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"Friday Facts: February 28, 2014\n\nPlease join us at the Georgia Public Policy Foundation’s Annual Reception and Dinner on Wednesday, March 5 as we celebrate 23 years of promoting liberty in Georgia! ",
"The event is at the Cobb Galleria Centre, with keynote speaker Daniel Garza, a first-generation American who is the inspiring executive director of the LIBRE Initiative. ",
"Find out more about Garza and the event here. ",
"See Kelly McCutchen explain the significance of the event here.",
"\n\nQuotes of Note\n\n“Dependence begets subservience and venality, suffocates the germ of virtue, and prepares fit tools for the designs of ambition.” – ",
"Thomas Jefferson\n\n“It is the highest impertinence and presumption, therefore, in kings and ministers to pretend to watch over the economy of private people, and to restrain their expense. … ",
"They are themselves always, and without any exception, the greatest spendthrifts in society. ",
"Let them look well after their own expense, and they may safely trust private people with theirs.” – ",
"Adam Smith\n\n“When the people find they can vote themselves money, that will herald the end of the republic.” – ",
"Benjamin Franklin\n\nTransportation\n\nUp, up and away: First it was to cost $72 million, $47.6 million of it from the federal government. ",
"In April 2013, the estimated cost of Atlanta’s 2.6-mile streetcar rose to $99 million. ",
"The official Streetcar site still estimates that operating the Streetcar will cost $1.7 million annually in 2013 dollars. (",
"It also lists the capital costs at $92.6 million.) ",
"But back in 2012, the federal government put the annual operating cost at $2.6 million. ",
"Now, WSB-TV in Atlanta reports that operations are expected to cost $4.4 million a year. ",
"Read Benita Dodd’s January op-ed on the Streetcar in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.",
"\n\nTaxes and spending\n\nIt’s enough to drive you to liquor: Georgia’s tax on beer is fourth highest in the nation, its tax on wine is seventh highest, while its tax on distilled spirits is 34th highest. ",
"Source: Tax Foundation\n\nWe’re doing our job: Sixty-one percent of Americans favor smaller government with fewer services and lower taxes, according to a Rasmussen Reports Survey released this week.",
"\n\nAbout taxes: Georgia is among 41 states that have an income tax. ",
"Most income taxes are progressive. ",
"A new Mercatus Center report on the various taxes – income, consumption, corporate and property taxes – notes that increasing an income tax rate doesn’t necessarily lead to more revenue; workers are free to move to other jurisdictions. ",
"Broad income tax increases usually increase revenue collections, while tax hikes targeted toward smaller, more mobile populations are less effective.",
"\n\nHealth care\n\nBetter care: The cost of the average emergency room visit is $969. ",
"Cost of primary care for a year under a new model: $600 to $720 a year for adults, with lower fees for children, according a New York Times report.",
"\n\nFewer hours: It’s not just company employees whose hours are being cut because of the unaffordability of the Affordable Care Act. ",
"Cities, counties and other public sector institutions like community colleges are reducing the working hours of part-time employees to avoid having to provide them with health insurance. ",
"Source: New York Times\n\nOther options: Despite its encroaching mandates and rules, ObamaCare is not the only option for states when it comes to their population in need of affordable coverage. ",
"States have the opportunity to create patient-centered solutions that would give people a much better value. ",
"Source: Heritage Foundation\n\nMedia and Social Media\n\nWeb site of the week: www.statebudgetsolutions.org provides data and analysis on state and federal budget issues. ",
"For example: Did you know that state governments combined received 31.6 percent of their general revenue from the federal government in 2012? ",
"Georgia ranked seventh, receiving 38.06 percent. ",
"Click here to learn about other states.",
"\n\nSocial media sites: More than 2,200 “likes” on Facebook; more than 1,140 Twitter followers and more than 40,000 views on the Foundation’s YouTube channel. ",
"Be sure you join us!",
"\n\nYouTube: Watch Nick Dranias of the Goldwater Institute discuss the Compact for a Balanced Budget Amendment at the Foundation’s February 26 Leadership Breakfast here. ",
"View photographs of the event here."
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"Osan Travel Guide\n\nOsan isn't a popular stop for travelers making their way through South Korea. ",
"The few that do usually go to see the Osan Market. ",
"Otherwise travelers visiting the area tend to stick to more popular destinations. ",
"Know something about Osan? ",
"Help us out by sharing your favorite places in this Osan travel guide.",
"\n\nOK so I admit most dudes dont like to shop, but this place is a blast!! ",
"Never pay sticker price, barter for the best deals. ",
"Get your wife, or girlfriend a purse, they are fake, but it fooled my wife when I brought it home!!",
"\nGo to the heavy metal bar for beer, and do a snake shot for the free t-shirt.",
"\nLastly, I think I am spelling it wrong, but Bulgoki, and Yachi Man Do, make great beer food, stay away from k-gogi, you dont want to know."
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"Description\n\nName: Geekbench for Mac\nVersion: 4.0.1\nRelease Date: 16 Sep 2016\nMac Platform: Intel\nOS version:OS X 10.10.5 or later\nProcessor type(s) & speed: 64-bit\nWeb Site: http://www.geekbench.com/\nOverview:\nGeekbench provides a comprehensive set of benchmarks engineered to quickly and accurately measure processor and memory performance. ",
"Designed to make benchmarks easy to run and easy to understand, Geekbench takes the guesswork out of producing robust and reliable benchmark results.",
"\nWhat's New in Version 4.0.1:\n・Adds support for OS X 10.10\n・Adds support for the latest iOS and Android devices\n・Fixes an issue where single-core scores are lower than expected when the CPU Benchmark is run through the GUI on dual-core Macs\n・Fixes an issue where benchmark results were flagged as invalid or corrupted on some Windows systems\n・Fixes an issue where the Compute Benchmark interface was enabled when no compatible compute devices were available\n・Fixes an issue where Geekbench identified macOS 10.12 as Mac OS X 10.12\n・Fixes an issue where the --workload-gap switch was being ignored\n・Fixes an issue where Geekbench would generate block sizes that were too large for the current CUDA device, causing the Compute Benchmark to crash"
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"Romania in finantele si afacerile lumii de azi\n\nLimited Liability Goal\n\nBerlin’s goal is limited liability\n\nShe got an amendment to the Lisbon treaty, which says that any crisis mechanism can only be triggered as a last resort option. ",
"She got agreement on her nine points on a future crisis mechanism – intergovernmental, with preservation of the national veto, with collective action clauses to wipe out bondholders, and with strict conditionality. ",
"And she utterly defeated any attempt to extend the ceiling and the scope of the existing crisis mechanism.",
"\n\nI would expect that the EU will choke on it.",
"\n\nThe economic governance of the eurozone is based on three pillars: price stability, fiscal stability and flexible labour markets. ",
"In some idealised setting, these should be sufficient criteria to ensure sustainability, though not at a time like this. ",
"So when José Manuel Barroso, president of the European Commission, on Thursday outlined his vision of how the eurozone would get out of this crisis, the three predictable points he made were: more price stability, more fiscal discipline and more structural reforms.",
"\n\nWhat we are dealing with is an interlinked sovereign and financial solvency crisis, with further interlinkages across member states. ",
"The crisis was caused – except in Greece – by large and persistent intra-eurozone private sector imbalances between the centre and the periphery, which gave rise to large financial flows and bubbles.",
"\n\nThe policy will trigger a much stricter trajectory of deficit-cutting than what most governments had planned so far. ",
"Countries, especially those on the periphery, will be keen to achieve primary surpluses relatively quickly, to reduce the kind of funding stress several eurozone countries will be subject to next year. ",
"Through the European financial stability facility, funding is guaranteed until 2013. ",
"If they do not achieve primary surpluses by that time, they might find themselves in severe difficulty.",
"\n\nOf course, it should be technically possible to make cuts of such a magnitude that their effects will always outweigh the negative impact of lower tax receipts. ",
"This is what happened in Latvia – a rare case of a country that has chosen the hard way to adjust to a crisis without default and devaluation. ",
"But can Latvia be a model for Ireland, Portugal and Greece, let alone Spain? ",
"Would electorates in those countries tolerate a decade of austerity for the price of staying in a monetary union with Germany?",
"\n\nThe way electorates react to austerity will depend very much on whether governments can produce plausible scenarios for the crisis to end. ",
"I have yet to hear one. ",
"Portugal, Ireland and Greece all claim to be solvent on the basis of unrealistic assumptions about future economic growth.",
"\n\nA comparatively successful example of real adjustment has been post-unification Germany, of course. ",
"But lest we forget, Germany put up an estimated €1,600bn in net transfer payments over a period of 20 years after unification, according to one estimate. ",
"If there is one country that knows about the difficulties of real adjustment, it must be Germany. ",
"German policymakers know better than others that real adjustment in a monetary union requires large-scale fiscal transfers.",
"\n\nSo why are they rejecting a “transfer union” then? ",
"When it came to unification, Germany wanted to make it work – no matter what. ",
"That was the policy. ",
"And it was credible. ",
"The integrity of the eurozone is also a German policy goal, but not of the same order of magnitude. ",
"Having prioritised unification in the past 20 years, Germany is now prioritising limited liability.",
"\n\nMs Merkel is doing whatever it takes in the pursuit of that goal. ",
"On Thursday, she succeeded."
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"2015 Portland, Maine mayoral election\n\nThe 2015 Portland, Maine mayoral election was an election for Mayor of Portland, Maine scheduled for November 3, 2015. ",
"It was the second election since Portland voters approved a citywide referendum changing the city charter to recreate an elected mayor position in 2010.",
"\n\nThe new citizen-elected mayor serves full-time in the position for a four-year term, exercises the powers and duties enumerated in Article II Section 5 of the Portland City Charter, be elected using instant-runoff voting, and, like the rest of municipal government in Portland, be officially non-partisan. ",
"Ethan Strimling defeated incumbent mayor Michael F. Brennan and fellow challenger Tom MacMillan.",
"\n\nCandidates\n\nOfficial candidates\n Michael Brennan, incumbent mayor of Portland and Back Cove resident\n Tom MacMillan, Portland chair of the Maine Green Independent Party and Parkside resident\n Ethan Strimling, former State Senator, political pundit, and West End resident\n\nFailed to make ballot\n Christopher Vail, North Deering resident, Portland firefighter\n\nDeclined\n Jill Duson, at-large city councilor and candidate for mayor in 2011\n Cheryl Leeman, former city councilor for District 4 (1984–2014) and former mayor (1988–1989; 2000-2001)\n Jon Hinck, at-large city councilor, former State Representative, and candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2012\n David Marshall, city councilor for District 2 and candidate for mayor in 2011\n Nicholas Mavodones, at-large city councilor, former mayor (1999–2000; 2006–2007; 2010–2011), and candidate for mayor in 2011 (endorsed Strimling)\n Jed Rathband, political consultant and candidate for mayor in 2011\n Edward Suslovic, city councilor for District 3, former mayor (2007–2008), and former state representative (endorsed Strimling)\n\nCampaign\nThe day after Ethan Strimling announced his candidacy for mayor, a group of city councilors and school board members led by Nicholas Mavodones announced their opposition to the reelection of Mayor Brennan and support of Strimling. ",
" Mavodones cited division within the city and city government as well as an atmosphere of frustration under Brennan's leadership.",
"\n\nEndorsements\n\nPolling\n\nElection results\nElection Night Results\n\nSee also \n List of mayors of Portland, Maine\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nVoter Registration/Elections Official elections & voting information published & maintained by the Portland City Clerk\n\nCategory:2015 Maine elections\nCategory:2015 United States mayoral elections\n2015\nCategory:21st century in Portland, Maine"
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"Last week, Jayson Stark of ESPN reported the speculation of anonymous sources that the St. Louis Cardinals might be the mystery team interested in Jon Lester. ",
"It turned out that the mystery team was the Los Angeles Dodgers, and Lester will make his choice from among offers made by the Chicago Cubs, Boston Red Sox, San Francisco Giants, and Dodgers. ",
"That is, if the New York Yankees don't jump into the bidding.",
"\n\nTwitter gossip Jon Heyman apparently also has a blog that is hosted by CBS. ",
"In that space, Heyman has shared some speculation of his own—not from any anonymous source. ",
"Heyman wonders: \"Might fiscally conservative Cardinals make run at hometowns star Scherzer?\" ",
"That's Scott Boaras client Max Scherzer, a former Cy Young winner and the righty who turned down a six-year contract-extension offer from the Detroit Tigers during spring training that was reportedly worth a little less than $144 million, according to FOX's Jon Morosi, if you wanted an idea of the ballpark in which the bidding will start.",
"\n\nGiven Heyman's penchant for regurgitating morsels fed to him by Team Boras, it isn't surprising to see him pen a post speculating that perhaps the Cardinals will break with their clear-eyed, prudent approach to free-agent spending for Scherzer. ",
"After all, Scherzer isn't going to sign this week. ",
"That isn't the way Boras operates. ",
"Scherzer's free agency ought to stretch into January. ",
"All the better to plant the seed of broad interest at the Winter Meetings. ",
"What is surprising are the tidbits that Heyman uses to form the foundation of his speculation in addition to Scherzer's Missouri roots.",
"\n\nThe Cardinals met at some point on Scherzer, and word is that at least a couple of Cardinals players or former players have called Scherzer to make a pitch about the team. ",
"Scherzer, as a product of suburban Chesterfield, Mo., Parkway Central and the University of Missouri, obviously is already familiar with the town.",
"\n\nOf course the Cardinals met and discussed Scherzer. ",
"They also reached out to Lester's represenatives earlier in the Hot Stove. ",
"As St. Louis Post-Dispatch beat writer Derrick Goold reported late last month, it's a part of performing due diligence:\n\nReports, originating first from ESPN’s Jim Bowden, connected the Cardinals to lefty Jon Lester, who along with St. Louis native Max Scherzer are the top starting pitchers available as free agents. ",
"While Scherzer’s market is still percolating — not unusual for a headliner and Scott Boras client — Lester has drawn offers from Boston and the Chicago Cubs, according to reports. ",
"He has also made visits to teams, including the Cubs and Atlanta Braves. ",
"The Cardinals, as of this week, had no plans to bring Lester to St. Louis for a visit. ",
"Their interest in the lefty appears as much opportunistic as enthusiastic — what Mozeliak has often referred to as \"due diligence.\" ",
"A baseball official at the general manager meetings earlier this month suggested, hypothetically, if the Cardinals could enter the fray for Lester then why wouldn’t they pursue Scherzer, who is six months younger and from the area?",
"\n\nWhy not? ",
"That seems to be the jumping off spot for Heyman. ",
"The Cardinals discussed Scherzer earlier this offseason. ",
"And some Cardinals have made recruiting phone calls to the righty. ",
"Why not?",
"\n\nFor starters, the Cardinals have never signed a pitcher to a contract that is anywhere close to what it will take to land Scherzer. ",
"Adam Wainwright's pre-2013 extension created what was effectively a six-year contract, which is the same length as the extension Scherzer reportedly declined from the Tigers in March. ",
"But the Waino extension created a contract that had an overall value of $109.5 million; or, $34.5 million less than the proposal Scherzer refused in March. ",
"So the starting point in the Boras-led Scherzer bidding is a deal about $35 million more than the one to which the Cards inked Wainwright.",
"\n\nFor Mozeliak's part, he's sticking to his talking points. ",
"He won't comment on free agents. ",
"The Cardinals are not in the market for free-agent pitching; they are on the \"sidelines,\" as Goold quoted Mozeliak, of the free-agent pitching market. \"",
"Opportunistic,\" again per Goold, is their approach. ",
"Oh, and he knows nothing about any recruiting phone calls from current Cardinals to Scherzer. ",
"Not that he would tell Heyman of a concerted St. Louis effort to land the market's biggest fish, but still, such calls seem more like a grassroots movement than anything orchestrated top-down by the front office. ",
"You can put as much stock in this Mospeak as you see fit. ",
"Mozeliak's actions as GM speak louder than words expressed to the press, and the Cardinals haven't come close to spending on a free-agent pitcher what it will cost to sign Scherzer. ",
"That's why not."
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"\nLittle is known about the hospitalisation rate of adults with severe/profound intellectual disability (PID) presenting at emergency services or about the appropriateness of hospital admissions in this population. ",
"Examining the possible differences in the patterns of hospitalisation between people with PID and those without intellectual disability (ID) may shed light on aspects of health and illness in these patients and may in turn make it possible to differentiate more clearly between mild-moderate ID and PID. ",
"After an evaluation of the emergency visits made by adults with PID and by people without ID, patients in both groups requiring one or more hospitalisations were subsequently followed up for 18 months. ",
"The appropriateness of the decision to hospitalise was assessed using the ambulatory care-sensitive conditions index. ",
"There were no differences in the proportion of people with PID and controls admitted to hospital after their emergency visit. ",
"The median hospital stay was higher for PIDs: 7.5 vs. 4 days for controls. ",
"People with PID were admitted more than controls for respiratory reasons and somewhat less for other somatic causes unrelated to the nervous system. ",
"There were no admissions for psychiatric causes in the group with PID other than unspecified conduct disorders. ",
"There were no differences in other diagnostic groups. ",
"The rate of inappropriate admissions was similar in the two study groups. ",
"In contrast to previous results reported for the group with ID as a whole, patients with PID consulting the emergency service were not admitted to hospital more frequently than the general population nor did they present a higher rate of inappropriate admissions. ",
"These results support the utility of maintaining two distinct groups of people with ID: mild-moderate and severe-profound."
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"Q:\n\nshowing compactness for a subset of a function space\n\nOur professor told us the following in lecture: Let $X_A:=\\{f\\colon A\\to\\mathbb R|f(A) \\textrm{ is bounded}\\}$ and $\\alpha(f,g):=\\sup\\{|f(x)-g(x)| \\;|x\\in A\\}$. Given $\\beta\\colon A\\to\\mathbb R, f(a)=0$ for all $a\\in A$, when is $\\overline{B_1(\\beta)}:=\\{g\\in X_A:\\alpha(\\beta,g)\\leq 1\\}\\subset X_A$ compact?",
"\nHe told that for finite sets $A$ the neighborhood is compact but for countable and uncountable sets not but he didn't mention why.",
"\nSo my question is how can you show this formaly? ",
"I thougt about using sequential compactness, so let $(a_n)_{n\\in\\mathbb N}$ be a sequence in $\\overline {B_1(\\beta)}$. Then all elements of the sequence are formed of $a_1,a_2,\\ldots a_n$ ($A=\\{a_1,\\ldots,a_n\\}$) and so there is a subsequence $(a_{n_k})$ converging to a point $a_i\\in A$ and so it's compact, right?",
"\nHow can you get the other cases?",
"\n\nA:\n\nAssume that $A$ is finite, and let $N$ be its cardinality. ",
"Then $X_A$ is homeomorphic to $\\mathbb R^N$ endowed with the usual topology and $\\overline{B_1(\\beta))}$ is $[-1,1]^N$, a compact set. ",
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"It contains $\\{x_n,n\\in\\mathbb N\\}$, a countable collection of disjoint points. ",
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"\nAntibiotic resistance is the most important factor leading to the failure of eradication regimens; thus, it is important to obtain regional antibiotic resistance information. ",
"This review focuses on the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori primary resistance to clarithromycin, metronidazole, amoxicillin, levofloxacin, tetracycline, and furazolidone in China. ",
"We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Chinese Biomedical databases from the earliest date of each database to October 2016. ",
"The search terms included the following: H. pylori, antibiotic (including clarithromycin, metronidazole, amoxicillin, levofloxacin, tetracycline, and furazolidone) resistance with or without China or different regions of China. ",
"The data analysis was performed using MedCalc 15.2.2. ",
"Each article was weighted according to the number of isolated H. pylori strains. ",
"A pooled proportion analysis was performed. ",
"Twenty-three studies (14 studies in English and 9 in Chinese) were included in this review. ",
"A total of 6274, 6418, 3921, 5468, 2802, and 275 H. pylori strains were included in this review to evaluate the prevalence of H. pylori primary resistance to clarithromycin, metronidazole, levofloxacin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, and furazolidone, respectively. ",
"Overall, the primary resistance rates of clarithromycin, metronidazole, levofloxacin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, and furazolidone were 28.9, 63.8, 28.0, 3.1, 3.9, and 1.7%, respectively. ",
"In China, the prevalence of H. pylori primary resistance to clarithromycin, metronidazole, and levofloxacin was high and increased over time, whereas the resistance rates to amoxicillin, tetracycline, and furazolidone were low and stable over time."
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"Seasonal migration as a substitute for, or precursor to, permanent migration.",
"\nSeasonal migration to national amenity areas is a major form of cyclical migration in the United States. ",
"This article examines conditions under which seasonal movement serves as a substitute for, or precursor to, permanent migration among winter visitors to recreational vehicle (RV) parks in the Phoenix, Arizona area. ",
"Ties to the home community, ties to the seasonal residence, demographic characteristics, and commitment to a mobile lifestyle are specified as determinants of expectations of moving to Phoenix on a permanent basis. ",
"The model is tested using survey data for a sample of 1,001 winter visitors in Phoenix RV parks. ",
"Results of a discriminant analysis indicate that place ties and position in the life cycle condition expectations of permanently migrating to a seasonal residence."
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[
"## Changelog\n\n### v2.0.0 - 2018-04-11 - stable\n* clean up code\n\n### v2.0.0-beta8 - 2018-04-11\n* Fix [#28](https://github.com/bchatard/jetbrains-alfred-workflow/issues/28): Notification on new version\n * add new action under `jb` keyword : _Check workflow update_\n* update supported version\n\n### v2.0.0-beta7 - 2018-02-07\n* Fix [#39](https://github.com/bchatard/jetbrains-alfred-workflow/issues/39): Feature request: add DataGrip support\n* update license year\n\n### v2.0.0-beta6 - 2017-11-17\n* Fix [#36](https://github.com/bchatard/jetbrains-alfred-workflow/issues/36): Please update package alfredworkflow file\n\n### v2.0.0-beta5 - 2017-11-03\n* Fix [#32](https://github.com/bchatard/jetbrains-alfred-workflow/issues/32): Workflow does not find rider projects\n\n### v2.0.0-beta4 - 2017-11-01\n* Add basic cache support ([#19](https://github.com/bchatard/jetbrains-alfred-workflow/issues/19))\n * projects list is saved to a file (one file per products)\n * add a variable for cache lifetime\n * add new keyword for cleaning cache: `jb` (only one action for now: _Clean Projects Cache_)\n\n### v2.0.0-beta3 - 2017-10-31\n* Fix [#29](https://github.com/bchatard/jetbrains-alfred-workflow/issues/29)\n* Rework code\n\n### v2.0.0-beta2 - 2017-10-04\n* Add support for _[match](https://www.alfredapp.com/help/workflows/inputs/script-filter/json/#match)_ attribute in JSON (but not used in workflow)\n* Fix for [#25](https://github.com/bchatard/jetbrains-alfred-workflow/issues/25): Android Studio\n\n### v2.0.0-beta1 - 2017-09-04\n* __Drop support for Alfred 2__ (require Alfred 3.4.1+)\n* Replace `zsh` code to `php` code (I'm more comfortable with PHP) \n* Switch to JSON format [#21](https://github.com/bchatard/jetbrains-alfred-workflow/issues/21)\n\n### v1.0.14 - 2017-08-18\n* Add support for new workspace.xml [#22](https://github.com/bchatard/jetbrains-alfred-workflow/issues/22)\n\n### v1.0.13 - 2017-06-03\n* add Rider support [#18](https://github.com/bchatard/jetbrains-alfred-workflow/issues/18)\n\n### v1.0.12 - 2017-03-28\n* add Gogland support \n* update supported versions\n* enhance debug mode (see [README](README.md#debug))\n\n### v1.0.11 - 2017-02-15\n* package outdated [#14](https://github.com/bchatard/jetbrains-alfred-workflow/issues/14)\n\n### v1.0.10 - 2016-12-20\n* Add support for some special characters [#10](https://github.com/bchatard/jetbrains-alfred-workflow/issues/10)\n* Add 2016.3 keyword for PhpStorm & WebStorm [#9](https://github.com/bchatard/jetbrains-alfred-workflow/issues/9)\n* Replace `` ` `` by `$()` in script (see [StackOverflow](http://stackoverflow.com/a/9406350))\n\n### v1.0.9 - 2016-07-13\n* Add support for Android Studio [#7](https://github.com/bchatard/jetbrains-alfred-workflow/issues/7)\n* Switch to SemVer (v0.9 -> v1.0.9)\n* Workflow exported with Alfred 3 (works with Alfred 2?)",
"\n\n### v0.8 - 2016-03-26\nadd JetBrains 2016 versions support\n\n### v0.7 - 2016-03-06\nadd El Capitan support ([#3](https://github.com/bchatard/jetbrains-alfred-workflow/issues/3))\n\n### v0.6 - 2015-12-11\nupdate JetBrains icon\n\n### v0.5 - 2015-12-07\nfix for [#2](https://github.com/bchatard/jetbrains-alfred-workflow/issues/2) (compatibility with default sed command from OSX)\n\n### v0.4 - 2015-12-06\nadd debug mode and maybe a fix for [#2](https://github.com/bchatard/jetbrains-alfred-workflow/issues/2)\n\n### v0.3 - 2015-11-22\na little performance improvement ([#1](https://github.com/bchatard/jetbrains-alfred-workflow/issues/1))\n\n### v0.2 - 2015-11-18\n* add support for AppCode & CLion\n* bug fix on path search (only search on last path element)\n\n### v0.1 - 2015-11-15\nFirst version\n"
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"Praxis Discussion Series\n\nThe Praxis Discussion Series was established by the World Bank office in Sydney, Australia in order to provide a forum to discuss ideas, approaches, initiatives and policy pertinent to international development. ",
"Launched in January 2009 in partnership with Australian public affairs television channel A-PAC, the series aims to stimulate debate and promote the exchange of ideas. ",
"A one-hour panel-style program, the show is recorded throughout the year at the World Bank office.",
"\n\nEach session features three specialists on a select topic relating to international development. ",
"To coincide with the World Bank's work in the Pacific region, a World Bank representative is usually a part of the panel, joined by two other guest speakers providing different perspectives on the issue at hand.",
"\n\nRecognising a gap in the development conversation, Praxis opened its doors to one and all, allowing the general public to sit alongside representatives from Australian government departments, civil society and non-government organisations, and the private sector, as well as various academics and students, in order to tackle development issues from a variety of perspectives. ",
"With the deadline for achieving the Millennium Development Goals coming up in 2015, such discussions are becoming increasingly important. ",
"Interactivity is valued above all else, and every audience member has the opportunity to have their say and question the views of the panelists.",
"\n\nDiscussions are also broadcast in Fiji, Samoa, Tonga and Papua New Guinea, while the World Bank's YouTube channel provides content online. ",
"Further, the involvement of the Global Development Learning Network (GDLN) has meant that audiences in Timor-Leste, Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea have been able to take part in discussions via video conference.",
"\n\nPast Discussions\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links\n Praxis Discussion Series\n World Bank: Pacific Islands\n YouTube: World Bank channel\n A-PAC\n\nCategory:World Bank"
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" When you go into the personalize myquotes \nfilter, select the commodity, region, and products. ",
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" Please call me if you have any problems. ",
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"\n\nИзначально имеются два списка из div'ов:\n<div id=\"one\">\n <div>1</div>\n <div>2</div>\n <div>3</div>\n</div>\n\n<div id=\"two\">\n <div>a</div>\n <div>b</div>\n <div>c</div>\n</div>\n\nКак переместить элементы из второго списка в первый?",
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"\nПомогите пожалуйста.",
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"Organization of the second visual area in the megachiropteran bat Pteropus.",
"\nThe organization of peristriate cortex was studied in nine flying foxes (genus Pteropus). ",
"Based on receptive field mapping and architectonic data, we report on the organization of the second visual area (V2). ",
"V2 forms a continuous belt 2-4 mm wide bordering V1 anteriorly. ",
"In each hemisphere, V2 contains a precisely organized representation of the entire contralateral visual field. ",
"The vertical meridian of the visual field (VM), and a short strip of the ipsilateral hemifield are represented at the posterior border of V2, with V1. ",
"The area centralis is represented approximately at the center of the posterior border of V2. ",
"At each mediolateral level, progressively more peripheral portions of the visual field are represented as V2 is crossed from posterior to anterior. ",
"The representation of the upper quadrant is continuous, and confined to the lateral half of V2. ",
"In contrast, the representation of the lower quadrant is split along a line running from the temporal edge of the field of vision to the optic disk. ",
"As a result of this arrangement, the portions of the lower quadrant close to the VM are represented medially, and those away from the VM laterally in V2. ",
"The entire representation of the horizontal meridian is located in lateral V2, and is not split between medial and lateral V2 as in primates. ",
"The linear cortical magnification factor (CMF) decays by a factor of 3-5 from the central to the peripheral representation. ",
"The CMF is anisotropic, and equal distances in the visual field are magnified twice as much parallel to the V1/V2 border than perpendicular to this border. ",
"Moreover, points in the lower quadrant are magnified relative to symmetrical points in the upper quadrant. ",
"V2 is histologically distinct from all surrounding areas in both cytochrome oxidase- and Nissl-stained sections. ",
"These results suggest that V2 is an homologous area common to all archontans, and imply that much of the variability reported among mammals may be due to technical factors, rather than true species differences."
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"Middle East’s Wealth To Reach $6.5 Trillion By 2017\n\nBoston Consulting Group (BCG) conducted a study showing that Middle East’s strong economy and rising equity markets increased regional growth. ",
"It has been noted on the study that if the invigorative activities continues, the region will reach $6.5 trillion worth of assets by 2017. ",
"The affirmative report says that Middle Eastern investors are calmly investing domestically taking the consideration that there is a high percentage of assets held off-shore. ",
"According to the Managing Partner and Director of BCG Mr. Markus Massi, riches from equities in 2012 cultivate 18.3 % in the region. ",
"This data is a result of BCG’s survey. ",
"Also in the recent years, international wealth executives congregate in the region. ",
"They were attracted with the reasonably higher economic growth situation as there is rising in the population and elevation of stocks of energy and commodity. ",
"But Massi added that only those offering unique investment products and catering to specific asset classes are gaining traction among Middle Eastern investors. ",
"Large private banks are started to compete each other in the region while Royal Bank of Canada expects to double the number of wealth management employees in its Dubai office. ",
"The report said, Gulf Arab region’s high net worth individuals continue to allocate heavily on cash and prefer regional stock. ",
"Qatar leads the global list having the highest percentage of millionaire households whereas a ratio of 143 millionaires every 1,000 households showed in the study, making the Gulf region ranked highly among other countries."
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"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to image forming state adjusting systems, exposure methods and exposure apparatus, and programs and information storage mediums, and more particularly, to an image forming state adjusting system that optimizes the image forming state of a pattern by a projection optical system used in an exposure apparatus, an exposure method and an exposure apparatus that can actually achieve the optimization of the image forming state, and a program that makes a computer execute optimizing the image forming state of the pattern in the exposure apparatus and an information storage medium in which the program is stored.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Related Art\nConventionally, when manufacturing devices such as semiconductors, liquid crystal displays, or the like in a photolithographic process, projection exposure apparatus such as a reduction projection exposure apparatus based on a step-and-repeat method (a so-called stepper) and a scanning projection exposure apparatus based on a step-and-scan method (a so-called scanning stepper) have been used. ",
"Such exposure apparatus transfer a pattern of a photomask or a reticle (hereinafter generally referred to as a ‘reticle’) onto a substrate such as a wafer or a glass plate on which a photosensitive agent such as a photoresist is coated, via a projection optical system.",
"\nWhen manufacturing devices such as a semiconductor, because different circuit patterns have to be formed overlaid on the substrate in multiple layers, it is important to accurately overlay the pattern formed on the reticle and the pattern already formed on each shot area on the wafer. ",
"In order to perform such overlay with good accuracy, it is absolutely necessary for the image forming quality of the projection optical system to be adjusted to a desired state (for example, a magnification error of a transferred image of a reticle pattern to a shot area (pattern) on a substrate is corrected). ",
"Even in the case of transferring a reticle pattern of the first layer to each shot area on the substrate, the image forming quality of the projection optical system is preferably adjusted so that the reticle pattern of the second layer and onward is transferred with good precision on each shot area.",
"\nAs a premise for adjusting the image forming quality (one of the optical properties) of the projection optical system, the image forming quality has to be accurately measured (or detected). ",
"As a measuring method of the image forming quality, a method in which the image forming quality, or to be more specific, Seidel's five aberrations (distortion, spherical aberration, astigmatism, field curvature and coma) is calculated (hereinafter referred to as ‘exposing method’), is mainly used. ",
"In this exposing method, exposure is performed using a measurement reticle on which a predetermined measurement pattern is formed, then the transferred image obtained by developing the substrate where the image of the measurement pattern is projected and formed, such as the resist image, is measured, and then the image forming quality is calculated based on the measurement results. ",
"Besides such a method, a method in which the above-mentioned five aberrations are calculated without actually performing exposure (hereinafter referred to as an ‘aerial image measurement method’) is also used. ",
"In this method, a measurement reticle is illuminated with an illumination light, and aerial images (projected images) of measurement patterns formed by the projection optical system are measured, and then the above five aberrations calculated based on the measurement results.",
"\nHowever, with the above exposing method or aerial image measurement method, in order to obtain all five aberrations, the measurement has to be repeated separately, using the appropriate pattern for each measurement. ",
"Furthermore, depending on the type and amount of the aberration to be measured, the order in which the measurement is performed has to be considered, in order to accurately adjust the projection optical system. ",
"For example, when coma is large, the image of the pattern is not resolved, therefore, when aberration such as distortion, spherical aberration, astigmatism are measured in this state, accurate data cannot be obtained. ",
"Accordingly, distortion or the like has to be measured, after the coma has been reduced to a certain level.",
"\nIn addition, due to higher integration of semiconductor devices or the like in recent years, circuit patterns are becoming finer, which makes correction of only the Seidel's five aberrations insufficient, and requirements are pressing for an overall adjustment, including the higher order of aberrations, in the image forming quality of the projection optical system. ",
"In order to perform such overall adjustment in the image forming quality, a light-ray-trace computation has to be performed using data (such as curvature, refractive index, and thickness) of individual lens elements composing the projection optical system, to identify the lens element that requires adjustment and to calculate its adjustment amount.",
"\nHowever, because data of individual lens elements are confidential for the exposure apparatus maker, it is usually difficult for a service technician repairing or adjusting the exposure apparatus or a user to obtain such data. ",
"In addition, since the light-ray-trace computation requires an enormous amount of time, it is not realistic for the service technician to perform the computation on site.",
"\nIn addition, to adjust the image forming quality or the image forming state of the projection optical system, for example, an image forming quality adjustment mechanism or the like that adjusts the position and the inclination of the optical elements such as lens elements making up the projection optical system is used. ",
"However, the image forming quality changes depending on exposure conditions such as illumination conditions (such as illumination σ), N.A. (numerical aperture) of the projection optical system, and the pattern to be used. ",
"Accordingly, the optimal adjustment position of each optical element by the image forming quality adjustment mechanism under a certain exposure condition may not necessarily be the optimal adjustment position under other exposure conditions.",
"\nAgainst such background, a new system was expected that could smoothly calculate adjustment position of each optical element by the image forming quality adjustment mechanism that brings out the optimal image forming quality under any exposure condition, such as the combination of N.A. of the projection optical system, illumination σ, and the subject pattern."
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[
"---\nabstract: |\n It is well-known that e$^+$e$^-$ colliders have the power to with certainty exclude or discover any SUSY model that predicts a Next to lightest SUSY particle (an NLSP) that has a mass up to slightly below the half the centre-of-mass energy of the collider.",
"\n\n Here, we present an estimation of the power of present and future hadron colliders to extend the reach of searches for SUSY, with particular emphasis whether it can be claimed that either discovery or exclusion is [*guaranteed*]{} in a region of LSP and NLSP masses - no set of values of the other SUSY could change the conclusion. ",
"We study this by, reasonably, assuming that the most challenging scenario would be one where the lightest SUSY particles are the electroweak bosinos, and that sfermions are out of reach. ",
"A scan over SUSY parameter space was done, only requiring that the NLSP was a bosino with mass not larger than a few TeV. The mass-spectrum, cross-sections and decay branching ratios found in this region were confronted with projections of sensitivity at future hadron colliders. ",
"In our conclusions we weigh in the maturity of the analysis the projections are based upon. ",
"The conclusion is that although future hadron colliders have a large discovery-reach, i.e. potential to discover [*some*]{} SUSY model, hardly any models with low-to-medium LSP-NLSP mass-differences can be excluded with certainty. ",
"The models that are expected to be excluded/discovered are, on one hand, those with mass-differences larger than those allowed by models with GUT-scale $M_1$-$M_2$ unification, and on the other hand, a tiny region where the mass-difference is so small that the NLSP decays in the tracking volume of the detectors. ",
"Excluding the latter possibility does not, however, allow to exclude the possibility of a Wino or Higgsino LSP: at any value of the LSP mass, we could identify models where the NLSP lifetime would be too short for a signal to be seen.",
"\nauthor:\n- |\n [*Mikael Berggren*]{}\\\n DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg -Germany\nbibliography:\n- './references.bib'\ntitle: ' What pp SUSY limits mean for future e$^+$e$^-$ colliders[^1]'\n---\n\nIntroduction: SUSY and future colliders\n=======================================\n\nIf Supersymmetry (SUSY) is to explain the current problems of the Standard Model for particles physics, such as the naturalness of the theory, the hierarchy problem, the nature of Dark Matter, or the possible discrepancy between the observed and predicted value on the muon magnetic moment (g-2), a light electroweak SUSY sector is preferred. ",
"From LEP II, it is known that an electroweak sector with masses below $\\sim$ 100 GeV is excluded, except for some very special cases. ",
"From LHC, we know that a coloured sector with masses below $\\sim$ 1 TeV is also excluded. ",
"However, except for the third generation squarks, the coloured sector does not contribute significantly to clarify the mentioned issues with the SM.",
"\n\nThe model-space of the electroweak sector of SUSY can conveniently be sub-divided by the nature of the Lightest SUSY Particle (the LSP) as the Bino-, Higgsino- or Wino-region, defined by whether $M_1$, $\\mu$, or $M_2$ is the smallest of the three, and thus which field is the largest contributor to the mass-eigenstate (not to be confused with [*pure*]{} Wino, Bino or Higgsino models, where the respective contributions are close to 100 %). ",
"Alternatively, one can classify by the size of the mass-difference, $\\Delta(M)$, between the LSP and the next-to-lightest SUSY particle (the NLSP), as high $\\Delta(M)$ or low $\\Delta(M)$. The first case coincides with the Bino-region, the second contains the Higgsino- and Wino-regions, which differ in important experimental consequences. ",
"In other words: In the Higgsino- and Wino-regions, the electroweak SUSY sector is “compressed”, i.e. the masses of some of the other electroweak bosinos tend to be close to the LSP mass. ",
"In this situation, most decays of massive sparticles are via cascades, and at the end of these cascades, the mass difference is small, in turn meaning that the final decay into the invisible LSP releases little energy. ",
"While such events show large missing energy, this is of no help at hadron colliders - contrary to the case at lepton colliders - since the initial energy is unknown. ",
"Therefore, to address such cases at hadron colliders, one must resort to missing transverse momentum, a much more delicate signal. ",
"Consequently, for such topologies, current limits from LHC are for specific models, and the results from LEP II are those that yield the model-independent exclusions. ",
"The same observations are also valid if the NLSP is a slepton in general, and the $\\stau$ in particular.",
"\n\nThe organisation of the note is as follows. ",
"We first discuss how to compare different options on an equal footing in section 2, and present our scan-range, tools and general observations about the mass-spectra in section 3. ",
"In section 4, we discuss the interpretation of the electroweak SUSY chapter of the physics Briefing-book [@Strategy:2019vxc] to the update of the European strategy for particle physics (the ESU) in view of our observations. ",
"In section 5, for reference, we summarise the ILC projections, before concluding in section 6.",
"\n\n[R]{}[8.5cm]{}\n\nComparing options\n=================\n\nFor asserting the capabilities of future facilities to explore SUSY, it is important to make the distinction between discovery potential and exclusion potential. ",
"The former is power to discover [*some*]{} model, while the latter is the power to exclude [*all*]{} models compatible with the shown parameters, i.e. marginalising over all non-shown parameters. ",
"The methodologies needed in the two cases are different. ",
"In the first case, one would concentrate on specific models yielding signatures that are observable as far into uncharted territory as possible, while in the latter case one needs to determine which model is the most difficult, and evaluate whether that worst-case would be observed, if it is realised in nature. ",
"The latter was indeed the focus at LEP II. ",
"The limits from there have been marginalised over all other parameters, and can be considered definite.",
"\n\nA further consideration that must be made in weighing different future projects against each other is the level of understanding. ",
"This includes the level of maturity of the project, ranging from existing results (e.g. from LEP or LHC), over existing/in construction new detectors and machines (HL-LHC), TDR-level new facilities, such as ILC or CLIC, to conceptual extensions to existing facilities (HE-LHC, LHeC). ",
"It further extends to new conceptual ideas, such as the different options for FCC, and continues to emerging technologies, e.g. plasma acceleration or $\\mu$-colliders. ",
"One must also consider the level of detail of studies done, which range from fully simulated, well defined detectors and accelerators (LHC, HL-LHC, ILC, and CLIC), fully simulated evolving concepts, e.g. CepC, over detailed fast simulation (i.e. with more detail than purely parametric simulations), to parametric simulations with parametric input from full simulation of the proposed detector, or simply using parameters from an existing detector at a new facility. ",
"Also pure four-vector smearing of generated objects and simple cross-section level estimates can be used as initial estimates. ",
"In the case of cross-section and luminosity scaling estimates, one should also consider whether they were done at the level of the final published exclusion reach, or had access to more basic information of the extrapolated experiment (background event count, efficiency tables etc.) ",
"Finally, when it comes to interpreting the results of such studies it is also important to consider whether they were done by detector experts or not. ",
"This is of particular importance for systematics-limited experiments, and cases where detailed knowledge of object-finding and reconstruction is essential.",
"\n\nEstimating SUSY reach\n=====================\n\nSeveral groups have combined current experimental observations with SUSY theory to estimate whereto in the parameter space observations point, and to estimate what regions actually are excluded at present. ",
"One example, from the MasterCode group [@Bagnaschi:2017tru], is show as Figure \\[fig:mastercode\\]. ",
"It, interestingly, indicates that current results point to the aforementioned “compressed region”. ",
"This type of studies aims at answering the question about where SUSY is most likely to be found, and to compare this with the estimated capabilities of present or future facilities and techniques. ",
"It should be noted that to arrive at definite conclusions, the analyses typically include non-HEP observations. ",
"Whether, and how, these can be put in to a HEP context already contains assumptions. ",
"E.g. it is often assumed that SUSY is the sole source of WIMP dark matter, and that direct or indirect searches for WIMPs can be translated into HEP observations. ",
"However, other well motivated candidates for dark matter exists, the prime example being the QCD axion [@Marsh:2015xka], so it might well be that SUSY is realised in nature, but is not the (full) explanation for Dark Matter. ",
"In addition, the estimates sometimes include results that hint to physics beyond the standard model, but that are not yet solidly established, g-2 of the muon being one example.",
"\n\nIf one is interested in the [*guaranteed*]{} reach, rather than the [*possible*]{} reach, one should not rely on assumptions that are not directly testable. ",
"In essence, this means to concentrate on the [*exclusion reach*]{}. ",
"In SUSY, the fundamental principle that sparticles and particles have the same couplings and the same quantum-numbers (except for spin), sets a scene where such a program is possible. ",
"It implies that cross-sections and decay modes are completely know within SUSY itself. ",
"In particular, if R-parity conservation is assumed, it means that there is always one completely know process, namely NLSP production, followed by the decay of the NLSP to it’s SM partner and the LSP, if kinematically allowed, with 100 % branching ratio. ",
"In estimating the exclusion reach, rather than the discovery reach, it is essential to find the [*most challenging*]{} situations. ",
"Such a scenario is easily found, and we will consider\n\n- the MSSM with R-parity conservation, since LEP experience shows that the case of R-parity violation is always less demanding at e$^+$e$^-$ machines, and likely to also be so at hadron machines.",
"\n\n- The NLSP is not a sfermion, for the same reason. ",
"The $\\stau$ is an exception, in that the LEP experience indicates that a $\\stau$ NLSP might be even more challenging than a bosino one. ",
"However, the issue is even more pronounced at a hadron collider [@Abdughani:2019wss].",
"\n\nUnder these conditions both the LSP and the NLSP are more or less pure Binos, Winos, or Higgsinos, and $M_1 , M_2$ and $\\mu$ are the MSSM parameters most influencing the experimental signatures. ",
"We consider any values, and combinations of signs, of these parameters, up to values that makes the bosinos kinematically out-of-reach for any new facility, i.e. up to a few TeV. We also vary other parameters ($\\tan {\\beta} $= 3 to 30, $M_A$= 0.5 to 10 TeV, $M_{sfermion}$= 5 to 10 TeV), to verify that they have only a minor impact on the signatures. ",
"No other assumptions, such as relations between the parameters due to some specific SUSY-breaking mechanism, are done. ",
"No assumption on prior probabilities is implied, and therefore that the density of points in the various projections that will be shown is not of great importance. ",
"The important observation to be made is whether [*there are*]{} any points outside excluded regions: this implies that the model [*cannot*]{} be excluded.",
"\n\n0.5cm\n\n1.0cm\n\nFigure \\[fig:cube\\] shows the points studied in $M_1 , M_2$ and $\\mu$ as three two-dimensional projections. ",
"We proceed to find what happens with spectra, cross-sections, and decay branching-ratios when exploiting this “cube”. ",
"In order to do so, [SPheno 4.0.5]{} was used to calculate spectra and and decay branching ratios at each point, and [Whizard 2.8.0]{} was used to find the production cross-sections, and to generate parton-level events. ",
"In addition [FeynHiggs 2.16.0]{} was used to calculate the expected mass of the SM-like higgs boson, and as a double-check of the sparticle mass-spectrum.",
"\n\nAround 80 % of the points had calculated higgs-mass agreeing with the experimental value at the 2$\\sigma$ level of the theoretical uncertainty, with the exception of the points with the highest of the three $\\tan{\\beta}$ values in our scan, namely $\\tan{\\beta}$=30, where only 7, 9 and 23 % of the points were in the range for Wino-, Bino- and Higgsino-LSP, respectively. ",
"None of the features shown in the following figures, however, change if demanding that the calculated higgs-mass was in the two standard deviation range. ",
"The main features are shown in Figure \\[fig:broadbrush\\]. ",
"One observes that, except for Bino-LSP, the LSP-NLSP splitting is small. ",
"The colours indicate different settings of the secondary parameters; the observation is that they don’t matter much. ",
"In addition, the open circles indicate cases where GUT-scale unification of $M_1$ and $M_2$ is not possible[^2].",
"\n\nIn many models, the next-to-next lightest SUSY particle (the NNLSP) is close in mass to the NLSP. ",
"Therefore, another aspect of experimental importance is the mass-differences to the LSP of both the lightest chargino and of the second lightest neutralino: either of these could be either the NLSP or the NNLSP. ",
"This aspect is shown in Figure \\[fig:dmx1dmn2\\] which shows $\\Delta(M)$ for $\\XPM{1}$ versus that of $\\XN{2}$. One notes three distinct regions\n\n- Bino LSP: Both mass differences quite similar, but can take any value;\n\n- Wino LSP: $\\Delta(\\MXC{1})$ will be small, while $\\Delta(\\MXN{2})$ can vary largely;\n\n- Higgsino LSP: Both mass differences often small.",
"\n\nNote, however, that in the Higgsino LSP case, few models are on the “Higgsino line”, i.e. the case where the chargino is [*exactly*]{} in the middle of mass-gap between the first and second neutralino. ",
"Finally, Figure \\[fig:dmx1mlsp\\] show $\\Delta(M)$ for $\\XPM{1}$ vs. $M_{LSP}$ for a Higgsino LSP or a Wino LSP. ",
"Here, one can note that in both scenarios, quite a large spread is possible, and that some Higgsino models actually have a chargino LSP. ",
"The last feature is a point of disagreement between the results of [SPheno]{} and [FeynHiggs]{} - the latter does not find models with a chargino LSP[^3].",
"\n\nSUSY In the Briefing-book\n=========================\n\nIn the physics Briefing-book of the update of the European strategy for particle physics [@Strategy:2019vxc], the reach of searches for electroweak SUSY particles for different proposed future accelerators are presented in chapter 8.3.2, and illustrated by two figures. ",
"We will discuss these in this section.",
"\n\nBino LSP\\[sect:bbbino\\]\n-----------------------\n\n[R]{}[9cm]{}\n\nFigure 8.9 in [@Strategy:2019vxc] (reproduced here as Figure \\[fig:bbbino\\]) shows the estimated reaches in the Bino LSP case, i.e. for the large $\\Delta(M)$ case. ",
"The signature for this scenario at pp-colliders are events with large missing transverse momentum (MET). ",
"Due to the large mass-difference, the missing momentum originates from the invisible SUSY particles themselves, i.e. there is no need for a system recoiling against the SUSY particles. ",
"To first order, this makes the analyses robust, since only the mass-difference is needed to predict the signal topologies. ",
"However, there are still a number of model-dependencies, discussed below. ",
"The sources of the curves shown for the various pp options are from the projection to HL-LHC by the ATLAS collaboration [@ATL-PHYS-PUB-2018-048]. ",
"The result presented in that publication is the solid red line in Figure \\[fig:bbbino\\]a, and the actual plot from the paper is reproduced as Figure \\[fig:bbbino\\]b. ",
"This curve is extrapolated giving the HE-LHC curve (red-dotted). ",
"Several things should be noted: The curve shown is the exclusion reach, not the discovery reach (for the CLIC and ILC curves, the differences between exclusion and discovery reach are less than the width of the lines in the figure). ",
"The ATLAS result is only shown down to $\\MXC{1}$= 500 GeV, the region below this is just a guide-the-eye straight line. ",
"The the chosen decay-mode ($\\XPM{1} \\rightarrow Z \\XN{1}$) is the most sensitive at low $\\Delta{M}$. The other mode ($\\XPM{1} \\rightarrow h \\XN{1}$), shown in Figure \\[fig:bbbino\\]c is less powerful in this region. ",
"On the other hand the higgs mode is expected to probe higher $\\MXC{1}$ at the highest $\\Delta{M}$. At CLIC or ILC, one does not need to make such a distinction. ",
"The issue of the dominant decay mode is important, as illustrated in Figure \\[fig:brnsigns\\]. ",
"In these figures, we show the branching ratios in Bino-LSP models (i.e. models where $M_1$ is the smallest of the bosino parameters), when only the relative signs of $M_1,M_2$ and $\\mu$ are modified. ",
"The observation is that whether the $Z$ or the $h$ mode is dominant depends crucially of the choice of the relative sign, and hence that the exclusion-region should be the [*intersection*]{} of Figures \\[fig:bbbino\\]b and c, not the [*union*]{}.",
"\n\nOne can note that the exclusion region remains below a line with slope $\\sim 1/2$ when luminosity and/or energy is increased. ",
"The reason for this is as follows: Figure \\[fig:fccxsect\\] shows how the cross-section varies with the sum of the two bosino masses at FCChh-conditions. ",
"Here a simple setup - which is nevertheless adequate for illustrating the scaling behaviour - was used to calculate cross-section $\\times$ branching-ratios using [Whizard]{}. ",
"The process is $pp \\rightarrow$ uncoloured bosinos + gluon, with the [Whizard]{}-default parton density function (CTEQ6L1[@Pumplin:2002vw]). ",
"Two observations can be made. ",
"Firstly, there is a close to exponential fall of the cross-section with mass. ",
"Secondly, the cross-section at any given mass can vary by a factor $\\sim$ 2, by varying the parameters of the model.",
"\n\nThe exponential fall-off with increasing mass comes around for the following reason: If the mass of the interacting quark-pair would be fixed (equivalent to the situation at a lepton collider, where the invariant mass of the initial state is fixed (= 2$\\times E_{beam}$)), the cross section versus the mass of the produced bosino pair initially rises proportionally to $\\beta$ - typical for fermion pair-production - followed by a fall-off proportional to $\\frac{1}{s}$, see Figure \\[fig:xsectvsmqq\\]a. ",
"Once this is folded with the distribution of $m_{qq}$ given by the rapidly falling parton densities[^4], the actual distribution on $m_{qq}$, given that a bosino production took place shows a distribution - albeit broad - that correlates with the mass of the bosino pair (Figure \\[fig:xsectvsmqq\\]b). ",
"This correlation is close to linear, as can be seen in \\[fig:xsectvsmqq\\]c.",
"\n\n0.3cm\n\nGenerally, the maximum missing momentum due to the invisible LSPs is $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\bcancel{p}_{max} = & 2 \\gamma_{f\\bar{f}} \\beta_{f\\bar{f}} \\gamma_{\\scriptscriptstyle NLSP} E_{\\scriptscriptstyle LSP} + 2 \\gamma_{f\\bar{f}} \\gamma_{\\scriptscriptstyle NLSP} p_{\\scriptscriptstyle LSP}\\end{aligned}$$ In the Bino case, the initial $f\\bar{f}$-system need not be boosted, so $\\gamma_{f\\bar{f}} \\beta_{f\\bar{f}} \\approx 0$, $ \\gamma_{f\\bar{f}} \\approx 1$, $\\gamma_{\\scriptscriptstyle NLSP} = E_{\\scriptscriptstyle NLSP} / M_{\\scriptscriptstyle NLSP} \\approx M_{f\\bar{f}}/ 2 M_{\\scriptscriptstyle NLSP}$ and $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\bcancel{p}_{max} \\approx & 2 \\frac{M_{f\\bar{f}}}{2 M_{\\scriptscriptstyle NLSP}} p_{\\scriptscriptstyle LSP} \\approx 2 \\frac{M_{f\\bar{f}} }{2 M_{N\\scriptscriptstyle LSP}} \\frac {M^2_{\\scriptscriptstyle NLSP}-M^2_{\\scriptscriptstyle LSP}}{2 M_{\\scriptscriptstyle NLSP}}\\end{aligned}$$ where the last step is because at interesting points, the SUSY particle mass is much above it’s SM partner (even if this is a $W$, $Z$ or $h$). ",
"From Figure \\[fig:xsectvsmqq\\]c, we know that $M_{f\\bar{f}} \\approx 3 M_{\\scriptscriptstyle NLSP}$, and $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\bcancel{p}_{max} \\approx & \\frac{3}{2} M_{\\scriptscriptstyle NLSP} \\left ( 1 - (\\frac {M_{\\scriptscriptstyle LSP}}{M_{\\scriptscriptstyle NLSP}})^2 \\right )\\end{aligned}$$\n\nHence, at these LSP-NLSP mass-ratios, the missing $p_T$ due to the invisible LSP is proportional to the bosino-mass. ",
"This means that one can increase the missing $p_T$ cut while conserving a given the signal efficiency as one searches for higher bosino masses. ",
"The missing $p_T$ from irreducible background (typically Dell-Yan + gluon, with $Z\\rightarrow \\nu\\bar{\\nu}$) is obviously independent for the bosino masses, but does depend on the required missing $p_T$, essentially the $p_T$ of the gluon. ",
"Figure \\[fig:fccbckxsect\\]a shows that if the $p_T$ cut applied is the one that keeps the same signal efficiency at any given $\\MXC{1}$, the $M_{f\\bar{f}}$ of the background events passing the cut also follows a linear trend quite similar to that of the signal, seen in \\[fig:xsectvsmqq\\]c. ",
"In the figure, the cut has been set to 0.85 $\\MXC{1}$, which according to Eq. ",
"3 corresponds to 0.75 $\\times$ the maximal missing $p_T$ from $\\XPM{1}$ pair-production, when $M_{NLSP}=2M_{LSP}$, as it is at the border of the currently excluded region.",
"\n\nThe cross-section for this process therefore also falls exponentially with the required $p_T$, (see Figure \\[fig:fccbckxsect\\]b) meaning that the signal-to-background ratio will remain constant along lines through the origin in the $\\MXC{1}$ vs. $M_{LSP}$ plane. ",
"On the other hand, Eq. ",
"3 also shows that the missing $p_T$ decreases with increasing $M_{\\scriptscriptstyle LSP}/M_{\\scriptscriptstyle NLSP}$, meaning that to exclude lower $\\Delta(M)$ at the same efficiency requires a decrease in the cut, leading to a large increase in the background. ",
"Comparing the solid and dashed blue lines in Figure \\[fig:fccbckxsect\\]b shows that to half the excluded $\\Delta(M)$ at $\\MXC{1}$ = 2 TeV would require $\\sim$ 10 times more luminosity, assuming that no new background sources would start contributing (e.g. jet-energy resolution, jet-energy scale, non-direct neutrinos, etc.), ",
"which clearly is an unrealistic best-case.",
"\n\nTo conclude this discussion of the Bino LSP case, we note that although the signal is robust, there are a number of issues that must be taken into account: The analyses are typically performed using a set of processes involving production of different combinations of LSPs, NLSPs and NNLSPs. ",
"The sensitivity is different for different channels, and Figure \\[fig:fccxsect\\]c shows that the cross-sections, and their ratios, can vary substantially between models. ",
"Furthermore, we also noted that the dominating decay mode of the second neutralino is strongly dependent on the relative signs of $\\mu, M_1$ and $M_2$, and that the sensitivity of the analyses depends also on this. ",
"To claim that an $M_{NLSP}$-$M_{LSP}$ is excluded, the analysis must be done assuming the least favourable production-process and least favourable decay-mode. ",
"Finally, we pointed out that to extend the coverage to higher NLSP masses at constant LSP mass, while retaining the same signal efficiency can be done by making the cut on MET [*stronger*]{}, and that the signal-to-background ratio will remain constant when doing so. ",
"In contrast, to extend the coverage to higher LSP masses at constant NLSP mass (i.e. to lower $\\Delta(M)$) at constant signal efficiency, one must make the MET-cut [*weaker*]{}, and thus making the signal-to-background ratio lower. ",
"A lower MET-cut also implies that proportionally more background originates from fake MET due to detector effects, or from non-prompt neutrinos. ",
"The conclusion is that while progress with increased (parton) luminosity in the $M_{NLSP}$ direction is substantial, the progress into the region of lower $\\Delta(M)$ will be much less pronounced.",
"\n\nWino/Higgsino LSP\n-----------------\n\nFigure 8.10 in [@Strategy:2019vxc] (reproduced here as Figure \\[fig:bbwinohiggsino\\]) shows the estimated reaches in the Wino or Higgsino LSP case, i.e. for the small $\\Delta(M)$ case. ",
"The two curves come from the HL-LHC projections from ATLAS [@ATL-PHYS-PUB-2018-031] (solid blue) and CMS [@Sirunyan:2018iwl; @CMS:2018qsc] (solid red). ",
"In the CMS case, energy and luminosity scaling extrapolation to HE-LHC (dashed red) and FCChh (dashed magenta) are also done. ",
"Both collaborations make assumptions on the spectrum, however different ones: ATLAS assumes $\\Delta(\\MXC{1})= \\Delta(\\MXN{2})/2$, while CMS assumes $\\Delta(\\MXC{1})= \\Delta(\\MXN{2})$. In Figure \\[fig:dmx1mlsp\\]a, the points in our scan that fulfil the ATLAS condition are marked with squares and those that fulfil CMS one are marked with triangles.",
"\n\nThe reason for the sharp cut-off at low mass-differences, seen in \\[fig:bbwinohiggsino\\]a, is that these searches require leptonic decays of the NLSP to be possible to extract a signal from a huge, mainly hadronic, QCD background. ",
"Lepton identification is therefore essential, and this requires that the particle reaches the barrel calorimeters. ",
"The cut-off then appears because below this mass-difference, the decay products are so soft that they are bent back by the detector B-field inside the radius of the calorimeters. ",
"This cut-off would be at higher $\\Delta(M)$ at FCChh, since the reference detector design [@Benedikt:2018csr] foresees a considerably larger inner radius of the barrel calorimeter system ($\\sim$ 2 m, while ATLAS and CMS have an inner radius of 1.5 m and 1.3 m, respectively), and a stronger B-field ( 4 T vs. 2(3.8) T for ATLAS(CMS)). ",
"From this, one also sees that the CMS properties are closer to the FCChh detector in this respect: cut-off transverse momenta are 1.2, 0.7 and 0.4 GeV for FCChh, CMS and ATLAS, respectively. ",
"In addition, the analyses use the combination of NLSP-NLSP, NLSP-NNLSP and NNLSP-NNLSP production, and assume certain relations between the mass difference to the LSP of the NLSP or NNLSP, different for ATLAS and CMS, as mentioned above. ",
"Our scan shows that these relations are quite particular cases. ",
"Whether these assumptions are essential or not is an open question, but we do conclude that the soft-lepton analysis will progress to higher NLSP masses, but not to lower $\\Delta(M)$, and remains model-dependent.",
"\n\n1.0cm\n\n1.0cm\n\nThe hatched band at the bottom of Figure \\[fig:bbwinohiggsino\\]a shows the reach at very low $\\Delta(M)$. The upper edge of the band at $\\Delta(M)$=1 GeV should not be taken literally; only the reach in $M_{LSP}$ is relevant. ",
"Two methods are used to estimate the reach at very low $\\Delta(M)$: “Disappearing tracks” and “Mono-X”. ",
"The “Disappearing tracks” signature, which consists of a topology where a reconstructed trajectory terminates inside the tracking volume, indicating that a decay took place where the decay product had a momentum below the threshold of detectability. ",
"This signature is effective for cases with low mass-differences, since this potentially implies both a long lifetime of the primary NLSP, and little energy release in it’s decay. ",
"The “Mono-X” technique is effective if the decay products of the produced bosinos are so soft that they are invisible, or if only LSP-pairs are produced. ",
"One then searches for the a large un-balanced $p_{T}$ from an initial state radiation, which could be a gluon, photon, $Z$, $W$ or $h$. In pp-collisions, the gluon would be the prime candidate.",
"\n\nThe “Disappearing tracks” method was used by FCChh (in the CDR[@Benedikt:2018csr]), as well as in [@Han:2018wus]. ",
"The two results are shown in Figure \\[fig:delphesdis\\]. ",
"The upper row is from [@Han:2018wus], while the lower row is from [@Benedikt:2018csr]. ",
"In the latter, the grey curves should be considered: the pink ones shows what could be obtained if the innermost layer of the vertex detector would be placed much closer to the beam than what is assumed to be the closest conceivable radius, given the radiation levels expected [@Benedikt:2018csr]. ",
"One can observe a large discrepancy between the results in the upper and lower row in the figure. ",
"Both are based on Delphes parameterised fast simulation [@deFavereau:2013fsa], but the FCChh analysis is more realistic, in that it assumes a detector as assumed in the CDR, and with a more FCChh-like number of pile-up events (even though it only assumes a pile-up of 500, rather than the number 955 that is stated elsewhere in the CDR). ",
"The analysis of [@Han:2018wus] simply uses the current ATLAS setup of Delphes, presumably meaning a pile-up level of LHC, which is some 20 times lower than that foreseen at FCChh. ",
"It should be noted that the CDR detector (the grey bands) has its closest layer closer than that of the current ATLAS, and should actually be more powerful than ATLAS, in stark contrast with what is seen. ",
"One observes that for Higgsinos, the significance of a signal only barely reaches two sigma. ",
"This is quite different from what is found in [@Han:2018wus], and reflects more realistic simulation would yield.",
"\n\nThe key element for the “Disappearing tracks” analysis is the magnitude of $\\Delta(M)$. Figure \\[fig:bosinodmzoom\\]a,b is a zoom in of Figure \\[fig:dmx1mlsp\\]a, showing the Higgsino LSP case. ",
"In the figure the absolute lower limit of $\\Delta(M)$ mentioned in the Briefing-book, which was given in [@Fukuda:2017jmk], is also shown. ",
"Figure \\[fig:bosinodmzoom\\]a shows models where $\\mu$, $M_1$ and $M_2$ are all positive. ",
"In this case, the lower limit is respected, but reached only for few models. ",
"Figure \\[fig:bosinodmzoom\\]b shows the situation after the full scan where any combinations of signs of $\\mu$, $M_1$ and $M_2$ is allowed. ",
"Clearly the limit is violated, and this is because the calculation in [@Fukuda:2017jmk] only refers to [*SM*]{} effects on the mass-splitting, assuming that mixing effects between the SUSY fields are negligible. ",
"This situation occurs in the “deep Higgsino” region where $M_1$ and $M_2 > > \\mu$. In Figure \\[fig:dmx1dmn2\\]b, the models that are in this region are those that lies on the line labelled “Pure Higgsino line”. ",
"One also notes that many models, in particular those where $\\mu$ is negative, features a chargino LSP. ",
"As already mentioned, [SPheno]{} and [FeynHiggs]{} give different results in this case, and Figure \\[fig:bosinodmzoom\\]c shows the spectrum under the same conditions as in Figure \\[fig:bosinodmzoom\\]b, but calculated with [FeynHiggs]{} rather than [SPheno]{}. ",
"One sees that [FeynHiggs]{} does not yield chargino LSPs, but does not seem to respect the limiting mass-difference. ",
"This observation is interesting, but not essential for the question of guaranteed exclusion: The important feature in this respect is that there [*are*]{} models with $\\Delta(M)$ = 1 GeV and above at all $M_{LSP}$, i.e. far above what is reachable with the “Disappearing tracks” method, and that the two codes agree on this. ",
"In Figure \\[fig:bosinodmzoom\\]d, the corresponding zoom of Figure \\[fig:dmx1mlsp\\]b is shown, and illustrates the Wino LSP case. ",
"The line in \\[fig:bosinodmzoom\\]d is the lower limit given in [@Ibe:2012sx], which as can be seen is respected, but is by no means attained by all models. ",
"It is also worth mentioning that the Wino LSP scenario, by it’s very construction, does not allow for GUT-scale $M_1$-$M_2$ unification.",
"\n\nFor the “Disappearing track” analysis, the decay-length needs to be macroscopic. ",
"In [@Aaboud:2017mpt], the ATLAS collaboration reported their results on this type of search at 13 TeV. They found that the search is effective for lifetimes of about 200 ps, corresponding to a $c\\tau$ of about 6 cm. ",
"Figure \\[fig:ctau\\] shows $c\\tau$ for the different considered models. ",
"One can see that in the Higgsino case, hardly any points in our scan would yield a decay-length long enough - in fact most of the models have a $c\\tau$ below 1 mm. ",
"In the Wino LSP case, on the other hand, there are good chances that $c\\tau$ would be 1 cm or more. ",
"There are, however, even in this case models where $c\\tau$ is below 1 mm, so a non-observation of a signal cannot be used to infer that the Wino LSP hypothesis is excluded. ",
"In Figure \\[fig:ctau\\]c, the dependence of $c\\tau$ on $\\Delta(M)$ for a Higgsino LSP is shown. ",
"One can note that $c\\tau$ becomes above 1 mm only for $\\Delta(M)$ less than 600 MeV, so in fact the excluded region from disappearing tracks is off the vertical scale in Briefing-book Figure \\[fig:bbwinohiggsino\\].",
"\n\nFor the “Mono-X” signature, the source of the limits is [@Han:2018wus], and the key figures from that publication are shown in Figure \\[fig:delphesmonox\\]. ",
"It should be noted that these figures were included in the HE/HL-LHC input to ESU [@esuhehl], not the FCChh one [@esufcchh], nor in the FCChh CDR [@Benedikt:2018csr]. ",
"As mentioned above, the analysis is based on Delphes fast simulation using the ATLAS-card, and we saw that when applied to the “Disappearing tracks” it gave results far better than those of the more realistic analysis in the FCChh CDR. ",
"Furthermore, by scrutinising the dependence of the significance of a signal versus the mass and assumed systematic errors, one can conclude that the results are systematics limited, with systematics assumed to be between 1 and 2 %. ",
"This can be contrasted to existing “Mono-X” analyses from both ATLAS [@Aaboud:2017phn] and CMS , which both estimate systematic errors at the level of 10 %, with a pile-up 20 times lower than that expected at FCChh. ",
"It is also noteworthy that there to date are no results from ATLAS nor CMS where their “Mono-X” searches have been used to infer any conclusions about SUSY.",
"\n\nSummary of the ILC projections\\[sec:ilcproj\\]\n=============================================\n\nIn this section, we make a brief summary of the expected performance of the SUSY searches at the ILC.",
"\n\nA more comprehensive account can be found in [@Bambade:2019fyw; @Fujii:2017ekh; @Berggren:2013bua]. ",
"Figure \\[fig:ilchinowino\\], from [@PardodeVera:2020zlr], shows the reach of an 500 GeV ILC in the search for $\\XPM{1}$ in the Higgsino- and Wino-LSP cases. ",
"These projections were obtained by extrapolation of the LEP II results [@lepsusywg], using background-levels and signal-efficiencies as reported in [@lepsusywg], assuming no other ameliorations over LEP II than increased beam energy, beam-polarisation, and data set size. ",
"This is clearly a very conservative assumption as it neglects the progress in detector technology, reported in volume 4 of the ILC TDR [@Behnke:2013lya]. ",
"In [@PardodeVera:2020zlr], it is shown that if $\\Delta(M) > 3$ GeV, exclusion and discovery-reach are only a few 100 MeV apart, and if $\\Delta(M)$ is between 3 GeV and $m_\\pi$,\n\nthey are at most 5 GeV from each other. ",
"The only caveat is in a very particular situation where destructive interference between the s-channel and the sneutrino-induced t-channel could reduce the production cross-section drastically for the Wino-LSP case [@Choi:1998ut]. ",
"This only happens when the sneutrino mass is close to the beam-energy, and in most of that parameter-space, the sneutrino, not the $\\XPM{1}$, is the NLSP. ",
"The experimental implications of such a low mass sneutrino were not studied[^5].",
"\n\nEven in this case, exclusion is guaranteed up to $\\MXC{1}$=246 GeV, discovery to 243 GeV, if $\\Delta(M) > 3$ GeV. There is a substantial loss of reach only in the region where $\\Delta(M)$ is between 3 GeV and $m_\\pi$, where exclusion is guaranteed up to $\\MXC{1}$=225 GeV, discovery to 205 GeV. However, one should keep in mind that the main reason for the drop in efficiency at LEP II in this $\\Delta(M)$ region was trigger-efficiency, and the ILC detectors are to be run trigger-less. ",
"In [@Berggren:2013vna], a SUSY parameter scan using detailed fast simulation of the ILD at ILC was done, to establish the reach in the experimentally worst case NLSP, namely the $\\stone$ with the mixing angle in the $\\stau$ sector that minimises the production cross-section. ",
"The results are shown in Figure \\[fig:ilcstau\\], showing that also in this case, exclusion (discovery) is possible to 10 (20) GeV below the kinematic limit, already a modest integrated luminosity of 500 fb$^{-1}$, less than a third of what is expected at the favourable beam-polarisation settings ([*viz.*]{} ",
"right-handed electron, left-handed positron). ",
"One can note that the limits are valid only if $\\Delta(M)$ > 3-4 GeV, however no dedicated low $\\Delta(M)$ analysis was done in [@Berggren:2013vna] - it is the subject of an ongoing study. ",
"The same publication also studied the arguably most favourable NLSP candidate, the smuon, and found that exclusion (discovery) would be assured at 2(4) GeV below the kinematic limit. ",
"Several full simulation studies have been done at particular Higgsino-LSP model-points, typically with modest to very low $\\Delta(M)$ [@Berggren:2013vfa; @Baer:2019gvu]. ",
"A few examples are shown in Figure \\[fig:ilchinopoints\\], and illustrate how clean the signal is expected to be.",
"\n\nSummary and Conclusions\n=======================\n\nWe have discussed the landscape of possible MSSM models that could have a next-to-lightest SUSY particle (an NLSP) in reach of future HEP facilities. ",
"We have concentrated on the case of an electroweak bosino NLSP, as this in almost all cases is the most challenging one, in addition to being quite likely. ",
"In doing so, we scanned over a grid of values of $\\mu$, $M_1$, and $M_2$, with the only constraint that the NLSP should not be heavier than a few TeV. We did [*not*]{} require that the models contained a viable dark matter candidate, solved the naturalness problem, gave an explanation to the g-2 anomaly, etc, nor that there were any particular relations between the parameters. ",
"In this way, the study carries no prejudice on any SUSY breaking scheme, nor the possible existence of other beyond the standard model phenomena. ",
"We confronted our findings on possible spectra, cross-sections and decay branching-ratios to projections done for the various options for future facilities, taking into consideration the detail and maturity of both the projects and the individual analyses. ",
"We concentrated on future pp-colliders, in particular FCChh, only briefly touching upon the e$^+$e$^-$-colliders (mainly because the conclusion about the latter are very simple: either discovery or exclusion is guaranteed up a few GeV below the kinematic limit, under all circumstances).",
"\n\nFor the high $\\Delta(M)$ [*Bino-region*]{}, the signal at pp-colliders is unambiguous, in the sense that it consists of missing transverse momentum (MET), originating from the invisible SUSY particles themselves, without need for a system recoiling against the SUSY particles. ",
"We note, however, that the relative contributions from different possible processes can vary over a large range, as can the decay branching ratios. ",
"Since the sensitivity of the analyses depends on this, to claim exclusion one must establish which of these yields the lowest sensitivity. ",
"This is usually not done, but rather a single representative model is assumed. ",
"A further observation is that there is a simple scaling of the reach to be expected (Sect. ",
"\\[sect:bbbino\\]), which is corroborated by the data at LHC at 7 and 13 TeV respectively, and the thorough HL-LHC projections. ",
"This leads to the expectation that the reach will be extended far at the highest mass-differences, while only modest progress can be hoped for to lower mass-differences. ",
"Models currently excluded are only such where unification of $M_1$ and $M_2$ at the GUT-scale does not occur - only little progress can be expected into the region were GUT-scale unification is possible.",
"\n\nFor the low $\\Delta(M)$ region, the [*Wino-*]{} and [*Higgsino-*]{} regions, the MET from SUSY itself is too small to consist a signal-signature, and more channel-specific searches are needed, in conjunction with the presence of a sizeable system recoiling against the SUSY particles. ",
"At mass-differences down to a few GeV, leptonic decays can be searched for. ",
"Due to the need for lepton-identification, this method will not be able to reach as low mass differences at FCChh as what is attained at LHC. ",
"At mass differences an order of magnitude lower, the lifetime of the NLSP might become big enough that its decay in the detector would be observable (the “Disappearing track” technique). ",
"FCChh prospects for Higgsinos with this technique are not promising, while they are for Winos. ",
"This is due to the expected lower mass-differences in the latter case. ",
"In existing analyses from ATLAS and CMS of both these techniques, as well as in the projections, very specific model-points have been assumed, usually corresponding to situations where the mass-splitting is only due to SM loop-effects, ignoring the effects of mixing in the SUSY sector. ",
"Our parameter-scan shows that these assumptions are quite aggressive, and completely different mass-spectra are common-place. ",
"In fact, with one of the spectrum calculators we used, some models actually acquire a $\\XPM{1}$ LSP.",
"\n\nA second technique to probe $\\Delta(M)$ below the cut-off of the soft-lepton technique is the “Mono-X” one, where the decay of the NLSP is assumed to be undetectable, and the signal would be the presence of a high $P_T$ mono-jet (or photon, Z, W or higgs), recoiling against an invisible system. ",
"The power of this technique has not been evaluated to a level that allows for any conclusions, nor has it been used by ATLAS or CMS in a SUSY context.",
"\n\nIn conclusion, future pp-colliders do have a large [*discovery reach*]{}, where it is permissible to assume that the model realised in nature is [*favourable*]{}. ",
"However, the [*exclusion reach*]{}, where one must assume that the model realised is the [*least favourable*]{}, is quite modest, and has not been evaluated in large detail. ",
"Notwithstanding the gaps in finding the least favourable model, one can already note that the regions where the mass-differences are considerable, but still small enough to allow models with GUT-scale $M_1$-$M_2$ unification will to a large extent remain uncovered. ",
"Furthermore, the low mass-difference regions leaves gaps both above and below the region that the soft-lepton method can cover, regions where both Higgsino- and Wino-LSP models thrive. ",
"A window of opportunity exists at very small differences, but only for very specific models.",
"\n\nNone of these shortcomings are present for future TeV-scale e$^+$e$^-$ colliders. ",
"At these facilities, SUSY will be excluded or discovered up to the kinematic limit, under all circumstances, and remain [*the*]{} option to exhaustively test the hypothesis of weak-scale SUSY.",
"\n\n[^1]: Contribution to the International Workshop on Future Linear Colliders (LCWS2019), Sendai, Japan,28 October-1 November, 2019. ",
"C19-10-28\n\n[^2]: If $M_1$ and $M_2$ are unified at the GUT scale, the different RGE running of the two results in the relation $M_2=(3g^2/5g^{\\prime 2})M_1 \\approx 2M_1$ at the weak scale. ",
"The maximally stretched difference between the LSP and the NLSP occurs when the LSP is pure Bino, and the NLSP a pure Wino. ",
"In this case $M_{LSP}=M_1$ and $M_{NLSP}=M_2=2M_1$. A Higgsino admixture in these states can only make the difference [*smaller*]{}.",
"\n\n[^3]: There are differences to be expected as in case of [SPheno]{} this is a pure $\\overline{\\mathrm{DR}}$ calculation whereas in [FeynHiggs]{} on-shell calculation is preformed.",
"This issue needs further investigation.",
"\n\n[^4]: Note that for the Drell-Yan production of the bosino pair, at least one of the partons must come from the sea\n\n[^5]: In [@MoortgatPick:1999ck], a theoretical study of this situation was undertaken. ",
"The experimental issues will be a topic for future studies.",
"\n"
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"Tag Archives: southwark\n\nThe afternoons are getting short and the evenings are getting long. ",
"Here’s a dark winter picture of one of those little old London streets that are “too narrow”. ",
"The solution? ",
"It’s blocked with bollards to keep the ratrunners out.",
"\n\nHere at At War With The Motorist we may have given the impression that there is a wasteful overuse of trucks in the UK, and especially in city centres, as we shift vast quantities of bottled watter and plastic spoons around the country. ",
"We may also have joined those who have criticised authorities who blame pedestrians and cyclists for being hit by construction vehicles, rather than ensuring that construction vehicles and their drivers are properly equipped and trained. ",
"Having found ourselves caught on Borough High Street on tuesday, however, we realise now that we were wrong, and that The Shard’s construction vehicles are actually not the enemy of pedestrians and cyclists, but are in fact the enemy of these poor Motorists, delayed for up to three minutes:\n\nSo you want to get from town to south-east London. ",
"South Bermondsey, Deptford or New Cross, perhaps. ",
"How about a nice wide cycle avenue through Southwark Park?",
"\n\nIt’s a good width, a great surface, and pretty direct, with only gentle curves. ",
"The perfect cycle path. ",
"To the south, off-road routes continue all the way to New Cross and Deptford.",
"\n\nSo you’ll take NCN route 4 east along the river from Tower Bridge and just turn right into Southwark Park. ",
"Right?",
"\n\nOh.",
"\n\nTo get to the path from the NCN route would require crossing the Jamaica Street dual carriageway, which, with continuous railings through the middle for quarter of a mile each way, requires a five minute detour around the Culling Circus roundabout, weaving through the traffic for the Rotherhithe Tunnel."
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"Q:\n\nSphere with four points deleted\n\nWhat is the universal cover of the sphere with four points deleted and a non-trivial abelian fundamental group?",
"\n\nA:\n\nThe 2-sphere with 4 points deleted is the plane with three points deleted which retracts to the bouquet of three circles, so its fundamental group is the free group generated by three elements.",
"\nIts universal cover is the plane.",
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"Paleonephrology and reflux nephropathy. ",
"From the 'big bang' to end-stage renal disease.",
"\nUrinary tract infections, in association with ureteral reflux or dysperistalsis, may lead to invasive renal parenchymal infection and residual scarring (reflux nephropathy). ",
"Such infections in infants are often not diagnosed during the acute phase. ",
"Late sequelae of reflux nephropathy include hypertension, proteinuria, or chronic renal failure. ",
"The latter may eventuate in the subset of patients with urinary tract infection and unilateral reflux extending to a solitary kidney or bilateral reflux. ",
"Proteinuria may herald the inexorable progression of glomerular sclerosis in patients destined to progress to end-stage renal disease, despite the absence of further recurrences of urinary tract infections. ",
"The mechanism of progression is probably similar to that occurring in other forms of chronic, diffuse parenchymal renal disease, which all have similar alterations in glomerular hemodynamics (an increase in glomerular capillary flow, pressure, and filtration). ",
"The consequent hyperfiltration per nephron may be related to the level of dietary protein intake or to some derivative of the protein load. ",
"Hyperfiltration appears to recapitulate the presumed renal hemodynamic response to the relatively high level of episodic meat consumption by paleolithic hunter-gatherers. ",
"A prudent therapeutic intervention in children with progressive reflux nephropathy may be a proportional reduction in protein intake."
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"<html><head>\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"style.css\" type=\"text/css\">\n<meta content=\"text/html; charset=iso-8859-1\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\">\n<link rel=\"Start\" href=\"index.html\">\n<link title=\"Index of types\" rel=Appendix href=\"index_types.html\">\n<link title=\"Index of exceptions\" rel=Appendix href=\"index_exceptions.html\">\n<link title=\"Index of values\" rel=Appendix href=\"index_values.html\">\n<link title=\"Index of class methods\" rel=Appendix href=\"index_methods.html\">\n<link title=\"Index of classes\" rel=Appendix href=\"index_classes.html\">\n<link title=\"Index of class types\" rel=Appendix href=\"index_class_types.html\">\n<link title=\"Index of modules\" rel=Appendix href=\"index_modules.html\">\n<link title=\"Index of module types\" rel=Appendix href=\"index_module_types.html\">\n<link title=\"Pretty\" rel=\"Chapter\" href=\"Pretty.html\">\n<link title=\"Errormsg\" rel=\"Chapter\" href=\"Errormsg.html\">\n<link title=\"Clist\" rel=\"Chapter\" href=\"Clist.html\">\n<link title=\"Stats\" rel=\"Chapter\" href=\"Stats.html\">\n<link title=\"Cil\" rel=\"Chapter\" href=\"Cil.html\">\n<link title=\"Formatcil\" rel=\"Chapter\" href=\"Formatcil.html\">\n<link title=\"Alpha\" rel=\"Chapter\" href=\"Alpha.html\">\n<link title=\"Cillower\" rel=\"Chapter\" href=\"Cillower.html\">\n<link title=\"Cfg\" rel=\"Chapter\" href=\"Cfg.html\">\n<link title=\"Dataflow\" rel=\"Chapter\" href=\"Dataflow.html\">\n<link title=\"Dominators\" rel=\"Chapter\" href=\"Dominators.html\"><title>CIL API Documentation (version 1.3.7) : Pretty.",
"MakeSetPrinter</title>\n</head>\n<body>\n<code class=\"code\"><span class=\"keyword\">functor</span><br>\n (<span class=\"constructor\">Set</span> : <span class=\"keyword\">sig</span><br>\n <span class=\"keyword\">type</span> elt<br>\n <span class=\"keyword\">type</span> t<br>\n <span class=\"keyword\">val</span> fold :<br>\n (<span class=\"constructor\">Pretty</span>.<span class=\"constructor\">MakeSetPrinter</span>.elt <span class=\"keywordsign\">-></span> <span class=\"keywordsign\">'</span>a <span class=\"keywordsign\">-></span> <span class=\"keywordsign\">'</span>a) <span class=\"keywordsign\">-></span><br>\n <span class=\"constructor\">Pretty</span>.<span class=\"constructor\">MakeSetPrinter</span>.t <span class=\"keywordsign\">-></span> <span class=\"keywordsign\">'</span>a <span class=\"keywordsign\">-></span> <span class=\"keywordsign\">'</span>a<br>\n <span class=\"keyword\">end</span>) <span class=\"keywordsign\">-></span><br>\n <span class=\"keyword\">sig</span><br>\n <span class=\"keyword\">val</span> docSet :<br>\n ?sep:<span class=\"constructor\">Pretty</span>.doc <span class=\"keywordsign\">-></span><br>\n (<span class=\"constructor\">Set</span>.elt <span class=\"keywordsign\">-></span> <span class=\"constructor\">Pretty</span>.doc) <span class=\"keywordsign\">-></span> unit <span class=\"keywordsign\">-></span> <span class=\"constructor\">Set</span>.t <span class=\"keywordsign\">-></span> <span class=\"constructor\">Pretty</span>.doc<br>\n <span class=\"keyword\">val</span> d_set :<br>\n string <span class=\"keywordsign\">-></span><br>\n (unit <span class=\"keywordsign\">-></span> <span class=\"constructor\">Set</span>.elt <span class=\"keywordsign\">-></span> <span class=\"constructor\">Pretty</span>.doc) <span class=\"keywordsign\">-></span> unit <span class=\"keywordsign\">-></span> <span class=\"constructor\">Set</span>.t <span class=\"keywordsign\">-></span> <span class=\"constructor\">Pretty</span>.doc<br>\n <span class=\"keyword\">end</span></code></body></html>"
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"Q:\n\nHaskell - defining a function with guards inside a 'where'\n\nI'm just starting out at teaching myself Haskell. ",
"This code is supposed to do prime factorisation:\ndivides :: Integer -> Integer -> Bool\ndivides small big = (big `mod` small == 0)\n\nlowestDivisor :: Integer -> Integer\nlowestDivisor n = lowestDivisorHelper 2 n\n where lowestDivisorHelper m n\n | (m `divides` n) = m -- these should belong to lowestDivisorHelper\n | otherwise = lowestDivisorHelper (m+1) n\n\nprimeFactors :: Integer -> [Integer]\nprimeFactors 1 = []\nprimeFactors n\n | n < 1 = error \"Must be positive\"\n | otherwise = let m = lowestDivisor n\n in m:primeFactors (n/m)\n\nI get a parse error on the commented line. ",
"I think my problem might be that lowestDivisorHelper has guards, but the compiler doesn't know whether the guards belong to lowestDivisorHelper or lowestDivisor. ",
"How do I get around this?",
"\nI should add that I didn't want to define the helper function at the top level in order to hide the implementation detail. ",
"Importing the file shouldn't take the helper function with it.",
"\n\nA:\n\nlowestDivisor :: Integer -> Integer\nlowestDivisor n = lowestDivisorHelper 2 n where \n lowestDivisorHelper m n\n | (m `divides` n) = m -- these should belong to lowestDivisorHelper\n | otherwise = lowestDivisorHelper (m+1) n\n\nYou need to start a new statement with your helper function for the guards to be sufficiently indented by comparison.",
"\n(And you also forgot an argument, n.)\nThis would also work:\nlowestDivisor :: Integer -> Integer\nlowestDivisor n = lowestDivisorHelper 2 n \n where \n lowestDivisorHelper m n\n | (m `divides` n) = m -- these should belong to lowestDivisorHelper\n | otherwise = lowestDivisorHelper (m+1) n\n\nbut this doesn't:\nlowestDivisor :: Integer -> Integer\nlowestDivisor n = lowestDivisorHelper 2 n \n where lowestDivisorHelper m n\n | (m `divides` n) = m -- these should belong to lowestDivisorHelper\n | otherwise = lowestDivisorHelper (m+1) n\n\nThe key point is that the | has to be further to the right than the function name.",
"\nIn general, starting a new line continues the previous one as long as it is further to the right. ",
"The guards have to continue on from the function name.",
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"Q:\n\nHow to sort List?",
"\n\nbasically I want to add to List of tuples containing different classes into List and then want to sort the objects based on class2.",
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"\n\nA:\n\nIf you have the existing list and want to sort it, call the Sort() method specifying the Comparison to use. ",
" Then compare the second items in whatever appropriate manner.",
"\ne.g., \nvar items = new List<Tuple<int, string>>\n{\n Tuple.",
"Create(1, \"foo\"),\n Tuple.",
"Create(15, \"bar\"),\n};\nitems.",
"Sort((a, b) => a.Item2.CompareTo(b.",
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"Everything you need to know about funding, growing and scaling your startup.",
"\n\nWe had a great July, closing nine deals for a total of $3.1M—an average loan size of approximately $350K! ",
"Eight of the nine startups we funded are new to the Lighter Capital family, too. ",
"We’re thrilled to welcome them to the community and ready to watch them grow!",
"\n\nHere’s a quick rundown of the deals we closed in July.",
"\n\nFirst-time clients\n\nBoardOnTrack provides powerful, web-based tools to board members and CEOs of charter public schools. ",
"More than 3,000 board members serving 260,000 students rely on BoardOnTrack for charter school governance.",
"\n\nStylitics is a fashion technology and data company. ",
"They provide several tools to help retailers improve their CRM and optimize customer recommendations and targeting. ",
"They also provide the B2C app ClosetSpace, a style management and recommendation solution.",
"\n\nExacter provides asset sensing, data, and analytics for utility grids. ",
"Their grid intelligence system helps improve asset investment and reliability for transmission and distribution. ",
"They serve more than 100 utility providers around the world.",
"\n\nMageMojo provides hosting and services to eCommerce companies on the Magento platform. ",
"MageMojo works with their clients to optimize their stores and keep load times reasonable (a serious problem on Magento). ",
"They currently work with over 10,000 online stores.",
"\n\nValGenesis helps life science companies bring products to market more quickly, safely, and efficiently by delivering validation lifecycle management software solutions. ",
"They help life science companies around the world with data integrity, consistency, control, and company-wide transparency.",
"\n\nRolePoint aids companies in talent acquisition by providing a variety of tools for employee referrals, internal talent mobility, and candidate experience optimization. ",
"SMBs, growing companies, and entrenched enterprises all rely on RolePoint to help land the talent they need.",
"\n\nDrupalSquad provides development, hosting migration, maintenance, and support to organizations building websites on the Drupal platform. ",
"Over the last five years, DrupalSquad has provided Drupal solutions to hundreds of companies.",
"\n\nRepeat clients\n\nReviewBuzz is an online reputation management tool that helps companies generate more positive reviews on platforms like Yelp, Facebook, and Google Places, increase their online ratings, and cultivate more happy customers. ",
"We first funded ReviewBuzz in March, and they’ve been growing nicely!",
"\n\nCongrats to all of our clients, new and old. ",
"Happy growing!",
"\n\nLooking for funding?",
"\n\nLighter Capital provides tech startups up to $2M of non-dilutive growth capital in a fraction of the time it takes to raise from traditional sources. ",
"No loss of control. ",
"No personal guarantees. ",
"No hassle."
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"Parent distress in childhood cancer: a comparative evaluation of posttraumatic stress symptoms, depression and anxiety.",
"\nThe aim was to assess symptoms consistent with posttraumatic stress (PTS; cognitive intrusions, avoidance, arousal) related to the child's illness, and generic distress (anxiety, depression) in parents of childhood cancer patients. ",
"Outcomes were compared to normative and relevant reference data, and analysed for their dependence on time passed since diagnosis. ",
"Swedish parents (266 mothers, 208 fathers) were recruited at two centres. ",
"Data from a clinical sample of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients and parents of healthy children were used for comparison. ",
"The Impact of Events Scale (IES-R) was used for assessing PTS symptoms, and self-report scales for anxiety and depression. ",
"Elevated stress and generic distress varied as a function of time from diagnosis. ",
"Up to 12% of parents for whom >5 years had passed since diagnosis still reported equally, or more intrusive thoughts, avoidance and arousal when contrasted to patients suffering from PTSD. ",
"Parents of recently diagnosed children had more cancer-related intrusive thoughts than those of long-term survivors. ",
"Heightened anxiety and depression was most prominent in mothers and fathers up to 2.5 years after diagnosis. ",
"In conclusion, severe generic distress characterises the first years after diagnosis, and initially common PTS symptoms are found in a considerable portion of parents years after diagnosis. ",
"Clinically, attention should be paid to continuous parent support needs. ",
"Individual variation vis-à-vis distress vulnerability should be acknowledged, and presupposed gender differences avoided. ",
"When treatment situation asks the most of parents' collaboration, many are under pressure of severe stress."
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"Plastic Surgery and the Entertainment Industry\n\nIn an industry where you are judged primarily on your looks and your age, plastic surgery is almost mandatory for any age group. ",
"It’s becoming just as important in the corporate world, too. ",
"Artists and executives are more likely to get hired if they appear young, trim and attractive. ",
"A nip here, a tuck there and you’re good to go.",
"\n\nBut what happens when something goes terribly wrong? ",
"We’ve seen some very odd sightings both on the streets of LA and on the covers of various supermarket tabloids. ",
"Burt Reynolds and Farrah Fawcett seem to have their skin pulled so tightly that their faces are actually misshapen. ",
"Joan Rivers jokes about talking through her navel after so many face lifts. ",
"Then there’s the infamous Michael Jackson.",
"\n\nA plastic surgeon on the Discovery Channel recently stated that Michael Jackson’s nose is actually dying from all the surgery. ",
"They displayed a recent picture of Michael Jackson in court and the skin was actually peeling off his nose. ",
"And now there is speculation that his nose is really a prosthesis.",
"\n\nWhile these particular surgeries are all considered elective, many plastic surgeries are required to correct a serous defect or repair someone after an accident, or to correct a medical situation brought about by a previous surgery.",
"\n\nSo, how do you choose a reputable plastic surgeon and minimize the potential disastrous effects of surgery or surgical complications? ",
"People on the “A” list in the entertainment industry get recommendations from other celebrities who have had skilled surgeons work on them. ",
"But, what do the rest of us do? ",
"You know, those of us who don’t make $25 million a picture or have $43 million record deals do?",
"\n\nThe sad fact is that many individuals base their decision on whether their doctor participates in their insurance program’s PPO or HMO. ",
"Others base their decision on the price of the surgery. ",
"Neither of these methods guarantees a skilled surgeon, and if you’re shopping around for a bargain deal, limit that to what you can find at the local Wal-Mart, not your surgeon. ",
"You’re risking your life if you do. ",
"There have been numerous horror stories and even deaths resulting from bargain basement surgeons promising beautiful breast or a youthful appearance.",
"\n\nSince it appears as if it’s almost mandatory that people in the entertainment industry get plastic surgery at some point in their careers, you need to choose wisely. ",
"Here are a few questions you should ask when seeking out a skilled and reputable surgeon.",
"\n\n1. ",
"Get several recommendations from verifiable and reliable sources.",
"\n\n2. ",
"Check with the American Society of Plastic Surgeons to verify if he or she is in good standing. ",
"Here is their website: http://www.plasticsurgery.org/. Also go to the American Board of Plastic Surgeons: http://www.abplsurg.org/ to see if the doctors you are considering are listed.",
"\n\nThe American Board of Plastic Surgeons is the only specialty board responsible for certifying plastic surgeons approved by the American Medical Association and the American Board of Medical Specialties. ",
"Any doctor who is certified by the board must meet the following requirements:\n\no They must have graduated from a school, which is accredited at the time of graduation by the Liaison Committee for Medical Education (LCME), a Canadian Medical School accredited by the Committee on Accreditation of Canadian Medical Schools (CACMS), or from a United States osteopathic school accredited by the American Osteopathic Association (AOA).",
"\n\no They must have completed a minimum of three years clinical training in general surgery, or complete an approved residency in orthopedic surgery, or be certified by the American Board of Otolaryngology.",
"\n\no They must have completed a minimum of two to three years approved residency training for plastic surgery in the United States or Canada.",
"\n\no They must have successfully passed a written, practical and oral examination in plastic surgery.",
"\n\no They must maintain an ethical standing in the community as well as moral status.",
"\n\nYou can also check with the Federal Trade Commission for instructions: http://www.ftc.gov/. Don’t go strictly by the certificates on the wall. ",
"Anyone can look impressive by printing up (or ordering) a certificate or a diploma and getting a good framer.",
"\n\nAsk questions of the doctor!!! ",
"Find out what percentage of his surgical practice is spent performing the type surgery you are interested in. ",
"Find out the length of time your doctor has invested in training for the procedure, as well as how many of the procedure you are choosing to undertake they have performed in total and how many years they have actually performed it. ",
"Ask how many of these surgeries were successful and how many were not. ",
"Ask what they attributed for the negative results. ",
"Find out what happened and why so it doesn’t happen to you. ",
"Also find out if they are continuing their education to keep fresh in the field.",
"\n\nIf the doctor is resentful or cops an attitude because you ask detailed questions and expect complete answers from them, walk away, going on to the next doctor on your list. ",
"They should have nothing to hide. ",
"There are dentists who have gone to a weekend seminar and are now certified to do liposuction. ",
"Now that’s scary! ",
"Plastic surgery is a very lucrative business with billions of dollars spent annually. ",
"Everyone wants his or her piece of the pie. ",
"Make sure to verify all information with reliable sources.",
"\n\n1. ",
"Tell your doctor you would like to speak to some of his patients who have already had similar procedures done. ",
"Most reputable surgeons adhere to this practice.",
"\n\n2. ",
"Get a second opinion from the second doctor on your list and repeat steps 2-4 again before you make your decision. ",
"Ask yourself an important question: “Who did I feel, gut level feeling, more comfortable with?” ",
"Then and only then, make your informed decision.",
"\n\nWhile all of these steps may seem like overkill, and may take some time, they will save you years of additional reconstructive surgery and thousands of dollars if you ask questions, verify information and practice patience at the onset.",
"\n\nA year and a half ago I had a medical need to undergo breast reduction. ",
"I had insurance and simply chose a provider on my list. ",
"I made my decision based on my insurance carrier. ",
"I didn’t do my due diligence and check the doctor out as I am advocating you do. ",
"Unfortunately, a year after the surgery, I was still suffering from infection, hardening and complete numbness in both breasts, not just in one area. ",
"Additionally the surgery left me with a deformity on both sides that caused problems both physically and esthetically. ",
"I had to undergo more surgery as a result, but once again I was at a loss of who to go to, or more importantly who I should trust.",
"\n\nA good friend of mine had a child who unfortunately needed to undergo plastic surgery. ",
"She knew my plight and recommended her child’s doctor. ",
"I was little apprehensive as you can imagine.",
"\n\nI spoke to other friends about future surgery. ",
"I mentioned my thoughts about using this doctor. ",
"And, to my surprise, many of them had heard of him. ",
"Apparently he is very famous in the entertainment industry and extremely well respected.",
"\n\nAfter seeing him, I understood how he had earned his reputation. ",
"He and his staff were, and are incredible! ",
"I have never been to any doctor who was as thorough or able to put me as much at ease.",
"\n\nNeedless to say I’m doing extremely well now because of him and his staff’s skill and care. ",
"After all I went through with such an essential part of my physical body and appearance, as well as my personal health, I am on the road to recovery finally.",
"\n\nTake a word of warning from someone who has “been there, done that,” do your research. ",
"If you choose poorly, especially while working in an industry that places so much emphasis on physical beauty, you may no longer have the career you once had; and more importantly, you may not have your health or your life. ",
"Just as you practiced your craft to become the best at what you do, carefully pick a surgeon who has put the same care and effort into his training. ",
"In this case you will get what you pay for."
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"[**Capture into resonance and escape from it in a forced nonlinear pendulum**]{}\\\n\nA. I. Neishtadt$^{1,2}$, A. A. Vasiliev$^{1}$, A. V. Artemyev$^{1}$,\\\n\n[*$^{1}$ Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia*]{}\\\n[*$^{2}$ Department of Mathematical Sciences,\\\nLoughborough University, UK*]{}\\\n\nAbstract {#abstract .unnumbered}\n========\n\nWe study dynamics of a nonlinear pendulum under a periodic force with small amplitude and slowly decreasing frequency. ",
"It is well known that when the frequency of the external force passes through the value of the frequency of the unperturbed pendulum’s oscillations, the pendulum can be captured into the resonance. ",
"The captured pendulum oscillates in such a way that the resonance is preserved, and the amplitude of the oscillations accordingly grows. ",
"We consider this problem in the frames of a standard Hamiltonian approach to resonant phenomena in slow-fast Hamiltonian systems developed earlier, and evaluate the probability of capture into the resonance. ",
"If the system passes the resonance at small enough initial amplitudes of the pendulum, the capture occurs with necessity (so-called autoresonance). ",
"In general, the probability of capture varies between one and zero, depending on the initial amplitude. ",
"We demonstrate that a pendulum captured at small values of its amplitude escapes from the resonance in the domain of oscillations close to the separatrix of the pendulum, and evaluate the amplitude of the oscillations at the escape.",
"\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nA pendulum under the action of an external force is an important and ubiquitous model in various areas of nonlinear dynamics. ",
"One of the interesting and important in applications phenomena is capture of the pendulum’s oscillations into resonance with the oscillations of the external force. ",
"Consider first the pendulum initially at rest, and the external force of small amplitude $\\eps$ and frequency equal to the frequency of the pendulum’s linear oscillations $\\om_0$. It is known that such a force can increase the pendulum’s amplitude up to a value of order $\\eps^{1/3}$. At larger amplitudes the dependence of the pendulum’s frequency on the amplitude (i.e., the pendulum’s nonlinearity) results in breakup of the resonance. ",
"However, if the frequency of the external force is not constant but slowly decreasing with time at a rate $\\dt$, the so called autoresonance phenomenon occurs (see, e.g., [@Friedlandscholar] and the references therein). ",
"When the frequency of the force passes through the value $\\om_0$, the pendulum is captured into the resonance with the force, and the amplitude of its oscillations increases in such a way that the pendulum stays in the resonance.",
"\n\nThis phenomenon has been studied in numerous works starting from the pioneering papers of V. I. Veksler and E. M. McMillan [@Veksler45; @McMillan45] where a crucial role of the autoresonance in particle accelerators was demonstrated. ",
"However, it is methodically important and interesting to consider this phenomenon using the standard and well-developed Hamiltonian approach to resonant phenomena in nonlinear systems [@AKN]. ",
"We do this in the present paper. ",
"We show that automatic capture into resonance (capture with probability one) has place not only for zero initial amplitude of the pendulum, but also for small non-zero initial amplitudes. ",
"We also consider the case of larger initial amplitudes and describe the capture into the resonance and evaluate its probability. ",
"A captured pendulum escapes from the resonance at a certain final amplitude of oscillations. ",
"We describe this phenomenon and find the energy of the pendulum at the escape.",
"\n\nWe study mostly the important “adiabatic” case, when the variation rate of the external frequency is much smaller than the amplitude of the external force: $\\dt \\ll \\eps$. However, some conclusions are made also for the case when $\\dt \\sim \\eps$. In particular, we show that capture into the resonance is impossible, if $\\eps$ is smaller than a certain threshold that depend on the value of $\\dt$. This agrees with so-called threshold phenomenon (see [@Friedlandscholar]).",
"\n\nCapture into resonance at small initial values of the amplitude {#sec2}\n===============================================================\n\nWe start at the Hamiltonian of a pendulum under the action of a time-periodic external forcing: H = - \\_0\\^2 Q + Q. \\[0.1\\] Here $(P,Q)$ are canonically conjugate momentum and coordinate, $\\om_0$ is a frequency of linear oscillations, $\\eps \\ll1$ and $\\psi$ are the amplitude and the phase of the external forcing respectively. ",
"Assume that $\\dot \\psi = \\om(\\delta t)$ is a slowly varying frequency of the external forcing, $0 <\\delta \\ll 1$.\n\nA standard way to study this system near the 1:1 resonance is to introduce the action-angle variables of the unperturbed pendulum as a new pair of canonical variables, average the Hamiltonian near the resonance, and expand it into series. ",
"This approach is implemented in Section \\[sec3\\] of this paper. ",
"However, when the initial amplitude of the pendulum is zero or small, of order $\\eps^{1/3}$, it is easier to apply a different method. ",
"Namely, one can expand the cosine in (\\[0.1\\]) and use symplectic polar coordinates instead of the exact action-angle variables. ",
"Below in this section we use this latter approach. ",
"The results obtained by the two methods at small values of the initial amplitude asymptotically agree with each other.",
"\n\nThus, in this section we study the case of small amplitude of the pendulum’s oscillations: $|Q| \\ll 1$. Expanding $\\cos Q$ into series and omitting a constant, we find in the main approximation H = + \\_0\\^2 - \\_0\\^2 + Q. \\[0.2\\] Introduce new canonical variables (so-called symplectic polar coordinates) $\\rho$ and $\\phi$: Q = , P = . ",
"\\[0.3\\] In terms of the new variables the Hamiltonian takes the form H = \\_0 - \\^4+ . ",
"\\[0.4\\] We consider the situation when the system is close to the 1:1 resonance, i.e., when $\\dot \\phi \\approx \\dot\\psi$. Introduce the [*resonance phase*]{} $\\gm = \\phi - \\psi$ as a new variable. ",
"To do this, make a canonical change of variables $(\\rho, \\phi) \\mapsto (\\tilde \\rho, \\gm)$ defined with generating function $W(\\tilde \\rho,\\phi)= \\tilde \\rho(\\phi - \\psi)$. In the new variables, the Hamiltonian is $\\tilde H = H + \\pt W/\\pt t = H - \\tilde\\rho \\om$. One can average over the fast phase and obtain the Hamiltonian averaged near the resonance (we omit tildes): H = \\_0 - + 12 - . ",
"\\[0.5\\] Introduce another pair of canonical variables $(x,y)$: x = , y = . ",
"\\[0.6\\] In these new variables, the Hamiltonian is H = (\\_0-) - + x. \\[0.7\\] Rescaling the Hamiltonian and time: $H \\rightarrow -64 H, \\, t \\rightarrow t/64$, and changing $x \\rightarrow -x$ we obtain the Hamiltonian in the standard form H = (x\\^2+y\\^2)\\^2 - (x\\^2+y\\^2) + x, = 32(\\_0-), = 32. ",
"\\[0.8\\] This Hamiltonian appears in many resonant problems in celestial mechanics, atomic and plasma physics (see, e.g., [@Sincl; @Gr; @Henrard83; @NeishtadtTimofeev:1987; @KotStup:1991; @NeishtadtVasiliev:2005]). ",
"Properties of a system with this Hamiltonian were thoroughly investigated in [@Neishtadt:1975], and here we just put forward some of results obtained in that paper.",
"\n\nIn Hamiltonian (\\[0.8\\]) parameter $\\mu$ is a positive constant, and parameter $\\la$ is a slowly varying function of time: $\\dot\\la \\sim \\delta$. We assume that $\\dot \\la >0$, i.e. that the frequency $\\om$ is decreasing with time.",
"\n\nPhase portraits of (\\[0.8\\]) at different constant values of $\\la$ are presented in Figures \\[portraits12\\] and \\[portrait3\\]. ",
"If $\\la < \\la_* = \\frac32 \\mu^{2/3}$, there is one elliptic point A (Figure \\[portraits12\\] a). ",
"At $\\la > \\la_*$, there are two elliptic points A and B, and one saddle point C (Figure \\[portrait3\\]). ",
"In the latter case, the phase plane is divided by separatrices $l_1, l_2$ into three regions $G_1,G_{12},G_2$.\n\n ----- -----\n \n (a) (b)\n ----- -----\n\nLet $H_c(\\la)$ be the value of Hamiltonian (\\[0.8\\]) at the saddle point C. Introduce $\\calH = H - H_c$. Then we have $\\calH <0$ in $G_{12}$, $\\calH > 0$ in $G_1,G_2$, and $\\calH = 0$ on the separatrices $l_1, l_2$.\n\nAs parameter $\\la$ slowly grows with time, curves $l_1, l_2$ slowly move on the phase plane. ",
"On time intervals of order $\\mu^{2/3}\\delta^{-1}$ their position and the areas of $G_{12}, G_2$ essentially changes. ",
"At the same time, the area surrounded by a closed phase trajectory at a frozen value of $\\la$ is an adiabatic invariant of the system with slowly varying parameter $\\la$ and is well preserved. ",
"Hence, phase points can cross $l_1, l_2$ leaving one of the regions $G_i$ and entering another region.",
"\n\nAssume that $\\la = \\la_*$ at $t=0$. The corresponding phase portrait is presented in Figure \\[portraits12\\] b. The following assertion is valid: if a phase point is inside $l_1$ at $\\la=\\la_*$, it is captured in $G_{12}$ at $t>0$ and stays there at least during time intervals of order $\\delta^{-1}$. (More precisely, this may not be valid for phase points belonging initially to a narrow strip $-k_1 \\delta^{6/5} \\le \\calH <0$, where $k_1$ is a positive constant.) ",
"Thus, all phase points initially (at $\\la = \\la_*$) inside $l_1$, except, maybe, for a narrow strip, are “automatically” captured into $G_{12}$. In [@Sincl], this phenomenon was called “automatic entry into libration”. ",
"The diameter of this domain is a value of order $\\mu^{1/3}$.\n\nA point captured in $G_{12}$ rotates around elliptic point A. As time grows, the point A on the portrait slowly moves along $x$-axis in the negative direction. ",
"Therefore, the motion is a composition of fast rotation around A and slow drift along $x$-axis. ",
"The area surrounded by each turn of the trajectory stays approximately the same (this area is an adiabatic invariant). ",
"Hence, the average distance between the phase point and the origin slowly grows, corresponding to the growth of amplitude of the pendulum’s oscillations in the original problem.",
"\n\nConsider now the case when a phase point is initially outside $l_1$. As $\\la$ grows, the area inside $l_1$ also grows, and at a certain moment the phase trajectory crosses $l_1$. This is due to the fact that the area surrounded by the phase trajectory is an adiabatic invariant, while the area $S_{12}$ of $G_{12}$ monotonously grows (see below (\\[0.11\\])). ",
"After crossing, the phase point can continue its motion in $G_{12}$ during a time interval of order at least $\\delta^{-1}$ (capture into resonance) or can cross $l_2$ and continue its motion in $G_2$ (passage through the resonance without capture). ",
"The area $S_2$ of $G_2$ also monotonously grows with time (see below (\\[0.11\\])), hence such a point cannot cross $l_2$ once more and return to $G_{12}$.\n\nThe scenario of motion after crossing $l_1$ strongly depends on initial conditions, and capture into $G_{12}$ can be considered as a random event. ",
"Its probability can be found according to the following formula: = , I\\_1() = -\\_[l\\_1]{} t, I\\_2() = -\\_[l\\_2]{} t, \\[0.9\\] where the integrals are calculated at $\\la = \\La$, and $\\La$ is the value of $\\la$ at the time of crossing of $l_1$ found in the adiabatic approximation. ",
"One obtains: I\\_1() = 12 (2- ), I\\_2 = , = ( - 2 ). ",
"\\[0.10\\] Here $\\Th$ is the angle between the tangencies to $l_1$ at C, $0 \\le \\Th < \\pi$, and $x_C$ is the $x$-coordinate of the saddle point C. Note that = I\\_2 , = I\\_1 - I\\_2. ",
"\\[0.11\\] Formula (\\[0.9\\]) can be interpreted as follows. ",
"In a Hamiltonian system, phase volume is conserved. ",
"As parameter $\\la$ changes by $\\Dt \\la$, a phase volume $\\Dt V_{1}$ enters the region $G_{12}$. At the same time, a volume $\\Dt V_2$ leaves this region and enters $G_2$. The relative measure of points captured in $G_{12}$ is $(\\Dt V_{1} - \\Dt V_2)/\\Dt V_2$. The integral $I_1$ in (\\[0.9\\]) is the flow of the phase volume across $l_1$, and $I_2$ is the flow across $l_2$. Therefore, Pr gives the relative measure of points captured into $G_{12}$.\n\nThe results of this section were obtained assuming that the adiabaticity condition is valid. ",
"To express this condition in terms of the parameters of the system, consider Hamiltonian (\\[0.8\\]). ",
"A typical scale of the corresponding phase portrait can be found using the condition that the first and the last terms in the Hamiltonian are of the same order. ",
"Thus, typical values of coordinates $x$ and $y$ on the portrait are of order of $\\mu^{1/3}$. Hence, from (\\[0.6\\]) and (\\[0.5\\]) we find that typical frequency of motion on this portrait is $\\Om_{typ} \\sim \\dot \\gm \\sim \\rho \\sim \\mu^{2/3}$. The adiabaticity condition implies that variation $\\Dt\\om$ of the driving frequency during a period of motion on the phase portrait is much smaller than the frequency of motion. ",
"Hence, it can be written as $\\Dt\\om \\sim \\dt \\Om_{typ}^{-1} \\ll \\Om_{typ}$ or $\\dt \\ll \\Om_{typ}^2$. Thus we have $\\dt \\ll \\eps^{4/3}$. At values of $\\eps$ that do not satisfy this condition the adiabatic approximation does not work, and, in particular, capture into the resonance is impossible. ",
"In [@FajansFriedland:2001], an expression was obtained for the threshold value of $\\eps$ such that at smaller $\\eps$ the capture into the resonance is not possible. ",
"Our estimate agrees with the result of [@FajansFriedland:2001].",
"\n\nSummarizing, we can say that at small enough initial amplitudes of oscillations (of order $\\eps^{1/3}$ or less) the pendulum is necessarily captured into the 1:1 resonance with the external forcing of slowly decreasing frequency. ",
"If the initial amplitude is larger but still small, the capture occurs with probability of order 1 given by formula (\\[0.9\\]). ",
"In the frames of model (\\[0.2\\]), valid at small amplitudes, the captured pendulum cannot escape from the resonance. ",
"We study the system at larger values of the amplitude in the next section.",
"\n\nForced pendulum at a nonlinear resonance {#sec3}\n========================================\n\nConsider again Hamiltonian of the pendulum under the external forcing (\\[0.1\\]). ",
"Introduce unperturbed Hamiltonian $H_0 = P^2/2 - \\om_0^2 \\cos Q$ and parameter \\^2 = 12(1 + ), \\[1.2\\] where $h_0$ is a value of $H_0$. Thus, $0 \\le \\kp^2 < 1$ in the domain of oscillations of the pendulum, $\\kp^2 = 1$ on the separatrix, and $\\kp^2 > 1$ in the domain of rotations. ",
"To introduce the canonical action-angle variables $(I,\\ffi)$, we note that in the domain of oscillations the exact solution for the unperturbed pendulum (i. e., at $\\eps = 0$) has the form P(t) = 2 \\_0 (\\_0 t,),\\\nQ(t) = 2 ( (\\_0 t,)), \\[1.2a\\] where $\\cn$ and $\\mbox{dn}$ are Jacobi elliptic functions (see, e. g., [@SagdeevZaslavsky]; the second formula can be obtained as a primitive of the first one). ",
"Thus, one can introduce canonical transformation $(p,q) \\mapsto(I,\\ffi)$ with the following formulas P = 2 \\_0 (,),\\\nQ = 2 ( (,)), \\[1.2b\\] where $\\kp$ should be understood as a function of $I$ defined with the formula valid in the domain of oscillations of the pendulum (see, e.g., [@SagdeevZaslavsky]): I(h\\_0) = . ",
"\\[1.16\\] Here $E(\\kp)$ and $K(\\kp)$ are the complete elliptic integrals of the second and the first kind respectively: E() = \\^[/2]{}\\_0 u, K() = \\^[/2]{}\\_0 . ",
"\\[1.17\\] In (\\[1.2b\\]), $\\Om=\\Om(\\kp)$ is the frequency of oscillations of the unperturbed pendulum, () = \\_0 . ",
"\\[1.17a\\]\n\nExpanding the first equation of (\\[1.2b\\]) into the Fourier series we obtain (see [@AbramowitzStegun]): P= 2 \\_0 \\^\\_[n=0]{} , \\[1.4\\] with q = (-), K = K(), K\\^ = K(’), ’\\^2 = 1-\\^2. ",
"\\[1.5\\]\n\nTo study dynamics near the 1:1 resonance between the pendulum’s oscillations and the external forcing, introduce the so-called resonant phase $\\gm = \\ffi - \\psi$ as a new variable. ",
"We do this with a canonical change of variables $(I,\\ffi) \\mapsto (\\tilde I, \\gm)$ defined by generating function $W(\\tilde I,\\ffi) = \\tilde I (\\ffi - \\psi)$. Thus we have I = = I, = = - , \\[1.8\\] and for the Hamiltonian expressed via the new variables we find H = H + = H - I . ",
"\\[1.9\\] From now on, we omit tildes over $H$.\n\nFourier expansion for the coordinate $Q$ can be obtained as the primitive of the expansion for $P$ (see (\\[1.4\\])) with substituting $\\ffi = \\gm +\\psi$. We plan to average the system near the resonance, hence we keep only the $n=0$ term in this expansion for $Q$: Q\\_r = 8 (+). ",
"\\[1.6\\] Substituting $ Q_r $ for $Q$ in (\\[0.1\\]) and (\\[1.9\\]) and averaging, we find that the Hamiltonian averaged near the resonance is H= H\\_0(I) + A(I) - I , A(I) = 4 . ",
"\\[1.7\\] Here $H_0(I)$ is the unperturbed Hamiltonian of the pendulum in terms of the action variable $I$, and $A$ is also considered as a function of $I$. \\[Note, that $\\kp$ is a monotonous function of $h_0$, and $h_0$ is a monotonous function of $I$. Here and below we write for brevity $I$ instead of $\\kp(I)$ in the arguments of functions depending on $\\kp$ \\].",
"\n\nAt the resonance $\\dot \\gm = 0$, hence $\\dot \\ffi = \\om$. Therefore, the resonant value of the action variable $I_R$ is defined by the equation $\\Om(I_R) = \\om(\\delta t)$, where $\\Om(I) \\equiv 2\\pi/T$ is the frequency of oscillations of the unperturbed pendulum. ",
"Hence, $I_R$ is a function of the slow time $\\tau \\equiv \\delta t$, i.e. $I_R = I_R(\\tau)$.\n\nFar from the resonance one can average over $\\gm$ and obtain a system with conserved value of $I$. This corresponds to the fact that off-resonance perturbation does not change strongly the amplitude of the pendulum’s oscillations.",
"\n\nNear the resonance, one can expand the Hamiltonian (\\[1.7\\]) into series with respect to $(I-I_R)$. Retaining the main terms, we find: H = H\\_0 (I\\_R) + .12 |\\_[I=I\\_R]{} (I-I\\_R)\\^2+ A(I\\_R) . ",
"\\[1.10\\] Make a canonical change of variables $(I,\\gm) \\mapsto (\\calP,\\tilde\\gm)$ defined with the generating function $W_1(I,\\tilde\\gm) = (I-I_R)\\tilde\\gm$. We find = = I-I\\_R, = =, H = H + . ",
"\\[1.11\\] Omitting tildes, we find for the Hamiltonian H=()+F(,), () = H\\_0(I\\_R()),\\\nF = 12 g\\^2 + d + b . ",
"\\[1.12\\] Here the coefficients $g,d,$ and $b$ are functions of $I_R(\\tau)$ given by g= .|\\_[I=I\\_R]{}, d=A(I\\_R), b= - = -. ",
"\\[1.13\\] The Hamiltonian $F$ is one of a pendulum under the action of the external torque. ",
"We shall call it “the inner pendulum” to distinguish it from the original pendulum (\\[0.1\\]). ",
"Such Hamiltonians universally occur in resonant problems (see, e.g., [@Neishtadt:1999; @NV:2006]). ",
"Coefficients $g,d,$ and $b$ are varying slowly, at a rate proportional to $\\delta$, hence we can first consider the inner pendulum at frozen values of these coefficients. ",
"The phase portrait of this system can be one of the two types: if $|\\delta b|< |d|$, there is a separatrix and the domain of oscillations on the portrait; if $|\\delta b|\\ge |d|$, there is no domain of oscillations. ",
"In the former case, the area $\\calS$ inside the separatrix is given by the formula: = 2\\_[\\_m]{}\\^[\\_s]{} (2 )\\^[1/2]{} , \\[1.14\\] where $\\gm_s = 2\\pi -\\arccos(-\\delta b/d)$ and $\\gm_m$ is the root of equation $\\sin\\gm + \\frac{\\delta b}{d}\\,\\gm = \\sin\\gm_s + \\frac{\\delta b}{d}\\,\\gm_s$ satisfying $\\gm_s-2\\pi < \\gm_m <\\gm_s$. The area $\\calS$ is presented in Figure \\[figArea\\] at various values of the ratio $\\eps/\\dt$.\n\nPhase portrait of the inner pendulum slowly evolves with time; in particular, the area $\\calS$ is a function of the slow time $\\tau$. The area surrounded by a phase trajectory inside the separatrix on the phase portrait of the inner pendulum is an adiabatic invariant (called the [*inner adiabatic invariant*]{}). ",
"Thus, while $\\calS$ grows with time, such phase trajectories cannot leave the domain of oscillations of the inner pendulum. ",
"On the other hand, additional phase volume appears inside the separatrix, and phase points can be captured into the domain of oscillations. ",
"In the captured motion, the value of $I$ strongly changes in such a way that, in the main approximation, the resonance condition $\\Om(I) = \\om(\\tau)$ is preserved. ",
"As $\\om(\\tau)$ is a monotonously decreasing function, the amplitude of oscillations of the pendulum grows.",
"\n\nIf $|\\delta b|\\ge |d|$, there is no separatrix on the phase portrait of the inner pendulum, and hence phase points cannot be captured into the resonance. ",
"Therefore at given values of $\\delta$ and initial $I$ there is a threshold value of the force amplitude $\\eps_{th}$, such that if $\\eps < \\eps_{th}$, the capture is impossible (cf. [",
"@Friedland:2001]). ",
"In particular, at small enough values of the initial action $I_0$ (and, correspondingly, small values of $\\kp$) we have from (\\[1.16\\]) and (\\[1.7\\]) that $I_0 \\approx 2\\om_0\\kp^2$ and $A \\approx \\kp \\approx (2 \\om_0)^{-1/2}\\sqrt{I_0}$. Hence, the condition $|\\delta b|\\ge |d|$ takes the form $\\eps\\sqrt{I_0}\\le \\dt |b| \\sqrt{2\\om_0}$. If $I_0\\sim \\eps^{2/3}$, we find $\\eps_{th}^{4/3} \\approx \\dt |b| \\sqrt{2\\om_0}$. This agrees with the result of [@FajansFriedland:2001], obtained for small oscillation amplitudes. ",
"Note, however, that at such relation between parameters $\\eps$ and $\\dt$ the system lacks adiabaticity, and, strictly speaking, the implemented approach is inadequate.",
"\n\nConsider now the important case $\\delta \\ll \\eps$. One can neglect the terms containing $\\delta$ in the formula for $\\calS$ (\\[1.14\\]). ",
"The area inside the separatrix on the phase portrait of the inner pendulum is then given by the formula = 16 \\[1.15\\] with $A$ and $g$ defined in (\\[1.7\\]) and (\\[1.13\\]), accordingly.",
"\n\nOur next object is to find an explicit expression for $g$. We have g = .|\\_[I=I\\_R]{} = .()|\\_[I=I\\_R]{}\\\n= -.() ",
"\\^3|\\_[I=I\\_R]{} = - . () ",
"\\^3 |\\_[I=I\\_R]{} . ",
"\\[1.18\\] Using formulas for derivatives of elliptic integrals (see, e.g., [@AbramowitzStegun]), we find: g = .-|\\_[I=I\\_R]{}. ",
"\\[1.19\\] In this expression, $g$ should be calculated at such a value of $h_0$ that $I(h_0) = I_R$. Substituting expression (\\[1.7\\]) for $A$ at $I=I_R$ and (\\[1.19\\]) into (\\[1.15\\]), we obtain the expression for $\\calS$ as a function of $\\kp$. The plot of this function is presented in Figure \\[figArea\\] (the uppermost curve). ",
"One can see that as the ratio $\\eps/\\dt$ grows, formula (\\[1.15\\]) gives better and better approximation to (\\[1.14\\]).",
"\n\nLet initially (at $t=0$) the pendulum have an oscillation amplitude corresponding to the value of action $I = I_0$ and the frequency $\\Om = \\Om_0$. Let the forcing frequency $\\om(\\tau)$ at $t=0$ be larger than $\\Om_0$. The frequency $\\om$ slowly decreases with time, and at the time $\\tau_*$ found from the equation $\\om(\\tau_*) = \\Om(I_0)$, the pendulum is in the resonance with the forcing and $I_R = I_0$. Assume that $\\calS = \\calS_*$ at $\\tau=\\tau_*$. If $\\pt \\calS/\\pt \\kp>0$ at $I=I_0$, the pendulum can be captured into the resonance. ",
"The capture is a probabilistic phenomenon, and its probability Pr can be calculated (see [@Neishtadt:1975]). ",
"For the inner pendulum (\\[1.12\\]) the formula for the probability of capture Pr at $\\eps \\ll 1$ is = , \\[1.20\\] where prime denotes derivative with respect to $\\tau$. To find $b$, we differentiate the resonance condition $\\om(\\tau) = \\Om (I_R)$ and obtain $b = -I_R^{\\prime} = -\\om^{\\prime}/g$. In the considered case $\\eps \\ll 1$ the probability Pr is a value of order $\\sqrt{\\eps}$: = ()\\^, \\[1.21\\] where all values should be calculated at $\\tau = \\tau_*$.\n\nIn the captured motion variable $I$ grows with time in such a way that the resonance condition $\\om(\\tau) = \\Om(I)$ is preserved; accordingly, value of parameter $\\kp$ also grows. ",
"The inner adiabatic invariant is approximately preserved. ",
"Thus, while $\\calS$ grows with time, the captured phase point deepens more and more into the domain of oscillations of the inner pendulum. ",
"At a certain value of $\\kp$ function $\\calS(\\kp)$ has a maximum (see Figure \\[f1\\]). ",
"At larger values of $\\kp$ the area $\\calS$ is a monotonously decreasing function. ",
"Hence, as $I$ continues to grow with time, $\\calS$ decreases. ",
"At a certain value of $I=I_{esc}$ the equality $\\calS = \\calS_*$ is again satisfied. ",
"As the inner adiabatic invariant is approximately preserved in the motion, at this moment the phase points captured at $\\tau = \\tau_*$ cross the separatrix of the inner pendulum and leave the domain of oscillations. ",
"Accordingly, the amplitude of the \\[original\\] pendulum’s oscillations stops growing and the pendulum escapes from the resonance. ",
"Note that, therefore, the time when the escape occurs is determined by the initial amplitude of the pendulum’s oscillations.",
"\n\nAssume that the pendulum was captured into the resonance at a small initial value of action $I=I_0 \\sim \\eps^{2/3}$. Thus, when the capture occurs, the area of the domain $G_{12}$ (see Figure \\[portrait3\\]) is $\\calS_* \\sim \\mu^{2/3} \\sim \\eps^{2/3}$ (c.f. ",
"Section \\[sec2\\]). ",
"The escape from the resonance occurs at $I=I_{esc}$ (or $\\kp=\\kp_{esc}$), and $\\calS(\\kp_{esc}) = \\calS_*$. Obviously, the value $\\kp_{esc}$ is close to 1: $0<1-\\kp_{esc}\\ll 1$. Using formulas for asymptotics of the elliptic integrals at $\\kp \\approx 1$ (see, e. g., [@AbramowitzStegun]) we find from (\\[1.7\\]), (\\[1.19\\]), and (\\[1.15\\]) that g , A 2, \\[1.22a\\] and thus (\\_[esc]{}) ||\\^[3/2]{}. ",
"\\[1.22\\] Hence, we have the estimate 1-\\_[esc]{} \\~\\^[1/3]{}||\\^[-3]{}. ",
"\\[1.23\\]\n\nNow consider the case of small $I_0$ using formula (\\[1.15\\]) for $\\calS$. From (\\[1.16\\]) we find that at small enough values of $I_0$ one has $I_0 \\approx 2\\om_0\\kp^2$. If the capture into the resonance occurs at $I=I_0$, one finds from (\\[1.15\\]) that $\\calS_* \\approx 32 \\sqrt{2\\eps\\kp} \\approx 32 (2/\\om_0)^{1/4}\\sqrt{\\eps} I_0^{1/4}$. (Note, that if $I_0 \\sim \\eps^{2/3}$, this formula for $\\calS_*$ agrees the estimate given in the previous paragraph.) ",
"Substituting this expression for $\\calS_*$ into equation $\\calS(\\kp_{esc}) = \\calS_*$ and using (\\[1.22\\]), we find 1-\\_[esc]{} 4 \\^2 |I\\_0|\\^[-3]{}. ",
"\\[1.24\\]\n\nIt is interesting to compare the value of the energy $h_{esc}$ at the escape from the resonance with the width of the stochastic layer surrounding the separatrix of the pendulum (see, e. g., [@AKN; @SagdeevZaslavsky]). ",
"An estimate of this width can be obtained as follows. ",
"We assume that escape from the resonance occurs close to the separatrix of the pendulum. ",
"Consider the equation of motion of the pendulum Q + \\_0\\^2 Q = -\\[1.25\\] with fixed value of $\\dot \\psi = \\om \\sim |\\ln (h_s-h)|^{-1}$, corresponding to the motion close to the separatrix (here $h$ is the energy of the unperturbed pendulum, and $h_s = \\om_0^2$ is its energy on the separatrix). ",
"The width of stochastic layer in this problem was estimated earlier (see [@SagdeevZaslavsky], Section 3 of Chapter 5). ",
"A phase point is in the stochastic layer provided that $|h-h_s| \\preceq \\eps \\om$. Hence, in the stochastic layer $|h-h_s| \\preceq \\eps |\\ln \\eps|^{-1}$. Comparing this with the estimate in (\\[1.23\\]), we see that at small enough $\\eps$ even in the case of “automatic” capture into the resonance the escape can occur well before the captured trajectory enters the stochastic layer.",
"\n\nTo check our conclusions we perform numerical integration of the initial system (\\[0.1\\]). ",
"We take frequency $\\omega_0=1$ and frequency $\\omega=1.1(1-\\delta t)$. Phase trajectories start at the initial moment of time $t=0$, and we calculate variation of the energy $h_0$ along a trajectory while $\\delta t\\leq 1$. Results of numerical integration for a phase trajectory with initial conditions in the domain of the automatic capture are presented in Figure \\[fig1\\]. ",
"At $\\delta t \\approx 0.1$ the phase point becomes captured and the energy $h_0$ starts growing. ",
"In the vicinity of the separatrix ($h_0=1$) the phase point escapes from the resonance. ",
"The right panel of Fig. ",
"\\[fig1\\] shows that the escape occurs well before the separatrix and even before the trajectory reaches the stochastic layer. ",
"After the escape the energy stays constant. ",
"The amplitude of the energy oscillations in the captured state is $\\sim \\varepsilon^{1/2}$.\n\nFigure \\[fig2\\] shows four phase trajectories without automatic capture, i.e. their initial energies are chosen so that the probability of capture is less than one. ",
"We also calculate the area surrounded by the separatrix of the inner pendulum (see (\\[1.14\\])) and show its time evolution while the phase point is captured. ",
"One can see that the captures occur when $S$ grows, while escapes from the resonance occur when it decreases. ",
"In each case, the escape from the resonance occurs at the value of $S$ equal to its value at the instant of the capture.",
"\n\nAcknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered}\n================\n\nThe work was supported in part by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project no. ",
"13-01-00251) and Russian Federation Presidential Program for the State Support of Leading Scientific Schools (project NSh-2519.2012.1). ",
"Work of A.V.A. and V.A.A. was also partially supported by Russian Academy of Science (OFN-15).",
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"This is a complex task, due to the intermittent behaviour of wind, its non-Gaussian and nonlinear nature, and the coupling between the wind speed and direction. ",
"To provide improved wind direction forecasting, we propose a nonlinear model with augmented information from an additional measurement point. ",
"This is further enhanced by making use of both the speed and direction components of the wind field vector. ",
"The analysis and a comprehensive set of simulations demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves improved prediction performance over the standard and persistent model. ",
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"Q:\n\nLong word meaning \"to purify the text in a literary work\"\n\nWhat is the long word that means \"to purify (remove vulgarity) in the text of a literary work\"? ",
"I have been thinking on it for a while - I used to know it - but forgot.",
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"\n\nA:\n\nBowdlerize, sanitize or purge could all work in the context you describe.",
"\n\nA:\n\nExpurgate works as well.",
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"He can run inside, he has the speed to turn the corner, he can catch the football, he's versatile, he's athletic. ",
"I love Le'Veon Bell.\""
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"Click to email this to a friend (Opens in new window)\n\nMELBOURNE, Australia — As Serena Williams made her way out to the Australian Open’s main court during pre-match introductions, the voice booming over the stadium’s speakers implored spectators to welcome “the world’s No. ",
"1 player – from Romania, Simona Halep.”",
"\n\nOops.",
"\n\nWilliams, wearing headphones, quickly pivoted and retreated back into the tunnel she’d just emerged from, making way for her fourth-round opponent Monday night. ",
"A couple of hours later, when Williams wrapped up her 6-1, 4-6, 6-4 victory over Halep in a contest filled with momentum swings and fantastic play by both, it was clear which woman really is No. ",
"1, regardless of what the current rankings say.",
"\n\n“It was a really intense match, and it was some incredible points,” said Williams, who improved to 9-1 against Halep and now meets 2016 U.S. Open runner-up Karolina Pliskova in the quarterfinals. “",
"I love playing tennis and I love to play here and I love to be back out here.”",
"\n\nThe 37-year-old American sat out last year’s Australian Open after giving birth to a daughter months earlier and dealing with health complications. ",
"Since returning to the tour, Williams has reached the past two Grand Slam finals, losing both – and leaving her still one shy of equaling Margaret Court’s record of 24 major singles titles.",
"\n\nHalep offered up the first real test Williams has faced at this year’s Australian Open, where she is bidding for an eighth trophy, pushing her throughout a back-and-forth matchup that was a fascinating mix of power, court coverage and shotmaking.",
"\n\nIt wasn’t until Williams saved three break points in a monumental game to hold for 3-all in the third set that she gained control.",
"\n\n“I was unlucky a little bit,” Halep said.",
"\n\nWilliams then broke for a 4-3 lead and finally was on her way.",
"\n\n“In order for me to stay out there, I had to play a little like I knew I could,” said Williams, who is seeded 16th on account of all the time she took away from tennis while becoming a mother. “",
"I’m such a fighter. ",
"I just never give up. ",
"It’s definitely something that’s innate. ",
"I just work so hard for every point.”",
"\n\nThat she does. ",
"She also makes abundantly clear just how much every point means to her.",
"\n\nAgainst Halep – who beat Serena’s older sister, Venus, in the third round – Williams frequently pumped her fists or yelled “Come on!” ",
"after key exchanges. ",
"When Halep hit one shot that caught the net tape and barely trickled over for a winner, Williams looked pained and complained, “I mean, it’s not fair.”",
"\n\nPliskova advanced earlier Monday with a 6-3, 6-1 victory over two-time major champion Garbine Muguruza.",
"\n\nThe other quarterfinal on that side of the women’s bracket features No. ",
"4 Naomi Osaka against No. ",
"6 Elina Svitolina. ",
"Osaka, who beat Williams in last year’s U.S. Open final, edged No. ",
"13 Anastasija Sevastova 4-6, 6-3, 6-4 in the fourth round, while Svitolina got past 2017 U.S. Open finalist Madison Keys 6-2, 1-6, 6-1.",
"\n\nIn men’s matches, 2016 Wimbledon runner-up Milos Raonic knocked off No. ",
"4-seeded Alexander Zverev 6-1, 6-1, 7-6 (5), and next takes on No. ",
"28 Lucas Pouille, a 6-7 (4), 6-4, 7-5, 7-6 (2) winner over No. ",
"11 Borna Coric. ",
"No. ",
"23 Pablo Carreno Busta left the court yelling at the chair umpire after a disagreement in the concluding tiebreaker of his 6-7 (8), 4-6, 7-6 (4), 6-4, 7-6 (8) loss to No. ",
"8-seeded Kei Nishikori in a 5-hour, 5-minute marathon that was the longest match of the tournament. ",
"Nishikori’s quarterfinal foe will be No. ",
"1-seeded and six-time champion Novak Djokovic, who overcame a couple of tumbles to the court and a series of energy-sapping baseline exchanges – one point lasted 42 strokes! – ",
"to beat No. ",
"15 Daniil Medvedev 6-4, 6-7 (5), 6-2, 6-3.",
"\n\nAfter topping Medvedev in a 3-hour, 15-minute struggle to get back to the quarterfinals for the first time in three years, Djokovic joked during an on-court interview: “Since I guess my next opponent is watching, I’m feeling fantastic. ",
"I’ve never felt fresher in my life.”",
"\n\nWilliams and Halep traded jittery breaks of serve in the opening two games, as each double-faulted and flubbed shots. ",
"But Williams settled down first, compiling a 10-3 advantage in winners to grab the opening set.",
"\n\n“I felt,” Halep said afterward, “like I had been hit by the train.”",
"\n\nHalep then fell behind by a break in the second, before suddenly seeming to awaken and display her own brand of baseline talent that carried her to the Australian Open final and French Open championship in 2018.",
"\n\nHalep made only 12 unforced errors in the entire match, and that clean play got her back into things, especially as Williams’ miscue count rose to a final tally of 31.",
"\n\n“She’s back to being Serena on both the physical and emotional side. ",
"So I think her level is good,” said Williams’ coach, Patrick Mouratoglou. “",
"I think she needed a big fight, and it happened today, and I think it’s a great thing – especially when it ends like that.”",
"\n\nUntil facing Halep, Williams had dropped a total of only nine games through three matches in the tournament. ",
"Not only did Halep exceed that total, she also snapped Williams’ 21-set Australian Open winning streak.",
"\n\nThat dated to the start of Williams’ run to the 2017 title, which she won while pregnant.",
"\n\n“Overall, I’m hanging in there. ",
"I think overall, I’m solid,” Williams said. “",
"I can definitely go to a new level. ",
"I have to if I want to stay in the tournament.”",
"\n\nBecause this was a night match, her 16 1/2-month-old daughter, Olympia, couldn’t stay up to watch, Williams said, adding: “But we’re going to have a fun morning tomorrow” watching films.",
"\n\nWilliams joked she’s seen “Frozen” and “Beauty and the Beast” several thousand times apiece.",
"\n\n“I’m like, `Olympia, there’s a plethora of movies to choose from,”‘ Williams said. “",
"`Can you choose another one?”‘"
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"Image caption Red squirrels are already in decline because of the threat from grey squirrels\n\nScotland's red squirrels are facing a new threat from a form of leprosy, according to scientists in Edinburgh.",
"\n\nSix cases caused by a bacteria similar to Mycobacterium lepromatosis have been confirmed in the squirrels since 2006.",
"\n\nIt is the first time the disease has been found in the species and little is known about the spread of the potentially fatal disease.",
"\n\nConservationists, however, say there are other more significant threats to red squirrels such as squirrelpox.",
"\n\nScientists are urging the public to report sightings of squirrels which may be suffering from leprosy.",
"\n\nThey said the information would help them build up a more detailed understanding of the disease.",
"\n\nThere is no suggestion of any risk to human health.",
"\n\nInfected animals have been found from Dumfries and Galloway to the Moray Firth.",
"\n\nSquirrelpox virus\n\nSymptoms include hair loss and severe swelling to the snout, eyelids, ears and feet.",
"\n\nProf Anna Meredith of the Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies at Edinburgh University is leading the research.",
"\n\nShe told BBC Scotland: \"We suspect this disease is more widespread than the six cases we have confirmed.",
"\n\n\"Red squirrels are in decline. ",
"They are threatened by the grey squirrel and already face the major threat of the squirrelpox virus.",
"\n\n\"This is the last thing that they need - another disease which could potentially threaten the population.\"",
"\n\nHowever conservationists from Saving Scotland's Red Squirrels said the leprosy infection appeared to be extremely rare and would not be a major threat to the wider population.",
"\n\nProject manager for Mel Tonkin, said : \"Much more of a threat is the squirrelpox virus which is virtually always fatal to red squirrels, but finds a reservoir in grey squirrels.",
"\n\n\"Research indicates that squirrelpox disease is responsible for accelerating the rate with which grey squirrels have replaced red squirrels throughout most of England and Wales.",
"\n\n\"However, the conservation community has shown that red squirrel populations can be protected in the midst of grey squirrels carrying the virus by keeping the grey squirrel population density at a very low level.\"",
"\n\nResearchers in Edinburgh investigating the leprosy infection said dead red squirrels could be sent to them by post provided they were appropriately packaged.",
"\n\nBut they advised members of the public to follow basic hygiene rules before and after handling dead squirrels.",
"\n\nDetails can be found on this webpage under the \"post-mortem guidance note section\"."
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"Effects of a proton pump inhibitor, omeprazole, on gastric secretion and gastric and duodenal ulcers or erosions in rats.",
"\nThe effects of omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, on gastric secretion and gastric or duodenal ulcers or erosions in rats were studied. ",
"Omeprazole, given intraduodenally, dose-dependently inhibited the gastric secretion (volume, acid and pepsin output) of pylorus-ligated rats. ",
"The antisecretory activity of omeprazole at 100 mg/kg persisted for 14 hr after treatment. ",
"Acutely induced gastric ulcers or erosions such as Shay ulcers, water-immersion stress-, indomethacin-, aspirin-, or prednisolone-induced erosions were all markedly inhibited by oral or intraduodenal administration of 10-100 mg/kg of omeprazole. ",
"The development of duodenal ulcers and gastric erosions caused by mepirizole was also potently inhibited by omeprazole at 3-10 mg/kg given orally. ",
"Repeated administration of omeprazole, 200 mg/kg/day in two divided doses for 14 days, significantly accelerated the spontaneous healing of acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers. ",
"The mechanism by which omeprazole inhibits the development of acute ulcers and accelerates healing of preexisting ulcers appears to be mainly due to its potent and long-lasting antisecretory activity. ",
"The antisecretory and antiulcer activities of omeprazole are equal to or exceed those of cimetidine, both in the maximum inhibitory response and ED50 values."
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"DC Rebirth Recap & Review: Comics Released 3/8\n\nWelcome to Graphic Policy’s DC Rebirth: Recap And Review where we take a look at the comics released under DC‘s Rebirth banner and try to work out just how accessible they are for new readers – we’ll also be providing recap of sorts for the relevant story beats up until the issue in question in order to help you figure out if the series is something you’re interested in.",
"\n\nEach comic will receive a rating of Friendly or Unfriendly based on how easy it was for\n\nnew readers to pick them up; the ratings are based solely on the issues released in the post-Rebirth ongoing series. ",
"More consideration regarding the comic’s accessibility will be given for the specific issue being read rather than the series overall, but if reading a back issue will help, then that will be mentioned. ",
"Generally, the quality of an issue won’t be discussed unless it directly impacts a new reader’s enjoyment of the series.",
"\n\nYou may notice that not every comic is covered week to week, and that’s because I sometimes forget to read them (although that doesn’t happen often). ",
"If I have missed an issue, typically I won’t go looking for back issues to catch up on events – this feature is all about accessibility for new readers, after all.",
"\n\nBatgirl And The Birds Of Prey #8 Of the two Batgirl comics DC are currently publishing, this is my favourite. ",
"This issue features Nightwing for some new-reader-Friendly fun with a new arc that also starts this issue.",
"\n\nDeathstroke #14 I’ve said for awhile that this would be best read in trade as the complex nature of the story can be hard to follow – and pick up – for new readers. ",
"But it’s so good, though.",
"\n\nDetective Comics #952 Lady Shiva, the world’s most deadly assassin has set her sights on Gotham… this is a Friendly issue as the first chapter spent a lot of time setting the scene, so there wasn’t a whole whack of story progression for you to miss out on.",
"\n\nHal Jordan And The Green Lantern Corps #16 If you want to read a brutal tale of a stubborn man punching way above his weight the look no further. ",
"If you want to know what’s going on? ",
"The Green and Yellow Lanterns have, for the most part, decided to work together to protect the universe, and are pulling in the errant Yellows. ",
"Guy Gardner decided to go off solo and challenge an alien to a fist fight. ",
"That’s about the gist of things. ",
"Friendly.",
"\n\nJustice League Of America #2 I have a lot of problems with this issue, chief of which (and the only one relevant to this post) is that it’s Unfriendly.",
"\n\nNew Super-Man #9 I was going to write a recap of prior events in the series, but then I read the first page where Kenan Kong does exactly that. ",
"If you’re curious about this series, then this is a Friendly place to start (and it’s also a great series to pick up, too).",
"\n\nRed Hood And The Outlaws #9 A prologue to the next arc… it’s as Friendly a place to start with the series.",
"\n\nSuicide Squad #13 Amanda Waller was murdered two issues ago, and Rustam, one of the first members of the Squad captured Katanna and Flag… I think. ",
"I don’t really remember it all, to be totally honest, but you can follow the story easily enough if you start here.",
"\n\nSupergirl #7 I don’t recall what happened in the last issue that I read (and because I said I wouldn’t go back and reread an issue for this feature I don’t know if I missed an issue), but I still found this Friendly.",
"\n\nSuperwoman #8 Taking a break from the regularly scheduled programming, we get a Superman Reborn tie-in. ",
"This is a wordy issue that will end up being a Friendly read… but you need to give it some time, and several pages, before it reaches that point.",
"\n\nThe Flash #18 A new story starts here, which is generally a decent place to start reading the floppies, and this issue is no exception. ",
"This Friendly issue also really doesn’t need a recap, either, which is fantastic for new readers.",
"\n\nTitans #9 The team has just moved to Manhattan, and a former member (I think) has sought them out because he thinks his wife is in danger… but at the end of the last issue she seemed to be quite okay. ",
"So okay, in fact, she’s Bumble Bee! ",
"She may or may not have been tricked into working for a supervillain team under the guise of training (or curing) those with metahuman powers. ",
"I’m not sure and it’s been awhile since I read the last issue, but this one should be Friendly enough for you.",
"\n\nWonder Woman #18 The dual story set up of this comic does make it hard to keep track of what’s going on when and in which of the two stories running in alternating issues (especially when the two stories take place within a similar time setting), almost to the point where even after having read every issue so far, I’d point you toward the trades rather than the single issues.",
"\n\nGraphic Policy believes in journalistic integrity and transparency. ",
"We will disclose when a product has been given for free for review and/or when no cost has been incurred to the staff so that you may be able to make a fully informed decision as to the opinions provided.",
"\n\nWhen a product has been provided for free you will see disclosure at the bottom of the article. ",
"When such a disclosure does not exist, you can assume that the items have been purchased for review.",
"\n\n- The Management\n\nPrivacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies.",
"\nTo find out more, as well as how to remove or block these, see here:\nOur Cookie Policy"
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"\nMetoclopramide infusions are used to prevent nausea and vomiting in cancer patients during chemotherapy. ",
"47 patients received metoclopramide during 109 chemotherapeutic treatments as a loading (dose range = 0.55 to 4.5 mg/kg over 15 minutes) and maintenance (dose range = 0.57 to 4.8 mg/kg over 8 hours) infusion. ",
"During and up to 24 hours after the end of the maintenance infusion between 4 and 10 blood samples were collected per treatment. ",
"Metoclopramide was analysed in plasma by liquid chromatography. ",
"Pharmacokinetic and demographic data of 83 treatments were analysed by the NONMEM program using a linear 2-compartment model. ",
"It was found that bodyweight and serum alkaline phosphatase activity explain some of the interindividual variability in clearance (CL). ",
"The typical pharmacokinetic parameters for an average individual (70kg, alkaline phosphatase = 100 IU/L) were: CL = 20 L/h; volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) = 190L; terminal half-life = 8h. ",
"The interindividual variabilities in clearance, volume of central compartment and Vdss were 50%, 35% and 35%, respectively. ",
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"\n\nPlease do have a look into these great resources for more information:\n\nVaadin Flow - the next piece of Vaadin 10 is now in developer preview\nVaadin Flow Official Documentation\nVaadin Elements in Vaadin 10\nVaadin Framework 8 roadmap 2017 and beyond\n\n"
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"// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.",
"\r\n// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.",
"\r\n// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information\r\n\r\nnamespace DotNetNuke.",
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"Different sectors, same challenges?",
"\n\nWhat sector do you work in? ",
"Do you work for a private or public company or perhaps a charity? ",
"How does what you do compare with other people in your network and are there any similarities when it comes to communication?",
"\n\nKim Borrowdale is a former classmate of mine from Kingston University’s post-graduate diploma in Internal Communication Management course. ",
"She specialises in brand, internal and change communication and is about to relocate to Sydney, Australia.",
"\n\nWe saw each other recently to catch up, and our conversation inevitably turned to communication and Kim has kindly written her thoughts about her experiences in the form of a guest article. ",
"You can find out more about her via LinkedIn or follow her on Twitter @KimBorrowdale. ",
"She’s available for new projects/contracts from June 2013 and I’m excited by what’s ahead for her. ",
"I’ll miss seeing her in person and am hoping she can post some much-needed sunshine back to the UK! ",
"Over to you Kim…\n\nDifferent sectors, same challenges for communicators?As part of thinking through my move back to Australia after ten years living and working in London, I looked to my CV to review my experience and consider my ideal next steps in terms of career.",
"\n\nWhat was interesting as I attempted to browse my professional life with an external eye was how I have split my time working in what appear to be very different sectors – the development/third sector and professional services sector.",
"\n\nI remember each time I moved from a communications role in a law firm to a development organisation or vice versa, I heard the same line uttered by every employer\n\n– “I’m not sure how it worked in your previous job, but I can tell you it’s a very different working environment here”.",
"\n\nNow, to a communications specialist, seemingly throw away statements about organisational culture are certainly not thrown away. ",
"In fact, it would be fair to say that I’ve spent a good part of my last ten years mentally logging instances of cultural assumption versus reality in each environment with that statement in mind.",
"\n\nSo what have I learned? ",
"Are professional services and development organisations radically different in how they operate? ",
"You’d be surprised at the similarities. ",
"When planning internal and external communication campaigns within both, I came across some interesting synergies. ",
"Here are the top three from my mental logbook:\n\n1. ",
"Expert power in the form of subject matter experts\n\nExpert power (a phrase coined by sociologists French and Raven in 1959) is the ability to influence based on one’s knowledge of a subject matter. ",
"In professional services and the development sector, your key stakeholders are often experts in their field such as lawyers, accountants, economists and academics.",
"\n\nIn both environments, a communication plan needs to incorporate and, in many cases capitalise on, those stakeholders with expert power to influence an outcome – whether it be planning media coverage via trade press or subject matter expert bloggers, or as peer champions for an internal change programme.",
"\n\n2. ",
"An increased focus on transparency and accountability\n\nThe global financial crisis shone a light on the private sector with shareholders, business owners and citizens alike shouting for increased accountability in the business world. ",
"Public pressure through the media has meant professional services firms have had to pay closer attention to the integrity of their business choices particularly when it comes to the perspective of their primary brand ambassadors, their employees.",
"\n\nIn the development sector, public scrutiny is also on the rise. ",
"Transparency has been recognised as a key focus for the international development community at both a political and grassroots level, with community challenge and collaboration evident at all levels. ",
"One of example of this is the current programme I am working on, the International Aid Transparency Initiative (IATI) that aims to make information about aid spending easier to access, use and understand.",
"\n\nWhat does this mean for communication professionals? ",
"Not only has the need for alignment between internal and external communication never been stronger, but with increased demand for what was previously information held behind closed doors, comes opportunity.",
"\n\nThose companies and countries who lead the way in the transparency agenda will offer communication specialists new topics for profile raising campaigns and interesting ways in which to visualise data.",
"\n\n3. ",
"The introduction of new ways of working\n\nFor professional services firms, what started as a traditional model of business has had to change over time to be more streamlined in order to enable virtual team working and fast paced decision making. ",
"We have seen firms looking to online collaboration, digital marketing campaigns and use of onshore and offshore resources to increase efficiency and lower costs.",
"\n\nIn the development sector, the same can be said. ",
"It is about the maximum percentage of aid being spent on programmes rather than administration of programmes. ",
"In the past ten years I’ve seen development organisations looking at how they run as a business, reducing paper, refining systems and figuring out how to tread the line of being more commercially sustainable without losing the social consciousness and community action that has played such a big part in mobilising changes in development policy.",
"\n\nFor communicators, this means recognising that employees no longer wait for a memo from the Management team but learn and share news about their company through social media. ",
"In both sectors, communities of practice are now key to selling concepts and communicating key messages. ",
"Communication professionals must be up to speed with latest business models for operation as well as experts in building cross channel momentum – online and offline.",
"\n\nFrom my experience, it is clear that while working across seemingly opposite sectors will always present new challenges and contexts, a communicator will always be able to find similarities and often, opportunities to transfer approaches from one sector to the next.",
"\n\nThank you for sharing your thoughts Kim. ",
"What do you think about what she’s written? ",
"Does anything surprise you about the similarities? ",
"You’re welcome to comment below, tweet her @kimborrowdale or me @AllthingsIC.",
"\n\n1 Comment\n\nGood article Kim. ",
"My own experience is that the similarities tend to outweigh the differences. ",
"At the simplest level, internal communications is supporting that join between the management of a business and the staff of that business. ",
"The communicators job is to find away of expressing / translating / interpreting the business objectives from a hypothesis into an something that staff can action. ",
"To me, that is the common denominator across industries and sectors."
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"The goal of this application is to measure the effects of hyperosmotic fluid environment on vocal fold mucosal physiology and vocal function. ",
"Previous research has suggested that the isosmotic fluid environment of the vocal folds is necessary for regulating vocal fold mucosal physiology and ease of voice production. ",
"However, the isosmotic fluid environment of the vocal folds is easily perturbed by everyday exposure to poorly conditioned inhaled air, smoke, and pollutants. ",
"These perturbations raise the concentration of salts, proteins, and particulate in the effects of hyperosmotic vocal fold surface fluid on vocal function and mucosal physiology surface fluid, creating a hyperosmotic environment. ",
"Data from other biological tissues indicate that a hyperosmotic surface environment is detrimental to tissue physiology, but, the effects of hyperosmotic vocal fold surface fluid (VFSF) on vocal fold mucosal physiology and vocal function are not known. ",
"This application will utilize a combination of native tissue protocols and human subject experiments to (1) Measure the effects of hyperosmotic surface fluid on vocal fold mucosal ion transport, and production of inflammatory mediators (2) Characterize the chemical composition of hyperosmotic VFSF in healthy subjects and speakers reporting vocal fatigue, who are completing an oral breathing challenge at low humidity (3) Examine whether the physiological effects of hyperosmotic VFSF induced by oral breathing at low humidity are evident in clinical measures of Phonation Threshold Pressure and (4) Demonstrate reversal of the effects of hyperosmotic VFSF induced during oral breathing, by humidifying inhaled air. ",
"These translational experiments will address the relevance of studying the effects of hyperosmotic surface fluid on vocal fold mucosal physiology by demonstrating that hyperosmotic VFSF persists in speakers with vocal fatigue. ",
"Further, this application will offer novel empirical evidence for the beneficial effects of humidifying ambient air in restoring the local fluid environment of the vocal folds. ",
"Improved understanding of the chemical composition of VFSF, and the role of VFSF in regulating mucosal physiology, are paramount to developing scientifically-grounded hydration treatments, and personalized pharmacological strategies for individuals with voice problems. ",
"Hyperosmotic vocal fold surface fluid results from everyday challenges to the local vocal fold environment. ",
"This application will demonstrate that hyperosmotic vocal fold surface fluid adversely affects mucosal physiology and is a proinflammatory stress, but that these detrimental effects can be prevented by to examine the interdependencies among the dependent variables. ",
"Given the enormous economic and societal costs associated with treating voice problems, the focus on prevention is both timely and relevant."
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"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a new technology to underwrite group disability insurance. ",
"In particular, the present invention relates to predicting the expected claims to be made by a group based on pooled historical data of claims for disability insurance and pooled historical data of medical claims.",
"\n2. ",
"Background Art\nGroup insurance for Long Term Disability (LTD) and Short Term Disability (STD) for employees is widely available. ",
"In order to set appropriate premiums for these risks it is necessary to estimate the likelihood of the insured events (number of disabilities) and the severity (or cost) of each event, for each insured group. ",
"Because of the relative rarity of these events for long term disability, the experience of a group is too small to provide reliable estimates for any but the largest groups (e.g., with ten thousand or more employees).",
"\nThe following is an example illustrating the risk profile presented by groups of modest size, in this case for a group of 500 employees. ",
"It assumes that the binomial distribution is an accurate representation of the likelihood of disability. ",
"A 90% confidence interval is calculated. ",
"The following table lists the range of number of long term disability claims in the confidence interval at 3 different probabilities for the event.",
"\nTABLE 1Confidence Interval Example90% Confidence IntervalProbabilityLower BoundUpper Bound.00102.00505.01029\nIf a group has 2 events, it is in the 90% confidence interval for probabilities 0.001, 0.005 and 0.010 or a potential range of a 10-fold difference in true underlying probabilities for the event. ",
"This could result in a 10-fold difference in premium. ",
"If 0 or 1 event occurs, the underlying rate could be a 0.001 or 0.005 or a 5-fold difference in the true probability. ",
"Therefore, refined analytic methods are needed for accurate premium rate settings to reflect the group's underlying risk since the 5-fold or 10-fold difference in risk would turn into a 5-fold or 10-fold difference in insurance premium. ",
"The 5-fold or 10-fold range in risk and premium should be unacceptable to both the insurer and the insured.",
"\nThe alternative actuarial approach uses estimates of group risk based on the age and gender (demographics) of each group's employees by using tables based on data pooled from many groups (i.e., manual rates). ",
"For example, the likelihood of a 20 year old male having a long term disability claim in a year is about 1/1,000 and the likelihood for a 62 years old male is about 10/1,000. ",
"The group risk is calculated by summing each eligible employee's demographic risk, the sum being the group's base risk. ",
"The group's experience may be used to adjust (usually done via a weighted average) the demographic risk higher or lower, depending upon the historical experience. ",
"While the demographic incidence rates may be modified by the industrial codes and geographic location of specific groups they do not specifically adjust for the considerable variation in the underlying morbidity of employees which underlies the risks of long term disability claims. ",
"The experience based rates adjust for the historical or backward looking component of underlying morbidity, where people still on long term disability are not part of the current insured risk (i.e., they do not contribute to the forward looking morbidity risk of the insured group since they are not part of its workforce unless they come back to work and they are no longer disabled).",
"\nAccordingly, there is a need for underwriting methods that address groups of modest size and accounts for the underlying morbidity of the employees making up a group."
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"Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg. ",
"Getty Images\n\nCEO Mark Zuckerberg announced Wednesday the Oculus Go, a standalone VR headset that will cost $199 and launches early next year. ",
"Zuckerberg didn't talk much about the product but noted that it will fill an important void between mobile VR headsets — which don't offer advanced features but are affordable — and more sophisticated products such as the Oculus Rift, which require expensive computers. ",
"He revealed the headset during the Oculus Connect 4 developer conference on Wednesday,\n\nFacebook's head of VR, Hugo Barra, said the headset features the next generation of lenses from the ones in the Oculus Rift. ",
"It has a special built-in display with wide viewing angles and sharp images to avoid the \"screen door\" effect that viewers sometimes experience if they see pixels. ",
"It will ship with speakers — which means you don't need headphones if you don't want them — and has support for the Gear VR library of apps, and a standalone controller. \"[",
"It's] hands down the easiest way for people to get into VR,\" Barra said. \"",
"We think people are going to spend a lot more time in VR when they get a standalone device.\"",
"\n\nOculus for Business\n\nBarra also announced a new Oculus for Business initiative in which it will allow companies to place bulk orders for Oculus Rift headsets. \"",
"Oculus for Business is for companies who want to explore VR to create new workflows,\" Barra explained, noting that Audi is using Rift products in dealerships to cater to customers. ",
"Oculus will also sell bundles to businesses that include Rift, controllers and an extra sensor for room-scale VR. ",
"Businesses will also get a full VR commercial license, a warranty and dedicated customer support.",
"\n\nSanta Cruz"
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"A software program for the head impulse testing device (HITD).",
"\nThe vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) uses head angular acceleration information transduced by the semicircular canals in the inner ear in order to drive eye movements that compensate for head rotations, and thus stabilize the visual scene on the retina. ",
"Peripheral and central vestibular pathologies may impair the function of the VOR, so that compensation becomes incomplete, making clear vision during head movement impossible. ",
"Powerful adaptive mechanisms quickly allow the central nervous system to use residual vestibular information or information provided through other senses to supplement the deficient VOR. ",
"Such recovery makes the clinical diagnosis difficult to classical testing techniques, yet the head impulse test allows to reveal vestibular deficits even in adapted patients. ",
"A compensatory saccade at the end of the head movement is the clinical sign of a vestibular deficit, and may be spotted by the experienced clinician. ",
"Here we describe the rationale and the software program driving a new computerized technique for reliably assessing vestibular function at different head angular accelerations, based on evaluating the ability of the patient in reading a character on the screen while the head is being rotated."
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"Every day a new row is added. ",
"Now I want to iterate over my column so that each row (starting from last) is substracted from the row above. ",
"The new value should be put into a new column.",
"\nThis is how my dataframe looks and the values in the column 'diff' are my desired outcome:\n time In diff\n0 2017-06-26 7.086 \n1 2017-06-27 8.086 1\n2 2017-06-28 10.200 2.114\n\nthis is what I came up with:\nfor x in df['In']:\n df['diff'] = df.iloc[-1] - df.iloc[-2]\n\nbut thats not it. ",
"How do I start the loop from the last row and how do I make the iloc more dynamic? ",
"Can someone help?",
"\nthank you!",
"\n\nA:\n\nYou can use Series.diff:\ndf['diff'] = df['In'].diff()\nprint (df)\n time In diff\n0 2017-06-26 7.086 NaN\n1 2017-06-27 8.086 1.000\n2 2017-06-28 10.200 2.114\n\nA:\n\nUse pd.Series.diff\ndf.assign(Diff=df.",
"In.diff())\n\n"
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"Q:\n\nR add a class to a field\n\nI've created two classes in R:\nlibrary(methods)\n\nFoo <- setClass(\n # Set the name for the class\n \"Foo\",\n\n # Define the slots\n slots = c(\n # THIS IS PROBABLY WRONG\n bar = \"S4\"\n ),\n )\n\nAnd \nBar <- setClass(\n # Set the name for the class\n \"Bar\",\n\n # Define the slots\n slots = c(\n a = \"character\"\n ),\n\n # Set the default values for the slots. (",
"optional)\n prototype=list(\n a = \"qwerty\"\n ),\n )\n\nI want to say something along the lines of Foo.bar <- Bar(). ",
"I think that should be done something like this:\n# create a method to assign the value of a coordinate\nsetGeneric(name=\"addBar\",\n def=function(theObject)\n {\n standardGeneric(\"addBar\")\n }\n )\n\nsetMethod(f=\"addBar\",\n signature=\"Foo\",\n definition=function(theObject)\n {\n theObject@bar<- Bar\n }\n )\n\nI then call this using:\nif (!",
"interactive()) {\n result <- tryCatch({\n foo <- Foo()\n foo <- addBar(Foo)\n }\n ,\n\n warning = function(war) {\n print('A warning occurred')\n print(war)\n },\n\n error = function(err){\n print('An error occurred')\n print(err)\n }\n )\n print(result)\n}\n\nHowever, if I run this I'm greeted with:\n\nassignment of an object of class “Bar” is not valid for @‘bar’ in an object of class “Foo”; is(value, \"S4\") is not TRUE>\n\nHowever, when I print the type of Bar, I get S4. ",
"I've tried multiple different types but I'm fresh out of ideas.",
"\nHow do I assign a class object to a variable?",
"\n\nA:\n\nThe class of Foo@bar should be probably Bar, and you should define the class Bar first:\nBar <- setClass(\"Bar\",\n slots = c(a = \"character\"),\n prototype=list(a = \"qwerty\")\n )\n\nFoo <- setClass(\"Foo\", \n slots = c(bar = \"Bar\")\n )\n\nPlease note that once you have created foo <- Foo(), the bar slot of Foo will be already initialized (try str(foo), so I think that you don't need the addBar generic. ",
"Unless it is supposed to do something else then what you describe.",
"\nAlso, if anything, then you should define your method as follows:\nsetMethod(f=\"addBar\", signature=\"Foo\",\n definition=function(theObject) {\n theObject@bar<- Bar()\n })\n\n(assuming that all you want is to initialize the @bar slot with an empty Bar() object). ",
"If you do theObject@bar <- Bar then you assign the class generator function Bar to the slot @bar and will get an error:\nError in (function (cl, name, valueClass) : \n assignment of an object of class “classGeneratorFunction” is not \n valid for @‘bar’ in an object of class “Foo”; is(value, \"Bar\") is not TRUE\n\nFinally, note that the call\nfoo <- addBar(Foo)\n\ndoes not do what you think it does. ",
"Foo is a function used to generate new objects of class foo. ",
"So addBar(Foo) tries to run an addBar method on an object of class classGeneratorFunction, which is probably not what you wanted.",
"\n\n"
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[
"// Copyright 2016 The Chromium Authors. ",
"All rights reserved.",
"\n// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be\n// found in the LICENSE file.",
"\n\npackage org.chromium.chrome.browser.preferences;\n\nimport android.accounts.",
"Account;\nimport android.content.",
"Context;\nimport android.preference.",
"ListPreference;\nimport android.text.",
"TextUtils;\nimport android.util.",
"AttributeSet;\n\nimport org.chromium.chrome.",
"R;\nimport org.chromium.components.signin.",
"AccountManagerHelper;\nimport org.chromium.components.signin.",
"ChromeSigninController;\nimport org.chromium.components.sync.",
"AndroidSyncSettings;\n\n/**\n * A preference that displays the account currently being synced and allows the user to choose a new\n * account to use for syncing. ",
"The values used are the account names.",
"\n */\npublic class SyncedAccountPreference extends ListPreference {\n private static final String TAG = \"SyncedAccountPreference\";\n\n /**\n * Constructor for inflating from XML\n */\n public SyncedAccountPreference(Context context, AttributeSet attrs) {\n super(context, attrs);\n setTitle(context.getResources().getString(R.string.sync_to_account_header));\n updateAccountsList();\n }\n\n /**\n * Updates the list of accounts to those currently signed in and sets the display to the\n * current sync account.",
"\n */\n public void update() {\n updateAccountsList();\n }\n\n private void updateAccountsList() {\n boolean syncEnabled = AndroidSyncSettings.isSyncEnabled(getContext());\n if (!",
"syncEnabled) {\n setEnabled(false);\n // Don't return at this point, we still want the preference to display the currently\n // signed in account\n }\n\n Account[] accounts = AccountManagerHelper.get(getContext()).getGoogleAccounts();\n String[] accountNames = new String[accounts.length];\n String[] accountValues = new String[accounts.length];\n\n String signedInAccountName =\n ChromeSigninController.get(getContext()).getSignedInAccountName();\n String signedInSettingsKey = \"\";\n\n for (int i = 0; i < accounts.length; ++i) {\n Account account = accounts[i];\n accountNames[i] = account.name;\n accountValues[i] = account.name;\n boolean isPrimaryAccount = TextUtils.equals(account.name, signedInAccountName);\n if (isPrimaryAccount) {\n signedInSettingsKey = accountValues[i];\n }\n }\n\n setEntries(accountNames);\n setEntryValues(accountValues);\n setValue(signedInSettingsKey);\n setSummary(signedInAccountName);\n }\n\n @Override\n protected void onDialogClosed(boolean positiveResult) {\n super.onDialogClosed(positiveResult);\n }\n}\n"
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"Ajka alumina plant accident\n\nAn industrial accident at a caustic waste reservoir chain took place at the Ajkai Timföldgyár alumina plant in Ajka, Veszprém County, in western Hungary. ",
"On 4 October 2010, at 12:25 CEST (10:25 UTC), the northwestern corner of the dam of reservoir number 10 collapsed, freeing approximately one million cubic metres (35 million cubic feet) of liquid waste from red mud lakes. ",
" The mud was released as a wave, flooding several nearby localities, including the village of Kolontár and the town of Devecser. ",
"Ten people died, and 150 people were injured. ",
"About of land were initially affected. ",
" The spill reached the Danube on 7 October 2010.",
"\n\nIt was not initially clear how the containment at the reservoir had been breached, although the accident came after a particularly wet summer in Hungary, as in other parts of central Europe. ",
"Police have seized documents from the Ajkai Timföldgyár plant, although a spokesman for MAL Hungarian Aluminium (MAL Magyar Alumínium Termelő és Kereskedelmi Zrt.), ",
"the company that operates the plant, said the last inspection of the pond had shown \"nothing untoward\". ",
"Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán stated that the cause of the spill was presumably human error.",
"\n\nOrigin of the mud\nThe red mud involved in the accident is a waste product of the Bayer process, which refines bauxite into a form of aluminium oxide called alumina. ",
"The mud primarily contains non-aluminium compounds present in the bauxite ore and left as residues after its refining along with sodium hydroxide used to dissolve aluminium oxide. ",
"Iron(III) oxide, the compound from which the red colour originates, is the main component, but it also contains other compounds. ",
"The mud, which is highly alkaline when it is first produced, is stored in large open-air ponds; It is thought that there are about 30 million tonnes of red mud stored around the Ajkai Timföldgyár plant.",
"\nAccording to a press release by MAL, the mud had the following chemical percentage make-up (which expresses the amounts of different elements, not necessarily the actual solids).",
"\n\nUnlike many other mine tailings, red mud does not contain very high levels of heavy metals, although still about seven times the levels in normal soil. ",
"Analyses of the mud at Kolontár on behalf of Greenpeace showed levels of chromium 660 mg/kg, arsenic 110 mg/kg and mercury 1.2 mg/kg. ",
"The Hungarian government has stated that the mud is \"not poisonous\", and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences stated that the heavy metal concentrations were not considered dangerous for the environment. ",
"In a different news article, the taskforce established to sample the red mud reported high levels of heavy metals in certain samples, but concluded no locations were \"dangerously high.\" ",
"The main damage caused by the accident first arose from the high pH of the mud, which was responsible for both severe chemical burns to humans and animals and killing specimens in the rivers and in the contaminated soils. ",
"However, after dissipation of acute effects by dilution and progressive carbonation of the sodium hydroxide by CO2 from the air, the chronic toxicity of heavy metal traces is expected to be limited by their low solubility and high sorption under slightly alkaline conditions.",
"\n\nEffects\n\nThe wave of mud flooded streets in Kolontár, where seven people were confirmed dead, and Devecser, where the flow was powerful enough to move cars and vans. ",
"The cause of death of the Kolontár victims has not been formally confirmed; a spokesman for the National Directorate General for Disaster Management (NDGDM, Országos Katasztrófavédelmi Főigazgatóság) said that they had probably drowned. ",
"A further six people were still missing 24 hours after the accident.",
"\n\nThe NDGDM said that the high-pH mud was considered hazardous and would cause an alkaline reaction on contact if not washed off with clean water. ",
"The mayor of Devecser said that 80–90 people had been taken to hospital with chemical burns. ",
"Péter Jakabos, a doctor in the hospital in Győr where many of the injured had been taken, said on Magyar Televízió that it might take days for the full extent of any burns to be realised. ",
" Magyar Alumínium (MAL) said that the mud was not considered to contain toxic elements according to EU standards. ",
"Initial measurements by the NDGDM showed the sludge to be extremely basic, with a pH value of 13.",
"\n\nThe waste initially resulted in massive death to wildlife in and around the Marcal river. ",
"The spill reached the Danube on 7 October, prompting countries located further down the river (Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Ukraine) to develop emergency plans in response. ",
"The long term effects of the spill have been very minor.",
"\n\nOn 11 October, the Hungarian government announced that the managing director of MAL had been arrested, to be charged with \"criminal negligence leading to a public catastrophe\". ",
" Also on the 11th, the government took control of MAL, appointing a commissioner to manage the company. ",
"The government planned to focus on compensation for the incident, job security, and identifying further locations at risk of accidents.",
"\n\nContainment and cleanup\nApart from the immediate effects of the wave of red mud, there was also concern for a possible contamination of Hungary's waterways. ",
"The Torna () river runs through the affected area, and emergency workers were pouring tonnes of plaster into the waterway to try to bind the sludge and prevent it from continuing downstream. ",
"The Torna joins the Marcal () river at Karakó, in Vas County; the Marcal joins the Rába river just above Győr, in Győr-Moson-Sopron County, while the Rába itself joins the Danube at Győr.",
"\n\nThe day after the accident, Environmental State Secretary Zoltán Illés ordered the suspension of the alumina production at the plant and the reconstruction of the dam. ",
" The following day, the chairman of the company said in a radio interview that he would like to restart production over the weekend (5–6 days after the Monday accident); the plant reopened on 15 October, with full production expected to resume by the 19th.",
"\n\nThe Hungarian government initially estimated that cleanup would take at least a year and cost tens of millions of dollars.",
"\n\nThe Hungarian Government activated the EU Civil Protection Mechanism for urgent international assistance at 7:36PM on 7 October. ",
"The European Union Monitoring and Information Centre (MIC) communicated the request for expert assistance to the 30 participating countries (27 EU member states, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway).",
"\n\nThe former director of the MAL plant, Zoltán Bakonyi, and 14 other employees were arrested over charges of negligence, violations of waste management and environmental pollution on 11 October 2010, but were acquitted of all charges in January 2016.",
"\n\nBy 12 October, a secondary dam beyond the remainder of the original had been almost entirely completed, after being built to contain additional sludge that was expected to overflow after another portion of the original dam collapsed.",
"\n\nOn 13 October, the government nationalized the company, the bill making this possible having been passed by the Parliament one day earlier.",
"\n\nGallery\n\nSee also\n\n 1971 Certej dam failure\n 1998 Residue dam wall collapse of the Aznalcollar mine\n 2000 Baia Mare cyanide spill\n Aberfan disaster\n Crisis situations and unrest in Europe since 2000\n Great Molasses Flood\n Hydrology of Hungary\n Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill\n Mariana dam disaster\n Mount Polley mine disaster\n Olivier Dubuquoy\n Val di Stava dam collapse\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Photos of the aftermath taken December 27, 2010\n Ajka alumina plant accident. ",
"Photos with the damage (Russian)\n \"Redsludge\" tragedy – Official Website of the Hungarian Government\n Official site of MAL Magyar Alumínium \n Google map showing the breach and the affected villages\n Photographs available under the Creative Common licence agreement 3.0\n Aerial pictures of the dam and the damages\n Photos with the damage\n Photos taken from helicopter\n Aerial photographs\n\nCategory:Veszprém County\nCategory:2010 industrial disasters\nCategory:Environment of Hungary\nCategory:Environmental disasters in Europe\nCategory:Waste disposal incidents\nCategory:2010 in Hungary\nCategory:Man-made disasters in Hungary\nCategory:2010 in the environment\nCategory:Tailings dam failures\nCategory:Chemical disasters\nCategory:October 2010 events in Europe"
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[
"---\nabstract: 'We investigate the nature of extremely red galaxies (ERGs), objects whose colours are redder than those found in the red sequence present in colour-magnitude diagrams of galaxies. ",
"We selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 a volume-limited sample of such galaxies in the redshift interval $0.010 < z < 0.030$, brighter than $M_r=-17.8$ (magnitudes dereddened, corrected for the Milky Way extinction) and with $(g-r)$ colours larger than those of galaxies in the red sequence. ",
"This sample contains 416 ERGs, which were classified visually. ",
"Our classification was cross-checked with other classifications available in the literature. ",
"We found from our visual classification that the majority of objects in our sample are edge-on spirals ($73$%). ",
"Other spirals correspond to $13$%, whereas elliptical galaxies comprise only $11$% of the objects. ",
"After comparing the morphological mix and the distributions of H$\\alpha$/H$\\beta$ and axial ratios of ERGs and objects in the red sequence, we suggest that dust, more than stellar population effects, is the driver of the red colours found in these extremely red galaxies.'",
"\ntitle: The nature of extremely red galaxies in the local universe\n---\n\ngalaxies: fundamental parameters - galaxies: photometry - galaxies: spiral - surveys: galaxies\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nThe bimodality is a conspicuous feature of optical colour-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) of galaxies in the local and distant universe (e.g., Strateva et al. ",
"2001; Kauffmann et al. ",
"2003; Wiegert, de Mello & Horellou 2004; Mateus et al. ",
"2006; Nicol et al. ",
"2011), and is able to provide interesting constraints on how galaxies evolve (Mateus 2007; Asari et al. ",
"2007; Taylor et. ",
"al. ",
"2011). ",
"It presents two major features: the red sequence, populated mostly by passive, “dead”, galaxies, in general ellipticals, lenticulars and passive spirals, and the blue cloud, containing spirals and irregulars with ongoing star-formation activity. ",
"The region between these two major features is often called the green valley (e.g., Baldry et al. ",
"2004; Mendez et al. ",
"2011; Gonçalves et al. ",
"2012). ",
"The colour bimodality has an environmental component: while the blue star-forming galaxies tend to populate low-density regions, red-sequence galaxies are often found in clusters and rich groups (e.g., Oemler 1974; Dressler 1980; Postman & Geller 1984).",
"\n\nThe position of a galaxy in a CMD is often interpreted in terms of its evolutionary status and, in particular, on whether or not, or at which level, it is still forming new stars. ",
"Indeed, spectrophotometric models suggest that, after $\\sim$1 to 2 Gyr, a blue galaxy which had its star formation stopped by internal or environmental mechanisms migrates from the blue cloud to the red sequence (e.g., Bell et al. ",
"2004; Blanton 2006; Gabor et al. ",
"2010), crossing the green valley. ",
"While most of these galaxies would have already changed their morphology from late-type to early-type galaxies, a significant number of spirals can also be found in the red sequence (e.g., Bamford et al. ",
"2009, Skibba et al. ",
"2009, Masters et al. ",
"2010b, Robaina et al. ",
"2012, Tojeiro et al. ",
"2013), especially at high redshifts (Bundy et al. ",
"2010, Bell et al. ",
"2012). ",
"These results suggest that colour is much more sensitive to environment than morphology, with colour transformations from blue to red occurring on time-scales much shorter than those of morphological transformations.",
"\n\nBut a close inspection of optical CMDs of galaxies in the local universe show many galaxies with colours above those of the red sequence. ",
"Why are these galaxies so red? ",
"Is this due to old, probably metal rich stars? ",
"Is this due to dust? ",
"Indeed, dust in the interstellar medium of galaxies, besides absorbing part of the optical light, may redden galaxy colours. ",
"There is, actually, an age-extinction degeneracy: a galaxy possessing high extinction can have colors similar to an older object without extinction (Worthey 1994, de Meulenaer et al. ",
"2013). ",
"Dust affects mostly star forming objects (e.g., Alam & Ryden 2002, Masters et al. ",
"2010a), because star formation occurs in dusty molecular clouds in discs. ",
"The effects of dust on the observed properties of spirals, including colours, have been studied as a function on their inclination (e.g., Cunow 1992; Giovanelli et al. ",
"1994; Tully et al. ",
"1998; Masters, Giovanelli & Haynes 2003; Masters et al. ",
"2010a), and, as expected, are more significant for edge-on spirals.",
"\n\nThe objective of this paper is to address the nature of the extremely red galaxies (ERGs)- those above the ordinary red sequence of passive galaxies- in the local universe. ",
"We want to know what galaxies are these, their morphology, and why their colours are so red, if due mainly to stellar populations or to dust. ",
"We approach this problem by selecting a sample of nearby ERGs from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 7 (Abazajian et al. ",
"2009) and examining visually their images. ",
"We also compare our visual classification with those produced by the Galaxy Zoo project (Lintott et al. ",
"2011) and by the automated support vector machine algorithm of Huertas-Company et al. (",
"2011).",
"\n\nIt is worth mentioning that our ERGs are not the same as the extremely red objects (EROs), found in optical and in infrared surveys at larger redshifts and often associated with galaxies dominated by old populations or dusty starbursts (e.g., Cimatti et al. ",
"2004; Kong et al. ",
"2009) although some ERGs, if at high redshift, could be classified as EROs.",
"\n\nThe outline of this paper is as follows. ",
"We present, in Section 2, the SDSS sample of ERGs compiled in this work. ",
"Section 3 describes the results of our visual classification and a comparison with classification obtained by other authors. ",
"In Section 4 we discuss the origin of the extreme colours of these galaxies. ",
"Finally, in Section 5, we summarize our main findings.",
"\n\nThe data\n========\n\nTo investigate the nature of the ERGs in the nearby universe, we have selected objects classified as galaxies and with measured spectroscopic redshift from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 7 (Abazajian et al. ",
"2009), in the redshift interval $0.010 < z < 0.030$ and brighter than $r=17.77$ (the spectroscopic magnitude limit). ",
"This selection criterion was adopted for two reasons: first, the low redshift is required for having galaxies close enough and with relatively large apparent size to assure a good resolution for visual inspection of the images, minimizing morphological misclassifications; second, the redshift interval should be narrow enough to avoid $k-$corrections and evolutionary effects affecting the galaxy colours.",
"\n\nWe also imposed the following photometric quality flags in the galaxy selection: nchild = 0, not BRIGHT, not SATURATED, not SATUR\\_CENTER, in order to minimize the number of objects with image defects returned by the query.",
"\n\nThis selection leads to 31067 galaxies. ",
"The colour-magnitude diagram (CMD), $(g-r)$ vs $M_r$, of the selected galaxies is shown in Figure 1. ",
"All apparent magnitudes here are of the model type, which should give more reliable colour measurements[^1] than other types of magnitudes, and are corrected by Galaxy extinction (dereddened magnitudes). ",
"Absolute magnitudes were computed assuming a $\\Lambda$CDM cosmological model with $H_0 = 72$ km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$, $\\Omega_m=0.3$ and $\\Omega_\\Lambda=0.7$. We did not apply any $k$-correction in the estimation of absolute magnitudes because, in the redshift interval considered here, they are very small and even smaller than their own uncertainties (Blanton & Roweis 2007). ",
"The CMD shown in Figure 1 presents a conspicuous red-sequence ($g-r \\sim 0.8$), as well as the blue cloud ($g-r \\sim 0.4$).",
"\n\nWe consider here as extremely red galaxies (ERGs) those above the line $$(g-r) = 0.81-0.03(M_r+18.1067)$$ in the CMD; this is the line above the red sequence in Figure 1. ",
"We adopt here a volume limited sample, by considering only galaxies with luminosities above $M_r=-17.76$. There are 468 objects above the line in our volume-limited sample.",
"\n\nIt is important to verify whether the extreme colours found here are real or outliers/artifacts in SDSS. ",
"Indeed, an examination of the $(g-r) \\times (r-i)$ colour-colour diagram for this sample reveals that $\\sim 10$% of the objects are possibly outliers. ",
"They were removed by adopting colour cuts as follows: $(g-r) < 1.2$ and $0.3 < (r-i) < 1.0$. The colour-colour diagram obtained after removing 52 outliers is shown in Figure 2. ",
"It reveals that most galaxies follow a sequence in this diagram. ",
"The total number of ERGs in the sample is 416. ",
"Notice that galaxies in this sample are fairly distributed in SDSS area, not presenting any relevant bias with respect to Galaxy extinction.",
"\n\nThe results of the next sections are relatively robust with respect to the definition of extremely red galaxies. ",
"For example, considering a sample of galaxies in Figure 1 with $(g-r) > 0.9$, we obtain qualitatively the same results described in the next sections.",
"\n\n![",
"Colour-magnitude diagram ($g-r$ vs $M_r$) for our galaxy sample. ",
"The galaxies above the top straight line are defined here as the ERGs. ",
"We consider as members of the red sequence the galaxies between the two straight lines.[]{data-label=\"cmd\"}](sodre_cmd.ps)\n\n![",
"Colour-colour diagram ($g-r$ vs $r-i$) for our ERG sample. ",
"The diagram includes all galaxies above the line adopted to define extremely red galaxies which survived our colour-cut, $g-r < 1.2$ and $0.3 < r-i < 1.0$. The different symbols correspond to the classes in Table \\[table\\_visual\\]: 1- crosses, 2- squares, 3- circles, 4- triangles, 5- asterisk.[]{data-label=\"cc\"}](sodre3_ccb.ps)\n\nMorphological analysis\n======================\n\nTo investigate the morphology of the galaxies in our ERG sample we adopted three procedures: a) direct visual inspection of images; b) comparison with Galaxy Zoo classification (Lintott et al. ",
"2011), and c) comparison with Huertas-Company et al. (",
"2011) automated classification. ",
"The results are presented in the next subsections.",
"\n\nClassification by visual inspection\n-----------------------------------\n\nAll ERG images were examined with the SDSS task Navigator[^2], which provides composite colour images of SDSS objects. ",
"Each image was then classified in one of the following classes: 1) spiral galaxy seen edge-on, 2) spiral galaxy with visible spiral arms or noticeable inclination, 3) elliptical or lenticular galaxy, 4) merger/interacting/irregular object, and 5) image with defects, with bad segmentation or with Milky Way stars projected on to the central parts of their image, affecting the galaxy colours. ",
"Example images for those 5 classes are given in Figure \\[hahb\\].",
"\n\nDespite the low redshift of this sample, the classification of more compact galaxies is somewhat uncertain; for example, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish a face-on compact spiral blurred by the seeing from an elliptical or lenticular galaxy. ",
"Edge-on spirals and lenticulars are also difficult to distinguish, although sometimes evidence for star formation can be seen in the image. ",
"A face-on lenticular and an elliptical are also hard to distinguish; although our class 3 is dominated by elliptical galaxies, it probably also contains some lenticulars. ",
"Merger here comprises a large class of objects with irregular morphology due mostly to interactions and mergers. ",
"The “defects” (class 5) include all those images which, for some reason, are not useful for our analysis.",
"\n\nThe results of our classification are summarized in Table \\[table\\_visual\\]. ",
"By far, most of the ERGs in our sample are edge-on objects ($73\\pm4$%). ",
"The fractions of (not edge-on) spiral and elliptical plus lenticular galaxies are roughly similar, $\\sim 12$%, about six time smaller than that of edge-on discs. ",
"We have assumed Poissonian errors here and throughout this paper.",
"\n\n class type number fraction (%)\n ------- ----------------------------- -------- --------------\n 1 Edge-on spirals 304 73$\\pm$4\n 2 Spirals with visible arms 52 13$\\pm$2\n 3 Ellipticals and Lenticulars 44 11$\\pm$2\n 4 Merger/Interacting 12 3$\\pm$1\n 5 Defects 4 1$\\pm$1\n\n : Results of our visual classification of the ERG sample.[]{data-label=\"table_visual\"}\n\n![",
"Examples of the 5 morphological classes adopted in the visual classification in this work. ",
"Top, from left to right: spiral edge-on, spiral with visible arms, elliptical and/or lenticular. ",
"Bottom, from left to right: merger/interacting, image defect.[]{data-label=\"class\"}](sodre_class.ps)\n\nClassification by Galaxy Zoo\n----------------------------\n\nWe cross-checked our classification with that provided by the Galaxy Zoo project and discussed in Lintott et al. (",
"2011). ",
"This “citizen science\" project provides morphological classifications (actually probabilities that a galaxy is in a given morphological class) of nearly 900 thousand galaxies produced by hundreds of thousands volunteers. ",
"This classification has proven useful in many analysis requiring morphological information (e.g., Bamford et al. ",
"2009, Skibba et al. ",
"2009, Darg et al. ",
"2009, Schawinski et al. ",
"2009, Masters et al. ",
"2011, Hoyle et al. ",
"2012).",
"\n\nThere are many potential biases that can affect the morphological classifications produced by Galaxy Zoo, which were discussed by Bamford et al. (",
"2009) and Lintott et al. (",
"2011). ",
"These biases occur because visual classifications are affected by the brightness and apparent size of the galaxies in the sample: naturally, smaller and fainter objects are more difficult to classify than larger and brighter objects. ",
"As a consequence, for each object the Galaxy Zoo team provides two types of classification. ",
"The first one comprises the classes elliptical (E), edge-on spirals (S edge-on), spirals with visible arms (S other; a combination of Galaxy Zoo classes clockwise spirals, CW, and anticlockwise spirals, ACW), Merger and Don’t Know, with the fraction of volunteers votes for each class (notice that the “edge-on” category from Galaxy Zoo includes both proper edge-on spirals and also those without clear arms). ",
"The second type comprises debiased votes, where the classification bias mentioned above is statistically corrected for (see Appendix A of Bamford et al. ",
"2009 for details). ",
"The debiased classes are designated as E$_d$ for ellipticals and S$_d$ for spirals (CW, ACW and edge-on).",
"\n\nWe adopted the maximum probability to ascribe a morphological type to a galaxy. ",
"Out of 416 objects in our sample, there are 409 and 408 with ordinary and debiased classifications in Galaxy Zoo, respectively. ",
"This classification, summarized in Table \\[galaxy\\_zoo\\], also demonstrates that edge-on objects are dominant among ERGs, comprising 65$\\pm$4% of the sample. ",
"Considering the debiased votes, the table indicates that about 1/4 of the ERGs were classified as ellipticals whereas 3/4 were classified as spirals.",
"\n\n ------------ -------- -------------- -------------- -------\n class number fraction (%) fraction (%) \n ERG ERG RS Notes\n S edge-on 267 65$\\pm$4 23$\\pm$1 1\n S other 21 5$\\pm$2 14$\\pm$1 1\n E 100 24$\\pm$2 60$\\pm$1 1\n Merger 13 3$\\pm$1 1$\\pm$1 1\n Don’t Know 8 2$\\pm$1 1$\\pm$1 1\n \n E$_d$ 101 25$\\pm$2 56$\\pm$1 2\n S$_d$ 307 75$\\pm$4 44$\\pm$1 2\n ------------ -------- -------------- -------------- -------\n\n : Galaxy Zoo classification[]{data-label=\"galaxy_zoo\"}\n\nNotes: 1- “raw” votes; 2- debiased votes.",
"\n\nClassification by SVM\n---------------------\n\nHuertas-Company et al. (",
"2011) performed an automated classification of about 700,000 galaxies from the DR7 spectroscopic sample using a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm, estimating the probability of a galaxy being in each of four morphological types: E, S0, Sab and Scd. ",
"All but one galaxies in our sample have a SVM classification.",
"\n\nAscribing again the most probable type to a galaxy, we obtain the fractions summarized in Table \\[svm\\]. ",
"We verify that a bit more than 3/4 of the ERG sample (79$\\pm$4%) is constituted by spirals, with the remaining fraction containing mostly lenticular galaxies (16$\\pm$1%) and ellipticals (4$\\pm$1%). ",
"Unfortunately, in this classification there is not a distinction between edge-on and spirals with visible arms.",
"\n\nThe SVM algorithm found $16$% of lenticular galaxies in our sample. ",
"There is a notorious difficulty for distinguishing lenticular galaxies from ellipticals or spirals in images like those of SDSS. ",
"In our visual examination, non edge-on galaxies without evidence of spiral arms were included in class 3. ",
"We verified that, considering only galaxies classified as S0 by the SVM method, half of them were classified by us as edge-on spirals and the other half was split more or less equally between ellipticals and spirals with visible arms.",
"\n\n ------- -------- -------------- --------------\n class number fraction (%) fraction (%)\n ERG ERG RS\n E 17 4$\\pm$1 21$\\pm$1\n S0 67 16$\\pm$1 28$\\pm$1\n Sab 331 79$\\pm$4 50$\\pm$1\n Scd 0 0 0\n ------- -------- -------------- --------------\n\n : SVM classification.[]{data-label=\"svm\"}\n\nThe driver of the extreme red colours\n=====================================\n\nThe results of the Galaxy Zoo and SVM classifications presented in the previous section indicate that most of the galaxies in our ERG sample are spirals, in agreement with our visual classification. ",
"Actually, our results and the Galaxy Zoo classification show that the majority of our ERG sample is comprised by edge-on galaxies.",
"\n\nBetween 2/3 and 3/4 of the galaxies above the red sequence are discs seen edge-on, as demonstrated by our visual classification (73%) and by the Galaxy Zoo direct voting (65%). ",
"What makes these galaxies so red? ",
"Effects of dust or of stellar populations? ",
"Indeed, galaxies may become redder either by increasing their extinction by dust or due to the presence of an intrinsically very red, old and/or high-metallicity population (see, e.g., the illustration of Bruzual & Charlot 2003 SSP spectra in Figure 1 of Cid Fernandes et al. ",
"2005). ",
"This behaviour actually reflects the existence of an extinction-age-metallicity degeneracy.",
"\n\nTo shed light on the nature of the extreme colours of ERGs, it is useful to know the morphological composition of galaxies pertaining to the red sequence (RS).",
"\n\nFor this exercise, we consider as members of the RS those galaxies between the two straight lines shown in Figure \\[cmd\\]. ",
"The upper line was used in Section 2 for defining the ERGs. ",
"The lower line is 0.2 bluer in $(g-r)$. There are 8635 objects of our sample in the RS, most of them with Galaxy Zoo and SVM classifications. ",
"The morphological mix of the RS sample is also shown in Tables \\[galaxy\\_zoo\\] and \\[svm\\], and is quite different from the ERG mix. ",
"For the RS, the classical early-type galaxies- E and S0- dominate, the opposite of what is found for the ERG sample, which is dominated by spirals. ",
"But many spirals are also found in the RS, $\\sim 40-50$%. ",
"Many of these red spirals might be examples of passive spirals as described by Masters et al. (",
"2010b), but the red sequence also includes edge-on and dust-reddened spirals and, probably, spirals with large, red bulges. ",
"There are no late-type spirals (Scd) in the ERG and RS samples: they are in the blue cloud.",
"\n\nThe clear differences in the morphological mix of the ERG and RS samples may be interpreted as an evidence that extinction by dust, and not stellar population effects, is the main driver of the extreme colours of the objects in the ERG sample. ",
"The results in Tables \\[galaxy\\_zoo\\] and \\[svm\\] are consistent with the concept of the RS being populated by ’dead galaxies’, those without significant star formation at least over the last 1-2 Gyr, irrespective of their morphological types. ",
"If the ERG extreme colours were due to intrinsically redder stars (due to extreme age or metallicity), we should expect that the dominant population would be comprised by ordinary early-type galaxies, not spirals as observed in our sample, since there is not any evidence that passive spiral galaxies harbour stellar populations which are intrinsically redder than those in ellipticals due to age or metallicity effects. ",
"Masters et al. (",
"2010a) show that the typical $(g-r)$ reddening from face-on to edge-on spirals is about 0.15 magnitudes. ",
"So, for a spiral galaxy be in the ERG region of the CMD, it probably started in the red sequence, being a passive spiral. ",
"However, given the large variance in the reddening difference between face-on and edge-on spirals (see Figure 9 of Masters et al. ",
"2010a), it is not impossible that even star-forming spirals may be members of the ERG sample if seen edge-on (see Tojeiro et al. ",
"2013 for a discussion on on-going star formation in red galaxies). ",
"Anyway, using the NED extinction calculator, one can verify that the variation in the extinction in $(g-r)$ for the Milky Way is larger than unit for Galactic latitudes lower than $\\sim$5 degrees from the Galactic plane.",
"\n\nWe have also verified whether the nebular extinction, as measured by the flux ratio H$\\alpha$/H$\\beta$, is large in our ERG sample. ",
"The intrinsic (extinction-free) value of this ratio is insensitive to the physical conditions of the gas where the line emission is produced, ranging from 3.03 for a gas temperature of 5000 K to 2.74 at 20000 K (Osterbrock 1989). ",
"We have used here the values of this ratio as measured by the [*STARLIGHT*]{} code (Cid Fernandes et al. ",
"2005), which takes in to account the intrinsic line absorption (modelled with Bruzual & Charlot 2003 spectra). ",
"The distribution of H$\\alpha$/H$\\beta$ for the 379 galaxies in the ERG sample with this ratio measured is presented in Figure \\[hahb\\], and is a clear indication that large extinctions are indeed present in this sample. ",
"Notice that some objects (mostly early-types) may have very low line emission and, consequently, large errors in this line ratio. ",
"The median value for H$\\alpha$/H$\\beta$ is 6.2, corresponding to $A_V=2.1$ (assuming the Cardelli, Clayton & Mattis 1989 extinction law)[^3]. ",
"For comparison, considering only red sequence galaxies, we obtain a median value for H$\\alpha$/H$\\beta$ of 4.6, corresponding to $A_V=1.3$. This exercise is also consistent with dust being the major driver of the colours of ERGs.",
"\n\nBesides the differences in the morphological mix of the ERG and RS samples, there is also a clear difference in the fraction of edge-on objects: they are almost 3 times more frequent among ERGs than in the RS. ",
"To examine further this point, we present in Figure \\[ba\\] the distribution of the model minor to major axis ratio $b/a$ of galaxy images in the $r$-band for the ERG and RS samples. ",
"We adopt here ratios based on photometric fitting models, either exponential or de Vaucouleurs, ascribing to each galaxy the model with larger likelihood (see Alam & Ryden 2002 and the SDSS Algorithms Page[^4] for details), although the form of the distributions do not depend strongly of the model choice. ",
"The $b/a$ distributions in Figure \\[ba\\] show that the ERG sample has a significantly large number of galaxies with low values of axial ratios (around $b/a \\sim 0.30$) in comparison with the RS distribution, which presents a mostly flat distribution. ",
"These results are in good agreement with what was found by Alam & Ryden (2002) and are consistent with the predominance of edge-on galaxies in the ERG sample and less-flat, bulge-dominated galaxies in the RS sample ($b/a \\sim 0.75$).",
"\n\nThe prevalence of edge-on spirals (or low values for the axial ratios) in our sample of extreme objects seems a clear evidence that geometry is playing a significant role, as expected if the reddening is due to extinction by dust in galaxy disks.",
"\n\nIt is also worth mentioning that most not-edge-on spirals in the ERG sample also present prominent dust lanes. ",
"Some can be real passive spirals (Masters et al. ",
"2010b), but not all, since some of them which seems strongly reddened in their centres, present blue disks indicative of ongoing star formation. ",
"Some ellipticals in our ERG sample also show significant dust lanes.",
"\n\n![",
"Distribution of the emission line intensity ratio H$\\alpha$/H$\\beta$ for galaxies in the ERG sample. ",
"The dotted lines correspond to the interval expected for galaxies without intrinsic reddening.[]{data-label=\"hahb\"}](hahb.ps)\n\n![ ",
"Distribution of the model-type apparent axis ratio $b/a$ of galaxy images in the $r$-band (see text for details). ",
"Continuum line: ERG sample; dashed line: RS sample.[]{data-label=\"ba\"}](sodre_ba.ps)\n\nSummary\n=======\n\nIn this work we have selected a sample of extremely red galaxies, ERGs, with colours redder than those found in the red sequence present in the colour-magnitude diagram of galaxies. ",
"We have verified that most of the ERGs are edge-on spirals and that there are many more edge-on spirals in the ERG sample than among red sequence galaxies.",
"\n\nWe propose that the reddest galaxies in our local universe have their extreme colours due mainly to the presence of dust. ",
"Many spiral galaxies seen edge-on in our sample may be passive and have an intrinsically red population, and extinction by dust places them above the red sequence. ",
"Additionally, even star-forming spirals seen edge-on may suffer enough extinction to be seen above the red sequence. ",
"On the other hand, it is unlikely that the extreme red colours of the ERG sample is produced by exceptionally old or high-metallicity red stars.",
"\n\nReddening by dust seems to be a natural consequence of the prevalence of edge-on spirals in our sample of extremely red objects.",
"\n\nAcknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered}\n===============\n\nThe authors are grateful to an anonymous referee whose comments led to a significant improvement in the presentation of our results. ",
"We also thank William Schoenel for his help with the [*STARLIGHT*]{} data used in this work. ",
"We thank the Brazilian agencies FAPESP and CNPq for supporting this work, which was part of the undergraduate project of ARS. ",
"The authors also wish to thank the team of the SDSS for their dedication to a project which has made the present work possible.",
"\n\nFunding for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and SDSS-II has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Participating Institutions, the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Japanese Monbukagakusho, and the Max Planck Society, and the Higher Education Funding Council for England. ",
"The SDSS Web site is http://www.sdss.org/.\n\nThe SDSS is managed by the Astrophysical Research Consortium (ARC) for the Participating Institutions. ",
"The Participating Institutions are the American Museum of Natural History, Astrophysical Institute Potsdam, University of Basel, University of Cambridge, Case Western Reserve University, The University of Chicago, Drexel University, Fermilab, the Institute for Advanced Study, the Japan Participation Group, The Johns Hopkins University, the Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, the Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, the Korean Scientist Group, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (LAMOST), Los Alamos National Laboratory, the Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy (MPIA), the Max-Planck-Institute for Astrophysics (MPA), New Mexico State University, Ohio State University, University of Pittsburgh, University of Portsmouth, Princeton University, the United States Naval Observatory, and the University of Washington.",
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"In an unprecedented move, the Walt Disney Company has even decided to cease operations within their theme parks, a move that has come as a shock from a company who is known for its reputation of remaining open through all manner of disasters and panic.",
"\n\nThis public response that has left consumers with an ever shrinking list of options for where they can spend their time and money leads me to my ultimate point that Nintendo should release Animal Crossing, effective immediately. ",
"People are staying indoors as a result of the public concern that this virus has caused and more than ever, people need an escape worthy of the magnitude of our current crisis.",
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"Those who fear travel, or otherwise find themselves unable to travel in the wake of recent events, can make their escape to their own paradise and forget the troubles they face in our gloomy reality. ",
"Those who are cautious to attend social gatherings, can gather with their virtual neighbors around a comforting campfire while DJ K.K. charms everyone with a song.",
"\n\n\n\nI encourage Nintendo to listen to the desires of the people, their loyal fans, who would appreciate the gesture of releasing Animal Crossing ahead of its scheduled release date, because now, more than we can comprehend, we could all benefit from that feeling of community and creativity that Animal Crossing can provide."
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"Q:\n\nWhy this piece of code results infinite loop\n\nunsigned int i = 1<<10;\n\nfor(; i>=0; i--) printf(“%d\\n”, i);\n\nCan anyone please explain the reason why this code results in infinite loop? ",
"Thanks in advance for any response.",
"\n\nA:\n\nUnsigned int - its always interpreted as >= 0\n\nA:\n\nUnsigned integers are always positive. ",
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"Day: March 15, 2011\n\nReal entrepreneurial passion means committing to your product. ",
"And for one female motorcycle entrepreneur that meant getting tied up and dragged along eight feet of gritty asphalt.",
"\n\nWe met Go Go Gear CEO and President Arlene Battishill at the Indianapolis Dealer Expo, where we learned (much to our shock and awe) that the bruised and battered jacket hanging on the end of her display rack wasn’t just the casualty of a nasty spill, it was the jacket worn in the rigorous Go Go Gear product trials – by Battishill herself.",
"\n\nLadyMoto spoke with the entrepreneur-turned-amateur stuntwoman about what it was like being dragged behind a motorcycle, and what we can expect to see next in the series of Hollywood-worthy testing.",
"\n\nLadyMoto: What inspired you, or how did you get the idea to do the testing yourself?",
"\n\nArlene Battishill: I’d been thinking about how to test the jackets early on. ",
"I called the Stuntwoman’s Association and they wanted about $1,500 to have a stuntwoman crash in one of the jackets. ",
"But the more I thought about it, I realized I should just do it myself. ",
"I’m 50 years old and no spring chicken, so this wasn’t high on my list of things to do in life – BUT I felt that if I was going to be producing safety gear, I’d better know for sure it works.",
"\n\nLM: Have you had any stunt experience?",
"\n\nAB: Stunt experience! ",
"Are you kidding? ",
"I have experience with getting manicures and pedicures, not doing stunts!",
"\n\nLM: Who did you talk into tying you up and dragging you down the street?",
"\n\nAB: The test was kind of a fluke. ",
"I was out at the California Scooter Company in Laverne, CA, test-driving some of their bikes, and I asked the owner Steve Seidner if he was willing to help me test the jacket. ",
"He said, “Ok, sure!” — ",
"having NO idea what I actually had in mind. ",
"It happened so fast I don’t think he really even had time to think about it. ",
"I told him to go grab a tow rope and that I wanted him to drag me down the street in my jacket.",
"\n\nIt was a completely surreal experience. ",
"I was lying there on my back, being dragged along the pavement and looking up at the sky wondering what on earth I was doing. ",
"The test would have gone longer, but at about 80 feet I started to smell something “burning”. ",
"It wasn’t actually burning – the fabric was just heating up from the abrasion, but when I smelled it I let go just in case I was on fire! ",
"No fire at all, just abrasion. ",
"I was actually sort of disappointed! ",
"Just kidding!",
"\n\nThe first layer of fabric is the one that took the brunt of the damage. ",
"The REAL abrasion resistant fabric inside the jacket wasn’t damaged at all.",
"\n\nLM: How have people generally responded to the test jacket when they see it?",
"\n\nAB: Most people can’t believe that I tested it myself. ",
"More than anything, their response is, “Wow, you really stand behind your product!” ",
"I think that having someone else do the test would have created a perception of “distance” between my product and me.",
"\n\nLM: You mentioned when we first met that your next test will be done with an airplane. ",
"When and where will that be?",
"\n\nAB: I talked with Steve Seidner at California Scooter Company about doing the airplane stunt. ",
"He knows someone who has a small airplane and they’re located right on an airfield. ",
"We just have to figure out how to get the airfield to cooperate and let us do it on the runway for free.",
"\n\nLM: Will you be videoing the next demo for YouTube?",
"\n\nYes, definitely. ",
"I’m so bummed that our videotape ran out just as we started the drag test, so we HAVE to have new footage of a test. ",
"I’m also preparing my own crash test dummy that I’m going to throw out of a car at a high speed to again test the jacket, so we’ll get that on tape for sure. ",
"I have video of me throwing myself down a 50-foot hill in the jacket, but a lot of people have been critical of that footage because I didn’t throw myself off a motorcycle to test the armor. ",
"Easy for everyone else to say when they’re not the ones doing it! ",
"Sofa warriors!",
"\n\nAnd of course, if we can actually pull off the airplane stunt, you bet we’ll get that on videotape.",
"\n\nThe MotoGP has just finished the final testing session before the start of the 2011 MotoGP season, and Casey Stoner found himself at the top.",
"\n\nThe Repsol Honda duo of Stoner and Dani Pedrosa were on top throughout the final testing session, but it was Stoner’s turn to take top honors today. ",
"Stoner set a 1’55.681 lap time around the Qatar track, barely edging out his teammate by .06 seconds.",
"\n\nThe two Honda riders were more than a half second faster than the third place rider, Ben Spies. ",
"Following the Yamaha rider were two more Honda machines ridden by Marco Simoncelli and the final Repsol Honda rider, Andrea Dovizioso.",
"\n\nRandy de Puniet was the fastest Ducati on the track and the final rider to finish within a second of Stoner.",
"\n\n2010 MotoGP champion Jorge Lorenzo spent the day working on his electronics and his acceleration in the lower gears, and finished 7th for the day, more than a second behind the Repsol Honda duo.",
"\n\nColin Edwards, Nicky Hayden, and Hector Barbera finished out the top 10.",
"\n\nValentino Rossi had a promising start to the Qatar test yesterday, but today his times slowed.",
"\n\nThe 2011 MotoGP season starts next weekend in Qatar, and it looks like a Honda rider is going to claim the first win of the season.",
"\n\nThe Daytona 200 is one of few AMA races that relies so heavily on the quick work of a team’s pit crew. ",
"When the Daytona 200 was shortened to a 15 lap sprint this weekend, some people complained that it was taking the pit crews out of the equation. ",
"Jason DiSalvo, who gave Ducati its first Daytona 200 this weekend, would argue otherwise.",
"\n\n“That was probably the greatest pit stop in motorcycle history,” DiSalvo said after the race.",
"\n\nSo why was Team Latus Motors Ducati team’s effort such an impressive display of mechanical excellence? ",
"Because Team Latus did more than just swap out tires. ",
"During the delay, DiSalvo’s team changed out an entire engine.",
"\n\nThe Daytona 200 was red flagged after riders were experiencing trouble with their front tires. ",
"The red flag was good news for DiSalvo who was having engine trouble. ",
"When DiSalvo returned to the pits, it was decided that for him to continue, they would have to swap the engine.",
"\n\n“It’s really unbelievable,” DiSalvo said. “",
"Those guys worked so hard to get that bike put back together and ready to rock, on time to start. ",
"It’s just amazing. ",
"I’m almost a little bit speechless . ",
"I don’t think it has sunk in yet.”",
"\n\nWhen DiSalvo returned to the pits, he wasn’t sure if the AMA would let him continue. ",
"But the pit crew went to work anyway, just in case the AMA gave them the OK to re-enter the race. ",
"When the AMA gave them the go-ahead, the Latus Motors Ducati team was ready to go.",
"\n\n“I have to thank a couple people aside from the team,” DiSalvo said. “",
"One is the AMA officials for letting us restart the race. ",
"I know there was some question about whether we would be able to restart, but when we were given the go-ahead…. ",
"I want to thank them for that. ",
"And again, the crew. ",
"It’s just unbelievable what they did.”",
"\n\nThe 2011 Daytona 200 didn’t go off as planned, and riders weren’t required to make all of the scheduled pit stops. ",
"But that doesn’t mean that the hard work of the pit crews was taken out of the equation. ",
"If anything, DiSalvo won because of his team’s effort.",
"\n\nIn the wake of tragedy, the MotoGP has come out to state its support of Japan. ",
"The MotoGP has given the organizers of the Japan Grand Prix the opportunity to decide whether or not they will host the third round of the MotoGP season.",
"\n\nJapan has just been devastated by a 8.9 magnitude earthquake, followed by a massive tsunami. ",
"Japan is supposed to host the third round of the 2011 MotoGP season, but the MotoGP understands that this may not be possible.",
"\n\n“Japan is a very important country to this championship,” said CEO of Dorna Sports, Carmelo Ezpeleta. “",
"We are with them during these painful moments.”",
"\n\nJapan is supposed to host a race on April 24th at Motegi.",
"\n\n“No decision will be made until it is seen how events evolve during this week,” Ezpeleta said. “",
"We are putting the interests of Japan above what was to be the third round of the season.”",
"\n\nHiroshi Aoyama is the only Japanese rider in the MotoGP championship, but many riders on the MotoGP grid ride Japanese bikes.",
"\n\n“I have had the opportunity to speak with those at the Motegi Circuit,” Ezpeleta continued. “",
"Fortunately, none who work there were injured. ",
"It remains to be seen how those involved deal with this terrible event. ",
"For our part, we are there for whatever they need. ",
"MotoGP will do what Japan asks us.”",
"\n\nHonda has just released a statement about the massive earthquake that struck Japan earlier this week.",
"\n\n“Honda would like to express its deepest sympathy and condolences to the victims of The 2011 Off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake in northeastern Japan,” Honda said in the release. “",
"Our sincere hopes for the earliest possible relief and recovery of the affected areas.”",
"\n\nHonda has shot down production activities in five plants in Japan. ",
"Honda has suspended all activity in the Tochigi area, where the damage was the most destructive.",
"\n\nIn the release, Honda also addresses relief efforts. ",
"Honda will be giving 300 million yen ($3.66 million) toward the relief effort, as well as donating 1,000 gasoline generators and 5,000 gas canisters. ",
"Honda is also dispatching staff to devastated areas to instruct people on how to use the generators.",
"\n\nHonda also says that it will cooperate with te rolling blackouts requested by the Ministry of Economy. ",
"Honda says that they are “prioritizing the relief and recovery of affected areas.”"
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"1999 South Florida Bulls football team\n\nThe 1999 South Florida Bulls football team represented the University of South Florida (USF) in the 1999 NCAA Division I-AA football season, and was the third team fielded by the school. ",
"The Bulls were led by head coach Jim Leavitt in his third year, played their home games at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida and competed as a Division I-AA Independent. ",
"The Bulls finished the season with a record of seven wins and four losses (7–4). ",
"William Pukylo corner back led team in interceptions with 8, named Bulls defensive player of the year.",
"\n\nSchedule\n\nSource: GoUSFBulls.com: Football – 1999 Schedule & Results\n\nRoster\n\nReferences\n\nSouth Florida\nCategory:South Florida Bulls football seasons\nSouth Florida"
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", -3*x = y*u + 38. ",
"Let p be -3 - x*(-2)/(-4). ",
"Solve -p*m + 1 = -1 for m.\n1\nLet n = 0 - -1. ",
"Let x be (0 + 12)*1/2. ",
"Suppose 0*b = 2*b - x. Solve b*u + 7 = n for u.\n-2\nSuppose -3*d - d + 16 = 0. ",
"Suppose -5*w + d*x - 6 = 0, -4*w + 9*w - 6 = x. Solve 2 - 12 = -w*i for i.\n5\nSuppose -1 = -5*x + 14. ",
"Suppose 9 = 2*m - 11. ",
"Let k = 1 + 1. ",
"Solve -m = -x*y + k for y.\n4\nSuppose 0*d + 12 = 3*d. ",
"Suppose 5*m = -16 - d. Let i be (m/(-6))/(5/30). ",
"Solve 0 = -i*r + 5*r for r.\n0\nLet g(s) = -s**2 + 7*s + 6. ",
"Let o be g(6). ",
"Suppose 0 = 4*y - o, 5*y - 4 = b - 0. ",
"Solve 0 = -3*i + b + 4 for i.\n5\nLet x(p) = 4*p - 6. ",
"Let d be x(5). ",
"Let c = -9 + d. Suppose c*v = 6*v - 1. ",
"Solve v = -3*o + 4 for o.\n1\nSuppose 3*b - 4*b = 0. ",
"Solve x - 2*x - 1 = b for x.\n-1\nLet i be (-56)/(-10) - (-4)/10. ",
"Suppose 5*b = 56 - i. Solve 0*a = -2*a + b for a.\n5\nLet a be (0 + 2 + -3)*0. ",
"Suppose -5*m = -a*m - 25. ",
"Suppose -4*i - m = -13. ",
"Solve -6 = -2*c + i for c.\n4\nLet k(y) = -y**3 - 2*y**2 - 3. ",
"Let o(d) = -d**3 - 8*d**2 - 7*d - 3. ",
"Let b be o(-7). ",
"Let c be k(b). ",
"Solve -v - 2*v = c for v.\n-2\nLet p(k) = -k**3 - 3*k**2 + 4*k + 3. ",
"Suppose 1 = -s - 2. ",
"Let m be p(s). ",
"Let r be (-1 - m) + -4 + 1. ",
"Solve -r*x + 15 = -0*x for x.\n3\nSuppose 5*d + p - 14 = 2*p, p = -4. ",
"Let f(z) = 21*z + 126. ",
"Let x be f(-6). ",
"Solve 0 = -d*h - x*h for h.\n0\nSuppose 4*j - 1 = 23. ",
"Suppose -4*q + 18 - j = 0. ",
"Solve q*n = 2*n - 5 for n.\n-5\nLet y be 33/(-55) + (-2)/(-10)*38. ",
"Let p = -10 - -14. ",
"Solve -1 = p*s + y for s.\n-2\nLet n(f) = -f**2 - 10*f + 6. ",
"Let w be n(-11). ",
"Let q be (4/w)/((-2)/5). ",
"Solve 8 = q*j - 6*j for j.\n-2\nLet j = -33 + 36. ",
"Solve 1 - j = p for p.\n-2\nSuppose b + 6*g = 3*g + 18, b - 5*g - 10 = 0. ",
"Solve p = -2*p - b for p.\n-5\nLet f(r) = -r**3 - 3*r**2 + 6. ",
"Let v be f(-3). ",
"Solve -v - 4 = 5*i for i.\n-2\nLet q(a) = 3*a**2 + 4*a + 4. ",
"Let i be q(-4). ",
"Let k be i/15 + 2/(-5). ",
"Suppose -k = 3*o - 4*o. ",
"Solve o + 3 = -c for c.\n-5\nLet k(s) = 3*s**2 + 2*s - 5. ",
"Let b(t) = 4*t**2 + t - 6. ",
"Let w(c) = -2*b(c) + 3*k(c). ",
"Let i be w(-5). ",
"Solve 1 = -p - i for p.\n-3\nSuppose 5*t - 75 = -5*q, 4*t = 3*t - 3*q + 19. ",
"Suppose 9*g + 64 = t*g. ",
"Solve 3*k + k = g for k.\n4\nLet i(x) = 12*x**2 - 1. ",
"Let g(u) = -u**2. ",
"Let y(t) = 5*g(t) + i(t). ",
"Let c be y(-1). ",
"Let l(f) = -f**2 + 6*f - 5. ",
"Let n be l(4). ",
"Solve -15 = n*b - c*b for b.\n5\nSuppose -8 = l - 5*l. ",
"Solve l*i + 10 = 2 for i.\n-4\nSuppose 2*n + 21 = 2*l + 3*l, 24 = 2*n + 4*l. ",
"Let k = -2 + n. Solve -3*y + 6 + 9 = k for y.\n5\nLet s be 1*(-1 + 0 + 1). ",
"Suppose p + 5*f + s*f = 22, 0 = 5*p - 4*f - 81. ",
"Let j = p + -7. ",
"Solve -5*v + 0*v = -j for v.\n2\nSuppose 3*h - 2*h = 1. ",
"Let b = h + 2. ",
"Solve -k - 16 = b*k for k.\n-4\nLet m be 16/9 + (-4)/(-18). ",
"Let y(x) = x**2 - 16*x + 28. ",
"Let d be y(14). ",
"Solve -m*f + 4 + 2 = d for f.\n3\nSuppose 2*w + 3 = -1. ",
"Let n = w - -4. ",
"Let q = 0 + 0. ",
"Solve -t = -q*t + n for t.\n-2\nLet i = -95 + 95. ",
"Solve -m = 1 - i for m.\n-1\nLet i(z) = -1. ",
"Let v(c) = c**2 - 2*c + 8. ",
"Let t(h) = 6*i(h) + v(h). ",
"Let a be t(3). ",
"Suppose -a*g = 4*y - 7 - 22, 2*g + 17 = y. Solve 0 = -4*l - 1 - y for l.\n-3\nLet k be (-3)/12 - (-34)/8. ",
"Solve 0 = k*y + y + 20 for y.\n-4\nSuppose 28 = -3*p + 8*p - 3*t, -4*p + 4*t + 24 = 0. ",
"Solve -7 - p = 4*w for w.\n-3\nLet d(n) = n**3 - 5*n**2 + n. Let m be d(5). ",
"Suppose -2*b + m + 25 = 0. ",
"Suppose -3 + b = 4*p. ",
"Solve 8 = i + p*i for i.\n2\nSuppose 0 = -0*g + 3*g + 12. ",
"Let p be g/14 - 176/(-28). ",
"Suppose 5*t - 12 = -4*z, -2*z + 0*z = t - p. Solve 0 = -z*k - 18 + 3 for k.\n-5\nLet m(d) = -d**2 + 8*d - 6. ",
"Let r be m(4). ",
"Let u be 0 + 1 + -19 + 24. ",
"Suppose z + z = w + u, -5*w + 5*z - r = 0. ",
"Solve -2*p - w*p = -12 for p.\n3\nLet l = -3 - -4. ",
"Let x = l + 1. ",
"Solve 4*g = -2 - x for g.\n-1\nSuppose 0 = -u - u - 42. ",
"Suppose 0 = -4*r + 46 - 18. ",
"Let p be ((-2)/3)/(r/u). ",
"Solve 3 - p = -t for t.\n-1\nSuppose 0*p - 2*p = 0. ",
"Let x be 6/(2 + 1) - p. Suppose 3*d + 20 = 3*j - 4, 28 = x*j - 5*d. ",
"Solve -4*k - j = -3*k for k.\n-4\nLet o(n) = 3*n. ",
"Let x(y) = -4*y - 1. ",
"Let d(q) = 5*o(q) + 4*x(q). ",
"Let h be d(-3). ",
"Let p be h/(-3) + (-28)/(-6). ",
"Solve -7*i = -2*i + p for i.\n-1\nSuppose 3*x + 5*x = 16. ",
"Solve x = -t - 1 for t.\n-3\nLet d be -1 + 4 - 6 - -28. ",
"Solve -3*o = 2*o + d for o.\n-5\nLet k be 294/77 - 4/(-22). ",
"Solve 5 = k*o + 17 for o.\n-3\nSuppose 3*k + 20 = -k, -4*p - 3*k - 7 = 0. ",
"Solve p*j - 6 = 2 for j.\n4\nLet n(z) = -3*z - 6. ",
"Let s be n(-3). ",
"Solve -3*p = s - 0 for p.\n-1\nSuppose 6*p + 32 = 10*p. ",
"Solve -2*a + p = -0*a for a.\n4\nLet b be (5 + -5)/(4 - (-6)/(-2)). ",
"Solve b = r + 3 + 2 for r.\n-5\nLet n = 23 - 23. ",
"Solve n = c - 1 + 6 for c.\n-5\nLet j(r) = -r**3 - 8*r**2 - 5*r + 17. ",
"Let x be j(-7). ",
"Suppose -2*l = 8, h + 2*l - 4 = -2*h. ",
"Suppose -2*z = 3*i + 7, h*z - i = -0*i + 7. ",
"Solve z + x = 2*k for k.\n2\nSuppose -3*x + 5*x + 60 = 5*m, -2*m + 45 = -5*x. ",
"Let k = -10 + m. Solve 5*t + k*t = 0 for t.\n0\nSuppose 12 = 70*j - 67*j. ",
"Solve -6 + 14 = j*v for v.\n2\nLet i(p) = -6*p. ",
"Let r be i(-1). ",
"Suppose 5*z = 4*x + 61, 2*z + 2*x - r = -x. ",
"Solve -4*a + z*a + 25 = 0 for a.\n-5\nLet o(n) = -n + 1. ",
"Let i be o(-4). ",
"Let r be (3/i)/((-5)/(-25)). ",
"Solve 0 = -4*m + r*m + 4 for m.\n4\nLet m be -1 + (-3 + 2)*-4. ",
"Suppose -4*j = -2*j - s + m, 3*j = -3*s + 9. ",
"Let g be ((-6)/(-8))/((-2)/(-8)). ",
"Solve 0*r - g*r = j for r.\n0\nLet u = 8 - 5. ",
"Let q = -115 + 127. ",
"Solve -u*a = -0*a - q for a.\n4\nSuppose 2*t - 19 = 11. ",
"Solve 0 = 3*r - 0*r + t for r.\n-5\nSuppose -4*c + 4*i - 19 - 13 = 0, -5*c - 38 = -3*i. ",
"Let t = c + 12. ",
"Solve -6*p = -p - t for p.\n1\nSuppose 0 = 2*j + 1 + 1. ",
"Let s = 2 - j. Solve 0*w = -w + s for w.\n3\nLet z be (2 + -2 + 0)*-1. ",
"Let a = 2 + z. Suppose -w + 4 + 0 = 0. ",
"Solve -6*o = -a*o - w for o.\n1\nLet l(i) = -5*i**3 + 10*i**2 - 13*i - 14. ",
"Let u(r) = 2*r**3 - 3*r**2 + 4*r + 5. ",
"Let z(n) = -3*l(n) - 8*u(n). ",
"Let p be z(-7). ",
"Solve -p = f - 2*f for f.\n2\nLet u(a) = 2*a - 26. ",
"Let c be u(15). ",
"Let r be -1*(1 - -1) - -4. ",
"Suppose 4*p + 6 = -5*x, 3*p - r*x - 3*x - 13 = 0. ",
"Solve c*n - p + 17 = 0 for n.\n-4\nSuppose 18 = -8*b + 5*b. ",
"Let x be b/36 - (-2)/12. ",
"Solve x = -2*d - 5 + 3 for d.\n-1\nLet v(b) = -b - 1. ",
"Let q be v(-7). ",
"Let r be 2/((-10)/5) + 6. ",
"Solve r = -q*a + a for a.\n-1\nSuppose 4*i - 3*i - 2 = 0. ",
"Solve -2 = i*b + 2 for b.\n-2\nLet h be (-1)/(((-1)/5)/1). ",
"Let o = 9 - h. Solve o*m - 16 = -0*m for m.\n4\nLet z = 15 - 11. ",
"Solve -z = x + 3*x for x.\n-1\nLet b(r) = -r**2 - 4*r + 1. ",
"Let x be b(-2). ",
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"Suppose -h = h - 6. ",
"Suppose 3*y - h*w - 2*w = 31, y + 3*w + 13 = 0. ",
"Solve 0 = g - y*g - d for g.\n-1\nLet k(y) = y**3 + y**2 + y + 4. ",
"Let m be k(0). ",
"Suppose 0 = -t + 2 - m, 2*t - 32 = -4*n. ",
"Let o be 1*6/(n/3). ",
"Solve -o*f = -4*f for f.\n0\nLet a(c) = 3*c**3 - c**2. ",
"Suppose 5*y + 15 = 2*x, -3*y = -6*y + 3*x. ",
"Let o = 6 + y. Let f be a(o). ",
"Solve -n + f*n = 0 for n.\n0\nLet t = 10 - 8. ",
"Solve -t = z + 1 for z.\n-3\nSuppose -2*n = 2*n + 4. ",
"Let u = n + 2. ",
"Solve d + 3 = u for d.\n-2\nLet u(d) = d + 7. ",
"Let w(b) = -b**2 - 4*b - 1. ",
"Let n be w(-5). ",
"Let p be u(n). ",
"Solve 3*l - p = 2*l for l.\n1\nLet t(l) = -l**3 - 5*l**2 + 5*l - 3. ",
"Let z be t(-6). ",
"Suppose z = -4*w - 3*k, -2*w + 6*w - k - 1 = 0. ",
"Solve w = -6*p + 5*p - 5 for p.\n-5\nLet j = 3 + -2. ",
"Suppose -4*p + 3*x = -141, -2*p + 3*x = x - 72. ",
"Suppose 0 = 2*v + v - p. Solve v + j = -4*h for h.\n-3\nSuppose 3*g = 5*g + 4. ",
"Let a(v) = -v**3 - v**2 - 2*v - 3. ",
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"Solve 2*a - 4 = b*a for a.\n-4\nSuppose -4*m - 46 + 10 = 0. ",
"Let h = -7 - m. Let b be -1 + 1/((-1)/(-3)). ",
"Solve l = h*l - b for l.\n2\nLet m be 17 - 3 - (4 + -6). ",
"Let c be (-1)/((4/m)/(-1)). ",
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"Let b be (1/3)/((-2)/(-24)). ",
"Let g be 4*(6/b - -1). ",
"Solve 0 = r*m + g for m.\n-2\nLet d(a) = 3*a**2 + 4*a + 2. ",
"Let u be d(-2). ",
"Solve 0*f - 3*f = -u for f.\n2\nSuppose -10 = -4*u + 2. ",
"Let s be (-2)/u*(-18)/4. ",
"Solve -20 + 8 = s*x for x.\n-4\nLet z = -3 + 6. ",
"Let b = -1 + z. Solve 0*h = b*h - 2 for h.\n1\nSuppose y = 3*v - 10, -4*y = y - v - 6. ",
"Let s be y*1/(-2) + 2. ",
"Solve 4*c + s = -19 for c.\n-5\nLet j be (-18)/(-153) - (-2)/(-17). ",
"Solve 5*v = -j*v - 20 for v.\n-4\nLet v be 12/5 - 2/5. ",
"Suppose 2*y + v*y - 44 = 0. ",
"Solve 4*h + y - 3 = 0 for h.\n-2\nLet q be -1 - (-3)/(-2)*-2. ",
"Suppose -4*u - 6*u + 2*u = 0. ",
"Solve u = q*p - p for p.\n0\nSuppose -9*b = -13*b + 8. ",
"Let t = 40 + -25. ",
"Solve b*f + f = -t for f.\n-5\nLet "
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"About Us\n\nThe extensive knowledge our team have gained over many decades within the UK’s gardening sector allows you to benefit from, and trust in, our considered product choices. ",
"As we say ‘Your Garden, Our Field’, it’s a mutual thing. ",
"For that cherished plot of ‘Your Garden’, we aim to use ‘Our Field’ of expertise and passion to introduce you to a competitive range of desirable garden buildings, fencing, landscaping items and much more, all designed to fulfil your gardening needs and aspirations.",
"\n\nOur field\n\nYou can trust and rely upon One Garden Limited. ",
"Led by an established and highly experienced management team of three, each having served the UK gardening sector for over 35 years. ",
"Our sister fencing Company has now been successfully trading for 33 years too. ",
"We were also pioneers in the online and mail order gardening sector, having serviced hundreds of thousands of satisfied customers and generated over £100m of retail sales through leading garden building and fencing web sites operated by a venture we founded in 1997.",
"\n\nOne Garden® is 100% management owned and debt-free. ",
"We have always been proud of what we do and strive to deliver upon what we say.",
"\n\nOur honesty\n\nThis retail web site has been created to fulfil our honest credentials by being both informative and wholly transparent. ",
"For example, whilst most UK mainland locations fall within our free delivery service offer sadly certain distant locations do not; where our manufacturing and/or logistical partners charge extra. ",
"For peace of mind you, the consumer, are free to check whether a delivery surcharge will apply to your location before you even add a product to your basket. ",
"Simply enter your postcode upon a product page of interest for confirmation. ",
"Simple, clear and no nasty surprises at the checkout!",
"\n\nOur promise\n\nAny Company can lead you to believe that they're 'the best thing since sliced bread', but we won't. ",
"Whilst we strive for perfection we are only human and so understand that on the odd occasion a mistake can happen. ",
"However, if you wish to trade with a mature, trustworthy and openly honest Company, which goes the extra mile to satisfy and remain accountable to its customers, then in One Garden® you've made the right choice. ",
"And if we do make a mistake you can be sure we will do our utmost to put it right and you will speak to us personally (and not a machine), as you are a customer, not just a number.",
"\n\nAll prices include VAT. ",
"Product names and category filters show generic imperial sizes to aid comparison. ",
"For precise product size data see 'Detailed Measurements'.",
"\nSelected distant regions may attract a manufacturer delivery surcharge; by location, brand or product. ",
"The 'Delivery' tab or 'Free Delivery?' ",
"postcode checker on each product will confirm if any such charge applies."
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"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThis invention relates to a locking type push-button switch and, more particularly, to a miniaturized locking type push-button switch which can be assembled easily.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Prior Art\nThere is a known locking mechanism, which has a heart-shaped groove and a single-acting pin, for a locking type push-button switch in which an operating unit can be locked in a fully pressed state. ",
"Such a locking type push-button switch consists of an operating unit, a spring urging the operating unit in a direction opposite to the direction in which the operating unit is normally pressed, a slide element holding a movable contact member therein and adapted to be slidingly moved on a substrate provided with fixed contact members, a single-acting pin, which consists of a wire rod bent at both end portions thereof, and which is adapted to be moved along a heart-shaped groove provided in the operating unit with one end of the single-acting pin slidably engaged with the heart-shaped groove, and an enclosure in which the above-mentioned elements are housed. ",
"The operating unit is locked in a fully pressed state by the movement of the single-acting pin along the heart-shaped groove.",
"\nFIGS. ",
"1-8 illustrate a conventional push-button switch having an operating unit capable of being locked in a fully pressed state by the movement of such a single-acting pin along a heart-shaped groove. ",
"Among these drawings, FIGS. ",
"1-4 are sectional views illustrating various stages of operation of the push-button switch arranged generally vertically, wherein FIG. ",
"1 shows the push-button switch in a non-pressed state; FIG. ",
"2 an operational stage in which the operating unit is in an intermediately pressed position; FIG. ",
"3 an operational stage in which the operating unit is in a fully pressed position; and FIG. ",
"4 an operational stage in which the operating unit is released from a pressing force after it has been pressed to a full extent. ",
"FIGS. ",
"5-8 illustrate the relation between the heart-shaped groove and the single-acting pin with respect to various operational positions of the operating unit shown in FIGS. ",
"1-4, wherein FIG. ",
"5 shows the positional relation between the groove and pin with the operating unit in a non-pressed state; FIG. ",
"6 the positional relation between the mentioned two with the operating unit in an intermediately pressed position; FIG. ",
"7 the positional relation between the mentioned two with the operating unit in a fully pressed position; and FIG. ",
"8 the positional relation between the mention two with the operating unit released from a pressing force after it has been pressed to a full extent.",
"\nWhen an operating unit 21 is in a non-pressed state or a preparative state, a cylindrical projection 25b\" of a slide element 25 is in a lower end portion of a bore 21d provided in the operating unit 21 (refer to FIG. ",
"1), and a lower bent portion 30b is of a single-acting pin 30 at a point 21e' of stability in a lower end portion of a heart-shaped groove 21e (refer to FIG. ",
"5). ",
"In this preparative stage, fixed contact members 28', 28\" are connected together electrically through a movable contact member 26.",
"\nWhen the operating unit 21 is then pressed at a head portion 21a thereof, a main portion 21c of the operating unit 21 is moved in the direction of the arrow A against the force of a spring 22 secured to a flange portion 21b thereof. ",
"Consequently, the cylindrical projection 25b\" of the slide member 25 enters an inclined portion 21d' of the bore 21d formed in the main portion 21c of the operating unit 21, to be moved therein gradually in the upward direction as seen in FIGS. ",
"1-3. ",
"As a result, a pressing force is applied clockwise to an arm portion 25b' of the slide element 25, so that a slide block 25a is oscillated clockwise about a shaft 25d. ",
"In accordance with the oscillatory movement of the slide block 25a, the movable contact member 26 loosely fitted in a recess 25c formed in the slide element begins to be moved slidingly to the left on an insulating board 27 (refer to FIG. ",
"2). ",
"In the meantime, the lower bent portion 30b of the single-acting pin enters a right-hand portion of the heart-shaped groove 21e as the operating unit 21 is downwardly displaced, to be moved round counter-clockwise along the right-hand portion of the groove 21e in accordance with an amount of downward displacement of the operating unit (refer to FIG. ",
"6).",
"\nWhen the operating unit 21 has been pressed to a full extent, the cylindrical projection 25b\" reaches the uppermost portion of the bore 21d, and the slide block 25a is oscillated leftward to a full extent. ",
"Accordingly, the movable contact member 26 reaches an extreme left position, so that fixed contact members 28, 28' are connected together electrically via the movable contact member 26 to allow the electric circuit to be shifted (refer to FIG. ",
"3). ",
"At this time, the lower bent portion 20b of the single-acting pin 30 reaches the upper end of the right-hand portion of the heart-shaped groove (refer to FIG. ",
"7).",
"\nWhen the operating unit 21 is then released from the pressing force, a returning force is applied thereto via the spring 22 to allow the operating unit 21 to be upwardly moved. ",
"At this time, the lower bent portion 30b of the single-acting pin 30 falls in an upper end portion 21e' of the heart-shaped groove 21e. ",
"Consequently, the operating unit 21 cannot be moved upwardly any more and is locked in the position shown in FIGS. ",
"4 and 8 as the operating unit 21 is urged upwardly by the spring 22. ",
"The electrical connection between the fixed contact members 28, 28' is thus maintained even after the operating unit 21 has been released from the pressing force.",
"\nWhen the operating unit 21 is in the position shown in FIGS. ",
"4 and 8 is pressed again, the lower bent portion 30b of the single-acting pin 30 is moved to the upper end of a left-hand portion of the heart-shaped groove 21e, so that the operating unit 21 is unlocked. ",
"When the operating unit 21 is then released from the pressing force, it begins to be moved upwardly by the force of the spring 22. ",
"Also, the cylindrical projection 25b\" is moved along the bore 21d in a direction opposite to the direction in which it was moved when the operating unit 21 was pressed for the first time, and the lower bent portion 30b of the single-acting pin 30 moves towards the lower point 21e' of stability along the left-hand portion of the heart-shaped groove 21e. ",
"When the operating unit has been returned to the original position, it is in such a state as shown in FIGS. ",
"1 and 5, and the electrical connection between the fixed contact members is also returned to the original condition.",
"\nReferring to the drawings, reference numeral 23 denotes an enclosure, and 24 a plate spring adapted to urge the single-acting pin 30 in such a manner that the lower bent portion 30b of the single-acting pin 30 is engaged constantly with the heart-shaped groove 21e.",
"\nThe above-described push-button switch permits the operating unit therein to be locked in a pressed state, and the dimensions thereof can be reduced to a great extent. ",
"However, it is necessary that the single-acting pin 30 and plate spring 24 be installed together in the enclosure 23. ",
"This makes it troublesome to assemble the push-button switch. ",
"Especially in the case of a miniaturized switch, the enclosure 23 is too small to allow a finger to be inserted thereinto, and it is very difficult to carry out an assembling work therefor. ",
"This could cause a badly assembled switch to be produced, and such a switch could be erroneously operated.",
"\nFIG. ",
"9 is a perspective view of another type of conventional push-button switch, in which an operating unit is locked by the movement of a single-acting pin along a heart-shaped groove. ",
"In this drawing, the parts of the push-button switch which are equivalent to those of the push-button switch shown in FIG. ",
"1, are designated by the same reference numerals, and detailed descriptions thereof will be omitted. ",
"The push-button switch shown in FIG. ",
"9 is not provided with a spring (correspondingly to the spring 22 shown in FIG. ",
"1) for use in returning the operating unit.",
"\nReferring to the drawing, reference numeral 31 denotes a single-acting pin formed by bending both end portions of a wire material in the same direction, and 32 a single-acting pin mounting member secured to an insulating board 27 at right angles thereto. ",
"The mounting member 32 is provided with a bore 32a for inserting one end portion 31a of the single-acting pin 31 thereinto, and a clearance hole 32b for inserting the other end portion 31b of the single-acting pin 31 thereinto. ",
"Thus, when the end portions 31a, 31b of the single-acting pin 31 are inserted into the bore 32a and clearance hole 32b, respectively, the single-acting pin 31 can be oscillated about the end portion 31a along the clearance hole 32b. ",
"The end portion 31b of the single-acting pin 31 is engaged via the clearance hole 32b with a heart-shaped groove formed in a main portion 21c of an operating unit 21. ",
"Reference numeral 33 denotes a plate spring attached to the single-acting pin mounting member 32. ",
"The plate spring 33 is adapted to urge constantly a projected portion 33a at the end portion 31b of the single-acting pin 31 so as to bring the end portion 31b into engagement with the heart-shaped groove (not shown).",
"\nThe operation of this push-button switch is substantially the same as that of the push-button switch shown in FIGS. ",
"1-8. ",
"The differences between the push-button switch shown in FIG. ",
"9 and that shown in FIGS. ",
"1-8 reside in only the arrangement and construction of the single-acting pin 31 and plate spring 33 in the former push-button switch. ",
"In the push-button switch shown in FIG. ",
"9, the single-acting pin 31 and plate spring 33 are provided outside of an enclosure thereof unlike the single-acting pin and plate spring in the push-button switch shown in FIG. ",
"1.",
"\nConsequently, no other parts can be provided within a space in which the single-acting pin 31 is moved in accordance with the displacement of the operating unit 21. ",
"This substantially hampers the miniaturization of the push-button switch. ",
"Moreover, such a single-acting pin easily contacts other parts to be often prevented from being operated properly."
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"Yosemite National Park Leads the Way in Deaf Services\n\nYOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK -- Yosemite National Park is leading the way in making sure everyone enjoys our national parks.",
"\n\n\"We are the longest-running Deaf services program in the National Park Service,\" said Kara Stella, coordinator of the program and sign language interpreter. ",
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"That access comes in multiple forms, including a video phone that allows Stella to sign and communicate with potential Deaf visitors. ",
"She's also available to meet Deaf visitors to plan their visit, and she'll even go to any park program they want and interpret.",
"\n\n\"That is a rare and miraculous thing for Deaf visitors who get to have easy access to all the programming,\" she said.",
"\n\nThe park hosted a special weekend to celebrate the anniversary with more than 100 members of the Deaf community that included hiking, a bird walk, a tour of Yosemite Valley and much more.",
"\n\n\"It's great, it's mind-blowing really,\" said Jan Epitacio, who attended the event with his family. ",
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"\n\n\"Our family is a signing family. ",
"That's how we communicate primarily,\" Robin said. \"",
"So we've had a lot of struggles in the past without being able to have access to an interpreter in various places. ",
"And occasionally it's a disappointment. ",
"But you know, this weekend, everything worked perfectly.\"",
"\n\n\"Deaf people want to enjoy the same park, learn about the same things hearing people do,\" said Patti Haskins, who also attended the celebration. \"",
"And it's inspiring for Deaf people in the same way.\"",
"\n\nChiletta Hodges-Stickler is Deaf but her son Joshua is not, and she says the inclusiveness for both hearing and Deaf people was a huge draw.",
"\n\n\"A lot of times, if I go to a Deaf event my son is left out,\" she said. \"",
"But then, to have access for my son is wonderful because we're a family, we want to experience things together.\"",
"\n\nMichael Foust helped Stella organize the event as a volunteer. ",
"As a Deaf man, he recalled his first time in Yosemite.",
"\n\n\"And so I got here and then I was like oh my gosh, I learned about all these different things,\" he said. \"",
"So that just blew my mind, and to feel that feeling I want to share it with the Deaf community, it's so important to experience that, to come and see what it's like.\"",
"\n\nDeaf visitors can also get a free lifetime parks pass and access Yosemite (and other parks) for free. ",
"If you or someone you know would like to get in contact with the Deaf Services Program about your next visit, you can video call or text them at 209-379-5250. ",
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"Multiple Personality Disorder\n\nIntroduction\n\nMultiple personality disorder is a psychiatric disorder in which the individual has more than one personality and this extra personality can control person’s behaviour. ",
"A number of researches have shown that women are most affected by the disorder. ",
"The ratio of women to men who have the disorder is 6:4. ",
"The latest researches show that prevalence of this disorder has increased over the last two decades and the infection rate increased from 6% in 2000 to 11% at the end of 2012. ",
"In the paper, three main points: the causes, symptoms and treatment of multiple personality disorder will be discussed. ",
"The paper will examine all possible causes of the multiple personality disorder and its symptoms. ",
"At the end, analysis of all possible ways of curing multiple personality disorder will be made.",
"\n\nMultiple personality disorder is mostly caused by prolonged child abuse, especially sexual abuse. ",
"Women are mostly abused sexually when they are young girls. ",
"This explains why they get multiple personality disorder in the women later. ",
"Women are also said to be more emotionally affected by different situations than men and, thus, they tend to suffer from multiple personality disorder more often than men (Haddock). ",
"When a conflict appears, the disorder makes a person walk away from the conflict. ",
"Thus, in order to forget this conflict or any other terrible experience, person’s mind creates the second personality. ",
"Affected people prefer staying alone and they fear and hate things connected with the conflict. ",
"For instance, women who have the disorder as a result of sexual abuse hate men and sex.",
"\n\nCauses\n\nAs it was said above, people with multiple personality disorder do not like to associate with others. ",
"It is known that a human being is a social being and needs to live and associate with other human beings. ",
"Unlike normal people, people with this disorder are able to ignore others and always want to be alone. ",
"They also feel hated and have low self-esteem. ",
"They feel that they are not worthwhile. ",
"This makes the situation even worse and if no measures are taken, such people may end up committing suicide. ",
"Another cause of multiple personality disorder may be the situation when some members of the family, if not all of them, like to stay alone and not to associate with others. ",
"It is believed that children learn very easily and with such relatives, the children end up being just like them. ",
"This results in the multiple personality disorder in the future (Moline).",
"\n\nAs mentioned above, the major cause of the disorder is the sexual abuse in childhood. ",
"It may also be caused by the continued physical abuse in childhood. ",
"In such situations, the victim prone to suffer from multiple personality disorder in future. ",
"They do not like to communicate with other people and also hate men and sex, if it is as a result of sexual abuse. ",
"The cause is also associated with low self-esteem. ",
"The victims do not love themselves and they feel that they are not worth any good thing. ",
"This feeling greatly affects their lives since they do not do anything to improve the situation. ",
"One more cause of the multiple personality disorder is a lack of people who could comfort and to talk to the abused children or children who want to distance themselves from others. ",
"This could counteract the abusive relatives and prevent people from suffering from the multiple personality disorder in future.",
"\n\nSymptoms\n\nMultiple personality disorder manifests itself through various symptoms, among which is amnesia. ",
"People with this disorder tend to forget things easily. ",
"They may look for something while still holding it. ",
"They can find something in the house that they bought and they will claim that they cannot remember buying it. ",
"Another symptom is depersonalization. ",
"They feel that they are not themselves and it is like they are watching a video clip or a movie of themselves. ",
"Thus, they feel that their body is unreal (Ringrose). ",
"Derealization is another symptom of multiple personality disorder. ",
"Patients feel that everything is not real. ",
"To them, everything changes often. ",
"For example, walls may change their colour. ",
"Besides, patients have identity disturbances. ",
"They may change to different personalities within seconds after a certain memory comes in their mind.",
"\n\nTreatment\n\nTreatment of people with multiple personality disorder lasts for six to seven years. ",
"It should be done by a specialised therapist who can apply particular methods in order to achieve the best results. ",
"One of the methods that is often used to treat this disease is psychotherapy. ",
"This is where the patients undergo psychological therapy. ",
"Professional psychologists talk to them and apply certain exercises (Saks). ",
"This may be a group or an individual therapy. ",
"Another method of treatment is medication when the doctors prescribe tranquilizers or antidepressants. ",
"However, some doctors do not prescribe tranquilizers or antidepressants since their patients may be drug users and the drugs may not go well with the tranquilizers. ",
"Hypnosis may also be used in the treatment. ",
"This method is applied in cases when the patients mutilate themselves. ",
"An alternative treatment will be massage and the use of herbs that help in relaxing the body and the brain.",
"\n\nFinal statement\n\nMultiple personality disorder affects many people and may result in committing suicide. ",
"People should always care about the future of their children. ",
"When children are sexually abused, measures need to be taken in order to ensure that they do not suffer from multiple personality disorder. ",
"Members of the family also need to associate with other people in order to set a good example for children. ",
"It is also advisable always to talk to the children, comfort them, show them what real life is and remind them that they have a bright future. ",
"This will reduce chances that children would suffer from multiple personality disorder in future."
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"\n\nHow do Collectionsand Subscription Plans work?",
"\n\nWe make it easy for you to complete any collection by signing up for our convenient and affordable Subscription Plan. ",
"This Plan reserves an entire collection in your name, beginning with your purchase of the first issue. ",
"That means no more gaps in your prized collections and no risk of a future price increase. ",
"Usually each issue in your collection is billed and shipped separately to you approximately every other month, after each previous issue is shipped and paid in full. ",
"All subsequent issues will be charged to the same credit card as your first issue.",
"\n\nThink of the excitement you'll feel when a new issue arrives automatically to add to your treasured collection. ",
"Of course each new issue is backed by our guarantees and you may cancel your collection Subscription Plan at any time with no obligation. ",
"Try it today!",
"\n\nA FIRST! ",
"Limited-edition figurine features a Yorkie dressed in sheriff uniform with sheriff's badge and spurs on boots. ",
"Handcrafted and hand-painted.",
"\n\nMeasures 4\" H\n\nDescription\n\nWith spurs on his boots, a badge on his chest and his lariat by his side, this adorable Yorkie figurine is sure to lasso your heart. ",
"Meet our limited-edition Sher-ruff S. Paws Figurine, only from The Hamilton Collection. ",
"Ready to bring \"paw and order\" to your home, this little Old West tail-wagger is destined to arrest the hearts of Yorkie lovers everywhere.",
"\n\nSuperbly handcrafted in artist's resin and individually hand-painted, this cowboy dog figurine is a masterpiece of detail from head to tail. ",
"Just check out his big brown eyes and twisted mustache, his leather-look vest and the golden name badge pinned to his proud chest - there are enough little extras to make you want to keep him around furr-ever! ",
"Strong demand is expected for this canine crime-stopper, so don't wait to bring him home. ",
"Order now!",
"\n\nMore\n\nFeatures\n\nThis exclusive collectible Yorkie figurine from The Hamilton Collection features:\n\nMeet the long paw of the law with Sher-ruff S. Paws, an Old West-themed Yorkie figurine, only from The Hamilton Collection\n\nThe Sher-ruff S. Paws Yorkie figurine arrives dressed in a leather-look vest with matching hat and bolo tie, cowboy boots with spurs, a lariat and a golden sheriff's badge; he even sports an authentic-looking twisted mustauche\n\nThe Bradford Exchange Online uses a secure server and the industry-standard Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), an advanced encryption technology, to provide the highest level of security for your personal and financial information as it comes to us via the Internet. ",
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"Q:\n\n7-zip & Windows 7: Make \"Extract to \" default on double-click\n\nI'm trying to find a way to make the action you can perform from the context menu, \"Extract to <folder_same_as_file_name>\" the default action when double-clicking the file instead of simply launching 7-zip. ",
" Is there a simple way to do this?",
"\nIn the alternative, I gather I could try passing parameters into the following:\n7z x <filename> -o<filename>\nBut I'm not sure how to set this up (how to pass the filename parameter, and can I do this directly or will I have to write a batch file instead and pass the filename to it? ",
" The latter I find irritatingly unelegant, but whatever works.",
"\n\nA:\n\nThis thread has become a bit confusing because of contradicting answers (it took me quite some time to figure out which was the right solution) so I thought it might be a good idea to summarize the results from afrazier's and Justin Roettger's posts combinded with my own experiences:\n\nStart regedit as administrator\nOpen HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\7-Zip.7z\nUnder that key, expand the Shell sub-key\nSet the (Default) value to the string extract\nCreate a new sub-key named extract\nSet the (Default) value for the extract key to Extract to\nFolder\nCreate a new sub-key under extract named command\nSet the (Default) value of the command key to:\n\nC:\\Program Files\\7-Zip\\7zG.exe x \"%1\" -o*\n\n(you might have to adjust this to match the path of your 7-Zip installation)\nInstead of 7z with -aou like Justin Roettger suggested I ended up using 7zG, because this way you can choose to overwrite if you like just like extracting with the normal context menu.",
"\nThat's it! ",
"7z files are now extracted to a folder with their own name by double click. ",
"For other extensions like .rar and .zip you need to repeat these steps for the according keys.",
"\n(i.e. HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\7-Zip.rar and HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\7-Zip.zip and so on)\nOh and to clarify: It does work with multiple files selected as well. ",
"No batch file need.",
"\n\nA:\n\nThe easy way\nInstall ExtractNow. ",
" You can configure it to do exactly what you want.",
"\n\nThe hard way\nManual registry modification as follows...\n\nStart regedit as administrator\nOpen HKCR\\.7z and look at the (Default) value. ",
" Take note of what that is (in my case, as a PowerArchiver user, it's PASZIP)\nGo to the registry key in HKCR named that. ",
" (in my case HKCR\\PASZIP)\nUnder that key, expand the Shell sub-key\nSet the (Default) value to the string extract\nCreate a new sub-key named extract\nSet the (Default) value for the extract key to Extract to Folder\nCreate a new sub-key under extract named command\nSet the (Default) value of the command key to\nC:\\Program Files\\7-Zip\\7zG.exe x \"%1\" -o* -aou\n\n(you might have to adjust the path)\n\nThanks to Justin Roettger for pointing out the correct name variable needed for this.",
"\nThat should be it. ",
"Now 7z files are extracted to a folder with their own name by double click. ",
"For other extensions like .rar and .zip you need to repeat this steps for the according keys.",
"\nIf you only want to make the changes on your user account instead of system-wide, modify HKCU\\Software\\Classes instead of HKCR. ",
" HKCR is a virtual key that's a union of HKLM\\Software\\Classes and HKCU\\Software\\Classes where the data in your account (HKCU) overrides the system-wide data (HKLM). ",
" Normally running regedit as an Administrator means that modifying HKCR alters system-wide data in HKLM.",
"\n\nExtracting multiple files\nOf course, this won't work if you have multiple files selected. ",
" If you want that to work, you need to create the following batch file:\n@echo off\n:top\nif \"%1\"==\"\" goto :EOF\n7z.exe x \"%1\" -o\"%~dpn1\"\nshift\ngoto top\n\nNow, follow the instructions above. ",
" In the very last step, set the (Default) value of the command key to C:\\Path\\To\\File.bat %*\nAll of the registry modifications are untested from memory, but should be correct.",
"\n\nA:\n\nUnfortunately, afrazier's batch program method won't work; Windows doesn't handle opening multiple files like that. ",
"When you try to open multiple files with a program, Windows doesn't open a single instance of the program and pass the files as multiple arguments to that one instance. ",
"Instead, Windows opens many instances of the program (as many instances as there are files), passing one file to each instance. ",
"It would be nice if you could just use %* and pass a bunch of files to a single .bat, and have that .bat run a loop processing each file one at a time, but unfortunately you can only use %1 when setting these kinds of actions in the registry.",
"\nSomeone with some time on their hands could write a program that uses a mutex object to check if there is another instance already running, and if there is, to pass it's file to that instance and then close, whereon the original instance will put that file in a queue and get to it once it's done processing its own file. ",
"a batch could do the trick using tasklist and find, too, but that's not as good of a solution as mutex.",
"\nAnyway, try this for your extract command registry value to get the right folder name:\n\"\\path\\to\\7z.exe\" x \"%1\" -o* -aou\n\nThis will create a new folder in the same directory as the source archive with the same name as the source archive (sans the file extension).",
"\nAlso, I added the -aou switch to automatically avoid filename conflicts (7z will append a number to the end of a file instead prompting you whether you want to overwrite or whatever).",
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" DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA\n FOURTH DISTRICT\n\n ANTHONY CLARKE,\n Appellant,\n\n v.\n\n STATE OF FLORIDA,\n Appellee.",
"\n\n No. ",
"4D18-3337\n\n [February 21, 2019]\n\n Appeal of order denying rule 3.800 motion from the Circuit Court for\nthe Seventeenth Judicial Circuit, Broward County; Martin S. Fein,\nJudge; L.T. Case No. ",
"10-6746 CF10C.\n\n Anthony Clarke, Raiford, pro se.",
"\n\n No appearance required for appellee.",
"\n\nPER CURIAM.",
"\n\n Affirmed.",
"\n\nGERBER, C.J., WARNER and CIKLIN, JJ., ",
"concur.",
"\n\n * * *\n\n Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.",
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"\nMany studies suggest that preschoolers rely on individuals' histories of generating accurate lexical information when learning novel lexical information from them. ",
"The present study examined whether children used a speaker's accuracy about one kind of linguistic knowledge to make inferences about another kind of linguistic knowledge, focusing specifically on syntax and the lexicon. ",
"In Experiment 1, we presented children with 2 live speakers who were lexically accurate, but differed in their appropriate use of subject-verb agreement. ",
"Older 4-year-olds, but not younger 4-year-olds, relied on the accurate speaker to learn new labels for novel objects. ",
"We suggest only the older 4-year-olds might have registered that the inaccurate speaker was an unreliable source of novel linguistic information. ",
"In Experiment 2, 4-year-olds observed 2 speakers whose utterances were syntactically accurate, but differed in lexical accuracy. ",
"All 4-year-olds used the speakers' accuracy to guide how they learned novel lexical information and novel irregular plurals, but not how they learned novel irregular past tense forms that children often regularize. ",
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"After density gradient centrifugation, in the most dense fraction two main families of molecules appeared. ",
"The patient with the more severe clinical picture showed a lower content of the PGs with the highest molecular weight. ",
"The GAG composition of PGs was different in the two patients. ",
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"Let $\\rank(A)=s$ and $\\rank(B)=t$. Then rank of $A+B$ is at least ..............\nMy attempt\n\n$\\rank(A)=s$ $\\implies$ $A$ has $s$ linearly independent $n\\times 1$ column vectors. ",
"Let it be $\\{x_1,x_2,\\ldots,x_s\\}$\n\n$\\rank(B)=t$ $\\implies$ $B$ has $t$ linearly independent $n\\times 1$ column vectors. ",
"Let it be $\\{y_1,y_2,\\ldots,y_t\\}$\n\nHow do I complete the question?",
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"Video: Mozilla chooses Google over Yahoo for US Firefox search Watch Now\n\nMozilla released today Firefox version 65 for Windows, Mac, and Linux. ",
"Today's new release contains two new major features, but also improvements to features added in previous releases.",
"\n\nAlso: Microsoft guy: Mozilla should give up on Firefox\n\nThe two new features are support for the WebP image format and the AV1 video codec. ",
"Both are high-quality image and video compression technologies, respectively, that are expected to reduce bandwidth usage and improve page loading times.",
"\n\nWork on supporting these two standards started years back, but Mozilla only recently shipped AV1 and WebP spport after the two technologies gained some traction with other browser vendors, websites, and software makers.",
"\n\nIn addition to these two new feature, Mozilla also improved two others that it added to Firefox in v63 and v64.",
"\n\nEnhanced Tracking Protection, also known as Content Blocking, which shipped with Firefox 63, has received a facelift of its settings panel, which now does a better job at explaining to users what they're blocking when enabling each of its three options.",
"\n\nimage: Mozilla\n\nSecond, the new Task Manager-like about:performance page now shows the amount of RAM each Firefox page and extension is using, a feature it lacked when Mozilla launched it last month, with Firefox 64.",
"\n\nImage: ZDNet\n\nOn the security front, Mozilla has also added protection against \"stack smashing,\" a common security attack in which malicious actors try to create stack buffer overflows on purpose to take control of a vulnerable part of the browser's code.",
"\n\nAccording to Mozilla, stack smashing protection is currently being rolled out to macOS, Linux, and Android users only.",
"\n\nAlso on the security front, Firefox 65's popup blocker also received an update to better prevent multiple pop-up windows from being opened by websites at the same time.",
"\n\nMust read\n\nOn the enterprise front, answering customer requests, Mozilla has also made available for the very first time 32-bit and 64-bit MSI installers for Firefox for Windows. ",
"Enterprise system administrators should now be able to trigger updates and new installations across a large number of machines using automated tools.",
"\n\nAnd last, but not least, starting with v65, Firefox will now warn users when closing a window, regardless if the user has automatic session restore enabled in the Firefox settings section.",
"\n\nFor more details on today's changes, our readers can go to the Firefox 65 changelog here, the list of security fixes here, and the list of Web API and developer-related changes here.",
"\n\nRelated stories:\n\nMore browser coverage:"
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"\nIn my bootstrap, I create my new route as follows:\n$frontController = Zend_Controller_Front::getInstance();\n$router = $frontController->getRouter();\n$route = new Zend_Controller_Router_Route(\":company/:dpt\", array('controller' => 'browse'));\n$router->addRoute(\"browse\", $route);\n\nWhen I browse to http://www.site.com/ABC_Co/dry_goods it routes me to IndexAction in BrowseController. ",
" Great! ",
" The problem is that my other admin-related URLS - such as /company/create, etc - are directing there too.",
"\nIs there some way to get Zend to do its default Controller/Action matching first, and revert to the Browse route only on failure?",
"\nThanks!",
"\n\nA:\n\nRoutes are handled on LIFO, you'll need to do something like this:\n$router->removeDefaultRoutes();\n//add your routes\n//add in the default route:\n$route = new Zend_Controller_Router_Route(\":module/:controller/:action\"\n\nInstead, you may just want to sonsider adding a \"static\" component to your \"browse\" route. ",
"That would make is more specific:\n$route = new Zend_Controller_Router_Route(\"browse/:company/:dpt\", array('controller' => 'browse'));\n\nIMO, the second one is the better option\n\n"
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"twenty-something. ",
"girly girl. ",
"teacher. ",
"puppy-enthusiast.",
"\n\nMonthly Archives: December 2014\n\nDon’t you love how I started out with a blog for blog purposes and now all I use it for is a running record of the books I’ve read? ",
"Yeah, me too… Sigh. ",
"If only there was more time to actually have fun with it and write for writing’s sake.",
"\n\nAnyway, it has been a while since I have added to the list so here we go:\n\n55 – Chaplin & Company by Mave Fellowes\n\nI wanted so much to love this book, and I want so much to say great things about it. ",
"The unfortunate thing is I can’t do either. ",
"I didn’t hate it or dislike it terribly… it just didn’t sweep me up in the story like the author so obviously wanted it to. ",
"It was artistically written but in a gentle way, not something that was difficult to follow. ",
"The main character, Odeline, is somewhat of a hipster in her own way. ",
"She’s a mime who takes her art very seriously, and thinks herself to be above pretty much everyone she meets. ",
"Over time she learns that you can’t do everything on your own, and she forges some interesting relationships. ",
"I think I like her name more than the story though, and I really was stuck on this book for quite some time.",
"\n\n56 – The Red Garden by Alice Hoffman\n\nReading this book was a really wonderful and strange experience. ",
"I think I may have actually read this book before, several years ago, but I really can’t remember for sure. ",
"The story was so incredibly familiar to me in a way that I felt like I was having deja vu through the whole book – and yet I could not remember or predict any events in the book I hadn’t read yet, so I wasn’t convinced that I had indeed read it once.",
"\n\nRegardless of that, I loved the story. ",
"Magical realism at its finest, the story takes place in a small town in New England over many generations. ",
"Each chapter you get a story about a different character, and it’s lovely to see how the family trees grow and intertwine in the book. ",
"One common thread of the novel is this special garden, which no matter what is planted in it, will come up red. ",
"I highly recommend this book!",
"\n\n57 – Tales from the Crib by Jennifer Coburn\n\nFluffy literature here. ",
"A man asks his wife for a divorce on the very same night she is about to tell him that she is pregnant with his child. ",
"They decide to continue to live together in order to raise the baby, but pretty much lead completely separate lives. ",
"Of course with certain plot twists, things don’t always stay that way… I think it’s kind of a predictable story when it all comes down to it. ",
"I enjoyed it though.",
"\n\n58 – The Carpet People by Terry Pratchett\n\nA story about various races of people who live in a carpet, experiencing various natural phenomena such as the vacuum, falling ash, food particles, and the harvesting of varnish off of furniture legs. ",
"I will admit that it was hard for me to get into the book because I didn’t really understand what the hell was going on at first, since everything had such different and creative names. ",
"However, the work was definitely worth it! ",
"Fun, whimsical, and hilarious, this book definitely kept me entertained. ",
"It had drawings too, which is always a nice surprise.",
"\n\n59 – The Story of Awkward by R.K. Ryals\n\nI think I downloaded this book because of the cover illustration and a review that said this author was similar in style to Rainbow Rowell. ",
"However, it is young adult fiction and you can tell at times, because it feels somewhat juvenile. ",
"I enjoyed the book but the second half much moreso than the first half… maybe it was just slow to really grab me. ",
"It is definitely a fairy tale, which I guess I didn’t realize when I started reading it as I was expecting something fiction but not quite so out there and made up. ",
"This is where I shrug and say I guess I haven’t made up my mind on whether or not I think you should read the book…"
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"The present study examined the relationship between poorly planned migration and depressive symptoms, and evaluated the moderating roles of optimism, sense of control, and social support in the relationship between pre-migration planning and depression among new immigrants from Mainland China to Hong Kong. ",
"A representative sample of 449 migrants aged 18 and above were interviewed in 2007 using a face-to-face format. ",
"The 20-item Center for Epidemiological Studies of Depression (CES-D) scale was used to measure depressive symptoms, and a series of questions regarding socio-demographic characteristics (age, gender, marital status, education, and household income), optimism, sense of control, and social support were also included. ",
"A total of 26.5% of our sample scored 16 or above on the CES-D scale, which indicated a clinically significant case of depression. ",
"Poor migration planning was significantly related to CES-D scores after adjusting for all socio-demographic variables and three psycho-social factors. ",
"In addition, optimism, sense of control, and social support were also significantly related to the CES-D score. ",
"It was also found that social support reduced the harmful impact of poor migration planning on depressive symptoms. ",
"New immigrants to Hong Kong from Mainland China are at risk for depressive symptoms, especially those who are not well prepared for migration; therefore, prevention measures, particularly strengthening their social support in Hong Kong, should be considered seriously by policy makers."
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[
"It’s been called the fastest sport on Earth–and the faster the players, the tougher the contact. ",
"NHL 2004 brings professional hockey to life like never before, with crisp passes, searing slap-shots, and a variety of new ways to check your opponent to regain control of the puck. ",
"NHL 2004 is the hockey fan’s dream come true, with the addition of international leagues, Bruise Control fighting system, online play, and a Dynasty Mode that lets you build a powerhouse.’.",
"\n\nHello everybody !",
"\n\nI am so happy when you connect to my website. ",
"It created with the purpose is to share free XBOX games for all of you. ",
"At the present, more than 2000 free XBOX games are loaded on the website and it has still been in process of building, finishing the contents, so I hope that most of free XBOX games could be updated as soon as possible. ",
"To a new website, it does not have much your attention, but I wish you could give me a favour in advertising, introducing it to people by sharing its link for your friends, family members who own XBOX through out Facebook, twitter and other websites. ",
"If the website becomes a well – known one, this will a motivation push me to continue updating more free games, sharing to people. ",
"Thanks and best regards !!!",
"\n\nDear\n\nIf download links are broken, you can request re-upload in facebook comment (Below post)I will reply you as soon as possible."
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"Interactions of a few azole derivatives with a transport protein: role of heteroatoms.",
"\nThe interaction of a few azole derivatives, 2-(4'-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)benzimidazole, 2-(4'-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)benzoxazole, 2-(4'-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridine with bovine serum albumin (BSA) were examined by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. ",
"The results were compared with the previously studied imidazopyridine derivative 2-(4'-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine. ",
"Displacement studies were carried out with site selective probes to locate the binding site of these ligands. ",
"The spectral shifts and the binding constant vary depending on the nature of the ligand. ",
"The fluorescence intensity of both oxazole derivatives 2-(4'-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)benzoxazole and 2-(4'-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl) oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridine increases substantially in the presence of BSA, whereas the intensity of 2-(4'-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)benzimidazole decreases. ",
"However, hypsochromic shift is observed in presence of BSA. ",
"The results obtained from the docking studies are also in good agreement with the experimental results. ",
"The location and orientation of binding depend upon the nature of the ligand. ",
"The studies revealed that apart from hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen bonding also plays a vital role in the molecular binding. ",
"Oxazoles have higher binding affinity than imidazoles and substitution of extra nitrogen further increases the binding affinity."
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"@if \"%DEBUG%\" == \"\" @echo off\r\n@rem ##########################################################################\r\n@rem\r\n@rem Gradle startup script for Windows\r\n@rem\r\n@rem ##########################################################################\r\n\r\n@rem Set local scope for the variables with windows NT shell\r\nif \"%OS%\"==\"Windows_NT\" setlocal\r\n\r\n@rem Add default JVM options here. ",
"You can also use JAVA_OPTS and GRADLE_OPTS to pass JVM options to this script.",
"\r\nset DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS=\r\n\r\nset DIRNAME=%~dp0\r\nif \"%DIRNAME%\" == \"\" set DIRNAME=.\r\nset APP_BASE_NAME=%~n0\r\nset APP_HOME=%DIRNAME%\r\n\r\n@rem Find java.exe\r\nif defined JAVA_HOME goto findJavaFromJavaHome\r\n\r\nset JAVA_EXE=java.exe\r\n%JAVA_EXE% -version >NUL 2>&1\r\nif \"%ERRORLEVEL%\" == \"0\" goto init\r\n\r\necho.",
"\r\necho ERROR: JAVA_HOME is not set and no 'java' command could be found in your PATH.",
"\r\necho.",
"\r\necho Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the\r\necho location of your Java installation.",
"\r\n\r\ngoto fail\r\n\r\n:findJavaFromJavaHome\r\nset JAVA_HOME=%JAVA_HOME:\"=%\r\nset JAVA_EXE=%JAVA_HOME%/bin/java.exe\r\n\r\nif exist \"%JAVA_EXE%\" goto init\r\n\r\necho.",
"\r\necho ERROR: JAVA_HOME is set to an invalid directory: %JAVA_HOME%\r\necho.",
"\r\necho Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the\r\necho location of your Java installation.",
"\r\n\r\ngoto fail\r\n\r\n:init\r\n@rem Get command-line arguments, handling Windowz variants\r\n\r\nif not \"%OS%\" == \"Windows_NT\" goto win9xME_args\r\nif \"%@eval[2+2]\" == \"4\" goto 4NT_args\r\n\r\n:win9xME_args\r\n@rem Slurp the command line arguments.",
"\r\nset CMD_LINE_ARGS=\r\nset _SKIP=2\r\n\r\n:win9xME_args_slurp\r\nif \"x%~1\" == \"x\" goto execute\r\n\r\nset CMD_LINE_ARGS=%*\r\ngoto execute\r\n\r\n:4NT_args\r\n@rem Get arguments from the 4NT Shell from JP Software\r\nset CMD_LINE_ARGS=%$\r\n\r\n:execute\r\n@rem Setup the command line\r\n\r\nset CLASSPATH=%APP_HOME%\\gradle\\wrapper\\gradle-wrapper.jar\r\n\r\n@rem Execute Gradle\r\n\"%JAVA_EXE%\" %DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS% %JAVA_OPTS% %GRADLE_OPTS% \"-Dorg.gradle.appname=%APP_BASE_NAME%\" -classpath \"%CLASSPATH%\" org.gradle.wrapper.",
"GradleWrapperMain %CMD_LINE_ARGS%\r\n\r\n:end\r\n@rem End local scope for the variables with windows NT shell\r\nif \"%ERRORLEVEL%\"==\"0\" goto mainEnd\r\n\r\n:fail\r\nrem Set variable GRADLE_EXIT_CONSOLE if you need the _script_ return code instead of\r\nrem the _cmd.exe /c_ return code!",
"\r\nif not \"\" == \"%GRADLE_EXIT_CONSOLE%\" exit 1\r\nexit /b 1\r\n\r\n:mainEnd\r\nif \"%OS%\"==\"Windows_NT\" endlocal\r\n\r\n:omega\r\n"
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[
"In one of my previous articles, I talked about Firebase integration that enables you to do authentication through several providers, including email/password, Google, Facebook, etc. ",
"Actually, we implemented only the email/password provider, as that’s the simplest and most common method to authenticate the users, even though with few instructions you can integrate other providers too.",
"\n\nHowever, for the applications that only require the Facebook Login, especially if the target devices have the Facebook application installed already, then it doesn’t make sense to initialize and integrate Firebase all over again just for this authentication, especially if the said applications don’t have any database requirements, and just need something to authenticate users with.",
"\n\nThankfully, Ionic 2 provides a Facebook Native Login plugin that gives you simple API methods allowing you to add the login integration into your application that automatically opens the Facebook app on the device for the login credentials, rather than asking the username/password within the app through a new tab or in-app browser.",
"\n\nThis approach is highly preferred, not just by the developers but by users as well, because users feel annoyed when typing the same information again and again, especially if they have already logged-in to their account in their Facebook application.",
"\n\nBut applications don’t just require login functionality. ",
"They also should have the ability to get details on other information Facebook provides such as user id, age, birthdate, profile picture, etc. ",
"Further, an ability to do tasks through the application, using services like posting a status on the wall, posting a photo, sharing a link, etc. ",
"can be highly beneficial. ",
"You would be glad to hear that such plugins already support these functionalities through simple methods.",
"\n\nBut what about Facebook pages? ",
"Well, in order to get information from pages, there is already a solution: Facebook Graph API, which basically supports the “social graph” that gives you the ability to send and retrieve the data using HTTP methods, kind of how we used the Yahoo Finance API in the past.",
"\n\nIn this article, I am going to show you how you can integrate the native Facebook login and then I will demonstrate the usage of Graph API for performing several operations. ",
"Let’s get started!",
"\n\nIntegrating Native Facebook Login and Graph API into Ionic 2\n\nThere are applications that need to show information from Facebook pages. ",
"For example, there might be an agency using the application to get the information of all the agency Facebook pages in their local area. ",
"Instead of going through all the pages on Facebook manually, they can simply use the UI in the application to get whatever information they want within seconds in their own custom approach!",
"\n\nAs I mentioned earlier, the Graph API gives you the HTTP based methods to query the data and post stories to the Facebook platform. ",
"Basically, it contains a “social graph”, which is kind of a representation of all the things happening on Facebook (at least the public stuff anyway) so you can use HTTP’s GET and POST methods to retrieve and send the required data.",
"\n\nHowever, it only allows you to post and retrieve text information such as status, stories, posts, etc. ",
"For video uploading and downloading, we need to use the graph-video.facebook.com (but we won’t cover video uploading here). ",
"But, let’s forget about this API and focus on Login first.",
"\n\nFor the login, we will use this plugin (https://ionicframework.com/docs/v2/native/facebook/), which basically opens kind of an in-app browser for login confirmation without actually opening a browser. ",
"It uses the login credentials from the Facebook app if installed on your device. ",
"If you are not already logged-in, then you will be given a login screen, just like the one you received when you open the Facebook app.",
"\n\nIt doesn’t give the popup which you may receive in non-native approach with other solutions, so this is really a sophisticated method to integrate Facebook login in a native manner. ",
"This is something native Android developers also prefer.",
"\n\nBefore implementing the plugin, you first need to register your app to Facebook Developers. ",
"Go to the Apps dashboard (https://developers.facebook.com/apps), and click on “Add a New App.” ",
"This will give you the dialog to enter the Display Name, Contact Email and Category.",
"\n\nEnter a cool name for your project. ",
"It’s recommended that you write the name without spaces e.g. “ionic2login”, as this will make the plugin installation easier. ",
"For the category, you can choose whatever you want. ",
"I’ve chosen “Navigation” but you may not like your users to navigate. ",
"Now go to the “Dashboard” and notice the “App ID.”",
"\n\nWe’ll need this “App ID” later. ",
"Now, as the application is created, let’s add our platform (in this case Android). ",
"Go to Settings -> Basic page, and click on “Add Platform”.",
"\n\nIt will give you the screen to select the Platform. ",
"As I am testing on Android, I have selected Android.",
"\n\nNow, in the root directory of your project open “config.xml” and notice the “<widget id=\"com.ionicframework.ionicfacebook972220\"…..” part. ",
"This is the default name of your project when you created the project through CLI. ",
"Copy this “id” and paste it in “Google Play Package Name” and set the “Class Name” to com.facebook.",
"FacebookActivity. ",
"Turn on the “Single Sign On”.",
"\n\n(Note that I have hidden the “App ID” in the screenshots because it is not meant to be publicly displayed, as other people can misuse the ID)\n\nNow, as you can see you need to generate the key hash for putting in the field. ",
"I have tried following the approach mentioned here (https://developers.facebook.com/docs/android/getting-started#samples) for generating the key using the command line (check the Windows section), but the given key didn’t work for me (how sad!), ",
"and so the running application was giving me invalid key hash error.",
"\n\nSo, what I did is that I build the application on Android and tested on the device (through ionic run android), which gives me the hash key (along with the error of invalid hash key ;)), so I added the given key on this “Key Hashes” field, and the application started working!",
"\n\nThanks to the solution provided here (http://stackoverflow.com/questions/30934225/facebook-android-app-error-invalid-key-hash). ",
"This is the easiest way to get the hash key by first building/running the application (we will look at this later).",
"\n\nFor getting the public posts on a Facebook page, we will be using the Graph API as I mentioned earlier. ",
"We will create a separate page for implementation of this API, which will basically allow the users to enter the link to the Facebook page, and then the magic will happen inside the code which eventually displays the photos from the posts.",
"\n\nYou need to get the Facebook App Token from here (https://developers.facebook.com/tools/explorer). ",
"Click on “Graph API Explorer” and select your project, then click on “Get Token” and then “Get App Token” to get the App Token.",
"\n\nBelow it, you can find the GET field where you can input the queries. ",
"Try typing “michaelhyatt?fields=posts{from,created_time,message,attachments,comments}” in it. ",
"It will give a bunch of data to play with.",
"\n\nYou can modify the fields as much as you want:\n\nmichaelhyatt?fields=posts.limit(5){from,created_time,message,attachments,comments.order(chronological)}\n\nHere, I have limited the post count to “5”, and made sure that posts come in chronological order.",
"\n\nSee more about the fields options here (https://developers.facebook.com/docs/graph-api/using-graph-api/).",
"\n\nWe will be using this data in our application and then display the posts and photos.",
"\n\nEnough talk, let’s create a project!",
"\n\nCreating a project\n\nAs the basic configuration is done for the Facebook native login integration, let’s now create a project:\n\n$ionic start ionic-facebook blank –v2\n\nYou need to set “app.component.ts” and “app.html” to accommodate the pages and navigation. ",
"Take a look at our previous applications for the code.",
"\n\nOpen “home.html” and copy the following content:\n\nhome.html\n\n<ion-header> <ion-navbar> <button ion-button menuToggle> <ion-icon name=\"menu\"></ion-icon> </button> <ion-title>Home</ion-title> </ion-navbar> </ion-header> <ion-content padding> This is an example project of Ionic 2 demonstrating the native Facebook integration and Graph API. ",
"</ion-content>\n\nBefore adding/editing our pages, you need to first install the plugin:\n\n$ionic plugin add cordova-plugin-facebook4 --variable APP_ID=\"yourId\" --variable APP_NAME=\"yourAppName”\n\nReplace “yourId” with the “App ID” you received for your app, and set “yourAppName” to the name of your app (ionic2login in my case). ",
"This will install the plugin.",
"\n\nNow, add the following providers:\n\n$ionic g provider graph\n\n$ionic g provider facebook\n\nOpen “providers/facebook.ts” and copy the following content:\n\nfacebook.ts\n\nimport { Http } from '@angular/http'; import { Injectable } from '@angular/core'; import { Observable } from 'rxjs/Rx'; import 'rxjs/add/operator/map'; import { Facebook } from 'ionic-native'; @Injectable() export class FacebookService { APP_ID: number = <Add-your-APP-ID-Here>; constructor(private http: Http) { } init() { Facebook.browserInit(this.",
"APP_ID, \"v2.8\"); } }\n\nHere, I have added the APP_ID and simply initialized the browser. ",
"You need to add your App ID to the variable.",
"\n\nNow, open “providers/graph.ts” and copy the following content:\n\ngraph.ts\n\nimport { Http } from '@angular/http'; import { Injectable } from '@angular/core'; import { Observable } from 'rxjs/Rx'; import 'rxjs/add/operator/map'; @Injectable() export class GraphService { private accessToken = <Add-your-Access-Token-Here>; private url = 'https://graph.facebook.com/'; private query = `?",
"access_token=${this.accessToken}&date_format=U&fields=`; constructor(private http: Http) { } getPosts(pageName, fields): Observable<any[]> { let url = this.url + pageName + this.query + fields; console.log(url); // get the \"data\" array of \"posts\" return this.http .get(url) .map(response => response.json().posts.data); } }\n\nHere, I have defined the method for getting the posts through an HTTP method. ",
"Again, you need to add your access token to the variable.",
"\n\nNow, let’s create a few pages:\n\n$ionic g page login\n\n$ionic g page profile\n\n$ionic g page graph\n\nOpen “login.ts” and copy the following content:\n\nlogin.ts\n\nimport { Component } from '@angular/core'; import { NavController, NavParams, Platform } from 'ionic-angular'; import { Facebook, NativeStorage } from 'ionic-native'; import { ProfilePage } from '../profile/profile'; import { FacebookService } from '../../providers/facebook'; import { ModalController } from 'ionic-angular'; @Component({ selector: 'page-login', templateUrl: 'login.html', providers: [FacebookService] }) export class LoginPage { authResponse: any; isLogged: boolean; constructor(public navCtrl: NavController, public navParams: NavParams, public facebookService: FacebookService, public platform: Platform, public modalCtrl: ModalController) { this.platform.ready().then(() => { this.isLogged = false; this.facebookService.init(); }); } ionViewDidLoad() { console.log('ionViewDidLoad LoginPage'); } login() { let permissions = new Array<string>(); let nav = this.navCtrl; permissions = [\"public_profile\"]; Facebook.login(permissions).then((response) => { let userId = response.authResponse.userID; let params = new Array<string>(); Facebook.api(\"/me?fields=name,gender\", params) .then(function(profile) { profile.picture = \"https://graph.facebook.com/\" + userId + \"/picture?type=large\"; NativeStorage.setItem('profile', { name: profile.name, gender: profile.gender, picture: profile.picture }) .then(function(){ }, function (error) { console.log(error); }) }) alert('Logged in Successfully!'); ",
"alert(JSON.stringify(response.authResponse)); this.authResponse = response.authResponse; this.isLogged = true; }, (error) => { alert(error); console.log(error); }); } post() { Facebook.showDialog({ method: \"share\" }); } getBirthday() { Facebook.getLoginStatus().then((response) => { if(response.status == 'connected') { Facebook.api(\"me/?fields=id,birthday\", [\"user_birthday\"]).then((data)=>{ alert(JSON.stringify(data)); }, (error) => { alert(error); }) } else { alert('Logged in Failed'); } }) } publishPhoto() { Facebook.showDialog({ method: \"share\", picture:'https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51%2BVlDDzumL.jpg', name:'Sample Post', message:'My First Photo Post', caption: 'Phonegap Plugin Testing', description: 'Testing the Plugin' }); } getDetails() { var self = this; Facebook.getLoginStatus().then((response) => { if(response.status == 'connected') { Facebook.api('/' + response.authResponse.userID + '?",
"fields=id,name,gender',[]).then((response)=>{ alert(JSON.stringify(response)); let addModal = self.modalCtrl.create(ProfilePage); addModal.present(); }, (error) => { alert(error); }) } else { alert('Logged in Failed'); } }) } logout() { Facebook.logout().then((response) =>{ alert(JSON.stringify(response)); this.isLogged = false; }, (error) => { alert(error); }) } }\n\nHere, I have defined several methods that show the power of the Facebook native plugin. ",
"In login() method, I am initializing the login through Facebook.login() which asks the permission for which the login needs to be done. ",
"Here we have passed the \"public_profile\" because we need to access the details of the user ID.",
"\n\nThen we are passing the fields options to Facebook.api() to tell the plugin to retrieve the required data from the API. ",
"We are using NativeStorage for storing the information, so that we can later retrieve the information in another page. ",
"This is preferable to storing data in arrays, as you can simply use the key/value pair to get everything in the data.",
"\n\nOh you need to install the NativeStorage plugin:\n\n$ionic plugin add cordova-plugin-nativestorage\n\nWe are using the Facebook.showDialog() method for opening the dialog for posting the status on the user’s wall. ",
"This provides several options, so for example, you can post the photo as well. ",
"The rest should be self-explanatory. ",
"For more information on the methods see here (https://ionicframework.com/docs/v2/native/facebook/).",
"\n\nNow, open “login.html” and copy the following content:\n\nlogin.html\n\n<ion-header> <ion-navbar> <button ion-button menuToggle> <ion-icon name=\"menu\"></ion-icon> </button> <ion-title>Facebook Login</ion-title> </ion-navbar> </ion-header> <ion-content padding> <h1>You need to Login to enable more features</h1> <button ion-button full color=\"secondary\" (click)=\"login()\">Login</button> <div *ngIf = \"isLogged\"> <button ion-button full color=\"light\" (click)=\"getDetails()\">Get User Details</button> <button ion-button full color=\"dark\" (click)=\"getBirthday()\">Get Birthday</button> <button ion-button full color=\"dark\" (click)=\"post()\">Post</button> <button ion-button full color=\"dark\" (click)=\"publishPhoto()\">Publish Photo</button> <button ion-button full color=\"danger\" (click)=\"logout()\">Logout</button> </div> </ion-content>\n\nHere, we have defined some buttons for executing our methods.",
"\n\nNow, open “graph.ts” and copy the following content:\n\ngraph.ts\n\nimport { Component } from '@angular/core'; import { NavController } from 'ionic-angular'; import { GraphService } from '../../providers/graph'; import { Observable } from 'rxjs/Rx'; import 'rxjs/add/operator/map'; @Component({ selector: 'page-graph', templateUrl: 'graph.html', providers: [GraphService] }) export class GraphPage { pagelink: string; ionViewDidLoad() { console.log('ionViewDidLoad GraphPage'); } public data: Observable<any[]>; constructor(public navCtrl: NavController, public graphService: GraphService) { this.pagelink = \"michaelhyatt\"; this.saveLink(); } saveLink() { var fields = \"posts{from,created_time,message,attachments,comments.order(chronological)}\"; var page; if (this.pagelink.includes(\"https://www.facebook.com/\")) { page = this.pagelink.replace(\"https://www.facebook.com/\", ''); } else if (this.pagelink.includes(\"https://facebook.com/\")) { page = this.pagelink.replace(\"https://facebook.com/\", ''); } else if (this.pagelink.includes(\"www.facebook.com/\")) { page = this.pagelink.replace(\"www.facebook.com/\", ''); } else if (this.pagelink.includes(\"facebook.com/\")) { page = this.pagelink.replace(\"facebook.com/\", ''); } else { page = this.pagelink; } // Get the data this.data = this.graphService .getPosts(page, fields) .map(data => data.map((post) => { return { from: post.from, id: post.id, time: post.created_time * 1000, message: post.message, photos: this.getPhotos(post) }; })); } getPhotos = (post) => { if (!",
"post.attachments) return []; let attachments = post.attachments.data[0].subattachments || post.attachments; return attachments.data .filter(x => x.type == \"photo\") .map(x => x.media.image); } }\n\nHere, we are using the Graph API to retrieve the posts data of the Facebook page (the default is set to “michaelhyatt”, which is a cool page that gives productivity tips). ",
"We are allowing the users to manually set the link to Facebook page through the UI. ",
"We are going to display only the photos (actually the first photo in the post if there are several photos) and the message/status with the photo. ",
"Thanks to this link (http://gonehybrid.com/how-to-query-facebook-graph-api-in-an-ionic-2-app/) for giving us this idea.",
"\n\nIn saveLink(), we are checking if the given link is correct and valid, so we are replacing the string with the correct version. ",
"Then, we are importing our posts through our GraphService, and then applying the map() method to get only the data that we want.",
"\n\nWe are not implementing the comments at this moment, but you can do so using this method if you want.",
"\n\nNow, open “graph.html” and copy the following content:\n\ngraph.html\n\n<ion-header> <ion-navbar> <button ion-button menuToggle> <ion-icon name=\"menu\"></ion-icon> </button> <ion-title>Graph API Posts</ion-title> </ion-navbar> </ion-header> <ion-content padding> <h1>Input Page Link:</h1> <ion-input type=\"text\" [(ngModel)]=pagelink></ion-input> <button full ion-button color=\"secondary\" (click)=\"saveLink()\">Save</button> <div *ngFor=\"let post of data | async\"> <ion-card *ngIf=\"post.photos.length > 0\"> <ion-item> <ion-avatar item-left> <img src=\"http://graph.facebook.com/{{post.from.id}}/picture\" /> </ion-avatar> <h2>{{ post.from.name }}</h2> <p>{{ post.time | date:'medium' }}</p> <p>{{ post.id }}</p> </ion-item> <img [src]=\"post.photos[0].src\" /> <ion-card-content> <p>{{ post.message }}</p> </ion-card-content> </ion-card> </div> </ion-content>\n\nThis code should be self-explanatory, so let’s skip the explanation.",
"\n\nNow for the profile page, open “profile.ts” and copy the following content:\n\nprofile.ts\n\nimport { Component } from '@angular/core'; import { NavController, ViewController } from 'ionic-angular'; import { Facebook, NativeStorage } from 'ionic-native'; import { LoginPage } from '../login/login'; @Component({ selector: 'page-profile', templateUrl: 'profile.html' }) export class ProfilePage { profile: any; userIsReady: boolean = false; constructor(public navCtrl: NavController, public view: ViewController) {} ionViewCanEnter(){ let self = this; NativeStorage.getItem('profile') .then((data) => { self.profile = { name: data.name, gender: data.gender, picture: data.picture }; self.userIsReady = true; }, (error) => { console.log(error); }); } logout(){ var nav = this.navCtrl; Facebook.logout() .then((response) => { NativeStorage.remove('profile'); nav.push(LoginPage); }, (error) => { console.log(error); }); } close(){ this.view.dismiss(); } }\n\nThis code should be easy to understand. ",
"We are using NativeStorage.getItem() to get our data for the profile. ",
"We have also created close() method for dismissing the view.",
"\n\nNow open “profile.html” and copy the following content:\n\nprofile.html\n\n<ion-header> <ion-toolbar color=\"secondary\"> <ion-title> User Profile </ion-title> <ion-buttons end> <button ion-button icon-only (click)=\"close()\"><ion-icon name=\"close\"></ion-icon></button> </ion-buttons> </ion-toolbar> </ion-header> <ion-content *ngIf='userIsReady'> <ion-item> <ion-label>Name: {{profile.name}} </ion-label> </ion-item> <ion-item> <ion-label>Gender: {{profile.gender}} </ion-label><br> </ion-item> <ion-item> <ion-label>Profile picture:</ion-label> </ion-item> <ion-item> <img [src]=\"profile.picture\"> </ion-item> <ion-row> <ion-col> <button ion-button block (click)=\"logout()\">Logout</button> </ion-col> </ion-row> </ion-content>\n\nThis will show the nice profile Modal whenever you click on the “Get Details” button. ",
"This also shows the profile picture.",
"\n\nWe could also use global state variables to store our user information, but we want to store the information for a little longer. ",
"So for instance, if the user has already logged-in and performed different operations, then visiting the user profile still retains the information unless the user explicitly click on “Logout”.",
"\n\nYou can do “ionic serve” to see the cool results!",
"\n\nIf you have trouble following the code, then you can read the uploaded repository here (https://github.com/danyalzia/ionic2-facebook-play).",
"\n\nConclusion\n\nSo, you can see that it’s not really difficult to integrate the native Facebook login PLUS Graph API, as long as you understand how different components work in Ionic 2. ",
"Whatever knowledge we have discussed in this article can be transferred to other frameworks as well, so these features are not exclusive to Ionic 2. ",
"Will those alternatives also provide such fast development? ",
"That’s debatable for sure!",
"\n\nIf you have any question then please ask in the comment section below!"
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[
"The evolution of the emergency surgeon: the time has come!",
"\nThe challenges now facing the trauma profession are unprecedented. ",
"Decreasing reimbursements, malpractice issues, the paucity of operative cases, the difficult work schedule and environment have contributed to fading interest in pursuing a career in trauma. ",
"With a steady decline in young surgeons choosing traumatology, a call for redefining the specialty is loudly reverberating throughout the profession. ",
"One option that is gaining broad support is to expand the coverage of the trauma surgeon to include all emergency surgical care, thus establishing a new specialist - the 'emergency surgeon'. ",
"Although there are no guarantees that widening the spectrum of the specialty will improve the overall financial status of the role, adoption of this new specialty concept will, undoubtedly, enhance the appeal of a dying profession."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
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"Tuesday, October 14, 2008\n\nwatch your language, son\n\nThe Dark Knight ReturnsIt was indeed ironic that this book came up right after its sequel at the library, so I read them in reverse order, which gave the experience a twist all its own. ",
"I liked the original better than the sequel, though reading it gave me a better appreciation for the sequel and helped me understand what the heck was going on there. ",
"The main difference is that Klaus Janson is doing the art, Frank Miller sticking to the writing.",
"\n\nAt the outset, I think one fundamental difference between Mr Miller and myself is that he wanted to see Batman at the end of his career—having fought crime for 25 years—at the ripe age of 60. ",
"I, however, am happy to maintain the myth of Batman being forever young, forever fit. ",
"Sure, Miller contributed much to the mythos when he caught both Gordon and Batman at the dawn of their careers in Year One, and I can certainly see the symmetry in bringing him to his end. ",
"I feel a bit schizophrenic, too, toward Janson’s art. ",
"Sometimes he is capable of large panels of extraordinary beauty and power. ",
"But when the pages are divided into tiny panels of sixteen, swamped by text, by sheer fact of doing that much drawing, the drawing quality goes down. ",
"I am sure that for myself, if I had to do sixteen panels a page and leave room for text, I wouldn’t go beyond the cartoony either.",
"\n\nMiller likes that text. ",
"His characters talk a lot, and what’s more, they think a lot. ",
"Which is an interesting combination with the action-oriented art, but I have to say I kept getting confused at whose thought bubble (or rather soliloquy) I was reading. ",
"The plot is simple: Batman has retired for ten years and just as a new threat hits Gotham—the Mutants—and Jim Gordon is retiring, he dons the cape and the cowl one last time. ",
"He’s got a new sidekick, too, Catgirl from the sequel, Carrie Kelly, who serves as his Robin. ",
"Alfred, who must be pushing eighty, is still around as is Gordon, a newly surgically-altered Two-Face, and Selina Kyle. (",
"Selina is presented as a washed out old woman who runs an escort agency. ",
"I was highly disgruntled with this; she should have gone out in her own blaze of glory.) ",
"There’s a huge confrontation with Superman at the end, which results in Batman/Bruce Wayne faking his death, which I still don’t understand. ",
"As wonderfully as Janson draws Superman, the character has always bored me.",
"\n\nAs I’ve said before, the modernistic approach—and even here, some of Janson’s art—cannot but have inspired the mood of Batman Begins. ",
"The origin story—falling down a well, being attacked by bats, his parents being gunned down in the alley—is practically the same in the film. ",
"One vital difference I don’t think I brought up before is that in every comic I’ve ever seen showing the Waynes’ death, Thomas Wayne always fights back. ",
"In my opinion he’s much more admirable (and the pathos that much more sincere) when in the film he and his wife attempt to placate their assailants—paying for their lives with such compassion. ",
"Miller’s Batman, especially in this story, is rather brutal in his methods. ",
"In a way, the Batman Begins/TDK Batman had his moments—the torture of Sal Maroni in a back alley—but I guess it’s just down to Miller’s vision of Batman. ",
"He does warn a collaborator bent on revenge, “Pull that trigger, and I’ll be back for you.",
"”Miller loves satire, and over half the narrative is taken up (and sometimes bogged down, in my opinion) by ongoing news reports showing the public’s reaction to Batman, including interviews with Gordon, Harvey Dent’s surgeon and psychologist, etc. ",
"The shrink puts it all down to “Batman’s psychotic sublimative/psychoerotic behaviour pattern is like a net. ",
"Weak-egoed neurotics, like Harvey, are drawn into corresponding intersticing patterns.” ",
"Harvey’s been in “Arkham Home for the Emotionally Troubled” where the Joker’s been in a catatonic state since Batman—“darling”—retired. ",
"Miller/Janson’s vision of the Joker is . . . ",
"unique. ",
"He looks a bit like a beefed up David Bowie or the Emcee from Cabaret. ",
"I’m most amused when he uses special lipstick to kill an entire television audience (um, not the killing part, just the method, oy). ",
"Captain John in Torchwood operated in a similar manner, and I can’t help thinking the TDK Joker would approve. ",
"There’s a very brief insight into his state of mind in the carnival, where he’s just murdered tons of kids by giving them poisoned cotton candy/candy floss, “They could put me in a helicopter and fly me up into the air and line the bodies head to toe on the ground in delightful geometric patterns like an endless June Taylor dancers routine—and it would never be enough. ",
"No, I don’t keep count. ",
"But you do. ",
"And I love you for it.” ",
"Apparently, after 30 years of cat-and-mouse (though we’ve had almost 70) Batman has decided enough is enough and he’s going to stop the Joker for good. ",
"Which he does. ",
"To me, if he’s going to abandon his principles, he should have done it way back when the Joker first appeared. ",
"It would be a bit silly to compare them to the Black and White Guardian, but it is archetypically satisfying to think of them as, well, as the Joker says in the movie, an unstoppable force meeting an immovable object.",
"\n\nI like Carrie Kelly. ",
"She’s easily the most likeable character in the comic. ",
"I don’t even mind the notion of Robin being a girl. ",
"But if I’m supposed to believe she’s 13 and can be the superhero she is (plus with the emotional maturity) then I’m Santa Claus. ",
"I finally figure out where the “Batboys” from the sequel—and their ludicrous dialect—came from as Carrie infiltrates the Mutants’ hideout. ",
"She’s also the Scarlet Pimpernel, apparently. ",
"Well, a chip off the old block. ",
"She brings a sorely needed humor to the proceedings. ",
"And her relationship with Batman is soo sweet. ",
"Her character design is very cool.",
"\n\nSo, my overall reaction was positive one, but I think in both this volume and The Dark Knight Strikes Again, Miller let his tendency toward wordiness run away with him while in Year One he revealed the perfect balance between his narrative-driven story and letting the artist get a word—or drawing—in edgewise."
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"\n\nOn CNN's Reliable Sources Coleman was not happy to be called a climate change denier. \"",
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"I'm a skeptic about climate change, not a denier.\"",
"\n\n\nColeman interrupted the host, Brian Stelter, many times during the interview.",
"\n\n\"CNN has taken a very strong position on global warming that it is a consensus. ",
"Well there is no consensus in science,\" Coleman said. \"",
"Science isn't a vote. ",
"Science is about facts, and if you get down to the hard, cold facts, there's no question about it. ",
"Climate change is not happening.\"",
"\n\nColeman's appearance on CNN comes after he made similar statements on Fox News last week. ",
"The Weather Channel has distanced itself from Coleman, going as far as releasing a statement asserting the organization's belief in man-made climate change.",
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"After the success of their 2015 EP release and tours of the US and Europe, Phoenix, AZ based rappers Mega Ran and Bag of Tricks Cat have returned with a follow up, the aptly titled “Emerald Knights II.”",
"\n\nThe album is a stark contrast to the darker themes and deep thought of the first release, and features Ran and Felix going harder than ever on tracks targeting the state of America (If I Could), relationships (Heatstroke and Afraid to Love), and of course, the game.",
"\n\nWack rappers get it the worst, as tracks like “Emerald Knights A Go, “Rappers In Their Feelings” and “Get Out The 90’s” take playful shots while encouraging their contemporaries and peers to step it up.",
"\n\nI am Random. ",
"I am Mega Ran. ",
"You are the music.",
"\n\nIf you put videogames, the ’80s, hip-hop, soul music, jazz and standup comedy into a blender and hit “puree,” you’d have something close to The Mega Ran Experience.",
"\n\nThe Penn State graduate and self-proclaimed “Teacher/Rapper/Hero” made waves by by combining 8-bit videogame sounds and hard-hitting hip-hop tracks, and has become a trailblazer in the budding genres of chiptune and nerdcore hip-hop, while maintaining a career as a middle school teacher.",
"\n\nRan’s first album “The Call” was a critical success, featuring tracks with some of the underground’s most respected heads. ",
"Ran cut his teeth in the city of Philadelphia as a moonlighting emcee and producer, performing, freestyle rapping, producing and later engineering at a studio. ",
"After relocating to Phoenix, competing in the Scribble Jam emcee battle championships and taking an early exit, Ran almost quit before he was even started, when a creative lightning bolt struck, and a fire was lit.",
"\n\nRetro videogames were the catalyst. ",
"Random began the transformation into Mega Ran, his alter-ego, an ode to the classic video game character Mega Man. ",
"After creating a tribute album and receiving an unprecedented level of support and blessing from Capcom to continue, Ran was reborn and became a trailblazer in the budding “nerdcore” and chiptune subgenres, while coining his own term to describe what he had done, “Chip-Hop.”",
"\n\nDj CUTMAN is a pioneer performer of Chiptune and Video Game Music. ",
"Mixing world-class Chiptune composers into epic, dancable sets infused with dubstep, hip-hop, funk and soul, CUTMAN brings years of experience as an audio engineer into the DJ world with tight mixing and meticulous arrangement. ",
"Sampling sounds and melodies from classic video games, Dj CUTMAN creates a nostalgic and exciting musical experience that’s unlike any other.",
"\n\nThis is an amazing album in which you will discover all the secrets of magic! ",
"My team and I have tried to do for you this wonderful music! ",
"You will hear the charming sounds of the violin,accordion,cello,traditional percussion, various flutes, and more.",
"I very much hope that you will appreciate the work done! ",
"Enjoy!",
"\n\nThis is the end.",
"\nSpace has expanded beyond recognition. ",
"All inhabitable planets are so far away from one another that all intelligent life in the universe has lost contact with one another and continued trade and commerce is impossible.",
"\n\nAt the known center of the universe, a void forms.",
"\n\nIt is almost inconceivably small at first. ",
"But as time passes, it grows. ",
"Everything the Void touches ceases to exist. ",
"First a couple million miles. ",
"Then hundreds of millions. ",
"Then trillions. ",
"All matter within its grasp is eradicated.",
"\n\nAs it reaches inhabited planets, the top minds gather to find some way to stop this unending nothingness. ",
"All manner of experiments and weaponry are launched into the Void to stop its slow but steady destruction of all matter in the universe.",
"\n\nNothing works.",
"\n\nAs it envelops each person, continent, planet, system and galaxy in the universe, a faint sound is heard across the cosmos. ",
"For the first time in recorded history, an actual sound wave echoes through space. ",
"Each species hears it in their own language, shortly before being consumed by this unending Void.",
"\n\n‘The dark veil of night descends.",
"\nOutcasts to the mainstream; our orders numbers have thrived in recent times.",
"\nFinally the time has come to unshackle the beast that mankind has feared for so long.",
"\nRelinquish your fear and submit to the cause.",
"\nYou will find all you need in these audio recordings.",
"\nThe year is 1988, welcome to Occult 88…’\n\nOCCAMS LASER is my new 80s inspired synthwave/outrun/retro electro musical pseudonym.",
"\nI try to create sounds which take you back to a post-apocalyptic version of the 80s where robots run the streets and there is only one way to survive…RUN\n\nAbducted\n\nThis EP is based off The Travis Walton UFO incident was an alleged abduction of an American logger by a UFO on November 5, 1975, while working with a logging crew in the Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest in Arizona. ",
"Walton reappeared after a five-day search.",
"\n\nAccording to Walton, on November 5, 1975 he was working with a lumbering crew in the Sitgreaves National Forest near Snowflake, Arizona. ",
"While riding in a truck with six of his coworkers, they encountered a saucer-shaped object hovering over the ground approximately 110 feet away, making a high-pitched buzz. ",
"Walton claims he left the truck and approached it, when a beam of light suddenly appeared from the craft, knocking him unconscious. ",
"The other six men were frightened and supposedly drove away. ",
"Walton claimed that he awoke in a hospital-like room, being observed by three short, bald creatures. ",
"Walton claimed that he fought with them until a human wearing a helmet led Walton to another room, where he blacked out when three other humans put a clear plastic mask over his face. ",
"Walton has claimed he remembers nothing else until he found himself walking along a highway, with the flying saucer departing above him.",
"\n\nVector Hold is a solo project synthwave project by Peter Brian Rice from the San Fransico Bay Area. ",
"I am an Aphasia Records artist. ",
"My goal is to recreate the synth sound of the 80’s with a modern time machine like twist. ",
"My gear set up in an Amiga 500 computer, Windows PC running Reason 7.0, Juno 60 Analog Synth, and various drum machines. ",
"Thanks for listening, comments, messages and support!!",
"\n\nSix years in the making, the 9th full-length Color Theory album features the best 11 originals from the three Adjustments EPs, fine-tuned and remastered for optimum audio fidelity.",
"\n\nYour support allows me to keep making music, for which I am profoundly grateful.",
"\n\n80’s synthpop is in my blood, but I mostly listen to EDM these days. ",
"My songs draw from both, fleshed out with piano accompaniment. ",
"Anyone who took music lessons as a kid calls themselves “classically trained,” but I stuck with it, earning a Bachelor of Music degree in Piano Performance. ",
"After graduation, I left Beethoven and Brahms behind to pursue my first musical inspiration, Depeche Mode.",
"\n\nMoTER (Ep)\n\nThe Lexian Chronicles Omnibus\n\nFollow Reena as she struggles to cope with brutal violence, loss, betrayal, excessively tough demands made of her as the daughter of the Chieftain and the unwanted attention of a monster. ",
"Due to huge demand The Lexian Chronicles is finally available as an omnibus edition collecting all twelve issues, concept and cover art, and never-before-seen commissioned paintings of the highest quality.",
"\n\n(.pdf, 300 pg)\n\nFounded in 2005, Markosia Enterprises Ltd is a multi-faceted publishing company specializing in sequential story-telling. ",
"From well known properties like King Kong and Starship Troopers to creator owned works like Dark Mists, The Lexian Chronicles, The Young Sherlock Holmes Adventures, Midnight Kiss and Serpent Wars, Markosia has become known for quality art and stories.",
"\nMarkosia have recently embarked on some exciting projects away from the comic book market also, including major contributions towards the acclaimed Doppleganger Chronicles series by G. P. Taylor that was expertly adapted by Tony Lee and superbly illustrated by Dan Boultwood. ",
"We have also entered the gaming and apps world, with Growing Up Enchanted now available as a game for download via iTunes, the first of many such projects coming to you soon. ",
"Our books now feature prominently on iTunes, iBooks, Comics + and DriveThruComics, and will be featuring on many other platforms over the next year, so watch this space for more announcements."
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[
"Saturday, November 29, 2014\n\nOn the off chance anyone stumbles across this old blog, just wanted to let you know that my mix-making energy has transitioned to the radio! ",
"Internet radio, that is, on BSRlive.com. ",
"Archives are listenable (except the first couple) over here. ",
"And you can follow/like the facebook page for it here.",
"\n\nIn any case, the show is called DO THE VOID (after a song by NZ noise-rockers the Terminals) and I'm having a lot of fun with it, playing\ndeep dark psych, dub, doom, post-punk, etc. ",
"etc. ",
"music. ",
"Hope you listen and enjoy!"
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"It’s not every day that a video game trailer becomes qualified to be an Oscar nominee. ",
"In fact, that’s never happened before, until now. ",
"Indie developer David O’Reilly’s Everything or more specifically the short film that acts as the trailer for Everything has officially qualified for an Oscar nomination after winning the jury prize for the animation category at the Vienna Shorts Festival.",
"\n\nAs noted by O’Reilly on his Twitter account, it’s the first time that a game or interactive project has qualified for an Academy Award.",
"\n\nHere’s what the jury at the Vienna Shorts Festival had to say about Everything:\n\nThe “Jury Prize – Animation” goes to a film, which beyond being entertaining has a strong poetic and philosophical theme. ",
"It serves a highly educational purpose, including an important political statement, that encourages to let our egos dissolve and gain a new perspective on the world.",
"\n\nWhile Everything might not go on to win the Oscar, it’s still a pretty noteworthy achievement for the medium, which may help in elevating its position in the entertainment industry or society as a whole. ",
"We’ll just have to wait and see how far it goes in the running. ",
"In the meantime, you can check out our review of Everything here.",
"\n\n[Source: Vienna Shorts Festival via Games Industry]"
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"Q:\n\nWhy does reading an analog pin give a different results when interfacing with Processing?",
"\n\nI am interested in measuring the voltage over an analog pin (A6). ",
"When I use the Arduino IDE to print the results through the serial I get values around 300.",
"\nHere's the code\nvoid setup(){\n Serial.begin(57600);\n}\n\nvoid loop(){\n Serial.println(analogRead(A6));\n delay(50);\n}\n\nWhen I try to run a equivalent program using Processing and interfacing it through Firmata and the corresponding library, I get values around 900.",
"\nHere's the Processing code:\nimport cc.arduino.*;",
"\nimport processing.serial.*;",
"\n\nArduino arduino;\n\nvoid setup(){\n arduino = new Arduino(this,Arduino.list()[0], 57600);\n delay(2000);\n}\n\nvoid draw(){\n System.out.println(arduino.analogRead(6));\n delay(50);\n}\n\nDoes anybody know what could be the issue? ",
"I should probably rather trust the values given directly by the Arduino without interfacing, right?",
"\nThe pin is connected to a circuit with supply voltage.",
"\nI also tried reading the values directly using Serial in Processing (so without using the cc.arduino.* - ",
"library) and that showed me the values around 300. ",
"So I guess the difference is caused by the arduino.analogRead() method. ",
"I am puzzled as to whether that's a bug in the library or something else.",
"\nThe problem seems to be me not properly initialising the pins. ",
"But calling\narduino.pinMode(6,Arduino.",
"ANALOG);\n\nin the setup method does nothing, as does Arduino.",
"PWM, SERVO and any combination I tried. ",
"I thought, maybe Processing tried to assign D6 as analog instead of A6, but changing the value to 20 (as it's the pin number according to this) simply caused an OutOfBoundsException.",
"\n\nA:\n\nYou have not provided a schematic of how the Arduino is wired up.",
"\nHowever, if nothing is connected to the pin, i.e. it is not connected to ground or a supply voltage, then the input will float. ",
"That means that just by placing your hand near the Arduino, then analogRead() will produce a different value than when your hand in not near it.",
"\nI would hazard a guess that if you ran both sets of code multiple times then you will get different answers each time, if you start waving your hand around the Arduino.",
"\nTry that first, and then tie the input to either HIGH or LOW and then repeat the previous experiment.",
"\nIn the second case the results should be consistent, and equal in the Arduino and Processing alike.",
"\n\nHowever, according to your comment, that is not your issue, as your inputs are not floating.",
"\nI think that issue is actually this:\n\nEven with Firmata installed, the Processing application needs to define the pin mode for ALL the pins being referenced, telling the Arduino instance that xPin, yPin, and zPin are ANALOG pins.",
"\n\nSource: Re: Firmata problem with analogRead in Processing Library\nLooking at your Processing code the pins are not defined. ",
"You need to do so.",
"\nWith the Arduino code, there is no need to define the analogue pins.",
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"The invention disclosed herein resides in the art of antiskid control circuitry for operation in the braking systems of wheeled vehicles. ",
"Particularly, the invention comprises a circuit for implementation between wheel speed transducers associated with the wheels of an aircraft and a valve or valves for braking the wheels in such a manner as to optimize braking efficiency. ",
"While the invention discussed hereinafter is with respect to an aircraft having two braked wheels, both wheels being controlled by the same valve, it will be understood that such need not be the case and that the techniques and circuitry described are equally applicable to aircraft or other vehicles having any number of braked wheels and which may be controlled independently of each other.",
"\nHeretofore in the art, a vast number of antiskid systems have been developed and utilized. ",
"Such systems have generally incorporated a squat switch and associated circuitry to assure that brake pressure is dumped upon touchdown. ",
"However, no known systems provide for brake pressure being enabled a predetermined time period after touchdown or upon the wheels reaching a predetermined rotational speed, whichever occurs first.",
"\nIn antiskid systems, the prior art teaches the utilization of modulators which are unaffected by small perturbations of the wheel deceleration signals above a predetermined deceleration threshold level, but not exceeding an inherent modulator threshold level. ",
"Hence, not all changes in wheel deceleration above the deceleration threshold affect the modulator output. ",
"Further, such deceleration signals have been generated by deceleration detectors which fail to provide fast response to changes in wheel deceleration and which are generally complex with respect to threshold and gain calibration.",
"\nOther inherent problems in the prior art include but a single system gain which cannot be automatically adjusted to compensate for the severity of skids experienced, or for a decrease in runway coefficient over a prolonged period of time. ",
"Further, in certain known systems, the discharge rate of the modulator capacitor is exponential, resulting in a nonlinear operation of the modulator, and there is no provision for means to adjust the modulator discharge rate when no skids are experienced for a particular period of time.",
"\nAny attempts to overcome the problems inherent in the prior art as set forth above have generally been both complex in nature and expensive in cost and, hence, have not been suitable for implementation in the industry."
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"More specifically, the present invention relates to an information processing apparatus and method, a recording medium, and a program that allow correction of degradation that occurs during recording and playback of a signal on a recording medium.",
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"\nA signal once recorded by a VTR on a recording medium, such as a video tape mounted on the VTR or a hard disk included in the VTR, could be degraded when it is played back, due to disturbance (e.g., noise) during recording, recording characteristics of the VTR or the recording medium, recording method of the VTR or the recording medium, etc.",
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"\n\n-rb\n\n\n\n -----Original Message-----\nFrom: \tAllen, Phillip K. \nSent:\tTuesday, October 23, 2001 3:00 PM\nTo:\tBhatia, Randy\nSubject:\t\n\nRandy,\n\nWhy is there a PG&E Citygate position in Mgmt-West? ",
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"\n983 F.Supp. ",
"360 (1997)\nSENECA MEADOWS INC. ",
"and Macedon Homes, Inc., Plaintiffs,\nv.\nECI LIQUIDATING, INC., ",
"et al., ",
"Defendants.",
"\nNo. ",
"95-CV-6400L.\nUnited States District Court, W.D. New York.",
"\nNovember 14, 1997.",
"\n*361 Terry M. Richman, Underberg & Kessler, Rochester, NY, for Plaintiffs.",
"\nRobert E. Glanville, Phillips, Lytle, Hitchcock, Blaine & Huber, Buffalo, NY, for ECI Liquidating, Inc., Evans Chemetics, Inc., Evans Chemetics Div. ",
"of Hampshire Chemical Corp., Evans Chemetics Div. ",
"of W.R. Grace & Co., Inc., Hampshire Chemical Corp., W.R. Grace and Co., Inc., W.R. Grace and Co.-Conn., ",
"Inc.\nRobert E. Glanville, Phillips, Lytle, Hitchcock, Blaine & Huber, Buffalo, NY, Richard A. Palumbo, Boylan, Brown, Code, Fowler, Vigdor & Wilson, LLP, Rochester, NY, for Evans Research and Development Corp.\nRichard A. Palumbo, Boylan, Brown, Code, Fowler, Vigdor & Wilson, LLP, Rochester, NY, for Sales Affiliates, Inc.\nR. William Stephens, Raichle, Banning, Weiss & Stephens, Buffalo, NY, for Fisher Body Div. ",
"of Gen. Motors Corp., Fisher Guide Div. ",
"of Gen. Motors Corp., Gen. Motors Corp.\nCraig A. Slater, Harter, Secrest & Emery, Buffalo, NY, for GTE Corp., GTE Products Corp., GTE Sylvania, Inc., Gen. Telephone and Electronics Corp., North American Philips Corp., Osram Sylvania, Inc., Sylvania Elec. ",
"Products, Inc., Sylvania Elec. ",
"Products, Inc.\nPhilip H. Gitlen, Whiteman, Osterman & Hanna, Albany, NY, for Gould Pumps, Inc., Gould Pumps (NY) Inc.\n\nDECISION AND ORDER\nLARIMER, Chief Judge.",
"\nThis action is brought pursuant to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (\"CERCLA\"), 42 U.S.C. § 9601 et seq., ",
"and the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2201 et seq., ",
"and also raises New York common law causes of action. ",
"Pending before the Court is defendants' motion for partial summary judgment.",
"\n\n\n*362 BACKGROUND\nPlaintiff Seneca Meadows, Inc. (\"SMI\") is the current owner of the Tantalo Landfill Site in Seneca Falls, New York (\"Tantalo Site\"). ",
"SMI purchased this site in 1968. ",
"Plaintiff Macedon Homes, Inc. (\"MHI\") and SMI each own real property immediately adjacent to the Tantalo Site (\"Adjacent Properties\"). ",
"MHI and SMI purchased these properties in 1994 and 1995 respectively.",
"\nLand filling and other waste disposal practices occurred at the Tantalo Site from approximately 1958 until 1974. ",
"The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (\"DEC\") listed the Tantalo Site on its registry of Inactive Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites in 1980. ",
"On August 19, 1992, SMI entered into a Consent Order with the DEC to investigate the contamination at the Tantalo Site and to develop remedial alternatives.",
"\nPlaintiffs commenced this action on August 18, 1995, alleging that defendants the principal generators of the hazardous wastes are responsible for the resulting contamination on both the Tantalo Site and the Adjacent Properties. ",
"In their complaint, plaintiffs assert, inter alia, state common law claims for property damage under theories of negligence, private nuisance, public nuisance, strict liability, and trespass (\"common law claims\").",
"\nDefendants move for summary judgment on SMI's common law claims regarding the Tantalo Site on the ground that they are time barred. ",
"Defendants also move for summary judgment on SMI and MHI's common law claims regarding the Adjacent Properties on the ground that plaintiffs have not suffered any recoverable damages.",
"\n\nDISCUSSION\n\nA. Summary Judgment Standard\nSummary judgment will be granted if the record demonstrates that \"there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.\" ",
"Fed.",
"R.Civ.",
"P. 56(c). ",
"A genuine issue of material fact exists only if the record, taken as a whole, could lead a reasonable trier of fact to find in favor of the nonmovant. ",
"Matsushita Elec. ",
"Indus. ",
"Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. ",
"1348, 1356, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986).",
"\nThe burden of demonstrating the absence of any genuine issue of material fact rests on the moving party, Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. ",
"2548, 2552, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986), and all ambiguities and inferences that may be reasonably drawn from the facts must be viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. ",
"Coach Leatherware Co. v. AnnTaylor, Inc., 933 F.2d 162, 167 (2d Cir.1991). ",
"To defeat summary judgment, the non-moving party must go beyond the pleadings and designate \"specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.\" ",
"Fed.",
"R.Civ.",
"P. 56(e).",
"\n\"These principles apply equally whether summary judgment is granted on the merits of the claim, or on an affirmative defense such as the statute of limitations.\" ",
"Buttry v. General Signal Corp., 68 F.3d 1488, 1492 (2d Cir.1995).",
"\n\nB. SMI's Common Law Claims Regarding the Tantalo Site\nDefendants move for summary judgment on SMI's common law claims regarding the Tantalo Site on the ground that they are barred by the applicable statute of limitations. ",
"Specifically, defendants argue that SMI did not commence this action, as required by CPLR 214-c(2), within three years from the date SMI discovered or should have discovered the injury to the Tantalo Site. ",
"CPLR 214-c(2) provides that\nthe three year period within which an action to recover damages for ... injury to property caused by the latent effects of exposure to any substance or combination of substances ... must be commenced shall be computed from the date of discovery of the injury by the plaintiff or from the date when through the exercise of reasonable diligence such injury should have been discovered by the plaintiff, whichever is earlier.",
"\nN.Y. CPLR 214-c(2).",
"\nSMI maintains that defendants applied the wrong commencement date for statute of limitations purposes. ",
"SMI argues that this *363 action is governed by CERCLA § 9658, which delays the running of the statute of limitations on state law claims until the plaintiff discovers or should have discovered not only the injury, but also its cause. ",
"Section 9568 provides that the relevant limitations period begins to run on \"the date the plaintiff knew (or reasonably should have known) that the ... property damages ... were caused or contributed to by the hazardous substance or pollutant or contaminant concerned.\" ",
"42 U.S.C. § 9658(b)(4)(A). ",
"According to SMI, its common law claims are timely under § 9658 because it did not know the cause of its injury more than three years before the commencement of this action. ",
"SMI maintains that to be charged with knowledge of the cause of its injury, it must have been aware of each defendant's specific contaminants.",
"\nI find that SMI's common law claims regarding the Tantalo Site are untimely under either the state or the federal statute.[1] SMI had actual knowledge of both the injury to the Tantalo Site and its cause more than three years prior to the commencement of this action.",
"\nSMI personally operated a landfill on the Tantalo Site for at least six years. ",
"During that time, SMI accepted wastes for disposal and treatment at the site. ",
"When SMI discovered that it had been injured i.e., that the property had been contaminated by hazardous substances it also immediately knew the cause of that injury i.e., the wastes that had been disposed of at the site. ",
"It simply defies logic that SMI was unaware of the causal connection between the property contamination and the waste disposal activities at the site.",
"\nThere is ample documentary evidence before me to support this conclusion. ",
"For example, the DEC listed the Tantalo Site on its registry of Inactive Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites in 1980. ",
"Further, on December 6, 1983, the DEC sent SMI a letter, which stated:\nIn accordance with the provisions of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (\"CERCLA\"), 42 U.S.C. § 9601 et, seq., ",
"the Department of Environmental Conservation has determined that you may be responsible for the release or threatened release of hazardous substances at the [Tantalo] site. ",
"As a potentially responsible party, you may be liable for the present and future costs of response, removal and remediation and for damages to the natural resources of the State of New York at and around the referenced site.",
"\nLetter from Langdon Marsh, Executive Deputy Commissioner, DEC, to Frank Dimino, Operator of the Tantalo Landfill (Dec. 6, 1983). ",
"At a minimum, the 1980 listing and the 1983 letter should have alerted SMI that there was a problem at the site with contamination by hazardous substances.",
"\nAdditionally, and very significantly, SMI admits that it \"confirmed the presence of hazardous substances in groundwater at the [Tantalo] Site ..., potentially attributable to wastes at the Site, on or about 1985.\" ",
"Plaintiffs' Response to Defendants' First Set of Interrogatories, Interrogatory No. ",
"10, at 19 (Dec. 6, 1996). ",
"In this admission, SMI essentially concedes that in 1985 a decade before the instant action was commenced it knew of both the injury (the presence of hazardous substances in the groundwater at the Tantalo Site) and its cause (the wastes at the Tantalo Site).",
"\nFinally, on November 19, 1988, the DEC sent SMI another letter, which stated:\nPursuant to the provisions of Section 27-1305 of the Environmental Conservation Law (the \"ECL\"), the Department of Environmental Conservation has determined that the Tantalo Landfill constitutes a significant threat to public health and the environment and that a remedial program is necessary at this site. ",
"This determination is based upon evidence of disposal of hazardous waste at the site and recent *364 laboratory analyses from samples of groundwater at the site and from a residence near the site. ",
"The groundwater analyses demonstrate the presence of trichloroethene and its degradation products in water supply wells. ",
"Copies of the laboratory reports are enclosed.",
"\nAs the current property owner, and as the successor in interest to the owner and operator during the waste disposition, you may be found liable for all costs and damages incurred or attributable to the site. ",
"Although liability for inactive hazardous waste disposal sites is joint and several, the Department has also notified a number of waste transporters and generators of their potential responsibilities regarding this site. ",
"A list of others receiving similar notifications is enclosed.",
"\nLetter from Glen R. Bailey, Senior Attorney, Division of Environmental Enforcement, to SMI (Nov. 29, 1988). ",
"This letter specifically informed plaintiff of the injury to its property (contamination in the groundwater) and it cause (disposal of hazardous wastes at the site). ",
"The letter also provided SMI with a list of ten waste transporters and generators who may be responsible for the contamination several of whom are now defendants in this action.",
"\nIt is not necessary, as SMI suggests, for a plaintiff to know the identity of each defendant's specific contaminants that damaged the property before the statute of limitations begins to run; it is only necessary for plaintiff to know \"the fact of the contamination.\" ",
"Reichhold Chemicals, Inc. v. Textron, Inc., 888 F.Supp. ",
"1116, 1126 (N.D.Fla. ",
"1995); see also Presque Isle Harbor Dev. ",
"Co. v. Dow Chem. ",
"Co., 875 F.Supp. ",
"1312, 1319 n. 11 (W.D.Mich.1995) (holding that actual knowledge of each specific hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant is not required for the limitation period under § 9658 to begin to run); Torrance Redevelopment Agency v. Solvent Coating Co., 763 F.Supp. ",
"1060, 1066-67 (C.D.Cal.1991) (finding that such specific knowledge is not required in order to trigger accrual of the cause of action). ",
"It is also not necessary for plaintiff to know the identity of all individuals responsible for the contamination before the statute of limitations begins to run. ",
"Reichhold Chemicals, 888 F.Supp. ",
"at 1126 (rejecting plaintiff's argument that the CERCLA commencement date is the date plaintiff learned of the identity of the other tortfeasor). ",
"Once SMI discovered both the injury and its cause, it was under an obligation to ascertain the responsible parties and commence this action within the applicable statute of limitations.",
"\nFor the foregoing reasons, SMI's common law claims for property damage at the Tantalo Site are dismissed as untimely.",
"\n\nC. SMI & MHI's Common Law Claims Regarding the Adjacent Properties\nDefendants also move for summary judgment on SMI and MHI's common law claims regarding the Adjacent Properties on the ground that plaintiffs have not suffered any recoverable damages. ",
"According to defendants, plaintiffs purchased the Adjacent Properties with full awareness of the contamination at the Tantalo Site and with knowledge that this contamination had migrated or would soon migrate to the Adjacent Properties. ",
"Defendants maintain that this prepurchase knowledge of contamination bars plaintiffs' recovery for property damages.",
"\nDefendants have failed to cite any authority for this position. ",
"While knowledge of preexisting contamination, if proven, may be a factor to be considered by the jury in determining damages regarding the Adjacent Properties, I do not find that it acts as an absolute bar to plaintiffs' recovery on these common law claims as a matter of law.",
"\nAccordingly, defendants' motion for summary judgment on SMI and MHI's claims regarding the Adjacent Properties is denied.",
"\n\nCONCLUSION\nFor the foregoing reasons, defendants' motion for partial summary judgment is granted in part and denied in part.",
"\nIT IS SO ORDERED.",
"\nNOTES\n[1] The Second Circuit has recognized that § 9658 \"appears to purport to change state law, and is therefore of questionable constitutionality.\" ",
"ABB Indus. ",
"Sys., ",
"Inc. v. Prime Tech., ",
"Inc., 120 F.3d 351, 360 n. 5 (2d Cir.1997). ",
"Because I find that SMI's claims are barred regardless of whether the state or federal commencement date is applied, it is unnecessary for me to address the constitutionality of § 9658.",
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"Q:\n\nC++ :- Use of new keyword\n\nI am writing a program to sort a vector of office employees by using insertion-sort. ",
"I am facing a doubt while inserting the records of the employees. ",
"The doubts are:-\n\nIn comment#1, why am I using a vector of pointers to the cOffice class ? ",
"Why can't I just use a vector of simple objects ?",
"\nIn comment#2, why am I using new keyword to create memory at runtime ? ",
"Why can't I just copy a class instance( along with the arguments ) as if I am copying an object into other ?",
"\n\nThe code along with the comments is as follow:-\n#include<iostream>\n#include<vector>\n#include<string>\nusing namespace std;\nclass cPerson\n{\n private:\n string firstname,lastname;\n int age;\n public:\n cPerson(string fn,string ln,int a) // constructor to input the firstname, lastname and age of the person\n {\n firstname=fn;\n lastname=ln;\n age=a;\n }\n void displaycPerson()\n {\n cout<<\"First Name = \"<<firstname<<\"\\n\";\n cout<<\"Last Name = \"<<lastname<<\"\\n\";\n cout<<\"Age = \"<<age<<\"\\n\";\n }\n string getLastName()\n {\n return lastname;\n }\n};\nclass cOffice\n{\n private:\n vector<cPerson*> v; // Comment#1 and the alteranate code is: vector<cPerson> v;\n int nElem; \n public:\n cOffice(int max)\n {\n v.resize(max); \n nElem=0; \n }\n ~cOffice()\n {\n for(int i=0;i<nElem;i++) // no use of the destructor if the above code is implemented\n delete v[i];\n }\n void insertRec(string fn1, string ln1, int a1) // inserting the record\n {\n v[nElem] = new cPerson(fn1,ln1,a1); // Comment#2 and the alteranate code is: v[nElem] = cPerson(fn1,ln1,a1);\n nElem++;\n }\n void InsertionSort()\n {\n int compare,pivot;\n for(pivot=1;pivot<nElem;pivot++)\n {\n cPerson* temp = v[pivot]; \n compare=pivot;\n while(compare>0&&v[compare-1]->getLastName()>=temp->getLastName())\n { \n v[compare]=v[compare-1];\n compare--;\n }\n v[compare] = temp;\n }\n } \n void display()\n {\n for(int i=0;i<nElem;i++)\n v[i]->displaycPerson();\n }\n};\nint main(void)\n{\n cOffice obj(10);\n obj.insertRec(\"Evans\", \"Patty\", 24); \n obj.insertRec(\"Adams\", \"Henry\", 63);\n obj.insertRec(\"Yee\", \"Tom\", 43);\n obj.insertRec(\"Smith\", \"Lorraine\", 37);\n obj.insertRec(\"Hashimoto\", \"Sato\", 21); \n obj.insertRec(\"Stimson\", \"Henry\", 29);\n obj.insertRec(\"Velasquez\", \"Jose\", 72);\n obj.insertRec(\"Lamarque\", \"Henry\", 54);\n obj.insertRec(\"Vang\", \"Minh\", 22);\n obj.insertRec(\"Creswell\", \"Lucinda\", 18);\n obj.display();\n obj.",
"InsertionSort();\n obj.display();\n return 0;\n}\n\nObviously, the rest of the code will be changed accordingly by replacing -> with . ",
"and removing all the dereference operators *. ",
"\nIf I make all the edits that I mentioned in the question, the program shows error which is as follows:\nIn member function 'void std::vector<_Tp, _Alloc>::resize(std::vector<_Tp, Alloc>::size_type, std::vector<_Tp, _Alloc>::value_type) [with _Tp = cPerson; _Alloc = std::allocator<cPerson>; std::vector<_Tp, _Alloc>::size_type = unsigned int; std::vector<_Tp, _Alloc>::value_type = cPerson]':\n exp.cpp:40:16: error: no matching function for call to 'cPerson::cPerson()'\n exp.cpp:40:16: note: candidates are:\n exp.cpp:11:2: note: cPerson::cPerson(std::string, std::string, int)\n exp.cpp:11:2: note: candidate expects 3 arguments, 0 provided\n exp.cpp:5:7: note: cPerson::cPerson(const cPerson&)\n exp.cpp:5:7: note: candidate expects 1 argument, 0 provided\n\nA:\n\nWhen sorting your array, I think manipulating pointers would be faster than manipulating instances of objects.",
"\nYour InsertionSort() function would be calling a heck lot of copy constructors in the case of instances (which means: 2 new string allocations, 2 memcpy, and 2 memory free on old strings). ",
"In the case of pointers, it just swaps values.",
"\nSo IMO you're fine using heap instances.",
"\nNow the gain of using pointers for sorting would be significant only for a few thousand entries. ",
"In your case, with 10 entries, the gain is not so important. ",
"So feel free to switch to storing objects instead. ",
"This will make your code smaller and, more importantly, easier to maintain.",
"\nAlso, another reason might be that you don't have a copy constructor for cPerson and wanted to keep it that way (see Rule of Three)\n\n"
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"Title:Qatar's legal framework of migrationAuthor(s):ZAHRA, MaysaDate:2013Type:Technical ReportSeries/Number:GLMM; Explanatory note; 2/2013; Migration Policy CentreAbstract:Over the last decade, Qatar has significantly revised its legal framework in a number of areas that are relevant to the issue of migration. ",
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"corruption risks in Afghanistan hamper humanitarian aid – TI\n\nTransparency International said corruption risks in Afghanistan hamper humanitarian aid from getting where it needs to go.",
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"\n\nThrough in-depth interviews with affected communities and stakeholders, the study shows that corruption risks exist in a number of stages within the programme cycle of humanitarian aid in Afghanistan. ",
"The most notable included during the negotiation of conditions for access and area selection for programming; inappropriate interference in the selection of beneficiaries; risks of nepotism and ethnic bias in staff hiring; a lack of means to reliably hold corrupt staff and organisations accountable; and a lack of transparent and effective communication and feedback mechanisms with aid recipients. ",
"Many people interviewed were unaware of the amounts and timing of aid entitlements and some had tried to complain about aid quality or corruption issues to no effect.",
"\n\nCorrupt practices were reported both within local government agencies at the provincial and sub-provincial levels, as well as within the contracting chain with national and international aid organisations.",
"\n\nCorruption is widely understood to be a major problem in Afghanistan, threatening people’s ability to trust in government, undermining security and pulling apart the fabric of society. ",
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"Alina Orlova, 18, and Alyona Savchenko, 17, in the court room. ",
"Picture: DVhab\n\nWARNING: GRAPHIC CONTENT!",
"\n\nThe three were outed on the internet before police took action, and they could now face up to ten years in jail if convicted of this and other offences.",
"\n\nAlina Orlova, 18, and Alyona Savchenko, 17, 'systematically abused animals, mutilated, and killed them with the use of sadistic methods', said the Investigative Committee, in charge of probing serious cases.",
"\n\nOnline pictures of their vicious cruelty to dogs and cats was posted online, say investigators in Khabarovsk. ",
"The animals were alleged to have been struck with a bat, bound, stabbed, had their eyes gouged out, and hanged.",
"\n\nThey could now face up to ten years in jail. ",
"Picture: DVhab\n\nThe pair will also be charged with a separate allegation of armed robbery, while Savchenko and male friend Valery Smyshlyaev, 18, faces court accused of duping a man on a date with an underage girl, and then seeking to blackmail him by accusing him of being a paedophile. ",
"Investigators indicated they believed he had knowledge of the animal cruelty.",
"\n\nOrlova had initially denied her involvement but her distinctive tattoo was seen on online pictures.",
"\n\nWhen Savchenko was detained, it was alleged she called herself the 'Devil's Duchess', and in one image she was shown holding a recently-killed puppy's heart with the caption: 'It's for you Anubis' - the original Egyptian 'god of the dead'.",
"\n\nShe claimed that she needed 'to be constantly covered in blood to feel warmth', she said. ",
"Her clothing in macabre online postings is shown smeared in blood from the dead animals.",
"\n\nValery Smyshlyaev, 18, faces court accused of duping a man on a date with an underage girl, and then seeking to blackmail him by accusing him of being a paedophile. ",
"Pictures: The Siberian Times\n\nOne witness told how Savchenko showed her a picture of 'a cat with its belly cut open', and people reported that stray dogs had 'started disappearing' last summer.",
"\n\nImages showed a dog nailed to a wall, according to local reports. ",
"A white dog was hung by its collar and shot with an air gun. ",
"A black dog was was 'crucified' and dissected.",
"\n\nBaseball bats, chemical liquids, tongs, and other instruments of torture were used on the animals, pictures posted online showed.",
"\n\nBoth teenagers were said to be members of a now-deleted social media group called Mortem where users shared pictures of animal dissection and killed pets.",
"\n\nAlyona called herself the 'Devil's Duchess', and in one image she was shown holding a recently-killed puppy's heart with the caption: 'It's for you Anubis' - the original Egyptian 'god of the dead'. ",
"Pictures: The Siberian Times\n\nThe case involves 'dozens' of tortured animals, and a 'pet cemetery' in an abandoned building in Khabarovsk with the 'bones of puppies, and the remains of an adult dog', say reports.",
"\n\nA spokesman for the committee said: 'During a search of one suspect's apartment, the skull of a cat was found. ",
"Home computers and phones were seized for analysis.'",
"\n\nAnimal protection campaigner Anastasia Fedyanina had urged the Investigative Committee to examine whether the animals were killed as part of a 'hard crush' sexual fetish with videos of young women slaughtering animals supplied to China.",
"\n\nOrlova, a university student, posted a social media message saying: 'I did not kill anyone and do not intend to kill ...' Pictures: The Siberian Times\n\nShe said at the time: 'Masochists viewing these videos imagine themselves in the place of the tortured animals. ",
"The role of the torturers is usually taken by prostitutes or a young woman with sadistic inclinations.'",
"\n\nThe committee has not made clear if this forms part of the case to be heard later this year in court.",
"\n\nOrlova, a university student, posted a social media message saying: 'I would like to speak in my defence.... I do not know who has put this stuff to the Internet - it is not the first time somebody wants to frame me. ",
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"Image caption There were student demonstrations at the LSE last week over its links with Libya\n\nThe London School of Economics has confirmed it is investigating allegations that Colonel Gaddafi's son plagiarised his PhD thesis.",
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"AutoSelfUpgradeService\n\ncom.samsung.android.themestore.manager.periodicJobSchedulingService.",
"PeriodicJobSchedulingService\n\ncom.samsung.android.sdk.smp.",
"SmpService\n\ncom.samsung.android.sdk.smp.",
"SmpJobService\n\ncom.samsung.android.themestore.manager.smp.",
"SmpFcmEventService\n\ncom.google.android.gms.measurement.",
"AppMeasurementService\n\ncom.google.android.gms.measurement.",
"AppMeasurementJobService\n\ncom.google.firebase.messaging.",
"FirebaseMessagingService\n\ncom.google.firebase.components.",
"ComponentDiscoveryService\n\ncom.google.android.datatransport.runtime.backends.",
"TransportBackendDiscovery\n\ncom.google.android.datatransport.runtime.scheduling.jobscheduling.",
"JobInfoSchedulerService\n\nReceivers\n\ncom.samsung.android.themestore.receiver.",
"MyPackageReplaced\n\ncom.samsung.android.themestore.receiver.",
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"SetupWizardCompletedReceiver\n\ncom.samsung.android.themestore.receiver.",
"CoverReceiver\n\ncom.samsung.android.themestore.settings.",
"PushSettingReceiver\n\ncom.samsung.android.themestore.receiver.",
"ConfigurationChangedReceiver\n\ncom.samsung.android.themestore.receiver.",
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"GalaxyStoreReceiver\n\ncom.samsung.android.themestore.receiver.",
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"\n\nhttp://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto\n\nhttp://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android\n\nhttp://search.osp.com/clickURL?prodID=3i434u\n\nhttp://static.bada.com/contents/legal/%s/%s/globalpp.html\n\nhttp://static.bada.com/contents/legal/%s/%s/themestore.html\n\nhttp://static.bada.com/contents/legal/%s/default/samsungapps.html\n\nhttp://www.ftc.go.kr/bizCommPop.do?wrkr_no=1248100998\n\nhttp://youtu.be/\n\nhttps://\n\nhttps://%s/%s/%s\n\nhttps://account.samsung.com/membership/pp\n\nhttps://app-measurement.com/a\n\nhttps://cn-ureca.galaxyappstore.com/collect/theme_sa_log\n\nhttps://dc.di.atlas.samsung.com\n\nhttps://dev-v4.marpple.com/@samsung/maker\n\nhttps://dev-v4.marpple.com/@samsung/mypage\n\nhttps://dev-v4.marpple.com/@samsung/preview\n\nhttps://google.com/search?",
"\n\nhttps://help.content.samsung.com/csmobile/auth/gosupport.do\n\nhttps://img.youtube.com/vi/\n\nhttps://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/gen_204?id=gmob-apps\n\nhttps://play.google.com/store/apps/details?",
"\n\nhttps://plus.google.com/\n\nhttps://policy.samsungrs.com/\n\nhttps://privacy.samsung.com\n\nhttps://regi.di.atlas.samsung.com\n\nhttps://sdk.pushmessage.samsung.com\n\nhttps://sdk.pushmessage.samsung.com.cn\n\nhttps://sspapi-dev-int.samsungrs.com\n\nhttps://sspapi-prd.samsungrs.com\n\nhttps://stg-api.di.atlas.samsung.com\n\nhttps://up-prt-api.samsungosp.com\n\nhttps://up-stg2-api.samsungosp.com\n\nhttps://ureca.samsungapps.com/collect/billing_usage_log\n\nhttps://ureca.samsungapps.com/collect/theme_sa_log\n\nhttps://www.google.com\n\nhttps://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/conversion/app/deeplink?id_type=adid&sdk_version=%s&rdid=%s&bundleid=%s&retry=%s\n\nhttps://www.googleapis.com/auth/games\n\nhttps://www.googleapis.com/auth/games_lite\n\nhttps://www.samsung.com/us/privacy/ccpa/\n\nhttps://www.youtube.com\n\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=\n\nAllows the app to view information about network connections such as which networks exist and are connected.",
"Allows the app to view information about Wi-Fi networking, such as whether Wi-Fi is enabled and name of connected Wi-Fi devices.",
"Allows the app to change the state of network connectivity.",
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"This may allow the app to discover information about which applications are used on the device.",
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"Malicious apps may use this to violate the protection between users.",
"Allows the app to create network sockets and use custom network protocols. ",
"The browser and other applications provide means to send data to the internet, so this permission is not required to send data to the internet.",
"Allows apps to manage users on the device, including query, creation and deletion.",
"Allows the app to communicate with Near Field Communication (NFC) tags, cards, and readers.",
"Allows the app to have itself started as soon as the system has finished booting. ",
"This can make it take longer to start the phone and allow the app to slow down the overall phone by always running.",
"Allows the app to control the maximum number of processes that will run. ",
"Never needed for normal apps.",
"Allows the app to set the system wallpaper.",
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"They may interfere with your use of the interface in any application, or change what you think you are seeing in other applications.",
"Allows the app to control the vibrator.",
"Allows the app to prevent the phone from going to sleep.",
"Allows the app to change network settings and to intercept and inspect all network traffic, for example to change the proxy and port of any APN. ",
"Malicious apps may monitor, redirect, or modify network packets without your knowledge.",
"Allows the app to modify the system's settings data. ",
"Malicious apps may corrupt your system's configuration.",
"Allows an application to add Homescreen shortcuts without user intervention.",
"Allows the application to remove Homescreen shortcuts without user intervention.",
"Allows apps to accept cloud to device messages sent by the app's service. ",
"Using this service will incur data usage. ",
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