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"Q:\n\ni want to replace these textbox with place holder text in textbox in wpf\n\nIn my project is having the below code for textbox i want to replace these textbox with place holder text in textbox in wpf.",
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"Column=\"0\" MaxLength=\"1000\" TextWrapping=\"Wrap\" AcceptsReturn=\"True\"\n Grid.",
"Row=\"1\" \n Margin=\"5,0,0,5\" Height=\"100\" \n Text=\"{Binding QuestionText, UpdateSourceTrigger=LostFocus}\" />\n\nA:\n\nwhat you can do is either extend the TextBox control on your own or use what worked for me: \nWatermark TextBox\nread the instructions at the link and implement accordingly\n\n"
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"Here Is Everything You Need to Know"
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"2002 Dublin Award Address.",
"\nThis paper focuses on the bodily experiences and attitudes toward the body in suicidal individuals. ",
"It is argued that bodily experiences and attitudes toward the body, such as rejection of the body, detachment, numbness, physical anhedonia, and lack of protection can facilitate acts of self-destruction. ",
"This argument is supported by theories of developmental psychology, theories on suicide, and empirical data. ",
"It is demonstrated that suicidal individuals experience their body differently from other populations and that these are related to suicidal behavior."
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"Dilution of semi-solid creams: influence of various production parameters on rheological properties and skin penetration.",
"\nIn order to customise treatment for patients, topical formulations are often diluted with drug-free cream bases to adjust the drug dose and thereby the formulations' activity to the patients' needs. ",
"However, the process of dilution influences properties of the formulations. ",
"Stability can be reduced as well as the microbial stability and most importantly, efficacy and skin penetration behaviour can be severely and unpredictably changed. ",
"The present study investigates the effects of production parameters on creams, namely incorporation of an API (active pharmaceutical ingredients) into an OW cream with prior mixing with propylene glycol or without and subsequent automated or manual dilution of the resulting creams with three different cream bases. ",
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"Just Watched\n\nMichael Jackson's daughter hospitalized\n\nStory highlights\n\nParis Jackson and her two brothers were kept out of public's eye when young\n\nThey are now more visible\n\nParis, 15, was hospitalized on Wednesday\n\nThe high school student wants to be an actress\n\nLike her father had done countless times before, Paris Jackson stepped to the microphone.",
"\n\nWhat followed at the star-studded public memorial for Michael Jackson was a heartbreaking tribute from a young girl millions of fans barely knew.",
"\n\n\"Ever since I was born, daddy has been the best father you could ever imagine,\" the 11-year-old said through tears, as relatives patted and comforted her. \"",
"And I just want to say, that I love him so much.\"",
"\n\nThe brief appearance on July 7, 2009, at Los Angeles' Staples Center, was a surprise, given Paris, like her two brothers, had been shielded by their superstar father for most of their lives.",
"\n\nOnly two weeks before, according to testimony in the 2011 trial of Michael Jackson's physician, Paris saw her dying father lying on a bed with his eyes and mouth open.",
"\n\nJust Watched\n\nJackson family attorney: Paris is OK\n\nThat trauma of losing a father was recalled Wednesday after Paris Jackson was rushed to a hospital after cutting one of her wrists, sources close to the family told CNN.",
"\n\nParis called a suicide counseling hot line, which led to a counselor calling 911 to the Jackson home in Calabasas, California, the sources said. ",
"Other Jackson sources stopped short of calling the incident a suicide attempt, although one suggested it might be \"a cry for help.\"",
"\n\n\"Being a sensitive 15-year-old is difficult no matter who you are,\" attorney Perry Sanders said. \"",
"It is especially difficult when you lose the person closest to you.\"",
"\n\nWhile either behind a mask as a small child or in the public eye as a teen, the aspiring actress has endured many ups and downs in her relatively few years.",
"\n\nSince their father's death, Prince, Paris and Blanket's lives have become more public.",
"\n\nFrom left, Prince, Blanket and Paris Jackson at the 'Michael Forever Tribute Concert' at Millennium Stadium on October 8, 2011. ",
"in Cardiff, Wales.",
"\n\nIn TV interviews, Paris has spoken about a devoted father who sometimes let his kids go to Chuck E. Cheese. ",
"A father who mildly disciplined them if they did something bad.",
"\n\nMichael Jackson wanted his children to grow up without fanfare and overwhelming scrutiny. ",
"He talked to his children about his youth while starring in the Jackson 5.",
"\n\n\"He would always be stuck in the studio singing while other kids were out playing,\" Paris told Oprah Winfrey in June 2012.",
"\n\nThe daughter talked about why the siblings wore masks when away from home.",
"\n\n\"I didn't get why I was wearing a mask. ",
"But I understand it now -- why my dad would want our face to be covered,\" she said. \"(",
"So) when we went out without him we would not be recognized. ",
"We would have a normal childhood.\"",
"\n\nParis said she has dealt with issues familiar to some adolescents. ",
"People tried to bully her, Paris told Oprah. \"",
"A lot of people don't like me,\" she said.",
"\n\nAnd, she admitted, normalcy can be tough to attain when a security detail escorts you to the mall.",
"\n\nPhotos: Michael Jackson, King of Pop 16 photos\n\nPhotos: Michael Jackson, King of Pop16 photos\n\nMichael Jackson, King of Pop β The death in 2009 of superstar Michael Jackson, who died of cardiac arrest at the age of 50, sent shockwaves around the world.",
"\n\nMichael Jackson, King of Pop β Jackson performs during the Bad tour at Wembley Stadium in London.",
"\n\nHide Caption\n\n13 of 16\n\nPhotos: Michael Jackson, King of Pop16 photos\n\nMichael Jackson, King of Pop β Jackson performs during the taping of \"American Bandstand's 50th: A Celebration\" in 2002.",
"\n\nHide Caption\n\n14 of 16\n\nPhotos: Michael Jackson, King of Pop16 photos\n\nMichael Jackson, King of Pop β Michael Jackson earned the Legend Award during the MTV Video Music Awards in Tokyo in 2006.",
"\n\nHide Caption\n\n15 of 16\n\nPhotos: Michael Jackson, King of Pop16 photos\n\nPhotos: Michael Jackson, King of Pop β Jackson is seen in this handout photo provided by AEG Live on June 23, 2009, two days before his death, rehearsing at the Staples Center in Los Angeles.",
"\n\nHide Caption\n\n16 of 16\n\nEXPAND GALLERY\n\nParis wants to make her own mark as an actress. ",
"She signed to star in the upcoming film, \"Lundon's Bridge and the Three Keys,\" based on children's fantasy novels.",
"\n\n\"You can be like a totally different person on camera and it's fun,\" Paris told Winfrey. \"",
"You can take on another character and it's awesome.\"",
"\n\nThe siblings are part of a family that has seen its share of public disputes.",
"\n\nTheir grandmother, Katherine Jackson, shares guardianship with TJ Jackson, the son of Tito Jackson, under an agreement forged last year after the Jackson matriarch was away for 10 days. ",
"Katherine Jackson was eventually found to be at an Arizona spa with several of her sons and daughters.",
"\n\nA missing person report triggered a media storm, with Paris tweeting for people to help find her grandmother or at least to get Jackson to call her grandchildren.",
"\n\nAt the time, CNN obtained surveillance video that appeared to show Paris' superstar aunt, Janet Jackson, attempting to take the then 14-year-old's cell phone from her. ",
"Authorities reportedly broke up a scuffle at the Jackson family home after that event.",
"\n\nParis and Prince, 16, are listed as potential witnesses in an ongoing trial. ",
"Members of the Jackson family contend AEG Live is liable in Michael Jackson's 2009 fatal drug overdose. ",
"The siblings were questioned separately by AEG attorneys before the wrongful death trial began in April.",
"\n\nWho's who in Jackson trial 15 photos\n\nWho's who in Jackson trial15 photos\n\nKey players in Jackson wrongful death trial β Katherine Jackson: Michael's mother, 82, was deposed for nine hours over three days by AEG Live lawyers. ",
"As the guardian of her son's three children, she is a plaintiff in the wrongful death lawsuit against the company that promoted Michael Jackson's comeback concerts.",
"\n\nHide Caption\n\n1 of 15\n\nWho's who in Jackson trial15 photos\n\nKey players in Jackson wrongful death trial β Kenny Ortega: He was chosen by Michael Jackson and AEG Live to direct and choreograph the \"This Is It\" shows. ",
"Ortega, who choreographed for Jackson's \"Dangerous\" and \"HIStory\" tours, testified at Dr. Conrad Murray's criminal trial that \"Jackson was frail\" at a rehearsal days before his death.",
"\n\nHide Caption\n\n2 of 15\n\nWho's who in Jackson trial15 photos\n\nKey players in Jackson wrongful death trial β Dr. Conrad Murray: He was Michael Jackson's personal physician in the two months before his death, giving him nightly infusions of the surgical anesthetic that the coroner ruled led to his death. ",
"Murray, who is appealing his involuntary manslaughter conviction, has sworn that he would invoke his Fifth Amendment protection from self-incrimination and refused to testify in the civil trial. ",
"There is a chance that Murray will be brought into court from jail to testify outside the presence of the jury to allow the judge to determine if he would be ordered to testify.",
"\n\nHide Caption\n\n3 of 15\n\nWho's who in Jackson trial15 photos\n\nKey players in Jackson wrongful death trial β Joe Jackson: Michael's father, 84, is on the witness list for the trial and may testify. ",
"The Jackson family patriarch, who lives in Las Vegas separately from his wife, has suffered several ministrokes in the last year, which some close to him say have affected him.",
"\n\nHide Caption\n\n4 of 15\n\nWho's who in Jackson trial15 photos\n\nPrince Jackson: Michael's oldest son is considered a key witness in the Jacksons' case against AEG Live, since he is expected to testify about what his father told him about the concert promoter in the last days of his life. ",
"Prince, who turned 16 in February, is becoming more independent -- he now has a driver's license and jobs.",
"\n\nHide Caption\n\n5 of 15\n\nWho's who in Jackson trial15 photos\n\nKey players in Jackson wrongful death trial β Paris Jackson: Michael's daughter, who turned 15 on April 3, is on the list of witnesses and was questioned by AEG Live lawyers for several hours on March 21 about her father's death. ",
"Paris is an outspoken teen who often posts messages to her 1 million-plus Twitter followers.",
"\n\nHide Caption\n\n6 of 15\n\nWho's who in Jackson trial15 photos\n\nKey players in Jackson wrongful death trial β Blanket Jackson: Although AEG Live asked the judge to order Blanket, 11, to sit for a deposition, and he is one of the four plaintiffs suing them, Michael's youngest son will not be a witness in the trial. ",
"His doctor submitted a note to the court saying it would be \"medically detrimental\" to the child.",
"\n\nHide Caption\n\n7 of 15\n\nWho's who in Jackson trial15 photos\n\nKey players in Jackson wrongful death trial β Randy Phillips: He's president of AEG Live, the concert promoter that contracted with Michael Jackson for his \"This Is It\" comeback shows set to start in London in July 2009. ",
"The Jackson lawsuit says Phillips supervised Dr. Conrad Murray's treatment of Jackson in the weeks before his death, making the company liable for damages. ",
"E-mails between Phillips and other executives showed they were worried about Jackson's missed rehearsals and sought Murray's help getting him ready.",
"\n\nHide Caption\n\n8 of 15\n\nWho's who in Jackson trial15 photos\n\nKey players in Jackson wrongful death trial β Kevin Boyle: The Los Angeles personal injury lawyer is leading the Jackson team of at least six attorneys in the wrongful death suit against AEG Live. ",
"One of his notable cases was a large settlement with Boeing on behalf of two soldiers injured when their helicopter malfunctioned and crashed in Iraq.",
"\n\nHide Caption\n\n9 of 15\n\nWho's who in Jackson trial15 photos\n\nKey players in Jackson wrongful death trial β Perry Sanders, Jr.: Katherine Jackson's personal lawyer is helping steer the Jackson matriarch through her relations with her son's estate, probate court and the wrongful death suit. ",
"He is also known for representing the family of Biggie Smalls in their suit against the city of Los Angeles over the rapper's death investigation.",
"\n\nHide Caption\n\n10 of 15\n\nWho's who in Jackson trial15 photos\n\nKey players in Jackson wrongful death trial β Marvin Putnam: He's the lead lawyer for AEG Live, defending against the wrongful death suit. ",
"The primary focus of his legal practice is \"media in defense of their First Amendment rights,\" according to his official biography.",
"\n\nHide Caption\n\n11 of 15\n\nWho's who in Jackson trial15 photos\n\nKey players in Jackson wrongful death trial β Philip Anschutz: The billionaire owner of AEG, parent company of AEG Live, is on the Jacksons' witness list. ",
"He is the force behind the effort to build a football stadium in downtown Los Angeles to lure a National Football League team to the city. ",
"He recently pulled his company off the market after trying to sell it for $8 billion.",
"\n\nHide Caption\n\n12 of 15\n\nWho's who in Jackson trial15 photos\n\nKey players in Jackson wrongful death trial β Tim Leiweke: He was recently fired as AEG's president as Philip Anschutz announced he was taking a more active role in the company. ",
"The Jackson lawyers say Leiweke's e-mail exchanges with executives under him concerning Michael Jackson's health are important evidence in their case.",
"\n\nHide Caption\n\n13 of 15\n\nWho's who in Jackson trial15 photos\n\nKey players in Jackson wrongful death trial β Paul Gongaware: The AEG Live co-CEO worked closely with Michael Jackson as he prepared for his comeback concerts. ",
"He testified at Dr. Conrad Murray's criminal trial that he contacted the physician and negotiated his hiring at the request of Jackson. ",
"AEG lawyers say it was Jackson who chose, hired and supervised Murray. ",
"Gongaware knew Jackson well, having been tour manager for the singer in previous years.",
"\n\nHide Caption\n\n14 of 15\n\nWho's who in Jackson trial15 photos\n\nKey players in Jackson wrongful death trial β John Branca: He's one of two executors of Michael Jackson's estate. ",
"Branca was Jackson's lawyer until about seven years before his death. ",
"He said Jackson rehired him just weeks before he died.",
"\n\nHide Caption\n\n15 of 15\n\nEXPAND GALLERY\n\n\"A grilling of a child regarding the loss of her father is going to create a lot of pressure,\" Jackson trial lawyer Kevin Boyle said Wednesday. \"",
"Paris Jackson was asked intimate details about her father and her father's death; it was a very intense situation.\"",
"\n\nAEG Live lawyer Marvin Putnam denied his team was tough on Paris Jackson in her deposition.",
"\n\nIn between the headlines, Paris continues in school, formulating her own dreams. ",
"She's a cheerleader for her high school's basketball team.",
"\n\nThe teen was recently reunited with her mother, Debbie Rowe, who bowed out of her life when she was an infant. ",
"Paris has been spending time with Rowe at her horse farm.",
"\n\nRowe is the biological mother of Prince and Paris. ",
"The couple divorced in 1999, with Rowe giving Jackson full custody while she got an $8.5 million settlement, according to court documents. ",
"Jackson later agreed to additional support.",
"\n\nRowe said in a 2003 interview, later obtained by ABC News, that she became close to Jackson in 1996 when she consoled him after his brief marriage to Lisa Marie Presley ended.",
"\n\nParis' first solo TV interview was in December 2011, with Ellen DeGeneres. ",
"She told the host that as a young girl she did not realize Michael Jackson was so famous.",
"\n\nDeGeneres asked Paris whether she would be compared to her father if she performed music.",
"\n\n\"Well, I understand that I will be put on a certain level compared to him, and I might not meet everybody's standards,\" Paris replied."
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"\n\nI noticed when I saved my menu background image from jpg to gif that gif takes almost one fourth of the size that jpg does.",
"\njpg = 25kb\ngif = 7kb\nIs there any downsides to using gif?",
"\nIts GIF 256 colors BTW. ",
"NOT interlaced. ",
"Not transparent.",
"\nJust want to be sure!",
"\nThanks\n\nA:\n\nIf you're not using it for interlacing and transparency, the only real upside would be the compressed file size.",
"\nHowever, you may want to look into using the PNG format. ",
"You can find an overview of the three file types here (Surrey University)\nOver the past 5 years, PNG has been phased in to the web image standards, developers and designers always knew it handled compression better, but it wasn't fully supported by all browsers - causing it to be overlooked until said browsers were upgraded.",
"\nNowadays, PNG is pretty much the most commonly used file format for images on modern websites.",
"\n\nA:\n\nThere are no downsides to this as long as the graphics look good.",
"\nFor menus and line drawings - in general, any mages with large homogeneous areas, i.e. many adjacent Pixels with the same color -, GIF (or PNG, note musicinmybrain's comment below) is usual the best choice as it compresses stronger, and the results look better (especially because of sharper edges).",
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"This individual has nailed the majority of the additions present in the latest iPhone family, and according to him, it will take quite a bit of time before the competition can catch up.",
"\n\nKGI Securities Analyst Claims That the Apple TrueDepth Camera Enables Advanced Features Like Face ID Which Will Take a While to Be Adopted\n\nMing-Chi Kuo told investors in a note shared this morning via MacRumors, assuring that it will take Appleβs Android competitors up to two and a half years to replicate the functionality and user experience of the TrueDepth Camera in the iPhone X. The same analyst stated that it would take Qualcomm two years to catch up to Apple in 3D sensing technology, and now he is back with yet another claim.",
"\n\nAccording to the report, the TrueDepth Camera will give a huge technological lead to Apple throughout 2018 and 2019, leading him to believe that the iPhone X will command a huge market despite the constraints being visible in 2017.",
"\n\nIf youβre wondering about the features that accompany this TrueDepth Camera, it enables the Face ID facial recognition system and other elements like advanced face tracking and analysis for Animoji. ",
"Rumors state that the difficulty in manufacturing this camera is what is leading to iPhone X production problems, severely limiting the initial supply.",
"\n\nSamsungβs facial recognition system in the Galaxy S8, Galaxy S8+ and Galaxy Note 8 are pale in comparison because a mere Facebook photo is sufficient to unlock these expensive computing devices. ",
"Though Samsung is already working on improving things with its facial recognition security, it will have to tout more security layers if it is expected to gain a speck of an advantage against the TrueDepth camera technology.",
"\n\nDo you agree with the analystβs statement referring to the superiority of Appleβs current-gen technology? ",
"Tell us your thoughts down in the comments."
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"Proportional Representation Society of Australia\n\nThe Proportional Representation Society of Australia is an electoral reform organisation in Australia. ",
"It has branches in South Australia, Victoria-Tasmania, New South Wales, Western Australia and the Australian Capital Territory. ",
"Its membership includes people that have successfully promoted electoral reform.",
"\n\nThe Society regularly reviews and makes submissions on electoral reform within Australia with a focus on multi-member single transferable vote - proportional representation voting systems. ",
" It has made submissions to international organizations including the United Nations and the New Zealand Parliament.",
"\n\nHistory\n\nThe Society's began before the commencement of Australia as a Federation with Catherine Helen Spence as one of its founding members. ",
"See details of the growth and success of quota-preferential proportional representation in Australia, particularly at the national level.",
"\n\nCatherine Helen Spence's 1861 booklet, A Plea for Pure Democracy, helped the early formation of a proportional representation group called the 'Effective Voting League of South Australia'. ",
"Miss Catherine Spence was the first female candidate at a public election in the then British Empire when she stood unsuccessfully at the 1897 election (under the multiple vote ) for the 1897 Australasian Federal Convention.",
"\n\nA statue in Light Square in Adelaide, unveiled on 10 March 1986 by Her Majesty the Queen, commemorates Spence. ",
"The PRSA later launched its reprint of her booklet there. ",
"She is remembered by her autobiography, and was depicted on the Australian $5 banknote issued for the Centenary of Federation, in 2001. ",
"The PRSA's SA Branch (the Electoral Reform Society of South Australia) influenced the replacement of the first party list system used, briefly, for Australian parliamentary elections, introduced by the Dunstan Labor Government in 1973, by direct election using the present quota-preferential form of proportional representation that the SA Electoral Act 1985 prescribes for elections for SA's Legislative Council. ",
"The SA Constitution Act 1934 requires a referendum before either House can be abolished, but does not specify or entrench the electoral system.",
"\n\nAdvocacy\nThe Society advocates the use of Hare-Clark proportional voting, a form of the Single Transferable Vote method (STV) that is currently in use for elections in Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory.",
"\n\nIt has published a quarterly newsletter entitled Quota Notes.",
"\n\nThe Society has also published educational documents and aids such as\n Rules for Counting Single Transferable Votes\n The Gerrymander Wheel, a simple calculator to demonstrate the perceived futility of drawing geographical boundaries in a single-member electorate system.",
"\n\nIssues\nThe Society has raised issues in relation to the conduct of public elections in Australia, which include:\n Robson Rotation, the need to randomly order candidates' listings in the printing of ballot papers so as to minimize the effect of donkey voting\n The rules for the calculation of the surplus transfer value in the distribution of preferences in proportional representation counts.",
"\n Opposition to the voting device imposed on certain Australian proportional representation elections\n Filling casual vacancies by countback, which is a form of direct election, rather than by the party appointment system used to fill Senate and Legislative Council casual vacancies.",
"\n Electronic voting, and the introduction and use of computer technology in the conduct of elections\n\nSubmissions to Government\nThe Proportional Representation Society has made submissions to governments which have influenced the development and formation of Australia's electoral systems, as can be seen at its News pages.",
"\n\nPublic discussion and forums\nThe Society holds and participates in public meetings and forums on electoral reform in various parts of Australia. ",
" There is a 2009 presentation by Malcolm Mackerras, an electoral analyst and political journalist.",
"\n\nVote-counting Service\nThe Proportional Representation Society's Victoria-Tasmania Branch also provides services in counting votes or fully conducting elections for corporate and community organizations in Australia including economical computations of results by email. ",
"See its list of clients.",
"\n\nAssociations\nThe Society maintains a connection with:\n The Electoral Reform Society\n STV Action UK\n The Center for Voting and Democracy USA\n Fair Vote Canada\n Fair Voting British Columbia\n\nReferences and footnotes\n\nExternal links\n Official PRSA Web site\n Proportional Representation Society of Australia (NSW)\n Proportional Representation Society of Australia (SA)\n Elections and Representative government and representation - Australia National Library of Australia Archives\n Growth details\n \n Quota Notes\n News pages\n 2009 presentation\n Malcolm Mackerras\n List of clients\n\nAustralia\nCategory:Elections in Australia"
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"David Einhorn\n\nDavid Einhorn may refer to:\n\n David Einhorn (rabbi) (1809β1879), leader of the Jewish reform movement in the U.S.\n David Einhorn (hedge fund manager) (born 1968), founder of Greenlight Capital"
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"Q:\n\nIs there a practical way to triangulate a signal?",
"\n\nAround my location, there is an odd signal near 50.145MHz (at this moment it seems centered around 50.14735MHz but that changes as the day progresses). ",
" Other amateur radio operators in this city also hear it; apparently it started about a year ago.",
"\nI am curious where it is coming from but do not have equipment for 6m fox-hunting. ",
" There was something written once about using existing web-SDR stations to triangulate signals. ",
" Is such a thing really practical? ",
" If so, how would one go about doing that?",
"\n\nA:\n\nI suppose that a very rough estimate of the general location of the transmitter could be made by comparing signal strengths of several receivers with omnidirectional antennas without knowing exact details of the antenna systems of the receivers, but the estimate will be very approximate. ",
" That's not a very practical technique.",
"\nA better technique is to have several fixed stations point directional antennas at the transmitter as best they can, and then triangulate. ",
" However this technique can be fooled by reflections, interference, etc., ",
"and it's still not exact.",
"\nThe best way to locate a transmitter is to use \"fox hunting\" techniques with a portable antenna, a portable receiver, and other such equipment. ",
" (An attenuator can be a great help.)",
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"Cauliflower Colcannon with Kale, Gruyère, and Roasted Garlic.",
"\n\nMy mother makes corned beef every year for Saint Patrickβs Day. ",
"She puts big hunks of it in the slow cooker and simmers it all day long with fat chops of potatoes, carrots, and green cabbage. ",
"And every year (every single year), she serves all that up with drop biscuits, tinted bright green with food coloring. ",
"Yes, every year she serves green biscuits β grass green biscuits. ",
"I kid you not.",
"\n\nMom, are you reading this? ",
"Green biscuits. ",
"Really?",
"\n\nShut up. ",
"Theyβre amazing.",
"\n\nOf course, while I have a particular affinity for all foods green (naturally green and sometimes⦠otherwise), due to my gluten-free diet, biscuits tend to make fewer appearances on my own dinner table. ",
"So whatβs a green-food-loving gluten-free gal to eat on Saint Patrickβs Day?",
"\n\nEnter the colcannon.",
"\n\nColcannon is one of those great Irish dishes that I discovered only just a few years ago. ",
"Traditionally, itβs boiled potatoes and cabbage, all mashed up, buttered well, and doused with cream. ",
"I hear what youβre saying: βGreen mashed potatoes. ",
"Really?β",
"\n\nOh, be quiet. ",
"Itβs a lovely thing.",
"\n\nIβve made some substitutions here β cauliflower for the potatoes and kale for the cabbage. ",
"If youβve never had mashed cauliflower before, you must. ",
"You just must. ",
"Iβve stuck with the traditional Irish butter β which happens to be my very favorite butter (yes, I have a favorite butter β donβt judge) β Kerry Irish Gold. ",
"Iβve made this Irish dish perhaps slightly more continental by adding a handful (yes, a handful) of roasted garlic cloves and some luscious little tufts of grated Gruyere cheese.",
"\n\nPut the cauliflower in a large boiling pot with a few shakes of salt. ",
"Fill the pot with water, and bring it to a boil. ",
"Once the water is boiling, add the kale and stir. ",
"Turn the heat to simmer and cover the pot. ",
"Cook until the cauliflower is soft (about 15 minutes). ",
"Drain in a colander and return to pot.",
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"Return the mash to the colander and drain the excess water for a few minutes; push gently on the mash with the back of your spoon. ",
"Return the drained mash to the pot, add the garlic, and mash again. ",
"Then, add the cheese, butter, and salt to taste."
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"Show caption The treatment of cheerleaders has come under scrutiny in recent years. ",
"Last year, it emerged some Washington NFL cheerleaders had been required to pose topless. ",
"Photograph: Patrick Semansky/AP US sports High school under scrutiny after cheerleaders given βBig Boobieβ and βBig Bootyβ awards Awards given out at ceremony attended by parents and coaches\n\nCoach in charge is still working at Wisconsin high school\n\nGuardian sport Wed 20 Feb 2019 13.33 GMT Share on Facebook\n\nShare on Twitter\n\nShare via Email 1 year old\n\nA cheerleading coach at a Wisconsin high school defended prizes given to her students that included the βBig Boobie Awardβ and the βBig Booty Awardβ. ",
"The awards were given out at a banquet attended by more than 100 people, including parents at the school, according to the New York Times.",
"\n\nAt least four adults at the ceremony complained to Tremper High School about the awards, including parents and the schoolβs former track coach, Patti Hupp. β",
"I feel that I need to tell you this for the protection of these girls,β Hupp wrote in an email to the schoolβs principal, adding it was easy to see βthat this is extremely degrading to women.β ",
"When the Big Boobie award was handed out, the coach giving the prize said the girl in question risked concussion when she ran due to her βenormous boobsβ.",
"\n\nAlthough the students who won prizes did not complain about the awards, which were given out in March 2018, other students at the ceremony said they were unhappy. β",
"When the girl went up to accept the Big Boobie award, what do you think everyone in the room was looking at? ",
"I wouldβve died,β one of the cheerleaders told the Times. ",
"Some parents at the banquet also expressed their displeasure to the Times. β",
"I looked around and thought, βDid that just happen?β ",
"If my daughter would have won one of those awards, I wouldβve absolutely been rushing the stage. ",
"It was just so wrong, in so many ways,β one mother said.",
"\n\nThe schoolβs cheerleading coach, Patti Uttech, was questioned about the ceremony and wrote in an email to the school principal that the girlsβ parents βthought it was the funniest thingβ. ",
"She added: βWe understand that we are in a politically correct world these days, but we do like to have fun and keep thing on the lighter side.β",
"\n\nThe school later asked Uttech to resign and send a letter of apology to the girls involved. ",
"Although Uttech wrote the letters, she is still coaching at the school, according to the Times. ",
"The American Civil Liberties Union has now sent a formal warning to the Kenosha Unified School District, saying it may sue after the district βfailed to take any meaningful corrective actionβ.",
"\n\nThe treatment of cheerleaders has received attention in recent years. ",
"In 2o18, it emerged Washingtonβs NFL team required its cheerleaders to go topless during photo shoots and act as personal escorts for team sponsors. ",
"The incidents occurred during the NFL teamβs trip to Costa Rica in 2013. ",
"While some cheerleaders were required to wear just body paint others were told to go topless for a calendar shoot. ",
"Although the women would not appear unclothed in the pictures, team sponsors and other guests β all of whom the women say were male β were granted full access to the shoot."
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[
" SUBROUTINE ccsdt_y_tr3_12_2(d_a,k_a_offset,d_b,k_b_offset,d_c,k_c_\n &offset)\nC $Id$\nC This is a Fortran77 program generated by Tensor Contraction Engine v.1.0\nC Copyright (c) Battelle & Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (2002)\nC i1 ( h4 h5 h6 h10 h12 p1 )_yttr + = 2 * Sum ( p7 ) * tr ( p7 h12 )_tr * i2 ( h4 h5 h6 h10 p1 p7 )_yt\n IMPLICIT NONE\n#include \"global.fh\"\n#include \"mafdecls.fh\"\n#include \"sym.fh\"\n#include \"errquit.fh\"\n#include \"tce.fh\"\n INTEGER d_a\n INTEGER k_a_offset\n INTEGER d_b\n INTEGER k_b_offset\n INTEGER d_c\n INTEGER k_c_offset\n INTEGER nxtask\n INTEGER next\n INTEGER nprocs\n INTEGER count\n INTEGER h4b\n INTEGER h5b\n INTEGER h6b\n INTEGER p1b\n INTEGER h12b\n INTEGER h10b\n INTEGER dimc\n INTEGER l_c_sort\n INTEGER k_c_sort\n INTEGER p7b\n INTEGER p7b_1\n INTEGER h12b_1\n INTEGER h4b_2\n INTEGER h5b_2\n INTEGER h6b_2\n INTEGER p1b_2\n INTEGER h10b_2\n INTEGER p7b_2\n INTEGER dim_common\n INTEGER dima_sort\n INTEGER dima\n INTEGER dimb_sort\n INTEGER dimb\n INTEGER l_a_sort\n INTEGER k_a_sort\n INTEGER l_a\n INTEGER k_a\n INTEGER l_b_sort\n INTEGER k_b_sort\n INTEGER l_b\n INTEGER k_b\n INTEGER l_c\n INTEGER k_c\n EXTERNAL nxtask\n nprocs = GA_NNODES()\n count = 0\n next = nxtask(nprocs,1)\n DO h4b = 1,noab\n DO h5b = h4b,noab\n DO h6b = h5b,noab\n DO p1b = noab+1,noab+nvab\n DO h12b = 1,noab\n DO h10b = 1,noab\n IF (next.eq.count) THEN\n IF ((.not.restricted).or.(int_mb(k_spin+h4b-1)+int_mb(k_spin+h5b-1\n &)+int_mb(k_spin+h6b-1)+int_mb(k_spin+p1b-1)+int_mb(k_spin+h10b-1)+\n &int_mb(k_spin+h12b-1).ne.12)) THEN\n IF (int_mb(k_spin+h4b-1)+int_mb(k_spin+h5b-1)+int_mb(k_spin+h6b-1)\n & .eq. ",
"int_mb(k_spin+p1b-1)+int_mb(k_spin+h10b-1)+int_mb(k_spin+h12\n &b-1)) THEN\n IF (ieor(int_mb(k_sym+h4b-1),ieor(int_mb(k_sym+h5b-1),ieor(int_mb(\n &k_sym+h6b-1),ieor(int_mb(k_sym+p1b-1),ieor(int_mb(k_sym+h10b-1),in\n &t_mb(k_sym+h12b-1)))))) .eq. ",
"ieor(irrep_y,ieor(irrep_t,irrep_tr)))\n & THEN\n dimc = int_mb(k_range+h4b-1) * int_mb(k_range+h5b-1) * int_mb(k_ra\n &nge+h6b-1) * int_mb(k_range+p1b-1) * int_mb(k_range+h10b-1) * int_\n &mb(k_range+h12b-1)\n IF (.not.",
"MA_PUSH_GET(mt_dbl,dimc,'noname',l_c_sort,k_c_sort)) CALL\n & ERRQUIT('ccsdt_y_tr3_12_2',0,MA_ERR)\n CALL DFILL(dimc,0.0d0,dbl_mb(k_c_sort),1)\n DO p7b = noab+1,noab+nvab\n IF (int_mb(k_spin+p7b-1) .eq. ",
"int_mb(k_spin+h12b-1)) THEN\n IF (ieor(int_mb(k_sym+p7b-1),int_mb(k_sym+h12b-1)) .eq. ",
"irrep_tr) \n &THEN\n CALL TCE_RESTRICTED_2(p7b,h12b,p7b_1,h12b_1)\n CALL TCE_RESTRICTED_6(h4b,h5b,h6b,p1b,h10b,p7b,h4b_2,h5b_2,h6b_2,p\n &1b_2,h10b_2,p7b_2)\n dim_common = int_mb(k_range+p7b-1)\n dima_sort = int_mb(k_range+h12b-1)\n dima = dim_common * dima_sort\n dimb_sort = int_mb(k_range+h4b-1) * int_mb(k_range+h5b-1) * int_mb\n &(k_range+h6b-1) * int_mb(k_range+p1b-1) * int_mb(k_range+h10b-1)\n dimb = dim_common * dimb_sort\n IF ((dima .gt. ",
"0) .and. (",
"dimb .gt. ",
"0)) THEN\n IF (.not.",
"MA_PUSH_GET(mt_dbl,dima,'noname',l_a_sort,k_a_sort)) CALL\n & ERRQUIT('ccsdt_y_tr3_12_2',1,MA_ERR)\n IF (.not.",
"MA_PUSH_GET(mt_dbl,dima,'noname',l_a,k_a)) CALL ERRQUIT('\n &ccsdt_y_tr3_12_2',2,MA_ERR)\n CALL GET_HASH_BLOCK(d_a,dbl_mb(k_a),dima,int_mb(k_a_offset),(h12b_\n &1 - 1 + noab * (p7b_1 - noab - 1)))\n CALL TCE_SORT_2(dbl_mb(k_a),dbl_mb(k_a_sort),int_mb(k_range+p7b-1)\n &,int_mb(k_range+h12b-1),2,1,1.0d0)\n IF (.not.",
"MA_POP_STACK(l_a)) CALL ERRQUIT('ccsdt_y_tr3_12_2',3,MA_E\n &RR)\n IF (.not.",
"MA_PUSH_GET(mt_dbl,dimb,'noname',l_b_sort,k_b_sort)) CALL\n & ERRQUIT('ccsdt_y_tr3_12_2',4,MA_ERR)\n IF (.not.",
"MA_PUSH_GET(mt_dbl,dimb,'noname',l_b,k_b)) CALL ERRQUIT('\n &ccsdt_y_tr3_12_2',5,MA_ERR)\n IF ((h10b .le. ",
"p7b) .and. (",
"p7b .lt. ",
"p1b)) THEN\n CALL GET_HASH_BLOCK(d_b,dbl_mb(k_b),dimb,int_mb(k_b_offset),(p1b_2\n & - noab - 1 + nvab * (p7b_2 - noab - 1 + nvab * (h10b_2 - 1 + noab\n & * (h6b_2 - 1 + noab * (h5b_2 - 1 + noab * (h4b_2 - 1)))))))\n CALL TCE_SORT_6(dbl_mb(k_b),dbl_mb(k_b_sort),int_mb(k_range+h4b-1)\n &,int_mb(k_range+h5b-1),int_mb(k_range+h6b-1),int_mb(k_range+h10b-1\n &),int_mb(k_range+p7b-1),int_mb(k_range+p1b-1),4,6,3,2,1,5,-1.0d0)\n END IF\n IF ((h10b .le. ",
"p1b) .and. (",
"p1b .le. ",
"p7b)) THEN\n CALL GET_HASH_BLOCK(d_b,dbl_mb(k_b),dimb,int_mb(k_b_offset),(p7b_2\n & - noab - 1 + nvab * (p1b_2 - noab - 1 + nvab * (h10b_2 - 1 + noab\n & * (h6b_2 - 1 + noab * (h5b_2 - 1 + noab * (h4b_2 - 1)))))))\n CALL TCE_SORT_6(dbl_mb(k_b),dbl_mb(k_b_sort),int_mb(k_range+h4b-1)\n &,int_mb(k_range+h5b-1),int_mb(k_range+h6b-1),int_mb(k_range+h10b-1\n &),int_mb(k_range+p1b-1),int_mb(k_range+p7b-1),4,5,3,2,1,6,1.0d0)\n END IF\n IF (.not.",
"MA_POP_STACK(l_b)) CALL ERRQUIT('ccsdt_y_tr3_12_2',6,MA_E\n &RR)\n CALL DGEMM('T','N',dima_sort,dimb_sort,dim_common,1.0d0,dbl_mb(k_a\n &_sort),dim_common,dbl_mb(k_b_sort),dim_common,1.0d0,dbl_mb(k_c_sor\n &t),dima_sort)\n IF (.not.",
"MA_POP_STACK(l_b_sort)) CALL ERRQUIT('ccsdt_y_tr3_12_2',7\n &,MA_ERR)\n IF (.not.",
"MA_POP_STACK(l_a_sort)) CALL ERRQUIT('ccsdt_y_tr3_12_2',8\n &,MA_ERR)\n END IF\n END IF\n END IF\n END DO\n IF (.not.",
"MA_PUSH_GET(mt_dbl,dimc,'noname',l_c,k_c)) CALL ERRQUIT('\n &ccsdt_y_tr3_12_2',9,MA_ERR)\n IF ((h10b .le. ",
"h12b)) THEN\n CALL TCE_SORT_6(dbl_mb(k_c_sort),dbl_mb(k_c),int_mb(k_range+h10b-1\n &),int_mb(k_range+p1b-1),int_mb(k_range+h6b-1),int_mb(k_range+h5b-1\n &),int_mb(k_range+h4b-1),int_mb(k_range+h12b-1),5,4,3,2,1,6,1.0d0)\n CALL ADD_HASH_BLOCK(d_c,dbl_mb(k_c),dimc,int_mb(k_c_offset),(h12b \n &- 1 + noab * (h10b - 1 + noab * (p1b - noab - 1 + nvab * (h6b - 1 \n &+ noab * (h5b - 1 + noab * (h4b - 1)))))))\n END IF\n IF ((h12b .le. ",
"h10b)) THEN\n CALL TCE_SORT_6(dbl_mb(k_c_sort),dbl_mb(k_c),int_mb(k_range+h10b-1\n &),int_mb(k_range+p1b-1),int_mb(k_range+h6b-1),int_mb(k_range+h5b-1\n &),int_mb(k_range+h4b-1),int_mb(k_range+h12b-1),5,4,3,2,6,1,-1.0d0)\n CALL ADD_HASH_BLOCK(d_c,dbl_mb(k_c),dimc,int_mb(k_c_offset),(h10b \n &- 1 + noab * (h12b - 1 + noab * (p1b - noab - 1 + nvab * (h6b - 1 \n &+ noab * (h5b - 1 + noab * (h4b - 1)))))))\n END IF\n IF (.not.",
"MA_POP_STACK(l_c)) CALL ERRQUIT('ccsdt_y_tr3_12_2',10,MA_\n &ERR)\n IF (.not.",
"MA_POP_STACK(l_c_sort)) CALL ERRQUIT('ccsdt_y_tr3_12_2',1\n &1,MA_ERR)\n END IF\n END IF\n END IF\n next = nxtask(nprocs,1)\n END IF\n count = count + 1\n END DO\n END DO\n END DO\n END DO\n END DO\n END DO\n next = nxtask(-nprocs,1)\n call GA_SYNC()\n RETURN\n END\n"
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"The establishment of two cell lines from the insect Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae).",
"\nThe history and characteristics of two cells lines developed from primary explants of pupal tissue from the insect, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), are described. ",
"One cell line, IPLB-SF 21, was developed with hemolymph-supplemented medium and has been maintained continuously on the medium. ",
"The second cell line, IPLB-SF-1254, was developed with a medium containing a combination of vertebrate sera plus hemolymph and was adapted to hemolyphn-free medium at the 6th passage. ",
"The IPLB-SF-21 cell line has a population doubling time of 26 to 30 hr; the doubling time of the IPLB-SF-1254 line is 36 hr. ",
"The chromosomal morphology and distribution was typical of other lepidopteran cell lines. ",
"Serological studies showed that both cell lines have at least one antigen which also is common is tissue antigens from pupae of Spodoptera frugiperda."
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"Q:\n\nHow to show \"blocked\" icon when you hover over an element with the mouse\n\nA few days ago I saw a 'block' icon when I put my mouse cursor over a link, indicating that I could not click. ",
"How can I do that? ",
"I do not know the correct term to search, maybe that's why I'm not finding it. ",
"Is it a plugin? ",
"An HTML5 feature?",
"\nUnfortunately I do not remember the site that I saw this on.",
"\nThanks!",
"\n\nA:\n\nTo accomplish this, use the not-allowed pointer in CSS.",
"\nLive Example (try mousing over the text):\n\na {\r\n cursor: not-allowed; \r\n}\n<a>Not Allowed</a>\n\n"
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[
"Q:\n\nWhy doesn't L'HΓ΄pital's rule work here?",
"\n\nWhy doesn't L'HΓ΄pital's rule work here? ",
"$$\\lim_{x\\to0}\\frac{x^2}{x^2-x}$$\nBy L'HΓ΄pital's rule I have $1$ while the limit is $0$....\n\nA:\n\n$$\\lim_{x\\rightarrow 0} \\frac{2x}{2x-1} = \\frac{\\lim_{x\\rightarrow 0}2x}{\\lim_{x\\rightarrow 0}2x-1} = \\frac{0}{-1} = 0 \\ne 1$$\nFor the completeness of my answer:\nYou can't use L'HΓ΄pital the second time, since this rule demands both numerator and denominator converges to $0$ or diverges to infinity. ",
"Instead, evaluate seperatedly the limit for the numerator and denominator (arithmetic of limits) as I demonstrated above. ",
" \n\n"
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"You can finally make your party an instant success with this cool Ice Tray⦠hint, hint. ",
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"This modification of proline via the addition of a double bond within the pyrrolidine ring, yielding 3-pyrroline-2-carboxylic acid (PCA), is sufficient to drive the footprints of the entire (4 Γ 2) assembly from heterochiral to homochiral, leading to the creation of a truly homochiral interface The effects of modifications upon the footprint arrangements were characterized at the single-molecule level by scanning tunnelling microscopy, reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy and periodic density functional theory calculations. ",
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"We have posted the 2010 ACC football schedules. ",
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"ο»Ώusing CompeTournament.",
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"Stay updated by subscribing!",
"\n\nSkyport 7\n\nLetβs face it: no one wants to live on Uranus. ",
"When the colonizers changed the name of the planet to Skyport 7, they also changed the people who lived there. ",
"Now everyone flies around with wings on their backs. ",
"Everyone, that is, except for Zane. ",
"What can a wingless kid do in a world that revolves around flying? ",
"But when a disaster happens that shakes the very foundations of the planet, he might be the only one who can stop it!",
"\n\nRead it here!",
"\n\nThe Darkness of the Desert\n\nYoben has it hard enough. ",
"Heβs a blind Roma kid struggling to provide for his family on the desert planet Mercury. ",
"But when tragedy strikes, his only hope is to win fame, fortune and glory in the Caloris Race, where years mean nothing and days are everything.",
"\n\nRead it here\n\nPlane crashes, immortal robots, and cheeseburgers.",
"\n\nRead it here!",
"\n\nClaire and her band of treasure hunters might have found the biggest pile of cash east of the Mississippi, but they have to dig up the right grave first, and this one just might be haunted by the ghost of a criminalβ¦\n\nAvailable HERE as a Google Document\n\nWhen Stephen and his best friend find secret alien technology on their eight-grade field trip, theyβll risk everything, even their friendship, to keep it.",
"\n\nOnly available HERE!",
"\n\nSkip teleported herself into a mess this time. ",
"It started out as a normal night of crime-fighting in Sin City, but when she runs into a gang of kidnappers, the mob follows hot on her trail. ",
"They wonβt stop until she gives up the source of her power, or she dies.",
"\n\nAvailable HERE, WattPad, Quotev, Archive of Our Own, DeviantArt, and WritersCafe.",
"\n\nEliot has been a slave all his life, but when he meets the beautiful Duchess, his life is turned around when he is invited to sing for the royal family. ",
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"\n\nAvailable HERE, and on WattPad, Quotev, Archive of Our Own, Deviant Art, and WritersCafe.",
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"The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of 3D-MFI in deep-seated meningioma operations. ",
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"We constructed 3D-MFIs by fusing high-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomography (CT) images with a rotational digital subtraction angiogram (DSA) in all patients. ",
"The surgical procedure was simulated by 3D-MFI prior to operation. ",
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"\n210 F.Supp.2d 147 (2002)\nWELL-MADE TOY MFG. ",
"CORP., ",
"Plaintiff,\nv.\nGOFFA INTERNATIONAL CORP., ",
"Defendant.",
"\nWell-Made Toy Mfg. ",
"Corp., Plaintiff,\nv.\nKing Kullen Grocery Co., Inc., Defendant.",
"\nNo. ",
"98 CV 7964.",
"\nUnited States District Court, E.D. New York.",
"\nJune 26, 2002.",
"\n*148 *149 *150 *151 *152 Gerard F. Dunne, Law Offices of Gerard F. Dunne, New York, NY, for Well-Made Toy Mfg. ",
"Corp.\nMartin Pavane, Cohen, Pontani, Lieberman & Pavane, New York, NY, Edward S. Hochman, New York, NY, for Goffa Intern. ",
"Corp.\n\nMEMORANDUM, ORDER AND JUDGEMENT\nWEINSTEIN, Senior District Judge.",
"\nTABLE OF CONTENTS:\n\n\n I. Introduction ......................................................... 153\n II. ",
"Procedural History ................................................... 153\nIII. ",
"Facts ................................................................ 153\n A. Rag Dolls ......................................................... 153\n B. Sweetie-Mine ...................................................... 153\n C. Huggable-Lovable .................................................. 155\n IV. ",
"Law .................................................................. 157\n A. Jurisdiction ...................................................... 157\n 1. ",
"Registration Requirement ....................................... 157\n 2. ",
"As Applied to Derivative Works ................................. 157\n B. Infringement ...................................................... 158\n 1. ",
"Valid Copyright ................................................ 158\n 2. ",
"Copying of Original Elements ................................... 159\n a. Actual Copying .............................................. 159\n b. Illegal Copying ............................................. 160\n i. Protectible Elements .................................... 160\n ii. ",
"Substantial Similarity .................................. 161\n V. Application of Law to Facts .......................................... 164\n A. Registration ...................................................... 164\n B. Infringement ...................................................... 165\n 1. ",
"Valid Copyright ................................................ 165\n\n\n\n*153\n 2. ",
"Copying of Original Elements ................................... 165\n a. Actual Copying .............................................. 165\n b. Illegal Copying ............................................. 167\n VI. ",
"Conclusion ........................................................... 172\n\n\nI. Introduction\nBased on its copyright and registration of its 20 inch ragdoll, plaintiff sues for copying of its 48 inch rag doll, designed by it as a grown-up version of the smaller toy. ",
"Judgement for defendant is required because small dolls, like humans, grow up with substantially changed proportions.",
"\n\nII. ",
"Procedural History\nIn 1999, plaintiff, Well-Made Toy Manufacturing Corporation (\"Well-Made\"), filed separate actions against Goffa International Corporation (\"Goffa\"), the manufacturer of the allegedly infringing doll, and King Kullen Grocery Company (\"King Kullen\"), a chain of supermarkets that sold it at retail. ",
"Since Well-Made has indemnified King Kullen, the singular word \"defendant\" is used throughout this memorandum.",
"\nThe cases were consolidated for all purposes. ",
"They were tried without a jury.",
"\n\nIII. ",
"Facts\n\nA. Rag Dolls\nRag dolls are soft, stuffed fabric playthings which were traditionally made at home from scrap pieces of fabric. ",
"Currently, most rag dolls are manufactured by toy companies. ",
"The doll designer in this country creates annotated paper patterns. ",
"Mass cutting of individual fabric pieces and sewing together of the parts to create an empty shell, or \"skin,\" are typically accomplished in China. ",
"The shapes of the constituent fabric pieces and the way in which the pieces are assembled and stuffed determines the three-dimensional form of the doll. ",
"The skins are stuffed in this country to give the toy volume.",
"\nDesigning rag dolls is not a field in which experimentation or deviation from the norm is highly valued. ",
"The standard elements are well-known. ",
"As plaintiff's designer testified, \"it is putting things together to make one new creation that makes it individual.\" ",
"Rag dolls typically have in one skin a head, a torso, limbs, hands, and feet; a dress and bonnet can either be attached or separate. ",
"They commonly incorporate quaint outfits, including dresses of traditional style, print fabric with matching bonnets, hair consisting of yarn which is often braided, faces which often have embroidered features, limbs that are sometimes more floppy than the torso, and shoes which are built in and stuffed with the same material as the rest of the doll. ",
"Ruffles, cuffs, and bows are common features. ",
"Density of the stuffing determines rigidity.",
"\n\nB. Sweetie-Mine\nThe plaintiff, Well-Made, produces a ragdoll named \"Sweetie Mine\". ",
"It was designed for plaintiff in 1995 by Marla Speer. ",
"Ms. Speer began by drawing a two-dimensional illustration. ",
"She then created fabric patterns for the pieces that would make up the three-dimensional doll. ",
"She also laid out embroidery for the face and painted a pattern for the doll's dress. ",
"To give a more defined form to the doll's face, the designer incorporated a polyester backing, or \"face pocket.\" ",
"She testified that she borrowed the idea for a \"face pocket\" from generally available designs of teddy bears and other stuffed animals. ",
"Her doll was 20 inches tall.",
"\n*154 Well-Made received a copyright registration for the Sweetie Mine doll in 1996. ",
"Copyright Registration No. ",
"VA 770-506 (dated April 26, 1996). ",
"The deposit pictures accompanying the copyright application were photographs of the 20 inch doll. ",
"Copyrightable features of the work were identified as the \"facial artwork and body sculpture.\"",
"\nIn early 1998, Well-Made developed a 48 inch version of the Sweetie Mine. ",
"This 140 percent increase in scale was accomplished by using a photocopy machine to enlarge the paper drawings of the 20 inch fabric patterns. ",
"Enlarged patterns were then adjusted so that the larger doll's proportions would remain pleasing. ",
"For example, the head was reduced in size and the legs lengthened. ",
"Ms. Speer testified that these adjustments were intended to preserve the \"same aesthetic appeal as the original design.\" ",
"Krista Kosmas, who also participated in the creation of the 48 inch doll for Well-Made, testified that enlarging the doll without altering the proportions would result in a \"fat, very klutzy looking doll.\"",
"\nBoth admitted that these adjustments were not mathematically governed by any strict rules of proportionality; artistic discretion was required. ",
"Ms. Speer's testimony was as follows:\nQ: Was there an exact ratio of the head to the body of the forty-eight inch doll that you were working toward?",
"\nA: No.",
"\nQ: There was just whatever you thought looked good?",
"\nA: Yes.",
"\nQ: In your artistic judgement?",
"\nA: Yes.",
"\nQ: Were there a range of sizes for the head in comparison with the body of the forty-eight inch doll that you might have chosen?",
"\nA: I think there might be a small range.",
"\nQ: Some other designers might have chosen a different proportion of the head to the body and the rest of the doll?",
"\nA: Oh, yes. ",
"Might not have looked as good, though.",
"\nAside from these proportional considerations, three substantive changes were made that seem unrelated to proportion. ",
"First, the shape of the faces is different. ",
"That of the 20 inch doll has five distinct angles: two just below the cheeks, two at the temples, and one at the peak of the forehead. ",
"This gives the face a soft pentagonal look, like an inverted strawberry that comes to a peak at the forehead. ",
"The 48 inch doll has a wider, more elliptical face; the distinct angles are absent; and the head juts forward from the body further as a result of larger darts in the fabric. ",
"Second, the features of the 20 inch doll are set lower in the face, so that it has a high forehead; the facial features of the 48 inch doll are more centered, so that the forehead is lower. ",
"These changes give the 48 inch doll an \"older\" look than the 20 inch doll. ",
"Finally, the bow, or sash, which was included on the back of the waistband of the 20 inch doll was omitted from the 48 inch product.",
"\nAll in all, the Well-Made 48 inch rag doll is an attractive, perky looking four foot companion for a preteen child, while the 20 inch is sweet and cuddlesome, small enough to be snuggled up to by a toddler.",
"\nWell-Made did not file a copyright application for registration of the 48 inch doll.",
"\n\n\n*155 C. Huggable-Lovable\nThe defendant manufactures and imports toys. ",
"It has been in the business of selling ragdolls since 1992. ",
"Among the dolls sold by Goffa was a small seated ragdoll (CL), which it copyrighted in 1996.",
"\nDouglas Song, President of defendant Goffa, learned that a four foot tall rag doll (plaintiff's) was selling well in United States markets. ",
"He decided to introduce a competitive work. ",
"In April of 1998, he ordered his Shanghai factory to develop a prototype based on the face and hat of his CL Doll, and body parts from various other Goffa dolls. ",
"This factory had never manufactured rag dolls. ",
"Edward Sclier, defendant's general manager, testified that the factory employees were \"not creative\" when it came to product design, and that they \"couldn't do much on their own.\"",
"\nLater that month, Mr. Song and Mr. Sclier attended a trade fair in China. ",
"There they noticed that a company named Hubei was exhibiting rag dolls of differing sizes; one doll in Hubei's catalogue appears to be a copy of plaintiff's 20 inch doll. ",
"Hubei was not displaying any 48 inch dolls at the fair, so Mr. Song requested that Hubei create a 48 inch sample and quote a price. ",
"Mr. Song testified that while at the fair he did not view the Hubei catalogue, but that seems doubtful since he was there to see what was available in the market.",
"\nDefendant admitted obtaining a sample 48 inch doll from Hubei. ",
"The evidence suggested that the Hubei 48 inch sample doll's face and body strongly resembled the Well-Made's 48 inch Sweetie Mine. ",
"Mr. Song sent the 48 inch sample he had received from Hubei to the Shanghai factory as an example of \"how nice other people make it.\"",
"\nDefendant also obtained at least one of Well-Made's 48 inch dolls and disassembled it during its own design process. ",
"Mr. Sclier admitted that he himself had purchased a Well-Made 48 inch doll at retail in this country. ",
"While he swore otherwise, it is apparent from his equivocal statements on the stand that he sent this doll to the company's Shanghai factory in order to have it reproduced; there, it was copied with some variations based on the Hubei 48 inch sample.",
"\nDefendant's Chinese factory made design changes based on the Hubei sample, some of Goffa's own dolls, and the Well-Made doll. ",
"Mr. Song decided to use his own factory's design, and informed Hubei that he would not be placing an order with it.",
"\nAs already suggested, and is apparent from the picture set out below, defendant's 48 inch doll has an entirely different face than plaintiff's Sweetie-Mine 48 incher, with a head that does not stand out from the body as much as does plaintiff's; has slightly different body parts; uses dissimilar clothing, with a style copied only in part from plaintiff's doll's dress (as in the ankle and the wrist bands); embodies a much longer skirt; and utilizes poorer cloth and sewing. ",
"The stuffing seems about the same in density. ",
"All in all, the alleged infringing 48 inch doll looks like a slightly less alert and attractive relative of plaintiff's 48 inch doll, but definitely not like a twin of either the 20 or 48 incher.",
"\n*156 \nPlaintiff's Sweetie Mine doll was sold in the United States by retailers including King Kullen Supermarkets, a defendant in this action. ",
"Defendant's Huggable Lovable doll was introduced at a lower price than what plaintiff had been asking. ",
"To keep competitive, plaintiff then changed its 48 inch doll slightly by \"slimm[ing] the pattern down,\" cutting its cost, and lowering its price.",
"\nIn October 1998, attorneys for plaintiff warned defendant that they believed Goffa's 48 inch doll infringed on copyrights owned by Well-Made. ",
"A few months later, in early 1999, Goffa instructed its factory to substantially change the design of its 48 inch doll and it ceased production of the allegedly infringing version.",
"\n\n\n*157 IV. ",
"Law\n\nA. Jurisdiction\n\n1. ",
"Registration Requirement\nFor any work created after January 1, 1978, copyright automatically inheres upon the work's creation. ",
"See 17 U.S.C. Β§ 102(a) (\"Copyright protection subsists, in accordance with this title, in original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression ...\"); Montgomery v. Noga, 168 F.3d 1282, 1288 (11th Cir. ",
"1999); 2 Melville B. Nimmer & David Nimmer, Nimmer on Copyright Β§ 7.16[A][1] at 7-147 (2002). ",
"Registration with the United States Copyright Office is not required to obtain copyright protection. ",
"17 U.S.C. Β§ 408(a) (\"At any time during the subsistence of [the copyright], the owner of copyright or of any exclusive right in the work may obtain registration of the copyright.... Such a registration is not a condition of copyright protection.\").",
"\nRegistration is a precondition for bringing an infringement action in federal court. ",
"17 U.S.C. Β§ 411(a) (\"no action for infringement of the copyright in any United States work shall be instituted until registration of the copyright claim has been made in accordance with this title.\"). ",
"It is a jurisdictional prerequisite, not a substantive element. ",
"See Geritrex Corp. v. Dermarite Indus., ",
"LLC, 910 F.Supp. ",
"955, 966 (S.D.N.Y.1996). ",
"Actual certification by the Copyright Office is not necessary. ",
"A copyright holder may commence an action for infringement as soon as the Copyright Office has received a proper application, fee and deposit. ",
"See Apple Barrel Prods., ",
"Inc. v. Beard, 730 F.2d 384, 386-7 (5th Cir.1984); 2 Nimmer Β§ 7.16[B][1][a] at 7-155. ",
"But see Tooker v. Copley, 3 U.S.P.Q.2d (BNA) 1396, 1987 WL 124315 (S.D.N.Y.1987) (plaintiff must obtain a response from Copyright Office; application alone is insufficient).",
"\n\n2. ",
"As Applied to Derivative Works\nA work not itself registered, but derived from a copyrighted registered work may be the basis of a suit. ",
"Section 10 of Title 17 of the United States Code defines a derivative work:\nA `derivative work' is a work based upon one or more preexisting works, such as a translation, musical arrangement, dramatization, fictionalization, motion picture version, sound recording, art reproduction, abridgement, condensation, or any other form in which a work may be recast, transformed, or adapted. ",
"A work consisting of editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications which, as a whole, represent an original work of authorship, is a `derivative work'.",
"\nDerivative works receive copyright protection. ",
"17 U.S.C. Β§ 103. \"",
"A derivative work ... must incorporate that which itself is the subject of copyright.\" ",
"1 Nimmer Β§ 3.01 at 3-5.",
"\nA threshold of more than trivial originality is necessary for a work to be independently copyrightable. ",
"As noted in Durham Industries, Inc. v. Tomy Corp., 630 F.2d 905 (2d Cir.1980):\nFirst, to support a copyright the original aspects of a derivative work must be more than trivial. ",
"Second, the scope of protection afforded a derivative work must reflect the degree to which it relies on preexisting material and must not in any way affect the scope of any copyright protection in that preexisting material. ",
"Thus the only aspects of [a derivative work] entitled to copyright protection are the non-trivial, original features, if any, contributed by the author or creator of those derivative works.",
"\n*158 Id. at 909. ",
"In Durham, the court of appeals for the Second Circuit found that toy replicas of popular Disney characters failed to satisfy this test. ",
"The Durham court reiterated the rule established in L. Batlin & Son, Inc. v. Snyder, 536 F.2d 486 (2d Cir.1976) (en banc), cert. ",
"denied, 429 U.S. 857, 97 S.Ct. ",
"156, 50 L.Ed.2d 135 (1976), that a work involving changes (such as reproduction in another medium) requiring only \"manufacturing\" or \"physical\" skill, as opposed to \"artistic\" skill, does not merit protection as a derivative work. ",
"Durham, 630 F.2d at 910; see also 1 Nimmer Β§ 3.03[A] at 3-11 - 3-12. (\"[",
"T]he following contributions to pre-existing works have been held to be too minimal to warrant the recognition of a new and separate copyright as a derivative[:] ... a change in ... scale or size of a work or sculpture....\").",
"\nBecause derivative works receive copyright protection separate from that of the preexisting works they modify, a jurisdictional problem arises if the holder of a registered copyright creates a derivative work based on the registered work, fails to register the derivative work, and then brings an infringement claim based on the derivative work. ",
"The requirement in section 411 of Title 17 of the United States Code that copyright claims be registered before a lawsuit can be entertained makes no distinction between derivative and non-derivative works. ",
"The copyright in the preexisting work upon which a derivative work is based is not sufficient to meet the registration requirement as to any claim based on infringement of the derivative work. ",
"See Murray Hill Publ'ns, Inc. v. ABC Communications, Inc., 264 F.3d 622 (6th Cir.2001); Creations Unlimited, Inc. v. McCain, 112 F.3d 814, 816 (5th Cir. ",
"1997). ",
"This correct approach must be applied carefully in accordance with the admonition that \"the scope of protection afforded a derivative work must reflect the degree to which it relies on preexisting material and must not in any way affect the scope of any copyright protection in that preexisting material.\" ",
"Durham, 630 F.2d at 909.",
"\nBy definition, a derivative work contains elements of underlying works that themselves may be subject to copyright; the copyright in the derivative work extends only to those elements original to the derivative work. ",
"It follows that where the preexisting work is registered, but the derivative work is not, a suit for infringement may be maintained as to any protected element contained in the registered preexisting work, but not as to any element original to the unregistered derivative work. ",
"See Mattel, Inc. v. Robarb's, Inc., 139 F.Supp.2d 487, 496, 498 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) (defendant's copy of plaintiff's unregistered derivative work infringed on plaintiff's copyright in registered work, elements of which were included in the unregistered derivative work and the infringing copy); 2 Nimmer Β§ 7.16[B][2] at 7-165.",
"\n\nB. Infringement\nTo establish copyright infringement, \"two elements must be proven: (1) ownership of a valid copyright, and (2) copying of constituent elements of the work that are original.\" ",
"Feist Publ'ns. ",
"Inc. v. Rural Tel. ",
"Serv. ",
"Co., 499 U.S. 340, 361, 111 S.Ct. ",
"1282, 1296, 113 L.Ed.2d 358 (1991).",
"\n\n1. ",
"Valid Copyright\nAssuming that a plaintiff satisfies the jurisdictional requirement by registering the copyright, the first substantive inquiry the court must make is whether the copyright is valid. ",
"The Copyright Act provides that a \"certificate of [copyright] registration made before or within five years *159 after first publication of the work shall constitute prima facie evidence of the validity of the copyright....\" 17 U.S.C. Β§ 410(c). ",
"This presumption of validity may be rebutted. ",
"See Hasbro Bradley, Inc. v. Sparkle Toys, Inc., 780 F.2d 189, 192 (2d Cir.1985); Durham Indus., ",
"Inc. v. Tomy Corp., 630 F.2d 905, 908 (2d Cir. ",
"1980).",
"\n\n2. ",
"Copying of Original Elements\nThe second element of the Feist test, that a plaintiff prove \"copying of constituent elements of the work that are original,\" requires a two part showing: \"A plaintiff with a valid copyright proves infringement by demonstrating that: (1) the defendant has actually copied the plaintiff's work; and (2) the copying is illegal because a substantial similarity exists between the defendant's work and the protectible elements of plaintiff's.\" ",
"Fisher-Price, Inc. v. Well-Made Toy Mfg., ",
"25 F.3d 119, 122-23 (2d Cir.1994) (emphasis in original).",
"\n\na. Actual Copying\nCopyright, unlike patent protection, is not solely concerned with the degree of similarity between the protected work and the allegedly infringing work. ",
"In copyright, the explanation for the similarity matters. ",
"For there to be a violation of copyright protection, similarities must arise from actual copying, not mere coincidence. ",
"Proof of independent creation is an affirmative defense against a claim of infringement. ",
"Yurman Design, Inc. v. PAJ, Inc., 262 F.3d 101, 110 (2d Cir.2001) (\"Under the Copyright Act, one may market a product identical to a copyrighted work so long as the second comer designed his product independently.\"); ",
"Repp v. Webber, 132 F.3d 882, 889 (2d Cir.1997); Eden Toys v. Marshall Field & Co., 675 F.2d 498, 501 (2d Cir.1982).",
"\nActual copying may be established by direct evidence, such as by defendant's admission or by an eyewitness account. ",
"More commonly, copying is established indirectly by evidence of \"access to the copyrighted work, similarities that are probative of copying between the works, and expert testimony.\" ",
"Laureyssens v. Idea Group, Inc., 964 F.2d 131, 140 (2d Cir.1992). ",
"Generally, it is the conjunction of access and probative similarity that lead to an inference of direct copying. ",
"See id. (\"A common form of indirect proof of copying Β but far from the only form Β is a showing of defendant's opportunity to come into contact with plaintiff's work and such similarities between the works which, under all the circumstances, make independent creation unlikely.\").",
"\n\"Access may be established directly or inferred from the fact that a work was widely disseminated or that a party had a reasonable possibility of viewing the prior work.\" ",
"Boisson v. Banian, 273 F.3d 262, 270 (2d Cir.2001). ",
"Proof of access may also be inferred where \"two works are so strikingly similar as to preclude the possibility of independent creation....\" Lipton v. Nature Co., 71 F.3d 464, 471 (2d Cir.1995); Repp, 132 F.3d at 889 & n. 1.",
"\nAs the court of appeals for this circuit noted in Repp v. Webber, \"copyright case-law has caused considerable confusion by the use of the term \"substantial similarity\" at two different points of the copyright infringement analysis.\" ",
"Repp, 132 F.3d at 889. ",
"The court attempted to resolve this confusion in Laureyssens v. Idea Group, Inc., 964 F.2d 131 (2d Cir.1992), where it observed that the similarity, as it relates to proving actual copying,\n\nmay or may not be substantial. [",
"Evidence of similarity at this stage is] not offered for [its] own sake in satisfaction of the requirement that defendant has *160 taken a substantial amount of protected material from the plaintiff's work. ",
"Rather, [it is] offered as probative of the act of copying and may accordingly for the sake of clarity conveniently be called `probative similarity.'",
"\nId. at 140. ",
"Subsequent decisions have reintroduced uncertainty, particularly regarding whether the relevant comparison is limited to protectible elements. ",
"Compare Fisher-Price, Inc., 25 F.3d at 123, (\"In the context of deciding whether the defendant copied at all (as distinguished from whether it illegally copied), `similarity' relates to the entire work, not just the protectible elements.\") (",
"emphasis in original) with Williams v. Crichton, 84 F.3d 581, 587 (2d Cir.1996) (\"In the absence of direct evidence, copying is proven by showing (a) that the defendant had access to the copyrighted work and (b) the substantial similarity of protectible material in the two works\") (emphasis added). ",
"Although the Repp court did not address this issue, it reaffirmed the Laureyssens court's distinction between \"probative\" similarity, for the purpose of proving actual copying, and \"substantial\" similarity, for the purpose of showing infringement. ",
"Repp, 132 F.3d at 889 & n. 1.",
"\nAn appropriate interpretation of the rule is that an examination of probative similarity is not confined to aspects of the work which are protected against infringement; any similarity supporting an inference of actual copying is properly considered in deciding that copying occurred.",
"\n\nb. Illegal Copying\n\ni. Protectible Elements\nThe court must determine which, if any, of the elements are protectible before proceeding to compare the works. ",
"A certificate of registration establishes a presumption that the work and its elements are original and protectible. ",
"Boisson v. Banian, Ltd., 273 F.3d at 268. ",
"Nevertheless, \"[s]imply because a work is copyrighted does not mean every element of that work is protected.... [A]n element within a work may be unprotectible even if other elements, or the work as a whole, warrant protection.\" ",
"Id.\nA variety of reasons lead to an element being characterized as unprotectible. ",
"For one, copyright protects particular expressions of an idea, but not the idea itself. ",
"Differentiating between an idea and its expression is inherently imprecise. ",
"As Judge Learned Hand recognized:\nUpon any work, ... a great number of patterns of increasing generality will fit equally well, as more and more of the incident is left out. ",
"The last may perhaps be no more than the most general statement of what the [work] is about, and at times might consist only of its title; but there is a point in this series of abstractions where they are no longer protected, since otherwise the [author] could prevent the use of his `ideas,' to which, apart from their expression, his property is never extended.",
"\nNichols v. Universal Pictures Corp., 45 F.2d 119, 121 (2d Cir.1930), cert. ",
"denied, 282 U.S. 902, 51 S.Ct. ",
"216, 75 L.Ed. ",
"795 (1931).",
"\nAn example of this rule in practice is the unprotectibility of \"scenes a faire\", which are similarities of incident or plot or scenes that \"necessarily result from the choice of a setting or situation.\" ",
"Walker v. Time Life Films, Inc., 784 F.2d 44, 50 (2d Cir.1986); see also 4 Nimmer Β§ 13.03[B][4] at 13-74. ",
"In Mattel, Inc. v. Azrak-Hamway Intern., ",
"Inc., 724 F.2d 357 (2d Cir. ",
"1983), a case involving action figurines, the concept of a \"superhuman muscleman crouching in what since Neanderthal times has been a traditional fighting pose\" constituted an unprotectible idea, but the *161 choices by the artists of how precisely to exaggerate the anatomy were protectible. ",
"Id. at 360.",
"\nElements which are primarily utilitarian are also not protectible. \"",
"Useful articles\", which are defined as \"article[s] having an intrinsic utilitarian function that is not merely to portray the appearance of the article or to convey information\", 17 U.S.C. Β§ 101, are not themselves copyrightable. ",
"Knitwaves, Inc. v. Lollytogs, Ltd., 71 F.3d 996, 1002 (2d Cir.1995) (clothing not copyrightable). ",
"Artistic aspects of utilitarian articles that are conceptually separable from the useful work may be copyrighted. ",
"See Kieselstein-Cord v. Accessories by Pearl, Inc. 632 F.2d 989, 996 (2d Cir.1980) (majority opinion; dissenting opinion found difficulty in disentangling the artistic and utilitarian aspects of the article in question).",
"\nFinally, elements which are not original are unprotectible. ",
"An important consequence of this rule is that elements copied from those in the public domain are not copyrightable. ",
"A defendant alleging that parts of plaintiff's work were copied from what was in the public domain bears the burden of proving that allegation. ",
"Boisson, 273 F.3d at 269.",
"\n\nii. ",
"Substantial Similarity\nThe general test for determining whether two works are substantially similar for the purposes of infringement is that of the \"ordinary observer.\" ",
"This \"ordinary observer\" is sometimes referred to as an \"average lay observer,\" Yurman, 262 F.3d at 111 (citations omitted), or a \"reasonable observer.\" ",
"See Williams v. Crichton, 84 F.3d at 589-90.",
"\nThe trier is to ask whether \"the ordinary observer, unless he set out to detect the disparities, would be disposed to overlook them, and regard their aesthetic appeal as the same.\" ",
"Hamil America, Inc., v. GFI, 193 F.3d 92, 100 (2d Cir.1999) (quoting Peter Pan Fabrics, Inc. v. Martin Weiner Corp., 274 F.2d 487, 489 (2d Cir. ",
"1960) (L. Hand, J.)). \"",
"If an average lay observer would recognize the alleged copy as having been appropriated from the copyrighted work, then the two products are substantially similar.\" ",
"Yurman, 262 F.3d at 111 (quotation marks and citations omitted).",
"\nThis is an objective criterion. ",
"It invokes some supposedly general sensibility, rather than the perceptions of any particular audience. ",
"The district judge hearing the case or the appellate judge reviewing it is considered competent to play the role of an \"ordinary\" observer. ",
"See Boisson, 273 F.3d at 272 (\"We review de novo the district court's determination with respect to substantial similarity because credibility is not at stake and all that is required is a visual comparison of the products Β a task we may perform as well as the district court.\"). ",
"Presumably the judge will put aside any special sensibilities, aesthetic idiosyncrasies, or observational skills when clothed with the hoi polloi role.",
"\nThe essentially objective test applied in the Second Circuit can be contrasted with the more subjective approach in the Fourth Circuit, where substantial similarity is judged by whether works \"express those ideas in a substantially similar manner from the perspective of the intended audience of the work.\" ",
"Lyons Partnership L.P. v. Morris Costumes, Inc. 243 F.3d 789, 801 (4th Cir.2001) (citation omitted and emphasis added). ",
"Slight reverberations in Second Circuit case law suggest that the perceptions of the specialized intended audience may be significant, see Repp, 132 F.3d at 889, quoting Arnstein v. Porter 154 F.2d 464, 473 (2d Cir.1946) (\"defendant took from plaintiff's works so *162 much of what is pleasing to the ears of lay listeners, who comprise the audience for whom such ... music is composed\") (emphasis added), but this subjective paradigm has not taken root in the Second Circuit. ",
"See, e.g., Williams v. Crichton, 84 F.3d 581, 589, 590 (examining similarity between children's books as it would appear to the reasonable lay observer, and noting that \"copyright law is to be uniformly applied across a variety of media and audiences\"). ",
"While no mention of the child's perspective in determining similarity between dolls is found in the cases, some juvenilization of a judge's appreciation of what is important in dolls is tolerable.",
"\nWhere a work consists of protectible and unprotectible elements, a somewhat refined version of the \"ordinary observer\" test has sometimes been applied. ",
"In Folio Impressions, Inc. v. Byer California, 937 F.2d 759 (2d Cir.1991), the court was troubled that \"the ordinary observer would compare the finished product that the fabric designs were intended to grace (women's dresses), and would be inclined to view the entire dress Β consisting of protectible and unprotectible elements Β as one whole.\" ",
"Folio Impressions, 937 F.2d at 765. ",
"To avoid finding infringement based in part on similarities of unprotectible features, the court concluded that the \"observer's inspection must be more discerning.\" ",
"Id. at 766.",
"\nIn Boisson v. Banian, Ltd., 273 F.3d 262 (2d Cir.2001), the court explored how the \"more discerning\" test should be applied, and concluded that it would be improper to \"dissect the works at issue into separate components and compare only the copyrightable elements.\" ",
"Boisson, 273 F.3d at 272. ",
"Instead, the court reasoned that it should conduct an examination of the \"`total concept and feel' of ... works ... instructed by common sense.\" ",
"Id. at 273 (citations omitted).",
"\nThe Boisson opinion did not elaborate on how the \"total concept and feel\" accounts for unprotectible elements. ",
"An inherent ambiguity in the \"total concept and feel\" test hinders its rigorous explication. ",
"Cf. ",
"4 Nimmer Β§ 13.03[A][1][c] at 13-39 (criticizing the \"total concept and feel\" standard and noting that `feel' is a \"wholly amorphous referent\" which \"invites abdication of analysis\"). ",
"The Boisson court's lengthy discussion of how to define the \"more discerning\" test suggests that there must be some accounting for unprotectible elements; otherwise, the Boisson court would have saved time and avoided confusion by explicitly collapsing the \"ordinary\" and \"more discerning\" tests and rejecting the division created in Folio Impressions.",
"\nBoisson seems best read as meaning that the discerning observer should distinguish between protectible and unprotectible elements, put the unprotectible elements out of mind, and determine whether the remainders of each work, taken together, are similar in total concept and feel. ",
"See 4 Nimmer, Β§ 13.03[E][2] at 13-84 (\"the comparison should take place after filtering out of the analysis elements of plaintiff's work that are not protectible\"); Hamil America, 193 F.3d at 101 (the \"more discerning\" ordinary observer test \"requires the court to eliminate the unprotectible elements from its consideration and to ask whether the protectible elements, standing alone, are substantially similar\").",
"\nAs the obverse of similarity, dissimilarity occasionally bears on the infringement analysis. ",
"Generally, the \"key to the `ordinary observer' test is ... the similarities rather than the differences.\" ",
"Durham Indus., ",
"630 F.2d at 913 (citation omitted). ",
"Thus, \"slight differences between a protected work and an accused work will *163 not preclude a finding of infringement.\" ",
"Id. Learned Hand put it this way in Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp., 81 F.2d 49, 56 (2d Cir.1936): \"it is enough that substantial parts were lifted; no plagiarist can excuse the wrong by showing how much of his work he did not pirate.\"",
"\nThere is some point at which changes, not in themselves sufficient to make a difference, together become substantial enough. ",
"The expression of the accused work is then no longer the same as that of the protected work, although the fundamental incorporation of the idea may have been copied. \"",
"Even if an alleged copy is based on a copyrighted work, `a defendant may legitimately avoid infringement by intentionally making sufficient changes in a work which would otherwise be regarded as substantially similar to that of the plaintiff's.'\" ",
"Eden Toys v. Marshall Field & Co., 675 F.2d 498 (2d Cir. ",
"1982), quoting Warner Bros. v. Am. ",
"Broadcasting Cos., ",
"654 F.2d 204, 210; 4 Nimmer Β§ 13.03[B][1][b] at 13-56.",
"\nDifferences become particularly important where copyright protection is \"thin.\" ",
"Commonly used to refer to compilations of facts in the public domain, \"thin\" copyright protection is appropriate where works reflect \"scant creativity.\" ",
"4 Nimmer Β§ 13.03[A] at 13-28. ",
"Scantiness may exist because the work is composed of elements in the public domain, and it is only the organization of those elements that is protectible. ",
"Feist Publ'ns. ",
"Inc. v. Rural Tel. ",
"Serv. ",
"Co., 499 U.S. 340, 348, 111 S.Ct. ",
"1282, 1296, 113 L.Ed.2d 358 (1991). ",
"Creativity also may be scant because the author has chosen to express an idea without much embellishment, so that the expression is nearly indistinguishable from the idea itself. ",
"See Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. v. Nation Enters., ",
"471 U.S. 539, 105 S.Ct. ",
"2218, 85 L.Ed.2d 588 (1985) (\"[Even] within the field of fact works, there are gradations as to the relative proportion of fact and fancy. ",
"One may move from sparsely embellished maps and directories to elegantly written biography. ",
"The extent to which one must permit expressive language to be copied, in order to assure dissemination of the underlying facts, will thus vary from case to case.\"); ",
"Eng'g Dynamics, Inc., v. Structural Software, Inc., 26 F.3d 1335 (5th Cir.1994) (\"[T]he scope of protection afforded by a copyright is not constant across all literary works.... [T]he law is more protective of highly original and highly expressive works than it is of functional and nonfiction works.\"). ",
"This concept of thinness is separate from, but related to, the doctrine of merger, which was recently summarized: \"if there is just one way to express an idea, the idea and expression are said to merge, and the expression is not protectible. ",
"The test is whether protection of expression would inevitably accord protection to an idea.\" ",
"Yurman, 262 F.3d at 111-12 (quotation, quotation marks and citations omitted).",
"\nIt follows that, where an author expresses an idea at a level specific enough to avoid denial of copyright under the merger doctrine, but general enough that considerable similarity will arise in any other expression of the idea, the author's copyright is not defeated by the doctrine of merger. ",
"For this category of cases, however, other authors must be permitted to escape liability for infringement by relying upon the differences in their work, to avoid having the original author, for all practical purposes, appropriate the idea itself. ",
"So in Mattel, Inc. v. Azrak-Hamway Intern., ",
"Inc., where the court held that although \"the dolls' bodies are very similar, nearly all of the similarity can be attributed to the fact that both are artist's rendering of the same unprotected idea,\" the fact that \"a lay observer would *164 recognize certain differences\" in the expression of the ideas was sufficient to avoid a finding of substantial similarity. ",
"Mattel, Inc. v. Azrak-Hamway Intern., ",
"Inc., 724 F.2d at 360. ",
"Even where a work merits only \"thin\" protection, de minimis changes (such as adding a single entry to an otherwise identical copy of a protected phonebook) will not relieve the infringer of liability. ",
"See Key Publications, Inc. v. Chinatown Today Pub. ",
"Enters., ",
"Inc., 945 F.2d 509, 514 (2d Cir.1991) (thin does not mean anorexic).",
"\n\nV. Application of Law to Facts\n\nA. Registration\nThere is no dispute that plaintiff satisfied the registration requirement with regards to the 20 inch Sweetie Mine doll. ",
"17 U.S.C. Β§ 411(a) There is also no question that plaintiffs have not registered a copyright in the 48 inch Sweetie Mine doll, and have never attempted to do so.",
"\nPlaintiff's infringement claim is rooted solely in the registered copyright of the 20 inch doll. ",
"It contends that no separate registration of the 48 inch doll was necessary because the copyright is not size-specific. ",
"It calls attention to the fact that its 48 inch doll was created by using a photocopy machine to enlarge the fabric patterns used for the 20 inch doll, while admitting that design adjustments were made for the larger doll. ",
"It argues that these changes were solely intended to ensure that the 48 inch doll was \"true to\" the original 20 inch doll. ",
"Thus, plaintiff claims, its 48 inch doll includes no original contributions beyond those present in the 20 inch doll, so that both are equally protected under the registered copyright.",
"\nDefendant counters that the plaintiff's 48 inch doll was designed with different proportions than the 20 incher, and that the changes amounted to substantial original artistic input, requiring a separate registration before any federal suit is heard on infringement of the larger toy's copyright.",
"\nPlaintiff's copyright in its 48 inch doll is not subsumed in the registration of the 20 inch doll. ",
"The 48 inch figure is not an exact replica of the 20 inch figurine, nor is it a scale model. ",
"Important changes were made in the proportions of the various parts and their relation to one another. ",
"For example the larger doll's head size was made smaller relative to the rest of the body and juts our more from the body; and the legs are longer and thinner. ",
"The facial features on the 48 inch doll are more spread out and higher on the face compared to those of the 20 inch doll. ",
"The braids of the 48 inch doll are shorter relative to the body of the doll than are the braids of the 20 inch doll. ",
"The shoulders of the 48 inch manikin appear more pronounced than those of the 20 inch model.",
"\nAll of the witnesses agreed that changes in proportion were necessary to make the plaintiff's 48 inch Sweetie-Mine doll appear pleasing. ",
"The problems in scaling up dolls is analogous to those that would be involved in blowing up a 6 Γ 8 inch picture of an infant to a 6 foot poster Β the proportions would not suggest an adult.",
"\nThe parties concede that there were a range of options for the designers. ",
"Artistic discretion, rather than some mathematical formula or mechanical convention, guided their choices.",
"\nThe changes actually made by plaintiff in increasing the size of its 20 incher were not trivial. ",
"They produced a different \"aesthetic appeal\" in the 48 inch plaything than existed in the smaller one. ",
"Since some of the substantial differences between the 48 and 20 inch dolls are the product of \"artistic\" rather than \"mechanical\" skill, under Durham and L. Batlin & Son, Inc. the 48 inch doll is the proper *165 subject of a derivative copyright. ",
"Because, however, the plaintiff's 48 inch doll is unregistered, the court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to hear any claims arising from its infringement.",
"\nPlaintiff is correct, of course, that the failure to register the derivative 48 inch doll in no way affects plaintiff's right to sue on the basis of the 20 inch version. ",
"The derivative copyright in the 48 incher, if it had been registered, would protect only those elements original to the 48 inch doll. ",
"Elements imitating those found in the 20 inch doll would be protected under the registered copyright in the 20 inch doll. ",
"To whatever extent Well-Made's 48 inch doll incorporates protectible elements of its 20 inch doll, the infringement of those elements by an unauthorized copy of the 48 incher would be actionable.",
"\n\nB. Infringement\n\n1. ",
"Valid Copyright\nThe first element of the Feist test, ownership of a valid copyright, is satisfied here. ",
"Plaintiff's registered copyright in the 20 inch Sweetie Mine doll, issued in April, 1996, is presumptively valid. ",
"Defendants do not contest validity.",
"\n\n2. ",
"Copying of Original Elements\n\na. Actual Copying\nAs previously pointed out, the plaintiff must prove that the copyright in the 20 inch doll was infringed. ",
"There is no evidence to suggest that defendant directly copied the design of plaintiff's 20 inch doll. ",
"There is, however, persuasive evidence that defendant copied plaintiff's 48 inch doll.",
"\nThis raises the question: in order to prove infringement of the copyright in the 20 inch doll, must plaintiff prove that the 20 inch doll was itself actually copied, or would copying the 48 inch doll suffice? ",
"The answer is that evidence of actual copying of the 48 inch doll suffices. ",
"There is a transitive property to actual copying: if work A is an actual copy of work B, and work B is an actual copy of work C, then work A is deemed an actual copy of work C. Pye v. Mitchell, 574 F.2d 476 (9th Cir. ",
"1978); De Acosta v. Brown, 146 F.2d 408, 411-12 (2d Cir.1944); 3 Nimmer Β§ 8.01[C] at 8-18 (\"[I]t is no defense even if the defendant did copy from a third work rather than from the plaintiff if such third work was itself an unauthorized copy of the plaintiff's work.\"). ",
"In the words of Judge Learned Hand, \"when one copies a copy, he copies the original.\" ",
"De Acosta v. Brown, 146 F.2d 408, 413 (2d Cir.1944) (L. Hand, J., concurring).",
"\nThis rule does not apply merely to exact replicas; it also applies to derivatives. ",
"Cf. ",
"De Acosta v. Brown, 146 F.2d 408 (magazine publishing extracts from unpublished book which was a plagiarism of an uncopyrighted screen play liable for plagiarism). ",
"To paraphrase Learned Hand, when one copies a derivative, he copies the original. ",
"It changes nothing that the derivative and the original share the same author. ",
"To hold otherwise would violate, at least in spirit, the rule that the \"scope of protection afforded a derivative work ... must not in any way affect the scope of any copyright protection in that preexisting material.\" ",
"Durham, 630 F.2d at 909.",
"\nTo prove access, plaintiff need only show that the work was \"widely disseminated\" or that there was a \"reasonable possibility\" that defendant could have examined plaintiff's work; proof that defendant actually viewed it is unnecessary. ",
"Boisson, 273 F.3d at 270. ",
"Both standards are met here. ",
"Goffa's president, Mr. Song, testified that he decided to design and market a 48 inch rag doll only after *166 learning that there was a 48 inch rag doll selling well in the United States. ",
"Goffa learned this from Well-Made's former distributor. ",
"Goffa in fact did obtain a sample of Well-Made's 48 inch doll by purchasing one. ",
"There is also the likelihood that Hubei in China made its 48 inch sample Β furnished to defendant Β from a modified copy of plaintiff's 20 inch doll.",
"\nAccess alone does not prove actual copying. ",
"There must be probative similarity between the protected work and the allegedly infringing work. ",
"When comparing works for the purpose of determining probative similarity, protectible and unprotectible elements need not be differentiated. ",
"See supra III.B.2.a. ",
"The court is not required to view the work in totality; dissection is permitted. ",
"See Walker v. Time Life Films, 784 F.2d 44, 51 (2d Cir. ",
"1986).",
"\nTo demonstrate probative similarity, plaintiffs disassembled into its fabric pieces defendant's 48 inch doll and superimposed them upon the manufacturing patterns of Well-Made's 48 inch doll. ",
"Defendant contends that this evidence is unreliable because: 1) the process used to mass produce fabric pieces is inherently imprecise, causing them to vary from the templates; and 2) after being sewn together and stuffed, the pieces are stretched and distorted. ",
"The believable testimony on this matter suggested that any distortions were likely to have been slight. ",
"Defendants had the opportunity to introduce their manufacturing patterns or more accurate fabric and paper pattern samples if they believed the samples in evidence to be inaccurate; they failed to do so. ",
"The court finds that the fabric pieces and paper patterns introduced by plaintiff are reliable for the purpose of establishing probative similarity.",
"\nDefendant's fabric pieces do not match plaintiff's manufacturing patterns exactly. ",
"Most are quite close, however, differing by less than an inch in any dimension. ",
"The notable exceptions are the sleeve, for which Goffa's fabric piece is approximately two inches longer than the Well-Made pattern piece, and the skirt, for which Goffa's piece is approximately three inches longer and two inches wider than Well-Made's pattern. ",
"The Goffa legs seem somewhat wider and the face has smaller tucks, leading to a flatter visage.",
"\nDefendants incorrectly argue that dissimilarities in the facial embroidery, fabric patterns, and color choices preclude a finding of actual copying. ",
"These dissimilarities only demonstrate that, as to those elements, there has been no copying. ",
"They do not bear on whether the fabric pieces comprising the body sculpture were copied. ",
"Similarity between any one or two fabric pieces might be happenstance. ",
"The close similarity between all but a few of the pieces, however, reduces almost to the vanishing point any likelihood that the similarities are coincidental.",
"\nNonetheless, Goffa claims that its doll was the product of independent creation. ",
"As evidence, it offered several faxes and photographs purporting to be documents contemporaneous with the design of Goffa's doll. ",
"This evidence is not reliable. ",
"It does not prove independent creation. ",
"Goffa claims that it instructed its factory to design a 48 inch doll amalgamating features from several previous Goffa dolls. ",
"It is clear that the factory did copy the face for the new doll from a preexisting Goffa doll, \"No. ",
"YL 11352\". ",
"It is also possible that the arm design was copied from a preexisting Goffa doll, \"No. ",
"SL 11352\". ",
"But the remainder of the shape and the body of the 48 inch doll, which were allegedly copied from a preexisting Goffa doll, \"No. ",
"SL122\", bear little resemblance to *167 that doll, or to any other earlier Goffa product. ",
"Whether or not Goffa actually instructed its factory to copy the body design for the 48 inch doll from SL122, it is obvious the factory did not do so. ",
"The evidence demonstrates that defendant's factory must have largely copied its 48 inch design from somewhere, since defendant's own witnesses testified that the factory had never produced ragdolls before, was \"not creative\" when it came to product design, and that its employees \"couldn't do much on their own.\" ",
"Tellingly, Goffa produced no witnesses from the Shanghai factory to testify about the design process.",
"\nIn addition to the usual indirect means of proving copying, in this case actual copying was directly demonstrated. ",
"The court finds by a preponderance of the evidence that defendant actually purchased and examined plaintiff's 48 inch work and had in its possession the Hubei 48 inch version based upon a copy of plaintiff's 20 inch doll before it designed its own 48 inch doll. ",
"Both of those templates were furnished by defendant to its factory in China which copied substantial portions of one or both of them in producing the final design for defendant's 48 inch doll. ",
"It is clear beyond reasonable dispute, based on the evidence, that one of the dolls copied by defendant's factory was the 48 inch doll of plaintiff that had been purchased by defendant at retail.",
"\nBased on the defendant's access to plaintiff's doll, the striking similarity between many of the fabric pieces, and defendant's failure to provide credible evidence of independent creation, the court finds that defendant actually copied large parts of plaintiff's 48 inch Sweetie Mine doll, and, indirectly, some of the expanded parts of the 20 inch doll as well.",
"\n\nb. Illegal Copying.",
"\nAlthough plaintiffs may satisfy the actual copying prong by showing that Goffa actually copied significant parts of Well-Made's 48 inch doll, the illegal copying prong may only be satisfied by reference to the registered work, Well-Made's 20 inch doll. ",
"Plaintiffs have only claimed infringement in the 20 inch copyright, and thus must prove substantial similarity between Goffa's 48 inch doll and the protectible elements of Well-Made's 20 inch doll. ",
"Fisher-Price, Inc. v. Well-Made Toy Manufacturing, 25 F.3d 119, 122-23 (2d Cir.1994). ",
"Comparisons to Well-Made's plaintiff's 48 inch doll would only confuse the analysis by introducing elements that are original to the 48 inch work and thus unprotectible in this suit based on the registered copyright in the 20 inch doll.",
"\nDefendant's 48 inch doll does not infringe plaintiff's 20 inch doll. ",
"Even if plaintiff's own 48 inch doll does not depart so substantially from its own 20 incher, as to miss being distinctive, defendant's 48 incher makes further changes from plaintiff's so that it differs substantially from plaintiff's 20 inch doll. ",
"Not having registered its 48 inch doll, plaintiff cannot sue in this court for a resemblance to that doll.",
"\nThe first step in analyzing the dolls for substantial similarity is to determine whether any elements of the 20 inch doll are unprotectible. ",
"Major aspects of the doll are stipulated to be intrinsic to the idea of ragdolls. ",
"These elements are unprotectible because they constitute part of the \"idea\" of a ragdoll. ",
"They include such aspects as shaped heads, torsos, embroidered faces, hats, bows, yarn hair, ribbons, dresses, hands, feet, and shoes. ",
"Any similarity arising from the fact that both toys possess some form of these intrinsic features is non-infringing similarity.",
"\nConnie Rossi, who teaches soft toy design at the Fashion Institute in New York City, and whose testimony for the plaintiff the court finds credible, testified that *168 many of the body sculpture components of these dolls were basic and \"commonly used pattern pieces.\" ",
"This comports with the court's observation of the dolls; the legs are cylinders, with almost shapeless bulbs for feet; the skirt and bodice have simple contours; the modeling of the arms and head are more distinctive but still quite uniform and relatively gross in form, lacking any fine defining features.",
"\nNone of the general rag doll technology renders these shapes unprotectible; neither party has claimed, nor has the evidence shown, that any elements of plaintiff's design were copied from the public domain. ",
"The uncreative, basic nature of these shapes, and the fact that similar shapes will necessarily be present in any ragdoll mean, however, that plaintiff's sculptural designs will receive only narrow protection; otherwise, plaintiffs would perversely be rewarded for their lack of creativity with, effectively, a copyright in the idea of all ragdolls.",
"\nThe \"pocket\" or \"cell\" design of the face is not a protectible feature, since this is a widely used manufacturing technique of utilitarian value. ",
"See Little Souls, Inc. v. Petits, 789 F.Supp. ",
"56, 58 (D.Mass.1992) (citations omitted). ",
"Ms. Rossi testified that she teaches her students the technique of using such cells to achieve appealing looks in doll-like stuffed animals.",
"\nThe test for substantial similarity must be taken from the perspective of the \"ordinary observer.\" ",
"Hamil America, 193 F.3d at 100. ",
"Yet an ordinary 80 year old judge is bound to see a 48 inch rag doll somewhat differently than an ordinary 8 year old child. ",
"If the court perceived, as did one witness whom might fairly be described as an ordinary middle aged manager, that \"all dolls look the same,\" copyright protection would extend too far. ",
"No young children testified, but one need not speculate unduly to conclude that the ordinary youngster would name each of the dolls, see in their faces and postures very different personalities, and have no difficulty at all in pointing to differences he or she perceived to be significant. ",
"Or, alternatively, one could imagine the child being even less discerning than adults. ",
"Cf. ",
"Lyons Partnership L.P. v. Morris Costumes, Inc., 243 F.3d 789, 801-03 (4th Cir.2001) (adults could distinguish between dinosaur costumes but intended audience of 2-5 year old children could not). ",
"It is impossible to know without asking, and that was not done here because neither the parties nor the law required the inquiry.",
"\nMindful that the court must evaluate the similarity in \"total concept and feel\" of the plaintiff's doll and defendant's doll, it makes the following findings: the 20 inch Sweetie-Mine doll has a considerably younger, more winsome look than the defendant's 48 inch doll; each possesses a different \"aesthetic appeal.\" ",
"This is in part due to the obvious difference in size. ",
"Different body proportions and facial features also influence this impression, as do different fabric and color choices. ",
"What similarities exist arise essentially from both dolls being expressions of the idea of a female rag doll.",
"\nMost apparent is the difference in size. ",
"Goffa's 48 inch doll is 2.4 times the size of Well-Made's copyrighted 20 inch doll. ",
"Scale, or how the experience of a sculptural work relates to the viewer's body, plays an important role in defining the aesthetic appeal of artistic works. ",
"See Lilian Tone, Size Specific, in Modern Contemporary: Art at MoMA Since 1980, at 534 (Kirk Varnedoe, Paola Antonelli & Joshua Seigel eds., ",
"2000). ",
"Robert Morris has explained,\nIn the perception of relative size, the human body enters into the total continuum of sizes and establishes itself as a constant on that scale. ",
"One knows immediately *169 what is smaller and what is larger than himself. ",
"It is obvious yet important to take note of the fact that things smaller than ourselves are seen differently than things larger. ",
"The quality of intimacy is attached to an object in a fairly direct proportion as its size diminishes in relation to oneself.",
"\nRobert Morris, Notes on Sculpture, Part 2, in Continuous Project Altered Daily: The Writings of Robert Morris 11 (1993). ",
"The court agrees with Ms. Speer's observation that the plaintiff's 48 inch doll \"has a different relationship to a person\" than the 20 inch version. ",
"Objects as ordinary as a safety pin and garden trowel can take on artistic significance worthy of a special exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City Β as long as the pin and trowel are twenty-one and twenty four feet high, respectively. ",
"See Howard Kissel, Met Roof Gets a Rare Case of Claes, Daily News, May 10, 2002, at 63 (works of Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art).",
"\nSize matters. ",
"To a young child, the difference between a 48 inch doll and a 20 inch doll would be particularly powerful Β the 48 inch doll would be as tall, or perhaps taller than the child, while the 20 inch doll would be much shorter than she or he. ",
"To a full-grown adult, the difference is less powerful, but is striking nonetheless. ",
"The 48 inch doll conveys the impression of a person; during the course of this trial, the 48 inch dolls were sat in the chairs normally reserved for the jury and jokingly described as jurors by counsel. ",
"The 20 inch doll appears to be an infant, not to be mistaken for an older child or an adult.",
"\nNevertheless, if the proportions of the 48 inch doll were identical to those of the 20 inch work from which it was derived, as those of the Oldenberg sculptures displayed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art appear to be, and assuming no other changes, the copyright (and registration) of the smaller could be assumed to incorporate the larger, at least in the case of dolls. ",
"But the increase in size was not based on a mechanical increase in scale, but on aesthetic choices.",
"\nConnected to the difference in size, but conceptually separate, are the differences in the relative proportion of body parts. ",
"Consider that, in a photograph, a six foot tall man can be reduced to a six inch image, and the reduction is uniform in scale; yet the image is instantly recognizable as a man and need not be altered to appear veracious. ",
"Leonardo da Vinci's famous sketch of a nude man with arms and legs outstretched, the \"Vitruvian Man,\" attests to the fact that adult human form adheres, more or less, to certain proportions. ",
"Da Vinci's sketch was inspired by a passage from Vitruvius's De Architectural:\nFor Nature has so planned the human body that the face from the chin to the top of the forehead and the roots of the hair is a tenth part; also the palm of the hand from the wrist to the top of the middle finger is as much; the head from the chin to the crown, an eighth part; from the top of the breast with the bottom of the neck to the roots of the hair, a sixth part; from the middle of the breast to the crown, a fourth part; a third part of the height of the face is from the bottom of the chin to the bottom of the nostrils; the nose from the bottom of the nostrils to the line between the brows, as much; from that line to the roots of the hair, the forehead is given as the third part. ",
"The foot is a sixth of the height of the body; the cubit a quarter, the breast also a quarter. ",
"The other limbs also have their own proportionate measurements.",
"\nViruvius Pollio, De Architectural Book 3, c. I (Trans.",
"F.Granger, 1962).",
"\n*170 Vitruvius and da Vinci were examining the adult form. ",
"Our proportions do not remain constant throughout our lives. ",
"A human baby has a large head and short, thick limbs relative to its torso; its facial features are set close together and low on the face (creating a high forehead). ",
"As the child grows to adulthood, the limbs lengthen and thin out, the body grows more quickly than the head. ",
"See, e.g., Ronald W. Mayer, Module 4: The Beginnings of Behavior Β Physical Growth and Behavior, at http://online.sfsu.edu/Β psych200/unit2/24.htm (\"[I]t is apparent that a child's entire skeletal structure is proportionally different from that of an adult.... The different parts of the body do not grow at the same rate, or at the same time. ",
"Instead, the head develops first, the torso next, and the limbs last.... At birth a baby's head is about 25% of the total body length, or about 60% of its adult size An adults head is normally less than 15% of the total body length\"); Drawing and Painting Life Portraits: Drawing the Infant Head in Profile, at http://www.wetcanvas.com/Art School/Portraiture/StillLifePortraits/Lesson2/.\nIn short, Goffa's 48 inch doll is not the expanded twin of Well-Made's 20 inch doll. ",
"Their \"DNA\" is different. ",
"She is more like the 20 inch doll's older sister or first cousin. ",
"The 20 inch doll has proportions appropriate to a human infant. ",
"If the 48 inch doll had been given the same proportions as the 20 inch doll, it would have appeared \"klutzy\" only because it would have seemed an unnaturally large infant. ",
"Goffa's 48 inch doll, like Well-Made's \"grown-up\" Sweetie-Mine doll, has different proportions because both are intended to have, and do have, an older appearance suitable to their size.",
"\nDifferences between the faces of the dolls distinguish them further. ",
"Humans have evolved the capacity to differentiate between even quite similar faces; as social animals, we depend on our ability to recognize faces as our main means of identifying those around us. ",
"See A.W. Young, Finding the Mind's Construction in the Face, in Face and Mind 1, 53 (Andrew W. Young ed., ",
"1998) (\"The ease with which we can determine familiarity may be relatively great for faces ... because the ability is of such ecological importance.\"). ",
"In general, our perceptive faculties are less sensitive to non-facial aspects of appearance. ",
"See H.D. Ellis and A.W. Young, Faces in Their Social and Biological Context, in Face and Mind 67, 67-68 (Andrew W. Young ed., ",
"1998) (\"[faces] have been described as the single most important visual pattern in our environment, and our ability to discriminate hundreds of faces ... represents the ultimate in our perceptual classification skills\") (citations omitted). ",
"As dolls are iconic of human beings, the ordinary observer is particularly attuned to their faces; he or she will likely look at the face first, and rely upon it in forming an overall impression of the doll. ",
"See id. (in face perception \"one small discordance overweighs a multitude of similarities and suggests a general unlikeness.\") (",
"quoting F. Galton, Inquiries into Human Faculty and Development (1883)).",
"\nCourts have recognized that the similarity or dissimilarity of doll faces play a key role in determining whether infringement exists, even when the toy does not imitate a human. ",
"In Fisher-Price, Inc. v. Well-Made Toy Manufacturing Corp., 25 F.3d 119 (2d Cir.1994), the court of appeals for the Second Circuit found that a mouse doll did not infringe Fisher-Price's Copyright in its mouse doll because their faces were substantially distinct. ",
"Fisher-Price, Inc. v. Well-Made Toy Manufacturing Corp., 25 F.3d at 124 (\"While these dolls have similar body types, the artistic work on the faces is entirely distinct.\"). ",
"The same Fisher-Price court found that a human *171 doll did infringe on a copyrighted human doll because of their similar faces. ",
"Id. (\"Both sport the same bright, painted eyes, the same skyward gaze, the same knobby nose, and the same cherubic smile.... These dolls do not merely share features that are common to all dolls; they contain virtually identical expressions of those features.\"); ",
"see also Russ Berrie & Co. v. Jerry Elsner Co., 482 F.Supp. ",
"980, 986 (S.D.N.Y.1980) (Although Santa dolls had similar body forms, the dolls had \"strikingly\" different facial features: \"Elsner's is a wide-eyed, almost startled looking Santa; Berrie's a sleepy-eyed more whimsical fellow. ",
"The average observer would note the difference immediately.\").",
"\nThe faces of both plaintiff's and defendant's dolls show greater detail than any other of their parts (with the exception, perhaps, of the fabric patterns Β which themselves are quite different). ",
"The faces are the only parts that are embroidered and plaintiff does not allege that the face of defendant's doll infringes on plaintiff's registered copyright. ",
"To whatever extent the faces are similar (and there are some similarities, such as the flat oval noses), defendants have proven independent creation because they designed and copyrighted the face for their CL doll, from which they copied their 48 inch doll's face, before plaintiff designed the face of its \"Sweetie Mine.\"",
"\nThe faces are different in obvious and important respects. ",
"Plaintiff's 20 inch Sweetie Mine doll, as the name would suggest, is a sugary faced doll, with emphatically pretty features including detailed, well-defined eyes, thick eyelashes, and a full, well-defined pink mouth with pursed lips. ",
"Prominent pink blush marks at the lower corners of the face and a high forehead give the Sweetie-Mine doll a very young look. ",
"The doll's gaze appears to be level and directed at the viewer, creating the impression that the doll has, or desires, some connection with the viewer. ",
"The doll's expression is one of pleasant satisfaction\nIn contrast, defendant's Huggable Lovable doll has a less sophisticated look. ",
"Its face is broader and its facial features drawn in less detail. ",
"The eyes do not have defined pupils and irises and, compared to the Sweetie Mine doll, the eyelashes are more sparse and located differently. ",
"Unlike the Sweetie-Mine doll, the lips are thin and not well defined, and the mouth is open. ",
"The eyes are raised upwards so that the gaze does not fall on the viewer. ",
"The doll's expression is one of joy.",
"\nDifference in color and fabric patterns also contribute to each's distinct feel. ",
"Similarities in color choice clearly may affect the \"total concept and feel\" of a work for purposes of copyright infringement. ",
"See Boisson v. Banian, 273 F.3d 262, 271, 272-76 (2d Cir.2001) (holding that \"the author's choice in incorporating color with other elements may be copyrighted\" and considering color choices when comparing works.); ",
"Streetwise Maps, Inc. v. Vandam, Inc., 159 F.3d 739, 748 (comparing the \"overall manner in which [plaintiff] selected, coordinated, and arranged the expressive elements in its map, including color....\"). ",
"Plaintiff's doll has blonde yarn hair and pink bows, belt and feet, enhancing her youthful look. ",
"Defendant's doll has brown yarn hair and deep red bows, belt, and feet, giving her an older look. ",
"The fabric of plaintiff's dress is a somewhat complicated patchwork of hearts, butterflies, and geometric designs presented in a wide range of pastel colors, with pastel blue as the dominant color. ",
"The fabric of defendant's dress is darker Β a simple, traditional flower print with only three colors, red, white and blue, with red the dominant color. ",
"Plaintiff's doll's dress suggests she is a child of the city in *172 Spring, while defendant's doll appears to be the offspring of the countryside in Fall.",
"\nThere are other differences as well. ",
"Plaintiff's 20 inch doll has a bow on the back of its waist sash; defendant's doll does not. ",
"Adjusted for the difference in size, defendant's doll's dress is appreciably longer than that of plaintiff's doll, which affects how much of the legs show. ",
"The upper sleeves of the arms of defendant's doll are noticeably longer than those of plaintiff's doll, and the band at the wrist is made from the dress fabric on the plaintiff's doll, but from the sash and bow fabric on defendant's. ",
"The defendant's doll has a wider neck than does the plaintiff's, giving the defendant's doll more pronounced shoulders. ",
"While none of these differences are significant on their own, in aggregate they affect the \"total concept and feel\" of both dolls.",
"\nThis case is similar to Ideal Toy Corp. v. Fab-Lu Limited, 266 F.Supp. ",
"755 (S.D.N.Y.1964), another litigation involving dolls, where the district court held that \"[a]lthough the accused dolls are similar to (appellant's) dolls in size and shape, and indeed some features (such as hands and arms) are virtually identical, we think the total effect of the image conveyed to an ordinary observer by the accused dolls is quite distinct from that of (appellant's) dolls.\" ",
"Id. at 756. ",
"On appeal, the court of appeals affirmed, 360 F.2d 1021 (2d Cir. ",
"1966), and noted that while similarities existed as to \"standard doll features such as the full faces; pert, upturned noses; bow lips; large, widely spaced eyes; and slim figures, distinct differences exist with respect to [other features].\" ",
"Id. at 1023.",
"\n\nVI. ",
"Conclusion\nThe case here is not a simple matter of the art of gigantism, where, as in the case of the present Oldenburg exhibit, a trowel designed to be held in the hand and less than half a cubit in length is transposed, with its original proportions presumably intact, into a towering artifact that dwarfs its human admirers. ",
"In the instant case the proportions of the diminutive original and the large derivative are significantly different, the result of artistic judgement of a skilled designer. ",
"Registering the small version is not the equivalent of a registration of the significantly larger and different rendering.",
"\nHad the suit been premised upon infringement of plaintiff's copyright in its 48 inch doll, the suit would have been dismissed for lack of jurisdiction because there was no registration for the larger doll. ",
"Plaintiff sought to avoid this result by suing for infringement of its 20 inch doll. ",
"But the differences between plaintiff's 20 inch doll and defendant's 48 inch doll are too great. \"[",
"W]hatever unique quality [plaintiff's 20 inch] doll may have, [defendant has] not appropriated it.\" ",
"Ideal Toy Corp. v. Fab-Lu Limited, 360 F.2d at 1023, quoting Ideal Toy Corp. v. Sayco Doll Corp., 302 F.2d 623, 627 (2d Cir.1962) (Clark, J., dissenting). ",
"There is no substantial similarity for the purpose of infringement.",
"\nDefendant's 48 inch doll does not infringe plaintiff's registered 20 doll. ",
"Enter judgement for the defendant. ",
"No costs or disbursements.",
"\nSO ORDERED.",
"\n"
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"After 1, 2, and 4 weeks, the rectus muscles were harvested, and postinjection changes in the muscle layers were examined histopathologically. ",
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"However, the inflammation and the myofiber destruction produced by bupivacaine injection was localized to the injection site, which compared with the diffuse change induced by ricin mAb 35. ",
"Inflammation reduced rapidly over 2 weeks. ",
"Regenerating myofibers with a central nucleus were found at 1 week after injecting these myotoxins. ",
"Four weeks after injection, the acute changes induced by these two toxins respectively were much recovered with prominent myofiber regeneration. ",
"We found that extraocular muscle has a superb ability to recover from the acute injury induced by bupivacaine or ricin mAb 35, and the two myotoxins induce unique damage including the predilection of muscle layers and duration of damage persisted. ",
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"Q:\n\nWhat is the purpose of inserting resistors (diodes?) ",
"directly on the path of the VCC and GND lines powering a PCB?",
"\n\nI am trying to learn electronics by looking at simple circuits and see how engineers get the job done.",
"\nLooking at a PCB featuring only one Texas Instruments ADS1115 ADC, I see that:\n\nThey bridge VCC and GND with a capacitor as close as possible to the power lines arriving at the PCB. ",
"I guess it's 100Β΅F (shown in the picture).",
"\nThey do the same on the VCC and GND as close as possible to the chip (not shown in the picture).",
"\nThey have pull-up 10K resistors on the SDA, SCL and ADDRESS lines. ",
"I guess it's because they wish those to be high when not driven (not shown in the picture).",
"\n\nHowever, I do not understand why they have two parts (black 0805) inserted in the VCC and GND lines arriving on the board (shown at the top of the picture). ",
"Are these resistors ? ",
"What would their purpose be ? ",
"The board can be powered from 1.8 to 5 V.\n\nMaybe they are only diodes? ",
"In that case, the polarity should be marked. ",
"And there would be a voltage drop across.",
"\nI am also puzzled, because these parts are across the VCC as well as the GND. ",
"In my mind, there is never any part splitting the GND line.",
"\n\nA:\n\nI think they may be inductors - a series inductor and a parallel capacitor across the target chip's power and ground line offer greater power supply rejection (in a lot of cases) compared to just a capacitor and no series component. ",
"Care has to be taken though; the series L and parallel capacitor can form a resonant tuned circuit and exaggerate certain frequencies of noise coming from the digital supplies.",
"\nGiven that this is an TI chip, there may be a kit you can buy from them that uses this part - try looking up the details of the kit to see if you can track down whether these parts are inductors or not.",
"\n\nA:\n\n\"I am trying to learn electronics by looking at simple circuits and see how engineers get the job done.\" ",
" Bad idea unless you know for sure it's a good design. ",
" There is a lot of crap published out there. ",
" In fact, bad designs are more likely to be published than good ones. ",
" Professionals that create good designs are usually too busy to write up a web page, don't think their design is a big enough deal to bother writing up, and often can't disclose their schematics anyway due to confidentiality issues. ",
" It's the hobbyist who can barely spell \"EE\" and just spent a week getting a arduino to blink a LED that will proudly publish the results of his herculian effort for all to see.",
"\n\nI don't see any picture of a 100 Β΅F capacitor. ",
" You also have't shown the schematic, so I can only answer in general. ",
" It is usually a good idea to put a reasonable energy storage cap, like 100 Β΅F, at the power supply input of a board. ",
" This is so that you can tolerate some impedance in the power supply feed. ",
" The local capacitor will supply medium-time current surges required by the board before the current can build up in the possibly long wire back to the power supply. ",
" The power supply may also take some time to react.",
"\n\nThis is called a bypass cap. ",
" It's the same concept but even more local and for higher frequencies. ",
" I go into more detail here.",
"\n\nIIC bus lines are specified to float high and be actively pulled low. ",
" The 10 kΞ© pullups provide the floating high part. ",
" Basic IIC is limited to 3 mA source current when held low. ",
" Note that when pulled up to 5 V, a 10 kΞ© only provides 500 Β΅A. That's OK, but the pullup therefore could be lower, which would allow the bus to run at higher speed.",
"\n\nA:\n\nThese are MMZ2012Y152B ferrite filters and your 3rd guess about I2C pullups is correct.",
"\nThe schema including components names is on the manufacturer Github.",
"\n\n"
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"\n\nThe first incident, a stabbing, took place on Deeside Road in Wandsworth, south-west London, at 4.42pm. ",
"Emergency services were unable to save the victim, believed to be in his late teens, and he died at the scene, reports the Metro.",
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"\n\nScotland Yard has said that six men have been arrested on suspicion of murder over the Wandsworth stabbing, whilst three men and one woman were arrested on suspicion of murder following the Plumstead shooting. ",
"All ten were taken in for questioning.",
"\n\nThere were 723 homicides in England and Wales last year β the highest in a decade, according to figures released in April. ",
"Figures released this week by the Ministry of Justice revealed that the number of fatal stabbings in England and Wales is at its highest level since records began in 1946, while knife crime has risen to a nine-year high."
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"NIH Grant Abstracts\n\nNational Institutes of Health Grant Abstracts\n\nNIH Principal Investigators at Legacy:\n\nR01NS084920 \"Glycine augmentation therapy for the treatment of epilepsy\"\n\nIn this clinically oriented research proposal a combination of mechanistic and therapeutic studies will allow us to determine whether therapeutic glycine augmentation might be a novel pharmacological principle for the treatment of seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy. ",
"We will make novel and innovative use of glycine augmenting drugs that have already been tested in clinical trials (phase II/III) to treat cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia. ",
"Identification and characterization of a novel anticonvulsant role of existing drugs will open new opportunities for efficient seizure control combined with pro-cognitive properties.",
"\n\nThe principal goal of this proposal is to identify important molecular and cellular components of optic nerve head (ONH) connective tissue and retrolaminar myelin remodeling in monkey early experimental glaucoma (EG). ",
"To do so we will employ: state of the art quantitative mass spectroscopy, quantitative ONH immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy, and precise anatomic colocalization of all microscopic findings to in vivo optical coherence tomography (OCT). ",
"All outcomes will be reported in anatomically consistent, 30 degree ONH sectors that are oriented relative to the axis between the fovea and Bruchβs membrane opening. ",
"The results of these studies will allow us to identify age-related differences in connective tissue and myelin remodeling in monkey early EG and provide unprecedented microscopic support for their early, in vivo, detection by OCT. ",
"New hypotheses regarding the contributions of connective tissue and myelin remodeling to retinal ganglion cell injury in early glaucoma, based on these results, will be tested in future research.",
"\n\nR01EY021281 \"Optic nerve head SDOCT imaging in glaucoma\"\n\nThe principal goal of this study is to construct a Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SDOCT) phenotyping strategy for the optic nerve head (ONH), peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and macula tissues that improves the detection of glaucomatous damage and its progression. ",
"Aims 1 and 2 use SDOCT phenotyping to characterize age-related and glaucomatous structural change in monkeys so as to improve their clinical detection in humans (Aims 3 and 4). ",
"Expected outcomes include: improved detection of glaucoma onset and progression; confirmation that SDOCT ONH onset and progression predict subsequent RNFL and macula thickness loss; abandonment of clinician cup/disc ratio as the gold standard for clinical disc examination and its replacement with SDOCT anatomy and geometry; and adoption of SDOCT phenotyping by all subspecialties of Ophthalmology and Neurology that image the ONH, RNFL and macula tissues.",
"\n\nR01EY019939 \"The role of retinal astrocytes in dynamic blood flow autoregulation\"\n\nThis project will establish a novel role for astrocytes in maintaining hemodynamic homeostasis in the retina and ONH. ",
"We believe that this is mechanism of hemodynamic control that exists in both eye and brain. ",
"The outcome will also generate hypotheses for future studies of novel therapeutic targets in diseases associated with autoregulation dysfunction, including glaucoma."
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"Central Oslo\n\nDespite the mammoth proportions of the Oslo conurbation, the city centre has remained surprisingly compact, and is easy to navigate by remembering a few simple landmarks. ",
"From the Oslo S train station, at the eastern end of the centre, the main thoroughfare, Karl Johans gate, heads directly up the hill, passing the Domkirke (Cathedral) and cutting a pedestrianized course until it reaches the Stortinget (Parliament building). ",
"From here it sweeps down past the University to Det Kongelige Slott, or Royal Palace, situated in parkland β the Slottsparken β at the western end of the centre. ",
"South of the palace, on the waterfront, stands the ever-expanding AkerBrygge shopping and leisure complex, across from which rises the distinctive twin-towered RΓ₯dhus (City Hall). ",
"South of the RΓ₯dhus, on the lumpy peninsula overlooking the harbour, rises the severe-looking castle, Akershus Slott. ",
"The castle, the Stortinget and Oslo S form a rough triangle enclosing a tight grid of streets that was originally laid out by Christian IV in the seventeenth century, but now holds many of the cityβs most imposing early twentieth-century buildings. ",
"For many years this was the cityβs commercial hub, and although Osloβs burgeoning suburbs undermined its position in the 1960s, the district is currently making a comeback, reinventing itself with specialist shops and smart restaurants.",
"\n\nExplore\n\nFind out more\n\nNasjonalgalleriet\n\nNorwayβs largest and most prestigious art gallery is the Nasjonalgalleriet (National Gallery). ",
"Housed in a whopping nineteenth-century building, the collection may be short on internationally famous painters β apart from a fine body of work by Edvard Munch β but thereβs compensation in the oodles of Norwegian art, including work by all the leading figures up until the end of World War II. ",
"The only irritation is the way the museum is organized: the kernel of the collection is displayed on the first floor, which is convenient enough, but individual artistsβ works tend to be displayed across several different rooms, which can be very frustrating. ",
"The free plan available at reception helps illuminate matters; the text below mentions room numbers where it may be helpful, but note that locations are regularly rotated.",
"\n\nJohan Christian Dahl and Thomas Fearnley\n\nNear the top of the main staircase, rooms L and M feature the work of the countryβs most important nineteenth-century landscape painters, Johan Christian Dahl (1788β1857) and his pupil Thomas Fearnley (1802β42). ",
"The Romantic Naturalism of their finely detailed canvases expressed Norwayβs growing sense of nationhood after the break-up of the DanoβNorwegian union in 1814. ",
"In a clear rejection of Danish lowland civil-servant culture, Dahl and Fearnley asserted the beauty (and moral virtue) of Norwayβs wild landscapes, which had previously been seen as uncouth and barbaric. ",
"This reassessment was clearly influenced by the ideas of the Swiss-born philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712β78), who believed that the peoples of mountain regions possessed an intrinsic nobility precisely because they were remote from the corrupting influences of (lowland) civilization. ",
"Dahl, who was a professor at the Academy of Art in Dresden for many years, wrote to a friend in 1841:\n\nLike a true Poet, a Painter must not be led by the prevailing, often corrupt Taste, but attempt to create β¦ a landscape [that] β¦ exposes the characteristics of this Country and its Nature β often idyllic, often historical, melancholic β what they have been and are.",
"\n\nAs for the paintings themselves, Dahlβs large 1842 canvas Stalheim is typical of his work, a mountain landscape rendered in soft and dappled hues, dotted with tiny figures and a sleepy village. ",
"His Hjelle in Valdres (1851) adopts the same approach, although here the artifice behind the Naturalism is easier to detect. ",
"Dahl had completed another painting of Hjelle the year before; returning to the subject, he widened the valley and heightened the mountains, sprinkling them with snow. ",
"Fearnley often lived and worked abroad, but he always returned to Norwegian themes, painting no fewer than five versions of the moody Labrofossen ved Kongsberg (The Labro Waterfall at Kongsberg); his 1837 version is displayed in Room M.\n\nAdolph Tidemand and Hans Frederik Gude\n\nA third Norwegian artist to seek out is Adolph Tidemand (1814β76), if not so much for the quality of his painting as for its content. ",
"Born in Mandal on the south coast, Tidemand went to art college in Denmark and taught art in DΓΌsseldorf, but was firmly attached to his homeland, making a series of long research trips to study rural Norwegian folk customs and costumes. ",
"Tidemandβs drawings were so precise that they are still used as a reference by students of traditional Norwegian dress, but his paintings are absurdly Romantic, reflecting the bourgeois nationalism that swept Norway in the middle of the nineteenth century. ",
"The museum displays a whole batch of Tidemandβs paintings, but his most famous work is the Bridal Voyage on the Hardanger Fjord (Room N), in which Hans Frederik Gude (1825β1903) painted the landscape and Tidemand filled in the figures. ",
"Gude was a great friend of Tidemand, sharing his Romantic nationalism and being a fellow lecturer at the art academy in DΓΌsseldorf.",
"\n\nGerhard Munthe, Erik Werenskiold and Christian Krohg\n\nIn the 1880s, Norwegian landscape painting took on a mystical and spiritual dimension. ",
"Influenced by French painters such as ThΓ©odore Rousseau, Norwegian artists abandoned the Naturalism of an earlier generation for more symbolic representations. ",
"Gerhard Munthe (1849β1929), for one, dipped into lyrical renditions of the Norwegian countryside, and his cosy, folksy scenes were echoed in the paintings of Erik Werenskiold (1855β1938), who is well represented by Peasant Burial. ",
"Of a similar ilk was the work of the novelist, journalist and artist Christian Krohg (1852β1925), whose highly stylized paintings of the poor and destitute pricked many a middle-class conscience. ",
"It was, however, his sympathetic paintings of prostitutes that created the real brouhaha, as exemplified by his tongue-in-cheek Albertine at the Police Doctorβs Surgery.",
"\n\nTheodor Kittelsen\n\nAlso during the late nineteenth century, Theodor Kittelsen (1857β1914) defined the appearance of the countryβs trolls, sprites and sirens in his illustrations for AsbjΓΈrnsen and Moeβs Norwegian Folk Tales, published in 1883. ",
"Four of Kittelsenβs original paintings are displayed in Room U β and a splendid sample they are too, especially the one of a princess delousing a troll, a time-consuming job if ever there was one. ",
"Here as well are examples of Kittelsenβs other work: a self-portrait and a landscape; a wooden cabinet whose shelves hold several dozen Kittelsen sketches; and several panels illustrating a traditional folk song, completed in an ersatz medieval style by Gerhard Munthe.",
"\n\nHarald Sohlberg and Halfdan Egedius\n\nIn Room S, you encounter the works of Harald Sohlberg (1869β1935), who clarified the rather hazy vision of many of his Norwegian contemporaries, painting a series of sharply observed RΓΈros streetscapes and expanding into more elemental themes with such stunning works as En blomstereng nordpΓ₯ (A Northern Flower Meadow) and Sommernatt (Summer Night). ",
"These paintings are comparable with those of Halfdan Egedius (1877β99), as in Opptrekkende uvaer (The Approaching Storm), again in Room S, though Egedius also touched on darker, gloomier themes as in his unsettling Spill og dans (Play and Dance).",
"\n\nEdvard Munch\n\nThe Nasjonalgallerietβs star turn is its Munch collection, with representative works from the 1880s up to 1916 gathered together in Room T. His early work is very much in the Naturalist tradition of his mentor Christian Krohg, though by 1885 Munch was already pushing back the boundaries in The Sick Child, a heart-wrenching evocation of his sister Sophieβs death from tuberculosis. ",
"Other works displaying this same sense of pain include The Dance of Life, Madonna and The Scream, a seminal canvas of 1893 whose swirling lines and rhythmic colours were to inspire the Expressionists. ",
"Munch painted several versions of The Scream, but this is the original, so it is hard to exaggerate the embarrassment felt by the museum when, in 1994, someone climbed in through the window and stole it. ",
"The painting was eventually recovered, but the thief was never caught. ",
"Consider Munchβs words as you view it:\n\nI was walking along a road with two friends. ",
"The sun set. ",
"I felt a tinge of melancholy. ",
"Suddenly the sky became blood red. ",
"I stopped and leaned against a railing feeling exhausted, and I looked at the flaming clouds that hung like blood and a sword over the blue-black fjord and the city. ",
"My friends walked on. ",
"I stood there trembling with fright. ",
"And I felt a loud unending scream piercing nature.",
"\n\nThe galleryβs sample of Munchβs work serves as a good introduction to the artist, but for a more detailed appraisal β and a more comprehensive selection of his work β check out the Munch Museum.",
"\n\nNorwegian paintings from 1910 to the 1940s\n\nMunch aside, the general flow of Norwegian art was reinvigorated in the 1910s by a new band of artists who had trained in Paris under Matisse, whose emancipation of colour from Naturalist constraints inspired his Norwegian students. ",
"Among this group, Henrik SΓΈrensen (1882β1962) is the outstanding figure. ",
"SΓΈrensen summed up the Frenchmanβs influence on him thirty years later: βFrom Matisse, I learned more in fifteen minutes than from all the other teachers I have listened toβ β lessons that inspired SΓΈrensenβs surging, earthy landscapes of the lowlands of eastern Norway. ",
"Axel Revold (1887β1962) was trained by Matisse too, but also assimilated Cubist influences as in The Fishing Fleet leavesthe Harbour, while Erling Enger (1899β1990) maintained a gently lyrical, slightly whimsical approach to the landscape and its seasons. ",
"Look out also for the work of ArneEkeland (1908β94), whose various World War II paintings are bleak and powerful in equal measure β as evidenced by the fractured, mosaic-like composition of The Last Shots.",
"\n\nInternational art\n\nFinally, the museum holds an enjoyable sample of work by the Impressionists and Post-Impressionists, with assorted bursts of colour from Manet, Monet, Degas and CΓ©zanne, as well as a distant, piercing Van Gogh self-portrait. ",
"There is also a light scattering of early twentieth-century paintings by the likes of Picasso and Braque, but it must be said that for a national gallery there are few works of international significance, reflecting Norwayβs past poverty and its lack of an earlier royal or aristocratic collection to build upon.",
"\n\nHjemmefrontmuseum\n\nThe Hjemmefrontmuseum (Resistance Museum) occupies a distinctive old building just outside the castle entrance, an apt location given that the Gestapo had the habit of executing captured Resistance fighters a few metres away β after torturing them inside the castle first. ",
"Labelled in English and Norwegian, the displays detail the history of the war in Norway, from defeat and occupation through resistance to final victory. ",
"There are tales of extraordinary heroism here β notably the determined resistance of hundreds of the countryβs teachers to Nazi instructions β plus a section dealing with Norwayβs Jews, who numbered 1800 in 1939; the Germans captured 760, of whom 24 survived. ",
"Thereβs also the moving story of a certain Petter Moen, who was arrested by the Germans and imprisoned in the Akershus, where he kept a diary by using a nail to pick out letters on toilet paper; the diary survived, but he didnβt. ",
"Other acts of resistance included the sabotaging of German attempts to produce heavy water for an atomic bomb deep in southern Norway, at Rjukan, but thereβs also an impressively honest account of Norwegian collaboration: fascism struck a chord with the countryβs petit bourgeois, and hundreds of volunteers joined the Wehrmacht. ",
"The most notorious collaborator was Vidkun Quisling, who was executed by firing squad for his treachery in 1945. ",
"When the German army invaded in April 1940, Quisling assumed he would govern the country and made a radio announcement proclaiming his seizure of power, though in the event the Germans soon sidelined him, opting for military control instead.",
"\n\nJean-Baptiste Bernadotte and the Royal Palace\n\nThe toings and froings of Scandinavian royalty can be befuddling, but few accessions were as unusual as that of Karl XIV Johan (1763β1844), king of Norway and Sweden. ",
"Previously, Karl Johan had been the Napoleonic Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, a distinguished military commander who had endured a turbulent relationship with his boss, Napoleon, who sacked and reinstated him a couple of times before finally stripping him of his rank for alleged lack of military ardour at the battle of Wagram, outside Vienna, in 1809. ",
"In a huff, Bernadotte stomped off back to Paris, where β much to his surprise β he was informed that the Swedish court had elected him as the heir to their king, the childless Charles XIII. ",
"This was not, however, a quixotic gesture by the Swedes, but rather a desire to ensure that their next king was a good soldier able to protect them from their enemies, especially Russia. ",
"In the event, it worked out rather well: Bernadotte successfully steered the Swedes through the tail end of the Napoleonic Wars, firstly as Crown Prince to a decrepit King Charles XIII from 1810 and then, on Charlesβs death, as the Swedish king, adding Norway to his future kingdom in 1818. ",
"Not content, seemingly, with the terms of his motto, βThe peopleβs love is my rewardβ, Karl Johan had the whopping Kongelige Slott built for his further contentment, only to die before it was completed."
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"Photo: STR/AFP/Getty Images\n\nAll of a sudden, North Korea and South Korea are two old chums singing kumbaya with each other, and the United States is on the outside looking in.",
"\n\nThe countries are holding their first talks in two years ahead of the Winter Olympics, which take place in Pyeongchang, South Korea, in February. ",
"North Korea has promised to send a delegation to the games, which counts as a major diplomatic breakthrough. (",
"Perhaps even more excitingly, the country will also send βa cheering squad and a performance-art troupe.β)",
"\n\nAnd Kim Jong-unβs hermetic dictatorship apparently wants to assure the rest of the world that it doesnβt have any serious beef with its southern neighbor β just with America.",
"\n\nOn Tuesday morning, a North Korean official said that the countryβs weapons were pointed only at the United States, not at South Korea, Russia, or China. ",
"The official also said that North Koreaβs rapidly expanding nuclear program is not an issue between North and South Korea.",
"\n\nThese claims are almost assuredly false, but are signs that Kim wants to position himself as a stable and serious negotiating partner with his neighbor, at least for the moment. ",
"As with many of the dictatorβs actions, his motivations are not entirely clear. ",
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"\n\nIn his New Yearβs Eve speech, the North Korean leader threatened that he could press a βnuclear buttonβ from his desk that would activate missiles capable of hitting mainland United States. (",
"The reality is a bit more complicated.) ",
"President Trump responded by boasting that his nuclear button was bigger.",
"\n\nPresident Trumpβs unhinged tough talk over the past few months β he has threatened to destroy North Korea with βfire and fury,β among other things β seems to have led to a perverse outcome: drawing the two Koreas closer to each other, while freezing out the United States.",
"\n\nBut Trump took credit for the new North/South dialogue on Saturday, saying, βIf I werenβt involved they wouldnβt be talking about the Olympics right now. ",
"Theyβd be doing no talking or it would be much more serious.β ",
"Secretary of State Rex Tillerson has concurred with that view.",
"\n\nMeanwhile, the Trump administration is reportedly debating the wisdom of launching a βbloody noseβ attack on North Korea that would βhopefullyβ not lead to nuclear war.",
"\n\nJust another calm day on the Korean Peninsula."
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"Q:\n\nHow to place the top ubuntustudio (xfce) panel down?",
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"Since my computer's screen is 12\", I would like to put the top panel to the bottom, and delete the bottom dock -- it may save me some desktop space. ",
"\nHow could I place top panel to the bottom? ",
"\nThanks!",
"\n\nA:\n\nRight-click with the mouse on the panel that you want to move - Panel - Panel Preferences...\nRemove the tick for: Lock panel\nNow you can see that at the right and the left side of the panel, a small \"handle\" has appeared. ",
"The far left and the far right icons have shifted a little to the middle because of this. ",
"You have to look closely, because the the handles are hardly visible.",
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"Now you can drag the panel to the place where you want it.",
"\nDo you wish to move it from the bottom to the right side of the panel? ",
"Then you have to change the Mode from Horizontal into Vertical.",
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"\n\nEvery time I log into a VM with root, su into a user account, and try to use screen it throws an error:\nCannot open your terminal '/dev/pts/0' - please check.",
"\n\nA Stack Overflow post said I needed to use script /dev/null to fix it, and it works, but it still doesn't explain why I need to type script /dev/null. ",
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"WASHINGTON\n\nI FIRST visited China in 1979, a few months after our countries normalized relations. ",
"China was just beginning to remake its economy, and I was in the first Senate delegation to witness this evolution. ",
"Traveling through the country last month, I could see how much China had changed in 32 years β and yet the debate about its remarkable rise remains familiar.",
"\n\nThen, as now, there were concerns about what a growing China meant to America and the world. ",
"Some here and in the region see Chinaβs growth as a threat, entertaining visions of a cold-war-style rivalry or great-power confrontation. ",
"Some Chinese worry that our aim in the Asia-Pacific is to contain Chinaβs rise.",
"\n\nI reject these views. ",
"We are clear-eyed about concerns like Chinaβs growing military abilities and intentions; that is why we are engaging with the Chinese military to understand and shape their thinking. ",
"It is why the president has directed the United States, with our allies, to keep a strong presence in the region. ",
"As I told Chinaβs leaders and people, America is a Pacific power and will remain one.",
"\n\nBut, I remain convinced that a successful China can make our country more prosperous, not less.",
"\n\nAs trade and investment bind us together, we have a stake in each otherβs success. ",
"On issues from global security to global economic growth, we share common challenges and responsibilities β and we have incentives to work together. ",
"That is why our administration has worked to put our relationship on a stable footing. ",
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"In many parts of the world abundant supplies of natural gas are found in areas where there is little or no demand for the natural gas. ",
"This natural gas is a valuable product if available at many market places in the world. ",
"Accordingly, various ways of transporting this natural gas to areas having a market place have been considered. ",
"In some instances pipelines have been used but in other instances the distances are prohibitive for use of pipelines.",
"\nIn such instances, the natural gas has been either converted to a liquid product by processes such as the Fischer-Tropsch process or made into a liquid by natural gas liquefaction processes. ",
"Such processes are well known and constitute mixed refrigerant processes such as shown in U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"4,033,735 (the '735 patent) issued Jul. 5, 1977 to Leonard K. Swenson and assigned to J. F. Pritchard and Company. ",
"A further process of this type is shown in U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"5,657,643 (the '643 patent) issued Aug. 19, 1997 to Brian C. Price and assigned to The Pritchard Corporation.",
"\nOther processes, such as cascade refrigerant processes and the like are also known for such liquefaction processes. ",
"Such processes are designed, however, for the liquefaction of large volumes of natural gas and typically comprise systems wherein a refrigerant or a plurality of refrigerants are compressed by centrifugal compressors, typically turbine compressors, which may be driven by light hydrocarbon gas fueled turbines or electric motors and thereafter passed to cooling and separation. ",
"The separated refrigerant components may then be recombined and passed to a refrigeration section. ",
"The refrigerant components or other refrigerants may be passed to the refrigeration section with or without mixing and the like.",
"\nA wide variety of processes have been used to liquefy natural gas. ",
"In the processes discussed in the patents referred to above, a mixed refrigerant is passed through a heat exchange path and cooled in a refrigeration zone, flashed to further cool the stream which is then allowed to evaporate progressively as it moves through the refrigeration section to produce a vaporous refrigerant with the refrigeration section being cooled by the heat of evaporation of the mixed refrigerant as it moves through the refrigeration section. ",
"This passage of the vaporizing refrigerant serves to cool the mixed refrigerant as it passes through the refrigeration section with the natural gas being liquefied by passing it through the refrigeration section, optionally removing it from the refrigeration section at some intermediate point along its cooling path to remove heavier materials, such as C3 and heavier hydrocarbons and the like, from the natural gas and then passing the natural gas back into the refrigeration section for further cooling to produce an at least a liquefied LNG stream. ",
"This liquefied LNG stream may be cooled further by flashing gas from the body of the liquefied natural gas if desired to further reduce the temperature of the LNG. ",
"This flash gas is typically boil-off gas and is approximately of the same composition as the rest of the LNG. ",
"Clearly the amount of boil-off gas which is flashed in this fashion is quite variable depending upon the amount of LNG produced. ",
"The boil-off gas so produced may be re-liquefied, passed to fuel and the like. ",
"It is very suitable for use as a stream for return to the refrigeration section but such requires compression and other steps which may not be available at unloading facilities and the like in all instances. ",
"Boil-off gas is lost during operations such as the unloading of tanker vessels, the storage of natural gas in insulated tanks or underground storage areas and the like where re-liquefaction facilities may not be available.",
"\nThe amount of boil-off gas which is lost can be widely variable and as a result it has been difficult to suitably recover and re-liquefy boil-off gas in areas in which liquefaction facilities do not exist, such as in unloading areas for LNG tankers, for the passage of LNG into storage areas such as tanks and underground storage and the like. ",
"In many instances boil-off gas is also released as the LNG is removed from storage for re-gasification to produce gas to feed a pipeline.",
"\nThis valuable boil-off gas resource is suitable for re-liquefaction but is not normally used for such purposes except possibly in areas where liquefaction facilities exist. ",
"Accordingly, since this boil-off gas represents a valuable resource a continuing effort has been directed to methods for the recovery of the boil-off gas."
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"Overexpression of rice OSH genes induces ectopic shoots on leaf sheaths of transgenic rice plants.",
"\nFive rice homeobox (OSH) genes were overexpressed under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter or the rice actin gene promoter in transgenic rice plants. ",
"Almost all of the transgenic plants showed abnormal phenotypes, which could be classified into three types according to their severity. ",
"Plants with the most severe phenotype formed only green organs, with many shoot apices on their adaxial sides. ",
"Plants with an intermediate phenotype formed bladeless leaves with normally developed leaf sheaths. ",
"Plants with a mild phenotype formed normal leaf sheaths and blades, but lacked ligules and showed diffusion of the blade-sheath boundary. ",
"The leaf structure of this phenotype was similar to that of dominant maize mutants, such as Kn1, Rs1, Lg3, and Lg4. ",
"Based on these phenotypes, we suggest that ectopic expression of the rice OSH genes interferes with the development of leaf blades and maintains leaves in less differentiated states. ",
"These results are discussed in relation to the leaf maturation schedule hypothesis (M. Freeling et al., ",
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"Q:\n\nReplicate formula with integer and referencing cell above current row\n\nI am trying to replicate the following formula in an if function in google apps script for a spreadsheet.",
"\n=IF(AND((G2/(1/96)/(INT(G2/(1/96))))=1,B2<>B1),F2, \"\")\n\nPopulating the cell in the D column. ",
"I am trying to get it to work so that it goes through each row and works applies this formula.",
"\nI think where I am struggling to replicate the formula is how to make it an integer and how to get the script to read the cell in the row above.",
"\nAny help would be much appreciated! ",
"See below for my rudimentary attempt at this.",
"\nfunction releaseTimes() {\nvar sheet = SpreadsheetApp.getActiveSheet();\nvar startRow = 2; \nvar numRows = 249; \nvar dataRange = sheet.getRange(startRow, 1, numRows, 16)\nvar data = dataRange.getValues();\n\nfor (var i = 0; i < data.length; ++i) {\nvar row = data[i];\nvar startTime = row[1];\n\nvar quarterHour = (1/96);\nvar committedSeats = (startTime-halfHour);\nvar startTime1 = sheet.getRange(startRow + i, 2);\nvar startTime2 = sheet.getRange(startRow + i-1, 2);\nvar G2 = (startTime2-quarterHour);\nvar G2divided = (G2/quarterHour);\nvar int = parseInt(G2divided);\nvar firstCondition = G2divided/int;\n\n if ( firstCondition = 1 && startTime2 !",
"= startTime1) {\n sheet.getRange(startRow + i, 4).setValue(committedSeats);\n } else { \n sheet.getRange(startRow + i, 4).setValue(blank); \n }\n }\n}\n\nA:\n\nThe spreadsheet function you've provided:\n=IF(AND((G2/(1/96)/(INT(G2/(1/96))))=1,B2<>B1),F2, \"\")\n\nCan be expressed like this:\nIF (G2 is a time ending on the quarter hour) AND (B2 is not equal to B1)\nTHEN\n DISPLAY F2\nELSE\n DISPLAY nothing\nENDIF\n\nThe magic number 96 appears because there are 96 quarter hours in a 24 hour period. ",
"The code would be much clearer if it just dealt with time, like this:\nvar firstCondition = (startTime.getMinutes() % 15 == 0); /// BOOLEAN!",
"\n\nThere's some confusion in your question, though. ",
"The spreadsheet formula refers to column \"G\", Release all Holds, for a 15-minute check. ",
"Your script, though, uses column \"B\", Start time, for that. ",
"Looking at your example data, there are rows like \"Show 9\" where the start time is a \"15\" while release-all is not, so you'll get different results depending on which of those two calculations is \"correct\". ",
"I'll assume that your script is correct, and that all times are relative to the start time.",
"\nOne last point... in your script, you mix two methods of manipulating range data. ",
"You start into the (more efficient) javascript method, with var data = dataRange.getValues();, but then return to touching individual cells with statements like sheet.getRange(). ",
"That's confusing, since the first uses 0-based indexes while spreadsheets use 1-based. ",
"If possible, pick one way, and stick with it.",
"\nScript\nHere's an updated version of your script. ",
"The spreadsheet data is accessed just twice - it's read and written in bulk, saving time vs cell-by-cell updates. ",
"All times are calculated relative to startTime, something you can change if you wish. ",
"Finally, javascript Date object methods are used for all time calculations, avoiding the use of magic numbers.",
"\nfunction releaseTimes() {\n var sheet = SpreadsheetApp.getActiveSheet();\n var headRows = 1; // # header rows to skip\n var dataRange = sheet.getDataRange();\n var data = dataRange.getValues();\n\n // Handy time definitions\n var minute = 60 * 1000; // 60 * 1000 ms\n var quarterHour = 15 * minute;\n var halfHour = 30 * minute;\n var hour = 60 * minute;\n\n // Process data, skipping headRows\n for (var i = headRows; i < data.length; ++i) {\n var row = data[i];\n var startTime = row[1]; // Assume all times are relative to startTime \n var prevStartTime = data[i-1][1];\n\n // Test whether startTime is on a quarter-hour\n var firstCondition = (startTime.getMinutes() % 15 == 0);\n\n // Committed blank unless unique quarter hour start time\n // NOTE: You can't compare javascript time objects using ==\n // See: http://stackoverflow.com/a/7961381\n if ( firstCondition && (prevStartTime - startTime) !",
"= 0) {\n row[3] = new Date(startTime.getTime() - halfHour); // Monitor Committed Seats. ",
"Return to sale orders that\n } else { //have been in the basket for over 1 hour.",
"\n row[3] = ''; \n }\n row[4] = new Date(startTime.getTime() - hour); // Release Press Holds bar 2\n row[5] = new Date(startTime.getTime() - halfHour); // Release all Company Holds. ",
"Release Venue Holds bar 2\n row[6] = new Date(startTime.getTime() - quarterHour); // Release all remaining holds\n }\n // Write out updated information\n dataRange.setValues(data);\n}\n\nResult\nAs you can see, the result is a bit different from your initial example, because of the decision to base decisions on startTime.",
"\n\n"
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"Determination of glycolic acid level in higher plants during photorespiration by stable isotope dilution mass spectrometry with double-labeling experiments.",
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"Detached leaves were maintained in the presence of 18O2; [13C]glycolate was added to the foliar extract as an internal standard and the mixture of biological glycolate and [13C]glycolate was analyzed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ",
"The level of foliar glycolate pool was measured via the 13C label, and 18O incorporation was determined."
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"IBS patients often show psychological symptoms represented by anxiety and depression, and many of them have the complication of anxiety disorder including panic disorder, depressive disorder, PTSD and so on. ",
"In our experience, 27% of IBS patients have the co-morbidity of panic disorder, and these two disorders exacerbated symptoms each other. ",
"Such condition impairs health-related quality of life in IBS patients. ",
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"\n\nis done as of Today β ALL OF IT!",
"\n\nall judged!!!!",
"\n\nSo honoured to have received the skincare category β So Honoured all around\n\nBiggest project so far as a blogger β in the beauty department !",
"\n\nWhat did I learn\n\nI learned that YES I LOVE SCIENCE MORE THAN I THOUGHT I DID\n\nI have a much more discerning eye when it comes to skincare now.",
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"\n\nGratitude PLUS PLUS PLUS!!!!",
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"I have used realtime snapshot listener for this.",
"\n query.addSnapshotListener(new EventListener<QuerySnapshot>() {\n @Override\n public void onEvent(@Nullable QuerySnapshot snapshot,\n @Nullable FirebaseFirestoreException e) {\n if (e !",
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"So lets say if no other field changed but online/offline status changed for some profiles then listener is going to read that document again. ",
"Is there any way to cut down those reads? ",
"\n\nA:\n\nI have a 10-12 field with one online/offline info field. ",
"So let's say if no other field changed but online/offline status changed for some profiles then the listener is going to read that document again.",
"\n\nThere is no way in Cloud Firestore in which you can listen only to a set of properties of a document and exclude others. ",
"It's the entire document or nothing. ",
"So if this field online=true is changed into online=false, then you will get the entire document.",
"\nCloud Firestore listeners fire on the document level and always return complete documents. ",
"Unfortunately, there is no way to request only a part of the document with the client-side SDK, although this option does exist in the server-side SDK's select() method.",
"\nIf you don't want to get notified for specific fields, consider adding an extra collection with documents that will contain only those fields. ",
"So create that additional collection where each document just contains the data you don't need. ",
"In this way, you won't be notified for online/offline changes.",
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"COMMENTARY\n\nβAN INTRODUCTION TO THE GNOSIS OF THE NATURE OF ALL THINGSβ\n\nThis treatise has no precise title, for, as we have already seen in treating of the make-up of the Corpus, the traditional title, βOf Hermes to Tat, the General Sermon,β found in all the MSS., ",
"cannot apply to our\n\ntractate, which is addressed to Asclepius, and from which StobΓ¦us quotes under the general title, βOf Hermes, from the [Sermons] to Asclepius.β",
"\n\nThe supposition, however, that Sermon (II.) ",
"has dropped out from the parent copy of our Corpus, owing to the loss of one or more quires or quaternions, explains those phenomena so admirably, that it has only to be brought forward, as it has been by Reitzenstein, to carry conviction.",
"\n\nIt is a curious fact, however, that Stobæus starts his quotations from this treatise precisely with the same words with which our text begins; nevertheless these words plunge us so immediately into a secondary subject, that Reitzenstein thinks there may have been a more general introduction which Johannes may very well have omitted.",
"\n\nThat, however, the lost pages of our Corpus should have contained such an introduction, broken at precisely the very same point to a word, would seem to be a coincidence the reverse of probable; nevertheless the treatise itself purports to be a very formal one, for we learn from the concluding words (Β§ 17) that it was intended to be βAn Introduction to the Gnosis (ΟΟΞΏΞ³Ξ½ΟΟΞ―Ξ±) of the Nature of All Things.β",
"\n\nWe are, therefore, driven to conclude that, in spite of a most improbable coincidence, the beginning may have been lost, and that we have therefore to regret the loss not only of the whole of the βGeneral Sermonβ to Tat, but also of the introduction to the βIntroduction to the Gnosisβ addressed to Asclepius, and therewith, in all probability, some precious indications of how βTatβ and βAsclepiusβ are to be precisely defined.",
"\n\nPartheyΒs conflated title (p. 19) from the MSS., ",
"and StobΓ¦us, βOf Hermes the Thrice-greatest, the General Sermon to Asclepius,β must therefore be definitely\n\nabandoned, and, in lieu of the lost general title, we must be content with the simple heading, βTo Asclepius.β",
"\n\nSPACE IS A PLENUM\n\nThe subject is that of the Fullness of Being or the Plenum of things. ",
"Space is a Plenum,βthe fundamental concept of modern scientific speculation.",
"\n\nAsclepius, however, must guard himself against the confusion of Space with God; for God is not Space, but Cause thereof,βthe True Transcendency of βthat which can contain all thingsβ (Β§ 6).",
"\n\nβIn Him we move.β β",
"All that is moved is moved in what is stable,β or βin Him who standsβ (αΌΞ½ αΌΟΟαΏΆΟΞΉ); where it is to be noticed that the term, βHe who stands,β is found in Philo, and is made much of in Gnostic tradition, especially in the so-called Simonian Gnosis, for in The Great Announcement, from which Hippolytus has preserved some passages, the Logos is called βHe who standsβ or βHe who has stood, stands and will stand.β ",
"1 This is the aspect of the Reason of things that holds and compacts all together, the Stock or Pillar of Immobility, the opposite aspect being that of the Separator or Divider; the two together forming the Cross of Manifestation, the resolution of the Sphere of Sameness.",
"\n\nThe World-Soul is in perpetual motion; this perpetual motion is ordered and reduced to a cosmos and harmony of motion by the introduction into it, by means of the Reason, of the root-forms of motion (mentioned in the TimΓ¦us and elsewhere);βup, down; right, left; front, back; in, out; round,βand no-motion.",
"\n\nAll bodies are essentially inert; it is the soul that moves them, either immediately or mediately (Β§ 9).",
"\n\nWhat the precise meaning of Β§ 10 may be I cannot say; the tradition of the original text was variable, showing that the copyists had difficulty with it. ",
"As, however, the doctrine throughout is that of a Plenum (as, indeed, it is elsewhere in the Trismegistic writings), I can only suppose that the instructor of βAsclepiusβ was endeavouring to clinch his point by arguing that the only Void was the βis-notβ or non-being; now as nonbeing cannot possibly βexist,β there can be no such thing as Void.",
"\n\nTHE SPOUSE OF DEITY\n\nThat, then, in which βthe All doth move,β in which all things βlive and move and have their being,β is the Bodiless; in other words, the Mind or Reason of God, the Logos,βwho, as Philo tells us, is the Place of God,βthat is, Infinite Space itself, the Container of all things, the very Spouse of Deity. ",
"Spouse or Son, it matters not; that in which all moves and lives and breathes is Wisdom, Good and Truth, the Γon of Γ¦ons, Light of light, Life of life, the Archetype of Soul itself (Β§ 12).",
"\n\nbrings forward very strong evidence that the original reading was: βCall thou me not Good; One only is Good, God the Father,ββa reading known to Marcion, the Clementine Homilies, Athanasius, Didymus, Tatian, and Origen (the two last inferentially).",
"\n\nIf we compare this with our text, βCall not thou, therefore, aught else Good, for thou wouldΒst impious be; nor any thing at all at any time call Good but God alone,β and βHe is Good alone and nothing else,ββwe cannot fail to be struck with the precise similarity of the phrasing and blend of ideas.",
"\n\nIf, further, we take this in connection with the still more striking contrast, βGod is not Spirit,β with the Johannine βGod is Spirit,β we might at first sight almost persuade ourselves that our treatise had these Christian declarations immediately in mind. ",
"But the general phenomena of similarity of diction and idea of the Trismegistic literature with those of the New Testament documents is so much more satisfactorily explained by the fact that both literatures use mainly the common Hellenistic theological phrases of the time, that we need not distress ourselves with any suggestions either of plagiarism or of direct controversy.",
"\n\nDoubtless the declaration, βGod is Spirit,β was a commonplace among the religio-philosophical circles of the time, and Hermes is here simply refining on a common idea. ",
"The reading, βCall thou not me Good,β which appears to have been preserved mainly in Gnostic tradition, may also as easily have come from a similar general idea that the One and Only One was Good alone.",
"\n\nIt is, moreover, of special interest to notice that the second clause of the Marcionite reading runs: βThere is one [only] Good, God the Father,β while in our\n\ntreatise the two names of God are given as Good and Father; and so we read (Β§ 16): βGod, then, is Good, and Good is Godβ; and immediately after (Β§ 17): βThe other name of God is Father.β ",
"1\n\nStriking however, as are those coincidences, we are nevertheless wholly unpersuaded that there was any immediate literary contact between those two sets of Scripture. ",
"All that can be said is that their literary similarities are due to a common theological language and their many points of contact in ideas to a generally common atmosphere of theological conceptions.",
"\n\nHE WHO IS WITHOUT A WIFE IS HALF A MAN\n\nAgain, the doctrine of the duty to beget children (Β§ 17) seems at first sight to be an interpolation by a Jewish editor, the Jews holding that βhe who is without a wife is half a man.β ",
"We must, however, remember that the Egyptian priests were married, and that the rule with them, as with the Pythagoreans, was that a man should first of all discharge his duty to society and live the βpractical,β βpoliticalβ or βsocialβ life, before retiring into the life of contemplation. ",
"He must first beget children, not only that the race might be continued, but also that bodies might be supplied by parents devoted to the ideal of the religious or philosophic life, so that advanced souls might find birth in favourable conditions, and so the Order be continued.",
"\n\nThis also is the ancient rule laid down by the Manu of the Δryan Hindus in the MΔnava Dharma ShΔstra. ",
"The duties of the householder station of life (GαΉihastha Δshrama) must first be performed, before the parents can retire to the contemplative life (VΔnaprastha\n\nFootnotes\n\n71:3 See his article, βThree Early Doctrinal Modifications of the Text of the Gospels,β in The Hibbert Journal (Oct. 1902), pp. ",
"98-113. ",
"J. R. WilkinsonΒs few remarks (H. J., Ap. ",
"1903, pp. ",
"575, 576) on ConybeareΒs criticism of this synoptic passage do not seem to me to be of any weight.",
"\n\n73:1Cf. ",
"the expression, βGod, Father and the Good,β C. H., x. (xi.) ",
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"\n\nWhich existing or planned in nearest future rockets will be able to get to the Moon with a payload of about 1000 kg?",
"\nFor example with the Astrobotic Lunar Lander: https://spacenews.com/astrobotic-unveils-peregrine-lunar-lander/\nAccording to Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_rocket only 3 rockets can get to the Moon:\n\nSpace Launch System (SLS), USA \nUnified Modular Launch Vehicle, India (?)",
"\nLong March 9, China\n\nHow about SpaceX Falcon Heavy, New Glenn, Rocket Lab, Antares, Russian rockets, Firefly, Vector?",
"\n\nA:\n\nThe Wikipedia list you link to specifies human rated lunar rockets; that's a very short list, because it requires, at minimum, lunar landing and safe return of a multi-ton spacecraft.",
"\nFor a one-way, 1000 kg lander, many more rockets are capable of the job; any launcher that can get at least 8-10 tons to LEO* could soft-land 1 ton on the lunar surface with an appropriate transfer stage/spacecraft/lander design. ",
"That includes, among other designs:\n\nFalcon 9\nAtlas V\nDelta IV\nProton\nLong March 5\nAriane 5\nGSLV Mk III\n\nAnd possibly Soyuz or Antares. ",
"\nNew Glenn would certainly be able to if it's built; I believe the current Firefly, Vector, and Rocket Lab designs are all too small. ",
"\n\n* Assume the transfer and lander stages are using hypergolic fuels with ~3000 m/s exhaust velocity (~305 s Isp). ",
"Take a conservative delta-v budget of 3300 m/s for translunar injection orbit, 700 m/s for lunar orbital insertion, 2200 m/s for descent and landing = 6200 m/s. Apply rocket equation:\n$$ 6200 = 3000 \\ln \\frac {m_0} {m_f} $$\nHit it with the algebra stick...\n$$ 2.067 = \\ln \\frac {m_0} {m_f} $$\nThus...\n$$ \\frac {m_0} {m_f} = e ^ {2.067} = 7.898 $$\nThus the initial (fully fueled) mass could be around 8 times the final (landed) mass. ",
"\n\n"
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"ΠΠΠ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠ½Π²Π°ΡΡ - ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ±ΡΡ 2015 Π³. ",
"ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° 3,7% Π² Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ",
"ΠΠ° Π΄Π΅Π²ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Π² 2014 Π³. ",
"ΠΠΠ Π²ΡΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° 0,7% Π² Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ",
"ΠΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°, ΠΠΠ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² I ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅ 2015 Π³. ",
"ΡΠΏΠ°Π» Π½Π° 2,2%, Π²ΠΎ II ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅ - Π½Π° 4,6%, Π² III ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅ - Π½Π° 4,1%."
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"Thanksgiving in the United States is a time to gather with family and friends, share a traditional meal and express gratitude for the good things in life. ",
"It can also be a time of service to others in the community.",
"\n\nCelebrated on the fourth Thursday in November, the American Thanksgiving holiday traces its origins to harvest festivals. ",
"It was customary to express gratitude for a bountiful harvest in the cultures of both the English settlers - called the Pilgrims - who sailed from England in 1620 and the Native Americans they encountered.",
"\n\nA three-day harvest celebration held in 1621 in Plymouth Colony, in what is now Massachusetts, is generally considered to be the first American Thanksgiving. ",
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"They were short of food and it was too late to plant crops. ",
"Half the colony died during the winter of 1620-1621. ",
"In the spring, local Wampanoag Indians taught the colonists how to grow corn (maize) and other native crops. ",
"They helped them master hunting and fishing and showed the colonists how to cook cranberries, corn and squash.",
"\n\nThe colonists had bountiful crops in the fall of 1621. ",
"They invited their Wampanoag benefactors to feast on wild turkeys, duck, geese, fish and shellfish, corn, green vegetables and dried fruits. ",
"Wampanoag Chief Massasoit and his tribe brought venison.",
"\n\nHarvest festivals eventually became a regular affair in New England. ",
"Thanksgiving was observed on various dates in the states until 1863, when President Abraham Lincoln proclaimed the last Thursday in November as the national Thanksgiving holiday. ",
"In 1941, President Franklin Roosevelt signed a law fixing Thanksgiving on the fourth Thursday in November.",
"\n\nMany Thanksgiving traditions are reminders of that 1621 harvest celebration. ",
"Sheaves of wheat or corn are often used as decorations. ",
"Foods eaten at the first feast are still served at Thanksgiving dinner: Roast turkey, cranberry sauce, sweet potatoes and pumpkin pie. ",
"But as the U.S. population becomes more diverse, so does the Thanksgiving meal. ",
"Nowadays, next to the Thanksgiving turkey might be a dish of tamales, tabouli salad, couscous or sauerkraut.",
"\n\nU.S. troops stationed overseas are served a Thanksgiving meal. ",
"When Americans at home sit down at the table and give thanks, they often express gratitude for their freedom and the sacrifices made to preserve it.",
"\n\nMany people volunteer to prepare and serve Thanksgiving meals to the needy. ",
"Others donate to food drives, work at food warehouses or deliver groceries to soup kitchens, churches and other charitable groups.",
"\n\nFamilies may watch the annual televised Macyβs Department Store parade in New York or American football games played around the country. ",
"The day after Thanksgiving marks the beginning of the Christmas shopping season.",
"\n\nOne whimsical modern practice is the annual βpardoningβ of a turkey by the U.S. president, thus sparing the bird from the dinner table. ",
"The bird goes on to live out its fortunate life at a petting zoo.",
"\n\nNative Americans\n\nThe congenial harvest celebration of 1621 was followed by a long, painful relationship between Native Americans and European settlers. ",
"Many Native Americans in the United States see Thanksgiving as a βNational Day of Mourning.β",
"\n\nHowever, others enjoy a traditional Thanksgiving meal at home or in large community gatherings with family and friends. ",
"Native American history and culture are frequently discussed in schools around the Thanksgiving holiday and during November, designated National American Indian and Alaska Native Heritage Month.",
"\n\nToday there are three primary communities of Wampanoag people in Massachusetts. ",
"Two groups are federally recognized tribes. ",
"According to the National Museum of the American Indian in Washington, the Wampanoag people live within their ancestral homelands and largely sustain themselves as their ancestors did by hunting, fishing, gardening and gathering. ",
"Many Wampanoag artists practice traditional basketry, wood carving, pottery and other crafts."
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"---\nabstract: 'Surface waves on liquids act as a dynamical phase grating for incident light. ",
"In this article, we revisit the classical method of probing such waves (wavelengths of the order of mm) as well as inherent properties of liquids and liquid films on liquids, using optical diffraction. ",
"A combination of simulation and experiment is proposed to trace out the surface wave profiles in various situations (*eg.* ",
"for one or more vertical, slightly immersed, electrically driven exciters). ",
"Subsequently, the surface tension and the spatial damping coefficient (related to viscosity) of a variety of liquids are measured carefully in order to gauge the efficiency of measuring liquid properties using this optical probe. ",
"The final set of results deal with liquid films where dispersion relations, surface and interface modes, interfacial tension and related issues are investigated in some detail, both theoretically and experimentally. ",
"On the whole, our observations and analysis seem to support the claim that this simple, lowβcost apparatus is capable of providing a wealth of information on liquids and liquid surface waves in a nonβdestructive way.'",
"\nauthor:\n- 'Tarun Kr. ",
"Barik, Partha Roy Chaudhuri, Anushree Roy and Sayan Kar'\ntitle: 'Probing liquid surface waves, liquid properties and liquid films with light diffraction'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nOptical probes are usually nonβdestructive β they do not change the properties of the medium being probed in any significant way (unless the probe power is large). ",
"Diffraction and scattering of light, as is known over centuries, are therefore capable of providing a variety of information. ",
"In this article, we revisit a well-known classical method of investigating liquid surface waves using light diffraction. ",
"Although this method is wellβstudied in the context of measurements of surface tension of liquids [@weisbuch:1979], our motivation for revisiting it is primarily aimed at demonstrating its utility and capability in understanding a wider class of situations/phenomena. ",
"In particular, we investigate two aspects β surface wave profiles and liquid properties for waves on a single liquid and also for waves on liquid films.",
"\n\nBefore we begin with details, it is worth summarizing some of the earlier work on liquid as well as solid surface waves. ",
"Use of laser light scattering is a unique technique for non-contact, noninvasive study of surface acoustic waves and capillary waves [@wolf:1973]. ",
"Technological advances directed toward diverse applications of surface acoustic waves on solid surfaces are now well established, and has resulted in important developments in the fabrication of practical devices [@morgan:2000; @Khan:1999; @Tsai:1992; @Deger:1998; @Rimeika:2000; @phystoday:2002; @Stegeman:1976; @Monchalin:1986; @duncan:2000].",
"\n\nHowever, relatively few articles deal with surface waves on liquid surfaces [@surface; @earnshaw:1987; @miao:2000; @barik:2005; @klipstein:1996; @Walkenhorst:1998; @klemens:1984; @langevin:1992; @ivanov:1988]. ",
"To mention a few, high frequency capillary waves at the surface of liquid gallium and the mercury liquid-vapor interface have been studied by means of quasi-elastic light-scattering spectroscopy [@kolevzon:1996]. ",
"The spatial damping coefficient of low-frequency surface waves at air-water interfaces, using a novel heterodyne lightβscattering technique, has been measured and reported in [@lee:1993]. ",
"Quasi-elastic light scattering has been used to study thermally excited capillary waves on free liquid surfaces over a considerably wider range of surface wavenumbers [@earnshaw:1987; @klipstein:1996]. ",
"Measurements of the decay coefficient of capillary waves in liquids covered with monolayers of stearic acid, oleyl alcohol, and hemicyanine are reported in [@saylor:2000]. ",
"Also, the measurement of the pressure-area compression isotherm in Langmuir monolayer films using the laser light diffraction from surface capillary waves is reported in [@Martin:1993].",
"\n\nIn a recent article, we have shown how the effect of interfering waves on a liquid surface could be inferred from the nature of the diffraction pattern [@barik:2005]. ",
"Here we begin by proposing a combined method of simulation and experiment, sufficiently general in nature and capable of verifying the nature of the actual liquid surface wave profile. ",
"Having known the profile, we then focus on the dispersion relation and discuss experiments to determine the surface tension and viscosity of liquids. ",
"Finally, we turn to liquid films where we try to understand the profile through the various modes (surface and interface) and then go on to check the values of interfacial tension.",
"\n\nSection II describes the basic scheme of our experimental arrangement. ",
"The methodology of our experiment and typical results pertaining to the surface wave profile are discussed in section III. ",
"In section IV, we discuss theory, observations and measurements of surface tension and viscosity for different liquids. ",
"Section V first discusses the theoretical platform for surface capillary wave on liquid films. ",
"We then verify our theory with experiments. ",
"Finally, in section VI, we summarize our results with some concluding remarks.",
"\n\nExperimental details and the theoretical background\n===================================================\n\nExperimental setup\n------------------\n\n=3.25in\n\nAs shown in Fig. ",
"\\[setup\\], a petridish of diameter about 18.5 cm is filled with the experimental liquid to a depth of $\\sim$ 1 cm. ",
"A metal pin with its blunt end glued vertically upright to the diaphragm of a loud speaker (held above the petridish) acts as an exciter. ",
"When slightly immersed in the liquid and driven by a low frequency sinusoidal signal generator, this exciter vibrates vertically up and down and generates the desired liquid surface waves. ",
"To study the profile of surface waves we place the petridish-loud-speaker assembly on the prism-table of a spectrometer in order to choose the diffracting element at any position on the liquid surface and to record the corresponding position from the prism-table scale (with a least count of 0.1 degree). ",
"Light from a 5 mW He-Ne laser ($\\lambda$ = 632.8 nm) having a beam diameter of $\\sim$ 1.8 mm is directed to fall on the liquid surface at an angle of incidence of $77^{0}$ ($\\theta_i$), as noted in our experiment. ",
"The laser beam incident on the dynamical phase grating formed on the liquid surface, produces Fraunhofer diffraction pattern which is observed on a screen placed at a fairly large distance (3.42 meters in our case) from the diffraction center. ",
"The images of the diffraction pattern are recorded using a digital camera (make Sony, DSC - P93, 5.1 mega pixels). ",
"Spurious noise in the image is removed using Photoshop software. ",
"The intensity across the diffraction spots are measured using a photo-detector operating in the linear dynamic range of the photo-currentsβ response to optical power. ",
"During our experiment, the room temperature recorded is $ 25^{0}$C.\n\nTheoretical background\n----------------------\n\nWe discuss here, briefly, the diffraction mechanism which lies at the heart of all our experiments. ",
"When monochromatic light of wavelength $\\lambda$ is incident on a circular surface wave of frequency $\\omega$ and wavevector $K$, the phase modulation produced by the surface wave is given as $$\\phi (x^{\\prime}) = \\frac{2\\pi}{\\lambda} \\left [ (2 h \\cos\n\\theta_{i}) \\sin \\left ( \\omega t - \\frac{Kx^{\\prime}}{\\cos\n\\theta_{i}} \\right ) \\right]$$ where, the factor of $\\cos \\theta_{i}$ appears due to oblique incidence of the incident monochromatic light [@duncan:2000; @miao:2000; @barik:2005; @goodman:1968]. ",
"The field strength $E$ of the diffraction pattern can be estimated from the Fourier transform of the aperture function (in this case the surface wave produced by single exciter). ",
"The intensity of the diffraction patterns, obtained from $EE^{*}$, is given by [@goodman:1968; @hecht:2003] $$I(x^{\\prime}) = \\sum_n J_n^2 \\left (4\\pi h \\cos \\theta_{i}/\n\\lambda \\right ) \\delta \\left (\\frac{x^{\\prime}}{\\lambda z} -\n\\frac{n}{\\Lambda \\cos \\theta_{i}}\\right )$$\n\nwhere $z$ is the horizontal distance between the location of the laser spot on the liquid surface and the screen and $\\Lambda= \\frac{2\\pi}{K}$, is the wavelength of the surface wave. ",
"$h$ is the amplitude of the surface wave. ",
"$x^{\\prime}$ is the coordinate which measures the distance of the diffraction spots from a reference point (central spot) on the observation plane. ",
"$J_n$ is the Bessel function of order $n$ and $\\delta ()$ denotes the Dirac delta function. ",
"The intensity distribution on the diffraction pattern vanishes at points where $J_n$ is zero satisfying Eqn. ",
"2. ",
"The quantity involving the Bessel function in this equation gives the magnitude of the intensity of diffraction spots for different orders $n$, while the positions of the spots are given by the delta function.",
"\n\n=3.25in\n\nWhen we generate capillary waves by means of a single pin exciter, the amplitude of the wave at the point of oscillation is almost the same as the amplitude of the oscillating pin in a low viscous liquid [@barik:2005]. ",
"The intensities of different orders depend only on the amplitude of the capillary wave ($h$), if other parameters like $\\theta_{i}$ and $\\lambda$ are kept constant (Eqn. ",
"2). ",
"Theoretical plots of wave amplitude versus the intensity ratios, $I_{0}/I_{1}$, $I_{1}/I_{0}$ and $I_{0}/I_{2}$, using Eqn. ",
"2 (keeping $\\theta_{i}$ and $\\lambda$ fixed) are shown in Fig. ",
"\\[amplitude\\]. ",
"In our experiment, for a particular $\\omega$, the intensity of different order spots in the diffraction pattern are measured by a photo-diode detector when the laser beam is focused along a radial line on the liquid surface. ",
"The intensity ratios like $I_{0}/I_{1}$ and $I_{0}/I_{2}$ are then evaluated. ",
"By comparing our experimentally measured ratios with those obtained from the theoretical plot (Fig. ",
"\\[amplitude\\]), we estimate the average value of $h$. It is to be noted that, for $I_{0} << I_{1}$, the value of this ratio $I_{0}/I_{1}$ becomes very small and could yield erroneous results. ",
"In such cases, we used the ratio $I_{1}/I_{0}$ for estimation of $h$ (however, we were always below the limit for which this ratio becomes very large). ",
"Again, by measuring $x^\\prime$, we determined the wavelength ($\\Lambda$) of the surface capillary waves to be 2.1 mm \\[for more details see [@barik:2005]\\]. ",
"For several exciters placed at different types of geometric configurations (eg, along a line, or a polygon etc.), ",
"the surface wave patterns change, and hence Eqn. ",
"2 must also change.",
"\n\nThe Surface Wave Profile\n========================\n\nSimulation of the profile\n-------------------------\n\n=6.5in\n\nLow frequency surface waves are not visible to the naked eye. ",
"One may appreciate this when we simulate the surface wave profile using realistic dimensions and parameters. ",
"In a previous study [@barik:2005], we measured the surface-wave parameters (wavelength, amplitude at the point of excitation) at a given oscillation frequency (220 Hz). ",
"Here, we use similar typical values to generate theoretically the distribution of waves on the liquid surface. ",
"The equations, which we use to simulate the wave profile for the cases of single and double-pin exciters are (at a fixed time β$t$β, say $t$=0)\n\n$$\\psi_1 (X,Y) = h\\exp \\left ( -\\delta\\sqrt{\\left (X-x_1\\right)^2+\\left\n (Y-y_1\\right)^2}\\right)\\cos \\left (\\frac{2\\pi}{\\Lambda}\\sqrt{\n\\left (X-x_1\\right)^2+\\left(Y-y_1\\right)^2} \\right)$$\n\nand $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\psi_2 (X,Y) = h\\exp \\left ( -\\delta\\sqrt{\\left\n(X-x_1\\right)^2+\\left\n (Y-y_1\\right)^2}\\right)\\cos \\left (\\frac{2\\pi}{\\Lambda}\\sqrt{\n\\left (X-x_1\\right)^2+\\left(Y-y_1\\right)^2} \\right)\n+ \\nonumber \\\\\n h\\exp \\left ( -\\delta\\sqrt{\\left (X-x_2\\right)^2+\\left\n (Y-y_2\\right)^2}\\right)\\cos \\left (\\frac{2\\pi}{\\Lambda}\\sqrt{\n\\left (X-x_2\\right)^2+\\left(Y-y_2\\right)^2} \\right),\\end{aligned}$$\n\nrespectively. ",
"Here $\\left( x_1, y_1\\right)$ and $ \\left( x_2, y_2\\right)$ are the centers of oscillations and $\\delta$ is the spatial damping coefficient of the liquid. ",
"To mimic the intended experiments, we assume that each wave has the same frequency $\\omega$, wavelength $\\Lambda$, and amplitude $h$ (at the center of oscillation). ",
"In our simulations, we use the typical values of $\\Lambda$ = 2.1 mm, $h$ =1.0 mm and $D$ = 8.4 mm (separation between pin-exciters) [@barik:2005]. ",
"$\\delta$ is chosen to be 0.235 cm$^{-1}$ (for water at 220 Hz, we obtain this value from experiments discussed later in section IV). ",
"The corresponding surface-wave profiles estimated for the two cases of interest are shown in Fig. ",
"\\[sscwp\\](a) and Fig. ",
"\\[sscwp\\](b), respectively. ",
"Following this recipe one can obtain the surface-wave profile for any number of oscillation sources. ",
"The simulated profiles enable a better visualization, which, in turn, can act as a guideline for their actual experimental verification.",
"\n\n=3.5in\n\nExperimental results for two source pattern\n-------------------------------------------\n\nThe simulated profiles are built on the assumptions made in Eqn. ",
"3 and Eqn. ",
"4. ",
"It is necessary to verify experimentally whether the assumptions are good enough to represent the characteristics of the surface waves. ",
"We note that the simulated two source interference pattern \\[shown in Fig. ",
"\\[sscwp\\](b)\\] exhibits hyperbolic loci for the constructive and destructive interference nodes. ",
"Using this fact as a guideline, we trace the hyperbolic loci (maxima and minima of the interfering waves) on the liquid surface by observing the changes in the corresponding diffraction patterns. ",
"Initially, when the laser beam is incident along the central line PQ (see Fig. ",
"\\[schem\\]) where constructive interference of waves occur, the diffracted light shows, as expected [@barik:2005], a central spot along with higher order ones symmetrically located on either side of the central spot \\[see Fig. ",
"\\[pattern\\](a)\\]. ",
"As we shift the probe beam gradually away from the central line along a circle (note the arrow in Fig. ",
"\\[schem\\]), the number of higher order spots progressively decreases till we reach the position of the adjacent hyperbola (O$_2$A), where the diffraction should ideally contain only the central order. ",
"In experiment, however, at this position, we find the first order spots too, though with very low intensity \\[see Fig. ",
"\\[pattern\\](b)\\]. ",
"This happens due to the finite spot size of the laser beam. ",
"Nevertheless, beginning with the central line at one side and gradually rotating the prism-table till we reach $180^{0}$, we observe a repetition of the patterns \\[shown in Fig. ",
"\\[pattern\\](a) and \\[pattern\\](b)\\] symmetrically at all complementary angles. ",
"We note the angular positions of all consecutive minima. ",
"These results are shown in Table-I. Thus, a comparison of our experiment (Fig. ",
"\\[schem\\]) with the simulation \\[upper half of Fig. ",
"\\[sscwp\\](b)\\] for identical values of parameters shows the same number (eight) of destructive interference lines at almost the same angular separation. ",
"Beyond $180^{0}$ and upto $360^{0}$, ($i.e$, while scanning the lower semicircular region in Fig. ",
"\\[schem\\]) identical patterns are observed. ",
"This confirms that the Eqn. ",
"4 used to describe and simulate the two source surface wave profile is, indeed, a correct representation of the observed profile. ",
"We note that our method of investigation is sufficiently general (we have indeed checked upto six exciters) and can be used for several exciters located along a line or in other geometric configurations (eg. ",
"exciters on a triangle, quadrilateral, pentagon, hexagon etc.).",
"\n\n=3.25in\n\nMinima distribution for oscillation sources in regular array\n------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWhen multiple oscillating sources are used, different surface wave profiles can be generated by appropriately configuring their positions. ",
"It is interesting to study these interference patterns of the surface waves for multiple sources (e.g., a linear chain of oscillation sources or those placed in a closed regular geometric figure). ",
"A typical example of a simulated interference pattern for three oscillation sources is shown in Fig. ",
"\\[profile\\]. ",
"For this purpose, we choose to trace the distribution of minima lines in the simulated interference pattern in terms of the number of lines and their angular position. ",
"It is obvious that the number of minima lines increases with the increase in the number of oscillation sources. ",
"For example, our simulation of the pattern for 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 oscillation sources placed in a straight line with a spacing of $D = 8.4$ mm between the adjacent two oscillators, and $\\Lambda = 2.1$ mm, exhibits the number of hyperbolic lines respectively as 8, 16, 24, 32, and 40. ",
"To derive this behavior theoretically, we use the interference treatment for n-oscillating sources. ",
"We consider n ($\\geq 2$) sources lying in a straight line. ",
"Representing the wave generated by each oscillating source as $h\\exp(i({\\bf K.r_n}-\\omega t))$, where $h$ is the amplitude and ${\\bf r_n}$ is the position vector from the n-th source to the point of observation, we find the resultant field $\\psi_P$ at a certain point P as [@hecht:2003],\n\n$$\\psi_p=h\\frac{Sin(\\frac{n\\beta}{2})}{Sin(\\frac{\\beta}{2})}\\exp \\left(i(KR-\\omega t)\\right),$$\n\nwhere $R=\\frac{1}{2}D(n-1)Cos(\\phi)+\\bf r_1$, is the distance from the centre of the line of oscillators to the point P and $\\beta=KDCos(\\phi)$, is the phase difference between adjacent sources. ",
"Again $\\phi$ is the angle between $R$ and the line joining the sources of oscillation. ",
"For minima at P, the condition is $h\\frac{Sin(\\frac{n\\beta}{2})}{Sin(\\frac{\\beta}{2})}=0$. Using the boundary condition mentioned in [@barik:2005], we calculate the allowed number of minima lines and their corresponding angular positions. ",
"For $n=3$, for example, the above minima condition becomes $\\frac{D}{\\Lambda}Cos(\\phi)=\\pm(\\frac{m}{2})$, where m is an integer but not equal to or multiple of $n$. If we choose $\\frac{D}{\\Lambda}=4$, then $Cos(\\phi)$ has only 16 allowed values, i.e. 16 hyperbolic minima lines are possible. ",
"The angular ditribution of these asymptotic lines perfectly match with the observed pattern. ",
"We have carried out this comparison successfully for higher order $n$-values upto 5. ",
"From the above calculations we have seen that the number ($N_o$) of asymptotic minima lines in the region above (or below) the line joining the oscillation sources is directly proportional to the ratio $\\frac{D}{\\Lambda}$ and also the number of the interval ($n-1$) between the exciters. ",
"Taking care of the $\\pm$ sign of $Cos(\\phi)$, we can express $N_o$ as\n\n$$N_o=\\frac{2D}{\\Lambda}\\left(n-1\\right),$$\n\nwhich gives the same result (for different n nalues) as obtained before. ",
"This relationship can, just by measuring the number of minima lines for given $D$ and $n$, estimate $\\Lambda$ of the capillary waves.",
"\n\n=6.5in\n\nNext we study n ($\\geq 3$) oscillation sources forming a closed loop shape of an equilateral triangle, square, pentagon, and a hexagon. ",
"The number ($N_c$) of minima lines (which are lying on ether side of a symmetric axis) in this case can be similarly expressed as,\n\n$$N_c=\\frac{2D}{\\Lambda}(\\frac{n}{2}),$$\n\nThe number of lines for the above stated closed geometrical figures at the same values of $D$ and $\\Lambda$ are 12, 16, 20 and 24 respectively. ",
"We have not been able to calculate exactly the angular distribution of the minima lines. ",
"However, using the simulation mentioned above, one can determine the interference pattern due to any number of oscillation sources placed along a line or at the vertices of polygons (regular or irregular). ",
"Such a study might be useful for generating a desired dynamic phase grating aperture for diffraction based micro-photonic systems.",
"\n\nThe dispersion relation and liquid properties using light diffraction\n=====================================================================\n\nKnowing the surface wave profile is, of course, not enough. ",
"A crucial element of any wave phenomenon is the dispersion relation, which, obviously, contains within it, quantifiers of material properties (here, liquid properties, such as surface tension and viscosity). ",
"In this section we describe how we use Fraunhofer diffraction of laser light by the surface profile of ripples on liquids, described in Section III, to study such liquid properties. ",
"Several methods to accurately determine these two properties are now well-established and available in the literature. ",
"For measurement of surface tension, techniques widely used are the Capillary Rise method, Drop-weight method, Jaegerβs method, Rayleighβs method etc. [",
"@osipow:1993; @Ghosh:1985]. ",
"Likewise, for the measurement of viscosity, popular methods like Poiseuilleβs method, Stokesβ method etc., ",
"are well-known and gives accurate results [@osipow:1993; @Ghosh:1985]. ",
"Here, we focus on a single optical set up which can measure both surface tension and viscosity of low-viscous liquids with reasonable accuracy. ",
"Though the measurement of surface tension of liquids using Fraunhofer diffraction of laser light by surface waves is well known in the literature [@weisbuch:1979], to the best of our knowledge the estimation of the viscosity of a liquid using this probe and, in particular, the simple method which we have followed, is certainly new. ",
"In the following we elaborate on the above mentioned measurements in some detail.",
"\n\nSurface tension\n---------------\n\nConsider the well-known dispersion relation for surface capillary wave on liquids [@levich:1962; @landau:1975; @kinsler:1982] $$\\omega^{2} = \\left (gK + {\\alpha} K^{3}/\\rho\\right ).$$\n\nHere $\\omega$ and ${K}$ are the angular frequency and wavevector of the surface capillary wave, respectively. ",
"$\\alpha$ and $\\rho$ are the surface tension and density of the liquid and $g$ is the acceleration due to gravity. ",
"The above relation shows that waves at the surface of the liquid are dominated by gravity as well as surface tension. ",
"Neglecting the gravitational effect and taking the logarithm on both sides of the Eqn. ",
"8 we get\n\n$$\\ln{\\omega} = \\frac{3}{2}\\ln{K} + \\frac{1}{2}\\ln{\\left\n(\\frac{\\alpha}{\\rho} \\right )},$$\n\nwhich is an equation of a straight line for $\\ln{\\omega}$ *vs.* $\\ln{K}$ with a slope of $\\frac{3}{2}$ and y-intercept $ \\frac{1}{2}\\ln{\\left (\\frac{\\alpha}{\\rho} \\right\n)}$, which contains the surface tension $\\alpha$.\n\n=4.25in\n\nIn our experiments, we have generated the surface capillary wave on the liquid surface with a single exciter. ",
"As we discussed before, the expected surface wave profile \\[shown in Fig. ",
"\\[sscwp\\](a)\\] acts as a reflection phase grating for the incident laser light and the intensity distribution satisfies Eqn. ",
"2. ",
"If we take the separation between the central order and the first order ($n$=1) diffraction spots to be $d$ (see Fig. ",
"\\[visg\\]), then from the delta function in Eqn. ",
"2 we get the expression for the wavenumber $K$ as\n\n$$K = \\frac{2 \\pi d}{\\lambda z} \\mbox{sin}{\\theta},$$\n\nwhere $\\theta = \\frac{\\pi}{2}-\\theta_{i}$ is the grazing angle of incidence of the laser beam. ",
"For small grazing angle, we can approximate $K$ as $$K = \\frac{2\\pi ld}{\\lambda z^2},$$\n\nwhere $l$ is the perpendicular height of the central order spot from the liquid surface level (see Fig. ",
"\\[visg\\]). ",
"As $\\omega$ changes, the distance between bright spots of the diffraction pattern also changes. ",
"Sets of diffraction patterns are obtained on the screen for different values of $\\omega$. For each set, we have traced the positions of spots of different order on the screen.",
"\n\nFor Fraunhofer diffraction, values of $z$ and $l$ in Eqn. ",
"11 are quite large (342 cm and 87 cm, respectively, in our experiment). ",
"Thus, the systematic error introduced in measuring these lengths with a metre scale (with a least count of 1.0 mm) is quite less. ",
"On the other hand, a careful and accurate measurement of $d$ (of the order of few mm) is crucial for evaluating $K$. From the characteristic feature of the delta function in Eqn. ",
"2, we find that the diffraction spots due to different orders are equidistant for a particular frequency of capillary wave. ",
"Thus, to reduce the systematic error in measuring $d$, we have measured the separation between the positive and the negative fourth-order (fifth-order) spots. ",
"The values of $d$ are obtained through averaging these data. ",
"For each frequency $\\omega$, we have repeated the experiment at least four times. ",
"Hence, using Eqn. ",
"11, we estimate the value of $K$ for a particular $\\omega$. In addition, it is reasonable to assume that the frequency, $\\omega$, of capillary wave is the same as that of the exciter (driven by a function generator) [@barik:2005]. ",
"Thus, the values of $\\omega$ are found directly from the frequency readings of the function generator driving the exciter. ",
"Following these measurements, we plot a ln -ln graph for $K$ *vs.* $\\omega$ and evaluate the slope and y-intercept of this curve. ",
"The slope of the curve ($\\frac{3}{2}$) should verify the power law predicted by the dispersion relation while the y-intercept should give the surface tension.",
"\n\n=4.5in\n\nOur experimental results on three different liquids (water, 1-hexanol and kerosene β a mixture of petrolium hydrocarbons) are shown in Fig. ",
"\\[surface\\]. ",
"The non-linear least square fit (shown by lines in Fig. ",
"\\[surface\\]) to the data with Eqn. ",
"9 verifies the 1.5 exponent of the dispersion relation within experimental uncertainty (1.5$\\pm$0.03). ",
"Using the known value of $\\rho$ for each liquid, we estimate the value of $\\alpha$ from the measured y-intercept of the straight lines. ",
"It is to be noted that the maximum percentage error in measuring $\\alpha$ is limited to 6% - 8% (for different liquids) by our measurement procedure. ",
"We have tabulated the measured values of surface tension for different liquids in Table-II. ",
"These results match quite well with the standard values of surface tension for the corresponding liquids [@Lide:1998].",
"\n\nViscosity\n---------\n\n=3.25in\n\nUsing the same experimental set-up, we now move on towards estimating the viscosity of a given liquid. ",
"We mentioned before that for capillary waves generated by means of a single pin exciter, the amplitude of the wave at the point of oscillation is almost the same as the amplitude of the oscillating pin in a low viscous liquid [@barik:2005]. ",
"However, if we imagine a radial straight line from the source of excitation (on the liquid surface), then along this line the amplitude of surface wave is gradually damped due to the viscosity of the liquid (see Fig. ",
"\\[visg\\]). ",
"The laser beam is focused along a radial line at different distances on the liquid surface from the point of excitation ($x$ in Fig. ",
"\\[visg\\]). ",
"We have seen in Sec. ",
"II that the intensities of the diffraction spots of different orders depend only on the amplitude of the capillary wave, if other parameters like $\\theta_{i}$ and $\\lambda$ are kept constant (Eqn. ",
"2). ",
"By comparing our experimentally measured intensity ratios of different orders in the diffraction pattern with those obtained from the theoretical plot (Fig. ",
"\\[amplitude\\]), we estimate the average value of $h$ at a particular location on the liquid surface. ",
"In Fig. ",
"\\[viscosity\\], we plot $x$, the distance from the point of oscillation *vs.* $h$, the capillary wave amplitude for three experimental liquids (water, kerosene, and 1-hexanol). ",
"We fit the data points with an exponential decay function, where we kept the decay constant (also known as spatial damping coefficient of the liquid), $\\delta$, as varying parameter. ",
"The values of $\\delta$ for three different liquids are tabulated in Table-II.",
"\n\nThe wavevector for a wave of fixed real frequency, $\\omega$, has a small imaginary part, which contributes to the spatial damping. ",
"Substituting $K=K_{0}+i\\delta$ (where $\\delta << K_0$) in the well- known Navier-Stokes equation for waves on a liquid-air interface, one gets[@taylor:1978; @lee:1993],\n\n$$\\delta = \\frac{4\\eta\\omega}{3\\alpha},$$\n\nwhere $\\eta$ is the viscosity of the liquid. ",
"Experimentally, we have obtained the values of $\\alpha$ and $\\delta$ for the above mentioned liquids. ",
"The estimated value of viscosity of different liquids, using Eqn. ",
"12, are shown in Table-II. ",
"The experimental plots in Fig. ",
"\\[viscosity\\] are for frequency 220 Hz. ",
"We have also checked our results for two other frequencies (260 Hz and 300 Hz) and have obtained similar results (see Table-II).",
"\n\nLiquid films on liquids: theory and experiments\n===============================================\n\nTill now we have been exclusively concerned with waves on the surface of a single liquid, or, more precisely, waves at the liquid-air interface. ",
"A more complicated scenario arises when there exists a film of a different liquid on top of a given liquid (the two liquids are immiscible). ",
"In such a situation, the dispersion relation changes drastically, which, in turn, changes the surface wave profile. ",
"We now investigate the novelties that arise through studies with our optical probe.",
"\n\nBackground theoretical framework\n--------------------------------\n\nThe dispersion relation in Eqn. ",
"8 for capillary wave propagation on liquid surfaces is valid only when the depth of experimental liquid is large. ",
"For lower values of the depth of the liquid (denoted by, say $y$), the relation becomes [@landau:1975] $$\\omega^{2} = \\frac{\\alpha K^{3}}{\\rho}\\tanh \\left ( K y\\right)$$ where, here too, we neglect a term due to gravity. ",
"Typically, if we choose $y = 1$ cm and a range of $K$ from 20 to 80 cm $^{-1}$ (as used in our earlier experiment), $\\tanh\\left(K\ny\\right)$ is nearly unity, and the dispersion relation reduces to the one given by Eqn. ",
"8. ",
"The interesting problem we focus on now is that of wave propagation on a liquid film spread out on another liquid. ",
"If the thickness of the film is very low, then not only the surface tension but also the interfacial tension across the liquid-film boundary, play a role in the propagation mechanism of the waves. ",
"We first work out a general dispersion relation where the surface and interfacial tensions as well as the film thickness appear explicitly in our mathematical expressions.",
"\n\n=3.25in\n\nFig. ",
"\\[film\\] shows the symbols used to represent various parameters in the following discussion. ",
"We denote the density of the lower liquid by $\\rho$ while $\\alpha$ is the interfacial tension at the liquid-liquid interface. ",
"The same quantities for the film-air interface are represented with primes i.e., $\\rho^{'}$ and $\\alpha^{'}$ respectively. ",
"The equilibrium plane of separation (interface) between the liquids is at $y=0$. The liquid below the $y=0$ plane extends upto a value $y=-H$ with $H$ being very large. ",
"The film is located above $y=0$ with a thickness $y' << H$. Under these assumptions, the general expressions for the surface capillary waves in the region (I): -H $\\leq y \\leq 0$ and in region II : $0 \\leq y \\leq y'$ are given by [@landau:1975], $$\\psi = A e^{Ky}\\cos \\left ( Kx-\\omega t \\right)$$ and $$\\psi^{'} = \\left [B e^{-Ky}+ C e^{Ky}\\right]\\cos \\left ( Kx-\\omega\nt \\right),$$ respectively. ",
"Here A, B and C are arbitrary constants. ",
"The above two waves must obey the following boundary conditions arising from the continuity of the velocity component($v_{y}$) and that of pressure at the surface of separation of the two liquids, i.e., $$\\frac{\\partial\\psi}{\\partial y} = \\frac{\\partial\\psi^{'}}{\\partial y},$$ $$g\\rho\\frac{\\partial\\psi}{\\partial y} + \\rho\n\\frac{\\partial^{2}\\psi}{\\partial t^{2}}-\\alpha \\frac\n{\\partial}{\\partial y}\\left (\\frac{\\partial^{2}\\psi}{\\partial\nx^{2}}\\right) =\\rho^{'} \\left\n(\\frac{\\partial^{2}\\psi^{'}}{\\partial t^{2}}\\right )+g\\rho^{'}\n\\left (\\frac{\\partial\\psi^{'}}{\\partial y}\\right ),$$ $$\\rho^{'}g\\frac{\\partial \\psi^{'}}{\\partial y} +\n\\rho^{'}\\frac{\\partial^{2} \\psi^{'}}{\\partial\nt^{2}}-\\alpha^{'}\\frac {\\partial}{\\partial y}\\left (\n\\frac{\\partial^{2}\\psi^{'}}{\\partial x^{2}}\\right) = 0.$$ Evidently, the first two conditions apply at $y=0$ while the third one is valid at the top surface at $y=y^{'}$. In the boundary conditions above, we neglect the effect of gravity in all calculations below. ",
"Using Eqn. ",
"14 and Eqn. ",
"15 in Eqn. ",
"16 and Eqn. ",
"17 we obtain $$A = C - B$$ and $$C = B \\frac{\\left [ \\alpha K^{3}-\\left( \\rho +\n\\rho^{'}\\right)\\omega^{2}\\right]}{\\left [ \\alpha K^{3}-\\left(\\rho\n- \\rho^{'}\\right)\\omega^{2}\\right]}.$$ Substituting Eqn. ",
"19 and Eqn. ",
"20 in Eqn. ",
"18 with $y=y^{'}$, we construct a quadratic equation for $\\omega^{2}$ given by: $$\\omega^{4}\\left[\n1+r\\tanh\\left(Ky^{'}\\right)\\right]-\\omega^{2}\\left[\n\\omega_{s}^{2}\\tanh\\left(Ky^{'}\\right)+r\\omega_{s}^{2}+\\omega_{i}^{2}\n\\right]+\\omega_{s}^{2}\\omega_{i}^{2}\\tanh\\left(Ky^{'}\\right) = 0,$$ where, we have used the notations $\\frac{\\rho^{'}}{\\rho}\n= r$, $\\frac {\\alpha^{'}K^{3}}{\\rho^{'}}= \\omega_{s}^{2}$ and $\\frac {\\alpha K^{3}}{\\rho}= \\omega_{i}^{2}$ for simplicity. ",
"The two roots of Eqn. ",
"21 are the new dispersion relations for our given problem. ",
"The two roots are $$\\omega_{\\pm}^{2}= \\frac{P\\pm \\sqrt{G} }{2Q},$$ where, $P=r\\omega_{s}^{2}+\\omega_{s}^{2}\\tanh\\left(Ky^{'}\\right)+\n\\omega_{i}^{2}$, $Q=1+r\\tanh\\left(Ky^{'}\\right)$, and $G=P^{2}-\n4Q\\omega_{s}^{2}\\omega_{i}^{2}\\tanh\\left(Ky^{'}\\right)$.\n\nConsider two limiting cases of the above dispersion relation. ",
"Let us first assume $y^{'}\\rightarrow \\infty$. Then $\\omega_{+}^{2}\\rightarrow\\omega_{s}^{2}$ and $\\omega_{-}^{2}\\rightarrow\\frac{\\omega_{i}^{2}}{1+r}$ = $\\frac{\\alpha K^{3}}{\\rho + \\rho^{'}}$. Thus, when $y'$ is very large, the $\\omega_{+}$ mode corresponds to the waves propagating on the upper liquid surface (thus called surface mode). ",
"On the other hand, the $\\omega_{-}$ mode involves the interfacial tension [@landau:1975] as well as the density of the lower liquid and may be termed as an interface mode. ",
"In such a situation ($y'$ large), reflecting the probe laser beam off the surface wave profile on the liquid film, we can obtain information (through the diffraction pattern) on wave propagation and properties of the liquid film. ",
"The existence of the other mode can be confirmed (for $y'$ large) only if we perform experiments in transmitted light, though it is not clear how such information may be obtained. ",
"On the contrary, assuming $y^{'}\\rightarrow 0$ (very thin film), we get $\\omega_{+}^{2}\\rightarrow\\left(r\\omega_{s}^{2}+\n\\omega_{i}^{2}\\right)$ = $\\frac{\n\\left(\\alpha^{'}+\\alpha\\right)K^{3}} {\\rho}$, and $\\omega_{-}^{2}\\rightarrow 0$. Thus the $\\omega_{+}$ mode now depends on properties of both the liquids, ($\\alpha^{\\prime}$, $\\rho$), as well as properties of the interface ($\\alpha$).",
"\n\nFurthermore, we can obtain the constants $A$, $B$, $C$ and hence $\\psi$ and $\\psi^{'}$ by assuming a value for the amplitude imparted initially at the top surface. ",
"In this way, one may obtain the amplitudes of $\\psi$ and $\\psi^{'}$ for both the modes $\\omega_+$ and $\\omega_-$. In particular, we have noted (not demonstrated here) that the nature of variation of the amplitudes of $\\psi^{'}$ (with the film-hight $0<y'<h$) for the $\\omega_{+}$ mode is quite different from that for the $\\omega_-$ mode. ",
"In the former case ($\\omega_+$) the value of the amplitude drops to a much smaller value at the interface compared to the drop in the amplitude for the $\\omega_-$ mode. ",
"However, it is not possible for us to check this fact through our experiments. ",
"Hence we refrain from discussing this aspect further in this article.",
"\n\nExperiments and results\n-----------------------\n\n=5.6in\n\nIn our experiments, we have tried to figure out which of the two different modes (discussed in previous section) that arise due to the presence of films of kerosene, n,n-dimethyl aniline,or o-xylene spread on the surface of water, is actually present. ",
"The choice of these liquids is due to the fact that these are immiscible with water, have density lower w.r.t. ",
"water, are low-viscous and have a higher boiling point. ",
"In these experiments with films, a petridish of area $\\sim$ 63 cm${^2}$ is filled with water to a depth of nearly 1 cm and the liquid film is formed by adding a measured quantity of the second liquid in drops from a micropipette. ",
"The thickness of the film is estimated from the known volume of the liquid and the surface area of the petridish. ",
"Uniformity of the films on the water surface has been checked optically. ",
"In order to avoid any decrease in thickness due to evaporation, we have taken observations within 5 minutes of the formation of the uniformly spread film. ",
"The measurements are of the same type as those mentioned while studying surface tension (discussed in the earlier section) except that, in the present case, we do the experiments for varying film thicknesses. ",
"Here, we show our experimental results only for o-xylene films of different thicknesses on water. ",
"For films of the other liquids mentioned above, on water, we have observed similar behavior.",
"\n\nTo find out the mode which is present on the film surface for a liquid-film of o-xylene on water, we first plot the experimental $\\omega$ $\\sim$ $K$ behavior with film thickness as a parameter. ",
"The theoretically obtained $\\omega$-$K$ curves for different modes : $\\omega_{+}$, $\\omega_{-}$, and $\\omega_{s}$ (as a limiting case of $\\omega_{+}$ mode) - are then placed on the same graph for comparison. ",
"Here we use standard values : $\\alpha$ = 37.2 dyne/cm, $\\alpha^{\\prime}$ = 29.8 dyne/cm, $\\rho^{\\prime}$= 0.88 gm/cc, and $\\rho$=1 gm/cc in Eqn. ",
"22 [@Lide:1998]. ",
"It is evident that for a film of thickness as low as 0.016 cm, the measured data corresponds to $\\omega_{+}$ mode \\[Fig. ",
"\\[wox\\](b)\\], while for films of thickness typically 0.158 cm, the experimental data matches well with the $\\omega_{s}$ mode \\[Fig. ",
"\\[wox\\](a)\\]. ",
"However, any intermediate thickness between 0.016 and 0.158 cm yields data within the $\\omega_{+}$ and $\\omega_{s}$ modes \\[Fig. ",
"\\[wox\\](c)\\]. ",
"This clearly shows that the $\\omega_{+}$ mode always dominates over $\\omega_{-}$ mode. ",
"For thicker films the $\\omega_+$ mode coincides with $\\omega_s$ mode, whereas for thinner films the mode is still $\\omega_+$, though it is modified by the presence of the interfacial tension and the density of the lower liquid and is not equal to $\\omega_s$.\n\n=4.25in\n\nThe above conclusions have been further verified by analyzing the experimental data for the estimation of the surface and interfacial tension. ",
"We have fitted our experimental data of water-o-xylene film of thickness 0.016 cm with $\\omega_{+}$ and $\\omega_{-}$ modes in Eqn. ",
"22 by nonlinear curve fitting (keeping surface tension and interfacial tension as varying parameters). ",
"The $\\omega_{+}$ mode fits with the experimental data and estimates the values of surface tension ($\\alpha^\\prime$) of o-xylene as ($29.5 \\pm 3.6 $) dyne/cm and the values of interfacial tension ($\\alpha$) as ($33.2 \\pm 8.8$) dyne/cm \\[solid line in Fig. ",
"\\[fitting\\]\\]. ",
"These values are very close to the standard values available in the literature [@Lord:1997]. ",
"On the other hand, $\\omega_{-}$ mode fails to fit the experimental data well (dashed line in Fig. ",
"\\[fitting\\]); moreover, it yields unphysical values of surface and interfacial tension. ",
"Experimental limitations, in our present set up, did not allow us to make films of thickness lower than the values quoted above.",
"\n\nConcluding remarks\n==================\n\nIn this article, we describe a simple optics-based experimental technique devised with the necessary background theoretical formulation to study the characteristics of surface capillary waves on liquids. ",
"Firstly, we visualize the profile of the surface waves using simulations with realistic values for the parameters involved. ",
"The locations of the nodes and antinodes which appear in the simulated profile are used to match the profile with actual experiments. ",
"We also claim that this combined method of simulation and experimentation can be used for other geometric configurations of oscillating sources on liquid surfaces. ",
"Subsequently, the two key liquid properties, surface tension and viscosity, which appear in the dispersion relation and play an integral role in the propagation of such capillary waves on a liquid surface, are measured optically using Fraunhofer diffraction of laser light. ",
"We note, in particular, the novelty and simplicity in the measurement of viscosity and the fact that our measurement tools, are non-destructive but by no means, less precise. ",
"Results of our experiments with several liquids, when compared to the respective values known from other sources and literature, summarily establish the efficacy and accuracy of our approach. ",
"We anticipate, in future, the introduction of technological sophistications in our set-up, which might lead to an βOptical Surfacetensometer cum Viscometerβ. ",
"The advantage of having a single set-up for measuring both these properties need not be further emphasised. ",
"Finally, we investigate, both experimentally and theoretically, an interesting aspect of capillary wave characteristics involved with a liquid film placed on the surface of an immissible liquid. ",
"The dispersion relation we frame to study this case not only explains the features of the surface and interfacial modes, but also provides an estimate of the interfacial tension across the film-liquid boundary. ",
"In summary, our experimental and theoretical results seem to demonstrate the capability of our set-up in carrying out studies pertaining to capillary wave profile, liquid properties and waves on liquid films on liquids. ",
"Despite its limitations, the wide variety of information which can be obtained from such a simple set-up, makes it a tool worth improving upon in future investigations.",
"\n\nAcknowledgment\n==============\n\nAnushree Roy and Tarun Kumar Barik thank Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi, India, for financial support. ",
"TKB also thanks Dibyendu Chowdhury, an undergraduate student of Vidyasagar University, West Bengal, India, for his help while doing some of the experiments.",
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"\n\n --------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------\n [**Descriptions**]{} \n\n [ **A - B** ]{} [ **B - C** ]{} [ **C - D** ]{} [ **D - E** ]{} [ **E - F** ]{} [ **F - G** ]{} [ **G - H** ]{}\n\n [**Simulated angular differences**]{} \n\n [**between the two corresponding**]{} **$ 25.5^{0}$ & $18^{0}$ & $16^{0}$ & $15^{0}$ & $16^{0}$ & $18^{0}$ & $25.5^{0}$\\ \n [**minima**]{} & & & & & & &\\ \n & & & & & & &\\ \n [**between the two corresponding**]{} & **$ 25.1^{0}$ & $17.6^{0}$ & $16^{0}$ & $15^{0}$ & $15.7^{0}$ & $17.5^{0}$ & $25.3^{0}$\\ \n [**minima**]{} & & & & & & &\\ \n **** \n --------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------\n\n : The simulated and experimental angular separations between the two successive destructive minima of two source interference pattern \\[see Fig. ",
"2(b) and Fig. ",
"\\[schem\\]\\].",
"\n\n ------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------ -------------------------- --------------------------------- -----------------------\n [**Liquids**]{} [**$\\alpha$ in dyne/cm** ]{} [**$ \\alpha$ in dyne/cm**]{} [**$\\delta$ in cgs** ]{} [**$\\eta$ in cp** ]{} [ **$\\eta$ in cp**]{}\n\n [**(experimental)**]{} [**(standard)**]{} [**units**]{} [**(experimental)**]{} [**(standard)**]{}\n\n [$(0.235 \\pm [$(0.92 \\pm 0.1)$ at 220 Hz]{} \n 0.026)$]{} \n\n [**Water**]{} 75 $\\pm$ 5.3 72 [$(0.290 \\pm [$(0.96 \\pm 0.08)$ at 260 Hz]{} 0.89\n 0.024)$]{} \n\n [$(0.304 \\pm [$(0.87 \\pm 0.09)$ at 300 Hz]{} \n 0.031)$]{} \n\n [$(0.947 \\pm [$(1.44 \\pm 0.06)$ at 220 Hz]{} \n 0.04)$]{} \n\n [**Kerosene**]{} 26.3 $\\pm$ 3.7 28 [$(1.11 \\pm [$(1.43 \\pm 0.07)$ at 260 Hz]{} 1.40\n 0.05)$]{} \n\n \n\n [**1-Hexanol**]{} 28.5 $\\pm$ 3.4 26 [$(2.75 \\pm [$(4.27 \\pm 0.26)$ at 220 Hz]{} 4.58\n 0.17)$]{} \n ------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------ -------------------------- --------------------------------- -----------------------\n\n : The experimental and standard values of surface tension ($\\alpha$) and viscosity ($\\eta$) of different liquids at room temperature ($25^{0}$ C). ",
"For standard values of $\\alpha$ and $\\eta$ see reference [@Lide:1998].",
"\n"
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"18 March, 2009\n\nThe first two days of the Taipei Cycle Show have yielded some very pleasant surprises.",
"\n\nNot 30 minutes after getting to the show we ran into a manufacturer we work with who told us they could make the VO chain guards. ",
"We had previously approached a number of manufacturers about making these and none were interested, so this was indeed a pleasant surprise. ",
"We still have to work out the details, but I'm hopeful that we can come to an agreement on tooling cost, minimums, and price. ",
"The same manufacturer also has a new stock alloy chain guard that we may import.",
"\n\nWe found a new brake lever that some might be interested in. ",
"And there was a grip specially made to work with inverse levers on 22.8mm bars. ",
"The grip has a groove for a brake cable.",
"\n\nWe have ordered samples of the mixte frame I mentioned earlier. ",
"If it passes our testing we should have frames in the Fall. ",
"We will spec fender mounts and all the usual VO details, but this is not our design; it's basically the manufacturer's stock design.",
"\n\nI was very excited to finally see the new VO saddle model that will compete with the Brooks B-17.",
"\n\nWe found a very nice MA2 style rim extrusion that can be made for us in 700c size. ",
"It's light, 19.5mm wide, and can be fully polished. ",
"Samples will arrive in a few weeks.",
"\n\nWe also saw a number of new bits from various manufacturers that might be worth investigating. ",
"Among these is a new LED dynamo headlight purpose-made for rack mounting (or fender mounting?), ",
"cloth bar tape from a new manufacturer, and several new models of quick-release pedals.",
"\n\nOf course we had several meetings about ongoing projects and new components such as VO drop bars.",
"\n\nIn short, it's been one meeting after another and both Tom and I are completely beat. ",
"The next two days will be a little easier with fewer meetings scheduled, so we'll have time to walk around the show looking for new products from manufacturers we've not worked with in the past. ",
"Then we hop on the bullet train and head south to visit factories and see, among other things, how our new racks are progressing.",
"\n\n30 comments:\n\nIf it's still there, a place called the Fish House in Taichung is impressive for lunch. ",
"Always crowded with locals, but then again, not much other than locals in Taichung! ",
"Big round tables,tons of food placed in the middle and lot's of activity (and noise) make for a stimulating meal. ",
"Stay away from the Pachinko parlors!",
"\n\nI second the vote for moving the brake mounting to the middle set of stays. ",
"The circuitous route the brake cable currently makes can't possibly encourage very good brake lever feel or brake modulation.",
"\n\nI agree The cable routing is manky. ",
"So I'm asking for the mixte frame to be set up for long reach caliper brakes. ",
"The rear brake would be on the mid-bridge. ",
"That way it would take 32mm tires with fenders. ",
"It now takes 38-40mm tires, but only with cantis.",
"\n\nFinding Mafac Guidonnet levers up on eBay isn't hard, so I'm not sure how much demand you'd have for the first levers. ",
"For my part, though, a new set with a stainless band would make it easy to try them out. ",
"I'd like to give this lever style a try on the Motobecane I'm rebuilding, once I find a fork and rebuild the front end.",
"\n\nActually, on that score: There's a distinct shortage of is good 27\" replacement forks. ",
"You can readily find decent lugged Tange forks in 700c in black or chrome online (various styles, even!), ",
"occasional 27\" 531 forks (painted in whatever color their donor bike was, and that you might or might not trust) on eBay, or ugly $25 mild steel replacement forks in chrome or black, too. ",
"But a quality lugged cro-mo 27\" replacement fork with forged, eyeleted dropouts and a nice chromed finish is a rare bird.",
"\n\nI've seen enough online chatter on the subject that there has to be a niche there somewhere.",
"\n\nPaying for the tooling to make Mafac Ville/Guidonet copies doesn't seem sensible. ",
"We would have to sell thousands and I don't think that many folks will want them, especially now that the levers shown are available and much less expensive.",
"\n\nVO won't make replacement forks for other bikes. ",
"Too many people would put them on bikes with the wrong geometry. ",
"We're about superb handling while replacement forks are about just making something work.",
"\n\nI've asked for the mixte frame in 50, 53, 56cm. ",
"I don't think the design is rigid enough for a 59-60cm size. ",
"And we would have to change wheel size for anything smaller. ",
"Centerpulls might fit, but I need to actually mount some to be sure. ",
"If we make it too complicated we might as well start from scratch (and wait 18 months for the frames).",
"\n\nI owned and rode a Nishiki Sport mixte with fixed rear baskets all over SF for a year. ",
"It had a triple crank, fat 1.25\" tires, great grocery getter, errand runner, counter-hipster (fixie-loving SF circa 2008) and I didn't worry about theft when locking it downtown. ",
"Great bike! ",
"The swept back bars and low standover are perfect for shorter female riders not so concerned about frame flex.",
"\n\nCall me sexist (I'm a guy), but bike guys don't spend >$1500 on the wife's or GF's bike. ",
"And most women don't spend >$1500 on their own bikes either with the rare exception being racer, triathlete types. ",
"Are these expensive mixte/step-through bikes going to sell? ",
"It's a growing trend -- I saw a few guys riding vintage mixtes at Critical Mass, and I owned one for a year. ",
"I'm convinced of the practicality, style, fit, but I'm a little skeptical about the buyer/budget side of the equation.",
"Or maybe I'm just cheeaap ;-)\n\nI for one am very sad to hear that the 'tooling costs don't make sense' for a guidonette style brake lever.",
"\n\nEver since I picked up Jan Heine's Golden Age of Handbuilt Bikes I have been dreaming of finding someone to re-create a brake lever like the \"Erpelding\" lever on p22-32-5. ",
"That lever, re-created as a high-end interrupter brake, just makes perfect sense on both my commuter and touring rig: quick access to the brakes from three different hand positions (great when you are a bit tired and not quite on the ball as you should be).",
"\n\nSomething like the Paul cross brake, but with the extended quidonette curved lever....mmmmmmm...."
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"Faith versus reason as atheists, Christians share the State Capitol\n\nShare this:\n\nThe atheists β along with their βcousinsββ the humanists β were celebrating, for the ninth successive year, a βDay of Reasonββ in the state Capitol rotunda.",
"\n\nIt was also, for the 63rd year, the βDay of Prayer.β ",
"And it also turned out to be Freedom Day. (",
"There are all sorts of βFreedom Daysβ β the big one on Feb. 1 celebrates the 13th Amendment and slaveryβs abolition. ",
"Thursdayβs Freedom Day was obscure, with roots in the 1990s anti-environmental movement.)",
"\n\nThe Prayer Day people had crown-wearing Miss Minnesota, Rebecca Yeh, playing a patriotic song medley on the Capitol steps. ",
"A devout Christian, Miss Minnesota was adored by the prayer people.",
"\n\nThe Freedom Day celebrants were represented by a group of Civil War enactors from New Ulm. ",
"They had two cannon with them. ",
"A couple of busloads of school kids, who were on the Capitol steps, screeched in delight when the Freedom Day squad fired off the cannon.",
"\n\nThe atheists came to St. Paul armed with βreason,ββ which seemed to be enough to satisfy the 40 or so people gathered to counter the whole notion of a National Day of Prayer.",
"\n\nIt should be noted that all of these events went off in peace and harmony, though Rep. Kurt Zellers, a Republican gubernatorial candidate who was at the Freedom Day event, said heβd be a little nervous if he was among the Capitol atheists.",
"\n\nβOn the National Day of Prayer, Iβd be watching out for a bolt of lightning if I were the atheists,ββ Zellers said. (",
"He was laughing.)",
"\n\nThe National Day of Prayer, which began under President Harry Truman in 1952, has become a must-participate event for a lot of elected officials. ",
"There are βPrayer Dayββ breakfasts throughout the state and country. ",
"Itβs pretty safe for a pol to be seen at a Prayer Day event.",
"\n\nIn his State of the State address Wednesday evening, Gov. Mark Dayton made two references to the National Day of Prayer. ",
"He made zero references to the Day of Reason.",
"\n\nThe atheists donβt draw a lot of elected officials to their event. ",
"On hand Thursday were Reps. ",
"Phyllis Kahn, DFL-Minneapolis, and Mike Freiberg, DFL-Golden Valley.",
"\n\nβIβm extremely pleased to have a colleague here,ββ Kahn said, nodding to Freiberg. β",
"His being here means Iβve doubled the numbers of House members present.ββ",
"\n\nSecretary of State Mark Ritchie also was on hand, though it should be noted heβs not running for re-election. ",
"Ritchie is active in his Unitarian Universalist church and was vague about whether he would have attended this event if he was running again.",
"\n\nAs it was, the Secretary of State welcomed the atheists/humanists to βthe peopleβs house,ββ where all ideas are free to be expressed.",
"\n\nRitchie got a nice round of applause and disappeared quickly.",
"\n\nIt might come as a surprise to many that the atheists speak well of Ritchieβs predecessor, Mary Kiffmeyer, who now is a Republican state senator from Big Lake and a devout Christian.",
"\n\nMinnPost photo by Doug Grow\n\nThe Prayer Day people had crown-wearing Miss Minnesota,\n\nRebecca Yeh, playing a patriotic songs on the Capitol steps.",
"\n\nβKiffmeyer spoke to us twice when she was Secretary of State,ββ said Steve Petersen, one of the leaders of Thursdayβs event. β",
"She told us she disagreed with us, but she also always said we have a right to be here.ββ",
"\n\nThe atheists and the humanists said they donβt come to the Capitol to agitate the Prayer Day people. ",
"Still, they must know it stirs up some juices when they talk of religion being βsuperstition.ββ",
"\n\nThe National Day of Reason is supposed to be a way of reminding people that there is supposed to be a separation of church and state as a bedrock of the democracy.",
"\n\nβFor those so-inclined to prayer, let them pray in their churches in their homes, not the halls of government,ββ said Audrey Kingstrom, presidents of the Humanists of Minnesota. β",
"Faith provides no common currency to govern all the people.ββ",
"\n\nShortly after the atheists and humanists left the building, the Prayer Day people were praying up a storm. ",
"Though Prayer Day is designed to represent all faiths and religions, this appeared to be a solidly, conservative Christian crowd at the Capitol.",
"\n\nWhat of the separation of church and state?",
"\n\nβThe country was founded on Christian-Judeo values,ββ said Pastor Dale Witherington, an organizer of the Prayer Day event. β",
"The laws are based on the Bible and the 10 commandments.β",
"\n\nTwo state Republican senators, David Brown of Becker and Paul Gazelka of Nisswa, gave short talks filled with deeply Christian thoughts.",
"\n\nMiss Minnesota also spoke.",
"\n\nWhat did she think of sharing a day with the atheists?",
"\n\nβItβs an opportunity to show them what Christ has done in our lives,ββ she said. β",
"We can show them the joy we have because of Christ in our lives.ββ",
"\n\nBut it appeared that most of those who publicly admit to being atheists had left the building.",
"\n\nAbout the author:\n\nComments (13)\n\nWhen I was younger long ago the majority of Christians and Christian churches were part of what was called βthe mainstreamβ. ",
"We/they believed in reason and science as well as faith and sought to reconcile the two. ",
"The literalists, the βborn againβ, were on the fringe. ",
"The nonsense of creationism and a 6000 year old universe was buried somewhere far away.",
"\n\nIf believing hocus pocus and reality-defying miracles is what makes a Christian, then count me out. ",
"It is too bad that over the last 40 years the former fringe has become, apparently, the mainstream and that βChristianβ spokespeople are now the likes of Michele Bachman and the Focus on the Familiy people and all those fundamentalist, science denying people.",
"\n\nAlthough I believe in many of those Christian values I learned as a child, I also accept what I learned in my eighth grade science class too. ",
"And in this climate I will keep my prayers between me and God and not parade them around the capitol.",
"\n\nββThe country was founded on Christian-Judeo values,ββ said Pastor Dale Witherington, an organizer of the Prayer Day event. β",
"The laws are based on the Bible and the 10 commandments.β",
"\n\nThere is no mention of any kind of the Bible or Jesus anywhere in the Constitution. ",
"The Laws are based on basic principles of rationalism and the Enlightenment. ",
"Laws based on religion have been declared unconstitutional time after time for over 200 years.",
"\n\nYou are welcome to your religious beliefs and practice of your religious values so long as you donβt harm others either directly or indirectly with discrimination. ",
"But you cannot require that everyone else live according to your religious values.",
"\n\nβThe country was founded on Christian-Judeo values,ββ said Pastor Dale Witherington, an organizer of the Prayer Day event. β",
"The laws are based on the Bible and the 10 commandments.β",
"\n\n====================================\n\nI presume the good pastor was not referring to the βvaluesβ that dictated slaves were 3/5 of a person for counting purposesβor slavery was allowed to exist at all, that women had no right to own property or vote, or that the indigenous peoples of this land were considered savages. ",
"Just to name a couple.",
"\n\nAfter praying, one or more of the participants in the Christian day of prayer at the capitol, went and stuck National Day of Prayer stickers over freedom to marry stickers on cars parked near our capitol . ",
"At least one person found it a golden opportunity to leave a homophobic note on a car windshield.",
"\n\nMaybe they should have prayed harder about Christian teachings like love thy neighbor and judge not lest ye be judged.",
"\n\nNo one has ever been able to explain what exact values make Judeo-Christian values different than just about every other faith and non-faith values. ",
"Doesnβt pretty much every culture have the no lie, cheat, steal, be nice and follow the golden rule? ",
"I really wish someone could explain what sets βJudeo-Christianβ values apart.",
"\n\nYou answered your own question: much as they would like you to believe otherwise, religion doesnβt have a lock on values. ",
"These are simply basic premises of any organized society. ",
"Seriously, do you need a religion to tell you not to steal or kill? ",
"If you look at any society that consists of more than one person weβll see that they donβt want you to steal their stuff or kill the other people in the group.",
"\n\nThe whole premise that these are strictly Judeo-Christian values is a ploy to claim the moral high ground. ",
"People who make the claim want you to think theyβre righteous and if you donβt agree with them, then you are the Other that is to be shunned from society. ",
"Drive out the heathens, the gays, the undesirables.",
"\n\nItβs all a bunch of silly posturing by people who could just as easily pray in their homes and churches. ",
"Thereβs simply no need for them to demonstrate their irrationality in government buildings.",
"\n\nIt is interesting to see that atheists call this day βthe Day of Reasonβ implying that they are the reasonable ones. ",
"However, since it is impossible to prove the Godβs existence, it is equally impossible to prove that God doesnβt exist. ",
"So for all practical purposes atheism is also a faith β in no gods, just as monotheistic and polytheistic religions believe in one or many gods..\n\nThose are some pretty impressive mental gymnastics to conclude that NOT believing in a mystical sky daddy is also a religion.",
"I donβt care whether gods exist. ",
"I donβt care whether you have faith that gods exist. ",
"I just would like my representatives to govern based on reason and science and not religion. ",
"I donβt think that is too much to ask.",
"\n\nNeed I go on or is that enough to keep you sputtering in indignation for the next six month? ",
"Perhaps you personally arenβt a member of the religious right who thinks global warming is some vast left wing conspiracy. ",
"If so, itβs up to you to help frame the debate and take back the discussion from your fellow religionists who are losing the debate for you, both morally and factually. ",
"Right now though the Sarah Palins and Rush Limbaughs of the United States are running the show and the Ilya Gutmans are being drowned out."
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[
"Comparative effects of 5% ethanolamine oleate versus 5% sodium morrhuate for sclerotherapy of oesophageal varices.",
"\nForty-five cirrhotic patients with oesophageal varices were randomized to receive endoscopic injection sclerotherapy with either 5% ethanolamine oleate (EO), or 5% sodium morrhuate (SM). ",
"In the EO group, there was a statistically significant higher rate of disappearance of red colour signs on the varices a week after the initial session of sclerotherapy than in the SM group (91.3% vs 45.5%, P less than 0.05). ",
"A jet-like bleeding from injection sites at the second session of sclerotherapy occurred in three patients in the SM group and they experienced blurred vision. ",
"There was no such occurrence in the EO group. ",
"Oesophageal bleeding requiring blood transfusion during the course of repeated sclerotherapy occurred only in the SM group (five patients): bleeding was from a partly thrombosed varix and in four was from oesophageal ulcers. ",
"We found that EO administered intravariceally is more efficacious than SM for sclerotherapy of oesophageal varices."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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"Christmas 2016 is setting new records on planes and trains. ",
"With more travellers planning to flee the country than ever before over Christmas and New Year, many of the UKβs biggest airports are gearing up for their busiest day of the season on Friday. ",
"Research by The Independent suggest that 4.5 million British travellers will go abroad over Christmas and the New Year. ",
"But at home, Storm Barbara is already causing disruption, with worse expected on Friday. ",
"This is our guide to the pain points.",
"\n\nAirports\n\nThe peak day for outbound travel will be 23 December at many of the UK's busiest airports, including Gatwick, Manchester, Stansted, Edinburgh and Luton. (",
"Heathrow, the biggest in Britain, had its peak day a week earlier.) ",
"Newcastle airport is anticipating one-third more travellers, both Birmingham and Luton are 21 per cent up, while Gatwick is predicting an 18 per cent increase in festive passengers on Friday.",
"\n\nCheck-in areas and security checkpoints are likely to be extremely busy all day, and passengers are urged to help queues move faster by ensuring their hand baggage does not contain items such as wrapped presents, snow globes and jars of cranberry sauce over 100ml.",
"\n\nA threatened strike by airport workers at Swissport, due to begin on Friday, has been suspended with an improved offer being made to staff. ",
"But on the same day pilots working for Virgin Atlantic start a work-to-rule in a dispute over union recognition. ",
"They say they will work βstrictly to contractβ, which could involve refusing to be flexible in the event of disruption. ",
"Virgin Atlantic said it expects flights to be unaffected.",
"\n\nRailways\n\nEurostar, which runs trains through the Channel Tunnel, is expecting nine per cent more passengers than last Christmas. ",
"On Friday, its peak outbound day, more than 19,000 passengers are expected to leave London St Pancras to travel to Paris, Brussels and Lille. ",
"Queues at the entrance to the security check are likely to be long.",
"\n\nFor rail travellers remaining in Britain, Friday set to be the busiest day on all the long-distance operators. ",
"There could be particular pressure on Greater Anglia, east from Liverpool Street, and GWR, which runs trains west from London Paddington. ",
"Engineering work means both termini will be closed from midnight on Friday, with horribly complicated journeys involving Tube trains and buses instead.",
"\n\nNorwich, Ipswich and Colchester will see not trains from London for the rest of the year, while until 29 December the Paddington trains will start and end at Ealing Broadway. ",
"Services to Bristol, the West Country and South Wales will be skeletal, and the Heathrow Express will be suspended.",
"\n\nNo trains will run anywhere in Britain on 25 December, and very few will operate on Boxing Day. ",
"Long-distance services resume on the morning of 27 December, when the first wave of trains are likely to be extremely busy.",
"\n\nThe continuing dispute about driver-operated doors on Southern will lead to cancellations, due to an overtime ban by drivers. ",
"Over New Year, conductors are staging a four-day strike.",
"\n\nRoads\n\nThe AA and RAC say Friday 23 December and Christmas Eve will be particularly busy on motorways and major roads. ",
"While Christmas Eve is expected to see the most \"getaway\" journeys, with 3.8 million planned, Friday will be busier in total, because the 3.5 million festive drivers will have to contend with the normally heavy traffic on the last working day before Christmas.",
"\n\nSome of those drivers will be heading to the Channel ports, and Traffic England has been warning of long delays on the M20/A20. ",
"Eurotunnel says its busiest day will be Friday, though numbers will be well below the peaks experienced in summer.",
"\n\nNational Express is running throughout the festive season; although schedule are sharply reduced on Christmas Day, the coach firm will be running 50 per cent more services than last year.",
"\n\nWeather"
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"(*\n * This file is part of FFmpeg.",
"\n *\n * FFmpeg is free software; you can redistribute it and/or\n * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public\n * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either\n * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.",
"\n *\n * FFmpeg is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ",
" See the GNU\n * Lesser General Public License for more details.",
"\n *\n * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public\n * License along with FFmpeg; if not, write to the Free Software\n * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA\n *\n * This is a part of the Pascal port of ffmpeg.",
"\n * - Changes and updates by the UltraStar Deluxe Team\n *\n * Conversion of libavutil/mem.h\n * avutil version 51.32.0\n *\n *)\n\n(**\n * @file\n * error code definitions\n *)\n\n(* memory handling functions *)\n \n(**\n * Allocate a block of size bytes with alignment suitable for all\n * memory accesses (including vectors if available on the CPU).",
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"I'm starting to look at snows for my F10. ",
"Looks like there are two mfgs for 245/40/19 RFT being Pirelli and maybe Nokian.",
"\n\nI'm assuming the Pirelli will be under a BMW P/N (if it's a BMW P/N its covered under BMW's Wheel and Tire insurance). ",
"Tire Rack is listing it's only RFT 19\" tire as Pirelli Winter Sottozero at 384/tire.",
"\n\nI looked at Bimmerworld's spare if it went non-RFT, and wow between the donut and the cover it really adds up.",
"\n\nThere's a Blizzak in 17\" (had them for a 3 series once before), and TR didn't show any RFT for 18.\"",
"\n\nJust wanted to know if anyone else is starting to look at snows and are there any options out there. ",
"I'm probably going to stay with RFT.",
"\n\nI think you can get by with all-seasons, which I agree are no season. ",
"It's the other jokers that I'm concerned about.",
"\n\nGran Turismo\n\n10-05-2012 04:26 AM\n\nIn Europe, BMW is suggesting the 245/45R18 winter tire size for the 550i (17\" doesn't fit). ",
"The Dunlop Winter Sport D3 (RFT) in that size are great, also on dry and wet roads.",
"\n\ndunderhi\n\n10-05-2012 06:47 AM\n\nI went with Michelin Pilot Sport PA3 in 18\".",
"\n\nGilgorm\n\n10-05-2012 09:27 AM\n\nQuote:\n\nOriginally Posted by Gran Turismo\n(Post 7114948)\n\nIn Europe, BMW is suggesting the 245/45R18 winter tire size for the 550i (17\" doesn't fit). ",
"The Dunlop Winter Sport D3 (RFT) in that size are great, also on dry and wet roads.",
"\n\nThe winter tire package from BMW Canada is identical to above using the 18\" V spoke 281 rim. ",
"The only 19\" listed is for the M5 which may not fit properly. ",
"Check with the dealer if you want to go that route.",
"\n\nschnell525\n\n10-13-2012 12:11 AM\n\nFor the U.S., after talking with my parts guy, it's the same set up for 550xi's with sport. ",
"18\" Style 281 with 245/45/18 Dunlop SP Wintersport 3D ROF. ",
"I'm probably going to go that route. ",
"BMW is being vey competitive. ",
"I could go 19\" but with a decent price it'll get close to wheel swap-outs over the next 3 seasons.",
"\n\nsolstice\n\n10-13-2012 12:25 AM\n\nIf you are going 19s. ",
"Italian or finish for a snow tire hmmm...\n\nmg650\n\n10-13-2012 05:14 AM\n\nTo anyone that has owned the 550xi over a winter: are the oem tires ok in the snow? ( ",
"I have the m sport 19's) I havent been planning to switch them out and have presumed i'll be \"ok\" in light snow -although i am not expecting to drive through a blizzard.",
"\n\nIf you want RFT winter tires these are designed specifically for the 550i. ",
"I have had them for the past two winters and they are great. ",
"Bridgestone Blizzak LM-25s.",
"\n\nfplanner2000\n\n10-13-2012 08:06 AM\n\nI've got dedicated 18\" M rims for snows - Michelin Pilot Alpin. ",
"Great ride and handling, very good in light to medium(5-6\") snow. ",
"For heavy snow, Range Rover. ",
"Wouldn't do runflats if you paid me (which BMW did and I replaced them with Pilot Super Sports). ",
"Really hurts the cars performance, IMO.",
"\n\nkssod\n\n10-13-2012 01:15 PM\n\nAnyone run the 17\" tire and wheel package from tire rack?",
"\n\nneurom\n\n10-13-2012 07:35 PM\n\nQuote:\n\nOriginally Posted by kssod\n(Post 7131906)\n\nAnyone run the 17\" tire and wheel package from tire rack?",
"\n\nI have the same question. ",
"The 528 base has 17\" and tirerack has a 17\" package, so why some say the 17\" won't fit?",
"\n\ndunderhi\n\n10-13-2012 08:30 PM\n\nQuote:\n\nOriginally Posted by neurom\n(Post 7132419)\n\nI have the same question. ",
"The 528 base has 17\" and tirerack has a 17\" package, so why some say the 17\" won't fit?",
"\n\nIf Tirerack says they will fit, they should fit.",
"\n\nschnell525\n\n10-14-2012 12:57 AM\n\nFor me, I get around 120-140\" of snow a season so I'm inclined to get snows. ",
"I'm not a fan of the ROF GY's that came with the car. ",
"They aren't great. ",
"They don't give the car the rubber it needs. ",
"But...again they aren't bad. ",
"I've driven them through some really bad roads (have about 2,200 miles on the car now) and haven't had any problems. ",
"With the hp/tq. ",
"of the 550, I think dedicated snows, being RFT or non RFT would be a benefit.",
"\n\nRecently in some rain and temps in the low 40's, it didn't seem to have that great of grip--as we all know all-season tires are no season if we boil it down to performance. ",
"And the F10 (not trying to start a war here) that the 550 has some power. ",
"I think your driving scenarios and where you need to go dictate a lot. ",
"I might need to take some all-important road trips to doc appointments out of town that are scheduled 6 months in advance. ",
"I might travel ahead of time to get there--but I want snows to help if weather is bad.",
"\n\nI've had RFT Blizzak LM25's on a 328xi and the car was a tank. ",
"I don't know if they have any advantages over the Dunlops which BMW is putting together as a \"kit or assembly.\" ",
"I've had Dunlop Wintersports before and they were great tires.",
"\n\nI think if you get rare snowfall, that you'll be fine with all-seaon tires if you know how to drive. ",
"However with my weather conditions, not having snows is just asking for it. ",
"Another plus, is that if I'm going with an OE BMW Part Number, it's covered under my wheel and tire insurance.",
"\n\nCalgary Agent\n\n10-14-2012 09:19 PM\n\n18\" non staggered Nokian Hakkapeliitta 7\n\ntjangi\n\n10-16-2012 12:37 PM\n\nI have the Tire rack package 17 inch wheel with blizzak, they are also great for potholes :) last winter was a non event, so not sure how they handle in snow. ",
"I hope I never find out..."
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"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a method and apparatus for generating a secret key for secure communication between terminals by using a characteristic of a radio channel of a wireless communication network.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Related Art\nIn general, in wireless communication, two terminals share an identical secret key to perform secure communication for transmitting and receiving secret messages. ",
"A public key cryptography scheme may be used so that the two terminals may share the same secret key. ",
"The public key cryptography requires a key management infrastructure, and it may be available only when computing power of the terminal attempting to hack the secret message is limited.",
"\nHowever, a distributed wireless communication system does not have such infrastructure. ",
"In addition, it is difficult to apply the conventional public key cryptography scheme that restricts the computing power of the terminal attempting to wiretrap the secured message to the distributed wireless communication system.",
"\nThe above information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the invention and therefore it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known in this country to a person of ordinary skill in the art."
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"In this follow-up article, I illustrate how to use a few other curses functions.",
"\n\nAn Adventure\n\nWhen I was growing up, my family had an Apple II computer. ",
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"After writing a few math puzzles, I moved on to creating games. ",
"Having grown up in the 1980s, I already was a fan of the Dungeons and Dragons tabletop games, where you role-played as a fighter or wizard on some quest to defeat monsters and plunder loot in strange lands. ",
"So it shouldn't be surprising that I also created a rudimentary adventure game.",
"\n\nThe AppleSoft BASIC programming environment supported a neat feature: in standard resolution graphics mode (GR mode), you could probe the color of a particular pixel on the screen. ",
"This allowed a shortcut to create an adventure game. ",
"Rather than create and update an in-memory map that was transferred to the screen periodically, I could rely on GR mode to maintain the map for me, and my program could query the screen as the player's character moved around the screen. ",
"Using this method, I let the computer do most of the hard work. ",
"Thus, my top-down adventure game used blocky GR mode graphics to represent my game map.",
"\n\nMy adventure game used a simple map that represented a large field with a mountain range running down the middle and a large lake on the upper-left side. ",
"I might crudely draw this map for a tabletop gaming campaign to include a narrow path through the mountains, allowing the player to pass to the far side.",
"\n\nFigure 1. ",
"A simple Tabletop Game Map with a Lake and Mountains\n\nYou can draw this map in curses using characters to represent grass, mountains and water. ",
"Next, I describe how to do just that using curses functions and how to create and play a similar adventure game in the Linux terminal.",
"\n\nConstructing the Program\n\nIn my last article, I mentioned that most curses programs start with the same set of instructions to determine the terminal type and set up the curses environment:\n\ninitscr(); cbreak(); noecho();\n\nFor this program, I add another statement:\n\nkeypad(stdscr, TRUE);\n\nThe TRUE flag allows curses to read the keypad and function keys from the user's terminal. ",
"If you want to use the up, down, left and right arrow keys in your program, you need to use keypad(stdscr, TRUE) here.",
"\n\nHaving done that, you now can start drawing to the terminal screen. ",
"The curses functions include several ways to draw text on the screen. ",
"In my previous article, I demonstrated the addch() and addstr() functions and their associated mvaddch() and mvaddstr() counterparts that first moved to a specific location on the screen before adding text. ",
"To create the adventure game map on the terminal, you can use another set of functions: vline() and hline() , and their partner functions mvvline() and mvhline() . ",
"These mv functions accept screen coordinates, a character to draw and how many times to repeat that character. ",
"For example, mvhline(1, 2, '-', 20) will draw a line of 20 dashes starting at line 1, column 2.",
"\n\nTo draw the map to the terminal screen programmatically, let's define this draw_map() function:\n\n#define GRASS ' ' #define EMPTY '.' #",
"define WATER '~' #define MOUNTAIN '^' #define PLAYER '*' void draw_map(void) { int y, x; /* draw the quest map */ /* background */ for (y = 0; y < LINES; y++) { mvhline(y, 0, GRASS, COLS); } /* mountains, and mountain path */ for (x = COLS / 2; x < COLS * 3 / 4; x++) { mvvline(0, x, MOUNTAIN, LINES); } mvhline(LINES / 4, 0, GRASS, COLS); /* lake */ for (y = 1; y < LINES / 2; y++) { mvhline(y, 1, WATER, COLS / 3); } }\n\nIn drawing this map, note the use of mvvline() and mvhline() to fill large chunks of characters on the screen. ",
"I created the fields of grass by drawing horizontal lines ( mvhline ) of characters starting at column 0, for the entire height and width of the screen. ",
"I added the mountains on top of that by drawing vertical lines ( mvvline ), starting at row 0, and a mountain path by drawing a single horizontal line ( mvhline ). ",
"And, I created the lake by drawing a series of short horizontal lines ( mvhline ). ",
"It may seem inefficient to draw overlapping rectangles in this way, but remember that curses doesn't actually update the screen until I call the refresh() function later.",
"\n\nHaving drawn the map, all that remains to create the game is to enter a loop where the program waits for the user to press one of the up, down, left or right direction keys and then moves a player icon appropriately. ",
"If the space the player wants to move into is unoccupied, it allows the player to go there.",
"\n\nYou can use curses as a shortcut. ",
"Rather than having to instantiate a version of the map in the program and replicate this map to the screen, you can let the screen keep track of everything for you. ",
"The inch() function, and associated mvinch() function, allow you to probe the contents of the screen. ",
"This allows you to query curses to find out whether the space the player wants to move into is already filled with water or blocked by mountains. ",
"To do this, you'll need a helper function that you'll use later:\n\nint is_move_okay(int y, int x) { int testch; /* return true if the space is okay to move into */ testch = mvinch(y, x); return ((testch == GRASS) || (testch == EMPTY)); }\n\nAs you can see, this function probes the location at column y, row x and returns true if the space is suitably unoccupied, or false if not.",
"\n\nThat makes it really easy to write a navigation loop: get a key from the keyboard and move the user's character around depending on the up, down, left and right arrow keys. ",
"Here's a simplified version of that loop:\n\ndo { ch = getch(); /* test inputted key and determine direction */ switch (ch) { case KEY_UP: if ((y > 0) && is_move_okay(y - 1, x)) { y = y - 1; } break; case KEY_DOWN: if ((y < LINES - 1) && is_move_okay(y + 1, x)) { y = y + 1; } break; case KEY_LEFT: if ((x > 0) && is_move_okay(y, x - 1)) { x = x - 1; } break; case KEY_RIGHT if ((x < COLS - 1) && is_move_okay(y, x + 1)) { x = x + 1; } break; } } while (1);\n\nTo use this in a game, you'll need to add some code inside the loop to allow other keys (for example, the traditional WASD movement keys), provide a method for the user to quit the game and move the player's character around the screen. ",
"Here's the program in full:\n\n/* quest.c */ #include <curses.h> #include <stdlib.h> #define GRASS ' ' #define EMPTY '.' #",
"define WATER '~' #define MOUNTAIN '^' #define PLAYER '*' int is_move_okay(int y, int x); void draw_map(void); int main(void) { int y, x; int ch; /* initialize curses */ initscr(); keypad(stdscr, TRUE); cbreak(); noecho(); clear(); /* initialize the quest map */ draw_map(); /* start player at lower-left */ y = LINES - 1; x = 0; do { /* by default, you get a blinking cursor - use it to indicate player */ mvaddch(y, x, PLAYER); move(y, x); refresh(); ch = getch(); /* test inputted key and determine direction */ switch (ch) { case KEY_UP: case 'w': case 'W': if ((y > 0) && is_move_okay(y - 1, x)) { mvaddch(y, x, EMPTY); y = y - 1; } break; case KEY_DOWN: case 's': case 'S': if ((y < LINES - 1) && is_move_okay(y + 1, x)) { mvaddch(y, x, EMPTY); y = y + 1; } break; case KEY_LEFT: case 'a': case 'A': if ((x > 0) && is_move_okay(y, x - 1)) { mvaddch(y, x, EMPTY); x = x - 1; } break; case KEY_RIGHT: case 'd': case 'D': if ((x < COLS - 1) && is_move_okay(y, x + 1)) { mvaddch(y, x, EMPTY); x = x + 1; } break; } } while ((ch !",
"= 'q') && (ch !",
"= 'Q')); endwin(); exit(0); } int is_move_okay(int y, int x) { int testch; /* return true if the space is okay to move into */ testch = mvinch(y, x); return ((testch == GRASS) || (testch == EMPTY)); } void draw_map(void) { int y, x; /* draw the quest map */ /* background */ for (y = 0; y < LINES; y++) { mvhline(y, 0, GRASS, COLS); } /* mountains, and mountain path */ for (x = COLS / 2; x < COLS * 3 / 4; x++) { mvvline(0, x, MOUNTAIN, LINES); } mvhline(LINES / 4, 0, GRASS, COLS); /* lake */ for (y = 1; y < LINES / 2; y++) { mvhline(y, 1, WATER, COLS / 3); } }\n\nIn the full program listing, you can see the complete arrangement of curses functions to create the game:\n\n1) Initialize the curses environment.",
"\n\n2) Draw the map.",
"\n\n3) Initialize the player coordinates (lower-left).",
"\n\n4) Loop:\n\nDraw the player's character.",
"\n\nGet a key from the keyboard.",
"\n\nAdjust the player's coordinates up, down, left or right, accordingly.",
"\n\nRepeat.",
"\n\n5) When done, close the curses environment and exit.",
"\n\nLet's Play\n\nWhen you run the game, the player's character starts in the lower-left corner. ",
"As the player moves around the play area, the program creates a \"trail\" of dots. ",
"This helps show where the player has been before, so the player can avoid crossing the path unnecessarily.",
"\n\nFigure 2. ",
"The player starts the game in the lower-left corner.",
"\n\nFigure 3. ",
"The player can move around the play area, such as around the lake and through the mountain pass.",
"\n\nTo create a complete adventure game on top of this, you might add random encounters with various monsters as the player navigates his or her character around the play area. ",
"You also could include special items the player could discover or loot after defeating enemies, which would enhance the player's abilities further.",
"\n\nBut to start, this is a good program for demonstrating how to use the curses functions to read the keyboard and manipulate the screen.",
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"\nIn this critical review, we survey the wide range of chemical reactions that have been confined within carbon nanotubes, particularly emphasising how the pairwise interactions between the catalysts, reactants, transition states and products of a particular molecular transformation with the host nanotube can be used to control the yields and distributions of products of chemical reactions. ",
"We demonstrate that nanoscale confinement within carbon nanotubes enables the control of catalyst activity, morphology and stability, influences the local concentration of reactants and products thus affecting equilibria, rates and selectivity, pre-arranges the reactants for desired reactions and alters the relative stability of isomeric products. ",
"We critically evaluate the relative advantages and disadvantages of the confinement of chemical reactions inside carbon nanotubes from a chemical perspective and describe how further developments in the controlled synthesis of carbon nanotubes and the incorporation of multifunctionality are essential for the development of this ever-expanding field, ultimately leading to the effective control of the pathways of chemical reactions through the rational design of multi-functional carbon nanoreactors."
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"It was shown that, besides some unexpected features (briefly described in the article), drying occurred in a rather classical way, i.e., simultaneously from top to bottom and from edge to center. ",
"Then, the distributions of sulfate ion (SO4) (from sodium sulfate) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in the dry latex films were established by confocal Raman spectroscopy and attenuated total reflectance (ATR). ",
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"\n\nOn September 22 we celebrated our 2nd annual fundraiser. ",
"Once again we indulged ourselves with amazing concoctions created by the imaginative Barchef Toronto and marveled at the creativity of Chef Riley Bennett, a professor at George Brown school of hospitality and culinary art. ",
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"We are also grateful to our generous sponsors, Systems for Research and VWR, as well as all those who have donated auction items to benefit our cause. ",
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"Recondite presents Hinterland - Ghostly International\n\nSurrealism and Photography in Czechoslovakia: On the Needles of Days sheds much-needed light on the location of the greatest concentration of Surrealist photography and examines the culture and tradition within which it has taken root and flourished. ",
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"\n\nWILD AT HEART - Print T-shirt - black\n\nSAVE 50% on INROCK for a limited period only!! ",
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"The fast and easy way for Canadians to understand and invest in ETFs Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are an increasingly popular part of the investing landscape, being less volatile than individual stocks, cheaper than most mutual funds, and subject to minimal taxation. ",
"But how do you use this financial product to diversify your investments in todays ever-changing market? ",
"Exchange-Traded Funds For Canadians For Dummies shows you in plain English how to weigh your options and pick the ETF thats right for you. ",
"It tells Canadian investors everything you need to know about building a lean, mean portfolio and optimizing your profits. ",
"Plus, the book covers all of the newest ETF products, providers, and strategies, as well as Commodity ETFs, Style ETFs, Country ETFs, and Inverse ETFs. ",
"The only book on the market catering specifically to Canadian investors Perfect for investors who want to fill in the blanks in their portfolio, adding ETFs to stocks and other common investment products Gives Canadian investors the tools they need to make informed and profitable investments in ETFs that are right for their portfolios The book also includes straightforward answers to commonly asked questions about ETFs and advice on how to avoid mistakes that many investors-even experienced ones-make. ",
"It provides forecasts of the future for ETFs and personal spending and also provides a complete list of ETFs and Web resources to assist your investing. ",
"With Exchange-Traded Funds For Canadians For Dummies , youll learn how to incorporate ETFs into your investment strategy to produce reliable growth. ",
"Russell Wild , MBA, is a NAPFA-certified financial advisor and principal of Global Portfolios, an investment advisory firm. ",
"He is the author of Bond Investing For Dummies and Index Investing For Dummies . ",
"Bryan Borzykowski is a Toronto-based financial journalist. ",
"He writes about investing and personal finance for Canadian Business magazine, MoneySense, and the Toronto Star. ",
"He also contributes to the New York Times and the Globe and Mail . ",
"He is the co-author of Day Trading For Canadians For Dummies and Building Wealth All-in-One For Canadians For Dummies .",
"\n\nThe fast and easy way for Canadians to understand and invest in ETFs Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are an increasingly popular part of the investing landscape, being less volatile than individual stocks, cheaper than most mutual funds, and subject to minimal taxation. ",
"But how do you use this financial product to diversify your investments in todays ever-changing market? ",
"Exchange-Traded Funds For Canadians For Dummies shows you in plain English how to weigh your options and pick the ETF thats right for you. ",
"It tells Canadian investors everything you need to know about building a lean, mean portfolio and optimizing your profits. ",
"Plus, the book covers all of the newest ETF products, providers, and strategies, as well as Commodity ETFs, Style ETFs, Country ETFs, and Inverse ETFs. ",
"The only book on the market catering specifically to Canadian investors Perfect for investors who want to fill in the blanks in their portfolio, adding ETFs to stocks and other common investment products Gives Canadian investors the tools they need to make informed and profitable investments in ETFs that are right for their portfolios The book also includes straightforward answers to commonly asked questions about ETFs and advice on how to avoid mistakes that many investors-even experienced ones-make. ",
"It provides forecasts of the future for ETFs and personal spending and also provides a complete list of ETFs and Web resources to assist your investing. ",
"With Exchange-Traded Funds For Canadians For Dummies , youll learn how to incorporate ETFs into your investment strategy to produce reliable growth. ",
"Russell Wild , MBA, is a NAPFA-certified financial advisor and principal of Global Portfolios, an investment advisory firm. ",
"He is the author of Bond Investing For Dummies and Index Investing For Dummies . ",
"Bryan Borzykowski is a Toronto-based financial journalist. ",
"He writes about investing and personal finance for Canadian Business magazine, MoneySense, and the Toronto Star. ",
"He also contributes to the New York Times and the Globe and Mail . ",
"He is the co-author of Day Trading For Canadians For Dummies and Building Wealth All-in-One For Canadians For Dummies .",
"\n\nNorway-based Todd Saunders is one of the most important contemporary Canadian architects working internationally. ",
"His simple yet powerful architecture incorporates elements of his home countryβs vernacular identity β including the use of wood and carefully picked Modernist influences β brought into the 21st century with excellent execution, quality materials and a hands-on approach. ",
"Jonathan Bell, editor-in-chief, Wallpaper magazine Ellie Stathaki , editor, Wallpaper magazine\n\nGet all of the pharmacotherapeutics principles and content you need to become a safe and effective prescriber with Lehnes Pharmacotherapeutics for Advanced Practice Providers . ",
"This new text is built on the same solid foundation of clearly explained, up-to-date, and clinically current content as the undergraduate-level Lehnes Pharmacology for Nursing Care, yet carefully focuses on the specific principles and drug content needed by primary and acute care nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and clinical nurse specialists. ",
"Three introductory chapters provide foundational content in the areas of prescriptive authority, rational drug selection, prescription writing, and promoting positive outcomes of drug therapy. ",
"Core chapter content centers on the drugs that advanced practitioner prescribers will see most commonly in clinical practice. ",
"Youll also notice a sharp focus on pharmacotherapeutic decision-making along with a number of prescriber-focused pedagogical aids - including Black Box Warnings - to reinforce the most important information and help you make optimal pharmacotherapeutic decisions. ",
"Introductory chapters tailored to the specific needs of advanced practice prescribers cover topics such as prescriptive authority, rational drug selection and prescription writing, and promoting positive outcomes of drug therapy. ",
"Carefully focused pharmacotherapeutic content reflects the drugs most commonly seen and used by advanced practice prescribers, with emphasis not on the first drug discovered or developed in each class but on the agents most often used today. ",
"Primary care drugs are addressed first in each chapter as appropriate, followed by and acute care drugs. ",
"UNIQUE! ",
"Prescriber-focused pedagogical aids further reinforce the most important information for advanced practice prescribers. ",
"Black Box Warnings alert you to special warnings and precautions related to particular drugs. ",
"Integrated coverage of Canadian trade names appears throughout the text and is highlighted with a familiar maple-leaf icon. ",
"Integrated coverage of interprofessional collaboration addresses the growing global interest in interprofessional collaboration and incorporates opportunities for interprofessional collaborative practice throughout.",
"\n\nInternational Librarianship at Home and Abroad examines both the concept and reality of international librarianship. ",
"The intent of this book is not to glorify international librarianship, but to instead explore different ways that international librarianship might be understood and practiced. ",
"The book seeks to enrich and improve the everyday work done by librarians both at home and abroad in areas such as collection management, library services, and learning styles and techniques. ",
"Describes familiar librarian work, such as resource sharing, weeding and distance reference services Explores features and how they contribute to, and reflect, international librarianship Offers further examples on how to incorporate more explicit elements of international librarianship into home library practice Karen Bordonaro is the Liaison Librarian at the James A. Gibson Library, Brock University Canada. ",
"She has been a practicing librarian for over 30 years, working with international students for most of that time. ",
"She works extensively with international students and scholars in her current full time librarian position, as well as working as a part time ESL instructor. ",
"In addition, she has a very personal interest in international librarianship from working in a Canadian library environment as an American in a border area (the Niagara region). ",
"Karen has a bachelors degree in German and Spanish, and masters degrees in German, Library and Information Studies, and Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL). ",
"She also has a Ph.D. in Foreign and Second Language Education. ",
"Her research interests to date have focused on library learning and language learning, the use of libraries by ESL students, and how internationalization is practiced in German academic libraries.",
"\n\nThis book provides a roadmap for how police services can address incivility in the workplace and become more inclusive from the inside out. ",
"In the past few years policing has come under increased scrutiny due to a number of police-involved shootings and in-custody deaths, where systemic racism, the inability to effectively confront persons suffering from mental illness, and excessive use of force have been perceived by civil rights groups to play a significant factor. ",
"These deaths and the subsequent public outcry have led to various constituents questioning the legitimacy of the police. ",
"The book incorporates real stories of police officers and case studies of select police organizations. ",
"A look inside a number of these departments has identified an equal concern for incivility within the workplace in the form of gender and ethnic harassment and discrimination. ",
"The costs of workplace incivility can be significant as workplace victims are not only likely to decrease their work effort, quality of work, and their level of commitment to the organization, they are also likely to mistreat others in the workplace and to take their frustrations out on those they serve. ",
"While these costs have a significant impact for police organizations, incivility by police officers against members of the public can have a much greater impact in terms of eroding perceptions of police legitimacy. ",
"This book takes a unique approach in providing a model for police organizations to pursue in becoming more inclusive. ",
"To this end, this book will be very relevant for police practitioners, reform advisors, researchers, and graduate-level course in special topics. ",
"Angela Workman-Stark, PhD is a former Chief Superintendent with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. ",
"Towards the latter part of her 24 years of service she held significant roles in leading significant organizational change, notably in relation to workplace climate and addressing issues of gender discrimination, harassment and bullying. ",
"Angela recently transitioned to an academic role as Associate Professor, Organizational Behavior at Athabasca University in Alberta, Canada where she continues her research interests in examining the role of gender in traditionally masculine organizations and creating inclusive workplaces. ",
"Angelas research interests also focus on police legitimacy, procedural justice and issues of identify and belonging. ",
"Angela has taught undergraduate and graduate courses in organizational behavior and change, leadership, women in management, knowledge management, and managing diversity. ",
"In addition to her teaching and research roles she also assists police services with becoming more inclusive, and she speaks at conferences in Canada and internationally. ",
"Angela can be contacted at angelaworkmanstark@gmail.com."
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"\nI'd like to customize this set of tabs thumbnails and prevent Firefox from changing the tabs once they have been set (preferably without pinning). ",
"That is, prevent Firefox from adding new tabs even if there are more slots available. ",
"To be clear, I don't want to disable the new tab page, which is easily accomplished from about:config.",
"\nHow is this possible without using an add-on?",
"\n\nA:\n\nPin the website to the new tab page.",
"\nIn the location bar, type: about:config\nSearch for: browser.newtab\nSet browser.newtabpage.columns to: 1\nSet browser.newtabpage.rows to: 1\nEnsure only one entry exists for the browser.newtabpage.pinned value.",
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" I am guessing but I think the load cells have two resistors in them, one for tension and one for compression.",
"\nAfter the bridge arrangement the output of the bridge goes into a capacitor, resistor arrangement. ",
"I am guessing that the next stage is an amplifier of some type but it's inaccessible to me as it's a custom controller covered by a black blob.",
"\n\nPlease can someone confirm the picture is about right and also suggest a good, PIC friendly way, to amplify the output either before or after the discrete.",
"\n\nA:\n\nThe picture looks right to me. ",
" Each strain gage is comprised of two resistance grids. ",
" 1k is a common value for a strain gage resistance.",
"\nYou should amplify this with an instrumentation amp, such as AD623 or INA333. ",
"\nI'm assuming you don't have the mechanical design specs of the scale, so start with a gain of about 200 and see if that gives you the right span.",
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"Chindogu: The Art of Un-useless Inventions\n\n(Clockwise from top) A pair of umbrella shoes seem smart, but they're really, um, ridiculous; the butter stick is one of the most well-known chindogu; the noodle cooler probably still wouldn't help for those times when your ramen is just too hot. ",
"HowStuffWorks\n\nPretty much everything we do now has a purpose. ",
"We curate an Instagram account to become an influencer; we play video games on Twitch to build an audience; we sew and forge and paint and then sell our works on Etsy. ",
"It's all pretty exhausting, and it's making the fun stuff less fun.",
"\n\nMeet chindogu, the art and craft of inventing things that are (almost) useless but a whole lot of fun. ",
"How useless? ",
"Take invention No. ",
"189 from the exhibit halls of the International Chindogu Society: the AC Free Charger. ",
"It recharges a rechargeable battery ... using power from 12 other batteries. ",
"Or invention No. ",
"341, The Sock Closet. ",
"It's just what it sounds like. ",
"A tiny closet for your socks. ",
"There are loads more chindogu pieces that take inventing to a whole new level. ",
"Hovercraft dog bed anyone?",
"\n\nDo You Chindogu?",
"\n\nChindogu was created by Japanese artist Kenji Kawakami in the 1990s, who describes these inventions as \"un-useless.\" ",
"He coined the term chindogu using a combination of the Japanese words chin, meaning \"strange\" or \"odd,\" and dougu, which means \"device\" or \"tool.\" ",
"But chindogu is more than a mashup of words (a portmanteau, if you will); it's a philosophy. ",
"There are 10 tenets of chindogu, according to the chindogu society:\n\nA chindogu cannot be for real use. ",
"If you end up using your invention on the regular, you have failed.",
"\n\nA chindogu must exist. ",
"No thought experiments allowed.",
"\n\nThere must be the spirit of anarchy. ",
"Build your invention free from the constraints of utility or cultural expectations.",
"\n\nChindogu are tools for everyday life. ",
"Everyone everywhere must be able to understand how it works without any special technical or professional background info.",
"\n\nChindogu are not tradeable commodities. ",
"Finally, something in your life that you just can't turn into a side hustle.",
"\n\nHumor must be the sole reason for creating chindogu. ",
"Creating an elaborate way to solve a tiny problem is just funny. ",
"Roll with it.",
"\n\nChindogu is not propaganda. ",
"This is not the place for your clever commentary on the dumpster fire that is the current state of the world. ",
"As the tenet makes clear: \"Make them instead with the best intentions.\"",
"\n\nChindogu are never taboo. ",
"If you demand sexual innuendo, cruel jokes and sick humor, the International Chindogu Society would ask that you find it literally anywhere else on the internet. ",
"That's not chindogu's jam.",
"\n\nChindogu cannot be patented. ",
"Consider chindogu the openest of open source. ",
"They're meant to be shared and delighted in, not owned and collected.",
"\n\nChindogu are without prejudice. ",
"Race, religion, gender, age, ability β none of these matter to chindogu. ",
"These inventions should be equally (almost) useless to everyone who sees them.",
"\n\nIf You Build It, They Will (Sort of) Come\n\nKawakami started with a few simple inventions to fill out the back pages of a magazine he edited. ",
"He hoped his Eye Drop Funnel Glasses and Solar-powered Flashlight would amuse readers. ",
"But if there's a chindogu evangelist, it would be Dan Papia, who worked at another magazine, the Tokyo Journal. ",
"He brought chindogu to the magazine's English-speaking audience and encouraged readers to create their own inventions. ",
"In 1995, Papia started the International Chindogu Society.",
"\n\nWhat We Talk About When We Talk About Chindogu\n\nThe real key to (almost) useless inventions is that, at first glance, they have to seem a bit reasonable. ",
"Then, after a moment's thought, you realize they're just no better than the usual way of doing things.",
"\n\nTake the butter stick, which is like a giant tube of lip balm, but with butter inside. ",
"Just swipe it on that corn on the cob at the next barbecue. ",
"But wait, what if it's hot on the way to the party and the butter melts in your bag? ",
"Or what if you don't use it all quickly enough and it molds? ",
"Or what if you mistake it for your lip balm and smear it on your face? ",
"Hey, that last example might be a feature, not a bug.",
"\n\nThe entire philosophy of chindogu is probably best summed up by Tenet VI:\n\nTry your best, you nearly succeed.",
"\n\nThen you realize, sardonically, that your problem may not have been all that pressing to begin with.",
"\n\nWords to live by.",
"\n\nNOW THAT'S CHINDOGU\n\nIf chindogu has a star, it's probably Simone Giertz, who builds what she calls \"sh*tty robots.\" ",
"As she explained in her TED Talk from May 2018 called \"Why You Should Make Useless Things,\" Giertz started building useless robots to teach herself about hardware and get over performance anxiety. ",
"Over the years, she's built an audience of 1.3 million subscribers to her YouTube channel. ",
"Viewers are treated to such chindogu gems as a machine that blows your nose for you and her first, an eight-second video of a toothbrush machine."
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"Introduction {#Sec1}\n============\n\nHead and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide^[@CR1]^. Risk factors for HNSCC include tobacco and alcohol consumption, as well as human papilloma virus (HPV) infection^[@CR2]^. In the United States (U.S.) alone, there are approximately 40,000 new cases diagnosed annually and approximately 7,890 of those cases led to death^[@CR3]^. Despite major advancements in surgery and chemotherapy, the five- year survival rate of HNSCC has not improved^[@CR4]^. In the past, surgeons have sometimes had to remove the functional organ for better prognosis. ",
"Currently, in order to improve the quality of life of HNSCC patients, especially for laryngeal, oro- and hypopharyngeal cancer, preserving a functional organ constitutes a focus for surgeons and oncologists^[@CR5]^. With this aim, efficient chemotherapy treatment has become even more critical.",
"\n\nBased on clinical studies, results suggest that chemotherapy is the most beneficial treatment for HNSCC^[@CR6],[@CR7]^. The prediction of patients' response from induction chemotherapy, based on biomarkers, avoids the toxic effect of ineffective chemotherapy, as well as future delays of other therapeutic options. ",
"In addition, the development of personalized medicine strategies benefits both patients and countries. ",
"Several biomarkers possess potential clinical significance to predict therapy response^[@CR8]^. For example, low expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a potential biomarker in predicting chemotherapy response in HNSCC^[@CR8]--[@CR11]^. However, lower expression of EGFR failed to correlate with better survival rates in response to combined cisplatin and EGF inhibitor cetuximab^[@CR12]^. Although lower CCND1 was an independent predictor of chemotherapy response and survival in induction groups^[@CR8],[@CR13]^ multivariate analysis indicated that CCND1 provides no prognostic or predictive benefit in oral or oropharyngeal SCC^[@CR14]^.\n\nCurrently, a single predictor marker is not sufficiently effective to predict chemotherapy response. ",
"Moreover, combined therapy is more popular and effective than single drug treatments. ",
"For instance, the combination of cisplatin and 5-fluoruracil (PF) induction chemotherapy has proven to be a successful treatment for HNSCC. ",
"However, with the increase of relevant clinical studies, TPF treatment has been more widely utilized with patients, since TPF has better survival and organ preservation rates compared to PF therapy in locally advanced laryngeal, oro- and hypopharyngeal cancer^[@CR15],[@CR16]^. Even though some biomarkers have been reported to predict the response to induction chemotherapy, microarray-based gene expression profiles for predicting TPF chemotherapy have not yet been well investigated. ",
"In addition, there is currently no prediction model for TPF treatment.",
"\n\nThe prediction of chemotherapy response, with a set of genes, has been widely used in breast cancer. ",
"Twenty-one gene expression levels were utilized as a guideline for adjuvant chemotherapy in hormone-receptor--positive, HER2-negative, and axillary node--negative breast cancer^[@CR15]--[@CR17]^. This breast cancer model constitutes a good example of personalized medicine, and has also saved at least USD 300 million of unnecessary chemotherapy costs in the U.S. Here, we used microarray-based gene expression profiles to identify the gene signature that related to TPF response. ",
"We first identified a group of genes, which could predict chemotherapy response in HNSCC, in a SVM model. ",
"We further validated this gene signature with more patient samples. ",
"Our study provides a set of potential biomarkers to predict patient response to TPF treatment, as well as the possible benefits of: 1) avoiding toxic effects of ineffective chemotherapy; 2) avoiding delays for other therapeutic options; and 3) minimizing the cost of treatment^[@CR18]^.\n\nResults {#Sec2}\n=======\n\nPatients' clinical characteristics {#Sec3}\n----------------------------------\n\nHere, a total of 29 patients were enrolled in this study. ",
"Among them, 16 patients were considered sensitive to TPF treatment, and 13 patients as non-sensitive to TPF treatment. ",
"We classified the sensitive and non-sensitive groups by patients' response to chemotherapy. ",
"If tumor volume decreased approximately 70% after chemotherapy, we considered it as a chemotherapy-sensitive one. ",
"If tumor volume decreased less than approximately 25%, we considered it as a chemotherapy non-sensitive one. ",
"The decreased volume between 25--75% was excluded in our study. ",
"Then, we randomly chose the sensitive and non-sensitive samples for our study. ",
"The first 21 samples (twelve sensitive and nine non-sensitive) were used to set up the prediction model for TPF treatment (TableΒ [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}), and the second group (four sensitive and four non-sensitive) was used to validate our prediction model (TableΒ [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"Here, we excluded some factors that have prediction potential for TPF treatment, i.e., gender, age, primary site, stage, differentiation degree, gastrointestinal reaction, myelosuppression, family history, smoking history, and alcohol intake (TableΒ [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}).Table 1Clinical characteristics of the first group of patients.",
"No.",
"GenderAgePrimary siteTNMStageDifferentiation degreeCycles of chemotherapyChemotherapy regimenEfficacyDrug-sensitive groupΒ Β 1M69left pyriform sinusT4aN2M0IVAhigh3TPFPRΒ Β 2M69retropharyngeal wallT4aN2M0IVAhigh2TPFPRΒ Β 3M49aryepiglottic foldT3N2M0IVAmoderate2TPFCRΒ Β 4M62right pyriform sinusT4aN2M0IVApoor2TPFPRΒ Β 5M60retropharyngeal wallT4bN2M0IVAmoderate2TPFPRΒ Β 6M69right pyriform sinusT4aN0M0IVAmoderate2TPFPRΒ Β 7M49aryepiglottic foldT4aN2M0IVAmoderate2TPFPRΒ Β 8M44left pyriform sinusT4aN2M0IVApoor2TPFPRΒ Β 9M60left pyriform sinusT3N1M0IIImoderate3TPFPRΒ Β 10M48left pyriform sinusT4bN2cM0IVBhigh2TPFPRΒ Β 11M53right pyriform sinusT4aN0M0IVAhigh2TPFPRΒ Β 12M45left pyriform sinusT2N2M0IVAmoderate or poor2TPFPRΒ Β **13F48left pyriform sinusT4bN2M0IVBmoderate2TPFPR**Β Β **14M59retropharyngeal wallT3N0M0IIIhigh2TPFPR**Β Β **15M57right pyriform sinus involving oropharynxT4bN0M0IVBmoderate2TPFPR**Β Β **16M64right pyriform sinusT4aN2M0IVApoor2TPFPR**Drug non-sensitive groupΒ Β 17M65left pyriform sinusT4aN2M0IVAhigh2TPFSDΒ Β 18M45left pyriform sinusT2N3M0IVBhigh2TPFPDΒ Β 19M69left pyriform sinusT3N2M0IVAmoderate2TPFSDΒ Β 20M71left pyriform sinusT4aN2M0IVApoor2TPFSDΒ Β 21M69right pyriform sinusT2N1M0IIIhigh2TPFSDΒ Β 22M71lateral pharyngeal wallT4aN0M0IVAhigh2TPFSDΒ Β 23M43postcricoidT4aN2M0IVAmoderate2TPFSDΒ Β 24M57right pyriform sinusT4bN3M1IVChigh2TPFSDΒ Β 25M43right pyriform sinusT4bN2M1IVCpoor3TPFSDΒ Β **26M58postcricoidT4aN3M0IVBpoor2TPFSD**Β Β **27M63left pyriform sinusT4aN1M0IVAmoderate3TPFβ+βNimotuzumabSD**Β Β **28M73right pyriform sinusT3N0M0IIImoderate2TPFSD**Β Β **29M61retropharyngeal wallT4aN2M0IVAhigh2TPFSD**CR, complete response: Disappearance; confirmed at four weeks; PR, partial response: 50% decrease; confirmed at four weeks; SD, stable disease: Neither PR nor PD criteria met; PD, progressive disease: 25% increase; no CR, PR, or SD documented before increased disease. ",
"13--16 are the second batch of the drug-sensitive group (bold). ",
"26--29 are the second batch of the drug non-sensitive group (bold).Table 2Characteristics of patients.",
"CharacteristicsResponse to chemotherapyP valueDrug non-sensitiveDrug-sensitiveNo. ",
"of patients (nβ=β13)%No. ",
"of patients (nβ=β16)%**Gender**1Β Β male131001593.8Β Β female0016.3**Age**0.16Β Β 41--60538.51168.8Β Β 61--80861.5531.2**Tumor location**0.991Β Β left pyriform sinus538.5637.5Β Β right pyriform sinus430.8531.3Β Β retropharyngeal wall17.7318.8Β Β lateral pharyngeal wall17.700Β Β aryepiglottic0212.5Β Β postcricoid215.400**Family history**17.716.30.879**Stage**0.983Β Β III215.4212.5Β Β IVA753.81168.8Β Β IVB215.4318.8Β Β IVC215.40**Differentiation degree**0.690Β Β poor323.1425.0Β Β moderate430.8743.8Β Β high646.2531.3**Gastrointestinal reaction**0.314Β Β 0430.8956.3Β Β I969.2637.5Β Β III016.3**Myelosuppression**0.789Β Β 0969.21062.5Β Β I323.1212.5Β Β II17.7318.8Β Β III0016.3**Alcohol**0.704Β Β no215.4212.5Β Β occasional17.7318.8Β Β yes1076.91168.8**Smoking**0.405Β Β smoking1076.91381.3Β Β no smoking323.1318.8\n\nGene expression profiles {#Sec4}\n------------------------\n\nFirstly, a microarray was performed for the first group patients' samples. ",
"The data were analyzed by a standard approach^[@CR19]^. The second group was used as a validation for our previous experiment, and was analyzed in the same way.",
"\n\nA prediction model for TPF treatment in HNSCC {#Sec5}\n---------------------------------------------\n\nOur hypothesis is that the mRNA expression profiles of the treatment-sensitive patients are distinct from those of the treatment non-sensitive patients. ",
"To prove this, we firstly used the limma package to select a set of differential expression genes (p valueββ€β0.01); and then generated the heatmap figure based on these genes (Fig.",
"Β [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"All of the samples were clustered into two groups, i.e., the treatment-sensitive and treatment non-sensitive group. ",
"Based on the expression levels, the genes were also clustered into two groups. ",
"A set of genes was highly expressed in the treatment-sensitive samples, and another set of genes was highly expressed in the treatment non-sensitive samples. ",
"These results motivated us to build a model that can predict the response of the patient to the treatment based on his or her mRNA expression levels.",
"Figure 1Heatmap of the first group of samples. ",
"Twenty-one samples were included in the first study. ",
"The rows represent the samples; the text at the right of each row describes the TPF sensitivity (Sen) or non-sensitivity (Non-sen) sample. ",
"The columns represent different expressed genes (DEGs). ",
"The color shows the expression levels of DEGs in the samples (z-score normalized by columns).",
"\n\nAs described in the Methods section, we trained a SVM model and obtained 722 genes. ",
"To avoid the false-positive genes, based on our clinical knowledge, we selected 10 genes that are known to relate to TPF or be potentially involved in the treatment pathway. ",
"These genes are GATS, PRIC285, ARID3B, ASNS, CXCR1, FBN2, INMT, MYOM3, SLC27A5, and STC2. ",
"The gene list is found in TableΒ [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"We estimated the performance of the model using the one-leave-out method based on the old data. ",
"The sensitivity and specificity of this model are 88.3% and 88.9%, respectively (Fig.",
"Β [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}).Table 3A list of genes that could predict the response in our SVM model.",
"No.",
"Gene titleGene symbolGene functionGene fold change log2 (sensitive/non-sensitive)1GATSGATSstromal antigen 3 opposite strand0.8742542helicase with zinc finger 2PRIC285nuclear transcriptional co-activator for peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alphaβ0.727363AT-rich interaction domain 3BARID3Bembryonic patterning, cell lineage gene regulation, cell cycle control, transcriptional regulation and possibly in chromatin structure modification0.4575834asparagine synthetase (glutamine-hydrolyzing)ASNSsynthesis of asparagine0.5540695C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 1CXCR1transduces the signal through a G-protein activated second messenger systemβ0.626796fibrillin 2FBN2a component of connective tissue microfibrils, and may be involved in elastic fiber assembly1.7476697indolethylamine N-methyltransferaseINMTdetoxification of selenium compoundsβ0.446598myomesin 3MYOM3link the intermediate filament cytoskeleton to the M-disk of the myofibrils in striated muscleβ0.837879solute carrier family 27 (fatty acid transporter), member 5SLC27A5capable of activating very long-chain fatty-acids containing 24- and 26-carbons0.90284310stanniocalcin 2STC2regulation of renal and intestinal calcium, and phosphate transport, cell metabolism, or cellular calcium/phosphate homeostasis1.031989Figure 2Principal components analysis. ",
"X-axis: the first principal component; y-axis: the second principal component. ",
"The scores of the first (PC1) and second (PC2) principle components were plotted. ",
"The color shows the category (Sen or Non-sen) of the sample.",
"\n\nFurther validation with eight more patients' samples {#Sec6}\n----------------------------------------------------\n\nWe trained a 10-genes prediction model with 88.3% sensitivity and 88.9% specificity. ",
"Then, we aimed to determine if this model could be validated by more samples. ",
"We further checked the gene expression with eight more patients' samples by microarray. ",
"Among them, four samples were sensitive and four samples were non-sensitive samples. ",
"We used our model to test those samples and found that our model has good performance. ",
"For the new data, we determined the sensitivity and specificity of our model as 75.0% and 100%, respectively. ",
"This suggested that our model is sufficient to predict TPF treatment performance in HNSCC.",
"\n\nImmunohistochemistry (IHC) {#Sec7}\n--------------------------\n\nIn order to confirm the protein levels of the candidate genes in sensitive and non-sensitive patients, we performed IHC for CXCR1 and ARID3B. We found that CXCR1 was upregulated in non-sensitive patients' samples and ARID3B was downregulated in non-sensitive patients' samples (Fig.",
"Β [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"These findings correlated well with our microarray results.",
"Figure 3Immunostaining of candidate genes. (**",
"A**,**B**) Presentative IHC images of CXCR1 and ARID3B with different (**A**) 100X; (**B**) 400X. (**C**) Statistical analysis of the immunohistochemistry results for CXCR1 and ARID3B. Student t-test, \\*pβ\\<β0.05, \\*\\*pβ\\<β0.01.",
"\n\nDiscussion {#Sec8}\n==========\n\nAlthough TPF treatment is currently the most popular therapy for HNSCC patients, no effective prediction model exists to avoid unnecessary treatment and aid in relieving patients' pain. ",
"Here, we identified the gene signature in TPF-sensitive and non-sensitive patients. ",
"In order to predict TPF treatment response, we selected 10 genes that exhibit good correlation with treatment. ",
"Based on these 10 genes, a model was set up to predict TPF treatment in HNSCC patients. ",
"This model had 88.3% sensitivity and 88.9% specificity for prediction. ",
"We further validated this model with eight additional samples. ",
"Our model had 75.0% sensitivity and 100% specificity in those samples, which indicated that our prediction model is sufficient to predict the response to TPF treatment.",
"\n\nA major problem with the treatment options for HNSCC is that clinicians do not know the treatment response of each patient prior to chemotherapy, which will delay the best choice of treatment for patients. ",
"The purpose of personalized medicine is to separate patients into different groups. ",
"In this way, based on patients' predicted response or disease risk, medical decisions, practices, interventions, and/or products are optimally tailored to the individual patient. ",
"Here, we developed a model to predict chemotherapy response based on a 10-genes model, which may be beneficially utilized for personalized medicine in HNSCC patients.",
"\n\nThe 10-genes model is based on the gene expression of GATS, PRIC285, ARID3B, ASNS, CXCR1, FBN2, INMT, MYOM3, SLC27A5, and STC2. ",
"Among these 10 genes, some have been reported to be involved in cell cycle, apoptosis, and drug metabolism. ",
"For instance, ARID3B belongs to a subfamily of ARID (AT-rich interaction domain) transcription factors. ",
"It could increase tumor growth *in vivo*, inducing expression of genes associated with metastasis and cancer stem cells^[@CR20]--[@CR22]^. ASNS (asparagine synthetase, ASNS) gene encodes an enzyme that catalyzes glutamine- and ATP-dependent conversion of aspartic acid to asparagine, and its expression is associated with chemotherapy resistance and prognosis in several human cancers^[@CR23]--[@CR25]^. CXCR1 is a member of the G-protein-coupled receptor family and functions as a receptor for interleukin 8. ",
"CXCR1 promotes tumor growth, invasion, inflammation and metastasis, and the knockdown of CXCR1 will enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy^[@CR26]--[@CR29]^. FBN2 is a tumor suppressor in cancer and is frequently silenced by promoter methylation^[@CR30],[@CR31]^. STC2 is an oncogenic gene that promotes cancer metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancers^[@CR32],[@CR33]^, and the induction of oxaliplatin resistance in colorectal cancer^[@CR34]^. These studies indicate that the genes in our prediction model possess known functions in cancer progression and chemotherapy.",
"\n\nCurrently, our prediction model has approximately 75.0% sensitivity and 100% specificity for chemotherapy response prediction. ",
"Our future work will use more samples to continue validating our prediction model. ",
"Our work has the potential to assist clinicians to predict the treatment response of HNSCC patients prior to chemotherapy and enable clinicians to personalize medicine for each patient.",
"\n\nMethods {#Sec9}\n=======\n\nPatients' samples {#Sec10}\n-----------------\n\nAll patients' samples were collected before chemotherapy in Beijing Tongren Hospital from patients who had given consent. ",
"The first batch was collected from June, 2013 to February, 2014. ",
"The second batch was collected from January, 2015 to June, 2015. ",
"All experimental protocols were approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Tongren Hospital, and all experiments were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations of the same Ethics Committee. ",
"All patients were diagnosed with advanced hypopharyngeal carcinoma before surgery or treatment. ",
"Patient samples were collected by biopsy. ",
"Fresh samples were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at β80βΒ°C until RNA extraction.",
"\n\nPatient treatment {#Sec11}\n-----------------\n\nPatients were treated with TPF chemotherapy. ",
"The treatment procedure was as described previously^[@CR35]--[@CR37]^. Briefly, we performed three 21-day cycles of induction chemotherapy with docetaxel (75βmg/m^2^ continuous i.v. ",
"infusion for more than 3βh on day 1), cisplatin (30βmg/m^2^), and 5-FU (500βmg/m^2^)^[@CR37]^. We chose 29 samples for our studies, i.e., 16 patients that responded well to TPF chemotherapy and 13 patients that ranged from no response to poor response to TPF treatment. ",
"These samples were then divided into two groups based on the new Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors^[@CR38]^. The first group had 12 sensitive patients and nine non-sensitive patients. ",
"The second group had four sensitive patients and four non-sensitive patients. ",
"All patients' information is summarized in TableΒ [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"} and Supplemental TableΒ [1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}. ",
"The patients' gender, age, primary site, TNM, stage, cycle of chemotherapy, chemotherapy regimen, gastrointestinal reaction, myelosuppression efficacy, family history, precancerosis, gastroesophageal reflux, smoking history, and alcohol intake were included in our study.",
"\n\nRNA extraction {#Sec12}\n--------------\n\nIn total, 16 TPF-sensitive patient samples and 13 TPF non-sensitive patient samples were chosen for microarray study. ",
"RNA was extracted from the samples by Qiagen RNeasy Mini Kit. ",
"Gene expression profiles were then analyzed by microarray (Chip type Human-HT-12-V4, illumina).",
"\n\nData analysis, gene selection, and model construction {#Sec13}\n-----------------------------------------------------\n\nThe microarray data from the CEL files were normalized using RMA. ",
"We used the genes that were significantly differentially expressed (DEs) in the TPF-sensitive group or in the TPF non-sensitive group as features to construct the prediction model. ",
"Because our sample size was small, to robustly estimate our model and pick up the DEs as much as possible, we built an iterative one-leave-out process. ",
"We removed one patient from the first batch of data, and inferred the DEs based on the remaining data. ",
"The expression levels of these DEs were used to construct the prediction model (SVM). ",
"We then predicted the group of leave-out patients. ",
"We repeated the two steps until all 21 patients in the first batch had been removed once. ",
"So, we could obtain the average of the sensitivity and specificity based on the first batch of data alone. ",
"Here, we used the limma package to find the DEs and the required p-valueβ\\<β0.01. ",
"Then, we collected all DEs from the 21 rounds, and totally, we obtained 722 genes. ",
"All genes were listed as Supplemental TableΒ [2](#MOESM2){ref-type=\"media\"}. ",
"To avoid false-positive genes, based on our clinical knowledge, we selected 10 genes that are known to relate to TPF or be potentially involved in the treatment pathway. ",
"The expression levels of the selected genes in the first batch of data were used to train the support vector machine model and predict the group of patients in the second batch of data independently.",
"\n\nEstimation of predictive power for the new data {#Sec14}\n-----------------------------------------------\n\nWe used two values to estimate the performance of the predictive model based on the new data: Sensitivity: True Positive/(True Positiveβ+βFalse Negative); Specificity: True Negative/(True Negativeβ+βFalse Positive). ",
"Here, \"positive\" means that the individual patient is sensitive to the treatment; \"negative\" means that the individual patient is not sensitive to the treatment. ",
"With the first-round data, we applied the one-leave-out cross validation method to estimate the performance of the SVM model. ",
"For the second-round data, we trained SVM using the first-round data with all 21 samples, and calculated the sensitivity and specificity.",
"\n\nPatient samples and IHC {#Sec15}\n-----------------------\n\nThirty TPF-sensitive patient samples and 30 TPF non-sensitive hypopharyngeal carcinoma patient samples were collected in Beijing Tongren Hospital with patients' permission. ",
"IHC was performed on 4-Β΅m sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human hypopharyngeal carcinoma tissues. ",
"Sections were deparaffinized, rehydrated, and subjected to heat-induced antigen retrieval. ",
"After incubation with blocking solution, sections were incubated with anti-CXCR1 antibody (Abcam) or ARID3B antibodyΒ (Abcam) for 1βh, biotinylated secondary antibody for 30βmin, and then streptavidin horseradish peroxidase for another 10βmin. ",
"Sections were developed with 3,3β²-diaminobenzidine chromogen and further stained with hematoxylin. ",
"An H-score was assigned to each tissue based on the product of staining intensity ((β), no staining; (+), weak; (++), moderate; and (+++), strong) and the percentage of stained cells (0--0%, 1--1% to 30%, 2--31% to 70%, and 3--71% to 100%).",
"\n\nStatistical analysis {#Sec16}\n--------------------\n\nThe data are presented as mean valuesβΒ±βstandard deviation (SD) and statistically compared between groups using one-way analysis of variance followed by Student's t-test. ",
"The significance of the variables was tested using a multivariate Cox's regression model and a logistic regression model. ",
"A p-value of \\<0.05 was considered statistically significant.",
"\n\nElectronic supplementary material\n=================================\n\n {#Sec17}\n\nSupplementary table 1 Supplementary table 2\n\n**Publisher\\'s note:** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.",
"\n\nElectronic supplementary material\n=================================\n\n**Supplementary information** accompanies this paper at 10.1038/s41598-018-31027-y.\n\nThis work was supported by the Capital Characteristic Clinical Application Research Program of the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission (Z141107002514003), National Natural Science Foundation of China (81473499), and the Shenzhen Commission of Science and Innovation Program (JCYJ201607115221141, JCYJ20170307095441539, GCZX20150430016165448).",
"\n\nQ.Z., Y.Y., M.L., H.L., X.H., and Y.W. performed the experiments; Q.Z., J.F., Y.Z., J.Y., Y.Y., Q.Z., and Y.C. analyzed the data; Q.Z., Y.Z., Y.Y., Q.Z. and Y.C. wrote the paper; J.F., Z.H., Q.Z. and Y.C. conceived and designed the experiments.",
"\n\nCompeting Interests {#FPar1}\n===================\n\nThe authors declare no competing interests.",
"\n"
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"Q:\n\nTweaking performance of elegant solution to text resize for fluid/responsive designs?",
"\n\nI find the following JS solution to having text resize based on viewport size quite elegant:\nhttps://stackoverflow.com/a/10295733/1318135\nonresize=onload=function(){document.body.style.fontSize=window.innerWidth+\"px\"}\n\nHowever, there are 2 issues:\n\nIt relies on the viewport being resized. ",
" I'd like to trigger it when the page is first loaded as well, but am a newb at JS.",
"\nMy page is coded entirely using em values; this uses px. ",
" How can I use this to adjust the default em size only which will then automatically trickle down to every other element on the page?",
"\n\nhttp://jsfiddle.net/hFNc7/\nThanks!",
"\n\nA:\n\nSee other answer (or put http://jsfiddle.net/cjzEK/1/ on the bottom of your page)\nem is not a size on its own. ",
"It's a percentage written differently. ",
"The only way em works for you is because there is 1 base font-size that is set in the browser(or also likely a reset stylesheet). ",
"The usual base size of fonts in browsers is 16px. ",
"So what this solution does is changing the base size by adding it to the body(adding it to the html might be even better).",
"\n\ne.g. p{font-size:1em;} without any reset done will be 16px. ",
"1.5em will be 24px.",
"\n\n"
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"It is well known that exposure to the sun's ultraviolet radiation can cause a myriad of health problems, ranging from simple sunburns to severely malignant forms of cancer, such as melanoma. ",
"It is also well known that the application of a sunscreen composition to the skin can significantly reduce the effects of the sun's UV radiation.",
"\nSunscreen compositions have been in use for decades and have been formulated to block the sun's UV photons. ",
"Organic chemical molecules such as para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) contain conjugated pi systems and are therefore able to absorb UV photons, effectively blocking the UV radiation. ",
"Inorganic particulates such as zinc oxide block UV radiation by reflecting or scattering the UV photons. ",
"However, the size of the inorganic particulate must be matched to the wavelength of the UV radiation for proper effect. ",
"In addition to organic chemical molecules and inorganic particulates, a newer class of molecules, organic particulates such as Tinosorb M, are being used in sunscreen compositions. ",
"Organic particulates block UV radiation by absorbing and reflecting the UV photons. ",
"Like the inorganic particulates, the size of the organic particulate must be matched to the wavelength of the UV radiation for proper effect.",
"\nA particular sunscreens ability to block the sun's UV radiation can be quantified by the sun protection factor (SPF), an integer number typically ranging from about 2 to about 100. ",
"The higher the SPF integer, the greater the ability to block UV radiation, although the claimed increase in effectiveness of compounds having SPF numbers higher than about 50 is being questioned. ",
"The SPF is dependent on both the composition of the sunscreen and the amount applied to a given area. ",
"The SPF of a specific sunscreen is based on the uniform application of about 2 mg of sunscreen to a square centimeter of exposed skin (i.e., about 2 mg/cm2). ",
"The exposed surface area of an average adult human's back is approximately 3,114 cm2 and the exposed surface area of an adult human's entire body is approximately 16,300 cm2, requiring about 6.2 grams and about 32.6 grams of sunscreen to meet the SPF requirements, respectively. ",
"See Table 1, adapted from A simple measure for applying sunscreen while on holidays, Dermatology Journal Online, Vol. ",
"3, No. ",
"9; this reference is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.",
"\nTABLE 1Exposed Surface Area of Average Adult Human BodySurfaceRecommendedSegmentPercentage(cm2)Dosage (mg)Face, neck<9%6851,370Upper limb (right)β9%1,5573,114Upper limb (left)β9%1,5573,114Back18%3,1146,228Torso18%3,1146,228Lower limb (right)18%3,1146,228Lower limb (left)18%3,1146,228\nTypically, sunscreen is formulated as a gel or lotion, although aerosol sprays have lately been added to the market. ",
"Regardless of the formulation, an even distribution of the sunscreen on the user's skin is required for effective protection from the sun's UV radiation. ",
"Gel and lotion formulations are often viscous and difficult to apply evenly over the skin, resulting in areas saturated with sunscreen and other areas which are under-treated and prone to UV damage. ",
"Certainly the presence of body hair commonly found on the chests, backs and legs of adult makes the even application of viscous gel and lotion formulations less likely. ",
"In an attempt to help aid the thorough and even application of sunscreen, aerosol sprays were developed. ",
"Instead of rubbing viscous lotions over their skin, users were able to simply spray the sunscreen on their exposed skin. ",
"However, environmental factors such as rain or wind can affect the distribution. ",
"In addition, aerosol sprays can be difficult to use to reach all areas of the human body, such as the back, and users are sometimes hesitant to use aerosol sprays around sensitive areas such as the eyes and mouth. ",
"In addition, liquids, aerosol sprays, gels and lotions are typically not allowed aboard an aircraft due to security restrictions and regulations.",
"\nAnother drawback of gels, lotions, aerosol sprays and even towelettes impregnated with sunscreen compositions is that the user is not able to adequately apply a thorough and even coating to their body, especially their back, without the assistance of someone else.",
"\nIn addition to this size constraint, the towelettes are usually fragile when impregnated with sunscreen, so tearing can easily occur. ",
"Finally, the towelettes are a one-time use product and are to be discarded after only one application of sunscreen, usually to the human face."
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"There are signs the political bounce U.S. President Donald Trump's received in the polls earlier in the coronavirus crisis has, at least for now, deflated.",
"\n\nElection polls in key states show him trailing Joe Biden, the presumed Democratic nominee for president in the November election, and the Gallup polling firm registered his biggest drop in popularity since taking office.",
"\n\nTrump enjoyed a brief rise in public opinion in late March, getting some of his best polling numbers since early 2017, averaging 46 per cent approval and 50 per cent disapproval on the polling site FiveThirtyEight, which tracks a number of polls.",
"\n\nThat polling pop fizzled this month, dropping to 43 per cent and 52 per cent, respectively.",
"\n\nThe polling aggregator RealClearPolitics.com shows a widening gap between Trump's approval and disapproval in April in several of the polls it tracks, with the spread ranging between two and 11 percentage points.",
"\n\n'You never mention it'\n\nIn recent days, some polls also suggest Trump is out of sync with public sentiment when it comes to reopening of the economy. ",
"Multiple surveys suggest an overwhelming majority of Americans favour a go-slow approach, but Trump has been vocal about his support for protesters in several states calling for an end to COVID-19 shutdowns.",
"\n\nThis week, Trump chastised reporters for not giving him the credit he says he deserves for tackling the pandemic.",
"\n\nWhile the death toll from the virus has surpassed 50,000 in the U.S., projections have been revised significantly downward in recent days.",
"\n\nTrump also expressed annoyance at the lack of media coverage about how the U.S., after a panic over ventilators, now has such a surplus of ventilators that it can start exporting some.",
"\n\n\"You never mention it. ",
"You never mention it,\" Trump said at a press conference Wednesday.",
"\n\n\"There's no story [about] what a great job we've done with ventilators.\"",
"\n\nTrump at his daily press conference at the White House on April 16, during which he berated the media for not adequately covering his coronavirus successes stories. (",
"Leah Millis/Reuters)\n\nDisapproval ratings higher\n\nAny mention of presidential polling merits an important caveat: the overwhelming consensus among American political observers is that the 2020 election will be a close, hard-fought affair, as modern U.S. presidential contests usually are.",
"\n\nIn other words, it's a game of inches.",
"\n\nCompared to most politicians, Trump's approval numbers have been seemingly set in concrete β they budge a couple of points one way, a couple of points the other way.",
"\n\nI've had great \"ratings\" my whole life, there's nothing unusual about that for me. ",
"The White House News Conference ratings are \"through the roof\"(Monday Night Football, Bachelor Finale , <a href=\"https://twitter.com/nytimes?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@nytimes</a>) but I don't care about that. ",
"I care about going around the Fake News to the PEOPLE! β",
"@realDonaldTrump\n\nBut Trump did come close to achieving a distinction that's eluded him since the start of his presidency: for one brief moment last month, Trump nearly had an approval level higher than his disapproval ratings, which hasn't happened since his first days in office at the start of 2017.",
"\n\nThe website Real Clear Politics illustrates how Trump briefly had a majority of Americans supporting his handling of the pandemic. (",
"Real Clear Politics)\n\nBut now, he's back to being what polling junkies refer to as under water.",
"\n\nRealClearPolitics.com finds his disapproval rating is on average five percentage points higher than his approval rating; FiveThirtyEight puts the gap at nine per cent.",
"\n\nGovernors faring better\n\nIt's not looking any better in the election polls.",
"\n\nTrump is trailing his general-election rival Biden in 29 of the last 30 head-to-head polling matchups, a lag that persisted even during his brief popularity spike in March.",
"\n\nIn addition, he's also getting lower marks for his handling of the crisis: both polling aggregators now show more disapprovals than approvals.",
"\n\nA number of other politicians, outside and inside the U.S., have gotten a bigger political lift, including Democratic state governors Trump has been fighting with.",
"\n\nTrump's approval numbers have fallen off their March highs, to where they were in February, which is still better than last fall. (",
"Real Clear Politics)\n\nThose state numbers matter most.",
"\n\nThat's because winning the popular vote doesn't make you president. ",
"Just ask Hillary Clinton . ",
"What decides elections is states such as Michigan, Wisconsin and Pennsylvania.",
"\n\nThere's more bad news here for Trump.",
"\n\nPolls in Florida in the last week show him three or four points behind Biden.",
"\n\nHis numbers are worse in Michigan. ",
"A handful of surveys in the last week show him lagging Biden by between six and nine points.",
"\n\nIn Pennsylvania, numerous surveys show him behind between five and eight points. ",
"One shows him tied with Biden.",
"\n\nWisconsin is a bit better for Trump. ",
"But he was still lagging in a number of surveys.",
"\n\nIt's been a couple of weeks since the last survey from Arizona, but Trump was down by as much as nine per cent in some polls in a state Republicans almost always carry.",
"\n\nSeniors favour gradual reopening\n\nIn Michigan, where demonstrators protesting Democratic Gov. Gretchen Whitmer's lockdown orders were among those cheered by Trump, a poll commissioned for Fox News last week showed the governor about 15 points more popular than Trump.",
"\n\nThat same poll showed Biden eight points ahead of the president.",
"\n\nAnother important trend for Trump is his score among older voters. ",
"Senior citizens are an indispensable, solidly Republican constituency .",
"\n\nA large majority of Americans opposes reopening the economy now, and a small majority opposes Trump's handling of the crisis. ",
"Here a woman affixes a sign to her vehicle during a protest Thursday in Washington, D.C. (Kevin Lamarque/Reuters)\n\nThat Fox survey from Michigan also showed Biden leading Trump by 18 points among self-described baby boomers. ",
"And it appears Michigan seniors aren't as ready to reopen the economy as the protesters Trump cheered on.",
"\n\nOnly one-quarter of self-described baby boomers in the Michigan poll said they preferred a quicker reopening.",
"\n\nNoisy minority, meet silent majority\n\nA mere 12 per cent of Americans think current lockdown restrictions go too far, according to a new poll for the Associated Press.",
"\n\nBut about 80 per cent of Americans want to keep pandemic restrictions in place, said the poll, which is supported by multiple similar surveys.",
"\n\nThat's after days of widespread news coverage of protests. ",
"One such scene unfolded in Pennsylvania this week, where people honked car horns at a rally outside the state legislature.",
"\n\nThousands of people frustrated by the ongoing COVID-19 lockdown protested in Harrisburg, Pa., on Tuesday. ",
"2:02\n\nEven though a Fox poll from Pennsylvania found most residents favoured a go-slow approach to reopening the economy.",
"\n\nTrump's message has wavered several times. ",
"His official guidelines actually call for a slow, multi-phase reopening of the economy based on a series of criteria.",
"\n\nBut then last week, he expressed support for protests against lockdowns in Democratic-controlled swing states, tweeting \"LIBERATE MICHIGAN!\" ",
"and \"LIBERATE MINNESOTA!\"",
"\n\nNow, he's gone back to a cautious message.",
"\n\nThis week, Trump questioned the logic of Georgia's Republican governor to immediately open gyms, massage parlours, tattoo shops and beauty salons.",
"\n\n\"I disagree strongly,\" Trump said, pointing out that the idea violates federal recommendations.",
"\n\n\"I think spas and beauty salons and tattoo parlours and barbershops ... is just too soon. ",
"I think it's too soon.\"",
"\n\nA number of Trump supporters say the restrictions need to loosen up, arguing that they penalize small businesses, and hurt the economy in rural areas where there are few cases.",
"\n\n\"They're using our constitution like toilet paper in a crisis,\" said one woman at the Pennsylvania rally, holding up a flag and a booklet containing the constitution.",
"\n\n\"We're living by science and data, not our constitution. ",
"That's wrong. ",
"We are not safe if we are not free.\"",
"\n\nProtesters did get some concessions this week: In Michigan, Whitmer extended stay-at-home orders to May 15 but also allowed some businesses and outdoor activities to resume."
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"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a moving picture converting apparatus and method and a computer program. ",
"More particularly, it is directed to a moving picture converting apparatus and method and a computer program, capable of reconstructing an image from image data compressed by thinning.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Related Art\nMoving-picture data is converted to reduce its size, namely, it is compressed, for storage in a storage medium such as hard disk, DVD or the like or for distribution over a network. ",
"Recently, the size of moving-picture data has drastically been increased along with an improvement in the quality of moving picture data. ",
"One of such picture data is the high-definition data. ",
"In these circumstances, many studies and researches have been made as to the compression of moving picture data, the improvement of the data compression ratio in image reconstruction, and the prevention of deterioration of reconstructed images.",
"\nA moving picture can be compressed by, for example, a thinning of pixels of picture frames included in moving picture data, that is, space-directional thinning of the pixels, and a reduction of the frame rate, that is, time-directional thinning of the pixels, etc.",
"\nAdvantageously, moving picture data can efficiently be stored in a storage medium or transferred via a network owing to a data-amount reduction by such data conversion. ",
"When the compressed data is restored and reproduced, however, the image quality will be deteriorated. ",
"Especially, in the case where the original data is a high-definition picture, the image deterioration will be more noticeable.",
"\nVarious studies have been made on how to minimize the image deterioration. ",
"For example, the Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. ",
"2003-169284 discloses an image compression in which a parameter is set based on the brightness of an image and the manner of compression is varied depending upon the image brightness. ",
"Also, the Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. ",
"2002-27466 discloses an image compression in which a scene is divided into a plurality of blocks and the manner of compression is varied for each of the blocks."
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"Median followup for patients treated on early and late studies exceeded 11 and 6 years, respectively. ",
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"The increase of D-lactate concentration in a given body fluid can be used as a diagnostic sign, especially in patients who underwent small bowel resection or bypass operation or who have infections or suffer from certain metabolic disorders. ",
"Determination of D-lactate concentration should be considered as a useful tool both in the diagnosis and in controlling of the management of infectious diseases, particularly in those when the smear was negative or when the patient has already received antibiotics. ",
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"\n\nBryant lives in the DC/Baltimore area with her husband and two children.",
"\n\nBibliography \n The Indefinite State of Imaginary Morals (Patasola Press, 2011)\n \"Good Girl\" (2012) StoryQuarterly/\n \"An Open Letter to a Suicidal Friend, a Bulimic Friend, a Long Lost Aunt, and Stephanie, Your New Linked In Connection\" (2012) McSweeney's Internet Tendency\n \"A Love Letter to Steven Tyler's Lips\" (2012) Gargoyle\n \"The Cutting Down Is a Conceit\" Redivider\n\nReferences\n\n The Indefinite State of Imaginary Morals (Patasola Press, 2011)\n Quarterly West\n Poets and Writers\n The Johns Hopkins University\n\nExternal links \n Rae Bryant's Website\n The Doctor T. J. Eckleburg Review\n\nCategory:1972 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:American women writers\nCategory:People from Marietta, Georgia"
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