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"Q:\n\nHow to name/divide controllers in MVC3 application\n\nAt the moment I have 3 controllers: Home, Summary and Detail\nHowever, each has only one action: Index, Display and Display respectively.",
"\nThis smell bad to me.",
"\nI was hoping to use the MapRoute to allow:\nmyapp/Home\nmyapp/Summary/prop1/prop2\nmyapp/Detail/prop1/prop2/prop3\n\ninstead of\nmyapp/Home\nmyapp/Summary/Display/prop1/prop2\nmyapp/Detail/Display/prop1/prop2/prop3\n\nand thereby miss out the \"Display\" part...but again, this doesn't smell right. ",
" Although it works, it means manually adding links instead of using Html.",
"ActionLink(...)\nWould it be better to have Home/Index, Home/Summary and Home/Detail all in one controller?",
"\nI was hoping to provide a simple URL structure so users who know what they are doing could simply type it in as above...the \"Home\" part seems wasted?",
"\n\nA:\n\nI agree with @Tim that you should use a single controller. ",
"A controller is a logical grouping of actions; for example the CRUD operations for Foo. ",
" NerdDinner is a good example of this.",
"\nI disagree with the routes. ",
" You can do whatever you want with the routing; but it should be meaningful to the user. ",
" You probably just have a single catchall route similar to the one below.",
"\n routes.",
"MapRoute(\"Default\", //RouteName\n \"{controller}/{action}/{id}\", //RouteUrl\n new { //RouteDefaults\n controller = \"Home\", \n action = \"Index\", \n id = UrlParameter.",
"Optional}\n )\n\nYou can have the routes you want by using a single controller.",
"\nYour desired urls:\n\nmyapp/Home\n myapp/Summary/prop1/prop2\n myapp/Detail/prop1/prop2/prop3\n\nThe controller setup:\npublic class HomeController : Controller \n{\n public ActionResult Index() { ... }\n\n public ActionResult Summary() { ... }\n\n public ActionResult Details() { ... } \n}\n\nThe routing setup:\n routes.",
"MapRoute(\"Home-Index\", //RouteName\n \"myapp/Home\", //RouteUrl\n new { //RouteDefaults\n controller = \"Home\", \n action = \"Index\"});\n\n routes.",
"MapRoute(\"Home-Summary\", //RouteName\n \"myapp/Summary/prop1/prop2\", //RouteUrl\n new { //RouteDefaults\n controller = \"Home\", \n action = \"Summary\",\n prop1 = UrlParameter.",
"Optional,\n prop2 = UrlParameter.",
"Optional});\n\n routes.",
"MapRoute(\"Default\", //RouteName\n \"{controller}/{action}/{id}\", //RouteUrl\n new { //RouteDefaults\n controller = \"Home\", \n action = \"Index\", \n id = UrlParameter.",
"Optional}\n )\n\nNow there are a few important things to note:\n\nRouting works like a switch statement, the first url that matches is\nthe one it will use, that's why you have the catchall as the last\none.",
"\nThe url defined in your map route can be whatever you want. ",
" It\ndoesn't have to match with the controller, because once you remove\nthe placeholders ({controller}, etc) it uses the default for\nnavigation. ",
" So the Home-Index route url could be myapp/foo/bar/baz\nand id would still take you to the Home index action.",
"\nThe placeholders work automagically. ",
" I have not been able to find a good resource explaining how the default route works.",
"\n\nHope this helps.",
"\n\n"
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"Identification of three genotypes of sugarcane yellow leaf virus causing yellow leaf disease from India and their molecular characterization.",
"\nSugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV) that causes yellow leaf disease (YLD) in sugarcane (recently reported in India) belongs to Polerovirus. ",
"Detailed studies were conducted to characterize the virus based on partial open reading frames (ORFs) 1 and 2 and complete ORFs 3 and 4 sequences in their genome. ",
"Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed on 48 sugarcane leaf samples to detect the virus using a specific set of primers. ",
"Of the 48 samples, 36 samples (field samples with and without foliar symptoms) including 10 meristem culture derived plants were found to be positive to SCYLV infection. ",
"Additionally, an aphid colony collected from symptomatic sugarcane in the field was also found to be SCYLV positive. ",
"The amplicons from 22 samples were cloned, sequenced and acronymed as SCYLV-CB isolates. ",
"The nucleotide (nt) and amino acid (aa) sequence comparison showed a significant variation between SCYLV-CB and the database sequences at nt (3.7-5.1%) and aa (3.2-5.3%) sequence level in the CP coding region. ",
"However, the database sequences comprising isolates of three reported genotypes, viz., ",
"BRA, PER and REU, were observed with least nt and aa sequence dissimilarities (0.0-1.6%). ",
"The phylogenetic analyses of the overlapping ORFs (ORF 3 and ORF 4) of SCYLV encoding CP and MP determined in this study and additional sequences of 26 other isolates including an Indian isolate (SCYLV-IND) available from GenBank were distributed in four phylogenetic clusters. ",
"The SCYLV-CB isolates from this study lineated in two clusters (C1 and C2) and all the other isolates from the worldwide locations into another two clusters (C3 and C4). ",
"The sequence variation of the isolates in this study with the database isolates, even in the least variable region of the SCYLV genome, showed that the population existing in India is significantly different from rest of the world. ",
"Further, comparison of partial sequences encoding for ORFs 1 and 2 revealed that YLD in sugarcane in India is caused by at least three genotypes, viz., ",
"CUB, IND and BRA-PER, of which a majority of the samples were found infected with Cuban genotype (CUB) and lesser by IND and BRA-PER genotypes. ",
"The genotype IND was identified as a new genotype from this study, and this was found to have significant variation with the reported genotypes."
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"Representative image\n\nHYDERABAD:A criminal case was booked against Verizon Data Services India ( VDSI ) Pvt Ltd on Thursday for allegedly extracting resignations from some employees under duress and unleashing bouncers on them.",
"\n\nIn a written complaint, according to Madhapur police, three terminated employees alleged that on December 12 and 13 VDSI hired bouncers who threatened them with dire consequences if they did not sign on resignation papers put forth by the management. “",
"Since December 12, we were each individually called into a meeting room, where the bouncers were also present along with an HR manager. ",
"The HR manager brought in printed papers of the resignation letters on our name and asked us to sign those papers,’’ they said in their complaint.",
"\n\nWhen they sought time, the HR personnel rejected it. “",
"When some of us tried to get up from the seat and move out of the room, the bouncers pushed us back and did not allow us to move. ",
"There was both physical and mental threat to us and the management coerced us into signing the documents. ",
"We would like to place on record that we did not sign the document voluntarily,’’ it said. ",
"A case was registered against VDSI under Sections 506 (criminal intimidation) and 341(wrongful restraint) of the IPC.",
"\n\n"
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"\n682 F.Supp. ",
"199 (1988)\nSALANT ACQUISITION CORP. ",
"and Salant Corporation, Plaintiffs-Counterclaim Defendants\nv.\nMANHATTAN INDUSTRIES, INC., ",
"Defendant-Counterclaimant,\nand\nNicholas P. DiPaolo, Roy M. Goodman, Thomas Hoving, Donald H. Kallman, Harvey M. Krueger, Laurence C. Leeds, Jr., Jack Lyons, Zachary L. Solomon, Carl Spielvogel, Louis C. Stengel, Jr., and Thomas J. Tisch, Defendants,\nand\nState of New York, Intervenor-Defendant.",
"\nNo. ",
"88 Civ. ",
"686 (LLS).",
"\nUnited States District Court, S.D. New York.",
"\nMarch 16, 1988.",
"\n*200 Weil, Gotshal & Manges, New York City (Dennis J. Block, Irwin H. Warren, of counsel), for plaintiffs-counterclaim defendants.",
"\nStroock & Stroock & Levan, New York City (Bruce Schneider, Alvin Hellerstein, Carl Kanter, of counsel), for defendant-counterclaimant.",
"\nRobert Abrams, Atty. ",
"Gen. of the State of N.Y., Dept. ",
"of Law, New York City (William H. Mohr, Asst. ",
"Atty. ",
"Gen., of counsel), for intervenor-defendant.",
"\n\nOPINION AND ORDER\nSTANTON, District Judge.",
"\nAt the oral argument on March 3, 1988, defendant's application to enjoin plaintiffs' tender offer was denied for lack of a private right of action under section 7 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. § 78g (1982), as to plaintiffs' alleged violations of the Federal Reserve Board margin regulations, 12 C.F.R. §§ 207, 221, 224, and on the merits as to plaintiffs' allegedly inadequate disclosures in their Williams Act filings. ",
"Decision was reserved on plaintiffs' application for a preliminary injunction and declaration that (a) section 912 of the New York Business Corporation Law (McKinney's 1986) is unconstitutional, (b) plaintiffs' tender offer will not be subject to the penalty provisions of Manhattan's \"Rights Plan\", and (c) the recent amendment of Manhattan's by-laws is ultra vires and void.",
"\nFor an insufficient showing of irreparable harm, a requisite for obtaining preliminary relief, plaintiffs' applications are denied.",
"\n\nFACTS\nOn February 2, 1988 Salant Acquisition Corporation (\"SAC\"), a wholly owned subsidiary of Salant Corporation (\"Salant\") announced a hostile, all-cash tender offer for all of Manhattan Industries' (\"Manhattan\") outstanding shares of common and preferred stock (the \"tender offer\"). ",
"The tender offer is conditioned on (1) there being validly tendered and not withdrawn at least two-thirds of Manhattan's outstanding common shares; (2) Salant being satisfied, either by action of Manhattan's Board of Directors (the \"Board\") or a final judicial decision, that section 912 of the New York Business Corporation Law[1] does not apply to the tender offer and the contemplated subsequent merger; (3) either Manhattan's preferred stock purchase rights having been redeemed by the Board or Salant being satisfied that the Rights are inapplicable to the tender offer and subsequent merger; and (4) SAC and Salant's obtaining sufficient financing to purchase all of Manhattan's shares and to pay the fees and expenses related to the tender offer. ",
"The Offer to Purchase also disclosed that following the tender offer, Salant would effect a \"second-step merger\" and would thus acquire all Manhattan's remaining shares.",
"\nThe Offer to Purchase stated that, in order to finance the tender offer, plaintiffs expected to borrow up to $75 million from Continental Illinois National Bank (\"the Bank\") and to obtain up to $25 million from a private placement of SAC's debt securities by Drexel Burnham Lambert Incorporated (\"Drexel\"). ",
"Drexel, in a letter stating that it is \"highly confident\" that it can arrange such financing, has conditioned its obligation to place the debt securities on plaintiffs' obtaining the $75 million loan from the Bank. ",
"The Bank's loan, in turn, is conditioned on Drexel's placement of the $25 million debt. ",
"Thus, plaintiffs' ability to raise the requisite funds is contingent upon *201 both Drexel's and the Bank's participation, and each of the latter's prospective participation is contingent on the other's.",
"\nPlaintiffs have only a draft commitment letter from the Bank. ",
"A Bank Vice President writes that the Bank\n[is] willing to have further discussions with [plaintiffs] regarding such credit arrangements and, subject to such discussions, would be willing to consider making a commitment on the terms set forth in the Draft Commitment Letter, but nothing contained in this letter or the Draft Commitment Letter constitutes a commitment or an offer by the Bank to make any loan or other financial accomodation ...\nPlaintiffs must pay a non-refundable $900,000 fee before the Bank will conduct a \"review, discussion, evaluation and negotiation (if any) of the credit arrangements.\" ",
"Apparently that payment has not yet been made.",
"\nThe tender offer, as originally announced, was at $16 per share of common stock, $78.84 per share of Series A Preferred stock, and $60 per share of Series C Preferred stock, and expired at midnight on March 1, 1988. ",
"It has been extended three times and will now expire at 5 p.m. on March 18. ",
"None of the offered prices has been increased. ",
"The day before plaintiffs made the tender offer, Manhattan's common stock closed at approximately $11.50. ",
"Since the commencement of the tender offer, Manhattan's common stock has traded between $19.00 and $16.375. ",
"As of March 14, only 169,000 shares (approximately 3%) of Manhattan common stock and 3,600 shares of Series C Preferred outstanding had been tendered and not withdrawn.[2] With those common shares and the 277,000 shares Salant owned before the tender offer, it has, at most, 446,000 or 8.3% of Manhattan's total common.",
"\nOn the same day that the tender offer was announced, plaintiffs filed this suit seeking permanent and preliminary declaratory and injunctive relief establishing that (1) section 912 of the New York Business Corporation Law (the \"Anti-Takeover\" law) is unconstitutional on its face and as applied to the tender offer; (2) the tender offer constitutes an \"All Shareholders-All Cash\" tender offer which does not trigger the so-called penalty provisions of Manhattan's shareholders' Rights Plan[3]; and (3) voiding as ultra vires Manhattan's Board's February 9 amendment to its by-laws, which provides that if any shareholder or group of affiliated shareholders owns more than 40% of the outstanding shares entitled to vote, a majority of shares other than those held by the 40% shareholder is required to remove a director without cause.",
"\n\nDISCUSSION\nIn this Circuit, the standard for preliminary injunctive relief requires a showing of \"(a) irreparable harm and (b) either (1) likelihood of success on the merits or (2) sufficiently serious questions going to the merits to make them a fair ground for *202 litigation and a balance of hardships tipping decidedly toward the party requesting the preliminary relief.\" ",
"Jackson Dairy, Inc. v. H.P. Hood & Sons, Inc., 596 F.2d 70, 72 (2d Cir.1979). \"",
"A preliminary injunction `is an extraordinary and drastic remedy which should not be routinely granted.'\" ",
"Sapienza v. New York News, Inc., 481 F.Supp. ",
"671, 673 (S.D.N.Y.1979). ",
"Only if plaintiffs demonstrate that the alleged threat of harm is \"actual and imminent,\" rather than merely \"remote or speculative,\" will preliminary relief be granted. ",
"E.I. duPont de Nemours and Co. v. Daggett, 610 F.Supp. ",
"260, 264 (W.D.N.Y.1985). ",
"Accord Kaplan v. Board of Education of City School District, 759 F.2d 256, 259 (2d Cir.1985); Association of American Medical Colleges v. Carey, 482 F.Supp. ",
"1358, 1368 (W.D.N.Y.1980). ",
"Moreover, where \"mandatory relief is sought, as distinguished from maintenance of the status quo, a strong showing of irreparable injury must be made....\" Doe v. New York University, 666 F.2d 761, 773 (2d Cir.1981). ",
"Accord Cavallaro by Cavallaro v. Ambach, 575 F.Supp. ",
"171, 174 (W.D.N.Y.1983).",
"\nPlaintiffs assert that absent a preliminary injunction, they will suffer extreme and irreparable injury. ",
"They contend that the provisions of New York's Anti-Takeover law constitute irreparable harm per se, endanger their attempt to acquire Manhattan's stock, and will cause them to incur substantial financial costs which are not recoverable. ",
"They also argue that without a determination that their tender offer does not trigger the penalty provisions of Manhattan's Rights Plan, shareholders will be deterred from tendering their shares; and plaintiffs will be deterred from accepting them, for the risk of later dilution of both voting power and market value of the Manhattan shares would make the successful completion of Salant's tender offer economically untenable. ",
"They urge that absent a determination that Manhattan's new by-law provision is ultra vires, all shareholders will be deterred from exercising their franchise to remove directors.",
"\nBecause the harm plaintiffs allege they will suffer differs as to each of their three applications, each application will be discussed in turn.",
"\n\nI. Applicability of Manhattan's Rights Plan\nPlaintiffs assert that their tender offer was designed to fit within the exception to Manhattan's Rights Plan. ",
"Manhattan's Board, however, has stated to its shareholders that plaintiffs' offer \"may not\" qualify as an \"All Shareholders-All Cash\" tender offer. ",
"Plaintiffs urge that without a resolution, shareholders may not tender their shares because they doubt plaintiffs will risk triggering the penalty provisions and because the shareholders will hold on to their shares in order to exercise the Rights.",
"\nWith only 8% of Manhattan's common stock in handone-eighth of the shares needed to complete the tender offer by its own termsthe application of the Rights Plan[4] to the tender offer, if it is completed, is not such a present threat of irreparable harm as to justify the extraordinary relief of a preliminary injunction.",
"\n\nII. ",
"Amendment to Manhattan's by-laws\nThe by-law amendment, which impedes removal of Manhattan's directors, only applies when a shareholder or group has accumulated 40% of Manhattan's outstanding shares. ",
"Plaintiffs own at most 8.3% of Manhattan's common stock, or about a fifth of the amount relevant to the amendment. ",
"For the same reasons stated above, the facts do not at this stage show such present irreparable harm as to warrant the drastic remedy of a preliminary injunction or a declaratory judgment before trial. ",
"See FMC Corporation v. R.P. Scherer Corp., 545 F.Supp. ",
"318, 322 (D.Del.1982) (no irreparable harm: if plaintiffs make proper showing at a final hearing on the merits, court can void the illegal by-law amendment).",
"\n\n\n*203 III. ",
"Constitutionality of New York's Anti-Takeover Law\nPlaintiffs rely upon cases concerning circumstances far different from this one. ",
"In Kennecott Corp. v. Smith, 637 F.2d 181 (3d Cir.1980), the state law in question prohibited the would-be offeror from commencing an offer until at least twenty days after its announcement. ",
"That directly conflicted with federal law, which requires the commencement or withdrawal of an offer within five business days of its announcement, and it delayed the offer itself. ",
"Accordingly, the Third Circuit \"conclude[d] that Kennecott established that preliminary injunctive relief is necessary in this case.\" ",
"Id. at 191. ",
"See also Hyde Park Partners, L.P. v. Connolly, 839 F.2d 837, at 847 (1st Cir.1988) (preliminary relief granted: state law, prohibiting tender offer for one year if prospective offeror fails to disclose intent to take over target company before acquiring five percent of its stock, \"[r]ather than merely conditioning sales, and thus deterring them, ... prohibits certain sales outright.\"); ",
"L.P. Acquisition Co. v. Tyson, 772 F.2d 201 (6th Cir.1985) (irreparable harm: statute requires precommencement notice to the state which then may order a hearing and stay the effective date of the offer); Cardiff Acquisitions, Inc. v. Hatch, 597 F.Supp. ",
"1493 (D.Minn.), ",
"aff'd in part, rev'd in part, 751 F.2d 906 (8th Cir.1984) (irreparable harm: plaintiff's tender offer had already been suspended by the Minnesota Commissioner). ",
"Here, none of the New York Anti-Takeover law, the by-law amendment, or the Rights Plan prevented or delayed plaintiffs from launching and maintaining their tender offer, which was announced and commenced seven weeks ago.",
"\nThe New York Anti-Takeover law allows a majority of the disinterested (i.e., nontendering) shareholders to vote to exempt Manhattan from section 912, but provides that (1) the exemption is not effective until eighteen months after the vote, and (2) the exemption would not apply to a merger with SAC if it acquires 20% before or during those eighteen months.",
"\nPlaintiffs argue this inflicts irreparable injury because it necessarily imposes an 18-month waiting period before any merger can be accomplished, andeven worse that delay inevitably excludes the possibility of the merger within six months which might allow escape from the operation of the Rights Plan. ",
"Ominous as this seems to plaintiffs, it is still the fact that they currently control only 8.3% of the stock at most. ",
"Whether they will be ableat prices now below the marketto acquire enough shares to make this risk palpable is speculative. ",
"The threatened harm may not be remote, but neither is it imminent.",
"\nNor is the New York law the \"brooding presence\" felt by the plaintiff in Icahn v. Blunt, 612 F.Supp. ",
"1400 (W.D.Mo.1985). ",
"That plaintiff's ownership (32.779%) was so close to the 33.33% which invoked the Missouri Control Share Acquisition Statute, that his purchase of any more shares would subject him immediately to the statute's provisions. ",
"Id. at 1408. ",
"No provisions apply immediately to plaintiffs. ",
"None will apply until plaintiffs acquire 20% of Manhattan's shares, a prospect for which at present they have no committed financing.",
"\nPlaintiffs assert that because the law prevents second-step mergers following a successful tender offer, it impedes would-be offerors from obtaining financing, since lenders want assurance that the assets and future earnings of the target company will be available to repay the offer debt. ",
"That may be true, particularly where the offer is highly leveraged.",
"\nBut here the condition is self-imposed. ",
"Plaintiffs themselves have made the availability of a second-step merger a condition of their going forward. ",
"As far as appears, the condition was not imposed by lenders to assure security for their loans. ",
"On the contrary, it is raised by plaintiffs, so that they need not commit for financing if they do not have a clear legal path. ",
"The court in FMC Corporation, 545 F.Supp. ",
"at 323, in a somewhat analogous situation stated:\nIn short, FMC [the offeror] knowingly structured the transaction in such a way that it would be forced to \"take down\" *204 the tendered stock while the legal status of the supermajority proposal remained uncertain. ",
"It now seeks to reduce the risks inherent in the situation it created by obtaining a preliminary indication as to the legality of the supermajority proposal (and so as to the feasibility of its ultimate goal of merger) from this Court before it makes a financial commitment. ",
"In so doing, it raises difficult questions as to the appropriate role of the federal courts and grave implications for the administration of justice. ",
"Assuming, without deciding, that there are conceivable instances in which it would be appropriate for a federal court to give such an indication, the Court finds that to do so in the context of granting the extraordinary relief of a preliminary injunction would be inappropriate on the facts of this case.",
"\nPlaintiffs having declined to make binding financial commitments yet, the $75 million the Bank is willing to consider extending to plaintiffs remains but a topic for further discussion. ",
"Without the Bank's commitment, Drexel has not committed itself to the $25 million private placement.",
"\nIn TLX Acquisition Corp. v. The Telex Corp., 679 F.Supp. ",
"1022 (W.D.Okla., ",
"1987), plaintiffs, like Salant and SAC, had only conditional financing, but having paid $1.5 million toward their $6 million fee to obtain financing, they stood \"in immediate danger of sustaining an economic loss of at least one and one-half million dollars and perhaps more ...\" Id. at 1032. ",
"Salant has prudently declined to make the payment that would put it in that danger; but without the threat of harm it cannot make the showing necessary to obtain a preliminary injunction.",
"\nPlaintiffs also assert that the New York Anti-Takeover law has a chilling effect, causing shareholders to doubt whether the tender of shares would serve any purpose. ",
"The court in Black and Decker Corp. v. American Standard Inc., 679 F.Supp. ",
"1183 (D.Del.1988) found this argument speculative, in light of the other likely causes for shares not being tendered, including the fact that the market price of the target's shares was higher than the offered price, and concluded that even if a preliminary injunction were granted other factors might cause the tender offer to fail. ",
"Id. at 1192-93.",
"\nHere, plaintiffs' tender offer faces a variety of hazards. ",
"The offered price remains below the market price. ",
"The number of shares tendered over a seven-week period represents about 3% of the total outstanding, and the tender offer is conditioned on obtaining 66-2/3%. ",
"The proposed financing arrangements are conditioned on a number of factors, including an unpaid fee to the Bank. ",
"Some of the tender offer's conditions, such as Salant's \"being satisfied\" as to legal matters, are subjective.",
"\nA final consideration is that the court is asked, in an application for preliminary relief, to declare a state law unconstitutional. ",
"Summary disposition of significant and substantial constitutional questions is inappropriate. ",
"UV Industries, Inc. v. Posner, 466 F.Supp. ",
"1251, 1258 (D.Maine 1979). ",
"See also, Black and Decker Corp., at 1194 (\"gratuitous discussion of the constitutionality of [the Delaware Anti-Takeover law] ... under these circumstances would amount to an advisory opinion\").",
"\n\nCONCLUSION\nFor the foregoing reasons, plaintiffs' application for a preliminary injunction is denied.",
"\nA conference will be held on March 25, 1988 at 3:40 p.m. to discuss the scheduling of necessary matters before trial.",
"\nNOTES\n[1] Section 912 prohibits any resident domestic business corporation (such as Manhattan) from merging with an interested shareholder (i.e., one who owns 20% or more of the outstanding voting stock) for five years following the date on which the interested shareholder first acquired 20% of the stock, unless before that date the Board had approved either the merger or the interested shareholder's stock purchase.",
"\n[2] As of October 31, 1987, Manhattan had outstanding 5,331,446 shares of common stock, 27,506 Series A Preferred shares, and 4,440 Series C Preferred shares.",
"\n[3] The Rights Plan provides that if, following the completion of a tender offer, Manhattan is the surviving corporation in a merger, each Right will entitle its holder (other than a bidder who owns more than 20% of Manhattan's shares) to purchase, at the then current exercise price of the Right, that number of shares of common stock of Manhattan which at the time of such transaction would have a market value equal to two times the exercise price of the Right. ",
"In other words, all such holders of Manhattan rights will be entitled to purchase shares of Manhattan common stock at half the then current market price. ",
"If Manhattan is not the surviving corporation in such a post-tender offer merger, then such holders of the Rights will be entitled to purchase shares of the acquiring company's common stock at half the then current market price.",
"\n\nThe Rights, however, will not be exercisable if an acquiror obtains shares pursuant to an \"All Shareholders-All Cash\" tender offer (defined as a tender offer for all the outstanding common and Preferred stock for cash at a minimum price per share, pursuant to which the acquiror purchases at least two-thirds of the shares not already owned by the acquiror), the merger is consummated within six months of such a tender offer, and the offeror pays the nontendering shareholders the same amount per share as was paid the tendering shareholders.",
"\n[4] Apparently the anticipated argument is over whether the offer is so conditional that it cannot be an \"all cash\" offer.",
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"---\nabstract: 'We study equivariant bi-vector fields on a toric variety. ",
"We prove that, on a smooth toric variety of dimension $n$, the locus where the rank of an equivariant bi-vector field is $\\leq 2k$ is not empty and has at least a component of dimension $\\geq 2k+1$, for all integers $k> 0$ such that $2k < n$. The same is true also for $k=0$, if the toric variety is smooth and compact. ",
"While for the non compact case, the locus in question has to be assumed to be non empty.'",
"\naddress: 'Dipartimento di Matematica “Giuseppe Peano”, Università degli Studi di Torino, via Carlo Alberto 10, 10123 Torino, Italy'\nauthor:\n- Elena Martinengo\ntitle: 'On degeneracy loci of equivariant bi-vector fields on a smooth toric variety'\n---\n\nIntroduction {#introduction .unnumbered}\n============\n\nLet $X$ be a smooth toric variety associated to a fan $\\Sigma \\subset N \\otimes_{\\mathbb{Z}}{\\mathbb{R}}$, where $N$ is an $n$-dimensional lattice. ",
"Our aim is to study degeneracy loci of equivariant bi-vector fields on $X$. A bi-vector field $\\pi$ on $X$ is a $2$-form with values in the holomorphic tangent bundle $\\Theta_X$. Let $\\{ z_1,\\ldots ,z_n \\}$ be a system of local coordinates around a point $x\\in X$, then a bi-vector field $\\pi\\in \\Gamma(X, \\bigwedge^2 \\Theta_X)$ can be written locally as $$\\pi= \\sum_{i,j=1}^n \\pi^{ij}(z_1, \\ldots, z_n) \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial z_i}\\wedge \\frac{\\partial }{\\partial z_j},$$ where $\\Pi=\\left(\\pi^{ij}(z_1, \\ldots, z_n)\\right)_{ij}$ is an antisymmetric matrix of homolorphic functions defined locally around $x$. The rank of the bi-vector field $\\pi$ at the point $x$ is the rank of the matrix $\\Pi$ calculated in $x$. The $k$-th degeneracy locus of $\\pi$ is $$X_{\\leq k}:= \\{x\\in X \\mid \\operatorname{rk}_x \\pi\\leq k\\}.$$ Since we are on a toric variety, it makes sense to consider bi-vector fields that are equivariant under the action of the torus. ",
"It is obvious that their rank is constant on the orbits of the action. ",
"We prove the following\n\nLet $X$ be a smooth toric variety of dimension $n$ and $\\pi \\in \\Gamma(X, \\bigwedge^2 \\Theta_X)$ an equivariant bi-vector field on $X$. Consider an integer $k > 0$ such that $2k < n$. Then the degeneracy locus $X_{\\leq 2k}$ is not empty and contains at least a component of dimension $\\geq 2k+1$. Moreover, if the degeneracy locus $X_{\\leq 0}$ is not empty, it contains at least a curve. ",
"If in addition $X$ is compact, then $X_{\\leq 0}\\neq \\emptyset$.\n\nSection \\[sec.main thm\\] is dedicated to the proof of this result. ",
"The main ingredients are the following. ",
"In Section \\[sec.",
"Degeneracy for equivariant\\], we write the expression of an equivariant bi-vector field $\\pi$ on the open dense torus $({\\mathbb{C}}^*)^n \\subset X$ and study the behaviour of it under the change of immersion $({\\mathbb{C}}^*)^n \\hookrightarrow Y_\\sigma$ of the torus on the affine toric subvariety $Y_\\sigma \\subset X$, when varying the maximal cone $\\sigma$ in the fan $\\Sigma$. Looking at the affine charts, we are able to prove that, for all integers $k > 0$ such that $2k < n$, there exists a $(2k+1)$-dimensional orbit of the action of the torus on $X$ contained in the degeneracy locus $X_{\\leq 2k}$. For $k=0$, the compactness of $X$ is needed to prove with the same arguments the existence of a $1$-dimensional orbit contained in $X_{\\leq 0}$. While for $X$ non compact, we have to assume $X_{\\leq 0}\\neq \\emptyset$ to conclude.",
"\n\nThe idea to investigate the degeneracy loci is not new. ",
"In [@Bondal], Bondal studied them for Poisson structures and formulated the following\n\nLet $X$ be a connected Fano variety of dimension $n$ and $\\pi$ a Poisson structure on it. ",
"Consider an integer $k \\geq 0$ such that $2k < n$. If the degeneracy locus $X_{\\leq 2k}$ is not empty, it contains a component of dimension $\\geq 2k+1$.\n\nRecall that a Poisson structure on a smooth complex variety $X$ is a bi-vector field $\\pi \\in \\Gamma(X, \\bigwedge^2 \\Theta_X)$ such that the Poisson bracket $$\\{f,g\\} := \\pi {{\\mspace{1mu}\\lrcorner\\mspace{1.5mu}}}(df \\wedge dg )$$ satisfies the Jacobi identity on holomorphic functions.",
"\n\nLater in [@Beauville], Beauville conjectured the same property to be true for Poisson structures on smooth compact complex varieties. ",
"In [@Polishchuk], Polishchuk proved it for the maximal non trivial degeneracy locus in two cases: when $X$ is the projective space and when $\\pi$ has maximal rank at the general point.",
"\n\nThe interest of these authors for Poisson structures comes from different areas. ",
"One is the problem of classification of quadratic Poisson structures, i.e. Poisson brackets on the algebra of polynomials in $n$ variables such that the brackets are quadratic forms. ",
"These structures arise as tangent spaces to noncommutative deformations of the polynomial algebra itself. ",
"On the other hand, Poisson manifolds, i.e. smooth complex varieties with a Poisson structure, provide a more flexible notion then the one of hyperkähler manifolds.",
"\n\nBondal’s conjecture on a toric variety was investigated for the first time by Gay in [@Gay]. ",
"He proved it for invariant Poisson structures on a smooth toric variety and showed that, in this case, compactness is not necessary.",
"\n\nThe next natural step is to study equivariant Poisson structures, or more generally equivariant bi-vector fields, on a toric variety, that is the object of our article.",
"\n\nAcknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered}\n----------------\n\nI thank Marco Manetti for introducing me to the problem and for some very helpful discussions and suggestions. ",
"I thank Andreas Hochenegger for reading the first version of the article.",
"\n\nToric varieties\n===============\n\nIn this section we summarise some basic notions on toric variety, following mainly the book [@CLS]. ",
"We also recall the classical references [@Danilov; @Fulton; @Oda].",
"\n\nNotations\n---------\n\nLet ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$ be the multiplicative group of non zero elements of ${\\mathbb{C}}$. A *complex algebraic torus* (or simply a *torus*) is an affine variety $T$ isomorphic to the group $({\\mathbb{C}}^*)^n$ for some $n>0$. There are two *lattices*, i.e. free abelian groups, of rank $n$ associated to a torus $T= \\operatorname{Spec}{\\mathbb{C}}[t_1^{\\pm 1}, \\ldots, t_n^{\\pm 1}]$:\n\n- the lattice of characters of $T$: $$\\begin{aligned}\n M &=& \\left\\{\\chi: T \\to {\\mathbb{C}}^* \\mid \\chi \\ \\mbox{group homomorphism} \\right\\}\\\\ & =& \\left\\{\\chi^m:T \\to {\\mathbb{C}}^*, \\chi^m(t_1, \\ldots , t_n)=t_1^{m_1}\\cdots t_n^{m_n} \\mid m=(m_1,\\ldots, m_n) \\in {\\mathbb{Z}}^n\\right\\};\\end{aligned}$$\n\n- the lattice of $1$-parameter subgroups of $T$: $$\\begin{aligned}\n N&=& \\left\\{\\lambda: {\\mathbb{C}}^* \\to T \\mid \\lambda \\ \\mbox{group homomorphism} \\right\\} \\\\\n &=& \\left\\{ \\lambda_u : {\\mathbb{C}}^* \\to T, \\lambda_u(t)=( t^{u_1}, \\ldots, t^{u_n}) \\mid u=(u_1, \\ldots, u_n) \\in {\\mathbb{Z}}^n \\right\\}.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nThere is a natural pairing $\\langle -, - \\rangle: M \\times N \\to {\\mathbb{Z}}$, that associates to every $(m,u)$ the integer associated to the character $ \\chi^m \\circ \\lambda_u$. It follows that $M$ is the dual lattice of $N$ and viceversa. ",
"Moreover, there is a canonical isomorphism $N\\otimes_{\\mathbb{Z}}{\\mathbb{C}}\\cong T$, given by $u\\otimes t \\mapsto \\lambda^u(t)$, and the notation $T_N$ is used to indicate the torus associated to the lattice $N$ via this isomorphism. ",
"To fix notation: let $N_{\\mathbb{R}}:=N\\otimes_{\\mathbb{Z}}{\\mathbb{R}}$ and $M_{\\mathbb{R}}:= M \\otimes_{\\mathbb{Z}}{\\mathbb{R}}$.\n\nToric variety associated to a fan\n---------------------------------\n\nA *toric variety* is an irreducible variety $X$ containing a torus $T\\cong ({\\mathbb{C}}^*)^n$ as a dense open subset, such that the action of $T$ on itself extends to an action on $X$.\n\nGiven a cone, one can define an affine toric variety in the following way.",
"\n\nA *convex polyhedral cone* in $N_{\\mathbb{R}}$ is a set of the form $$\\sigma =\\mbox{Cone}(S) := \\left\\{ \\sum_{s\\in S} \\lambda_s s \\mid \\lambda_s\\geq 0 \\right\\} \\subset N_{\\mathbb{R}}$$ where $S\\subset N_{\\mathbb{R}}$ is a set of *generators* of $\\sigma$.\n\nNote that a convex polyhedral cone is convex and it is a cone. ",
"In the following we refer to such cones simply with the name *polyhedral cones*.",
"\n\nGiven a polyhedral cone $\\sigma$, its *dual cone* is $$\\sigma^\\vee :=\\{ m \\in M_{\\mathbb{R}}\\mid \\langle m,u \\rangle\\geq 0, \\ \\mbox{for all} \\ u \\in \\sigma \\},$$ $$\\mbox{while} \\quad \\sigma^\\perp :=\\{ m \\in M_{\\mathbb{R}}\\mid \\langle m,u \\rangle=0, \\ \\mbox{for all} \\ u \\in \\sigma \\},$$ that are both polyhedral cones. ",
"A *face* of a polyhedral cone $\\sigma$ is the intersection of the cone with an hyperplane $H_m=\\{u \\in N_{\\mathbb{R}}\\mid \\langle m, u \\rangle =0 \\}$ for some $m \\in \\sigma^\\vee$. One writes $\\tau \\leq \\sigma$ to indicate that $\\tau$ is a face of $\\sigma$. A face of dimension one is also called an *edge*.",
"\n\nLet $\\sigma$ be a polyhedral cone. ",
"It is called\n\n- *strongly convex* if the origin is a face of $\\sigma$;\n\n- *rational* if $\\sigma =\\mbox{Cone}(S)$, for some finite set $S\\subset N_{\\mathbb{R}}$;\n\nA strongly convex rational polyhedral cone $\\sigma$ has a canonical set of generators constructed as follow. ",
"Let $\\rho$ be an edge of $\\sigma$. Since $\\sigma$ is strongly convex, $\\rho$ is a half line, and since $\\sigma$ is rational, the semigroup $\\rho \\cap N$ is generated by a unique element $u_\\rho$, called a *ray generator*. ",
"The ray generators of the edges of $\\sigma$ are called the *minimal generators*.",
"\n\nA rational polyhedral cone $\\sigma$ is called *smooth* if the set of its minimal generators is a part of a ${\\mathbb{Z}}$-basis of $N$.\n\nThe following theorem defines the affine toric variety associated to a cone.",
"\n\nLet $\\sigma\\subset N_{\\mathbb{R}}$ be a rational polyhedral cone. ",
"The lattice points $S_\\sigma := \\sigma^\\vee \\cap M$ form a finitely generated semigroup. ",
"Let ${\\mathbb{C}}[S_\\sigma]$ be the group algebra associated to $S_\\sigma$. Then $$Y_\\sigma := \\operatorname{Spec}\\left( {\\mathbb{C}}[S_\\sigma]\\right)$$ is an affine toric variety. ",
"Moreover,\n\n- $\\dim Y_\\sigma = \\operatorname{rk}_{\\mathbb{Z}}N \\Leftrightarrow \\sigma$ is strongly convex,\n\n- $Y_\\sigma$ is normal $\\Leftrightarrow \\sigma$ is strongly convex and rational,\n\n- $Y_\\sigma$ is smooth $\\Leftrightarrow$ $\\sigma$ is smooth.",
"\n\nAn important fact is that all affine toric varieties can be obtained in this way.",
"\n\nThe $n$-dimensional torus $\\left({\\mathbb{C}}^*\\right)^n\\subset Y_\\sigma$ is the subvariety associated to the $0$-dimensional cone $\\{0\\}$. Indeed, $\\left({\\mathbb{C}}^*\\right)^n= \\operatorname{Spec}{\\mathbb{C}}[\\chi^{\\pm e^*_1}, \\ldots, \\chi^{\\pm e^*_n}] = \\operatorname{Spec}{\\mathbb{C}}[z_1^{\\pm 1}, \\ldots z_n^{\\pm 1}]$, where ${\\mathcal{E}}:=\\{e_1, \\ldots, e_n\\}$ is the standard basis of ${\\mathbb{Z}}^n$.\n\nWe will now associate a toric variety to a fan.",
"\n\nA *fan* $\\Sigma:=\\{ \\sigma_i\\}_{i\\in I}$ is a finite collection of strongly convex rational polyhedral cones in $N_{\\mathbb{R}}$ such that\n\n- every face of a cone $\\sigma \\in \\Sigma$ is a cone of $\\Sigma$,\n\n- for every $\\sigma_1, \\sigma_2 \\in \\Sigma$ the intersection $\\sigma_1 \\cap \\sigma_2$ is a common face of $\\sigma_1$ and $\\sigma_2$.\n\nA fan $\\sigma\\subset N_{\\mathbb{R}}$ is called\n\n- *smooth* if every cone of $\\Sigma$ is smooth;\n\n- *complete* if its support $|\\Sigma| =\\bigcup_{\\sigma \\in \\Sigma} \\sigma$ is all $N_{\\mathbb{R}}$.\n\nAs already seen, every cone $\\sigma$ defines an affine toric variety. ",
"Moreover, it turns out that the cones in the fan give the combinatorial data necessary to glue a collection of affine toric varieties together to yield an abstract toric variety denoted by $X:=TV(\\Sigma)$. The main result is the following\n\nLet $\\Sigma$ be a fan in $N_{\\mathbb{R}}$. The variety $X=TV(\\Sigma)$ is a normal separated toric variety. ",
"Moreover,\n\n- $X$ is smooth $\\Leftrightarrow$ $\\Sigma$ is smooth,\n\n- $X$ is compact in the classical topology $\\Leftrightarrow$ $\\Sigma$ is complete.",
"\n\nAn important result is\n\nLet $X$ be a normal separated toric variety with torus $T_N$. Then there exists a fan $\\Sigma \\subset N_{{\\mathbb{R}}}$ such that $X\\cong TV(\\Sigma)$.\n\nFor future use, we prove the following\n\n\\[lemma.cono\\] Let $\\sigma\\subset N_{\\mathbb{R}}$ be a strongly convex polyhedral cone. ",
"Consider the hyperplane $$H_0 =\\{ (z_1, \\ldots, z_n) \\mid a_1z_1 +\\ldots +a_n z_n=0\\} \\subset N_{\\mathbb{R}}, \\quad \\mbox{with } a_i \\in {\\mathbb{R}}$$ and the semispaces $$H_0^{+} =\\{ (z_1, \\ldots, z_n) \\mid a_1z_1 +\\ldots +a_n z_n\\geq 0\\} \\mbox{ and } H_0^{-} =\\{ (z_1, \\ldots, z_n) \\mid a_1z_1 +\\ldots +a_n z_n\\leq 0\\}.$$ If $\\sigma \\cap H_0^-\\neq \\{0\\}$, there exists at least one generating ray of $\\sigma$ contained in $H_0^-$. The same holds for $H_0^+$.\n\nLet $0\\neq p \\in H_0^-\\cap \\sigma$, thus $$p = \\sum_{s \\in S} \\lambda_s \\rho_s, \\quad \\mbox{where } \\{\\rho_s \\}_{s\\in S} \\ \\mbox{is a set of generating rays and} \\ \\lambda_s \\geq 0.$$ If $\\rho_s \\subset H_0^+$ for all $s\\in S$, then $p \\in H_0^+$ and this contradicts the assumptions. ",
"Indeed, let $H_0=\\{ (z_1, \\ldots, z_n) \\mid a_1z_1 +\\ldots +a_n z_n=0\\}$ and let $\\rho_s = (r_{1s}, \\ldots, r_{ns})$, then $$p = \\sum_{s \\in S} \\lambda_s \\rho_s = \\sum_{s \\in S} \\lambda_s (r_{1s}, \\ldots, r_{ns})=\\left( \\sum_{s \\in S} \\lambda_s r_{1s}, \\ldots, \\sum_{s \\in S} \\lambda_s r_{ns} \\right) \\quad \\mbox{and}$$ $$a_1 \\sum_{s \\in S} \\lambda_s r_{1s} +\\ldots + a_n \\sum_{s \\in S} \\lambda_s r_{ns} = \\sum_{s \\in S} \\lambda_s (a_1r_{1s} +\\ldots + a_n r_{ns}) \\geq 0.$$\n\nOrbit-cone correspondence {#sec.orbit-cone}\n-------------------------\n\nLet $N$ be a $n$-dimensional lattice and $M$ its dual lattice. ",
"Let $X=TV(\\Sigma)$ be the toric variety associated to a fan $\\Sigma\\subset N_{\\mathbb{R}}$. Let $\\sigma \\in \\Sigma$ be a cone and $Y_\\sigma$ be the affine toric subvariety associated to it.",
"\n\nRecall that, the torus $T_N =({\\mathbb{C}}^*)^n$ acts on $Y_\\sigma$ as follows. ",
"Let $\\{m_1, \\ldots, m_s\\}\\subset M\\cong {\\mathbb{Z}}^n$ be the characters that generate the semigroup $S_\\sigma$, $\\underline{t}=(t_1, \\ldots, t_n)\\in ({\\mathbb{C}}^*)^n$ and $\\underline{y}=(y_1, \\ldots , y_s) \\in Y_\\sigma$, then $$({\\mathbb{C}}^*)^n \\times Y_\\sigma \\to Y_\\sigma, \\quad \\underline{t}\\cdot \\underline{y \n}:= \\left(\\chi^{m_1}(\\underline{t})\\cdot y_1, \\ldots , \\chi^{m_s}(\\underline{t})\\cdot y_s\\right).$$ To determine the orbits for this action, it is convenient to use the following intrinsic description of points of $Y_\\sigma$. Each point $p\\in Y_\\sigma$ can be seen as a semigroups homomorphisms $\\gamma_p: S_\\sigma \\to {\\mathbb{C}}$, given by $\\gamma_p(m) =\\chi^m(p)$. The action of the torus $T_N$ on $Y_\\sigma$ translates into $ t \\cdot \\gamma_p (m) = \\chi^m(t) \\cdot \\chi^m(p)$. For every cone $\\sigma\\in \\Sigma$, we define the *distinguish point* of $\\sigma$ as the point in $Y_\\sigma$ associated to the homomorphism $$\\gamma_\\sigma: S_\\sigma \\to {\\mathbb{C}}, \\quad \\mbox{given by } \\gamma_\\sigma(m) =: \\left\\{ \\begin{array}{cc} 1 & \\mbox{if } m \\in \\sigma^\\perp \\cap M, \\\\ 0 & \\mbox{otherwise.} ",
"\\end{array} \\right.$$ For every cone $\\sigma \\in \\Sigma$, consider $$O(\\sigma):= \\{\\gamma: S_\\sigma \\to {\\mathbb{C}}\\mid \\gamma(m)\\neq 0 \\mbox{ for } m \\in \\sigma^\\perp \\cap M \\mbox{ and } \\gamma(m)= 0 \\mbox{ otherwise}\\},$$ it is easy to see that it is invariant under the torus action, $\\gamma_\\sigma \\in O(\\sigma)$ and that $O(\\sigma) =T_N \\cdot \\gamma_\\sigma$. The main theorem is the following\n\nLet $X=TV(\\Sigma)$ be the toric variety associated to a fan $\\Sigma$ in $N_{\\mathbb{R}}$. Then:\n\n- There is a bijective correspondence $$\\xymatrix@R=1ex{ \\{\\mbox{cones\\ }\\sigma \\ \\mbox{in} \\ \\Sigma \\} \\ar@{<->}[r] & \\{ T_N- \\mbox{orbits in}\\ \\Sigma \\},\\\\\n \\sigma \\ar@{<->}[r] & O(\\sigma) \\cong \\operatorname{Hom}(\\sigma^{\\perp} \\cap M, {\\mathbb{C}}^*)}$$\n\n- Let $n = \\dim N_{\\mathbb{R}}$. For each cone $\\sigma \\in \\Sigma$, $\\dim O(\\sigma) = n-\\dim \\sigma$.\n\n- The affine open subset $Y_\\sigma$ is the union of orbits $$Y_\\sigma = \\bigcup_{\\tau \\leq \\sigma} O(\\tau).$$\n\n- $\\tau \\leq \\sigma$ if and only if $O(\\sigma) \\subset \\overline{O(\\tau)}$ and $ \\overline{O(\\tau)} = \\bigcup_{\\tau \\leq \\sigma} O(\\sigma)$.\n\nTo conclude the section, let’s write explicitly the orbit $O(\\tau)$ in $Y_\\sigma$ for a face $\\tau$ of a smooth cone $\\sigma$. Since $\\sigma$ is smooth, we can assume it is generated by the standard basis $\\{ e_1, \\ldots e_n\\}$ of ${\\mathbb{Z}}^n$. Take $\\tau$ to be the face generated by $\\{ e_1, \\ldots, e_h\\}$, with $ 1 \\leq h\\leq n$. By definition, the distinguish point $\\gamma_\\tau$ is the semigroup homomorphism $$\\gamma_\\tau:S_\\sigma \\to {\\mathbb{C}}, \\quad \\gamma_\\tau(e_i^*) =: \\left\\{ \\begin{array}{cl} 0 & \\mbox{for \\ } 1\\leq i \\leq h, \\\\ 1 & \\mbox{for \\ } h+1 \\leq i \\leq n. \\end{array} \\right.$$ Thus, the orbit is $$O(\\tau) = T_N \\cdot \\gamma_\\tau = \\{(z_1, \\ldots, z_n) \\in Y_\\sigma \\mid z_i =0 \\mbox{ for } 1\\leq i \\leq h \\mbox{ and } z_i \\neq 0 \\mbox{ for } h+1\\leq i \\leq n \\}.$$\n\nDegeneracy loci of equivariant bi-vector fields {#sec.",
"Degeneracy for equivariant}\n===============================================\n\nEquivariant bi-vector fields\n----------------------------\n\nFix a $n$-dimensional lattice $N$, its dual lattice $M$ and a smooth fan $\\Sigma\\subset N_{\\mathbb{R}}$. Let $X=TV(\\Sigma)$ be the smooth toric variety associated to the fan $\\Sigma$.\n\nOur aim is to study *bi-vector fields* on the toric variety $X$, i.e. $2$-forms on $X$ with values in the holomorphic tangent bundle $\\Theta_X$. Let $\\{ z_1,\\ldots ,z_n \\}$ be a system of local coordinates around a point $x\\in X$, then $\\pi$ can be written locally as $$\\pi= \\sum_{i,j=1}^n \\pi_{ij}(z_1, \\ldots, z_n) \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial z_i}\\wedge \\frac{\\partial }{\\partial z_j},$$ where $\\Pi=\\left(\\pi_{ij}(z_1, \\ldots, z_n)\\right)_{ij}$ is an antisymmetric matrix of homolorphic functions defined around $x\\in X$. The *rank* of the bi-vector field $\\pi$ at the point $x$ is the rank of the matrix $\\Pi$ when calculated in $x$, we indicate it with $\\operatorname{rk}_x \\pi$.\n\nIn particular, we are interested in equivariant bi-vector fields.",
"\n\nA bi-vector field $\\pi \\in \\Gamma(X, \\bigwedge^2 \\Theta_X)$ is *equivariant* under the torus action if there exists a character $\\underline{\\alpha}=(\\alpha_1, \\ldots, \\alpha_n) \\in M$, such that $$\\pi({\\underline{t}} \\cdot {\\underline{x}}) = {\\underline{t}}^{\\underline{\\alpha}} \\cdot \\pi({\\underline{x}}), \\quad \\mbox{for all } {\\underline{x}}\\in X \\mbox{ and } {\\underline{t}} \\in ({\\mathbb{C}}^*)^n,$$ where $ {\\underline{t}}^{\\underline{\\alpha}}= t_1^{\\alpha_1}\\cdots t_n^{\\alpha_n}$. The character $\\underline{\\alpha}$ is called *multi-degree*. ",
"If $\\underline{\\alpha}=(1, \\ldots, 1)$, then the bi-vector field is *invariant*.",
"\n\nThe rank of an equivariant bi-vector field $\\pi$ is constant on the orbit of the torus action.",
"\n\nIt is obvious, since the $\\pi$ is an equivariant form.",
"\n\nFirst we describe equivariant bi-vector fields on the open dense torus $({\\mathbb{C}}^*)^n \\subset X$. Let $\\underline{z}=(z_1, \\ldots , z_n)$ be a system of coordinates on $({\\mathbb{C}}^*)^n$ and $\\Theta$ the holomorphic tangent bundle of $({\\mathbb{C}}^*)^n.$\n\nWith the above notations, a bi-vector field $\\pi \\in \\Gamma (({\\mathbb{C}}^*)^n, \\bigwedge^2\\Theta)$ is equivariant of multi-degree $\\underline{\\alpha}=(\\alpha_1, \\ldots, \\alpha_n)$ if and only if it has the form $$\\label{eq.forme equivarianti} \\pi(\\underline{z})= \\sum_{i,j=1}^n a_{ij} z_1^{\\alpha_1} \\cdots z_i^{\\alpha_i+1}\\cdots z_j^{\\alpha_j+1} \\cdots z_n^{\\alpha_n} \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial z_i}\\wedge \\frac{\\partial }{\\partial z_j} = \\sum_{i,j=1}^n a_{ij} \\cdot {\\underline{z}}^{\\underline{\\alpha}}\\cdot z_i\\cdot z_j \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial z_i}\\wedge \\frac{\\partial }{\\partial z_j},$$ where $A=(a_{ij})_{ij}$ is an antisymmetric matrix with coefficients in ${\\mathbb{C}}$ and ${\\underline{z}}^{\\underline{\\alpha}} = z_1^{\\alpha_1}\\cdots z_n^{\\alpha_n}$.\n\nFirst check such a $\\pi$ is equivariant. ",
"Recall that the action of the torus on itself is just the multiplication. ",
"For all $\\underline{z}, \\underline{t} \\in ({\\mathbb{C}}^*)^n$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\pi(\\underline{t} \\cdot \\underline{z}) & = & \\sum_{i,j=1}^n a_{ij} \\cdot \\underline{t}^{\\underline{\\alpha}} {\\underline{z}}^{\\underline{\\alpha}}\\cdot t_i z_i\\cdot t_j z_j \\frac{1}{t_i}\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial z_i}\\wedge \\frac{1}{t_j}\\frac{\\partial }{\\partial z_j} \\\\\n&=& \\sum_{i,j=1}^n a_{ij} \\cdot \\underline{t}^{\\underline{\\alpha}} {\\underline{z}}^{\\underline{\\alpha}}\\cdot z_i\\cdot z_j \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial z_i}\\wedge\\frac{\\partial }{\\partial z_j} = \\underline{t}^{\\underline{\\alpha}}\\cdot \\pi(\\underline{z}). ",
" \n \\end{aligned}$$ Moreover, the calculation shows that the only polynomials that are equivariant under the torus action are the monomials of a fixed multidegree $\\underline{\\alpha}$.\n\nNext we study the behaviour of the form $\\pi$ under the change of immersion $({\\mathbb{C}}^*)^n\\hookrightarrow Y_\\sigma$ of the dense torus in the affine toric subvariety $Y_\\sigma \\subset X$, when varying the maximal cone $\\sigma$ in the fan $\\Sigma$.\n\nLet $X=TV(\\Sigma)$ be a smooth toric variety and $\\pi \\in \\Gamma(X,\\bigwedge^2 \\Theta_X)$ an equivariant bi-vector field on $X$. Let $\\sigma_0$ and $\\sigma_1$ be two maximal cones of $\\Sigma$. Since $\\Sigma$ is a smooth fan, every maximal cone is generated by a ${\\mathbb{Z}}$-basis of $N$. Without loss of generality, we can assume the standard basis ${\\mathcal{E}}=\\{ e_1, \\ldots, e_n\\}$ of ${\\mathbb{Z}}^n$ to be a system of generators of the cone $\\sigma_0$ and the form $\\pi$ to be expressed on the toric affine subvariety $Y_{\\sigma_0}$ by (\\[eq.forme equivarianti\\]), where $z_i :=\\chi^{e_i}$ are the coordinates on $Y_{\\sigma_0}$. Let $\\mathcal{V}:=\\{v_1,\\ldots,v_n \\}$ be a basis of ${\\mathbb{Z}}^n$ that generates the cone $\\sigma_1$ and $w_i := \\chi^{v_i}$ the corresponding coordinates on $Y_{\\sigma_1}$. The form $\\pi$ is described on $Y_{\\sigma_1}$ by the following\n\n\\[lemma.cambio di coordinate\\] Let $X=TV(\\Sigma)$ be a smooth toric variety and $\\pi \\in \\Gamma(X,\\bigwedge^2 \\Theta_X)$ an equivariant bi-vector field on $X$. In the above notations, $\\pi$ can be expressed on $Y_{\\sigma_1}$ by $$\\label{eq.forme eq base change}\n\\pi=\\sum_{k,h=1}^n b_{kh} \\cdot {\\underline{w}}^{\\underline{\\beta}}\\cdot w_k \\cdot w_h \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial w_k}\\wedge \\frac{\\partial }{\\partial w_h},$$ with $ {\\underline{w}}^{\\underline{\\beta}}=w_1^{\\beta_1} \\cdots w_n^{\\beta_n} $, $B=(b_{kh})_{kh}=S \\cdot A \\cdot S^t $ and $\\underline{\\beta} = R^t \\cdot \\underline{\\alpha}$, where $R$ is the matrix of base change between the system of generators $\\mathcal{V}$ of $\\sigma_1$ and the standard basis ${\\mathcal{E}}$ that generates $\\sigma_0$ and $S=R^{-1}$.\n\nIn the above notations, $R:=(r_{ij})_{ij}$ is the matrix of base change from $\\mathcal{V}$ to ${\\mathcal{E}}$ and $S:=R^{-1}=(s_{ij})_{ij}$ is the matrix of the base change from $\\mathcal{E}$ to $\\mathcal{V}$, i.e. $$v_j = \\sum_{i=1}^n r_{ij}e_i \\quad \\mbox{ and }\\quad e_j = \\sum_{i=1}^n s_{ij}v_i.$$\n\nThe dual basis ${\\mathcal{V}}^*:=\\{v_1^*, \\ldots, v_n^*\\}$ is a system of generators of the dual cone $\\sigma_1^\\vee$. The matrix of the base change from ${\\mathcal{V}}^*$ to the dual of the standard basis ${\\mathcal{E}}^*$ is $(R^{1})^{t}$ and the matrix of the base change from ${\\mathcal{E}}^*$ to ${\\mathcal{V}}^*$ is $R^t$, i.e. $$v_i^* = \\sum_{j=1}^n s_{ij} e_j^* \\quad \\mbox{ and } \\quad e_i^* = \\sum_{j=1}^n r_{ij} v_j^*.$$ The coordinates on the affine subvariety $Y_{\\sigma_1}$ are by definition $ w_i:=\\chi^{v_i^*}$. Thus, $$\\begin{aligned}\n w_i&:=& \\chi^{v_i^*} = \\chi^{\\sum_{j=1}^n s_{ij} e_j^*} = \\chi^{s_{i1}e_1^*}\\cdot \\ldots \\cdot \\chi^{s_{in}e_n^*} = z_1^{s_{i1}}\\cdot \\ldots \\cdot z_n^{s_{in}} \\quad \\mbox{and} \\\\\n z_i&:=& \\chi^{e_i^*} =\\chi^{\\sum_{j=1}^n r_{ij} v_j^*} = \\chi^{r_{i1}v_1^*} \\cdot \\ldots \\cdot \\chi^{r_{in}v_n^*}= w_1^{r_{i1}}\\cdot\\ldots\\cdot w_n^{r_{in}}. ",
"\\end{aligned}$$ Moreover $$z_j \\cdot \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial z_j} = z_j \\cdot \\sum_{i=1}^n \\frac{\\partial w_i}{\\partial z_j}\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial w_i} =z_j \\cdot\\sum_{i=1}^n s_{ij} \\cdot z_1^{s_{i1}}\\cdots z_j^{s_{ij}-1} \\cdots z_n^{s_{in}} \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial w_i} = \\sum_{i=1}^n s_{ij} w_i \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial w_i}.$$ On the affine subvariety $Y_{\\sigma_1}$, the espression of the $2$-form $\\pi$ described in (\\[eq.forme equivarianti\\]) becomes $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\pi&=& \\sum_{i,j=1}^n a_{ij} \\cdot z_1^{\\alpha_1}\\cdots z_{n}^{\\alpha_n}\\cdot z_i \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial z_i}\\wedge z_j \\frac{\\partial }{\\partial z_j} =\\\\\n&=& \\sum_{i,j=1}^n a_{ij} \\cdot z_1^{\\alpha_1}\\cdots z_{n}^{\\alpha_n}\\cdot \\left(\\sum_{k=1}^n s_{ki} w_k \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial w_k}\\right)\\wedge\\left(\\sum_{h=1}^n s_{hj} w_h \\frac{\\partial }{\\partial w_h} \\right) =\\\\\n&=& \\sum_{i,j=1}^n a_{ij} \\left(w_1^{r_{11}}\\cdots w_n^{r_{1n}}\\right)^{\\alpha_1} \\cdots \\left(w_1^{r_{n1}}\\cdots w_n^{r_{nn}}\\right)^{\\alpha_n} \\left(\\sum_{k=1}^n s_{ki} w_k \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial w_k}\\right)\\wedge\\left(\\sum_{h=1}^n s_{hj} w_h \\frac{\\partial }{\\partial w_h} \\right) =\\\\\n&=& \\sum_{k,h=1}^n \\sum_{i,j=1}^n s_{ki} \\cdot a_{ij} \\cdot s_{hj} \\cdot {\\underline{w}}^{\\underline{\\beta}}\\cdot w_k \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial w_k}\\wedge w_h \\frac{\\partial }{\\partial w_h} =\\\\\n&=& \\sum_{k,h=1}^n b_{kh} \\cdot {\\underline{w}}^{\\underline{\\beta}}\\cdot w_k \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial w_k}\\wedge w_h \\frac{\\partial }{\\partial w_h},\\\\\n \\end{aligned}$$ where $$B=(b_{kh})_{kh}=S \\cdot A \\cdot S^t \\quad \\mbox{and} \\quad \\underline{\\beta}=\\left(\\begin{array}{c}\\beta_1\\\\ \\vdots \\\\ \\beta_n \\end{array} \\right) = \\left(\\begin{array}{ccc}r_{11} & \\ldots & r_{n1} \\\\ \\vdots & \\vdots & \\vdots \\\\ r_{1n} & \\ldots & r_{nn}\\end{array} \\right)\\cdot \\left(\\begin{array}{c}\\alpha_1\\\\ \\vdots \\\\ \\alpha_n \\end{array} \\right) = R^t \\cdot \\underline{\\alpha}.$$\n\nDegeneracy loci {#sub.sect degeneracy loci}\n---------------\n\nIn this subsection we leave the toric setting and consider a smooth complex variety $X$ of dimension $n$ with a bi-vector field $\\pi\\in \\Gamma(X, \\bigwedge^2 \\Theta_X)$. There is a partition $$X = \\coprod_{s \\in 2{\\mathbb{N}}} X_s, \\quad \\mbox{where } X_s := \\{x\\in X \\mid \\operatorname{rk}_x \\pi = s\\},$$ where the sets $X_s$ will not be subvarieties of X in general. ",
"While $$X_{\\leq s}:= \\{x\\in X \\mid \\operatorname{rk}_x \\pi\\leq s\\}= \\coprod_{s\\leq r} X_r$$ is a closed subvariety of $X$ and is called the *$s$-th degeneracy locus* of $\\pi$.\n\nThe following Section \\[sec.main thm\\] is dedicated to the proof of our\n\nLet $X$ be a smooth toric variety of dimension $n$ and $\\pi \\in \\Gamma(X, \\bigwedge^2 \\Theta_X)$ an equivariant bi-vector field on $X$. Consider an integer $k > 0$ such that $2k < n$. Then the degeneracy locus $X_{\\leq 2k}$ is not empty and contains at least a component of dimension $\\geq 2k+1$. Moreover, if the degeneracy locus $X_{\\leq 0}$ is not empty, it contains at least a curve. ",
"If in addition $X$ is compact, then $X_{\\leq 0}\\neq \\emptyset$.\n\nWe now explain where the interest for degeneracy loci comes from, in which cases they are known to be not empty and to contain components of a required dimension. ",
"In [@Bondal], Bondal formulated the following\n\nLet $X$ be a connected Fano variety and $\\pi$ a Poisson structure on it. ",
"Let $k \\geq 0$ be an integer, such that $2k < n$. Then, if the subvariety $X_{\\leq 2k}$ is not empty, it contains at least a component of dimension $\\geq 2k+1$.\n\nWe recall that, a *Fano variety* is a compact complex variety whose anticanonical bundle is ample.",
"\n\nA *Poisson structure* on a smooth complex variety $X$ is a bi-vector field $\\pi \\in \\Gamma(X, \\bigwedge^2 \\Theta_X)$ such that the Poisson bracket $$\\{f,g\\} := \\pi {{\\mspace{1mu}\\lrcorner\\mspace{1.5mu}}}(df \\wedge dg )$$ satisfies the Jacobi identity on holomorphic functions. ",
"An equivalent condition for a bi-vector field $\\pi$ to be a Poisson structure is to satisfy $[\\pi, \\pi]_{SN}=0$, where $[-,-]_{SN}$ is the Schouten-Nijenhuis bracket (see [@Polishchuk]). ",
"More explicitly, let $\\{z_1,\\ldots, z_n\\}$ be a system of local coordinates around a point $x\\in X$ and $$\\pi= \\sum_{i,j=1}^n \\pi_{ij} \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial z_i}\\wedge \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial z_j}$$ be a bi-vector field. ",
"Then, $[\\pi, \\pi]_{SN}=0$ if and only if $$\\label{eq.condizione Poisson}\\sum_{i=1}^n \\pi_{ij} \\frac{\\partial \\pi_{hk}}{\\partial z_i} + \\pi_{ih} \\frac{\\partial \\pi_{kj}}{\\partial z_i} + \\pi_{ik} \\frac{\\partial \\pi_{jh}}{\\partial z_i} =0, \\quad \\mbox{for all } j,h,k.$$\n\nIn [@Beauville], Beauville stated the following more optimistic version of Bondal’s conjecture.",
"\n\nLet $X$ be a smooth complex and compact variety and $\\pi$ a Poisson structure on it. ",
"Let $k \\geq 0$ be an integer, such that $2k < n$. Then, if the subvariety $X_{\\leq 2k}$ is not empty, it contains at least a component of dimension $\\geq 2k+1$.\n\nAs explained in [@Beauville], there are some arguments in favor of this conjecture.",
"\n\nLet $X$ be a smooth compact complex variety and $\\pi$ a Poisson structure on it. ",
"Then,\n\n- Every component of $X_s$ has dimension $\\geq s$.\n\n- Let $r$ be the generic rank of $\\pi$. Assume that $c_1(X)^q \\neq 0$ in $H^q(X, \\Omega_X^q)$, where $q=\\dim X - r +1$. Then, the degeneracy locus $X\\setminus X_r$ has a component of dimension $>r-2$.\n\n- Let $X$ be a projective threefold. ",
"If $X_0$ is not empty, it contains a curve.",
"\n\nIn [@Polishchuk], Polishchuk proved Bondal’s conjecture for the maximal nontrivial degeneracy locus in two cases: when $X$ is the projective space and when the Poisson structure $\\pi$ has maximal possible rank at the general point.",
"\n\nIn [@Gay], Gay studied invariant Poissons structures on a smooth toric variety. ",
"In this setting he proved Bondal’s conjecture and pointed out that compactness is not necessary.",
"\n\nWe will study equivariant bi-vector fields on smooth toric varieties. ",
"Our result is a little stronger then the one conjectured by Bondal. ",
"For $k \\neq 0$, we even prove the degeneracy loci to be not empty, while for $k=0$ the non emptiness is true just for compact toric varieties. ",
"Even if we will consider all equivariant bi-vector fields on a toric variety $X$, we spell out when such a bi-vector field is a Poisson structure.",
"\n\nLet $X$ be a toric variety and $\\pi \\in \\Gamma(X, \\bigwedge^2 \\Theta_X)$ an equivariant bi-vector field described on the open dense torus $({\\mathbb{C}}^*)^n$ as in (\\[eq.forme equivarianti\\]). ",
"It defines a Poisson structure on $X$ if and only if $$\\sum_{\\scriptsize{\\begin{array}{c}i=1 \\\\ i\\neq j,h,k\\end{array}}}^n \\alpha_i \\left(a_{ij} a_{hk} + a_{ih} a_{kj} + a_{ik} a_{jh} \\right)=0 \\quad \\mbox{for all } j\\neq h \\neq k.$$\n\nBy Lemma \\[lemma.cambio di coordinate\\], the structure of $\\pi$ is invariant under change of affine chart. ",
"Thus, it is enough to prove the proposition on the open dense torus $({\\mathbb{C}}^*)^n$ on which $\\pi$ is described as in (\\[eq.forme equivarianti\\]). ",
"Because of equation (\\[eq.condizione Poisson\\]), $\\pi$ is a Poisson structure if and only if, for all $j,h,k$ $$\\begin{aligned}\n0&=&\\sum_{i=1}^n \\pi_{ij} \\frac{\\partial \\pi_{hk}}{\\partial z_i} + \\pi_{ih} \\frac{\\partial \\pi_{kj}}{\\partial z_i} + \\pi_{ik} \\frac{\\partial \\pi_{jh}}{\\partial z_i} =\\\\ \n&=& \\sum_{i=1}^n a_{ij} \\underline{z}^{\\underline{\\alpha}} z_i z_j \\frac{\\partial (a_{hk} \\underline{z}^{\\underline{\\alpha}} z_h z_k)}{\\partial z_i} + a_{ih} \\underline{z}^{\\underline{\\alpha}} z_i z_h \\frac{\\partial (a_{kj} \\underline{z}^{\\underline{\\alpha}} z_k z_j)}{\\partial z_i} +\na_{ik} \\underline{z}^{\\underline{\\alpha}} z_i z_k \\frac{\\partial (a_{jh} \\underline{z}^{\\underline{\\alpha}} z_j z_h)}{\\partial z_i} = \\\\\n&=& \\underline{z}^{\\underline \\alpha} \\underline{z}^{\\underline \\alpha} z_j z_h z_k \\sum_{i=1}^n \\alpha_i \\left(a_{ij} a_{hk} + a_{ih} a_{kj} + a_{ik} a_{jh}\\right).\\end{aligned}$$ Since the matrix $A=\\left(a_{ij}\\right)_{ij}$ is antisymmetric, if two of the indexes $i, j,h,k$ are equal the sum in the parenthesis vanishes and the statement is proved.",
"\n\nProof of the main theorem {#sec.main thm}\n=========================\n\nLet $N$ be a $n$-dimensional lattice, $M$ its dual lattice and $\\Sigma$ in $N_{\\mathbb{R}}$. Let $X=TV(\\Sigma)$ be the normal toric variety associated to the fan $\\Sigma$. Recall that, $\\Sigma$ is smooth if and only if $X$ is smooth and $\\Sigma$ is complete if and only if $X$ is compact. ",
"Let $\\pi\\in \\Gamma(X, \\bigwedge^2 \\Theta_X) $ be an equivariant bi-vector field on $X$. We prove the following\n\nLet $X$ be a smooth toric variety of dimension $n$ and $\\pi \\in \\Gamma(X, \\bigwedge^2 \\Theta_X)$ an equivariant bi-vector field on $X$. Consider an integer $k > 0$ such that $2k < n$. Then the degeneracy locus $X_{\\leq 2k}$ is not empty and contains at least a component of dimension $\\geq 2k+1$. Moreover, if the degeneracy locus $X_{\\leq 0}$ is not empty, it contains at least a curve. ",
"If in addition $X$ is compact, then $X_{\\leq 0}\\neq \\emptyset$.\n\nLet $X=TV(\\Sigma)$ as above. ",
"Let $Y_{\\sigma_0}$ be the affine subvariety of $X$ corresponding to a maximal cone $\\sigma_0$ in the fan $\\Sigma$. Since $\\Sigma$ is smooth, we can assume without loss of generality that $\\sigma_0$ is generated by the standard basis $\\{e_1, \\ldots, e_n\\}$ of ${\\mathbb{Z}}^n$. On $Y_{\\sigma_0}$ there are coordinates $z_i:=\\chi^{e_i}$ and the equivariant bi-vector field can be written as $$\\pi= \\sum_{j > i=1}^n 2a_{ij} z_1^{\\alpha_1} \\cdots z_i^{\\alpha_i+1} \\cdots z_j^{\\alpha_j+1}\\cdots z_n^{\\alpha_n} \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial z_i} \\wedge\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial z_j},$$ where $A=\\left( a_{ij}\\right)_{ij}$ is an antisymmetric matrix with complex coefficients. ",
"Let $\\Pi=(a_{ij} \\cdot {\\underline{z}}^{\\underline{\\alpha}} \\cdot z_i \\cdot z_j)_{ij}$ be the matrix whose rank defines the rank of the form $\\pi$. Note that, if $a_{ij} \\neq 0$ for some $i$ and $j$, the exponents satisfy $$\\alpha_i, \\alpha_j \\geq -1,\\quad \\mbox{ and} \\quad \\alpha_h \\geq 0 \\ \\ \\forall \\ h\\neq i,j.$$ First suppose $\\alpha_i \\geq 0$, for all $i\\in \\{ 1, \\ldots , n\\}$. Let $k \\geq 0$ such that $2k <n$. Consider the $(2k+1)$-dimensional orbit $O$ defined on $Y_{\\sigma_0}$ by: $$\\{ (z_1, \\ldots , z_n) \\in Y_{\\sigma_0} \\mid z_i =0 \\mbox{ for } 1 \\leq i \\leq n-2k -1 \\mbox{ and } z_i\\neq0 \\mbox{ for } n-2k \\leq i \\leq n \\}.$$ As observed at the end of Subsection \\[sec.orbit-cone\\], this orbit corresponds to the face $\\tau$ of $\\sigma_0$ generated by $\\{e_1, \\ldots, e_{n-2k-1}\\}$. The matrix $\\Pi$ calculated on a point of $O$ has at least $n-2k-1$ zero rows and $n-2k-1$ zero columns, thus its rank is less or equal then $2k$ (since its rank is even). ",
"Thus, $O \\subset X_{\\leq2k}$ is the component of dimension $2k+1$ we are looking for.",
"\n\nSuppose now there exists $h_1,\\ldots, h_s \\in \\{1,\\ldots, n\\}$ such that $\\alpha_{h_i} =-1$ for all $i\\in \\{ 1,\\ldots s\\}$ and $\\alpha_{k} \\geq 0$ for all $k \\not \\in \\{h_1, \\ldots, h_s\\}$. If $s=1$, the above arguments prove the theorem. ",
"To be precise, one can choose any orbit $O$ such that the coordinate $z_{h_1} \\neq 0$. If $s>2$, the matrix $A$ is the zero matrix and there is nothing to prove. ",
"If $s=2$, the matrix $A$ has just two non-zero coefficients. ",
"To simplify the notation, assume $h_1=1$, $h_2=2$. Thus, $a_{12} =-a_{12}\\neq 0$ are the only two non zero coefficients, the exponents are $\\underline{\\alpha}=(-1,-1, \\alpha_3, \\ldots, \\alpha_n)$ with $\\alpha_i \\geq 0$ for all $ i \\geq 3$, and on $Y_{\\sigma_0}$ the form $\\pi$ becomes $$\\label{eq.forma di rango minore di due} \\pi= 2a_{12} z^{\\alpha_3}_3 \\cdots z^{\\alpha_n}_n \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial z_{1}} \\wedge \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial z_{2}}.$$ Thus, its rank is $\\leq 2$ on the whole $Y_{\\sigma_0}$. Let’s analyse the degeneracy locus $X_{\\leq 0}$. If there exists at least one $\\alpha_i >0$ for $i \\geq 3$, on the $(n-1)$-dimensional orbit $\\{(z_1, \\ldots, z_n) \\in Y_{\\sigma_0} \\mid z_i=0\\}$ the form $\\pi$ has rank $0$.\n\nThe remaining case is when $\\pi$ is expressed on $Y_{\\sigma_0}$ by $$\\label{eq.forma di rango due} \\pi= 2a_{12} \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial z_{1}} \\wedge \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial z_{2}} \\quad \\mbox{with } a_{12} \\neq 0.$$ In the compact case, we have to prove that there exists a subvariety of dimension $\\geq 1$ on which the form $\\pi$ has rank $=0$. Consider the hyperplane $H_0:=\\{(z_1,\\ldots, z_n) \\mid z_1+z_2 =0\\} \\subset N_{\\mathbb{R}}$. Recall that $\\Sigma$ is a fan, thus every cone is strongly convex, and it is complete. ",
"By Lemma \\[lemma.cono\\], there exists a maximal cone $\\sigma \\in \\Sigma$, such that at least one of its generating ray $\\rho=(\\rho_1, \\ldots, \\rho_n)$ lies in the halfspace $H_{0}^-$. By lemma \\[lemma.cambio di coordinate\\], on the affine chart $Y_\\sigma$ corresponding to the cone $\\sigma\\in \\Sigma$ the form $\\pi$ becomes $$\\pi= \\sum_{j > i=1}^n 2b_{ij} w_1^{\\beta_1} \\cdots w_i^{\\beta_i+1} \\cdots w_j^{\\beta_j+1}\\cdots w_n^{\\beta_n} \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial w_i} \\wedge\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial w_j}.$$ The coordinates $w_i$ are the one on $Y_\\sigma$ corresponding to the basis of $\\sigma$ given by its rays and $\\underline{\\beta} = R^t \\cdot \\underline{\\alpha}$, where $R$ is the matrix of the base change between the basis given by the rays of $\\sigma$ and the canonical basis of ${\\mathbb{Z}}^n$. Thus, $$\\left(\\begin{array}{c} \\beta_1 \\\\ \\vdots \\\\ \\beta_n \\end{array}\\right) =R^t \\left(\\begin{array}{c} \\alpha_1 \\\\ \\vdots \\\\ \\alpha_n \\end{array}\\right)=\\left( \\begin{array}{ccc} \n \\rho_1 & \\ldots & \\rho_n \\\\\nr_{12} & \\ldots & r_{n2} \\\\\n\\vdots & \\ldots & \\vdots \\\\\nr_{1n} & \\ldots & r_{nn} \\end{array}\\right) \\cdot \\left(\\begin{array}{c} -1 \\\\ -1 \\\\ 0 \\\\ \\vdots\\\\ 0 \\end{array}\\right) = \\left(\\begin{array}{c} - \\rho_1 -\\rho_2 \\\\ \\beta_2 \\\\ \\vdots \\\\\\beta_n \\end{array}\\right).$$ Since $\\rho=(\\rho_1, \\ldots, \\rho_n) \\in H_0^-$, $-\\rho_1 - \\rho_2>0$, and all the other exponent $\\beta_i$ are $\\geq -1$. On this chart, we can be proved the existence of the required subvariety, as discussed above.",
"\n\nIf $X$ is not compact, i.e. the fan is not complete, the argument above does not hold. ",
"The degeneracy locus $X_{\\leq 0}$ is not empty if and only if we can find an affine subvariety $Y_{\\sigma}\\subset X$ on which $\\pi$ has the form (\\[eq.forma di rango minore di due\\]) with at least one $\\alpha_i >0$ and we can be proved the existence of the required subvariety, as discussed above.",
"\n\nThe proof shows quite clearly where compactness is needed in our theorem. ",
"Moreover, the hypothesis for $\\pi$ to be equivariant is necessary at least for the non compact case. ",
"Let’s see some examples.",
"\n\nConsider the toric variety ${\\mathbb{C}}^n$. The degeneracy locus $X_{\\leq 0}$ of any equivariant bi-vector field of the form $$\\pi= a \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial z_i}\\wedge \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial z_j}, \\quad \\mbox{with } a\\neq 0 \\mbox{ and } i, j \\in \\{ 1,\\ldots , n\\}$$ is empty, since the rank of $\\pi$ is two everywhere.",
"\n\nThis example is due to Gay [@Gay]. ",
"On the toric variety ${\\mathbb{C}}^3$, consider the bi-vector field $$\\pi= z_3 \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial z_1}\\wedge \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial z_2} + z_2 \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial z_1}\\wedge \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial z_3} + 2 z_1 \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial z_2}\\wedge \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial z_3}.$$ It is immediate to see that $\\pi$ is not equivariat. ",
"One can verify, it is a Poisson structure, i.e. it satisfies the condition $[\\pi,\\pi]_{SN}=0$. The rank of $\\pi$ is the rank of the matrix $$\\left( \\begin{array}{ccc}0 & z_3 & z_2 \\\\ -z_3 & 0 & z_1 \\\\ -z_2 & -z_1 & 0 \\end{array}\\right).$$ Observe that, the degeneracy locus $X_{\\leq 0} = \\{ 0 \\}$.\n\n[wid]{} *Holomorphic symplectic geometry: a problem list,* [`arxiv:1002.4321`]{}\n\n*Noncommutative deformations and Poisson brackets on projective spaces,* [Preprint MPI/93-67.]{}",
"\n\n*Toric Varieties,* [American Mathematical Society, Graduate Studies in Mathematics, vol. ",
"124.]{}",
"\n\n*The geometry of toric varieties,* Uspekhi Mat. ",
"Nauk. ",
"33, 85–134, 1978. ",
"English translation, Russian Math. ",
"Surveys 33, 97–154, 1978.",
"\n\n*Introduction to Toric Varieties,* [Annals of Math. ",
"Studies, vol. ",
"131, Princeton Univ. ",
"Press, Princeton, 1993.]{}",
"\n\n*Strutture di Poisson su varietà toriche,* [Master thesis, 2014.]{}",
"\n\n*Convex Bodies and Algebraic Geometry,* Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete, 3. ",
"Folge, Band 15, Springer, New York, 1988.",
"\n\n*Algebraic geometry of Poisson brackets,* [Journal of Mathematical Science, vol. ",
"84, No. ",
"5, 1997.]{}",
"\n"
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"INTRODUCTION\n============\n\nTrace radioactive uranium (U) is commonly found [@B016] in the groundwater of numerous nuclear energy sites [@B006]. ",
"Several reports indicate that 1.31\\~ 2.24 μg/*l* of it is present in the coasts [@B002]. ",
"Recently, Yomiuri Online News (2011.8.7) reported the meltdown of Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant. ",
"Moreover, according to the Japanese writer Haruki Murakami, Hades [@B013] wielded his power and caused the recent earthquake and tsunami incidents in Japan, which eventually caused the nuclear power plant meltdown, where dispersive radioactivity is connected to the horrible risks of human organic cancer [@B018], lung cancer [@B015], kidney damage [@B005], and DNA mutagenicity. ",
"Here, for *in-vivo* or *in-vitro* diagnosis, very low analytical detection limits are demanded within nano ranges. ",
"Specific analytical methods have been sought of late for analogy purposes, such as electron impact ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry [@B004], inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry [@B004]; [@B014], laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry [@B017], and quadrupole ICP MS [@B019] high-resolution scanning X-ray fluorescence [@B003]. ",
"Some of these techniques are used for trace isotopes and radioactivity detection, but they require ion exchange, separation, evaporation, and voltage excitation. ",
"Moreover, other detection systems are very expensive and complicated. ",
"In contrast, the voltammetric methods are simple [@B007] and fast [@B009]. ",
"Thus, more specifications of such methods have been sought for the aforementioned purpose, such as bismuth film electrode [@B006], graphite pencil electrode [@B011], and hanging mercury drop electrode [@B001]. ",
"The detection limits of such methods are high, however, and the mercury sensor is environmentally toxic. ",
"In this study, more sensitive DNA immobilized [@B010] on a graphite working [@B012] probe was sought for uranium detection. ",
"DNA on a carbon-immobilized bond has hybridization efficiency [@B008], and its catalytic structure is capable of specific interaction [@B010]. ",
"For this reason, the developed method is sufficiently simple and more compact, with a fast stripping time of only 30 s. These advantages can enable the developed method to attain a lower detection limit compared to the existing methods applied to seawater assay for energy sites. ",
"The developed method can be used for monitoring in any nuclear site, or for *in-vivo* or *in-vitro* diagnosis.",
"\n\nMATERIALS AND METHODS\n=====================\n\nThe instrumental system that was used, Bioelectronics-2 from these authors' version of circuitry, was computerized, and like a cellular phone, it had a ± 3.0 V potential range, a 2 mA current range, and a 10 pA detection current. ",
"It can also be used for bioassays and microorganism detection. ",
"The U standard 1,000 mg/*l* solution was obtained from Merck, (insert country). ",
"The other reagents that were used were of standard grade. ",
"An electrolyte was prepared through three-time distillation using 18 Mcm^-1^ graphite pencil electrode (GE) prepared from a common pencil (DongA XQ, ceramic, 60 mm, 0.9 B). ",
"The DNA-immobilized working electrode (DGE) was prepared using 20 repetitions of + -2.0 V cyclic scan in a conc-DNA solution that was used as the working electrode. ",
"Two other graphite pencils served as the reference and auxiliary electrodes (Ag/AgCl(s)/KCl(3M) reference electrode). ",
"All the experiments were performed at room temperature, and electrolyte was used for the seawater without removing the oxygen.",
"\n\nRESULTS\n=======\n\nUnder cyclic conditions, the probe sensitivity was examined using -2.0 V initial potential, 2.0 V switching potential, and 0.5 mV/s scan rate. ",
"Under these conditions, the concentration effects were examined, and the results are shown in [Fig. ",
"1](#F001){ref-type=\"fig\"}(A) and (B). ",
"In the voltammetric assay, the ionic activity depended on the electrode properties, reaction potential, and working ranges. ",
"Thus, the common-type GE and the modified DGE probe were compared using high ranges for 10\\~80 mg/*l* U spiking, and the 2.0 to -2.0 V potentials were used for reduction scan at a 0.5 mV/s scan rate. ",
"The voltammogram is shown in [Fig. ",
"1](#F001){ref-type=\"fig\"}(A), under anodic scan for GE. ",
"The voltammogram was simple, and at 0.2 V, a small peak appeared, then a -1.0 V reduction peak was obtained, where the working slope was simple and not sensitive. ",
"Thus, the modified DGE was compared to real voltammograms, as shown in [Fig. ",
"1](#F001){ref-type=\"fig\"}(B). ",
"Under anodic scan, two peaks for the 0.2 and 0.4 V oxidation activities were obtained, where the maximum peak currents were 10.54 × 10^-6^ and 13.50 × 10^-6^ A, and where one of the working curves was y = 0.1506x + 2.1145 and the statistic relative standard deviation was R^2^ = 0.9903. ",
"The developed method is thus applicable for stripping voltammetry, which is more sensitive than cyclic activity. ",
"The modified DGE was thus applied to high ranges for anodic and cathodic stripping voltammetry under a 0.1 M-NH~4~H~2~PO~4~ electrolyte solution, and the optimum parameters were sought.",
"\n\n{#F001}\n\n***Stripping activity and statistic probe stability.*** ",
"Under oxidation and reduction stripping, the reaction potentials were examined using the same electrolyte. ",
"The real voltammograms are shown in [Fig. ",
"2](#F002){ref-type=\"fig\"}(A) and (B). [",
"Fig. ",
"2](#F002){ref-type=\"fig\"}(A) shows oxidation for the DGE properties, and the anodic working ranges were varied from 0.0 to 8.0 mg/*l* add. ",
"Here, the oxidation peaks of -0.4, 0.4, and 0.8 V were obtained at three points, among which 0.4 V was found to be sensitive and the working conditions sharp. ",
"Such potential was thus used for stripping voltammetric optimization, where the peak current was varied from 0.12 × 10^-5^ to 1.5 × 10^-5^ A. Under these conditions, cathodic stripping was performed to the same ionic strength, with 0.0\\~8.0 mg/*l* U spikes. ",
"The real voltammograms are shown in [Fig. ",
"2](#F002){ref-type=\"fig\"}(B). ",
"Moreover, two peaks for the 0.5 V weak and -1.0 V big activities appeared. ",
"Here, the -1.0 V peak current increased to 1.0\\~5.9 × 10^-6^ A, whose working curve was found to be y = 0.062x + 0.713, and whose statistic was R^2^ = 0.752. ",
"The probe stability, however, depended on the working repetition and signal oscillations. ",
"Thus, the DGE probe was examined for the statistic voltammograms with 15^th^ stripping, with 3.0 mg/*l* U constant and 30 s accumulation time as optimum parameters. ",
"The results are shown in [Fig. ",
"2](#F002){ref-type=\"fig\"}(C), where the first point is electrolyte blank, after which the 3.0 mg/*l* U spike was increased to 7.81 × 10^-4^ A then oscillated to 8.09\\~8.67 × 10^-4^ A. Here, the statistic standard deviation was 0.2115, indicating that the probe is sensitive and stable enough for analytical application. ",
"The stripping sensitivity, however, depends on the voltammetric redox direction, accumulation time, and other parameters, which were set using 3.0 mg/*l* U add (results not shown here). ",
"The points were varied by eight points per parameter, and the maximum peak currents were recorded. ",
"Then the analytically possible interference ions were calibrated using the standard addition method. ",
"Under these conditions, the analytical working ranges and statistic applications were examined.",
"\n\n{#F002}\n\n{#F003}\n\n***Analytical working ranges and statistics.*** ",
"Under the optimum conditions, the mili and micro working ranges were examined. [",
"Fig. ",
"3](#F003){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the real anodic-stripping voltammograms at 0.35 V amplitude, 40 Hz frequency, 0.001 V increment potential, and -2.0 V stripping potential. ",
"Under optimum conditions, the analytical linear working ranges were examined. [",
"Fig. ",
"3](#F003){ref-type=\"fig\"}(A) shows the micro range of 100.0\\~800.0 μg/*l* U spike by anodic stripping under 0.1 M electrolyte strength, using the optimum parameters. ",
"Here, the working slope was Δx/Δy = 0.015, the intercept was -0.55, and the relative standard deviation was R^2^ = 0.9972. ",
"The anodic peak potential appeared at -0.3 V, and the first peak appeared for 2.782 × 10^-4^ A then increased from 3.05 to 5.68 × 10^-4^ A, where the error percentage was shown to be in a linear curve. ",
"The developed method can thus be used for contaminated power plants or for cooling seawater, for reviving agricultural lands, and for preventing food contamination. ",
"More sensitive low ranges were sought, however, for micro working. [",
"Fig. ",
"3](#F003){ref-type=\"fig\"}(B) shows that for the 10\\~90 μg/*l* U add of 10 points, the first curve was electrolyte blank, where the voltammogram did not have any noise. ",
"Then 10 μg/*l* U spiking appeared with a small peak of -0.7 V, and the current was only 3.952 × 10^-5^ A. Then two peaks appeared for 10.0 × 10^-5^ A and increased to 19.57 × 10^-5^ A, where the working curve was y = 0.3873x - 1.0912, the relative standard deviation was R^2^ = 0.9563, and the error percentage was shown to be within the curve. ",
"Moreover, another 5 points were linearly oscillated. ",
"These results can be used for low-range applications such as *in-vivo* or *in-vitro* detection. ",
"Within these ranges, the statistic detection limits were examined using KSb/m (k = 3, n = 15, m = (x/y)), and reached 7.0 μg/*l* U, showing that the developed method is much more sensitive than the other common analytical methods. ",
"The results of this study are highly reproducible and sensitive, making them suitable for use in any assay.",
"\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}A). (",
"B) Unknownseawater analysis and standard spike, where the first curve was 10-m*l* electrolyte blank and the seawater sample was 1m*l*, with 20, 30, 40, and 50 μg/*l* U spikes, under optimum conditions.](toxicr-28-67-g004){#F004}\n\nThe analytical applications in the standard solution and the seawater assay were examined. ",
"Under optimized conditions, the standard addition method was used to examine the known solution. [",
"Fig. ",
"4](#F004){ref-type=\"fig\"}(A) shows the real voltammograms, with the first curve being electrolyte blank and with 20 μg/*l* U constant spike. ",
"Here, a 1.099 × 10^-4^ A peak current was obtained, then three points were spiked to 30\\~50 μg/*l* U standard. ",
"The peak current increased linearly from 4.55 to 6.35 × 10^-4^ A, and the working slope was 11.17, the intercept was 0.976, and the statistic was precise. ",
"As these results can be applied to any sample, the unknown seawater was examined. [",
"Fig. ",
"4](#F004){ref-type=\"fig\"}B shows the same method, where the first peak that was obtained was 1.099 × 10^-4^ A followed by 1.60\\~3.14 × 10^-4^ A, the linear equation was y = 5.168x - 0.554, R^2^ = 0.9932, and the content was 1.72 μg/*l* U. The developed method can thus be applied to determine the possibility of their use in a radioactive or any nuclear site in a real-time interface.",
"\n\nDISCUSSION\n==========\n\nRadioactive uranium detection was performed using the novel DNA immobilized on a graphite DGE probe with a handheld system. ",
"The optimum parameters were 0.35 V amplitude, 40 Hz frequency, 0.001 V increment potential, and -2.0 V stripping potential, and only 30 s accumulation stripping time was used. ",
"Under these conditions, 100\\~800 μg/*l* and 10.0\\~50.0 μg/*l* U working ranges were attained. ",
"Moreover, simple and compact systems can attain lower detection limits of 7.0 μg/*l* (signal/noise = 3). ",
"The study results were shown to be more sensitive than the spectric and electrochemical assays. ",
"Here, the parameters were successfully applied to the toxicological analysis of the micro-range seawater samples. ",
"The developed method can also be applied to raw power plant sites and in other toxicology fields that require interfacial diagnosis.",
"\n"
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"AXA proud sponsor and host of the 2016 Disability Matters Conference\n\nAXA is proud to have hosted Springboard’s 2016 Disability Matters Conference at its headquarters in Paris. ",
"By renewing its commitment to all of its employees, both present and future, the Group strives to create a culture of inclusion for people with disabilities.",
"\n\nIn order to reach a sustainable business success, AXA wants to attract and retain the best diverse talents. ",
"By hosting the DM Conference, the Group moves towards an inclusive working environment that embraces all talents. ",
"In 2014, AXA joined the Global Business and Disability Network of the International Labour Organization (ILO) and also formalized its commitment for people facing disabilities by signing the ILO Charter in October 2015. ",
"In turn, AXA has developed outreach programs in partnership with universities and associations, to promote engagement and retention of employees facing a disability. ",
"All these initiatives contribute to fostering a working environment where all employees feel fully involved and can act as true stakeholders in the strategy and all the while being themselves.",
"\n\nIn the workplace, people can find it hard to share some aspects of themselves and might not easily ask for help and support. ",
"That is why everyone has a role to play in starting the conversation about disability, both visible and invisible, to create an environment that is truly inclusive and where everyone feels that they can be themselves."
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"Pamela Adlon can’t fully process what’s happening.",
"\n\nThe second season of her semi-autobiographical FX comedy, “Better Things,” premieres Thursday — its own nerve-inducing situation. ",
"Then there’s Sunday’s Primetime Emmy Awards, where she’s nominated for actress in a comedy series.",
"\n\n“I can’t even,” she says during a recent sit-down in Beverly Hills when she’s reminded. “",
"How did I get here? ",
"I’ve been working my whole life as an actor. ",
"I never thought I’d get to this place.”",
"\n\n“Better Things,” which Adlon, 51, co-created with her longtime collaborator Louis C.K., features Adlon as Sam Fox, a working actor and single mother of three daughters. ",
"The first season earned acclaim for its refreshing and hilariously honest depiction of someone trying to figure out how to navigate the pothole-filled roads of parenthood and work and a personal life.",
"\n\nAdlon produces stars, co-writes and, this season, directs every episode.",
"\n\nWe spoke with the New York native about her approach to Season 2, her own growing pains as a parent and the reason for all those toilet shots.",
"\n\nHeading into Season 2, what did you know for sure you wanted to explore?",
"\n\nI started thinking about everything last October. ",
"All these inspirations just started happening, and I talked to Louie about it. ",
"There’s a lot of changes happening with her kids and who they are as a family. ",
"We’ll see more of Sam’s mom. ",
"And we go deeper with characters you maybe wouldn’t have expected. ",
"Then there’s Sam’s love life that we wanted to hit a bit harder and make it all as complicated as it really is.",
"\n\nWhat opportunities did that present, given that Sam is someone who is used to being on her own?",
"\n\nShe's used to being in control of her time and her feelings, because things with her kids and her mother are so out of control all the time. ",
"It's like also does she have enough space to [date] with somebody brand new … Then at the end of the day, feeling like she [screwed] it all up, and she doesn't deserve it. ",
"That's sad.",
"\n\nPamela Adlon as Sam Fox in a scene from the Season 2 premiere of \"Better Things.\" (",
"Beth Dubber /FX )\n\nIn terms of the kids, what was the objective this season? ",
"We left off with one of Sam’s daughters, Frankie (Hannah Alligood), questioning her gender identity.",
"\n\nIt was just so fun to be able to go deeper and then to not tie things up neatly about Frankie. ",
"She's so young. ",
"You know what I mean? ",
"She’s the way I was ... Look at all the TV shows I did in the ’80s. ",
"Every single part, I was a boy, or playing a boy, or a girl who wanted to be a boy. ",
"One of my daughters ... she was, like, a boy for four straight years. ",
"Everybody is very like, \"You have to get a sponsor; it's going to be this way.\" ",
"No, it's not. ",
"We don’t know. ",
"And that’s OK.",
"\n\nWith all the girls, it’s just so amazing to see how they’ve grown and how much range they show. ",
"Their performances are just incredible.",
"\n\nWhat is it like for Sam to reach this stage where her kids are seeking more independence — and where she’s trying to figure out who she is outside of them?",
"\n\nWhen your kids stop being your excuse, or your only focus and you have to start living for yourself — I mean, it's the only reason I am where I am right now, is because my kids got a little bit older, and they got a foothold, and I had said no to so many things for so many years. ",
"And then I finally started really investing time into myself professionally; stuff that I had sacrificed for a long time. ",
"That's what I'm doing now, and that's why it's paying off in the way that it is. ",
"My daughters understand that. ",
"They know how hard I'm working.",
"\n\nWhat led you to directing every episode this season?",
"\n\nThat was just something that Louie encouraged me to do. ",
"Halfway through the season last year, it was just plain that I should be doing it. ",
"It's a very handmade show, and it's just easier. ",
"It wasn't harder, strangely, because I knew what I wanted. ",
"I wanted to keep the performances small and real. ",
"I never wanted to waste a frame. ",
"I know what I like when I see it. ",
"And so I was able to artistically and creatively in every way get off by making this whole season.",
"\n\nWhat served as your inspiration? ",
"There are some moments where there’s no dialogue, or we just hear the music.",
"\n\nI wanted to have thoughtful moments and to be able to let them play out. ",
"You know how you spend a lot of time in your mind, kind of visualizing things and then rolling memories over and over in your head? ",
"That kind of thing. ",
"This season felt like there was a lot of momentum, and she was digging in with a lot of things, and then retreating from a lot of things.",
"\n\nI wanted to have thoughtful moments and to be able to let them play out. — ",
"Pamela Adlon, \"Better Things\"\n\nDid you learn anything about yourself as an actress from seeing yourself through the director’s perspective?",
"\n\nYeah. ",
"It's funny, because I would have to separate myself, because I have to watch the thing as a whole. ",
"I would stop and say, \"You’ve got to give me a minute.\" ",
"Everybody would be around me going, \"We’ve got to get these shots.\" ",
"I would say, \"Stop!\" ",
"And I would look at the actors and say, \"Did you get what you need?\" ",
"My script supervisor would come over to me and say, \"I need to speak to the actor, Pamela, now.\"",
"\n\nFinally, the toilet shots …\n\nI just have a situation with toilets. ",
"I mean, I plunge my own personal toilet at least two to three times a week.",
"\n\n‘Better Things’\n\nWhere: FX\n\nWhen: 10 p.m. Thursday\n\nRating: TV-MA-L (may be unsuitable for children under the age of 17 with an advisory for coarse language)"
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"Q:\n\nIs it good practice to return False when expecting a non-bool return value?",
"\n\nIf I have a function that needs to return n random elements from a list, I may want to check if the number of elements in the list is larger than the sample I'm asking for, that is:\nmysample = []\n\ndef rnd(n):\n if len(mysample) < n:\n return False\n return random.sample(mysample, n)\n\nIn this case I returned False if the number of elements asked for is larger than the number we have.",
"\nIs this good practice? ",
"The place where we're calling rnd() is expecting a list to be returned, not a boolean, so it doesn't feel right to me.",
"\n\nA:\n\nThere's actually no need to do this, random.sample does it for you (see end of its documentation):\n\nIf the sample size is larger than the population size, a ValueError is raised.",
"\n\nIn order to answer you question too, though, you'd usually want to raise an exception in these cases, not return something. ",
"If you don't, a user won't always realize an error has actually occurred (and an error should never pass silently). ",
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"Q:\n\nhow to set src to relativeLayout in android?",
"\n\nI have 2 images: bg_Image, box_image\nI want to use bg_Image to be the background.",
"\nI have used android RelativeLayout, but when I set it to be the background - it spans too much.",
"\nI want it to keep the original bg_Image size. ",
"I couldn't set the RelativeLayout src to be the bg_Image.",
"\nanother thing is the box_image be a child of bg_Image\nas I want to use animation to move box_image relative to its parent size\nthat's why i want them to be in parent-child relation.",
"\n<?",
"xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?",
">\n<set\n xmlns:android=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android\"\n android:interpolator=\"@android:anim/accelerate_interpolator\">\n <translate\n android:fromXDelta=\"-100%p\"\n android:toXDelta=\"0%\"\n android:duration=\"600\">\n\n </translate>\n</set>\n\nHow can I do this?",
"\n\nA:\n\nset relative layout height and width to wrap content and than set the background to it.",
"\n<RelativeLayout xmlns:android=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android\"\n android:layout_width=\"wrap_content\"\n android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\"\n android:background=\"your background image\">\n</Relativelayout>\n\nor give fix height and width to relative layout.",
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"Rockwell Hardness\n\nRockwell Hardness testing measures the hardness of the tested material via a differential depth measurement. ",
"The Rockwell test determines the hardness of the material by comparing the depth of the indentation created by a large test load, and that created by a preload.",
"\n\nTo perform the test the specimen is prepared, and an indenter is pressed into the material under a preload. ",
"The depth of the indentation is measured. ",
"Next the indenter is brought down at a set force for specific dwell time and released. ",
"The depth of the new indent is measured and compared to the preload indentation to determine the Rockwell Hardness.",
"\n\nThe forces used in testing vary according to the test type, whether it is a full Rockwell test or a superficial test, and the specification requirements. ",
"Forces used are as follows:\n\nRockwell testing is done under 100kgf and 150kgf loads.",
"\n\nSuperficial testing is done under 15kgf, 30kgf and 45kgf loads.",
"\n\nSuperficial testing is generally done to check surface hardness, and or variation in surface hardness. ",
"It is used to measure case hardened surface hardness without penetrating the case layer. ",
"It is also used to verify case depth of material. ",
"On the other hand, full Rockwell testing generally penetrates case depth into the core of the material.",
"\n\nThe advantage of Rockwell testing over Brinell testing is the smaller size of the indenters. ",
"Brinell indentations are often too large to be considered non-destructive, while Rockwell indentations are often small enough to go unnoticed.",
"\n\nRockwell Testing may be performed on any metallic material.",
"\n\nGet started today.",
"Contact us for a quote, more information, or answers to your questions. ",
"Click here.",
"\n\nRockwell Testing is performed per ASTM E18 Rockwell Hardness Testing of Metallic Materials."
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"As noted at its website, \"the Georgia Partnership for Reform in Science and Mathematics (PRISM) is an initiative of the University System of Georgia designed to increase science and mathematics achievement for all P-12 students in order to improve their readiness for post-secondary education and careers by enhancing teacher quality, raising expectations for all stakeholders, and closing achievement gaps.\"",
"\n\nThis website features Atlanta's Auburn Avenue, the neighborhood where the civil rights leader was born and raised. \"",
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"\n\nThe Southeast Region Comprehensive Center is one of 22 comprehensive centers funded by the U.S. Department of Education. ",
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"Q:\n\nNeed to find out the duplicate element in array without using Hashmaps\n\nI am a newbie here. ",
"I wanted to print out the duplicate elements in an array.",
"\nThis code will print out the duplicate elements. ",
"\nSuppose I'm taking an array of size 5 with elements [1,2,5,5,5]\nThis code will print:\nDuplicate elements: 5,5,5 //(since 5 is being repeated thrice.)",
"\nBut I want the output something like this\nDuplicate Elements: 5 //( instead of printing 5 thrice)\nimport java.util.*;",
"\nimport java.util.",
"Scanner;\n\npublic class duplicateArray{\n public static void main(String args[]){\n Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);\n System.out.print(\"Enter the size of the array: \");\n int x =sc.nextInt();\n int arr[]=new int[x];\n int i,count=0;\n for(i=0;i<x;i++){\n arr[i]=sc.nextInt();\n }\n System.out.print(\"Array: \");\n for(i=0;i<x;i++){\n System.out.print(arr[i]+\" \");\n }\n System.out.println(\" \");\n System.out.print(\"Duplicate elements: \");\n for(i=0;i<arr.length;i++){\n for(int j=i+1;j<arr.length;j++){\n if(arr[i]==arr[j]){\n System.out.print(arr[j]+\" \");\n }\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nA:\n\nThe following code does it without creating any additional data structure. ",
"For each element, it counts the number of duplicates previously encountered and only prints the first duplicate.",
"\nIf I were doing this in the real world, I would use a Set but I'm assuming you haven't learnt about them yet, so I'm only using the array that you've already created.",
"\nimport java.util.",
"Scanner;\n\npublic class DuplicateArray {\n\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);\n System.out.print(\"Enter the size of the array: \");\n int x = sc.nextInt();\n int[] arr = new int[x];\n\n System.out.print(\"Enter \" + x + \" values: \");\n for (int i = 0; i < x; i++) {\n arr[i] = sc.nextInt();\n }\n\n System.out.print(\"Array: \");\n for (int i = 0; i < x; i++) {\n System.out.print(arr[i]+\" \");\n }\n System.out.println();\n\n System.out.print(\"Duplicate elements:\");\n for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {\n int numDups = 0;\n for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {\n if (arr[i] == arr[j]) {\n numDups++;\n }\n }\n if (numDups == 1) {\n System.out.print(\" \" + arr[i]);\n }\n }\n System.out.println();\n }\n}\n\n"
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"This multi-national, multi-center, randomized, double-masked, controlled clinical trial has been designed to evaluate the efficacy of inhaled nitric oxide (INO) in the treatment of term and near-term infants with hypoxic respiratory failure. ",
"The proposed trial will compare INO therapy to a control group that receives either oxygen or no flow as a control. ",
"Infants greater than or equal to 34 weeks gestation with the diagnoses of respiratory distress syndrome, meconium aspiration, sepsis/pneumonia, idiopathic persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, suspected pulmonary hypoplasia, and congenital diaphragmatic hernia will be eligible for the trial. ",
"The primary outcome will examine INO's ability to reduce the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or death. ",
"The trial is being conducted jointly by the Canadian Inhaled Nitric Oxide Study Group (CINOS) and the NICHD Neonatal Intensive Care Units Network. ",
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"Multiple choice Philosophy\n\nMay 16th, 2013\n\nAnonymous\n\nCategory:\n\nOther\n\nPrice: $5 USD\n\nQuestion description\n\n1. ",
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"A. TrueB. False4. ",
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"A. TrueB. False5. ",
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"A. TrueB. False6. ",
"The philosophical tradition that Plato represents is called materialism.",
"A. TrueB. False7. ",
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"Hume thinks that to the extent that knowledge is possible, it ultimately dependson___________.A. The sensesB. The truthC. Our KnowledgeD. Our beliefs9. ",
"Hume uses the example of a billiard ball hitting another to question the concept ofcausality.",
"A. TrueB. False10. ",
"Gilbert Ryle uses the term ___________ to describe an error in logical categories, otherwiseknown as “comparing apples to oranges.",
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"A. TrueB. False12. ",
"Kant tried to synthesize the epistemological views of the rationalists and empiricists.",
"A. TrueB. False13. ",
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"A. TrueB. False14. ",
"The problem of evil is taken up in the Bible in the book of job.",
"A. TrueB. FalseUnit 3 Examination138Introduction to Philosophy15. ",
"Aquinas defi nes _________ as potentialities becoming actualized.",
"A. MotionB. Sense of selfC. Our soulD. energy16. ",
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"A. TrueB. False17. ___________",
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"David Hume dismisses such arguments about God’s existence from causality with theclaim that the material universe itself might be a necessarily existent being, whichmeans there is no need for a “fi rst cause.",
"”A. TrueB. False19. ",
"Anselm’s discussion of the possibility of God’s existence relies on empirical evidencealone.",
"A. TrueB. False20. ",
"Marx calls the type of work that characterizes capitalism_____________.A. Alienated laborB. PunishmentC. Forces LaborD. None of the aboveUnit 3 Examination139Introduction to Philosophy21. _________ ",
"is an essentially deterministic principle which is, paradoxically, based onthe idea of individual free choice.",
"A. KarmaB. RebirthC. Free willD. Spiritual life22. ",
"The Supreme Buddha was a prince from fi fth century B.C. Nepal who became a greatspiritual leader.",
"A. TrueB. False23. _______________ ",
"is the Buddhist idea that because the task of spiritual developmentis too complex to accomplish in one lifetime, we live many lives.",
"A. KarmaB. RebirthC. Free willD. Spiritual life24. ",
"The Buddhist conception of the self is the source of the way the self is understood inWestern philosophy.",
"A. TrueB. False25. ",
"Unlike Western religions, Buddhism emphasizes the importance of practicing meditationas an important way to foster spiritual development.",
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"Originally due for an April 2011 release, the release was pushed back to Q3/Q4 2011. ",
"A second date of September 20, 2011 was announced in February 2011.It will be the third and final installment of the Gears of War series.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nGears of War 3 will feature a four-player co-op mode and the introduction of three playable female characters: Samantha Byrne, Anya Stroud, and Bernadette Mataki (a character from the novels by Karen Traviss). ",
"Another new playable character is Jace Stratton, a battle-hardened soldier who appears in the comic series and is mentioned in the second game.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n* An enthralling cinematic story that captivates players in an intimately intense action game\n\n* Five-on-five multiplayer experience as well as four player campaign co-op experience\n\n* New multiplayer game modes including ‘Beast Mode’ – offering a new twist to the game where you take on the role of the locust horde and their assorted variations!",
"\n\n* New maps including: Trenches which features an impressive sand storm that reduces your visibility, as well as Overpass, Mercy, Checkout, and Thrashball\n\n* New weapons including: The Bayonet Charge, The Retro Lancer, The Sawed-off Shotgun, The OneShot – a heavy sniper rifle that shoots through shields or cover for a surprise one shot kill, The Incendiary Grenade, The Digger Launcher and a few subtle tweaks to old favourites Hammerburst and The Classic Lancer. ",
"Don’t forget that each weapon now has its own execution move!",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nLet we have a look at the trailer of the game shown below:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
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"Admission, Screening, and Basic Requirements. ",
"The Master’s Thesis. ",
"Other Variations. ",
"The Uses of the Master’s Degree. ",
"Proposed Reforms: For Secondary School Teachers. ",
"Proposed Reforms: For College Teachers. ",
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"\n707 F.Supp. ",
"225 (1989)\nPRECISION PIPING & INSTRUMENTS, INC., ",
"Plaintiff,\nv.\nE.I. duPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY; Borg-Warner Chemicals, Inc.; Murray's Sheet Metal Company, Inc.; Jack Murray; Monroe Zickerman; William Gray; Specialty Piping Corporation; Mike Romine; Nitro Industrial Coverings, Inc.; John Martin; Rose Stemple; Parkersburg-Marietta Contractors Association; and Numerous John Does, Defendants.",
"\nCiv. ",
"A. No. ",
"A:87-0191.",
"\nUnited States District Court, S.D. West Virginia, Parkersburg Division.",
"\nFebruary 27, 1989.",
"\n*226 James M. Sturgeon, Jr., David K. Schwirian, Pauley, Curry, Sturgeon & Vanderford, Charleston, W. Va., Edward A. Matto, Bricker & Eckler, Columbus, Ohio, for plaintiff.",
"\nGordon H. Copland, Irene M. Keeley, Steptoe & Johnson, Clarksburg, W. Va., Judson W. Calkins, E.I. duPont De Nemours & Co., Legal Dept., ",
"Wilmington, Del., for duPont and Gray.",
"\nNicholas L. DiVita, Bowles, McDavid, Graff & Love, Charleston, W. Va., for Zickerman and Borg-Warner.",
"\nRobert T. Dunlevey, Gary W. Auman, Dunlevey, Mahan & Furry, Dayton, Ohio, Robert Full, Goodwin & Goodwin, Parkersburg, W. Va., for Romine, Murray, Specialty Piping, Stemple, Murray's Sheet Metal, Nitro Indus., ",
"Martin and Parkersburg-Marietta Contractors.",
"\n\nMEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER\nHADEN, Chief Judge.",
"\nThis matter is currently before the Court on the Defendants' joint motion for summary judgment. ",
"The issues raised therein have been fully briefed.",
"\n\nI. Background\n\nThis is an anti-trust action, prosecuted pursuant to Section 4 of the Clayton Act, 15 U.S.C. § 15, for violations of Sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1 and 2 and their state law counterparts, W.Va.",
"Code, §§ 47-18-3 and 4,[1] respectively. ",
"The Plaintiff has also stated a cause of action for intentional interference with business and contractual relationships. ",
"Finally, the Plaintiff has asserted a claim for punitive damages. ",
"All the Defendants seek summary judgment as to each of these claims.",
"\nThe Plaintiff Precision Piping Industries, Inc. (Precision Piping) is a mechanical contractor engaged in the pipefitting business. ",
"Prior to the commencement of this action, Precision Piping performed the majority of its work for the Defendants E.I. duPont De Nemours and Company (duPont) and Borg-Warner Chemicals, Inc. (Borg-Warner). ",
"Dana Beall is the President and sole shareholder of Precision Piping, and Bill Hale is its Field Superintendent and chief administrative officer.",
"\nThe Defendant Parkersburg-Marietta Contractors Association (PMCA) is a trade association composed of construction contractors, (designated as \"regular\" members) and the users of construction services, (designated as \"subscriber\" members) located or operating in the Parkersburg, West Virginia Marietta, Ohio, trade area. ",
"Subscriber members are not entitled to attend the monthly meetings of the PMCA, nor are they permitted to vote. ",
"The Defendant Rose Stemple is the Executive Director of the PMCA, but has no voting rights. ",
"The Defendant John Martin is the President of the PMCA and also serves as *227 the representative of the Defendant Nitro Industrial Coverings, Inc. (NICO) to the PMCA.",
"\nThe Defendants duPont and Borg-Warner are subscriber members of the PMCA. ",
"Both operate chemical plants in the Parkersburg area and are the largest users of pipefitting services in that area. ",
"The Defendant William Gray is a field manager at duPont and is its representative to the PMCA. ",
"The Defendant Monroe Zicherman is a construction manager at Borg-Warner and is its representative to the PMCA.",
"\nThe Defendants Murray Sheet Metal Company, Inc., Specialty Piping Corporation, and NICO are regular members of the PMCA and are engaged in providing a variety of contracting services. ",
"Their representatives to the PMCA are the Defendants, Jack Murray, President and principal shareholder of Murray Sheet Metal, Mike Romine, President and principal shareholder of Specialty Piping, and John Martin, President of NICO.",
"\nThe Defendants which are PMCA regular members and Precision Piping have in common their use of union pipefitters. ",
"On May 31, 1986, the collective bargaining agreement between the contractors and Local 565 of the Plumbers and Pipefitters Union (Local 565) expired. ",
"In order to retain certain benefits under the National Maintenance Agreement,[2] the regular members assigned their bargaining rights to the PMCA.[3] Rose Stemple, as Executive Director of the PMCA, represented the employers in the negotiations with Local 565.",
"\nNegotiations between PMCA and the Union began in June of 1986. ",
"Four months later, in October, a new agreement had not been consummated. ",
"On approximately October 15, 1986, Hale telephoned Stemple and notified her of Precision Piping's intention to negotiate a separate contract with the local. ",
"In November Precision Piping negotiated a separate agreement, which was approved by the Union.",
"\nOn December 4, 1986, at a regular meeting of the PMCA, Precision Piping's action was discussed. ",
"Pursuant to the PMCA by-laws, the members in attendance decided to give notice to Precision Piping that they would be taking a vote on the issue of its expulsion from the PMCA. ",
"At the next regularly scheduled meeting on February 5, 1987, by secret ballot, the PMCA membership voted to expel Precision Piping from the association. ",
"Precision Piping sent no representative to that meeting, but did send a letter which was read to those in attendance. ",
"Additionally, the termination issue was discussed prior to the vote.",
"\nIn December, 1986, duPont, after learning of the Plaintiff's independent negotiations with the Union, decided not to use Precision Piping's services any longer. ",
"In January, 1987, Borg-Warner suspended Precision Piping for a period of ninety days, although it allowed the Plaintiff to complete work in progress.[4]\nSubsequent to the action taken by the PMCA through its members and that taken by duPont and Borg-Warner, Precision Piping brought this action. ",
"In its complaint, it alleged that the Defendants' conduct constituted a conspiracy in restraint of trade and resulted in monopolization, an attempt to monopolize, or a conspiracy to monopolize trade or commerce,[5] in violation of state and federal anti-trust laws. ",
"The Plaintiff has also alleged that the Defendants' *228 conduct impermissibly interfered with its business and contractual relations and that the conduct was reckless, outrageous and malicious so as to entitle the Plaintiff to an award of punitive damages.",
"\n\nII. ",
"Summary Judgment Standards\n\nMuch of the parties' briefing has been devoted to a discussion of applicable summary judgment law and the respective burdens it places on the moving and opposing parties. ",
"As pointed out by the Defendants, summary judgment practice has been liberalized recently by the United States Supreme Court's rulings in three cases. ",
"Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 106 S.Ct. ",
"1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 106 S.Ct. ",
"2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986); and Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 106 S.Ct. ",
"2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). ",
"These cases, in accordance with the plain language of Rule 56, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, make it clear that once the moving party has properly informed the Court that there are no genuine issues of material fact, Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. ",
"at 2553, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to direct the Court's attention to specific facts establishing a genuine issue for trial. ",
"Rule 56(e). ",
"The movant's burden is slight in relation to that of the opponent. ",
"In this case, finding that the Defendants have met their burden, these principles dictate that, in order to survive the motion for summary judgment, the Plaintiff must show that it has developed sufficient evidence of each of the elements of its claims to raise a jury question.",
"\nMatsushita, the first of the recent summary judgment cases to be decided, is especially illuminating on this point in that it set forth summary judgment standards to be applied in an antitrust case. ",
"Of particular significance is the Court's pronouncement that \"anti-trust law limits the range of permissible inferences from ambiguous evidence.",
"\"[6] 475 U.S. at 588, 106 S.Ct. ",
"at 1357. ",
"The Court continued, \"conduct as consistent with permissible competition as with illegal conspiracy does not, standing alone, support an inference of anti-trust conspiracy.\" ",
"Id. (citing Monsanto Co. v. Spray-Rite Service Corp., 465 U.S. 752, 764, 104 S.Ct. ",
"1464, 1470, 79 L.Ed.2d 775 (1984) and First National Bank of Arizona v. Cities Service Co., 391 U.S. 253, 280, 88 S.Ct. ",
"1575, 1588, 20 L.Ed.2d 569 (1968)). ",
"Restated, a nonmoving plaintiff \"must show that the inference of conspiracy is reasonable in light of the competing inferences of independent action or collusive action that could not have harmed [the plaintiff].\" ",
"Id.\nThis standard dictates that the trial court must initially assess the weight of the evidence relevant to the existence of a conspiracy. ",
"It has been argued that the Court's function in this regard interferes with that of the finder of fact. ",
"Id. at 600-01, 106 S.Ct. ",
"at 1363-64 (White, J., dissenting). ",
"However, Matsuhita adds nothing to the Court's obligation to ascertain that evidence of sufficient quantity and quality has been presented from which reasonable minds could reach differing conclusions. ",
"Indeed, the Court's inquiry at the summary judgment stage is no different than that which it must make at the directed verdict stage. ",
"See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249-52, 106 S.Ct. ",
"at 2510-12.",
"\nIn summary, the recent developments in summary judgment law are important for their clarification of what is required of a nonmoving party in order to withstand a motion for summary judgment. ",
"The Court does note, however, given the inherent difficulty in proving conspiracy, that whether the Plaintiff in this case has met this burden should be considered carefully in light of a plaintiff's need to rely heavily on circumstantial evidence.",
"\nWith all of this in mind, the Court now turns to the merits of the Plaintiff's claims.",
"\n\nIII. ",
"Conspiracy\n\nA necessary element of both the Section 1 and Section 2 claims is the existence of a conspiracy, in restraint of and to *229 monopolize trade, respectively.[7] The essence of a conspiracy is an agreement between two or more persons to accomplish an unlawful purpose. ",
"Mere similarity of conduct by various persons and the fact that they have associated with each other and have assembled together and discussed common aims and interests is not necessarily sufficient to prove a conspiracy. ",
"On the other hand, however, there need not be evidence of an express or formal agreement or that the alleged conspirators stated directly among themselves the object of the conspiracy, the details thereof, or the means by which such purpose was to be accomplished. ",
"There must be, however, sufficient evidence presented at the summary judgment stage from which the jury could reasonably infer that the alleged members of the conspiracy came to a mutual understanding, either positively or tacitly, to try to accomplish a common and unlawful plan.",
"\nIn anti-trust terms, the Plaintiff must present evidence indicating concerted action or consciously parallel behavior on the part of the Defendants. ",
"Independent or unilateral action by individual Defendants will not support a Sherman Act conspiracy claim. ",
"Terry's Floor Fashions, Inc. v. Burlington Industries, Inc., 763 F.2d 604 (4th Cir.1985).",
"\nIn the instant case, it is not disputed that each of the Defendants have taken similar action by refusing to deal with the Plaintiff. ",
"Furthermore, there is ample evidence that each Defendant was motivated, at least in part, by the perception that the Plaintiff had undermined the collective bargaining process with Local 565. ",
"In addition there is evidence in this case of communications among the Defendants. ",
"Hale has testified[8] that Stemple threatened Precision Piping with adverse action if it negotiated on its own and that she advised Gray of duPont regarding Precision Piping's intention to negotiate a separate contract. ",
"He further testified that Gray similarly threatened Precision Piping. ",
"There is also evidence that at a meeting among Stemple, Martin, Gray and another duPont employee, Precision Piping's intention to negotiate on its own was discussed. ",
"Hale's testimony also indicates that Stemple communicated with Borg-Warner employees that Precision Piping had negotiated its own contract with the Union and attempted to convince Borg-Warner to join a boycott against the Plaintiff. ",
"Finally, although each PMCA member has sworn that it acted independently in voting to expel Precision Piping from the association, the expulsion vote was scheduled in advance at the December meeting and there was some discussion of Precision Piping's conduct at both the December and February meetings.",
"\nThe Court believes that the character and combination of the evidence presented by the Plaintiff thus far is sufficient to present a jury question regarding the existence of a conspiracy. ",
"In other words, the Plaintiff has met its burden of establishing evidence tending to exclude the possibility that the Defendants acted independently. ",
"Monsanto, 465 U.S. at 768, 104 S.Ct. ",
"at 1473.",
"\nIn so ruling, the Court does not address the question which arises with respect to the capacity in which the individual Defendants acted. ",
"It will be for the jury to decide whether the Defendants' alleged conduct subjects them individually or the organizations they represent to liability, if at all.",
"\n\n\n*230 IV. ",
"Section One\n\nA necessary element of a Section 1 claim is that the conduct complained of resulted in a restraint of or that it had anti-competitive effect on trade. ",
"Independent proof of anti-competitive effect is unnecessary in the case of a per se violation of Section 1 of the Sherman Act. ",
"The Court does not believe, however, that this case is susceptible to a per se approach because the practice complained of is not such that it would always result in an anti-competitive effect. ",
"Northwest Stationers, Inc. v. Pacific Stationery & Printing Co., 472 U.S. 284, 289-90, 105 S.Ct. ",
"2613, 2616-17, 86 L.Ed.2d 202 (1985). ",
"Particularly, the Court notes that Defendants' argument that refusal to deal with the Plaintiff has the potentially pro-competitive effect of maintaining low construction prices. ",
"Accordingly, the Court determines that the existence of a relevant market is an essential element of the Plaintiff's Section 1 claim, under the rule of reason approach, by which Section 1 is interpreted to prohibit only unreasonable restraints of trade.",
"\nWith respect to this element, it is necessary that the Plaintiff define relevant geographic and product markets.[9] Proof of relevant market provides a point of reference for determining anti-competitive effect as that term relates to a Section 1 claim. ",
"Jayco Systems, Inc. v. Savin Business Machines Corp., 777 F.2d 306, 319 (5th Cir.1985), cert. ",
"denied, 479 U.S. 816, 107 S.Ct. ",
"73, 93 L.Ed.2d 30 (1986).",
"\nThe Plaintiff has responded to the Defendants' contention that it has failed to define a relevant market by suggesting a product market consisting of local pipefitting and maintenance contract services and a geographic market ranging from the local Borg-Warner and duPont plants to all plants in the Mid-Ohio Valley which use such services. ",
"The Court believes that the jury might reasonably find the identified product market to be an appropriate one under the facts in this case. ",
"Furthermore, the Plaintiff's identification of a range of geographic markets is sufficient to place that question before the jury, in that it could reasonably find, within that range, \"`an area in which the Defendants operate and which the Plaintiff can reasonably turn to for supplies.'\" ",
"RCM Supply Co. v. Hunter Douglas, Inc., 686 F.2d 1074, 1077 (4th Cir.1982) (quoting the District Court's charge to the jury) (emphasis omitted).",
"\nIn addition to proving conspiracy and relevant market, the Plaintiff also bears the burden of presenting evidence on the remaining elements of this claim, namely, that the Defendants' alleged conduct unreasonably restrained, or had an anti-competitive effect upon, trade, and that the Plaintiff was injured thereby. ",
"In other words, the Plaintiff \"must show harm to competition in general, as well as its own injury as a competitor.\" ",
"L.A. Draper & Son v. Wheelabrator-Frye, Inc., 735 F.2d 414, 421 (11th Cir.1984).",
"\nEvidence that the Plaintiff's two largest sources of business were eliminated, among other things, would be sufficient to support a finding of injury to the Plaintiff. ",
"Because a finding of anti-competitive effect is largely dependent upon the jury's determination with respect to relevant market, the Court also reserves this question for the jury.",
"\n\nV. Section Two\n\nHaving presented evidence regarding the conspiracy element of its Section 2 claim, the Plaintiff now must make a sufficient showing as to the remaining elements, including an overt act in furtherance of the conspiracy and the Defendants' specific intent to monopolize.",
"\nThe Plaintiff identifies as an overt act of the conspiracy to monopolize the boycott of Precision Piping. ",
"Evidence of such conduct on the part of the Defendants would be sufficient to support a jury's finding that it was done in furtherance of the *231 conspiracy. ",
"Likewise, the specific intent necessary to establish a conspiracy claim under Section 2 may be inferred from evidence which would also support a finding of anti-competitive effect under Section 1. ",
"See, e.g., William Inglis & Sons Baking Co. v. ITT Continental Baking Co., 668 F.2d 1014, 1027-28 (9th Cir.1981), cert. ",
"denied, 459 U.S. 825, 103 S.Ct. ",
"57, 74 L.Ed.2d 61 (1982).",
"\n\nVI. ",
"Tortious Interference and Punitive Damages\n\nIn order to establish a prima facie case of tortious interference with prospective contractual relationships, the Plaintiff must show:\n\"(1) existence of a contractual or business relationship or expectancy;\n(2) an intentional act of interference by a party outside that relationship or expectancy;\n(3) proof that the interference caused the harm sustained; and\n(4) damages.\"",
"\nTorbett v. Wheeling Dollar Savings & Trust Co., syl. ",
"pt. ",
"2, ___ W.Va. ___, ",
"314 S.E.2d 166 (1983).",
"\nWhile the Court believes that the record is not as clear as it could be as to the particular evidence with which the Plaintiff intends to prove its claim of tortious interference, the Court notes generally that the evidence upon which the Plaintiff will rely to prove its anti-trust claims could form the basis of its tortious interference claim. ",
"Accordingly, the Court will permit the Plaintiff to proceed on this claim, keeping in mind certain guiding principles.",
"\nFirst, the Plaintiff must prove each and every element of this cause of action, as set forth in Torbett. ",
"Speculation as to the existence of a contractual or business relationship or expectancy is insufficient to establish that element. ",
"Second, the act of interference must be that of a third party to the contractual or business relationship. ",
"In other words, as the Defendants correctly point out, an employee of a particular Defendant cannot, as a matter of law, be held liable for tortiously interfering with the relationship between the Plaintiff and that Defendant.",
"\nAs to the Plaintiff's claim for punitive damages, the Court notes first that if it prevails on any of its anti-trust claims, it is entitled to the recovery of treble damages. ",
"15 U.S.C. § 15 and W.Va.",
"Code, § 47-18-9. ",
"Punitive damages, therefore, are recoverable, if at all, for the conduct alleged by the Plaintiff's tortious interference claim. ",
"Furthermore, an award of punitive damages is appropriate only in a case involving extreme conduct which might be described as malicious, wanton, willful or reckless. ",
"Cook v. Heck's, ___ W.Va. ___, ",
"342 S.E.2d 453 (1986).",
"\nConsistent with its opinion that the same evidence presented by the Plaintiff on its anti-trust claims might also form the basis of its tortious interference claim, the Court is further of the opinion that if such evidence proves insufficient to support the anti-trust claims and a statutory award of treble damages, then the Plaintiff should not be entitled to recover punitive damages on its tortious interference claim. ",
"Stated differently, the Court concludes that if the evidence presented in this case will not support the anti-trust claims, then it is insufficient as a matter of law to establish the extreme degree of conduct necessary to support an award of punitive damages.",
"\n\nVII. ",
"Conclusion\n\nBased on the foregoing, the Court denies the Defendants' motion for summary judgment on the Plaintiff's anti-trust and tort claimsCounts One through Five of the complaint and grants the motion with respect to the Plaintiff's claim for punitive damages Count Six.",
"\nNOTES\n[1] Because the state anti-trust law is to be construed and applied consistent with federal law, W.Va.",
"Code, § 47-18-16, the Court will address directly only the federal claims. ",
"Rulings on the federal claims will be equally applicable to the corresponding state law claims.",
"\n\nSection 47-18-3(a) of the West Virginia Code provides as follows:\n\"Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy and restraint of trade or commerce in this State shall be unlawful.\"",
"\nSection 47-18-4 of the West Virginia Code provides as follows:\n\"The establishment, maintenance or use of a monopoly or an attempt to establish a monopoly of trade or commerce, any part of which is within this State, by any persons for the purpose of excluding competition or controlling, fixing or maintaining prices is unlawful.\"",
"\n[2] The National Maintenance Agreement is a special agreement whereby, even in the event of a local strike, union members may continue to provide maintenance services at 90% of their ordinary hourly rate, but only if the employer does not engage directly in contract negotiations.",
"\n[3] There is a dispute between the Defendants and the Plaintiff as to whether the assignment was valid for the duration of the negotiations or only for a ninety-day period. ",
"This dispute, however, is not material to the issues presented here.",
"\n[4] Although Borg-Warner claims that Precision Piping was merely suspended from the plant for ninety days and that Precision Piping may return at any time, it has not done so. ",
"However, the duration of the suspension by Borg-Warner is not directly relevant to the issues presented by the instant motion.",
"\n[5] The summary judgment briefing indicates to the Court that the only Section 2 claim being pursued by the Plaintiff is conspiracy to monopolize.",
"\n[6] Although the Court was referring specifically to a Section 1 case, the inferences referred to related to proof of the existence of a conspiracy. ",
"This statement, therefore, is also applicable to a Section 2 conspiracy claim.",
"\n[7] Section 1 of the Sherman Act provides in pertinent part as follows:\n\n\"Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States ... is declared to be illegal[.]\"",
"\n15 U.S.C. § 1.",
"\nSection 2 provides in pertinent part as follows:\n\"Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, or combine or conspire with any other person or persons, to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce among the several States, ... shall be ... guilty of a [violation of federal anti-trust laws].\"",
"\n[8] At this point, the Court presumes the admissibility of Hale's testimony regarding the statements of others. ",
"The Plaintiff has addressed this question in its response to the instant motion, and the Defendants, in their reply, have not taken issue with the Plaintiff's position that such testimony would be admissible.",
"\n[9] Although relevant market is a necessary element to a monopolization claim under Section 2, it does not appear to be essential to a Section 2 conspiracy to monopolize claim, cf. ",
"Continental Ore Co. v. Union Carbide Carbon Corp., 370 U.S. 690, 709-10, 82 S.Ct. ",
"1404, 1415-16, 8 L.Ed. ",
"2d 777 (1962); although relevant market may provide a point of reference in considering the issue of intent to monopolize.",
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"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to an image processing apparatus for extracting additional information added to an original document and performing processing according to a result of extracting the additional information, a control method therefor, and a program therefor.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Related Art\nConventionally, a technique for reading an original document, such as a form, with a scanner, and extracting information, such as a money amount and a date, described on the original document has been known. ",
"Using the technique enables utilization of pieces of data extracted from a large number of forms in processing such as aggregation. ",
"However, in order to automatically perform the processing such as aggregation with a scanner, it is necessary to recognize what type of data exists in a form and at what position in the form the data exists.",
"\nJapanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. ",
"2008-145611 discusses the following method. ",
"More specifically, first, processing instruction information representing a region to be subjected to processing and contents of the processing to be performed thereon is written by hand in an original document to be processed. ",
"Then, the written processing instruction information is read with a scanner. ",
"Thus, a processing instruction sheet specifying the region to be processed and the contents of the processing is generated.",
"\nHowever, if the method discussed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. ",
"2008-145611 is used, when the contents of the processing written in the processing instruction sheet once generated are partly changed, it is necessary that all of desired processing instruction information is written again in an original document to be processed, and that the processing instruction sheet is regenerated from the beginning. ",
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"The present disclosure relates to beds that are used in healthcare facilities and that have bed exit alert or alarm systems. ",
"More particularly, the present disclosure relates to beds having an alarm silence function that can be used to silence an audible alarm.",
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"Such beds typically have a local alarm, such as a buzzer or beeper, that sounds when the bed exit alarm is armed or enabled and the patient gets out of bed. ",
"Some such beds may also be configured to send an alert message to a nurse call system so that a nurse at a master station and/or caregivers carrying wireless communication devices, are alerted to the bed exit alarm condition. ",
"Many of the prior art beds also have an alarm silence button that, when pressed, turns off the bed exit alarm function of the bed and also stops an audible alarm, such as a beeper or buzzer, from sounding. ",
"Pressing the alarm silence button also may cancel the alert in the nurse call system.",
"\nIn a typical scenario, when the bed exit alarm system is enabled with a patient on the bed, the alarm will sound when the patient gets out of the bed such as to go to the bathroom, for example. ",
"A caregiver will respond to the alarm, see that the patient is simply going to the bathroom, and then press the alarm silence button. ",
"Once the patient has finished going to the bathroom, the caregiver may even assist the patient in getting back into bed. ",
"However, on some occasions, caregivers forget to turn the bed exit alarm system back on. ",
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"\n\nThe Tactical Team was called to assist as a precaution because of the number and variety of firearms stored in the shop, Montas said.",
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"-cheese, grated First make the tomato sauce: peel and mince onions. ",
"Saute onions in about 2 T oil and about 2 T butter, over moderate heat, until they are soft and\n\nlightly colored (about 8 minutes). ",
"Add mushrooms and saute. ",
"Stir in tomatoes, tomato paste, wine, parsley, seasonings and sugar. ",
"Reduce heat to low and simmer uncovered, for 30-45 minutes, stirring occasionally. ",
"Most of the liquid should be evaporated, and the mixture quite thick. ",
"Remove skillet from heat and let it cool completely. ",
"Start seasoning the eggplants: peel eggplants and slice vertically, about 1/8 to 1/4 inch thick. ",
"Sprinkle lightly with salt and let sit for 30\n\nminutes. ",
"Now make the Bechamel Sauce: Place the milk in a saucepan and heat it just until tiny bubbles appear along the edges. ",
"Remove and set aside. ",
"Melt one cube butter in a 3-quart saucepan over very low heat until foamy, being careful not to brown. ",
"Slowly add the 6 T flour, stirring constantly until smooth (3-4 minutes), and still being careful not to let it brown. ",
"Add the milk slowly, whipping with a wire whisk. ",
"When the mixture is thick and smooth, remove it from the heat and stir in seasonings. ",
"Cool sauce slightly. ",
"Back to the eggplant: Rinse well with cold water; squeeze gently and pat dry. ",
"Dredge the eggplant in about 1 1/2 cups flour and saute in olive oil. ",
"Put it all together: Stir ricotta cheese until it is smooth and creamy. ",
"Gently fold it into the Bechamel sauce. ",
"Stir in beaten eggs until thoroughly incorporated. ",
"Remove and discard any excess oil that has risen to the top of the tomato mixture. ",
"Lightly grease a 16×10 baking pan and sprinkle the bottom with a few bread crumbs. ",
"Place a layer of eggplant in the pan, following with a layer of tomato mixture. ",
"Sprinkle with bread crumbs and grated cheese. ",
"Repeat as many times as you have eggplant to last. ",
"Pour the Bechamel-ricotta sauce over the top and bake at 300 degrees F. for one hour, or until a golden-brown crust has formed on top. ",
"Remove moussaka from oven and let it stand undisturbed 20-30 minutes; the delay allows the layers to fuse. ",
"NOTES: * Vegetarian version of the Greek classic This recipe is not for the faint-hearted. ",
"It’s very good and it takes a lot of work. ",
"Don’t waste it on someone who would be just as satisfied with steak and salad! : ",
"Difficulty: moderate. : ",
"Time: 1 1/2 hours to prepare, 1 hour to bake, 20-30 minutes to set and cool. ",
"Some can be done ahead of time. : ",
"Precision: Approximate measurement OK for eggplant, tomato mixture. :"
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"雪紀｜Sezuki\n\nTaiwan｜21♀｜❤Alphys\n\nOTP：Alphyne\n\n\n\n【Please include the sourse when u want to repost my works & don't modify them. :(( 】",
"\n\nDon't post on IG or VK, I have hurt, tks.",
"\n\n\n\n☆★☆★☆★☆★☆\n\n\n\nFacebook Fan page ｜Pixiv ｜ Twitter\n\n\n\nI doodle every day, If you want to follow my new update(?), ",
"u can follow my twitter.",
"\n\n\n\n☆★☆★☆★☆★☆\n\n\n\nHello! ",
"I'm Sezuki. ",
"Nice to meet you :D\n\nI'll paste some doodle here, and they're always Chinese, Hope you like them :3\n\n\n\n(I'll try to translate my comic in to English, but My English is not very well, so...if you think my grammar is not correct, plz tell me.",
"QAQ)\n\n\n\nI also like to draw Mettalphyne, Alphyses (I call it \"Alphys Family\") , I rly love ALPHYS.",
"\n\n\n\n☆★☆★☆★☆★☆\n\n\n\n您好，我是人在Undertale坑裡的雪紀 ❤作品以腦洞塗鴉居多，如果您是中文用戶且喜歡我的作品的話，可以follow FB 粉專或是我的推特或是噗浪 :D"
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"S.E. HOUSE\n\n- 2014\n\nABOUT\n\nThe building is located in Cayyolu, Ankara. ",
"Erden’s family's house designed as a detached private house. ",
"Client wanted to have a well designed gathering area for the family. ",
"Locating at the corner parcel, L shaped settling provides two facades facing to the roads and wide backyard for terrace and green area. ",
"With the L shape of the building,on the ground floor, lounge,kitchen establish a direct relationship with terrace, garden- pool area, and this geometry provides privacy, confidentiality for social area sealed off the road. ",
"The design includes; 2 children rooms, 2 guests and 1 master bedroom in the housing. ",
"Children’s room in front is facing the road, while their parents are arranged at the inner boundary overlooking the garden. ",
"For the spaces like sport area, spa and maid room, planned on the basement floor, to get natural light and to have relationship with the exterior, there is an inner garden. ",
"The climbing wall that is the request of the user, is placed in this inner garden, starts from basement and rises to the roof. ",
"It is exposed concrete wall. ",
"And by the facade, exposed concrete, wood and glass materials are used. ",
"Two concrete walls at the edges of the building emphasize the limits of the structure."
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"/*\n * Copyright 2016-2018 Leon Chen\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.",
"\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.",
"\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.",
"\n */\n\npackage com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.cmd.impl;\n\n/**\n * @author Leon Chen\n * @since 2.1.0\n */\npublic class SRemCommand extends GenericKeyCommand {\n\n private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;\n\n private byte[][] members;\n\n public SRemCommand() {\n }\n\n public SRemCommand(byte[] key, byte[][] members) {\n super(key);\n this.members = members;\n }\n\n public byte[][] getMembers() {\n return members;\n }\n\n public void setMembers(byte[][] members) {\n this.members = members;\n }\n}\n"
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"1. ",
"Introduction {#sec1}\n===============\n\nIt is well known that older adults comprise the fastest growing portion of the world population and that the oldest old (including centenarians) are one of the fastest growing subgroups. ",
"The oldest population varies greatly depending upon nation, region, and biodemographic trends. ",
"At the end of the 20th century, it was reported that the centenarian population numbered approximately 1 per 100,000 persons, with higher numbers (10 per 100,000) in developed countries, and still higher numbers in the regions with very low mortality levels, such as Okinawa prefecture, in southern Japan (about 34 per 100,000) while about 4.7per 100,000 existed in Korea during this period \\[[@B1]\\].",
"\n\nKorean centenarian numbers were first reported to be 2,220 (172 males and 2,048 females) in the year 2000, based on the birth record data from Statistics Korea, and the ratio of centenarians to the elderly of 65 and older was reported to be 6.6% \\[[@B2]\\]. ",
"However, we have found that one third of birth records of older people may be mistaken due to problems within the civil registration system and therefore we produced a more conservative estimate of 1,481 Korean centenarians in the year 2000 \\[[@B3]\\]. ",
"Since that time, the National Bureau of Statistics of Korea has not officially reported the number of centenarians. ",
"The actual number of Korean centenarians is still waiting to be confirmed after individual age verification can take place.",
"\n\nWhen the gender difference in number of centenarians is taken into consideration, female centenarians are found to far outnumber male centenarians all over the world, except for some limited areas such as Sardinia, Western China, or the Middle East, the latter two of which are likely unreliable due to a lack of documentation and/or lack of a long-standing civil registration system \\[[@B4]\\]. ",
"However, the ratio of female centenarians to male centenarians in Korea was reported to be the highest among nations at 11.5 females for every male in 2000 \\[[@B2]\\]. ",
"The exact reasons for these gender differences have yet to be elucidated; however, they are likely due to a combination of social, biological, and demographical factors. ",
"Moreover, our observations indicate that the gender gap seems to be closing in the recent years. ",
"Korean life expectancy has improved considerably during the post war period and reached 76.5 years for men and 83.3 years for women, with the older population (aging 65 and older) reaching 10.7% in 2009 \\[[@B5]\\].",
"\n\nIn order to study human longevity and its related factors in a scientific manner, the analysis of the relative influence (and interaction) of a variety of variables may be necessary. ",
"For integration of these variables, we propose a new model for human longevity, which might be named \"Park\\'s Temple Model for Human Longevity\" ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The premise of this model is based on the concept that human longevity could be compared to building up a temple, consisting of 3 essential components as bottom, pillars, and roof top. ",
"For building up a temple, all the components should be strengthened and balanced for safety and stability. ",
"The bottom components of the temple are basically fixative or not readily changeable variables, such as genetics, gender, personality, ecology, social structures, or cultures. ",
"The pillar components of the temple, related with personal life styles or health behaviors, might be readily modifiable variables and include such factors as exercise, nutrition, social relationships, and social participation. ",
"The roof top components of the temple are socially or politically determined variables such as the adequacy of the social safety net, social support, and health care system. ",
"These three different layers of the components interact and compensate one another to determine longevity. ",
"In line with this conceptual framework, the Korean centenarian study has been carried out in a comprehensive manner with participation from multidisciplinary groups \\[[@B6]--[@B9]\\].",
"\n\nIn this paper, we would like to focus on one of the pillars of our longevity model, that is, the nutritional characteristics of Korean centenarians. ",
"Vitamin B~12~ deficiency is a common nutritional deficiency among the elderly, particularly among the oldest old. ",
"Many of the oldest old suffer from atrophic gastritis, a thinning of the stomach lining that reduces the amount of B~12~ absorbed by the small intestine which may be related to Helicobacter pylori infection, pernicious anemia, and/or long-term ingestion of antacids or other medications. ",
"Surgery, digestive, and/or other medical conditions can also interfere with the absorption of this important micronutrient. ",
"Clinical manifestations are often subtle although they can be severe, particularly from a hematological or neuropsychiatric standpoint.",
"\n\nOne of the mysteries of Korean longevity has come from medical and nutritional assessment of centenarians that has indicated that many are relatively healthy, despite the lifelong traditional grain and vegetable-oriented dietary pattern. ",
"These findings are contradictory to the modern nutritional concept of nutritional balance for maintenance of health, since it is a challenge for most vegetarian (or semivegetarian) diets to supply adequate levels of several key nutrients, in particular vitamin B~12~. How Korean centenarians were able to avoid this serious age-related nutritional deficiency in spite of their low intake of animal products will be the focus of the this investigation.",
"\n\n2. ",
"Participants in Korean Centenarian Study {#sec2}\n===========================================\n\nIn our centenarian studies, age verification was prioritized. ",
"Since the civil registration system was not complete until the middle of 20th century in Korea, the age verification of the centenarians was processed by three different criteria including governmental registry, sibling age(s), and information from neighbors and acquaintances. ",
"Subjects who participated in our numerous centenarian studies \\[[@B6]--[@B9]\\] were randomly selected nationwide based on birth records, but those living in facilities like nursing homes or hospitals were excluded, because of the restriction in age verification due to lack of neighborhood information and family records. ",
"However, in Korea, there are generally fewer older people living in long-term care facilities compared to most developed nations and only 3.3% of people aging 65 or older are living in nursing homes or hospitals at present \\[[@B10]\\]. ",
"Unfortunately we do not have data on the exact numbers of centenarians in long-term care facilities, and it is well known that centenarians living in the community are generally higher functioning than those in long-term care facilities, therefore, we are likely dealing with a higher functioning sample population in our studies.",
"\n\nThe basic characteristics of subjects who participated in three centenarian studies are shown in [Table 1](#tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"To our knowledge, the three cohorts were partially overlapping, though this is likely to be limited.",
"\n\nThe age range of centenarians was 100--108 years, and approximately 50% of male and 90% of female subjects were not educated at all, so that more than 80% were illiterate. ",
"Most of the centenarians were living with their family at home, and less than 10% of female centenarians were living alone.",
"\n\nThe average body weight and BMI were 52.3 kg and 22.2 kg/m^2^ in males and 34.4 kg and 17.6 kg/m^2^ in females, respectively \\[[@B7]\\].",
"\n\n3. ",
"Health Status and Blood Data of Korean Centenarians {#sec3}\n======================================================\n\nPublished data from three Korean centenarian surveys \\[[@B6], [@B7], [@B9]\\] on basic hematologic status and serum albumin, globulin, lipid, folate, vitamin B~12~ and homocysteine concentrations (nonfasting), were summarized in [Table 2](#tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"Their results were similar to each other. ",
"The majority of these centenarian subjects were in relatively good health according to physical examinations and laboratory analyses. ",
"Ninety-five percent of the centenarian subjects had good appetites \\[[@B6]\\]. ",
"Kwak et al. ",
"\\[[@B9]\\] reported that average serum albumin concentration of Korean female centenarians was 3.75 g/dL, the prevalence of low serum albumin concentration (\\<3.5 g/dL) was 19.4%, and the average hemoglobin concentration and the anemic prevalence (\\<12.0 g/dL) were 11.3 g/dL and 56.7%, respectively, which were similar to the 12.1 g/dL and 50.2% found in Georgia centenarians \\[[@B11]\\].",
"\n\nAlthough Lee\\'s study \\[[@B6]\\] has a limitation of small size regarding the number of male centenarians (only 6 subjects) and therefore caution should be exercised in making gender comparisons, it is nevertheless interesting to note that the RBC count and hematocrit level were significantly higher in male centenarians, and triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol levels were higher in females. ",
"Lee et al. ",
"\\[[@B6]\\] reported that none of the male centenarians were anemic, while 47.4% of female centenarians were mildly anemic (hemoglobin \\<11.2 g/dL), probably because of the higher consumption of protein and iron by male centenarians than female centenarians. ",
"Recently, Kwak et al. ",
"\\[[@B9]\\] reported that 56.7% of 62 Korean female centenarians were anemic (hemoglobin \\<12 g/dL). ",
"The Korean National Health and Nutritional Survey in 2005 (KNHNS) reported that the prevalence of anemia in older people aging 70 or more living in rural areas was 12.7% in males (hemoglobin \\<13 g/dL) and 14.5% in females (hemoglobin \\< 12.0 g/dL) \\[[@B12]\\].",
"\n\nSome notable regional differences in health status were observed \\[[@B8]\\]. ",
"Only 4% of mountain-dwelling centenarians had serum albumin levels lower than 3.3 g/dL in contrast to 26% of seaside-dwelling centenarians. ",
"There was also a higher incidence of centenarians with anemia among seaside dwelling centenarians. ",
"These data may be showing a better health status for centenarians living in the mountains, which could be due to a higher level of physical activity and better supply of nutrients in quality and balance compared to seaside dwelling centenarians \\[[@B8]\\]. ",
"The higher HDL-cholesterol levels for males could be due to the differences in the levels of exercise and intakes of energy and protein. ",
"This supposition is supported by the abnormally low serum HDL-cholesterol levels in four-fifths of seaside dwelling centenarians compared to those who reside in mountainous areas.",
"\n\n4. ",
"Vitamin B~12~, Folate, and Homocysteine Status of Korean Centenarians {#sec4}\n========================================================================\n\nRisk factors for vitamin B~12~ deficiency include low animal protein intake, malabsorption associated with atrophic gastritis (which increases with age), or *Helicobacter pylori* infection, pancreatic or intestinal pathology, and gastric acid-reducing medications \\[[@B13]--[@B16]\\]. ",
"Poor vitamin B~12~ status has been associated with neurological problems \\[[@B13], [@B17]\\], hematological disorders \\[[@B13], [@B18]\\], and other health-related conditions, including poor cognition and Alzheimer\\'s disease \\[[@B19]--[@B21]\\], depression \\[[@B22]\\], hearing loss \\[[@B23]\\], cancer \\[[@B24]\\], and poor bone health \\[[@B25], [@B26]\\]. ",
"More vegetarians or older people suffer from vitamin B~12~ deficiency compared to omnivores or younger adults \\[[@B27]\\]. ",
"Since natural sources of vitamin B~12~ in human diets are restricted for those who consume a diet low in foods of animal origin, vegetarians or semi-vegetarians are susceptible to cobalamin deficiency \\[[@B28]\\]. ",
"Moreover, the age-related increase of atrophic gastritis reduces production of gastric acid and digestive enzymes, required for cleavage of protein-bound vitamin B~12~ from the natural form of vitamin B~12~ in foods, which might aggravate vitamin B~12~ deficiency in the older people.",
"\n\nIt is known that the prevalence of atrophic gastritis and *Helicobacter pylori* is very high in Korean adults. ",
"Yim et al. ",
"\\[[@B29]\\] reported that the seropositivity of *H. pylori* in asymptomatic health checkup adults nationwide in 2005 decreased to 59.6% from 66.9% in 1998. ",
"Other studies have also reported that 65.3% \\[[@B30]\\] and 56.2% \\[[@B31]\\] of adults who visited hospitals were *H. pylori* positive.",
"\n\nMoreover, the prevalence of atrophic gastritis in antrum and body was reported to be 42.5% and 20.1%, respectively \\[[@B30]\\]. ",
"Therefore, it would be quite natural to assume that vitamin B~12~ status among Korean older people with lifelong habits of vegetable-oriented diets would be much worse when compared to that of older people in most Western societies where people tend to consume a diet much higher in foods of animal origin.",
"\n\nSerum vitamin B~12~ and folate were measured by dual radioimmunoassay using ^57^Co/^125^I as a tracer, the most common method, with COBRA *Ⅱγ*-counter (Packard, UAS) by the lab at Eone Reference Laboratory \\[[@B9]\\] or Samsung Medical Center \\[[@B6]\\] in Korean centenarian studies.",
"\n\nAs shown in [Table 2](#tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}, average serum vitamin B~12~ concentration was 393.2 pg/mL and 405.5 pg/mL in male and female centenarians, respectively, in Lee\\'s study \\[[@B6]\\], and 441.5 pg/mL in female centenarians in Kwak\\'s study \\[[@B9]\\]. ",
"The prevalence of female centenarians with low serum vitamin B~12~ (\\<200 pg/mL) was 15.8% in Lee\\'s study and 11.3% in Kwak\\'s study, similar to the 11.6% found in American centenarians from Georgia \\[[@B11]\\].",
"\n\nIt has been previously pointed out by numerous researchers that the standard cutoff points for serum vitamin B~12~ level (150 pmol/L, 200 pg/mL) are probably too low and may underestimate the frequency of true vitamin B~12~ deficiency in the population \\[[@B32]--[@B34]\\]; therefore, higher cutoff points (221--258 pmol/L, 300--350 pg/mL ) have been used for assessment of vitamin B~12~ deficiency in some surveys \\[[@B11], [@B14], [@B32], [@B35]\\]. ",
"Lindenbaum et al. ",
"\\[[@B32]\\] reported that 5.3% of the elderly group aging 67--96 years who participated in the Framingham study had serum vitamin B~12~ levels lower than 200 pg/mL, whereas 40.5% of the same elderly group and 12% of free-living elderly population had serum vitamin B~12~ levels lower than 350 pg/mL. It was reported that 33% of Italian centenarians had serum vitamin B~12~ levels lower than 300 pg/mL \\[[@B35]\\], and 39.1% of Georgia centenarians had serum vitamin B~12~ level lower than 340 pg/mL \\[[@B11]\\]. ",
"When assessed with a cutoff value of 340 pg/mL, the prevalence of vitamin B~12~ insufficiency in Korean female centenarians was 45.2% \\[[@B9]\\], similar to American centenarians from Georgia \\[[@B11]\\] and Italian centenarians \\[[@B35]\\]. ",
"These data strongly suggest that despite the traditional vegetable-heavy diet of older Koreans, there may still be good sources of vitamin B~12~ present within the diet.",
"\n\nMetabolisms of vitamin B~12~, folate, and homocysteine are associated with and play very important roles in preventing many disorders of neurological and cognitive impairments as well as hematological dysfunctions in older people \\[[@B36]--[@B38]\\].",
"\n\nDodge et al. ",
"\\[[@B39]\\] compared blood micronutrients among the oldest old (85 and over) in Okinawa and Oregon and reported that serum folate and vitamin B~12~ levels were negatively associated with serum homocysteine levels for the Okinawa cohort, who also had a very low usage of vitamin supplements in contrast to the Oregon cohort (who had a relatively high usage of vitamin supplements) and who showed no relationship among folate, vitamin B~12~, and homocysteine levels.",
"\n\nWe have also analyzed associations among serum data for women aging 85 and over in a past study on elderly Koreans living in rural areas \\[[@B9]\\]. ",
"More specific data on multivitamin supplements were not collected, because few subjects of the cohort were taking vitamin supplements or functional foods, which are not commonly consumed among older people living in rural areas in Korea. ",
"We found that serum homocysteine concentration was not significantly correlated with age, serum folate, or vitamin B~12~; however, serum vitamin B~12~ was found to be positively associated with serum folate (*r* = 0.2266, *P* \\< .05) as well as WBC levels (*r* = 0.2623, *P* \\< .05), and serum folate was also positively correlated with RBC levels (*r* = 0.2685, *P* \\< .05) in this elderly cohort. ",
"Serum homocysteine levels were measured with automated chemiluminescence immune assay (CLIA) system in our study as was the case for the Dodge et al. ",
"study \\[[@B39]\\].",
"\n\nIn Kwak\\'s study \\[[@B9]\\], the average folate concentration in serum from non-fasting blood of Korean female centenarians was 5.79 ng/mL (13.1 nmol/L), and therefore within normal range, and the prevalence of folate deficiency (\\<3 ng/mL) was 33.8% \\[[@B9]\\]. ",
"Serum folate levels of Korean female centenarians were found to be much lower when compared with the 29.2 nmol/L levels of the American centenarians from Georgia \\[[@B11]\\], but similar to the 11.5 nmol/L levels found in Italian centenarians without cognitive impairment \\[[@B35]\\]. ",
"It was speculated that the reason for the lower serum folate levels in Korean centenarians when compared to those of Georgian centenarians might be related to a lower folate intake due to very low availability of folate-fortified foods in Korea in contrast to possible higher supplementation in the American oldest old.",
"\n\nThe average serum homocysteine concentration of male centenarians was 24.9 *μ*mol/L and that of female centenarians was 21.2 *μ*mol/L in Kwon\\'s study \\[[@B7]\\] and 22.3 *μ*mol/L in Kwak\\'s study \\[[@B9]\\], showing no gender differences. ",
"These values were higher than the 14.5 *μ*mol/L of Georgian centenarians \\[[@B11]\\] but similar to that of cognitively intact Italian centenarians (22.0 *μ*mol/L) \\[[@B35]\\]. ",
"The prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia (\\>17 *μ*mol/L) in Korean female centenarians was 73.0% \\[[@B9]\\], which was also similar to 77% of Italian centenarians with normal cognition \\[[@B35]\\], and 46.6% of Georgian centenarians were assessed to have hyperhomocysteinemia by lower criteria (\\>13.9 *μ*mol/L) \\[[@B11]\\]. ",
"To again exercise due caution in interpreting these results, it must be mentioned that different assay methods were used for measuring homocysteine (CLIA in Korean study, GC mass spectrometry in the Georgian study, and HPLC in the Italian study), so there may be some limitations when making these comparisons.",
"\n\n5. ",
"Food Intake, Variety, and Dietary Balance of Korean Centenarians {#sec5}\n===================================================================\n\nThe Korean centenarian study \\[[@B9]\\] calculated the intake of dairy products, meat and eggs, fish and shellfish, cereals, potatoes and starch, sweets, legumes and tofu, vegetables and seaweeds, fruits, and soybean-fermented foods, as well as total food intake from a one-day dietary record ([Table 3](#tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}).",
"\n\nThe average total food intake of these female centenarians was 787.1 g/day. ",
"Meals were comprised primarily of plant foods (87.1% of total) such as cereals, legumes and their products, vegetables, and fruits. ",
"The average intake of cereals was 219.0 g/day, mostly derived from rice, a staple food for Koreans. ",
"The subjects consumed 29.7 g/day of legumes, nuts, and tofu, a representative soybean product consumed in Korea. ",
"They consumed 222.7 g/day of vegetables and seaweeds including 65.7 g/day of *Kimchi*, the most popular vegetable-fermented food in Korea, and a large portion of vegetable intake was derived from various blanched vegetables (*Namul* in Korean language). ",
"They also consumed 24.4 g/day of soybean-fermented foods, such *Doenjang (miso equivalent), Chungkookjang (natto equivalent), Gochujang (hot pepper paste), and Ganjang (soy bean sauce)*. ",
"Fruit intake was very low at 37.6 g/day, compared to vegetable intake. ",
"The subjects consumed 101.6 g/day of animal foods (12.9% of total), including 43.8 g of meat, poultry, and eggs, 37.6 g of fish and shellfish, and 18.1 g of dairy products.",
"\n\nIn addition, the dietary balance and variety of Korean centenarians\\' diet was evaluated using the dietary diversity score (DDS), the numbers of five food groups consumed in a day, and the dietary variety score (DVS), the number of different kinds of foods consumed in an entire day in two studies \\[[@B6], [@B9]\\]. ",
"The five groups and minimum amounts according to the DDS are (1) cereal and potatoes (≥60 g), (2) meat, fish, eggs, and their products (≥30 g), (3) milk and its products (≥60 mL/15 g in solid), (4) vegetables/vegetable juices (≥30 g/60 mL), and (5) fruits/fruit juices (≥30 g/60 mL) \\[[@B40]\\].",
"\n\nLooking at the results of Lee et al. ",
"\\[[@B6]\\], the average DDS was 3.33 in 6 male centenarians and 3.50 in 48 female centenarians, and the average DVS was 17.83 and 18.60, respectively ([Table 3](#tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"Here, both DDS and DVS tended to be higher in female centenarians when compared to male centenarians, though not significantly so. ",
"Kwak et al. ",
"\\[[@B9]\\] reported that the average DDS and DVS of 74 female centenarians were 3.36 and 17.1, respectively. ",
"When assessed by the criteria for a well-balanced diet, which specify DDS \\> 3.0 and DVS \\> 18.0 \\[[@B40], [@B41]\\], 91.9% of these subjects scored above 3.0 in the DDS and 48.7% of subjects scored above 18.0 in the DVS ([Table 3](#tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}).",
"\n\n6. ",
"Energy and Nutrient Intake {#sec6}\n=============================\n\nResults of daily energy and nutrient intake of Korean centenarians \\[[@B6], [@B9]\\] are summarized in [Table 4](#tab4){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"Lee et al. ",
"\\[[@B6]\\] reported that the average energy intake was significantly higher in male centenarians when compared to female centenarians (1718 kcal/day versus 1247 kcal/day). ",
"Male centenarians consumed 85.9% of the estimated energy requirement (EER) for men aging 75 and over, 2000 kcal/day, and female centenarians consumed 77.9% of EER for women aging 75 and over, 1600 kcal/day \\[[@B42]\\]. ",
"EER for Korean men and women aging 75 and over was estimated on the reference body weight of 59.2 kg in men and 50.2 kg in women \\[[@B42]\\]. ",
"On comparing the average body weight of Korean centenarians, 52.3 kg in males and 34.4 kg in females \\[[@B7]\\], with the reference body weight of older people aging 75 and over, the body weight of female centenarians was much lower. ",
"The observed percentage of EER for energy intake in both Korean male and female centenarians was much higher when compared to the 60% found in a study of Okinawan centenarians \\[[@B43]\\].",
"\n\nRelated with that higher energy intake, male centenarians consumed more protein and carbohydrate than female centenarians; however, fat intake in males and females was not different. ",
"Male centenarians consumed more calcium, zinc, vitamin B6, niacin, and vitamin E than female centenarians.",
"\n\nRecently, Kwak et al. ",
"\\[[@B9]\\] reported that female centenarians consumed 1,186 kcal/day (74.1% of EER for the female elderly aging 75 and over) and 15.5% of total energy intake from protein, 13.9% from fat, and 70.6% from carbohydrate. ",
"They consumed 105.1% of the recommended intake (RI) of protein for the female elderly aging 75 and over, 45 g/day \\[[@B42]\\]. ",
"These female centenarians consumed 4.5 g dietary fiber, 123.7 mg cholesterol, 351.7 mg calcium (43.9% RI), 10.2 mg iron (113.3% RI), and 5.8 mg zinc daily (82.9% RI). ",
"In terms of vitamins, these subjects consumed 497.2 *μ*g RE of vitamin A (82.9% RI), 0.6 mg of vitamin B~1~ (54.5% RI), 1.3 mg of vitamin B~6~ (92.9% RI), 3.7 *μ*g of vitamin B~12~ (154.1% RI), 8.5 mg of niacin (60.7% RI), 47.6 mg of vitamin C (47.6% RI), 5.4 mg of vitamin E (54.0% AI, adequate intake), and 150.6 *μ*g of folate (37.6% RI). ",
"The average intake of fiber, calcium, niacin, and vitamins B~1~, C, and E was below 75% of the RI or AI for the respective nutrient. ",
"However, their nutrient intake levels might be underestimated, because the dietary reference intakes for the elderly aging 75 and over (not for centenarians) were used.",
"\n\n7. ",
"Analysis of Vitamin B~12~ Content in Korean Traditional Foods {#sec7}\n================================================================\n\nVitamin B~12~ is known to be synthesized only in certain bacteria \\[[@B44]\\]. ",
"The vitamin B~12~ synthesized by bacteria is concentrated mainly in the bodies of higher predatory organisms in the natural food chain system. ",
"Animal foods (i.e., meat, milk, egg, fish, and shellfish) have been considered to be the major dietary sources of vitamin B~12~.\n\nSurprisingly, the results of preliminary studies of centenarian diets showed that vitamin B~12~ status of Korean centenarians, who have consumed vegetable-based diets throughout their lives, was higher than our expectations. ",
"Therefore, we traced the unknown natural sources of vitamin B~12~ in traditional Korean foods \\[[@B45]\\]. ",
"Recently, for the first time, we reported the significantly high level of vitamin B~12~ content in some Korean traditional foods, soybean-fermented foods such as *Doenjang, Chungkookjang*, *Kochujang,* and *Ganjang* and vegetable-fermented foods such as Kimchi, and some favorite seaweed foods, that were not listed previously in Food Composition Tables \\[[@B45]\\]. ",
"The method for vitamin B~12~ assay in foods was the following: food samples were freeze-dried and then powdered. ",
"Total B~12~ was extracted by boiling at acidic pH range and assayed by the microbiological method with *L. delbrueckii* ATCC 7830 according to the method described by Watanabe et al. ",
"\\[[@B46]\\]. ",
"Since *L. delbrueckii* ATCC 7830 can utilize deoxyribosides and deoxyribonucleotides (known as an alkali-resistant factor) as well as B~12~, the amount of true B~12~ was calculated by subtracting the values of the alkali-resistant factor from the values of total B~12~.\n\nThe key results were summarized in [Table 5](#tab5){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"It was interesting that vitamin B~12~ was not detected in steamed-soybeans and tofu; however, it was detected in fermented-soybean products. ",
"Moreover, traditional home-made soybean-fermented foods such as *Doenjang, Chungkookjang,*and*Gochujang* were found to contain higher vitamin B~12~ than commercial factory-made products. ",
"Traditional home-made *Doenjang* is a \"slow food\" taking at least 10 months for preparation and fermented by multiple microorganisms found in nature. ",
"However, the commercial product made in the factory takes only 3-4 months and is fermented by inoculated microorganisms under strict conditions. ",
"Due to the needs of space, time, and labor and the smell during the preparations and storage of *Doenjang*, the commercial *Doenjang* is increasingly popular, particularly to the younger generations living in urban areas. ",
"However, most Korean people living in rural areas still make it by themselves at home and consume it all year round. ",
"We observed that all the Korean centenarian subjects who participated in our studies were consuming the traditional home-made fermented foods.",
"\n\nMost of Koreans consume *Kimchi*, a vegetable-fermented food, at almost every meal. ",
"There are a multitude of varieties of *Kimchi* in Korea, but *Cabbage Kimchi* is the most popular. ",
"It is made of salted Chinese cabbage, red pepper, garlic, fermented fish sauce or/and fermented small fish, green onion, ginger, starch, and some other optional vegetables and generally fermented for a few days, but sometimes for a few months in low temperature. ",
"It has been reported that the vitamin B~12~ content of *Kimchi* would be derived from the fermented fish sauce, one of the ingredients of *Kimchi*\\[[@B45]\\], rather than newly produced during the fermentation process.",
"\n\nSome kinds of edible seaweeds are traditionally consumed with flavoring by Koreans in fresh or dried and in raw or cooked forms. ",
"In particular, Koreans enjoy dried and toasted laver with salt and sesame oil or perilla oil.",
"\n\n8. ",
"Vitamin B~12~ Intake and Dietary Sources for Korean Centenarians {#sec8}\n===================================================================\n\nGenerally, Korean centenarians do not consume supplements, and there are few vitamin B~12~-fortified foods in Korea. ",
"Only 3 out of 70 participants (4.3%) in a recent study \\[[@B9]\\] were found to be taking vitamin supplements.",
"\n\nWe have updated the Korean vitamin B~12~ composition database \\[[@B45]\\] and have calculated daily dietary vitamin B~12~, intake of the female centenarian subjects using that updated database \\[[@B9]\\]. ",
"Total daily vitamin B~12~ intake and its dietary sources among the Korean traditional foods are identified and shown in [Table 6](#tab6){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"On average, these female centenarians consumed 3.73 *μ*g/day of vitamin B~12~ with 70.9% and 29.1% of total vitamin B~12~ intake derived from animal foods and plant foods, respectively.",
"\n\nKorean centenarians were obtaining approximately 30% of their dietary vitamin B~12~ from foods of plant origin. ",
"In addition, although average daily vitamin B~12~ intake (3.73 *μ*g/day) of Korean centenarians was similar or less than that of female subjects aged 85 and older in Austria (3.9 *μ*g/day) or UK (4.3 *μ*g/day) \\[[@B47]\\], the prevalence of vitamin B~12~ deficiency in our cohort was not found to be higher when compared to cohorts in Western nations \\[[@B9]\\]. ",
"The primary food source of vitamin B~12~ was clearly meat, eggs, and fish, which provided two thirds of total vitamin B~12~ intake, and the next most popular food source was soybean-fermented foods, providing 13.9% of intake, followed by seaweeds, at 10.2%, and Kimchi and dairy products at 4.5% and 3.7%, respectively.",
"\n\nKorean centenarians have consumed soybean-fermented foods such as *Doenjang*, *Chungkukjang,* and *Gochujang* and fermented vegetables such as Kimchi daily as well as seaweeds very frequently, throughout their lives. ",
"Since these are consumed widely on a year-round basis, these foods represent very important sources of vitamin B~12~ for older Koreans.",
"\n\nSome edible algae, including laver, have already been reported to contain large amounts of vitamin B~12~ \\[[@B45], [@B48]\\], though there are debates regarding the bioavailability of vitamin B~12~ in seaweeds \\[[@B49]--[@B51]\\]. ",
"However, the high consumption of dried seaweeds such as laver by Koreans would, nonetheless, still be partly responsible for the normal status of the vitamin B~12~ \\[[@B52], [@B53]\\].",
"\n\nThe estimated average requirement (EAR) of vitamin B~12~ for elderly Koreans aging 75 and older is 2.0 *μ*g/day \\[[@B42]\\]. ",
"In order to find out how much foods of plant origin contributed to adequacy of vitamin B~12~ intake for Korean centenarians, we compared the adequacy of vitamin B~12~ intake from total foods to that from the animal foods. ",
"As shown in [Table 7](#tab7){ref-type=\"table\"}, the result from total food consumption showed that 51.4% of subjects consumed an adequate amount of vitamin B~12~ (above the EAR of 2.0 *μ*g/day) and 34.3% of subjects consumed a very low level of vitamin B~12~ (under 50% of the EAR), while the result from the analysis of animal foods showed that only 35.7% of subjects consumed an adequate amount of vitamin B~12~ while 42.9% of subjects consumed an inadequate amount of vitamin B~12~. These results imply that the consumption of Korean foods from plant sources, such as fermented foods and seaweeds, improved the nutritional status of vitamin B~12~ for these centenarians by increasing the percentage of the adequate vitamin B~12~ intake group by 15.7% and decreasing of the numbers of very low vitamin B~12~ intake group by 8.6%.",
"\n\n9. ",
"Summary and Conclusions {#sec9}\n==========================\n\nIt is well known that most older Koreans traditionally consumed a diet low in animal foods and low in fat, dominated by cereals and vegetables. ",
"Centenarians in Korea seem to have been keeping to this traditional dietary pattern with one recent study revealing that female Korean centenarians were consuming 87.1% of the foods in their diet from plant sources \\[[@B9]\\].",
"\n\nSince major conventional food sources of vitamin B~12~ are well known to be of animal origins, we expected a higher prevalence of vitamin B~12~ deficiency in Korean centenarians compared to that found in centenarians in Europe or North America where consumption on animal products is much higher. ",
"However, the prevalence of Korean centenarians with a low serum vitamin B~12~ (\\<200 pg/mL) level was found to be only 11.3% and those with a marginal level of serum vitamin B~12~ (200--340 pg/mL) numbered only 33.9%. ",
"When assessed with a cutoff value of 340 pg/mL, the prevalence of vitamin B~12~ insufficiency in Korean female centeanrians was 45.2% \\[[@B9]\\], similar to American centeanrians from Georgia \\[[@B11]\\] and Italian centenarians \\[[@B35]\\].",
"\n\nWhen dealing with the mystery of why a much greater percentage of Korean centenarians did not suffer from vitamin B~12~ deficiency, we found that commonly consumed traditional Korean soybean-fermented foods (such as *Doenjang, Chungkukjang, and Ganjang*), vegetable-fermented foods with fermented fish sauce (such as *Kimchi*), and seaweeds (such as laver) contained higher than expected levels of vitamin B~12~. Surprisingly, almost a third of vitamin B~12~ intake in the centenarian diet was coming from the consumption of these traditional foods.",
"\n\nThese intriguing results from Korean centenarian studies suggest the value of a comprehensive, scientific approach in examining the traditional food culture and its potential contribution to maintaining an adequate nutritional status among the oldest old, as well as its potential contribution to healthy aging and longevity.",
"\n\nAs nutritional deficiency is an important contributor to the disease process and a particularly salient problem for the oldest old, new and economically viable solutions that focus upon improving nutritional status should be explored that are applicable (and potentially available) in cultural context. ",
"An excellent example is that of the complementary role that traditional foods have been playing in maintaining nutritional balance among centenarians in Korea.",
"\n\nKorean centenarian studies and vitamin B~12~ study in this paper were supported by the SRC/ERC program of MOST/KOSEF (R11-2002-097-05001-0) and National Research Foundation of Korean (2010-0008081) Grant funded by the Korean Government and Sunchang Gun County.",
"\n\n{#fig1}\n\n###### \n\nCharacteristics of Korean centenarian subjects.",
"\n\n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Lee et al. ",
"\\[[@B6]\\] Kwon et al. ",
"\\[[@B7]\\] Kwak et al. ",
"\\[[@B9]\\]\n ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------\n n(M/F)^†^ 54 (6/48) 117 (13/104) 70 (0/70)\n\n \n\n Age (years) 102.1 ± 1.7 (100--108) 102.2 ± 1.9 (100--108) 102.2 ± 1.9 (100--108)\n\n \n\n Education (%) \n\n None 50.0/89.6^†^ /90.5^†^\n\n Elementary 50.0/10.4 /9.5\n\n \n\n Illiteracy (%) 86.3 \n\n \n\n Smoking, currently (%) 19.6 40.0/17.4^†^ /25.7\n\n \n\n Living arrangement (%) \n\n Alone 0.0/6.3^†^ /9.2\n\n With family 100/93.7 /90.8\n\n Only with spouse 16.7/0.0 /0.0\n\n \n\n Weight (kg) \n\n M\\ 52.3 ± 3.9\\ \n F 34.4 ± 7.6 \n\n \n\n BMI \n\n M\\ 22.2 ± 0.6\\ \n F 17.6 ± 3.6 \n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n^†^Male/female.",
"\n\n###### \n\nBlood biochemical variables including vitamin B~12~ level of Korean centenarians.^¶^\n\n Lee et al. ",
"\\[[@B6]\\] Kwon et al. ",
"\\[[@B7]\\] Kwak et al. ",
"\\[[@B9]\\]^†^ \n --------------------------- ---------------------- ----------------------- -------------------------- ------------ ---------------\n RBC (×100^3^/*μ*L) 4.0 ± 0.3\\* 3.6 ± 0.4 3.62 ± 0.66\n WBC(×10^3^/*μ*L) 4.7 ± 1.7 4.5 ± 1.2 4.77 ± 1.71\n Hemoglobin (g/dL) 12.8 ± 0.9 11.4 ± 1.3 11.3 ± 2.0\n Anemic (Hb \\< 11.2) 0.0% 47.4% \n Anemic (Hb \\< 12) 56.7%\n Hematocrit (%) 38.0 ± 2.7\\* 34.9 ± 3.7 34.7 ± 5.9\n Albumin (g/dL) 3.7 ± 0.5 3.7 ± 0.4 3.7 ± 0.5 3.8 ± 0.4 3.75 ± 0.39\n Low (\\<3.5) 19.4%\n Globulin (g/dL) 3.3 ± 0.4 3.2 ± 0.5 3.16 ± 0.47\n Triglyceride (mg/dL) 69.7 ± 20.6\\* 104.1 ± 59.3 103.4 ± 55.4\n Total cholesterol (mg/dL) 155.2 ± 22.4 168.2 ± 36.9 168.7 ± 37.1\n LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) 97.7 ± 9.8\\* 112.6 ± 32.7 110.8 ± 32.9\n HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) 46.8 ± 16.9 42.5 ± 9.3 42.1 ± 9.4\n Vitamin B~12~ (pg/mL) 393.2 ± 45.5 405.5 ± 26.4 441.5 ± 243.1\n Deficient (\\<200) 0.0% 15.8% 11.3%\n Marginal (≥200,\\<340) 33.9%\n Adequate (≥340) 54.8%\n Folate (ng/mL) 4.67 ± 4.24 5.67 ± 4.01 5.79 ± 3.80\n Deficient (\\<3) 33.3% 28.9% 33.8%\n Homocysteine (*μ*mol/L) --- --- 24.9 ± 9.3 21.1 ± 7.3 22.3 ± 7.6\n Hyper (\\>17) --- --- 73.0%\n\nValues are represented as mean ± SD.",
"\n\n^¶^All the parameters were analyzed in serum from notfasting blood samples.",
"\n\n^†^Data except vitamin B~12~ have not been published.",
"\n\n\\*Significantly different between males and females at *P* \\< .05.",
"\n\n###### \n\nDaily food intake and dietary balance and variety in Korean centenarians.",
"\n\n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Lee et al. ",
"\\[[@B6]\\] Kwak et al. ",
"\\[[@B9]\\]\n ----------------------------- ---------------------- ----------------------------\n Food intake (g) 787.1 ± 361.6 (100.0%)^†^\n\n Plant (g) 685.4 ± 318.8 (87.1%)^†^\n\n Animal (g) 101.6 ± 106.3 (12.9%)^†^\n\n \n\n Cereals (g) 219.0 ± 80.0\n\n Potatoes and starch (g) 14.3 ± 39.7\n\n Sweets (g) 23.5 ± 29.5\n\n Legumes, nuts & tofu (g) 29.7 ± 88.8\n\n Vegetables & seaweeds (g)\\ 222.7 ± 172.4\\\n (Kimchi) (g) (65.7 ± 80.8)\n\n Fruits (g) 80.8 ± 139.5\n\n Soybean-fermented foods (g) 24.4 ± 30.0\n\n Meat, poultry & eggs (g) 43.8 ± 51.1\n\n Fish & shellfish (g) 37.6 ± 52.6\n\n Dairy product (g) 18.1 ± 64.1\n\n \n\n DDS 3.33 ± 0.62 (M)\\ 3.36 ± 0.73 (F) (91.9%)^‡^\n 3.50 ± 0.68 (F) \n\n DVS 17.83 ± 3.66 (M)\\ 17.1 ± 6.2 (F)\\\n 18.60 ± 5.69 (F) (48.7%)^‡^\n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nValues are expressed as means ± SD.",
"\n\n^†^% to total food intake.",
"\n\n^‡^% of subjects consuming well-balanced diet with higher score than 3.0, 18.0 in DDS or DVS.",
"\n\nDDS: dietary diversity score (0--5 points); DVS: dietary variety score.",
"\n\n###### \n\nDaily energy and nutrient intake of Korean centenarians.",
"\n\n Lee et al. ",
"\\[[@B6]\\] Kwak et al. ",
"\\[[@B9]\\] \n ---------------------- ---------------------- ----------------------- -------------------------\n Energy (kcal) 1.718 ± 327\\*\\* 1.247 ± 363 1.186 ± 418\n Protein (g) 69.2 ± 25.6\\*\\* 40.8 ± 18.4 47.3 ± 21.7 (15.5%)^†^\n Fat (g) 27.0 ± 8.7 19.3 ± 12.3 19.8 ± 12.4 (13.9%)^†^\n Carbohydrate (g) 295.3 ± 67.9\\* 225.9 ± 65.1 215.6 ± 72.1 (70.6%)^†^\n Fiber (g) 6.8 ± 4.45 5.0 ± 3.2 4.5 ± 2.9\n Cholesterol (mg) 269.0 ± 259.4 115.8 ± 161.2 123.7 ± 159.3\n Calcium (mg) 564.1 ± 237.9\\* 352.7 ± 202.8 351.7 ± 193.6\n Iron (mg) 12.9 ± 4.1 8.90 ± 5.02 10.2 ± 5.9\n Zinc (mg) 9.21 ± 3.76\\*\\* 5.86 ± 2.31 5.8 ± 2.8\n Vitamin A (RE) 878.9 ± 600.7 586.1 ± 438.7 497.2 ± 424.8\n Vitamin B~1~ (mg) 1.0 ± 0.2 0.7 ± 0.4 0.6 ± 0.3\n Vitamin B~2~ (*mg)* 0.9 ± 0.3 0.7 ± 0.4 ---\n Vitamin B~6~ (mg) 2.0 ± 0.5\\*\\* 1.3 ± 0.6 1.3 ± 0.6\n Vitamin B~12~ (*μ*g) --- --- 3.7 ± 5.7\n Niacin (mg) 15.8 ± 5.8\\*\\*\\* 8.9 ± 4.4 8.5 ± 4.2\n Vitamin C (mg) 72.8 ± 59.5 55.9 ± 39.0 47.6 ± 32.4\n Vitamin E (mg) 10.7 ± 6.7\\* 5.8 ± 4.3 5.4 ± 4.3\n Folate (*μ*g) --- --- 150.6 ± 92.3\n\nValues are represented as mean ± SD.",
"\n\nSignificantly different between males and females at \\**P* \\< .05, \\*\\**P* \\< .01, or \\*\\*\\**P* \\< .001.",
"\n\n^†^% to total calorie intake.",
"\n\n###### \n\nVitamin B~12~ content in Korean fermented foods and some popular foods.^†^\n\n --------------------------------------------- ------------------- -------------------\n *Soybean*, steamed 0.00 \n *Tofu* 0.00 \n *Doenjang* \n Traditional, home-made (*n* = 30) 0.30 \\~ 9.82^(2)^ 0.14 \\~ 4.41^(3)^\n Commercial, factory-made (*n* = 4) 0.07 \\~ 0.49 0.04 \\~ 0.25\n *Chungkookjang* \n Traditional, home-made (*n* = 5) 0.05 \\~ 1.40 0.03 \\~ 0.60\n Commercial, factory-made (*n* = 3) 0.08 \\~ 0.31 0.04 \\~ 0.15\n *Gochujang* \n Traditional, homemade (*n* = 10) 0.02 \\~ 0.43 0.01 \\~ 0.28\n Commercial, factory-made (*n* = 3) 0.00 \\~ 0.14 0.00 \\~ 0.01\n *Ganjang (Soy sauce)* (*μ*g/100 mL)\n Korean-style, homemade (*n* = 29) 0.02 \\~ 6.76\n Japanese-style, commercial (*n* = 4) 0.00\n *Fish sauce* (*μ*g/100 mL)\n Shrimp, salt-fermented (*n* = 2) 0.78 \\~ 0.91\n Anchovy, salt-fermented (*n* = 2) 1.52 \\~ 1.77\n *Kimchi* \n Korean Cabbage Kimchi (*n* = 3) 0.18 \\~ 0.24 0.18 \\~ 0.22\n *Seaweeds* \n Laver, dried, seasoned & toasted (*n* = 3) 55.3 \\~ 71.3 \n Sea lettuce, raw (*n* = 1) 84.7 9.41\n Sea tangle, dried (*n* = 1) 0.36 \n Sea mustard, dried (*n* = 1) 1.90 \n *Anchovy*, \n dried, medium size (*n* = 1) 17.12 \n --------------------------------------------- ------------------- -------------------\n\n^†^Summary of key results from a report by Kwak et al. ",
"\\[[@B45]\\] and new data.",
"\n\n\\(1\\) Vitamin B~12~ = total vitamin B~12~ − alkali resistant factor.",
"\n\n\\(2\\) Range of vitamin B~12~ contents in more than two different products.",
"\n\n\\(3\\) Calculated from average vitamin B~12~ content measured in dried sample and drying yield.",
"\n\n###### \n\nDaily mean intake and dietary source of vitamin B~12~ of female Korean centenarians.",
"\n\n Kwak et al. (",
"2010) \\[[@B9]\\]\n --------------------------------- ------------------------------\n Meat, eggs, fish & shell (*μ*g) 3.04 ± 5.69 (67.2%)^†^\n Dairy products (*μ*g) 0.05 ± 0.19 (3.7%)\n Animal (*μ*g) 3.09 ± 5.68 (70.9%)\n \n Kimchi (*μ*g) 0.02 ± 0.02 (4.5%)\n Soybean-fermented foods (*μ*g) 0.08 ± 0.16 (13.9%)\n Seaweeds (*μ*g) 0.53 ± 1.37 (10.2%)\n Others (*μ*g) 0.01 ± 0.01 (0.5%)\n Plant (*μ*g) 0.64 ± 1.36 (29.1%)\n \n Total B~12~ intake (*μ*g) 3.73 ± 5.79 (100.0%)\n\nValues are represented as mean ± SD.",
"\n\n^†^Mean of percent to total vitamin B~12~ intake.",
"\n\n###### \n\nDistribution of daily vitamin B~12~ intake from total and animal foods.",
"\n\n --------------------------- ------------ ------------\n *B~12~ intake (*μ*g/day)* \n Deficient \\<1.0 24 (34.3) 30 (42.9)\n ≥1.0 and \\<2.0 10 (14.3) 15 (21.4)\n Adequate ≥2.0^(3)^ 36 (51.4) 25 (35.7)\n \n 70 (100.0) 70 (100.0)\n --------------------------- ------------ ------------\n\n\\(1\\) Reference Kwak et al. ",
"\\[[@B9]\\].",
"\n\n\\(2\\) Newly analyzed.",
"\n\n\\(3\\) EAR of vitamin B~12~ for Korean older people aged 75 years and more.",
"\n\n[^1]: Academic Editor: Donald Craig Willcox\n"
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"\nWe report for the first time increased concentrations of aldosterone and renin in a case of spontaneous, recurrent, familial, severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). ",
"High concentrations of Ca125 were also found. ",
"Our patient was a 26 year old woman, gravida 2, para 1, affected by severe OHSS, who denied having ever consumed any ovulation drug. ",
"Both the patient and her only sister had suffered from a similar condition in their previous pregnancies. ",
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"fluid therapy. ",
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"The patient was dismissed after 25 days in good condition. ",
"Blood count and blood chemistry confirmed the severity of the clinical picture. ",
"We conclude that spontaneous OHSS, although very rare, may have been underestimated so far. ",
"It can be recurrent and may also be familial. ",
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"Inherent errors, due to considerable uptake of activity in tissue and uncertainty of complete bladder emptying are ignored and taking of half-hourly blood and urine samples involves patient discomfort. ",
"This paper describes a simple method of measuring urinary clearance of chelates using serial external arm counting which entails only an initial injection and takes into account tissue loss from plasma. ",
"The resultant plotted curve exhibits three phases, the first two depicting input and equilibration between plasma and tissue and the third and exponential part, which is a measure of the biological half-life of the chelate, being representative of the efficiency of renal glomerular filtration, the parameter to be measured. ",
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"\nThe development and application of a procedure for the assessment of low frequency noise (LFN) complaints are described. ",
"The development of the assessment method included laboratory tests addressing low frequency hearing threshold and the effect on acceptability of fluctuation, and field measurements complemented with interview-based questionnaires. ",
"Environmental health departments then conducted a series of six trials with genuine \"live\" LFN complaints to test the workability and usefulness of the procedure. ",
"The procedure includes guidance notes and a pro-forma report with step-by-step instructions. ",
"It does not provide a prescriptive indicator of nuisance but rather gives a systematic procedure to help environmental health practitioners to form their own opinion. ",
"Examples of field measurements and application of the procedure are presented. ",
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"\n12 N.J. Super. ",
"57 (1951)\n78 A.2d 919\nROSE HOLLINGS, PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT,\nv.\nJOHN HOLLINGS, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS EXECUTOR UNDER THE LAST WILL AND TESTAMENT OF ANNA R. HOLLINGS, DECEASED, DEFENDANT-RESPONDENT.",
"\nSuperior Court of New Jersey, Appellate Division.",
"\nArgued January 29, 1951.",
"\nDecided February 20, 1951.",
"\n*58 Before Judges JACOBS, EASTWOOD and DONGES.",
"\nMr. Joseph M. Rotolo argued the cause for the appellant.",
"\nMr. Henry J. Camby argued the cause for the respondent.",
"\nThe opinion of the court was delivered by JACOBS, S.J.A.D.\nThis is an appeal from a judgment entered in the Chancery Division dismissing the plaintiff's complaint.",
"\nOn July 1, 1920, the Fennekohls executed to Anna R. Hollings, wife of the defendant John Hollings, their bond and mortgage in the sum of $6,000 payable on July 1, 1925. ",
"The defendant paid the consideration for the bond and mortgage, his wife held them for his benefit, and after her death in 1941 naming him as executor and sole beneficiary he assigned the *59 bond and mortgage to himself. ",
"On December 29, 1920, the Fennekohls conveyed the mortgaged property to George Hollings and his wife. ",
"This conveyance was made subject to the mortgage which was credited against the purchase price and the balance of $4,000 was paid in cash. ",
"George Hollings was the son of the defendant and died in 1925; since then his wife, the plaintiff Rose Hollings, has remained in possession of the property. ",
"The bond and mortgage have never been paid and no demands for payment were ever made upon the plaintiff or her deceased husband.",
"\nIn 1949 the plaintiff instituted her action to quiet title which, in effect, sought to remove the outstanding mortgage held by the defendant on the ground that enforcement of the bond and mortgage had been barred by the pertinent statutory limitations. ",
"See R.S. 2:24-5; R.S. 2:24-12. ",
"In opposition the defendant contended that the plaintiff was morally obligated to pay the mortgage debt which, although it may be unenforceable, was not extinguished, and that she was not entitled to affirmative relief in equity without first doing equity by payment. ",
"Sustaining the defendant's position, the Chancery Division dismissed the complaint pursuant to its opinion reported in Hollings v. Hollings, 8 N.J. Super. ",
"552 (1950). ",
"The plaintiff duly appealed from the judgment and although objection as to its form is voiced by the defendant he has not taken any appeal. ",
"See Liberty Title & Trust Co. v. Plews, 6 N.J. 28, 45 (1950).",
"\nIn House v. Carr, 185 N.Y. 453, 78 N.E. 171 (1906) Chief Judge Cullen stated it was settled law \"that equity will not set aside as a cloud upon title a lien outlawed by the Statute of Limitations.\" ",
"See 2 Pomeroy's Equity Jurisprudence, p. 74 (5th ed. ",
"1941); 164 A.L.R. 1387, 1393. ",
"This doctrine has been said to rest upon the view that equity considers that a moral obligation to pay a just debt survives the limitation period; and as recently indicated in Cunningham v. Davidoff, 187 Md. 134, 46 A.2d 633 (1946), c.c. ",
"188 Md. 437, 53 A.2d 777 (1947), it is applicable not only where the mortgagor seeks equity's aid to remove the cloud but also where the relief is sought by a grantee who is under moral *60 obligation to pay the mortgage debt. ",
"See Ephraim v. Nevada & California Land & Live Stock Co., 282 Fed. ",
"610, 612 (9th Cir. ",
"1922); cert. ",
"denied, 260 U.S. 748, 67 L.Ed. ",
"494 (1923); Chapman v. Hicks, 41 Cal. ",
"App. ",
"158, 182 P. 336 (1919); Keller v. Souther, 26 N. Dak. ",
"358, 144 N.W. 671 (1913); Gerken v. Davidson Grocery Co., 50 Idaho 315, 296 P. 192, 193 (1931).",
"\nThe appellant contends that the foregoing should not be applied to bar the relief she seeks since the conveyance to her contained no assumption of the mortgage. ",
"Friedman v. Zuckerman, 104 N.J. Eq. ",
"322 (Ch. ",
"1929). ",
"However, the Court of Errors and Appeals has stated that where, as here, the amount of the mortgage was credited against the purchase price there is, in equity, an implied assumption of the mortgage (Lang v. North Jersey Agency, Inc., 137 N.J. Eq. ",
"191, 192 (E. & A. 1945); Max v. Beckelman, 115 N.J. Eq. ",
"118, 121 (E. & A. 1934)), and this is at least sufficient to compel recognition, for present purposes, that the appellant is a grantee under moral obligation to pay the mortgage debt. ",
"See Chapman v. Hicks, supra; Gerken v. Davidson Grocery Co., supra. ",
"Although the appellant urges that the defendant's conduct in the instant matter created \"an independent and superior equity\" in her favor, we find no adequate support in the record for this view. ",
"It is true that the defendant and his deceased wife forbore from seeking satisfaction of the mortgage over a long period of time. ",
"This, however, must be considered in light of their relationship to the plaintiff, the admitted non-payment of the mortgage debt, and the absence of satisfactory evidence suggesting its forgiveness. ",
"Ayres v. Ayres, 69 N.J. Eq. ",
"343, 345 (Ch. ",
"1905); affirmed, 69 N.J. Eq. ",
"842 (E. & A. 1906). ",
"We consider that the circumstances presented are in no significant sense distinguishable from the customary situation in which courts throughout the country have applied the prevailing rule that a mortgagor or a grantee morally obligated to pay the mortgage debt barred by limitations must do equity by tendering its payment before seeking affirmative equitable relief in an action to quiet title.",
"\nThe judgment is affirmed.",
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[
"Q:\n\nPipe a Man Page to Kate Without Writing to Hard Drive\n\nWhat command will pipe a man page to Kate text-editor without writing anything to the hard drive?",
"\nI've seen examples that create a temp file (on the file system) and then open that tmp file with a graphical text editor.",
"\nHowever, is it possible to accomplish this task in RAM alone, without writing to the file system?",
"\n\nA:\n\nkate can read from standard input with option -i or --stdin\nman foo | kate -i\n\nsource: kwrite -h\n\n-i, --stdin Read the contents of stdin.",
"\n\nAlso, -l may be useful (for example, go to line one with -l1):\n\n-l, --line <line> Navigate to this line.",
"\n\n"
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[
"[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as\nEstate of Atkinson v. Ohio Dept. ",
"of Job & Family Servs., ",
"Slip Opinion No. ",
"2015-Ohio-3397.]",
"\n\n\n\n\n NOTICE\n This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in\n an advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports. ",
"Readers are requested\n to promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio,\n 65 South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or\n other formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be\n made before the opinion is published.",
"\n\n\n SLIP OPINION NO. ",
"2015-OHIO-3397\n ESTATE OF ATKINSON, APPELLANT, v. OHIO DEPARTMENT OF\n JOB AND FAMILY SERVICES, APPELLEE.",
"\n [Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it\n may be cited as Estate of Atkinson v. Ohio Dept. ",
"of Job & Family Servs.,",
"\n Slip Opinion No. ",
"2015-Ohio-3397.]",
"\nMedicaid—Institutionalized spouse—Transfer of spousal home—42 U.S.C. 1396r-\n 5 and 1396p— Ohio Adm.Code 5160:1-3-36.1 and 5160:1-3-07—Transfer\n of home by institutionalized spouse to community spouse is permissible\n under state and federal law when transfer occurs during period between\n application for Medicaid and notice of Medicaid approval and to the\n extent that it does not exceed community-spouse resource allowance.",
"\n (No. ",
"2013-1773—Submitted August 20, 2014—Decided August 26, 2015.)",
"\n APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Knox County, No. ",
"13CA4,\n 2013-Ohio-4352.",
"\n ______________\n\f SUPREME COURT OF OHIO\n\n\n\n\n KENNEDY, J.\n {¶ 1} In this discretionary appeal from a judgment of the Fifth District\nCourt of Appeals, we determine whether the court of appeals erred in upholding\nthe decision of the Ohio Department of Job and Family Services that the transfer\nof a home from an institutionalized spouse to a community spouse after a\nMedicaid application but before the eligibility determination was improper under\nMedicaid law.",
"\n {¶ 2} We accepted appellant’s two propositions of law:\n\n\n I. Federal Medicaid law permits the unlimited\n transfer of assets from an institutionalized spouse to a\n community spouse prior to Medicaid eligibility and such\n transfer does not constitute an improper transfer of assets\n that would result in a period of restricted eligibility for\n Medicaid.",
"\n II. ",
"Ohio Admin. ",
"Code 5101:1-39-07 (nka 5160:1-3-\n 07) permits the unlimited transfer of assets from an\n institutionalized spouse to the community spouse prior to\n Medicaid eligibility and such transfer does not constitute an\n improper transfer of assets that would result in a period of\n restricted eligibility for Medicaid.",
"\n\n\n {¶ 3} We reject appellant’s propositions of law. ",
"We agree with the state\nthat during the period between an application for Medicaid benefits and the notice\nof Medicaid approval, federal and state Medicaid law allows an institutionalized\nspouse to transfer a home or equivalent assets to a spouse living in the\ncommunity, but only up to the community spouse resource allowance (“CSRA”).",
"\nUnder 42 U.S.C. 1396r-5(c)(2)(B) and Ohio Adm.Code 5160:1-3-36.1(E), the\n\n\n\n\n 2\n\f January Term, 2015\n\n\n\n\ncommunity spouse must make any amount above his or her CSRA available to the\ninstitutionalized spouse. ",
"Otherwise, the state may take legal action. ",
"In this case,\nhowever, the state may have imposed a penalty on the community spouse that is\nnot authorized by law. ",
"We therefore remand the case to the trial court to apply 42\nU.S.C. 1396r-5(c)(2)(B) and Ohio Adm.Code 5160:1-3-36.1(E) and make\nadjustments accordingly if any are needed.",
"\n Historical Background of Medicaid\n {¶ 4} Congress established the Medicaid program in 1965 to provide\nfederal funds to states to help them provide medical services to the poor.",
"\nSchweiker v. Gray Panthers, 453 U.S. 34, 36, 101 S.Ct. ",
"2633, 69 L.Ed.2d 460\n(1981). ",
"In 1972, the program was amended to include assistance to the elderly in\nlong-term institutionalized care. ",
"Id. at 38. ",
"The 1972 Medicaid statute allowed\nstates to consider the resources of the spouse not institutionalized (“the\ncommunity spouse”) in determining whether the institutionalized spouse met the\nlow-asset threshold for Medicaid assistance. ",
"Wisconsin Dept. ",
"of Health & Family\nServs. ",
"v. Blumer, 534 U.S. 473, 479-480, 122 S.Ct. ",
"962, 151 L.Ed.2d 935 (2002).",
"\nHowever, the required spend-down limits imposed on couples in order to qualify\nfor long-term care under Medicaid nearly bankrupted some who held their assets\njointly: “Many community spouses were left destitute by the drain on the\ncouple’s assets necessary to qualify the institutionalized spouse for Medicaid and\nby the diminution of the couple’s income posteligibility to reduce the amount\npayable by Medicaid for institutional care.” ",
"Id. at 480. ",
"Affluent couples, by\ncontrast, could title their assets so as to impoverish the institutional spouse,\nthereby both qualifying the institutionalized spouse for Medicaid and preserving\nfamily wealth. ",
"Id.\n {¶ 5} In response, Congress enacted the Medicare Catastrophic Coverage\nAct of 1988 (“MCCA”), which added 42 U.S.C. 1396r-5, introducing the CSRA\n\n\n\n\n 3\n\f SUPREME COURT OF OHIO\n\n\n\n\ncalculation. ",
"Congress also amended 42 U.S.C. 1396p to address agency treatment\nof annuity purchases. ",
"Hughes v. McCarthy, 734 F.3d 473, 476 (6th Cir.2013).",
"\n {¶ 6} The MCCA permitted the community spouse to “reserve certain\nincome and assets to meet the minimum monthly needs” of that spouse when the\ninstitutionalized spouse became eligible for Medicaid. ",
" Blumer at 477-478.",
"\nCongress “installed a set of intricate and interlocking requirements with which\nStates must comply in allocating a couple’s income and resources.” ",
"Id. at 480.",
"\nOhio’s regulations that interlock with 42 U.S.C. 1396r-5 are delineated in Ohio\nAdm.Code 5160:1-3 (Medicaid resource budgeting for institutionalized\nindividuals with community spouse), formerly numbered Ohio Adm.Code\n5101:1-39 and identified by the old number in most of the relevant caselaw.",
"\nNow, under both current federal and Ohio law, “a portion of the couple’s assets is\nreserved for the benefit of the community spouse.” ",
"Blumer at 482; 42 U.S.C.\n1396r-5(f)(2)(A); Ohio Adm.Code 5160:1-3-36.1(A)(2). ",
" That portion of the\ncouple’s assets is the CSRA.",
"\n {¶ 7} In anticipation of Medicaid eligibility, a couple may ask that its\nresources, however titled, be calculated on the day a spouse is institutionalized.",
"\nBlumer, 534 U.S. at 482, 122 S.Ct. ",
"962, 151 L.Ed.2d 935. ",
"Half that total is\nallocated to the community spouse. ",
"Id. All resources above the CSRA “must be\nspent before eligibility [for Medicaid] can be achieved.” ",
"Id. at 483. ",
"The question\nhere is whether the regulatory framework allows an exception in the law so that\nthe institutionalized spouse may transfer unlimited resources to the community\nspouse without regard to the CSRA after one spouse is institutionalized but before\nthe couple knows that it is Medicaid-eligible.",
"\n Facts and Procedural History\n {¶ 8} The facts are not in dispute. ",
"Marcella, now deceased, and Raymond\nAtkinson put their house in a revocable trust in 2000, naming themselves as\ntrustees. ",
"On April 25, 2011, Marcella entered a long-term care facility. ",
"On the\n\n\n\n\n 4\n\f January Term, 2015\n\n\n\n\nfirst day of Marcella’s institutionalization, Medicaid took a “snapshot” of the\ncouple’s financial assets pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 1396r-5(c)(1)(A) and (B); see also\nOhio Adm.Code 5160:1-3-36.1(C)(1). ",
"Because the house was in trust and not in\nthe name of either spouse, the house was counted as part of the couple’s assets for\nMedicaid purposes. ",
"The Atkinsons’ assets totaled $98,320, including $53,750 as\nthe value of the house. ",
"Under 42 U.S.C. 1396r-5(c)(1), Raymond’s CSRA was\nhalf of $98,320, or $49,160. ",
"Since this figure, which fluctuates with the consumer\nprice index, see 42 U.S.C. 1396r-5(g), did not surpass the Medicaid statutory\nmaximum under 42 U.S.C. 1396r-5(f)(2)(A)(ii), Raymond was entitled to keep\nthis entire sum for his own needs without using it to support Marcella during her\ninstitutionalization. ",
"42 U.S.C. 1396r-5(c)(2)(B).",
"\n {¶ 9} On June 16, 2011, the couple submitted a Medicaid application for\nMarcella’s care. ",
"As a result of the Atkinsons’ application, pursuant to Ohio\nAdm.Code 5160:1-3-36.1(C)(2), the state again examined the couple’s resources.",
"\nThe state found the couple’s resources to be $89,478.03 at the time of Medicaid\napplication.",
"\n {¶ 10} On August 8, 2011, as trustees of the revocable trust, Marcella and\nRaymond transferred title to the house to Marcella. ",
"The next day, August 9,\n2011, Marcella transferred the title to Raymond, which means that she transferred\n$53,750 in value to him. ",
"That amount by itself is $4,590 greater than Raymond’s\nCSRA and was in addition to any resources he already possessed.",
"\n {¶ 11} On September 28, 2011, the Knox County Department of Job and\nFamily Services (“the agency”), which administers the state program, approved\nMarcella for Medicaid, effective August 1, 2011. ",
" The agency identified\nRaymond’s CSRA as $49,160. ",
"As of August 1, the agency identified the couple’s\n“current combined countable resources” as $36,168.58. ",
"Subtracting Raymond’s\n$49,160 CSRA from the couple’s then remaining assets of $36,168.58 pursuant to\nwhat is now Ohio Adm.Code 5160:1-3-36.1(C), the agency declared that the\n\n\n\n\n 5\n\f SUPREME COURT OF OHIO\n\n\n\n\ninstitutionalized spouse had no countable resources. ",
"An institutionalized spouse\nis Medicaid-eligible if he or she has no more than $1,500 in assets. ",
" Ohio\nAdm.Code 5160:1-3-05(B)(11).",
"\n {¶ 12} Notwithstanding approval of Marcella for Medicaid benefits, the\nagency delayed these benefits until April 2012. ",
"The agency asserted that the\nentire $53,750 transfer to Raymond in August had been an “improper transfer of\nassets” because it exceeded the CSRA and was for less than fair market value.",
"\nThe agency calculated the penalty by applying 42 U.S.C. 1396p(c)(1)(A) through\n(E) and dividing the amount of the allegedly improperly transferred asset,\n$53,750, by $6,023, the average monthly cost of a nursing facility to a private-pay\npatient.",
"\n {¶ 13} The Atkinsons maintained that the transfer from Marcella to\nRaymond was authorized by 42 U.S.C. 1396p(c)(2)(A)(i) (a spouse is not\nineligible for Medicaid for transferring a home to the other spouse) and sought\nrecovery of the $53,750 in benefits that Medicaid refused to pay for Marcella’s\ncare. ",
"They administratively appealed to defendant-appellee, the Ohio Department\nof Job and Family Services, claiming first that the transfer of the house to\nRaymond should be considered a transfer of unearned income and not property\nand, second, that because the transfer was of the family home, its value was\nexempt from Medicaid-eligibility consideration. ",
" The county agency’s\ndetermination was upheld.",
"\n {¶ 14} Marcella died, and the estate then appealed to the Court of\nCommon Pleas of Knox County. ",
" The estate argued that the transfers were\nauthorized under what is now Ohio Adm.Code 5160:1-3-07(E)(1), as well as\nunder 42 U.S.C. 1396p(c)(2)(A) and 1396p(d)(3)(A). ",
"Those provisions, the estate\nclaimed, expressly permit, without Medicaid penalty, a transfer of the principal\nresidence to the community spouse so long as the community spouse does not\ntransfer it for less than fair market value. ",
"Furthermore, the estate argued, 42\n\n\n\n\n 6\n\f January Term, 2015\n\n\n\n\nU.S.C. 1396r-5, which specifically addresses the CSRA cap, permits transfers\nfrom the institutionalized spouse to the community spouse up to the cap, but\nnothing in the statute prohibits a larger transfer. ",
" The estate added that the\nagency’s imposition of the penalty under 42 U.S.C. 1396p(c)(1)(E) will lead to\nspousal impoverishment, in violation of Medicaid policy.",
"\n {¶ 15} The state countered that the transfer improperly added $53,750 to\nRaymond’s CSRA, thereby sheltering nearly all the Atkinsons’ resources from\nuse for Marcella’s care. ",
"Under 42 U.S.C. 1396r-5(e)(2) and Ohio Adm.Code\n5160:1-3-36.1(C)(5)(6), the state continued, the CSRA can be increased only after\na hearing. ",
"To suggest that the CSRA may be legally increased by transfers such\nas these, it argued, would be nonsensical. ",
"The state further noted that transfer of\nthe corpus of a trust is different from payment of unearned income and, therefore,\nthat the trust corpus cannot be recharacterized as unearned income so as to fit\nwithin an exception to the CSRA allowance. ",
"The common pleas court affirmed\nthe administrative decision.",
"\n {¶ 16} The estate appealed to the Fifth District Court of Appeals. ",
"In that\nappeal, the estate reiterated its earlier points, adding that Congress did not intend\nto force couples “to choose between their cash assets and their home.” ",
"The estate\nagain invoked 42 U.S.C. 1396p(c)(2)(A) and 1396p(d)(3)(A) to support its\nassertion that spouses can transfer the family home between themselves without\nMedicaid-eligibility consequences. ",
" Transfer from one spouse to another is\nexempt from penalty under Ohio Adm.Code 5160:1-3-07(E)(1)(a), it alleged, and\ntherefore, a hearing was not required to revise the CSRA upward.",
"\n {¶ 17} In September 2013, the court of appeals affirmed pursuant to R.C.\n119.12, which requires a court to uphold an administrative decision if it is\n“supported by reliable, probative, and substantial evidence and is in accordance\nwith the law.” ",
"The court held that the agency properly determined that the\ntransfer of the house was improper under 42 U.S.C. 1396r-5(f) and Ohio\n\n\n\n\n 7\n\f SUPREME COURT OF OHIO\n\n\n\n\nAdm.Code 5160:1-3-07(G)(4), and it upheld the penalty. ",
"However, a month later,\nthe Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals decided Hughes, 734 F.3d 473, which held that\nin the context of the purchase of an annuity, 42 U.S.C. 1396p(c)(2)(B)(i) and\n1396r-5(f)(1) allow an institutionalized spouse to transfer unlimited assets to the\ncommunity spouse between the date the spouse is institutionalized and the date\nthat the spouse’s Medicaid eligibility is determined. ",
"Id. at 480. ",
"We accepted\njurisdiction. ",
"138 Ohio St.3d 1413, 2013-Ohio-4352, 3 N.E.3d 1216.",
"\n Legal Analysis\n {¶ 18} Because the estate asserts an error of law, our review of the court\nof appeals decision is de novo. ",
"Bernard v. Unemp. ",
"Comp. ",
"Rev. Comm., ",
"136 Ohio\nSt.3d 264, 2013-Ohio-3121, 994 N.E.2d 437, ¶ 9. ",
"We agree with the state that\nfederal and state Medicaid law do not permit unlimited transfers of assets from an\ninstitutional spouse to a community spouse after the CSRA has been set.",
"\nTherefore, the appellee and courts did not make an error of law in that regard.",
"\nHowever, we believe that the agency may have erroneously applied 42 U.S.C.\n1396p(c)(1)(A) through (E) rather than 42 U.S.C. 1396r-5(c)(2)(B) and Ohio\nAdm.Code 5160:1-3-36.1 in pursuing a remedy, and so we remand the case to the\ntrial court to review the procedures necessary to address any Medicaid\noverpayment or underpayment.",
"\n Proposition of Law I, Federal Law\n {¶ 19} Several federal statutes are at issue here. ",
"The first is 42 U.S.C.\n1396p, which delineates the rules on liens, adjustments and recoveries, and\ntransfers of assets as they relate to qualifying for Medicaid. ",
" 42 U.S.C.\n1396p(c)(2)(A)(i) states:\n\n\n An individual shall not be ineligible for medical assistance\n by reason of paragraph (1) [which sets penalties for improper\n transfers] to the extent that—\n\n\n\n\n 8\n\f January Term, 2015\n\n\n\n\n (A) the assets transferred were a home and the title to the\n home was transferred to—\n (i) the spouse of such individual.",
"\n\n\n {¶ 20} Also at issue are the penalties under 42 U.S.C. 1396p(c)(1)(A)\nthrough (E) for improper transfers and whether they apply to this case. ",
"As noted\nabove, improper transfers under 42 U.S.C. 1396p trigger a Medicaid-eligibility\npenalty calculated by dividing the amount of the improperly transferred asset by\nthe average monthly cost of a nursing facility to a private-pay patient.",
"\n {¶ 21} Next are the MCCA provisions, 42 U.S.C. 1396r-5. ",
"The first of\nrelevance is the supersession clause, 42 U.S.C. 1396r-5(a)(1). ",
"It says:\n\n\n In determining the eligibility for medical assistance of an\n institutionalized spouse (as defined in subsection (h)(1) of this\n section), the provisions of this section supersede any other\n provision of this subchapter * * * which is inconsistent with them.",
"\n\n\n {¶ 22} The second is 42 U.S.C. 1396r-5(f)(1). ",
"It says:\n\n\n An institutionalized spouse may, without regard to section\n 1396p(c)(1) of this title, transfer an amount equal to the\n community spouse resource allowance * * *, but only to the extent\n the resources of the institutionalized spouse are transferred to (or\n for the sole benefit of) the community spouse. ",
"The transfer under\n the preceding sentence shall be made as soon as practicable after\n the date of the initial determination of eligibility, taking into\n account such time as may be necessary to obtain a court order\n\n\n\n\n 9\n\f SUPREME COURT OF OHIO\n\n\n\n\n under paragraph (3) [requiring the community spouse to support\n the institutionalized spouse].",
"\n\n\n(Emphasis added.)",
"\n {¶ 23} One clarification is needed. ",
"While the language of the statute\nappears to allow the institutional spouse to transfer the entire amount of the\nCSRA to the community spouse regardless of the assets the community spouse\nalready holds, the statute in fact simply authorizes the institutionalized spouse to\nbring the community spouse’s assets up to the CSRA level. ",
"Blumer, 534 U.S. at\n482, 122 S.Ct. ",
"962, 151 L.Ed.2d 935, fn. ",
"5, citing the brief for the United States\nas amicus curiae. ",
"It does not create a new loophole through which a community\nspouse may exceed the CSRA restrictions. ",
"Id.\n {¶ 24} We first hold that pursuant to the supersession clause, 42 U.S.C.\n1396r-5, 42 U.S.C. 1396p does not apply to this case. ",
"42 U.S.C. 1396p predates\n42 U.S.C. 1396r-5 and does not mention the CSRA, which Congress enacted to\ncontrol asset allocation between spouses. ",
"Blumer at 482. ",
"Therefore, only 42\nU.S.C. 1396r-5 is relevant to the transfer of assets between spouses from\ninstitutionalization to Medicaid eligibility. ",
" Because 42 U.S.C. 1396r-5(a)(1)\nexpressly supersedes 42 U.S.C. 1396p, we conclude that transfers between\nspouses are not unlimited after the snapshot date and before Medicaid eligibility.",
"\nThose transfers are proper only up to the amount that fully funds the CSRA. ",
"42\nU.S.C. 1396r-5(c)(2)(B).",
"\n {¶ 25} Even ignoring 42 U.S.C. 1396p, the estate argues that 42 U.S.C.\n1396r-5(f)(1) provides a legitimate loophole, allowing unlimited transfers\nbetween spouses before Medicaid eligibility. ",
"First, according to the estate, the\nstatute’s directive that “[a]n institutionalized spouse may * * * transfer an amount\nequal to the community spouse resource allowance” does not prohibit transfer of a\ngreater amount. (",
"Emphasis added.) ",
"Second, the estate highlights the following\n\n\n\n\n 10\n\f January Term, 2015\n\n\n\n\nlanguage: “The transfer [of resources from the institutionalized spouse to the\ncommunity spouse] under the preceding sentence shall be made as soon as\npracticable after the date of the initial determination of eligibility * * *.”",
"\n(Emphasis added.) ",
"42 U.S.C. 1396r-5(f)(1). ",
"In other words, according to the\nestate, the statute puts no limit on transfers made after institutionalization but\nbefore eligibility determination. ",
"Otherwise, it argues, that sentence would have\nno relevance. ",
"The state continues to insist that the entire transfer is improper\nunder the law and subject to penalty.",
"\n {¶ 26} We find 42 U.S.C. 1396r-5 straightforward, and so did the United\nStates Supreme Court. ",
"In Blumer, 534 U.S. at 482, 122 S.Ct. ",
"962, 151 L.Ed.2d\n935, fn. ",
"5, the court stated:\n\n\n Under § 1396r-5(f)(2), the CSRA denotes the amount by which the\n community spouse’s “spousal share” of the couple’s resources falls\n below the resource allowance set by the State pursuant to § 1396r-\n 5(f)(2)(A). ",
" Assets covering this shortfall are automatically\n excluded from consideration in the eligibility determination and\n transferred to the community spouse after eligibility is achieved.",
"\n §§ 1396r-5(f)(1), (2).",
"\n\n\n(Emphasis added.) ",
"The second sentence of 42 U.S.C. 1396r-5(f)(1) simply\nacknowledges that additional calculations and procedures are necessary after\nMedicaid eligibility has been determined.",
"\n {¶ 27} Commentators have underscored this interpretation. “",
"For Medicaid\neligibility purposes, the amount of resources that [the] institutionalized spouse\nmay transfer to [the] community spouse is limited to [the] maximum amounts that\n[the] community spouse may retain under [the] CSRA provision.” ",
"Kreiner &\nDurbin, Ohio Elder Law, Section 8:54 (2014). ",
" See also Krauskopf, Brown,\n\n\n\n\n 11\n\f SUPREME COURT OF OHIO\n\n\n\n\nTokarz, Bogutz & Lehman, 1 Elderlaw: Advocacy for the Aging, Section 11:31\n(2d Ed.2013), fn. ",
"1.",
"\n {¶ 28} Because of the above analysis, while we agree with the state on the\nCSRA limits on transfers, we see no authority for applying the penalties of 42\nU.S.C. 1396p(c)(1)(E), which docked Raymond the entire amount of the value of\nhis house, part of which already belonged to him. ",
"42 U.S.C. 1396p(c)(1)(E)\nsimply doesn’t pertain to 42 U.S.C. 1396r-5 transfers between spouses.",
"\n Proposition of Law II, State Law\n {¶ 29} Because 42 U.S.C. 1396a(a)(17) provides that states must establish\nstandards for Medicaid assistance that are consistent with federal law, we agree\nwith the state that the transfers above the CSRA are improper under Ohio\nAdm.Code 5160:1-3-07. ",
"To that end, Ohio Adm.Code 5160:1-3-07(G) states:\n\n\n Any transfer between spouses in order to comply with the\n medicaid community spouse resource allowance (CSRA)\n computed pursuant to Chapter 5101:1-39 and Chapter 5101:6-7 of\n the Administrative Code may not be applied inconsistently with\n the rules setting limits on the CSRA or the minimum monthly\n maintenance needs allowance (MMMNA).",
"\n\n\nA transfer exceeding the CSRA may be permitted only after a hearing. ",
"Ohio\nAdm.Code 5160:1-3-07(G)(2). ",
" The Atkinsons have not sought a hearing to\nincrease the CSRA, and so the CSRA cannot be increased by the transfer. ",
"The\nlanguage of the Ohio Administrative Code requires this result.",
"\n {¶ 30} We are also struck by the procedural history of Williams v. Ohio\nDept. ",
"of Job & Family Servs, 3d Dist. ",
"Logan No. ",
"8-11-18, 2012-Ohio-4659,\nappeal not accepted, 134 Ohio St.3d 1507, 2013-Ohio-1123, 984 N.E.2d 1102.",
"\nWilliams highlights the agency’s own inconsistencies in applying state Medicaid\n\n\n\n\n 12\n\f January Term, 2015\n\n\n\n\nlaw regarding transfer penalties. ",
"In Williams, the state agency had reversed the\ndecision of the Logan County Department of Jobs and Family Services that had\npenalized a couple for the entire amount of a transfer. ",
"By the time of the appeal,\nthe state agency had already reversed the local agency’s decision, concluding that\n“the penalty amount should only consist of the difference between the CSRA and\nthe value of the resources that [the community spouse] received as a result of the\nimproper transfer.” ",
"Id. at ¶ 34. ",
"The court of appeals affirmed, although we see no\nauthority for applying the penalty provisions of 42 U.S.C. 1396p to these facts.",
"\n {¶ 31} Instead, Ohio Adm.Code 5160:1-3-36.1(E) delineates the steps\nthrough which the agency is to notify the community spouse to make available the\nresources above the CSRA to the institutionalized spouse. ",
"After notification, the\ncommunity spouse is expected to cooperate. “[",
"L]egal action may be taken against\nthe community spouse for refusing to do so.” ",
"Id. This procedure is consistent\nwith 42 U.S.C. 1396r-5(c)(1), which provides the federal rules for treatment of\nresources. ",
"Neither federal nor state law supports the agency’s confiscation, after\nthe CSRA has been set, of the entire amount of transferred assets, some or all of\nwhich may have already been allocated to the community spouse on the snapshot\ndate.",
"\n {¶ 32} We are mindful of the estate’s argument that Hughes, 734 F.3d\n473, compels a different result. ",
"We do not find Hughes to be apposite. ",
"Hughes\ninvolved an annuity. ",
"Annuities are specifically addressed in 42 U.S.C. 1396p,\nwhich subjects their purchase to special rules and is not applicable under these\nfacts.",
"\n Conclusion\n {¶ 33} We therefore reject appellant’s propositions of law. ",
"We agree with\nthe state that during the period between an application for Medicaid benefits and\nthe notice of Medicaid approval, federal and state Medicaid law allows an\ninstitutionalized spouse to transfer a home or equivalent assets to a spouse living\n\n\n\n\n 13\n\f SUPREME COURT OF OHIO\n\n\n\n\nin the community, but only up to the CSRA. ",
"Under 42 U.S.C. 1396r-5(c)(2)(B)\nand Ohio Adm.Code 5160:1-3-36.1(E), the community spouse must make any\namount above this limit available to the institutionalized spouse. ",
"Otherwise, the\nstate may take legal action. ",
"In this case, however, the state may have imposed a\npenalty on the community spouse that is not authorized by law. ",
"We therefore\nremand the cause to the trial court to apply 42 U.S.C. 1396r-5(c)(2)(B) and Ohio\nAdm.Code 5160:1-3-36.1(E) and make adjustments accordingly if any are\nneeded.",
"\n Judgment affirmed\n and cause remanded.",
"\n PFEIFER, O’DONNELL, and FRENCH, JJ., ",
"concur.",
"\n O’CONNOR, C.J., and LANZINGER and O’NEILL, JJ., ",
"dissent.",
"\n ______________\nO’NEILL, J., dissenting.",
"\n {¶ 34} I respectfully dissent.",
"\n {¶ 35} This case clearly demonstrates the impenetrable fog that almost all\nsenior citizens venture into when they attempt to protect their worldly savings\nfrom the financial disaster known as assisted living. ",
"This case is not about the\nAtkinson family, although their name is on the caption. ",
"Both of the Atkinsons\nhave died since this suit began. ",
"Were they alive today, they would undoubtedly\nregret their attempt to place their $53,750 ranch home into a revocable trust, then\ninto the name of only one spouse, and then into the name of the “community”\nspouse. ",
"No, this case presents a genuine opportunity for this court to provide\nguidance to countless Ohioans who follow in their footsteps.",
"\n {¶ 36} I would hold that the transfer of a home between spouses is not an\nimproper transfer at any time prior to the granting of Medicaid eligibility, period.",
"\nFirst, it is critical to note that there is explicit language in federal law and the\nOhio Administrative Code permitting transfer of the home between spouses.",
"\n\n\n\n\n 14\n\f January Term, 2015\n\n\n\n\nSecond, the house is not a countable resource for purposes of computing the\ncommunity-spouse resource allowance (“CSRA”). ",
"And third, the revocable-trust\nlanguage in the federal CSRA law excludes the transfer of the home from the\ndefinition of improper transfer. ",
"It is that simple. ",
"What this family did is and was\npermitted by state and federal law.",
"\n {¶ 37} The regulatory framework clearly states that the transfer of the\nhome between spouses is not an improper transfer. ",
"42 U.S.C. 1396p(c)(2)(A)(i)\nexpressly provides that a spouse is not ineligible for Medicaid for transferring a\nhome to the other spouse. ",
"And Ohio Adm.Code 5160:1-3-07(E) expressly states\nthat a transfer of the home between spouses is not an improper transfer. ",
"The\nmajority opinion acknowledges that the Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act\npermits the community spouse to reserve certain income and assets to meet the\nminimum monthly needs of the community spouse when the institutionalized\nspouse becomes eligible for Medicaid. ",
"Despite this acknowledgment and despite\nthe plain language of 42 U.S.C. 1396p(c)(2)(A)(i) and Ohio Adm.Code 5160:1-3-\n07(E) explicitly stating that the transfer of the home from one spouse to the other\nis not an improper transfer, the majority holds that the transfer of the Atkinsons’\nhome was an improper transfer to the extent that it was in excess of the CSRA. ",
"It\nwas not. ",
"The majority concludes and holds that “pursuant to the supersession\nclause, 42 U.S.C. 1396r-5, 42 U.S.C. 1396p does not apply to this case.”",
"\nMajority opinion at ¶ 24. ",
"I disagree.",
"\n {¶ 38} In Hughes v. McCarthy, 734 F.3d 473 (6th Cir.2013), the Sixth\nCircuit considered whether the transfer of an asset (an annuity) by the\ninstitutionalized spouse after institutionalization but before the initial eligibility\ndetermination is improper under 42 U.S.C. 1396r-5(f)(1) because the transfer\nexceeds the CSRA, even though it was for the sole benefit of the community\nspouse under 42 U.S.C. 1396p(c)(2)(B)(i). ",
"As here, the Ohio Department of Job\nand Family Services (“ODJFS”) argued that a transfer of assets in excess of the\n\n\n\n\n 15\n\f SUPREME COURT OF OHIO\n\n\n\n\nCSRA, even if made before the determination of eligibility, is improper because\n42 U.S.C. 1396r-5(a)(1) states that “the provisions of this section supersede any\nother provision of this subchapter * * * which is inconsistent with them,” which\nincludes 42 U.S.C. 1396p(c)(2)(B)(i).",
"\n {¶ 39} The federal appellate court disagreed. ",
"The court noted that the\nlanguage of 42 U.S.C. 1396r-5(f)(1) refers only to transfers after the initial\ndetermination of eligibility while saying nothing about transfers before that date\nor penalties for such transfers. ",
"Thus, (f)(1) does not supersede 1396p(c)(2)(B)(i),\nas there is no inconsistency. ",
"Id. at 479.",
"\n {¶ 40} The federal court held that in order to avoid rendering\n1396p(c)(2)(B)(i) superfluous, the provisions must be viewed as operating at\ndistinct temporal periods. ",
"Thus, when assets are transferred to the community\nspouse for the sole benefit of that spouse, 42 U.S.C. 1396p(c)(2)(B)(i), before the\ninstitutionalized spouse is determined to be eligible for coverage, the transfer\nprovision of 42 U.S.C. 1396p(c)(2) controls, and the transfer is not improper.",
"\nHughes at 480, quoting Morris v. Oklahoma Dept. ",
"of Human Servs., ",
"685 F.3d\n925, 938 (10th Cir.2012). ",
" See also Koenig v. Dungey, 2014-Ohio-4646, 19\nN.E.3d 1006 (1st Dist.) ",
"By contrast, when the transfer occurs after the\ninstitutionalized spouse is deemed eligible for coverage, 42 U.S.C. 1396r-5(f)(1)\ncontrols, and the transfer is improper if it exceeds the CSRA. ",
"That is not what\nhappened here.",
"\n {¶ 41} In this case, we are presented with a transfer of the marital home\nbetween spouses prior to the initial determination of Medicaid eligibility.",
"\nSpecifically, Marcella Atkinson was institutionalized on April 25, 2011. ",
"She\ntransferred the home to her husband on August 9 of that year. ",
"Her eligibility for\nMedicaid was approved seven weeks later, on September 28. ",
"Under both federal\nand Ohio law, any transfer of the home from the institutionalized spouse to the\ncommunity spouse before Medicaid eligibility is determined does not affect the\n\n\n\n\n 16\n\f January Term, 2015\n\n\n\n\neligibility of the donor spouse, provided that the transfer is for the sole benefit of\nthe receiving spouse. ",
" 42 U.S.C. 1396p(c)(2)(A); Ohio Adm.Code 5160:1-3-\n07(E)(1)(a). ",
"It is after September 28, 2011, and not before, that the limitations in\n42 U.S.C. 1396r-5(f)(1) on transfers exceeding the CSRA apply.",
"\n {¶ 42} Suspending for a moment my disagreement with the majority’s\npronouncement that 42 U.S.C. 1396p does not apply in this case, the majority’s\nanalysis fails based on the application of 42 U.S.C. 1396r-5 alone. ",
" This is\nbecause the home is explicitly excluded from the definition of “resources” for\npurposes of establishing the CSRA. ",
"42 U.S.C. 1396r-5(c)(5)(A) and 42 U.S.C.\n1382b(a). ",
"Accordingly, it was error for ODJFS to include the value of the home\nin the calculation of the CSRA in the first place. ",
"It makes no difference that the\nhome was in the revocable trust when the CSRA was established. ",
"The facts of\nthis case demonstrate that the Atkinsons retained every right, title, and interest in\ntheir home, both legal and equitable, including the power to place the home in and\nremove the home from the revocable trust—hence the term “revocable.” ",
"Thus,\nthe Atkinsons have always owned the home, whether it was held outright or in\ntrust. ",
"I would note here that even including the dollar value of the home in the\nCSRA, Raymond’s CSRA of $49,160 did not exceed the maximum federal\nstatutory limit of $60,000 for a CSRA under 42 U.S.C. 1396r-5(f)(2)(A)(ii).",
"\n {¶ 43} Moreover, 42 U.S.C. 1396r-5 specifically states that trust income\nshall be considered income available to each spouse and shall be attributed in\naccordance with 42 U.S.C. 1396p. ",
"The revocable-trust language in 42 U.S.C.\n1396p(d) provides that the corpus of the trust shall be considered resources\navailable to the individual, that payments from the trust shall be considered\nincome available to the individual, and that any other payments from the trust\nshall be considered a disposition by the individual for purposes of subsection (c).",
"\nSubsection (c) of 42 U.S.C. 1396p states that the transfer of the home between\nspouses does not create ineligibility for Medicaid. ",
"42 U.S.C. 1396p(c)(2)(A)(i).",
"\n\n\n\n\n 17\n\f SUPREME COURT OF OHIO\n\n\n\n\nMy view is that these provisions are consistent and should be applied consistently\nwith each other. ",
"Read together, the applicable provisions of federal and state law\nand regulations demand that the transfer of the residential home cannot affect\nMrs. Atkinson’s eligibility for Medicaid, regardless of the revocable trust.",
"\n {¶ 44} Oral arguments were presented in this case on August 20, 2014.",
"\nSince that time, the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio\ngranted a preliminary injunction prohibiting ODJFS “from interpreting and\nimplementing [Ohio regulations] to impose restrictive coverage upon [the\nplaintiffs in that case] due to the transfer of community resources * * * for the\nsole benefit of their respective community spouse[s] * * * after the date of\ninstitutionalization but before the institutionalized spouse’s Medicaid eligibility is\nor was determined.” ",
"Wagner v. McCarthy, S.D. Ohio No. ",
"1:14cv00648, 2014 WL\n4805284, *1 (Sept. 26, 2014). ",
"ODJFS was further enjoined from taking any\nposition inconsistent with the decision in Hughes v. McCarthy, 743 F.3d 473, in\nfuture proceedings involving the plaintiffs’ Medicaid applications.",
"\n {¶ 45} Thereafter, ODJFS repealed several administrative rules that were\napplied in the course of the procedural history of this case. ",
"Notably, the list of\nrepealed rules includes the rule that required the deed of the home to be in the\nindividual’s name, Ohio Adm.Code 5160:1-3-31, “Medicaid: treatment of the\nhome,” and the Ohio trust rule, Ohio Adm.Code 5160:1-3-27.1, “Medicaid:\ntrusts.” ",
"The list of repealed rules also includes Ohio Adm.Code 5160:1-3-36.1,\n“Medicaid: resource budgeting methodology for institutionalized individuals with\na spouse in the community,” which is the rule the majority orders the trial court to\napply to this case on remand. ",
"In addition to my disagreement with the majority’s\nlegal conclusions, I am troubled that this court would remand a case for\napplication of a rule that no longer exists.",
"\n {¶ 46} It is clear that the law treats the marital home very carefully to\nprevent spousal impoverishment at the end of life. ",
"And that is the public policy\n\n\n\n\n 18\n\f January Term, 2015\n\n\n\n\nwe should be embracing. ",
"Based on the plain language of the federal statutes and\nthe Ohio Administrative Code, as well as the holding of the United States Court\nof Appeals for the Sixth Circuit in Hughes v. McCarthy, 734 F.3d 473, I would\nhold that the transfer of the home between spouses prior to Medicaid eligibility\nbeing established is not an improper transfer and is not subject to the CSRA cap.",
"\nI dissent.",
"\n O’CONNOR, C.J., and LANZINGER, J., concur in the foregoing opinion.",
"\n ______________\n Calfee, Halter & Griswold, L.L.P., Maura L. Hughes, and Alexander B.\nReich; and Cooper, Adel & Associates, L.P.A., Thom L. Cooper, Mitchell J.\nAdel, and Nathan T. Simpson, for appellant.",
"\n Michael DeWine, Attorney General, Eric E. Murphy, State Solicitor,\nStephen P. Carney, Deputy Solicitor, and Amy R. Goldstein and Rebecca L.\nThomas, Assistant Attorneys General, for appellee.",
"\n ______________\n\n\n\n\n 19\n\f"
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"Felix Airways\n\nFelix Airways Limited, also known as Al Saeeda, (both meaning \"Happy,\" from the Roman term for Yemen, Arabia Felix) is a regional airline based in Sana'a, Yemen. ",
"It was established in 2008 as a subsidiary of flag carrier Yemenia by the Islamic Bank for Development, to serve the growing market for low-cost travel in the region.",
"\n\nOperations have been severely disrupted since 2015 due to the ongoing military conflict affecting its hub at Sana'a International Airport.",
"\n\nHistory\nIn late October 2008, Felix Airways began domestic operations with CRJ 700 aircraft, and expanded both domestically and regionally.",
"\n\nHowever from 2015 the airline, in common with the entire Yemeni tourist industry, suffered a near-complete reduction in activity due to the conflict and the siege in the region; Felix Airways flights were reported (in April 2019) to have declined from 55 to only 3 weekly flights.",
"\n\nDestinations\nAs of March 2018, Felix Airways serves the following destinations:\n\nAs of January 2015 (before the air blockade), Felix Airways served the following destinations:\n\nFleet\nAs of April 2015, the Felix Airways fleet included the following aircraft:\n\n: The airline had two Bombardier CRJ700s, but one was destroyed by bombing at Sana'a International Airport in April 2015.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website\nFelix Airways fleet\n\nCategory:Airlines of Yemen\nCategory:Low-cost carriers\nCategory:Airlines established in 2008\nCategory:2008 establishments in Yemen"
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"Apple Pay’s eventful early days were full of highs and lows. ",
"Excited iPhone users rushed to test the mobile payment service on day one and found it super seamless. ",
"Cashier confusion, Bank of America’s double-charging foul-up, and the NFC block at Rite Aid and CVS marred the rollout, but a major product launch is never smooth. ",
"And who knew CurrentC, a QR code-based app that isn’t even on the market yet, would turn into such a huge thing?",
"\n\nAs early reviews and news poured in over Apple Pay’s first 10 days, Macworld hit the streets of San Francisco and New York City to give the service a real-life test run in two vastly different environments. ",
"We didn’t try to replace our wallets with Apple Pay or any other such gimmicks. ",
"We wanted to see how Apple Pay could fit into our daily routines. ",
"Is it easy to use? ",
"Convenient? ",
"And, most importantly, does it have the potential to change the way we pay for everything? ",
"New York-based Associate Editor Caitlin McGarry and San Francisco-based Associate Editor Leah Yamshon have the answers.",
"\n\nHow easy is easy?",
"\n\nCaitlin: I really thought setting up Apple Pay would be time-consuming. ",
"I sat down with my wallet and opened Passbook ready to tap in every number. ",
"And you can do that, if you want. ",
"But holding my credit and debit cards in front of my camera and watching it lift the numbers was infinitely cooler—and easier. ",
"All I had to do was enter the security codes and confirm the expiration dates. ",
"One credit card company required me to verify Apple Pay using its own app, which was easy enough. ",
"My bank didn’t require any verification, but did send me an email to let me know that my card had been set up on Apple Pay, just in case.",
"\n\nActually using Apple Pay is a breeze. ",
"Simply hold your phone near the NFC reader and watch your screen come to life—all you need to do is verify your identity with Touch ID. ",
"Toggling between debit and credit cards was as simple as tapping your preferred card (my cards were various colors, and matched the color of the corresponding physical card). ",
"The toughest part of using Apple Pay is remembering that Touch ID takes more than a tap to recognize your fingerprint.",
"\n\nLeah: Generally, Apple Pay has been a cinch to use when buying stuff, but I was particularly curious in seeing how merchants would handle processing returns with Apple Pay. ",
"I used to be a cashier at a major chain clothing store, and I remember our return process all too well: We had to make sure the customer had the original card they used with them, because we could only refund customers in the same way they paid. ",
"That meant I’d check the receipt and the card to make sure the last four digits matched, and then I’d swipe the card myself.",
"\n\nSure, every store has its own policy, but my store’s policy seemed to be a common one. ",
"And since Apple Pay randomizes the card number for merchants and prints out that fake card number on the receipt, I had a feeling that returns would be problematic, even though Apple insists it wouldn’t be.",
"\n\nAs it turns out, I was right…and I was wrong. ",
"I purchased items from Macy’s and American Eagle Outfitters and then returned them later that day to test it out. ",
"There was a brief hiccup at American Eagle, when the cashier asked if he could see my credit card to confirm that the last four digits matched what was on my receipt (just like my old store!). ",
"I explained that I had used Apple Pay, and that the receipt wouldn’t match my card because of the system’s security measures. ",
"I then showed him my receipt and the card info stored on my iPhone, and also showed where the transaction was logged in Passbook.",
"\n\nStumped, the associate called his manager over, and we filled her in what was going on. ",
"The manager told me that she still needed to see my actual credit card to make the return, explaining that I couldn’t get a refund without swiping the card. ",
"I obliged, but then asked if I could tap my phone on the terminal first just to see what would happen. ",
"Boom! ",
"The return went through, and the random four-digit number that Apple Pay had issued earlier flashed on the American Eagle register, so the employees could see that the Apple Pay card matched. ",
"It was a learning experience for both of us.",
"\n\nMacy’s, on the other hand, didn’t require anything except for my original receipt and my signature. ",
"No credit card to verify, no Apple Pay info, no photo ID—just my signature on the pin pad—which was both super convenient and also a little unsettling. ",
"With time, I expect returns with Apple Pay will become just as easy a regular credit card, but your experience may vary across stores for now.",
"\n\nWhere we used it\n\nCaitlin: My first Apple Pay experience was a late-night food run, because why not? ",
"My partner was craving a snack after watching the San Francisco Giants handily defeat the Kansas City Royals. ",
"After we got off the subway, we headed toward the closest food option that was still open: Conveniently enough, it was McDonald’s. ",
"I’m not much for fast food, but I’ll happily buy someone else a giant pack of McNuggets—plus, it was the perfect chance to test out Apple Pay. ",
"We ordered, I held my phone near the card reader, and the process was over almost before it even began. “",
"Did it go through?” ",
"I asked the cashier. ",
"She nodded, excited to see Apple Pay in action. “",
"Others here have seen it, but you’re my first customer to use it!” ",
"she said. ",
"It felt like a high-five moment, but I was too busy photographing my receipt. ",
"The makeup artist who rang me up at the MAC counter inside Macy’s in downtown Brooklyn wasn’t quite as thrilled when I used Apple Pay—actually, she could’ve cared less. ",
"I waited longer for her to turn on her computer than I did paying for my item.",
"\n\nI usually grocery shop at a store near my apartment, but Whole Foods is within walking distance, so I ventured off my usual path to procure food for the week. ",
"Whole Foods is, without a doubt, Apple Pay’s most supportive partner. ",
"There was signage outside the store advertising Apple Pay, and the card reader in the checkout lane was emblazoned with the Apple Pay logo. ",
"The cashier didn’t blink twice when we tapped my partner’s iPhone 6 Plus screen to pay. ",
"Success.",
"\n\nI didn’t experience any cashier confusion or glitches when I used Apple Pay, except when I tried to buy pumpkin-shaped Snickers at Rite Aid—but we all know why that happened. ",
"Rite Aid and CVS are my only neighborhood drugstores, so my Apple Pay usage would skyrocket if they turn NFC back on. ",
"Which brings me to my only problem with Apple Pay: It’s not available at most of my usual spots. ",
"Lunch options in midtown Manhattan are bad enough without having to resort to McDonald’s and Panera when I need to eat. ",
"Hopefully, Apple’s support of contactless payments will encourage more stores to embrace NFC.",
"\n\nMcDonald’s Leah and Caitlin both first used Apple Pay at McDonald’s, because why wouldn’t you?",
"\n\nLeah: My first experience with Apple Pay was in Lost Hills, California, at a McDonald’s truck stop off the Interstate 5. ",
"It was the second day Apple Pay was available, and I was really interested to see if merchants statewide were ready for the rollout—not just in tech-centric San Francisco. ",
"Luckily, I happened to be driving back from Los Angeles and could check it out in a small town in the Central Valley.",
"\n\nAfter ordering, I noticed the bright red and yellow McDonald’s NFC pad attached to the credit card terminal, but saw no mention of Apple Pay anywhere. ",
"So, I asked the cashier about it. ",
"She was a little confused, but then when I pulled out my phone and started talking about it more, she nodded.",
"\n\n“Oh yeah, that. ",
"We’ve been able to do that for a while,” referencing Google Wallet. ",
"She didn’t react at all when I tapped my iPhone 6 Plus to the terminal and giggled when the transaction went through.",
"\n\nAt Panera, I, of course, picked the one register that wasn’t NFC-equipped, but the cashier didn’t mind moving me over to another register (props to the Panera in Dublin, California for being so cool about that despite the long lunch-hour line behind me). ",
"That’s something you may encounter, too—that some registers can handle Apple Pay, but others can’t.",
"\n\nWhole Foods wants the world to know that they’re ready for Apple Pay.",
"\n\nI have a car and I filled up the tank at a Chevron a few days ago, but I didn’t use Apple Pay. ",
"Why? ",
"Because there was no NFC terminal at the pump, and I assumed that my local Chevron just didn’t have the technology yet. ",
"However, I later learned that this wasn’t the case—the human-operated cash registers could handle it, meaning I would have had to go inside to the cashier to complete the transaction there. ",
"That’s problematic for drivers who typically pay at the pump: It creates an extra step. ",
"It’s not that I’m too lazy to walk over to the Chevron mini mart to pay for gas that way, but it’s certainly not more convenient than just swiping my credit card there at pump. ",
"I’d love to pay for gas with Apple Pay due to the added security measures, so hopefully we’ll see tap-to-pay terminals at the pumps soon.",
"\n\nDon’t forget about apps\n\nPanera’s Apple Pay integration makes ordering lunch a breeze.",
"\n\nLeah: Using Apple Pay within apps on your iPhone 6, iPhone 6 Plus, iPad Air 2, or iPad mini 3 can vastly change the checkout experience, depending on the app. ",
"I used it to pay for a Lyft ride and to buy a top through Spring. ",
"Both of these apps already had a super smooth checkout process, so on my end, Apple Pay didn’t feel very different.",
"\n\nFor Lyft, you have to preset your Apple Pay account as your default method of payment before you hail your ride. ",
"Once your ride is over, you add your tip and pay as usual, only this time you’re prompted for a Touch ID thumbprint.",
"\n\nSpring is my favorite shopping app and has been since it launched—its Instagram-esque approach to following brands makes it easy to find gorgeous new pieces to buy. ",
"Better yet, once you’ve set Spring up with your credit card, shipping, and billing info, all you have to do is swipe on an item to buy it. ",
"Apple Pay requires your thumbprint after the swipe, which just feels like a natural part of the process instead of an extra step.",
"\n\nYou have to enable Apple Pay in the Lyft app’s settings before you can use it.",
"\n\nCaitlin: Until Apple Pay rolls out to more of the stores I shop at, I’m interested in how apps can integrate with Apple Pay to make their payment process more secure (and faster for me). ",
"I tested two: Panera and Threadflip, an app where women can buy, sell, and trade clothes. ",
"There’s nothing worse than waiting in line to buy lunch, which is why I usually bring my own or go to places I know I can duck in and out of in less than five minutes (Pret A Manger, I’m looking at you). ",
"Panera’s online ordering and pickup process is nothing new, but with Apple Pay, I chose my Southwest flatbread and apple, and with the touch of a fingerprint, paid without any hassle. ",
"I walked over to Panera 10 minutes later and bypassed the hungry suckers waiting in line to pick up my food. ",
"This is the future, and I love it.",
"\n\nThreadflip was a bit more complicated. ",
"I had already entered my shipping information, but for some reason I had to enter it again at checkout, along with my billing details. ",
"I also struggled to figure out where to enter a promo code all new users get when they sign up for Threadflip. ",
"Retailers need to streamline their own checkout processes to make their Apple Pay integration easier, but online shopping now feels more secure with Apple’s tokenization. ",
"Brick-and-mortars—who have proved they can’t protect your financial info—need to get their act together.",
"\n\nTap to the future\n\nApple Pay isn’t the wallet killer it’s cracked up to be... yet. ",
"But we didn’t expect it to be right at launch. ",
"Although Apple Pay has an impressive list of partners, retailers and customers are still figuring it out—it’s unrealistic to expect shoppers to remember every single store they can use Apple Pay, and in turn it’s unrealistic for merchants to plaster Apple Pay signage all around their cash registers (though we did expect to see that more than we actually did).",
"\n\nHowever, there is massive potential. ",
"It’s secure, easy to use, and quick—rummaging through your bag or pocket for your phone takes considerably less time than digging for your wallet and then fumbling through until you find your card. ",
"Plus, users activated 1 million cards in Apple Pay's first three days, so clearly people want to use it. ",
"It can only get better with time."
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"A critical survey of predictive mathematical models for migration from packaging.",
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"However, it is recognized that predictive mathematical modelling can be used in many cases, to avoid or to reduce the effort on migration experiments. ",
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"The Anubis Tapestry\n\nThe Anubis Tapestry: Between Twilights is a 2006 fantasy novel written and illustrated by Bruce Zick.",
"\n\nPlot summary\nChance Henry's archaeologist father accidentally awakens an evil mummy who steals his soul. ",
"Chance risks becoming a mummy himself to rescue his father from the Egyptian Underworld.",
"\n\nFilm adaptation \nIn 2008, Blue Sky Studios acquired the film rights for an animated film titled Anubis. ",
"David H. Steinberg wrote the first draft for the film. ",
"The film was scheduled for release on March 23, 2018 by 20th Century Fox, but, by June 2017, it had been removed from its schedule for unknown reasons.",
"\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:2006 American novels\nCategory:2006 fantasy novels\nCategory:Children's fantasy novels\nCategory:American children's novels\nCategory:American fantasy novels\nCategory:Mummies in fiction\nCategory:American fantasy novels adapted into films\nCategory:Egyptian mythology in popular culture\nCategory:2006 children's books\nCategory:Cancelled films"
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"Standing beneath a vast banner proclaiming, ‘97% OF SCIENTISTS AGREE: THE CLIMATE CATASTROPHE IS HAPPENING AND WE ARE ALL GUILTY’, the General Secretary of Extinction Rebellion, Ron Lickspittle, called the meeting to order and introduced the Secretariat on stage with him, Comrade Reginald Tinpot, Secretary for Virtue Signalling, Comrade Dolores Barking, Secretary for Climate Consciousness Raising and Comrade Zak Swivel, Secretary for Denial Deplatforming.",
"\n\nThe General Secretary began by announcing the conference competition in which delegates would pick a value for how many years we had left to prevent the coming Climate End of Days. ",
"At the end of the conference those who had picked the same value as that randomly generated by the XR computer would win XR teeshirts made from recycled climate change deniers. ",
"Here the General Secretary explained that the recycled bit was a joke, to the obvious disappointment of many delegates in the hall.",
"\n\nHe then proceeded to list the Ten Demands on the British Government that had been agreed by the XR Central Committee in closed session:\n\nThe government must commit to a legally-binding commitment to achieve net-zero carbon dioxide emissions in Britain by 2025. ",
"This could create as much as a one hundredth of a degree Centigrade of global warming mitigation, a powerful, albeit undetectably small, symbol of our global climate leadership.",
"\n\nBritain to be declared a Climate Change Free Zone from 2025 onwards.",
"\n\nThe British Had CRUT4 temperature records must be immediately corrected to match the observed reality in the climate models. ",
"For too long Britain has fallen behind NASA in America in such crucial data harmonization.",
"\n\nThe adoption of a compulsory daily ‘Five for Five’ session in which the people of Britain will spend five consecutive minutes without exhaling. ",
"The saving in carbon dioxide emissions from this alone would delay the coming Climate End of Days by an estimated 5 minutes.",
"\n\nCompulsory weekly lessons for all school pupils in the catastrophic impacts of man-made climate change and the coming Climate End of Days (with means-tested counselling and sedation for traumatized children).",
"\n\nA year’s free supply of multi-use, carbon-free condoms for all citizens signing up to the BirthStrike No Child Policy (Terms & Conditions apply).",
"\n\nThe immediate instigation of a nationwide Climate Inquisition with a year’s forced labor burying carbon for all citizens refusing to take the Oath of Allegiance to Extinction Rebellion.",
"\n\nThe questioning of Catastrophic Anthropogenic Global Warming by climate dissidents and reactionaries to be made a Crime Against Humanity, punishable by non-violent liquidation.",
"\n\nThe issuing of a formal apology from Britain to the world for the creation of the Industrial Revolution, with its consequential vast increase in wealth, the wealthiest people on Earth being the biggest carbon polluters.",
"\n\nThe erection in London of a Tomb to the Unknown EcoWarrier, to be sited at a location determined to cause the maximum traffic disruption.",
"\n\nEvery demand received a standing ovation from the delegates and a chant of ‘Hear the Truth! ",
"Hear the Truth!’, ",
"temporarily drowning out the sounds of the street battles raging outside the hall between the militant wings of the Our Michael Mann Fan Club and the Gas-Guzzlers’ Liberation Front.",
"\n\nThe General Secretary demanded, rhetorically, to know what global warming had ever done for us in Britain. ",
"From the floor one delegate called out, ‘Well, in fairness, it has extended the growing season so it’s been good for agriculture.’ ",
"Another added, ‘And of course we haven’t had to heat our houses and offices as much so that’s reduced our carbon emissions.’ ‘",
"Good point, comrade,’ said a third, ‘And cold weather kills more than hot so net-mortality has improved.’ ‘",
"Yes, yes,’ cried the General Secretary, ‘but this improvement in our climate has created an emergency because if it continues to get better it will inevitably get worse and lead to the coming Climate End of Days!’ ",
"This was greeted with a standing ovation from the delegates and a chant of ‘Hear the Truth! ",
"Hear the Truth!’",
"\n\nAt this point the conference was interrupted by the tragic news of the collision between Greta Thunberg’s yacht Publicity Stunt 3 with the Greenpeace ship Woke Warrier 4, the only survivor being Greta herself owing to her previously undetected ability to walk on water. ",
"On a Point of Order Comrade Swivel proposed petitioning the British Government to remove the statue in London’s Parliament Square of the imperialist warmonger Winston Churchill, replacing it with one of Saint Greta. ",
"The motion was carried unanimously.",
"\n\nThe conference then broke up into working groups preparing lists of Climate Enemies of the People to be published in the first edition of Extinction Rebellion’s forthcoming national newspaper, provisionally entitled Pravda (The Truth).",
"\n\nFollowing the traditional linking of arms and rousing singing of ‘We’ll Keep the Green Flag Flying’ the day closed with a spirited two hour performance from the Multiracial Outreach Non-Gender-Specific LGBT Equal People’s One World Carbon Neutral Street Dance Theatre Company of East Tooting who interpreted the climate apocalypse in mime.",
"\n\nAt the end of the day’s proceedings I was granted an interview with the General Secretary. ",
"I started by asking him how, with the only statistically significant change to Britain’s climate being a slight warming since the nineteenth century and there having been no warming in over a decade it made sense to decide that this constituted a ‘climate emergency’ for our country. ",
"Sighing melodramatically he explained that whatever happened in the past was irrelevant and I was presenting a classic case of false climate consciousness, the essential problem being my failure to comprehend that just half a degree of further warming would be catastrophic.",
"\n\n‘But,’ I pleaded, ‘no climate scientist has ever said such a thing.’",
"\n\nHe shook his head sadly. ‘",
"You need to understand that scientists are frightened about the public’s panic if the full and terrifying truth was revealed to them. ",
"And those scientists who nevertheless dare to do so find their voices drowned out by the overwhelming forces of climate change denial in the media. ",
"The truth is revealed to us in the predictions of the climate models. ",
"These make it clear that there could be up to 80C of warming of the British climate by the end of the century!’ ",
"I agreed but pointed out that such extreme ‘could be up to’ values needed virtually impossibly high levels of carbon dioxide emissions globally and virtually impossibly high climate sensitivity to those emissions. ‘",
"There you are!’ ",
"he cried, banging the table with his fist, ‘On your own admission our emissions could bring about a climate apocalypse! ",
"If we fail to repent our carbon-profligate ways then the Climate End of Days will be upon us!’",
"\n\nManaging to suppress a reflexive cry of ‘Hear the Truth!’ ",
"I moved on to point out that even before the new Ten Demands from the Central Committee the current net-zero emissions commitment of the UK Government would probably devastate the UK economy, not to mention its landscape and wildlife. ",
"With economists talking about a global economic recession being around the corner, coupled with the economic hit of Brexit, wouldn’t decarbonization be the last straw for our country?",
"\n\n‘On the contrary!’ ",
"he laughed. ‘",
"A sustained economic recession would mean soaring unemployment and falling incomes meaning we buy less stuff meaning less stuff is made meaning lower carbon dioxide emissions! ",
"A sustained recession would be wonderful for Britain and a depression even better. ",
"Now it’s true that the bourgeoisie of Britain would probably initially doubtless balk at the higher taxes, the soaring energy and food costs, the meat supertax, the car mileage rationing, the ban on flying, the frequent long power blackouts, the compulsory installation of smart thermostats for central government control of home and office temperatures, the smothering of the so-called countryside by wind and solar farms, and so on – but they would come to joyfully accept all this when their climate consciousness was raised such that they understood that these small inconveniences could delay the Climate End of Days by, well, days. ",
"Yes, some reactionaries might say that this constituted a pointless and futile sacrifice of our country on the altar of the climate catastrophism cult – but what a magnificent sacrifice it would be! ",
"Furthermore when the nations of the world see our shining example of what a decarbonized economy looks like they will inevitably rush to follow our guiding light!’",
"\n\nAt this point we were plunged into darkness as a result of a power failure at a wind farm due to the wrong kind of wind blowing and so my interview unfortunately had to be terminated."
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"\nThe cuprizone (CPZ)-induced toxic demyelinating model, characterized by the degeneration of oligodendrocytes, has been utilized to study multiple sclerosis-related lesions. ",
"The present study was designed to determine the effect of epimedium flavonoids (EF), the main component extracted from Epimedium sagittatum, on CPZ-induced neuropathological changes in the corpus callosum of C57BL/6 mice. ",
"Once we determined an EF-based protective effect on the corpus callosum, we sought to explore the underlying mechanism of this protection. ",
"To induce demyelination, 8-week-old mice were fed with 0.2% CPZ for a maximum period of 6 weeks. ",
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"\n\nChinese law prohibits workers younger than 16 from working in the factories\n\nThe interns worked for about three weeks at Foxconn's Yantai manufacturing plant\n\nFoxconn is the world's largest electronics manufacturer with clients like Apple and Samsung\n\nFoxconn Technology Group -- the world's largest electronics manufacturer and supplier to companies like Apple, Samsung and Microsoft -- admitted that interns as young as 14 worked at one of its Chinese plants.",
"\n\n\"An internal investigation carried out by our company has confirmed media reports in China that some participants in the short-term student internship program that is administered at our campus in Yantai, Shandong Province are under the legal working age of 16 years,\" the company said in a statement. \"",
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"\n\nThe underage interns had worked at the plant for about three weeks, the company said. ",
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"\n\nInterns represent about 2.7% of Foxconn's 1.2 million employees in China.",
"\n\nJUST WATCHED Apple supplier progress in China Replay More Videos ... MUST WATCH Apple supplier progress in China 00:59\n\nJUST WATCHED Rare look inside Foxconn factory campus Replay More Videos ... MUST WATCH Rare look inside Foxconn factory campus 06:22\n\nJUST WATCHED Audit of Foxconn finds major violations Replay More Videos ... MUST WATCH Audit of Foxconn finds major violations 03:43\n\nJUST WATCHED Auditors inspect Apple's China supplier Replay More Videos ... MUST WATCH Auditors inspect Apple's China supplier 01:44\n\nThe report was the latest in a string of incidents for Foxconn. ",
"Earlier this month, workers rights groups and Chinese state media reported work stoppage at a Zhengzhou plant regarding \"overly strict demands\" for production of Apple's iPhone. ",
"The company disputed reports of a \"strike,\" but admitted employee \"disputes.\" ",
"Last month, a factory in Taiyuan was shut down for a day after a large-scale brawl sent 40 people to the hospital.",
"\n\nWorking conditions at Foxconn factories have been under the spotlight since a 2010 spate of worker suicides at its plants. ",
"Foxconn said it had increased workers pay, introduced counselors, started a 24-hour phone counseling service and opened a stress room where workers can take out frustration on mannequins with bats.",
"\n\nThe Fair Labor Association -- an industry-funded labor watchdog whose membership includes Apple, a large customer of Foxconn -- released a report in August that Foxconn has moved to bring working hours including overtime down to below 60 hours per week \"with the goal of reaching full compliance with the Chinese legal limit of 40 hours per week, plus an average of 9 hours of overtime per week while protecting worker compensation.\"",
"\n\n\"Immediate health and safety measures\" had been made, such as enforcement of breaks, changing equipment design to reduce repetitive stress injuries and testing of emergency equipment like eyewashes and sprinklers, the August report said.",
"\n\nAn explosion last year at a Foxconn plant that makes Apple's iPad2 in Chengdu killed four people and injured 18 more. ",
"Chinese officials said the blast may have been caused by combustible dust in a polishing workshop. ",
"That incident followed a report by a labor group alleging that workers at the same plant do not have adequate training in the use of chemicals and do not have regular on the job health checks."
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"Q:\n\nWhy do we still have `doc_types` in ElasticSearch Index?",
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"\nThe release notice states that\n\nThe ability to have multiple mapping types per index has been removed in 6.0. ",
"New indices will be restricted to a single type.",
"\n\nThe reason for this removal is given here\n\nIn an Elasticsearch index, fields that have the same name in different mapping types are backed by the same Lucene field internally.",
"\nThis can lead to frustration when, for example, you want deleted to be a date field in one type and a boolean field in another type in the same index.",
"\nOn top of that, storing different entities that have few or no fields in common in the same index leads to sparse data and interferes with Lucene’s ability to compress documents efficiently.",
"\n\nTheir solution to have different Mappings it to have an index per document type.",
"\nMy question is why do we need doc_types anymore? ",
"Isn't it just a nested index now?",
"\n\nA:\n\nElasticsearch 6 uses it for backward compatibility with 5.x. ",
" Elasticsearch 7 deprecates it, as is a standard practice for wanting to remove something in a future update.",
"\nElasticsearch major versions support indices created by the previous major version, otherwise everyone would lose their data upon updating. ",
" It will be removed completely in 8.0.0.",
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"Liu Yuhuang\n\nLiu Yuhuang (; born July 25, 1959) is a retired Chinese long jumper, best known for finishing 5th at the 1984 Olympic Games.",
"\n\nAchievements\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1959 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Chinese male long jumpers\nCategory:Olympic athletes of China\nCategory:Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field)\nCategory:Athletes (track and field) at the 1982 Asian Games\nCategory:Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)\nCategory:Asian Games silver medalists for China\nCategory:Medalists at the 1982 Asian Games\nCategory:Universiade silver medalists for China"
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"he third derivative of d**7/3150 + d**6/450 + d**5/150 - 5*d**4/12 - 14*d**2. ",
"Let t(z) be the second derivative of l(z). ",
"Find q such that t(q) = 0.",
"\n-1\nLet m(g) be the second derivative of g**8/560 + g**7/140 - g**5/20 - g**4/8 + 4*g**3/3 + 16*g. ",
"Let y(q) be the second derivative of m(q). ",
"Solve y(r) = 0.",
"\n-1, 1\nLet v be 1239/18 + 25/6 + -4. ",
"Let g = v - 344/5. ",
"Determine b, given that 0 - 4/5*b**2 + 2/5*b**4 + g*b**5 - 3/5*b**3 + 4/5*b = 0.",
"\n-2, 0, 1\nLet y be -5*(3 - 3 - 1). ",
"Let q(a) = -y*a**3 - 3*a**3 + 7*a**3 + a**2. ",
"Let c(j) = -j**3 + 3*j**2. ",
"Let d(t) = -3*c(t) + 6*q(t). ",
"Factor d(g).",
"\n-3*g**2*(g + 1)\nLet h be (2/120)/(270/405). ",
"Let o(m) be the first derivative of 0*m**4 + 0*m**3 - h*m**5 + 0*m**2 - 1/48*m**6 + 0*m + 7. ",
"Determine s, given that o(s) = 0.",
"\n-1, 0\nLet 718 - 54*b - 52*b - 3310 - 20*b - 18*b - 2*b**2 = 0. ",
"Calculate b.\n-36\nLet m(w) = 13*w**2 - 21*w - 22. ",
"Let h(j) = j + 4. ",
"Let i(b) = 6*h(b) + m(b). ",
"Determine c so that i(c) = 0.",
"\n2/13, 1\nLet g(v) = 152*v**3 + 295*v**2 + 169*v + 5. ",
"Let p(d) = 102*d**3 + 197*d**2 + 113*d + 3. ",
"Let l(j) = 5*g(j) - 7*p(j). ",
"Find r, given that l(r) = 0.",
"\n-1, -2/23\nLet c(f) be the first derivative of f**5/25 - 7*f**4/40 - f**3/5 - 5*f**2 + 10. ",
"Let m(a) be the second derivative of c(a). ",
"Find k, given that m(k) = 0.",
"\n-1/4, 2\nLet a(n) = -n**4 + n - 1. ",
"Let z(j) be the first derivative of -2*j**5 + j**3/3 + 9*j**2/2 - 9*j + 40. ",
"Let l(r) = 36*a(r) - 4*z(r). ",
"Let l(v) = 0. ",
"Calculate v.\n-1, 0, 1\nLet i(o) be the first derivative of 2*o**2 - 3/4*o**4 + 0*o + 1/6*o**6 - 4/3*o**3 - 8 + 2/5*o**5. ",
"Let i(y) = 0. ",
"Calculate y.\n-2, 0, 1\nLet y = 1248 + -1248. ",
"Let b(o) be the third derivative of 0*o + 5*o**2 + 0*o**4 + 1/720*o**6 + y*o**3 + 1/360*o**5 + 0. ",
"Suppose b(m) = 0. ",
"What is m?",
"\n-1, 0\nLet w = 1706 + -66499/39. ",
"Let x = -3/13 + w. Factor 0*t**2 + 4/9 + x*t - 2/9*t**3.",
"\n-2*(t - 2)*(t + 1)**2/9\nLet z(j) be the third derivative of j**6/24 - j**5/12 - 5*j**4/6 + 10*j**3/3 + 2*j**2 - 6*j. ",
"Factor z(g).",
"\n5*(g - 2)*(g - 1)*(g + 2)\nLet h(o) = 280*o - 838. ",
"Let j be h(3). ",
"Factor 5/6*y**3 + 10/3*y**j + 5/3 + 25/6*y.",
"\n5*(y + 1)**2*(y + 2)/6\nLet r(v) be the second derivative of v**6/30 - 13*v**5/30 - 8*v**4/27 + 23*v**3/27 - v**2/2 + 136*v. ",
"Determine z so that r(z) = 0.",
"\n-1, 1/3, 9\nLet z = 194 - 194. ",
"Let u(g) be the third derivative of -1/720*g**6 - 1/120*g**5 + 2*g**2 + z + 0*g - 1/48*g**4 - 1/36*g**3. ",
"Factor u(r).",
"\n-(r + 1)**3/6\nLet f = 37 + -33. ",
"Let t be (3 - 2)*(-2 + f). ",
"Factor -2*n**2 + 8*n - 10*n**2 - 2*n + 3*n**t + 3*n**4.",
"\n3*n*(n - 1)**2*(n + 2)\nLet w(c) = -8*c**2 - 26*c - 1. ",
"Let a(o) = 4*o + 1. ",
"Let v = 9 + -5. ",
"Let n be a(v). ",
"Let j(m) = 3*m**2 + 9*m. ",
"Let i(h) = n*j(h) + 6*w(h). ",
"Factor i(y).",
"\n3*(y - 2)*(y + 1)\nDetermine h so that -72/7 + 33/7*h**2 - 3/7*h**3 + 6*h = 0.",
"\n-2, 1, 12\nFactor 14*i - i**4 + 39*i**3 - 49 + 48*i**2 - 98*i**3 + 45*i**3 - 6*i**4 + 8*i**4.",
"\n(i - 7)**2*(i - 1)*(i + 1)\nSuppose 6 = 8*w - 5*w. ",
"Suppose 3*j + 5*y = w*j + 22, y = 5*j - 6. ",
"Factor -6*a**j - a**3 - 3*a**3 + 2*a - 6*a - a**4 + 0 - 1.",
"\n-(a + 1)**4\nLet c = 70 + -66. ",
"Solve 15*k**5 - 16*k**5 - 2*k**2 + k**3 - 8 + 8 + 2*k**c = 0.",
"\n-1, 0, 1, 2\nDetermine o so that 4/9*o**2 - 2/9*o**5 - 2/3 + 2/9*o**4 + 4/3*o**3 - 10/9*o = 0.",
"\n-1, 1, 3\nFactor 48*b**2 - 22*b - 6*b**3 + 3*b**3 + b**3 - 24*b**2.",
"\n-2*b*(b - 11)*(b - 1)\nFactor 33*o**2 + 947*o**5 + 45*o**3 - 941*o**5 + 27*o**4 + 21*o - 12*o.",
"\n3*o*(o + 1)**3*(2*o + 3)\nLet m(c) = 7*c**2 + 95*c - 96. ",
"Let z(k) = -13*k**2 - 189*k + 192. ",
"Let i(j) = 5*m(j) + 3*z(j). ",
"Find n such that i(n) = 0.",
"\n-24, 1\nFactor -4*p**5 + 7*p**5 + 13*p**4 - 227*p**2 - 10*p**3 + 117*p**2 + 110*p**2.",
"\np**3*(p + 5)*(3*p - 2)\nLet c(r) be the second derivative of -r**7/1050 + r**6/600 + r**5/150 + r**2/2 + 24*r. ",
"Let q(z) be the first derivative of c(z). ",
"Suppose q(m) = 0. ",
"What is m?",
"\n-1, 0, 2\nLet u(k) = -4*k**3 - 45*k**2 - 11*k. ",
"Let i be u(-11). ",
"Determine t, given that 0 - 3/7*t**3 - 2/7*t**2 + 1/7*t**5 + i*t**4 + 0*t = 0.",
"\n-1, 0, 2\nLet k = 4 - 0. ",
"Suppose 0*p = -p + k. Factor c**5 + 5*c**3 - 7*c**3 - 2*c**p + 3*c**3.",
"\nc**3*(c - 1)**2\nLet u = 24 - 21. ",
"Suppose 2*m - 7 + u = 0. ",
"Let -4/5 - 4/5*o - 1/5*o**m = 0. ",
"Calculate o.\n-2\nLet l(d) be the second derivative of -2*d**6/15 + d**4/4 - d**3/6 - 157*d. ",
"Factor l(c).",
"\n-c*(c + 1)*(2*c - 1)**2\nFactor 7*k + 25*k**3 - 5*k**4 + 9*k**2 + 8*k - 28*k**2 - 16*k**2.",
"\n-5*k*(k - 3)*(k - 1)**2\nLet y(l) = -2*l + 7. ",
"Let m be y(-22). ",
"Factor -m*a**2 + 52*a**2 - 6*a**3 - 20*a**4 - 39*a**3 - 31*a**2 - 5*a.",
"\n-5*a*(a + 1)**2*(4*a + 1)\nLet i(h) = -3*h**2 - 50*h + 136. ",
"Let y be i(-19). ",
"Factor -8/5*n**4 - 2/5*n - 12/5*n**y - 8/5*n**2 - 2/5*n**5 + 0.",
"\n-2*n*(n + 1)**4/5\nLet g = 6 - 6. ",
"Let h = 4 + g. Suppose 3*o**4 + 9*o**2 - 3*o**5 + 8*o**3 - 29*o**3 + 12*o**h = 0. ",
"Calculate o.\n0, 1, 3\nLet t(g) be the first derivative of -3*g**5/20 + 171*g**4/4 - 9747*g**3/2 + 555579*g**2/2 - 31668003*g/4 + 10. ",
"Factor t(n).",
"\n-3*(n - 57)**4/4\nLet v(n) = 14*n**3 - 19*n**2 - 4*n + 5. ",
"Let y(k) = -19*k**2 + 41*k**3 - 11*k - 33*k**2 - 4*k**2 + 7 + 8. ",
"Let i(g) = 11*v(g) - 4*y(g). ",
"Let i(t) = 0. ",
"What is t?",
"\n-1/2, 1\nFind q such that -21/4*q + 3/4*q**4 + 15/4*q**2 + 21/4*q**3 - 9/2 = 0.",
"\n-6, -1, 1\nLet s(l) = l**5 + l**4 - l**2 - 2*l + 1. ",
"Let p(h) = -12*h**5 - 36*h**4 - 19*h**3 + 36*h**2 + 30*h + 1. ",
"Let q(r) = p(r) + 3*s(r). ",
"Determine w so that q(w) = 0.",
"\n-2, -1/3, 1\nLet t = 15422/27013 - -2/3859. ",
"What is u in t*u + 2/7*u**2 + 2/7 = 0?",
"\n-1\nLet p(b) be the third derivative of 0*b - 8*b**2 + 3/70*b**7 + 0 + 1/6*b**4 + 1/6*b**3 - 1/30*b**5 - 1/10*b**6. ",
"Determine m, given that p(m) = 0.",
"\n-1/3, 1\nLet y be -1*(-1 + 2) - 400. ",
"Let h = y + 2017/5. ",
"Factor -2/5*b**5 + 0 - h*b**3 - 2/5*b - 8/5*b**2 - 8/5*b**4.",
"\n-2*b*(b + 1)**4/5\nSolve -9/5*q**3 - 12/5*q**4 + 0 + 12/5*q**2 - 3/5*q**5 + 12/5*q = 0 for q.\n-2, -1, 0, 1\nLet i be 6 + -1 + (-78 - -73). ",
"Let z(l) be the third derivative of 1/4*l**4 + i*l - 2/3*l**3 - 1/30*l**5 + 2*l**2 + 0. ",
"Factor z(a).",
"\n-2*(a - 2)*(a - 1)\nLet c(q) be the third derivative of -3/8*q**6 + 0*q + 2*q**3 + 0 + 3*q**2 + 0*q**4 - 19/20*q**5. ",
"Factor c(o).",
"\n-3*(o + 1)*(3*o + 2)*(5*o - 2)\nLet s = -509/2409 - 62/73. ",
"Let f = 30/11 + s. Solve 0 + 1/3*l + f*l**3 - 2*l**2 = 0.",
"\n0, 1/5, 1\nLet x(h) be the second derivative of h**7/63 - h**6/9 + 4*h**5/15 - 2*h**4/9 + h + 1. ",
"Factor x(i).",
"\n2*i**2*(i - 2)**2*(i - 1)/3\nLet j(c) be the first derivative of c**5/20 + c**4/8 - c**2/4 - c/4 - 87. ",
"Find m, given that j(m) = 0.",
"\n-1, 1\nSuppose 3*j = 11 + 10. ",
"Let t = 10 - j. Factor 17*q - 16*q**2 + 3*q**3 + q**t + 15*q - 8 - 12*q.",
"\n4*(q - 2)*(q - 1)**2\nLet q(d) = -3*d**2 + 5 - 5 - 2 + 4*d**2 + 5*d. ",
"Let u be q(-6). ",
"Solve 5 - 2*k**3 - 14*k**2 + 4*k**4 + 2*k**4 + u + 2*k**5 - 1 = 0.",
"\n-2, -1, 1\nLet c(f) = -f - 10*f**2 - 3*f - 4*f**2 + 15*f**2 + 6. ",
"Let t be c(3). ",
"Factor -1/4*z**4 + 1/4*z - 1/4 - 1/2*z**t + 1/4*z**5 + 1/2*z**2.",
"\n(z - 1)**3*(z + 1)**2/4\nLet r(g) be the third derivative of g**9/1512 - g**7/210 + g**5/60 + 2*g**3/3 + 18*g**2. ",
"Let s(a) be the first derivative of r(a). ",
"Factor s(m).",
"\n2*m*(m - 1)**2*(m + 1)**2\nFind u such that 6/11*u + 0 - 2/11*u**2 = 0.",
"\n0, 3\nSuppose -5*g + 14 = -2*f, 5*g - 5*f = -221 + 241. ",
"Factor -1/3*a**g + 0 + 1/3*a.",
"\n-a*(a - 1)/3\nLet a be (-11)/(66/18) - -8. ",
"Let r(x) be the third derivative of 0 - 1/480*x**6 + 0*x**3 + 0*x + 1/240*x**a + 0*x**4 - 7*x**2. ",
"Find i, given that r(i) = 0.",
"\n0, 1\nLet m(g) = 22*g + 83. ",
"Let x be m(-10). ",
"Let k = x + 137. ",
"Factor -1/7*l**2 + 0 + 1/7*l**3 + k*l.",
"\nl**2*(l - 1)/7\nFind c, given that 297*c + 2*c**3 - 590 - 33*c**2 - 15*c**2 + 87*c - 434 = 0.",
"\n8\nLet n(s) be the second derivative of s**6/2340 + s**5/390 + 5*s**3/2 - 7*s. ",
"Let m(j) be the second derivative of n(j). ",
"Factor m(c).",
"\n2*c*(c + 2)/13\nLet l(w) be the second derivative of w**6/30 + 3*w**5/20 - w**4/4 - 11*w**3/6 - 3*w**2 + 63*w. ",
"Factor l(n).",
"\n(n - 2)*(n + 1)**2*(n + 3)\nLet c be 7/(21/(-2)) - 62/(-84). ",
"Let m(b) be the second derivative of 2*b + 0 + 9/10*b**5 + 1/2*b**3 + 2/5*b**6 + c*b**7 + b**4 + 0*b**2. ",
"What is u in m(u) = 0?",
"\n-1, 0\nLet c(r) = 2*r**2 + 68*r - 150. ",
"Let s be 2/9 + (-490)/(-63). ",
"Let u(x) = -x**2 - 45*x + 100. ",
"Let j(d) = s*u(d) + 5*c(d). ",
"What is t in j(t) = 0?",
"\n5\nLet h(g) be the first derivative of -4/5*g - 13 - 1/30*g**6 - 5/3*g**3 - 7/25*g**5 - 8/5*g**2 - 19/20*g**4. ",
"Find o, given that h(o) = 0.",
"\n-2, -1\nLet o(h) be the third derivative of -17*h**2 + 0 + 2/15*h**5 + 0*h + 27/350*h**7 + 39/200*h**6 + 1/30*h*"
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"Pomier Caves\n\nThe Pomier Caves are a series of 55 caves located north of San Cristobal in the south of the Dominican Republic. ",
"They contain the largest collection of rock art in the Caribbean created since 2,000 years ago primarily by the Taíno people but also the Carib people and the Igneri, the pre-Columbian indigenous inhabitants of the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and some of the Lesser Antilles. ",
"These caves have been damaged by the uncontrolled mining of limestone nearby.",
"\n\nImportance\n\nArchaeologists have described the importance of preserving these caves which were first discovered in 1851. ",
"The caves contain approximately 6,000 drawings, carvings and pictographs of birds, fish, reptiles, and human figures. ",
"The paintings were drawn with charcoal mixed with animal fat. ",
"Archaeologists say that the paintings have been protected by the natural humidity provided by the depth of the caves as they extend down to 1,000 feet below sea level.",
"\n\nProtection\nIn 1996, the Anthropological Reserve of Cuevas de Borbón in San Cristóbal was enlarged to protect the El Pomier caves from limestone quarrying. ",
"This raised their protection category, and included them in the National System of Protected Areas, through the General Law on Environmental and Natural Resources, Law 64-00, which also gave instructions to the Secretariat de Estate supervising its application.",
"\n\nGiven the international importance of these caves for the study of Amerindian groups that inhabited the Caribbean Islands for nearly 8,000 years prior to the arrival of western culture, the caves are being considered for the unique category of Capital Prehistoric De Las Antillas (Prehistoric Capital of the Antilles) and the rehabilitation of one of its caves and its surrounding area to match this new category.",
"\n\nSee also\n Carib\n Igneri\n Taíno\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links\n\n Taíno Cave Art Under Siege\n Taíno Caves in the Dominican Republic (photo essay, archived)\n Taino Indian Sites\n Caribbean Reporters and Media House Scoop Up CMEx Media Awards\n\nCategory:Indigenous topics of the Caribbean\nCategory:Caves of the Dominican Republic\nCategory:Carib people\nCategory:Taíno\nCategory:Rock art in North America\nCategory:Geography of San Cristóbal Province\nCategory:Archaeological sites in the Dominican Republic\nCategory:Caves of the Caribbean"
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"U.S.Avengers #10\n\nSECRET EMPIRE AFTERMATH!",
"\nIn the aftermath of SECRET EMPIRE, A.I.M. elects a brand-new Supreme Leader - but Roberto Da Costa has one last mission for the U.S.Avengers.",
"\nNo one ever found Cannonballs body - and we all know what that means...\n\"The Search for Sam\" begins here!",
"\nRated T+"
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"tween 12:42 AM and 7:38 AM?",
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"\n277\nWhat is 535 minutes before 11:42 PM?",
"\n2:47 PM\nWhat is 185 minutes before 9:12 AM?",
"\n6:07 AM\nHow many minutes are there between 10:26 PM and 3:00 AM?",
"\n274\nHow many minutes are there between 3:05 AM and 12:23 PM?",
"\n558\nHow many minutes are there between 5:20 PM and 5:56 PM?",
"\n36\nWhat is 662 minutes after 9:24 PM?",
"\n8:26 AM\nWhat is 406 minutes before 6:22 AM?",
"\n11:36 PM\nHow many minutes are there between 2:30 AM and 8:44 AM?",
"\n374\nWhat is 628 minutes before 2:01 PM?",
"\n3:33 AM\nWhat is 249 minutes after 12:43 PM?",
"\n4:52 PM\nHow many minutes are there between 5:26 AM and 2:11 PM?",
"\n525\nWhat is 101 minutes before 8:41 AM?",
"\n7:00 AM\nWhat is 367 minutes after 9:40 PM?",
"\n3:47 AM\nHow many minutes are there between 2:50 AM and 3:52 AM?",
"\n62\nHow many minutes are there between 4:17 AM and 2:58 PM?",
"\n641\nWhat is 371 minutes before 8:46 PM?",
"\n2:35 PM\nHow many minutes are there between 9:45 AM and 8:40 PM?",
"\n655\nHow many minutes are there between 6:50 AM and 12:45 PM?",
"\n355\nWhat is 607 minutes before 2:24 PM?",
"\n4:17 AM\nHow many minutes are there between 11:49 AM and 6:03 PM?",
"\n374\nHow many minutes are there between 9:59 PM and 5:18 AM?",
"\n439\nHow many minutes are there between 8:06 PM and 3:32 AM?",
"\n446\nHow many minutes are there between 9:57 AM and 1:08 PM?",
"\n191\nHow many minutes are there between 6:57 PM and 12:24 AM?",
"\n327\nWhat is 404 minutes before 5:16 AM?",
"\n10:32 PM\nWhat is 559 minutes before 8:28 AM?",
"\n11:09 PM\nHow many minutes are there between 3:15 PM and 10:27 PM?",
"\n432\nWhat is 680 minutes after 3:50 AM?",
"\n3:10 PM\nWhat is 675 minutes before 4:35 AM?",
"\n5:20 PM\nWhat is 624 minutes before 5:29 PM?",
"\n7:05 AM\nWhat is 48 minutes before 2:42 AM?",
"\n1:54 AM\nHow many minutes are there between 7:24 AM and 2:36 PM?",
"\n432\nWhat is 14 minutes before 3:53 AM?",
"\n3:39 AM\nWhat is 589 minutes after 3:10 PM?",
"\n12:59 AM\nHow many minutes are there between 8:15 AM and 4:20 PM?",
"\n485\nHow many minutes are there between 1:16 PM and 9:04 PM?",
"\n468\nHow many minutes are there between 4:19 PM and 10:12 PM?",
"\n353\nWhat is 661 minutes before 12:05 AM?",
"\n1:04 PM\nHow many minutes are there between 9:01 AM and 4:54 PM?",
"\n473\nWhat is 82 minutes before 5:53 PM?",
"\n4:31 PM\nWhat is 467 minutes after 11:21 PM?",
"\n7:08 AM\nHow many minutes are there between 3:36 AM and 6:58 AM?",
"\n202\nWhat is 325 minutes before 11:56 AM?",
"\n6:31 AM\nHow many minutes are there between 1:00 AM and 2:09 AM?",
"\n69\nWhat is 612 minutes before 10:11 AM?",
"\n11:59 PM\nHow many minutes are there between 3:44 PM and 2:11 AM?",
"\n627\nHow many minutes are there between 9:01 AM and 12:06 PM?",
"\n185\nHow many minutes are there between 6:45 AM and 12:44 PM?",
"\n359\nWhat is 697 minutes before 6:53 AM?",
"\n7:16 PM\nHow many minutes are there between 5:43 PM and 6:10 PM?",
"\n27\nHow many minutes are there between 4:53 AM and 4:18 PM?",
"\n685\nWhat is 627 minutes before 12:25 AM?",
"\n1:58 PM\nHow many minutes are there between 11:39 AM and 7:55 PM?",
"\n496\nHow many minutes are there between 3:25 PM and 4:56 PM?",
"\n91\nWhat is 607 minutes before 8:01 PM?",
"\n9:54 AM\nWhat is 672 minutes after 10:32 AM?",
"\n9:44 PM\nHow many minutes are there between 1:28 AM and 9:07 AM?",
"\n459\nWhat is 56 minutes before 10:36 PM?",
"\n9:40 PM\nHow many minutes are there between 2:31 AM and 6:51 AM?",
"\n260\nWhat is 689 minutes after 6:26 AM?",
"\n5:55 PM\nWhat is 583 minutes before 9:20 PM?",
"\n11:37 AM\nWhat is 576 minutes after 9:00 PM?",
"\n6:36 AM\nWhat is 374 minutes after 7:36 PM?",
"\n1:50 AM\nHow many minutes are there between 10:29 PM and 1:30 AM?",
"\n181\nWhat is 186 minutes after 7:22 PM?",
"\n10:28 PM\nWhat is 159 minutes before 9:52 PM?",
"\n7:13 PM\nHow many minutes are there between 8:16 PM and 12:50 AM?",
"\n274\nWhat is 310 minutes after 7:55 AM?",
"\n1:05 PM\nWhat is 453 minutes after 3:19 AM?",
"\n10:52 AM\nWhat is 714 minutes before 2:59 PM?",
"\n3:05 AM\nHow many minutes are there between 9:02 AM and 3:58 PM?",
"\n416\nHow many minutes are there between 4:05 AM and 2:25 PM?",
"\n620\nHow many minutes are there between 3:53 PM and 3:22 AM?",
"\n689\nWhat is 595 minutes before 6:14 AM?",
"\n8:19 PM\nWhat is 372 minutes before 3:16 PM?",
"\n9:04 AM\nHow many minutes are there between 8:00 AM and 9:00 AM?",
"\n60\nHow many minutes are there between 6:48 PM and 3:34 AM?",
"\n526\nHow many minutes are there between 7:19 PM and 3:35 AM?",
"\n496\nHow many minutes are there between 7:30 AM and 4:28 PM?",
"\n538\nWhat is 627 minutes after 7:56 PM?",
"\n6:23 AM\nHow many minutes are there between 3:10 PM and 2:54 AM?",
"\n704\nHow many minutes are there between 9:20 PM and 7:02 AM?",
"\n582\nHow many minutes are there between 12:07 PM and 12:58 PM?",
"\n51\nHow many minutes are there between 12:39 PM and 10:50 PM?",
"\n611\nWhat is 337 minutes before 12:43 AM?",
"\n7:06 PM\nHow many minutes are there betw"
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"North Hollywood Shootout (album)\n\nNorth Hollywood Shootout is American jam band Blues Traveler's tenth studio album, released on August 26, 2008, and produced by David Bianco, a 1996 Grammy winner. ",
"In a notable departure from previous Blues Traveler releases, the album includes a spoken word piece featuring Bruce Willis.",
"\n\nThis album marked the band's return to Universal Music Group, which owns their previous label A&M Records, and also their current label, Verve Forecast Records (along with the catalog of Sanctuary Records, another label the band was on at one point).",
"\n\nHistory \nDuring early writing and production of this album, the members of Blues Traveler began to experiment with re-arrangements of various older songs, and put this album on hold to record Cover Yourself for their twentieth anniversary. ",
"The recording sessions for the two albums were held back-to-back.",
"\n\nTrack listing \n \"Forever Owed\" – 4:43\n \"You, Me and Everything\" – 4:21\n \"Love Does\" – 3:31\n \"Borrowed Time\" – 3:38\n \"The Beacons\" – 3:14\n \"Orange in the Sun\" – 3:53\n \"What Remains\" – 4:48\n \"How You Remember It\" – 4:06\n \"The Queen of Sarajevo\" – 4:01\n \"Free Willis (Ruminations from Behind Uncle Bob's Machine Shop)\" – 5:51\n \"Alleviate\" (Japan-exclusive track)\n \"The Landing\" (iTunes-only track)\n\nEarly reports cite the disc as having 11 tracks, but the supposedly official track listing released to amazon.com had only 10 tracks listed on it. ",
"However, a later version of the track listing released on the Barnes and Noble website included the supposedly missing 11th track (apparently track 10), \"The Landing,\" along with a 30-second sample of the song. \"",
"The Landing\" eventually became an iTunes exclusive song.",
"\n\nPersonnel \n John Popper - vocals, harmonica\n Chandler Kinchla - guitars\n Ben Wilson - Keyboards\n Tad Kinchla - Bass\n Brendan Hill - Drums\n Bruce Willis - Vocals, harmonica on \"Free Willis\"\n Dave Ralicke - Baritone, Tenor and Alto Sax\n Jordan Katz - Trumpet\n\nSee also \n North Hollywood shootout\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:2008 albums\nCategory:Blues Traveler albums\nCategory:Verve Forecast Records albums"
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" F I L E D\n United States Court of Appeals\n Tenth Circuit\n UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS\n JUN 17 2003\n TENTH CIRCUIT\n PATRICK FISHER\n Clerk\n\n UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,\n\n Plaintiff-Appellee, No. ",
"02-6141\n v. (D.C. No. ",
"CR-01-155-C)\n LUCIO ZUNIGA-PEREZ, (W.D. Oklahoma)\n\n Defendant-Appellant.",
"\n\n\n ORDER AND JUDGMENT *\n\n\n\n\nBefore EBEL , BRISCOE , and HARTZ , Circuit Judges.",
"\n\n\n A jury convicted defendant Lucio Zuniga-Perez of one count of possession\n\nof marijuana with intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), and\n\none count of traveling in interstate commerce in aid of a racketeering enterprise,\n\nin violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1952(a)(3). ",
"Defendant challenges his convictions,\n\nclaiming that the district court erred by (1) denying his motion to suppress; (2)\n\nerroneously admitting statements of an alleged coconspirator under Federal Rule\n\n\n\n\n *\n This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the\ndoctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. ",
"The court\ngenerally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order\nand judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. ",
"R. 36.3.",
"\n\fof Evidence 801(d)(2)(E); and (3) denying his motion for judgment of acquittal.",
"\n\nWe exercise jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.",
"\n\nI. BACKGROUND\n\n Defendant’s convictions arose from the seizure of 2,600 pounds of\n\nmarijuana from a tractor-trailer driven by Defendant and Ernesto Herrera-Medina.",
"\n\nOn the afternoon of August 1, 2001, Trooper Tracy Brown of the Oklahoma\n\nHighway Patrol pulled the tractor-trailer over for following too closely to another\n\nvehicle on Highway 54 near Guymon, Oklahoma. ",
"When he turned on his flashing\n\nlights to initiate the traffic stop, his police car’s audio/video recorder engaged and\n\nrecorded the entire traffic stop and subsequent events.",
"\n\n Inside the truck’s cab were Mr. Herrera-Medina, who was driving,\n\nDefendant, who was the codriver, and Defendant’s 14-year-old nephew. ",
"Trooper\n\nBrown approached the truck and asked Mr. Herrera-Medina to accompany him to\n\nthe police car with the appropriate paperwork, including his driver’s license and\n\nthe bill of lading and log book for the truck. ",
"Mr. Herrera-Medina complied.",
"\n\nDefendant and his nephew remained in the cab.",
"\n\n Once inside the police car, Trooper Brown reviewed Mr. Herrera-Medina’s\n\npaperwork. ",
"The log book indicated that the truck’s load had originated in\n\nLancaster, California, and was due in Waldorf, Maryland, on August 2. ",
"It showed\n\nthat Defendant and Mr. Herrera-Medina had taken a detour off the most direct\n\n\n -2-\n\froute to Maryland, and had driven the truck approximately 300 miles out of the\n\nway to Phoenix, Arizona, where they stayed for 27 hours. ",
"When Trooper Brown\n\nasked Mr. Herrera-Medina about the deviation to Phoenix, Mr. Herrera-Medina\n\nbecame visibly nervous. ",
"He replied that they had gone to Phoenix to visit his\n\nbrother. ",
"Trooper Brown testified that he found this unusual, since it appeared that\n\nthe truck’s shipment would be late as a result of the side trip to Phoenix, and the\n\ndriver would be financially penalized 10% for late delivery. ",
"He also testified that\n\nhe found it curious that the truck was driving on Highway 54, which was a slower\n\nand less direct route towards Maryland, but which, unlike interstate highways, did\n\nnot have ports-of-entry where trucks are subject to inspection.",
"\n\n Nevertheless, Trooper Brown decided to let Mr. Herrera-Medina go with a\n\nwarning for following too closely to another vehicle. ",
"He issued the warning and\n\nreturned Mr. Herrera-Medina’s paperwork. ",
"Then, as Mr. Herrera-Medina began\n\nto leave the police car, Trooper Brown asked him if he would answer a few more\n\nquestions. ",
"He agreed.",
"\n\n Trooper Brown inquired whether anyone had ever asked him or his codriver\n\nto haul anything illegal, and if there were any drugs, alcohol, or guns in the\n\ntruck’s trailer. ",
"Mr. Herrera-Medina answered “no” to these questions, but\n\nappeared nervous. ",
"Trooper Brown then asked Mr. Herrera-Medina whether he\n\n\n\n\n -3-\n\fwould consent to a search of the truck, to which Mr. Herrera-Medina replied,\n\n“Yeah, sure.”",
"\n\n When Mr. Herrera-Medina opened the door to the truck’s trailer, Trooper\n\nBrown smelled a strong odor of raw marijuana. ",
"At that point Trooper Brown\n\ndirected Mr. Herrera-Medina to go back and sit in the police car. ",
"He called for\n\nback-up and arrested Mr. Herrera-Medina, Defendant, and Defendant’s nephew.",
"\n\n Defendant and Mr. Herrera-Medina were handcuffed and placed in custody\n\nin Trooper Brown’s police car. (",
"Defendant’s nephew was put in a separate police\n\nvehicle.) ",
"As the police searched the truck, the audio/video equipment in the\n\npolice car remained engaged and recorded incriminating statements in Spanish\n\nmade by Defendant and Mr. Herrera-Medina. ",
"The search of the truck revealed\n\napproximately 2,600 pounds of marijuana. ",
"Subsequent to the search, Mr. Herrera-\n\nMedina told police that he had been approached by someone in Phoenix and asked\n\nto transport marijuana to New York. ",
"He claimed that Defendant knew nothing\n\nabout the drugs. ",
"Defendant also told police that he was unaware that there were\n\ndrugs in the trailer.",
"\n\n Defendant and Mr. Herrera-Medina were each indicted on one count of\n\npossession of marijuana with intent to distribute, and one count of traveling in\n\ninterstate commerce in aid of a racketeering enterprise. ",
"Although Mr. Herrera-\n\nMedina pleaded guilty to the indictment, Defendant proceeded to trial. ",
"He was\n\n\n -4-\n\fconvicted on both counts, and was sentenced to 120 months’ imprisonment. ",
"This\n\nappeal followed.",
"\n\nII. ",
"MOTION TO SUPPRESS\n\n Defendant first argues that the district court erred when it denied his\n\npretrial motion to suppress (1) the marijuana seized from the truck and (2)\n\nstatements made by Defendant and Mr. Herrera-Medina in the police car. ",
"He\n\ncomplains about the initial stop of the truck, the subsequent detention of its\n\npassengers, and the recording of the statements. “",
"On appeal from the denial of a\n\nmotion to suppress, we review the district court’s factual findings for clear error,\n\nits conclusions of law de novo, and view the evidence in the light most favorable\n\nto the prevailing party.” ",
"United States v. Gallegos, 314 F.3d 456, 458 (10th Cir.",
"\n\n2002). ",
"Applying this standard, we conclude that the district court properly denied\n\nDefendant’s motion to suppress.",
"\n\n A. The traffic stop and detention\n\n Defendant asserts that the initial stop of the truck and the detention of its\n\npassengers violated the Fourth Amendment. ",
"First, he contends that the traffic\n\nstop was unsupported by reasonable suspicion. ",
"But under Oklahoma law:\n\n No vehicle which has more than six tires in contact with the road\n shall approach from the rear of another vehicle which has more than\n six tires in contact with the road closer than three hundred (300) feet\n except when passing such said vehicle.",
"\n\n\n\n -5-\n\fOkla. Stat. ",
"tit. ",
"47, § 11-310(c). ",
"Trooper Brown testified at the suppression\n\nhearing that he had observed the truck following approximately 40 feet behind a\n\nvehicle with more than six tires.",
"\n\n Defendant counters that what Trooper Brown observed was an inadvertent\n\n“technical violation” of the statute, because “[t]he lead truck slowed down . . .",
"\n\ncausing the distance between Herrera-Medina and the lead truck to close\n\nabruptly.” ",
"Aplt.",
"’s Br. ",
"at 23. ",
"Citing United States v. Gregory, 79 F.3d 973 (10th\n\nCir. ",
"1996), he contends that such a violation is insufficient to justify the stop. ",
"We\n\ndisagree.",
"\n\n In Gregory we held that a single incident of swerving to the right into the\n\nemergency lane of a winding road did not constitute a violation of a Utah statute\n\nrequiring vehicles to be operated “as nearly as practical entirely within a single\n\nlane . . . .” ",
"Id. at 978 (quoting Utah Code Ann. § ",
"41-6-61(1) (emphasis added)).",
"\n\nGregory is distinguishable from the situation here because the Oklahoma statute\n\n“provides no such leeway.” ",
"United States v. Bustillos-Munoz, 235 F.3d 505, 513\n\n(10th Cir. ",
"2000) (distinguishing Gregory where the defendant allegedly violated a\n\nstatute prohibiting the use of high-beam lights when “following another vehicle\n\nwithin two hundred feet to the rear, except when . . . ",
"passing”).",
"\n\n Defendant also complains that the truck was stopped using an illegal\n\n“roving checkpoint.” ",
"Aplt.",
"’s Br. ",
"at 21. ",
"He asserts that the “mission of the\n\n -6-\n\fSpecial Operations Division of the Oklahoma Highway Patrol”—of which\n\nTrooper Brown is a member—“is to stop vehicles traveling the highways of\n\nOklahoma, not for traffic enforcement, but to find evidence of more serious\n\ncriminal activity.” ",
"Id. These methods, according to Defendant, are\n\nunconstitutional under City of Indianapolis v. Edmond, 531 U.S. 32 (2000).",
"\n\n Defendant’s reliance on Edmond is misplaced. ",
"In Edmond the Supreme\n\nCourt held that it violates the Fourth Amendment for law enforcement officers to\n\nconduct a highway-checkpoint program whose primary purpose is the interdiction\n\nof illegal drugs. ",
"That case, however, dealt with suspicionless seizures—there,\n\nfixed checkpoints at which police, without reasonable suspicion, stopped a\n\npredetermined number of vehicles in the hopes of detecting drug-related activity.",
"\n\nThe Court inquired into the programmatic purpose behind the traffic stops\n\nbecause they were “undertaken pursuant to a general scheme without\n\nindividualized suspicion.” ",
"Id. at 45-46. ",
"But it reiterated the general rule that\n\n“‘[s]ubjective intentions play no role in ordinary, probable-cause Fourth\n\nAmendment analysis.’” ",
"Id. at 45 (quoting Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806,\n\n813 (1996)). ",
"Unlike the stops at issue in Edmond, the traffic stop in this case was\n\nprompted by reasonable suspicion that Mr. Herrera-Medina violated Oklahoma\n\nlaw. ",
"As a result, it is irrelevant whether another subjective or programmatic\n\npurpose motivated the stop. ",
"See United States v. Botero-Ospina, 71 F.3d 783, 787\n\n\n -7-\n\f(10th Cir. ",
"1995) (en banc). ",
"We hold that the initial stop did not violate the Fourth\n\nAmendment.",
"\n\n Defendant next argues that even if the initial stop was valid, Trooper\n\nBrown unlawfully detained the truck’s passengers by continuing to question\n\nMr. Herrera-Medina after issuing the warning citation and returning his\n\npaperwork. ",
"He contends that Mr. Herrera-Medina’s consent to search the truck\n\nwas fruit of that illegal detention, and thus the marijuana seized pursuant to that\n\nconsent must be suppressed.",
"\n\n Delay for further questioning does not violate the Fourth Amendment,\n\nhowever, if it is consensual. ",
"United States v. Patten, 183 F.3d 1190, 1193 (10th\n\nCir. ",
"1999). “",
"A traffic stop may become a consensual encounter, requiring no\n\nreasonable suspicion, if the officer returns the license and registration and asks\n\nquestions without further constraining the driver by an overbearing show of\n\nauthority.” ",
"United States v. West, 219 F.3d 1171, 1176 (10th Cir. ",
"2000).",
"\n\n After reviewing the police car’s audio/video recording of the traffic stop,\n\nthe district court found that Trooper Brown did not coerce or otherwise compel\n\nMr. Herrera-Medina to remain for additional questioning after the return of the\n\npaperwork. ",
"The record supports this finding. ",
"Accordingly, we conclude that the\n\ndistrict court did not clearly err in finding that Mr. Herrera-Medina voluntarily\n\nconsented to the additional questioning.",
"\n\n -8-\n\f B. Recording of statements in the police car\n\n Defendant seeks to suppress the statements recorded in Trooper Brown’s\n\npolice car. ",
"After Trooper Brown arrested Defendant and Mr. Herrera-Medina, he\n\nplaced them in his vehicle but did not advise them that it contained an\n\naudio/video device that would record their conversation. ",
"While by themselves in\n\nthe police car, Defendant and Mr. Herrera-Medina made a number of\n\nincriminating statements. ",
"Defendant argues that the recording of these statements\n\nviolated Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, 18\n\nU.S.C. §§ 2510-2522 (Title III).",
"\n\n Title III protects oral communications “uttered by a person exhibiting an\n\nexpectation that such communication is not subject to interception under\n\ncircumstances justifying such expectation . . . .” ",
"18 U.S.C. § 2510(2). ",
"Evidence\n\nobtained in violation of Title III is inadmissible in court proceedings. ",
"18 U.S.C.\n\n§ 2515; United States v. Turner, 209 F.3d 1198, 1200 (10th Cir. ",
"2000). ",
"For Title\n\nIII to apply, a court must find “(1) the defendant had an actual, subjective\n\nexpectation of privacy—i.e., that his communications were not subject to\n\ninterception; and (2) the defendant’s expectation is one society would objectively\n\nconsider reasonable.” ",
"Turner, 209 F.3d at 1200 (internal quotation marks\n\nomitted).",
"\n\n\n\n\n -9-\n\f Our decision in Turner effectively forecloses Defendant’s contention that\n\nTitle III was violated in this case. ",
"In Turner the defendant and his passenger\n\nagreed to wait in a police car as an officer searched the defendant’s car. ",
"While in\n\nthe police car, the defendant made incriminating statements which were recorded\n\nby an audio device. ",
"We rejected the defendant’s argument that the statements\n\nwere obtained in violation of Title III, holding that “under Title III or the Fourth\n\nAmendment, society is not prepared to recognize an expectation that\n\ncommunications in a patrol car, under facts presented here, are not subject to\n\ninterception.” ",
"Id. at 1200-01 (footnote omitted).",
"\n\n Defendant seeks to distinguish Turner by arguing that, unlike the defendant\n\nin that case, Defendant and Mr. Herrera-Medina were in custody and Mirandized\n\nwhen their statements were recorded. ",
"But in Turner we stated that “whether an\n\nindividual is in custody does not materially affect an expectation of privacy in a\n\npolice car.” ",
"Id. at 1201. ",
"And Defendant does not explain how the fact that\n\nDefendant and Mr. Herrera-Medina had received Miranda warnings changes the\n\nanalysis; the recorded conversation was not the product of any interrogation.",
"\n\nTherefore, we conclude that Defendant lacked an objectively reasonable\n\nexpectation of privacy, and accordingly his statements were not obtained in\n\nviolation of Title III.",
"\n\n\n\n\n -10-\n\f We hold that the district court properly denied Defendant’s motion to\n\nsuppress.",
"\n\nIII. ",
"HEARSAY RULING\n\n Defendant next contends that the district court erred when it admitted\n\nrecorded statements made by Mr. Herrera-Medina to Defendant in the police car.",
"\n\nThe court admitted the challenged statements under the coconspirator exception to\n\nthe hearsay rule, Fed. ",
"R. Evid. ",
"801(d)(2)(E), which provides that statements of a\n\ncoconspirator are not considered hearsay and “may properly be admitted if the\n\ncourt finds: 1) a conspiracy existed; 2) both the declarant and the defendant . . .",
"\n\nwere members of the conspiracy; and 3) the statement[s] w[ere] made in the\n\ncourse of and in furtherance of the conspiracy.” ",
"United States v. Eads, 191 F.3d\n\n1206, 1210 (10th Cir. ",
"1999) (internal quotation marks omitted). ",
"Defendant does\n\nnot argue that there was insufficient evidence from which the district court could\n\nfind that Mr. Herrera-Medina’s statements came within the hearsay exception.",
"\n\nInstead, he argues that the court’s finding of a conspiracy was dependent upon\n\nwhether Defendant or Mr. Herrera-Medina made a particular statement on the\n\nrecording, and the court improperly delegated to the jury the task of making that\n\nfinding. ",
"To understand his argument we must first discuss the events leading to\n\nthe court’s evidentiary ruling.",
"\n\n\n\n\n -11-\n\f Before trial the district court held a James hearing to determine whether it\n\nshould admit the statements from the police car. ",
"See generally United States v.\n\nJames, 590 F.2d 575 (5th Cir. ",
"1979). ",
"A key issue at the hearing was whether\n\nDefendant or Mr. Herrera-Medina made the statement, “I should have thrown out\n\nthe Black guy’s telephone [number] that’s in my billfold. . . . ",
"I’m saying I’ve got\n\nthe Black guy’s telephone [number] in my billfold. ",
"This is the first time we’ve\n\ndone this, right?” ",
"Aplt’s App. ",
"at 2, 4. ",
"The government’s English translation of\n\nthe Spanish conversation attributed the statement to Defendant, whereas\n\nDefendant’s proffered translation attributed the statement to Mr. Herrera-Medina.",
"\n\nThis is the only statement attributed to Defendant that he claims he did not make.",
"\n\nThe statement is significant because a few weeks after it was made, Trooper\n\nBrown discovered hidden between the back seats of his police car a note with a\n\ntelephone number and the name “Jimmy” written on it. ",
"The telephone number\n\nwas ultimately linked to a (black) marijuana dealer named Jimmy.",
"\n\n Defendant does not argue that someone other than Defendant or\n\nMr. Herrera-Medina was the source of the note found in the police car. ",
"And\n\nevidence presented at the James hearing and at trial strongly suggested that the\n\nnote was in Defendant’s billfold when the statement was made, indicating that he,\n\nnot Mr. Herrera-Medina, spoke of, “[the] telephone [number] that’s in my\n\nbillfold.” ",
"Trooper Brown testified that when the statement was made, Defendant\n\n\n -12-\n\fwas handcuffed, behind his back, in the back seat of the police car, while Mr.\n\nHerrera-Medina was handcuffed in the front seat. ",
"He stated that only an\n\nindividual in the back seat would have had access to the area in the vehicle where\n\nthe note was discovered. ",
"And critically, later in the recorded conversation (in a\n\nportion that was admitted on grounds other than coconspirator hearsay—a ruling\n\nthat Defendant does not challenge on appeal), Mr. Herrera-Medina asked\n\nDefendant, “Can you put your hand in your pocket and take the paper out of your\n\nbillfold? ",
"You can stuff it under the seat and they can find it later on,” to which\n\nDefendant replied, “Let’s see if I can. ",
"I got it.” ",
"Aplt’s App. ",
"at 11.",
"\n\n The court apparently believed, at least at one point, that the identity of the\n\nspeaker was relevant to its determination of whether statements in the police car\n\nwere admissible under Rule 801(d)(2)(E). ",
"It ultimately ruled at the conclusion of\n\nthe James hearing that the recorded statements made before Defendant and\n\nMr. Herrera-Medina were Mirandized—including the statement regarding the\n\n“Black guy’s telephone [number]”—would be admitted under the coconspirator\n\nexception to the hearsay rule. ",
"The court stated:\n\n I believe that what is being said and by whom on this\n videotape is a question of fact for the jury and it would be\n inappropriate for me to invade the province of the jury. ",
"There has\n been an instruction submitted . . . ",
"regarding the translation and\n permitting the jury to find what it will about the translation. ",
"I think\n whether this statement was made by [Defendant] or Mr. Herrera[-\n Medina] has some bearing on whether there is a conspiracy still in\n\n\n -13-\n\f existence and whether there is -- there are decisions being made in\n the course of this conversation which are in furtherance of the\n conspiracy.",
"\n\n\n If it was clear to me that that was not [Defendant] making the\n statement, then I think it would have been appropriate to exclude the\n evidence. ",
"But because it is not clear to me, it is a question of fact for\n the jury, and if found against [Defendant], would be in furtherance\n of the conspiracy. ",
"I am going to permit the introduction of the\n discussion in the police cruiser up to the time of the Miranda\n warnings being given. ",
"Thereafter, only [Defendant’s] statements\n may be used against him. ",
"There may be an occasion where Mr.\n Herrera[-Medina’s] statements are not being offered for any truth\n therein but merely as context for [Defendant’s] statements. ",
"If that is\n the case, they will be admitted.",
"\n\n\nR., Vol. ",
"III, at 57-58 (emphasis added).",
"\n\n Defendant seizes upon the emphasized portion of this language and argues\n\nthat the district court admitted Mr. Herrera-Medina’s statements without making\n\nthe required findings under Rule 801(d)(2)(E). ",
"He asserts that the court\n\n“abdicated its role” by in effect allowing the jury to determine whether the\n\ncoconspirator exception applied. ",
"Aplt.",
"’s Br. ",
"at 29. ",
"But he ignores the later\n\nportion of the James hearing when the court’s thinking had apparently crystalized\n\nand the court unequivocally stated the Rule 801(d)(2)(E) predicates were\n\nsatisfied:\n\n Before the Miranda warnings, my ruling is: The statements\n made by both [Defendant] and Mr. Herrera[-Medina] are in\n furtherance of the conspiracy that I find to exist from not only this\n conversation but all other testimony at the motion to suppress and\n\n -14-\n\f that I heard this morning, and those conversations are therefore\n admissible. ",
"They will be admissible subject to an instruction to the\n jury that they are free to find whatever they find about the\n translation.",
"\n\n\nR., Vol. ",
"III, at 59 (emphasis added).",
"\n\n Although the district court stated that its ruling was “subject to” a jury\n\ninstruction, the court did not instruct the jury regarding a conspiracy or any of the\n\nother Rule 801(d)(2)(E) predicates. ",
"Rather, the court’s reference to a jury\n\ninstruction is consistent with the instructions it ultimately gave—that the jury was\n\nnot bound by either side’s translation of the recorded conversation, and that it, as\n\nthe factfinder, must decide what was said on the tape and by whom.",
"\n\n Our conclusion that the district court made the required Rule 801(d)(2)(E)\n\nfindings is buttressed by later statements by the court. ",
"At trial the court said:\n\n My ruling is that at the time the Miranda warnings were given,\n the conspiracy is over. ",
"Any statement made thereafter is neither in\n the course of or in furtherance of the conspiracy. ",
"Nothing comes in\n under the co-conspirator exception after the warning. ",
"However,\n [Defendant’s] statements can come in whenever they were made as\n his own statements.",
"\n\nR., Supp. ",
"Vol. ",
"I, at 123.",
"\n\n To the extent that Defendant is arguing that the identity of the declarant is\n\nitself an additional Rule 801(d)(2)(E) predicate, his argument misses the mark.",
"\n\nThe identity of the declarant need not be established so long as the district court\n\n\n -15-\n\fdetermines that the declarant was a member of a conspiracy with the defendant\n\nand that the statement was made in the course of and in furtherance of the\n\nconspiracy. ",
"See, e.g., 4 Christopher B. Mueller & Laird C. Kirkpatrick, Federal\n\nEvidence, § 426, at 299 (2d ed. ",
"1994) (“[I]f it is clear that the statement was made\n\nby someone in a conspiracy with the defendant, inability to attribute the statement\n\nto a particular person does not prevent resort to the [coconspirator] exception.”).",
"\n\nAs we have discussed, the district court made those findings, and Defendant does\n\nnot argue that they were incorrect. ",
"Our conclusion also disposes of Defendant’s\n\nargument that the admission of the statements violated his Confrontation Clause\n\nrights under Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123 (1968). ",
"See Bourjaily v.\n\nUnited States, 483 U.S. 171, 182 (1987) (“[T]he requirements for admission under\n\nRule 801(d)(2)(E) are identical to the requirements of the Confrontation Clause,\n\nand since the statements were admissible under the Rule, there was no\n\nconstitutional problem.”).",
"\n\n We note that the district court ruled that Defendant’s own statements from\n\nthe police car were admissible as party admissions. ",
"See Fed. ",
"R. Evid.",
"\n\n801(d)(2)(A). ",
"Defendant does not challenge this ruling. ",
"Thus, if Defendant made\n\nthe statement regarding the “Black guy’s telephone [number]”—the only\n\nstatement within the ambit of the district court’s coconspirator hearsay ruling that\n\nDefendant identifies as being prejudicial—the statement would be admissible\n\n\n -16-\n\fagainst him if he was the speaker. ",
"As discussed above, there was ample evidence\n\nfrom which the jury could infer that Defendant made the statement. ",
"Under the\n\ncircumstances, the identity of the speaker was a proper jury question, see Fed. ",
"R.\n\nEvid. ",
"104(b); United States v. Gil, 58 F.3d 1414, 1419-20 (9th Cir. ",
"1995) (district\n\ncourt properly admitted written statement as party admission subject to jury’s\n\ndetermination that defendant was the author, where there was sufficient evidence\n\nfrom which jury could infer that defendant made the statement), and the district\n\ncourt did not err in admitting the statement.",
"\n\nIV. ",
"MOTION FOR JUDGMENT OF ACQUITTAL\n\n Defendant’s final argument is that the district court erred in denying his\n\nmotion for judgment of acquittal, because there was insufficient evidence to\n\nsupport his convictions for either (1) possession of marijuana with intent to\n\ndistribute, or (2) traveling in interstate commerce in aid of a racketeering\n\nenterprise. ",
"Defendant argues that the government failed to show a link between\n\nhimself and the marijuana found in the truck, and therefore failed to carry its\n\nburden of proving knowing possession of the drugs. ",
"We review “a denial of a\n\nmotion for judgment of acquittal de novo, viewing the evidence in the light most\n\nfavorable to the government in determining if there is substantial evidence from\n\nwhich a jury could find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.”",
"\n\nUnited States v. Austin, 231 F.3d 1278, 1283 (10th Cir. ",
"2000).",
"\n\n -17-\n\f Possession of a controlled substance may be actual or constructive. ",
"See\n\nUnited States v. Reece, 86 F.3d 994, 996 (10th Cir. ",
"1996). “[",
"C]onstructive\n\npossession may be found if a person knowingly has ownership, dominion or\n\ncontrol over the narcotics and the premises where the narcotics are found.” ",
"Id.\n\n(internal quotation marks omitted). “",
"To prove constructive possession when there\n\nis joint occupancy of a vehicle, the government must present direct or\n\ncircumstantial evidence to show some connection or nexus individually linking\n\nthe defendant to the contraband.” ",
"United States v. Valadez-Gallegos, 162 F.3d\n\n1256, 1262 (10th Cir. ",
"1998). “",
"The government must present some evidence\n\nsupporting at least a plausible inference that the defendant had knowledge of and\n\naccess to the . . . ",
"contraband.” ",
"Id. (internal quotation marks omitted; ellipsis in\n\nthe original).",
"\n\n Viewed in the light most favorable to the government, the evidence was\n\nsufficient for a rational jury to conclude that Defendant had constructive\n\npossession of the marijuana seized from the truck. ",
"His involvement with the\n\ndrugs extended beyond his mere presence in the truck, or even his role as\n\ncodriver. ",
"Most important is the evidence that when Defendant was arrested, he\n\nhad in his billfold a note containing the name and telephone number of the person\n\nwhom Defendant admits was “the individual to whom the marijuana was to be\n\ndelivered.” ",
"Aplt’s Br. ",
"at 33. ",
"Also quite damaging were his statements to\n\n\n -18-\n\fMr. Herrera-Medina as the police were searching the truck: “I’m gonna tell them\n\nI don’t know anything,” Aplt’s App. ",
"at 2, 4; “The first time, man, that they catch\n\nus,” id. at 18; and “The trouble I got this one into,” a reference to his nephew,\n\nwho had been traveling with them. ",
"Id. at 2, 4. ",
"One can also infer guilty\n\nknowledge from evidence that he resorted to false statements to explain the\n\ntruck’s detour to Phoenix. ",
"See United States v. Johnson, 57 F.3d 968, 972 (10th\n\nCir. ",
"1995).",
"\n\n With respect to the requirement that the government prove that Defendant\n\npossessed the marijuana with the specific intent to distribute it, we note that “[a]\n\nlarge quantity of the drug will support a reasonable inference that a defendant\n\nintended to distribute it.” ",
"United States v. Wood, 57 F.3d 913, 918 (10th Cir.",
"\n\n1995). ",
"Approximately 2,600 pounds of marijuana was seized from the truck; the\n\ngovernment valued it at over $4 million. ",
"A drug enforcement agent testified that\n\nthis was not an amount for personal use. ",
"On these facts, the jury could infer\n\nintent to distribute. ",
"We conclude that there was sufficient evidence admitted at\n\ntrial from which a rational jury could find that Defendant knowingly possessed\n\nthe marijuana with the intent to distribute.",
"\n\n Sufficient evidence also supports Defendant’s conviction for traveling in\n\ninterstate commerce in aid of a racketeering enterprise, 18 U.S.C. § 1952(a)(3)\n\n(Travel Act). ",
"To establish a Travel Act violation, the government was required to\n\n\n -19-\n\fprove that Defendant: “(1) traveled or used facilities in interstate commerce; (2)\n\nwith the intent to promote, manage, establish, carry on or facilitate the promotion,\n\nmanagement, establishment, or carrying on of a prohibited activity; and (3)\n\nthereafter attempted to or did in fact engage in one of the proscribed activities.”",
"\n\nUnited States v. Dorrough, 927 F.2d 498, 502 (10th Cir. ",
"1991). ",
"A proscribed or\n\nunlawful activity is defined as, among other things, a “business enterprise\n\ninvolving . . . ",
"narcotics or controlled substances . . . .” ",
"18 U.S.C. § 1952(b)(1).",
"\n\n Defendant’s argument with respect to the Travel Act conviction is identical\n\nto his argument regarding his conviction for possession with intent to\n\ndistribute—that there was insufficient evidence linking him to the drugs. ",
"For the\n\nreasons already stated, we disagree. ",
"Accordingly, after reviewing the trial record,\n\nwe are satisfied that a rational jury could properly convict Defendant under the\n\nTravel Act.",
"\n\nV. CONCLUSION\n\n We AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.",
"\n\n ENTERED FOR THE COURT\n\n\n\n Harris L Hartz\n Circuit Judge\n\n\n\n\n -20-\n\f"
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"Q:\n\nmerging 2 virtual hard disks on a cloud server\n\nI have a cloud server based on Windows Server 2008 r2, with 2 hard disks, one with O.S. installed on it, the other one is empty.",
"\nBoth the disk have 30GB of space. ",
"The first one is almost full and I would like to merge the 2 to have only one disk.",
"\nIs that possibile?",
"\nI have tried with AOMEI software, but I can only resize the main disk. ",
"I see no option to merge the 2.",
"\nI suppose it's because the main disk ha operting system on it, or what?",
"\nCan this merge be done ro not? ",
"\nThe hosting provider told me about a paging file, but after few reaserches on internet, I do not think it's the proper way to follow.",
"\nAny suggestion?",
"\nThank you very much.",
"\nEDIT\nI have added a screenshot of the disk situation\ndisks situation\n\nA:\n\nThose are not two disks, they are two partitions on the same disk; this makes things a lot simpler.",
"\nYou don't need to convert the disk to a dynamic disk (although this would absolutely not involve any data loss, you are misleaded here; converting a disk from basic to dynamic is a completely safe operation; it's the reverse that requires deleting all volumes on it).",
"\nSimply delete the last partition on the disk (volume E:), then right-click on volume C: and select the option to extend it on the empty space you just freed.",
"\n\n"
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"Classification of loops of lampbrush chromosomes according to the arrangement of transcriptional complexes.",
"\nThe arrangement of transcriptional units in the loops of lampbrush chromosomes from oocyte nuclei of urodele amphibia and from primary nuclei of the green alga Acetabularia have been studied in the electron microscope using spread preparations. ",
"Loops with different patterns of arrangement of matrix units (i.e. to a first approximation, transcriptional units) can be distinguished: (i) loops consisting of one active transcriptional unit; (ii) loops containing one active transcriptional unit plus additional fibril-free, i.e. apparently untranscribed, intercepts that may include 'spacer' regions; (iii) loops containing two or more transcriptional units arranged in identical or changing polarities, with or without interspersed apparent spacer regions. ",
"Morphological details of the transcriptional complexes are described. ",
"The observations are not compatible with the concept that one loop reflects one and only one transcriptional unit but, rather, lead to a classification of loop types according to the arrangement of their transcriptional units. ",
"We propose that the lampbrush chromosome loop can represent a unit for the coordinate transcription of either one gene or a set of several (different) genes."
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"It is known to use artificial structures to assist muscular contraction. ",
"Such structures are adapted to assist atrial or ventricular contraction, or to assist or replace a natural sphincter. ",
"The use of such artificial sphincters has increased in recent years because faecal and urinary incontinences now affects more than 10% of people over 60 years of age and dramatically increases in patients over 80 years of age. ",
"Several pharmaceutical or surgical solutions have been developed for treating urinary and faecal incontinences. ",
"Generally, the outcome of surgery for treatment of urinary and faecal incontinence has to be regarded as low. ",
"The impacts on health care costs and overall quality of life of the patient are enormous.",
"\nThe AMS800 artificial sphincter for urinary incontinence is commercialized by American Medical Systems and is composed of three components, a cuff, a pump, and a pressure-regulating balloon. ",
"The cuff is implanted at the bulbous urethra in males and is inflatable by means of a fluid. ",
"The pump is implanted in the scrotum and the pressure-regulating balloon is implanted in the abdomen. ",
"The major problems when using AMS800 is the tissue erosion around the urethra due to the constant pressure, the atrophy and irritation of tissues at the location of the inflatable cuff, and the emergency surgery for repair should the device remain in closed position in the event of mechanical failure. ",
"All other commercialized artificial sphincters whether for urinary or faecal incontinences bear similar drawbacks.",
"\nThe ProAct™ artificial sphincter for urinary incontinence is commercialized by Uromedica and is composed of two small implantable balloons. ",
"During a short outpatient procedure, the balloons are surgically placed under the skin in the area where the prostate of the patient was surgically treated. ",
"The balloons help protect against accidental leaking of urine by increasing the amount of pressure required to urinate. ",
"When the patient needs to urinate, a normal amount of effort still should be required to push the urine out. ",
"However, the pressure from the balloons will help guard against unintentional urine loss, such as during a sneeze or cough. ",
"The major problems when using ProACT™ are identical to the problems using AMS800 artificial sphincter described above.",
"\nFlowSecure™, manufactured by Sterilin Ltd, another silicone hydraulic urinary sphincter similar to AMS800, has an extra pressure transmission balloon to transfer increased intra abdominal pressure directly to the cuff. ",
"Implantation of this device is technically feasible, but still difficult and is reported to be safe and effective in the short-term for the treatment of male urodynamic stress urinary incontinence, arising from a number of etiologies. ",
"However, the major problems when using FlowSecure™ are identical to the problems using AMS800 artificial sphincter described above.",
"\nSome publications describe the use of artificial sphincters comprising shape memory alloy elements suitable for opening and closing a part of an organ in a living body. ",
"EP 1 238 638 describes an artificial sphincter having an opening/closing portion for opening and closing, wherein said opening/closing portion has: a pair of elongated shape memory alloy elements that change reversibly between opposite shapes upon changes in temperature, and hinges that link said pair of shape memory alloy elements together in a cylindrical shape. ",
" \nSuch artificial sphincter is placed around the intestine of a human or animal inside the body near to an intestinal opening so that the opening/closing portion constricts the intestine. ",
"When the shape memory alloy elements are heated, they change shape, so that the constricting force on the intestine is lost.",
"\nHowever, as the opening/closing portion is still constricting the same region of the intestine, there is likely damage to this part of the body, and more especially a risk of tissue erosion, atrophy and burns, due to the constant pressure and heating of the shape memory alloy elements.",
"\nReversible thermal lesions occur when the local temperature is increased to the 42° C. to 44° C. range (5 C-7° C. over the normal body temperature of 37° C.) and that irreversible thermal lesions occur when the local temperature is increased above 45° C. (>8° C. temperature rise over 37° C., which is the normal temperature). ",
"The time over overheating also plays an important role.",
"\nMoreover, in normal state, the shape memory alloy elements are not heated and are each bent to constrict the intestine. ",
"That means that heating is necessary to open the artificial sphincter. ",
"If the heating means fail, the sphincter remains closed and cannot be opened what may be leading to life threatening complications. ",
"An emergency surgery is then necessary to open the artificial sphincter to solve the problem.",
"\nAnother artificial sphincter has been proposed in JP 07-051304. ",
"This document describes a constrictor comprising two shape memory alloy elements with different shape memories, and covered by covering materials. ",
"The first covering material is formed in a shape to close the urethra in the daytime, and the second covering material is formed in a shape to half close the urethra in the night. ",
"This sphincter allows changing the pressure to the urethra, in order to prevent the incontinence in life action in the daytime, and to avoid necrosis of the tissue by loosing the pressure to the urethra in the night.",
"\nHowever, the drawbacks of such artificial sphincters are that there is a risk of tissue erosion and consequential necrosis, due to the high constant pressure to the urethra during the day and that there is a risk of incontinence during the night. ",
"If the shape memory alloy is no more efficient or is broken, the whole sphincter should be moved and replaced.",
"\nMoreover, JP 07-051304 discloses an artificial sphincter in which the shape memory alloy elements are disconnected from each other. ",
"This embodiment does not allow optimal pressure control.",
"\nMoreover, this kind of shape memory alloy elements uses a lot of power. ",
"That means that the battery needs to be changed very often or alternatively very large batteries have to be used.",
"\nEP 1 598 030 discloses a urine incontinence treatment apparatus, comprising a restriction device for engaging the urethra to form a restricted urine passageway in the urethra, the restriction device being operable to change the restriction of the urine passageway, a source of energy, and a control device operable from outside the patient's body for controlling the source of energy to release energy for use in connection with the operation of the restriction device, a motor or pump implantable in the patient, wherein the source of energy is adapted to power the motor or pump and the control device is adapted to control the motor or pump to operate the restriction device. ",
"The source of energy can be an internal battery with a lifetime of at least 10 years. ",
"However, as disclosed in EP 1 598 030, an internal battery is an advantageous solution for embodiments of the apparatus that have a relatively high consumption of energy, which cannot be satisfied by direct supply of wireless energy. ",
"Therefore, even if the lifetime of the internal battery is of 10 years, the operation time of said internal battery is shorter as the energy consumption is very high. ",
"Said internal battery should therefore be changed very often.",
"\nWO 2009/048399 discloses an apparatus for controlling a flow of sperms in an uterine tube, comprising an implantable flow influence device to be applied on at least one portion of the uterine tube. ",
"The energy source is a implantable primary battery or accumulator. ",
"Preferably the energy source is external and a control device controls the external energy source to transmit wireless energy from the outside of the patient's body to the inside. ",
"The energy will directly be used or the operation of the device e.g. to power the constriction/stimulation unit. ",
"The internal source may store energy. ",
"The constriction/stimulation device needs high energy to be activated but also to be maintained in an activated position. ",
"Therefore the preferable energy supply is the wireless transmission of energy. ",
"A drawback of wireless transmission is its efficiency. ",
"In case of using an accumulator for storing energy the accumulator has to be recharged frequently that reduces the lifetime of the accumulator.",
"\nWO 2009/004092 discloses an artificial structure comprising several contractile elements adapted to contract an organ by means of contractile fibers. ",
"Such fibers need high energy to be activated but also to be maintained in an activated position. ",
"As disclosed in WO 2009/004092 an implanted rechargeable battery needs to be recharged at least once a day using a battery volume in the range of this invention. ",
"Larger rechargeable batteries with more capacity exist but would not be possible to implant.",
"\nWO 2004/066879 discloses a male sexual impotence treatment apparatus, comprising a constriction member extending in a loop around the penile tissue. ",
"Wireless energy transfer is used to electrically power the constriction member during device operation that means external energy is wireless transmitted from the outside of the patient's body to the inside to recharge the implantable battery. ",
"The energy will directly be used or the operation of the device or to recharge the battery. ",
"The actuator is fixed on the constriction member in such a way that an electric wire linking the actuator to a source of energy goes through the body of the patient. ",
"A drawback of wireless transmission is its efficiency. ",
"Another drawback is the recharging of the battery. ",
"Small rechargeable batteries have to be replaced after about 1 year.",
"\nWO 2007/066344 discloses an implantable extra cardiac compression device for left ventricular assistance in severe heart failure. ",
"The device comprises metal flanges that are passively flexed at springed-hinges by a vertically moving metal cup. ",
"The flanges are connected to each other by a high-tensile, elastic polymer membrane. ",
"However, with such device, one flange, used alone, cannot contract the organ. ",
"Moreover, such device needs high energy to be activated but also to be maintained in an activated position. ",
"The external battery that may be recharged will be connected transcutaneously to the motor assembly placed inside the patient's abdomen. ",
"A transcutaneous connection always bears a risk of infection.",
"\nTherefore there are, at the present time, no adequate solutions, whether commercial or in the literature, for implanting battery-powered devices aimed at frequently pressing organs, whereby the battery can operate for a couple of years without recharging."
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[
"Excited-State Spectra of Strongly Correlated Molecules from a Reduced-Density-Matrix Approach.",
"\nExcited-state energies are computed in the space of single-electron transitions from the ground state from only a knowledge of the two-electron reduced density matrix (2-RDM). ",
"Previous work developed and applied the theory to small molecular systems with accurate results, but applications to both larger and more correlated molecules were hindered by ill-conditioning of the effective eigenvalue problem. ",
"Here we improve the excited-spectra 2-RDM theory through a stable Hamiltonian-shifted regularization algorithm that removes the near singularities within the computation. ",
"The theory with ground-state 2-RDMs from the variational 2-RDM method is applied to the excited energies of strongly correlated molecules including the optical band gap of hydrogen and acene chains, the singlet-triplet splitting of nickel dithiolates, as well as the low-lying excited states of an optical dye. ",
"While single-excitation theories like CISD and TD-DFT underestimate band gaps and excited-state splittings, the 2-RDM theory yields band gap and excited-state splittings that are in good agreement with full configuration interaction and experiment where available."
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"#!",
"/usr/bin/env python\n# -*- Mode:Python; indent-tabs-mode:nil; tab-width:4 -*-\n#\n# Copyright (C) 2017 Canonical Ltd\n#\n# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify\n# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 3 as\n# published by the Free Software Foundation.",
"\n#\n# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ",
" See the\n# GNU General Public License for more details.",
"\n#\n# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License\n# along with this program. ",
" If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.",
"\n\nimport os\nimport subprocess\nimport tempfile\n\nfrom launchpadlib.launchpad import Launchpad\n\n\nACTIVE_DISTROS = (\"xenial\", \"artful\", \"bionic\")\nACTIVE_ARCHITECTURES = (\"amd64\", \"i386\", \"armhf\", \"arm64\")\n\n\ndef main():\n try:\n cookie_file_path = save_cookie()\n for distro, architecture, version in snapcraft_ppa_packages():\n request_autopkgtest_execution(\n cookie_file_path, distro, architecture, version\n )\n finally:\n os.remove(cookie_file_path)\n\n\ndef save_cookie():\n cookie_file = tempfile.",
"NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False)\n cookie_file.write(\n \"autopkgtest.ubuntu.com\\tTRUE\\t/\\tTRUE\\t0\\tsession\\t{}\".format(\n os.environ.get(\"SNAPCRAFT_AUTOPKGTEST_COOKIE\")\n )\n )\n cookie_file.close()\n return cookie_file.name\n\n\ndef snapcraft_ppa_packages():\n launchpad = Launchpad.login_anonymously(\"snappy-m-o\", \"production\")\n ubuntu = launchpad.distributions[\"ubuntu\"]\n snapcraft_daily_ppa = launchpad.people[\"snappy-dev\"].getPPAByName(\n name=\"snapcraft-daily\"\n )\n\n for distro in ACTIVE_DISTROS:\n for architecture in ACTIVE_ARCHITECTURES:\n distro_arch = ubuntu.getSeries(name_or_version=distro).getDistroArchSeries(\n archtag=architecture\n )\n for package in snapcraft_daily_ppa.getPublishedBinaries(\n status=\"Published\",\n binary_name=\"snapcraft\",\n exact_match=True,\n distro_arch_series=distro_arch,\n ):\n yield distro, architecture, str(package.binary_package_version)\n\n\ndef request_autopkgtest_execution(cookie_path, distro, architecture, version):\n output = subprocess.check_output(\n [\n \"wget\",\n \"-O-\",\n \"--load-cookies\",\n cookie_path,\n \"https://autopkgtest.ubuntu.com/request.cgi?release={distro}&\"\n \"arch={architecture}&package=snapcraft&\"\n \"ppa=snappy-dev/snapcraft-daily&\"\n \"trigger=snapcraft/{version}\".format(\n distro=distro, architecture=architecture, version=version\n ),\n ]\n )\n if \"Test request submitted\" not in output:\n exit(\"Failed to request the autopkgtest\")\n\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n main()\n"
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[
"The polyphenylene ether resins are a family of engineering thermoplastics that are well known to the polymer art. ",
"These polymers may be made by a variety of catalytic and non-catalytic processes from the corresponding phenols or reactive derivatives thereof. ",
"By way of illustration certain of the polyphenylene ethers are disclosed in Hay, U.S. Pat. ",
"Nos. ",
"3,306,874 and 3,306,875, and in Stamatoff, U.S. Pat. ",
"Nos. ",
"3,257,357 and 3,256,358. ",
"In the Hay patents, the polyphenylene ethers are prepared by an oxidative coupling reaction comprising passing any oxygen-containing gas through a reaction solution of a phenol and a metal-amine complex catalyst. ",
"Other disclosures relating to processes for preparing polyphenylene ether resins, including graft copolymers of polyphenylene ethers with styrene type compounds, are found in Fox, U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"3,356,761; Sumitomo, U.K. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"1,291,609; Bussink et al., ",
"U.S. Pat. ",
"Nos. ",
"3,337,892; Blanchard et al., ",
"3,219,626; Laakso et al., ",
"3,342,892; Borman, 3,344,116; Hori et al., ",
"3,384,619; Faurote et al., ",
"3,440,217; and Cooper et al., ",
"3,661,848, 3,733,299, 3,383,102, and 3,988,297. ",
"Disclosures relating to metal based catalysts which do not include amines, are known from patents such as Wieden et al., ",
"U.S. Pat. ",
"Nos. ",
"3,442,885 (copper-amidines); Nakashio et al., ",
"3,573,257 (metal-alcholate or -phenolate); Kobyashi et al., ",
"3,445,880 (cobalt chelates); and the like. ",
"In the Stamatoff patent, the polyphenylene ethers are produced by reacting the corresponding phenolate ion with an initiator, such as peroxy acid salt, an acid peroxide, a hypohalite, and the like, in the presence of a complexing agent. ",
"Disclosures relating to non-catalytic processes, such as oxidation with lead oxide, silver oxide, etc., ",
"are described in Price et al., ",
"U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"3,383,212. ",
"Cizek, U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"3,383,435 discloses polyphenylene ether-styrene resin compositions. ",
"All of the above-mentioned disclosures are incorporated by reference.",
"\nIn the prior art, rubber-modified styrene resins have been admixed with polyphenylene ether resins to form compositions that have modified properties. ",
"The Cizek patent, U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"3,383,435, discloses rubber-modified styrene resin-polyphenylene ether resin compositions wherein the rubber component is of the unsaturated type such as polymers and copolymers of butadiene. ",
"The physical properties of these compositions are such that it appears that many of the properties of the styrene resins have been upgraded, while the moldability of the polyphenylene ethers are improved.",
"\nThe conventional polymerization of conjugated dienes yields rubber with the structure (CH.dbd.",
"CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.2).sub.x, with two methylene groups between each double bond. ",
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"The 1980s is not the decade that birthed metal, but it did define it. ",
"The standard set by bands like Metallica, Megadeth, Slayer and a host of others still casts a daunting and ever present shadow to this day. ",
"Many modern bands are still trying to escape its shade while some sit back and bask in the darkness.",
"\n\nJohn Huber, the maestro behind Skeleton Rose, prefers the darkness. ",
"One listen through Necro confirms that he is a meticulous student of metal. ",
"John proudly stands on the shoulders of giants letting his influences bleed into the music but never enough to drown out his own originality. ",
"This same method has been used diligently by major label bands. ",
"Who could forget Machine Head’s The Blackening or their follow-up Unto the Locust? ",
"Lest we forget Power Trip’s recent Nightmare Logic? ",
"These albums oozed ’80s inspiration without directly ripping off their predecessors.",
"\n\nNecro has this in common with the aforementioned albums with an ear for harmony and a pleasing melody setting an effective juxtaposition to the brutal vocal delivery and subject matter. ",
"The tracks on this album are as finely crafted as an authentic 7 layered dip. ",
"Each ingredient adding rather than detracting from the entire dish to create one helluva tasty bite.",
"\n\n“Phantasma” opens the album a la’ Trivium’s “The End of Everything” setting the tone for the grandiosity to come. “",
"The Hateful Dead” is an ambitious second track clocking in at 11 minutes. ",
"I encourage you to read the lyrics along with the album. ",
"John is a poetic writer whose words paint beautiful pictures that complement Skeleton Rose’s lavish soundtracks. ",
"The track has enough moving parts to keep the listener engaged and ends on some truly ominous bell tolls that add an extra layer of ambience.",
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"The intro to this reminded me of Machine Head in their prime. ",
"This is a thrasher to the core with an infectious main riff. ",
"It is fitting that this is the shortest track on the album and the song is better for it. “",
"Blood in the Nile” begins with a sickly acoustic march and ominously plucked strings. ",
"This track showcases syncopated and complex riffage. ",
"Where it truly shines is the solo a little over five minutes in. “",
"Necro” begins with thunderous tom work and eerie leads creating a disorientating experience as John’s vocals erupt into the mix. ",
"The disorientation has the desired effect as it compliments the plodding chorus riff well. ",
"This ode to death is worthy of being the title track.",
"\n\nDo you remember the soundtrack to boss battles on old Nintendo consoles? “",
"Nine Swallows All” Starts with a riff worthy of a boss battle and it never lets up. ",
"This track picks up the pace for the second half of the album and was a wise choice by John Huber. ",
"Album structure and song pacing is important people! ",
"The song sets itself apart from other tracks on the album with the acoustic break that sneaks its way in at the 5:45 mark. “",
"Pale Rider (Eyes of the Devil)” happens to be one of my personal favorites. ",
"The intro creates a soundscape unlike any I’ve heard in modern metal. ",
"It is a genre-less intro that could find its way into any song today and that’s saying something. ",
"The ending is equally as memorable as the intro but I won’t spoil that…\n\nThe album ends with a one-two punch that is “Now I Cast You Down” and “Haunt Me”, two of the best tracks on the album that will stomp a mud-hole in your sorry ass. ",
"I’d put the latter up with any metal song released this year. ",
"Go listen to them as I have no words to give them justice.",
"\n\nWill we ever top metal’s greatest decade? ",
"I don’t know. ",
"Necro gives me hope that we can respect our forefathers while creating something entirely original and entertaining. ",
"This is a GREAT album that sounds phenomenal too. ",
"There was tender love and care injected into this album that exudes that elusive “it” factor. ",
"A must listen for 2019 start to finish. ",
"Just like that 7 layered dip, the deeper you plunge the chip the greater the reward.",
"\n\nShow Skeleton Rose some love guys!",
"\n\nRATING: 96%\n\nFavorite Songs: “Haunt Me”, “Pale Rider (Eyes of the Devil)”, “Never Bleed”\n\nRelease Date: 6/15/2019\n\nSupport Skeleton Rose: Bandcamp, Facebook, Instagram\n\nCheck out our other blogs!",
"\n\nShare this Facebook Twitter Reddit"
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"Eradicating Load Testing Errors - Part 1: Correlation Errors\n\nVadim Kleyzit, Max Kleyzit, StresStimulus, https://www.stresstimulus.com/\n\nBeware of the nasty problem\n\nYou just installed a new load testing tool and are very excited to start testing the performance of your web application. ",
"You selected this tool because its training video showed how easy it is to use. ",
"Just navigate through a test scenario while the tool records it. ",
"Then the tool will emulate real world impact on the server infrastructure by replaying this scenario with as many virtual users (VUs) as you need and monitor how well your application performs under load. ",
"While this may seem pretty simple, testing may not go as you planned. ",
"The website under test can refuse to cooperate with the VUs. ",
"Errors may be thrown or functionality may seem to be broken. ",
"This means you are likely dealing with a correlation issue.",
"\n\nWhat this article is about: this two-part article presents a deep dive into dealing with correlation errors often found when load testing Web and mobile applications. ",
"Part 1 reviews performance testing errors and explains how to recognize correlation issues. ",
"Published in the next issue, part 2 will introduce a comprehensive method to fix these problems.",
"\n\nWho should read this: Developers, software quality assurance specialists and performance engineers who want to master performance testing and avoid typical mistakes in handling testing issues.",
"\n\nWhat is correlation? ",
"It is a common mechanism in web applications consisting of two aspects as shown in figure 1.",
"\n\nWhile communicating with multiple clients, the server generates dynamic values such as cookies, tokens or IDs that are included in responses. ",
"Every user session receives a unique set of values. ",
"The server then expects to receive these values back in subsequent requests.",
"\n\nThe name \"correlation\" points out that the dynamic values in the requests are related to the corresponding values in the previous responses. ",
"A web browser naturally correlates the dynamic values. ",
"In load testing tools however, the clients are virtual users and not browsers, so correlation must be handled using other means.",
"\n\nWhy is correlation necessary? ",
"Here are several examples:\n\nSession ID. ",
"The server communicates with multiple clients at any given moment. ",
"Because the HTTP protocol is stateless, the server cannot determine which client sent a particular request by just using protocol metadata. ",
"Therefore, the server generates a unique ID when it establishes communication with this clien, to match requests to the client who sent them. ",
"The client should return this ID on all subsequent requests.",
"\n\nFigure1 - How Correlation Works\n\nSecurity tokens. ",
"The authentication process issues a security token that is sent back and forth between the server and client. ",
"Examples are Single Sign-on Security Token and AntiForgeryToken.",
"\n\nApplication context or state. ",
"In client/server systems, the server needs to have the application context of every user to process its requests correctly. ",
"The application context may include various data about past user activity. ",
"For scalability purposes, application context might not be stored on the server, but rather be included in all HTTP roundtrips. ",
"One example of a dynamic parameter that carries application state is the \"__ViewState\" parameter in ASP.NET applications. ",
"On every postback to the server, the web browser must return the same _ViewState value that it received in the previous response.",
"\n\nIn all of these examples, if the clients fail to return the expected dynamic values generated on the server, the application will break.",
"\n\nHow web browser implements correlation. ",
"The physical browser is designed to carry-over values from responses to the subsequent request thanks to several embedded mechanisms implementing correlation logic. ",
"Here are a few examples:\n\nHyperlinks . ",
"Often time the server renders a web page with a hyperlink containing a query string with a dynamic parameter. ",
"When a user clicks on the link, the browser sends a request with the query string containing this parameter.",
"\n\n. ",
"Often time the server renders a web page with a hyperlink containing a query string with a dynamic parameter. ",
"When a user clicks on the link, the browser sends a request with the query string containing this parameter. ",
"Cookie correlation. ",
"The server sends cookie information to the client using the Set-Cookie header. ",
"The browser will include the cookie in every subsequent request to the server.",
"\n\nThe server sends cookie information to the client using the header. ",
"The browser will include the cookie in every subsequent request to the server. ",
"Web form hidden fields . ",
"By default, the browser will submit hidden fields unchanged to the server when a user posts back the form.",
"\n\n. ",
"By default, the browser will submit hidden fields unchanged to the server when a user posts back the form. ",
"Programmatic correlation. ",
"The client's code can include the custom logic of storing dynamic server values and re-injecting them to requests when required. ",
"Such logic can be implemented in the webpage's JavaScript, or client-side code executed in Silverlight, Adobe Flex or another environment.",
"\n\nWhat is the problem with the virtual users? ",
"The essential component of load testing is realistically emulating user-base impact on a servers' infrastructure by instantiating hundreds or thousands of virtual users. ",
"A VU is a lightweight software object that generates HTTP traffic. ",
"Its main job is to be indistinguishable from a real user from the server's perspective. ",
"Unlike a real client, they are not designed to execute JavaScript or fully emulate the browser's behavior. ",
"Therefore, VUs do not implement correlation mechanisms. ",
"Instead, they just replay the traffic as it was recorded while using a small footprint, so hundreds or even thousands of users can be emulated from a single machine. ",
"Therefore, correlation must be created manually.",
"\n\nWho correlates your test? ",
"Some load testing tools can automatically create the required rules in the test configuration or script. ",
"This method is called autocorrelation. ",
"Not all errors, however, can be fixed this way, and the remaining issues must be addressed by applying manual correlation techniques. ",
"This article describes a comprehensive manual correlation method that simplifies it and makes it more efficient.",
"\n\nTen reasons why correlation errors are tough\n\nAmong load testing errors, correlation errors are the toughest. ",
"Here is why:\n\n1. ",
"Not obvious. ",
"If you are a novice in performance testing, it may not be obvious why correlation is necessary. ",
"It appears that the end-user knowledge of the application under test should be sufficient to record a scenario and run the test. ",
"Deep understanding of application internals seems to be unnecessary for successful load testing. ",
"After all, you are a tester, not a developer. ",
"The problem is that dynamic variables that are at the center of correlation are hidden from the end-user and live under the hood.",
"\n\nSide note: Does it mean that before testing application, you have to learn how it is designed? ",
"Fortunately, no. ",
"The comprehensive method of manual correlation described in Part 2 of this article will allow you to correlate applications of any complexity like a pro without spending time on learning application logic.",
"\n\n2. ",
"Correlate or not to correlate. ",
"Your test runs with errors. ",
"Does it mean that you need to correlate it? ",
"It depends on the type of errors you're dealing with. ",
"Broken correlation causes some but not all errors in the test. ",
"Non-correlation related errors cannot be fixed by correlation and vice versa. ",
"It puts correlation errors in a class by itself as you can see in load test error classification below. ",
"Unfortunately distinguishing them from other errors can be challenging as they look similarly.",
"\n\n3. ",
"Invisible errors. ",
"If you don't receive errors in your test, it can be bad news. ",
"While HTTP errors are easy to find because their response code is in the 400 or 500 range, some application errors can escape detection. ",
"If the VU incorrectly replayed business transaction messages, error pages return by the server can have a valid response code 200. ",
"Such error can be easily missed unless you monitor responses for specific known content indicating a failure. ",
"If you don't know that the problem exists, you don't know that it should be fixed.",
"\n\n4. ",
"Unclear goal. ",
"Since correlation errors are difficult to detect, it is also difficult to determine if the correlation rules that you created fixed the error.",
"\n\n5. ",
"Deal breaker. ",
"Correlation is not necessary to make your test better. ",
"It is necessary to make your test work. ",
"Running a performance test before all correlation issues are resolved is largely a waste of time. ",
"Because broken correlation causes errors in some transactions, they will fail and complete sooner. ",
"If such errors are not fixed, the average response times in the test report may be largely inaccurate. ",
"Relying on such test result can cause troubles for your team or clients.",
"\n\n6. ",
"Autocorrelation - false expectations? ",
"Some tools like Jmeter and most other open source tools do not offer autocorrelation. ",
"It means that even the most obvious dynamic variables like ViewState in ASP.NET websites must be correlated manually. ",
"High-quality commercial tools provide an autocorrelation feature. ",
"Does this mean that the correlation problem is solved? ",
"Not really. ",
"Some top-notch tools can reliably emulate standard behavior embedded in the web browser such as web forms or cookie correlation. ",
"But the biggest challenge is presented by applications where the dynamic variables are handled programmatically by a client-side JavaScript or other client runtimes such as Silverlight or Adobe Flex. ",
"Load testing tools would need to reverse engineer such client logic to crack down hidden correlation rules, and this is not easy. ",
"According to [1], the automatic correlation in load runner works in only 5% of cases and manual correlation is more advisable. ",
"If you expect that autocorrelation will resolve all errors, you may be disappointed as some of the errors have to be rectified manually.",
"\n\n7. ",
"Inconsistent result. ",
"To make things worse, you can never be sure that a script that successfully handles one application will also work with your next application or even the next version of the same application. ",
"Sometimes simple upgrading underlying framework to the next version will break your test script. ",
"Sometimes a script that worked last week stops working on Monday even though no changes were made on the server, except that over the weekend, the server was rebooted and some values that seemed to be static last week are actually dynamic keys that are re-generated on reboots. ",
"This unpredictability makes manual correlation even more inevitable.",
"\n\n8. ",
"Platform specific vs. systematic approach. ",
"There are some publications dedicated to correlation load tests of particular web frameworks or popular Enterprise applications, such as PeopleSoft, Oracle BI, Cognos reports, SharePoint and Microsoft CRM Dynamics. ",
"They list dynamic parameters belonging to these platforms and provide other helpful platform-specific hints. ",
"This may create an impression that the key to successful correlation is learning specific platforms. ",
"However, it diverts attention from focusing on a systematic and comprehensive approach that works in all environments.",
"\n\n9. ",
"Manual correlation is poorly defined. ",
"While there are some useful publications dedicated to correlation, they largely lack a systematic description of the manual correlation as a process. ",
"For example, a vague explanation like \"It may take some searching to find, but careful study of a detailed log will eventually yield the session id\" [2] provides some hints to the solution but not the solution itself.",
"\n\n10. ",
"Correlation-is-getting-harder trend. ",
"As web applications' versatility evolves over time, so does their complexity. ",
"Developers \"hide\" more often dynamic variables in nontraditional parts of the HTTP message like custom headers. ",
"An increasing variety of application protocols and encoding methods create even more challenges for correlation. ",
"Having a comprehensive approach to correlation becomes, even more, essential.",
"\n\nSimplifying the problem\n\nFortunately, you do not have to know how dynamic values are created or how they're used in the web application to understand and solve the correlation challenge. ",
"Instead, we can use a \"black box approach\" to simplify the problem by focusing exclusively on significant aspect and ignoring complicated and unessential details.",
"\n\nThree properties of the correlation:\n\nThe server creates a dynamic value and includes it in response.",
"\n\nThe client sends back the same value in one or several subsequent requests.",
"\n\nThe value must change either across the VUs or across the iterations of replaying the test scenario.",
"\n\nCorrelating the load test means to emulate such client behavior by creating correlation rules.",
"\n\nWhat is a correlation rule? ",
"It is an algorithm for extracting dynamic values from a server response and using it to substitute some recorded values in the subsequent requests. ",
"To create such rules you need to ascertain:\n\nwhich responses contain a dynamic value and how to find it;\n\nwhich requests should use this value and what search-and-replace pattern should apply.",
"\n\nCorrelation rules should be added to the test configuration or test script so the VUs can correctly handle dynamic variables.",
"\n\nTo start fixing correlation errors, you need to know how to distinguish them from other errors.",
"\n\nLoad test errors\n\nThere are three types of errors that you may encounter in connection with load testing (Figure 2):\n\n1. ",
"System Errors are caused by the application, framework, or network. ",
"They are not related to the test configuration. ",
"In an ideal world, these errors must be exposed during functional testing and addressed before the performance testing cycle. ",
"In reality, you may run into them while recording a test scenario or verifying the script. ",
"It is important to recognize them quickly and report to the system stakeholders. ",
"If you falsely mistake system errors for test errors and try to address them by tweaking the test configuration, you will be wasting time.",
"\n\n2. ",
"Performance Errors, like the previous group, are thrown by the system under test. ",
"However, they appear only on elevated load levels. ",
"Tracking down such errors is one of the goals of load testing. ",
"For example, a concurrency error happens when an application cannot handle more than N concurrent users. ",
"Once the load emulation exceeds N users, some transaction will fail. ",
"Performance errors should be addressed last. ",
"A detailed discussion about fixing them is outside of the scope of this article.",
"\n\n3. ",
"Load Test Errors are entailed by incorrect test configuration and should be fixed by correcting test script, configuration or execution. ",
"This group can be broken down into four categories:\n\na. Recording Errors are caused by using an incorrect or old recording. ",
"Here are three examples:\n\nIf you record traffic from the web browser that has primed cache, some requests may be missing in the recording. ",
"To avoid such issues, before recording, always clear the browser cache or launch a browser in Private mode [3].",
"\n\nIf you started recording when the web browser displays one of the pages, your script would miss some initial actions, such as session initiation handshaking. ",
"When recording, always start a fresh browser instance.",
"\n\nIf after script recording, the application was modified, and this caused script verification errors, you need to either fix your script manually or re-record. ",
"Fixing it may include editing, repositioning, deleting existing or adding new requests.",
"\n\nFigure 2 - Load Test Error Classification\n\nb. Test Environment Errors. ",
"The incorrect or incomplete configuration of the test environment can induce some errors. ",
"Here are two examples:\n\nAfter recording the scenario over HTTPS, replaying it with a single user, triggers multiple problems due to an issue with certificate. ",
"To fix it, install a certificate on the browser or mobile device.",
"\n\nAfter recording the scenario, the application under test changed host, port or schema (HTTP to HTTPS and vice versa). ",
"It should be addressed by appropriate tool settings.",
"\n\nc. Correlation Errors are caused by missing correlation parameters.",
"\n\nd. Non-Correlation Errors are all remaining test errors.",
"\n\nThe last two categories of errors are the most challenging. ",
"Let's review non-correlation errors first.",
"\n\nNon-Correlation Errors\n\nThese errors have to be resolve first to leave the toughest correlation errors for the end. ",
"Here are a few examples of non-correlation errors:\n\nUnique constraint. ",
"Your test scenario involves user entry of unique data. ",
"When replaying the script with a single user, the system will throw an error because of a unique constraint violation. ",
"These types of errors are easy to replicate by repeating the same user entry in the browser. ",
"To fix this issue, parameterize the recorded entry values to substitute them with unique values on replay. ",
"See the differences between parameterization and correlation below.",
"\n\nYour test scenario involves user entry of unique data. ",
"When replaying the script with a single user, the system will throw an error because of a unique constraint violation. ",
"These types of errors are easy to replicate by repeating the same user entry in the browser. ",
"To fix this issue, parameterize the recorded entry values to substitute them with unique values on replay. ",
"See the differences between parameterization and correlation below. ",
"User session limit . ",
"Some applications allow one session per authenticated user. ",
"If a real user tries to log in from a second browser, the system will either reject authentication or log him off in the first browser. ",
"When you replay a test scenario recorded on such application, it will work with one VU. ",
"However, it will break with two or more VUs. ",
"To resolve this issue, parameterize the recorded user credentials with an array of credentials, so every VU is treated as a unique user. (",
"This is one of few non-correlation issues that does not prevent successful correlation and, therefore, can be addressed after correlation is complete.)",
"\n\n. ",
"Some applications allow one session per authenticated user. ",
"If a real user tries to log in from a second browser, the system will either reject authentication or log him off in the first browser. ",
"When you replay a test scenario recorded on such application, it will work with one VU. ",
"However, it will break with two or more VUs. ",
"To resolve this issue, parameterize the recorded user credentials with an array of credentials, so every VU is treated as a unique user. (",
"This is one of few non-correlation issues that does not prevent successful correlation and, therefore, can be addressed after correlation is complete.) ",
"Client dynamic parameters. ",
"In some applications, the client can also originate some dynamic values, such as a random GUID or a timestamp. ",
"Requests with such values must be parameterized to avoid replay errors.",
"\n\nCorrelation vs. Parameterization. ",
"Parameterization helps to resolve some of the discussed non-correlation errors. ",
"It is also used for reasons not related to fixing errors. ",
"For example, you recorded a test scenario of a person entering her name and contact information to create a customer profile. ",
"To emulate such scenario more realistically, dynamic data that varies on different test iterations should replace the recorded values entered in the web form fields.",
"\n\nSimilarly to correlation, parameterization replaces the recorded value with dynamic data. ",
"However unlike the former, the latter does not use values generated on the server [4]. ",
"Instead, it uses predefined data sets, random data, or other information originated on the client such as a timestamp.",
"\n\nTo start fixing correlation errors, you need to identify them first. ",
"The next chapter describes how to do that.",
"\n\nCorrelation Errors\n\nIf a stale recorded value is included in the request in place of a dynamic parameter during the test scenario playback, the server will encounter an application failure and will send back an appropriate response. ",
"It's hard to predict how a particular application will react to such correlation error. ",
"For example, it can return an abnormal HTTP response code in the 400 or 500 range that is detectable by the tool, but it may also try to inform a real user about the abnormality and return a valid HTTP response with a warning message, an alert image or text reporting an unhandled exception. ",
"It would be desirable to see the content of the error message in the web browser. ",
"Unfortunately, this is not feasible, as web browsers do not make correlation errors. ",
"So you don't know what content to expect in the responses, and therefore, it is virtually impossible to track down all such errors automatically by monitoring their content in the tool.",
"\n\nTo overcome this challenge, we recommend using more broadly defined criteria to identify the responses potentially triggered by correlation errors.",
"\n\nSigns of potential correlation errors:\n\nRecorded response code was 200, but the replayed response code is in the 400 or 500 range.",
"\n\nRecorded response code was 200, but the replayed response code is 302, or vice versa (Fig. ",
"3)\n\nRecorded and replayed responses were redirected to different URLs.",
"\n\nThe size of the recorded and replayed response are substantially different (more that 50-100%).",
"\n\nThe expected transaction did not complete. ",
"For example, the file was not created, the email was not sent, or a database record was not created.",
"\n\nFigure 3 - Compare Recorded and Replayed Response\n\nAs much as responses to correlation errors vary from application to application, the resolution of correlation errors is not application-specific. ",
"This means that you do not need to know the application's design to efficiently resolve correlation errors and that a platform-independent correlation method can be developed.",
"\n\nIdentifying potential correlation errors is the first step in fixing them. ",
"Published in the next issue of Methods & Tools, the part 2 of this article will describe step-by-step tool-independent correlation method that works on all platforms.",
"\n\nReferences\n\n[1] Correlation in LoadRunner: Ultimate Guide. ",
"http://www.guru99.com/correlation-in-loadrunner-ultimate-guide.html#automatic\n\n[2] Automated Test Script Correlation. ",
"http://www.testingperformance.org/performance-articles/correlation\n\n[3] How do I set my browser to Incognito or Private mode? ",
"http://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch001378.htm\n\n[4] What is the difference between parameterization and correlation in HP LoadRunner. ",
"http://learn-loadrunner.blogspot.in/2015/11/what-is-difference-between.html\n\nRead the second part of this article: Eradicating Load Testing Errors - Part 2: Mastering Correlation\n\nRelated Methods & Tools articles\n\nSoftware Testing Resources\n\nSoftware Testing Magazine\n\nLoad Testing Tools Directory\n\nSoftware Testing Videos & Tutorials\n\nClick here to view the complete list of archived articles\n\nThis article was originally published in the Spring 2016 issue of Methods & Tools"
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"Extract of sampleIron Deficiency Anemia\n\nDownload file to see previous pages...\nIron is the main component that makes up hemoglobin (the red pigments that give blood its red color). ",
"Other than giving the blood its color, hemoglobin is the main agent that transports oxygen from the lungs to various cells of a human body. ",
"Thus, low levels of iron in the blood means that the blood cannot transport sufficient oxygen to other part of the body. ",
"In normal condition iron absorption and assimilation is lower than other macro elements such as sodium. ",
"Iron deficiency results from loss of blood through severe hemorrhage resulting from injuries and menstruation in women. ",
"In such condition, the body loses iron at a rate that is above natural replenishment through dietary intake. ",
"According to the case study, Ms A is 26 years and hence she is at the height of her menstrual cycle. ",
"Possibly Ms A has never given birth and, therefore menstruation is the only major cause of blood loss from her body. ",
"The main factor supporting the diagnostic claim is her experience of dysmenorrheal. ",
"Dysmenorrheal is a throbbing pain on the lower abdomen caused by strong contraction of uterine muscles. ",
"The condition is associated with low levels of prostaglandin blood. ",
"Clearly, this shows that her body has low level of blood resulting from iron deficiency. ",
"Unlike other components that form the blood such as proteins and water, iron is less abundant in the body (Mody, Brown, Wechsler, 2003). ...",
"\nBoth conditions results from low levels of blood a condition that is associated with iron deficiency. ",
"Thus, the patient is likely to be suffering from iron deficiency anemia. ",
"Case Study #2 Cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure are physiological conditions, which lower the heart pumping ability. ",
"This means that the heart cannot pump sufficient blood to meet the metabolic requirements of the body. ",
"Patients undergoing therapies and treatment for CHF condition require adequate care to enable them cope with their medication and lead a quality life. ",
"As a caregiver, I will purpose at identifying the best treatment plan for Mr. P and ensuring that he leads quality life. ",
"According to Mr. P’s background information, I will emphasis on lifestyle changes that are aimed at quality life. ",
"Thus, he will be required to adopt a new diet and a physical exercise routine. ",
"In addition, my approach will be aimed at empowering the patient into understanding their condition so that they can facilitate in improving their own health. ",
"I will also encourage his wife to contribute into the care-giving plan as a family caregiver. ",
"Treatment plan and rationale The patient will be required to undergo regular assessments for abnormal heart and lung sounds, blood pressure and pulses, skin temperature and oxygen saturation. ",
"This assessment will be aimed at ensuring that the patient is not at risk of acquiring other opportunistic conditions such as renal failure. ",
"Assessment of body temperature will provide information on accumulation of waste products in the bloodstream, which impairs oxygen intake and transportation. ",
"Assessing cardiac glucose will reduce cardiac workload hence minimize myocardial oxygen consumption. ",
"This assessment will facilitate dietary control and regular\n...Download file to see next pagesRead More\n\nMs. A is experiencing symptoms of fatigue and shortness in breath which depicts that she is suffering from iron deficiency anemia (Bostock 21). ",
"One of the major causes of iron deficiency anemia is blood loss (Cullis 290). ",
"This further reaffirms Ms. A’s iron deficiency anemia because she has been suffering from menorrhagia and dysmenorrheal for more than 10 years.",
"\n\nRed blood cells flow in our body through substance and they carry oxygen known as haemoglobin, and Platelets make the clots in the blood.",
"\nIron is the key nutrient which will keep the red blood cells to store and carry oxygen to every part of the body. ",
"So if there is a lack of oxygen in the body, the organs and tissues will not get sufficient oxygen in the body as they normally do.",
"\n\nInsufficient iron in the diet is regularly seen in undeveloped countries, but is also prevalent on low income communities of countries where there is widespread industry and in which the average standard of living is high. ",
"Anemia may result from iron depletion and, frequently, it develops gradually with minor or no symptoms.",
"\n\nUnder the condition of severe anemia, iron injections are preferred choice so that the supply of the iron can be fulfilled at faster pace to make healthy red blood cells. ",
"Low iron levels usually are due to blood loss, poor diet, or an inability to absorb enough iron from food.",
"\n\nDuring pregnancy, blood in the body increases over 50 percent. ",
"Haemoglobin is needed for the production of additional blood (Viteri 42).",
"\nMany pregnant women do not have enough iron to meet the increasing demands in their bodies,\n\nStatistics show that more than three million people are anemic in the United States and women and individuals with terminal conditions are more susceptible to the condition. ",
"Three major factors have been identified to cause anemia. ",
"Excessive loss of blood through such"
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"The effect of type and concentration of vehicles on the dissolution rate of a poorly soluble drug (indomethacin) from liquisolid compacts.",
"\nFor poorly soluble, highly permeable (Class II) drugs, such as indomethacin, the rate of oral absorption is often controlled by the dissolution rate in the gastrointestinal tract. ",
"Therefore together with the permeability, the solubility and dissolution behaviour of a drug are key determinants of its oral bioavailability. ",
"The object of the present study is to increase dissolution rate of indomethacin using liquisolid compacts. ",
"Several formulations of liquisolid compacts containing various ratios of drug: propylene glycol (ranging from 1:1 to 1:4) was prepared. ",
"In this study the ratio of microcrystalline cellulose (carrier) to silica (coating powder material) was 20 in all formulations. ",
"The dissolution behaviour of indomethacin from liquisolid compacts and conventional formulations was investigated at different pHs (1.2 and 7.2). ",
"The results showed that liquisolid compacts demonstrated considerably higher drug dissolution rates than those of conventionally made capsules and directly compressed tablets containing indomethacin. ",
"This was due to increased wetting properties and surface of drug available for dissolution. ",
"Also it has been shown that the fraction of molecularly dispersed drug (FM) in the liquid medication of liquisolid systems was directly proportional to their indomethacin dissolution rates (DR). ",
"An attempt was made to correlate the percentage drug dissolved in 10-min with the solubility of indomethacin in different vehicles. ",
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"\n\nThe five higher education trade unions have rejected an initial pay offer from the employers and urged them to improve it before the next meeting.",
"\n\nThe unions met UCEA, the employers’ representative body, on 21 March – the first of the 2016-17 pay negotiation meetings.",
"\n\nThe trade unions presented a joint claim and the employers responded with an opening offer.",
"\n\nThis offer included a 1% increase on all pay points, as well as a statement that the employer has a genuine interest in exploring whether all sides can agree joint work on reducing both the gender pay gap and casual work in the sector.",
"\n\nThe joint unions rejected this proposal, which does not address areas such as the living wage, and urged the employer to improve the offer before the next meeting, which is scheduled for 28 April.",
"\n\nAre you coming up to retirement? ",
"Do you know that you can continue to get benefits of being a UNISON member after you leave The University of Sheffield?",
"\n\nAs a retired member you would still have access to UNISON Welfare and UNISON Legal Services as well as receiving special rates or increased benefits from UNISON’s service providers.",
"\n\nYou just need to have been a member for at least 2 years and to apply within 2 years of retiring from The University of Sheffield and to be either be getting a pension or have reached the state pension age.",
"\n\nResponding to the announcement of the Hillsborough inquest verdict, UNISON General Secretary Dave Prentis said:\n\n“After 27 years of lies and cover-ups, the families of the 96 finally have justice. ",
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"\n\n“For too long, smears in the media and by the authorities meant that justice was denied. ",
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"\n\nUNISON is to campaign for the UK to stay part of the European Union, and will be encouraging its 1.3 million members to vote remain on 23 June.",
"\n\nThe decision was taken today (Wednesday) at a meeting of the union’s governing NEC, and follows an extensive UK-wide consultation and survey across UNISON’s branches.",
"\n\nThe fear that Brexit would mean the loss of the many workplace rights – parental leave, paid holiday, protection for part-timers and limits on excessive hours – that UK employees have come to take for granted is the most important issue in the coming referendum, according to UNISON’s overwhelmingly female membership.",
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"\n\nSo UNISON, in partnership with benefit experts Entitledto, has launched an online calculator as part of a campaign to encourage people to take up the benefits they are due. ",
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"One for a chat userlist column and the other for the message history of each user. ",
"\nWhen clicking on a $('.member_list ul li') element ... the second ajax sends the value of the li as json to the db and on success the appropriate messages get loaded and appended to $('.messaging-history ul').",
"\nBut when I have previously clicked on a $('.member_list ul li') element ... I get valSessionID multiple times when clicking on $(\"#messagetest\") depending on how often an $('.member_list ul li') element was clicked on.",
"\nHow can I prevent this so valSessionID alerts only once when clicking on $(\"#messagetest\")? ",
"That's my setup: \nvar valSessionID; \n\n$.ajax({\n url: \"/chat_userlist.php\",\n type: \"POST\",\n contentType: \"application/json; charset=utf-8\",\n dataType: \"json\", \n success: function (data) {\n $.each(data, function (i, item) {\n $('.member_list ul').append('<li value=\"'+data[i].id+'\"><div><span><span class=\"messaging-data-username\">'+data[i].username+'</span></span></div></li>'); \n //var valSessionID;\n }); \n //var valSessionID; \n\n ... \n\n $(\".member_list ul li\").click(function() {\n valSessionID = $(this).attr('value'); \n $.ajax({\n url: \"/chat_messaging.php\",\n type: \"POST\",\n contentType: \"application/json; charset=utf-8\",\n dataType: \"json\",\n data: mergedJSONChat, \n success: function (data) { \n $.each(data, function (i, item) {\n $('.messaging-history ul').append('<li><div class=\"message my-message\">'+data[i].message+'</div></li>'); \n }); \n } \n }); \n $(\"#messagetest\").click(function() { \n alert(valSessionID); \n }); \n });\n\n } \n}); \n\nA:\n\nStart by putting your events outside your ajax call like so:\nvar valSessionID; \n\n$.ajax({\n url: \"/chat_userlist.php\",\n type: \"POST\",\n contentType: \"application/json; charset=utf-8\",\n dataType: \"json\", \n success: function (data) {\n $.each(data, function (i, item) {\n $('.member_list ul').append('<li value=\"'+data[i].id+'\"><div><span><span class=\"messaging-data-email\">'+data[i].username+'</span></span></div></li>'); \n //var valSessionID;\n }); \n } \n}); \n\n$(\".member_list ul li\").click(function() {\n valSessionID = $(this).attr('value'); \n $.ajax({\n url: \"/chat_messaging.php\",\n type: \"POST\",\n contentType: \"application/json; charset=utf-8\",\n dataType: \"json\",\n data: mergedJSONChat, \n success: function (data) { \n $.each(data, function (i, item) {\n $('.messaging-history ul').append('<li><div class=\"message my-message\">'+data[i].message+'</div></li>'); \n }); \n } \n }); \n\n});\n\n$(\"#messagetest\").click(function() { \n alert(valSessionID); \n});\n\nEDIT:\nYou must use\n$(document).on('click', '#element', function() {\n //code here\n});\n\nfor dynamically loaded elements, because\n$('#element').on('click'\n\nWill only bind once, so if your element doesn't exist yet it wont work, the $(document) will check all the elements matching every time the event is triggered.",
"\nvar valSessionID; \n\n$.ajax({\n url: \"/chat_userlist.php\",\n type: \"POST\",\n contentType: \"application/json; charset=utf-8\",\n dataType: \"json\", \n success: function (data) {\n $.each(data, function (i, item) {\n $('.member_list ul').append('<li value=\"'+data[i].id+'\"><div><span><span class=\"messaging-data-email\">'+data[i].username+'</span></span></div></li>'); \n //var valSessionID;\n }); \n } \n}); \n\n$(document).on('click', '.member_list ul li', function() {\n valSessionID = $(this).attr('value'); \n $.ajax({\n url: \"/chat_messaging.php\",\n type: \"POST\",\n contentType: \"application/json; charset=utf-8\",\n dataType: \"json\",\n data: mergedJSONChat, \n success: function (data) { \n $.each(data, function (i, item) {\n $('.messaging-history ul').append('<li><div class=\"message my-message\">'+data[i].message+'</div></li>'); \n }); \n } \n }); \n\n});\n\n$(document).on('click', '#messagetest', function() { \n alert(valSessionID); \n});\n\n"
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[
"Lev Uspensky\n\nLev Vasilyevich Uspensky (, 8 February 1900 – 18 December 1978) was a Russian writer and philologist, known for his popular science books in linguistics.",
"\n\nWorks\n\nProse\n«Запах лимона» (1928, with L.L. Rubinov, as Lev Rubus) \n«Пулковский меридиан» (1939, with G.N. Karayev)\n«60-я параллель» (1955, with G.N. Karayev)\n\nScience fiction\nПлавание «Зэты». (",
"1946) \nШальмугровое яблоко. (",
"1972)\nЭн-два-о плюс икс дважды. (",
"1971)\n\nPopular science \n«Слово о словах» (1954), popular linguistics\n«Ты и твоё имя» (1960), popular linguistics \n«Имя дома твоего» (1967), popular linguistics \n«Загадки топонимики» (1969), popular linguistics \n«По закону буквы», popular linguistics, history of Russian alphabet\nПочему не иначе? ",
"Этимологический словарь школьника\nЗа языком до Киева, popular linguistics\nПо дорогам и тропам языка, popular linguistics\nЗа семью печатями, popular archaeology\nЗаписки старого петербуржца, popular history of St.Petersburg\nМифы Древней Греции, popular Greek mythology\nЗолотое руно; Двенадцать подвигов Геракла, popular Greek mythology\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1900 births\nCategory:1978 deaths\nCategory:Russian writers\nCategory:Russian philologists\nCategory:Burials at Bogoslovskoe Cemetery"
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"Solar cells, normally to be operational, have very shallow PN junctions so that they may capture the blue end of the photo spectrum. ",
"Typically, the PN junction lies approximately 0.3 micrometers beneath the surface of the silicon semiconductor wafer. ",
"If, during the normal processing which occurs in the manufacture of solar cells subsequent to formation of the PN junction, the surface of the wafer in which the PN junction is formed is maltreated, the junction can be destroyed and the cell can become useless.",
"\nIn forming the junction, the silicon semiconductor wafer is exposed at appropriate temperatures to a source of doping material selected to provide the desired PN junction. ",
"For example, in a boron doped, silicon semiconductor wafer which is a P conductivity type wafer, a layer of phosphorous pentoxide glass is deposited over the entire surface of the wafer through chemical vapor deposition by flowing phosphorus oxychloride and oxygen into the diffusion chamber using a carrier gas of dry nitrogen. ",
"The phosphorous pentoxide glass provides sufficient phosphorous atoms to diffuse from the glass into the silicon surface in accordance with well known diffusion characteristics to provide the desired shallow PN junction.",
"\nTo form an operative solar cell, however, the layer of phosphorous pentoxide glass and the diffused N type layer of silicon must be removed from the silicon wafer except for one surface thereof so that appropriate contacts can be made to the wafer.",
"\nIn the prior art, this undesired phosphorous pentoxide glass layer and the converted N type layer of silicon have been removed by acid etching utilizing a mixture of nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid. ",
"To protect the surface of the cell having the desired shallow junction therein, it has been customary to affix a mask, such as an acid etch resist mask, thereto. ",
"It has been found that the acid etch often penetrates pin holes or other irregularities in the mask, thus attacking the silicon wafer therebeneath and damaging portions of the junction. ",
"In the event the etch resist mask is effective to preclude undesirable etching, it must thereafter be removed with an appropriate solvent.",
"\nIn an attempt to avoid the utilization of the etch resist mask, wafers have been affixed to a tape carrier having a proper adhesive on the surface thereof with the surface of the wafer to be protected affixed to the adhesive. ",
"Such obviously depends on the quality of the tape adhesive and furthermore, the tape in such systems can normally be used only once, thus injecting into the system an additional expense.",
"\nIrrespective of the type of masking technique which is utilized, the acid etch causes an exothermic reaction with silicon, thus creating heat which increases the temperature of the silicon wafer. ",
"As the temperature of the silicon wafer increases, the reaction rate between the acid etch and the silicon wafer also increases. ",
"Such phenomena obviously introduces parameters which must be carefully controlled to preclude a runaway etch from occurring.",
"\nIn any acid etching technique there are severe problems relating to the undercutting of the silicon wafer by the acid etch. ",
"Those portions of the wafer immediately beneath the mask tend to be eaten away by the etch and undercut, thus tending to destroy the integrity of the junction and further providing access areas for the etch to reach across the surface of the wafer.",
"\nIn an attempt to solve the foregoing problems a water jig etching technique was developed. ",
"Under this technique a water jet is caused to flow on the side of the wafer which is to be protected from the etch. ",
"The wet acid etch is applied then to the remainder of the wafer from which the glass and the converted silicon is to be removed. ",
"The water jet appears to preclude the etch from flowing around to the undesired portion of the wafer and also cools the wafer to thus control the etch rate. ",
"This system, however, requires a continuous water flow and a requirement to control the drainage of the resulting water-acid mixture.",
"\nIn any of the systems utilizing the acid etch there is a requirement that the wafer be water rinsed and dried subsequent to the etching before any additional operations upon the wafer may be accomplished.",
"\nPlasma etching was introduced to overcome some of the foregoing difficulties. ",
"Plasma etching is, at this time, well known in the semiconductor processing art and is described in various publications. ",
"For example, U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"3,795,557 for PROCESS AND MATERIAL FOR MANUFACTURING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES, issued Mar. 5, 1974 which is incorporated herein by reference.",
"\nPlasma etching, though quite successful when properly controlled, nonetheless still introduced a number of problems. ",
"It was extremely difficult to obtain a cross-wafer uniformity, that is the nature and extent of the etching between two points on the same wafer was not always the same. ",
"In addition thereto, there were differences in the etching between two wafers in the same run of a plasma etching process. ",
"It was also found that differences occurred between two wafers which were run in different runs of the same etching process. ",
"It was determined that some of the causes for this non-uniformity in etching occurred as a result of variations in local temperature on the surface of the wafer during etching. ",
"The peculiar nature of the plasma etching process caused the elements which accomplished the etching to concentrate their energy on the wafer's periphery, thus overheating it. ",
"The overheating then in turn enhanced the etching, thus causing the peripheral regions of the wafer to become severely over-etched before the desired etching could be achieved along the surface of the wafer and particularly at the center thereof. ",
"To eliminate this difficulty, various steps have been taken in the plasma etching arts. ",
"These are to remove the wafers from the active plasma region, to limit the pressure of the plasma to less than 1 Torr, to lay the wafers on a conductive backing plate larger than the wafer itself or to place the wafers in a perforated metal cylinder during etching to shield the wafers from ions, radiation and electric fields, thus allowing only the free radicals to enter and contact the wafers.",
"\nEven though the plasma etching is a dry process, according to the prior art there is a requirement for a masking technique of some type to obtain the desired etching, particularly since the wafers are placed within the reaction chamber of the plasma etching apparatus, thus being fully exposed to the etchant contained therein. ",
"Thus one of the features causing wet etching to be undesirable is carried over to the plasma etching process as well."
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"Introduction {#sec0001}\n============\n\nEnchondromas are benign cartilaginous tumors occurring within the bony medulla that constitute approximately 90% of benign tumors in the hands [@bib0001]. ",
"Enchondroma protuberans (EP) is a rare form of enchondroma, with 20 cases described in the literature since 1982 [@bib0001], [@bib0002], [@bib0003], [@bib0004], [@bib0005], [@bib0006], [@bib0007], [@bib0008], [@bib0009]. ",
"In this study, we present a patient with EP of the finger with characteristic imaging and pathologic findings.",
"\n\nCase report {#sec0002}\n===========\n\nAn 18-year-old male presented to the orthopedic clinic of our institute with a painless, very slowly growing mass of the left third finger. ",
"Patient denied any history of trauma and did not report any numbness or limited range of motion. ",
"On physical examination, there were no skin color or temperature changes. ",
"A firm mass was palpated over the proximal metadiaphysis of the left third middle phalanx which was minimally tender to palpation.",
"\n\nA radiograph of the left third finger was performed which demonstrated a subcentimeter, well-corticated cortical-based expansile lucent lesion within the proximal metadiaphysis of the middle phalanx ([Fig. ",
"1](#fig0001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the left third finger ([Fig. ",
"2](#fig0002){ref-type=\"fig\"}) demonstrated a 0.7 × 0.6 cm expansile cortical-based lesion within the proximal metadiaphysis of the medial third middle phalanx, extending through the cortex into the soft tissues. ",
"The lesion demonstrated high T2 signal with internal foci of low to intermediate signal suggestive of internal chondroid matrix. ",
"These findings were most suggestive of EP of the left third finger.",
"Fig. ",
"1An 18-year-old male with a chronic mass of the left third finger. ",
"Frontal (A) and oblique (B) radiographs of the left third finger show a small well-circumscribed expansile lucent lesion in the proximal middle phalanx of the left third finger with mild overlying soft tissue swelling (arrows).Fig 1Fig. ",
"2Coronal (A) and axial (C) T1-weighted and coronal (B) and axial (D) fluid sensitive MRI images of the left third finger reveal an expansile cortical-based lesion within the proximal metadiaphysis of the medial third middle phalanx (arrows), which demonstrate high T2 signal with internal foci with low to intermediate signal suggestive of internal chondroid matrix. ",
"The lesion extends through the cortex into the soft tissues.",
"Fig 2\n\nThe patient underwent surgical excision, curettage and bone grafting, and surgical pathology study confirmed the diagnosis of EP ([Fig. ",
"3](#fig0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"On the follow-up visit 3 weeks after the procedure, patient reported no pain or limited range of motion.",
"Fig. ",
"3Photomicrograph of excised lesion by hematoxylin and eosin staining. (",
"A) Low power (20x magnification) showing multiple scattered hyaline cartilage formed by multiple chondrocytes. (**",
"B)**High power (50× magnification) showing moderately cellular monomorphic chondrocytes forming hyaline cartilage.",
"Fig 3\n\nDiscussion {#sec0003}\n==========\n\nEnchondroma protuberans lesions usually center within the medullary space, and demonstrate exophytic growth outside the margins of the bony cortex, usually creating an expansile mass [@bib0002]. ",
"The masses grow at varying speeds and patients may be asymptomatic. ",
"Symptomatic presentations include a palpable mass, pain, or a pathologic fracture [@bib0002],[@bib0003]. ",
"There is no predilection for either males or females, nor is there a particular age range that appears more at risk, with several previous cases in early childhood and late adulthood [@bib0001],[@bib0004]. ",
"The most common site of EP is the hand, usually in the phalanges or metacarpal bones, followed by the ribs and the long bones of the arm [@bib0002],[@bib0007],[@bib0008]. ",
"The case in our study presented with chronic painless palpable mass on the left third middle phalanx.",
"\n\nPhysical examination is nonspecific for diagnosis of EP and imaging plays a key role in preprocedural or pretreatment diagnosis. ",
"Radiographs usually show a well-defined lucent lesion within the medulla of the bone with a cortical defect and expansion into the soft tissues, with both the intramedullary and extraosseous portions possibly containing dense calcifications [@bib0008]. ",
"MRI is the modality of choice for diagnosis of EP. ",
"As with our case, on MRI, the lesion typically appears as a well-defined intramedullary lesion with low signal on T1-weighted images and high signal on T2 and STIR (short tau inversion recovery) sequences, with a cortical defect, cortical expansion, and invasion into the soft tissues [@bib0002]. ",
"Ultrasound may display a hypoechoic medullary lesion with a cortical defect, and may be helpful to find calcifications or blood supply, but is ultimately less informative than the more traditional radiographs and MRI [@bib0001]. ",
"Biopsy is usually performed to confirm the final diagnosis. ",
"On pathology as found in our case, findings are the same as the lobules of hyaline cartilage with calcification and endochondral ossification found in ordinary enchondromas, but without the disorganized lobulation structure and cartilaginous cap seen in chondrosarcoma [@bib0002].",
"\n\nTreatment options for EPs are primarily surgical and are being selected mainly based on patient symptoms and tumor growth rate. ",
"Small slow-growing tumors in asymptomatic patients without pain or movement restriction can be observed, although there is no definitive guideline on when to treat. ",
"Prompt treatment is encouraged as soon as there is pain or pathologic fracture to prevent damage to the bone [@bib0002]. ",
"Marginal excision is the only definitive treatment and has a high cure rate, with intramedullary curettage and bone grafting available as adjuncts when appropriate. ",
"A few of previously reported cases received bone grafting, and only one patient required a re-excision due to relapse [@bib0002],[@bib0003],[@bib0009]. ",
"Our patient underwent surgical excision, curettage, and bone grafting with acceptable outcome on early postoperative follow-up visit.",
"\n\nConclusion {#sec0004}\n==========\n\nIn summary, a rare case of EP involving a phalanx of the hand with characteristic imaging and pathologic findings was described in this study. ",
"Imaging, particularly MRI, plays a key role on preprocedural diagnosis.",
"\n\nMany thanks to the Research Open Access Publishing (ROAAP) Fund of the University of Illinois at Chicago for financial support towards the open access publishing fee for this article.",
"\n\nCompeting interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.",
"\n"
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"I have a webservice which return public urls of a given directory. ",
"I am getting following exception when exceuting the script incase there are a lot files in the directory (around 300 files) \n\nPHP Fatal error: The request was aborted because it exceeded the\n maximum execution time. ",
"in\n /base/data/home/runtimes/php/sdk/google/appengine/runtime/RealApiProxy.php\n on line 50 PHP Fatal error: The request was aborted because it\n exceeded the maximum execution time. ",
"in\n /base/data/home/runtimes/php/sdk/google/appengine/api/log/LogService.php\n on line 413\n\nI have read documentation that App engine timeout requests that take more than 60 seconds? ",
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"\n364 B.R. 427 (2005)\nIn re William E. HOEY, Debtor.",
"\nJames. ",
"A. Bonfiglio, Esq. ",
"and James A. Bonfiglio, P.A., Plaintiffs,\nv.\nWilliam E. Hoey, and Shirley M. Hoey, Donald Baltrus, Mortgage Works Unlimited, Inc., Gordon Kenyon, Rochelle Kenyon, Gary W. Fox, Francis\nv.\nChilds, Trustee, and Deborah Menotte, Trustee, Defendants.",
"\nBankruptcy No. ",
"00-35503-BKC-SHF, Adversary No. ",
"02-3064-BKC-SHF-A.\nUnited States Bankruptcy Court, S.D. Florida.",
"\nSeptember 22, 2005.",
"\n*428 Beckett & Lee LLP, Malvern, PA, James A. Bonfiglio, Boynton Beach, FL, Leslie Gem Cloyd, Ft. ",
"Lauderdale, FL, Thomas D. DeCarlo, West Palm Beach, FL, Dario D. Diaz, Tampa, FL, Steven Ellison, West Palm Beach, Peter Max Fallon, Tampa, FL, James L. Fly, Orlando, FL, Kenneth M. Jones, Plantation, FL, Chad S. Paiva, Stuart, FL, Shamila Sharma, Tampa, FL, for creditors.",
"\nWilliam E. Hoey, Charlotte, NC, pro se.",
"\nDeborah Menotte, West Palm Beach, FL, trustee.",
"\nORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART PLAINTIFF'S MOTION FOR FINAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT AS TO COUNT I OF THE AMENDED COMPLAINT AND DENYING IN PART AND GRANTING IN PART THE CHILDS GROUP'S CROSS-MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT\nSTEVEN H. FRIEDMAN, United States Bankruptcy Judge.",
"\nTHIS CAUSE came on to be heard on February 2, 2005 upon the Plaintiffs' Motion for Final Summary Judgment and the Defendants' Motion for Partial Summary Judgment. ",
"The bankruptcy case of William E. Hoey, Case No. ",
"00-35503-BKCSHF was commenced on December 11, 2000, with the debtor's filing of his voluntary *429 chapter 7 petition. ",
"Among the creditors listed in the debtor's bankruptcy schedules are James A. Bonfiglio, Esq. ",
"and James A. Bonfiglio, P.A. (collectively, \"Plaintiffs\") as being owed an unsecured debt in the amount of $200,000.00. ",
"On March 7, 2002, the instant adversary proceeding was filed by Plaintiffs, seeking a determination of the rights of the respective parties to the adversary proceeding as against the real property located at 345 Lantern Bay Drive, Jupiter, Florida, and establishing the priority of the charging lien asserted by Plaintiffs as being superior to the property interests of any of the Defendants to this adversary proceeding. ",
"On February 26, 2004 this Court entered its Order Partially Granting Plaintiff's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment as to Count I of the Amended Complaint and Denying the Childs Group's Cross Motion for Summary Judgment (C.P. 79), determining that the charging lien of Plaintiffs has priority over the mortgage held by Francis V. Childs, Gary Fox, Gordon Kenyon, and Rochelle Kenyon (\"Defendants\"). ",
"Plaintiffs now seek turnover of the remaining proceeds generated from the sale of the debtor's real property and additionally seeks interest, costs and attorney's fees pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 506(b). ",
"The Court, having considered the testimony, argument presented and being otherwise duly advised in the premises, grants in part Plaintiffs' Motion for Final Summary Judgment and grants in part the Defendants' Motion for Partial Summary Judgment.",
"\nThis Court has jurisdiction over this adversary proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334, 157(b)(1) and 157(b)(2)(I). ",
"This is a core matter in accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(I). ",
"Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(c), made applicable to bankruptcy proceedings by Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 7056, provides that \"the judgment sought shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.\" ",
"F.R.Civ.",
"P. 56(c); see also Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. ",
"2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-8, 106 S.Ct. ",
"2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986), Rice v. Branigar Org., ",
"Inc., 922 F.2d 788 (11th Cir.1991); In re Pierre, 198 B.R. 389 (Bankr.",
"S.D.Fla.1996). ",
"Rule 56 is based upon the principle that if the court is made aware of the absence of genuine issues of material fact, the court should, upon motion, promptly adjudicate the legal questions which remain and terminate the case, thus avoiding delay and expense associated with trial. ",
"See United States v. Feinstein, 717 F.Supp. ",
"1552 (S.D.Fla.1989). \"",
"Summary judgment is appropriate when, after drawing all reasonable inference in favor of the party against whom summary judgment is sought, no reasonable trier of fact could find in favor of the non-moving party.\" ",
"Murray v. National Broad. ",
"Co., 844 F.2d 988, 992 (2d Cir.1988).",
"\nThe legal standard governing the entry of summary judgment has been articulated by the United States Supreme Court in Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 106 S.Ct. ",
"2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). ",
"In Anderson, the Supreme Court stated that the standard for summary judgment mirrors the standard for directed verdict under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 50(a), which provides that the trial judge must direct a verdict if there can be but one reasonable conclusion as to the verdict. ",
"Id. at 250, 106 S.Ct. ",
"2505. ",
"The Court explained that the inquiry under summary judgment and directed verdict are the same: \"whether the evidence presents sufficient disagreement to require submission *430 to a jury or whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law.\" ",
"Id. at 251-52, 106 S.Ct. ",
"2505.",
"\nIn order to defeat a motion for summary judgment under this standard, the non-moving party must do more than simply show that there is some doubt as to the facts of the case. ",
"Id. at 252, 106 S.Ct. ",
"2505. ",
"Rule 56 must be construed not only with regard to the party moving for summary judgment but also with regard to the non-moving party and that party's duty to demonstrate that the movant's claims have no factual basis. ",
"Id. \"The mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of the [non-moving party's] position will be insufficient; there must be evidence on which the jury could find for the [non-moving party].\" ",
"Id. Thus, the non-moving party must establish the existence of a genuine issue of material fact and may not rest upon its pleadings or mere assertions of disputed fact to prevent a court's entry of summary judgment. ",
"See First Nat. ",
"Bank of Ariz. v. Cities Serv. ",
"Co., 391 U.S. 253, 289, 88 S.Ct. ",
"1575, 20 L.Ed.2d 569 (1968); In re Pierre, 198 B.R. 389 (Bankr.",
"S.D.Fla. ",
"1996).",
"\nWilliam H. Hoey and Shirley M. Hoey (\"the Hoeys\") were the owners of certain real property located at 3451 Lantern Bay Drive, Jupiter, Florida, 33477 (\"Lantern Bay property\"), more specifically described as:\nLot 40, of LANTERN BAY AT JONATHAN'S. LANDING, P.U.D., according to the Plat thereof recorded in Plat Book 54, Pages 199 and 200, Public Records of Palm Beach County Florida.",
"\nOn March 14, 2002, the Trustee, after seeking the permission of the Court, sold the Lantern Bay property. ",
"The Trustee is presently holding approximately $380,000.00 in net proceeds from the sale of the Lantern Bay property.",
"\nOn March 15, 2002, the Plaintiffs filed the above-styled adversary proceeding alleging that they held an attorney's charging lien against the proceeds from the sale of the Lantern Bay property. ",
"The following facts have been stipulated. ",
"In February 1993, the Hoeys were named as Defendants in state court proceedings instituted in the Circuit Court of the 15th Judicial Circuit, in and for Palm Beach County, Florida, by the Resolution Trust Corporation (\"RTC\"), Case No. ",
"93-2026 AW, wherein RTC sought to foreclose on the Lantern Bay property. ",
"In April of 1993, the Hoeys retained Plaintiffs to defend them in the foreclosure action. ",
"A settlement statement bearing the signatures of the Hoeys and Plaintiffs was executed on April 25, 2000 (Ex. ",
"6 to Joint Stipulation of Facts C. P 72). ",
"The settlement statement addressed the issue of attorney's fees in the event that the litigation ended favorably to the Hoeys. ",
"According to the settlement statement, the total sum of $203,160.49 in attorney's fees was to be \"paid from refinance and/or sale of the home.\" ",
"On September 6, 2000, the state court entered an Order Granting Hoey's Motion for Final Summary Judgment on the Hoey's Affirmative Defenses and Final Judgment Quieting Title in the Hoeys Free of the Resolution Trust/WMFC Mortgage and Discharging Lis Pendens. ",
"Therefore, the Hoeys had been successful in their defense of the foreclosure on the Lantern Bay property. ",
"On September 28, 2000, the Hoeys executed a mortgage and note in the amount of $215,000 in favor of Francis V. Childs, Gary, Fox, Gordon Kenyon, and Rochelle Kenyon (\"Childs Group\"). ",
"The loan was disbursed as follows:\n(1) the Internal Revenue Service was paid $87,801.33;\n(2) the Palm Beach County Tax Collector was paid $6,682.39; and\n\n*431 (3) outstanding homeowner's association fees on the Hoey's home were paid in the amount of $1,410.57. ",
"The remaining loan proceeds were paid to the Hoeys.",
"\nPlaintiffs did not receive any portion of the funds received by the Hoeys from the Childs Group mortgage. ",
"The mortgage was recorded by the Childs Group on October 17, 2000, at 10:06 a.m., at Official Records Book 12074, page 1282 of the Public Records of Palm Beach County, Florida. ",
"Immediately thereafter, on October 17, 2000, at 10:57 a.m., Plaintiffs filed their charging lien on the Lantern Bay property. ",
"Plaintiffs' charging lien was recorded on October 20, 2000 at 3:08 p.m. at Official Records Book 12086, page 1652.",
"\nOn July 11, 2001, Plaintiffs filed their Attorney's Sworn Motion for Summary Judgement on Attorney's Claim to Establish and Enforce Attorney's Charging/Equitable Lien. ",
"An Order was entered by the Palm Beach County Circuit Court on August 11, 2001 Granting Final Summary Judgement on Attorney's Claim to Establish and Enforce Attorney's Charging/Equitable Lien thereby establishing a charging lien against the Lantern Bay Property. ",
"On September 11, 2001, Ms. Hoey appealed the Order entered by the Circuit Court, which was affirmed by the Fourth District Court of Appeal on June 12, 2002.",
"\nOn January 22, 2002, James A. Bonfiglio filed a proof of claim in the instant bankruptcy proceeding in the amount of $227,133.14, based upon the charging lien judgment for attorney's fees owed to him for his representation of the Hoeys in the foreclosure action. ",
"The issue as to priority of lien previously has been decided by this Court in favor of Plaintiffs, by way of the February 26, 2004 Order Partially Granting Plaintiff's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment as to Count I of the Amended Complaint and Denying the Childs Group's Cross Motion for Summary Judgment (C.P. 79). ",
"However, the Childs Group asserts that both equitable subordination and equitable subrogation apply under these circumstances, warranting a determination that the Childs Group should be deemed the holder of a first lien against the sale proceeds. ",
"The Court finds only the equitable subrogation argument to be meritorious as to certain of the debts paid by the Childs Group.",
"\nEquitable subrogation is a well recognized principle of equity jurisprudence. ",
"Equitable subrogation arises by operation of law where one pays a debt owed by another under circumstances in which he is in equity entitled to the security held by the creditor whom he has paid. ",
"Fortenberry v. Mandell, 271 So.2d 170 (Fla. 4th DCA 1972). ",
"If the doctrine is applied, the one who has paid the debt is entitled to succeed to all the remedies which the creditor possessed against the original obligor. ",
"Whyel v. Smith, 101 Fla. 971, 134 So. ",
"552 (1931). ",
"In order for the doctrine of equitable subrogation to apply, the party seeking to invoke the doctrine must establish:\n(1) that he paid the debt;\n(2) that he had a liability, right or fiduciary relationship which equated a direct interest in discharging the debt or lien; and\n(3) that injustice will not be visited upon the other party by applying equitable subrogation.",
"\nNorth v. Albee, 155 Fla. 515, 20 So.2d 682, 683 (1945).",
"\nIn the instant case, it is without dispute that the debts owed by the debtor to the Internal Revenue Service, the Palm Beach County Tax Collector and the debtor's homeowner's association, were paid with funds obtained from the Childs Group in exchange for a mortgage. ",
"Furthermore, *432 the Childs Group had a direct interest in obtaining assurance that the pre-existing debts which had encumbered the debtor's real property were satisfied from the Childs Group loan proceeds. ",
"The third criteria for equitable subrogation specifies that no injustice should be forced upon the other party when applying equitable subrogation. ",
"This Court finds that no injustice would be visited upon Plaintiffs by applying equitable subrogation since the debts paid by the debtor with the Childs Group loan proceeds occupied a priority position to Plaintiffs' charging lien. ",
"Furthermore, granting equitable subrogation in the instant case would leave intact the original intentions and obligations with respect to the outstanding debts. ",
"In essence, Plaintiffs would have been subordinated to the debts that were paid with the Childs Group loan proceeds as to the Internal Revenue Service, the Palm Beach County Tax Collector and the homeowner's association fees for the Hoey's home to the extent of $95,894.29. ",
"Therefore, to allow Plaintiffs to occupy the status of the first lienholder, ahead of these three creditors, would result in a significant windfall to Plaintiffs at the. ",
"Childs Group's expense, and result in a gross inequity. ",
"While the Court is cognizant as to the amount paid to resolve the appeal of the WMFC mortgage, i.e. $65,000.00, the court does not consider that debt to fall into the category of a priority debt paid senior to Plaintiffs' charging lien. ",
"Consequently, that debt has been excluded in the subrogation analysis.",
"\nDespite the proof of claim filed in the amount of $227,133.14, Plaintiffs now seek recovery from the sale proceeds of an amount equal to $476,534.58, representing the amount of the initial charging lien plus additional attorney's fees and interest owed for collecting upon the charging lien. ",
"The Childs Group argues that Plaintiffs' claim should be limited to $227,133.14, the amount listed in their proof of claim. ",
"There is no evidence before the Court that the fees being requested by Plaintiffs are reasonable, as is required under applicable case law. ",
"U.S. v. Ron Pair Enterprises, Inc., 489 U.S. 235, 241, 109 S.Ct. ",
"1026, 103 L.Ed.2d 290 (1989). ",
"Therefore, the Court will not conduct an analysis as to the propriety of granting attorney's fees under 11 U.S.C § 506(b). ",
"Rather, Plaintiffs shall be limited to the amount of $227,133.14 listed in their proof of claim. ",
"Accordingly, it is\nORDERED that the $380,000 in proceeds remaining in the Trustee's possession after the sale of the Lantern Bay property shall be disbursed in the following order:\n(1) $40,000 to the Trustee and her counsel as agreed upon in the July 22, 2004 settlement agreement;\n(2) $95,89429 to the Childs Group;\n(3) $227,133.14 to James Bonfiglio, Esq.;",
"\n(4) any remainder to the Childs Group.",
"\nORDERED.",
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"AlterNet.org: Bob Edgarhttp://www.alternet.org/authors/bob-edgar\nenCommon Cause Sues To Restore Majority Rule To U.S. Senatehttp://www.alternet.org/story/155430/common_cause_sues_to_restore_majority_rule_to_u.s._senate\n<!-- ",
"iCopyright Horizontal Tag -->\n<div class=\"icopyright-article-tools-horizontal icopyright-article-tools-right\">\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\nvar icx_publication_id = 18566;\nvar icx_content_id = '670783';\n</script>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\"\nsrc=\"http://license.icopyright.net/rights/js/horz-toolbar.js\"></script>\n<noscript>\n<a class=\"icopyright-article-tools-noscript\"\nhref=\"http://license.icopyright.net/3.18566?icx_id=670783\"\ntarget=\"_blank\"\ntitle=\"Main menu of all reuse options\">\n<img height=\"25\" width=\"27\" border=\"0\" align=\"bottom\"\nalt=\"[Reuse options]\"\nsrc=\"http://license.icopyright.net/images/icopy-w.png\"/>\nClick here for reuse options!",
"\n</a>\n</noscript>\n</div>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"></div><!-- iCopyright Tag -->\n<!-- ",
"All divs have been put onto one line because of whitespace issues when rendered inline in browsers -->\n<div class=\"field field-name-field-teaser field-type-text-long field-label-hidden\"><div class=\"field-items\"><div class=\"field-item even\">It is time to return to majority rule in the U.S. Senate--not 60-vote hurdles to end filibusters before voting.</div></div></div>\n<!-- ",
"All divs have been put onto one line because of whitespace issues when rendered inline in browsers -->\n<div class=\"field field-name-field-story-image field-type-image field-label-hidden\"><div class=\"field-items\"><div class=\"field-item even\"><img typeof=\"foaf:Image\" src=\"http://www.alternet.org/files/styles/story_image/public/images/managed/storyimages_1337096128_filibuster.jpg\" alt=\"\" /></div></div></div>\n<!-- ",
"BODY -->\n<!",
"--smart_paging_autop_filter--><p>I spent 12 of the most interesting years of my life in Congress and I grew to love the place. ",
"I was fortunate to work with people of good will and good ideas in both political parties; service was particularly satisfying when we were able to cross Washington's partisan divide to help move the country forward.</p>\n<p>Sadly, those moments are rare these days. ",
"Ideological purists in both parties appear to have taken control of Congress and of the national dialogue. ",
"Voices of moderation and conciliation are being drowned out on the airwaves and inside the Capitol; critical problems are going unaddressed.</p>\n<p>Things are especially bad in the Senate. ",
"Both parties have figured out that the minority, currently the Republicans, can use the filibuster rule to pretty much shut the place down.</p>\n<p>Here's how the obstructionists work. ",
"To begin debate on a bill, senators must first adopt a \"motion to proceed.\" ",
"But debate on that motion, as on most everything else that comes before the Senate, is unlimited unless at least 60 senators vote to end it. ",
"That means a minority of as few as 41 can block any action simply by refusing to permit a vote on the motion to proceed.</p>\n<p>Thus the filibuster does not extend debate -- its supposed purpose -- it stops debate. ",
"In recent years, filibusters have prevented senators from acting on presidential nominations for judgeships and other offices, as well as bills to hold down interest rates on student loans, force the rich to pay their fair share in income taxes, and end tax subsidies to oil companies. ",
"Rather than debating bills and exchanging ideas on the floor, in view of the public and press, senators are pushed by the filibuster into back room deal-making sessions to get a vote on even the most routine legislation.<br /><br />\nWhen the 111th Congress opened last year, the filibuster rule even denied my friend Sen. Tom Udall a chance to make the case for filibuster reform to his colleagues; the minority used the filibuster rule to block discussion on Udall's proposal to change the rule.</p>\n<p>Simply put, that's unacceptable. ",
"It's an affront to our democracy and not the way the Senate was supposed to work. ",
"And it has real consequences for real people.</p>\n<p>That's why Common Cause filed suit on Monday to stop it.</p>\n<p>Our lawsuit argues that the Constitution sets out super-majority requirements only in special cases, to override a presidential veto or ratify a treaty, for example. ",
"It does not permit the Senate to require more than a simple majority just to begin debate; and the Supreme Court already has said that a legislative body's rules cannot conflict with the Constitution.</p>\n<p>Congressional plaintiffs in our suit include Reps. ",
"John Lewis, D-GA, Michael Michaud, D-ME, Hank Johnson, D-GA, and Keith Ellison, D-MN.</p>\n<p>Our other plaintiffs are three young people who recently put themselves through college, graduating with honors, after being brought to America by immigrant parents. ",
"They are eager to assume the rights and responsibilities of adulthood and of U.S. citizenship; one even wants to join the brave Americans who daily put their lives on the line in the Marine Corps.</p>\n<p>But their path ahead has been blocked by the Senate's refusal to debate and vote on a bill, the DREAM Act, that has passed the House and is supported by a majority of senators.</p>\n<p>The filibuster also is denying justice to tens of thousands of Americans. ",
"Twelve of President Obama's nominees for vacant federal judgeships, all with bipartisan support and nominated in states where the backlog of pending cases is so large that court administrators have declared a \"judicial emergency,\" are being kept off the Senate floor by filibustering senators.</p>\n<p>We had hoped that an agreement worked out by Sens. ",
"Reid and McConnell, the Senate Democratic and Republican leaders, at the beginning of this Congress in January 2011 would go a long way toward solving the filibuster problem. ",
"The Reid/McConnell arrangement has had little effect however, and the Senate remains too often hamstrung.</p>\n<p>Open and at times extended debates are a Senate tradition worth preserving. ",
"There is no basis for the claims, made by some filibuster defenders, that reform of the filibuster rule would permit the majority in the Senate to run roughshod over the minority. ",
"In today's Senate, it's the few who are running roughshod over the American people. ",
"If the Senate won't address the problem, the courts must.</p> <!-- ",
"All divs have been put onto one line because of whitespace issues when rendered inline in browsers -->\n<div class=\"field field-name-field-bio field-type-text-long field-label-hidden\"><div class=\"field-items\"><div class=\"field-item even\"> <!",
"--smart_paging_autop_filter--> </div></div></div>\n<!-- ",
"iCopyright Interactive Copyright Notice -->\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\nvar icx_publication_id = 18566;\nvar icx_copyright_notice = '2012 Alternet';\nvar icx_content_id = '670783';\n</script>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\"\nsrc=\"http://license.icopyright.net/rights/js/copyright-notice.js\"></script>\n<noscript>\n<a style=\"color: #336699; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;\"\nhref=\"http://license.icopyright.net/3.18566?icx_id=670783\"\ntarget=\"_blank\" title=\"Main menu of all reuse options\">\n<img height=\"25\" width=\"27\" border=\"0\" align=\"bottom\"\nalt=\"[Reuse options]\"\nsrc=\"http://http://license.icopyright.net/images/icopy-w.png\"/>Click here for reuse options!</a>\n</noscript>\n<!-- ",
"iCopyright Interactive Copyright Notice -->\nTue, 15 May 2012 05:00:01 -0700Bob Edgar, Common Cause670783 at http://www.alternet.orgNews & PoliticsNews & Politicsu.s. ",
"senatecommon causefillibustermajority ruleconstitutional governmentbob edgarLet's Put an End to Political Blustering in the Senate, and Kill the Filibusterhttp://www.alternet.org/story/149135/let%27s_put_an_end_to_political_blustering_in_the_senate%2C_and_kill_the_filibuster\n<!-- ",
"iCopyright Horizontal Tag -->\n<div class=\"icopyright-article-tools-horizontal icopyright-article-tools-right\">\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\nvar icx_publication_id = 18566;\nvar icx_content_id = '664489';\n</script>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\"\nsrc=\"http://license.icopyright.net/rights/js/horz-toolbar.js\"></script>\n<noscript>\n<a class=\"icopyright-article-tools-noscript\"\nhref=\"http://license.icopyright.net/3.18566?icx_id=664489\"\ntarget=\"_blank\"\ntitle=\"Main menu of all reuse options\">\n<img height=\"25\" width=\"27\" border=\"0\" align=\"bottom\"\nalt=\"[Reuse options]\"\nsrc=\"http://license.icopyright.net/images/icopy-w.png\"/>\nClick here for reuse options!",
"\n</a>\n</noscript>\n</div>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"></div><!-- iCopyright Tag -->\n<!-- ",
"All divs have been put onto one line because of whitespace issues when rendered inline in browsers -->\n<div class=\"field field-name-field-teaser field-type-text-long field-label-hidden\"><div class=\"field-items\"><div class=\"field-item even\">It's time for senators to end the politics of gridlock and reform the rules so a small minority cannot block the will of the majority.</div></div></div>\n<!-- ",
"All divs have been put onto one line because of whitespace issues when rendered inline in browsers -->\n<div class=\"field field-name-field-story-image field-type-image field-label-hidden\"><div class=\"field-items\"><div class=\"field-item even\"><img typeof=\"foaf:Image\" src=\"http://www.alternet.org/files/styles/story_image/public/story_images/default.jpg\" alt=\"\" /></div></div></div>\n<!-- ",
"BODY -->\n<!",
"--smart_paging_autop_filter--><p>In America's early days, a filibuster was a pirate -- \"filibustero\" in the original Spanish -- a soldier of fortune who plundered foreign lands without his government's consent.</p>\n<p>Today's filibusteros wear $500 suits and carry BlackBerries, not cutlasses, on their belts. ",
"We call them senators. ",
"The piracy continues however, now legalized and directed at our own government.</p>\n<p><a target=\"_hplink\" href=\"http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1210/45796.html\">Last week, 42 Senate filibusteros demanded a $700 billion ransom</a>, in the form of a tax cut for the richest Americans, and promised that nothing -- however important it might be -- will emerge from the Senate until they get it. ",
"Their piracy almost certainly will succeed, to be followed by more of the same. ",
"And the pirates will smugly insist that the filibuster is part of a great democratic tradition.</p>\n<p>Aaargh!</p>\n<p>The fact is that the modern filibuster, through which one senator or a handful can kill legislation by talking, talking, talking so long that the majority gives up and moves on to something else, has never been part of the Constitution or any law. ",
"It's not even in the original rules of the Senate.</p>\n<p>You could almost say it's an accident.</p>\n<p>America's founders fancied the Senate as a place for careful, thorough deliberation, in contrast to the more mercurial, close-to-the-people House of Representatives. ",
"George Washington is said to have described the Senate as the saucer where the passions of the day were poured out like scalded coffee to cool.</p>\n<p>The first senators considered themselves gentlemen and so were loath to end discussion of any of the Senate's business until everyone had a chance to be heard. ",
"Still, the original Senate rules included a mechanism to end debate and force action by a simple majority vote.</p>\n<p>It was rarely used. ",
"Leaving the vice presidency in 1805, Aaron Burr noted that he'd presided over only one vote to cut off debate during his four years in the chair. ",
"In 1806, senators decided that the rule permitting a motion to end debate was unneeded and eliminated it. ",
"The move enabled a single senator to block action by the entire body.</p>\n<p>Still, the first real filibuster didn't come for another 35 years, in 1841, and there were only 32 more in 76 years after that.</p>\n<p>In 1917, after a filibuster blocked President Woodrow Wilson's bill to arm American merchant ships threatened by the German navy, the Senate finally agreed to permit limits on debate, changing the rules to allow a cutoff, or cloture, on the vote of a two-thirds majority. ",
"The threshold was lowered to a three-fifths majority, now 60 senators, in 1975.</p>\n<p>Not until the 1980s, 90s and the current decade, did filibusters become a popular parliamentary tactic. ",
"Democrats and Republicans alike now characterize them as a critical check on the excesses of the majority, a tool that forces both sides to compromise so that legislation can move forward.</p>\n<p>It sounds good, but in today's hyper-partisan Senate it just isn't true. ",
"Today's filibusters actually stifle debate rather than extend it, block compromise rather than encourage it. ",
"Here's how.</p>\n<p>Everything the Senate does, even the decision to consider a particular bill on a particular day, requires a vote. ",
"That means the decision can be filibustered.</p>\n<p>In September, Republicans opposed to President Obama's plan to let gays serve openly in the military filibustered a motion to begin debate on legislation ending the current \"Don't Ask, Don't Tell\" policy. ",
"When cloture failed, the Senate was effectively blocked from taking up \"Don't Ask\" or amendments to the policy that might have produced a compromise. ",
"The only debate was over debating itself.</p>\n<p>This happens with depressing regularity. ",
"Just this year, 41 Republican senators -- the minimum needed to defeat a cloture motion and keep a filibuster alive -- have blocked or delayed action in the Senate 125 times.</p>\n<p>Other legislation has been blocked just by the threat of a filibuster. ",
"The START treaty, a new arms control agreement with Russia endorsed by secretaries of state from Henry Kissinger through Hillary Clinton is hanging by a thread in the Senate this month because of a filibuster threat by a single senator, Arizona Republican John Kyl. ",
"On a personal note, I've spent a good part of my life studying and working on arms control issues; it staggers me to see a senator use a parliamentary gimmick to block action on a treaty that helps protect our planet from annihilation.</p>\n<p>\"The democratic principle of majority rule does not apply in the United States Senate,\" Atlanta lawyer Emmet J. Bondurant observed in a paper prepared for Common Cause earlier this year. \"",
"Majority rule has been replaced in the Senate by minority rule.",
"\"</p>\n<p>The filibuster, at least as currently practiced, is unconstitutional and un-American. ",
"It's time for senators to end the piracy and reform the rules so a small minority cannot block the will of the majority. ",
"The Senate will have that opportunity in January, when it sets new rules at the start of the 112th Congress, and <a target=\"_hplink\" href=\"http://www.commoncause.org/siteapps/advocacy/ActionItem.aspx?c=dkLNK1MQIwG&b=5936779&utm_medium=HP&utm_campaign=Filibuster&utm_source=SM\">should do so</a>.</p> <!-- ",
"All divs have been put onto one line because of whitespace issues when rendered inline in browsers -->\n<div class=\"field field-name-field-bio field-type-text-long field-label-hidden\"><div class=\"field-items\"><div class=\"field-item even\"> <!",
"--smart_paging_autop_filter-->Bob Edgar is President and CEO of <a href=\"http://commoncause.org\">Common Cause</a>. ",
"</div></div></div>\n<!-- ",
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"Pribylov\n\nPribylov () is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Pribylova. ",
"It may refer to\nGavriil Pribylov (died 1796), Russian navigator \nMiroslava Pribylova (born 1970), Canadian volleyball player\n\nSee also\nPribilof Islands\n\nCategory:Russian-language surnames"
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"The Good...\n\nHassoun Camara - As the only veteran on the back line, Camara performed brilliantly and bounced back from a rare off-night last Saturday. ",
"The French defender was busy all game long in communicating and directing the young defenders. ",
"Schallibaum could not have picked a better choice to lead the youngsters as no doubt the communication was carried out in French.",
"\n\nL'Académie !",
"-I'm referring of course to Karl Ouimette, Wandrille Lefevre and Maxime Tissot. ",
"It wasn't against an MLS club, but the young defenders showed up Tuesday night and showed #IMFC fans that under the right conditions and guidance, the three can contribute to the team if needed.",
"\n\nOuimette might have been the best in the first half, but Tissot and Lefevre got stronger and more confident as the match went on. ",
"Tissot was credited with an assist on the Wenger goal with a nice decisive pass between two Heredia defenders.",
"\n\nAndrew Wenger- Considering just two games ago I was ready see him go in the offseason, I must recognize the effort and willingness by Wenger to create chances for a full 90mins. ",
"He still leaves way to many plays on the field, but slowly he is using his strength and speed to influence a game.",
"\n\nFor a second straight match, Schallibaum gave the young forward some minutes in the midfield and he did not look out of place when on the wing. ",
"Wenger placed two nice crosses, including the Di Vaio diving header that almost led to a goal.",
"\n\nThe Bad...\n\nNyassi /Pisanu - Both players struggled to assert themselves against an inferior club at home. ",
"Nyassi was barely noticeable all game long and not surprisingly was the first choice to come off for Di Vaio at the 57th minute.",
"\n\nAs for Pisanu, he was visible but for all the wrong reasons. ",
"There were two missed corners, lazy pass attempts and all too often careless turnovers.",
"\n\nPaponi Yellow Card - There were a few second half calls or may I say non-calls that left Impact fans outraged. ",
"But none more mystifying than the yellow given to Paponi for diving when the Italian appeared to be clearly fouled just outside the box. ",
"Jamaican referee Courtney Campbell, more than happy to show Impact fans that you don't need to be a fourth official to get a call wrong.",
"\n\nThe Ugly...\n\nAugust 21st, 2013 - We're talking about the actual date that the Impact saw their Champion's League chances vanish. ",
"The late 86th minute game winning goal conceded back in August against C.D. Heredia is even harder to swallow now. ",
"Montreal should have left Guatemala with at least one point as the difference in talent between the two clubs was fairly visible on the pitch.",
"\n\nNo doubt that the Impact will use this year's MLS VS CCL experience to better manage future Impact rosters between both competitions.",
"\n\nShare your thoughts readers. ",
"Who impressed you? ",
"Who did not? ",
"And better yet, what did I get wrong?",
"\n\nMore from Mount Royal Soccer:"
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"Q:\n\nAbout Removing Malware Scripts\n\nI am working on a php website and it gets regularly infected by Malware. ",
"I've gone through all the security steps but failed. ",
"But I know how it every time infect my code. ",
"It comes at the starting of my php index file as following.",
"\n<script>.....</script><?",
"\n\nCan anybody please help me how can I remove the starting block code of every index file at my server folders? ",
"I will use a cron for this.",
"\nI already gone through regex question for removal of javascript malware but did not found what I want.",
"\n\nA:\n\nYou should change FTP password to your website, and also make sure that there are no programs running in background that open TCP connections on your server enabling some remote dude to change your site files. ",
"If you are on Linux, check the running processes and kill/delete all that is suspicious.",
"\nYou can also make all server files ReadOnly with ROOT...\nAnyhow, trojan/malware/unautorized ftp access is to blame, not JavaScript.",
"\nAlso, this is more a SuperUser question...\n\n"
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"The past two decades have seen first the displacement of traditional film-based photography by digital photography and then the displacement, still going on at the time of this writing, of digital compact cameras by smartphones and similar multimedia devices with built-in cameras. ",
"This gives the consumer the opportunity always to have a camera with him, ready to take a picture when the opportunity arises. ",
"Yet this development has also brought a certain degradation in quality. ",
"Despite the impressive advances in miniature cameras small and cheap enough to be integrated into a smartphone, the laws of physics set limits to the noise and dynamic range of a tiny sensor behind a tiny lens mounted in a device that gets warm during operation. ",
"The quality of the images shot with these smartphones is thus often suboptimal, at least when compared with higher-grade dedicated cameras.",
"\nYet the smartphone revolution has also brought us new opportunities in digital imaging. ",
"Smartphones today come equipped with impressively powerful central processing units (CPU) and graphics processing units (GPU) that can perform a lot of mathematical operations in a short time.",
"\nIt is, therefore, desirable to restore the image quality lost by sensor miniaturization and cost reduction in smartphone cameras by novel uses of the mathematical processing power now available.",
"\nA quick review of the patent literature pertinent to the topic:\nU.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"7,518,615 mentions the possibility of using a floating-point frame buffer in order to display an “image recorded by a video camera in very low light, or an infrared image.”",
"\nU.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"8,643,769 contemplates a system for specialized applications where image data are captured and processed as floating-point numbers, and U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"6,538,593 teaches in a similar direction.",
"\nEuropean patent application EP 0,489,552 teaches the use of a processor that can simultaneously execute a non-floating point operation and one or a few floating-point operations in an imaging system that first converts image data from high-dynamic range integer representation to floating point representation and then back to integer representation at a lower dynamic range. ",
"A similar system taught is in U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"7,522,756.",
"\nU.S. Pat. ",
"Nos. ",
"8,503,539 and 8,634,476 teach the use of a GPU “designed to perform fast execution of integer and floating-point arithmetic” in an image-capture apparatus.",
"\nU.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"8,452,090 and application WO 2014/080068 discuss the use of GPUs for Bayer demosaicking. ",
"U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"8,452,090 appears to be implying that this processing be done representing luminance data as 8-bit integer numbers since it suggests the use of the RGBA storage format, even though a camera image does not have an alpha channel, which with present GPU architectures appears to make sense primarily for an encoding in 8-bit integers for each channel since the addition of an unused alpha channel in that case makes each pixel 32 bits wide, which brings advantages for memory access.",
"\nUS Patent Applications 2015/0054999 and 20157/00575001 teach a camera image sensor that out-puts luminance readings as floating-point numbers."
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"Q:\n\nMaximum execution time of 360 seconds exceeded in C:\\wamp\\apps\\phpmyadmin4.1.14\n\nIm trying to backup a wordpress website from host and move it back on my local host and keep it as a sample for rebuilding. ",
"If have any workaround or maybe other methods I`m all ears \nI backedup my website and database also, but when I`m trying to \"Import\" my sql database I always get the fallowing error Fatal error: \nMaximum execution time of 360 seconds exceeded in \nC:\\wamp\\apps\\phpmyadmin4.1.14\\libraries\\import.lib.php on line 345\n\nThe database is kind of big 203MB and I archived it aiesecbu_achieve.sql.zip 55.8 MB \nI can say that I`ve already tried this: Fatal error: Maximum execution exceeded\nand modifying my php.ini\npost_max_size = 400M\nupload_max_filesize = 250M\nmemory_limit = 128M\n\nI have uploaded my database for you to test it if you want(maybe it`s something wrong with it) and a screenshot\nhttps://www.dropbox.com/s/cx9wava7sptf4km/mysql.jpg?dl=0\n\nA:\n\nYou can try to use mysql console.",
"\n\nRun cmd command\nType c: or d: on command prompt. ",
"This will be based on your WAMP server installations.",
"\nAssuming you have installed wamp on D: drive.",
"\nD:\\>cd wamp\nD:\\wamp>cd bin\nD:\\wamp\\bin>cd mysql\nD:\\wamp\\bin\\mysql>cd mysql15.1.36\nD:\\wamp\\bin\\mysql\\mysql15.1.36>cd bin\nD:\\wamp\\bin\\mysql\\mysql15.1.36\\bin>mysql.exe -u root\nuse database\nsource source.sql\n\nBassicaly you login into mysql, use database determines which database you want to use, source /source/to/source.sql determines which sql you want to run. ",
"Pretty easy and efficient.",
"\n\nA:\n\nAs you have phpMyAdmin4.1.14 installed I assume you are using WAMPServer 2.5\nIn WAMPServer 2.5 the PHP resources used by phpMyAdmin are controlled from the phpMyAdmin alias config file. ",
"It was changed for exactly these situations, so you dont have to change the php.ini to add a ridiculously large values to parameters that effect your whole PHP environment.",
"\nSo to increase the relevant paameters you would do this :-\nEdit \\wamp\\alias\\phpmyadmin.conf which should look like this by default\nAlias /phpmyadmin \"c:/wamp/apps/phpmyadmin4.1.14/\"\n\n# to give access to phpmyadmin from outside \n# replace the lines\n#\n# Require local\n#\n# by\n#\n# Require all granted\n#\n\n<Directory \"c:/wamp/apps/phpmyadmin4.1.14/\">\n Options Indexes FollowSymLinks MultiViews\n AllowOverride all\n <IfDefine APACHE24>\n Require local\n </IfDefine>\n <IfDefine !",
"APACHE24>\n Order Deny,Allow\n Deny from all\n Allow from localhost ::1 127.0.0.1\n </IfDefine>\n php_admin_value upload_max_filesize 128M\n php_admin_value post_max_size 128M\n php_admin_value max_execution_time 360\n php_admin_value max_input_time 360\n</Directory>\n\nNow change the parameters here, so they only effect what happens when you are running phpMyAdmin.",
"\nThese are the parameters you should amend\n php_admin_value upload_max_filesize 500M <-- and probably this\n php_admin_value post_max_size 128M\n php_admin_value max_execution_time 620 <-- this for a start\n php_admin_value max_input_time 360\n\nBut basically try a modification and see if it works, if not depending on the error amend the relevant parameter.",
"\nDont forget to restart Apache after each change you make to this file\nOh and dont forget to undo the changes you made to php.ini\n\n"
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"Montreal Canadiens management appears to be spending less money because it's the easiest way to keep profits healthy.",
"\n\nHere is a scary thought for Habs fans. ",
"What if the new reality is that the Montreal Canadiens have become a bargain-basement National Hockey League team?",
"\n\nOne of the most contentious discussions surrounding the Habs last season was the fact that management left US$8 million sitting on the table rather than spending that cash to try to make the team better. ",
"The team had that amount of money available below the salary cap of US$75 million yet general manager Marc Bergevin didn’t spend it.",
"\n\nIt was an extremely sensitive point for team owner and president Geoff Molson, who told the media after the sad-sack season that the Habs would spend whatever it takes to make the team better.",
"\n\n“For me, to talk to my fans, they’ve got my commitment that I’m going to spend every dollar possible to win,” said Molson. “",
"That’s the way we operate in this business. … ",
"No stone is left unturned. ",
"No dollar is left unspent that’s going to make us a better hockey team.”",
"\n\nStory continues below This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below.",
"\n\nThat was in April. ",
"In late July, according to capfriendly.com Montreal has US$7.8 million available under the new salary cap for next season, which is US$79.5 million. ",
"In other words, it sure looks like the financial situation is very similar to last season. ",
"The summer is not over, but every indication is that Bergevin isn’t about to make any pricey blockbuster acquisitions, so in all likelihood when this team hits the ice in early October, they will once again probably have close to US$8 million sitting in the bank.",
"\n\nSo what happened to spending every dollar possible to win? ",
"What I’m starting to think is, for the moment at least, Habs management isn’t interested in spending every dollar possible to win because perhaps the best way to keep the profits rolling is to spend less.",
"\n\nStory continues below This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below.",
"\n\nGo back to the Forbes evaluation of NHL teams from last December. ",
"Montreal came in third on the list behind the New York Rangers and the Toronto Maple Leafs with a team valuation of US$1.25 billion (up 12 per cent from a year earlier), revenue of US$236 million and profit of US$92 million. ",
"That’s the second-best profit margin in the league. ",
"Only the Rangers had a better profit margin, making US$94 million on revenue of US$246 million.",
"\n\nPhoto by John Mahoney / Montreal Gazette\n\nHow is it that one of the richest teams isn’t spending as much as possible to contend? ",
"The frightening thought is that maybe they’re leaving that money on the table because it’s the safest way to keep the profits strong.",
"\n\nThe common wisdom is that the Canadiens make a profit of about US$2 million per home playoff game. ",
"Let’s be honest here, even if this middling squad made the playoffs next season, they can’t dream of more than one series so that’s maybe two or three playoff games at the Bell Centre. ",
"That equals a profit of about $6 million. ",
"But that’s not guaranteed. ",
"Say you spend that extra $8 million you have below the cap and then you still don’t make the post-season. ",
"Then you just lost $8 million.",
"\n\nStory continues below This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below.",
"\n\nBut if you don’t spend it, you’re guaranteed to have it. ",
"The team is a private business owned by Molson and a consortium of companies and Molson’s main job is to keep those profits healthy. ",
"And, clearly, you don’t need to have a great team to make big money, as the Forbes numbers prove.",
"\n\nHere’s what Molson told me in our interview two weeks ago about the team’s finances.",
"\n\n“The primary thing is that the salary cap keeps growing and as a business, if you compare it to inflation, as the salary cap goes, you have to bring up your revenues to maintain your business,” said Molson. “",
"We decided not to take a price increase this year and we did it purposely and we agreed it was the right thing to do for our fan base. ",
"So with that comes less revenue … while the salary cap increases.",
"\n\nStory continues below This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below.",
"\n\n“At a very high level, it’s a relatively simple business. ",
"It’s ticket sales, suite sales, sponsorship sales, television and retail. ",
"For me, the only thing that matters is winning. ",
"When you win, you get excited fans and they want to be there and they want to be part of it. ",
"So that’s what I focus on.”",
"\n\nI know Molson is being honest when he says he wants the Habs to win. ",
"It’s good for business and it’s good for everyone in Montreal. ",
"But look at his description of the business model. ",
"It works for the Canadiens even if they finish 28th overall, which was the case this past season.",
"\n\nIf they really wanted to win more than anything else, why wouldn’t they spend every dollar possible to make that happen?"
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"1. ",
"Introduction\n===============\n\nThe pectenotoxins (PTXs) are macrolactones with multiple polyether ring units, which depolymerize actin filaments \\[[@b1-marinedrugs-09-02176],[@b2-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"The ability of these PTXs to interfere with actin cytoskeleton dynamics allows them to play important roles as precursor molecules in chemotherapy. ",
"Moreover, their potential utility in the treatment of cancer has been recognized \\[[@b3-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"Among them, pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2, [Figure 1](#f1-marinedrugs-09-02176){ref-type=\"fig\"}), which was first identified as a cytotoxic entity in marine sponges, was found to be highly effective and more potent against several cancer cell lines and its biological and functional mechanisms have been intensively investigated. ",
"In particular, many *in vitro* and biochemical studies have shown that PTX-2 inhibits actin polymerization in a concentration-dependent manner. ",
"It does not affect tubulin, which is another molecule that regulates mitotic separation and cytokinesis \\[[@b1-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"First, a study found that actin stress fibers were disrupted by PTX-2. ",
"Further, PTX-2 inhibited the velocity and the degree of pyrenyl-actin polymerization as well as the viscosity of F-actin in a concentration dependent manner \\[[@b4-marinedrugs-09-02176]--[@b6-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"These results suggest that PTX-2 is a potent actin depolymerizing agent, which suggests that it might be a potent anti-cancer agent possessing a unique mode of action.",
"\n\nActin is one of the most abundant and common cytoskeletal proteins for cell growth, motility, signaling, and maintenance of cell shape. ",
"Because PTX-2 affects actin polymerization, many studies have been done on the effect of PTX-2 on cell cycle arrest, endoreduplication, and apoptosis, as well as on its anti-inflammatory effects. ",
"The rest of the review will discuss the effect of PTX-2 on the above phases by relating PTX-2 to different cellular signaling cascades.",
"\n\n2. ",
"Effect of PTX-2 on Cell Cycle Arrest and Endoreduplication\n=============================================================\n\nIn this section, we explain the effects of PTX-2 on cell cycle arrest as well as endoreduplication. ",
"It is well established that PTX-2 strongly induces cell cycle arrest at G~2~/M phase in different cancer cells. ",
"It is further shown that this potent agent induces endoreduplication in a manner that is independent of cell type.",
"\n\n2.1. ",
"G~2~/M Phase Cell Cycle Arrest\n-----------------------------------\n\nCell cycle arrest is one of the key factors of an effective chemopreventive agent. ",
"Many other data show that PTX-2 possesses strong anti-proliferative properties in various cancer cell lines. ",
"In particular, PTX-2 prevented the proliferation of cancer cells by interfering with various stages of cell cycle progression. ",
"In the first part of this section, we will discuss how PTX-2 interferes with cell cycle progression through G~2~/M phase. ",
"Recently, we reported that PTX-2 significantly caused G~2~/M phase arrest in several human cancer cell lines \\[[@b7-marinedrugs-09-02176],[@b8-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"Further experimental results indicated that not only leukemia cells but also human hepatoma cells and breast cancer cells suffered cell cycle arrest at the same stage. ",
"In these studies, PTX-2 increased phosphorylation of Cdc25C and decreased protein levels of Cdc2 (Cdk1, cyclin-dependent kinase 1), cyclin B1; and the M phase-specific marker protein, phospho-histone 3 was markedly increased by PTX-2 \\[[@b7-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"Moreover, induction of G~2~/M phase arrest by PTX-2 was regulated by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and by the c-jun *N*-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway.",
"\n\nIt is well known that Cdc25C directs dephosphorylation of cyclin B-bound Cdc2 and triggers entry into mitosis \\[[@b9-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"However, cancer cells show abnormal growth patterns due to deregulation of these proteins. ",
"Activated Cdc25C is dissociated from 14-3-3 proteins, phosphoserine- or phosphothreonine-binding proteins, which are involved in a variety of cellular processes, including gene regulation, differentiation, cell cycle progression, and metabolism, at the G~2~/M transition. ",
"At the same time, Cdc25C undergoes hyperphosphorylation on several sites within its regulatory *N*-terminal domain, an effect mediated by Cdks and polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) \\[[@b10-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"Sanchez *et al.* ",
"\\[[@b11-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\] reported that increased Cdc25C's phosphatase activity could lead to the activation of Cdc2/cyclin B, which results from the dephosphorylation of Cdc2 by Cdc25C. On the other hand, phosphorylation at serine 216 induces the cytosolic retention of Cdc25C through 14-3-3 binding \\[[@b12-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"This is a good strategy for blocking or delaying entry into mitosis. ",
"Therefore, as we expected, PTX-2-induced G~2~/M phase arrest is associated with the repression of Cdc2 and cyclin B1 expression, and with the induction of the phosphorylation of Cdc25C at ser-216 \\[[@b7-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\].",
"\n\nIn another experiment, we investigated PTX-2-induced cell cycle arrest at G~2~/M phase in human breast cancer cells via ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated) and Chk1/2 (checkpoint kinases 1/2)-mediated phosphorylation of Cdc25C \\[[@b13-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"As mentioned above, phosphorylation at serine 216 induces the cytosolic retention of Cdc25C through binding to 14-3-3 in response to DNA damage \\[[@b12-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"Therefore, cell cycle checkpoints play an important role in safe guarding genomic DNA errors that may occur during chromosome segregation and DNA replication \\[[@b11-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"The activation of checkpoints that are responsive to DNA damage or incomplete DNA replication ultimately results in the inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases. ",
"Chk1 and Chk2 can be activated in response to DNA damage through phosphorylation on ser-345/ser-317 and Thr-68, respectively. ",
"Cdc25, when phosphorylated on serine 216 by activation of Chks, thus blocks downstream Cdc activation and mitosis. ",
"According to Singh's study, human cancer cell-derived Chk2(−/−) cells were significantly more resistant to G~2~/M arrest than Chk2(+/+) cells \\[[@b14-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"Our data show that phosphorylation of Chks was increased by PTX-2 in a concentration dependent manner \\[[@b13-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"It is well known that ATM phosphorylates several key proteins such as p53 and Chks that initiate activation of the DNA damage checkpoint, leading to cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. ",
"Therefore, our study shows that PTX-2-treated cells markedly increase the serine-216 phosphorylation of Cdc25C that is associated with ATM dependent activation of Chks \\[[@b13-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"Furthermore, Cdc25 phosphatase prevents entry into mitosis and stabilizes the tumor suppressor protein p53, leading to cell cycle arrest. ",
"However, PTX-2-induced G~2~/M arrest was not significantly different between MDA-MB-231, which contains the mutant p53 gene, and MCF-7 cells, which expresses the wild-type p53 gene, indicating that p53 is independent of G~2~/M arrest induced by PTX-2 \\[[@b13-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\].",
"\n\n2.2. ",
"Endoreduplication\n----------------------\n\nBased on experiments on a broad spectrum of cell types in which endoreduplication occurs, many hypotheses have been generated to explain the functional importance of this phenomenon. ",
"Endoreduplication can be understood simply as a variant form of the mitotic cell cycle in which mitosis is aborted prior to cytokinesis due in part to modulation of cyclin-dependent activity. ",
"However, many aspects of cell cycle control require negative regulation of Cdks. ",
"Negative regulation of Cdk activity is achieved either by phosphorylation of the catalytic subunit or via the binding of Cdk inhibitory proteins known as CKIs \\[[@b15-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"The other mechanism is via disruption of the actin cytoskeleton by extracellular agents, which can affect cell growth, motility, signaling, and maintenance of cell shape \\[[@b1-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"Recent studies have investigated whether the binding and stabilizing of actin microfilaments using actin polymerization inhibitors can inhibit the growth of several tumor cell lines \\[[@b16-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"Thus, cytotoxic agents have been shown to play important roles in anti-cancer therapy due to their ability to interfere with actin cytoskeleton dynamics, and their potential utility in the treatment of cancer has been recognized.",
"\n\nIn particular, PTX-2 has been shown to have a potent cytotoxic effect in human cancer cell lines. ",
"Recent studies have also demonstrated that the anti-cancer effect of PTX-2 is due to disruption of the actin cytoskeleton through the inhibition of actin polymerization, *in vitro* and *in vivo* \\[[@b17-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"We experimentally found that PTX-2 treatment decreases the fluorescence intensity of phalloidin-FITC in a dose-dependent manner in human leukemia U937 cells \\[[@b7-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"This indicates that PTX-2 causes a decrease in cell proliferation through the depolymerization of actin. ",
"Additionally, maintenance of constant cell size during cellular proliferation must be coordinated with the rate of cell division. ",
"The failure of mitotic cell division caused by PTX-2 is associated with an increase in cell size, and this phenomenon is exhibited by PTX-2 when 10 ng/mL of PTX-2 treatment is done for 72 h in leukemia cells; this contributes to an increase in cell size.",
"\n\nMicrotubules are present in cell cytoskeletal networks, and play important roles in many aspects of the fundamental processes of cell growth and development including cell division, cell expansion, intracellular organization, and cell motility \\[[@b18-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"It is known that disruption of the dynamics of microtubule polymerization induces endoreduplication. ",
"However, we experimentally found that PTX-2 did not change tubulin polymerization *in vitro*, whereas induction of the formation of giant cells by PTX-2 in leukemia cells could promote the synthesis of a large amount of α-tubulin \\[[@b7-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"A recent study has also shown that the increased expression of Cdk2 and p21 is associated with endoreduplication \\[[@b19-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"Since Cdk2 is essential for the G~1~/S transition, consistent or overexpressed Cdk2 in G~2~/M arrested cells could induce endoreduplication through a re-entry into S phase. ",
"Interestingly, p21 and Cdk2 protein levels increased significantly in response to PTX-2 \\[[@b7-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"Thus, PTX-2 induces G~2~/M phase arrest and endoreduplication via the modulation of cell cycle-regulating proteins. ",
"One of the signaling pathways that can control the cell cycle is the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade. ",
"Actin dysfunction accelerates the ERK and the JNK signal pathways, and delays entry into mitosis in mammalian cells \\[[@b20-marinedrugs-09-02176],[@b21-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"PTX-2 significantly induced the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38MAPK. ",
"Further data showed that the ERK and JNK signaling pathways are involved in PTX-2-induced actin dysfunction, suggesting the presence of an actin checkpoint at the G~2~/M transition in leukemia cells \\[[@b7-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"Not only that, endoreduplication of cancer cell lines was induced by this chemical in several types of cancer cells *in vitro*. ",
"Thus PTX-2 induced endoreduplication through different cell signaling pathways and promoted actin depolymerization, and disrupted the organization of the actin cytoskeleton.",
"\n\n2.3. ",
"Effect of PTX-2 on NF-κB and Its Related-Gene Products\n-----------------------------------------------------------\n\nCell signaling has been most extensively studied in the context of human diseases where it is related to proliferation, survival and transformation of cells. ",
"These processes have been deeply investigated in current studies in cancer biology \\[[@b22-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"Components of signaling networks, include several kinases---such as serine/threonine protein kinase, tyrosine-specific protein kinases, histidine-specific protein kinases and phosphoinositide-3-kinase---that maintain the metabolic function of cells \\[[@b23-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"Abnormal activation of these kinases or their downstream transcription factors may result in uncontrolled cell growth, thus forming a malignant mass. ",
"The activation of distinct sets of transcription factors by numerous intracellular signaling pathways may cause dysregulation of numerous cell functions. ",
"Among them, NF-κB plays a key role in cellular signal transduction systems by regulating the immune response to infection \\[[@b24-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"However, improper regulation of NF-κB has been linked to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, cancer, septic shock and viral infection \\[[@b25-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"Therefore, over the last few decades, many chemopreventive agents have been investigated as inhibitors of NF-κB activation pathways.",
"\n\nNF-κB can be activated by cytokines, bacterial toxins, viral products, oxidative stress, toxic metal and UV light, *etc.* ",
"\\[[@b26-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"Activation of NF-κB by these extracellular stimuli leads to the nuclear translocation of NF-κB complex, especially the p65 and p50 subunits. ",
"NF-κB binds to specific sequences of the DNA promoter region. ",
"This DNA/NF-κB complex then recruits other proteins and ends up causing expression of different translated proteins including cell proliferation proteins, cell cycle regulating proteins, and proteins that regulate apoptosis \\[[@b27-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"Chemopreventive agents that block NF-κB pathways are used to understand the mechanism of inhibiting NFKB activity in different cancer cell lines. ",
"Thus, we have recorded the effect of PTX-2 on constitutive NF-κB activity and NF-κB regulated gene expression in human leukemia cancer cells \\[[@b28-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"We found that PTX-2 inhibits constitutive and induced expression of NF-κB activated genes. ",
"A number of reports have demonstrated that NF-κB activation can maintain tumor cell viability and that inhibiting NF-κB activity alone can be sufficient to induce cell death. ",
"On the other hand, active NF-κB turns on the expression of genes that keep the cell proliferating and protect the cell from conditions that would otherwise cause it to die via apoptosis \\[[@b26-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"It has been confirmed that several NF-κB inhibitors act as potent enhancers of chemotherapy, inducing apoptosis in various cancer cells. ",
"One of our studies showed that PTX-2 significantly inhibits constitutive and induced NF-κB, leading to blockage of the IκB proteolytic pathway *in vitro* \\[[@b28-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"Therefore, NF-κB plays an important role in the cytotoxicity of PTX-2 because NF-κB causes many genes to induce cell proliferation, cell survival and apoptosis. ",
"As such, many different types of human tumors have dysregulated NF-κB that is constitutively active. ",
"Our studies further show that NF-κB involvement in proliferation (Cox-2) and anti-apoptosis (IAP-1, IAP-2 and XIAP) are significantly inhibited by PTX-2 treatment. ",
"Therefore, PTX-2 can downregulate NF-κB dependent anti-apoptotic gene products.",
"\n\n3. ",
"Effect of PTX-2 on Apoptosis\n===============================\n\nProgrammed cell death is a key process in cancer development and progression. ",
"The ability of cancer cells to avoid apoptosis and to continue to proliferate is one of the fundamental characteristics of cancer and is a major target in the development of new cancer therapies \\[[@b29-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"Therefore, apoptosis plays an important role in regulating the number of cells in both human embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. ",
"Apoptotic cells are characterized by several unique features including nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, blebbing, loss of cell membrane asymmetry and attachment, cell shrinkage and chromosomal DNA fragmentation \\[[@b29-marinedrugs-09-02176],[@b30-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"The process of apoptosis is controlled by a diverse range of cell signals that can originate either extracellularly or intracellularly, known as the extrinsic (death receptor-mediated) and intrinsic (mitochondrial-mediated) pathways, respectively.",
"\n\nExtracellular signaling molecules may either cross the plasma membrane or have their presence transduced. ",
"In both cases they cause an intracellular response and a cell initiates intracellular apoptotic signaling in response to stress \\[[@b31-marinedrugs-09-02176],[@b32-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"These signals may positively or negatively affect apoptosis. ",
"Inhibition of apoptosis can result in a number of cancers, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, and viral infections. ",
"Accumulating data indicate that many chemopreventive and/or chemotherapeutic agents can cause tumor cell death through the induction of apoptosis. ",
"Therefore, the induction of apoptotic cell death is an important mechanism in the anticancer properties of many anti-cancer drugs.",
"\n\nMany studies have reported correlations between drug responsiveness and tumor genotypes. ",
"As the p53 gene is inactivated in the majority of human cancers, the p53 gene plays a major role in preventing tumorigenesis. ",
"It does this by responding to both cellular stress and DNA damage. ",
"Much effort has therefore been made to determine the effects of p53 inactivation on cancer cell responses to therapeutic agents \\[[@b33-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"Since NF-κB has also been shown to play a role in tumorigenesis via its constitutive activation within a wide variety of tumor types, inhibiting NF-κB activation alone can be sufficient to induce cell death \\[[@b27-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"Additionally, Akt is known to activate IKK, which immediately leads to NF-κB activation and cell survival. ",
"Akt can phosphorylate BAD on Ser136, which makes BAD dissociate from the Bcl-2/Bcl-X complex and lose its pro-apoptotic function \\[[@b33-marinedrugs-09-02176],[@b34-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"Therefore, Akt inhibitors have been thought of as good candidates for anti-cancer drugs. ",
"Several reports have shown that NF-κB inhibitors act as potent enhancers of chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. ",
"Likewise, PTX-2 was reported to be an apoptotic agent in many cancer cell lines because it inhibited expression of many anti-apoptotic genes.",
"\n\nPTX-2 inhibits the expression of anti-apoptotic and proliferative genes known to be regulated by NF-κB activity. ",
"One of our studies showed that PTX-2 significantly inhibits constitutive NF-κB activity, leading to blockage of IκB proteolytic pathways in leukemia cells \\[[@b28-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"Suppression of nuclear translocation of NF-κB by the NF-κB inhibitor PDTC enhanced PTX-2-induced apoptosis. ",
"Also, PTX-2-induced apoptosis may be related to down-modulation of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL as well as to up-regulation of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax. ",
"The anti-apoptosis proteins AP-1, IAP-2 and XIAP were significantly inhibited by PTX-2 treatment. ",
"Therefore, PTX-2 sensitizes apoptosis through suppression of NF-κB activity via inactivation of Akt.",
"\n\nShin *et al.* ",
"\\[[@b35-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\] reported that PTX-2 caused proteolytic activation of caspases such as caspase-3, -8 and -9 in Hep3B cells, though not in HepG2 cells. ",
"This compound also downregulated the expression of IAP family proteins that are inhibitors of caspases such as XIAP, cIAP-1 and cIAP-2. ",
"These data indicated that caspase-3 plays an important role in PTX-2-induced apoptosis in p53-deficient Hep3B cells. ",
"PTX-2 also induced increases in levels of DR4 and DR5; the increase in DR4/5 and Bax levels probably contributed to the activation of caspase-8 in Hep3B cells.",
"\n\nMany studies have demonstrated that p53 directly activates the transcription of a number of genes including genes for: (i) the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 (WAF1/CIP1), the major mediator of p53 cell-cycle inhibitory capacity; and (ii) apoptotic genes \\[[@b36-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"We found that PTX-2 activates an intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in p53-deficient tumor cells compared to those with functional p53 both *in vitro* and *in vivo* \\[[@b35-marinedrugs-09-02176],[@b37-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"Another experiment showed that apoptosis induced by PTX-2 in Hep3B cells was associated with modulation of the Bcl-2 family, activation of caspases, and loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential \\[[@b37-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"Though PTX-2 induced apoptosis in p53-deficient Hep3B cells, HepG2 cells were much more resistant to PTX-2, which suggests that PTX-2 acts by a cytotoxic mechanism that is p53-independent. ",
"Another study showed the same phenomenon in mitochondria integrates death signals through Bcl-2 family members \\[[@b28-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"Release of cytochrome *c* and smac causes caspase activation through the loss of membrane potential and increasing the permeability of the outer membrane. ",
"This mitochondrial apoptosis pathway is involved in the apoptosis induced by abnormalities in actin dynamics. ",
"All of these data indicate that Bcl-2 family proteins are dysregulated in p53^−/−^ cells. ",
"Therefore, the above data show that PTX-2 induces apoptosis in diverse ways: affecting NF-κB proteins and caspases, and changing the mitochondrial potential through suppression of actin polymerization ([Figure 2](#f2-marinedrugs-09-02176){ref-type=\"fig\"}).",
"\n\n4. ",
"Effect of PTX-2 on Telomerase Activity\n=========================================\n\nTelomeres are repetitive DNA sequences located at the termini of linear chromosomes which are responsible for maintaining chromosomal stability \\[[@b38-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"As human telomeres grow shorter, cells eventually reach the limit of their replicative capacity and progress into senescence. ",
"However, when cells begin to become cancerous, they divide more often and its telomeres do not shorten \\[[@b39-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"The enzyme known as telomerase can prevent this activity by elongating telomeres. ",
"Therefore, this enzyme offers an attractive target for chemoprevention and other anticancer strategies.",
"\n\nThe telomerase ribonucleoprotein complex consists of two essential components, a catalytic protein subunit human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), and a template RNA (hTR) \\[[@b40-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"hTR is present in all cell types, while hTERT mRNA is not detected in telomerase-negative cells but is present in germinal and cancer cells. ",
"The promoter region of hTERT contains E-boxes and GC-boxes, the consensus binding sequences for Myc and Sp1, respectively \\[[@b41-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"Myc and Sp1 activate hTERT transcription by binding to the promoter region and causing cell proliferation. ",
"Post-transcriptional and translational modifications are tightly controlled by the activity of hTERT. ",
"Therefore, hTERT has received considerable attention for its role in regulating telomerase activity.",
"\n\nThus, many studies have focused on telomerase activity, studying hTERT and different anticancer agents. ",
"According to our findings, PTX-2 suppressed telomerase activity in human leukemia cells via the transcriptional downregulation of hTERT through reductions in c-Myc and Sp1 activities \\[[@b42-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"Akt1 is involved in cellular survival pathways by inhibiting apoptotic processes. ",
"Akt phosphorylation can also be a potent inducer of telomerase activation via hTERT phosphorylation linked to nuclear localization. ",
"Our previous data indicated that PTX-2 downregulated p-Akt and the phosphorylation and translocation of hTERT \\[[@b42-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"Thus PTX-2 treatment regulates hTERT at the post-translational level by downregulating its phosphorylation by the Akt pathway \\[[@b43-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\]. ",
"Finally PTX-2 can act as an inhibitor of telomerase activity via the transcriptional and post-translational suppression of hTERT ([Figure 3](#f3-marinedrugs-09-02176){ref-type=\"fig\"}).",
"\n\n5. ",
"Conclusion\n=============\n\nCancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells coupled with malignant behaviors such as invasion and metastasis. ",
"Most commonly, chemotherapy drugs have been applied to cancer treatment during the past few decades. ",
"These chemotherapeutic drugs can affect different stages of cell functions and lead to cell death. ",
"This review is a refresher on the anti-cancer effects of PTX-2 on different cancer cells. ",
"PTX-2 regulates the behaviors of cancer cells through different cell signaling pathways. ",
"Therefore, this chemical has good potential to be used as an anticancer drug in the future. ",
"So, it is now necessary to conduct further research to investigate the anti-cancer properties of this chemical and then to determine whether it is safe and effective as an anti-cancer drug.",
"\n\nThis work was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology (2010--0001730), and Blue-Bio Industry RIC at Dong-Eui University as a RIC (08-06-07) program of KIAT under Ministry of Knowledge Economy, Republic of Korea.",
"\n\n###### \n\nChemical structure of PTX-2 (**A**), Molecular Weight: 859.1; Molecular Formula: C~47~H~70~O~14~ and confocal imaging of actin cytoskeleton and morphology of hepatic cells (**B**). ",
"Panels (**a**) and (**c**) are fluorescence and transmission photographs of the control cells, respectively; panels (**b**) and (**d**) are from cells treated with 200 nM PTX-2. ",
"Arrows point to differences on the F-actin distribution between control and treated cells (bundles and dots, respectively). ",
"One cell is outlined in controls (**c**) and in cells incubated with PTX-2 (**d**) to show morphological changes. ",
"Images are representative of three independent experiments. ",
"Scale bar = 50 μm \\[[@b6-marinedrugs-09-02176]\\].",
"\n\n![](",
"marinedrugs-09-02176f1a)\n\n![](",
"marinedrugs-09-02176f1b)\n\n{#f2-marinedrugs-09-02176}\n\n{#f3-marinedrugs-09-02176}\n"
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"// Copyright 2014-2017 Ulrich Kunitz. ",
"All rights reserved.",
"\n// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style\n// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.",
"\n\npackage lzma\n\n// literalCodec supports the encoding of literal. ",
"It provides 768 probability\n// values per literal state. ",
"The upper 512 probabilities are used with the\n// context of a match bit.",
"\ntype literalCodec struct {\n\tprobs []prob\n}\n\n// deepcopy initializes literal codec c as a deep copy of the source.",
"\nfunc (c *literalCodec) deepcopy(src *literalCodec) {\n\tif c == src {\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\tc.probs = make([]prob, len(src.probs))\n\tcopy(c.probs, src.probs)\n}\n\n// init initializes the literal codec.",
"\nfunc (c *literalCodec) init(lc, lp int) {\n\tswitch {\n\tcase !(",
"minLC <= lc && lc <= maxLC):\n\t\tpanic(\"lc out of range\")\n\tcase !(",
"minLP <= lp && lp <= maxLP):\n\t\tpanic(\"lp out of range\")\n\t}\n\tc.probs = make([]prob, 0x300<<uint(lc+lp))\n\tfor i := range c.probs {\n\t\tc.probs[i] = probInit\n\t}\n}\n\n// Encode encodes the byte s using a range encoder as well as the current LZMA\n// encoder state, a match byte and the literal state.",
"\nfunc (c *literalCodec) Encode(e *rangeEncoder, s byte,\n\tstate uint32, match byte, litState uint32,\n) (err error) {\n\tk := litState * 0x300\n\tprobs := c.probs[k : k+0x300]\n\tsymbol := uint32(1)\n\tr := uint32(s)\n\tif state >= 7 {\n\t\tm := uint32(match)\n\t\tfor {\n\t\t\tmatchBit := (m >> 7) & 1\n\t\t\tm <<= 1\n\t\t\tbit := (r >> 7) & 1\n\t\t\tr <<= 1\n\t\t\ti := ((1 + matchBit) << 8) | symbol\n\t\t\tif err = probs[i].Encode(e, bit); err !",
"= nil {\n\t\t\t\treturn\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\tsymbol = (symbol << 1) | bit\n\t\t\tif matchBit !",
"= bit {\n\t\t\t\tbreak\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\tif symbol >= 0x100 {\n\t\t\t\tbreak\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\tfor symbol < 0x100 {\n\t\tbit := (r >> 7) & 1\n\t\tr <<= 1\n\t\tif err = probs[symbol].Encode(e, bit); err !",
"= nil {\n\t\t\treturn\n\t\t}\n\t\tsymbol = (symbol << 1) | bit\n\t}\n\treturn nil\n}\n\n// Decode decodes a literal byte using the range decoder as well as the LZMA\n// state, a match byte, and the literal state.",
"\nfunc (c *literalCodec) Decode(d *rangeDecoder,\n\tstate uint32, match byte, litState uint32,\n) (s byte, err error) {\n\tk := litState * 0x300\n\tprobs := c.probs[k : k+0x300]\n\tsymbol := uint32(1)\n\tif state >= 7 {\n\t\tm := uint32(match)\n\t\tfor {\n\t\t\tmatchBit := (m >> 7) & 1\n\t\t\tm <<= 1\n\t\t\ti := ((1 + matchBit) << 8) | symbol\n\t\t\tbit, err := d.DecodeBit(&probs[i])\n\t\t\tif err !",
"= nil {\n\t\t\t\treturn 0, err\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\tsymbol = (symbol << 1) | bit\n\t\t\tif matchBit !",
"= bit {\n\t\t\t\tbreak\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\tif symbol >= 0x100 {\n\t\t\t\tbreak\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\tfor symbol < 0x100 {\n\t\tbit, err := d.DecodeBit(&probs[symbol])\n\t\tif err !",
"= nil {\n\t\t\treturn 0, err\n\t\t}\n\t\tsymbol = (symbol << 1) | bit\n\t}\n\ts = byte(symbol - 0x100)\n\treturn s, nil\n}\n\n// minLC and maxLC define the range for LC values.",
"\nconst (\n\tminLC = 0\n\tmaxLC = 8\n)\n\n// minLC and maxLC define the range for LP values.",
"\nconst (\n\tminLP = 0\n\tmaxLP = 4\n)\n\n// minState and maxState define a range for the state values stored in\n// the State values.",
"\nconst (\n\tminState = 0\n\tmaxState = 11\n)\n"
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[
"Uno de los objetivos es sacar los “semáforos” de la Aduana de Ezeiza (@InfoViajera)\n\n\"Adquisición de una Solución de reconocimiento facial para la AFIP en el Aeropuerto Internacional Ministro Pistarini (Ezeiza)\". ",
"Ese es el nombre del \"pliego de condiciones particulares\" que el ente recaudador le hizo llegar a algunos de sus proveedores y con el que inicia la licitación pública de estos requerimientos de tecnología de avanzada.",
"\n\nAsí, por primera vez AFIP utilizará este tipo de instrumentos digitales de última generación y en tiempo real para detectar \"sospechosos\" que entran o salen del país. ",
"Muy rápido, desde el organismo que conduce Leandro Cuccioli, aclaran que el objetivo no es buscar evasores, sino más bien a personas vinculadas con el narcotráfico, contrabando y otros delitos.",
"\n\nSe deberá alertar ante la medición de un nivel pre configurado de ‘temor’ en los rostros capturados por las videocámaras instaladas en el Puesto de Control de Aduana\n\nLas cámaras, unas 50 en principio, trabajarán en interconexión con otros sistemas de seguridad del aeropuerto y estarán en funcionamiento en el \"mediano plazo\", quizás en un año. \"",
"Es un proceso largo\", dicen las fuentes.",
"\n\nChina ya usa la tecnología que permite analizar grandes multitudes en poco tiempo\n\nEl sistema se llama API, por advance passenger information, y ya se usa en la región en Colombia Brasil y México.",
"\n\n\"La idea es pasar de un control aleatorio a uno inteligente. ",
"Los parámetros a verificar son: la frecuencia de vuelos del pasajero a un mismo destino, su capacidad económica para comprar los viajes y el cruce con otros organismos de seguridad nacionales e Interpol\", detallan desde el AFIP. ",
"Pretenden que en un futuro cercano no haya más \"semáforos\" en la Aduana, y que se pueda saber de antemano a quién se debe controlar, \"cómo se hace en la mayoría de las aduanas modernas del mundo\".",
"\n\nLa idea es pasar de un control aleatorio a uno inteligente. ",
"Los parámetros a verificar son: la frecuencia de vuelos del pasajero a un mismo destino, su capacidad económica para comprar los viajes y el cruce con otros organismos de seguridad nacionales e Interpol\n\nLas cámara también reconocerán gestos e información térmica que podrán interactuar con plataformas que generen \"perfiles de riesgo que permitan la identificación de los pasajeros\".",
"\n\nDetalles de la licitación\n\nSegún los detalles del pliego, \"la solución deberá reconocer rostros en tiempo real de determinadas personas que arriban al aeropuerto\". ",
"Las imágenes y datos de identidad de personas a ser reconocidas serán obtenidos luego de que hagan el trámite de migraciones, \"y previamente a que sean captados, por las videocámaras\".",
"\n\nLuego, ante el reconocimiento de rostro de personas que figuran en la \"lista de interés\" de la plataforma, \"se debe generar en forma automática una alerta al personal aduanero en un dispositivo, tanto de escritorio, como móvil\".",
"\n\nLeandro Ciccioli, titular de la Afip\n\nAdemás se pide que el sistema, que mezcla hardware con software, incluya \"funcionalidades de análisis termográficos, de emociones, de datos de redes sociales de fuentes abiertas y/o públicas y la capacitación del personal de AFIP, tanto para el uso como para la administración de la Solución, instalación de todos los componentes y su posterior mantenimiento y soporte técnico\".",
"\n\nEn cuanto al reconocimiento de emociones se explica que los sistemas deberá medir distintos tipos, \"de las cuales al menos una de ellas deberá responder a la emoción primaria denominada 'temor' (ansiedad, preocupación, aprehensión)\".",
"\n\nControl de rayos X en Ezeiza\n\nTambién tendrá que detectar expresiones del rostro, analizar posturas y comportamiento corporal: se deberá alertar \"ante la medición de un nivel pre configurado de 'temor' en los rostros capturados por las videocámaras instaladas en el Puesto de Control de Aduana\".",
"\n\nFinalmente, con respecto a la información que se cruzará de las redes sociales, se exige capacidad para almacenar y analizar grandes volúmenes de datos y para procesar \"fuentes abiertas como Facebook y Twitter – y de medios masivos de comunicación con el fin de entender los fenómenos sociales (datos no privados)\" y, entre otros \"detectar los hechos de los individuos analizados sobre diversas temáticas y regiones en particular\".",
"\n\nSeguí leyendo:\n\nEl dólar encadena la sexta baja seguida, en una rueda con escaso monto operado"
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"It is the first extinct bird described from the Azores and, after the Madeiran Scops Owl (O. mauli Rando, Pieper, Alcover & Olson 2012a), the second extinct species of Strigiformes known in Macaronesia. ",
"The forelimb elements of the new taxon are shorter, the hindlimb elements are longer, and the pelvis is shorter and broader than in the Eurasian Scops Owl (O. scops Linnaeus). ",
"The new species differs from O. mauli in the smaller size of many of its bones, especially the ulna and tibiotarsus. ",
"Its measurements (estimated weight, wing area, and wing loading, and the ratio of humerus + ulna + carpometacarpus length/femur length) indicate weak powers of flight and ground-dwelling habits. ",
"The latest occurrence of the new species, as evidenced by a radiocarbon date of 1970 ± 40 BP from bone collagen, indicates a Late Holocene extinction event subsequent to 49 cal BC, and was probably linked to human arrival and subsequent habitat alterations."
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"The Amazing Praise 2019\n\nThanks for being a #NeighborWhoGives!!!!",
"\n\nThanks for giving to Into The Neighborhood through The Amazing Praise! ",
"There are so many worthy organizations participating, and we are grateful you selected us! ",
"We appreciate you! ",
"Good news: All gifts will be matched up to $5000, thanks to a generous matching gift! ",
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"Join the Cavalry\n\nJoin the Cavalry was a military song popular during the American Civil War. ",
"The verses detail various feats performed by Jeb Stuart's troopers, the cavalry arm of the Army of Northern Virginia, while the chorus urges the listener to \"join the cavalry\". ",
"Occasionally, the title is recorded as \"Jine the Cavalry\". ",
"The song was most common in Virginia.",
"\n\n\"Jine the Cavalry!\" ",
"was among Stuart’s favorite songs, and became the unofficial theme song of his Confederate cavalry corps. ",
"It recounts many of Stuart’s early exploits, including the daring \"Ride around the Army of the Potomac\" in the early summer of 1862, and the Confederate Cavalry raid to Chambersburg, PA in October 1862. ",
"One of Stuart’s men, Sam Sweeney, was an accomplished banjo player and often serenaded Stuart and his officers during the Gettysburg Campaign.",
"\n\nJINE THE CAVALRY!",
"\n\nWe're the boys that rode around McClellan(ian),\nRode around McClellan(ian), Rode around McClellan(ian)!",
"\nWe're the boys that rode around McClellan(ian),\nBully boys, hey! ",
"Bully boys, ho!",
"\n\nCHORUS: \nIf you want to have a good time, jine the cavalry!",
"\nJine the cavalry! ",
"Jine the cavalry!",
"\nIf you want to catch the Devil, if you want to have fun,\nIf you want to smell Hell, jine the cavalry!",
"\n\nOl' Joe Hooker, won't you come out of The Wilderness?",
"\nCome out of The Wilderness, come out of The Wilderness?",
"\nOl' Joe Hooker, won't you come out of The Wilderness?",
"\nBully boys, hey! ",
"Bully boys, ho!",
"\n\nCHORUS: \nIf you want to have a good time, jine the cavalry!",
"\nJine the cavalry! ",
"Jine the cavalry!",
"\nIf you want to catch the Devil, if you want to have fun,\nIf you want to smell Hell, jine the cavalry!",
"\n\nWe're the boys who crossed the Potomac(ica), who\nCrossed the Potomac(ica), who crossed the Potomac(ica)!",
"\nWe're the boys who crossed the Potomac(ica),\nBully boys, hey! ",
"Bully boys, ho!",
"\n\nCHORUS: \nIf you want to have a good time, jine the cavalry!",
"\nJine the cavalry! ",
"Jine the cavalry!",
"\nIf you want to catch the Devil, if you want to have fun,\nIf you want to smell Hell, jine the cavalry!",
"\n\nWe're the boys that rode to Pennsylvania,\nRode to Pennsylvania, rode to Pennsylvania!",
"\nWe're the boys rode to Pennsylvania,\nBully boys, hey! ",
"Bully boys, ho!",
"\n\nCHORUS: \nIf you want to have a good time, jine the cavalry!",
"\nJine the cavalry! ",
"Jine the cavalry!",
"\nIf you want to catch the Devil, if you want to have fun,\nIf you want to smell Hell, jine the cavalry!",
"\n\nThe big fat Dutch gals hand around the breadium,\nHand around the breadium, hand around the breadium!",
"\nThe big fat Dutch gals hand around the breadium,\nBully boys, hey! ",
"Bully boys, ho!",
"\n\nCHORUS: \nIf you want to have a good time, jine the cavalry!",
"\nJine the cavalry! ",
"Jine the cavalry!",
"\nIf you want to catch the Devil, if you want to have fun,\nIf you want to smell Hell, jine the cavalry!",
"\n\nLyrics are in the public domain.",
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"\n\nIt's the time of year to rewatch our favorite TV Halloween episodes, but anyone rewatching The Office Season 6 on Netflix might notice the holiday is suspiciously absent.",
"\n\nBut this isn't a Netflix thing, as some outlets have recently reported; the Halloween scene from Season 6, episode 8 (\"Koi Pond\") was cut from the episode years ago.",
"\n\nThe 2009 episode originally opened with a scene of the Dunder Mifflin warehouse transformed into a haunted house (including Jim's famous \"Bookface\" costume). ",
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"\n\n(Content warning: depiction of suicide)\n\nThe scene's ending was criticized even 10 years ago and promptly removed from the episode in any reruns or future streaming versions (NBC will launch its own streamer, Peacock, in 2020). ",
"It was no longer part of the episode by the time the DVD box set went on sale in 2010.",
"\n\nInterestingly, the official The Office YouTube account uploaded the clip (above) two years ago to celebrate Halloween, resurfacing the clip amid Office nostalgia as bonus footage rather than content which was deemed inappropriate when it originally aired.",
"\n\nSo if you have The Office on your Halloween watchlist, you can always watch the YouTube clip before diving into \"Koi Pond.\" ",
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"Share this post\n\nLink to post\n\nShare on other sites\n\nMakes sense, calories are energy that help keep you warm.....breathing burns calories so does running on the spot....so deep breathing and shivering burns energy.",
"\n\nIf you eat less you don't need to burn excess calories. ",
"This seem like another study that tries to deflect from the fecking obvious:\n\nEat healthy (no processed food and no junk food) and you will stay fit, regardless of central-heating or exercise.",
"\n\nI lost 16kg a few years ago simply by switching to a healthy diet (no wheat, no sugar, no fried food, no processed junk, only home-cooked food made from raw ingredients) without doing any exercise and without turning the heating down.",
"\n\nIf we get a few more winters like this one maybe they won't need the capacity. ",
"Mildest December since 1988, and January looking even milder so far. ",
"Should give the energy companies a deserved kicking..................\n\nShare this post\n\nLink to post\n\nShare on other sites\n\nIf we get a few more winters like this one maybe they won't need the capacity. ",
"Mildest December since 1988, and January looking even milder so far. ",
"Should give the energy companies a deserved kicking..................\n\nShare this post\n\nLink to post\n\nShare on other sites\n\nIf you eat less you don't need to burn excess calories. ",
"This seem like another study that tries to deflect from the fecking obvious:\n\nEat healthy (no processed food and no junk food) and you will stay fit, regardless of central-heating or exercise.",
"\n\nI lost 16kg a few years ago simply by switching to a healthy diet (no wheat, no sugar, no fried food, no processed junk, only home-cooked food made from raw ingredients) without doing any exercise and without turning the heating down.",
"\n\n---\n\nEating a healthy diet will make you feel good, have more energy, more concentration and help to live a longer life, but like anything everything in moderation.....going without things like bread, sugar, fried food or exercise is not moderation it is an extreme.....no need to go to extremes, then you can turn the heating down if fit and healthy and not very young or old.",
"\n\nShare this post\n\nLink to post\n\nShare on other sites\n\nI have to say I've thought this for some time and it ties in to my own experiences from years gone by of living in draughty flats and being too tight to turn the heating on. ",
"However I have another related theory which is that living this way makes you hotter and more likely to sweat and be uncomfortable in the summer because your faster metabolism doesn't suddenly slow down when the sun comes out.",
"\n\nShare this post\n\nLink to post\n\nShare on other sites\n\ngoing without things like bread, sugar, fried food or exercise is not moderation it is an extreme.....no need to go to extremes, then you can turn the heating down if fit and healthy and not very young or old.",
"\n\nIt might look extreme to you since you are probably so used the current standard UK diet (which is extremely unhealthy), but when you stop and think about it you will realise how unnatural and therefore how unhealthy it is to eat industrially produced processed and refined foods. ",
"The human body wasn't made to eat modern wheat (which has a much higher gluten content than ancient wheat varieties), isolated sugars, or even worse junk food.",
"\n\nA man from 200 years ago would have considered our current standard diet to be extreme in every way: too fatty, too sweet, too many calories, too many allergens.",
"\n\nObesity and cancer have never been more prevalent and you see no connection to stuffing yourself with sugar, fried food and other junk like that on a daily basis?",
"\n\nSaying you have to eat 'healthily in moderation' is nonsense, the healthier your diet, the healthier you will live.",
"\n\n---\n\nShare this post\n\nLink to post\n\nShare on other sites\n\nIt might look extreme to you since you are probably so used the current standard UK diet (which is extremely unhealthy), but when you stop and think about it you will realise how unnatural and therefore how unhealthy it is to eat industrially produced processed and refined foods. ",
"The human body wasn't made to eat modern wheat (which has a much higher gluten content than ancient wheat varieties), isolated sugars, or even worse junk food.",
"\n\nA man from 200 years ago would have considered our current standard diet to be extreme in every way: too fatty, too sweet, too many calories, too many allergens.",
"\n\nObesity and cancer have never been more prevalent and you see no connection to stuffing yourself with sugar, fried food and other junk like that on a daily basis?",
"\n\nSaying you have to eat 'healthily in moderation' is nonsense, the healthier your diet, the healthier you will live.",
"\n\n---\n\nYes, processed and junk not at all good for you.......will continue to eat homemade bread and butter, sometimes make rye sourbread...... just made some seville marmalade with fresh fruit and sugar, will not be eating a jar a day a week or a month."
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"😍 LIMITED TIME OFFER 😍\n\nDescription\n\nOur professional strength teeth whitening formula, comprised of 18% carbamide peroxide, is specially formulated with the highest quality standards and abides to all Australian regulations and deemed safe by the ACCC and TGA. ",
"To obtain the quickest and most desirable whitening or bleaching results, it is important to have a dentist grade, high quality product that you can count on. ",
"Our gel uses a very powerful high-viscosity 'sticky' gel that ensures proper distribution and adhesion during your teeth whitening sessions.",
"\n\nAbout Us\n\nKAPOW! ",
"Smiles is the fun way to whiten your teeth using the latest LED teeth whitening technology. ",
"Our product is 100% safe and backed by over 12 years experience in manufacturing and producing teeth whitening kits. ",
"We are backed by $10,000,000 liability insurance and guarantee results. ",
"We know how important your smile is and promise continuous support until you are 100% happy.",
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"\nAny idea what is going on/how to fix this? ",
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"\nThe full and correct definition of hv path is\nhv path/.style = {to path={-| (\\tikztotarget) \\tikztonodes}\n\nThe nodes are by default placed at pos = .5 (= midway) along the path. ",
"At normal line-tos this is at the actual middle of the line. ",
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"Noida: A Greater Noida woman was booked Tuesday after she allegedly confined a 13-year-old boy to her home and hurt his genitals with hot tongs for resisting her sexual advances, police said.",
"\n\nThe incident was reported from Chapraula village under Badalpur police station limits, they said, adding that the woman is absconding after the incident.",
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"\n\nHe said a complaint in this regard was filed Tuesday and an FIR registered under Indian Penal Code sections 323 (voluntarily causing hurt), 324 (causing hurt with a weapon), 342 (wrongful confinement), 363 (kidnapping), 506 (criminal intimidation).",
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"Q:\n\nError creating room using Smack: \"Feature not implemented\"\n\nI'm following the documentation and trying to create a room:\n //Create a MultiUserChat using a Connection for a room\n MultiUserChat muc = new MultiUserChat(conn1, \"myroom@mycompany.com\");\n\n // Create the room\n muc.create(\"testroom\");\n\n // Send an empty room configuration form which indicates that we want\n // an instant room\n muc.sendConfigurationForm(new Form(Form.",
"TYPE_SUBMIT));\n\nWhen I go into PSI, click service discovery, click multiuserchat, right click browse, click myroom. ",
"It pops an error message, that says \"There was an error getting agents for myroom@mycompany.com, Reason: Feature not implemented. ",
"The feature requested is not implemented by the recipient server and cannot be processed\".",
"\nAny suggestions, anyone?",
"\nNow I can create a new room using PSI. ",
"I also tried muc.join instead of muc.create. ",
"Same error message.",
"\n\nA:\n\nWithout knowing your exact setup, I would guess that your room name (myroom@mycompany.com) is incorrect. ",
"You get a Feature not implemented because the XMPP entity mycompany.com does likely not act as MUC service. ",
"Those are implemented as separate XMPP component, usually named conference or muc, e.g. conference.mycompany.com.",
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"Polyphenolic constituents in mulberry leaf extract (M. latifolia L. cv. ",
"BC259) and its antidiabetic effect in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.",
"\nMulberry (M. alba L.) has prominent use in traditional Chinese medicine since ancient times but its therapeutic properties have not been sufficiently explored in India. ",
"Present study was designed to isolate and identify the polyphenolic constituents present in mulberry leaf (M. latifolia) using HPLC and to evaluate its antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipedemic properties in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic wistar rat models. ",
"HPLC analysis identified chlorogenic acid (103mg/100gm), caffeic acid (4.3mg/100gm), coumaric acid (11.61mg/kg), rutin (53mg/100gm) and quercetin (46.19mg/100gm) as the major constituents of crude polyphenolic extracts in M. latifolia. ",
"STZ induced diabetic rats administered with mulberry leaf extract at doses 250 and 500mg/kg after 4 weeks of treatment significantly improved their glycemic control (p<0.001). ",
"Body weight increased significantly (p<0.001) after administration of BC259 extract at a dose of 500mg/kg. ",
"Results also showed that there was a significant decrease in serum urea (p<0.001) and creatinine level (p<0.01). ",
"Significant decline was observed in the levels of serum triglycerides (p<0.01), total cholesterol (p<0.001), LDL-cholesterol (p<0.01) and VLDL-cholesterol (p<0.01), while the serum HDL-cholesterol (p<0.01) significantly increased. ",
"Results revealed that the leaf extract of M. latifolia (var.",
"BC259) causes significant antidiabetic and antihypercholesterolemic activity. ",
"Evidence of identified bioactive polyphenolic compounds present in M. latifolia leaf extract strengthens its antidiabetic property."
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"21 SHARES Facebook Twitter\n\nOver the last month, Hollywood mogul Jeffrey Katzenberg has been signing some high-profile filmmakers to fill out the roster of talent that will create content for his upcoming Quibi streaming service. ",
"And it appears that his newest acquisition is none other than Doug Liman, who is set to bring a new superhero series to the service.",
"\n\nAccording to THR, Liman has signed on to direct “Crazy Talented,” a new short-form series that will debut on Quibi. ",
"For those not familiar with Quibi, the service differs from other streamers by focusing on mobile content consumption, with the films and TV series all being broken up into 10-minute chunks that will be easily watched while subscribers are out and about.",
"\n\nREAD MORE: ‘Chaos Walking’: ‘Don’t Breathe’s’ Fede Álvarez Reportedly Brought On As A “Consultant” To Doug Liman On $15 Million Reshoots\n\nThe official synopsis for the series reads:\n\n“The world’s most powerful superheroes are trying to stop the world’s most devastating threat — alien weapons falling into the wrong hands and obliterating life as we know it. ",
"At least that’s what they’ve been told. ",
"In Crazy Talented, patients on a psych ward are convinced by a charismatic leader that their defects are actually extraordinary ‘talents.’ ",
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"\n\nLiman is working with writer Michael Karnow on the new series, which is based on a short story by “Jumper” author Steven Gould. ",
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"\n\nREAD MORE: ‘Green Book’ Director Peter Farrelly Developing A Suicide Comedy Series For Quibi Streaming Service\n\nNo word on a release date, but the Quibi streaming service is expected to arrive sometime in spring 2020."
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"\n\nSecondly, development policies and plans are discussed as well as manufacturing processes and cost structures. ",
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"Upstream raw materials, equipment and downstream consumers analysis is also carried out. ",
"Whats more, the Overboots Clothing industry development trends and marketing channels are analyzed.",
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"\n\n4 Capacity, Production and Revenue Analysis of Overboots Clothing by Regions, Types and Manufacturers4.1 Global Capacity, Production and Revenue of Overboots Clothing by Regions 2011-20164.2 Global and Major Regions Capacity, Production, Revenue and Growth Rate of Overboots Clothing 2011-20164.3 Global Capacity, Production and Revenue of Overboots Clothing by Types 2011-20164.4 Global Capacity, Production and Revenue of Overboots Clothing by Manufacturers 2011-2016\n\nSIMILAR MARKET STUDIES\n\nThis report mainly introduces volume and value market share by players, by regions, by product type, by consumers and also their price change details. ",
"As a Detailed Analysis report, it covers all details inside analysis and opinion in Ice Hockey Mouthguard industry.",
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"The global home ...\n\nThe hospital assets management system helps to manage and protect hospital equipment. ",
"It uses automated software systems to monitor the environment in hospital campus. ",
"The technology solutions are becoming increasingly ..."
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