that would have been obtained by considering the [[*Planck*]{}]{} 2015 dataset, since the constraints on $\\sigma_8$ and ${\\ensuremath{\\Omega_m}}$ from the temperature and low-$\\ell$ polarization power spectrum are very similar between the two [[*Planck*]{}]{} releases. ", "In §\\[sec:lcdm\\], we will briefly review the effect of substituting the best CMB power spectrum data from before the [[*Planck*]{}]{} 2013 release, using instead the combination of [[*WMAP*]{}]{}9 [@hinshaw13] and SPT [@story13 hereafter S13] CMB power spectrum data.", "\n\nWe sometimes use a prior on the angular scale of the sound horizon $\\theta_s$. This is a powerful piece of cosmological information, and relies only very weakly on the details of the CMB analysis, since it is sensitive to peak positions. ", "We use the [[*Planck*]{}]{}+WP measurement, though we conservatively increase the uncertainty by a factor of five to $100\\theta_\\mathrm{MC} = 1.0413 \\pm 0.0034$.[^3] Since $\\theta_s$ is so well-measured, none of the results presented in this work that use a prior on $\\theta_s$ are sensitive to the specific value of the assumed uncertainty.", "\n\nWhen BAO data are used in this work, we use the SDSS-III BOSS results from data release 11. ", "Specifically, we use the measurements of the parameter combination $D_V / r_s$ at $z=0.32$ (LOWZ) and $z=0.57$ (CMASS) from @anderson13.", "\n\nWhen considering cosmologies with a free parameter describing the dark energy equation of state, we compare to and contrast with the SN results from the joint likelihood analysis of the SDSS-II and SNLS SN samples from @betoule14.", "\n\nCluster abundances do weakly constrain the baryon density, but for our main results we choose to adopt a prior based on big-bang nucleosynthesis calculations and deuterium abundance measurements of $\\Omega_b h^2 = 0.02202 \\pm 0.00045$ [@cooke14]. ", "This uncertainty is subdominant for all results presented in this work.", "\n\nFinally, where stated, we adopt a prior of $H_0 = 73.8 \\pm 2.4~\\mathrm{km/s/Mpc}$ from the direct $H_0$ measurements of @riess11. ", "We find that changing this prior by $1\\sigma$ affects the resulting $\\sigma_8$ constraint by $\\lesssim0.2\\sigma$, while the [$\\Omega_m$]{} constraint is affected by $\\sim0.4\\sigma$. These two effects are anti-correlated such that the commonly used parameter combination [$\\sigma_8 \\left({\\ensuremath{\\Omega_m}}/0.27\\right)^{0.3}$]{} is highly insensitive to the assumed value of $H_0$.\n\nCosmological Constraints {#sec:constraints}\n========================\n\nIn this section, we discuss the parameter constraints obtained using the data and methods described in the previous sections. ", "We first explain which parameters and combinations of parameters are most strongly constrained by cluster abundance measurements. ", "We then discuss the constraints from this cluster sample, both in comparison to and in combination with other cosmological datasets, for different choices of cosmological models. ", "We assume spatial flatness throughout this work.", "\n\nParameter Sensitivity to Cluster Abundance {#sec:paramsens}\n------------------------------------------\n\nA measurement of cluster abundance as a function of redshift provides constraints on cosmological parameters through several mechanisms. ", "First, the total number of clusters found strongly depends on the matter density and the amplitude of the matter power spectrum [e.g., @bahcall92; @white93b]. ", "As shown in, e.g., @white93b, a simple spherical-collapse model for the halo mass function [@press74] indicates that the total number of clusters should most strongly constrain the parameter combination $\\sigma_8 {\\ensuremath{\\Omega_m}}^\\alpha$, where $\\alpha$ is related to the local slope of the matter power spectrum at the mean mass of the cluster catalog. ", "This prediction has been empirically borne out in many cluster abundance studies, including this one.", "\n\nThe redshift dependence of the cluster abundance contains information on the growth function, as well as a dependence on the cosmic volume surveyed. ", "This combination of sensitivity to growth and volume provides a unique constraint on parameters that affect the expansion history, notably $w$, the equation of state of dark energy [e.g., @haiman01]. ", "In the case of $w$, the effect of changing this parameter on the cluster abundance actually changes sign at $z \\sim 1$ [e.g., Fig.", " 1 of @mohr05]. ", "The [377]{} cluster candidates presented in this work provide a large enough sample to constrain cosmological parameters by measuring the evolution of cluster abundance. ", "However, this constraint is also potentially limited by knowledge of the observable-mass scaling relations, in this case their evolution with redshift. ", "This is further discussed in the context of dark energy in §\\[sec:wcdm\\].", "\n\nIn addition to their effect on the true abundance of clusters as a function of mass and redshift, cosmological parameters also affect the cluster observables through their influence on the SZ and X-ray scaling relations. ", "Specifically, while the mass estimate inferred from the  relation depends weakly on redshift, the mass estimate inferred from the  scaling relation depends strongly on the angular diameter distance to the cluster.", "\n\n$\\Lambda$CDM {#sec:lcdm}\n------------\n\n![", "Comparison of cluster constraints on $\\sigma_8$ and [$\\Omega_m$]{} from this work with those from previous SPT publications. ", "The B13 analysis (outermost, gray contours) used 18 clusters, 14 of which have [*Chandra*]{} observations. ", "The number of clusters increased to 100 in R13 (red contours), whereas this work uses [377]{} cluster candidates, [82]{} of which have high-quality [*Chandra*]{} observations. ", "If we adopt the same observable-mass priors as B13 and R13, we obtain the innermost, purple contours. ", "However, the main results in this paper assume a new weak lensing-based prior on the X-ray scaling relation normalization, which changes the central value by 10% and increases the 1$\\sigma$ uncertainty slightly from 9% to 11%. ", "The $\\sigma_8$-[$\\Omega_m$]{} constraints using this prior and the current cluster data are shown by the light-blue contours.[]{data-label=\"fig:b13_r13_2500d_14\"}](figs/b13_r13_2500d_9_2500d_14.pdf){width=\"47.00000%\"}\n\nIn this section, we present constraints on the parameters of the  model. ", "Because not all parameters of this model are well constrained by cluster counts alone, we adopt priors on some of the six parameters ($\\Omega_b h^2$, $\\Omega_c h^2$, $\\theta_s$, $n_s$, $A_s$, and $\\tau$, defined in §\\[sec:massfunction\\]). ", "The cluster likelihood is insensitive to the optical depth to reionization $\\tau$ as well as to the primordial scalar spectrum power law index $n_s$, once an appropriate pivot point is chosen. ", "Therefore, when discussing cluster constraints without the inclusion of CMB temperature power spectrum data, we fix these parameters to the best-fit values from @planck13-16.", "\n\n{width=\"97.00000%\"}\n\nThese two prior constraints, in addition to the $H_0$ and BBN priors discussed in \\[sec:external\\], leave us two remaining degrees of freedom in the  model, which we choose to express as [$\\Omega_m$]{} and $\\sigma_8$ (though in exploring the likelihood surface we actually vary the base parameters $\\Omega_b h^2$, $\\Omega_c h^2$, $\\ln 10^{10} A_s$ and $H_0$). ", "We fix the species-summed neutrino mass [$\\Sigma m_\\nu$]{} to $0.06$ eV, the minimum allowed value from terrestrial measurements of squared neutrino mass differences [see e.g. @gonzalezgarcia12 for a review]. ", "Figure \\[fig:b13\\_r13\\_2500d\\_14\\] shows the constraints on $\\sigma_8$ and [$\\Omega_m$]{} from B13, R13 and this work. ", "The large increase in the number of clusters primarily reduces the uncertainty on [$\\Omega_m$]{} by constraining the shape of the halo mass function. ", "The uncertainty on the parameter combination [$\\sigma_8 \\left({\\ensuremath{\\Omega_m}}/0.27\\right)^{0.3}$]{} is set by the knowledge of the overall mass scale, rather than the number of clusters, since Poisson errors on this number are subdominant. ", "The improvement in the [$\\sigma_8 \\left({\\ensuremath{\\Omega_m}}/0.27\\right)^{0.3}$]{}constraint results from the increase in the number of clusters with [*Chandra*]{} follow-up data. ", "These two effects result in tighter joint constraints on the two parameters than we obtained in previous cluster analyses, if we use the same prior on the observable-mass relations. ", "This can be seen in Figure \\[fig:b13\\_r13\\_2500d\\_14\\]: the innermost, purple contours use the current cluster sample and the same observable-mass priors as B13 and R13. ", "However, in contrast to B13 and R13 we choose to use a weak lensing-based prior on the overall mass scale for our baseline results, as discussed in \\[sec:wlprior\\]. ", "This results in slightly degraded constraints, in particular on $\\sigma_8$, as can be seen from the light-blue contours in Figure \\[fig:b13\\_r13\\_2500d\\_14\\]. ", "With the current cluster sample, the stated priors on cosmological parameters, and the updated priors on the observable-mass relations, we obtain $$\\sigma_8 = {\\ensuremath{0.784 \\pm 0.039}},$$ $${\\ensuremath{\\Omega_m}}= {\\ensuremath{0.289 \\pm 0.042}},$$ and $${\\ensuremath{\\sigma_8 \\left({\\ensuremath{\\Omega_m}}/0.27\\right)^{0.3}}}= {\\ensuremath{0.797 \\pm 0.031}}.$$ The  parameter constraints, including scaling relation parameters, are shown in Table \\[tab:lcdmresults\\].", "\n\n[ l c c c c ]{}\n\n$A_\\mathrm{SZ}$ & $5.38 \\pm 1.61$ & $ 4.842 \\pm 0.913$ & $ 4.936 \\pm 0.955$ & $ 3.531 \\pm 0.273$\\\n$B_\\mathrm{SZ}$ & $1.340 \\pm 0.268$ & $ 1.668 \\pm 0.083$ & $ 1.660 \\pm 0.064$ & $ 1.661 \\pm 0.060$\\\n$C_\\mathrm{SZ}$ & $0.49 \\pm 0.49$ & $ 0.550 \\pm 0.315$ & $ 0.864 \\pm 0.159$ & $ 0.733 \\pm 0.123$\\\n$\\sigma_{\\ln \\zeta}$ & $0.13 \\pm 0.13$ & $ 0.199 \\pm 0.069$ & $ 0.201 \\pm 0.070$ & $ 0.203 \\pm 0.066$\\\n$A_\\mathrm{X}$ & $6.38 \\pm 0.61$ & $ 6.235 \\pm 0.514$ & $ 6.316 \\pm 0.505$ & $ 7.030 \\pm 0.341$\\\n$B_\\mathrm{X}$ & $0.57 \\pm 0.03$ & $ 0.491 \\pm 0.023$ & $ 0.493 \\pm 0.023$ & $ 0.498 \\pm 0.021$\\\n$C_\\mathrm{X}$ & $-0.40 \\pm 0.20$ & $-0.251 \\pm 0.127$ & $-0.280 \\pm 0.122$ & $-0.174 \\pm 0.102$\\\n$\\sigma_{\\ln {\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Yx}}}}$ & $0.12 \\pm 0.08$ & $ 0.162 \\pm 0.070$ & $ 0.160 \\pm 0.069$ & $ 0.154 \\pm 0.064$\\\n$\\rho_{\\zeta, {\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Yx}}}}$ & $[-0.98,0.98]$ & $-0.147 \\pm 0.458$ & $-0.136 \\pm 0.465$ & $-0.204 \\pm 0.443$\\\n${\\ensuremath{\\Omega_m}}$ & & $ 0.289 \\pm 0.042$ & $ 0.306 \\pm 0.010$ & $ 0.304 \\pm 0.007$\\\n$\\sigma_8$ & & $ 0.784 \\pm 0.039$ & $ 0.768 \\pm 0.030$ & $ 0.820 \\pm 0.009$\\\n${\\ensuremath{\\sigma_8 \\left({\\ensuremath{\\Omega_m}}/0.27\\right)^{0.3}}}$ & & $ 0.797 \\pm 0.031$ & $ 0.797 \\pm 0.030$ & $ 0.850 \\pm 0.013$\n\nIn the left- and right-hand panels of Figure \\[fig:dndX\\_twocol\\] we show the cluster abundance as a function of redshift and detection significance, respectively. ", "Both show one-dimensional representations of the observable-space mass function. ", "The data points, with approximate ($\\sqrt{N}$) error bars shown, are independent of cosmological and scaling relation parameters. ", "The points are independent between bins for $dN/d\\xi$, and nearly independent for $dN/dz$, where clusters without spectroscopic redshift information can contribute to multiple bins.", "\n\nShifts in the parameters $\\sigma_8$ and $A_\\mathrm{SZ}$ result in roughly global shifts in the amplitude of both curves, simultaneously. ", "The scaling relation parameter $B_\\mathrm{SZ}$ induces a roughly power-law tilt in $dN/d\\xi$, and parameters such as $C_\\mathrm{SZ}$ and [$\\Omega_m$]{} induce tilts in $dN/dz$. This visualization shows two important ways in which the model, marginalized over a large number of scaling relation and cosmological parameters, is tested for agreement with the data.", "\n\n![", "Comparison of cluster constraints on $\\sigma_8$ and [$\\Omega_m$]{} to constraints from primary CMB anisotropies, assuming a  cosmology. ", "The cluster constraints, when combined with either the $H_0$ or BAO$+\\theta_s$ prior, are in agreement with the CMB datasets.[]{data-label=\"fig:2500d_cmb_comparison\"}](figs/2500d_cmb_comparison.pdf){width=\"47.00000%\"}\n\nFigure \\[fig:2500d\\_cmb\\_comparison\\] shows the cluster constraints on the  model in the $\\sigma_8$-[$\\Omega_m$]{} plane, when combined with either the $H_0$+BBN prior or the BAO$+\\theta_s$+BBN prior. ", "We also show the constraints from CMB power spectrum measurements from [[*Planck*]{}]{}+WP and [[*WMAP*]{}]{}9+S13 data. ", "The 68% confidence regions from the cluster constraints and the CMB power spectrum constraints overlap. ", "We proceed to adopt the [[*Planck*]{}]{}+WP dataset as the baseline CMB dataset for the remainder of this work. ", "We also combine the [SPT]{}+[[*Planck*]{}]{}+WP+BAO datasets to obtain joint  parameter constraints. ", "Finally, we note that the $\\sigma_8$ constraint obtained using the [SPT]{} data in Table \\[tab:lcdmresults\\] is within $1 \\sigma$ of the value recently reported by the [[*Planck*]{}]{} collaboration for the full-mission data (their 2015 TT+lowP+lensing dataset) of $\\sigma_8 = 0.815 \\pm 0.009$ .", "\n\n### Constraints on Scaling Relation Parameters {#sec:sr_params}\n\nWhile the main focus of this work is on the cosmological constraints, the nuisance parameters are of interest themselves, both in terms of the cluster scaling relation parameter constraints and their degeneracy with the cosmological parameters. ", "In Figure \\[fig:sr\\_sptcl\\_planck\\], we show the marginalized posterior in the multi-dimensional parameter space.", "\n\n{width=\"97.00000%\"}\n\nThe dominant systematic uncertainty limiting the cosmological constraints from the SPT-SZ cluster sample is the uncertainty of the overall cluster mass scale. ", "This can be seen as a strong degeneracy between $A_\\mathrm{X}$ and ${\\ensuremath{\\sigma_8 \\left({\\ensuremath{\\Omega_m}}/0.27\\right)^{0.3}}}$, which are $85\\%$ correlated given the [SPT]{}+$H_0$+BBN dataset. ", "The second-most important source of systematic uncertainty in the cosmological constraints is from the parameter characterizing the redshift evolution of the scaling relation, $C_\\mathrm{SZ}$. In a  cosmology, it is highly degenerate with [$\\Omega_m$]{}, correlated at 87% when considering the [SPT]{}+$H_0$+BBN dataset.", "\n\nThe parameters that shift most significantly away from their priors are the $B_\\mathrm{SZ}$ and $B_\\mathrm{X}$ parameters which encode the power-law slopes of the scaling relations. ", "We find that the preference for high $B_\\mathrm{SZ}$ persists when the X-ray data are not used. ", "In addition, this preference is not localized to any particular region of the data; when considering half the cluster sample at a time, either by redshift, $\\xi$, or [$\\gamma_\\mathrm{field}$]{}, the high $B_\\mathrm{SZ}$ persists, albeit at a lower significance.", "\n\nThis high $B_\\mathrm{SZ}$ implies that the measured observable-space mass function, $dN/d\\xi$, is shallower than expected given the scaling relation found from the simulations described in §\\[sec:sims\\]. ", "We can approximately quantify this by assuming $dN/d\\xi$ follows a power law. ", "The data prefers a power-law index of $\\sim 4.0$, compared to the simulation prediction of $\\sim 5.0$, which is disfavored by the measured $dN/d\\xi$ at $\\sim 4.5\\sigma$.\n\nThe preference for a higher $B_\\mathrm{SZ}$, i.e., a steeper  relation, is statistically weak, approximately $1\\sigma$, due to the relatively weak $20\\%$ width assumed on the $B_\\mathrm{SZ}$ prior. ", "By contrast, the assumed width of the prior on the X-ray scaling relation slope $B_\\mathrm{X}$ is $5\\%$, leading to a tension between the likelihood and the prior of approximately $4\\sigma$. There is some evidence for a similarly steep  scaling relation from the comparison of the V09 and H15 weak lensing mass estimates in Figure \\[fig:yxm\\_norm\\], which prefers $B_{X} \\sim 0.42$. Such a slope would be in $\\sim4\\sigma$ tension with the expected self-similar cluster slope of $B_\\mathrm{X}=0.6$.\n\nIn this work, we will assume that our observational priors on the  slope and theoretical priors on the mass function slope are well motivated, but note that the shape of the observable-space mass function will need to be studied in more detail for future work.", "\n\n$\\Lambda$CDM + [$\\Sigma m_\\nu$]{}\n---------------------------------\n\n![", "Constraints on the species-summed neutrino mass. ", "The addition of cluster constraints to either the [[*Planck*]{}]{}+WP or [[*Planck*]{}]{}+WP+BAO datasets has a similar effect: the posterior peaks at positive values, but remains consistent with zero.[]{data-label=\"fig:mnu_planck_1d\"}](figs/mnu_planck_1d.pdf){width=\"47.00000%\"}\n\nWe now consider a cosmological model in which the species-summed neutrino mass [$\\Sigma m_\\nu$]{} is a free parameter. ", "Constraints on this model from the CMB power spectrum show a strong degeneracy between $\\sigma_8$ and [$\\Sigma m_\\nu$]{}[e.g., ", "@komatsu09; @planck13-16; @abazajian15b]. ", "This allows even modest measurements of $\\sigma_8$ to improve on neutrino mass constraints from the CMB power spectrum data alone. ", "Figure \\[fig:mnu\\_planck\\_1d\\] shows the improvement in constraints when adding cluster abundance information to CMB power spectrum data alone ([[*Planck*]{}]{}+WP), and also when including BAO data. ", "In both cases, the addition of cluster information tightens the constraint and causes the posterior to peak at positive values of [$\\Sigma m_\\nu$]{}, though the $95\\%$ upper limit on [$\\Sigma m_\\nu$]{} remains largely unchanged. ", "Allowing the [$\\Sigma m_\\nu$]{} to vary in the range of 0–2 eV, and using the combination of the [SPT]{}+[[*Planck*]{}]{}+WP+BAO datasets, we find $${\\ensuremath{\\Sigma m_\\nu}}= {\\ensuremath{0.14 \\pm 0.08}}\\ \\mathrm{eV}.", "\n \\label{eqn:mnu}$$\n\nWe note that the preference for positive [$\\Sigma m_\\nu$]{}, when we combine our cluster abundance measurements with [[*Planck*]{}]{} data, is driven by the small residual tension between the preferred values of $\\sigma_8$ in the two datasets. ", "Such a preference has been pointed out by several authors [e.g., @planck13-20; @wyman14; @battye14], but is in contrast to the preference for positive [$\\Sigma m_\\nu$]{} shown, for example, by the combination of [[*WMAP*]{}]{}+SPT CMB power spectrum data and SPT cluster data in @hou14, in which the evidence for positive [$\\Sigma m_\\nu$]{} is not driven by the cluster data. ", "In this work, we find relatively good agreement between the preferred $\\sigma_8$ using the CMB and [SPT]{} datasets, so the preference for positive [$\\Sigma m_\\nu$]{} is weak and consistent at 1$\\sigma$ with the minimum expected value of $\\sim$0.06 eV from neutrino oscillation experiments [@lesgourgues06b]. ", "Relative to the previous cluster-based constraints cited above, the updated weak lensing-based calibration described in §\\[sec:wlprior\\], has shifted the normalization and increased the uncertainty of the observable-mass relation in a way that relieves tension with the [[*Planck*]{}]{} CMB data (see Figure \\[fig:b13\\_r13\\_2500d\\_14\\]). ", "We also note that our constraint on [$\\Sigma m_\\nu$]{} is largely independent of the change in the optical depth to reionization, $\\tau$, between the [[*Planck*]{}]{} 2013 and 2015 data release; the [SPT]{} constraints are independent of $\\tau$, and the [[*Planck*]{}]{} CMB constraints on $\\sigma_8$ and ${\\ensuremath{\\Omega_m}}$ negligibly changed between the two data releases.", "\n\n$\\Lambda$CDM + [$\\Sigma m_\\nu$]{} + [$N_\\mathrm{eff}$]{}\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\n![", "Simultaneous constraints on the effective number of relativistic species and the species-summed neutrino mass. ", "The addition of the SPT cluster data reduces the allowed parameter space.[]{data-label=\"fig:mnu_nnu\"}](figs/mnu_nnu.pdf){width=\"47.00000%\"}\n\nThe effective number of relativistic species, [$N_\\mathrm{eff}$]{}, affects the CMB power spectrum by altering the time of matter-radiation equality, changing the apparent sound horizon at recombination [e.g., @hou13]. ", "This mechanism results in strong degeneracies between [$N_\\mathrm{eff}$]{} and other cosmological parameters, notably $H_0$ and $\\sigma_8$, when considering CMB data alone [e.g., @bashinsky04]. ", "Thus, the addition of constraints on $\\sigma_8$—such as from the cluster data in this work—and $H_0$ can improve upon CMB-only constraints on [$N_\\mathrm{eff}$]{}.", "\n\nHere, we consider simultaneously varying the species-summed neutrino mass and the effective number of relativistic species. ", "In this cosmological model, the [[*Planck*]{}]{}+WP data alone constrain the $\\sigma_8$-[$\\Omega_m$]{}-$H_0$ parameter volume relatively poorly. ", "Adding the cluster information improves on all three of those parameters by roughly a factor of two. ", "Through parameter degeneracies, this improves the simultaneous constraints on [$N_\\mathrm{eff}$]{} and [$\\Sigma m_\\nu$]{} as shown in Figure \\[fig:mnu\\_nnu\\]. ", "The simultaneous constraints are $${\\ensuremath{N_\\mathrm{eff}}}= {\\ensuremath{3.25 \\pm 0.23}}$$ and $${\\ensuremath{\\Sigma m_\\nu}}= {\\ensuremath{0.39 \\pm 0.20}}~\\mathrm{eV},$$ factors of [$1.3$]{} and [$1.6$]{} respective improvement over the [[*Planck*]{}]{}+WP data alone.", "\n\nAdding BAO data reduces the remaining allowed parameter space significantly to ${\\ensuremath{N_\\mathrm{eff}}}= {\\ensuremath{3.28 \\pm 0.20}}$ and ${\\ensuremath{\\Sigma m_\\nu}}= {\\ensuremath{0.18 \\pm 0.09}}$, and results in a degeneracy between [$N_\\mathrm{eff}$]{} and [$\\Sigma m_\\nu$]{}, allowing for larger values of [$N_\\mathrm{eff}$]{} for increasing [$\\Sigma m_\\nu$]{}. ", "These constraints can be further tightened with the addition of local $H_0$ measurements, with the caveat that the best-fit value of $H_0$ from the [SPT]{}+[[*Planck*]{}]{}+WP+BAO dataset, $H_0 = 68.6 \\pm 1.2~\\mathrm{km/s/Mpc}$, is in mild tension with direct local measurements from @riess11. ", "Proceeding to add those local measurements, such that we consider a [SPT]{}+[[*Planck*]{}]{}+WP+$H_0$+BAO dataset, we find a preference for larger [$N_\\mathrm{eff}$]{}, resulting in the marginalized constraints of $${\\ensuremath{N_\\mathrm{eff}}}= {\\ensuremath{3.43 \\pm 0.16}}$$ and $${\\ensuremath{\\Sigma m_\\nu}}= {\\ensuremath{0.16 \\pm 0.08}}~\\mathrm{eV}.$$ The combined dataset has a [$2.3\\sigma$]{}  preference for ${\\ensuremath{N_\\mathrm{eff}}}> 3.046$, the standard model prediction. ", "This is partially driven by the weak tension between local $H_0$ measurements and the [[*Planck*]{}]{}+BAO dataset, as has been noted by other authors [e.g., @hou14; @wyman14; @battye14]. ", "However, the sensitivity to the $H_0$ prior is relatively weak. ", "The preference for [$N_\\mathrm{eff}$]{} exceeding the standard model prediction would still be $2.0\\sigma$ if the central value of the $H_0$ prior was reduced by one standard deviation.", "\n\n$w$CDM {#sec:wcdm}\n------\n\n![", "Comparison of different cosmological probes of dark energy. ", "The countours show the simultaneous constraints on the present day density of dark energy $\\Omega_\\mathrm{DE} = 1 - {\\ensuremath{\\Omega_m}}$ and the dark energy equation of state parameter $w$. Using priors on $H_0$ and $\\Omega_b h^2$, the SPT cluster data are able to simultaneously constrain the two parameters, and are in good agreement with the other probes. ", "The other probes are sensitive to dark energy primarily through its effect on the geometry of the universe.[]{data-label=\"fig:wcdm_2500d_14\"}](figs/wcdm_2500d_14.pdf){width=\"47.00000%\"}\n\nWith the increased number of clusters in this work we are able to place constraints not only on the local cluster abundance but also on the evolution of cluster abundance with redshift. ", "In particular, we examine the constraints on the  cosmology, where the equation of state of dark energy $w$ is a free parameter. ", "We assume that $w$ is a constant (i.e., its value does not evolve with redshift). ", "This additional parameter affects the cluster abundance and observables through its influence on the geometry of the universe and, more importantly, the growth of structure. ", "The geometrical effects include the change in the survey volume element and the angular diameter distance that modifies the implied X-ray mass information. ", "However, in contrast to other probes of dark energy, the cluster abundance measurement is very sensitive to the effect of $w$ on the growth of structure, primarily $\\sigma_8(z)$ [e.g., @wang98; @haiman01].", "\n\nIn Figure \\[fig:wcdm\\_2500d\\_14\\], we show constraints on the dark energy equation of state parameter $w$ and the energy density of dark energy today $\\Omega_\\mathrm{DE}$ for different cosmological probes. ", "With the [SPT]{}+$H_0$+BBN dataset, we obtain $$w = {\\ensuremath{-1.28 \\pm 0.31}}$$ and $$\\Omega_\\mathrm{DE} = {\\ensuremath{0.738 \\pm 0.046}}.$$ This is in good agreement, and of comparable precision, with the constraints when considering other cosmological probes, including [[*Planck*]{}]{}+WP, BAO, and SNe, as can be seen in Figure \\[fig:wcdm\\_2500d\\_14\\]. ", "Since all these probes except the cluster abundance measurement are geometrical tests in this plane, the consistency between the cluster-implied parameter constraints, and those from other datasets, offers an important systematic test of dark energy. ", "This measurement is limited primarily by our knowledge of the redshift evolution of the  scaling relation, $C_\\mathrm{SZ}$. Specifically, both [$\\Omega_m$]{} and $w$ are correlated with $C_\\mathrm{SZ}$ at the $\\sim60\\%$ level, whereas the correlation with $A_\\mathrm{X}$ is only $\\sim30\\%$.\n\n![", "Combined constraints on $w$ and $\\sigma_8$. The CMB power spectrum data from [[*Planck*]{}]{}+WP shows a strong degeneracy, while the purely geometric constraints from $H_0$+BAO+SNe do not constrain $\\sigma_8$. The cluster data simultaneously constrains the two parameters, improving the joint CMB+$H_0$+BAO+SNe constraints both through breaking the $w$-$\\sigma_8$ degeneracy present in the CMB constraints, and the direct measurement of $w$.[]{data-label=\"fig:w_vs_sigma8\"}](figs/w_vs_sigma8.pdf){width=\"47.00000%\"}\n\nAs shown in Figure \\[fig:w\\_vs\\_sigma8\\], the [[*Planck*]{}]{}+WP measurements of the primary CMB show a strong degeneracy between $w$ and $\\sigma_8$. The addition of cluster data breaks the degeneracy and results in the marginalized constraints $$w = {\\ensuremath{-1.04 \\pm 0.17}}$$ and $$\\sigma_8 = {\\ensuremath{0.803 \\pm 0.045}}.$$ This level of $w$-uncertainty is $\\sim$2.5 times larger compared to the constraints when adding either of the BAO or SNe data sets to the [[*Planck*]{}]{}+WP measurements [@aubourg14; @betoule14].", "\n\nFor the dataset combination $H_0$+BAO+SNe, which does not include primary CMB data, $\\sigma_8$ is not determined. ", "Adding the cluster data improves the $w$ constraint by  through a direct measurement of the dark energy parameters $w$ and $\\Omega_\\mathrm{DE}$, rather than by breaking the $w$-$\\sigma_8$ degeneracy. ", "For this combination, we find $$w = {\\ensuremath{-1.08 \\pm 0.07}}.$$ Finally, when considering the [[*Planck*]{}]{}+WP+$H_0$BAOSNe datasets, $w$ is constrained to [$-1.062 \\pm 0.048$]{}. ", "The allowed parameter space shows a significant $w$-$\\sigma_8$ degeneracy, which allows the addition of the cluster data to improve this constraint by , to $$w = {\\ensuremath{-1.023 \\pm 0.042}},$$ consistent with  where $w=-1$.\n\nComparison to Other Cluster Surveys {#sec:compare}\n===================================\n\nIn this section, we compare the [SPT]{} cosmological constraints to results using other cluster surveys. ", "We focus on the  constraints from §\\[sec:lcdm\\], which employed a [SPT]{}+$H_0$+BBN dataset, and where we constrained ${\\ensuremath{\\sigma_8 \\left({\\ensuremath{\\Omega_m}}/0.27\\right)^{0.3}}}= {\\ensuremath{0.797 \\pm 0.031}}$ and $\\sigma_8 = {\\ensuremath{0.784 \\pm 0.039}}$. When comparing to other results, we will discuss differences where appropriate.", "\n\nOther SZ cluster-based constraints include results from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope [ACT, @hasselfield13] and [[*Planck*]{}]{} [@planck13-20; @planck15-24] cluster surveys. ", "However, comparisons to both are complicated by differences in the assumed mass calibration. ", "In @hasselfield13, the ACT collaboration reported cosmological constraints using 15 SZ-selected clusters between $0.2 < z < 1.4$. Several sets of constraints were presented, which assumed different priors on the SZ-scaling parameters and also included a calibration based on the dynamical mass measurements from @sifon13. ", "The latter relied on a scaling relation between velocity dispersion and cluster mass, which was later found to be biased high by $\\sim$20% when using more recent simulations [@kirk15]. ", "Using a fixed SZ-scaling relation based on the simulations from @battaglia12a i.e., without including any uncertainty in the cluster mass calibration, the [ACT]{}+$H_0$+BBN dataset was used to constrain ${\\ensuremath{\\sigma_8 \\left({\\ensuremath{\\Omega_m}}/0.27\\right)^{0.3}}}= 0.848 \\pm 0.032$ and $\\sigma_8 = 0.872 \\pm 0.065$, consistent with the constraints presented in this work.", "\n\nThe [[*Planck*]{}]{} collaboration has produced two cluster-based cosmological analyses [@planck13-20; @planck15-24]. ", "@planck13-20 used a sample of 189 SZ-selected clusters between $0.0 < z < 0.55$ with a median redshift of 0.15, which is lower redshift than the SPT cluster sample due to the [[*Planck*]{}]{} selection function. ", "Assuming an identical $H_0$+BBN dataset to our work and assuming a fixed scaling relation except for an overall mass-bias factor $b$ with a uniform prior between 0.7 and 1.0, they constrained ${\\ensuremath{\\sigma_8 \\left({\\ensuremath{\\Omega_m}}/0.27\\right)^{0.3}}}= 0.774 \\pm 0.024$ and $\\sigma_8 = 0.77 \\pm 0.03$, consistent with our results. ", "In @planck15-24, the previous scaling relation calibration was compared to more recent weak lensing measurements (H15, WtG), which are also used in this work. ", "For example, H15 found a mass-bias factor of $0.76 \\pm 0.08$ for the [[*Planck*]{}]{} clusters in their lensing sample. ", "While no numerical constraints were given, the newer [[*Planck*]{}]{} constraints were found to be consistent with the previous [[*Planck*]{}]{} results, and are also visually in good agreement with our results using this mass-bias factor.", "\n\n![", "Comparison of the constraints on $\\sigma_8$ and [$\\Omega_m$]{} from this work, Weighing the Giants (WtG), and [[*Planck*]{}]{}+WP CMB measurements. ", "We also show the results from this work after adding the approximate parameter constraints from the $f_\\mathrm{gas}$ analysis of @mantz14 for a more direct comparison to the WtG cluster constraints.[]{data-label=\"fig:wtg_comparison\"}](figs/wtg_comparison.pdf){width=\"47.00000%\"}\n\nIn addition, our cosmological constraints are consistent with other previous cluster surveys, including constraints from the X-ray selected sample from @vikhlinin09 and the optically selected sample from @rozo10.", "\n\nFinally, we compare to more recent cosmological constraints from WtG [@mantz15]. ", "Their baseline constraints incorporate a cluster sample selected from the ROSAT All-Sky Survey (RASS), follow-up X-ray observations from [*Chandra*]{}, including cosmological constraints from cluster gas-fraction [$f_\\mathrm{gas}$, see @mantz14] measurements, and weak lensing data from WtG; a sub-set of which we used to estimate our cluster mass calibration in Section \\[sec:wlprior\\]. ", "In Figure \\[fig:wtg\\_comparison\\], we compare directly to the WtG constraints in the $\\sigma_8$-${\\ensuremath{\\Omega_m}}$ plane (WtG find marginalized constraints of $\\sigma_8 = 0.830 \\pm 0.035$ and ${\\ensuremath{\\Omega_m}}= 0.259 \\pm 0.030$). ", "We also plot the [SPT]{} constraints with an additional prior of $\\Omega_b/{\\ensuremath{\\Omega_m}}h^{1.5} = 0.089 \\pm 0.012$, to mimic the $f_\\mathrm{gas}$ constraints.", "\n\nOverall, we find good agreement between our [SPT]{} dataset and both the [[*Planck*]{}]{}-CMB and WtG data. ", "The agreement between the WtG and [SPT]{} constraints is impressive considering the different selection methods (SZ vs. X-ray), the different X-ray observable ( vs. gas mass) and corresponding observable-mass scaling relation, as well as the independent X-ray analysis pipelines. ", "This agreement extends to the $w$CDM cosmological model. ", "For example, using the WtG cluster data (including $f_\\mathrm{gas}$ measurements), @mantz15 constrain $w = -0.98 \\pm 0.15$, consistent with the results in Section \\[sec:wcdm\\]. ", "The combination of the two cluster datasets is potentially very powerful for improving cluster-based constraints due to the different redshift ranges of each sample; the majority of the WtG sample is at $z < 0.25$, below the lower redshift cut of the [SPT]{} sample used in this work. ", "This is particularly important for cluster-based constraints on dark energy because the combined data sets would provide improved constraints on the evolution of the cluster mass function. ", "This complementarity was also noted in @mantz15, who estimated that the combined datasets could improve the WtG cluster-based constraints on dark energy and modified gravity by a factor of $>$2.", "\n\nConclusion {#sec:concl}\n==========\n\nIn this work, we have taken a well-defined subsample of the SPT cluster catalog from @bleem15b, selecting only for redshift $z>0.25$ and SPT-SZ detection significance $\\xi>5$. In order to obtain cosmological constraints, we combine this cluster catalog with [*Chandra*]{} X-ray observations for [82]{} clusters. ", "In addition, we adopt a purely weak lensing-based prior on the overall mass scale of the sample from a reanalysis of @vikhlinin09 using the more recent weak lensing mass estimates from @hoekstra15 [denoted with H15] and the Weighing the Giants (WtG) project [@kelly14; @applegate14; @vonderlinden14a; @mantz15]. ", "The 1$\\sigma$ width of this prior is 10%, which is limited by the small number of clusters in the reanalysis.", "\n\nThe computation of the cluster likelihood uses a new algorithm that scales linearly with the number of mass proxies, where previous algorithms scaled exponentially, which makes incorporating more mass proxies such as weak lensing shear, velocity dispersions, and/or multiple X-ray mass proxies computationally tractable. ", "Our algorithm includes the option to marginalize over all possible correlations between the observables.", "\n\nAssuming a  cosmology and combining with $H_0$+BBN, we find the marginalized constraints $\\sigma_8 = {\\ensuremath{0.784 \\pm 0.039}}$ and ${\\ensuremath{\\Omega_m}}= {\\ensuremath{0.289 \\pm 0.042}}$. The combined parameter combination ${\\ensuremath{\\sigma_8 \\left({\\ensuremath{\\Omega_m}}/0.27\\right)^{0.3}}}$ is constrained to ${\\ensuremath{0.797 \\pm 0.031}}$. We find good agreement with the parameter constraints obtained from the WtG project, as well as CMB constraints from either [[*WMAP*]{}]{}9+S13 [@hinshaw13; @story13] or [[*Planck*]{}]{}+WP [@planck13-16]. ", "We proceed to adopt [[*Planck*]{}]{}+WP as our baseline CMB dataset.", "\n\nWe consider several extensions to the  model. ", "When we allow the species-summed neutrino mass to be a free parameter, the addition of cluster information to CMB information causes the posterior to peak at positive values of neutrino mass (though it is consistent with zero). ", "The same behavior is seen when combining with CMB+BAO, yielding ${\\ensuremath{\\Sigma m_\\nu}}= {\\ensuremath{0.14 \\pm 0.08}}~\\mathrm{eV}$. When further allowing the effective number of relativistic species [$N_\\mathrm{eff}$]{} to be a free parameter, and combining with CMB+$H_0$+BAO, we find ${\\ensuremath{N_\\mathrm{eff}}}= {\\ensuremath{3.43 \\pm 0.16}}$ and ${\\ensuremath{\\Sigma m_\\nu}}= {\\ensuremath{0.16 \\pm 0.08}}~\\mathrm{eV}$.\n\nFinally, when the dark energy equation of state parameter $w$ is allowed to be free, this cluster catalog can be combined only with priors on $H_0$ and $\\Omega_b h^2$ to measure $w = {\\ensuremath{-1.28 \\pm 0.31}}$, showing good consistency with the  cosmological model. ", "Adding the cluster data to CMB+$H_0$+BAO+SNe improves the $w$ constraint to $w = {\\ensuremath{-1.023 \\pm 0.042}}$.\n\nThe full cosmological power of the 2500 square-degree SPT-SZ cluster survey has not yet been realized. ", "A joint analysis of the WtG and SPT-SZ cluster samples is currently being performed. ", "In addition, weak-lensing observations of SPT-SZ discovered clusters themselves are currently being analyzed and are expected to improve on the 10% mass normalization uncertainty in this paper, in turn sharpening the cosmological constraints. ", "Especially important is accurate knowledge of the mass scale over a range of redshifts, which would specifically improve constraints on models of dark energy or modified gravity.", "\n\nThe SPT is presently reobserving a 500 square degree patch of the SPT-SZ survey area with the polarization-sensitive receiver SPTpol [@austermann12]. ", "While the primary science goals are related to polarization, the greater map depth allows for a lower cluster mass threshold, therefore extending the survey out to higher redshift. ", "The next receiver, SPT-3G [@benson14], is currently being built and will allow for significant progress in the SPT cluster program. ", "The SPT-3G receiver will have a mapping speed $\\sim$20 times higher than SPTpol, which should yield $\\sim$5000 cluster detections and, importantly, allow cluster mass calibration through CMB-cluster lensing [e.g., @seljak00b; @melin14; @baxter14].", "\n\nThe South Pole Telescope is supported by the National Science Foundation through grant PLR-1248097. ", "Partial support is also provided by the NSF Physics Frontier Center grant PHY-1125897 to the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Kavli Foundation and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation grant GBMF 947. ", "This work used resources of McGill University’s High Performance Computing centre, a part of Compute Canada. ", "This work was supported in part by the Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago through grant NSF PHY-1125897 and an endowment from the Kavli Foundation and its founder Fred Kavli. ", "This work was supported in part by the US Department of Energy under contract number DE-AC02-76SF00515. ", "The McGill group acknowledges funding from the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Canada Research Chairs program, and the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research. ", "T. de Haan is supported by a Miller Research Fellowship, as well as receiving support from a Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada Postgraduate Scholarship-Doctoral award. ", "BB is supported by the Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. ", "De-AC02-07CH11359 with the United States Department of Energy. ", "Argonne National Laboratory’s work was supported under U.S. Department of Energy contract DE-AC02-06CH11357. ", "D. Applegate and T. Schrabback acknowledge support from the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi) provided through DLR under projects 50 OR 1210 and 50 OR 1407. ", "R.J.F. gratefully acknowledges support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. ", "CR acknowledges support from the University of Melbourne and from the Australian Research Council’s Discovery Projects scheme (DP150103208). ", "JHL is supported by NSERC through the discovery grant and Canada Research Chair programs, as well as FRQNT. ", "The Munich group acknowledges the support of the DFG Cluster of Excellence “Origin and Structure of the Universe” and the Transregio program TR33 “The Dark Universe”. ", "The Dark Cosmology Centre is funded by the Danish National Research Foundation. ", "Optical and infrared followup of SPT Clusters at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics was supported by NSF grant ANT-1009649.", "\n\n[^1]: http://archive.stsci.edu/dss/\n\n[^2]: This equation differs slightly from B13 and R13 in order to more rigorously scale the V09 results if $B_\\mathrm{X} \\neq 0.6$ and $h \\neq 0.72$ simultaneously. ", "This modification has negligible effect on any of the results in this work.", "\n\n[^3]: $\\theta_\\mathrm{MC}$ is the approximation to $\\theta_s$ used in CosmoMC [@lewis02b].", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "Q:\n\npython sqlite3 executemany using multiple lists\n\nBackground:\nSo I have a large array that I am reading from one source and trying to write (efficiently) into SQLite3 using python.", "\nCurrently I use the default form:\ncursor.executemany(\"INSERT into mytable1 VALUES(?,?,?)\", ", "my_arr.tolist())\n\nNow I want to expand to a few hundred thousand tables. ", "I would like to be able to do something like the following (wish):\ncursor.executemany(\"INSERT into ? ", "VALUES(?,?,?)\", ", "TableNameList, my_arr.tolist())\n\nQuestions: \n\nIs there a way to do this without inserting columns into the array\nbefore converting it to list? ", " What? ", " \nIf there is not such a way, then suggestions and alternatives are\nrequested.", "\n\nI tried looking in stackexchange, but may have missed something.", "\nI tried looking in the Python SQLite docs, but did not see something like this.", "\nI tried generic google search.", "\n\nA:\n\nFirst, the Python bit. ", "Assuming that my_arr is some sort of two-dimensional array, and that .tolist() produces a list-of-lists, Yes, there is a way to add an element to every row in your list:\nresult = [[a]+b for a,b in zip(TableNameList, my_arr.tolist()]\n\nSecond, the SQL bit. ", "No, you can't use ? ", "to specify a table name. ", "The table name must be literally present in the SQL statement. ", "The best that I can offer you is to run curssor.execute several times:\nfor table, values in zip(TableNameList, my_arr):\n c.execute(\"INSERT INTO %s VALUES (?, ?, ?)\"%", "table, values)\n\nBut, be mindful of whether you trust the source of TableNameList. ", "Using untrusted data in a %s leads to SQL injection security flaws.", "\nSample program:\nimport sqlite3\nimport numpy as np\nimport itertools\n\nmy_arr = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9],[10,11,12]])\nTableNameList = 't1', 't1', 't2', 't3'\n\nconn = sqlite3.connect(':memory:')\nc = conn.cursor()\n\nc.execute('''CREATE TABLE t1 (c1, c2, c3)''')\nc.execute('''CREATE TABLE t2 (c1, c2, c3)''')\nc.execute('''CREATE TABLE t3 (c1, c2, c3)''')\n\n## Insert a row of data\n#c.execute(\"INSERT INTO stocks VALUES ('2006-01-05','BUY','RHAT',100,35.14)\")\n\nfor table, values in itertools.izip(TableNameList, my_arr):\n c.execute(\"INSERT INTO %s VALUES (?, ?, ?)\"%", "table, values)\n\n# Save (commit) the changes\nconn.commit()\n\n# We can also close the connection if we are done with it.", "\n# Just be sure any changes have been committed or they will be lost.", "\nconn.close()\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Q:\n\nWhy $\\sigma^{-2}_i \\ \\vec{u}_i^T U \\Sigma^2 U^T \\vec{u}_i = 1$\n\nWhy $$\\sigma^{-2}_i \\vec{u}_i^T A A^T \\vec{u}_i =\n\\sigma^{-2}_i \\vec{u}_i^T U \\Sigma U^T U \\Sigma U^T \\vec{u}_i = \n \\sigma^{-2}_i \\ \\vec{u}_i^T U \\Sigma^2 U^T \\vec{u}_i = 1$$\nI do not understand the last step, how we get from $\\sigma^{-2}_i \\ \\vec{u}_i^T U \\Sigma^2 U^T \\vec{u}_i$ to 1.", "\nWhere $\\sigma$ is i-th singular value and $\\vec{u_i}$ is i-th row of U from singular value decomposition.", "\nA is PSD.", "\nCould anyone walk me to the solution of 1 in details?", "\nAppreciate.", "\n\nA:\n\nIf $u_i$ is an eigenvector of $A$, and $\\sigma_i$ is its corresponding eigenvalue, then $A u_i = \\sigma_i u_i$. Thus, $u^T_i A^T = \\sigma_i u^T_i$. Since A is PSD, $A = A^T$ and therefore $u^T_i A = \\sigma_i u^T_i$.\nNow, replacing in $\\sigma^{-2}_i u^T_i A A^T u_i = \n\\sigma^{-2}_i (u^T_i A) (A u_i) = \\sigma^{-2}_i (\\sigma_i u^T_i)(\\sigma_i u_i) = u^T_i u_i $. ", "Since all $u_i$ have unit norm, $u^T_i u_i = 1$\n\n" ]

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[ "Sąd Najwyższy przyjął kasację Towarzystwa Chrystusowego do rozpoznania - ustaliła Wirtualna Polska. ", "Duchowni nie zgadzają się z wyrokiem sądu niższej instancji, który orzekł, że zakon musi wypłacić więzionej i gwałconej przez księdza Katarzynie milion złotych odszkodowania i dożywotnią rentę.", "\n\n- Sąd Najwyższy postanowił przyjąć skargę kasacyjną pozwanych do rozpoznania na rozprawie. ", "Skargę kasacyjną wniesiono od prawomocnego wyroku Sądu Apelacyjnego w Poznaniu z 2 października 2018 r. - mówi nam Krzysztof Michałowski z Sądu Najwyższego. ", "Termin rozprawy nie jest jeszcze znany, ale biorąc pod uwagę liczbę spraw w wydziale czekających na rozpoznanie, skarga trafi na rozprawę najprawdopodobniej w przyszłym roku.", "\n\nKatarzyna, która została skrzywdzona przez księdza Romana B. bardzo obawiała się decyzji Sądu Najwyższego. - ", "Nie wyobrażam sobie, żebym przegrała ten proces. ", "Będzie to dla mnie koniec świata. ", "Staram się jednak myśleć realnie i uważam, jak wielu innych, że w tej sprawie odpowiedzialność Zakonu Chrystusowców jest oczywista i udowodniona – mówiła nam we wtorek.", "\n\n17 września Sąd Apelacyjny w Poznaniu utrzymał w mocy wyrok niższej instancji, zgodnie z którym Towarzystwo Chrystusowe, do którego należał były już ksiądz Roman B., ma zapłacić milion złotych odszkodowania. ", "Sąd przyznał także Katarzynie dożywotnią rentę.", "\n\nZobacz także: Luka VAT była największa za rządów PiS. „Czego się tak boicie?”", "\n\nHistorię Katarzyny opisała w reportażu w \"Dużym Formacie\" Justyna Kopińska. ", "W 2008 r. ksiądz Roman B. wykorzystał trudną sytuację rodzinną pokrzywdzonej i namówił ją do opuszczenia rodzinnego domu. ", "13-letnia wówczas Katarzyna zamieszkała w internacie w innym mieście. ", "Wtedy rozpoczął się jej dramat.", "\n\n– Był silny, ważył sto kilogramów. ", "Krzyczałam, błagałam, by przestał. (...) ", "Zaczął zmuszać mnie do brania leków. (...) ", "Byłam otępiała, senna. (...) ", "W kolejnych dniach zaczął mnie bić, poniżać, groził, że mnie zabije. (...) ", "Często zabierał mnie na plebanię w Stargardzie. ", "Jedliśmy obiad z księżmi, a potem brał mnie do swojego pokoju. (...) ", "Księża się nie dziwili, że śpię u niego - mówiła podczas procesu.", "\n\nDuchowny został prawomocnie skazany na cztery lata więzienia i otrzymał czteroletni zakaz wykonywania zawodów związanych z nauczaniem dzieci. ", "Nie jest już księdzem." ]

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[ "Renault managing director Cyril Abiteboul says the performance of Toro Rosso shows Formula 1 must curb the rise of ‘B-teams’.", "\n\nAbiteboul, whose quickest car ended first practice for the Australian Grand Prix almost two-tenths of a second slower than the quickest Toro Rosso, questioned how the team had made such progress despite losing its technical director James Key last year.", "\n\nRed Bull Technology supplies parts to Red Bull and Toro Rosso, who both use the same power unit. ", "Toro Rosso uses a mixture of current and 2018-specification Red Bull parts.", "\n\nAbiteboul told Sky the rise of this kind of ‘B-team’ arrangement is “a problem” when asked by Sky.", "\n\n“Just look at Toro Rosso, who in my opinion are likely to be the team to beat as far as we’re concerned for the start of the season given where we are,” said Abiteboul.", "\n\n“Toro Rosso had no technical director for most of last season. ", "It’s very clear what went on. ", "So we don’t even need a technical director to produce what is a very competitive car. ", "For us that’s a problem.”", "\n\nThe Renault boss warned that if F1 does not restrict the opportunities for ‘B teams’ under its new 2021 regulations, no new manufacturer teams will be able to enter the sport.", "\n\n“There was a before and after Haas that has created a precedent. ", "I’m not challenging, but I’m just saying how do we move forward for teams like us, like McLaren, like Williams?", "\n\n“But also how does a manufacturer that’s currently not in Formula 1 that wants to join Formula 1, how is it they will seriously contemplate reaching Formula 1 if it’s not possible to win without a B-team?", "\n\n“For me that’s a strategic question we have to consider for the discussion for 2021. ", "For ’19 and ’20 that’s gone now, we are gone with that type of set-up. ", "But for 2021 I hope everyone realises how serious a question it is.”", "\n\nAdvert | Become a RaceFans supporter and go ad-free\n\n2019 F1 season" ]

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[ "Also by the author\n\nWhen most of us think about the thermocline, we think of a deep layer of water below which there’s little or no oxygen and even less fish activity. ", "In my experience, that’s only partly true. ", "There may not be very many fish below the thermocline, but it’s not always deep. ", "In fact, it can be quite shallow at times.", "\n\nI’ve often found what I believe to be a thermocline in about 3 feet of water below heavy lily pads and vegetation. ", "The total water depth might be 5 feet. ", "The bass seem to hold right above it — maybe around 2 1/2 feet. ", "This formula generally holds true around other kinds of structure and cover as well. ", "Sometimes you’ll find good bass holding at 4 1/2 feet around docks when the thermocline is at 5 feet and the total water depth is no more than 10 feet.", "\n\nThe truth is that I don’t have any solid scientific evidence to support my theory that thermoclines can be as shallow as I’m suggesting. ", "Nevertheless, years on the water have convinced me I’m onto something.", "\n\nSome guys have told me that all I’m doing is finding bass that are holding right above the bottom or suspended in some way. ", "That could be true, but it doesn’t make sense to me that they are doing that all over the lake, around all sorts of man-made and natural structure and cover.", "\n\nCheck it out for yourself. ", "Set the sensitivity up on your electronics and cruise some of the areas I’ve talked about. ", "You’ll see that all-important gray band across the screen. ", "It’ll be surprisingly shallow, and in surprisingly shallow water, too.", "\n\nI’m convinced that a lot of anglers don’t know about shallow thermoclines because they aren’t looking for them. ", "I know that was my problem at first. ", "Once you find a couple of them, however, you’ll become a believer in no time at all.", "\n\nMy favorite, and most effective, way to target these fish is with a Texas-rigged white plastic bait or jig with a white skirt and trailer. ", "My presentations are always vertical. ", "I cast or pitch my lure out, let it fall straight down — perfectly straight — and watch for the telltale twitch of my line. ", "If I don’t get a bite, I reel back in and do it again somewhere else.", "\n\nI never hop or swim my lure. ", "It’s straight down and then right back for another vertical presentation. ", "The bass are either there and active or they aren’t. ", "There doesn’t seem to be any in-between.", "\n\nSometimes when you encounter a shallow thermocline there will be a topwater bite as well as a vertical bite. ", "When that happens, I throw a white frog. ", "These fish are active fish, so I keep my frog moving. ", "A more subtle approach doesn’t seem to be all that effective.", "\n\nThe reason I go with white during the hot summer period is that most bass are feeding on shad. ", "White seems to be a color that matches them perfectly. ", "I also think there’s another factor at work with white. ", "They don’t see it very often. ", "White gets their attention. ", "It’s just not all that popular with bass anglers.", "\n\nYou may have noticed that I haven’t mentioned any specific baits. ", "That’s because this is not a product- or bait-specific technique. ", "I use several different plastics ranging from big creature baits down to small grubs. ", "My jigs are all ordinary. ", "You can buy them in any tackle shop. ", "Tie on whatever frog suits your fancy.", "\n\nSome of you may not agree with my thermocline thoughts. ", "That’s OK. ", "It works for me, though. ", "What would it hurt to give it a try? ", "You know what they say: Don’t knock it 'til you’ve tried it." ]

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[ "Experimental transient bacteraemias in human subjects with clinically healthy gingivae.", "\nThirty-six subjects with no evidence of clinical gingival inflammation underwent a standardized toothbrushing procedure. ", "Blood specimens, obtained from a vein in the antecubital fossa during the last 30 seconds of brushing, were cultured under aerobic and stringent anaerobic conditions. ", "Three subjects exhibited detectable bacteraemias, Propionibacterium sp. ", "being isolated from two of the subjects, while Actinomyces sp., ", "Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mitis were isolated from the third. ", "The implications of these results are discussed." ]

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[ "C20orf27\n\nUPF0687 protein C20orf27 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C20orf27 gene.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nFurther reading" ]

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[ "Initial stages of bacterial fouling during dead-end microfiltration.", "\nConstant pressure experiments were performed using track-etched polycarbonate membranes and rod-shaped bacteria (viz., ", "Brevundimonas diminuta and Serratia marcescens) to study flux decline and backwashing during the early stages of microfiltration. ", "The intermediate blocking law originally derived for spherical particles was modified to account for the approximate cylindrical shape of the selected bacteria. ", "A deposition factor was introduced to empirically account for the morphology of bacterial deposits. ", "The initial stages of flux decline prior to the secretion of new extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) was quantitatively described by the intermediate blocking law before transitioning to cake filtration at later times. ", "Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provided additional visual evidence that bacteria simultaneously deposited directly on the membrane and on each other during early stages of filtration as assumed bythe intermediate blocking law. ", "Empirical deposition factors decreased with initial permeate flux indicating its effect on bacteria deposition patterns, which was also confirmed by SEM. ", "Bacteria were easily removed following short filtration times before significant secretion of new EPS by simply rinsing with ultrapure water, thereby completely restoring the clean membrane permeability. ", "In contrast, this rinsing procedure did not completely recover the membrane permeability following longer durations when significant amounts of new EPS proteins and polysaccharides were secreted. ", "Consequently, backwashing effectiveness during water and wastewater microfiltration will be high prior to EPS production whereas flux recovery may not be possible solely by hydrodynamic means once EPS are secreted." ]

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[ "Parishes of Jersey football team\n\nThe Parishes of Jersey football team is a representative team of Jersey in international football. ", "As opposed to the Jersey official football team, which is administered by the Jersey Football Association and is seen as part of the English FA, the Parishes of Jersey team is independent and operates as a member of ConIFA. ", "As it is not a member of UEFA or FIFA, it cannot compete in the FIFA World Cup or UEFA European Championship, however as a member of ConIFA it can compete in the ConIFA World Football Cup and ConIFA European Football Cup.", "\n\nHistory\nThe Parishes of Jersey team was formed in summer 2018 by former Jersey international James Scott, after the Jersey Football Association's unsuccessful application to join UEFA. ", "In June 2018, ConIFA general secretary Sascha Düerkop offered an invitation to Jersey to join the organization, and in September, the team was officially accepted as a member after signing a memorandum of understanding with the JFA.", "\n\nWhile it was originally thought that Parishes of Jersey would make its international debut in a 2019 CONIFA European Football Cup qualification tournament in November, it was announced a week later that their first international fixture would be a home tie against fellow newcomers Yorkshire on 21 October. ", "On 3 October, Jack Boyle was announced as the first captain of the team.", "\n\nCoverage of the first match was provided by BBC Radio Jersey. ", "Captain Jack Boyle scored the first ever goal for the team during the game.", "\n\nFixtures & Results\n\n2018\n\n2019\n\n2020\n\nSelected International Opponents\n\nSquad\nThe following players were called up to the squad for the 2019 Atlantic Heritage Cup in June 2019.", "\n\nCaps and goals correct as of 2 June 2019 after the game against .", "\n\nRecent call-ups\nThe following players have been called up in the past twelve months or withdrew from the squad due to injury or suspension.", "\n\nStaff\n\nSee also\nJersey official football team\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nParishes of Jersey on Twitter\n\nCategory:European national and official selection-teams not affiliated to FIFA\nFootball\nCategory:Football in Jersey" ]

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[ "Rollover Pass, a cut through Bolivar Penisula on the Gulf coast of eastern Texas, was constructed in January 1955, and introduced Gulf waters of high salinity into the upper portion of East Bay. ", "The present study was ..." ]

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[ "Amino acid phosphatase activity of alkaline phosphatase. ", "A possible role of protein phosphatase.", "\nAlkaline phosphatase (ALP) hydrolyzed phosvitin and amino acid phosphates demonstrating nonisotropy at different pH. Orthovanadate, a protein phosphatase inhibitor, more specifically inhibited the serine and tyrosine phosphatase activities of ALP than that of threonine phosphatase at concentrations > 0.1 mM or 0.01 mM, respectively. ", "Calyculin A and okadaic acid at increased concentrations increased ALP amino acid phosphatase activity. ", "Bisphosphonates, such as disodium-1-hydroxy-1-aminopropylidine-1,1-diphosphonate (APD) and ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (HEBP), at increased concentrations, inhibited ALP amino acid phosphatase activity. ", "These results suggest that ALP may function as a protein phosphatase. ", "In terms of protein kinase inhibitors, N-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide, N-(6-aminoheyxl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfomide hydrochloride and 4',5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone had little effect on ALP amino acid phosphatase activity. ", "Staurosporine slightly enhanced ALP serine and threonine phosphatase activities at a concentration of 0.1 mM. These results suggest that protein phosphatase activity does not depend on the protein kinase activity of ALP, since duality between the former and the latter is not supported. ", "ALP may function less as a protein kinase than as a protein phosphatase. ", "The coupling mechanism of phosphate dynamics may be regulated indirectly." ]

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[ "Yes - I think so. ", " I am still employed, just waiting to be bought out by a bank like Citigroup or UBS. ", " It's been crazy to live through all of this shit. ", " This has been an incredible learning experience of what NOT to do in business. ", " These guys at the top are complete crooks. ", " Anyway, enough bs, Megan and I are heading up to Boston for X-mas, were getting together with Jon and Kati one day. ", " Well be out in Colorado for New Year's. ", " I hope all is going well and I'll talk to you soon. ", " Thanks for the e-mail.", "\nBen\n\n -----Original Message-----\nFrom: \t\"Lukawski, Chris\" <clukawski@hitt-gc.com>@ENRON \nSent:\tThursday, December 13, 2001 1:47 PM\nTo:\tRogers, Benjamin\nSubject:\t \n\nYou still out there?", "\n\n\n\n**********************************************************************\nThis email and any files transmitted with it are confidential and\nintended solely for the use of the individual or entity to whom they\nare addressed. ", "If you have received this email in error please notify\nthe system manager.", "\n\n**********************************************************************" ]

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[ "Action & Adventure\n\nLong ago in the mountains, a fighting master known as Gohan discovered a strange boy whom he named Goku. ", "Gohan raised him and trained Goku in martial arts until he died. ", "The young and very strong boy was on his own, but easily managed. ", "Then one day, Goku met a teenage girl named Bulma, whose search for the dragon balls brought her to Goku's home. ", "Together, they set off to find all seven dragon balls in an adventure that would change Goku's life forever. ", "See how Goku met his life long friends Bulma, Yamcha, Krillin, Master Roshi and more. ", "And see his adventures as a boy, all leading up to Dragonball Z and later Dragonball GT.", "\n\nA show of heroic deeds and epic battles with a thematic depth that embraces politics, religion, warfare, courage, love, loyalty and our universal search for identity. ", "Combining real historical figures and events with fictional characters, it is the story of how a people combined their strength under one of the most iconic kings of history in order to reclaim their land for themselves and build a place they call home.", "\n\nSeven noble families fight for control of the mythical land of Westeros. ", "Friction between the houses leads to full-scale war. ", "All while a very ancient evil awakens in the farthest north. ", "Amidst the war, a neglected military order of misfits, the Night's Watch, is all that stands between the realms of men and icy horrors beyond.", "\n\nThe Doctor is a Time Lord: a 900 year old alien with 2 hearts, part of a gifted civilization who mastered time travel. ", "The Doctor saves planets for a living – more of a hobby actually, and the Doctor's very, very good at it.", "\n\nSpoiled billionaire playboy Oliver Queen is missing and presumed dead when his yacht is lost at sea. ", "He returns five years later a changed man, determined to clean up the city as a hooded vigilante armed with a bow.", "\n\nFrom murder and espionage to terrorism and stolen submarines, a team of special agents investigates any crime that has a shred of evidence connected to Navy and Marine Corps personnel, regardless of rank or position.", "\n\nJefferson Pierce is a man wrestling with a secret. ", "As the father of two daughters and principal of a charter high school that also serves as a safe haven for young people in a New Orleans neighborhood overrun by gang violence, he is a hero to his community.", "\n\nWhen heroes alone are not enough ... the world needs legends. ", "Having seen the future, one he will desperately try to prevent from happening, time-traveling rogue Rip Hunter is tasked with assembling a disparate group of both heroes and villains to confront an unstoppable threat — one in which not only is the planet at stake, but all of time itself. ", "Can this ragtag team defeat an immortal threat unlike anything they have ever known?", "\n\nAgent Phil Coulson of S.H.I.E.L.D. (Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement and Logistics Division) puts together a team of agents to investigate the new, the strange and the unknown around the globe, protecting the ordinary from the extraordinary.", "\n\nVikings follows the adventures of Ragnar Lothbrok, the greatest hero of his age. ", "The series tells the sagas of Ragnar's band of Viking brothers and his family, as he rises to become King of the Viking tribes. ", "As well as being a fearless warrior, Ragnar embodies the Norse traditions of devotion to the gods. ", "Legend has it that he was a direct descendant of Odin, the god of war and warriors.", "\n\nThe adventures of a Time Lord—a time-travelling humanoid alien known as the Doctor—who explores the universe in his TARDIS, a sentient time-travelling space ship. ", "Its exterior appears as a blue British police box, which was a common sight in Britain in 1963 when the series first aired. ", "Along with a succession of companions, the Doctor faces a variety of foes while working to save civilisations, help ordinary people, and right wrongs.", "\n\nThe maiden crew of the Daedalus spacecraft must push itself to the brink of human capability in order to successfully establish the first sustainable colony on Mars. ", "Set both in the future and in the present day, this series blends scripted elements set in the future with documentary vérité interviews with today’s best and brightest minds in modern science and innovation, illuminating how research and development is creating the space technology that will enable our first attempt at a mission to Mars.", "\n\nExplore the high-pressure experiences of police officers, paramedics and firefighters who are thrust into the most frightening, shocking and heart-stopping situations. 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