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[ "Zero inflation", "price inflation", "inflation prices", "threshold inflation", "inflation economics", "inflation", "inflation rates", "price level stability", "Inflation (prices)", "Causes of inflation in trinidad and tobago", "Inflations", "inflation financial", "World inflation crisis", "inflation rate", "Inflation (economics)", "ingflation", "Threshold Inflation", "Inflation", "Economic inflation", "price trends", "costs of inflation", "Inflation rate", "food inflation", "effect of inflation", "Inflation (financial)", "currency inflation", "Price level stability", "economics inflation", "Economics/Inflation", "zero inflation", "Food inflation", "economic inflation", "Price Trends", "Economy/Inflation", "Currency inflation", "world inflation crisis", "inflations", "Causes of inflation in Trinidad and Tobago", "Inflation rates", "Effect of inflation", "Costs of inflation", "Ingflation", "causes of inflation in trinidad and tobago", "Cash inflation", "Price Inflation", "economy inflation", "Price inflation", "cash inflation" ]

[ { "id": "119294", "score": "1.5110698", "text": "Demand-pull inflation Demand-pull inflation is asserted to arise when aggregate demand in an economy outpaces aggregate supply. It involves inflation rising as real gross domestic product rises and unemployment falls, as the economy moves along the Phillips curve. This is commonly described as \"\"too much money chasing too few goods.\"\" More accurately, it should be described as involving \"\"too much money spent chasing too few goods,\"\" since only money that is spent on goods and services can cause inflation. This would not be expected to happen, unless the economy is already at a full employment level. It is the opposite", "title": "Demand-pull inflation" }, { "id": "2214743", "score": "1.4629021", "text": "Crown. (Henry Spiegel) This figure for the stock of wealth was contrasted with a money supply in gold and silver of only £6m. Petty believed that there was a certain amount of money that a nation needed to drive its trade. Hence it was possible to have too little money circulating in an economy, which would mean that people would have to rely on barter. It would also be possible for there to be too much money in an economy. But the topical question was, as he asks in chapter 3 of \"Verbum Sapienti\", would £6m be enough to drive", "title": "William Petty" }, { "id": "172735", "score": "1.4403079", "text": "is operating in an \"abnormal\" way, which may lead to decreases in real production. If so, that intensifies the hyperinflation, since it means that the amount of goods in \"too much money chasing too few goods\" formulation is also reduced. This is also part of the vicious circle of hyperinflation. Once the vicious circle of hyperinflation has been ignited, dramatic policy means are almost always required. Simply raising interest rates is insufficient. Bolivia, for example, underwent a period of hyperinflation in 1985, where prices increased 12,000% in the space of less than a year. The government raised the price of", "title": "Hyperinflation" }, { "id": "1668390", "score": "1.4043198", "text": "derived from outside the productive system. According to Douglas's A+B theorem, the systemic problem of increasing prices, or inflation, is not \"too much money chasing too few goods\", but is the increasing rate of overhead charges in production due to the replacement of labour by capital in industry combined with a policy of full employment. Douglas did not suggest that inflation cannot be caused by too much money chasing too few consumer goods, but according to his analysis this is not the only cause of inflation, and inflation is systemic according to the rules of cost accountancy given overhead charges", "title": "Social credit" }, { "id": "17864190", "score": "1.398608", "text": "Too Much Finance \"Too Much Finance?\" is the title of a highly cited paper by Jean-Louis Arcand, Enrico Berkes, and Ugo Panizza. The paper was originally described in a 2011 VoxEU column, in 2012 it was issued as IMF working paper, and in 2015 was published by the Journal of Economic Growth. The paper provides empirical evidence for the hypothesis that there is a point after which a growing financial sector starts having a negative impact on economic growth. On September 4, 2012, Time Magazine featured the article 'Bankers: Who Needs Them?', based on the working paper. The article features", "title": "Too Much Finance" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Demand-pull inflation\n\nDemand-pull inflation is asserted to arise when aggregate demand in an economy is more than aggregate supply. It involves inflation rising as real gross domestic product rises and unemployment falls, as the economy moves along the Phillips curve. This is commonly described as \"too much money chasing too few goods\". More accurately, it should be described as involving \"too much money spent chasing too few goods\", since only money that is spent on goods and services can cause inflation. This would not be expected to happen, unless the economy is already at a full employment level. It is the opposite of cost-push inflation.", "title": "Demand-pull inflation" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Hyperinflation\n\nIn economics, hyperinflation is a very high and typically accelerating inflation. It quickly erodes the real value of the local currency, as the prices of all goods increase. This causes people to minimize their holdings in that currency as they usually switch to more stable foreign currencies. When measured in stable foreign currencies, prices typically remain stable. \n\nUnlike low inflation, where the process of rising prices is protracted and not generally noticeable except by studying past market prices, hyperinflation sees a rapid and continuing increase in nominal prices, the nominal cost of goods, and in the supply of currency. Typically, however, the general price level rises even more rapidly than the money supply as people try ridding themselves of the devaluing currency as quickly as possible. As this happens, the real stock of money (i.e., the amount of circulating money divided by the price level) decreases considerably.\n\nAlmost all hyperinflations have been caused by government budget deficits financed by currency creation.<ref name=\":4\" /> Hyperinflation is often associated with some stress to the government budget, such as wars or their aftermath, sociopolitical upheavals, a collapse in aggregate supply or one in export prices, or other crises that make it difficult for the government to collect tax revenue. A sharp decrease in real tax revenue coupled with a strong need to maintain government spending, together with an inability or unwillingness to borrow, can lead a country into hyperinflation.<ref name=\"Bernholz, Peter 2003, chapter 5.3\"/>", "title": "Hyperinflation" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Monetary overhang\n\nMonetary overhang is a phenomenon in which people have money holdings because of a lack of ability to spend them. This is a phenomenon often present with repressed inflation and was common in centrally planned economies like the Soviet Union.\n\nThe Soviet Union experienced monetary overhang from the mid-1980s onwards. This was reported by the IMF in 1991. Subsequent to this report, the USSR collapsed.\n", "title": "Monetary overhang" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Social credit\n\nSocial credit is a distributive philosophy of political economy developed by C. H. Douglas. Douglas attributed economic downturns to discrepancies between the cost of goods and the compensation of the workers who made them. To combat what he saw as a chronic deficiency of purchasing power in the economy, Douglas prescribed government intervention in the form of the issuance of debt free money directly to consumers or producers (if they sold their product below cost to consumers) in order to combat such discrepancy.\n\nIn defence of his ideas, Douglas wrote that \"Systems were made for men, and not men for systems, and the interest of man which is self-development, is above all systems, whether theological, political or economic.\" Douglas said that Social Crediters want to build a new civilization based upon \"absolute economic security\" for the individual, where \"they shall sit every man under his vine and under his fig tree; and none shall make them afraid.\" In his words, \"what we really demand of existence is not that we shall be put into somebody else's Utopia, but we shall be put in a position to construct a Utopia of our own.\"\n\nThe idea of social credit attracted considerable interest in the interwar period, with the Alberta Social Credit Party briefly distributing \"prosperity certificates\" to the Albertan populace. However, Douglas opposed the distribution of prosperity certificates which were based upon the theories of Silvio Gesell. Douglas' theory of social credit has been disputed and rejected by most economists and bankers. Prominent economist John Maynard Keynes references Douglas' ideas in his book \"The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money,\" but instead poses the principle of effective demand to explain differences in output and consumption.", "title": "Social credit" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Talk:Austrian school of economics/Archive 10" }, { "id": "15684834", "score": "1.3518808", "text": "Too Much Money Too Much Money is the last novel written by Dominick Dunne, published posthumously in the year of his death 2009. A roman à clef, its protagonist, August (Gus) Bailey, is an alter ego of the author. Living in New York, Gus Bailey, a writer for \"Park Avenue\", a monthly magazine, takes a last look as an insider into the affairs of the rich and famous. As a popular guest at parties people talk to him, but with his writings he has made enemies. Thus he is sued by former congressman Kyle Cramden for slander for falsely linking", "title": "Too Much Money" }, { "id": "5012137", "score": "1.3501463", "text": "world that someone cannot make a little worse and sell a little cheaper, and the people who consider price alone are that person's lawful prey. It's unwise to pay too much, but it's worse to pay too little. When you pay too much, you lose a little money – that is all. When you pay too little, you sometimes lose everything, because the thing you bought was incapable of doing the thing it was bought to do. The common law of business balance prohibits paying a little and getting a lot – it can't be done. If you deal with", "title": "Common law of business balance" }, { "id": "20646495", "score": "1.341771", "text": "money. Managing one’s time and money requires constant vigilance, and one’s failure to manage that process often results in missed deadlines and overdue bills. The authors define scarcity as the feeling someone has when they have less of a resource than they perceive they need. They explain that scarcity forms a common chord across all of society’s major problems. They emphasize that scarcity is hardly transient, but instead a concept that constantly absorbs people and has profound effects on human behavior, emotions, and thinking. The authors also disclose that their decision to write and publish Scarcity originated from an opportunity", "title": "Scarcity: Why Having Too Little Means So Much" }, { "id": "15684839", "score": "1.3349769", "text": "about their standing and recognition. The final book has been found to have certain shortcomings; descriptions and characterizations are repetitive and sentences are loaded with information where items are bought and how much they cost, making for \"clumsy\" reading. Too Much Money Too Much Money is the last novel written by Dominick Dunne, published posthumously in the year of his death 2009. A roman à clef, its protagonist, August (Gus) Bailey, is an alter ego of the author. Living in New York, Gus Bailey, a writer for \"Park Avenue\", a monthly magazine, takes a last look as an insider into", "title": "Too Much Money" }, { "id": "12661743", "score": "1.3304548", "text": "with the emptiness and disappointments of consumer life. \"Affluenza\" says that an increasing number of Australians are ignoring advertisers, reducing their spending, and reprioritizing their time. In 2017, Richard Denniss published a follow up book called Curing Affluenza. Affluenza: When Too Much is Never Enough Affluenza: When Too Much is Never Enough is a book written by Professor Clive Hamilton and Richard Denniss, and was published in 2005. According to the book, Western society is addicted to overconsumption and this situation is unique in human history. Hamilton and Denniss argue that an overconsumption is driven by aspiration, in an effort", "title": "Affluenza: When Too Much is Never Enough" }, { "id": "341177", "score": "1.3294494", "text": "mercantilist policies to stimulate exports and reduce imports are other techniques to stimulate demand. He estimated in March 2010 that developed countries representing 70% of the world's GDP were caught in a liquidity trap. Behavior that may be optimal for an individual (e.g., saving more during adverse economic conditions) can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior, as ultimately one person's consumption is another person's income. Too many consumers attempting to save (or pay down debt) simultaneously is called the paradox of thrift and can cause or deepen a recession. Economist Hyman Minsky also described a \"paradox", "title": "Recession" }, { "id": "17864192", "score": "1.3123553", "text": "IMF which supports these findings. The Financial Times article labels the authors of \"Too Much Finance?\" as IMF researchers. However, only Berkes was at the IMF when the paper was originally written, Arcand and Panizza are professors of Economics at the Graduate Institute in Geneva. Too Much Finance \"Too Much Finance?\" is the title of a highly cited paper by Jean-Louis Arcand, Enrico Berkes, and Ugo Panizza. The paper was originally described in a 2011 VoxEU column, in 2012 it was issued as IMF working paper, and in 2015 was published by the Journal of Economic Growth. The paper provides", "title": "Too Much Finance" }, { "id": "2301190", "score": "1.3112724", "text": "it is a certain sign that some other trade is understocked. But where, I would ask, is there any considerable trade that is confessedly under-stocked, and where high profits have been long pleading in vain for additional capital? John Stuart Mill also recognized general gluts. He argued that during a general glut, there is insufficient demand for all non-monetary commodities and excess demand for money. When there is a general anxiety to sell, and a general disinclination to buy, commodities of all kinds remain for a long time unsold, and those which find an immediate market, do so at a", "title": "Say's law" }, { "id": "20646497", "score": "1.3096597", "text": "immediate scarcity and concern at hand, which often is to one’s detriment. The underlying mechanisms that contribute to tunneling are discussed, such as \"goal inhibition\": focusing on immediate goals (concerns) at the expense of considering how to achieve long term goals. The authors utilize the term \"tunneling tax\" to describe the cost of the things one has forgone in order to satisfy tunneling. Usually the effect of tunnelings are dire, and result in long-term consequences. However, scarcity doesn't only produce negative effects: it can also lead to a \"focus dividend\", a situation in which someone experiences an increase in productivity", "title": "Scarcity: Why Having Too Little Means So Much" }, { "id": "10760904", "score": "1.3094277", "text": "suggests the worst aspects of human nature such as immorality, selfishness and greed, while a boon is something that functions as a blessing or benefit. The contradiction between the meanings of the words suggests that materialism is a destructive and corrupt blessing which the industrial revolution has produced. It emphasises the tension between the good exterior and the sordid truth behind materialism. On an exterior level, material goods bring pleasure and are a symbol of man’s progress; however, in truth, they feed the worst aspects of humanity: thus a \"sordid boon.\" Sonnet form Wordsworth employs a strictly structured form, the", "title": "The World Is Too Much with Us" }, { "id": "20401026", "score": "1.3085544", "text": "Too Much Junkie Business (song) \"Too Much Junkie Business\" is a song written by Walter Lure of the New York punk band the Heartbreakers. Johnny Thunders sometimes introduced it as \"written by Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, and Waldo (Lure).\" The lyrics are a black-humored takeoff on Chuck Berry's \"Too Much Monkey Business\" (1956), about the complications of everyday life. Its melody is the New York Dolls' version of \"Pills\" by Bo Diddley. Thunders performed it often in his post-Heartbreakers career. Lure has said that he let Thunders take co-writing credit because \"he liked it so much and he wished he’d", "title": "Too Much Junkie Business (song)" }, { "id": "15668614", "score": "1.3063402", "text": "for an individual (e.g., saving more during adverse economic conditions) can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior, as ultimately one person's consumption is another person's income. Too many consumers attempting to save (or pay down debt) simultaneously is called the paradox of thrift and can cause or deepen a recession. Economist Hyman Minsky also described a \"paradox of deleveraging\" as financial institutions that have too much leverage (debt relative to equity) cannot all de-leverage simultaneously without significant declines in the value of their assets. In April 2009, US Federal Reserve vice-chair Janet Yellen discussed these paradoxes:", "title": "Financial crisis of 2007–2008" }, { "id": "9805563", "score": "1.3055226", "text": "less than one earns (in the aggregate) causes a sustained drop in effective demand, and hence a general glut. Austrian economics do not see \"general glut\" as a meaningful way of describing an economy, indeed Austrian Economists do not believe it is possible to have too much of everything. In the Austrian analysis, it is the misallocation of resources that should be avoided. Producing too much of the wrong things, and not enough of the right things, is what Austrians believe to be truly wrong with an economy General glut In macroeconomics, a general glut is an excess of supply", "title": "General glut" }, { "id": "1719314", "score": "1.3034306", "text": "to Wealth\" says the following about carrying unnecessary inventory. \"You call them goods; but, if you do not take care, they will prove evils to some of you. You expect they will be sold cheap, and, perhaps, they may [be bought] for less than they cost; but, if you have no occasion for them, they must be dear to you. Remember what Poor Richard says, 'Buy what thou hast no need of, and ere long thou shalt sell thy necessaries.' In another place, he says, 'Many have been ruined by buying good penny worths'.\" Henry Ford cited Franklin as a", "title": "Lean manufacturing" }, { "id": "20646500", "score": "1.3015916", "text": "reason, low-income individuals pay greater attention to and seek out specific prices and discounts and more frequently try to assess the opportunity costs of transactions they engage in. However, with fewer resources, low income individuals experience \"juggling\": the complex mechanism in which individuals patch crises as they arise by constantly shifting their resources according to what is needed most imminently. Juggling further cements low-income individuals’ economic status and their place in the scarcity cycle. Low-income individuals frequently enter into the scarcity cycle because of poor planning for the future. Tunneling and decreased bandwidth causes individuals to focus on urgent tasks,", "title": "Scarcity: Why Having Too Little Means So Much" } ]

[ "rooball", "Fitba", "association football club", "Voetbal", "The Method of Scoring", "Football (soccer)", "Footbal (soccer)", "Rules of football", "Fútbol", "futbol", "association football team", "Association foot-ball", "Football (Association)", "football original", "soccer team", "associated football", "Sokker", "football soccer", "Football (Association rules)", "International club football", "Soccor", "Association footballer", "association football soccer", "Socker", "football association rules", "association foot ball", "Association football team", "Sawker", "sawker", "diveball", "povertyball", "Diveball", "Association football (soccer)", "Soccer football", "soccer history", "Soccer history", "sokker", "Outdoor Soccer", "soccer football", "Povertyball", "ass football", "association footballer", "recreational soccer", "Associated football", "Football(soccer)", "fotball", "Divegrass", "Soccer", "Soccer (Football)", "Soccer team", "footbal soccer", "association soccer", "Assocciation football", "metric football", "Loss time", "futébol", "divegrass", "Association football", "Association Football (soccer)", "Association Football", "Football (original)", "Fotball", "Ass. football", "socker", "futebol", "soccer rules", "poverty ball", "method of scoring", "Football (Soccer)", "Association soccer", "Futébol", "rules of football", "fútbol", "Association footballers", "Recreational soccer", "asocciation football", "Stoppage time", "soccer", "association footballers", "Football (association)", "assocciation football", "stoppage time", "soccor", "Futebol", "Soccer players", "outdoor soccer", "Soccer Injuries", "fitba", "international club football", "Futbol", "soccer scoring", "Association Football Club", "Metric football", "Association foot ball", "football association", "Asocciation football", "association football", "soccer players", "loss time", "Soccer rules", "Association-football", "Poverty ball", "Assocation football", "assocation football", "Soccer (football)", "Rooball", "voetbal", "Soccer Scoring", "soccer injuries" ]

[ { "id": "736413", "score": "1.9995273", "text": "the venue for the final, and 98,000 people attended. After 12 minutes 32 seconds Helmut Haller put West Germany ahead, but the score was levelled by Geoff Hurst four minutes later. Martin Peters put England in the lead in the 78th minute; England looked set to claim the title when the referee awarded a free kick to West Germany with one minute left. The ball was launched goalward and Wolfgang Weber scored, with England appealing in vain for handball as the ball came through the crowded penalty area. With the score level at 2–2 at the end of 90 minutes,", "title": "1966 FIFA World Cup" }, { "id": "469922", "score": "1.9492054", "text": "1966 FIFA World Cup Final The 1966 FIFA World Cup Final was the final match in the 1966 FIFA World Cup, the eighth football World Cup. The match was played by England and West Germany on 30 July 1966 at Wembley Stadium in London, and had an attendance of 96,924. The British television audience peaked at 32.3 million viewers, making it the most watched television event ever in the United Kingdom. England won 4–2 after extra time to win the Jules Rimet Trophy. The England team became known as the \"wingless wonders\", on account of their then-unconventional narrow attacking formation,", "title": "1966 FIFA World Cup Final" }, { "id": "7913742", "score": "1.9412148", "text": "first time in a competitive fixture, when they met in the semi-finals. Like the 1966 World Cup, the tournament was being held in England, and the semi-final was played at Wembley Stadium. England's fans and team were confident, particularly after wins in the group stage over Scotland (2–0) and the Netherlands (4–1) and their first ever penalty shoot-out victory, over Spain, in the quarter-finals. So vivid were the memories of 1966 for England fans that a media clamour ensued for England to wear red jerseys, instead of the unfamiliar-looking grey away kit that had been launched earlier that year (as", "title": "England–Germany football rivalry" }, { "id": "9379767", "score": "1.9167674", "text": "1966 final, West Germany. However, before the match, disaster struck the team when goalkeeper Gordon Banks was stricken with food-poisoning- his late replacement was the talented, but internationally inexperienced Peter Bonetti, who had not played a competitive match for over a month. England coasted into a 2–0 lead just after half-time with goals from Mullery and Peters, but the Germans fought back to 2–2 through Franz Beckenbauer and Uwe Seeler, both goals having a touch of fortune about them. Geoff Hurst had a legitimate goal disallowed, and with eleven minutes remaining in extra time, Gerd Müller scored the winner. Some", "title": "History of the England national football team" }, { "id": "18098266", "score": "1.906714", "text": "the 1966 World Cup, West Germany reached the final after beating the USSR in the semifinal, facing hosts England at Wembley Stadium. Wolfgang Weber's last-minute goal took the game into extra time, a goal claimed to be controversial by the English, with the ball appearing to hit the hand of a German player as it travelled through the England penalty area before he prodded it in. The first extra time goal by Geoff Hurst, nicknamed \"\" (Wembley goal) in Germany, is still controversial after all this time. As the Swiss referee did not see the situation properly, the opinion of", "title": "History of the Germany national football team" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1966 FIFA World Cup final\n\nThe 1966 FIFA World Cup final was a football match played at Wembley Stadium in London on 30 July 1966 to determine the winner of the 1966 FIFA World Cup, the eighth FIFA World Cup. The match was contested by England and West Germany, with England winning 4–2 after extra time to claim the Jules Rimet Trophy. It was the first – and to date only – occasion that England has hosted or won the World Cup.\n\nThe match is remembered for England's only World Cup and first major international title, Geoff Hurst's hat-trick – the first scored in a FIFA World Cup final – and the controversial third goal awarded to England by referee Gottfried Dienst and linesman Tofiq Bahramov. The England team became known as the \"wingless wonders\", on account of their then-unconventional narrow attacking formation, described at the time as a 4–4–2.\n\nIn addition to an attendance of 96,924 at the stadium, the British television audience peaked at 32.3 million viewers, making it the United Kingdom's most-watched television event ever.", "title": "1966 FIFA World Cup final" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1966 FIFA World Cup\n\nThe 1966 FIFA World Cup was the eighth FIFA World Cup, a quadrennial football tournament for men's senior national teams. It was played in England from 11 July to 30 July 1966. The England national football team defeated West Germany 4–2 in the final to win the tournament. The final had finished at 2–2 after 90 minutes and went to extra time, when Geoff Hurst scored two goals to complete his hat-trick, the first to be scored in a men's World Cup final. England were the fifth nation to win the event, and the third host nation to win after Uruguay in 1930 and Italy in 1934. Brazil were the defending champions, but they failed to progress from the group stage.\n\nTwo debut teams performed well at the competition – North Korea beat Italy 1–0 on the way to reaching the quarter-finals, where they lost to Portugal 5–3 after leading 3–0. Portugal themselves finished third, losing 2–1 to England in the semi-final. Portuguese striker Eusébio was the tournament's top scorer, with nine goals clinching the golden boot with three goals more than second placed Helmut Haller.\n\nThe 1966 World Cup was the first FIFA World Cup held in the English-speaking world. Matches were played at eight stadiums across England, with the final being held at Wembley Stadium, which had a capacity of 98,600. The 1966 event featured the highest number of teams of any international tournament to date, with 70 nations participating.\n\nAll 15 African nations who entered the qualifying later boycotted the tournament in protest after FIFA, citing competitive and logistical issues, ruled that there would be no direct qualification for an African team. Prior to the tournament, the Jules Rimet trophy was stolen, but was recovered by a dog named Pickles four months before the tournament began. It was the first World Cup to have selected matches broadcast via satellite to countries on other continents. The final, which was broadcast locally by the BBC, was the last to be shown entirely in black and white.", "title": "1966 FIFA World Cup" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "England–Germany football rivalry\n\nThe English and German national football teams have played each other since the end of the 19th century, and officially since 1930. The teams met for the first time in November 1899, when England beat Germany in four straight matches. Notable matches between England and Germany (or West Germany) include the 1966 FIFA World Cup Final, and the semi-finals of the 1990 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 1996 and the round of sixteen of the 2010 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2020. While the English public, football fans and in particular newspapers consider an England–Germany football rivalry to have developed, it is mostly an English phenomenon since most German fans consider the Netherlands or Italy to be their traditional footballing rivals.\n\nEngland player and broadcaster Gary Lineker notoriously said \"Football is a simple game; 22 men chase a ball for 90 minutes and at the end, the Germans win.\" He would paraphrase himself following the final of the UEFA Women's Euro 2022, saying: \"Football is a simple game. 22 women chase a ball for 90 minutes and, at the end, England actually win.\"\n\n\"In this article, references to the German football team include the former West Germany football team before German reunification.\"", "title": "England–Germany football rivalry" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "UEFA Women's Euro 2022 final\n\nThe UEFA Women's Euro 2022 final was a football match on 31 July 2022 that took place at Wembley Stadium in London, England, to determine the winner of UEFA Women's Euro 2022. The match was contested between hosts England, who won, and Germany.\n\nFor England, this was their third appearance in a European Championship final and the first since 2009, when they lost to Germany. England also lost in their first final in 1984, when Sweden beat them 4–3 on penalties. For Germany, the record winners of the competition, this was their ninth appearance in a Euro final and the first since 2013, when they defeated Norway. Germany won all eight of the previous European Championship finals they had played in.\n\nThe final took place in front of a crowd of 87,192, a record attendance for a women's international fixture in Europe and for any European Championship finals match. England won the match 2–1 after extra time for their first European Championship title; first women's European Championship title; first major women's international title; and the first time a senior England side had won a major football tournament since the 1966 FIFA World Cup, in which they also defeated Germany at Wembley. The England team received numerous individual and collective honours.\n\nA match of equal chances and determined play, both regular time goals were scored in the second half; the first was set-up by England's Keira Walsh, who would be named player of the match. The promotion of the tournament by the host nation, given further visibility by their win in the final, saw the sport of women's football claim a mainstream level of popularity in Europe; attendances at regular season games in both England and Germany grew massively, while the final became iconic of the sport's growth, and clubs spent more money on players and games.", "title": "UEFA Women's Euro 2022 final" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Gordon Banks\n\nGordon Banks (30 December 1937 – 12 February 2019) was an English professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. Widely regarded as one of the greatest goalkeepers of all time, he made 679 appearances during a 20-year professional career, and won 73 caps for England, highlighted by starting every game of the nation's 1966 World Cup victory.\n\nBanks joined Chesterfield in March 1953, and played for their youth team in the 1956 FA Youth Cup final. He made his first team debut in November 1958, and was sold to Leicester City for £7,000 in July 1959. He played in four cup finals for the club, as they were beaten in the 1961 and 1963 FA Cup finals, before winning the League Cup in 1964 and finishing as finalists in 1965. Despite this success, and his World Cup win in 1966, Banks was dropped by Leicester and sold on to Stoke City for £50,000 in April 1967. In the 1970 World Cup,<ref name=\"ifhof\" /><ref name=\"pelgod\" /><ref name=\"keepstun\" /> he made one of the game's great saves to prevent a Pelé goal, but was absent due to illness as England were beaten by West Germany at the quarter-final stage.\n\nBanks was Stoke City's goalkeeper in the 1972 League Cup win, the club's only major honour. He was still Stoke's and England's number one when a car crash in October 1972 cost him both the sight in his right eye and, eventually, his professional career. He played two last seasons in the United States for the Fort Lauderdale Strikers in 1977 and 1978, and despite only having vision in one eye, was NASL Goalkeeper of the Year in 1977 after posting the best defensive record in the league. He briefly entered management with Telford United, but left the game in December 1980.\n\nBanks was named FWA Footballer of the Year in 1972, and was named FIFA Goalkeeper of the Year on six occasions. The IFFHS named Banks the second-best goalkeeper of the 20th century, after Lev Yashin.", "title": "Gordon Banks" }, { "id": "1853065", "score": "1.896759", "text": "best clubs from the various Regionalligas were assembled into the new Bundesliga. In 1964, Helmut Schön took over as coach, replacing Herberger who had been in office for 28 years. In the 1966 World Cup, West Germany reached the final after beating the USSR in the semifinal, facing hosts England. In extra time, the first goal by Geoff Hurst was one of the most contentious goals in the history of the World Cup: the linesman signalled the ball had crossed the line for a goal, after bouncing down from the crossbar, when replays showed it did not appear to have", "title": "Germany national football team" }, { "id": "7913724", "score": "1.8931887", "text": "an under-strength West German side, who were at the time the champions of the world, having won the 1954 FIFA World Cup. England won further friendlies against West Germany in 1956 (3–1 at the Olympic Stadium in Berlin) and 1965 (1–0 in Nuremberg). England and Germany met at Wembley again on 23 February 1966, as part of their preparations for the 1966 FIFA World Cup, which was to be held in England. England again won 1–0, with a goal from Nobby Stiles, and the match also saw the first appearance for England of West Ham United striker Geoff Hurst. Both", "title": "England–Germany football rivalry" }, { "id": "7913725", "score": "1.8693638", "text": "countries had a successful World Cup in 1966, and met in the final played at Wembley on Saturday, 30 July 1966. This was and still is regarded by many as the most important match ever played between the two teams, and it was also the first time they had ever met in a competitive game, as opposed to the friendly matches they had played before. It was also a highly eventful and in some respects controversial game, which created the modern rivalry between the teams. England led 2–1 until the very end of normal time, when a German goal levelled", "title": "England–Germany football rivalry" }, { "id": "12040802", "score": "1.8682284", "text": "the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup. England were drawn in a group with Romania, former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia. Each of the matches only saw one goal, with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia, and losing to Brazil. The quarter-final saw a repeat of the 1966 final, with England playing West Germany. England were hampered by the fact that first-choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill, and Peter Bonetti played instead. England led 2–0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters, but", "title": "England at the FIFA World Cup" }, { "id": "9522604", "score": "1.8657708", "text": "1962 FIFA World Cup. Ramsey confidently predicted that at the next tournament, England would win the trophy, and they did just that. The 1966 World Cup saw England win the World Cup in a controversial 4–2 victory over West Germany. The three goals scored by Geoff Hurst within 120 minutes, of which some are controversial, are the only hat trick to be achieved in a World Cup final to date. Bobby Moore was the captain on that day, whilst Munich air crash survivor Bobby Charlton also played. Moore's West Ham colleagues Geoff Hurst and Martin Peters scored that day. The", "title": "History of football in England" }, { "id": "7913731", "score": "1.8628124", "text": "favourable legacies; a common chant among England supporters at Germany games is \"Two World Wars and One World Cup\" to the tune of \"Camptown Races\". Two years after the World Cup, on 1 June 1968, the two teams met again in another friendly match, this time in West Germany, in which the Germans won their first victory over an English team, 38 years after they had first played. The scoreline was 1–0, Franz Beckenbauer scoring for West Germany, but as Hugh McIlvanney wrote in his match report for \"The Observer\": \"Comparing this miserable hour and a half (in which fouls", "title": "England–Germany football rivalry" }, { "id": "7913753", "score": "1.8534912", "text": "pass over the line. The decision drew immediate comparisons with Geoff Hurst's so-called \"Wembley Goal\" during the 1966 World Cup Final. However, in the 2010 case there was no dispute about whether the ball had crossed the goal line, because the ball had clearly touched the grass well within the goal, and the television replay immediately showed this. In Germany it was perceived as at least a slight revenge for the goal of 1966, which is usually considered unjust in Germany. The German women's league is considered one of the strongest in the world, until the end of the 2013–14", "title": "England–Germany football rivalry" }, { "id": "4477049", "score": "1.8514581", "text": "England went on to beat both Mexico and France in the group stage. They then beat Argentina 1-0 in the quarter finals and Portugal 2-1 in the semi-finals, both matches being played at Wembley. The final was played at Wembley on Wednesday 30 July 1966. England wore red because they had lost the toss of a coin to determine which team would have to wear their away colours. Haller scored for Germany in the 13th minute, with Hurst equalising in the 19th. Peters scored for England in the 78th minute, but Weber made it level just before the end of", "title": "Wembley Park" }, { "id": "7905737", "score": "1.8511233", "text": "de Charleroi in Belgium. Alan Shearer had scored the winning goal in what was the twilight of his international career. With the exception of that match England had not beaten Germany in competitive football since the 1966 FIFA World Cup Final. The two sides have met on a number of important occasions in their footballing histories. They had played in the 1966 World Cup Final at Wembley Stadium, in which England had beaten West Germany 4–2 after extra time. Revenge came just four years later, in the quarter-final of the 1970 World Cup in Mexico when the English side forfeited", "title": "2001 Germany v England football match" }, { "id": "8128882", "score": "1.8283582", "text": "over France in their final group game. Roger Hunt scores both of England's goals. 23 July 1966: England beat Argentina 1–0 in the World Cup quarter-final thanks to a goal by Geoff Hurst. 26 July 1966: England reach the World Cup final by beating Portugal 2–1 in the semi-final. Bobby Charlton scores both of England's goals. 30 July 1966: England win the World Cup with a 4–2 win over West Germany in extra time. Geoff Hurst scores a hat-trick, with Martin Peters scoring the other goal. !style=\"width:15em\"|Competition!!style=\"width:15em\"|Winner!!style=\"width:15em\"|Runner-up Liverpool, FA Cup winners the previous season and league champions in 1964, won", "title": "1965–66 in English football" }, { "id": "469923", "score": "1.826598", "text": "described at the time as a 4–4–2. The match is remembered for England's only World Cup trophy, Geoff Hurst's hat-trick – the first, and to date, only one ever scored in a FIFA World Cup Final – and the controversial third goal awarded to England by referee Gottfried Dienst and linesman Tofiq Bahramov. Both teams were strong throughout the tournament. Each won two and drew one of their three matches in the group stages. England did not concede a goal until their semi-final against Portugal. One of the enduring images of the celebrations in Wembley immediately after the game was", "title": "1966 FIFA World Cup Final" }, { "id": "7913730", "score": "1.8109692", "text": "has become a celebrated part of English popular culture, indelibly linked with the game in the minds of the English public. The 1966 final's influence on the culture surrounding the England team would not end there, however. Despite playing on their home soil, England wore their away kit of red shirts, white shorts and red socks, and since then England fans have had a special affinity for their team's away kit, with retro 1966 shirts selling well in recent years. The game is often held as having been the height of English sporting achievement, but it also created some less", "title": "England–Germany football rivalry" }, { "id": "8128880", "score": "1.804482", "text": "the FIFA World Cup, is stolen from an exhibition at Central Hall, Westminster, where it was on show in the run-up to this summer's World Cup in England. 27 March 1966: The World Cup is recovered by Pickles, a mongrel dog, in South London. 16 April 1966: Liverpool seal the First Division title for the seventh time in their history with a 2–0 home win over Stoke City. 5 May 1966: Liverpool are beaten 2–1 (a.e.t.) by West German side Borussia Dortmund in the 1966 final of the European Cup Winners' Cup at Hampden Park, Glasgow, Scotland. 14 May 1966:", "title": "1965–66 in English football" }, { "id": "736399", "score": "1.8008647", "text": "by Mexico in 1970. It was boycotted by most independent countries from Africa who objected to the qualification requirements. Despite this, the number of entries for the qualifying tournament was a new record, with 70 nations. England was chosen as host of the 1966 World Cup in Rome, Italy on 22 August 1960, over rival bids from West Germany and Spain. This is first tournament to be held in a country that was affected directly by World War II, as the four previous tournaments were either held in countries out of war theatres or in neutral countries. Despite the Africans'", "title": "1966 FIFA World Cup" }, { "id": "736397", "score": "1.798321", "text": "1966 FIFA World Cup The 1966 FIFA World Cup was the eighth FIFA World Cup and was held in England from 11 to 30 July 1966. England beat West Germany 4–2 in the final, winning the Jules Rimet Trophy. It is England's only FIFA World Cup title. They were the fifth nation to win and the third host nation to win after Uruguay in 1930 and Italy in 1934. Notable performances were made by the two debutants Portugal, ending third, and North Korea, getting to the quarter finals after a 1–0 win against Italy. Also notable was the elimination of", "title": "1966 FIFA World Cup" } ]

[ "eugene henri paul gauguin", "Gauguin", "paul gaugin", "gauguin", "Gaugin", "eugène henri paul gauguin", "Eugčne Henri Paul Gauguin", "eugcne henri paul gauguin", "Paul Gauguin", "Eugcne Henri Paul Gauguin", "Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin", "eugčne henri paul gauguin", "paul gauguin", "Paul Gaugin", "Eugene Henri Paul Gauguin", "gaugin" ]

[ { "id": "6709371", "score": "1.897121", "text": "first voyage to Tahiti in 1891, Gauguin returned to Pont-Aven for the last time in 1894, once again staying with his circle of friends at the Pension Gloanec. The style developed in Pont-Aven by Gauguin and Bernard was known as Synthetism as it was designed to synthetise or combine images, producing a new result which was quite different from Impressionism. It relied on a number of principles including the abandonment of faithful representation, the creation of a work based on the artist's memory of the subject but reflecting his feelings while painting, bold application of pure colour, the absence of", "title": "Pont-Aven School" }, { "id": "3537362", "score": "1.7447544", "text": "to distinguish between scientific and naturalistic impressionism, and in 1889 when Gauguin and Emile Schuffenecker organized an \"Exposition de peintures du groupe impressioniste et synthétiste\" in the Café Volpini at the Exposition Universelle in Paris. The confusing title has been mistakenly associated with impressionism. Synthetism emphasized two-dimensional flat patterns, thus differing from impressionist art and theory. Synthetism Synthetism is a term used by post-Impressionist artists like Paul Gauguin, Émile Bernard and Louis Anquetin to distinguish their work from \"Impressionism\". Earlier, \"Synthetism\" has been connected to the term \"Cloisonnism\", and later to \"Symbolism\". The term is derived from the French verb", "title": "Synthetism" }, { "id": "745751", "score": "1.7338197", "text": "dispensing with the two most characteristic principles of post-Renaissance painting. His painting later evolved towards Synthetism in which neither form nor color predominate but each has an equal role. In 1887, after having visited Panama, Gauguin spent the time from June to November near Saint Pierre on the Caribbean island of Martinique, accompanied by his friend the artist Charles Laval. His thoughts and experiences during this time are recorded in his letters to his wife Mette and his artist friend Emile Schuffenecker. He arrived in Martinique by way of Panama where he had found himself broke and without a job.", "title": "Paul Gauguin" }, { "id": "745773", "score": "1.6883638", "text": "essentially negative one, his disillusionment with the Paris art scene compounded by two attacks on him in the same issue of \"Mercure de France\"; one by Emile Bernard, the other by Camille Mauclair. Mathews remarks that his isolation in Paris had become so bitter that he had no choice but to try to reclaim his place in Tahiti society. He arrived in September 1895 and was to spend the next six years living, for the most part, an apparently comfortable life as an artist-\"\" near, or at times in, Papeete. During this time he was able to support himself with", "title": "Paul Gauguin" }, { "id": "745768", "score": "1.6769454", "text": "Tehamana\" and the celebrated \"Spirit of the Dead Watching\", as well as a notable woodcarving \"Tehura\" now in the Musée d'Orsay. In August 1893, Gauguin returned to France, where he continued to execute paintings on Tahitian subjects such as \" (Day of the God)\" and \" (Sacred spring, sweet dreams)\". An exhibition at the Durand-Ruel gallery in November 1894 was a moderate success, selling at quite elevated prices eleven of the forty paintings exhibited. He set up an apartment at 6 rue Vercingétorix on the edge of the Montparnasse district frequented by artists, and began to conduct a weekly \"salon\".", "title": "Paul Gauguin" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Paul Gauguin\n\nEugène Henri Paul Gauguin (, ; ; 7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903) was a French Post-Impressionist artist. Unappreciated until after his death, Gauguin is now recognized for his experimental use of colour and Synthetist style that were distinct from Impressionism. Toward the end of his life, he spent ten years in French Polynesia. The paintings from this time depict people or landscapes from that region.\n\nHis work was influential on the French avant-garde and many modern artists, such as Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse, and he is well known for his relationship with Vincent and Theo van Gogh. Gauguin's art became popular after his death, partially from the efforts of dealer Ambroise Vollard, who organized exhibitions of his work late in his career and assisted in organizing two important posthumous exhibitions in Paris.\n\nGauguin was an important figure in the Symbolist movement as a painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramist, and writer. His expression of the inherent meaning of the subjects in his paintings, under the influence of the cloisonnist style, paved the way for Primitivism and the return to the pastoral. He was also an influential practitioner of wood engraving and woodcuts as art forms.", "title": "Paul Gauguin" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Symbolist painting" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Edvard Munch\n\nEdvard Munch ( , ; 12 December 1863 – 23 January 1944) was a Norwegian painter. His best known work, \"The Scream\" (1893), has become one of Western art's most iconic images.\n\nHis childhood was overshadowed by illness, bereavement and the dread of inheriting a mental condition that ran in the family. Studying at the Royal School of Art and Design in Kristiania (today's Oslo), Munch began to live a bohemian life under the influence of the nihilist Hans Jæger, who urged him to paint his own emotional and psychological state ('soul painting'). From this emerged his distinctive style.\n\nTravel brought new influences and outlets. In Paris, he learned much from Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, especially their use of color. In Berlin, he met the Swedish dramatist August Strindberg, whom he painted, as he embarked on a major series of paintings he would later call \"The Frieze of Life\", depicting a series of deeply-felt themes such as love, anxiety, jealousy and betrayal, steeped in atmosphere.\n\n\"The Scream\" was conceived in Kristiania. According to Munch, he was out walking at sunset, when he 'heard the enormous, infinite scream of nature'. The painting's agonized face is widely identified with the \"angst\" of the modern person. Between 1893 and 1910, he made two painted versions and two in pastels, as well as a number of prints. One of the pastels would eventually command the fourth highest nominal price paid for a painting at auction.\n\nAs his fame and wealth grew, his emotional state remained insecure. He briefly considered marriage, but could not commit himself. A mental breakdown in 1908 forced him to give up heavy drinking, and he was cheered by his increasing acceptance by the people of Kristiania and exposure in the city's museums. His later years were spent working in peace and privacy. Although his works were banned in Nazi-occupied Europe, most of them survived World War II, securing him a legacy.", "title": "Edvard Munch" }, { "id": "5094297", "score": "1.6688871", "text": "of Metaphysical Synthesism, which proposed creating a new form of icon painting through the study of religious art across the ages. The essay, \"Métaphysique Synthétisme\" included illustrations to the works of E.T.A. Hoffman and \"Crime and Punishment\" by Fyodor M. Dostoevsky. A. Vasiliev and the miniature painter V. Makarenko joined the group later. Four years after the founding of the group, in 1971, Chemiakin emigrated to France, and later in 1981 to the United States. In 2007 he returned to France, where he resides now. Liagatchev, until his emigration to Paris in 1975, and Vasiliev continued to participate in exhibitions", "title": "Soviet Nonconformist Art" }, { "id": "3537361", "score": "1.6682467", "text": "Synthetism Synthetism is a term used by post-Impressionist artists like Paul Gauguin, Émile Bernard and Louis Anquetin to distinguish their work from \"Impressionism\". Earlier, \"Synthetism\" has been connected to the term \"Cloisonnism\", and later to \"Symbolism\". The term is derived from the French verb \"synthétiser\" (\"to synthesize\" or \"to combine so as to form a new, complex product\"). Paul Gauguin, Émile Bernard, Louis Anquetin, and others pioneered the style during the late 1880s and early 1890s. Synthetist artists aimed to \"synthesize\" three features: In 1890, Maurice Denis summarized the goals for synthetism as, The term was first used in 1877", "title": "Synthetism" }, { "id": "1431778", "score": "1.6673481", "text": "Félix Vallotton. The sculptor Aristide Maillol was associated for a time with the group. The Scot James Pitcairn-Knowles and the Hungarian Jozsef Rippl-Ronai lived together in Paris during the first decade of the 20thcentury and also turned to glass-blowing and woodcarving. The post-Impressionist styles they embraced skirted some aspects of contemporary art nouveau and Symbolism. The influence of the English Arts and Crafts Movement set them to work in media that involved crafts beyond painting: printmaking, book illustration and poster design, textiles, and set design. Other members of the group included the playwright Pierre Veber, the musician Pierre Hermant, and", "title": "Les Nabis" }, { "id": "16626135", "score": "1.6665932", "text": "drawings, sketches and watercolors by his uncle. Based upon this discovery, he published \"De Constantinople a Tahiti: Seize ans d'aquarelles autour du monde, 1840-1856, en suivant Rene Gillotin\" in 1997. Gillotin’s style is typical of mid-19th-century French painting. Although he is best known for his images of French Polynesia and Constantinople, he also drew and painted (presumable from life) in Africa, South America and Hawaii. René Gillotin René Gillotin (1814-1861) was a French naval officer and painter. He was born in Normandy and entered the naval school at Brest, France. His first campaign was to South America in 1833, with", "title": "René Gillotin" }, { "id": "96416", "score": "1.6592834", "text": "Camille Pissarro Camille Pissarro (; 10 July 1830 – 13 November 1903) was a Danish-French Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painter born on the island of St Thomas (now in the US Virgin Islands, but then in the Danish West Indies). His importance resides in his contributions to both Impressionism and Post-Impressionism. Pissarro studied from great forerunners, including Gustave Courbet and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot. He later studied and worked alongside Georges Seurat and Paul Signac when he took on the Neo-Impressionist style at the age of 54. In 1873 he helped establish a collective society of fifteen aspiring artists, becoming the \"pivotal\" figure", "title": "Camille Pissarro" }, { "id": "745765", "score": "1.653429", "text": "the Tahitian models were in any case long disappeared, he could give free rein to his imagination. He executed some twenty paintings and a dozen woodcarvings over the next year. The first of these was \"Te aa no areois (The Seed of the Areoi)\", representing Oro's terrestrial wife Vairaumati, now held by the Metropolitan Museum of Art. His illustrated notebook of the time, \",\" is preserved in the Louvre and was published in facsimile form in 1951. In all, Gauguin sent nine of his paintings to Monfreid in Paris. These were eventually exhibited in Copenhagen in a joint exhibition with", "title": "Paul Gauguin" }, { "id": "745763", "score": "1.6532369", "text": "in Mataiea, Papeari, some forty-five kilometres from Papeete, installing himself in a native-style bamboo hut. Here he executed paintings depicting Tahitian life such as \"Fatata te Miti (By the Sea)\" and \" (Ave Maria)\", the latter to become his most prized Tahitian painting. Many of his finest paintings date from this period. His first portrait of a Tahitian model is thought to be \" (Woman with a Flower)\". The painting is notable for the care with which it delineates Polynesian features. He sent the painting to his patron George-Daniel de Monfreid, a friend of Schuffenecker, who was to become Gauguin's", "title": "Paul Gauguin" }, { "id": "746550", "score": "1.6477308", "text": "On 14 July 1881, among cries of \"Vive la République!\" the crowds celebrated the fact that Polynesia now belonged to France; this was the first celebration of the Tiurai (national and popular festival). In 1890, Papeete became a commune of the Republic of France. The French painter Paul Gauguin lived on Tahiti in the 1890s and painted many Tahitian subjects. Papeari has a small Gauguin museum. In 1891 Matthew Turner, an American shipbuilder from San Francisco who had been seeking a fast passage between the city and Tahiti, built , a two-masted schooner that made the trip in seventeen days.", "title": "Tahiti" }, { "id": "18835776", "score": "1.6431575", "text": "Georges Manzana-Pissarro. The works of this period are strongly influenced by Impressionism. From these beginnings, only a dozen paintings have survived, mostly landscapes. In 1908, two events permanently marked the work of Borgeaud. The first was a series of paintings of interiors and the second was his discovery of Brittany. This area attracted artists working in Paris regularly since the nineteenth century because of the tradition, low cost, picturesque geography, and variable weather conditions. After brief stops in Pont-Aven and Locquirec in 1908, Borgeaud moved in 1909 to Rochefort-en-Terre in the Morbihan. It is in this locality he created two", "title": "Marius Borgeaud" }, { "id": "11700125", "score": "1.6347287", "text": "five paintings, one from Martinique 1887, the others from his trip to Tahiti, 1891-1893. He even traveled to Brussels to assist at the opening, and published a review. Another artist showing works at the exhibition was Eugène Laermans. With six recent paintings by Gauguin. La Libre Esthétique La Libre Esthétique (French; \"The Free Aesthetics\") was an artistic society founded in 1893 in Brussels, Belgium to continue the efforts of the artists' group \"Les XX\" dissolved the same year. To reduce conflicts between artists invited or excluded, artists were no longer admitted to the society, thus all exhibitors were now invited.", "title": "La Libre Esthétique" }, { "id": "4794236", "score": "1.6346236", "text": "Ostende\" (1899). In 1897, van Rysselberghe moved to Paris. Along with Paul Signac, Maximilien Luce, Aristide Delannoy, Alexandre Steinlen, Camille Pissarro, Van Dongen, George Willaume, etc., he contributed to the anarchist magazine \"Temps Nouveaux\". In the final years of the 1890s, Théo van Rysselberghe had reached the climax of his Neo-impressionist technique. Slowly he abandoned the use of dots in his portraits and landscapes and began applying somewhat broader strokes : \"The hippodrome at Boulogne-sur-Mer\" (1900) and the group portrait \"Summer afternoon\" (1900), \"Young women on the beach\" (1901), \"Young girl with straw bonnet\" (1901), and \"The Reading\" (1903) (with", "title": "Théo van Rysselberghe" }, { "id": "18114028", "score": "1.6315222", "text": "he went to Paris, where he came under the influence of the Barbizon school. His first exhibition was at Ghent in 1874, but his work was not well received by the critics. He didn't achieve a career breakthrough until 1880, when he participated in the Paris Salon. In 1884, he became a member of \"Les XX\", a secessionist group. This led to a meeting with James Ensor. The two apparently travelled together on study tours to England and the Netherlands and some critics cite Vogels as a significant influence on Ensor. After \"Les XX\" was disbanded in 1893, he participated", "title": "Guillaume Vogels" }, { "id": "16499332", "score": "1.6279235", "text": "1925 and 1930 at the Georges Petit gallery in Paris. Ernest de Chamaillard Henri Ernest Ponthier de Chamaillard, usually known as Ernest de Chamaillard, (9 December 1862, Gourlizon – 1931, Eaubonne) was a French artist, one of a group of painters who gathered in the Breton village of Pont-Aven. The son of a lawyer, de Chamaillard also studied law but without much enthusiasm. As his real interest was painting, in June 1888 he went to Pont-Aven where he met Paul Gauguin. He quickly adopted Gauguin's Impressionism, joining the other painters in the group including Charles Laval, Émile Bernard and Henry", "title": "Ernest de Chamaillard" }, { "id": "6709370", "score": "1.6232022", "text": "July 1886 while Bernard came later in the summer. When the two met again two years later, they consolidated their relationship. Bernard showed Gauguin his \"Pardon à Pont-Aven\" (1888) which some believe inspired Gauguin to paint his \"Vision du Sermon\", Bernard claiming he was the first to adopt the approach which became known as Synthetism. Other artists who stayed with Gauguin, first at the Pension Gloanec in Pont-Aven and later at the Buvette de la Plage in Le Pouldu, were Charles Filiger, Meijer de Haan, Charles Laval, Robert Bevan, Roderic O'Conor, Émile Schuffenecker, Armand Séguin and Władysław Ślewiński. After his", "title": "Pont-Aven School" }, { "id": "18320668", "score": "1.6206365", "text": "owned by Chester Dale, who left his collection to the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. in 1962. Looking for a society more elemental and simple than that in France, Gauguin auctioned thirty of his paintings and used the money to travel to Tahiti. This first visit lasted from 1891 to 1893. His book ' was written in the style of a travel journal and was originally meant to provide a context for his 1893 Paris exhibition. Gauguin first used the words \"Noa Noa\" reporting the words the Tahitians themselves used for the scent of Tahitian women: \"\"Téiné merahi noa", "title": "Fatata te Miti (By the Sea)" } ]

[ "Sugar Robinson", "Walker Smith Junior", "Walker Smith Jr.", "sugar robinson", "Walker Smith Jnr.", "Walker Smith Jr", "walker smith jnr", "walker smith junior", "%22Sugar%22 Ray Robinson", "Walker Smith Jnr", "22sugar 22 ray robinson", "walker smith jr", "Sugar Ray Robinson", "sugar ray robinson" ]

[ { "id": "1490280", "score": "1.8784556", "text": "Canada). All of them were beaten by decision in ten. In 1950, he went 10-4-1, beating Billy Graham, Sonny Horne, Robert Villemain, Eugene Hairston, and Tony Janiro among others. In 1951 after beating Tommy Ciarlo twice, once in Caracas, Venezuela, and Hairston once again, he finally became a world champion when he beat Johnny Bratton for the world Welterweight title by a decision in 15 on May 18. He defended that title for the first time against Graham, winning by a decision, and promptly made four non-title bouts before the end of the year, including another win over Janiro and", "title": "Kid Gavilán" }, { "id": "10365896", "score": "1.8671796", "text": "his 45th fight, he beat the great Tippy Larkin. Fusari had two world title shots during his career. He lost a one-sided decision to defending welterweight champion Sugar Ray Robinson on August 9, 1950 and lost a split decision to Johnny Bratton for the vacant National Boxing Association World welterweight title on March 14, 1951 after Robinson had left the title after winning the world middleweight title from Jake LaMotta a month earlier. He defeated such boxers as Attilio \"Rocky Castellani, Maxie Berger, Freddie Archer, Pat Demers, Al \"Red\" Priest, Terry Young, Joey Carkido, Jimmy Flood, Frankie Palermo, Vince Foster", "title": "Charley Fusari" }, { "id": "14230839", "score": "1.861876", "text": "and defeated top contenders and champions like Paddy DeMarco, Teddy \"Red Top\" Davis, Chico Vejar and Don Jordan. The highlight of his career came on April 1, 1955, when he scored a technical knock out (TKO) over Johnny Saxton in the 14th round of their title bout to capture the world’s welterweight title. Despite winning many bouts to become champion, he is best remembered for his two championship matches with hall of famer Carmen Basilio in 1955. Both fights were toe to toe slugfests with several ebbs and flows that kept the fans at the edges of their seats. Both", "title": "Tony DeMarco" }, { "id": "18858601", "score": "1.803294", "text": "Welterweight World Title bout. After losing to Buddy Ryan, Mellody won \"eleven\" bouts by knockout prior to his first World Welterweight Championship title fight, facing boxers who could be described as competent fringe contenders. He knocked out Fred Douglas, Jerry McCarthy twice, Martin Duffy in May 1905, George Peterson in October 1905, Jack O'Keefe in November 1905, and Terry Martin twice in February and March 1906. He knocked out Charley McKeever twice in Chelsea, Massachusetts in eleven and six rounds in March and April 1906. McKeever was an older competitor a bit past his prime, but had been capable of", "title": "William \"Honey\" Mellody" }, { "id": "1395302", "score": "1.797337", "text": "the two. In 1954, Basilio went undefeated in eight bouts, going 7-0-1 with 2 knockouts, and defeating Langois in their rematch by decision. 1955 arrived and Basilio began by beating Peter Müller by decision. After that, Basilio was once again the number one challenger, and on June 10 of that year, he received his second world title try, against world Welterweight champion Tony DeMarco. In what has become a favorite fight of classic sports channels such as ESPN, Basilio became world champion by knocking out DeMarco in the 12th round. Basilio had two non-title bouts, including a ten-round decision win", "title": "Carmen Basilio" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of WBA world champions\n\nThis is a list of WBA world champions, showing every world champion certified by the World Boxing Association (WBA). The list also includes champions certified by the National Boxing Association (NBA), the predecessor to the WBA.\n\nBoxers who won the title but were stripped due to the title bout being overturned to a no contest are not listed.\n\nIn December 2000, the WBA created an unprecedented situation of having a split championship in the same weight class by introducing a new title called \"Super world\", commonly referred to simply as \"Super\". The \"Super\" champion is highly regarded as the WBA's primary champion, while the \"World\" champion – commonly known as the \"Regular\" champion by boxing publications – is only considered the primary champion by the other three major sanctioning bodies (WBC, IBF, and WBO) if the \"Super\" title is vacant.\n\nA \"Unified\" champion is a boxer that holds the \"Regular\" title and a world title from another major sanctioning body (WBC, IBF, WBO) simultaneously. An \"Undisputed\" champion as defined by the WBA, only needs to hold three of the four major titles but in some cases they may change a \"Super\" champion into an \"Undisputed\" champion after a failed title defense (e.g. Anselmo Moreno losing to Juan Payano and Chris John losing to Simpiwe Vetyeka). This is not to be confused by professional boxing's own definition of an undisputed champion, in which a boxer must hold all four major titles.\n\nThere are two tables per section. The primary champion lineage prioritizes the \"Super\" champions. If the \"Super\" title is vacant, then the \"Undisputed\" / \"Unified\" title is listed. If both are vacant, then the \"Regular\" title becomes the primary champion. The secondary champion lineage lists the \"Regular\" or \"Unified\" champions while the primary champion is occupied.\n\n\nStarting from August 2021, any new champions in the primary champion lineage will not be marked as \"Regular\", \"Unified\", \"Undisputed\" or \"Super\" because of the WBA's title reduction plan.\n\n\n", "title": "List of WBA world champions" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of The Ring world champions\n\nBoxing magazine \"The Ring\" has awarded world championships in professional boxing within each weight class from its foundation in 1922. The first \"Ring\" world title belt was awarded to heavyweight champion Jack Dempsey, and the second was awarded to flyweight champion Pancho Villa. The magazine stopped giving belts to world champions in the 1990s, but reintroduced their titles in 2001.\n\nBoxers who won the title but were immediately stripped and the title bout being overturned to a no contest will not be listed.", "title": "List of The Ring world champions" }, { "id": "2152904", "score": "1.7958341", "text": "division to challenge World Middleweight Champion Harry Greb on July 2 but failed to win the Middleweight crown at that time, losing a fifteen-round decision to the division champion. He went back to the welterweight division, defending his title against Dave Shade and retaining it by decision. He won three bouts, lost one and had three no decisions that year. On May 20, 1926, he lost the World Welterweight title in a rematch with Pete Latzo. It seemed Walker, now in his 20s, had physically matured out the welterweight division; though many might also point to his extra-curriculars. Whatever the", "title": "Mickey Walker (boxer)" }, { "id": "6607844", "score": "1.7933701", "text": "he challenged Virgil Akins for the World Welterweight Championship on 5 December 1958, winning by unanimous decision. Akins – who disputed the decision – would suffer an identical reverse when he met Jordan in a championship return five months later. That was the first of Jordan’s two successful title defences (the second was against Denny Moyer on 10 July 1959), before losing the title to Benny Paret, eighteen months after being crowned. Once he lost his title, Jordan also seemed to lose his way. The last years of his career saw him record more defeats than victories and he was", "title": "Don Jordan" }, { "id": "11048006", "score": "1.792788", "text": "to hope he would \"get a beating\". He turned pro in 1944 and captured the vacant National Boxing Association World welterweight title in 1951 with a majority decision win over Charley Fusari , fight in which Fusari was down for a four-count in the 4th round and a nine-count in the 10th. He lost the belt two months later to Kid Gavilán (often written \"Kid Gavilan\" at the time) by decision after Bratton's jaw was broken within the first five rounds. In 1953 Bratton rematched Gavilan for the World Welterweight Title and lost a lopsided decision with scores 85-65, 83-67,", "title": "Johnny Bratton" }, { "id": "6661793", "score": "1.7926296", "text": "World Champions Joe Brown and Wallace ‘Bud’ Smith, as well as ending the incredible forty-seven fight winning streak of Ronnie Delaney, by way of knock-out in 1955. Akins had powered his way up the rankings in both divisions and finally got his chance of a World title once Carmen Basilio relinquished the Welterweight Championship to concentrate on defending his new Middleweight crown. An elimination tournament including six of the World’s top-rated Welterweights was swiftly established in an effort to find Basilio’s successor. Akins emerged the victor and new World Champion on June 6, 1958 by pounding favourite Vince Martinez to", "title": "Virgil Akins" }, { "id": "7293479", "score": "1.7906001", "text": "world middleweight title a record five times from 1951 to 1960. His notable rivals included Jake LaMotta, Gene Fullmer, and Carmen Basilio. Unfortunately, many fights in the 1940s and 1950s were marred by suspected mafia involvement, though some fighters like Robinson and Basilio openly resisted mob influence. Among the heavyweights, Joe Louis retained his title until his 1949 retirement, having held the championship for an unprecedented eleven years. Ezzard Charles and Jersey Joe Walcott succeeded him as champion, but they were soon outshone by the remarkable Rocky Marciano, who compiled an astounding 49-0 record before retiring as world champion. Among", "title": "Professional boxing" }, { "id": "1326597", "score": "1.7782209", "text": "retained his title via unanimous decision. LaMotta's next defense came on September 13, 1950, against Laurent Dauthuille. Dauthuille had previously beaten LaMotta by decision before LaMotta became world champion. By the fifteenth round, Dauthuille was ahead on all scorecards (72–68, 74–66, 71–69) and seemed to be about to repeat a victory against LaMotta. LaMotta hit Dauthuille with a barrage of punches that sent him down against the ropes toward the end of the round. Dauthuille was counted out with 13 seconds left in the fight. This fight was named Fight of the Year for 1950 by \"The Ring Magazine\". The", "title": "Jake LaMotta" }, { "id": "19728485", "score": "1.7667828", "text": "Canada. Though a well known welterweight himself, Jack's twin brother Mike would claim the World Welterweight Championship in 1907. On January 15, 1904 Connolly ended his career, according to most sources, losing in a first-round technical knockout against Honey Mellody at the Lennox Athletic Club in Boston, Massachusetts. The brief newspaper reports that followed the bout stated simply that \"Connolly was outclassed and at the mercy of the Charlestown man (Mellody).\" Two years later Mellody would take the World Welterweight Championship against the great Joe Walcott on October 16, 1906. Coverage of Connolly in American newspapers subsequent to his boxing", "title": "Eddie Connolly (boxer)" }, { "id": "18660377", "score": "1.7492383", "text": "when he faced Newman for the British welterweight title vacated by Peter Waterman. Molloy beat Newman on points to become British champion. His next fight, to Johnny Melfah, was his first defeat, Molloy being disqualified in the third round. In June 1959 he was beaten on points by Brian Husband. He made a successful first defence of his British title in October 1959, stopping Albert Carroll in the twelfth round. He lost the title in February 1960 when he was beaten on points by Wally Swift in Nottingham. His next fight was a defeat at the hands of Duilio Loi", "title": "Tommy Molloy" }, { "id": "2152903", "score": "1.7465131", "text": "1, 1922, he fought for the world welterweight title against Britton, reigning champion. Walker outpointed Britton over fifteen rounds to take the title. He had thirteen fights in 1923, winning 11, having one no decision and one no contest. He defended the title twice, against Pete Latzo and Jimmy Jones. Nine bouts followed in 1924, Walker winning six and having three no decisions. He defeated Lew Tendler and Bobby Barrett in defense of his world title and had two of his three no decisions that year against Jock Malone. After winning two fights to start 1925, he went up in", "title": "Mickey Walker (boxer)" }, { "id": "1298636", "score": "1.7407206", "text": "world champion Kid Gavilán in a close, controversial 10-round fight. Gavilán hurt Robinson several times in the fight, but Robinson controlled the final rounds with a series of jabs and left hooks. In 1949, he boxed 16 times, but again only defended his title once. In that title fight, a rematch with Gavilán, Robinson again won via decision. The first half of the bout was very close, but Robinson took control in the second half. Gavilán would have to wait two more years to begin his own historic reign as welterweight champion. The only boxer to match Robinson that year", "title": "Sugar Ray Robinson" }, { "id": "18608001", "score": "1.7388929", "text": "welterweight title, winning via an eighth round knockout. Over the next twelve months he had nine fights – seven wins, a draw, and a further defeat to Roderick. He lost to Jimmy Purcell in August 1937, and to Jack Kid Berg in October, before successfully defending his British title in February 1938 against Jack Lord. The second defence of his title was due to take place in July against Roderick, but was twice delayed due to Kilrain's eye injuries and abdominal surgery in November after suffering appendicitis; The fight took place in March 1939 at Anfield, Roderick taking the title", "title": "Jake Kilrain (British boxer)" }, { "id": "4777582", "score": "1.7384193", "text": "Vince Dundee Vince Dundee (October 22, 1907 – July 27, 1949), born Vincenzo Lazzara in Sicily, became the New York State Athletic Commission world middleweight champion when he defeated reigning champion Lou Brouillard on October 30, 1933. His title was also recognized by the National Boxing Association (NBA). The Lazzara family emigrated from Sicily to the United States and lived in Baltimore. Following in the footsteps of his older brother Joe, who was a world welterweight champion, Vince changed his name to Dundee and became a professional boxer. A third brother, Anthony, fought under the name \"Battling Dundee\", but never", "title": "Vince Dundee" }, { "id": "4771304", "score": "1.7383807", "text": "With both men exhausted, the fighting in the seventh through eleventh rounds was comparatively slow, and though the twelfth saw more action from both combatants, Latzo was stunned but not floored by a left to the chin shortly before the final bell. In a impressive upset, Latzo defeated Mickey Walker to take the world welterweight championship before a crowd of 12,000 on May 20, 1926 in a ten round unanimous decision in Scranton, Pennsylvania. The bout was marred somewhat by frequent clinching, holding and covering up, and it lacked haymakers and knockdowns, but Latzo brilliantly executed his win after previously", "title": "Pete Latzo" }, { "id": "10369378", "score": "1.736671", "text": "his chance at the reigning champion two years later in a non-title bout. The highlight of Castellani's career was his ten round split decision near Hollywood, California on July 22, 1955 against Hall of Famer and world middleweight champion Sugar Ray Robinson. Castellani lost the split decision but knocked Robinson down in the sixth round for a count of nine, though Robinson quickly rose and resumed the bout. After his knockdown, Robinson rallied quickly, leading the bout with furious body punching which impressed the judges. He had difficulty going to the head of Castellani, though he did at times when", "title": "Rocky Castellani" }, { "id": "19293861", "score": "1.7356334", "text": "Tommy Freeman (boxer) Tommy Freeman (January 22, 1904 – February 20, 1986) was an American professional boxer who became a World Welterweight Boxing Champion on September 5, 1930 when he defeated reigning champion Young Jack Thompson. He lost the title to Thompson the following year, on April 14, 1931. Remarkably, the majority of his recorded wins were by knockout, and his losses were few, at under ten percent of his total fights. He was rated by \"The Ring\" magazine as a Top Ten Welterweight contender from 1926-1931. His impressive win and extraordinary knockout record might be explained by the limited", "title": "Tommy Freeman (boxer)" } ]

[ "Perihadion", "Periapsis", "Apapsis", "perigalactic", "pericytherion", "Aphermion", "Perihelia", "Aponigricon", "perihadion", "Perihelion distance", "apuranion", "perilune", "Apojove", "perihermion", "Perimelasma", "Apolune", "Periuranion", "Periapsis distance", "apogee", "aphermion", "apocynthion", "Apastron", "perigalacticon", "Periareion", "Perihermion", "perigree", "aponigricon", "aphadion", "perinigricon", "apsis", "galacticon", "Apoastron", "apogalactic", "apoapse", "apihelion", "perimelasma", "Apocenter", "Perigee", "Apogalactic", "apo apsis", "Perigree", "apojove", "periareion", "Pericytherion", "periphelion", "Perigalactic", "apocytherion", "perigeum", "Apses", "closest approach", "Apocynthion", "Apihelion", "apses", "Apogeum", "apoastron", "apsides", "Perigalacticon", "Apsis", "apapsis", "periposeidion", "Galacticon", "Apoapsis distance", "periastron", "Perinigricon", "Periposeidion", "aposelene", "Closest Approach", "apomelasma", "Periastron", "apocenter", "Apuranion", "Perizene", "apoposeidion", "apoareion", "perikrone", "Apo-apsis", "periapsis", "apolune", "Apoposeidion", "apoapsis", "Apokrone", "Perijove", "Perikrone", "apoapsis distance", "Periphelion", "Apogee", "Perigeum", "perizene", "Apomelasma", "apastron", "Perilune", "apogeum", "periapse", "Pericenter", "periselene", "Apozene", "Aphadion", "Periselene", "Periapse", "Apsides", "Apocytherion", "perihelia", "Aposelene", "periuranion", "periapsis distance", "perihelion distance", "pericenter", "Apoapse", "apozene", "Apoapsis", "perijove", "Apoareion", "perigee", "apokrone" ]

[ { "id": "17660821", "score": "1.6130548", "text": "at a reference point on the surface of the Earth and another object such as the Moon is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The declination of the Moon relative to the Earth means that as the Moon orbits the Earth during half the lunar cycle the Moon is closer to the Northern Hemisphere and during the other half the Moon is closer to the Southern Hemisphere. This periodic shift in distance gives rise to the lunar fortnightly tidal constituent. The ellipticity of the lunar orbit gives rise to a lunar monthly tidal constituent. Because of", "title": "Long period tide" }, { "id": "8102500", "score": "1.6019523", "text": "of the sun sets at the lunar north pole and rises at the lunar south pole. Every 18.6 years, the angle between the Moon's orbit and Earth's equator reaches a maximum of 28°36′, the sum of Earth's equatorial tilt (23°27′) and the Moon's orbital inclination (5°09′) to the ecliptic. This is called \"major lunar standstill\". Around this time, the Moon's declination will vary from −28°36′ to +28°36′. Conversely, 9.3 years later, the angle between the Moon's orbit and Earth's equator reaches its minimum of 18°20′. This is called a \"minor lunar standstill\". The last lunar standstill was a minor standstill", "title": "Orbit of the Moon" }, { "id": "5792238", "score": "1.5771178", "text": "the Earth-Sun axis, i.e. near new or full moon, point outwards, away from the Earth. When the Moon-Earth line is 90° from the Earth-Sun axis they point inwards, towards the Earth, with a size that is only half the maximum size of the axial (outwards) perturbations. (Newton gave a rather good quantitative estimate for the size of the solar perturbing force: at quadrature where it adds to the Earth's attraction he put it at of the mean terrestrial attraction, and twice as much as that at the new and full moons where it opposes and diminishes the Earth's attraction.) Newton", "title": "Lunar theory" }, { "id": "8246701", "score": "1.5609717", "text": "Lunar orbit In astronomy, lunar orbit (also known as a selenocentric orbit) is the orbit of an object around the Moon. As used in the space program, this refers not to the orbit of the Moon about the Earth, but to orbits by various manned or unmanned spacecraft around the Moon. The altitude at apoapsis (point farthest from the surface) for a lunar orbit is known as apolune, apocynthion, or aposelene, while the periapsis (point closest to the surface) is known as perilune, pericynthion, or periselene, from names or epithets of the moon goddess. Low lunar orbit (LLO)—orbits below altitude—are", "title": "Lunar orbit" }, { "id": "3586368", "score": "1.5511358", "text": "an observer when it is at its highest point in the sky, compared to when it is on the horizon. Although it appears that the Moon is biggest when it is near the horizon, the opposite is true. This phenomenon is known as the Moon illusion. The reason for the difference in distance is that the distance from the center of the Moon to the center of the Earth is nearly constant throughout the night, but an observer on the surface of Earth is actually 1 Earth radius from the center of Earth. This offset brings them closest to the", "title": "Lunar distance (astronomy)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Orbit of the Moon\n\nThe Moon orbits Earth in the prograde direction and completes one revolution relative to the Vernal Equinox and the stars in about 27.32 days (a tropical month and sidereal month) and one revolution relative to the Sun in about 29.53 days (a synodic month). Earth and the Moon orbit about their barycentre (common centre of mass), which lies about from Earth's centre (about 73% of its radius), forming a satellite system called the Earth–Moon system. On average, the distance to the Moon is about from Earth's centre, which corresponds to about 60 Earth radii or 1.282 light-seconds.\n\nWith a mean orbital velocity of 1.022 km/s (0.635 miles/s, 2,286 miles/h), the Moon covers a distance approximately its diameter, or about half a degree on the celestial sphere, each hour. The Moon differs from most satellites of other planets in that its orbit is close to the ecliptic plane instead of to its primary's (in this case, Earth's) equatorial plane. The Moon's orbital plane is inclined by about 5.1° with respect to the ecliptic plane, whereas the Moon's equatorial plane is tilted by only 1.5°.", "title": "Orbit of the Moon" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Moon" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Apsis\n\nAn apsis (; ) is the farthest or nearest point in the orbit of a planetary body about its primary body. For example, the apsides of the Sun are called the aphelion and perihelion.", "title": "Apsis" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lagrange point\n\nIn celestial mechanics, the Lagrange points (; also Lagrangian points or libration points) are points of equilibrium for small-mass objects under the influence of two massive orbiting bodies. Mathematically, this involves the solution of the restricted three-body problem.<ref name=\"Lagrange Cornish\" />\n\nNormally, the two massive bodies exert an unbalanced gravitational force at a point, altering the orbit of whatever is at that point. At the Lagrange points, the gravitational forces of the two large bodies and the centrifugal force balance each other. This can make Lagrange points an excellent location for satellites, as few orbit corrections are needed to maintain the desired orbit. \n\nFor any combination of two orbital bodies there are five Lagrange points, L to L, all in the orbital plane of the two large bodies. There are five Lagrange points for the Sun–Earth system, and five \"different\" Lagrange points for the Earth–Moon system. L, L, and L are on the line through the centers of the two large bodies, while L and L each act as the third vertex of an equilateral triangle formed with the centers of the two large bodies.\n\nWhen the mass ratio of the two bodies is large enough, the L and L points are stable points meaning that objects can orbit them, and that they have a tendency to pull objects into them. Several planets have trojan asteroids near their L and L points with respect to the Sun; Jupiter has more than one million of these trojans. \n\nThe Lagrange points have been proposed for uses in space exploration. Artificial satellites, for example the James Webb Space Telescope, have been placed at L and L with respect to the Sun and Earth, and with respect to the Earth and the Moon.", "title": "Lagrange point" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lunar orbit\n\nIn astronomy, lunar orbit (also known as a selenocentric orbit) is the orbit of an object around the Moon.\n\nAs used in the space program, this refers not to the orbit of the Moon about the Earth, but to orbits by spacecraft around the Moon. The altitude at apoapsis (point farthest from the center of attraction) for a lunar orbit is known as apolune, apocynthion, or aposelene, while the periapsis (point closest to the center of attraction) is known as perilune, pericynthion, or periselene, from names or epithets of the moon goddess.\n\nLunar orbit insertion (LOI) is the adjustment to achieve lunar orbit, as undertaken by Apollo spacecraft for example.\n\nLow lunar orbit (LLO) are orbits below altitude. They have a period of about 2 hours.<ref name=\"nasa20061106\" /> They are of particular interest in exploration of the Moon, but suffer from gravitational perturbation effects that make most unstable, and leave only a few orbital inclinations possible for indefinite \"frozen orbits\", useful for long-term stays in LLO.<ref name=nasa20061106/>", "title": "Lunar orbit" }, { "id": "6885790", "score": "1.5227786", "text": "completes one orbit around the Sun in 365.25636 days, slightly longer than one year due to precession altering the direction of Earth's inclination. The Moon's orbit around Earth (shown dotted) is inclined at an angle of \"i\" = 5.14° relative to the ecliptic. The Moon completes one orbit around the Earth in 27.32166 days. The two points at which Moon crosses the ecliptic are known as its orbital nodes, shown as \"N1\" and \"N2\" (ascending node and descending node, respectively), and the line connecting them is known as the \"line of nodes\". Due to precession of the Moon's orbital inclination,", "title": "Lunar standstill" }, { "id": "310498", "score": "1.5216035", "text": "circle at the bottom of the diagram to represent the size of the Earth's orbit around the Sun, take it to be the size of the Earth's globe, and of a circle around the Earth's surface. Then, the lunar (horizontal) parallax amounts to the difference in angular position, relative to the background of distant stars, of the Moon as seen from two different viewing positions on the Earth: one of the viewing positions is the place from which the Moon can be seen directly overhead at a given moment (that is, viewed along the vertical line in the diagram); and", "title": "Parallax" }, { "id": "4186229", "score": "1.5206645", "text": "Sinus Medii Sinus Medii (\"Central Bay\") is a small lunar mare. It takes its name from its location at the intersection of the Moon's equator and prime meridian; as seen from the Earth, this feature is located in the central part of the Moon's near side, and it is the point closest to the Earth. From this spot the Earth would always appear directly overhead, although the planet's position would vary slightly due to libration. During the Apollo program, Sinus Medii was desingated ALS3. Flight operations planners were concerned about having the optimum lighting conditions at the landing site, hence", "title": "Sinus Medii" }, { "id": "5596679", "score": "1.51736", "text": "a total lunar eclipse, the full Moon enters the umbra of Earth's shadow, which the planet has been casting onto its atmosphere, into space, and toward the antisolar point. The anthelic point is often used as a synonym for the antisolar point, but the two should be differentiated. While the antisolar point is directly opposite the sun, always below the horizon when the sun is up, the anthelic point is opposite but at the same elevation as the sun, and is therefore located on the parhelic circle. There are several halo phenomena that are centered on or converge on the", "title": "Antisolar point" }, { "id": "8246708", "score": "1.5147779", "text": "in a long-lasting orbit, at 28° inclination, and successfully completed its mission after one and a half years. PFS-2 was placed in a particularly unstable orbital inclination of 11°, and lasted only 35 days in orbit before crashing into the lunar surface. Lunar orbit In astronomy, lunar orbit (also known as a selenocentric orbit) is the orbit of an object around the Moon. As used in the space program, this refers not to the orbit of the Moon about the Earth, but to orbits by various manned or unmanned spacecraft around the Moon. The altitude at apoapsis (point farthest from", "title": "Lunar orbit" }, { "id": "6885783", "score": "1.5147741", "text": "lower above the horizon, and back. The Moon differs from most natural satellites around other planets in that it remains near the ecliptic (the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun) instead of Earth's equatorial plane. The Moon's maximum and minimum declination vary because the plane of the Moon's orbit around Earth is inclined about 5.14° with respect to the ecliptic plane, and the spatial direction of the Moon's orbital inclination gradually changes over an 18.6-year cycle, alternately adding to or subtracting from the 23.5° tilt of Earth's axis. Therefore, the maximum declination of the Moon varies roughly from (23.5°", "title": "Lunar standstill" }, { "id": "5792236", "score": "1.5122414", "text": "P1 and P2, of the Moon in its orbit around the Earth, the respective vectors LS1 and LS2 for the perturbing acceleration due to the Sun. The Moon's position at P1 is fairly close to what it was at P in Newton's diagram; corresponding perturbation LS1 is like Newton's LS in size and direction. At another position P2, the Moon is farther away from the Sun than the Earth is, the Sun's attraction LQ2 on the Moon is weaker than the Sun's attraction SQ=SQ2 on the Earth, and then the resulting perturbation LS2 points obliquely away from the Sun. Constructions", "title": "Lunar theory" }, { "id": "6885789", "score": "1.5071735", "text": "orbit. However, the phenomenon is observable for a year or so on either side of these dates. A more detailed explanation is best considered in terms of the paths of the Sun and Moon on the celestial sphere, as shown in the first diagram. This shows the abstract sphere surrounding the Earth at the center. The Earth is oriented so that its axis is vertical. The Sun is, by definition, always seen on the ecliptic (the Sun's apparent path across the sky) while Earth is tilted at an angle of \"e\" = 23.5° to the plane of that path and", "title": "Lunar standstill" }, { "id": "6885785", "score": "1.5010517", "text": "in space relative to the direction of Earth's axis and to the rotation of the Moon's orbital nodes (lunar nodal precession) once every 18.6 years. The standstill position does not persist over the two weeks that the Moon takes to move from its maximum (positive) declination to its minimum (negative) declination, and it most likely will not exactly coincide with either extreme. However, because the 18.6-year cycle of standstills is so much longer than the Moon's orbital period (about 27.3 days) that the change in the declination range over periods as short as half an orbit is very small. The", "title": "Lunar standstill" }, { "id": "8102495", "score": "1.5006275", "text": "this earlier orbit of about 10° to the equator to produce a present inclination of 5° to the ecliptic. It is thought that originally the inclination to the equator was near zero, but it could have been increased to 10° through the influence of planetesimals passing near the moon while falling to the earth. If this had not happened, the moon would now lie much closer to the ecliptic and eclipses would be much more frequent. The rotational axis of the Moon is not perpendicular to its orbital plane, so the lunar equator is not in the plane of its", "title": "Orbit of the Moon" }, { "id": "8102493", "score": "1.4979407", "text": "and it is said to be in opposition. In both cases, the Moon is in syzygy, that is, the Sun, Moon and Earth are nearly aligned. When elongation is either 90° or 270°, the Moon is said to be in quadrature. The orientation of the orbit is not fixed in space, but rotates over time. This orbital precession is also called apsidal precession and is the rotation of the Moon's orbit within the orbital plane, i.e. the axes of the ellipse change direction. The Moon's major axis – the longest diameter of the orbit, joining its nearest and farthest points,", "title": "Orbit of the Moon" }, { "id": "7990804", "score": "1.4944172", "text": "Near side of the Moon The near side of the Moon is the lunar hemisphere that is permanently turned towards Earth, whereas the opposite side is the far side. Only one side of the Moon is visible from Earth because the Moon rotates on its axis at the same rate that the Moon orbits the Earth – a situation known as synchronous rotation, or tidal locking. The Moon is directly illuminated by the Sun, and the cyclically varying viewing conditions cause the lunar phases. Sometimes the dark portion of the Moon is faintly visible due to earthshine, which is indirect", "title": "Near side of the Moon" }, { "id": "1745396", "score": "1.4931169", "text": "a location by averaging the height of the lowest tide recorded at that location each day during a 19-year recording period, known as the National Tidal Datum Epoch. The 19-year recording period is the nearest full-year count to the 18.6-year cycle of the lunar nodes. Lunar node A lunar node is either of the two orbital nodes of the Moon, that is, the two points at which the orbit of the Moon intersects the ecliptic. The \"ascending\" (or \"north\") node is where the Moon moves into the northern ecliptic hemisphere, while the \"descending\" (or \"south\") node is where the Moon", "title": "Lunar node" }, { "id": "6885794", "score": "1.4908868", "text": "relatively close to the Earth, lunar parallax alters declination up to 0.95° when observed from Earth's surface versus geocentric declination, the declination of the Moon from the center of the Earth. Geocentric declination may be up to about 0.95° different from the observed declination. The amount of this parallax varies with latitude, hence the observed maximum of each standstill cycle varies according to position of observation. Atmospheric refraction – the bending of the light from the Moon as it passes through the Earth's atmosphere – alters the observed declination of the Moon, more so at low elevation, where the atmosphere", "title": "Lunar standstill" }, { "id": "3471367", "score": "1.4899528", "text": "the fall of 2010, the location of the rover had been trilaterated (using range measurements from different points in the Earth's rotation and the Moon's libration) to about a centimeter. The location near the limb of the moon, combined with the ability to range the rover even when it is in sunlight, promises to be particularly useful for determining aspects of the Earth-Moon system. The APOLLO collaboration has discovered that the optical efficiency of the lunar reflectors decreases at full moon. This effect was not present in measurements from the early 1970s, was visible but not strong in the 1980s,", "title": "Apache Point Observatory Lunar Laser-ranging Operation" } ]

[ "Sínn Féin", "Anti-Treaty Sinn Fein", "Irish Republican Party", "shinn féin", "Sinn Féin", "Sinn Fein (Pro-Treaty)", "Sinn fein", "SinnFein", "Sinnfein", "Sinn Fein members", "Sinn Fein party", "provisional sinn féin", "Pro-Treaty Sinn Fein", "Ourselves alone", "provisional sinn fein", "SinnFéin", "Sinn Féin (Kevin Street)", "Pro-Treaty Sinn Féin", "Senn Feinn", "Sin fein", "sinn féín", "Provisional Sinn Fein", "ourselves alone", "we ourselves", "Irish republican party", "Sinnféin", "Sinn Fein republican", "Sinn Fein (Kevin Street)", "sinn fein kevin street", "The Irish Republican Party", "We ourselves", "sinn fein republican", "sínn féin", "anti treaty sinn fein", "pro treaty sinn féin", "Shinn Féin", "shinn fein", "Provisional Sinn Féin", "Anti-Treaty Sinn Féin", "ourselves ireland", "sinnfein", "senn feinn", "We Ourselves", "Sin Fein", "Shinn fein", "pro treaty sinn fein", "sinn fein party", "irish republican party", "we alone", "sin fein", "Ourselves (Ireland)", "We Alone", "sinnféin", "Sinn Fein (Anti-Treaty)", "Sinn Fein", "sinn fein members", "sinn fein", "Sinn Féín", "Sinn Fein Party", "sinn fein anti treaty", "Irish republican Party", "sinn féin", "sinn fein pro treaty", "Shinn Fein", "sinn féin kevin street", "anti treaty sinn féin" ]

[ { "id": "8033879", "score": "1.6107683", "text": "Sinn Féin (slogan) The literal translation of \"sinn féin\" is \"ourselves\" or \"we ourselves\". Among Irish speakers, \"Sinn féin! Sinn féin!\" was also an exhortation to quell a brimming feud, i.e. \"we are all one here!\" When English-speakers adopted the slogan, the most common gloss was \"ourselves alone\", which was also used as a political slogan; it is unclear whether the English or Irish version came first. Ben Novick says the less accurate translation was adopted \"as it more clearly summed up the philosophy behind the movement\". Alvin Jackson says it may have been a construct of opponents to highlight", "title": "Sinn Féin (slogan)" }, { "id": "377226", "score": "1.6099232", "text": "Féin (slogan)). The meaning of the name itself is an assertion of Irish national sovereignty and self-determination; i.e., the Irish people governing themselves, rather than being part of a political union with Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) under the Westminster Parliament. Around the time of 1969–1970, owing to the split in the republican movement, there were two groups calling themselves Sinn Féin; one under Tomás Mac Giolla, the other under Ruairí Ó Brádaigh. The latter became known as Sinn Féin (Kevin Street) or Provisional Sinn Féin, and the former became known as Sinn Féin (Gardiner Place) or Official Sinn", "title": "Sinn Féin" }, { "id": "4288488", "score": "1.5375102", "text": "title-piece. It could also frequently be seen in advertisements and cartoons throughout. Both a trade description and a statement of Sinn Féin’s industrial politics, this mark played a fundamental role in the newspaper propaganda published by the SFPP. Griffith felt it important to explain to his readers what the symbol meant in the context of Sinn Féinism and in relation to his newspaper: \"That is our registered Irish Trade Mark number. \"Sinn Féin\" is the only journal in Ireland entitled to use the Irish Trade Mark.The reason why is that \"Sinn Féin\" is the only daily journal in Ireland printed", "title": "Sinn Féin (newspaper)" }, { "id": "8033881", "score": "1.5260131", "text": "the original for this is 'Ourselves—or \".\"' The glossary at the end of the volume renders \"sinn féin\" as \"we ourselves\". A nationalist play by \"Tom Telephone\" (Thomas Stanislaus Cleary) published in 1882 was entitled \"Shin Fain; or Ourselves Alone\". In James Joyce's novel \"Ulysses\", set in 1904, The Citizen, a boorish nationalist partly modelled on Michael Cusack, shouts \"Sinn Féin! Sinn Féin amháin!\" during an altercation with Leopold Bloom; these were also the titles of two nationalist ballads. The name was adopted by Arthur Griffith for the \"Sinn Féin policy\" he presented in 1905, and the Sinn Féin party", "title": "Sinn Féin (slogan)" }, { "id": "377224", "score": "1.5252898", "text": "Sinn Féin Sinn Féin ( ; ; is a left-wing Irish republican political party active in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. The original Sinn Féin organisation was founded in 1905 by Arthur Griffith. It took its current form in 1970 after a split within the party (with the other side becoming the Workers' Party of Ireland) and has historically been associated with the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA). Mary Lou McDonald has been party president since February 2018. Sinn Féin is the largest nationalist party in the Northern Ireland Assembly, and the joint-largest overall (alongside the Democratic", "title": "Sinn Féin" }, { "id": "12046244", "score": "1.5157495", "text": "no longer sought \"comprehensive peace\". Sinn Féin is a political party in Northern Ireland that was often affiliated with terrorism while pursuing Irish unity. US Northern Ireland Special Envoy Mitchell Reiss has pointed out its cynical use of constructive ambiguity, when in the 1990s, Sinn Féin adopted a strategy labeled as \"TUAS\". Within the policy document, this acronym meant \"Tactical Use of Armed Struggle\"; however, the same acronym was publicly translated to mean \"Totally Unarmed Strategy.\" Some recent bilateral trade agreements such as the Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement (AUSFTA) and Republic of Korea-United States Free Trade Agreement (KORUSFTA)have produced", "title": "Constructive ambiguity" }, { "id": "377238", "score": "1.5026964", "text": "to men \"over military age or women\". A Sinn Féin organiser of the time in Belfast described the party's role as \"agitation and publicity\". New \"cumainn\" (branches) were established in Belfast, and a new newspaper, \"Republican News\", was published. Sinn Féin took off as a protest movement after the introduction of internment in August 1971, organising marches and pickets. The party launched its platform, \"Éire Nua\" (\"a New Ireland\") at the 1971 \"Ard Fheis\". In general, however, the party lacked a distinct political philosophy. In the words of Brian Feeney, \"Ó Brádaigh would use Sinn Féin \"ard fheiseanna\" (party conferences)", "title": "Sinn Féin" }, { "id": "8033880", "score": "1.4925714", "text": "the individuals' political isolation or the perceived selfishness of abandoning Britain, as in this \"Punch\" parody from the First World War: Christopher Hitchens, writing of the \"Field Day\" anthology of Irish literature, says: \"Ourselves Alone\" was a 1936 British film, set during the Anglo-Irish War of 1919–21. A collection was published in 1845 of poems printed in \"The Nation\", the nationalist newspaper of the Young Irelanders. It includes a poem entitled \"Ourselves Alone\" by \"Sliabh Cuilinn\" (John O'Hagan): Another poem in the same volume, \"The Spirit of the Nation\" by D.F. McCarthy, uses the expression \"Sinn Féin\". The gloss in", "title": "Sinn Féin (slogan)" }, { "id": "6877404", "score": "1.4908273", "text": "later that year in a booklet entitled \"The Resurrection of Hungary\". Also in 1904 a friend of Griffith's, Mary Ellen Butler (a cousin of Unionist leader Edward Carson), remarked in a conversation that his ideas were \"the policy of \"Sinn Féin\", in fact\" and Griffith enthusiastically adopted the term. The phrase \"Sinn Féin\" ('ourselves' or 'we ourselves') had been in use since the 1880s as an expression of separatist thinking, and was used as a slogan by the Gaelic League in the 1890s. The first annual convention of the National Council on 28 November 1905 was notable for two things:", "title": "History of Sinn Féin" }, { "id": "377225", "score": "1.4882766", "text": "Unionist Party); it had four ministerial posts in the most recent power-sharing Northern Ireland Executive. It holds seven of Northern Ireland's 18 seats—the second-largest bloc after the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP)—at Westminster, where it follows a policy of abstentionism, refusing to attend parliament or vote on bills. It is the third-largest party, and the largest party on the left, in the Oireachtas, the parliament of the Republic of Ireland. The phrase \"Sinn Féin\" is Irish for \"Ourselves\" or \"We Ourselves\", although it is frequently mistranslated as \"ourselves alone\" (from \"\"Sinn Féin Amháin\"\", an early 20th century slogan. See also Sinn", "title": "Sinn Féin" }, { "id": "377262", "score": "1.4740319", "text": "creating a united Ireland. Sinn Féin is a democratic socialist and left-wing party. In the European Parliament, the party aligns itself with the European United Left–Nordic Green Left (GUE/NGL) parliamentary group. The party pledges support for minority rights, migrants' rights, and eradicating poverty. Although it is not in favour of the extension of legalised abortion (British 1967 Act) to Northern Ireland, Sinn Féin state they are opposed to the attitudes in society which \"pressurise women\" to have abortions and \"criminalise\" women who make this decision. The party does state that in cases of incest, rape, sexual abuse, \"fatal foetal abnormalities\",", "title": "Sinn Féin" }, { "id": "8033883", "score": "1.4710302", "text": "had participated. All members of the party's National Council were interned after the Rising. The distinction between the specific party and the broader slogan of radical nationalism was finally blurred in 1917, when Griffith yielded leadership of the party to Éamon de Valera, the senior surviving leader of the Rising. Sir Warren Fisher was sent by the UK government in 1920 to report on the Dublin Castle administration; in his highly critical report, he stated: Sinn Féin (slogan) The literal translation of \"sinn féin\" is \"ourselves\" or \"we ourselves\". Among Irish speakers, \"Sinn féin! Sinn féin!\" was also an exhortation", "title": "Sinn Féin (slogan)" }, { "id": "3093429", "score": "1.4706783", "text": "a \"terrorist group\" under the \"Terrorism Act 2000,\" but does not mention Republican Sinn Féin. Though the RSF's policy of abstentionism means that it would not take seats in Dáil Éireann, the Northern Ireland Assembly or the British House of Commons, if elected, it has contested local elections in the Republic and Assembly elections in Northern Ireland in 2007. It initially planned to field 23 candidates, including three sitting councillors elected for Sinn Féin in 1985, in the 1989 local government elections in Northern Ireland. However, shortly before the elections, the British Parliament introduced the 'Elected Authorities (Northern Ireland) Act'", "title": "Republican Sinn Féin" }, { "id": "377253", "score": "1.466206", "text": "EU referendum results were announced, a stance later reiterated by Mary Lou McDonald as a way of resolving the Irish border question. Sinn Féin is the largest Irish republican political party, and was historically associated with the IRA, while also having been associated with the Provisional IRA in the party's modern incarnation. The Irish government alleged that senior members of Sinn Féin have held posts on the IRA Army Council. However, the SF leadership has denied these claims. The US Government has made similar allegations. A republican document of the early 1980s stated: \"Both Sinn Féin and the IRA play", "title": "Sinn Féin" }, { "id": "8033882", "score": "1.4634386", "text": "formed over 1905–07. In the 1910s, \"Sinn Feiners\" was a common, often derogatory, label for militant nationalists, regardless of any connection to Griffith's movement. A 1915 mock-unionist article in a University College Dublin student journal distinguished types of Irish nationalist: When the Irish Volunteers split in September 1914, the more militant group was soon dubbed the \"Sinn Féin Volunteers\" by the security forces of the Dublin Castle administration. Likewise, the 1916 Easter Rising was quickly dubbed the \"Sinn Féin rebellion\" by British-oriented newspapers. However, the Sinn Féin party had no role in the Volunteers or the Rising, although many members", "title": "Sinn Féin (slogan)" }, { "id": "4288492", "score": "1.4578745", "text": "[sic.] (Made in Ireland). The use of this sign was permitted to manufacturers who could show that their goods were made in the country, and every infringement was prosecuted under the British Trades Mark Law, the Irish people being for once able to use British law to their own advantage.\" For the first few years of its existence the circulation of \"Sinn Féin\" was limited. From January 1909 onwards, however, Griffith attempted to attract new readers by publishing a daily newspaper with sensational articles from overseas, a fashion column aimed at women readers, and a new graphic approach. Thanks to", "title": "Sinn Féin (newspaper)" }, { "id": "4288490", "score": "1.4501383", "text": "the Irish Trade Mark. The Irish Trade Mark distinguishes what is Irish from what is spurious. We bear the Irish Trade Mark.\" Here Griffith blends Sinn Féin's industrial politics (buy Irish, provide employment, stop emigration) with a sales pitch for the new \"Sinn Féin Daily\". While promoting his own newspaper at the expense of his competitors, Griffith highlights the existence of a native ink-making and paper-making industry. Other newspapers which purport to promote the national cause fall into the category of spurious. Their alleged nationalism is therefore extremely questionable.In his 1917 book Francis P. Jones, an American friend of Griffith's", "title": "Sinn Féin (newspaper)" }, { "id": "377268", "score": "1.4454695", "text": "(Standing Committee) oversees the day-to-day running of Sinn Féin. It is an eight-member body nominated by the Sinn Féin \"Ard Chomhairle\" (National Executive) and also includes the chairperson of each \"cúige\". The Sinn Féin \"Ard Chomhairle\" meets at least once a month. It directs the overall implementation of Sinn Féin policy and activities of the party. The \"Ard Chomhairle\" also oversees the operation of various departments of Sinn Féin, viz Administration, Finance, National Organiser, Campaigns, Sinn Féin Republican Youth, Women's Forum, Culture, Publicity and International Affairs. It is made up of the following: Officer Board and nine other members, all", "title": "Sinn Féin" }, { "id": "4288485", "score": "1.4435902", "text": "Sinn Féin (newspaper) Sinn Féin was a weekly Irish nationalist newspaper edited by the Dublin typesetter, journalist and political thinker Arthur Griffith. It was published by the Sinn Féin Printing & Publishing Company Ltd. (SFPP) between 1906 and 1914, and replaced an earlier newspaper called the \"United Irishman\" which was liquidated after a libel suit. The SFPP brought out the \"Sinn Féin Daily\" in 1909 but had to abandon it when it plunged the company into enormous debt. The \"Sinn Féin\" weekly and the SFPP both came to an end when they were suppressed by the British Government in 1914.", "title": "Sinn Féin (newspaper)" }, { "id": "3093404", "score": "1.4402925", "text": "Republican Sinn Féin Republican Sinn Féin or RSF () is an Irish republican political party in Ireland. RSF claims to be heirs of the Sinn Féin party founded in 1905 and took its present form in 1986 following a split in Sinn Féin. RSF members take seats when elected to local governments in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, but do not recognise the validity of the Partition of Ireland. It subsequently does not recognise the legitimacy of the parliaments of Northern Ireland (Stormont) or the Republic of Ireland (Leinster House), so the party does not register itself", "title": "Republican Sinn Féin" } ]

[ "oliver musical", "Oliver (musical)", "oliver", "Oliver! (musical)", "Oliver!" ]

[ { "id": "10322345", "score": "1.8552924", "text": "Consider Yourself \"Consider Yourself\" is a song from the 1960s original West End and Broadway musical \"Oliver!\" and the 1968 film of the same name. It was introduced on Broadway by Davy Jones and the ensemble. In the 1968 film version, it is performed in the market and led by Jack Wild's Artful Dodger. In all versions, Dodger sings it when he first meets Oliver, after offering to get the destitute and alone boy food and lodging. Lyrically, it is an enthusiastic gift of friendship from Dodger and his as-yet-unseen gang to Oliver, assuring him warmly he can consider himself", "title": "Consider Yourself" }, { "id": "10322346", "score": "1.7453444", "text": "\"our mate\" and \"one of the family\" as \"it's clear we're going to get along\". The 1968 film builds it to a spectacular extended song-and-dance routine involving the street crowd, market workers, policemen and chimney sweep boys. Consider Yourself \"Consider Yourself\" is a song from the 1960s original West End and Broadway musical \"Oliver!\" and the 1968 film of the same name. It was introduced on Broadway by Davy Jones and the ensemble. In the 1968 film version, it is performed in the market and led by Jack Wild's Artful Dodger. In all versions, Dodger sings it when he first", "title": "Consider Yourself" }, { "id": "16273664", "score": "1.5162619", "text": "See Yourself \"See Yourself\" is a song by English musician George Harrison, released on his 1976 album \"Thirty Three & 1/3\". Harrison began writing the song in 1967, while he was a member of the Beatles, in response to the public outcry surrounding bandmate Paul McCartney's admission that he had taken the hallucinogenic drug LSD. McCartney's announcement created a reaction in the press similar to that caused in 1966 by John Lennon's statement that the Beatles were more popular than Christianity. In its finished form, the song's lyrics advocate self-awareness and consideration for the consequences of one's actions. Musically, the", "title": "See Yourself" }, { "id": "4375789", "score": "1.4919308", "text": "Think for Yourself \"Think for Yourself\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1965 album \"Rubber Soul\". It was written by George Harrison, the band's lead guitarist, and, together with \"If I Needed Someone\", marked the start of his emergence as a songwriter beside John Lennon and Paul McCartney. The song's lyrics advocate independent thinking and reflect the Beatles' move towards more sophisticated concepts in their writing at this stage of their career. The song has invited interpretation as both a political statement and a love song, as Harrison dismisses a lover or friend in", "title": "Think for Yourself" }, { "id": "5805891", "score": "1.4747756", "text": "(1976), in which the singer was Millicent Martin. The Boy From... \"The Boy From...\" is a song with lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and music by Mary Rodgers. It was originally performed by Linda Lavin in a 1966 Off-Broadway revue entitled \"The Mad Show\". The song is essentially a parody of \"The Girl from Ipanema\" and bossa nova style in general. The melody and lyrics are relatively close to the original, and Lavin's original delivery of the song was reminiscent of Astrud Gilberto's simple, breathy style. The song's context differs from the original in that it is sung in reference to", "title": "The Boy From..." }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "I'd Do Anything (Oliver! song)\n\n\"I'd Do Anything\" is a song performed by various characters in the 1960 British musical \"Oliver!\" and the 1968 film of the same name.", "title": "I'd Do Anything (Oliver! song)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Anyone Can Whistle\n\nAnyone Can Whistle is a musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim, and a book by Arthur Laurents. Described as \"a satire on conformity and the insanity of the so-called sane,\" the show tells a story of an economically depressed town whose corrupt mayor decides to create a fake miracle in order to attract tourists. The phony miracle draws the attention of an emotionally inhibited nurse, a crowd of inmates from a local asylum, and a doctor with secrets of his own.\n\nFollowing a tryout period in Philadelphia, \"Anyone Can Whistle\" opened at the Majestic Theatre on Broadway on April 4, 1964. The show received widely varied reviews (including negative notices from the \"New York Times\" and the \"New York Herald Tribune\"), and closed after a run of 12 previews and 9 performances. The show's original run marked the stage musical debut of Angela Lansbury.\n\nIn the decades since its closing, \"Anyone Can Whistle\" has seen relatively few productions compared to other Sondheim musicals; notable productions include a 1995 concert version at Carnegie Hall, a pair of stagings in London and Los Angeles in 2003 that incorporated revisions, and a 2010 concert staging for the Encores! program at New York City Center. However, its score has become acclaimed as a part of Sondheim's canon, and songs such as the title tune, \"Everybody Says Don't\", and \"There Won't Be Trumpets\" have been performed widely.", "title": "Anyone Can Whistle" }, { "id": "16273681", "score": "1.4710815", "text": "earlier and better 'Run Of The Mill.'\" In the 2005 publication \"NME Originals: Beatles – The Solo Years 1970–1980\", Adrian Thrills names \"See Yourself\" as a highlight of \"Thirty Three & 1/3\", an album that was an \"upbeat affair that seemed to restore Harrison's love for music\". Writing for \"Mojo\" magazine, John Harris describes the song as \"a revived lost oldie\" and \"an intriguingly sympathetic look at Paul's 1967 admission that he'd taken acid\".<ref name=\"Harris/Mojo\">John Harris, \"Beware of Darkness\", \"Mojo\", November 2011, p. 82.</ref> See Yourself \"See Yourself\" is a song by English musician George Harrison, released on his 1976", "title": "See Yourself" }, { "id": "5805888", "score": "1.4655192", "text": "The Boy From... \"The Boy From...\" is a song with lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and music by Mary Rodgers. It was originally performed by Linda Lavin in a 1966 Off-Broadway revue entitled \"The Mad Show\". The song is essentially a parody of \"The Girl from Ipanema\" and bossa nova style in general. The melody and lyrics are relatively close to the original, and Lavin's original delivery of the song was reminiscent of Astrud Gilberto's simple, breathy style. The song's context differs from the original in that it is sung in reference to a male character. Though both songs are about", "title": "The Boy From..." }, { "id": "3719119", "score": "1.4369081", "text": "stating \"It's a lot more intricate than I think most realize yet as the guitar and vocals are placed as they should be so dominant. The main string melody in that section I had originally written to a hip-hop loop as well.\" \"Spin\" compared the song to the works of Andrew Lloyd Webber. \"Prostitute\" is another orchestral-lined power ballad that features the lyrics \"Ask yourself / Why I would choose / To prostitute myself / To live with fortune and shame\". According to producer Youth, Rose \"labored\" over the song because past successes weighed heavily on him. The song was", "title": "Chinese Democracy" }, { "id": "20313436", "score": "1.4261165", "text": "highly profitable fan culture, 'Pied Piper,' is BTS doing what they do best: addressing a societal problem through their jaunty music.\" Herman called the track \"BTS' most subversive song of their career.\" The credits are adapted from the official album profile on Naver. Love Yourself: Her Love Yourself 承 'Her' (stylized as LOVE YOURSELF 承 'Her') is the fifth extended play by South Korean boy group BTS. The EP was released on September 18, 2017 by Big Hit Entertainment. The album was released in four versions, and contains nine tracks with \"DNA\" as its lead single. In addition, there are", "title": "Love Yourself: Her" }, { "id": "7889911", "score": "1.4131193", "text": "Free Yourself (song) \"Free Yourself\" is the fourth single and the title track from Fantasia's debut album of the same name. Single was officially released on June 1, 2005 in United States. It features American rapper Missy Elliott (which she sings background with). The song peaked at number forty-one on US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, number three on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and number one on the US Adult R&B Airplay chart. \"Free Yourself\" was nominated for two Grammy Awards (\"Best R&B Song\" and \"Best Female R&B Vocal Performance\"), and is the winner of an ASCAP Rhythm and Soul", "title": "Free Yourself (song)" }, { "id": "12112989", "score": "1.4124666", "text": "Check Yourself \"Check Yourself\" is a 1961 song that was released as a Miracle label single by Motown singing group The Temptations; and written by Motown president Berry Gordy, and group members Otis Williams, Melvin Franklin and Elbridge Bryant, and produced by Gordy. It was the group's second single, as well as their second and last single for the Miracle label, which was deactivated immediately after this release. Starting with the next single release, the group's future recordings for Motown would be issued under the Gordy label until it was deactivated in 1988. This is one of the small handful", "title": "Check Yourself" }, { "id": "9244322", "score": "1.406748", "text": "derivative for lofty praise or emphatic recommendation, \"Despite Yourself\" is an exquisite exercise in catharsis and musical tribute nonetheless.\" \"NME\" was positive, calling \"Despite Yourself\" \"a mighty album; a record that drags you under with its spectacularly gloomy sentiments of self-loathing and utter despair only to redress the balance with swathes of dynamic guitar bruising and seductive studio inventiveness\". The review noted that while the record displayed more musical variety than the debut album, \"at heart, however, Headswim are still a battle-weary rock band. It's just this time they're tackling life's obstacles with reaffirmed vigour and some nifty production. British", "title": "Despite Yourself" }, { "id": "10728591", "score": "1.4029192", "text": "Pick Yourself Up \"Pick Yourself Up\" is a popular song composed in 1936 by Jerome Kern, with lyrics by Dorothy Fields. It has a verse and chorus, as well as a third section, though the third section is often omitted in recordings. Like most popular songs of the era it features a 32 bar chorus though with an extended coda and its rhyming scheme is AABA style, with some variations among the A sections. The song was written for the film \"Swing Time\" (1936), where it was introduced by Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. Rogers plays a dance instructor whom", "title": "Pick Yourself Up" }, { "id": "20803689", "score": "1.4028814", "text": "don traditional garb and blend pop with ancient percussion as Minaj joins in,\" praising this album \"cements BTS’ place as kings of the genre\". In a positive review, Taylor Glasby of \"Clash\" magazine described the narrative of the album as a \"portray[al] of the fears, mistakes and thoughts we inflict on ourselves\" which remain \"poignantly relatable\". In addition, she said that the narrative serves \"to remind us that each person must make their own path, and there’s no one size fits all answer to achieving self-acceptance\". However, for \"Answer: Love Myself\", the track concluding the narrative on the album, Glasby", "title": "Love Yourself: Answer" }, { "id": "16504722", "score": "1.387203", "text": "from the show's opening sequences and also he is seen performing on a floor with comic book artworks covering it. The video uses the single remix of \"Express Yourself\", rather than the album version. Express Yourself (Labrinth song) \"Express Yourself\" is a song by English musician Labrinth. Written by Labrinth and Charles Wright, it was released as the fourth single from his debut studio album, \"Electronic Earth\" on 7 May 2012. It interpolates \"Express Yourself\" by Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band, which was the same song sampled by N.W.A. in their 1988 song of the same", "title": "Express Yourself (Labrinth song)" }, { "id": "1596256", "score": "1.3853472", "text": "PA that the plane is to take a crash landing, presumably killing its passengers. According to Simon Price of \"Melody Maker\", the wider message is explicit: \"There’s no one driving. This is the late 20th century and the lunatics have their fingers on the red button. We’re alone. We’re all going to die. Brrrr.\" The reprise of \"Enjoy Yourself\" that closes the album is a collaboration with the Go-Go's and is slower and broodier than the first version, transforming the song into \"a wry cynicism worthy of 'Threepenny Opera' or similar Brecht/Weill cabaret collaborations,\" according to Goldman. With photography from", "title": "More Specials" }, { "id": "16273665", "score": "1.385294", "text": "composition contains unusual shifts in time signature from standard 4/4 to 9/8, while the songwords reflect the era of its genesis by recalling themes first espoused in the Beatles tracks \"Within You Without You\" and \"All You Need Is Love\". Harrison recorded \"See Yourself\" at his Friar Park home studio in Henley, Oxfordshire. The recording features extensive use of keyboard instruments, played by Billy Preston, Gary Wright and Harrison, the last of whom contributed one of the track's prominent synthesizer parts. On the album cover, Harrison dedicated the song to Paramahansa Yogananda, founder of the Self-Realization Fellowship and author of", "title": "See Yourself" }, { "id": "19295980", "score": "1.3849511", "text": "\"her worth as artist and business asset.\" The song opens with \"a Peter Pan metaphor about being held back from maturing,\" where she sings: \"I come fluttering in from Neverland [...] Why will you never let me grow?.\" In the chorus, she bluntly sings: \"I got to do things my own way, darling,\" while also complaining and asking \"in a thick patois\": \"Will you ever let me? Will you ever respect me? No!.\" During the second verse, she \"asserts that she's through with acting as the world's avatar,\" asking: \"Darling, would you mind giving my reflection a break from the", "title": "Consideration (song)" }, { "id": "4375816", "score": "1.3827968", "text": "as one of the musical statements that, informed by mass media, hallucinogenic drugs and the introduction of the contraceptive pill, \"chronicled and propelled a social reformation as the old world forged its uneasy synthesis with the new\". Unterberger regrets that the Beatles did not attempt to play more of their material from the 1965–66 era in concert before deciding to quit touring in late 1966. He identifies \"Think for Yourself\" and \"Drive My Car\", along with some of the guitar-based tracks on their \"Revolver\" album, as songs that \"would have worked well in a live setting\". Yonder Mountain String Band", "title": "Think for Yourself" }, { "id": "4375817", "score": "1.3823462", "text": "have performed \"Think for Yourself\", featuring a bluegrass arrangement that includes banjo and mandolin. They also contributed a recording of the track to \"This Bird Has Flown – A 40th Anniversary Tribute to the Beatles' Rubber Soul\" in 2005. Pete Shelley covered the song for \"Yellow Submarine Resurfaces\", a CD issued with the July 2012 issue of \"Mojo\" magazine. Kruth describes Shelley's version as \"an exhilarating punk anthem\" that includes \"crunchy guitar chords\" in the style of the Kinks' \"All Day and All of the Night\". According to Ian MacDonald: Think for Yourself \"Think for Yourself\" is a song by", "title": "Think for Yourself" } ]

[ "Karafuto Island", "Kraftu", "庫頁島", "Karafuto island", "sakalin islands", "Sakhalin island", "сахалин", "sachalin island", "庫頁", "Krafto", "薩哈林", "krafto", "sàhālín", "Sakalin", "sahkalin", "库页岛", "Sahalin", "sakalin", "sakhalin islands", "Сахалин", "Sàhālín", "karafuto island", "樺太", "kuye", "Sakhalin", "sakhalin", "Sakhalin Island", "Sachalin Island", "Sahkalin", "萨哈林", "Prefecture of Karafuto", "sakhalin island", "saghalien", "sahalin", "prefecture of karafuto", "kraftu", "Kuye", "kùyè", "Sakalin Islands", "Sakhalin Islands", "Saghalien", "库页", "Kùyè" ]

[ { "id": "11961699", "score": "1.6437433", "text": "must be one of the bleakest and least inviting islands anywhere in the world.\"\" The island is administered by the Sakha Republic of Russia. Peschany Island Peschany Island (; 'Sandy Island'), also known as Ostrov Mel, is an unusually-shaped island in the Laptev Sea. Peschany Island consists of a -long elliptical landspit which is broken in its eastern and southeastern side forming three smaller islands. The curved spit encloses a shallow lagoon, making Peschany look like a tropical atoll in the maps. This island is barren and uninhabited. Peschany is located to the east of Bolshoy Begichev Island. The Siberian", "title": "Peschany Island" }, { "id": "11169147", "score": "1.6415963", "text": "were trapped in ice, with the loss of one and damage to as many as 30 others. Long Strait The Long Strait (; \"Proliv Longa\") is a body of water in the Russian Federation. This strait separates Wrangel Island from the Siberian mainland. It is very broad, its minimum width being 141 km, between Cape Blossom at the southwestern tip of Wrangel Island and Cape Yakan, 65 km east of Cape Billings, close to Gytkhelen, Chukotka. The Long Strait is also a geographic landmark connecting the East Siberian Sea and the Chukchi Sea. This strait was named after the American", "title": "Long Strait" }, { "id": "10951581", "score": "1.6345422", "text": "territory of the island has belonged to the Far-East State Marine Reserve. Furugelm Island is the most southerly island of the Maritime Province and all Russia, located almost at the border with North Korea. This parcel of Russian land is also called \"the last Russian island\". It is not large - about 2.5 km long and 1.5 km wide; and relatively low - the maximum height is 120 m. The shore of the island consists of rocky cliffs. The island is surrounded by shallows of depth less than 10 m, on which lie exposed and submerged rocks. On the western", "title": "Furugelm Island" }, { "id": "11169146", "score": "1.6340578", "text": "Long Strait The Long Strait (; \"Proliv Longa\") is a body of water in the Russian Federation. This strait separates Wrangel Island from the Siberian mainland. It is very broad, its minimum width being 141 km, between Cape Blossom at the southwestern tip of Wrangel Island and Cape Yakan, 65 km east of Cape Billings, close to Gytkhelen, Chukotka. The Long Strait is also a geographic landmark connecting the East Siberian Sea and the Chukchi Sea. This strait was named after the American whaling captain Thomas Long. In August 1983, it was the site of a disaster when 50 ships", "title": "Long Strait" }, { "id": "7012014", "score": "1.6334727", "text": "Vilkitsky Island (East Siberian Sea) Vilkitsky Island (; \"Ostrov Vilkitskogo\") is the southernmost island of the De Long group in the northern part of the East Siberian Sea. Administratively Vilkitsky Island belongs to the Sakha Republic administrative division of the Russian Federation. The island is named after Russian hydrographer Boris Vilkitsky. The island is outside of the limits of permanent ice and is unglaciated. At barely Vilkitsky is the smallest island of the group. The highest elevation is above sea level. Vilkitsky Island consists of deeply eroded nepheline basalt lava flows Vilkitsky Island was discovered in 1913 during the Imperial", "title": "Vilkitsky Island (East Siberian Sea)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sakhalin\n\nSakhalin (; \"Karafuto\"; ; Manchu: ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ, \"Sahaliyan\"; Orok: Бугата на̄, \"Bugata nā\"; Nivkh: Yh-mif) is the largest island of Russia. It is north of the Japanese archipelago, and is administered as part of the Sakhalin Oblast. Sakhalin is situated in the Pacific Ocean, sandwiched between the Sea of Okhotsk to the east and the Sea of Japan to the west. It is located just off Khabarovsk Krai, and is north of Hokkaido in Japan. The island has a population of roughly 500,000, the majority of which are Russians. The indigenous peoples of the island are the Ainu, Oroks, and Nivkhs, who are now present in very small numbers.\n\nThe Island's name is derived from the Manchu word \"Sahaliyan\" (ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ). Sakhalin was once part of China during the Qing dynasty, although Chinese control was relaxed at times. Sakhalin was later claimed by both Russia and Japan over the course of the 19th and 20th centuries. These disputes sometimes involved military conflicts and divisions of the island between the two powers. In 1875, Japan ceded its claims to Russia in exchange for the northern Kuril Islands. In 1905, following the Russo-Japanese War, the island was divided, with the south going to Japan. Russia has held all of the island since seizing the Japanese portion, as well as all the Kuril Islands, in the final days of World War II in 1945. Japan no longer claims any of Sakhalin, although it does still claim the southern Kuril Islands. Most Ainu on Sakhalin moved to Hokkaido, to the south across the La Pérouse Strait, when the Japanese were displaced from the island in 1949.", "title": "Sakhalin" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Nansen Island (Kara Sea)\n\nNansen Island (), is a long and narrow island in the coast of the Kara Sea. Its length is and its average width about . This island is located in an area of skerries right off the western coast of the Taymyr Peninsula. \nSection::::Geography.\nNansen Island is one of the islands of the coastal area of the Nordenskiöld Archipelago. The narrow strait between Nansen island and the Siberian coast (Fram Strait) is about wide on average. Hovgaard Island lies about north of the northern end of Nansen Island across the Matisen Strait. \nThe shores of Nansen Island and some of its larger neighboring islands, such as Taymyra, Bonevi and Pilota Makhotkina, are deeply indented, with many crooked inlets. The sounds between this island and neighboring islands are also somewhat labyrinthic. Geologically all these coastal islands are a continuation of the Nordenskiöld Archipelago which lies further north. And sometimes Nansen Island is considered a part of it. Ostrov Vkhodnoy is a long islet located off Nansena's western end.\n\nThe sea surrounding Nansen Island is covered with pack ice with some polynias during the long and bitter winters and there are many ice floes even in the summer.\n\nNansen Island belongs to the Krasnoyarsk Krai administrative division of Russia and is part of the Great Arctic State Nature Reserve – the largest nature reserve of Russia and one of the biggest in the world.", "title": "Nansen Island (Kara Sea)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Geography of Japan" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Geography of Norway\n\nNorway is a country located in Northern Europe in the northern and western parts of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The majority of the country borders water, including the Skagerrak inlet to the south, the North Sea to the southwest, the North Atlantic Ocean (Norwegian Sea) to the west, and the Barents Sea to the north. It has a land border with Sweden to the east and a shorter border with Finland and an even shorter border with Russia to the northeast.\n\nNorway has an elongated shape, one of the longest and most rugged coastlines in the world, and some 50,000 islands off its much-indented coastline. It is one of the world's northernmost countries, and it is one of Europe's most mountainous countries, with large areas dominated by the Scandinavian Mountains. The country's average elevation is , and 32 percent of the mainland is located above the tree line. Its country-length chain of peaks is geologically continuous with the mountains of Scotland, Ireland, and, after crossing under the Atlantic Ocean, the Appalachian Mountains of North America. Geologists hold that all these formed a single range before the breakup of the ancient supercontinent Pangaea.\n\nDuring the last glacial period, as well as in many earlier ice ages, virtually the entire country was covered with a thick ice sheet. The movement of the ice carved out deep valleys. As a result of the ice carving, Sognefjorden is the world's second deepest fjord and Hornindalsvatnet is the deepest lake in Europe. When the ice melted, the sea filled many of these valleys, creating Norway's famous fjords. The glaciers in the higher mountain areas today are not remnants of the large ice sheet of the ice age—their origins are more recent. The regional climate was up to warmer in 7000 BC to 3000 BC in the Holocene climatic optimum, (relative to the 1961-90 period), melting the remaining glaciers in the mountains almost completely during that period.\n\nEven though it has long since been released from the enormous weight of the ice, the land is still rebounding several millimetres a year. This rebound is greatest in the eastern part of the country and in the inner parts of the long fjords, where the ice cover was thickest. This is a slow process, and for thousands of years following the end of the ice age, the sea covered substantial areas of what is today dry land. This old seabed is now among the most productive agricultural lands in the country. ", "title": "Geography of Norway" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Wrangel Island\n\nWrangel Island (; ) is an island of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia. It is the 91st largest island in the world and roughly the size of Crete. Located in the Arctic Ocean between the Chukchi Sea and East Siberian Sea, the island lies astride the 180th meridian. The International Date Line is therefore displaced eastwards at this latitude to avoid the island as well as the Chukchi Peninsula on the Russian mainland, to keep the island on the same day as the rest of Russia. The closest land to Wrangel Island is the tiny and rocky Herald Island located to the east. Wrangel Island is the last known place where woolly mammoths survived, until around 4,000 years ago.\n\nMost of Wrangel Island and the nearby Herald Island is a federally protected nature sanctuary administered by Russia's Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. The island, and its surrounding waters, were classified as a \"Zapovednik\" (a \"strict nature reserve\") in 1976 and, as such, receive the highest level of protection and exclude practically all human activity other than for scientific purposes. The Chukotka Regional government extended the marine protected area out to in 1999. As of 2003, there were four rangers who reside on the island year-round, while a core group of about 12 scientists conduct research during the summer months.", "title": "Wrangel Island" }, { "id": "12113329", "score": "1.6248701", "text": "Tyuleny Island (Sea of Okhotsk) Tyuleny Island (\"Ostrov Tyuleniy\") is a small island in the Sea of Okhotsk, just east of Russia's Sakhalin island, Northeast Asia. The island is administered by Sakhalin Oblast, in the Russian Far East District of the Russian Federation. It was within the Karafuto Prefecture of Imperial Japan from 1905 to 1945. Tyuleny Island is located off the eastern side of the Gulf of Patience, to the south of Cape Patience (\"Mys Terpeniya\"), off the coast of the southern end of the Terpeniya Peninsula of eastern Sakhalin island. It is long and wide. Fur seals were", "title": "Tyuleny Island (Sea of Okhotsk)" }, { "id": "4770426", "score": "1.6247909", "text": "coarse-grained, often calcareous sediments Stolbovoy Island Stolbovoy Island () is a long and narrow island off the southwest side of the New Siberian archipelago in the eastern part of the Laptev Sea. It is located 184 km away from the Siberian coast and 100 km southwest of Kotelny Island, being thus quite detached from the New Siberian island group, although it belongs to the Lyakhov Islands subgroup of the New Siberian Islands. According to Russian tradition in 1690 the Boyar Maxim Mukhoplev visited the island and found a number of crosses, the tombs of Russian seafarers who had previously been", "title": "Stolbovoy Island" }, { "id": "7012015", "score": "1.6173577", "text": "Russian Arctic Ocean Hydrographic Expedition led by Boris Vilkitsky on the ships \"Taymyr\" and \"Vaygach\" on behalf of the Russian Hydrographic Service in order to chart the last blank areas of Russian maps. Vilkitsky Island (East Siberian Sea) Vilkitsky Island (; \"Ostrov Vilkitskogo\") is the southernmost island of the De Long group in the northern part of the East Siberian Sea. Administratively Vilkitsky Island belongs to the Sakha Republic administrative division of the Russian Federation. The island is named after Russian hydrographer Boris Vilkitsky. The island is outside of the limits of permanent ice and is unglaciated. At barely Vilkitsky", "title": "Vilkitsky Island (East Siberian Sea)" }, { "id": "12112351", "score": "1.5988494", "text": "Zavyalov Island Zavyalov Island (, or \"Ostrov Zav’yalova\"), formerly Ola Island (\"Остров Ольский\"), is a relatively large island in the Sea of Okhotsk, northwestern Pacific. It is located on the eastern side of Taui Bay, 20 km (12 mi) west of Cape Taran, Koni Peninsula, about 50 km (31 mi) south of the city of Magadan. Zavyalov is a mountainous island; it is 23 km (14.3 mi) long and 7.5 km (4.6 mi) wide. The Siberian dwarf pine \"(Pinus pumila)\" and the dwarf birch \"Betula middendorffii\" grow on the island. Its shores are a breeding ground for the Steller sea", "title": "Zavyalov Island" }, { "id": "9637976", "score": "1.59148", "text": "Russky Island Russky Island (, lit. \"Russian Island\" ) is an island in Peter the Great Gulf in the Sea of Japan, in Primorsky Krai, Russia. It is the largest island in the Eugénie Archipelago, separated from the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula immediately to the north by the Eastern Bosphorus, and is one of the four islands in Primorsky Krai that are permanently inhabited with a population of 5360 (2010). Russky Island is home to Far Eastern Federal University and the southern span of the Russky Bridge, the world's longest cable-stayed bridge, connecting the island across the Eastern Bosphorus to the mainland", "title": "Russky Island" }, { "id": "2799593", "score": "1.5846436", "text": "Island at , was the wintering site and base of the 1931–32 expedition and has been taking continuous measurements since 1954. An official request has been forwarded to rename Domashnyy Island as \"Svyatoy Anastasii\" (), St. Anastasia Island. Located just south of October Revolution Island in the Kara Sea. The Krasnoflotskiye Islands () extend from north to south in an almost straight line . The main islands are \"Sverdlova\" – very close to Cape Sverdlov on the coast, \"Bolshoy\" – not much larger than the others despite its name, \"Sredniy\" and \"Greben\" far offshore. All islands are devoid of vegetation.", "title": "Severnaya Zemlya" }, { "id": "3552142", "score": "1.582436", "text": "and mosses. These wetlands occupy low, perennially wet parts of the landscape. Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island (), or Great Lyakhovsky, is the largest of the Lyakhovsky Islands belonging to the New Siberian Islands archipelago between the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea in northern Russia. It has an area of 4,600 km², and a maximum altitude of 270 m (Emy Tas). The peninsula projecting towards the west of the island is the Kigilyakh Peninsula (Poluostrov Kigilyakh). Off Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island's southwestern cape lies a small islet called Ostrov Khopto-Terer. The Lyakhovsky Islands are named in honour of", "title": "Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island" }, { "id": "15056729", "score": "1.5790002", "text": "Skrebtsov island Skrebtsova Island, popularly known as Kovrizhka (\"honey-cake\"), is an island in the Amur Bay, Sea of Japan, 2 km north-west of the coast of Vladivostok. Named in 1863 in honor of M. L. Skrebtsova who participated in hydrographic research of Peter the Great. Its area is approximately 1.28 hectares. Its maximum altitude is 22 meters. It has a steep shore, with a coastline of just under 500 m. The island is covered with grass and shrubs. To the west of the island stretches Skrebtsova Reef, and north-west lies the bank. To the east is a narrow strip stretching", "title": "Skrebtsov island" }, { "id": "17183295", "score": "1.5784112", "text": "saved by other ships. Medvezhy Island Medvezhy Island ( \"Ostrov Medvezhy\") is a long, narrow island in the northwestern Sea of Okhotsk, the westernmost of the Shantar Islands. It lies on the eastern side of Uda Gulf. It is 12.9 km (8 mi) long. It is separated from the mainland by Shevchenko Straight. Between 1855 and 1874, American whaleships anchored under Medvezhy to obtain shelter from storms and retrieve wood. They also used it as a staging point to send out smaller whaleboats to capture bowhead whales in Uda and Tugur Bays. They called it Elbow Island. On the night", "title": "Medvezhy Island" }, { "id": "3562540", "score": "1.5752008", "text": "trapped in fast ice. Leaving the ship, Russian Arctic explorer Baron Eduard Toll and three companions vanished forever in November 1902 while travelling away from Bennett Island towards the south on loose ice floes. Vilkitsky Island (East Siberian Sea) and Zhokhov Island were discovered by Boris Vilkitsky during the Imperial Russian Arctic Ocean Hydrographic Expedition in 1913 and 1914 respectively. They lie slightly further south (around 76°N), are unglaciated, and lower lying. Henrietta was the site of a research station from 1937 to 1963. Some US individuals assert American ownership of Jeannette, Henrietta and Bennet Islands in the De Long", "title": "De Long Islands" }, { "id": "9637984", "score": "1.5679097", "text": "resort, and the construction of the official residence of the Russian President in the Russian Far East in Boyarin Bay were approved by the APEC summit. The Russky Bridge between Russky Island and Vladivostok was completed in July 2012, and has the longest cable-stayed bridge span in the world at . Russky Island Russky Island (, lit. \"Russian Island\" ) is an island in Peter the Great Gulf in the Sea of Japan, in Primorsky Krai, Russia. It is the largest island in the Eugénie Archipelago, separated from the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula immediately to the north by the Eastern Bosphorus, and", "title": "Russky Island" }, { "id": "15861264", "score": "1.5674844", "text": "Bolshoy Solovetsky Island Bolshoy Solovetsky Island (), or simply Solovetsky Island () is the biggest island of the Solovetsky Islands archipelago in the White Sea, northern Russia. The island is home to Solovetsky Monastery, a medieval monastery and a fortress included in the World Heritage list. The island is located on the southwestern side of the archipelago. To the east of Solovetsky Island there are Anzersky Island and Bolshaya Muksalma Island. From the Bolshaya Muksalma side, a bay, Dolgaya Bay (), several kilometers long, is connected by a narrow passage to the White Sea. Another bay in the north of", "title": "Bolshoy Solovetsky Island" }, { "id": "11998207", "score": "1.5658576", "text": "section of this island is also known as \"Ostrov Dalstroy\" after the Soviet organization Dalstroy. Kosa Dvukh Pilotov Island Kosa Dvukh Pilotov Island (\"коса Двух Пилотов\", \"Two Pilots' Sandspit\") is a long and narrow island in the Chukchi Sea. It is located along the coast of the Chukotka Peninsula in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. This island is in length but only wide on average. It is a long extended bar or spit between the Chukchi Sea and the lagoons of Amguema (Амгуэма) and Tynkergynpil'gyn (Тынкэргынпильгын), coastal lakes which are frozen most of the year. The island is named after pilot", "title": "Kosa Dvukh Pilotov Island" }, { "id": "11930781", "score": "1.5629842", "text": "of the Norwegian men. Recent evidence, however, points out that this campfire had been probably left behind by the similarly ill-fated Rusanov expedition. Sorevnovaniya Island Sorevnovaniya Island () is an uninhabited island in the southern region of the Kara Sea. This island is located in the Sorevnovaniya Bay, east of the Mikhailov Peninsula. The main island is roughly triangular. It has a length of 8 km, an average width of 3.5 km, and a small lake in its midst. This island lies very close to the coast of the Taymyr Peninsula; it is separated from it by a sound that", "title": "Sorevnovaniya Island" }, { "id": "10844808", "score": "1.5582783", "text": "narrow spit. This island is located at the mouth of Voskresensky Bay, a shallow bay. This bay is enclosed on its western side by the Polyarnik Peninsula. The sea surrounding the Tillo Islands is covered with fast ice in the winter, which is long and bitter, and the climate is severe. The surrounding sea is obstructed by pack ice even in the summer, so that these islands are connected with the mainland for most of the year. This island group belongs to the Krasnoyarsk Krai administrative division of the Russian Federation. It is also part of the Great Arctic State", "title": "Tillo Islands" } ]

[ "Home Insurance Building, Chicago, Illinois, USA", "home insurance building chicago illinois usa" ]

[ { "id": "16486175", "score": "1.85735", "text": "the earliest use of structural steel in building construction. Steel building construction with the frame carrying the vertical loads initiated with the Home Insurance Building in Chicago, a 10-story structure constructed in 1884 with a height of 138 ft, often credited with being the first skyscraper. This and other tall buildings in Chicago spawned an entire generation of tall buildings, constructed with load bearing steel frames supporting concrete floors and non-load bearing, unreinforced masonry infill walls at their perimeters. Framing in these early structures typically utilized \"H\" shapes built up from plates, and \"L\" and \"Z\" sections. Moment-resisting frame Moment-resisting", "title": "Moment-resisting frame" }, { "id": "403141", "score": "1.8542724", "text": "also utilized fireproofing, elevators, and electrical wiring, key elements in most skyscrapers today. Burnham and Root's Rand McNally Building in Chicago, 1889, was the first all-steel framed skyscraper, while Louis Sullivan's Wainwright Building in St. Louis, Missouri, 1891, was the first steel-framed building with soaring vertical bands to emphasize the height of the building and is therefore considered to be the first early skyscraper. Most early skyscrapers emerged in the land-strapped areas of Chicago and New York City toward the end of the 19th century. A land boom in Melbourne, Australia between 1888 and 1891 spurred the creation of a", "title": "Skyscraper" }, { "id": "1621536", "score": "1.8010795", "text": "Jenney solved the problem with a steel support frame in Chicago's 10-story Home Insurance Building, 1885. Arguably this is the first true skyscraper. The use of a thin curtain wall in place of a load-bearing wall reduced the building's overall weight by two thirds. Another feature that was to become familiar in 20th-century skyscrapers first appeared in Chicago's Reliance Building, designed by Charles B. Atwood and E.C. Shankland, Chicago, 1890 – 1895. Because outer walls no longer bore the weight of a building it was possible to increase window size. This became the first skyscraper to have plate glass windows", "title": "Architecture of the United States" }, { "id": "16790237", "score": "1.7766345", "text": "structural advances in metal frame design. The Home Insurance Building in Chicago, opened in 1885, is, however, most often labelled the first skyscraper because of its innovative use of structural steel in a metal frame design. The Home Insurance Building was a tall, 10-story skyscraper designed by William Le Baron Jenney, who had been trained as an engineer in France and was a leading architect in Chicago. Jenney's design was unusual in that it incorporated structural steel into the building's internal metal frame alongside the traditional wrought iron. This frame took the weight of the floors of the building and", "title": "Early skyscrapers" }, { "id": "13812774", "score": "1.7732254", "text": "method. Steel frame construction had emerged in 1880s Chicago in the construction of office buildings, the first being the nine-story Home Insurance Building, constructed in 1884. However, the first building to be completely supported by a riveted all-steel frame was the 1889 Rand McNally Building. The steel frame allowed the exterior walls to be reduced to a simple curtain covering the frame, rather than supporting the weight of the building. The Berlin Iron Bridge Company, already experienced in riveted steel construction through their bridge construction, moved into the design and construction of steel-framed industrial buildings at some time in the", "title": "Dry Dock Complex (Detroit, Michigan)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Home Insurance Building\n\nThe Home Insurance Building was a skyscraper that stood in Chicago from 1885 to 1931. Originally ten stories and tall, it was designed by William Le Baron Jenney in 1884 and completed the next year. Two floors were added in 1891, bringing its now finished height to . It was the first tall building to be supported both inside and outside by a fireproof structural steel frame, though it also included reinforced concrete. It is considered the world's first skyscraper.\n\nThe building opened in 1885 and was demolished 46 years later in 1931.", "title": "Home Insurance Building" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Early skyscrapers" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Skyscraper\n\nA skyscraper is a tall continuously habitable building having multiple floors. Modern sources currently define skyscrapers as being at least or in height, though there is no universally accepted definition. Skyscrapers are very tall high-rise buildings. Historically, the term first referred to buildings with between 10 and 20 stories when these types of buildings began to be constructed in the 1880s. Skyscrapers may host offices, hotels, residential spaces, and retail spaces.\n\nOne common feature of skyscrapers is having a steel frame that supports curtain walls. These curtain walls either bear on the framework below or are suspended from the framework above, rather than resting on load-bearing walls of conventional construction. Some early skyscrapers have a steel frame that enables the construction of load-bearing walls taller than of those made of reinforced concrete.\n\nModern skyscrapers' walls are not load-bearing, and most skyscrapers are characterised by large surface areas of windows made possible by steel frames and curtain walls. However, skyscrapers can have curtain walls that mimic conventional walls with a small surface area of windows. Modern skyscrapers often have a tubular structure, and are designed to act like a hollow cylinder to resist wind, seismic, and other lateral loads. To appear more slender, allow less wind exposure and transmit more daylight to the ground, many skyscrapers have a design with setbacks, which in some cases is also structurally required.\n\n, fourteen cities in the world have more than 100 skyscrapers that are or taller: Hong Kong with 518 skyscrapers; Shenzhen, China with 343 skyscrapers; New York City, US with 300 skyscrapers; Dubai, UAE with 237 skyscrapers; Mumbai, India with 208 skyscrapers; Shanghai, China with 180 skyscrapers; Tokyo, Japan with 165 skyscrapers; Guangzhou, China with 152 skyscrapers; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia with 148 skyscrapers; Chongqing, China, and Chicago, US, both with 135 skyscrapers; Wuhan, China with 109 skyscrapers; and Bangkok, Thailand, and Jakarta, Indonesia, both with 108 skyscrapers.", "title": "Skyscraper" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Modern architecture\n\nModern architecture, or modernist architecture, was an architectural movement or architectural style based upon new and innovative technologies of construction, particularly the use of glass, steel, and reinforced concrete; the idea that form should follow function (functionalism); an embrace of minimalism; and a rejection of ornament. \nIt emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after World War II until the 1980s, when it was gradually replaced as the principal style for institutional and corporate buildings by postmodern architecture.", "title": "Modern architecture" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Reinforced concrete\n\nReinforced concrete (RC), also called reinforced cement concrete (RCC) and ferroconcrete, is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile strength and ductility are compensated for by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength or ductility. The reinforcement is usually, though not necessarily, steel bars (rebar) and is usually embedded passively in the concrete before the concrete sets. However, post-tensioning is also employed as a technique to reinforce the concrete. In terms of volume used annually, it is one of the most common engineering materials. In corrosion engineering terms, when designed correctly, the alkalinity of the concrete protects the steel rebar from corrosion.", "title": "Reinforced concrete" }, { "id": "2860682", "score": "1.7720416", "text": "majority of its structure was composed of cast and wrought iron. While the Ditherington Flax Mill was an earlier fireproof-metal-framed building and is sometimes considered to be the first skyscraper, it was only five stories tall. Because of the building's unique architecture and weight-bearing frame, it is considered the one of the world's first skyscrapers. It had 10 stories and rose to a height of In 1891, two floors were added. The architect was William Le Baron Jenney. The building weighed only one-third as much as a masonry building would have; city officials were so concerned, they halted construction while", "title": "Home Insurance Building" }, { "id": "403140", "score": "1.7708454", "text": "Chicago, built in 1884–1885. While its height is not considered very impressive today, it was at that time. The building of tall buildings in the 1880s gave the skyscraper its first architectural movement the Chicago School, which developed what has been called the Commercial Style. The architect, Major William Le Baron Jenney, created a load-bearing structural frame. In this building, a steel frame supported the entire weight of the walls, instead of load-bearing walls carrying the weight of the building. This development led to the \"Chicago skeleton\" form of construction. In addition to the steel frame, the Home Insurance Building", "title": "Skyscraper" }, { "id": "2101061", "score": "1.7490814", "text": "States. They were a response to the shortage of land and high cost of real estate in the center of the fast-growing American cities, and the availability of new technologies, including fireproof steel frames and improvements in the safety elevator invented by Elisha Otis in 1852. The first steel-framed \"skyscraper\", The Home Insurance Building in Chicago, was ten stories high. It was designed by William Le Baron Jenney in 1883, and was briefly the tallest building in the world. Louis Sullivan built another monumental new structure, the Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building, in the heart of Chicago in 1904-06.", "title": "Modern architecture" }, { "id": "16790239", "score": "1.7483552", "text": "the structural design of skyscrapers. The 1890 Rand McNally Building became the first entirely self-supporting, steel-framed skyscraper. Some buildings, such as The Rookery and the Monadnock Building, combined elements of both the newer and older styles, but generally Chicago rapidly adopted steel structures as a flexible and effective way to produce a range of tall buildings. Structural engineers specializing in the steel frame design began to establish practices in Chicago. There was a boom in skyscraper construction in Chicago from 1888 onwards. By 1893, Chicago had built 12 skyscrapers between 16 and 20 stories tall, tightly clustered in the center", "title": "Early skyscrapers" }, { "id": "2101049", "score": "1.7402244", "text": "skyscraper, the ten-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago, built in 1884 by William Le Baron Jenney. The iron frame construction of the Eiffel Tower, then the tallest structure in the world, captured the imagination of millions of visitors to the 1889 Paris Universal Exposition. French industrialist François Coignet was the first to use iron-reinforced concrete, that is, concrete strengthened with iron bars, as a technique for constructing buildings. In 1853 Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure, a four-story house in the suburbs of Paris. A further important step forward was the invention of the safety elevator by Elisha", "title": "Modern architecture" }, { "id": "16790231", "score": "1.7337052", "text": "buildings. Metal-framed buildings were also vulnerable to fire and required special fireproofing. French engineers had made advances in this area in the early 19th century, and major breakthroughs came with the work of architect Peter Wight in the 1860s. Spurred on by the catastrophic fires in Chicago in 1871 and Boston in 1872, his findings were turned into a wide variety of patented fireproofing products during the 1870s. Taller, heavier buildings such as skyscrapers also required stronger foundations than smaller buildings. Earlier buildings had typically rested their foundations on rubble, which was in turn laid down on the soft top", "title": "Early skyscrapers" }, { "id": "14707624", "score": "1.7332361", "text": "coatings. The dissolvable pill was invented in 1884 by William E. Upjohn. 1884 Skyscraper A skyscraper is a tall building that uses a steel-frame construction. After the Great Fire of 1871, Chicago had become a magnet for daring experiments in architecture as one of those was the birth of the skyscraper. The edifice known as the world's first skyscraper was the 10-story Home Insurance Company Building built in 1884. It was designed by the Massachusetts-born architect William Le Baron Jenney. 1885 Popcorn machine 1885 Photographic film 1885 Mixer (cooking) 1885 Fuel dispenser A fuel dispenser is used to pump gasoline,", "title": "Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890)" }, { "id": "5593126", "score": "1.7305672", "text": "masonry, particularly for wind loads. In the United States, the first steel framed building was the Rand McNally Building in Chicago, erected in 1890. The Royal Insurance Building in Liverpool designed by James Francis Doyle in 1895 (erected 1896-1903) was the first to use a steel frame in the United Kingdom. Steel frame Steel frame is a building technique with a \"skeleton frame\" of vertical steel columns and horizontal -beams, constructed in a rectangular grid to support the floors, roof and walls of a building which are all attached to the frame. The development of this technique made the construction", "title": "Steel frame" }, { "id": "16790243", "score": "1.7257109", "text": "an 11-story iron-framed skyscraper. This encouraged the building of more skyscrapers in New York, although the city remained cautious about the technology for some years. Finally, in 1895 a breakthrough was made with the construction of the American Surety Building, a twenty-story, high-steel development that broke Chicago's height record. From then on, New York thoroughly embraced skeleton frame construction. In particular, New York newspaper companies adopted the skyscraper, building several along Park Row, sometimes termed \"Newspaper Row\", in the 1880s and 1890s. A few early skyscrapers were also constructed in Baltimore, Boston, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, Rochester, and Buffalo, such as", "title": "Early skyscrapers" }, { "id": "16790238", "score": "1.7240474", "text": "helped to support the weight of the external walls as well, proving an important step towards creating the genuine non-structural curtain walls that became a feature of later skyscrapers. The design was not perfect – some of the weight was still carried by masonry walls, and the metal frame was bolted, rather than riveted, together – but it was clearly a significant advance in tall building construction. The approach quickly caught on in Chicago. In 1889 the Tacoma Building replaced the bolted metal design with a stronger riveted approach, and Chicago's Chamber of Commerce Building introduced interior light courts to", "title": "Early skyscrapers" }, { "id": "10601091", "score": "1.7212175", "text": "convinced Haughwout to allow them to use the strength of the cast-iron itself to support the building. This use of a structural metal frame was a precursor to the steel-framed skyscrapers that would start to be built in the early 20th century; in fact, some consider it to be the first skyscraper and \"the most important cast-iron structure ever built\". In one other respect, the Haughwout Building was a trailblazing project: the building installed the world's first successful passenger elevator on March 23, 1857, a hydraulic lift designed for the building by Elisha Graves Otis. It cost $300, had a", "title": "E. V. Haughwout Building" }, { "id": "2860681", "score": "1.7177525", "text": "Home Insurance Building The Home Insurance Building was a skyscraper in Chicago, United States, designed by William Le Baron Jenney in 1884, for the Home Insurance Company in New York. Completed a year later, the building is generally noted as the first tall building to be supported both inside and outside by a fireproof structural steel and metal frame, which included reinforced concrete. The building opened in 1885 and was demolished 47 years later in 1931. The building was completed in 1885 in Chicago, Illinois, and was the first tall building to use structural steel in its frame, but the", "title": "Home Insurance Building" }, { "id": "3093495", "score": "1.7171001", "text": "Boulevard and Lawndale Avenue, from the skyscrapers of the Loop as well as a wealth of sacred architecture such as the city's ornate \"Polish Cathedrals\". Beginning in the early 1880s, architectural pioneers of the Chicago School explored steel-frame construction and, in the 1890s, the use of large areas of plate glass. These were among the first modern skyscrapers. William LeBaron Jenney's Home Insurance Building was completed in 1885 and is considered to be the first to use steel in its structural frame instead of cast iron. However, this building was still clad in heavy brick and stone. The Montauk Building,", "title": "Architecture of Chicago" }, { "id": "17829271", "score": "1.7102225", "text": "Tower Building (New York City) The Tower Building was arguably New York City's first skyscraper, and the first building with a steel skeleton structure. Architect Bradford Gilbert filed plans for its construction on April 17, 1888, it was completed on September 27, 1889 and demolished beginning in 1913. The location in Manhattan is given variously as 50 Broadway and 52 Broadway, going through to New Street. Though it was deep, the building had just of frontage on Broadway, necessitating its novel design. Chicago's Home Insurance Building (completed 1884) was the first to use structural steel, but that building did not", "title": "Tower Building (New York City)" }, { "id": "403130", "score": "1.71017", "text": "and other lateral loads. To appear more slender, allow less wind exposure, and transmit more daylight to the ground, many skyscrapers have a design with setbacks, which are sometimes also structurally required. The term \"skyscraper\" was first applied to buildings of steel framed construction of at least 10 stories in the late 19th century, a result of public amazement at the tall buildings being built in major American cities like Chicago, New York City, Philadelphia, Detroit, and St. Louis. The first steel-frame skyscraper was the Home Insurance Building (originally 10 stories with a height of ) in Chicago, Illinois in", "title": "Skyscraper" } ]

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[ { "id": "19761102", "score": "1.592624", "text": "was elected recording secretary of the Northwestern and Southern Baptist convention in 1865 in St. Louis, Missouri. At the 1866 annual meeting, he was elected corresponding secretary. He was elected president of the consolidated American Baptist Missionary convention in Nashville, Tennessee in 1867 and reelected for the following four years, including in 1870 at Wilmington, North Carolina, although he did not attend. In 1870, he was elected president of the Baptist Free Mission Society, a white organization, at their meeting in Cincinnati. Also in 1870, he was elected corresponding secretary of the American Baptist National Convention, which met August 25–29", "title": "Richard DeBaptiste" }, { "id": "13023442", "score": "1.5488696", "text": "die\", leaving the debate unresolved. Andrew Johnson, who had been serving as Tennessee's military governor since 1862, was elected Vice President of the United States in November 1864 and was elevated to the presidency after Lincoln was assassinated in April 1865. William \"Parson\" Brownlow, a member of the Convention's Knox delegation, was elected Governor of Tennessee in January 1865. More than a dozen former delegates would serve in the state legislature during war's aftermath, including Alfred Cate (Hamilton), William Mullenix (Sullivan), Beriah Frazier (Knox), Wilson Duggan (Sevier), Charles Inman (Sevier), and Stephen Matthews (Blount). Samuel R. Rodgers, a Knox delegate,", "title": "East Tennessee Convention" }, { "id": "8029854", "score": "1.5474093", "text": "2008, Pomeroy was elected as president of the Nashville Musicians Association, AFM Local 257 of the American Federation of Musicians (AFM) and in June 2010, he was also elected to the AFM's International Executive Board and was re-elected in 2013 and 2016. Pomeroy was re-elected without opposition to three more 3-year terms as Local 257 president in November 2011, 2014, and 2017. Pomeroy was born in Italy, the son of an American soldier, and spent his childhood and youth in various places. He credits a four-year-long stay in England in the early 1960s as an early musical influence and returned", "title": "Dave Pomeroy" }, { "id": "7193467", "score": "1.5458093", "text": "appointed to Asheville. The Rev. Hoss became a professor at Martha Washington College in 1876. He was elected president of this institution in 1879. He became a professor and vice president of Emory and Henry College in 1881 and was elected president in 1885. In August 1885 the Rev. Hoss was elected to the Chair of Ecclesiastical History, Church Polity and Pastoral Theology at Vanderbilt University, serving there until 1890. In May 1890 Rev. Hoss was elected the editor of the \"Nashville Christian Advocate\", the primary weekly newspaper of the M.E. Church, South. He held this position until his election", "title": "Elijah Embree Hoss" }, { "id": "4565383", "score": "1.539372", "text": "establish a \"New Organization\" of the church and Briggs was called to preside over its first conference on June 12, 1852 in Beloit. In 1853, Briggs was called as an Apostle and sustained as President of the Quorum of the Twelve and as the \"Representative President of the Church.\" Important leaders including William Marks and Aaron Smith (former leader of a Strangite schismatic group) joined the movement. On April 6, 1860 at a General Conference of the New Organization of the church in Amboy, Illinois, Joseph Smith III joined with the group and was sustained to follow in his father's", "title": "Jason W. Briggs" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1900 United States presidential election\n\nThe 1900 United States presidential election was the 29th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 6, 1900. In a re-match of the 1896 race, incumbent Republican President William McKinley defeated his Democratic challenger, William Jennings Bryan. McKinley's victory made him the first president to win a consecutive re-election since Ulysses S. Grant had accomplished the same feat in 1872. Until 1956, this would be the last time in which an incumbent Republican president would win re-election after serving a full term in office. This election saw the fifth rematch in presidential history, something that would not occur again until 1956. This was also the first rematch to produce the same winner both times.\n\nMcKinley and Bryan each faced little opposition within their own party. Although some Gold Democrats explored the possibility of a campaign by Admiral George Dewey, Bryan was easily re-nominated at the 1900 Democratic National Convention after Dewey withdrew from the race. McKinley was unanimously re-nominated at the 1900 Republican National Convention. As Vice President Garret Hobart had died in 1899, the Republican convention chose New York Governor Theodore Roosevelt as McKinley's running mate.\n\nThe return of economic prosperity and recent victory in the Spanish–American War helped McKinley to score a decisive victory, while Bryan's anti-imperialist stance and continued support for bimetallism attracted only limited support. McKinley carried most states outside of the Solid South and won 51.6% of the popular vote. The election results were similar to those of 1896, though McKinley picked up several Western states and Bryan picked up Kentucky.\n\nSix months into his second term, McKinley was assassinated in September 1901 and was succeeded by Vice President Roosevelt.", "title": "1900 United States presidential election" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Talk:Ku Klux Klan/Archive 9" }, { "id": "5933207", "score": "1.5324354", "text": "Democratic National Convention held in Chicago as an elected delegate, seconding on behalf of his state the nomination of Grover Cleveland; and in 1896 he was appointed delegate-at-large from Tennessee to the Palmer-Buckner Gold Democratic Convention held at Indianapolis in that year. In 1894 Oakes was elected mayor of Chattanooga, Tennessee, was reelected in 1896, and received a unanimous renomination in 1898, but declined it. He was elected vice-president and member of the executive board of the National Municipal League. For six years he held the presidency of the Chattanooga Library Association; for two years that of the Southern Associated", "title": "George Oakes (journalist)" }, { "id": "20235805", "score": "1.5223051", "text": "of the movement, which she declined. “In June, 1873,” said Burlingame, “Mrs. M. M. H. Hills came to my house and told me I had been elected president of the Free Baptist W.M.S., just organized at the New Hampshire Yearly Meeting. I at once decided that if president in name, I would be in fact. It had been the custom for women's societies in the denomination to ask a minister to preside, read reports and conduct all public business. I arranged at the first meeting after my election for the women to do their own work. I well remember the", "title": "Emeline S. Burlingame" }, { "id": "15565787", "score": "1.5096111", "text": "was centered on the motto and theme 'V.I.S.A': \"Vision, Integrity, Structure and Accountability.\" He worked hard to reestablish integrity and credibility in the convention. Julius R. Scruggs of Huntsville, Alabama was elected president in 2009 and served one 5-year term. He did not seek re-election. In September 2014, Jerry Young of Mississippi was elected president, with its members expecting progressive teaching and administration. The National Baptist Convention's members form voluntary state and territory-wide local conventions. The state conventions are autonomous organizations and separately incorporated. The National Baptist Congress of Christian Education is the training arm of the convention. It is", "title": "National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc." }, { "id": "20736475", "score": "1.5089507", "text": "with the purpose of providing life and burial insurance, in 1882. The organization was incorporated in Arkansas on May 24, 1883. They were initially motivated by the sight of former slaves having to beg for money to help overcome illness or pay for the burial of family members. Local temples were established to accept members, who were initiated into the group by conferring of eight secret initiation degrees. In August 1883, chambers were established for female members, having their own organizational rites and rituals. It became one of the largest African American organizations. The organization also came to offer support", "title": "Chester W. Keatts" }, { "id": "18496255", "score": "1.5020323", "text": "take this position. He had also reportedly started suffering from the symptoms of tuberculosis, which may have contributed to his decision to leave the senate. In May 1866, Rodgers chaired a convention of East Tennessee Radicals who sought to form a separate state in East Tennessee, much like the East Tennessee Convention Rodgers had attended in 1861. The Radicals were frustrated with the failure of the state legislature to pass a second, more restrictive Franchise Bill (several legislators who were opposed to the bill had fled the capital several weeks earlier to prevent a quorum, leaving the bill in limbo).", "title": "Samuel R. Rodgers" }, { "id": "2699964", "score": "1.4951779", "text": "for the Army of the Tennessee on August 1, 1865. The preliminary meeting for the formation of the Society of the Army of the Tennessee was held in the senate chamber at the state capitol in Raleigh, North Carolina, on April 14, 1865. Membership in the Society was restricted to officers who had served with the Army of the Tennessee. The Society erected in Washington, D.C., at a cost of $50,000, a bronze statue of Major General John A. Rawlins, and also placed a memorial, costing $23,000, over the grave of Major General James B. McPherson, at Clyde, Ohio. Also", "title": "Army of the Tennessee" }, { "id": "6116168", "score": "1.4916762", "text": "organizations and the developing black movements of the Progressive Era. Middle class, well-educated, they preached self-help, race pride, and responsibility. The conference in Denver, Colorado, October 14–20, 1913, was probably the most representative and the most amicable in the history of Society. Rev. Sherman Coolidge and Arthur C. Parker were reelected as president and secretary, and William J. Kershaw became first-vice president replacing Thomas L. Sloan. Charles E. Dagenett was elected second vice president. In later years, Parker often referred to the \"Denver Platform\" as the ideal statement of the organizations goals. In 1914, the Society established a headquarters in", "title": "Society of American Indians" }, { "id": "5286818", "score": "1.4900055", "text": "which met in Vienna in May 1959. Up to this time the organisation had used the title, \"Commonwealth of World Citizens\" which was abandoned in favour of \"The Mondcivitan Republic\". Hugh Schonfield, the pioneer of the enterprise, was elected acting president and the organisation chose an executive committee headed by a young member, Donald Hanby who was referred to as the \"prime minister\". In 1963, the organisation held its second \"parliament\". The term of this body was to be for five years. In accordance with the constitution, a presidium of five was elected under the name of the Supreme Council,", "title": "Commonwealth of World Citizens" }, { "id": "2422445", "score": "1.4886105", "text": "Sorrow and Hugh Bowling, a delegation from 12 churches met on January 29, 1921 at the church in High Shoals, Georgia to organize. The church was chartered in 1925 as the \"Southeastern Association of the Congregational Holiness Church\" and changed in 1965 to the \"Congregational Holiness Church, Inc.\". The early leaders of the CHC attempted to democratize church government, preferring congregational rule over the Pentecostal Holiness Church's episcopal polity. In its beginning, the church had no officially elected leaders, and a General Conference was held every two years. In 1935, the structure of the denomination was changed. The church was", "title": "Congregational Holiness Church" }, { "id": "20563785", "score": "1.4882736", "text": "the group. Church's national political reputation also grew. Church was a delegate to the Republican National Convention eight times, starting in 1912. In 1917, Church organized a Memphis branch of the NAACP, the first branch in Tennessee. Church became a member of the national board of directors of the organization in 1919, representing fourteen southern states. At the peak of his career, Church was known as the \"Colossus of Beale Street\". He assisted in directing presidential campaigns for Republican party candidates in 1920, 1924, 1928, and 1936. As his activities were central in the Republican vote in Tennessee, he became", "title": "Robert Church Jr." }, { "id": "2387461", "score": "1.4876759", "text": "7, 1966. He founded the Theocratic Party and had been its candidate for U.S. President since 1952.[1] His Church of God was headquartered in Queen's Village, New York until his death when it relocated to Huntsville, Alabama. When the Church elected a new General Overseer in 1990 after the retirement of Milton Tomlinson, the stage was set for another division. A small body left in 1993 after a division in the Church led to another church being formed by a group that felt that its congregation was led by God to appoint Robert J. Pruitt as their general overseer. That", "title": "Church of God of Prophecy" }, { "id": "19807161", "score": "1.4796838", "text": "D. J. Scourfield David Joseph Scourfield FLS FRMS ISO (October 20, 1866 – October 3, 1949) was a British civil servant and biologist known as an authority on the Cladocera. He served as president of the Quekett Microscopical Club and vice president of the Royal Microscopical Society. Born at Bow, London, he was hired by the Royal Mint at age 20 and worked there until his retirement in 1926, when he was awarded the Imperial Service Order for his services. His scientific career primarily took place after retirement from civil service, publishing on fossil and living freshwater crustaceans. He died", "title": "D. J. Scourfield" }, { "id": "4059768", "score": "1.4780178", "text": "Kelso. Other leaders and officers in that first decade were William Stewart (president), George Warner and Fielding Lucas, Jr. (vice presidents), John Mowton (recording secretary), Dr. William Howard (corresponding secretary), as well as James H. Clarke and D.P. McCoy (managers), Solomon Etting (local merchant/political leader), Benjamin C. Howard, William Hubbard, William Meeter, William Roney, William F. Small, S.D. Walker, John D. Craig, Jacob Deems, William H. Freeman, Moses Hand, William Krebs, Robert Cary Long, Jr. (architect), Peter Leary, James Mosher, Henry Payson (founder of First Unitarian Church), P. K. Stapleton, James Sykes and P. B. Williams. The General Assembly of", "title": "Maryland Institute College of Art" }, { "id": "3514051", "score": "1.4766428", "text": "April 1865. He surrendered with Joseph E. Johnston's forces at Bennett Place and was paroled a month later. Brown returned to Pulaski and resumed his law practice following the war. He was elected to the Tennessee General Assembly in 1869. In the following year, he was a delegate to the state constitutional convention, and was elected its president by his peers. This convention overhauled the state's 1834 constitution, essentially updating it to meet post-Civil War demands. The document most notably guaranteed the right to vote to all males of at least 21 years of age, regardless of race, but also", "title": "John C. Brown" }, { "id": "19898692", "score": "1.4759018", "text": "American Baptist Publication Society to lead the groups efforts in South Carolina. He was also elected corresponding secretary and financial agent of the Baptist Education Missionary and Sunday School Convention in South Carolina. The increase in responsibility forced him to resign his pastorate and medical practice. He held the position of financial agent for eight years, at which point he moved to Savannah, Georgia to take the pastorate at the Second Baptist Church there. In September 1900 he was chair of the National Baptist Convention and was elected vice-president. From 1905-1920, he was elected president the state Baptist Convention. In", "title": "James J. Durham" } ]

[ "Sweet home alabama", "sweet home alabama", "Sweet Home Alabama (song)", "Sweet Home Alabama", "sweet home alabama song" ]

[ { "id": "1766616", "score": "1.6865408", "text": "Sweet Home Alabama (film) Sweet Home Alabama is a 2002 American romantic comedy film directed by Andy Tennant and starring Reese Witherspoon, Josh Lucas, Patrick Dempsey and Candice Bergen. The film was released by Touchstone Pictures on September 27, 2002. The film takes its title from the Lynyrd Skynyrd song of the same name. On an Alabama beach, 10 year olds Jake Perry and Melanie Smooter inspect the result of sand struck by lightning. Jake asserts that they will be married one day. In the present day, Melanie is a successful fashion designer. She has adopted the surname \"Carmichael\" to", "title": "Sweet Home Alabama (film)" }, { "id": "928110", "score": "1.6131561", "text": "a voice role in the animated film \"Sing\", as well as serving as a major performer on the film's soundtrack. The movie became Witherspoon's biggest hit, being the first to make over $200 million domestically and $600 million worldwide. In January 2016, Witherspoon began filming her first television project since \"Return To Lonesome Dove\", the seven-part miniseries adaptation of the Liane Moriarty bestseller, \"Big Little Lies\". She produced the miniseries, along with her co-star, Nicole Kidman, and the show's director, Jean-Marc Vallée, her second project under his direction. The series premiered on February 19, 2017 on HBO and finished on", "title": "Reese Witherspoon" }, { "id": "928112", "score": "1.6034229", "text": "film was released in March 2018, co-stars Oprah Winfrey and Mindy Kaling, and is directed by Ava DuVernay. In July 2018, Witherspoon began hosting the talk show \"Shine On with Reese\" on DirecTV. The show is a one-on-one interview between Witherspoon and a female guest focussing on how the guest achieved her dreams. Like \"Big Little Lies,\" the show is produced by her production company \"Hello Sunshine\". The show marks Witherspoon's first unscripted role in television. In December 2017, HBO renewed \"Big Little Lies\" for a second season making the series a regular drama series series instead of a miniseries.", "title": "Reese Witherspoon" }, { "id": "928101", "score": "1.5708292", "text": "The first film was James L. Brooks' romantic comedy \"How Do You Know\" which starred Witherspoon as a former national softball player who struggles to choose between a baseball-star boyfriend (Owen Wilson) and a business executive being investigated for white-collar crime (Paul Rudd). The movie was filmed in Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. during the summer and fall of 2009 and released on December 17, 2010. The movie was both a critical and box office failure. Despite a budget of more than $100 million the film earned only $7.6 million in its opening weekend, leading the \"Los Angeles Times\" to call", "title": "Reese Witherspoon" }, { "id": "5699863", "score": "1.5681171", "text": "Melua's version, are played over the closing credits. The orchestral score was written by Rolfe Kent, and orchestrated by Tony Blondal. Just like Heaven (film) Just Like Heaven is a 2005 American romantic comedy fantasy film directed by Mark Waters, starring Reese Witherspoon, Mark Ruffalo, and Jon Heder. It is based on the French novel \"If Only It Were True\" (\"Et si c'était vrai...\") written by Marc Levy. Steven Spielberg obtained the rights to produce the film from the book. The film was released in the United States and Canada on September 16, 2005. Elizabeth Masterson (Witherspoon), a young emergency", "title": "Just like Heaven (film)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sweet Home Alabama (film)\n\nSweet Home Alabama is a 2002 American romantic comedy film directed by Andy Tennant. Written by C. Jay Cox, it stars Reese Witherspoon, Josh Lucas and Patrick Dempsey. The supporting cast includes Fred Ward, Mary Kay Place, Jean Smart, Candice Bergen, Ethan Embry, and Melanie Lynskey. It was released in the United States on September 27, 2002, by Buena Vista Pictures. The film takes its title from the 1974 Lynyrd Skynyrd song of the same name. It received a mixed critical reception<ref name=\"RottenTomatoes\" /> but was a success at the box office.<ref name=\"BoxOfficeMojo\" />", "title": "Sweet Home Alabama (film)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Keni Thomas\n\nKenneth Mervyn Thomas (born July 1, 1965) is an American country music singer and former United States Army Ranger. Thomas was deployed in support of Operation Restore Hope as a member of Task Force Ranger in Somalia, and served in the Battle of Mogadishu. Thomas works as a motivational speaker drawing from this experience as an Army Ranger.\n\nAs a country singer, Thomas has recorded several independently released albums. Two singles, from the album \"Flags of Our Fathers: A Soldier's Story\" charted on the \"Billboard\" country music charts.\n\nThomas appeared in a pair of 2011 episodes of FX television show \"Louie\", portraying himself in a fictionalized version of a real U.S.O. visit to Afghanistan (season 2 episodes 11 and 12).", "title": "Keni Thomas" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Shooter Jennings\n\nWaylon Albright \"Shooter\" Jennings (born May 19, 1979) is an American singer, songwriter, guitarist, and record producer. He is the only son of country singers Waylon Jennings and Jessi Colter. In a career spanning over two decades, Shooter Jennings has explored a variety of genres as part of his eclectic sound, including southern rock, country, hard rock, blues rock, electronica and rock and roll.\n\nJennings made his debut with the single \"4th of July\" of his 2005 album \"“Put the \"O\" Back in Country”\" on Universal South, which peaked at No. 22 on the Billboard country charts. Jennings has since followed with six more full-length studio albums: \"Electric Rodeo\" (2006), \"The Wolf\" (2007), \"Black Ribbons\" (2009), \"Family Man\" (2012), \"The Other Life\" (2013) and \"Countach (For Giorgio)\" (2016), in addition to a live album, a compilation, and numerous EPs. In 2018, Jennings released his eighth album, called \"Shooter\", under Dave Cobb’s Low Country Sound imprint label.", "title": "Shooter Jennings" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Boys Don't Cry (1999 film)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of deaths in rock and roll (1990s)\n\nThe following is a list of notable performers of rock and roll music or rock music, and others directly associated with the music as producers, songwriters or in other closely related roles, who have died in the 1990s. The list gives their date, cause and location of death, and their age.\n\nRock music developed from the rock and roll music that emerged during the 1950s, and includes a diverse range of subgenres. The terms \"rock and roll\" and \"rock\" each have a variety of definitions, some narrow and some wider. In determining criteria for inclusion, this list uses as its basis reliable sources listing \"rock deaths\" or \"deaths in rock and roll\", as well as such sources as the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.\n\n", "title": "List of deaths in rock and roll (1990s)" }, { "id": "928102", "score": "1.5532506", "text": "it \"one of the year's biggest flops\". The movie earned mainly negative reviews from critics, scoring 35% on Rotten Tomatoes with 111 reviews as of late December 2010. Witherspoon's second love-triangle movie was the film adaptation of the 1930s circus drama \"Water for Elephants\". She began circus training in March 2010 for her role as Marlena, a glamorous performer stuck in a marriage to a volatile husband (Christoph Waltz) but intrigued by the circus's new veterinarian (Robert Pattinson). The movie was filmed between late May and early August 2010 in various locations in Tennessee, Georgia, and California. It was released", "title": "Reese Witherspoon" }, { "id": "1766623", "score": "1.545208", "text": "an old mill, named Starr's Mill, in Fayette County, Georgia. Wynn's Pond in Sharpsburg, Georgia is the location where Jake lands his plane. The historic homes shown at Melanie's return to Pigeon Creek were shot in Eufaula, Alabama. The film title and theme song lyrics are from the \"\"Sweet Home Alabama\"\" song by Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd, that first appeared in 1974 on their second album, \"Second Helping\". This film received mostly mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, 38% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 157 reviews. A critics consensus reads: \"Reese Witherspoon is charming", "title": "Sweet Home Alabama (film)" }, { "id": "928089", "score": "1.5421784", "text": "movie\". Despite being panned by critics, the sequel took in over $39 million in its first five days in the U.S. box office charts and eventually grossed $90 million in the US. Witherspoon received a $15 million paycheck for the role—a starting point to make her consistently one of Hollywood's highest-paid actresses from 2002 until 2010. In 2004, Witherspoon starred in \"Vanity Fair\", adapted from the 19th-century classic novel \"Vanity Fair\" and directed by Mira Nair. Her character, Becky Sharp, is a poor woman with a ruthless determination to find fortune and establish herself a position in society. Witherspoon was", "title": "Reese Witherspoon" }, { "id": "928087", "score": "1.5404277", "text": "hometown Nashville to Los Angeles. The movie became Witherspoon's biggest live-action box office hit, earning over $35 million in the opening weekend and grossing over $127 million in the U.S. Despite the commercial success, critics gave \"Sweet Home Alabama\" negative reviews. It was called \"a romantic comedy so rote, dull and predictable\" by \"The Miami Herald\", and the press widely agreed that Witherspoon was the only reason the movie attracted such a large audience. When describing Witherspoon's role in the movie, \"The Christian Science Monitor\" concluded, \"She is not the movie's main attraction, she is its only attraction.\" In 2003,", "title": "Reese Witherspoon" }, { "id": "10172422", "score": "1.5390946", "text": "placed the project on turnaround after a lack of production, and the rights were acquired by Universal Studios. The studio cast Reese Witherspoon to star in \"Whiteout\", which would be based on the screenplay written by the Hoebers. By May 2004, a second draft of the script had been written, and a director was still being sought. Ultimately, rights over the film changed ownership, detaching Witherspoon from the project. In October 2006, \"Whiteout\" entered development at Dark Castle Entertainment, with production slated to begin in the coming winter for a release date in the first quarter of 2008. Dominic Sena,", "title": "Whiteout (2009 film)" }, { "id": "928094", "score": "1.5294824", "text": "including the Golden Globe Award, the Screen Actors Guild, the BAFTA and the Academy Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role. Besides critical success in the movie industry, Witherspoon and Phoenix received a nomination for \"collaborative video of the year\" from the CMT Music Awards. Witherspoon expressed her passion for the movie: \"I really like in this film that it is realistic and portrays sort of a real marriage, a real relationship where there are forbidden thoughts and fallibility. And it is about compassion in the long haul, not just the short easy solutions to problems.\" She also stated", "title": "Reese Witherspoon" }, { "id": "928111", "score": "1.5286927", "text": "April 2. Witherspoon has garnered critical acclaim for her performance, with TV Line proclaiming her as \"Performer of the Week\" of February 26 to March 4. \"The Washington Post\" compared her performance to her previous work in \"Election\" and \"Legally Blonde\". In November 2016, Witherspoon began production on the romantic comedy \"Home Again\", the directorial debut of filmmaker Nancy Meyers' daughter, Hallie Meyers-Shyer, which was released on September 8, 2017. A few months later, she began filming Disney's \"A Wrinkle in Time\", the film adaptation of Madeleine L'Engle's classic novel of the same name, where she plays Mrs. Whatsit. The", "title": "Reese Witherspoon" }, { "id": "928103", "score": "1.5284927", "text": "on April 22, 2011 and received mixed critical reviews. In September 2010, Witherspoon began principal photography in Vancouver for the third and final love-triangle film, \"This Means War\", a 20th Century Fox spy comedy directed by McG in which Witherspoon's character is at the center of a battle between best friends (played by Chris Pine and Tom Hardy) who are both in love with her. The film had a \"sneak-peek\" release on Valentine's Day, before fully opening on February 17, 2012. The film was panned by critics (with a 25% Rotten Tomatoes rating), and fared poorly at the box office,", "title": "Reese Witherspoon" }, { "id": "928088", "score": "1.5260581", "text": "Witherspoon followed up the success of \"Legally Blonde\" by starring in the sequel \"\". Elle Woods has become a Harvard-educated lawyer who is determined to protect animals from cosmetics industry science tests. The sequel was not as financially successful as the first film and it generated mostly negative reviews. \"USA Today\" considered the movie \"plodding, unfunny and almost cringe-worthy\", but also noted that \"Reese Witherspoon still does a fine job portraying the fair-haired lovable brainiac, but her top-notch comic timing is wasted on the humorless dialogue.\" Meanwhile, Salon.com concluded that the sequel \"calcifies everything that was enjoyable about the first", "title": "Reese Witherspoon" }, { "id": "2530892", "score": "1.5243056", "text": "film stars Reese Witherspoon as a professional softball player involved in a love triangle. Brooks began work on the film in 2005, wishing to create a film about a young female athlete. While interviewing numerous women for hundreds of hours in his research for the film he also became interested in \"the dilemmas of contemporary business executives, who are sometimes held accountable by the law for corporate behavior of which they may not even be aware.\" He created Paul Rudd and Jack Nicholson's characters for this concept. Filming finished in November 2009, although Brooks later reshot the film's opening and", "title": "James L. Brooks" }, { "id": "928104", "score": "1.5224674", "text": "taking fifth place on its opening weekend with sales of $17.6 million. \"The New York Times\" remarked that this \"extended the box office cold streak for the Oscar-winning Ms. Witherspoon\". Witherspoon's subsequent films signaled a departure from the love-triangle theme. In September 2011, a year after beginning work on \"This Means War\", she filmed a small role in Jeff Nichols's coming-of-age drama \"Mud\" in Arkansas, playing Juniper, the former girlfriend of a fugitive (Matthew McConaughey), who enlists two local boys to help him evade capture and rekindle his romance with her. \"Mud\" premiered in May 2012 in competition for the", "title": "Reese Witherspoon" }, { "id": "5699854", "score": "1.5219283", "text": "Just like Heaven (film) Just Like Heaven is a 2005 American romantic comedy fantasy film directed by Mark Waters, starring Reese Witherspoon, Mark Ruffalo, and Jon Heder. It is based on the French novel \"If Only It Were True\" (\"Et si c'était vrai...\") written by Marc Levy. Steven Spielberg obtained the rights to produce the film from the book. The film was released in the United States and Canada on September 16, 2005. Elizabeth Masterson (Witherspoon), a young emergency medicine physician whose work is her whole life, is in a serious car accident while on her way to a blind", "title": "Just like Heaven (film)" }, { "id": "928106", "score": "1.518635", "text": "noted that although the role requires \"an emotionally loaded journey\", he \"met with Reese, and... talked at length about the project, and she's eager to take on the challenge\". The movie was shot in Georgia in June and July 2012. Witherspoon was pregnant with her third child during filming. The film's world premiere was held on September 8, 2013 at the Toronto International Film Festival. It was then released in selected American theaters on May 9, 2014. In April 2013, Witherspoon began production in Atlanta on Canadian director Philippe Falardeau's film \"The Good Lie\". It is based on real-life events,", "title": "Reese Witherspoon" }, { "id": "928129", "score": "1.5106983", "text": "performance in \"Walk the Line\" in 2005. In 2015, she received another nomination in the category for her performance in \"Wild\". Reese Witherspoon Laura Jeanne Reese Witherspoon (born March 22, 1976) is an American actress, producer, and entrepreneur. She is the recipient of several accolades, including an Academy Award, a Primetime Emmy Award, a BAFTA Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, a Golden Globe Award and two Critics' Choice Awards. Born in New Orleans, Louisiana, and raised in Tennessee, she began her career as a teenager, making her professional screen debut in \"The Man in the Moon\" (1991), for which", "title": "Reese Witherspoon" }, { "id": "928105", "score": "1.5081766", "text": "Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival, but did not win. Following its American debut at the Sundance Film Festival on January 19, 2013, the film had a limited release in select North American theaters on April 26, 2013. Witherspoon next starred in \"Devil's Knot\", which is based on Atom Egoyan's true crime book of the same name and examines the controversial case of the West Memphis Three. Like \"Mud\", the film is set in Arkansas. Witherspoon played Pam Hobbs, the mother of one of three young murder victims. In an interview subsequent to her casting in the film, Egoyan", "title": "Reese Witherspoon" } ]

[ "golf stream", "Golfs Dream", "golfs dream", "gulf stream pump", "Atlantic Gulf Stream", "Golf Stream", "The Gulf Stream", "Gulf stream pump", "atlantic gulf stream", "Gulf stream", "Gulf Stream", "Gulf-stream", "gulf stream" ]

[ { "id": "5520070", "score": "1.6959895", "text": "km at 29°N to 145 km where it flows into the Gulf Stream at 73°W. Florida Current The Florida Current is a thermal ocean current that flows from the Straits of Florida around the Florida Peninsula and along the southeastern coast of the United States before joining the Gulf Stream Current near Cape Hatteras. Its contributing currents are the Loop Current and the Antilles Current. The current was discovered by Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León in 1513. The Florida Current results from the movement of water pushed from the Atlantic into the Caribbean Sea by the rotation of the", "title": "Florida Current" }, { "id": "5520067", "score": "1.6576825", "text": "Florida Current The Florida Current is a thermal ocean current that flows from the Straits of Florida around the Florida Peninsula and along the southeastern coast of the United States before joining the Gulf Stream Current near Cape Hatteras. Its contributing currents are the Loop Current and the Antilles Current. The current was discovered by Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León in 1513. The Florida Current results from the movement of water pushed from the Atlantic into the Caribbean Sea by the rotation of the Earth (which exerts a greater force at the equator). The water piles up along Central", "title": "Florida Current" }, { "id": "5520068", "score": "1.6538188", "text": "America and flows northward through the Yucatán Channel into the Gulf of Mexico. The water is heated in the Gulf and forced out through the Florida Straits, between the Florida Keys and Cuba and flows northward along the east coast of the United States. The Florida Current is often referred to imprecisely as the Gulf Stream. In fact, the Florida Current joins the Gulf Stream off the east coast of Florida. The Florida Current has an estimated mean transport of 30 Sv, varying seasonally and interannually by as much as 10 Sv. The volume transport increases as it flows farther", "title": "Florida Current" }, { "id": "9832", "score": "1.5962383", "text": "by three inter-connected currents: the Gulf Stream which flows north-east from the North American coast at Cape Hatteras; the North Atlantic Current, a branch of the Gulf Stream which flows northward from the Grand Banks; and the Subpolar Front, an extension of the North Atlantic Current, a wide, vaguely defined region separating the subtropical gyre from the subpolar gyre. This system of currents transport warm water into the North Atlantic, without which temperatures in the North Atlantic and Europe would plunge dramatically. North of the North Atlantic Gyre, the cyclonic North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre plays a key role in climate", "title": "Atlantic Ocean" }, { "id": "2364840", "score": "1.5738605", "text": "Flow in the real ocean is more complex, but the Gulf stream, Agulhas and Kuroshio are examples of such currents. They are narrow (approximately 100 km across) and fast (approximately 1.5 m/s). Equatorwards western boundary currents occur in tropical and polar locations, e.g. the East Greenland and Labrador currents, in the Atlantic and the Oyashio. They are forced by winds circulation around low pressure (cyclonic). The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension, North Atlantic Current, is a powerful, warm, and swift Atlantic Ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico, exits through the Strait of Florida, and follows", "title": "Physical oceanography" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Gulf Stream\n\nThe Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension the North Atlantic Drift, is a warm and swift Atlantic ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and flows through the Straits of Florida and up the eastern coastline of the United States then veers east near 36 latitude (North Carolina) and moves toward Northwest Europe as the North Atlantic Current. The process of western intensification causes the Gulf Stream to be a northwards accelerating current off the east coast of North America. At about , it splits in two, with the northern stream, the North Atlantic Drift, crossing to Northern Europe and the southern stream, the Canary Current, recirculating off West Africa.\n\nThe Gulf Stream influences the climate of the coastal areas of the east coast of the United States from Florida to southeast Virginia (near 36 north latitude), and to a greater degree the climate of Northwest Europe. There is consensus that the climate of northwest Europe is warmer than other areas of similar latitude at least partially because of the strong North Atlantic Current. It is part of the North Atlantic Gyre. Its presence has led to the development of strong cyclones of all types, both within the atmosphere and within the ocean.", "title": "Gulf Stream" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ocean current\n\nAn ocean current is a continuous, directed movement of sea water generated by a number of forces acting upon the water, including wind, the Coriolis effect, breaking waves, cabbeling, and temperature and salinity differences. Depth contours, shoreline configurations, and interactions with other currents influence a current's direction and strength. Ocean currents are primarily horizontal water movements.\n\nAn ocean current flows for great distances and together they create the global conveyor belt, which plays a dominant role in determining the climate of many of Earth's regions. More specifically, ocean currents influence the temperature of the regions through which they travel. For example, warm currents traveling along more temperate coasts increase the temperature of the area by warming the sea breezes that blow over them. Perhaps the most striking example is the Gulf Stream, which makes northwest Europe much more temperate for its high latitude than other areas at the same latitude. Another example is Lima, Peru, where the climate is cooler, being sub-tropical, than the tropical latitudes in which the area is located, due to the effect of the Humboldt Current. Ocean currents are patterns of water movement that influence climate zones and weather patterns around the world. They’re primarily driven by winds and by seawater density, although many other factors – including the shape and configuration of the ocean basin they flow through – influence them. The two basic types of currents – surface and deep-water currents – help define the character and flow of ocean waters across the planet.", "title": "Ocean current" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Atlantic Ocean\n\nThe Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20% of Earth's surface and about 29% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the \"Old World\" of Africa, Europe and Asia from the \"New World\" of the Americas in the European perception of the World.\n\nThe Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Europe and Africa to the east, and North and South America to the west. As one component of the interconnected World Ocean, it is connected in the north to the Arctic Ocean, to the Pacific Ocean in the southwest, the Indian Ocean in the southeast, and the Southern Ocean in the south (other definitions describe the Atlantic as extending southward to Antarctica). The Atlantic Ocean is divided in two parts, by the Equatorial Counter Current, with the North(ern) Atlantic Ocean and the South(ern) Atlantic Ocean split at about 8°N.<ref name=\"USN-2001\" />\n\nScientific explorations of the Atlantic include the \"Challenger\" expedition, the German \"Meteor\" expedition, Columbia University's Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory and the United States Navy Hydrographic Office.<ref name=\"USN-2001\" />", "title": "Atlantic Ocean" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Thermohaline circulation\n\nThermohaline circulation (THC) is a part of the large-scale ocean circulation that is driven by global density gradients created by surface heat and freshwater fluxes. The adjective \"thermohaline\" derives from \"thermo-\" referring to temperature and \"\" referring to salt content, factors which together determine the density of sea water. Wind-driven surface currents (such as the Gulf Stream) travel polewards from the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, cooling en route, and eventually sinking at high latitudes (forming North Atlantic Deep Water). This dense water then flows into the ocean basins. While the bulk of it upwells in the Southern Ocean, the oldest waters (with a transit time of about 1000 years) upwell in the North Pacific. Extensive mixing therefore takes place between the ocean basins, reducing differences between them and making the Earth's oceans a global system. The water in these circuits transport both energy (in the form of heat) and mass (dissolved solids and gases) around the globe. As such, the state of the circulation has a large impact on the climate of the Earth.\n\nThe thermohaline circulation is sometimes called the ocean conveyor belt, the great ocean conveyor, or the global conveyor belt, coined by climate scientist Wallace Smith Broecker. On occasion, it is used to refer to the meridional overturning circulation (often abbreviated as MOC). The term \"MOC\" is more accurate and well defined, as it is difficult to separate the part of the circulation which is driven by temperature and salinity alone as opposed to other factors such as the wind and tidal forces. \nMoreover, temperature and salinity gradients can also lead to circulation effects that are not included in the MOC itself.\n\nThe Atlantic Meridional Overturning circulation (AMOC) is part of a global thermohaline circulation. With regards to a possible shutdown of the AMOC, the terms \"shutdown of the AMOC\" and \"shutdown of thermohaline circulation\" are used interchangeably as they are intrinsically connected.", "title": "Thermohaline circulation" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "North Atlantic Current\n\nThe North Atlantic Current (NAC), also known as North Atlantic Drift and North Atlantic Sea Movement, is a powerful warm western boundary current within the Atlantic Ocean that extends the Gulf Stream northeastward.\n\nThe NAC originates from where the Gulf Stream turns north at the Southeast Newfoundland Rise, a submarine ridge that stretches southeast from the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. The NAC flows northward east of the Grand Banks, from 40°N to 51°N, before turning sharply east to cross the Atlantic. It transports more warm tropical water to northern latitudes than any other boundary current; more than 40 Sv () in the south and 20 Sv () as it crosses the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It reaches speeds of near the North American coast. Directed by topography, the NAC meanders heavily, but in contrast to the meanders of the Gulf Stream, the NAC meanders remain stable without breaking off into eddies.<ref name=\"Rossby-Abst\" />\n\nThe colder parts of the Gulf Stream turn northward near the \"tail\" of the Grand Banks at 50°W where the Azores Current branches off to flow south of the Azores. From there the NAC flows northeastward, east of the Flemish Cap (47°N, 45°W). Approaching the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, it then turns eastward and becomes much broader and more diffuse. It then splits into a colder northeastern branch and a warmer eastern branch. As the warmer branch turns southward, most of the subtropical component of the Gulf Stream is diverted southward, and as a consequence, the North Atlantic is mostly supplied by subpolar waters, including a contribution from the Labrador Current recirculated into the NAC at 45°N.\n\nWest of Continental Europe, it splits into two major branches. One branch goes southeast, becoming the Canary Current as it passes northwest Africa and turns southwest. The other major branch continues north along the coast of Northwestern Europe.\nOther branches include the Irminger Current and the Norwegian Current. Driven by the global thermohaline circulation, the North Atlantic Current is part of the wind-driven Gulf Stream, which goes further east and north from the North American coast across the Atlantic and into the Arctic Ocean.\n\nThe North Atlantic Current, together with the Gulf Stream, have a long-lived reputation for having a considerable warming influence on European climate. However, the principal cause for differences in winter climate between North America and Europe seems to be winds rather than ocean currents (although the currents do exert influence at very high latitudes by preventing the formation of sea ice).", "title": "North Atlantic Current" }, { "id": "13603752", "score": "1.5716095", "text": "be stronger than those on the eastern boundary. As a consequence, the resulting Gulf Stream is a strong ocean current. It transports water at a rate of 30 million cubic meters per second (30 sverdrups) through the Florida Straits. As it passes south of Newfoundland, this rate increases to 150 million cubic metres per second. The volume of the Gulf Stream dwarfs all rivers that empty into the Atlantic combined, which barely total 0.6 million cubic metres per second. It is weaker, however, than the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Given the strength and proximity of the Gulf Stream, beaches along the", "title": "Gulf Stream" }, { "id": "6060070", "score": "1.5609093", "text": "Loop Current A parent to the Florida Current, the Loop Current is a warm ocean current that flows northward between Cuba and the Yucatán Peninsula, moves north into the Gulf of Mexico, loops east and south before exiting to the east through the Florida Straits and joining the Gulf Stream. The Loop Current is an extension of the of the western boundary current of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. Serving as the dominant circulation feature in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico, the Loop Currents transports between 23 and 27 sverdrups and reaches maximum flow speeds of from 1.5 to 1.8", "title": "Loop Current" }, { "id": "13603750", "score": "1.5476482", "text": "this current interacts with the northeastern coast of South America, the current forks into two branches. One passes into the Caribbean Sea, while a second, the Antilles Current, flows north and east of the West Indies. These two branches rejoin north of the Straits of Florida. The trade winds blow westward in the tropics, and the westerlies blow eastward at mid-latitudes. This wind pattern applies a stress to the subtropical ocean surface with negative curl across the north Atlantic Ocean. The resulting Sverdrup transport is equatorward. Because of conservation of potential vorticity caused by the northward-moving winds on the subtropical", "title": "Gulf Stream" }, { "id": "303444", "score": "1.5284002", "text": "eastward and becomes much broader and more diffuse. It then splits into a colder northeastern branch and a warmer eastern branch. As the warmer branch turns southward, most of the subtropical component of the Gulf Stream is diverted southward, and as a consequence, the North Atlantic is mostly supplied by subpolar waters, including a contribution from the Labrador Current recirculated into the NAC at 45°N. West of Continental Europe, it splits into two major branches. One branch goes southeast, becoming the Canary Current as it passes northwest Africa and turns southwest. The other major branch continues north along the coast", "title": "North Atlantic Current" }, { "id": "13603749", "score": "1.5255852", "text": "chart is an illustration of the migration pattern of herring and not an ocean current. The Gulf Stream proper is a western-intensified current, driven largely by wind stress. The North Atlantic Drift, in contrast, is largely thermohaline circulation–driven. In 1958 the oceanographer Henry Stommel noted that \"very little water from the Gulf of Mexico is actually in the Stream\". By carrying warm water northeast across the Atlantic, it makes Western and especially Northern Europe warmer than it otherwise would be. A river of sea water, called the Atlantic North Equatorial Current, flows westward off the coast of Central Africa. When", "title": "Gulf Stream" }, { "id": "2364909", "score": "1.5077628", "text": "Stream to be a northward accelerating current off the east coast of North America. At about , it splits in two, with the northern stream crossing to northern Europe and the southern stream recirculating off West Africa. The Gulf Stream influences the climate of the east coast of North America from Florida to Newfoundland, and the west coast of Europe. Although there has been recent debate, there is consensus that the climate of Western Europe and Northern Europe is warmer than it would otherwise be due to the North Atlantic drift, one of the branches from the tail of the", "title": "Thermohaline circulation" }, { "id": "303445", "score": "1.5074632", "text": "of Northwestern Europe. Other branches include the Irminger Current and the Norwegian Current. Driven by the global thermohaline circulation, the North Atlantic Current is part of the wind-driven Gulf Stream, which goes further east and north from the North American coast across the Atlantic and into the Arctic Ocean. The North Atlantic Current, together with the Gulf Stream, have a long-lived reputation for having a considerable warming influence on European climate. However, the principal cause for differences in winter climate between North America and Europe seems to be winds rather than ocean currents (although the currents do exert influence at", "title": "North Atlantic Current" }, { "id": "13603743", "score": "1.5005434", "text": "Gulf Stream The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension the North Atlantic Drift, is a warm and swift Atlantic ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and stretches to the tip of Florida, and follows the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland before crossing the Atlantic Ocean. The process of western intensification causes the Gulf Stream to be a northward accelerating current off the east coast of North America. At about , it splits in two, with the northern stream, the North Atlantic Drift, crossing to Northern Europe and the southern stream, the Canary Current,", "title": "Gulf Stream" }, { "id": "6060088", "score": "1.5000417", "text": "that planktonic species likewise avoid the higher temperatures in these features. Loop Current A parent to the Florida Current, the Loop Current is a warm ocean current that flows northward between Cuba and the Yucatán Peninsula, moves north into the Gulf of Mexico, loops east and south before exiting to the east through the Florida Straits and joining the Gulf Stream. The Loop Current is an extension of the of the western boundary current of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. Serving as the dominant circulation feature in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico, the Loop Currents transports between 23 and 27", "title": "Loop Current" }, { "id": "13603760", "score": "1.482481", "text": "thermal energy could also be harnessed to produce electricity using the temperature difference between cold deep water and warm surface water. Gulf Stream The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension the North Atlantic Drift, is a warm and swift Atlantic ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and stretches to the tip of Florida, and follows the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland before crossing the Atlantic Ocean. The process of western intensification causes the Gulf Stream to be a northward accelerating current off the east coast of North America. At about , it splits", "title": "Gulf Stream" }, { "id": "2364841", "score": "1.4643979", "text": "the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland to the northeast before crossing the Atlantic Ocean. The Kuroshio Current is an ocean current found in the western Pacific Ocean off the east coast of Taiwan and flowing northeastward past Japan, where it merges with the easterly drift of the North Pacific Current. It is analogous to the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean, transporting warm, tropical water northward towards the polar region. Ocean heat flux is a turbulent and complex system which utilizes atmospheric measurement techniques such as eddy covariance to measure the rate of heat transfer expressed in", "title": "Physical oceanography" }, { "id": "21055", "score": "1.4635768", "text": "South America, it flows through the Drake Passage between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula and then is split by the Scotia Arc to the east, with a shallow warm branch flowing to the north in the Falkland Current and a deeper branch passing through the Arc more to the east before also turning to the north. Passing through the Indian Ocean, the current first retroflects the Agulhas Current to form the Agulhas Return Current before it is split by the Kerguelen Plateau, and then moving northward again. Deflection is also seen as it passes over the mid-ocean ridge in", "title": "Antarctic Circumpolar Current" }, { "id": "5520069", "score": "1.4600573", "text": "north, reaching its maximum transport of 85 Sv near Cape Hatteras. The water reaches a velocity of 1.8 m/s or 3.6 knots. The Florida current reaches a maximum transport in July and a minimum transport in October, with a subsequent secondary maximum and minimum occurring in January and April, respectively. Shorter variations in the transport may last between 2 and 20 days depending on wind current patterns, and are shortest during the summer months. Like transport, the spatial magnitude of the current increases along its course. At 27°N, it has a width of 80 km; it gradually increases from 120", "title": "Florida Current" }, { "id": "5644307", "score": "1.4586408", "text": "the Caribbean Current. Caribbean Current The Caribbean Current is a warm ocean current that transports significant amounts of water and flows northwestward through the Caribbean from the east along the coast of South America and into the Gulf of Mexico. The current results from the flow of the Atlantic South Equatorial Current as it flows north along the coast of Brazil. As the current turns north through the Yucatán Channel, it is renamed the Yucatán Current. The Caribbean Current water comes from the Atlantic Ocean via the North Equatorial, North Brazil, and Guiana Currents. The circulation of the Columbia-Panama Gyre", "title": "Caribbean Current" }, { "id": "5643293", "score": "1.4568267", "text": "Antilles Current The Antilles Current is a highly variable surface ocean current of warm water that flows northeasterly past the island chain that separates the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The current results from the flow of the Atlantic North Equatorial Current. This current completes the clockwise- cycle or convection (North Atlantic Gyre) that is located in the Atlantic Ocean. It runs north of Puerto Rico, Hispaniola and Cuba, but south to the Bahamas, facilitating maritime communication from across the Atlantic into these islands' northern coasts, and connecting to the Gulf Stream at the intersection of the Florida Strait.", "title": "Antilles Current" } ]

[ "Olympic Village", "olympic village", "Olympic village", "paralympic village", "athletes village", "Paralympic Village", "Athletes village" ]

[ { "id": "4219370", "score": "1.5567856", "text": "Olympic Village An Olympic Village is an accommodation center built for the Olympic Games, usually within an Olympic Park or elsewhere in a host city. Olympic Villages are built to house all participating athletes, as well as officials and athletic trainers. After the Munich Massacre at the 1972 Olympics, the Villages have been made extremely secure. Only athletes, trainers and officials are allowed to room at the Village, though family members and former Olympic athletes are allowed inside with proper checks. Press and media are also barred. The idea of the Olympic Village comes from Pierre de Coubertin. Up until", "title": "Olympic Village" }, { "id": "19189187", "score": "1.5190108", "text": "the other 70 lived on 65m2 apartments, with 6 beds, 3 bedrooms and two bathrooms. The design of the buildings of the Olympic Village was the result of six architectural competitions: five for the housing sector and a sixth for the fairgrounds. Each housing module includes elements of all the winning projects, this way the village achieves the architectural diversity of a big city. The first foundation stone for the Athletes' Village was laid in May 6th, 2016 and it should be finished by December, 2017. This area can be reached by Premetro tram at Cecilia Grierson station, or by", "title": "Youth Olympic Village (Buenos Aires)" }, { "id": "1410374", "score": "1.5147943", "text": "tower block and in eleven apartment blocks. The female athletes lived in a building with 263 individual rooms, which later went on to serve as a home for workers. In other buildings on the estate housed around 12,000 trainers, officials, timekeepers, volunteers, police and drivers. The catering took plate in a future school kitchen. Two more, much smaller Olympic villages were available to the Nordic and Alpine skiers as well as their physios. Holiday homes were also newly built and were located in Autrans and Chamrousse. One year before the Olympics, at the pre-Olympic competitions there was great adversity. The", "title": "1968 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "4219371", "score": "1.5106691", "text": "the 1924 Summer Olympic Games, National Olympic Committees rented locations around the host city to house participants, which was expensive. For the 1924 Summer Olympics, the organizers built cabins near the Stade Olympique de Colombes to allow the athletes to easily access the Games' venues. The Olympic Village of the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles served as the model of today's Olympic Villages; it consisted of a group of buildings with rooms to lodge athletes, and buildings with other accommodations. Olympic Village An Olympic Village is an accommodation center built for the Olympic Games, usually within an Olympic Park", "title": "Olympic Village" }, { "id": "5533182", "score": "1.4952761", "text": "sports. On 11 July 2005, Jacques Rogge, The Chairman of International Olympic Committee, and Timothy Fok, the Chairman of Olympic Committee held the Olympic House Opening Ceremony. The IOC has permitted the use of the official emblem of 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and Olympic Games. This event means that Hong Kong will host the equestrian events at the Hong Kong Sports Institute in Fo Tan, Sha Tin and be one of the Olympic Cities in the world. Olympic House The Hong Kong Olympic House (), originally named Sports House (). The House is in the Hong Kong Stadium, So Kon", "title": "Olympic House" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Olympic Village\n\nAn Olympic Village is an accommodation center built for the Olympic Games, usually within an Olympic Park or elsewhere in a host city. Olympic Villages are built to house all participating athletes, as well as officials and athletic trainers. After the Munich Massacre at the 1972 Olympics, the Villages have been made extremely secure. Only athletes, trainers and officials are allowed to room at the Village, though family members and former Olympic athletes are allowed inside with proper checks. Press and media are also barred.", "title": "Olympic Village" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Special Olympics\n\nSpecial Olympics is the world's largest sports organization for children and adults with intellectual disabilities and physical disabilities, providing year-round training and activities to 5 million participants and Unified Sports partners in 172 countries. Special Olympics competitions are held every day, all around the world—including local, national and regional competitions, adding up to more than 100,000 events a year. Like the International Paralympic Committee, the Special Olympics organization is recognized by the International Olympic Committee; however, unlike the Paralympic Games, Special Olympics World Games are not held in the same year nor in conjunction with the Olympic Games.\n\nThe Special Olympics World Games is a major event put on by the Special Olympics committee. The World Games alternate between summer and winter games, in two-year cycles, recurring every fourth year. The first games were held on July 20, 1968, in Chicago, Illinois, with about 1000 athletes from the U.S. and Canada. At those first games, honorary event chair Eunice Kennedy Shriver announced the formation of the Special Olympics organization. International participation expanded in subsequent games. In 2003, the first summer games held outside the United States were in Dublin, Ireland with 7000 athletes from 150 countries. The most recent World Summer Games were held in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, from March 14 to 21, 2019. This was the first Special Olympics World Games held in the Middle East. The next World Summer Games will be held in Berlin, Germany, between June 16 to 25, 2023. This will be the first time for Germany to host the Special Olympics World Games.\n\nThe first World Winter Games were held in 1977 in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, US. Austria hosted the first Winter Games outside the United States in 1993. The most recent Special Olympics World Winter Games were held in Graz, Schladming and Ramsau, Austria, from March 14, 2017, to March 25, 2017 (see also 2017 Special Olympics World Winter Games). During the World Winter Games of 2013 in Pyeongchang, South Korea, the first Special Olympics Global Development Summit was held on \"Ending the Cycle of Poverty and Exclusion for People with Intellectual Disabilities\", gathering government officials, activists and business leaders from around the world.", "title": "Special Olympics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2012 Summer Olympics\n\nThe 2012 Summer Olympics (officially the Games of the XXX Olympiad and also known as London 2012) was an international multi-sport event held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London, England, United Kingdom. The first event, the group stage in women's football, began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, followed by the opening ceremony on 27 July. 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) participated in the 2012 Olympics.<ref name=athletecount/>\n\nFollowing a bid headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and the then-London mayor Ken Livingstone, London was selected as the host city at the 117th IOC Session in Singapore on 6 July 2005, defeating bids from Moscow, New York City, Madrid, and Paris. London became the first city to host the modern Olympics three times, having previously hosted the Summer Games in 1908 and 1948. Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment, with an emphasis on sustainability. The main focus was a new Olympic Park, constructed on a former industrial site in Stratford, East London. The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid.\n\nThe United States topped the medal table, winning the most gold medals (46) and the highest number of medals overall (104). China finished second with a total of 91 medals (38 gold) and Great Britain came third with 65 medals overall (29 gold). Michael Phelps of the United States became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time, winning his 22nd medal. Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time, meaning that every currently eligible country has now sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games. Women's boxing was included for the first time, and the 2012 Games became the first at which every sport had female competitors.\n\nThe Games received considerable praise for their organisation, with the volunteers, the British military and public enthusiasm commended particularly highly. The opening ceremony, directed by Academy Award winner Danny Boyle, received widespread acclaim. These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Belgian Jacques Rogge, who was succeeded by German Thomas Bach the next year.\n\nA number of countries won their first Olympic medals, Bahrain, Botswana, Cyprus, Gabon, Grenada, Guatemala and Montenegro, with Bahrain and Grenada's winning gold medals for their first Olympic medals.", "title": "2012 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Winter Olympic Games" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1968 Winter Olympics\n\nThe 1968 Winter Olympics, officially known as the X Olympic Winter Games (), were a winter multi-sport event held from 6 to 18 February 1968 in Grenoble, France. Thirty-seven countries participated. Frenchman Jean-Claude Killy won three gold medals in all the alpine skiing events. In women's figure skating, Peggy Fleming won the only United States gold medal. The games have been credited with making the Winter Olympics more popular in the United States, not least of which because of ABC's extensive coverage of Fleming and Killy, who became overnight sensations among teenage girls. \nThe 1968 Winter Games marked the first time the IOC permitted East and West Germany to enter separately, and the first time the IOC ordered drug and gender testing of competitors.\n\nNorway won the most gold and overall medals, the first time since 1952 Winter Olympics that the Soviet Union did not top the medal table by both parameters.", "title": "1968 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "16403461", "score": "1.4874204", "text": "design was selected and completed in 1988. <br> The complex, which is located south of the city, includes 5,540 housing units and supporting facilities. It is arranged in a fan shape, with residential units radiating from a U-shaped galleria and public plaza. The buildings conform to a bowl-shaped landscape, with the residential towers increasing in height as they move outwards from the central plaza. Throughout the course of the Games, 13,000 athletes and 7,000 journalists were housed in the complex. <br> Following the Olympic Games, the complex was repurposed into a permanent urban community. This community includes a subway station,", "title": "Kyu Sung Woo" }, { "id": "19189188", "score": "1.4800203", "text": "the southern Metrobus line. Youth Olympic Village (Buenos Aires) The Youth Olympic Village is an Olympic Village built for the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics in the district of Villa Soldati, a southern neighborhood of Buenos Aires. The village also hosted the closing ceremony. It is be located within the limits of the City Park, next to the Roca Park and the Predio Ferial Olímpico. It consists of 1440 new apartments on 32 six-storeys buildings, totaling around 160.000 m2. During the YOG the village hosted 7500 people, 30% of which were be located in 40m2 apartments, with 4 beds, 2 bedrooms", "title": "Youth Olympic Village (Buenos Aires)" }, { "id": "19189186", "score": "1.4782103", "text": "Youth Olympic Village (Buenos Aires) The Youth Olympic Village is an Olympic Village built for the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics in the district of Villa Soldati, a southern neighborhood of Buenos Aires. The village also hosted the closing ceremony. It is be located within the limits of the City Park, next to the Roca Park and the Predio Ferial Olímpico. It consists of 1440 new apartments on 32 six-storeys buildings, totaling around 160.000 m2. During the YOG the village hosted 7500 people, 30% of which were be located in 40m2 apartments, with 4 beds, 2 bedrooms and one bathroom; while", "title": "Youth Olympic Village (Buenos Aires)" }, { "id": "5533181", "score": "1.4573243", "text": "Olympic House The Hong Kong Olympic House (), originally named Sports House (). The House is in the Hong Kong Stadium, So Kon Po in Causeway Bay. Which opened in 1994. The Sports House was the Administration Centre of Sports. There are now 44 Local Sports Association office there. In December 2004, the Sports House was administered by the Sports Committee of Hong Kong. The Office of Sports Committee of Hong Kong, China also resides at the Sports House. Besides offices, there are also many convention and meeting facilities available. The Committee will holds exhibitions and seminars about Hong Kong", "title": "Olympic House" }, { "id": "298671", "score": "1.4323847", "text": "about 10,500 competitors from 204 nations at the 2012 Summer Olympics. The scope and scale of the Winter Olympics is smaller. For example, Sochi hosted 2,873 athletes from 88 nations competing in 98 events during the 2014 Winter Olympics. During the Games most athletes and officials are housed in the Olympic Village. This village is intended to be a self-contained home for all the Olympic participants, and is furnished with cafeterias, health clinics, and locations for religious expression. The IOC allowed the formation of National Olympic Committees representing nations that did not meet the strict requirements for political sovereignty that", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "id": "2440377", "score": "1.4309653", "text": "a zone with sculptures called the Ruta de la Amistad (Friendship Route), created for the Cultural Olympics of 1968. The Villa Olympica, along with Villa Coapa, were housing complexes for athletes curing the 1968 Olympic Games, which were subsequently converted into lower class housing afterwards. The Villa Olympica also contains sporting facilities built at the same time, which currently serve 1,500 visitors per day. In 2003, these faculties were rehabilitated by the Federaciones Mexicanas de Atletismo y de Deportes en Silla de Ruedas and the borough. Some of these include the Olympic track and the indoor gymnasium. The area also", "title": "Tlalpan" }, { "id": "16672121", "score": "1.4284217", "text": "TV, internet access, and a private courtyard; and 17,320 beds (this is around 17,000 for athletes ~ 10903 (total number of them) and rest for officials during the Games): providing each athlete with floor space. In addition, the developers added two temporary buildings: a food hall, which was open 24 hours a day, capable of catering for 5,500 athletes at a time; and an entertainment hall of , providing Video games for the athletes use and a communal rest space, plus a non-alcoholic bar. The village also included a plaza, where athletes were able to meet with friends and family.", "title": "East Village, London" }, { "id": "16905986", "score": "1.4283683", "text": "the games. As well as accommodation the athletes' village will also provide an exclusive retail area for the athletes as well as a dining hall and medical facilities. This is to ensure the athletes and officials have a comfortable stay and have everything they need near by. Following the Games, when the temporary facilities are removed from the Games site, more land will be cleared for housing, with up to 1,400 homes being built. Officials say the building methods used and the way energy is supplied to the site will reduce carbon emissions created by the work by about 60%", "title": "Athletes' Village (Glasgow 2014)" }, { "id": "12725656", "score": "1.4283538", "text": "Régie du logement has an office and court rooms on the ground floor. In 1998, Metcap Living Inc. bought the buildings from the Régie des Installations Olympiques for $64.5 million. In 2004, El-Ad Group bought the buildings from Metcap Living Inc. In 2012, El-Ad Group expressed their interest to sell the buildings. On August 6, 2012, it was reported that El-Ad had sold the buildings to CAPREIT for $177.5 million. Olympic Village (Montreal) The Olympic Village is a twin-tower structure in Montreal, Quebec, Canada built as the athletes' residence for the 1976 Summer Olympics. Designed by architects Roger D'Astous and", "title": "Olympic Village (Montreal)" }, { "id": "12608592", "score": "1.4259906", "text": "indoor events. A three–tiered rostrum is used for the three medal winners, with the gold medal winner ascending to the highest platform, in the centre, with the silver and bronze medalists flanking. The medals are awarded by a member of the IOC. The IOC member is usually accompanied by a person from sports federation governing the sport (such as IAAF in athletics or FINA in swimming), who presents each athlete with a small bouquet of flowers. When the Games were held in Athens in 2004, the medal winners also received olive wreaths in honor of the tradition at the Ancient", "title": "Olympic Games ceremony" }, { "id": "13870750", "score": "1.4249752", "text": "Maison du Sport International The Maison du Sport International (International House of Sport) is an office complex opened in 2006 in Lausanne, Switzerland, via a joint venture between the City of Lausanne, the Canton of Vaud and the International Olympic Committee (IOC). It was created to entice all the World's sports governing bodies (also known as International Federations or IF's) to bring their headquarters to Lausanne, in order to improve their proximity to the headquarters of the IOC, and thus improve communications between these bodies. However, many international federations have their offices elsewhere, often in a country where the specific", "title": "Maison du Sport International" }, { "id": "19643591", "score": "1.4219108", "text": "Rio 2016 Olympic Village The Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Village, also called the Sportsmen Village or Olympic and Paralympic Village, is an accommodation center built to house all participating athletes, as well as officials and athletic trainers of the 2016 Summer Olympics. It is located in Barra da Tijuca, close to City of Sports Complex. With a capacity of 17,950 people and a total of 3,604 apartments and 31 buildings, it is the largest Olympic Village in the history of the Olympic Games. In the 1960s, Lagoinha of Rio de Janeiro fishermen did irregular occupations in the Jacapareguá Lagoon", "title": "Rio 2016 Olympic Village" }, { "id": "13858418", "score": "1.4147873", "text": "Ministry of Sports, from sponsorship contracts and tax incentive laws. The Olympic Training Center’s operations will be managed by an agenda elaborated according to the main national and international sports events. Following to this calendar, interns in relevant sports will be invited. During this period, the athletes will undergo a battery of tests and will use the physical and professional structure to support their training. At the end, the athletes and the technical committee will return home to continue the training and disseminate knowledge acquired. The Olympic Training Center encompasses eight permanent sport facilities in the Barra da Tijuca region.", "title": "Olympic Training Center (Rio de Janeiro)" }, { "id": "17848813", "score": "1.4071727", "text": "the host city. The first attempt to organize a Pride house was for the 1992 Barcelona Olympics. The first was organized for the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics. During the 2010 Winter Olympics, the Vancouver and Whistler Pride Houses served as venues for LGBT sportspeople, coaches, visitors and their friends, families and supporters, and became the first Pride Houses at an Olympics. Although both Pride Houses offered information and support services to LGBT athletes and attendees, the Whistler location in Pan Pacific Village Centre had a \"celebratory theme\", while the Vancouver venue emphasised education about Vancouver's LGBT community and, for non-Canadian", "title": "LGBT athletes in the Olympic and Paralympic Games" }, { "id": "9918545", "score": "1.3996685", "text": "city authorities to serve as the main location for the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics. The bidding process was thus announced on March 27, 2014, for the construction an olympic village with 1,440 apartments to house athletes and staff, as well as numerous venues for the games themselves, including the Predio Ferial Olímpico. Parque de la Ciudad The Parque de la Ciudad () is a former amusement park in the Villa Soldati neighborhood of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The park was planned by the administration of Mayor Osvaldo Cacciatore in 1978. Cacciatore, appointed by Argentina's last military government, envisaged the park as", "title": "Parque de la Ciudad" } ]

[ "Smeller", "Noses", "Schnozzle", "smeller", "Schnoz", "noses", "Nose", "schnozzle", "Schnozz", "schnozz", "schnoz", "nose" ]

[ { "id": "2825943", "score": "1.7474544", "text": "Rhinitis Rhinitis, also known as coryza, is irritation and inflammation of the mucous membrane inside the nose. Common symptoms are a stuffy nose, runny nose, sneezing, and post-nasal drip. The inflammation is caused by viruses, bacteria, irritants or allergens. The most common kind of rhinitis is allergic rhinitis, which is usually triggered by airborne allergens such as pollen and dander. Allergic rhinitis may cause additional symptoms, such as sneezing and nasal itching, coughing, headache, fatigue, malaise, and cognitive impairment. The allergens may also affect the eyes, causing watery, reddened, or itchy eyes and puffiness around the eyes. The inflammation results", "title": "Rhinitis" }, { "id": "2825944", "score": "1.6919369", "text": "in the generation of large amounts of mucus, commonly producing a runny nose, as well as a stuffy nose and post-nasal drip. In the case of allergic rhinitis, the inflammation is caused by the degranulation of mast cells in the nose. When mast cells degranulate, they release histamine and other chemicals, starting an inflammatory process that can cause symptoms outside the nose, such as fatigue and malaise. In the case of infectious rhinitis, it may occasionally lead to pneumonia, either viral or bacterial. Sneezing also occurs in infectious rhinitis to expel bacteria and viruses from the respiratory system. Rhinitis is", "title": "Rhinitis" }, { "id": "2825955", "score": "1.6404498", "text": "causing the rhinitis. Rhinitis medicamentosa is a form of drug-induced nonallergic rhinitis which is associated with nasal congestion brought on by the use of certain oral medications (primarily sympathomimetic amine and 2-imidazoline derivatives) and topical decongestants (e.g., oxymetazoline, phenylephrine, xylometazoline, and naphazoline nasal sprays) that constrict the blood vessels in the lining of the nose. Chronic rhinitis is a form of atrophy of the mucous membrane and glands of the nose. Chronic form of dryness of the mucous membranes. Chronic rhinitis associated with polyps in the nasal cavity. Most prominent pathological changes observed are nasal airway epithelial metaplasia in which", "title": "Rhinitis" }, { "id": "8704814", "score": "1.5849397", "text": "Chronic atrophic rhinitis Chronic atrophic rhinitis is a chronic inflammation of nose characterised by atrophy of nasal mucosa, including the glands, turbinate bones and the nerve elements supplying the nose. Chronic atrophic rhinitis may be primary and secondary. Special forms of chronic atrophic rhinitis are rhinitis sicca anterior and ozaena. Permanent loss of smell and impairment of taste may also be a result of this disease, even after the symptoms are cured. Causes can be remembered by mnemonic HERNIA: Specific infections, such as syphilis, lupus, leprosy and rhinoscleroma, may cause destruction of the nasal structures leading to atrophic changes. Atrophic", "title": "Chronic atrophic rhinitis" }, { "id": "2825956", "score": "1.5786428", "text": "goblet cells replace ciliated columnar epithelial cells in the nasal mucous membrane. This results in mucin hypersecretion by goblet cells and decreased mucociliary activity. Nasal secretion are not adequately cleared with clinical manifestation of nasal congestion, sinus pressure, post-nasal dripping, and headache. Over-expression of transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels, such as TRPA1 and TRPV1, may be involved in the pathogenesis of non-allergic rhinitis. Neurogenic inflammation produced by neuropeptides released from sensory nerve endings to the airways is a proposed common mechanism of association between both allergic and non-allergic rhinitis with asthma. This may explain higher association of rhinitis with", "title": "Rhinitis" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Catarrh\n\nCatarrh is an exudate of inflamed mucous membranes in one of the airways or cavities of the body, usually with reference to the throat and paranasal sinuses. It can result in a thick exudate of mucus and white blood cells caused by the swelling of the mucous membranes in the head in response to an infection. It is a symptom usually associated with the common cold, pharyngitis, and chesty coughs, but it can also be found in patients with adenoiditis, otitis media, sinusitis or tonsillitis. The phlegm produced by catarrh may either discharge or cause a blockage that may become chronic.\n\nThe word \"catarrh\" was widely used in medicine since before the era of medical science, which explains why it has various senses and in older texts may be synonymous with, or vaguely indistinguishable from, common cold, nasopharyngitis, pharyngitis, rhinitis, or sinusitis. The word is no longer as widely used in American medical practice, mostly because more precise words are available for any particular disease. Indeed, to the extent that it is still used, it is no longer viewed nosologically as a disease entity but instead as a symptom, a sign, or a syndrome of both. The term \"catarrh\" is found in medical sources from the United Kingdom. The word has also been common in the folk medicine of Appalachia, where medicinal plants have been used to treat the inflammation and drainage associated with the condition.", "title": "Catarrh" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rhinitis\n\nRhinitis, also known as coryza, is irritation and inflammation of the mucous membrane inside the nose. Common symptoms are a stuffy nose, runny nose, sneezing, and post-nasal drip.\nThe inflammation is caused by viruses, bacteria, irritants or allergens. The most common kind of rhinitis is allergic rhinitis, which is usually triggered by airborne allergens such as pollen and dander. Allergic rhinitis may cause additional symptoms, such as sneezing and nasal itching, coughing, headache, fatigue, malaise, and cognitive impairment. The allergens may also affect the eyes, causing watery, reddened, or itchy eyes and puffiness around the eyes. starting an inflammatory process that can cause symptoms outside the nose, such as fatigue and malaise. In the case of infectious rhinitis, it may occasionally lead to pneumonia, either viral or bacterial. Sneezing also occurs in infectious rhinitis to expel bacteria and viruses from the respiratory tract.\nRhinitis is very common. Allergic rhinitis is more common in some countries than others; in the United States, about 10–30% of adults are affected annually. Mixed rhinitis (MR) refers to patients with nonallergic rhinitis and allergic rhinitis. MR is a specific rhinitis subtype. It may represent between 50 and 70% of all AR patients. However, true prevalence of MR has not been confirmed yet.", "title": "Rhinitis" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Sinusitis" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rhinorrhea\n\nRhinorrhea, rhinorrhoea, or informally runny nose is the free discharge of a thin mucus fluid from the nose; it is a common condition. It is a common symptom of allergies (hay fever) or certain viral infections, such as the common cold or COVID-19. It can be a side effect of crying, exposure to cold temperatures, cocaine abuse, or drug withdrawal, such as from methadone or other opioids. Treatment for rhinorrhea is not usually undertaken, but there are a number of medical treatments and preventive techniques.\n\nThe term was coined in 1866 from the Greek \"rhino-\" (\"of the nose\") and \"-rhoia\" (\"discharge\" or \"flow\").", "title": "Rhinorrhea" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Nasal spray\n\nNasal sprays are used to deliver medications locally in the nasal cavities or systemically. They are used locally for conditions such as nasal congestion and allergic rhinitis. In some situations, the nasal delivery route is preferred for systemic therapy because it provides an agreeable alternative to injection or pills. Substances can be assimilated extremely quickly and directly through the nose. Many pharmaceutical drugs exist as nasal sprays for systemic administration (e.g. sedative-analgesics, treatments for migraine, osteoporosis and nausea). Other applications include hormone replacement therapy, treatment of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Nasal sprays are seen as a more efficient way of transporting drugs with potential use in crossing the blood–brain barrier.\nSection::::Antihistamines.\nAntihistamines work by competing for receptor sites to block the function of histamine, thereby reducing the inflammatory effect. Antihistamine nasal sprays include:\n", "title": "Nasal spray" }, { "id": "5429164", "score": "1.5637556", "text": "the Greek terms \"rhino-\" (\"of the nose\") and \"-rhoia\" (\"discharge\" or \"flow\"). Rhinorrhea is characterized by an excess amount of mucus produced by the mucous membranes that line the nasal cavities. The membranes create mucus faster than it can be processed, causing a backup of mucus in the nasal cavities. As the cavity fills up, it blocks off the air passageway, causing difficulty breathing through the nose. Air caught in nasal cavities, namely the sinus cavities, cannot be released and the resulting pressure may cause a headache or facial pain. If the sinus passage remains blocked, there is a chance", "title": "Rhinorrhea" }, { "id": "2825949", "score": "1.5296258", "text": "to as \"mixed rhinitis\". The pathology of vasomotor rhinitis appears to involve neurogenic inflammation and is as yet not very well understood. The role of transient receptor potential ion channels on the non-neuronal nasal epithelial cells has also been suggested. Overexpression of these receptors have influence the nasal airway hyper-responsiveness to non-allergic irritant environmental stimuli (e.g., extremes of temperature, changes in osmotic or barometric pressure). Vasomotor rhinitis appears to be significantly more common in women than men, leading some researchers to believe that hormone imbalance plays a role. In general, age of onset occurs after 20 years of age, in", "title": "Rhinitis" }, { "id": "2457857", "score": "1.5147674", "text": "Allergic rhinitis Allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever, is a type of inflammation in the nose which occurs when the immune system overreacts to allergens in the air. Signs and symptoms include a runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, red, itchy, and watery eyes, and swelling around the eyes. The fluid from the nose is usually clear. Symptom onset is often within minutes following exposure and they can affect sleep, the ability to work, and the ability to concentrate at school. Those whose symptoms are due to pollen typically develop symptoms during specific times of the year. Many people with", "title": "Allergic rhinitis" }, { "id": "2825946", "score": "1.5038679", "text": "atrophic, occupational, and gustatory rhinitis, as well as rhinitis medicamentosa (drug-induced); (iii) allergic rhinitis, triggered by pollen, mold, animal dander, dust, Balsam of Peru, and other inhaled allergens. Rhinitis is commonly caused by a viral or bacterial infection, including the common cold, which is caused by Rhinoviruses, Coronaviruses, and influenza viruses, others caused by adenoviruses, human parainfluenza viruses, human respiratory syncytial virus, enteroviruses other than rhinoviruses, metapneumovirus, and measles virus, or bacterial sinusitis, which is commonly caused by \"Streptococcus pneumoniae\", \"Haemophilus influenzae\", and \"Moraxella catarrhalis\". Symptoms of the common cold include rhinorrhea, sneezing, sore throat (pharyngitis), cough, congestion, and slight", "title": "Rhinitis" }, { "id": "2457861", "score": "1.4993675", "text": "hay came about due to an early (and incorrect) theory that the symptoms were brought about by the smell of new hay. The characteristic symptoms of allergic rhinitis are: rhinorrhea (excess nasal secretion), itching, sneezing fits, and nasal congestion and obstruction. Characteristic physical findings include conjunctival swelling and erythema, eyelid swelling, lower eyelid venous stasis (rings under the eyes known as \"allergic shiners\"), swollen nasal turbinates, and middle ear effusion. There can also be behavioural signs; in order to relieve the irritation or flow of mucus, people may wipe or rub their nose with the palm of their hand in", "title": "Allergic rhinitis" }, { "id": "2457877", "score": "1.496285", "text": "symptoms were brought about by the smell of new hay. Allergic rhinitis Allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever, is a type of inflammation in the nose which occurs when the immune system overreacts to allergens in the air. Signs and symptoms include a runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, red, itchy, and watery eyes, and swelling around the eyes. The fluid from the nose is usually clear. Symptom onset is often within minutes following exposure and they can affect sleep, the ability to work, and the ability to concentrate at school. Those whose symptoms are due to pollen typically develop", "title": "Allergic rhinitis" }, { "id": "3844906", "score": "1.4900012", "text": "Catarrh Catarrh , or catarrhal inflammation, is inflammation of the mucous membranes in one of the airways or cavities of the body, usually with reference to the throat and paranasal sinuses. It can result in a thick exudate of mucus and white blood cells caused by the swelling of the mucous membranes in the head in response to an infection. It is a symptom usually associated with the common cold, pharyngitis, and chesty coughs, but it can also be found in patients with adenoiditis, otitis media, sinusitis or tonsillitis. The phlegm produced by catarrh may either discharge or cause a", "title": "Catarrh" }, { "id": "19080921", "score": "1.4824088", "text": "Nonallergic rhinitis Nonallergic rhinitis is inflammation of the inner part of the nose that is not caused by an allergy. Nonallergic rhinitis involves symptoms including chronic sneezing or having a congested, drippy nose without an identified allergic reaction. Other common terms for nonallergic rhinitis are vasomotor rhinitis and perennial rhinitis. The prevalence of nonallergic rhinitis in otolaryngology is 40%. Allergic rhinitis is more common than nonallergic rhinitis; however, both conditions have similar presentation, manifestation and treatment. Nasal itching and paroxysmal sneezing are usually associated with nonallergic rhinitis in comparison to allergic rhinitis. Paroxysmal sneezing in morning, especially in morning while", "title": "Nonallergic rhinitis" }, { "id": "19080922", "score": "1.4709184", "text": "getting out of the bed. Excessive rhinorrhea - watering discharge from the nose when patient bends forward. Nasal obstruction - bilateral nasal stuffiness alternates from one site to other; this is more marked at night, when the dependent side of nose is often blocked. Postnasal drip. Nonallergic rhinitis cases may subsequently develop polyps, turbinate hypertrophy and sinusitis. Nasal mucosa has a rich blood supply and has venous sinusoids or \"lakes\" surrounded by smooth muscle fibers. These smooth muscle fibers act as sphincters and control the filling and emptying of sinusoids. Sympathetic stimulation causes vasoconstriction and shrinkage of mucosa, which leads", "title": "Nonallergic rhinitis" }, { "id": "2825958", "score": "1.4596319", "text": "For allergic rhinitis, intranasal corticosteroids are recommended. For severe symptoms intranasal antihistamines may be added. Rhinitis is pronounced , while coryza is pronounced . \"Rhinitis\" comes from the Ancient Greek ῥίς \"rhis\", \"gen\".: ῥινός \"rhinos\" \"nose\". \"Coryza\" has a dubious etymology. Robert Beekes rejected an Indo-European derivation and suggested a Pre-Greek reconstruction . According to physician Andrew Wylie, \"we use the term [\"coryza\"] for a cold in the head, but the two are really synonymous. The ancient Romans advised their patients to clean their nostrils and thereby sharpen their wits.\" Rhinitis Rhinitis, also known as coryza, is irritation and inflammation", "title": "Rhinitis" }, { "id": "8704816", "score": "1.4593842", "text": "since the time of ancient Egypt, almost 4,000 years ago, and descriptions of it are found in the historical medical papyri. In the Edwin Smith Papyrus (1700 BC) it was prescribed a treatment based on wine and breast milk to cure this disease. The ancient Greek and Indian civilizations were aware of atrophic rhinitis. Chronic atrophic rhinitis Chronic atrophic rhinitis is a chronic inflammation of nose characterised by atrophy of nasal mucosa, including the glands, turbinate bones and the nerve elements supplying the nose. Chronic atrophic rhinitis may be primary and secondary. Special forms of chronic atrophic rhinitis are rhinitis", "title": "Chronic atrophic rhinitis" }, { "id": "2825945", "score": "1.4585083", "text": "very common. Allergic rhinitis is more common in some countries than others; in the United States, about 10%–30% of adults are affected annually. Mixed rhinitis (MR) refers to patients with nonallergic rhinitis and allergic rhinitis. MR is a specific rhinitis subtype. It may represent between 50 and 70% of all AR patients. However, true prevalence of MR has not been confirmed yet. Rhinitis is categorized into three types (although infectious rhinitis is typically regarded as a separate clinical entity due to its transient nature): (i) infectious rhinitis includes acute and chronic bacterial infections; (ii) nonallergic (vasomotor) rhinitis includes idiopathic, hormonal,", "title": "Rhinitis" }, { "id": "2825948", "score": "1.4561613", "text": "rhinitis, non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome (NARES) and idiopathic (vasomotor or non-allergic, non-infectious perennial allergic rhinitis (NANIPER), or non-infectious non-allergic rhinitis (NINAR). In vasomotor rhinitis, certain nonspecific stimuli, including changes in environment (temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, or weather), airborne irritants (odors, fumes), dietary factors (spicy food, alcohol), sexual arousal, exercise, and emotional factors trigger rhinitis. There is still much to be learned about this, but it is thought that these non-allergic triggers cause dilation of the blood vessels in the lining of the nose, which results in swelling and drainage. Non-allergic rhinitis can co-exist with allergic rhinitis, and is referred", "title": "Rhinitis" }, { "id": "3844909", "score": "1.4506235", "text": "\"The [second part of the] French academie\" (1594) \"Sodainely choked by catarrhes, which like to floods of waters, runne downewards.\" Catarrh Catarrh , or catarrhal inflammation, is inflammation of the mucous membranes in one of the airways or cavities of the body, usually with reference to the throat and paranasal sinuses. It can result in a thick exudate of mucus and white blood cells caused by the swelling of the mucous membranes in the head in response to an infection. It is a symptom usually associated with the common cold, pharyngitis, and chesty coughs, but it can also be found", "title": "Catarrh" }, { "id": "4011951", "score": "1.4480175", "text": "stage begins with a nonspecific rhinitis, which progresses into purulent, fetid rhinorrhea, and crusting, which can last for weeks or even months. The granulomatous stage results in the development of a bluish red nasal mucosa and the development of intranasal rubbery nodules or polyps. Nose bleeds, nasal deformity, and destruction of the nasal cartilage are also noted (Hebra nose). The damage may result in anesthesia of the soft palate, enlargement of the uvula, dysphonia, and various degrees of airway obstruction. The fibrotic stage is characterized by sclerosis and fibrosis. Lymphadenitis is absent. It is caused by \"Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis\"—subspecies of \"Klebsiella", "title": "Rhinoscleroma" } ]

[ "The Quatermass Experiment", "Quatermass experiment", "quatermass experiment" ]

[ { "id": "2120852", "score": "1.8816599", "text": "a picture and then stick it under the bed – you want people to see it.\" In 2005 he played the famous science-fiction role of Professor Bernard Quatermass when digital television channel BBC Four produced a live remake of the 1953 serial \"The Quatermass Experiment.\" In 2005 he also played the part of Dimitry, a Russian ex-biological weapons specialist, in \"Transporter 2\", where he was briefly reunited with Jason Statham. In 2009, Flemyng joined the cast of the ITV science fiction cult drama series \"Primeval\" during its third series, as maverick ex-policeman Danny Quinn. He received top billing as the", "title": "Jason Flemyng" }, { "id": "1998970", "score": "1.8546154", "text": "2005, the digital television channel BBC Four produced a new version of \"The Quatermass Experiment\", transmitted live as the original had been. Jason Flemyng starred as Quatermass. \"The Times\"'s television reviewer, Sarah Vine, commented of this production, \"Jason Flemyng as Quatermass made a surprisingly good fist of things... the live performance lent the drama an edge that might have been lost in re-takes.\" In addition to the character's various television and film appearances, Quatermass was also seen in a variety of other media between the 1950s and the 1990s. In 1955 Kneale was invited by the publishers of the \"Daily", "title": "Bernard Quatermass" }, { "id": "9494708", "score": "1.8492477", "text": "II\" (1955) is the earliest BBC science fiction production to exist in its entirety. Kneale could not rely on sophisticated special effects to convey his narratives. Instead, he based his stories around characterisation and characters' reactions to the strange events unfolding around them, using science fiction themes to tell allegorical stories such as paralleling real life racial tensions with the Martian \"infection\" of \"Quatermass and the Pit\" (1958–59). On 12 December 1954, a live adaptation of George Orwell's \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\", produced by the \"Quatermass\" team of writer Nigel Kneale and director Rudolph Cartier, achieved the highest television ratings since the", "title": "British television science fiction" }, { "id": "12441059", "score": "1.8440142", "text": "audio commentary and other extra features. It has also been repeated on BBC Four on several occasions. The Quatermass Experiment (film) The Quatermass Experiment is a 2005 live television film remake of the 1953 television series of the same name by Nigel Kneale. Actor Jason Flemyng was cast as Quatermass, with long-time Kneale admirer Mark Gatiss as Paterson, Andrew Tiernan as Carroon, Indira Varma as his wife Judith, David Tennant as Briscoe, Adrian Bower as Fullalove and Adrian Dunbar as Lomax—now a Ministry of Defence official rather than a policeman. Isla Blair was cast as Home Secretary Margaret Blaker, a", "title": "The Quatermass Experiment (film)" }, { "id": "9494728", "score": "1.8284812", "text": "being Aquila (TV series) (1997–1998) based on the novel by Andrew Norriss and Jeopardy (BBC TV series) (2002–2004) which won the 2002 BAFTA for Best Children's Drama. A 'live' remake of \"The Quatermass Experiment\" was broadcast on BBC Four on 2 April 2005. Various series have followed the new success of \"Doctor Who\", including two spin-offs entitled \"Torchwood\" (2006–2011) and \"The Sarah Jane Adventures\" (2007–2011), a new time travel drama \"Life on Mars\" (BBC 2006–2007), \"Eleventh Hour\" (ITV 2008–2009), \"Primeval\" (ITV 2007–2011) and in 2009 new story for \"\", now shown exclusively on Dave rather than the BBC, followed by", "title": "British television science fiction" }, { "id": "9494707", "score": "1.8237772", "text": "serials like \"Stranger from Space\" (1951–1952). In the summer of 1953, the six-part serial \"The Quatermass Experiment\" was broadcast live. An adult-themed science-fiction drama specially written for television by BBC staff writer Nigel Kneale, its budget consumed the majority of the finances reserved for drama that year. This successful serial ultimately led to three further \"Quatermass\" serials and three feature film adaptations from Hammer Film Productions. \"The Quatermass Experiment\" is also the first piece of British television science fiction to partially survive, albeit only in the form of poor quality telerecordings of its first two episodes. The second serial \"Quatermass", "title": "British television science fiction" }, { "id": "12441051", "score": "1.8174624", "text": "The Quatermass Experiment (film) The Quatermass Experiment is a 2005 live television film remake of the 1953 television series of the same name by Nigel Kneale. Actor Jason Flemyng was cast as Quatermass, with long-time Kneale admirer Mark Gatiss as Paterson, Andrew Tiernan as Carroon, Indira Varma as his wife Judith, David Tennant as Briscoe, Adrian Bower as Fullalove and Adrian Dunbar as Lomax—now a Ministry of Defence official rather than a policeman. Isla Blair was cast as Home Secretary Margaret Blaker, a combination of parts of Lomax's character and two officials from the original serial, and she brought to", "title": "The Quatermass Experiment (film)" }, { "id": "3536258", "score": "1.787626", "text": "success that the script was performed again on 8 February 1955. This was not a repeat – it was a new broadcast of the same script with minor changes. One change was the recorded addition of John Snagge as the BBC announcer previously portrayed by Sellers. The first version exists in pristine form in the BBC archives, the second performance only as a lower-quality off-air recording, which excludes the first five minutes of the programme and both musical interludes, preserving about 18 minutes of material. Although it is fortunate that the second performance survives from an era when little television", "title": "Nineteen Eighty-Four (UK TV programme)" }, { "id": "3536259", "score": "1.7757996", "text": "was preserved, the play is well known only amongst archive television enthusiasts and science fiction fans. It was twenty-three years before it received a repeat broadcast in 1977. Another proposed repeat as part of the BBC's fiftieth anniversary of television celebrations in 1986 was overruled by the producers of the 1984 John Hurt/Richard Burton feature film, who felt that earlier versions would affect income for their film. The BBC was permitted to show the play again in 1994 on BBC Two, as a tribute to the recently deceased Cartier and again in June 2003 on digital station BBC Four as", "title": "Nineteen Eighty-Four (UK TV programme)" }, { "id": "3681186", "score": "1.7741396", "text": "coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in the summer of 1953. That same year, Barry invested the majority of his original scripting budget into a six-part science-fiction serial written by Kneale and directed by Rudolph Cartier, an Austrian-born director who was establishing a reputation as the television service's most inventive practitioner. Entitled \"The Quatermass Experiment\", the serial (miniseries in American terminology) was a huge success and went a long way towards popularising the form, where one story is told over a short number of episodes, on British television: it is still one of the most popular drama formats in the medium", "title": "BBC television drama" }, { "id": "3179159", "score": "1.7643147", "text": "intimate drama directly ... Kneale and Cartier shared a common desire to invigorate television with a faster tempo and a broader thematic and spatial canvas, and it was no coincidence that they turned to science-fiction in order to get out of the dominant stylistic trend of television intimacy.\" The science-fiction production to which Jacobs referred was \"The Quatermass Experiment\", broadcast in six half-hour episodes in July and August 1953. The serial told the story of Professor Bernard Quatermass of the British Experimental Rocket Group, and the consequences of his sending the first manned mission into space when a terrible fate", "title": "Nigel Kneale" }, { "id": "12441053", "score": "1.7623823", "text": "until later in April, but his fellow castmembers, and crew, became aware of the speculation surrounding Tennant; in the live broadcast Jason Flemyng changed Quatermass's first line to Tennant's Dr Briscoe from \"Good to have you back, Gordon\" to \"Good to have you back, Doctor\" as a deliberate reference. The remake was commissioned as part of a \"TV on Trial\" season being run by BBC Four, examining past television trends and productions. Although it was scheduled in a two-hour slot, the production finished after one hour and forty minutes — underrunning its allotted time, whereas most of the original episodes", "title": "The Quatermass Experiment (film)" }, { "id": "1607904", "score": "1.761489", "text": "Ian Holm as the main character for the BBC. A radio version was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in June 2011. It was directed by Martin Jarvis, and featured Michael York, Joanne Whalley, Ioan Gruffudd and Ian Ogilvy. An earlier version was broadcast on the BBC Home Service in September 1957. It was directed by Norman Wright and adapted by Cynthia Pughe with John Gielgud, Angela Baddeley, Brewster Mason and Anthony Adams. A staged reading was performed on 3 April 2012 at The Players Club in New York City, presented by TAPT (The Artists' Playground Theater), directed by Alex Kelly", "title": "The Browning Version (play)" }, { "id": "3515996", "score": "1.7592719", "text": "BBC on 24 August 1953, two days after the transmission of the final episode, to inquire about the film rights. Nigel Kneale also saw the potential for a film adaptation and, at his urging, the BBC touted the scripts around a number of producers, including the Boulting Brothers and Frank Launder and Sidney Gilliat. Kneale met with Sidney Gilliat to discuss the scripts but Gilliat was reluctant to buy the rights as he felt any film adaptation would inevitably receive an ‘X’ Certificate from the British Board of Film Censors (BBFC), restricting admission to persons over the age of sixteen.", "title": "The Quatermass Xperiment" }, { "id": "20851211", "score": "1.7581464", "text": "the play remained in near-total obscurity until it was revived by the BBC in a production in BBC2's \"Performance\" series – the last major series of studio plays broadcast in the UK – on 26 November 1994, starring John Gielgud in his last television role as Stephen Dawlish (more than 60 years after he had played on stage and screen as Inigo Jollifant in Priestley's \"The Good Companions\") and also featuring Rosemary Harris, Paul Bhattacharjee, Mike McShane, Saskia Reeves, Paul Rhys, Terence Rigby and Emily Watson. This was well received by Lynne Truss in \"The Times\" who wrote, \"preposterous is", "title": "Summer Day's Dream" }, { "id": "3515995", "score": "1.7571709", "text": "is regarded as the first of these \"Hammer Horrors\". \"The Quatermass Experiment\" was originally a six-part TV serial broadcast by BBC Television in 1953. Written by Nigel Kneale, it was an enormous success with critics and audiences alike, later described by film historian Robert Simpson as \"event television, emptying the streets and pubs\". Among its viewers was Hammer Films producer Anthony Hinds, who was immediately keen to buy the rights for a film version. Incorporated in 1934, Hammer had developed a niche for itself making second features, many of which were adaptations of successful BBC Radio productions. Hammer contacted the", "title": "The Quatermass Xperiment" }, { "id": "9494709", "score": "1.744593", "text": "coronation of Queen Elizabeth II on 2 June 1953. It was so controversial that it was debated in Parliament, and campaigners tried to have the second performance the following Thursday banned. The BBC's Head of Drama Michael Barry refused to concede. Science fiction productions were rare and almost always one-offs. \"A for Andromeda\" (1961) (which starred a young Julie Christie) and its sequel (\"The Andromeda Breakthrough\", 1962) were exceptions. Britain's first commercial television network ITV initially explored science fiction for programming purposes in the early 1960s. A proponent for such experimentation was Canadian-born producer Sydney Newman, who had become Head", "title": "British television science fiction" }, { "id": "3536463", "score": "1.740819", "text": "British television.\" Aside from the \"Quatermass\" serials, Cartier and Kneale collaborated on several one-off dramas, including literary and theatrical adaptations of \"Wuthering Heights\" (6 December 1953) and \"The Moment of Truth\" (10 March 1955), as well as Kneale's own \"The Creature\" (30 January 1955). Of particular note was their collaboration on an adaptation of George Orwell's novel \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\", originally broadcast on 12 December 1954, regarded as Cartier's most famous work. \"The Times\"'s review the day after its broadcast noted its \"vividness... the two minutes' hate was, for instance, a wonderfully riotious orgy of vindictiveness.\" The production also attracted considerable", "title": "Rudolph Cartier" }, { "id": "3681187", "score": "1.7335219", "text": "to this day. Kneale and Cartier went on to be responsible for two sequel serials and many other highly successful and popular productions over the course of the decade, drawing many viewers to their programmes with their characteristic blend of horror and allegorical science fiction. It was they who were responsible for the 1954 adaptation of George Orwell's \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\", the second performance of which drew the largest television audience since the coronation, some seven million viewers, and is one of the earliest surviving dramas in the archive. The telerecording process had by now been perfected for capturing live broadcasts", "title": "BBC television drama" }, { "id": "19292157", "score": "1.7331651", "text": "Film Festival on Saturday 30 March 2013 and at the Belfast Film Festival on Thursday 18 April 2013 Following its DVD release in June 2013 the re-colourised version has become the broadcast default, being subsequently televised in the US on Retro TV on 15 October 2014 and KBTC Public Television on Saturday 23 January 2016. It is also the version currently available for subscription download in the US on BritBox and in June 2018 was live-streamed on three occasions on Twitch.tv. Clips and details of the serial's recolourisation were covered by a special feature on the BBC evening news on", "title": "Stuart Humphryes" } ]

[ "national anthem of france", "French National Anthem", "french national anthem", "national anthem of collectivity of saint martin", "national anthem of french guiana", "la marseillese", "National anthem of Guadeloupe", "Le Marseillaise", "La Marsaillaise", "Marsaillaise", "Springfield Anthem (song)", "National anthem of French Polynesia", "National anthem of Saint Pierre and Miquelon", "marseillaise", "la marsellaise", "national anthem of saint pierre and miquelon", "National anthem of Wallis and Futuna", "National anthem of the Collectivity of Saint Martin", "La Marsillese", "national anthem of french polynesia", "national anthem of wallis and futuna", "la marseilleise", "Marseillese", "Marseillaise", "French anthem", "The Marseilleise", "song of marseilles", "National anthem of French Guiana", "national anthem of saint barthélemy", "National anthem of France", "La Marseillaise", "national anthem of guadeloupe", "la maʁsɛjɛz", "The Marseillese", "la marseilliase", "marseilleise", "la marsaillaise", "The Song of Marseilles", "La Marseillese", "la marsillese", "La marseilliase", "la marsaillese", "National anthem of Martinique", "La Marsellaisse", "La Marsaillese", "la marseillaise", "song of marseille", "La Marseilleise", "National anthem of Saint Barthélemy", "la marsellaisse", "marseillese", "national anthem of martinique", "La Marsellaise", "Song of Marseilles", "La maʁsɛjɛz", "french anthem", "French National anthem", "The Marseillaise", "La Marseillase", "marsaillaise", "Song of Marseille", "le marseillaise", "French national anthem", "springfield anthem song", "The Song of Marseille", "la marseillase" ]

[ { "id": "3997743", "score": "1.7966955", "text": "Beatles' anti-materialistic message and are an \"anthemic tribute\" to universal love in which \"nothing is tempered or modulated\". He says that Lennon favours words such as \"nothing\", \"no one\", \"nowhere\" and \"all\", thereby presenting a series of \"extreme statements\" that conclude with \"the final reversals of 'All you need is love' and 'Love is all you need'\". On the Beatles' recording, the song starts with the intro to the French national anthem, \"La Marseillaise\", and contains elements from other musical works, such as Glenn Miller's 1939 hit \"In the Mood\". This use of musical quotations follows an approach first adopted", "title": "All You Need Is Love" }, { "id": "3997733", "score": "1.7116673", "text": "international audience, captured the utopian sentiments of the Summer of Love era. The single topped sales charts in Britain, the United States and many other countries, and became an anthem for the counterculture's embrace of flower power ideology. Rather than perform the song entirely live on \"Our World\", the Beatles played to a pre-recorded backing track. The released recording featured a new lead vocal by Lennon but was otherwise little changed from this performance. With an orchestral arrangement by George Martin, the song opens with a portion of the French national anthem and ends with musical quotations from works such", "title": "All You Need Is Love" }, { "id": "3997732", "score": "1.6770356", "text": "All You Need Is Love \"All You Need Is Love\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles that was released as a non-album single in July 1967. It was written by John Lennon and credited to Lennon–McCartney. The song served as Britain's contribution to \"Our World\", the first live global television link, when the Beatles were filmed performing it at EMI Studios in London on 25 June 1967. The programme was broadcast via satellite and seen by an audience of over 400 million in 25 countries. Lennon's lyrics, which were deliberately simplistic to allow for the show's", "title": "All You Need Is Love" }, { "id": "3997757", "score": "1.6762292", "text": "that \"All You Need Is Love\" \"hit Number One all over the world, providing the sing-song anthem for the Summer of Love, with a sentiment that was simple but profound\". According to historian David Simonelli, such was the Beatles' international influence, it was the song that formally announced the arrival of flower power ideology as a mainstream concept. The single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on 11 September 1967. According to author Jonathan Gould, the Beatles \"bask[ed] in the glow of their artistic achievements\" while enjoying their first summer free of tour commitments, having quit", "title": "All You Need Is Love" }, { "id": "3997760", "score": "1.6628151", "text": "of music – marching band and rock'n'roll\" and recalled the Beatles' \"Our World\" appearance as \"a signal for those [of us] who felt we were trapped in a mental hospital in some suburban town to break out\". In 2018, the music staff of \"Time Out London\" ranked \"All You Need Is Love\" at number 4 on their list of the best Beatles songs. In November 1967, \"All You Need Is Love\" was included on the American LP version of \"Magical Mystery Tour\", together with the band's other singles tracks from that year. It was also included on the \"Yellow Submarine\"", "title": "All You Need Is Love" }, { "id": "3997744", "score": "1.6473976", "text": "by the Beatles in Harrison's composition \"It's All Too Much\", a song that similarly reflects the ideology behind the hippie movement during the 1967 Summer of Love. George Martin recalled that in \"All You Need Is Love\" \"the boys ... wanted to freak out at the end, and just go mad\". During the long coda, elements of various other songs can be heard, including \"Greensleeves\", Invention No. 8 in F major (BWV 779) by J. S. Bach, \"In the Mood\", and the Beatles' own songs \"She Loves You\" and \"Yesterday\". The first of these three pieces had been included in", "title": "All You Need Is Love" }, { "id": "3997735", "score": "1.6339004", "text": "Love\" was later included on the US \"Magical Mystery Tour\" album. It also appears in a sequence in the Beatles' 1968 animated film \"Yellow Submarine\" and on the accompanying soundtrack album. Originally broadcast in black-and-white, the \"Our World\" performance was colourised for inclusion in the Beatles' 1995 \"Anthology\" documentary series. While the song remains synonymous with the 1967 Summer of Love ethos, this quality led to criticism from several commentators, particularly during the 1980s, that the lyrics and general sentiment are naive. On 18 May 1967, the Beatles signed a contract to appear as Britain's representatives on \"Our World\", which", "title": "All You Need Is Love" }, { "id": "3997765", "score": "1.6324599", "text": "by Lennon's 1968 song \"Revolution\". Doyle Greene writes that because of its presentation as the conclusion to \"Our World\", \"All You Need Is Love\" provided \"a distinctly political statement\". He says that the song was \"selling peace\" on a program that aimed to foster international understanding in a climate of Cold War hostility, the Vietnam War and revolutionary unrest in the Third World. In the decades following the release of \"All You Need Is Love\", Beatles biographers and music journalists have criticised the lyrics as naive and simplistic and detected a smugness in the message; the song's musical content has", "title": "All You Need Is Love" }, { "id": "3997762", "score": "1.631471", "text": "based on the songs of the Beatles, and is the closing track of the 2006 soundtrack album. Remixed by Giles and George Martin, this version includes elements from \"Baby, You're a Rich Man\", \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\", \"Good Night\" and \"\". In a 1981 article on the musical and societal developments of 1967, sociomusicologist Simon Frith described \"All You Need Is Love\" as a \"genuinely moving song\" and said that, further to the impact of \"Sgt. Pepper\", the international broadcast confirmed \"the Beatles' evangelical role\" in a year when \"it seemed the whole world was waiting for something", "title": "All You Need Is Love" }, { "id": "5568428", "score": "1.627023", "text": "model. At another point on the recording, the trumpets play part of Jeremiah Clarke's \"Prince of Denmark's March\". The Beatles' use of musical and lyrical quotations here pre-dates \"All You Need Is Love\", which was written by Lennon and recorded in June 1967 for the group's appearance on the \"Our World\" television broadcast. While noting the similar ideological theme behind the two compositions, Inglis writes of Harrison and Lennon \"presenting alternative accounts of the same subject\" in the manner of French Impressionists such as Monet, Renoir and Manet, each of whom painted their own interpretations of sites in Paris and", "title": "It's All Too Much" }, { "id": "3997761", "score": "1.610748", "text": "soundtrack album, released in January 1969. As a statement on the power of universal love, the song served as the moral in the \"Yellow Submarine\" film; it plays over a scene where Lennon's character defeats the Blue Meanies by throwing the word \"Love\" at their evil Flying Glove. In a rare example of the Beatles licensing their music for use in another artist's film or television project, in February 1968 the song was played in the \"Fall Out\" episode of the TV series \"The Prisoner\", directed by Patrick McGoohan. The track is also featured in Cirque du Soleil's show \"Love\",", "title": "All You Need Is Love" }, { "id": "3997737", "score": "1.6054014", "text": "Maker\" magazine, Brian Epstein, the band's manager, said of \"All You Need Is Love\": \"It was an inspired song and they really wanted to give the world a message. The nice thing about it is that it cannot be misinterpreted. It is a clear message saying that love is everything.\" Lennon later attributed the song's simple lyrical statements to his liking of slogans and television advertising. He likened the song to a propaganda piece, adding: \"I'm a revolutionary artist. My art is dedicated to change.\" Author Mark Hertsgaard views it as the Beatles' \"most political song yet\" up to 1967", "title": "All You Need Is Love" }, { "id": "3997734", "score": "1.6027455", "text": "as Glenn Miller's \"In the Mood\", \"Greensleaves\", and Bach's Invention No. 8 in F major, as well as the chorus of the Beatles' 1963 hit \"She Loves You\". Adding to the festive atmosphere of the broadcast, the studio was adorned with signs and streamers, and filled with guests dressed in psychedelic attire, including members of the Rolling Stones, the Who and the Small Faces. The performance followed shortly after the release of the Beatles' highly influential album \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" and was described by Brian Epstein, their manager, as the group's \"finest\" moment. \"All You Need Is", "title": "All You Need Is Love" }, { "id": "3997746", "score": "1.5976703", "text": "as \"a joyous, collective anarchy signifying the utopian dreams of the counterculture topped off with a postmodern fanfare\". The Beatles began recording the backing track for the song at Olympic Sound Studios in south-west London on 14 June 1967. The producers of \"Our World\" were initially unhappy about the use of a backing track, but it was insisted upon by Martin, who said that \"we can't just go in front of 350 million people without some work\". The line-up was Lennon on harpsichord, McCartney on double bass, Harrison on violin – three instruments that were unfamiliar to the musicians –", "title": "All You Need Is Love" }, { "id": "20633653", "score": "1.5876222", "text": "where they performed the purpose-written song \"All You Need Is Love\". The film also covers the attempted levitation of the Pentagon in Washington, DC,<ref name=\"Jensen/UPI\"></ref> an event initiated by Hoffman in October 1967. In the conclusion to the documentary, several of the interviewees are asked whether they believe that \"Love is all you need\", as the Beatles had contended in \"All You Need Is Love\". Harrison, McCartney and Coyote agree that it is, while Hoffman firmly disagrees and says, \"\"Justice\" is all you need.\" In Ginsberg's opinion, \"awareness is all you need ... love stems from awareness.\" Coyote refutes the", "title": "It Was Twenty Years Ago Today (film)" }, { "id": "3997738", "score": "1.5873027", "text": "and the origins of Lennon's posthumous standing as a \"humanitarian hero\". The song's advocacy of the all-importance of love followed Lennon's introduction of the idea in his lyrics to \"The Word\" in 1965 and George Harrison's declaration in \"Within You Without You\", from the band's recently released \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" album, that \"With our love, we could save the world\". The Beatles were unimpressed when Epstein first told them that he had arranged for their appearance on \"Our World\", and they delayed choosing a song for the broadcast. In their interviews for \"The Beatles Anthology\" in the", "title": "All You Need Is Love" }, { "id": "3997736", "score": "1.5841675", "text": "was to be broadcast live internationally, via satellite, on 25 June. The Beatles were asked to provide a song with a message that could be easily understood by everyone. The band undertook the assignment at a time when they were considering making a television special, \"Magical Mystery Tour\", and working on songs for the animated film \"Yellow Submarine\", for which they were contractually obliged to United Artists to supply four new recordings. \"All You Need Is Love\" was selected for \"Our World\" for its contemporary social significance over the Paul McCartney-written \"Your Mother Should Know\". In a statement to \"Melody", "title": "All You Need Is Love" }, { "id": "3997739", "score": "1.5805598", "text": "1990s, McCartney and Harrison say they were unsure whether \"All You Need Is Love\" was written for \"Our World\", while Ringo Starr and George Martin, the Beatles' producer, assert that it was. McCartney said: \"It was certainly tailored to [the broadcast] once we had it. But I've got a feeling it was just one of John's songs that was coming anyway.\" \"All You Need Is Love\" is notable for its asymmetric time signature and complex changes. Musicologist Russell Reising writes that, although the song represents the peak of the Beatles' overtly psychedelic phase, the change in metre during the verses", "title": "All You Need Is Love" }, { "id": "3997772", "score": "1.5803723", "text": "of 80 years with the goal of finding what factors led to happiness, stated that its findings could be summarized as \"Happiness is love. Full stop.\" When pressed for being sentimental or too general, he revisited his findings and again stated, \"the short answer is L-O-V-E.\" The CBC claimed that the \"[Grant] study proves Beatles right: All You Need is Love.\" According to Ian MacDonald: The Beatles Additional participants All You Need Is Love \"All You Need Is Love\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles that was released as a non-album single in July 1967. It", "title": "All You Need Is Love" }, { "id": "3997763", "score": "1.5768883", "text": "new, and the power of music was beyond doubt.\" Psychiatrist and New Left advocate R.D. Laing wrote about the song's contemporary appeal: The times fitted [the Beatles] like a glove. Everyone was getting the feel of the world as a global village – as us, one species. The whole human race was becoming unified under the shadow of death ... One of the most heartening things about the Beatles was that they gave expression to a shared sense of celebration around the world, a sense of the same sensibility. According to author Jon Wiener, \"All You Need Is Love\" served", "title": "All You Need Is Love" } ]

[ "Fiddle and violin", "violina", "Violins", "violino", "violin", "Violinist", "FiddleandViolin", "Viollon", "Violina", "Carnatic Violin", "violin tuning", "violins", "violin player", "Violon", "violinist", "violon", "🎻", "Violin (instrument)", "Violin tuning", "The Violinist", "fiddleandviolin", "geige", "carnatic violin", "Violino", "Geige", "violin instrument", "Violinist (disambiguation)", "violinist disambiguation", "Violin player", "Violin", "fiddle and violin", "viollon" ]

[ { "id": "303441", "score": "1.7827868", "text": "the amusement of the public through all eternity. \"Do not pity him, my dear,\" the Clockmaker tells Antonia, one of Paganini's murdered wives. \"He is alone with the answer for which there is no question. The saved and the damned are the same.\" Images Niccolò Paganini Niccolò (or Nicolò) Paganini (; 27 October 178227 May 1840) was an Italian violinist, violist, guitarist, and composer. He was the most celebrated violin virtuoso of his time, and left his mark as one of the pillars of modern violin technique. His 24 Caprices for Solo Violin Op. 1 are among the best known", "title": "Niccolò Paganini" }, { "id": "303411", "score": "1.7277913", "text": "Niccolò Paganini Niccolò (or Nicolò) Paganini (; 27 October 178227 May 1840) was an Italian violinist, violist, guitarist, and composer. He was the most celebrated violin virtuoso of his time, and left his mark as one of the pillars of modern violin technique. His 24 Caprices for Solo Violin Op. 1 are among the best known of his compositions, and have served as an inspiration for many prominent composers. Niccolò Paganini was born in Genoa, then capital of the Republic of Genoa, the third of the six children of Antonio and Teresa (née Bocciardo) Paganini. Paganini's father was an unsuccessful", "title": "Niccolò Paganini" }, { "id": "303432", "score": "1.6865299", "text": "been an object of interest for a number of composers. Franz Liszt, Robert Schumann, Johannes Brahms, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Boris Blacher, Andrew Lloyd Webber, George Rochberg and Witold Lutosławski, among others, wrote well-known variations on these themes. The Israeli violinist Ivry Gitlis once referred to Paganini as a phenomenon rather than a development. Though some of the techniques frequently employed by Paganini were already present, most accomplished violinists of the time focused on intonation and bowing techniques. Arcangelo Corelli (1653–1713) was considered a pioneer in transforming the violin from an ensemble instrument to a solo instrument. In the meantime, the polyphonic", "title": "Niccolò Paganini" }, { "id": "303428", "score": "1.6843995", "text": "Of the guitars he owned through his life, there was an instrument by Gennaro Fabricatore that he had refused to sell even in his periods of financial stress, and was among the instruments in his possession at the time of his death. There is an unsubstantiated rumour that he also played Stauffer guitars; he may certainly have come across these in his meetings with Giuliani in Vienna. Paganini composed his own works to play exclusively in his concerts, all of which profoundly influenced the evolution of violin technique. His 24 Caprices were likely composed in the period between 1805 and", "title": "Niccolò Paganini" }, { "id": "303437", "score": "1.683912", "text": "by Maria Rosa Moretti and Anna Sorrento, hence the abbreviation \"MS\" assigned to his catalogued works. A minor planet 2859 Paganini discovered in 1978 by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Chernykh is named after him. Although no photographs of Paganini are known to exist, in 1900 Italian violin maker Giuseppe Fiorini forged the now famous fake daguerreotype of the celebrated violinist. So well in fact, that even the great classical author and conversationalist Arthur M. Abell was led to believe it to be true, reprinting the image in the 22 January 1901 issue of the \"Musical Courier\". Paganini has been portrayed by", "title": "Niccolò Paganini" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Niccolò Paganini" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "24 Caprices for Solo Violin (Paganini)\n\nThe 24 Caprices for Solo Violin were written in groups (six, six and twelve) by Niccolò Paganini between 1802 and 1817. They are also designated as M.S. 25 in Maria Rosa Moretti's and Anna Sorrento's \"Catalogo tematico delle musiche di Niccolò Paganini\" which was published in 1982. The \"Caprices\" are in the form of études, with each number exploring different skills (double stopped trills, extremely fast switching of positions and strings, etc.)\n\nRicordi first published them in 1820, where they were grouped and numbered from 1 to 24 as Op. 1, together with 12 Sonatas for Violin and Guitar (Op. 2 and 3) and 6 Guitar Quartets (Op. 4 and 5). When Paganini released his \"Caprices\", he dedicated them \"alli artisti\" (to the artists) rather than to a specific person. A sort of dedication can be recognized in Paganini's own score, where he annotated between 1832 and 1840 the following 'dedicatee' for each \"Caprice\" (possibly ready for a new printed edition): 1: Henri Vieuxtemps; 2: Giuseppe Austri; 3: Ernesto Camillo Sivori; 4: Ole Bornemann Bull; 5: Heinrich Wilhelm Ernst; 6: Karol Józef Lipiński; 7: Franz Liszt; 8: Delphin Alard; 9: Herrmann; 10: ; 11: Sigismond Thalberg; 12: Dhuler; 13: Charles Philippe Lafont; 14: Jacques Pierre Rode; 15: Louis Spohr; 16: Rodolphe Kreutzer; 17: Alexandre Artôt; 18: Antoine Bohrer; 19: Andreas Jakob Romberg; 20: Carlo Bignami; 21: Antonio Bazzini; 22: Luigi Alliani; 23: [no name]; 24: \"Nicolò Paganini, \" (to my self, regrettably buried).\n\nFerdinand David's first edition was published by Breitkopf & Härtel in 1854. David, as editor, also issued an edition of \"Caprices\" with piano accompaniments by Robert Schumann. Another edition by David was issued in two books of 12 caprices each \"\" (with additional piano accompaniment by Ferdinand David) and published by Breitkopf & Härtel (c. 1860).\n\nUnlike many earlier and later sets of 24 pieces, there was no intention to write these caprices in 24 different keys.\n", "title": "24 Caprices for Solo Violin (Paganini)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini\n\nThe Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini, Op. 43, (, \"Rapsodiya na temu Paganini\") is a concertante work written by Sergei Rachmaninoff for piano and orchestra, closely resembling a piano concerto, all in a single movement. Rachmaninoff wrote the work at his summer home, the Villa Senar in Switzerland, according to the score, from 3 July to 18 August 1934. Rachmaninoff himself, a noted performer of his own works, played the piano part at the piece's premiere on 7 November 1934, at the Lyric Opera House in Baltimore, Maryland, with the Philadelphia Orchestra conducted by Leopold Stokowski. \n\nRachmaninoff, Stokowski, and the Philadelphia Orchestra made the first recording, on 24 December 1934, at RCA Victor's Trinity Church Studio in Camden, New Jersey. The English premiere on 7 March 1935 at Manchester Free Trade Hall also featured Rachmaninoff with The Hallé under Nikolai Malko. The best-known variation in the piece is the 18th variation, frequently selected in isolation in classical music compilations.", "title": "Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Caprice No. 24 (Paganini)\n\nCaprice No. 24 in A minor is the final caprice of Niccolò Paganini's 24 Caprices, and a famous work for solo violin. The caprice, in the key of A minor, consists of a theme, 11 variations, and a finale. His 24 Caprices were probably composed in 1807, while he was in the service of the Baciocchi court.\n\nIt is widely considered one of the most difficult pieces ever written for the solo violin. It requires many highly advanced techniques such as parallel octaves and rapid shifting covering many intervals, extremely fast scales and arpeggios including minor scales, left hand pizzicato, high positions, and quick string crossings. Also, there are many double stops, including thirds and tenths.", "title": "Caprice No. 24 (Paganini)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Concerto" }, { "id": "303426", "score": "1.6733434", "text": "was so impressed with Paganini's playing that he refused to take it back. This particular violin came to be known as \"Il Cannone Guarnerius\". On a later occasion in Parma, he won another valuable violin (also by Guarneri) after a difficult sight-reading challenge from a man named Pasini. Other instruments associated with Paganini include the \"Antonio Amati\" 1600, the \"Nicolò Amati\" 1657, the \"Paganini-Desaint\" 1680 Stradivari, the Guarneri-filius \"Andrea\" 1706, the \"Le Brun\" 1712 Stradivari, the \"Vuillaume\" c. 1720 Bergonzi, the \"Hubay\" 1726 Stradivari, and the \"Comte Cozio di Salabue\" 1727 violins; the \"Countess of Flanders\" 1582 da Salò-di Bertolotti,", "title": "Niccolò Paganini" }, { "id": "11430287", "score": "1.6611831", "text": "which are still in use today. He was appointed professor of flute at the Conservatoire in Florence in 1870, and remained there until his death in 1881. In 1996 the asteroid N. 7714 was named in his memory. Briccialdi, known as “the Paganini of the flute,” was a remarkable virtuoso who toured Europe as a soloist and was responsible for several technical improvements to the flute—now standard features on the instrument. He ultimately settled in Florence and taught at the Florence Conservatory. Giulio Briccialdi Giulio Briccialdi (1/2 March 1818 – 17 December 1881) was an Italian virtuoso flautist and composer,", "title": "Giulio Briccialdi" }, { "id": "4203917", "score": "1.6541588", "text": "Il Cannone Guarnerius Il Cannone Guarnerius of 1743 is a violin fabricated by Italian luthier Giuseppe Antonio Guarneri of Cremona (1698–1744). Il Cannone is also known by the variants \"Il Cannone del Gesù\", \"Cannone\" or \"Canon\", often appended with \"Guarneri del Gesù\", the Guarneri trademark. The violin received its name from a former owner, the Italian violin virtuoso Niccolò Paganini (1782–1840), because of its power and resonance. So associated is Paganini with \"Il Cannone\", it is common for the violin to be referenced as \"Il Cannone, ex-Paganini\". Paganini lost a valuable Antonio Amati violin as a result of his penchant", "title": "Il Cannone Guarnerius" }, { "id": "303438", "score": "1.6410668", "text": "a number of actors in film and television productions, including Stewart Granger in the 1946 biographical portrait \"The Magic Bow\", Roxy Roth in \"A Song to Remember\" (1945), Klaus Kinski in \"Kinski Paganini\" (1989) and David Garrett in \"The Devil's Violinist\" (2013). In the Soviet 1982 miniseries \"Niccolo Paganini\" the musician is portrayed by the Armenian actor Vladimir Msryan. The series focuses on Paganini's relationship with the Roman Catholic Church. Another Soviet actor, Armen Dzhigarkhanyan, plays Paganini's fictionalized arch-rival, an insidious Jesuit official. The information in the series is generally spurious and it also plays to some of the myths", "title": "Niccolò Paganini" }, { "id": "303414", "score": "1.6401203", "text": "1800, Paganini and his father traveled to Livorno, where Paganini played in concerts and his father resumed his maritime work. In 1801, the 18-year-old Paganini was appointed first violin of the Republic of Lucca, but a substantial portion of his income came from freelancing. His fame as a violinist was matched only by his reputation as a gambler and womanizer. In 1805, Lucca was annexed by Napoleonic France, and the region was ceded to Napoleon's sister, Elisa Baciocchi. Paganini became a violinist for the Baciocchi court, while giving private lessons to Elisa's husband, Felice. In 1807, Baciocchi became the Grand", "title": "Niccolò Paganini" }, { "id": "303412", "score": "1.6395385", "text": "trader, but he managed to supplement his income through playing music on the mandolin. At the age of five, Paganini started learning the mandolin from his father, and moved to the violin by the age of seven. His musical talents were quickly recognized, earning him numerous scholarships for violin lessons. The young Paganini studied under various local violinists, including Giovanni Servetto and Giacomo Costa, but his progress quickly outpaced their abilities. Paganini and his father then traveled to Parma to seek further guidance from Alessandro Rolla. But upon listening to Paganini's playing, Rolla immediately referred him to his own teacher,", "title": "Niccolò Paganini" }, { "id": "303420", "score": "1.637619", "text": "orchestra. However, he eventually conflicted with the players and court, so his visions never saw completion. In Paris, he befriended the 11-year-old Polish virtuoso Apollinaire de Kontski, giving him some lessons and a signed testimonial. It was widely put about, falsely, that Paganini was so impressed with de Kontski's skills that he bequeathed him his violins and manuscripts. In 1836, Paganini returned to Paris to set up a casino. Its immediate failure left him in financial ruin, and he auctioned off his personal effects, including his musical instruments, to recoup his losses. At Christmas of 1838, he left Paris for", "title": "Niccolò Paganini" }, { "id": "303429", "score": "1.635063", "text": "1809, while he was in the service of the Baciocchi court. Also during this period, he composed the majority of the solo pieces, duo-sonatas, trios and quartets for the guitar, either as a solo instrument or with strings. These chamber works may have been inspired by the publication, in Lucca, of the guitar quintets of Boccherini. Many of his variations, including \"Le Streghe\", \"The Carnival of Venice\", and \"Nel cor più non mi sento\", were composed, or at least first performed, before his European concert tour. Generally speaking, Paganini's compositions were technically imaginative, and the timbre of the instrument was", "title": "Niccolò Paganini" }, { "id": "303413", "score": "1.6297677", "text": "Ferdinando Paer and, later, Paer's own teacher, Gasparo Ghiretti. Though Paganini did not stay long with Paer or Ghiretti, the two had considerable influence on his composition style. The French invaded northern Italy in March 1796, and Genoa was not spared. The Paganinis sought refuge in their country property in Romairone, near Bolzaneto. It was in this period that Paganini is thought to have developed his relationship with the guitar. He mastered the guitar, but preferred to play it in exclusively intimate, rather than public concerts. He later described the guitar as his \"constant companion\" on his concert tours. By", "title": "Niccolò Paganini" }, { "id": "303425", "score": "1.6147937", "text": "of Beethoven and, towards the end of his life, he gave large sums to the composer. They shared an active interest in the guitar, which they both played and used in compositions. Paganini gave Berlioz a guitar, which they both signed on its sound box. Paganini was in possession of a number of fine string instruments. More legendary than these were the circumstances under which he obtained (and lost) some of them. While Paganini was still a teenager in Livorno, a wealthy businessman named Livron lent him a violin, made by the master luthier Giuseppe Guarneri, for a concert. Livron", "title": "Niccolò Paganini" }, { "id": "303433", "score": "1.61472", "text": "capability of the violin was firmly established through the Sonatas and Partitas BWV 1001–1006 of Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750). Other notable violinists included Antonio Vivaldi (1678–1741) and Giuseppe Tartini (1692–1770), who, in their compositions, reflected the increasing technical and musical demands on the violinist. Although the role of the violin in music drastically changed through this period, progress in violin technique was steady but slow. Techniques requiring agility of the fingers and the bow were still considered unorthodox and discouraged by the established community of violinists. Much of Paganini's playing (and his violin composition) was influenced by two violinists, Pietro", "title": "Niccolò Paganini" }, { "id": "303417", "score": "1.6116016", "text": "addition to his own compositions, theme and variations being the most popular, Paganini also performed modified versions of works (primarily concertos) written by his early contemporaries, such as Rodolphe Kreutzer and Giovanni Battista Viotti. Paganini's travels also brought him into contact with eminent guitar virtuosi of the day, including Ferdinando Carulli in Paris and Mauro Giuliani in Vienna. But this experience did not inspire him to play public concerts with guitar, and even performances of his own guitar trios and quartets were private to the point of being behind closed doors. Throughout his life, Paganini was no stranger to chronic", "title": "Niccolò Paganini" }, { "id": "303434", "score": "1.6091821", "text": "Locatelli (1693–1746) and August Duranowski (Auguste Frédéric Durand) (1770–1834). During Paganini's study in Parma, he came across the 24 Caprices of Locatelli (entitled \"L'arte di nuova modulazione – Capricci enigmatici\" or \"The art of the new style – the enigmatic caprices\"). Published in the 1730s, they were shunned by the musical authorities for their technical innovations, and were forgotten by the musical community at large. Around the same time, Durand, a former student of Giovanni Battista Viotti (1755–1824), became a celebrated violinist. He was renowned for his use of harmonics and the left hand pizzicato in his performance. Paganini was", "title": "Niccolò Paganini" }, { "id": "303436", "score": "1.5972295", "text": "(\"Tema con variazioni\") has been the basis of works by many other composers. Notable examples include Brahms's \"Variations on a Theme of Paganini\" and Rachmaninoff's \"Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini\". The Paganini Competition (\"Premio Paganini\") is an international violin competition created in 1954 in his home city of Genoa and named in his honour. In 1972 the State of Italy purchased a large collection of Niccolò Paganini manuscripts from the W. Heyer Library of Cologne. They are housed at the Biblioteca Casanatense in Rome. In 1982 the city of Genoa commissioned a thematic catalogue of music by Paganini, edited", "title": "Niccolò Paganini" }, { "id": "303422", "score": "1.5935205", "text": "was still not buried. His body was finally buried in 1876, in a cemetery in Parma. In 1893, the Czech violinist František Ondříček persuaded Paganini's grandson, Attila, to allow a viewing of the violinist's body. After this episode, Paganini's body was finally reinterred in a new cemetery in Parma in 1896. Though having no shortage of romantic conquests, Paganini was seriously involved with a singer named Antonia Bianchi from Como, whom he met in Milan in 1813. The two gave concerts together throughout Italy. They had a son, Achille Ciro Alessandro, born on 23 July 1825 in Palermo and baptized", "title": "Niccolò Paganini" } ]

[ "winning", "Duh, winning", "Carlos Estavez", "charlysheen", "WINNING!", "Bi-winning", "Carlos Estevez", "Charlie Sheen", "Carlos estevez", "carlos estevez", "carlos estévez", "Charlie sheen", "duh winning", "Charles Irwin Sheen", "bi winning", "charles sheen", "Carlos Irwin Estévez", "carlos estavez", "charles irwin sheen", "Charles sheen", "Carlos Irwin Estevez", "carlos irwin estévez", "Carlos Estévez", "charlie sheen", "Carlos irwin estevez", "carlos irwin estevez", "Charlysheen" ]

[ { "id": "6825223", "score": "1.7246222", "text": "second child was a son, Parker Ray. Heidi Mueller Heidi Jo Mueller (born January 29, 1982) is an American actress. She portrayed the role of Kay Bennett in the NBC daytime soap opera \"Passions\" from 2003 until 2008. Prior to \"Passions\", Mueller appeared alongside her father Don Mueller and her siblings on the NBC reality TV series \"Who Wants to Marry My Dad?\". Mueller joined \"Passions\" in mid-2003, the fourth actress to portray Kay (and also played Kay's ancestor Prudence Standish in a flashback) playing alongside Molly Stanton and Jesse Metcalfe. She continued in the role when the series switched", "title": "Heidi Mueller" }, { "id": "15398319", "score": "1.6966884", "text": "July 2011, Mueller completed an outpatient rehab program. \"Brooke has decided to remove herself from the media spotlight, [so] she can focus on her recovery without distraction. Brooke's goal is to maintain her sobriety, and she believes this is the best option to reach that goal,\" her representative said in a statement. In 2013, officials took Mueller's children on a warrant and custody was ultimately given to her brother Scott. In December 2014, full custody of her sons was returned to her by the court. Brooke Mueller Brooke Jaye Mueller (born August 19, 1977) is an American actress and real", "title": "Brooke Mueller" }, { "id": "15398317", "score": "1.6913687", "text": "in \"The World According to Paris\", a reality show alongside her friend Paris Hilton. She has also worked as real estate investor, including purchasing a home from Mel B in 2012, refurbishing it and reselling it nine months later for a $500,000 profit. She had also bought and flipped homes in the Los Angeles area neighborhoods Nichols Canyon (2005) and Los Feliz (2009). On May 30, 2008, Mueller married actor Charlie Sheen, having been engaged since 2007. The couple were introduced in 2006 by mutual friend Rebecca Gayheart. Mueller gave birth to their twin sons, Bob and Max, on March", "title": "Brooke Mueller" }, { "id": "15398316", "score": "1.5996909", "text": "was a cheerleader at the Benjamin School in Palm Beach. Mueller has a brother, Scott Allen Mueller, and a half-sister, Sydney Wolofsky. Mueller's mother Moira Mueller Wolofsky Fiore is currently married to New York lounge singer Jon Fiore. While attending the Benjamin School for highschool, Mueller was on the cheerleading squad. Mueller has acted in film and worked as special correspondent on \"Extra\". Her best known role was as Janet in the 1999 direct-to-video film \"Witchouse\", credited as Brooke Allen. She also played Cassandra in the 2008 comedy film \"Strictly Sexual\" (also credited as Brooke Allen). In 2011, Mueller co-starred", "title": "Brooke Mueller" }, { "id": "15398315", "score": "1.5797019", "text": "Brooke Mueller Brooke Jaye Mueller (born August 19, 1977) is an American actress and real estate investor. She was the third wife of actor Charlie Sheen; they filed for divorce in 2010. Mueller was born and raised in upstate New York. Her father, Allen Mueller, worked as a Miami and Key West police officer, a high school teacher, and a real-estate broker. He died in a motorcycle accident when Brooke was twelve. Her father was Lutheran and her mother, Moira Roskin Fiore, was Jewish. When she was 14, her mother married Florida-based millionaire Kenneth Wolofsky and moved to Florida. Mueller", "title": "Brooke Mueller" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Brooke Mueller\n\nBrooke Jaye Mueller (born August 19, 1977) is an American actress.", "title": "Brooke Mueller" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Charlie Sheen\n\nCarlos Irwin Estévez (born September 3, 1965), known professionally as Charlie Sheen, is an American actor. He has appeared in films such as \"Platoon\" (1986), \"Wall Street\" (1987), \"Young Guns\" (1988), \"The Rookie\" (1990), \"The Three Musketeers\" (1993), and \"The Arrival\" (1996). In the 2000s, when Sheen replaced Michael J. Fox as the star of ABC's \"Spin City\", his portrayal of Charlie Crawford earned him a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor. He then starred as Charlie Harper on the CBS sitcom \"Two and a Half Men\" (2003–11), for which he received multiple Golden Globe and Primetime Emmy nominations, and as Dr. Charles \"Charlie\" Goodson on the FX series \"Anger Management\" (2012–14). In 2010, Sheen was the highest-paid actor on television, earning US$1.8 million per episode of \"Two and a Half Men\".<ref name=\"sheen-cbs\"/>\n\nSheen's personal life has made headlines, including reports of alcohol and drug abuse and marital problems, as well as allegations of domestic violence. On November 17, 2015, Sheen publicly revealed that he is HIV positive, having been diagnosed four years previously.", "title": "Charlie Sheen" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Denise Richards\n\nDenise Richards (born February 17, 1971) is an American actress, television personality, and former fashion model. Her most recognized roles are Carmen Ibanez in \"Starship Troopers\" (1997), Kelly Van Ryan in \"Wild Things\" (1998) and Bond girl Christmas Jones in \"The World Is Not Enough\" (1999). She has also appeared in films \"Drop Dead Gorgeous\" (1999), \"Valentine\" (2001), \"Undercover Brother\" (2002), \"Scary Movie 3\" (2003), \"Love Actually\" (2003), and \"Madea's Witness Protection\" (2012).\n\nHer television roles include Paramount Network's sitcom \"Blue Mountain State\" (2010–2011), ABC Family's mystery-thriller series \"Twisted\" (2013–2014) and CBS' soap opera \"The Bold and the Beautiful\" (2019–present).\nRichards starred on the E! reality show \"\" (2008–2009) and Bravo's reality television series \"The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills\" (2019–2020). In 2011, Richards published a memoir, \"The Real Girl Next Door\", which became a \"New York Times\" Best Seller.<ref name=\"bravotv\" />", "title": "Denise Richards" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bruce Willis\n\nWalter Bruce Willis (born March 19, 1955) is a retired American actor. He achieved fame with a leading role on the comedy-drama series \"Moonlighting\" (1985–1989) and appeared in over a hundred films, gaining recognition as an action hero after his portrayal of John McClane in the \"Die Hard\" franchise (1988–2013) and other roles.\n\nWillis's other credits include \"The Last Boy Scout\" (1991), \"Death Becomes Her\" (1992), \"Pulp Fiction\" (1994), \"12 Monkeys\" (1995), \"The Fifth Element\" (1997), \"Armageddon\" (1998), \"The Sixth Sense\" (1999), \"Unbreakable\" (2000), \"Sin City\" (2005), \"Red\" (2010), \"Moonrise Kingdom\" (2012), \"Looper\" (2012) and \"Red 2\" (2013). In the later years of his career, Willis starred in many low-budget direct-to-video films, which were poorly received. In March 2022, Willis's family announced that he was retiring after being diagnosed with aphasia, which affects language cognition.\n\nAs a singer, Willis released his debut album, \"The Return of Bruno\", in 1987, followed by two more albums in 1989 and 2001. He made his Broadway debut in the stage adaptation of \"Misery\" in 2015. Willis has received various accolades throughout his career, including a Golden Globe Award, two Primetime Emmy Awards, and two People's Choice Awards. He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2006. Films featuring Willis have grossed between and US$3.05 billion at North American box offices, making him in 2010 the eighth-highest-grossing leading actor.", "title": "Bruce Willis" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "List of German Americans" }, { "id": "1965111", "score": "1.5753095", "text": "have two daughters together. (born March 9, 2004) In March 2005, Richards filed for divorce, accusing Sheen of alcohol and drug abuse and threats of violence. The divorce was finalized in November 2006 and preceded a custody dispute over their two daughters. On May 30, 2008, Sheen married third wife Brooke Mueller. They have twin sons. In November 2010, Sheen filed for divorce. On March 1, 2011, police removed the couple's sons from Sheen's home. Sheen told NBC's \"Today\", \"I stayed very calm and focused.\" According to \"People\", social services took the children after Mueller obtained a restraining order against", "title": "Charlie Sheen" }, { "id": "14918307", "score": "1.5671608", "text": "birth to their son Sasha Blue Pownall on 3 February 2014. In 2016, Wilde gave birth to their second son, Shiloh Silva Pownall. Gabriella Wilde Gabriella Wilde (born Gabriella Zanna Vanessa Anstruther-Gough-Calthorpe; 8 April 1989), also known as Gabriella Calthorpe, is an English model and actress who has appeared in the films \"The Three Musketeers\" (2011), \"Carrie\" (2013) and \"Endless Love\" (2014). Wilde was born in Basingstoke, Hampshire, England. She is descended from the aristocratic Gough-Calthorpe family. Her father, businessman John Anstruther-Gough-Calthorpe, is a former chairman of the Watermark Group, and the grandson of Sir Fitzroy Anstruther-Gough-Calthorpe, 1st Baronet. Her", "title": "Gabriella Wilde" }, { "id": "5231069", "score": "1.5660386", "text": "He has a younger sister named Katie. He married Claudia Rente, an English teacher, on November 11, 2006. She has worked for both Hickory High School and Great Bridge High School. Son, Casey Jonathan, was born on June 20, 2008, and fraternal twin daughters, Chloe and Madeline, were born on December 6, 2011. Due to a childhood virus, Cuddyer has been deaf in his left ear since he was eleven years old. However, he insists that his partial deafness has never interfered with his ability to hear teammates on the field and he does not view himself as hearing impaired.", "title": "Michael Cuddyer" }, { "id": "6005827", "score": "1.5564797", "text": "of the bride's mother. In July 2007, Lopes announced in the \"News of the World\" that she and her husband were expecting their first child in January 2008; she gave birth to a daughter, Eliza, on 16 January. In July 2009, it was announced that they were expecting twins and on 30 December 2009 she gave birth to fraternal twin boys who were named Gus and Louis. Eliza was a bridesmaid at the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton on 29 April 2011. Laura Lopes Laura Rose Lopes (née Parker Bowles; born 1 January 1978) is the daughter of", "title": "Laura Lopes" }, { "id": "6825220", "score": "1.5563195", "text": "Heidi Mueller Heidi Jo Mueller (born January 29, 1982) is an American actress. She portrayed the role of Kay Bennett in the NBC daytime soap opera \"Passions\" from 2003 until 2008. Prior to \"Passions\", Mueller appeared alongside her father Don Mueller and her siblings on the NBC reality TV series \"Who Wants to Marry My Dad?\". Mueller joined \"Passions\" in mid-2003, the fourth actress to portray Kay (and also played Kay's ancestor Prudence Standish in a flashback) playing alongside Molly Stanton and Jesse Metcalfe. She continued in the role when the series switched to DirecTV on September 17. In 2007,", "title": "Heidi Mueller" }, { "id": "13917445", "score": "1.553709", "text": "Max Walker Lauren, was born April 19, 2018. David Lauren David Lauren (born October 11, 1971) is the middle child and youngest son of clothing designer Ralph Lauren. His siblings are Dylan and Andrew Lauren. David Lauren was born on October 11, 1971, the son of Ricky Anne (née Loew-Beer) and fashion designer and executive Ralph Lauren. His father was the son of Belarus-born Jewish immigrants. His mother was the daughter of a Jewish father and an Austrian mother, both immigrants from Austria. The second of three children, Lauren has an older brother, Andrew Lauren, and a younger sister, Dylan", "title": "David Lauren" }, { "id": "1502888", "score": "1.5389467", "text": "to her on a trip to the United States, which he won from \"Cleo Magazine\" after being named their \"Bachelor of the Year\" in 1996. Bana and Gleeson have two children, a son, Klaus (born August 1999), and a daughter, Sophia (born April 2002). They are based in Melbourne. On official identity documents he still has his birth surname, Banadinović. Bana is a motor racing enthusiast, and participates in various motor racing competitions in Australia. At the age of 14, he wanted to leave school to focus full-time on becoming a motor mechanic, but his father convinced him to complete", "title": "Eric Bana" }, { "id": "2174010", "score": "1.5300333", "text": "are the parents of twins, Trevor Rolph, and Samantha Finnell Diana, born in January 2000. From his first marriage (1973–86), to Susan Dale Otchis, Wilson is also the father of another set of twins (also a boy and a girl), Sabrina Cecile and Joseph Charles, who were born in 1979. Prior to the disclosure of her classified CIA identity, Valerie, Joe, and their twins lived in The Palisades, a neighborhood of Washington, D.C., on the fringe of Georgetown. After she resigned from the CIA following the disclosure of her covert status, in January 2006, the family moved to Santa Fe,", "title": "Valerie Plame" }, { "id": "18842663", "score": "1.5262392", "text": "that he was signed by the Eagles on April 1, 2016 as a fullback, which he played in high school and occasionally in college. He was signed by the San Diego Chargers as an undrafted free agent in 2015. He is the son of Steve and Valerie Mueller and has two sisters, Katheryn and Caroline. Ryan Mueller Ryan Mueller (born April 30, 1991) is a former American football linebacker/fullback in the National Football League (NFL) and a current defensive end for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football at Kansas State University. Mueller began", "title": "Ryan Mueller" }, { "id": "19548613", "score": "1.5250921", "text": "Denmark who is originally from Australia. Fleming met footballer Nicklas Bendtner when she was filmed renovating her family home Valdemar's Castle on a reality show. Bendtner was a guest, and they did a photoshoot together to promote his appearance. In July 2010, Bendtner revealed through his official website that he was going to become a father. On 16 December 2010, she gave birth by Caesarean section at London's Portland Hospital to a son, Nicolas. Fleming began dating American Ivy League banker Christian Hostetter when she was filming Ladies of London in 2015. Caroline Fleming Caroline Fleming (born Baroness Caroline Elizabeth", "title": "Caroline Fleming" }, { "id": "21011263", "score": "1.5250287", "text": "such as, \"Psycho\", \"The Birds\", \"To Kill A Mocking Bird\", \"Pillow Talk\", \"Spartacus\", and others. Taylor Muhl Taylor Alexis Muhl (born November 5th, 1983 in Hollywood, California) is an American singer/songwriter, model, and dancer. Muhl is the only surviving child of Eric and Alexandra (Alex) Muhl. Muhl was born in her parents home, (not a hospital) with two midwives, and was an all natural birth. When Alex was pregnant with Muhl, she didn't know, (she had no ultrasound) but she was also pregnant with Muhl's fraternal twin sister. While the twins were in the womb (in earlier stages of pregnancy)", "title": "Taylor Muhl" }, { "id": "5691009", "score": "1.5230172", "text": "has three sons, Barry, Jason, Matthew. Gene Mueller Dr. Gene A Mueller (born February 28, 1942) is an American historian and author. Mueller was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and is considered an expert in two areas of history, American Nez Perce Indian Culture and 20th Century Europe, specifically Hitler's generals. He has published several books. He has taught at the Lewis-Clark State College in Lewiston, Idaho, Henderson State University at Arkadelphia, Arkansas, and Texas A&M University–Texarkana. Dr. Mueller was also Mayor of Lewiston Idaho for ten years from 1982 to 1992. He has the following degrees: Dr. Mueller is married", "title": "Gene Mueller" }, { "id": "9434774", "score": "1.5226727", "text": "they were the eighth team to be eliminated and placed fourth. In 2017, Brooke appeared on the TLC show \"Rattled\", which chronicled the birth of her son Jace. Adams has a non-identical twin sister, Brittaney Adams, whom Brooke is eight minutes older than. Adams is engaged to model and personal trainer Weston Wayne Piper. Their first child, a boy named Jace, was born on September 3, 2016. She gave birth to a baby girl, whom she named Phoenix Presley-Lee Piper, on October 31, 2018. Brooke Tessmacher Brooke Nichole Adams (born December 4, 1984), is an American model and professional wrestler,", "title": "Brooke Tessmacher" }, { "id": "5592890", "score": "1.5222373", "text": "Ciel Taylor Lamar, was born on March 4, 2009, one day before his wife's 34th birthday. On November 16, 2011, Taylor gave birth to her second child with Lamar, a son named Rex Harrison Lamar. He appeared in a March 2009 magazine advertisement for Skechers Footwear with his pregnant wife and her twin sons. Taylor has twin sons, Jake and Hunter, with her ex-husband, former Miami Hooters linebacker Matt Martinez. Until recently, Lamar worked as a flight instructor for Airline Transport Professionals in Nashville, Tennessee. He was hired by Mesa Airlines in November 2013 (Mesa contractually flies as US Airways", "title": "Burney Lamar" }, { "id": "4511816", "score": "1.509413", "text": "the World\" by \"People\" magazine in 1998. They have worked with photographers such as Bruce Weber, Steven Meisel, Tiziano Magni, Claus Wickwrath, Randall Mesdon, Marko Realmonte and also with model Cindy Crawford. They have appeared on the covers of \"Glamour\", \"Esquire\", \"Mizz\", \"Sassy\", \"Dolly\", \"Student Life\", \"Vogue\", \"Fortune\" amongst others., They are also amateur surfers and snowboarders. In 2003 they moved in the insurance business and opened their own insurance agency in 2013 in Redondo Beach, CA. Brewer twins Derek and Keith Brewer, known as the Brewer Twins, are male models. The twins were born on September 21, 1973, at", "title": "Brewer twins" } ]

[ "ROME", "Rome (Italy)", "Capital city of italy", "città eterna", "symbols and trivia of rome", "city of seven hills", "Roma, Italia", "Symbols and Trivia of Rome", "The weather in Rome", "roma italia", "capital of italy", "Città Eterna", "Rome", "Symbols and trivia of Rome", "City of the Seven Hills", "rome republic and empire", "italian capital", "comune di roma", "Rome, Republic and Empire", "Roma, Italy", "Italian capital", "roma italy", "Roma (city)", "Rome,Italy", "un locode itrom", "rome lazio", "demographics of rome", "rōma", "weather in rome", "Comune di Roma", "city of rome", "roma city", "Rome, Italy", "Rōma", "UN/LOCODE:ITROM", "Rome, Lazio", "City of Rome", "capital city of italy", "Demographics of Rome", "Capital of Italy", "rome italy", "rome" ]

[ { "id": "1363325", "score": "1.8003616", "text": "1960 Summer Paralympics The 9th Annual International Stoke Mandeville Games, retroactively designated as the 1960 Summer Paralympics (), were the first international Paralympic Games, following on from the Stoke Mandeville Games of 1948 and 1952. They were organised under the aegis of the International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation. The term \"Paralympic Games\" was approved by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) first in 1984, while the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) was formed in 1989. The Games were held in Rome, Italy from September 18 to 25, 1960, with the 1960 Summer Olympics. The only disability included in these Paralympics was spinal", "title": "1960 Summer Paralympics" }, { "id": "764144", "score": "1.7964317", "text": "making it the first international competition of its own kind. These early competitions, also known as the Stoke Mandeville Games, have been described as the precursors of the Paralympic Games. There have been several milestones in the Paralympic movement. The first official Paralympic Games, no longer open solely to war veterans, was held in Rome in 1960. 400 athletes from 23 countries competed at the 1960 Games. Since 1960, the Paralympic Games have taken place in the same year as the Olympic Games. The Games were initially open only to athletes in wheelchairs; at the 1976 Summer Games, athletes with", "title": "Paralympic Games" }, { "id": "2732715", "score": "1.7730181", "text": "time ever. The lead-up to these games prominently emphasized the return of the Paralympic movement to its spiritual birthplace: in 1948, the British village of Stoke Mandeville first hosted the Stoke Mandeville Games, an athletics event for disabled British veterans of the Second World War held to coincide with the opening of the Summer Olympics in London. They were the first-ever organized sporting event for disabled athletes and served as a precursor to the modern Paralympic Games. Stoke Mandeville also co-hosted the 1984 Summer Paralympics with Long Island, New York, after its original host, the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign,", "title": "2012 Summer Paralympics" }, { "id": "298668", "score": "1.7695231", "text": "the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome, Guttmann brought 400 athletes to compete in the \"Parallel Olympics\", which became known as the first Paralympics. Since then, the Paralympics have been held in every Olympic year. Since the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, the host city for the Olympics has also played host to the Paralympics. In 2001 the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) signed an agreement guaranteeing that host cities would be contracted to manage both the Olympic and Paralympic Games. The agreement came into effect at the 2008 Summer Games in Beijing, and", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "id": "19974459", "score": "1.7634342", "text": "veterans with spinal cord injuries at the Stoke Mandeville Hospital rehabilitation facility in Aylesbury, England, taking place concurrently with the first post-war Summer Olympics in London. In 1952, the Netherlands joined in the event, creating the first international sports competition for the disabled. In 1960, the Ninth Stoke Mandeville Games were held in Rome, Italy, following that year's Olympic Games. These are considered to be the first Paralympic Games. The 2012 Paralympic mascot Mandeville was named after Stoke Mandeville Hospital. While the Paralympic Games evolved to include athletes from all disability groups, the Stoke Mandeville games continued to be organized", "title": "Cerebral Palsy Games" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Summer Olympic Games\n\nThe Summer Olympic Games (), also known as the Games of the Olympiad, and often referred to as the Summer Olympics, is a major international multi-sport event normally held once every four years. The inaugural Games took place in 1896 in Athens, Greece, and the most recent edition was held in 2021 in Tokyo, Japan. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) is responsible for organising the Games and for overseeing the host city's preparations. The tradition of awarding medals began in 1904; in each Olympic event, gold medals are awarded for first place, silver medals for second place, and bronze medals for third place. The Winter Olympic Games were created out of the success of the Summer Olympic Games, which are regarded as the largest and most prestigious multi-sport international event in the world.\n\nThe Summer Olympics have increased in scope from a 42-event competition programme in 1896 with fewer than 250 male competitors from 14 different nations, to 339 events in 2021 with 11,420 competitors (almost half of whom were women) from 206 nations. The Games have been held in nineteen different countries over five continents: four times in the United States (1904, 1932, 1984, and 1996); three times in Great Britain (1908, 1948, and 2012); twice each in Greece (1896 and 2004), France (1900 and 1924), Germany (1936 and 1972), Australia (1956 and 2000), and Japan (1964 and 2020); and once each in Sweden (1912), Belgium (1920), the Netherlands (1928), Finland (1952), Italy (1960), Mexico (1968), Canada (1976), the Soviet Union (1980), South Korea (1988), Spain (1992), China (2008), and Brazil (2016).\n\nLondon was the first city to host the Summer Olympic Games three times. , Paris, Los Angeles, Athens and Tokyo have each hosted twice; Paris will host for the third time in 2024, followed by Los Angeles which will host the Games in 2028. Only five countries have participated in every Summer Olympic Games: Australia, France, Great Britain, Greece, and Switzerland. Great Britain is the only country to have won a gold medal at every edition of the Games. The United States leads the all-time medal count at the Summer Olympics, and has topped the medal table on 18 separate occasions—followed by the USSR (six times), and France, Great Britain, Germany, China, and the ex-Soviet 'Unified Team' (once each).", "title": "Summer Olympic Games" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "1996 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "2008 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Winter Olympic Games" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1968 Summer Olympics\n\nThe 1968 Summer Olympics (), officially known as the Games of the XIX Olympiad () and commonly known as Mexico 1968 (), were an international multi-sport event held from 12 to 27 October 1968 in Mexico City, Mexico. These were the first Olympic Games to be staged in Latin America and the first to be staged in a Spanish-speaking country. They were also the first Games to use an all-weather (smooth) track for track and field events instead of the traditional cinder track, as well as the first example of the Olympics exclusively using electronic timekeeping equipment.\n\nThe 1968 Games were the third to be held in the last quarter of the year, after the 1956 Games in Melbourne and the 1964 Games in Tokyo. The 1968 Mexican Student Movement was crushed days prior, hence the Games were correlated to the government's repression.\n\nThe United States won the most gold and overall medals for the last time until 1984.", "title": "1968 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "864989", "score": "1.7612457", "text": "Summer Paralympics, also held in Tokyo, where it made its Paralympic Games debut.) Tokyo was chosen as the host city during the 55th IOC Session in West Germany, on 26 May 1959. These games were also the first to be telecast internationally without the need for tapes to be flown overseas, as they had been for the 1960 Olympics four years earlier. The games were telecast to the United States using Syncom 3, the first geostationary communication satellite, and from there to Europe using Relay 1. These were also the first Olympic Games to have color telecasts, albeit partially. Certain", "title": "1964 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "484350", "score": "1.7556607", "text": "in England. In 1948, while the Olympic Games were being held in London, he organized a sports competition for wheelchair athletes at Stoke Mandeville. This was the origin of the Stoke Mandeville Games, from which evolved both the IWAS World Games and the Paralympic Games. The first official Paralympic Games, which were simultaneously the 9th International Stoke Mandeville Games ('international' having been added when Dutch service personal first took part in the Games in 1952), were held in Rome in 1960. The 2nd, 3rd and 4th Paralympic Games were simultaneously the 13th, 17th and 21st international Stoke Mandeville Games. In", "title": "Disabled sports" }, { "id": "764143", "score": "1.7538788", "text": "Guttmann of Stoke Mandeville Hospital, who had been helped to flee Nazi Germany by the Council for Assisting Refugee Academics (CARA) in 1939, hosted a sports competition for British World War II veteran patients with spinal cord injuries. The first games were called the 1948 International Wheelchair Games, and were intended to coincide with the 1948 Olympics. Dr. Guttman's aim was to create an elite sports competition for people with disabilities that would be equivalent to the Olympic Games. The games were held again at the same location in 1952, and Dutch and Israeli veterans took part alongside the British,", "title": "Paralympic Games" }, { "id": "1448667", "score": "1.7444241", "text": "involving World War II veterans with spinal cord injuries at the Stoke Mandeville Hospital rehabilitation facility in Aylesbury, England, taking place concurrently with the first post-war Summer Olympics in London. In 1952, the Netherlands joined in the event, creating the first international sports competition for the disabled. In 1960, the Ninth Stoke Mandeville Games were held in Rome, Italy, following that year's Olympic Games. These are considered to be the first Paralympic Games. The 2012 Paralympic mascot Mandeville was named after Stoke Mandeville Hospital. While the Paralympic Games evolved to include athletes from all disability groups, the Stoke Mandeville games", "title": "IWAS World Games" }, { "id": "1363326", "score": "1.7419002", "text": "cord injury. There were about 400 athletes, from 23 countries. The top 10 NPCs by number of gold medals are listed below. The host nation, Italy, is highlighted. The number in parentheses indicates the number of participants from each NPC. 1960 Summer Paralympics The 9th Annual International Stoke Mandeville Games, retroactively designated as the 1960 Summer Paralympics (), were the first international Paralympic Games, following on from the Stoke Mandeville Games of 1948 and 1952. They were organised under the aegis of the International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation. The term \"Paralympic Games\" was approved by the International Olympic Committee (IOC)", "title": "1960 Summer Paralympics" }, { "id": "1492541", "score": "1.739962", "text": "the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) was formed in 1989. In contrast with the 1960 Games, many events had more than three participants, meaning that athletes were no longer guaranteed a medal upon completing their event. Tokyo will host the Summer Paralympic Games again in 2020. Nine sports were competed at the 1964 games. In athletics, a wheelchair racing event in the form of a 60 m dash was added; previously the athletics program had included only field events. Wheelchair racing has since become one of the most prominent Paralympic events. Athletes from 17 of the 19 National Paralympic Committees (NPCs)", "title": "1964 Summer Paralympics" }, { "id": "764145", "score": "1.7372379", "text": "different disabilities were included for the first time at a Summer Paralympics. With the inclusion of more disability classifications the 1976 Summer Games expanded to 1,600 athletes from 40 countries. The 1988 Summer Paralympics in Seoul, South Korea, was another milestone for the Paralympic movement. It was in Seoul that the Paralympic Summer Games were held directly after the Olympic Summer Games, in the same host city, and using the same facilities. This set a precedent that was followed in 1992, 1996 and 2000. It was eventually formalized in an agreement between the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) and the International", "title": "Paralympic Games" }, { "id": "7270005", "score": "1.7291373", "text": "Stoke Mandeville Games, the Paralympics were born. The first Winter Paralympics were held in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden in 1976. In 1984 the centre played host to the Paralympic Games with some 1200 athletes taking part in a festival of sport. Since 1988, the Summer Paralympics have been held in the conjunction with the Olympic Games in the same host city and this practice was adopted in 1992 for the Winter Paralympics. The name Paralympics derives from the Greek \"para\" (\"beside\" or \"alongside\") and thus refers to a competition held in parallel with the Olympic Games. No relation with paralysis or paraplegia", "title": "WheelPower" }, { "id": "12279113", "score": "1.7244291", "text": "400 athletes from 23 countries competed at the 1960 Games though only athletes in wheelchairs competed. At the 1976 Summer Games athletes with different disabilities were included for the first time at a summer Paralympics. With the inclusion of more disability classifications, the 1976 Summer Games expanded to 1,600 athletes from 40 countries. The 1988 Summer Paralympics were the first to be hosted in the same venues (and thus use the same facilities) as the Olympics of that year. Since then, all Paralympic Games are now held in the same city that hosted the Olympics, with a two-week gap between", "title": "Summer Paralympic Games" }, { "id": "15614519", "score": "1.7237606", "text": "cord injury patients as it was believed to provide a physiological and psychological therapy. Guttman organised a competition with Archery and Javelin called the Stoke Mandeville Games that began on 28 July in 1948, the same day as the opening of the 1948 Olympic Games in London, with the hope it would one day become the Olympic Games for the disabled. This competition became international in 1952 when athletes from Holland participated and continued to grow. Sir Ludwig Guttman visited the Melville Rehabilitation Centre and invited Australian athletes to compete in the Stoke Mandeville Games in 1957. The 1960 Stoke", "title": "Australia at the 1968 Summer Paralympics" }, { "id": "15614520", "score": "1.7236762", "text": "Mandeville Games in Rome have been officially recognised by the International Olympic Committee as the first Summer Paralympic Games and Guttman went down in history as the man who connected rehabilitation to competitive sport and created the Paralympic Games. The 1968 Paralympic Games were held in Tel Aviv from 4 to 13 November, in and around the ILAN Sports Centre. The four other locations that were used were the Hayarkon Souts Club, National Stadium Rmat Gan and the Ramat Gan Bowling Club. The logo of the 1968 Games represents three interlocking wheelchair wheels that were used by the Stoke Mandeville", "title": "Australia at the 1968 Summer Paralympics" }, { "id": "1492540", "score": "1.7220716", "text": "1964 Summer Paralympics The , originally known as the 13th International Stoke Mandeville Games and also known as Paralympic Tokyo 1964, were the second Paralympic Games to be held. They were held in Tokyo, Japan, and were the last Summer Paralympics to take place in the same city as the Summer Olympics until the 1988 Summer Paralympics. The 1964 Games, although still formally an edition of the International Stoke Mandeville Games, were the first to use the term \"Paralympic\" in association with the event; the term \"Paralympic Games\" was approved by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) first in 1984, while", "title": "1964 Summer Paralympics" }, { "id": "2187007", "score": "1.7200491", "text": "in Jerusalem and the games took place in Ramat Gan, near Tel Aviv, at the Israel Sports Center for the Disabled. The closing ceremony took place in the Tel Aviv Trade Center. Therefore, these games were the first in Paralympic history to not be held concurrently with the Olympic Games. Lawn bowls was included in the program for the first time. In wheelchair basketball, a women's team event was added, as was a 100 m wheelchair race for men in athletics. The top ten listed NOCs by number of gold medals are listed below. The host nation, Israel, is highlighted.", "title": "1968 Summer Paralympics" }, { "id": "2187030", "score": "1.7148969", "text": "1976 Summer Paralympics The 1976 Summer Paralympics (), branded as Torontolympiad - 1976 Olympiad for the Physically Disabled, was the fifth Paralympic Games to be held. They were hosted by Toronto, Canada, from August 4 to 12, 1976, marking the first time a Paralympics was held in Canada. The games began three days after the close of the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. This was the first time global politics interfered with the Paralympic Games. \"The problem stemmed from the logic that admitting a team from South Africa was to give implicit approval for its government's attitude towards segregation and", "title": "1976 Summer Paralympics" }, { "id": "15744619", "score": "1.7126365", "text": "accommodation was not built for para athletes which made accessibility incredibly difficult. There were no noted mascots for these games however the logo used was the same that had been created for the Stoke Mandeville Games. The opening ceremony took place on 18 September in the Acqua Acetose sports ground at 5:00 pm. The ceremonies began with a parade of the competing nation’s starting with the British teams, as the originators of the Paralympic games, followed by other nations in alphabetical order. Given Rome was the host city the Italian teams were the last to enter the sports ground. When", "title": "Australia at the 1960 Summer Paralympics" } ]

[ "österreich", "etymology of austria", "oostenrijk", "Alpine Deutschen", "Österreich", "republic of austria", "Republik Oesterreich", "austrian architecture", "oesterreich", "Easterrealm", "Autriche", "Oostenrijk", "Austria", "administrative divisions of austria", "austurríki", "eastreach", "osterreich", "ISO 3166-1:AT", "The Republic of Austria", "republik osterreich", "Republik Osterreich", "alpine deutschen", "Republic of Austria", "Etymology of Austria", "Avstria", "iso 3166 1 at", "austurriki", "austrian republic", "Oesterreich", "Österrike", "architecture of austria", "österrike", "easterrealm", "Osterreich", "Ostria", "republik oesterreich", "Austrian Republic", "Austurriki", "Austrian architecture", "Administrative divisions of Austria", "ostria", "Austurríki", "austria", "Republik Österreich", "republik österreich", "avstria", "Eastreach", "Architecture of Austria", "autriche" ]

[ { "id": "405295", "score": "1.506133", "text": "Music\" strives for nothing in the way of smash effects, substituting instead a kind of gracious and unpretentious simplicity.\" The \"New York World-Telegram and Sun\" pronounced \"The Sound of Music\" \"the loveliest musical imaginable. It places Rodgers and Hammerstein back in top form as melodist and lyricist. The Lindsay-Crouse dialogue is vibrant and amusing in a plot that rises to genuine excitement.\" The \"New York Journal American\"s review opined that \"The Sound of Music\" is \"the most mature product of the team ... it seemed to me to be the full ripening of these two extraordinary talents\". Brooks Atkinson of", "title": "The Sound of Music" }, { "id": "16886695", "score": "1.4658475", "text": "Music geography Music geography is a sub-field within both urban geography and cultural geography. Music geography is the study of music production and consumption as a reflection of the landscape and geographical spaces surrounding it. It became evident that individuals associate music with space. Historically, music was purely an oral tradition that was replaced by the introduction of radio broadcasting in the 1920s. Folk music was the first genre of music to be researched and analyzed by scholars due to its nature of movement across regions in its style. John Connell suggests links between: John Strait's studies of the migration", "title": "Music geography" }, { "id": "405253", "score": "1.4648316", "text": "The Sound of Music The Sound of Music is a musical with music by Richard Rodgers, lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II and a book by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse. It is based on the memoir of Maria von Trapp, \"The Story of the Trapp Family Singers\". Set in Austria on the eve of the \"Anschluss\" in 1938, the musical tells the story of Maria, who takes a job as governess to a large family while she decides whether to become a nun. She falls in love with the children, and eventually their widowed father, Captain von Trapp. He is", "title": "The Sound of Music" }, { "id": "7980408", "score": "1.4484577", "text": "The Sound of Music (song) “The Sound of Music” is the title song from the 1959 musical \"The Sound of Music.\" It was composed by Richard Rodgers with lyrics written by Oscar Hammerstein II. In 1959, Rodgers and Hammerstein asked singer Patti Page to record the title song of their forthcoming musical, \"The Sound of Music\", hoping for some national attention. Page recorded the song for Mercury Records on the day that the musical opened on Broadway. Since Page's version was recorded a week before the original Broadway cast album, Page was the first artist to record any song from", "title": "The Sound of Music (song)" }, { "id": "405296", "score": "1.4444942", "text": "\"The New York Times\" gave a mixed assessment. He praised Mary Martin's performance, saying \"she still has the same common touch ... same sharp features, goodwill, and glowing personality that makes music sound intimate and familiar\" and stated that \"the best of the \"Sound of Music\" is Rodgers and Hammerstein in good form\". However, he said, the libretto \"has the hackneyed look of the musical theatre replaced with \"Oklahoma!\" in 1943. It is disappointing to see the American musical stage succumbing to the clichés of operetta.\" Walter Kerr's review in the \"New York Herald Tribune\" was unfavorable: \"Before \"The Sound", "title": "The Sound of Music" }, { "id": "16886696", "score": "1.434627", "text": "of blues in the Mississippi Delta shows the association of and circulation of musical culture across the globe. Music geography Music geography is a sub-field within both urban geography and cultural geography. Music geography is the study of music production and consumption as a reflection of the landscape and geographical spaces surrounding it. It became evident that individuals associate music with space. Historically, music was purely an oral tradition that was replaced by the introduction of radio broadcasting in the 1920s. Folk music was the first genre of music to be researched and analyzed by scholars due to its nature", "title": "Music geography" }, { "id": "7635606", "score": "1.4229982", "text": "The Sound of Music (film) The Sound of Music is a 1965 American musical drama film produced and directed by Robert Wise, and starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer, with Richard Haydn and Eleanor Parker. The film is an adaptation of the 1959 stage musical of the same name, composed by Richard Rodgers with lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II. The film's screenplay was written by Ernest Lehman, adapted from the stage musical's book by Lindsay and Crouse. Based on the memoir \"The Story of the Trapp Family Singers\" by Maria von Trapp, the film is about a young Austrian woman", "title": "The Sound of Music (film)" }, { "id": "7635646", "score": "1.4036152", "text": "a day with reserved seating and an intermission similar to Broadway musicals. Kaplan identified forty key cities that would likely be included in the roadshow release and developed a promotional strategy targeting the major newspapers of those cities. During the Salzburg production phase, 20th Century Fox organized press junkets for America journalists to interview Wise and his team and the cast members. The film had its opening premiere on March 2, 1965 at the Rivoli Theater in New York City. Initial reviews were mixed. Bosley Crowther, in \"The New York Times\", criticized the film's \"romantic nonsense and sentiment\", the children's", "title": "The Sound of Music (film)" }, { "id": "405254", "score": "1.4027934", "text": "ordered to accept a commission in the German navy, but he opposes the Nazis. He and Maria decide on a plan to flee Austria with the children. Many songs from the musical have become standards, such as \"Edelweiss\", \"My Favorite Things\", \"Climb Ev'ry Mountain\", \"Do-Re-Mi\", and the title song \"The Sound of Music\". The original Broadway production, starring Mary Martin and Theodore Bikel, opened in 1959 and won five Tony Awards, including Best Musical, out of nine nominations. The first London production opened at the Palace Theatre in 1961. The show has enjoyed numerous productions and revivals since then. It", "title": "The Sound of Music" }, { "id": "4621493", "score": "1.397622", "text": "may or may not conflict with the cultural areas assigned to a given region. The world may be divided into three large music areas, each containing a \"cultivated\" or classical musics \"that are obviously its most complex musical forms,\" with, nearby, folk styles which interact with the cultivated, and, on the perimeter, primitive styles: However, he then adds that \"the world-wide development of music must have been a unified process in which all peoples participated\" and that one finds similar tunes and traits in puzzlingly isolated or separated locations throughout the world. Cultural area In anthropology and geography, a cultural", "title": "Cultural area" }, { "id": "7635651", "score": "1.3927326", "text": "film's Nazi theme was especially unpopular in Germany, where the Munich branch manager for 20th Century Fox approved the unauthorized cutting of the entire third act of the film following the wedding sequence—the scenes showing Salzburg following the \"Anschluss\". Robert Wise and the studio intervened, the original film was restored, and the branch manager was fired. \"The Sound of Music\" is one of the most commercially successful films of all time. Four weeks after its theatrical release, it became the number one box office movie in the United States, from revenue generated by twenty-five theaters, each screening only ten roadshow", "title": "The Sound of Music (film)" }, { "id": "7635648", "score": "1.3849632", "text": "such as Philip K. Scheuer of the \"Los Angeles Times\" described the film as \"three hours of visual and vocal brilliance\", and \"Variety\" called it \"a warmly-pulsating, captivating drama set to the most imaginative use of the lilting R-H tunes, magnificently mounted and with a brilliant cast\". The \"wildly mixed film reviews\" reflected the critical response to the stage musical, according to \"The Oxford Companion to the American Musical\". After its Los Angeles premiere on March 10, \"The Sound of Music\" opened in 131 theaters in the United States, including a limited number of roadshow events. After four weeks, the", "title": "The Sound of Music (film)" }, { "id": "1624535", "score": "1.3720503", "text": "issues such as racism, sexism and classism in many of their works. For example, \"Carousel\" concerns domestic violence, while \"South Pacific\" addresses racism. Based on the true story of the von Trapp family, \"The Sound of Music\" explores the views of Austrians to the takeover of Austria by the Third Reich. Rodgers and Hammerstein Rodgers and Hammerstein refers to composer Richard Rodgers (1902–1979) and lyricist-dramatist Oscar Hammerstein II (1895–1960), who together were an influential, innovative and successful American musical theatre writing team. They created a string of popular Broadway musicals in the 1940s and 1950s, initiating what is considered the", "title": "Rodgers and Hammerstein" }, { "id": "3085692", "score": "1.3627017", "text": "at Oberlin Conservatory of Music. Adams has described his music as, \"[...] profoundly influenced by the natural world and a strong sense of place. Through sustained listening to the subtle resonances of the northern soundscape, I hope to explore the territory of sonic geography—that region between place and culture...between environment and imagination\" . His love of nature, concern for the environment and interest in the resonance of specific places led him to pursue the concept of sonic geography. Early examples of this idea include two works written during Adams’s sojourn in rural Georgia: \"Songbirdsongs\" (1974–80), a collection of indeterminate miniature", "title": "John Luther Adams" }, { "id": "6861382", "score": "1.358099", "text": "The Sound of Musicals The Sound of Musicals was a 2006 four part BBC series starring several different musical theatre actors and some other professional singers who performed acts from different musicals. Each week the standard cast was joined by a celebrity guest host who also performed their favourite numbers. The show also featured interviews with people involved in musical theatre such as Andrew Lloyd Webber, and Cameron Mackintosh. It aired weekly (every Saturday) for four weeks starting Saturday 14 January 2006. Each part of the show was filmed in front of a live audience during the autumn of 2005", "title": "The Sound of Musicals" }, { "id": "405255", "score": "1.3551509", "text": "was adapted as a 1965 film musical starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer, which won five Academy Awards. \"The Sound of Music\" was the last musical written by Rodgers and Hammerstein; Oscar Hammerstein died of stomach cancer nine months after the Broadway premiere. After viewing \"The Trapp Family\", a 1956 West German film about the von Trapp family, and its 1958 sequel (\"\"), stage director Vincent J. Donehue thought that the project would be perfect for his friend Mary Martin; Broadway producers Leland Hayward and Richard Halliday (Martin's husband) agreed. The producers originally envisioned a non-musical play that would be", "title": "The Sound of Music" }, { "id": "20248868", "score": "1.3502746", "text": "award winning French film; the global tour of Andrew Lloyd Webber’s production of \"The Sound of Music\"\"; \"an extensive Mandarin language China Tour of \"The Sound of Music\"; Jay Chou’s new musical, \"The Secret\", premiering in Mainland China; \"Neverland\", the Peter Pan Immersive Theater Entertainment in Mainland China; \"Murder Ballad\" in Tokyo; and \"China Goes Pop\" at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival. Select international productions include: \"An American in Paris; The Sound of Music; The King and I; Cinderella; The Producers; Hairspray\"\"; Rock of Ages; Legally Blonde; The Addams Family; Little Shop of Horrors; Movin’ Out; Rent; West Side Story; 42nd", "title": "Broadway Asia" }, { "id": "12378576", "score": "1.3492254", "text": "The texture of an orchestral piece is very different to the texture of a brass quintet because of the different numbers of players. The texture of a market place is very different to a school hall because of the differences in the various sound sources. Spatial location (see: Sound localization) represents the cognitive placement of a sound in an environmental context; including the placement of a sound on both the horizontal and vertical plane, the distance from the sound source and the characteristics of the sonic environment. In a thick texture, it is possible to identify multiple sound sources using", "title": "Sound" }, { "id": "7635671", "score": "1.3459387", "text": "Theatre in New York City in September 2000, with the opening attended by cast members Charmian Carr (Liesl), Daniel Truhitte (Rolfe), and Kym Karath (Gretl). \"Sing-along Sound of Music\" screenings have since become an international phenomenon. In 2001, the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry, finding it \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". The Academy Film Archive preserved \"The Sound of Music\" in 2003. The first American television transmission of \"The Sound of Music\" was on February 29, 1976 on ABC, which paid $15 million for a one-time only broadcast that became", "title": "The Sound of Music (film)" }, { "id": "7635677", "score": "1.3443847", "text": "bonus features, including a new documentary, \"The Sound of a City: Julie Andrews Returns to Salzburg\". A March 2015 episode of ABC's 20/20 entitled \"The Untold Story of the Sound of Music\" featured a preview of the documentary and interviews by Diane Sawyer. The Sound of Music (film) The Sound of Music is a 1965 American musical drama film produced and directed by Robert Wise, and starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer, with Richard Haydn and Eleanor Parker. The film is an adaptation of the 1959 stage musical of the same name, composed by Richard Rodgers with lyrics by Oscar", "title": "The Sound of Music (film)" } ]

[ "khaki", "khaki color", "dark khaki", "Khaki", "kackeys", "khakis", "Kackey pants", "Khaki (color)", "Dark khaki", "Cackeys", "khaki colour", "kackey pants", "Khakis", "cackeys", "Kackeys", "Khaki (colour)" ]

[ { "id": "9134988", "score": "1.6737126", "text": "process of raising the Corps of Guides from British Indian recruits at Peshawar for frontier service. Initially the border troops were dressed in their native costume, which consisted of a smock and white pajama trousers, made of a coarse home-spun cotton and a cotton turban, supplemented by a leather or padded cotton jacket for cold weather. For the first year (1847) no attempt was made at uniformity; in 1848 Lumsden and Hodson decided to introduce a drab (khaki) uniform which Hodson commissioned his brother in England to send them – as recorded in Hodson's book of published letters, \"Twelve Years", "title": "Service Dress (British Army)" }, { "id": "13122863", "score": "1.656616", "text": "more practical approach. Wolseley had lightweight grey linen uniforms purpose-made for his expeditions in the Anglo-Ashanti wars and Mahdist War. In India, almost all troops soon copied the neutral \"Khaki\" (an Urdu word meaning \"dust\") shade of cloth first adopted by Indian irregular units on the North-West Frontier in the late 1850s. It became official service dress in India during the Second Anglo-Afghan War, the first general adoption of military camouflage for the infantry. Khaki was officially adopted for troops in Africa in 1882, but the last battle in which British troops wore scarlet was the Battle of Gennis in", "title": "British Army during the Victorian Era" }, { "id": "3593858", "score": "1.6254725", "text": "brimmed hat was worn with khaki drill service dress from 1902 and was retained as normal uniform between the two world wars. After World War I the historic green was limited to a few limited dress orders such as officers' mess uniforms and full dress for mess orderlies. During World War II red and black patches were worn on the jungle slouch hats. 2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles) The 2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles) was a rifle regiment of the British Indian Army before being transferred to the British Army", "title": "2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)" }, { "id": "9134989", "score": "1.6211468", "text": "of a Soldier's Life in India\" (first published in 1859). It was only at a later date, when supplies of drab (khaki) material were unavailable, that they improvised by dying material with a local dye. During the Indian Mutiny of 1857 many British regiments took to staining their white tropical uniforms with tea leaves or other makeshift dyes in order to camouflage them. Rifle regiments had long used dark green uniforms (with blackened badges, buttons, and carrying equipment) as camouflage and some units of the Volunteer Force London Regiment had adopted Hodden grey uniforms for the same purpose. Numerous khaki", "title": "Service Dress (British Army)" }, { "id": "9134987", "score": "1.6134999", "text": "(this had been exacerbated by the white carrying equipment worn by the line infantry, the cross straps of which formed an X on the soldier's chest). The term \"Khaki\" (Urdu for \"dusty\") had come from India and was used to describe the 'Drab' uniform first worn in 1848 by the Corps of Guides which had been raised in December 1846 as the brain-child of Sir Henry Montgomery Lawrence (1806–1857), Resident at Lahore and Agent to the Governor-General for the North-West Frontier. Lawrence chose as its commandant Sir Harry Lumsden, supported by William Stephen Raikes Hodson as Second-in-Command, who began the", "title": "Service Dress (British Army)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "First Anglo-Sikh War\n\nThe First Anglo-Sikh War was fought between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company in 1845 and 1846 in and around the Ferozepur district of Punjab. It resulted in defeat and partial subjugation of the Sikh empire and cession of Jammu and Kashmir as a separate princely state under British suzerainty.", "title": "First Anglo-Sikh War" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "British Indian Army\n\nThe British Indian Army, commonly referred to as the Indian Army, was the main military of the British Raj before its dissolution in 1947. It was responsible for the defence of the British Indian Empire, including the princely states, which could also have their own armies. As quoted in the Imperial Gazetteer of India, \"The British Government has undertaken to protect the dominions of the Native princes from invasion and even from rebellion within: its army is organized for the defence not merely of British India, but of all possessions under the suzerainty of the King-Emperor.\" The Indian Army was an important part of the British Empire's forces, both in India and abroad, particularly during the First World War and the Second World War.\n\nThe term \"Indian Army\" appears to have been first used informally, as a collective description of the Presidency armies, which collectively comprised the Bengal Army, the Madras Army and the Bombay Army, of the Presidencies of British India, particularly after the Indian Rebellion. The first army officially called the \"Indian Army\" was raised by the government of India in 1895, existing alongside the three long-established presidency armies. However, in 1903 the Indian Army absorbed these three armies. The Indian Army should not be confused with the \"Army of India\" (1903–1947) which was the \"Indian Army\" itself plus the \"British Army in India\" (British units sent to India), which was later split into the Indian Army and the Army of Pakistan.", "title": "British Indian Army" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Danish India\n\nDanish India () was the name given to the colonies of Denmark (Denmark–Norway before 1814) in the Indian subcontinent, forming part of the Danish colonial empire. Denmark–Norway held colonial possessions in India for more than 200 years, including the town of Tharangambadi in present-day Tamil Nadu state, Serampore in present-day West Bengal, and the Nicobar Islands, currently part of India's union territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The Danish and Norwegian presence in India was of little significance to the major European powers as they presented neither a military nor a mercantile threat. Dano-Norwegian ventures in India, as elsewhere, were typically undercapitalised and never able to dominate or monopolise trade routes in the same way that British, French, and Portuguese ventures could.\n\nDespite these disadvantages, the Danish-Norway concerns managed to cling to their colonial holdings and, at times, to carve out a valuable niche in international trade by taking advantage of wars between larger countries and offering foreign trade under a neutral flag. For this reason their presence was tolerated for many years until the growth in British naval power led to the occupation and forced sale of the Danish holdings during the nineteenth century.", "title": "Danish India" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "William Nott\n\nMajor-General Sir William Nott (20 January 1782 – 1 January 1845) was a British military officer of the Bengal Army, East India Company in British India.", "title": "William Nott" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "British Army during the Victorian Era\n\nThe British Army during the Victorian era served through a period of great technological and social change. Queen Victoria ascended the throne in 1837, and died in 1901. Her long reign was marked by the steady expansion and consolidation of the British Empire, rapid industrialisation and the enactment of liberal reforms by both Liberal and Conservative governments within Britain.\n\nThe British Army began the period with few differences from the British Army of the Napoleonic Wars that won at Waterloo. There were three main periods of the Army's development during the era. From the end of the Napoleonic Wars to the mid-1850s, the Duke of Wellington and his successors attempted to maintain its organisation and tactics as they had been in 1815, with only minor changes. In 1854, the Crimean War, and the Indian Rebellion of 1857 highlighted the shortcomings of the Army, but entrenched interests prevented major reforms from taking place. From 1868 to 1881, sweeping changes were made by Liberal governments, giving it the broad structure it retained until 1914.\n\nUpon Victoria's death, the Army was still engaged in the Second Boer War, but other than expedients adopted for that war, it was recognisably the army that would enter the First World War. The Industrial Revolution had changed its weapons, transport and equipment, and social changes such as better education had prompted changes to the terms of service and outlook of many soldiers. Nevertheless, it retained many features inherited from the Duke of Wellington's army, and since its prime function was to maintain an empire which covered almost a quarter of the globe, it differed in many ways from the conscripted armies of continental Europe.", "title": "British Army during the Victorian Era" }, { "id": "4686219", "score": "1.5538604", "text": "trousers) of the English line infantry of the period. The various units were distinguished by differing facing colours. One unusual feature was the use of slippers rather than heavy boots. In 1856 a very striking uniform was adopted for the regiments, modeled on that of the French Zouaves (see illustration above). It comprised a red fez wound about by a white turban, scarlet sleeveless jacket with elaborate yellow braiding worn over a long-sleeved white waistcoat, and dark blue voluminous breeches piped in yellow. This distinctive uniform was retained for full dress throughout the regiment until 1914 and by the band", "title": "West India Regiments" }, { "id": "2215645", "score": "1.5532296", "text": "and its vicinity. The forces of the East India Company in India were forced by casualties to dye their white summer tunics to neutral tones, initially a tan called khaki (from the Hindi word for \"dusty\"). This was a temporary measure which became standard in the Indian service in the 1880s. Only during the Second Boer War in 1902, did the entire British Army standardise on dun for Service Dress. The Indian Army uniform standardises on dun for khaki. The modern Indian Army wears distinctive parade uniforms characterised by variegated turbans and waist-sashes in regimental colours. The Gurkha and Garwhal", "title": "Indian Army" }, { "id": "9222172", "score": "1.5233959", "text": "awarded to ordinary British soldiers was the Victoria Cross in 1856.) The Sutlej Medal was the earliest medal to use such bars. It was awarded to British Army and Honourable East India Company soldiers who fought in the First Anglo-Sikh War between 1845 and 1846. The first battle the recipient participated in would be engraved on the medal itself. If the recipient had participated in multiple engagements, silver bars bearing the name of each additional battle were attached to the medal's ribbon. This method of notation evolved again on the Punjab Campaign medal, where the standard medal was awarded to", "title": "Medal bar" }, { "id": "7348055", "score": "1.5207386", "text": "on 28 January 1885 were ordered to fight in their red coats in order to let the Mahdist rebels know that the \"real\" British forces had arrived. Even after the adoption of khaki Service Dress in 1902, most British infantry regiments (81 out of 85) and some cavalry regiments (12 out of 31) continued to wear scarlet tunics on parade and for off-duty \"walking out dress\", until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. While nearly all technical and support branches of the army wore dark blue, the Royal Engineers had worn red since the Peninsular War in", "title": "Red coat (military uniform)" }, { "id": "5605116", "score": "1.5123858", "text": "uniform of foot and mounted soldiers serving in British India during the second half of the nineteenth century. In its original form the puttee comprised long strips of cloth worn as a tribal legging in the Himalayas. The British Indian Army found this garment to be both comfortable and inexpensive, although it was considered to lack the smartness of the gaiter previously worn. According to the British author and soldier Patrick Leigh Fermor, infantry puttees were wound up from ankle to knee, but in cavalry regiments they were wound down from knee to ankle. The puttee was subsequently widely adopted", "title": "Puttee" }, { "id": "3738462", "score": "1.5004807", "text": "one. However, by 1914, drab colours were increasingly being adopted for active service and ordinary duty wear. The British first introduced drab/khaki uniform in 1848 in India and this khaki drill became more generally worn from the Indian Mutiny of 1857 both in India and Africa. A darker version, known as \"service drab\", was adopted for home service field wear in 1902, the same year that the US Army also adopted khaki for non-dress occasions. The Italians introduced grey-green in 1909, followed by the German and Austrian armies who adopted different shades of grey. The Russians had changed to a", "title": "Military uniform" }, { "id": "14284850", "score": "1.5002348", "text": "Troop saw action in the first Anglo-Afghan War, the First Anglo-Sikh War, the Second Anglo-Sikh War, and the Anglo-Persian War. In 1858 the Battery saw service during the Indian mutiny. As a result of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British Crown took direct control of India from the East India Company on 1 November 1858 under the provisions of the Government of India Act 1858. The Presidency armies transferred to the direct authority of the British Crown and its European units were transferred to the British Army. Henceforth artillery, the mutineers most effective arm, was to be the sole", "title": "Q (Sanna's Post) Battery Royal Artillery" }, { "id": "10064615", "score": "1.4970341", "text": "rebels dispersed. The regiment's first 'campaign' cost it 13 dead and 31 wounded. In 1846 the 2nd Europeans were presented with their first colours while at Belgaum. The regiment was then moved from India to the Aden Colony (now in Yemen), relieving the 94th Regiment, returning to India in two wings, one in January 1848 which initially went to Poona and the other in December 1849. The wing in Poona transferred 100 volunteers to its parent regiment which took part in the Second Sikh War. In November 1853, after marching to Karachi, the regiment supplied a cadre of officers and", "title": "106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light Infantry)" }, { "id": "13122862", "score": "1.494893", "text": "headgear was a version of shako or kepi. Successive patterns were steadily reduced in size, following French styles. After that date, a conical \"home service\" helmet inspired by the Prussian pickelhaube was adopted. Highland regiments wore variations on the scotch bonnet. For service in India and Africa, a pith helmet was used by almost all troops. For campaign purposes, British troops have often been portrayed in films as toiling in hot climates in heavy scarlet serge uniforms, and this was certainly the case in the Anglo-Zulu War and the Anglo-Egyptian War (1882) for example. However, many officers took a far", "title": "British Army during the Victorian Era" }, { "id": "10801852", "score": "1.4948468", "text": "uniform was adopted by the whole regiment. The 1911 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica commented that \"The remarkable Baluchi uniforms (green and drab with baggy red trousers) are unique in the British Empire\". The two senior battalions of Bahawalpur Regiment trace their origin to 1827, when the Nawab of Bahawalpur first organized his forces. These forces were engaged in support of the British during the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1848-49 and the Great Rebellion of 1857. In 1889, a small force from Bahawalpur was accepted as Imperial Service Troops, placing them at the disposal of the British for use in", "title": "Baloch Regiment" }, { "id": "7348054", "score": "1.4928055", "text": "white, Scottish yellow, Irish green and Royal regiments dark blue. However some regiments were subsequently able to obtain the reintroduction of historic facing colours that had been uniquely theirs. British soldiers fought in scarlet tunics for the last time at the Battle of Gennis in the Sudan on 30 December 1885. They formed part of an expeditionary force sent from Britain to participate in the Nile Campaign of 1884-85, wearing the \"home service uniform\" of the period including scarlet tunics, although some regiments sent from India were in khaki drill. A small detachment of infantry which reached Khartoum by steamer", "title": "Red coat (military uniform)" }, { "id": "6779461", "score": "1.4920671", "text": "armed opponents. Not until the First Boer War of 1880/81 did a major European power meet an opponent well equipped with and well versed in the use of modern long range repeating firearms, forcing an immediate change in tactics and uniforms. Khaki-coloured uniform became standard service dress for both British and British Indian Army troops stationed in British India in 1885, and in 1896 khaki drill uniform was adopted by British Army for the service outside of Europe in general, but not until the Second Boer War, in 1902, did the entire British Army standardise on khaki (officially known as", "title": "Military camouflage" }, { "id": "4882842", "score": "1.4906648", "text": "1857. It became standard in India in 1885, for all foreign postings in 1896, and was adopted throughout the army in 1902 during the Second Boer War. Battle Dress (BD), later called \"No.5 Dress\", was the official name for the standard working and fighting uniform worn by the British Army and the armies of other Imperial and Commonwealth countries in temperate climes from 1937 to the late 1960s. It was a pair of trousers and a close fitting short jacket \"Blouse\" made of khaki-coloured woollen cloth. Air force blue battledress was worn by the Royal Air Force, and Royal Navy", "title": "Combat uniform" }, { "id": "3593857", "score": "1.4901996", "text": "forged during the Siege of Delhi led to the authorization of the Gurkha regiment to adopt the red piping and facings of the British 60th Rifles. Formally recognized as a rifle regiment since 1850 the 2nd Gurkha Regiment underwent various changes of title as recorded above. Throughout it wore the standard Gurkha parade and cold weather uniform of rifle green with leggings and then puttees, silver insignia and black metal buttons. A red toorie (bobble) on the cap was to remain a distinction of the 2nd Gurkha Rifles. In 1883 khaki (initially blue/grey) hot weather dress was adopted. The broad", "title": "2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)" }, { "id": "13122823", "score": "1.4901785", "text": "Indian Rebellion of 1857 (generally referred to by the British Army as the \"Indian Mutiny\") broke out. In 1854, the East India Company's armies numbered 280,000, the vast majority of them being Indian. The first sepoys (native soldiers) recruited by the Company were Afghan mercenaries or low-caste Hindus, but in the Bengal Army especially, a deliberate policy had long existed of recruiting from among high-caste Hindu or landowning Muslim communities, so that the sepoys would have an interest in maintaining their position within their communities. Many Indians had become increasingly concerned by wholesale British reforms to mainstream Indian society that", "title": "British Army during the Victorian Era" } ]

[ "New St. Peter's Basilica", "Basilica of St Peter", "St Peters, Rome", "basilica at st peter s", "holy see of saint peter", "basilica of st peters", "Basilica at St. Peter's", "st peter s basilica", "peter basilica of saint", "san pietro in vaticano", "Basilica of Saint Peter", "Papal Basilica of St. Peter in the Vatican", "Saint Peter's basilica", "Saint Peter's Basilica", "Vatican Basilica", "Papal Basilica of Saint Peter", "new st peter s basilica", "papal basilica of st peter", "saint peter s rome", "The Basilica of St. Peter", "chapel of confession", "St Peter's Basilica", "archpriest of st peter s basilica", "St. Peter's Basilica", "basilica of st peter s", "Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano", "st peter basilica", "Holy See of Saint Peter", "St. Peter's basilica", "St Peter's, Rome", "saint peter s basilica", "st peter s basilica rome", "Saint Peter’s Basilica", "Basilica of St. Peter's", "archpriest of saint peter s basilica", "papal basilica of saint peter", "basilica sancti petri", "saint peter s basillica", "Saint Peter's Basilicia", "il basilica di san pietro", "Basilica Di San Pietro", "Basilica of St Peter's", "The Papal Basilica of Saint Peter", "Basilica of St. Peter", "Patriarchal Basilica of St. Peter", "vatican basilica", "patriarchal basilica of st peter", "basilica of st peter", "Il Basilica Di San Pietro", "Basilica di San Pietro", "St Peters Basilica", "Papal Basilica of St. Peter", "basilica of saint peter", "basilica of rome", "Saint Peter's Basillica", "St. peter's basillica", "Basilica of Saint Peter’s", "Archpriest of St. Peter's Basilica", "Saint Peter, Basilica of", "st peter s basillica", "papal basilica of st peter in vatican", "basilica di san pietro", "Peter, Basilica of Saint", "Basilica Sancti Petri", "San Pietro in Vaticano", "Basilica of St Peters", "saint peter basilica of", "st peter s rome", "basilica of saint peter s", "Basilica of Rome", "Basilica of St. Peter’s", "St peter's basillica", "St. Peter's, Rome", "Saint Peter's, Rome", "Archpriest of Saint Peter's Basilica", "st peters basilica", "st peters rome", "basilica papale di san pietro in vaticano", "Basilica of Saint Peter's", "St Peter's Basilica, Rome", "Chapel of the Confession", "St. Peter Basilica", "Chapel of the confession", "St. Peter’s Basilica", "saint peter s basilicia" ]

[ { "id": "7795965", "score": "1.6865997", "text": "a church incorporating the Porziuncola. The buildings around the shrine were taken down by order of Pope Pius V (1566-1572), except the Chapel of the Transito, the cell in which St. Francis had died. Construction of the basilica started on 25 March 1569. This majestic church, the seventh largest Christian church, was designed in a bold Mannerist style, which prefigured the Baroque style, by two famous architects, Galeazzo Alessi and Vignola. The work progressed slowly, due to constant lack of money, as the building was financed with donations. The noteworthy dome, resting on an octagonal drum with eight windows and", "title": "Papal Basilica of Saint Mary of the Angels in Assisi" }, { "id": "5734", "score": "1.6336547", "text": "was commenced in 1089 AD by St. Hugh, the sixth abbot. It was finished and consecrated by Pope Innocent II around 1132 AD. The church was regarded as one of the wonders of the Middle Ages. At in length, it was the largest church in Christendom until the completion of St. Peter's Basilica at Rome. The church consisted of five naves, a narthex (ante-church) which was added in 1220 AD, and several towers. Together with the conventual buildings, it covered an area of twenty-five acres. In the Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution in 1790 AD, the Abbey church", "title": "Abbey" }, { "id": "1723682", "score": "1.6202807", "text": "looking thoughtfully up towards his greatest achievement, the dome that would forever dominate the panorama of Florence. It is still the largest masonry dome in the world. The building of the cathedral had started in 1296 with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and was completed in 1469 with the placing of Verrochio's copper ball atop the lantern. But the façade was still unfinished and would remain so until the 19th century. The original façade, designed by Arnolfo di Cambio and usually attributed to Giotto, was actually begun twenty years after Giotto's death. A mid-15th-century pen-and-ink drawing of this so-called", "title": "Florence Cathedral" }, { "id": "9472124", "score": "1.6089289", "text": "sun on the day of the saint in whose name the church was dedicated, in this case, 12 May, to which orientation the major church appears to have been aligned. The major church was constructed after 1140 AD with the west towers recorded as unfinished in 1268 AD. Of this work nothing survives above ground level. The design of the church was based upon that of its mother church at Cluny, then the largest church in the world, now referred to as \"Cluny III\". Comparison with the surviving Romanesque fabric of the daughter Priory of Castle Acre is relevant. The", "title": "Lewes Priory" }, { "id": "8346088", "score": "1.6041261", "text": "of pope Bonifacio VIII from 1296. The construction was originally an early Gothic basilica of three naves.) The building of the new church began on August 20, 1517, when the cornerstone was laid, and was financed by individual donors. The designer was Jakob Heilmann from Schweinfurt. He proposed the church as a big hall of three naves, with inside supports, a pentagonal presbytery and a prismatic tower with a gallery in the main elevation. The northern wall contains a vestibule, and a sacristy is located in the north-western wall. During the first year, demolition work was carried out. Heilmann handed", "title": "Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary (Most)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of Rome\n\nThe history of Rome includes the history of the city of Rome as well as the civilisation of ancient Rome. Roman history has been influential on the modern world, especially in the history of the Catholic Church, and Roman law has influenced many modern legal systems. Roman history can be divided into the following periods:\n", "title": "History of Rome" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Timeline of the Catholic Church\n\nThe history of the Catholic Church is integral to the history of Christianity as a whole. It is also, according to church historian, Mark A. Noll, the \"world's oldest continuously functioning international institution.\" This article covers a period of just under two thousand years.\n\nOver time, schisms have disrupted the unity of Christianity. The Catholic Church considers that major divisions occurred in c. 144 with Marcionism, 318 with Arianism, 451 with the Oriental Orthodox, 1054 to 1449 (see East–West Schism) during which time the Orthodox Churches of the East parted ways with the Western Church over doctrinal issues (see the filioque) and papal primacy, and in 1517 with the Protestant Reformation, of which there were many divisions, resulting in over 200 denominations.\n\nThe Catholic Church has been the driving force behind some of the major events of world history including the Christianization of Western and Central Europe and Latin America, the spreading of literacy and the foundation of the universities, hospitals, the Western tradition of monasticism, the development of art and music, literature, architecture, contributions to the scientific method, just war theory and trial by jury. It has played a powerful role in global affairs, including the Reconquista, the Crusades, the Inquisition, the Investiture Controversy, the establishment of the Holy Roman Empire, and the Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe in the late 20th century.\n\n", "title": "Timeline of the Catholic Church" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Old St. Peter's Basilica\n\nOld St. Peter's Basilica was the building that stood, from the 4th to 16th centuries, where the new St. Peter's Basilica stands today in Vatican City. Construction of the basilica, built over the historical site of the Circus of Nero, began during the reign of Emperor Constantine I. The name \"old St. Peter's Basilica\" has been used since the construction of the current basilica to distinguish the two buildings.", "title": "Old St. Peter's Basilica" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Timeline of London\n\nThe following is a timeline of the history of London, the capital of England and the United Kingdom.\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "Timeline of London" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Timeline of Christian missions\n\nThis timeline of Christian missions chronicles the global expansion of Christianity through a listing of the most significant missionary outreach events.", "title": "Timeline of Christian missions" }, { "id": "12905810", "score": "1.603262", "text": "traditional procession which every year since 1433 has carried a Byzantine icon of the Madonna with Child attributed to Luke the Evangelist down to the Bologna Cathedral during the Feast of the Ascension. San Petronio Basilica, built between 1388 and 1479 (but still unfinished), is the tenth-largest church in the world by volume, 132 metres long and 66 metres wide, while the vault reaches 45 metres inside and 51 metres in the facade. With its volume of 258,000 m³, it is the largest (Gothic or otherwise) church built of bricks of the world. The Basilica of Saint Stephen and its", "title": "Bologna" }, { "id": "12429865", "score": "1.6014316", "text": "converted to Roman Catholicism on his deathbed perhaps due to the realization that he might not be allowed to be buried in his church. The main construction work took place between 1824 and 1829. The cornerstone was laid at Place d'Armes on September 1, 1824. The sanctuary was finished in 1830, and the first tower in 1841, the second in 1843. On its completion, the church was the largest in North America. It remained the largest in North America for over fifty years. A new pipe organ was built in 1858 by Samuel Russell Warren. The interior took much longer,", "title": "Notre-Dame Basilica (Montreal)" }, { "id": "18417023", "score": "1.5964198", "text": "altar was consecrated in 1182. Sully guided the work on the church until his death in 1196, following the new style innovated by Abbot Suger at the nearby Basilica of Saint-Denis. The façade was built between 1200 and 1225, and the two towers were built between 1225 and 1250. The church was not finished until the reign of Philip IV in 1330, almost 170 years after it was begun. It was the largest monument in Paris, 125 meters long, with towers 63 meters high, and seats for 1300 worshippers. The cloister of Notre-Dame occupied the whole area of the island", "title": "Paris in the Middle Ages" }, { "id": "3230541", "score": "1.5935616", "text": "The Basilica is the largest Franciscan church in the world. Its most notable features are its sixteen chapels, many of them decorated with frescoes by Giotto and his pupils, and its tombs and cenotaphs. Legend says that Santa Croce was founded by St Francis himself. The construction of the current church, to replace an older building, was begun on 12 May 1294, possibly by Arnolfo di Cambio, and paid for by some of the city's wealthiest families. It was consecrated in 1442 by Pope Eugene IV. The building's design reflects the austere approach of the Franciscans. The floorplan is an", "title": "Santa Croce, Florence" }, { "id": "6282859", "score": "1.5880644", "text": "the largest extant. Of romanesque style, this church was built between 1082 and 1120 by the monks of Quimperlé. Today, only the transept and the choir of the original building remain. On the exterior one can read the inscription \"Hic Domus Dei\" (Here is the house of God). This section presents external walls of an archaic stonework (intercalation of Roman cubic stone, bricks and scattered bricks of Roman origin). The south gate is protected by an advanced porch whose wooden ceiling was removed in 1988, showing a cartouche bearing the words \"Haec Porta Coelli\" (Here is the door of heaven).", "title": "Locmariaquer" }, { "id": "535053", "score": "1.5745256", "text": "cathedral under the Latin Empire. The building was later converted into an Ottoman mosque from 29 May 1453 until 1931. It was then secularized and opened as a museum on 1 February 1935. It remained the world's largest cathedral for nearly a thousand years, until Seville Cathedral was completed in 1520. The current building was originally constructed as a church between 532 and 537 on the orders of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I and was the third Church of the Holy Wisdom to occupy the site, the prior one having been destroyed by rioters in the Nika Revolt. It was", "title": "Hagia Sophia" }, { "id": "9177293", "score": "1.5741035", "text": "Finally, during the advent season of the year 1965 the Basilica was declared \"Titolo Cardinalizio”. It was, and remains, the largest church, after the four great basilicas of Rome. Whoever looks at the plan of the church will be able to observe that the naves in the form of crosses are circumscribed by a hoop that forms like an aureole. It lacks the large dome foreseen in the project. The church is set on a base surrounded by stairs and begins its ascent with a majestic Doric order, whose columns have a diameter of 1.50 m. which reach a height", "title": "Sacro Cuore di Maria" }, { "id": "18075746", "score": "1.5728186", "text": "In 1245 the monastery buildings were completed, but the construction of the church on the southern part of the complex lasted a few more years. From a papal bull issued on May 30, 1259, the church appears to have already been consecrated at that time. The monastery church was, after the imperial Collegiate Church of Saint Bartholomew the largest church in the city. It attracted several prominent scholars and preachers and received numerous donations from the local citizenry. The elections of the German kings Adolf of Nassau (1292), Henry VII (1308) and Günther von Schwarzburg (1349) took place at the", "title": "Dominican Monastery (Frankfurt am Main)" }, { "id": "6842063", "score": "1.5720962", "text": "of the citizens. The church was erected in two stages. In the first stage (1583–88), the church was built by the model of Il Gesù in Rome and given a barrel-vaulted roof by an unknown architect, the vault being the largest in the world apart from that of St Peter's Basilica in Rome, spanning freely more than 20 meters. When the church was built, there were doubts about the stability of the vaulting. But it was the tower that collapsed in 1590, destroying the just completed quire. Duke William V took it as a bad omen and so planned to", "title": "St. Michael's Church, Munich" }, { "id": "3080942", "score": "1.5651484", "text": "The foundation stone was laid only on August 2, 1626, four years later, a delay which was caused by the fact that a section of the buildings belonging to the Roman College had to be dismantled. The old church was eventually demolished in 1650 to make way for the massive Church of St. Ignatius of Loyola, which was begun in 1626 and finished only at the end of the century. In striking contrast to the Church of the Annunciation, which occupied only a small section of the Collegio Romano, the Church of St. Ignatius of Loyola took up a quarter", "title": "Sant'Ignazio, Rome" }, { "id": "8259852", "score": "1.5648336", "text": "century—a UNESCO World Heritage Site dedicated to the Infant Jesus—and the Se Cathedral, the largest church in Asia dedicated to St. Catherine of Alexandria, the construction of which was started in 1562 during the reign of King Dom Sebastião and completed in 1619. It was consecrated in 1640. The Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception Church (\"Nossa Senhora da Imaculada Conceição Igreja\") was built in 1540. The Church and Convent of St. Francis of Assisi (\"Igreja e Convento de São Francisco de Assis\"), Church of Lady of Rosary (\"Igreja da Senhora do Rosário\"), Church of St. Augustine (\"Igreja de Santo", "title": "Goan Catholics" }, { "id": "12483557", "score": "1.5619726", "text": "in London and Prague, it chronicles how a London bookseller's search in the 1660s for a missing manuscript leads him unwittingly into a world of deception and murder. \"Brunelleschi's Dome: The Story of the Great Cathedral in Florence\" (2000) describes how the Italian architect Filippo Brunelleschi designed what still stands as the largest masonry dome ever built: the dome of the cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, completed in 1436. \"Brunelleschi's Dome\" marked King's transition from novelist to writer of art histories and biographies. \"Michelangelo and the Pope's Ceiling,\" (2002), follows the four arduous years during which Michelangelo painted the", "title": "Ross King (author)" }, { "id": "20371534", "score": "1.5564489", "text": "church was completed in 1938, and underwent re-consecration in 1982, on the occasion of the centenary of the foundation. From the early 17th century, significant regional population growth created issues and inconveniences for church goers attending local religious functions in the city. Many of them were forced to follow the mass from outside the existing building due to the lack of space. As a consequence, the parish priest decided to give the community a larger and more functional church. Due to limited financial resources in the community, three members of the parochial vestry (Carlo Airoldi, Carlo Borghi e Carlo Minola)", "title": "Church of St. Peter and Paul, Arese" }, { "id": "9910386", "score": "1.5559802", "text": "on each side of the entrance to the sacristy. The consecration of the basilica was on March 25, 1958 by Angelo Cardinal Roncalli, who was earlier the Papal Nuncio to France, then Patriarch of Venezia, and who later became Pope John XXIII. The consecration year was selected to celebrate the centenary of the 18 visions of the Virgin Mary by Saint Bernadette. This basilica is one of the largest churches inspired by Visions of Jesus and Mary. Basilica of St. Pius X The Basilica of Saint Pius X, informally known as the Underground Basilica, is a large Roman Catholic church", "title": "Basilica of St. Pius X" }, { "id": "8037949", "score": "1.5545869", "text": "Santa Maria Maggiore () because it is the largest church in Rome dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary. The original church, which was replaced by that of Pope Sixtus III, was built during the pontificate of Pope Liberius (352–366), and is thus sometimes known as the \"Basilica Liberii\" or \"Basilica Liberiana\". Until 1969 the feast was known as \"Dedicatio Sanctae Mariae ad Nives\" (Dedication of the Church of Our Lady of the Snows), a name that had become popular for the Basilica in the 14th century in connection with a legend about its origin that the Catholic Encyclopedia summarizes: (in", "title": "Dedication of the Basilica of St Mary Major" } ]

[ "cave painting", "rupestrian art", "Rupestrian art", "prehistoric cave painting", "cave drawing", "hand stencil", "Cave drawing", "Cave painting", "cave paintings", "Cave paintings", "cave art", "hand stencils", "prehistoric cave paintings", "Hand stencil", "Prehistoric cave painting", "Hand stencils", "prehistoric cave art", "Cave art", "Prehistoric cave paintings", "Prehistoric cave art" ]

[ { "id": "7856814", "score": "1.4565237", "text": "July. The main attraction of the region is the Lascaux Cave, actually a complex of caves containing Upper Paleolithic painted art discovered in 1940 and estimated to be 17,300 years old. The cave was put on show in 1948, but it was found that the paintings were being damaged by the carbon dioxide exhaled by visitors, and in 1963, the cave was closed to the public. A replica cave, known as Lascaux II, was opened nearby in 1983, so that visitors could still experience the paintings without damaging the originals. In 1979, Lascaux was added to the UNESCO World Heritage", "title": "Montignac, Dordogne" }, { "id": "2416297", "score": "1.3855054", "text": "outside Spain) about the discovery of the caves, starring Antonio Banderas and with music by Mark Knopfler. Cave of Altamira The Cave of Altamira (; ) is a cave located near the historic town of Santillana del Mar in Cantabria, Spain, that is renowned for its numerous parietal cave paintings featuring charcoal drawings and polychrome paintings of contemporary local fauna and human hands, created during the Upper Paleolithic. The earliest paintings in the cave were executed around 36,000 years ago. It was discovered by Modesto Cubillas in 1868. Aside from the striking quality of its polychromatic art, Altamira's fame stems", "title": "Cave of Altamira" }, { "id": "246199", "score": "1.3632796", "text": "Lascaux Lascaux (, \"Lascaux Cave\"; , ) is the setting of a complex of caves near the village of Montignac, in the department of Dordogne in southwestern France. Over 600 parietal wall paintings cover the interior walls and ceilings of the cave. The paintings represent primarily large animals, typical local and contemporary fauna that correspond with the fossil record of the Upper Paleolithic time. The drawings are the combined effort of many generations, and with continued debate, the age of the paintings is estimated at around 17,000 years (early Magdalenian). Lascaux was inducted into the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list", "title": "Lascaux" }, { "id": "2416284", "score": "1.3529079", "text": "and declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO as the central element of the \"Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain\". The cave is approximately 1000 meters long and consists of a series of twisting passages and chambers. The main passage varies from two to six meters in height. The cave was formed through collapses following early Karst phenomena in the calcareous rock of Mount Vispieres. Archaeological excavations in the cave floor found rich deposits of artifacts from the Upper Solutrean (c.18,500 years ago) and Lower Magdalenian (between c.16,590 and 14,000 years ago). Both periods belong to", "title": "Cave of Altamira" }, { "id": "10480500", "score": "1.3377978", "text": "and restaurant on the beach in the summer months. Bio Pizza, is located in the main square and offers both indoor and outdoor seating. There are also two bars (also in the main square), The Ivy Wine Bar and Sol Mart, a mini-market. D\"blanco, the beach bar, has seating inside and out and is open throughout the day and evening and serves a mixture of meat and fish dishes. A fire station exclusively serving alcaidesa was built in 2008. in July 2015 there was a reorganisation of the owners due to debts being owed to Banco Santander, Santander now own", "title": "La Alcaidesa" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rouffignac Cave\n\nThe Rouffignac cave, in the French commune of Rouffignac-Saint-Cernin-de-Reilhac in the Dordogne département, contains over 250 engravings and cave paintings dating back to the Upper Paleolithic. In conjunction with other caves and abris of the Vézère valley, the Rouffignac cave was classified a Monument historique in 1957 and a world heritage site in 1979 by UNESCO as part of the \"Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley\".", "title": "Rouffignac Cave" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rock art of Europe\n\nRock art has been produced in Europe since the Upper Palaeolithic period through to recent centuries. It is found in all of the major regions of the continent.\nOne of the most famous examples of parietal art is the Grotte Chauvet in France. The cultural purpose of these remnants of the Paleolithic and other periods of prehistoric art is not known. However, some theories suggest that, because these paintings were created in parts of the caves that were not easily accessed, it is unlikely that they were intended simply as decoration.\n\nIn the post-Palaeolithic period, during later prehistory, regional variants grew up across the continent, being produced by settled, agricultural communities.\n\nScholarly interest in European rock art began in the 17th century.<ref name=\"Bradley p. 482\"/>", "title": "Rock art of Europe" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley ..." }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Recreation\n\nRecreation is an activity of leisure, leisure being discretionary time. The \"need to do something for recreation\" is an essential element of human biology and psychology. Recreational activities are often done for enjoyment, amusement, or pleasure and are considered to be \"fun\".", "title": "Recreation" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Steppe bison\n\nThe steppe bison or steppe wisent (Bison\" \"priscus) is an extinct species of bison that was once found on the mammoth steppe where its range included British Isles, Europe, Central Asia, Northern to Northeastern Asia including Japanese archipelago, Beringia, and central North America, from northwest Canada to Mexico during the Quaternary. This wide distribution is sometimes called the Pleistocene bison belt, compared to the Great bison belt. The radiocarbon dating of a steppe bison skeleton indicates that it was present 5,400 years ago in Alaska. Three chronological subspecies, \"Bison priscus priscus\", \"Bison priscus mediator\", and \"Bison priscus gigas\", have been suggested.", "title": "Steppe bison" }, { "id": "2416293", "score": "1.3347011", "text": "cave, as well as a selection of minor works. It also includes some sculptures of human faces that are not visitable in the real cave. As well as the adjacent National Museum and Research Center of Altamira there are reproductions in the National Archaeological Museum of Spain (Madrid), in the Deutsches Museum in Munich (completed 1964) and in Japan (completed 1993). During 2010 there were plans to reopen access to the cave towards the end of that year. In December 2010, however, the Spanish Ministry of Culture decided that the cave would remain closed to the public. This decision was", "title": "Cave of Altamira" }, { "id": "10074870", "score": "1.3325524", "text": "night. There is a small grocery store as well as a few other shops that sell fresh produce, and grocery items. Many little stands selling food items, as well as a small shoe store. About a half hour ride north is Garzon, the closest city to Altamira. An hours drive south of town is the larger city of Pitalito(69,000). The highways are paved two lane and very winding and steep in parts. Beautiful scenery meets the eye at every turn. It is also the nearest city to San Agustin where a famous archeological park is located that is known for", "title": "Altamira, Huila" }, { "id": "2416282", "score": "1.3322548", "text": "Cave of Altamira The Cave of Altamira (; ) is a cave located near the historic town of Santillana del Mar in Cantabria, Spain, that is renowned for its numerous parietal cave paintings featuring charcoal drawings and polychrome paintings of contemporary local fauna and human hands, created during the Upper Paleolithic. The earliest paintings in the cave were executed around 36,000 years ago. It was discovered by Modesto Cubillas in 1868. Aside from the striking quality of its polychromatic art, Altamira's fame stems from the fact that its paintings were the first European cave paintings for which a prehistoric origin", "title": "Cave of Altamira" }, { "id": "9887724", "score": "1.3318793", "text": "(there is a large paper mill east at Le Lardin). With poor soils, walnut trees, figs and sheep are common, with few vineyards and cereals. Tertiary sector jobs are largely found in Périgueux 35 km away, or in the slightly larger towns like Montignac on the Vézère River, 14 km to the south east (the nearest town to the Lascaux caves). The beautiful countryside around the town is steep and rolling, with farms interspersed with woodlands, in which the local population continues to hunt enthusiastically for rabbits, wild boar and deer. Tourism still peaks in the summer months when the", "title": "Thenon" }, { "id": "19889871", "score": "1.3314914", "text": "watching, biking and mountain biking. Guided tours may be arranged. It has beautiful landscapes, with waterfalls, but there is no waterfall or lake where bathing is allowed. Trails include the Lago Trail, suitable for cycling, the Peba Trail for a short walk and the Coati Trail. All of these are easy. The longer Eucalyptus Trail is more difficult. The park has a visitor center with restrooms and drinking water, but there is no restaurant. As of 2016 the park was open from 8am to 4pm, Wednesday to Sunday, with free admission. The site of a pre-colonial village has been found", "title": "Altamiro de Moura Pacheco State Park" }, { "id": "2416292", "score": "1.3304021", "text": "water vapor in the breath of the large number of visitors. Altamira was completely closed to the public in 1977, and reopened to limited access in 1982. Very few visitors were allowed in per day, resulting in a three-year waiting list. After green mold began to appear on some paintings in 2002, the caves were closed to public access. A replica cave and museum were built nearby and completed in 2001 by Manuel Franquelo and Sven Nebel, reproducing the cave and its art. The replica allows a more comfortable view of the polychrome paintings of the main hall of the", "title": "Cave of Altamira" }, { "id": "17313807", "score": "1.3143642", "text": "to the cave painting. The selection was declared on 22 May 2013. The Lascaux Cave is a UNESCO World Heritage Site containing an Upper Paleolithic paintings that are about 17,000 years old. The cave wall was extensively defaced by an outbreak of a white mould \"Fusarium solani\" in 2001. The fungus was considered to have been present in the cave soil, and became exposed and spread particularly by the workers. The invasive species was immediately treated with quicklime and complete control was achieved only in 2004, after regular treatment for three years. Surprisingly, only after four months of initial biocide", "title": "Ochroconis anomala" }, { "id": "2559647", "score": "1.3111637", "text": "cave.\" The cave has been sealed off to the public since 1994. Access is severely restricted owing to the experience with decorated caves such as Altamira and Lascaux found in the 19th and 20th century, where the admission of visitors on a large scale led to the growth of mold on the walls that damaged the art in places. In 2000 the archaeologist and expert on cave paintings Dominique Baffier was appointed to oversee conservation and management of the cave. She was followed in 2014 by Marie Bardisa. Caverne du Pont-d'Arc, a facsimile of Chauvet Cave on the model of", "title": "Chauvet Cave" }, { "id": "14965894", "score": "1.3099504", "text": "of Alfoz de Lloredo. This cave contains rock art, including two bison carved and painted in red, a doe, a horse, a clavate (club), a sign on the grill and several more configurations. These remains have been dated to the early or middle Magdalenian period. The Cave of Altamira is located near Santillana del Mar. This cave, called the \"Sistine Chapel of Quaternary\", is relatively small () and contains the rock paintings of sixteen bison, several depictions of deer, the largest of which is tall and of horses. The cave has been included in UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites", "title": "Caves in Cantabria" }, { "id": "14017262", "score": "1.3003578", "text": "inductees are honored with a star and their handprints embedded on square tiles. The Paseo is located in the upper level of the shopping center, and doubles as the main walkway to and from the stores located on that level. The Paseo is the Plaza's main attraction. The Plaza has a Cinemex movie theater, 200 stores, restaurants, food court, banks, and a hotel (El Hotel del Prado). Among the famous entertainers whose handprints and stars have been imbedded into the Paseo are Raúl Velasco, María Elena Velasco, María Félix, Arap Bethke, Cantinflas, Mario Almada, Angélica María and her daughter Angélica", "title": "Plaza de las Estrellas" }, { "id": "6265777", "score": "1.2966851", "text": "bajurim. Altamira (Caracas) Altamira is a neighborhood located in the Chacao municipality of Caracas, Venezuela. It has its own Metro Station, many hotels and restaurants, and it is an important business and residential center of the city. It is also an important tourist destination and cultural center in Caracas. The Francisco de Miranda avenue (a major avenue in Caracas) and the Distibuidor Altamira (a congested highway exit) are both located in Altamira. This neighborhood borders El Ávila National Park to the north, La Castellana neighborhood to the west, Los Palos Grandes to the east, and Bello Campo neighborhood to the", "title": "Altamira (Caracas)" }, { "id": "20193708", "score": "1.2959026", "text": "effects, lighting console, pyrotechnic controller, and audio system. The smaller attractions in the French-themed area include Laser Tech, a laser tag installation, the International Cinema, which featured a 20-minute custom-produced cartoon at opening, and a large French restaurant. The Italian village, located between the French and Spanish buildings, contains the bulk of the retail, an Italian restaurant, Virtuality, a virtual reality gaming space, Monte Carlo, an arcade, Club Coyote, a western-themed discothèque, and Blue Tone, a live jazz venue. The Spanish castle, with two major attractions, houses only an American casual restaurant on the deck above High Dive. At the", "title": "Wakayama Marina City" }, { "id": "12531269", "score": "1.2947087", "text": "It is the Dominican Republic's fifth largest municipality in area and is divided into eight regions: Río Grande, Pescado Bobo, El Mamey, Palmar Grande, Los Llanos, Higüero, Quebrada Honda y Escalera. Altamira, Dominican Republic Altamira is a town in the Puerto Plata Province of the Dominican Republic. The town's name is the subject of at least two different origin traditions. One asserts that when Christopher Columbus first arrived in the area, he took note of the height of the mountains and exclaimed: \"Look at the heights.\" Another reports that the name is based on the geographical resemblance of the region", "title": "Altamira, Dominican Republic" }, { "id": "246205", "score": "1.294074", "text": "the landscape. Upstream from this steep-sloped relief, near Montignac and in the vicinity of Lascaux, the contours of the land soften considerably; the valley floor widens, and the banks of the river lose their steepness. The Lascaux valley is located some distance from the major concentrations of decorated caves and inhabited sites, most of which were discovered further downstream. In the environs of the village of Eyzies-de-Tayac Sireuil, there are no fewer than 37 decorated caves and shelters, as well as an even greater number of habitation sites from the Upper Paleolithic, located in the open, beneath a sheltering overhang,", "title": "Lascaux" }, { "id": "14966789", "score": "1.2912769", "text": "Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain Under the name Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain () are grouped 18 caves of northern Spain, which together represent the apogee of Upper Paleolithic cave art in Europe between 35,000 and 11,000 years ago (Aurignacian, Gravettian, Solutrean, Magdalenian, Azilian). They have been collectively designated a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO in 2008. Chief among these caves is Altamira, located within the town of Santillana del Mar in Cantabria. It remains one of the most important painting cycles of prehistory, originating in the Magdalenian and", "title": "Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain" } ]

[ "Sardigna", "sardinia", "sardic", "Sɑrˈdɪnɪə", "sɑrˈdɪnɪə", "sardinia in middle ages", "sardinia italy", "sardigna", "Sardic", "Sardinia in the Middle Ages", "sardegna", "Sardinia", "Sardinia (Italy)", "Sardinia, Italy", "Sardegna" ]

[ { "id": "13024074", "score": "1.760128", "text": "of king in spite of the loss of Sicily. Victor Amadeus initially resisted the exchange, and until 1723 continued to style himself King of Sicily rather than King of Sardinia. The state took the official title of \"Kingdom of Sardinia, Cyprus and Jerusalem\", as the house of Savoy still claimed the thrones of Cyprus and Jerusalem, although both had long been under Ottoman rule. In 1767–1769, Charles Emmanuel III annexed the Maddalena archipelago in the Strait of Bonifacio from the Republic of Genoa and claimed it as part of Corsica. Since then the archipelago has been a part of the", "title": "Kingdom of Sardinia" }, { "id": "13024053", "score": "1.7149625", "text": "land. Facing Arab attempts to sack and conquer, while having almost no outside help, Sardinia utilized the principle of \"translatio imperii\" (\"transfer of rule\") and continued to organize itself along the ancient Roman and Byzantine model. The island was not the personal property of the ruler and of his family, as was then the dominant practice in western Europe, but rather a separate entity and during the Byzantine Empire, a monarchical republic, as it had been since Roman times. Starting from 705–706, Saracens from north Africa (recently conquered by Arab armies) harassed the population of the coastal cities. Information about", "title": "Kingdom of Sardinia" }, { "id": "2318114", "score": "1.6728835", "text": "1843, when two warships arrived and landed 400 soldiers on the island. They substituted the British flags on the island with Neapolitan flags. A royal decree was read out proclaiming the island as part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. A few of the Maltese settlers remained on the island, while others returned to Malta or went to Tunisia. In the 1840s, the Tomasi family formally sold the island to the Kingdom of Naples. In 1861, the island became part of the Kingdom of Italy, but the new Italian government limited its activities there to building a penal colony.", "title": "Lampedusa" }, { "id": "13024061", "score": "1.6723924", "text": "of James's brother Frederick III of Sicily, to the Angevin dynasty over the oppositions of the Sicilians. The two islands proposed for this new kingdom were occupied by other states and fiefs at the time. In Sardinia, three of the four states that had succeeded Byzantine imperial rule in the 9th century had passed through marriage and partition under the direct or indirect control of Pisa and Genoa in the 40 years preceding the Anagni treaty. Genoa had also ruled Corsica since conquering the island nearly two centuries before (\"c\". 1133). There were other reasons beside this papal decision: it", "title": "Kingdom of Sardinia" }, { "id": "137395", "score": "1.6627488", "text": "Duchy of Tuscany. In 1860, it became part of the new unified Kingdom of Italy. The island was liberated from the Germans by the French \"1 Corps d'Armée\" on 17 June 1944, in \"Opération Brassard\". Faulty intelligence and strong defences made the battle more difficult than expected. More recently, the island has become famed for its wine and is a noted tourist destination. The island is connected to the mainland via the four ferry companies, Toremar, Moby Lines, Blunavy and Corsica Ferries - Sardinia Ferries, all offering routes between Piombino and Portoferraio, the capital located in the north, Cavo, Rio", "title": "Elba" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "History of Spain" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of Provence\n\nThe historic French province of Provence, located in the southeast corner of France between the Alps, the Mediterranean, the river Rhône and the upper reaches of the river Durance, was inhabited by Ligures beginning in Neolithic times; by the Celtic since about 900 BC, and by Greek colonists since about 600 BC. It was conquered by Rome at the end of the 2nd century BC. From 879 until 1486, it was a semi-independent state ruled by the Counts of Provence. In 1481, the title passed to Louis XI of France. In 1486 Provence was legally incorporated into France. Provence has been a part of France for over 400 years, but the people of Provence, particularly in the interior, have kept a cultural identity that persists to this day.", "title": "History of Provence" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Sardinian language" }, { "id": "398255", "score": "1.6574066", "text": "occupied the territory. The Giudicato of Arborea, having Oristano as its capital, had the longest life compared to the other kingdoms. Its later history is entwined with the attempt to unify the island into a single Sardinian state (\"Republica sardisca\" \"Sardinian Republic\" in Sardinian, \"Nació sarda\" or \"sardesca\" \"Sardinian Nation\" in Catalan) against their relatives and former Aragonese allies. In 1297, Pope Boniface VIII established on his own initiative (\"motu proprio\") a hypothetical \"regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae\" (\"Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica\") in order to settle the War of the Sicilian Vespers diplomatically. This had broken out in 1282 between", "title": "Sardinia" }, { "id": "398275", "score": "1.6538453", "text": "Allies, especially the city of Cagliari. German troops left the island on 8 September 1943, a few days after the Armistice of Cassibile, and retired to Corsica without fighting and bloodshed, after a bilateral agreement between the general Antonio Basso (Commander of the Armed Forces of Sardinia) and the German Karl Hans Lungerhausen, general of the 90th Panzergrenadier Division. In 1946, by popular referendum, Italy became a republic, with Sardinia being administered since 1948 by a special statute of autonomy. By 1951, malaria was successfully eliminated by the ERLAAS, Anti-malaric Regional Authority, and the support of the Rockefeller Foundation, which", "title": "Sardinia" }, { "id": "20926161", "score": "1.6368876", "text": "island of Saseno was given to Italy and a small group of fishermen with their families moved from Puglia to live in the island (where they remained until 1947, when the island was officially returned to Albania). In 1939 Italy and Albania were united under the crown of Victor Emmanuel III. In April 1939 the Albanian Parliament proclaimed the Italian King and Emperor Vittorio Emanuele III as the new King. He took the title \"King of Albania\", which he formally retained until he abdicated as Albanian monarch in September 1943. Italian naval strategists in the early 1900s eyed the port", "title": "Italians in Albania" }, { "id": "1430280", "score": "1.6359279", "text": "IV and that of his son Hugh III (1376–1383) and his daughter Eleanor (1383–1404). The giudicato of Arborea held out to be the last Sardinian kingdom (Giudicato) to cease to exist in 1420, about 10 years after the battle of Sanluri. It was transformed in Marchesato by the Aragonese and conquered, following a revolt by the last marquess Leonardo Alagon, by the Catalan troops of the Kingdom of Aragon, in 1478 after the battle of Macomer. Thereafter, Oristano's history was that of the island of Sardinia, characterised by the Aragonese-Spanish (until 1708) and Piedmontese (from 1720) dominations, and then the", "title": "Oristano" }, { "id": "555733", "score": "1.6313717", "text": "House of Savoy House, comprising Savoy, Nice (now part of France), Piedmont and from 1815 Liguria, were merged into a unitary state. Although Sardinian by name, the kingdom had its parliament in Turin, where the Savoys resided, and its members were mainly aristocrats from Piedmont or the mainland. In the late 18th century during the Napoleonic wars France tried to conquer Cagliari because of its strategic role in the Mediterranean sea (\"Expédition de Sardaigne\"). A French army landed on Poetto beach and advanced towards Cagliari, but the French were defeated by Sardinians who had decided to defend themselves against the", "title": "Cagliari" }, { "id": "17229218", "score": "1.630933", "text": "municipal vow the Feast of Sant'Efisio, still the most important religious event of the island. In 1718, after the brief rule of the Austrian Habsburgs, the Savoy dynasty obtained the Kingdom of Sardinia, which remained an autonomous institution in relation to the mainland states of the dynasty and solemnly swore to respect the ancient customs and privileges. But the eighteenth century was the era of absolute monarchies, and the new ruling house gradually transformed the old kingdom created by the medieval Aragonese kings into one best suited to the needs of the new times. In order not to convene the", "title": "History of Cagliari" }, { "id": "3427291", "score": "1.6306916", "text": "into Italy. In 1923, Mussolini temporarily occupied Corfu, using irredentist claims based on minorities of Italians in the Ionian islands of Greece. Similar tactics may have been used towards the islands around the Kingdom of Italy \"–\" through the Pro-Italian Maltese, Corfiot Italians and Corsican Italians \"–\" in order to control the Mediterranean sea (his \"Mare Nostrum\", from the Latin \"Our Sea\"). During World War II, large parts of Dalmatia were annexed by Italy into the Governorship of Dalmatia from 1941 to 1943. Corsica and Nice were also administratively annexed by the Kingdom of Italy in November 1942. Malta was", "title": "Italian irredentism" }, { "id": "13024062", "score": "1.6252105", "text": "was the final successful result of the long fight against the Ghibelline (pro-imperial) city of Pisa and the Holy Roman Empire itself. Furthermore, Sardinia was then under the control of the very Catholic Kings of Aragon, and the last result of rapprochement of the island to Rome. The Sardinian church had never been under the control of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople; it was an autonomous province loyal to Rome and belonging to the Latin Church, but during the Byzantine period became influenced by Byzantine liturgy and culture. In 1297, Pope Boniface VIII, intervening between the Houses of Anjou and", "title": "Kingdom of Sardinia" }, { "id": "398268", "score": "1.6242085", "text": "an end to feudalism and aiming to declare the island to be an independent republic, but once he was outnumbered by loyalist forces he fled to Paris and sought support for a French annexation of the island. In 1798 the islet near Sardinia was attacked by the Tunisians and over 900 inhabitants were taken away as slaves. The final Muslim attack on the island was on Sant'Antioco on 16 October 1815, over a millennium since the first. In 1799, as a consequence of the Napoleonic Wars in Italy, the Savoy royal family left Turin and took refuge in Cagliari for", "title": "Sardinia" }, { "id": "13024059", "score": "1.6226534", "text": "in 1239, he was soon recalled by his parent and appointed Imperial Vicar for Italy. He died in 1272 without direct recognized heirs after a detention of 23 years in a prison in Bologna. The Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica (later, just the \"Kingdom of Sardinia\" from 1460) was a state whose king was the King of Aragon, who started to conquer it in 1324, gained full control in 1410, and directly ruled it until 1460. In that year it was incorporated into a sort of confederation of states, each with its own institutions, called the Crown of Aragon, and", "title": "Kingdom of Sardinia" }, { "id": "13024051", "score": "1.6221586", "text": "restructured Europe after Napoleon's defeat, returned to Savoy its mainland possessions and augmented them with Liguria, taken from the Republic of Genoa. In 1847–48, in a \"perfect fusion\", the various Savoyard states were unified under one legal system, with the capital in Turin, and granted a constitution, the \"Statuto Albertino\". There followed the annexation of Lombardy (1859), the central Italian states and the Two Sicilies (1860), Venetia (1866), and the Papal States (1870). On 17 March 1861, to more accurately reflect its new geographic extent, the Kingdom of Sardinia changed its name to the Kingdom of Italy, and its capital", "title": "Kingdom of Sardinia" }, { "id": "639978", "score": "1.6217569", "text": "of the Wehrmacht in Corsica, and the island, together with Southern Italy, became free. In 1946 more than 60% of Sardinians voted in favour of monarchy, just as much as in Southern Italy, but a few days later Italy became a Republic. In 1948 Sardinia obtained the status of autonomous region which, while being the highest degree of self-governance since the Giudicati era, fell short of many Sardinians' expectations. The first regional elections were held on 8 May 1949. By 1951, malaria was successfully eliminated with the support of the Rockefeller Foundation. In the same years the Italian economic miracle", "title": "History of Sardinia" }, { "id": "13024068", "score": "1.6153054", "text": "Sardinia, including the city of Alghero and the semiautonomous Republic of Sassari, and added them to its direct domains. The Giudicato of Arborea, the only Sardinian state that remained independent of foreign domination, proved far more difficult to subdue. Threatened by the Aragonese claims of suzerainty and consolidation of the rest of the island, in 1353 Arborea, under the leadership of Marianus IV, started the conquest of the remaining Sardinian territories, which formed the Kingdom of Sardinia. In 1368 an Arborean offensive succeeded in nearly driving the Aragonese from the island, reducing the \"Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica\" to just", "title": "Kingdom of Sardinia" }, { "id": "398271", "score": "1.6137757", "text": "never completely abolished, and they are still present in large number to this day (500,000 hectares of common lands were counted in 1956, of which 345,000 constituted by woods). In 1848, the confederation of states powered by the Savoyard kings of Sardinia became a unitarian and constitutional state and moved to the Italian Wars of Independence for the Unification of Italy, that were led for thirteen years. In 1861, being Italy united by a debated war campaign, the parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia decided by law to change its name and the title of its king to Kingdom of", "title": "Sardinia" }, { "id": "13024058", "score": "1.6119785", "text": "when the new Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica defeated the Arborea Judicatus in a battle in Sanluri and its sovereign rights were sold by the last Judex. Later, the title of King of Sardinia was granted by the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire to Barisone II of Arborea and Enzio of Sardinia. The first could not reunify the island under his rule, despite years of war against the other Sardinian judices, and he finally concluded a peace treaty with them in 1172. The second did not have the opportunity. Invested with the title from his father, Emperor Frederick II", "title": "Kingdom of Sardinia" } ]

[ "First man in space", "first man in space", "Yuri Gagarin", "Yuri Gargarin", "juri gagarin", "Ю́рий Алексе́евич Гага́рин", "Gagarin", "valentina goryacheva", "Yuriy A. Gagarin", "first person in space", "first human in space", "Yuri Alexeyevich Gagarin", "yury gagarin", "First human in space", "gagarin", "Yury Gagarin", "Yuri gegarin", "Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin", "yuri gagarin", "jurij alekseevič gagarin", "youri gagarine", "gagarin yuri alekseyevich", "yury alekseyevich gagarin", "Jurij Alekseevič Gagarin", "yuri alexeyevich gagarin", "Youri Gagarine", "Juri Gagarin", "yuri gegarin", "юрий гагарин", "Valentina Goryacheva", "Yury Alekseyevich Gagarin", "First human spaceflight", "Jurij Alekseevic Gagarin", "Yuriy Gagarin", "First person in space", "yuriy gagarin", "jurij alekseevic gagarin", "Юрий Гагарин", "iurii gagarin", "yuri gargarin", "First man in Space", "jurij gagarin", "Jurij Gagarin", "ю́рий алексе́евич гага́рин", "yuri alekseyevich gagarin", "first human spaceflight", "Iurii Gagarin", "Gagarin, Yuri Alekseyevich" ]

[ { "id": "734852", "score": "1.6783658", "text": "that Shepard had been chosen for the first American manned mission into space. Shepard later recalled Louise's response when he told her that she had her arms around the man who would be the first man in space: \"Who let a Russian in here?\" During training he flew 120 simulated flights. Although his flight was originally scheduled for April 26, 1960, it was postponed several times by unplanned preparatory work, initially to December 5, 1960, then mid-January 1961, March 6, 1961, April 25, 1961, May 2, 1961, and finally to May 5, 1961. On April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri", "title": "Alan Shepard" }, { "id": "10213743", "score": "1.6657867", "text": "explains that in 1957, the Soviet Union launched Earth's first satellite Sputnik 1 into orbit. Four years later in 1961, when NASA was putting a monkey named Enos aboard Mercury Atlas 5, astronaut Yuri Gagarin became the first man on Earth to go to space. Feeling the sense of urgency to overtake the Soviets in the space race, U.S. President John F. Kennedy made a huge statement toward a joint session of Congress on May 25, 1961, stating that before the decade is out, he plans to launch a man to the Moon and return him safely to the Earth.", "title": "Fly Me to the Moon (film)" }, { "id": "9003", "score": "1.6638211", "text": "the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and initiating Project Mercury, which aimed to launch a man into Earth orbit. But on April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person in space, and the first to orbit the Earth. It was another body blow to American pride. Nearly a month later, on May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American in space, completing a 15-minute suborbital journey. After being recovered from the Atlantic Ocean, he received a congratulatory telephone call from Eisenhower's successor, John F. Kennedy. Kennedy believed that it was in the national interest of", "title": "Apollo 11" }, { "id": "4295450", "score": "1.6603897", "text": "an Atlas, to launch a single-man spacecraft into orbit. The Air Force selected on June 25, 1958 the following nine men to be astronauts for the program: Man in Space Soonest Man In Space Soonest (MISS) was a United States Air Force (USAF) program to put a man into outer space before the Soviet Union. The program was cancelled on August 1, 1958, and was replaced by NASA's Project Mercury. Only two men from the program would actually reach outer space. The first, Joseph A. Walker, did so twice in two X-15 rocket plane tests in 1963. Another, Neil Armstrong,", "title": "Man in Space Soonest" }, { "id": "17624432", "score": "1.656086", "text": "the Space Race with the Soviet Union, which had successfully launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, almost four years earlier. The perception increased when, on April 12, 1961, Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space before the U.S. could launch its first Project Mercury astronaut. American prestige was further damaged by the Bay of Pigs fiasco five days later. Convinced of the political need for an achievement which would decisively demonstrate America's space superiority, Kennedy asked his Vice President, Lyndon B. Johnson, in his role as chairman of the National Aeronautics and Space Council, to identify", "title": "We choose to go to the Moon" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Yuri Gagarin\n\nYuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (9 March 1934 – 27 March 1968) was a Soviet pilot and cosmonaut who became the first human to journey into outer space. Travelling in the Vostok 1 capsule, Gagarin completed one orbit of Earth on 12 April 1961. By achieving this major milestone in the Space Race he became an international celebrity, and was awarded many medals and titles, including Hero of the Soviet Union, his nation's highest honour.\n\nGagarin was born in the Russian village of Klushino, and in his youth was a foundryman at a steel plant in Lyubertsy. He later joined the Soviet Air Forces as a pilot and was stationed at the Luostari Air Base, near the Norwegian border, before his selection for the Soviet space programme with five other cosmonauts. Following his spaceflight, Gagarin became deputy training director of the Cosmonaut Training Centre, which was later named after him. He was also elected as a deputy of the Soviet of the Union in 1962 and then to the Soviet of Nationalities, respectively the lower and upper chambers of the Supreme Soviet.\n\nVostok 1 was Gagarin's only spaceflight, but he served as the backup crew to the Soyuz 1 mission, which ended in a fatal crash, killing his friend and fellow cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov. Fearful that a national hero might be killed, Soviet officials banned Gagarin from further spaceflights. After completing training at the Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy in February 1968, he was again allowed to fly regular aircraft. Gagarin died five weeks later when the MiG-15 training jet he was piloting with flight instructor Vladimir Seryogin crashed near the town of Kirzhach.", "title": "Yuri Gagarin" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Alan Shepard\n\nAlan Bartlett Shepard Jr. (November 18, 1923 – July 21, 1998) was an American astronaut, naval aviator, test pilot, and businessman. In 1961, he became the second person and the first American to travel into space and, in 1971, he became the fifth and oldest person to walk on the Moon at age 47.\n\nA graduate of the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Shepard saw action with the surface navy during World War II. He became a naval aviator in 1946, and a test pilot in 1950. He was selected as one of the original NASA Mercury Seven astronauts in 1959, and in May 1961 he made the first crewed Project Mercury flight, Mercury-Redstone 3, in a spacecraft he named \"Freedom 7\". His craft entered space, but was not capable of achieving orbit. He became the second person, and the first American, to travel into space, and the first space traveler to manually control the orientation of his craft. In the final stages of Project Mercury, Shepard was scheduled to pilot the Mercury-Atlas 10 (MA-10), which was planned as a three-day mission. He named Mercury Spacecraft 15B \"Freedom 7 II\" in honor of his first spacecraft, but the mission was canceled.\n\nShepard was designated as the commander of the first crewed Project Gemini mission, but was grounded in October 1963 due to Ménière's disease, an inner-ear ailment that caused episodes of extreme dizziness and nausea. This was surgically corrected in 1968, and in 1971, Shepard commanded the Apollo 14 mission, piloting the Apollo Lunar Module \"Antares\". At age 47, he became the fifth, the oldest, and the only one of the Mercury Seven astronauts to walk on the Moon. During the mission, he hit two golf balls on the lunar surface.\n\nShepard was Chief of the Astronaut Office from November 1963 to August 1969 (the approximate period of his grounding), and from June 1971 until his retirement from the United States Navy and NASA on August 1, 1974. He was promoted to rear admiral on August 25, 1971, the first astronaut to reach that rank.", "title": "Alan Shepard" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Vostok 1\n\nVostok 1 (, \"East\" or \"Orient\" 1) was the first spaceflight of the Vostok programme and the first human orbital spaceflight in history. The Vostok 3KA space capsule was launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome on April 12, 1961, with Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin aboard, making him the first human to reach orbital velocity around the Earth and to complete a full orbit around the Earth.\n\nThe orbital spaceflight consisted of a single orbit around Earth which skimmed the upper atmosphere at at its lowest point. The flight took 108 minutes from launch to landing. Gagarin parachuted to the ground separately from his capsule after ejecting at altitude.", "title": "Vostok 1" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Space Race\n\nThe Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the United States and the Soviet Union, to achieve superior spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the ballistic missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations following World War II. The technological advantage demonstrated by spaceflight achievement was seen as necessary for national security, and became part of the symbolism and ideology of the time. The Space Race brought pioneering launches of artificial satellites, robotic space probes to the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and ultimately to the Moon.\n\nPublic interest in space travel originated in the 1951 publication of a Soviet youth magazine and was promptly picked up by US magazines. The competition began on July 30, 1955 when the United States announced its intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year. Four days later, the Soviet Union responded by declaring they would also launch a satellite \"in the near future\". The launching of satellites was enabled by developments in ballistic missile capabilities since the end of World War II.\n\nGagarin's flight led US president John F. Kennedy to raise the stakes on May 25, 1961 by asking the US Congress to commit to the goal of \"landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth\" before the end of the decade. a singular achievement Americans believed overshadowed all Soviet achievements. However, such an opinion is generally contentious, with others attributing the first man in space as being a much larger achievement. and continued exploration of other extraterrestrial bodies robotically.\n\nA period of détente followed with the April 1972 agreement on a co-operative Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (ASTP), resulting in the July 1975 rendezvous in Earth orbit of a US astronaut crew with a Soviet cosmonaut crew and joint development of an international docking standard APAS-75. Being considered as the final act of the Space Race, the competition would only gradually be replaced with cooperation. The collapse of the Soviet Union eventually allowed the US and the newly founded Russian Federation to end their Cold War competition also in space, by agreeing in 1993 on the Shuttle–\"Mir\" and International Space Station programs.<ref name=\"Mir deorbited\">\n</ref><ref name=\"ISS facts & figures\">\n</ref>", "title": "Space Race" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Soviet space program\n\nThe Soviet space program () was the national space program of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), active from 1955 until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nSoviet investigations in rocketry began with the formation of a research laboratory in 1921, but these efforts were hampered by the devastating war with Germany. Competing in the Space Race with the United States and later with the European Union and China, the Soviet program was notable in setting many records in space exploration, including the first intercontinental missile that launched the first satellite and sent the first animal into Earth orbit in 1957, and placed the first human in space in 1961. In addition, the Soviet program also saw the first woman in space in 1963 and a cosmonaut performing the first spacewalk in 1965. Other milestones included computerized robotic missions exploring the Moon starting in 1959, with the second mission being the first to reach the surface of the Moon, recording the first image of the far side of the Moon, and achieving the first soft landing on the Moon. The Soviet program also achieved the first space rover deployment in 1966 and sent the first robotic probe that automatically extracted a sample of lunar soil and brought it to Earth in 1970. The Soviet program was also responsible for leading the first interplanetary probes to Venus and Mars and made successful soft landings on these planets in the 1960s and 1970s. It put the first space station into low Earth orbit in 1971 and the first modular space station in 1986. Its Interkosmos program was also notable for sending the first citizen of a country other than the United States or Soviet Union into space.\n\nAfter WWII, the Soviet and US space programs both utilised German technology in their early efforts. Eventually, the program was managed under Sergei Korolev, who led the program based on unique ideas derived by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, sometimes known as the father of theoretical astronautics. Contrary to its American, European, and Chinese competitors, who had their programs run under a single coordinating agency, the Soviet space program was divided and split among several internally competing design bureaus led by Korolev, Kerimov, Keldysh, Yangel, Glushko, Chelomey, Makeyev, Chertok and Reshetnev.\n\nThe Soviet space program served as an important marker of Soviet claims to its global superpower status.", "title": "Soviet space program" }, { "id": "885470", "score": "1.6331375", "text": "Block III Ranger 7 which impacted on July 31, 1964. By 1959, American observers believed that the Soviet Union would be the first to get a human into space, because of the time needed to prepare for Mercury's first launch. On April 12, 1961, the USSR surprised the world again by launching Yuri Gagarin into a single orbit around the Earth in a craft they called Vostok 1. They dubbed Gagarin the first cosmonaut, roughly translated from Russian and Greek as \"sailor of the universe\". Although he had the ability to take over manual control of his capsule in an", "title": "Space Race" }, { "id": "14060880", "score": "1.6260141", "text": "3 in 1959. The early space researchers obtained an important international forum with the establishment of the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) in 1958, which achieved an exchange of scientific information between east and west during the cold war, despite the military origin of the rocket technology underlying the research field. On April 12, 1961, Russian Lieutenant Yuri Gagarin was the first human to orbit Earth in Vostok 1. In 1961, US astronaut Alan Shepard was the first American in space. And on July 20, 1969, astronaut Neil Armstrong was the first human on the Moon. On April 19, 1971,", "title": "Space research" }, { "id": "250162", "score": "1.61812", "text": "Unlike Gagarin, Shepard manually controlled his spacecraft's attitude, and landed inside it. The first American in orbit was John Glenn aboard \"Friendship 7\", launched 20 February 1962 on a Mercury-Atlas rocket. The USSR launched five more cosmonauts in Vostok capsules, including the first woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova aboard Vostok 6 on 16 June 1963. The US launched a total of two astronauts in suborbital flight and four into orbit through 1963. US President John F. Kennedy raised the stakes of the Space Race by setting the goal of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely by", "title": "Human spaceflight" }, { "id": "12213583", "score": "1.6179572", "text": "Navy, Air Force and Marine test pilot programs. On May 5, 1961, astronaut Alan Shepard became the first American in space aboard \"Freedom 7\", launched by a Redstone booster on a 15-minute ballistic (suborbital) flight. John Glenn became the first American to be launched into orbit, by an Atlas launch vehicle on February 20, 1962, aboard \"Friendship 7\". Glenn completed three orbits, after which three more orbital flights were made, culminating in L. Gordon Cooper's 22-orbit flight \"Faith 7\", May 15–16, 1963. The Soviet Union (USSR) competed with its own single-pilot spacecraft, Vostok. They sent the first man in space,", "title": "NASA" }, { "id": "18128652", "score": "1.592315", "text": "with some critics praising the film's acting, direction and storytelling with others touching on the film's \"cheap-looking\" visual effects. The film received criticism for its state funding and ignoring the aftermath of the flight. On April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin blasted off in a Vostok rocket, becoming the first human in space and orbiting Earth for 108 minutes. He was one of the first group of cosmonauts who were selected from over three thousand fighter pilots throughout the Soviet Union. The legendary top twenty who were selected were the ace of aces and none of the pilots knew", "title": "Gagarin: First in Space" }, { "id": "2989304", "score": "1.591427", "text": "His flight demonstrated the ability to perform tasks during spaceflight. A little over 3 months later the United States sent Alan Shepard into space. Enos the chimp became the first chimpanzee in orbit on 29 November 1961, in another Mercury capsule, an Atlas rocket, Mercury-Atlas 5. On 9 March 1961 the Soviet Union launched the Korabl-Sputnik 4 that carried a dog named Chernushka, some mice, frogs and, for the first time into space, a guinea pig. All were successfully recovered. France flew their first rat (Hector) into space on 22 February 1961. Two more rats were flown in October 1962.", "title": "Animals in space" }, { "id": "7498", "score": "1.5908349", "text": "program but deferred a decision on the broader issue. On April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to fly in space, reinforcing American fears about being left behind in a technological competition with the Soviet Union. At a meeting of the US House Committee on Science and Astronautics one day after Gagarin's flight, many congressmen pledged their support for a crash program aimed at ensuring that America would catch up. Kennedy was circumspect in his response to the news, refusing to make a commitment on America's response to the Soviets. On April 20, Kennedy sent a", "title": "Apollo program" }, { "id": "8733542", "score": "1.5881116", "text": "space travelers), Yuri Gagarin. Gagarin's flight, part of the Soviet Vostok space exploration program, took 108 minutes and consisted of a single orbit of the Earth. On August 7, 1961, Gherman Titov, another Soviet cosmonaut, became the second man in orbit during his Vostok 2 mission. By June 16, 1962, the Union launched a total of six Vostok cosmonauts, two pairs of them flying concurrently, and accumulating a total of 260 cosmonaut-orbits and just over sixteen cosmonaut-days in space. On May 5, 1961, the US launched its first suborbital Mercury astronaut, Alan Shepard, in the Freedom 7 capsule. The US", "title": "History of spaceflight" }, { "id": "11229186", "score": "1.5867733", "text": "NASA. In April 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to fly in space, reinforcing American fears about being left behind in a technological competition with the Soviet Union. Less than a month later, Alan Shepard became the first American to travel into space, strengthening Kennedy's confidence in NASA. In the aftermath of the Gagarin's flight, as well as the failed Bay of Pigs invasion, Kennedy felt pressured to respond to the perceived erosion of American prestige. He asked Johnson to explore the feasibility of beating the Soviets to the Moon. Though he was concerned about the program's", "title": "Presidency of John F. Kennedy" }, { "id": "4295449", "score": "1.585048", "text": "Man in Space Soonest Man In Space Soonest (MISS) was a United States Air Force (USAF) program to put a man into outer space before the Soviet Union. The program was cancelled on August 1, 1958, and was replaced by NASA's Project Mercury. Only two men from the program would actually reach outer space. The first, Joseph A. Walker, did so twice in two X-15 rocket plane tests in 1963. Another, Neil Armstrong, became a NASA astronaut in 1962 and became the first person to walk on the Moon in 1969. MISS would have used a Thor booster, then later", "title": "Man in Space Soonest" }, { "id": "15296163", "score": "1.582248", "text": "Yuri Gagarin as the first man in space, Kennedy in 1961 committed the United States to landing a man on the Moon by the end of the decade. At the time, the administration believed that the Soviet Union would be able to land a man on the Moon by 1967, and Kennedy saw an American Moon landing as critical to the nation's global prestige and status. His pick for NASA administrator, James E. Webb, however pursued a broader program incorporating space applications such as weather and communications satellites. During this time the Department of Defense pursued military space applications such", "title": "Space policy of the United States" }, { "id": "250161", "score": "1.5741847", "text": "were large enough to be adapted to carry the first artificial satellites into low Earth orbit. After the first satellites were launched in 1957 and 1958, the US worked on Project Mercury to launch men singly into orbit, while the USSR secretly pursued the Vostok program to accomplish the same thing. The USSR launched the first human in space, Yuri Gagarin, into a single orbit in Vostok 1 on a Vostok 3KA rocket, on 12 April 1961. The US launched its first astronaut, Alan Shepard, on a suborbital flight aboard \"Freedom 7\" on a Mercury-Redstone rocket, on 5 May 1961.", "title": "Human spaceflight" }, { "id": "12213577", "score": "1.572211", "text": "manned and unmanned aspects, such as the Galileo probe, which was deployed by astronauts in Earth orbit before being sent unmanned to Jupiter. The experimental rocket-powered aircraft programs started by NACA were extended by NASA as support for manned spaceflight. This was followed by a one-man space capsule program, and in turn by a two-man capsule program. Reacting to loss of national prestige and security fears caused by early leads in space exploration by the Soviet Union, in 1961 President John F. Kennedy proposed the ambitious goal \"of landing a man on the Moon by the end of [the 1960s],", "title": "NASA" }, { "id": "885481", "score": "1.5705609", "text": "on July 21, 1961. Almost a year after the Soviet Union put a human into orbit, astronaut John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth, on February 20, 1962. His Mercury-Atlas 6 mission completed three orbits in the \"Friendship 7\" spacecraft, and splashed down safely in the Atlantic Ocean, after a tense reentry, due to what falsely appeared from the telemetry data to be a loose heat-shield. As the first American in orbit, Glenn became a national hero, and received a ticker-tape parade in New York City, reminiscent of that given for Charles Lindbergh. On February 23, 1962,", "title": "Space Race" }, { "id": "734853", "score": "1.5655255", "text": "Gagarin became the first person in space, and the first to orbit the Earth. It was another body blow to American pride. When Shepard heard the news he slammed his fist down on a table so hard a NASA public relation officer feared he might have broken it. On May 5, 1961, Shepard piloted the Mercury-Redstone 3 mission and became the second person, and the first American, to travel into space. He named his spacecraft, Mercury Spacecraft 7, \"Freedom 7\". It was launched atop a Redstone rocket. According to Gene Kranz in his book \"Failure Is Not an Option\", \"When", "title": "Alan Shepard" } ]

[ "Catherine wheel (window)", "Rosette (window)", "Rose windows", "Catherine window", "Rose-window", "catherine window", "catherine wheel window", "rosenfenster", "rose window", "Rose window", "rose windows", "Rosenfenster", "Rosette window", "Rose Window", "Wheel window", "Wheel-window", "wheel window", "rosette window" ]

[ { "id": "3438723", "score": "1.7762825", "text": "of an axially placed oculus with tracery. Several such windows of different sizes exist, and decoration of both Greek Cross and scalloped petal-like form occur, prefiguring both wheel and rose windows. Circular windows and decorative circular recesses are a feature of many Romanesque churches and cathedrals, particularly in Germany and Italy where the style existed for a prolonged period, overlapping the development of Gothic in France and its arrival with French architects in England. In Germany, Worms Cathedral, has wheel windows in the pedimental ends of its nave and gables, very similar to the Early Christian Basilica of S. Agnese", "title": "Rose window" }, { "id": "3438728", "score": "1.7378801", "text": "a very large ocular space at the centre, the glass supported by an iron hoop, and surrounded by simple semicircular cusped lobes cut out of flat stone in a technique known as \"plate tracery\". The window now has Gothic tracery in it, possibly added by Viollet-le-Duc who was very concerned about the lack of stability of the whole façade, and having restored the towers, was impelled to demolish the northern one when it suddenly subsided. Along with the simple wheel windows of the late Norman period in England, Germany and Italy, a large late 12th-century window still exists at Chartres", "title": "Rose window" }, { "id": "797625", "score": "1.7375599", "text": "is one of the largest examples of curvilinear tracery seen in medieval architecture. Curvilinear tracery is a form of tracery where the patterns are continuous curves. This form was often done within pointed arches and squared windows because those are the easiest shapes, so the circular space of the window was a unique challenge to the designers. A solution was created that called for the circle to be divided down into smaller shapes that would make it simpler to design and create. Curves were drawn within the window which created four distinct areas of the circle. This made the spaces", "title": "Lincoln Cathedral" }, { "id": "4370391", "score": "1.7044498", "text": "simple round-headed ('segmental') arch at the top. From around the 1140s, the pointed-arch Gothic window (employed by Abbot Suger for the redesign of the choir at St Denis) started to take over. As the buttressing systems of early Gothic architecture reduced the structural need for broad expanses of thick walls, window openings grew progressively larger and instead of having just one very large window per bay division (which would create problems with supporting the glass), the typical early-Gothic 'twin lancet plus oculus' form of plate tracery developed. This consists of two (sometimes three) tall thin lights topped with pointed arches,", "title": "Tracery" }, { "id": "14685904", "score": "1.6907376", "text": "Additional buttresses, similar in appearance but slightly lower in height, are located on both sides of the southwest corner of the building. The circular window, known as a rose window, is similar to the style of the circular windows found in European cathedrals. The Cathedral Basilica of St Denis and the Chartres Cathedral are examples of the rose window in Europe. The original north (Franklin Street) side of the building (see photo herein) has two gabled sections. The section located next to the bell tower contains a large stained glass window exceeded in size only by the enormous window on", "title": "First Presbyterian Church (Hartford City, Indiana)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rose window\n\nRose window is often used as a generic term applied to a circular window, but is especially used for those found in Gothic cathedrals and churches. The windows are divided into segments by stone mullions and tracery. The term \"rose window\" was not used before the 17th century and comes from the English flower name rose.\n\nThe name \"wheel window\" is often applied to a window divided by simple spokes radiating from a central boss or opening, while the term \"rose window\" is reserved for those windows, sometimes of a highly complex design, which can be seen to bear similarity to a multi-petalled rose. Rose windows are also called \"Catherine windows\" after Saint Catherine of Alexandria, who was sentenced to be executed on a spiked breaking wheel. A circular window without tracery such as are found in many Italian churches, is referred to as an ocular window or oculus.\n\nRose windows are particularly characteristic of Gothic architecture and may be seen in all the major Gothic Cathedrals of Northern France. Their origins are much earlier and rose windows may be seen in various forms throughout the Medieval period. Their popularity was revived, with other medieval features, during the Gothic revival of the 19th century so that they are seen in Christian churches all over the world.\n", "title": "Rose window" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Gothic architecture\n\nGothic architecture (or pointed architecture) is an architectural style that was prevalent in Europe from the late 12th to the 16th century, during the High and Late Middle Ages, surviving into the 17th and 18th centuries in some areas. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture. It originated in the Île-de-France and Picardy regions of northern France. The style at the time was sometimes known as \"opus Francigenum\" (); the term \"Gothic\" was first applied contemptuously during the later Renaissance, by those ambitious to revive the architecture of classical antiquity.\n\nThe defining design element of Gothic architecture is the pointed or ogival arch. The use of the pointed arch in turn led to the development of the pointed rib vault and flying buttresses, combined with elaborate tracery and stained glass windows.\n\nAt the Abbey of Saint-Denis, near Paris, the choir was reconstructed between 1140 and 1144, drawing together for the first time the developing Gothic architectural features. In doing so, a new architectural style emerged that emphasized verticality and the effect created by the transmission of light through stained glass windows.\n\nCommon examples are found in Christian ecclesiastical architecture, and Gothic cathedrals and churches, as well as abbeys, and parish churches. It is also the architecture of many castles, palaces, town halls, guildhalls, universities and, less prominently today, private dwellings. Many of the finest examples of medieval Gothic architecture are listed with UNESCO as World Heritage Sites.\n\nWith the development of Renaissance architecture in Italy during the mid 15th century, the Gothic style was supplanted by the new style, but in some regions, notably England and Belgium, Gothic continued to flourish and develop into the 16th century. A series of Gothic revivals began in mid-18th century England, spread through 19th-century Europe and continued, largely for churches and university buildings, into the 20th century.", "title": "Gothic architecture" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Romanesque architecture" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "French Gothic architecture\n\nFrench Gothic architecture is an architectural style which emerged in France in 1140, and was dominant until the mid-16th century. The most notable examples are the great Gothic cathedrals of France, including Notre-Dame Cathedral, Reims Cathedral, Chartres Cathedral, and Amiens Cathedral. Its main characteristics were the search for verticality, or height, and the innovative use of the rib vault and flying buttresses and other architectural innovations to distribute the weight of the stone structures to supports on the outside, allowing unprecedented height and volume. The new techniques also permitted the addition of larger windows, including enormous stained glass windows, which filled the cathedrals with light. The French style was widely copied in other parts of northern Europe, particularly Germany and England. It was gradually supplanted as the dominant French style in the mid-16th century by French Renaissance architecture.", "title": "French Gothic architecture" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Early Gothic architecture\n\nEarly Gothic is the style of architecture that appeared in northern France, Normandy and then England between about 1130 and the mid-13th century. It combined and developed several key elements from earlier styles, particularly from Romanesque architecture, including the rib vault, flying buttress, and the pointed arch, and used them in innovative ways to create structures, particularly Gothic cathedrals and churches, of exceptional height and grandeur, filled with light from stained glass windows. Notable examples of early Gothic architecture in France include the ambulatory and facade of Saint-Denis Basilica; Sens Cathedral (1140); Laon Cathedral; Senlis Cathedral; (1160) and most famously Notre-Dame de Paris (begun 1160).\n\nEarly English Gothic was influenced by the French style, particularly in the new choir of Canterbury Cathedral, but soon developed its own particular characteristics, particularly an emphasis for length over height, and more complex and asymmetric floor plans, square rather than rounded east ends, and polychrome decoration, using Purbeck marble. Major examples are the nave and west front of Wells Cathedral, the choir of Lincoln Cathedral, and the early portions of Salisbury Cathedral.\n\nEarly Gothic was succeeded in the early 13th century by a new wave of larger and taller buildings, with further technical innovations, in a style later known as High Gothic.", "title": "Early Gothic architecture" }, { "id": "20916077", "score": "1.6691447", "text": "type of construction is used generously in Gothic buildings. For instance, rounded quadrifoils were used in tiled pavements like the ones in the Gloucester Cathedral or the in Great Malvern, Worcestershire, England. It was even common in the work of the Chinese and Japanese along with the primitive people's decorations. Rounded multifoils are found in different parts of gothic buildings such as circular windows and pointed windows that have circular lights in it. These designs can have rings ranging from seven to eleven small circles. They are often seen in England but have become quite popular in France for French", "title": "Gothic Tracery" }, { "id": "14685911", "score": "1.6582755", "text": "both Biblical scenes and symbolism. At first glance, the huge window on the church's west wall (see High Street photo) appears to be an elaborate geometric design without obvious Christian symbols. Instead, the window is full of \"symbolism.\" The circular portion at the top of the window is called a rose window. This type of stained glass window was popular in Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals. The west portico of the Tournai Cathedral is an example of a rose window in Belgium. The Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, France, is another example of a cathedral with a rose window on the", "title": "First Presbyterian Church (Hartford City, Indiana)" }, { "id": "11181904", "score": "1.6333706", "text": "Decorated Gothic, is expressed in tracery of very varied and highly complex forms. Many of the largest and most famous windows of England date from 1320–30 and are in this style. They include the south transept rose window known as the “Bishop’s Eye” at Lincoln, the “Heart of Yorkshire” window in the west end of York and the famous nine-light east window of Carlisle. There are many smaller architectural works within cathedrals which have the curvilinear tracery. These include the arcading in the Lady Chapel at Ely, which also has the widest vault in England, the pulpitum screen at Lincoln", "title": "Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England" }, { "id": "3438719", "score": "1.618726", "text": "use of circular oculi. They usually occur either around the drum of a dome, as at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem, or high in the end of a gable of low-pitched Classical pediment form, as at Sant'Agnese fuori le mura, Rome, and Torcello Cathedral. A window of the 8th century, now located in Venice, and carved from a single slab, has alternating tracery-like components of two tiers of four \"lancets\" separated by three oculi. Many semicircular windows with pierced tracery exist from the 6th to the 8th century, and later in Greece. Small circular windows such as that", "title": "Rose window" }, { "id": "3438729", "score": "1.6187022", "text": "Cathedral. This remarkable window combines a large roundel at the centre with the radiating spokes of a wheel window, surrounded by a ring of smaller “plate tracery” lights with scalloped borders. The window, depicting the Last Judgement, contains its original scheme of glazing and retains much of the original glass of 1215, despite suffering damage during World War II. Following the west window of Chartres, more daring Gothic windows were created at the Collegiate Church of Notre-Dame in Mantes and in the dynamically sculptural facade of Laon Cathedral (which also, unusually, has a rose window in its eastern end as", "title": "Rose window" }, { "id": "3438730", "score": "1.6174624", "text": "well as in it transept ends). These windows have large lights contained in tracery of a semicircular form, like overlapping petals. The window that is central to the well-known Gothic façade of Notre Dame, Paris, is of more distinctly Gothic appearance, with mullions in two bands radiating from a central roundel, each terminating in pointed arches. It was this window, completed about 1255, that set the pattern for many other rose window including those of the transepts at St Denis and the gigantic and complex window in the south transept at Notre Dame. At Chartres, the transepts roses follow the", "title": "Rose window" }, { "id": "1271206", "score": "1.6154218", "text": "more ornate form, windows grew larger, affording greater illumination to the interiors, but were divided into sections by vertical shafts and tracery of stone. This elaboration of form reached its height of complexity in the Flamboyant style in Europe, and windows grew still larger with the development of the Perpendicular style in England. Integrated with the lofty verticals of Gothic cathedrals and parish churches, glass designs became more daring. The circular form, or rose window, developed in France from relatively simple windows with openings pierced through slabs of thin stone to wheel windows, as exemplified by the west front of", "title": "Stained glass" }, { "id": "647582", "score": "1.6148691", "text": "France, taught that all light was divine. When the Abbot Suger ordered the reconstruction of the Basilica of Saint Denis, he instructed that the windows in the choir admit as much light as possible. Many earlier Romanesque churches had stained glass windows, and many had round windows, called \"oculi\", but these windows were necessarily small, due to the thickness of the walls. The primary interior decorations of Romanesque cathedrals were painted murals. In the Gothic period, the improvements in rib vaults and flying buttresses allowed Cathedral walls to be higher, thinner and stronger, and windows were consequently considerably larger, The", "title": "Gothic architecture" }, { "id": "11542825", "score": "1.6094201", "text": "grew constantly more slender and a circular arch was introduced under the pointed arch. This led in the course of time to the appearance of tracery which was so largely used in window ornamentation in the Gothic period that it became almost the most important consideration in the construction of windows. Tracery is formed by setting together separate parts of a circle called foils; their points of contact are named cusps. By means of tracery the pointed arches of the windows were constantly filled with new forms and devices, simple in the early Gothic, artificial and confused the more the", "title": "Church window" }, { "id": "20916076", "score": "1.6091279", "text": "rose windows.The beginning use of Gothic Architecture started as combinations of circular arcs or complete circles and straight lines. It wasn't until later on that curves were introduced into Gothic Tracery in architecture. In Gothic Tracery, rounded quadrifoils have been used quite a bit in modern industrial ornament which is used to embellish different parts of a building or certain objects. This is formed with the use of squares as the base and then constructing circles tangent to each side of the square in the center of the side as well as tangent to each of the circle's sides. This", "title": "Gothic Tracery" }, { "id": "3438717", "score": "1.60618", "text": "for those windows, sometimes of a highly complex design, which can be seen to bear similarity to a multi-petalled rose. Rose windows are also called \"Catherine windows\" after Saint Catherine of Alexandria who was sentenced to be executed on a spiked wheel. A circular window without tracery such as are found in many Italian churches, is referred to as an ocular window or oculus. Rose windows are particularly characteristic of Gothic architecture and may be seen in all the major Gothic Cathedrals of Northern France. Their origins are much earlier and rose windows may be seen in various forms throughout", "title": "Rose window" }, { "id": "4370397", "score": "1.6025851", "text": "A common composition is three lights beneath two circles and a third at the point of the arch, such an example can be seen along the aisle at the Lincoln Cathedral in England. Also at the Lincoln Cathedral, the east window is an expanded version of this idea with two interior arches, a total of eight lower lights, four small circular lights topped with two larger circles to fill out the interior arches, and finally above all one large circular shape filled with seven smaller circular lights. Geometrical tracery, in its early stages, had a rule of equilateral law, where", "title": "Tracery" }, { "id": "6233444", "score": "1.6013482", "text": "a quatrefoil depicting the Martyrdom of St Peter, the largest central stage dominated by the crucifixion and the upper stage showing the Ascension of Christ in a mandorla. The figure of the crucified Christ is already showing the Gothic curve. The window is described by George Seddon as being of \"unforgettable beauty\". Many detached fragments are in museums, and a window at Twycross Church in England is made up of important French panels rescued from the French Revolution. Glass was both expensive and fairly flexible (in that it could be added to or re-arranged) and seems to have been often", "title": "Romanesque art" }, { "id": "11542822", "score": "1.6009791", "text": "twelfth century the windows of the Romanesque churches had small openings for light, a sloping intrados, and an inclined sill. Originally without decoration, they later received a framework, that is, they were surrounded by a border of slender shafts as by a frame. In the further development these round shafts received small bases and capitals, the intrados was divided into rectangular intervals in which small columns were set. Gothic art adopted this framework, merely changing the round arch into a pointed one, and later replacing the rectangular intervals of the intrados by flutings. As the style grew the small capitals", "title": "Church window" }, { "id": "1526901", "score": "1.6006597", "text": "large carved screen called a reredos, or a structure called a ciborium which form a canopy over the altar. In English churches that have a square eastern end, a very large stained glass window often fills the wall behind the altar. The term \"choir\" is used in three distinct ways in relation to cathedrals. As well as the architectural use, it pertains to the choir of \"choristers\", often men and boys, that sing at the services. It is also the term used for that section of the church where the choir sits, and where choral services take place. In a", "title": "Architecture of cathedrals and great churches" } ]

[ "franz haydn", "Haydn, Joseph", "Franz Joseph Haydn", "joseph haydn", "Joseph Franz Haydn", "Franz Haydn", "Haydn", "haydn", "fjh", "FJH", "haydn joseph", "f j haydn", "franz joseph haydn", "Joseph Haydn", "F. J. Haydn", "joesph haydn", "francis joseph haydn", "josef haydn", "Franz Josef Haydn", "Josef Haydn", "joseph franz haydn", "Francis Joseph Haydn", "Joesph Haydn", "franz josef haydn" ]

[ { "id": "15192463", "score": "1.8334029", "text": "compositions are: The works by Alexander Müllenbach are published by Doblinger Edition Vienna (Do)and by Norsk Musik Forlaget Oslo (NMF) Several CD publications, among them: Alexander Müllenbach – Wie Haar, das über Steine rinnt und andere Kammermusik (5 450482 001265) CNA Dudelange-Luxembourg © by United Instruments of Lucilin Alexander Mullenbach Alexander Mullenbach (born 1949) is a Luxembourg pianist, composer and conductor. Since 2002, he has been director of the International Summer Academy at the Mozarteum in Salzburg. Born in Luxembourg City on 23 January 1949, Mullenbach studied piano, chamber music and composition at the Conservatoire de Paris and at the", "title": "Alexander Mullenbach" }, { "id": "6139153", "score": "1.7813363", "text": "Vienna unless otherwise stated) More than 60 symphonies, including: About 60 string quartets, including: 40 Piano Sonatas with Violin and Violoncello accompaniment, including: 12 Nocturnes for Piano with violin and violoncello accompaniment Other miscellaneous chamber music, including: Notes Sources Adalbert Gyrowetz Vojtěch Matyáš Jírovec (Adalbert Gyrowetz) (20 February 1763 – 19 March 1850) was a Bohemian composer. He mainly wrote instrumental works, with a great production of string quartets and symphonies; his operas and singspiele numbered more than 30, including \"Semiramide\" (1791), \"Der Augenarzt\" (1811), and \"Robert, oder Die Prüfung\" (1815). Gyrowetz was born 20 February 1763 in České Budějovice", "title": "Adalbert Gyrowetz" }, { "id": "19647802", "score": "1.7786558", "text": "Novi Sad in 1938. Completing his studies, in 1922 Rikard went back to Zagreb where, wishing to show his Viennese works, on September 28, 1922, he put on a composer’s evening in the Croatian Music Institute. The reviewing acknowledged his skill as a composer. He found a market for the \"Violin Sonata in C Minor\" and the \"String Quartet in B Flat Major\" (which is not now in existence) in Vienna and Southampton. Schwarz, as he writes himself gave up studying in Vienna “for financial reasons”, and continued his musical career, mainly teaching, conducting and journalism, in Osijek and Split.", "title": "Rikard Schwarz" }, { "id": "10719362", "score": "1.761502", "text": "of Music Freiburg) and obtained her Diploma in Aufbaustudium I. She has her advanced graduate degrees in Piano Performance from the University of Southern California, Los Angeles: MA (2000), Doctor of Musical Arts (2004). Üçbaşaran has recorded the compositions of Franz Liszt, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Domenico Scarlatti, Leonard Bernstein, Ahmet Adnan Saygun, and Robert Muczynski for Eroica Classical Recordings. Her samples can be downloaded from her website or listened to from her YouTube Channel: Since 1996 she has been living in Santa Barbara, California. Zeynep Üçbaşaran has given solo recitals and concerts in Turkey, Egypt, Hungary, England,", "title": "Zeynep Üçbaşaran" }, { "id": "18348544", "score": "1.7603583", "text": "professors Heinz Karl Gruber, and . He graduated (magna cum laude). He studied piano with professor Kim Oak Hyun at Konservatorium Wien and also graduated in 2003. He continued postgraduate () study of composition at the Universität für Musik und Darstellende Kunst in Wien with professor and graduated with the highest score in 2005. At the same institution, he also studied conducting with professor Uroš Lajovic. He completed his Doctor of Musical Arts degree in musical composition (DMA) with the highest score at Sarajevo Music Academy with professors Dr. Igor Karaca (Oklahoma State University–Stillwater, United States), composition and Dr. Ivan", "title": "Dino Residbegovic" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Felix Mendelssohn\n\nJakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (3 February 18094 November 1847), born and widely known as Felix Mendelssohn, was a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic period. Mendelssohn's compositions include symphonies, concertos, piano music, organ music and chamber music. His best-known works include the overture and incidental music for \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" (which includes his \"Wedding March\"), the \"Italian Symphony\", the \"Scottish Symphony\", the oratorio \"St. Paul\", the oratorio \"Elijah\", the overture \"The Hebrides\", the mature Violin Concerto and the String Octet. The melody for the Christmas carol \"Hark! The Herald Angels Sing\" is also his. Mendelssohn's \"Songs Without Words\" are his most famous solo piano compositions.\n\nMendelssohn's grandfather was the renowned Jewish philosopher Moses Mendelssohn, but Felix was initially raised without religion. He was baptised at the age of seven, becoming a Reformed Christian. He was recognised early as a musical prodigy, but his parents were cautious and did not seek to capitalise on his talent. His sister Fanny Mendelssohn received a similar musical education and was a talented composer and pianist in her own right; some of her early songs were published under her brother's name and her \"Easter Sonata\" was for a time mistakenly attributed to him after being lost and rediscovered in the 1970s.\n\nMendelssohn enjoyed early success in Germany, and revived interest in the music of Johann Sebastian Bach, notably with his performance of the \"St Matthew Passion\" in 1829. He became well received in his travels throughout Europe as a composer, conductor and soloist; his ten visits to Britain – during which many of his major works were premiered – form an important part of his adult career. His essentially conservative musical tastes set him apart from more adventurous musical contemporaries such as Franz Liszt, Richard Wagner, Charles-Valentin Alkan and Hector Berlioz. The Leipzig Conservatory, which he founded, became a bastion of this anti-radical outlook. After a long period of relative denigration due to changing musical tastes and antisemitism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, his creative originality has been re-evaluated. He is now among the most popular composers of the Romantic era.", "title": "Felix Mendelssohn" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Classical music" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Johann Sebastian Bach" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Music" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ferruccio Busoni\n\nFerruccio Busoni (1 April 1866 – 27 July 1924) was an Italian composer, pianist, conductor, editor, writer, and teacher. His international career and reputation led him to work closely with many of the leading musicians, artists and literary figures of his time, and he was a sought-after keyboard instructor and a teacher of composition.\n\nFrom an early age, Busoni was an outstanding, if sometimes controversial, pianist. He studied at the Vienna Conservatory and then with Wilhelm Mayer and Carl Reinecke. After brief periods teaching in Helsinki, Boston, and Moscow, he devoted himself to composing, teaching, and touring as a virtuoso pianist in Europe and the United States. His writings on music were influential, and covered not only aesthetics but considerations of microtones and other innovative topics. He was based in Berlin from 1894 but spent much of World War I in Switzerland.\n\nHe began composing in his early years in a late romantic style, but after 1907, when he published his \"Sketch of a New Esthetic of Music\", he developed a more individual style, often with elements of atonality. His visits to America led to interest in North American indigenous tribal melodies which were reflected in some of his works. His compositions include works for piano, among them a monumental Piano Concerto, and transcriptions of the works of others, notably Johann Sebastian Bach (published as the Bach-Busoni Editions). He also wrote chamber music, vocal and orchestral works, and operas—one of which, \"Doktor Faust\", he left unfinished when he died, in Berlin, at the age of 58.", "title": "Ferruccio Busoni" }, { "id": "2274338", "score": "1.7588775", "text": "contract with Universal Edition in Vienna. In addition to writing original pieces, he arranged Bedřich Smetana's String Quartet No. 1, \"From My Life\", for orchestra. At the age of eleven, Szell began touring Europe as a pianist and composer, making his London debut at that age. Newspapers declared him \"the next Mozart.\" Throughout his teenage years he performed with orchestras in this dual role, eventually making appearances as composer, pianist and conductor, as he did with the Berlin Philharmonic at age seventeen. Szell quickly realized that he was never going to make a career out of being a composer or", "title": "George Szell" }, { "id": "3979886", "score": "1.752842", "text": "Felix Weingartner Paul Felix Weingartner, Edler von Münzberg (2 June 1863 – 7 May 1942) was an Austrian conductor, composer and pianist. Weingartner was born in Zara, Dalmatia, Austria–Hungary (now Zadar, Croatia), to Austrian parents. The family moved to Graz in 1868, and his father died later that year. He studied with Wilhelm Mayer (who published his own compositions under the pseudonym of W. A. Rémy and also taught Ferruccio Busoni). In 1881 he went to Leipzig to study philosophy, but soon devoted himself entirely to music, entering the Conservatory in 1883 and studying in Weimar as one of Franz", "title": "Felix Weingartner" }, { "id": "15192460", "score": "1.7524673", "text": "Alexander Mullenbach Alexander Mullenbach (born 1949) is a Luxembourg pianist, composer and conductor. Since 2002, he has been director of the International Summer Academy at the Mozarteum in Salzburg. Born in Luxembourg City on 23 January 1949, Mullenbach studied piano, chamber music and composition at the Conservatoire de Paris and at the Salzburg Mozarteum where his teachers included Gerhard Wimberger and Cesar Bresgen. From 1970, he taught piano at the Conservatoire de Luxembourg and, from 1981, composition. Since then, he has also taught at the Mozarteum. Since 1978, he has composed over 100 works, of which thirteen for symphony orchestra,", "title": "Alexander Mullenbach" }, { "id": "554924", "score": "1.7490938", "text": "A minor (D 845, first published as op. 42), and began the Symphony in C major (\"Great C major\", D. 944), which was completed the following year. From 1826 to 1828, Schubert resided continuously in Vienna, except for a brief visit to Graz, Austria, in 1827. In 1826, he dedicated a symphony (D. 944, that later came to be known as the \"Great C major\") to the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde and received an honorarium in return. The String Quartet No. 14 in D minor (D. 810), with the variations on \"Death and the Maiden\", was written during the winter of", "title": "Franz Schubert" }, { "id": "15184812", "score": "1.742508", "text": "Martin Eybl Martin Eybl is an Austrian musicologist. Martin Eybl was born on December 7, 1960 in , a town in the province of Upper Austria, and was educated at the Gymnasium in Kremsmünster where he graduated in 1979. Thereafter, he studied at the Anton Bruckner Conservatory in Linz and in 1984, majored there in Piano Performance (class of Horst Matthaeus). At the same time, he studied composition (\"German: Tonsatz\") at the University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna, as well as musicology at the University of Vienna, from where he graduated in 1988 (Master of Philosophy) and 1995 (Doctor", "title": "Martin Eybl" }, { "id": "17143072", "score": "1.7422609", "text": "a pianist at a hotel in Engelberg and during the day, worked as a ski instructor. He became fluent in English, French, and German and later, Spanish and Italian. In 1946, Kolbe studied music, musicology and orchestral conducting in Vienna and received his diploma in 1953. He then enrolled at the Vienna Academy of Music and Performing Arts (now called the Vienna University of Music and Performing Arts). Kolbe studied with (1901–1972), head of the Austrian section of the International Society for Contemporary Music (ISCM) from 1946 to 1948. From 1947 to 1950, Kolbe was an editor of Universal Edition.", "title": "Hellmuth Kolbe" }, { "id": "17354645", "score": "1.7388628", "text": "graduated as a doctor of law in 1856, when he was 25. He then occupied various posts in the Austro-Hungarian civil service. In 1862 he took up music once again, becoming conductor of the in Graz. During his eight-year stay in that post, he introduced a number of his own compositions, such as the overture \"Sardanapalus\", the symphonic poem \"Helena\", and a Symphony in F major. These three works were also presented in Leipzig. After resigning as conductor in 1870, he devoted himself to composition and private teaching. He published his works under the name W. A. Rémy, an anagram", "title": "Wilhelm Mayer (composer)" }, { "id": "4041746", "score": "1.7341934", "text": "of his symphonies have titles, including the second (\"The English\"), and the seventh (\"Contra torrentum\"). Egon Wellesz Egon Joseph Wellesz (Vienna, 21 October 1885 – Oxford, 9 November 1974) was an Austrian, later British composer, teacher and musicologist, notable particularly in the field of Byzantine music. Although both parents of Wellesz's were Hungarian Christians, they both had Jewish ancestry. He received a Protestant upbringing, but later converted to Catholicism. Wellesz studied in Vienna under Arnold Schoenberg – purportedly his first private pupil – as well as Guido Adler, who founded the musicological institute in Vienna and was a leading editor", "title": "Egon Wellesz" }, { "id": "14928251", "score": "1.7317071", "text": "examination for the Conservatory of the Society of Friends of Music, and studied at the Conservatory from 1876 to 1878. She won the second prize for a \"Scherzo for piano quintet\" and received first prize for her thesis, \"Intermezzo from a suite\". Kralik graduated from the conservatory with a diploma in composition and the Silver Society Medal. Kralik's works became popular in the concert scene of Austria. On 19 April 1894 and on 19 April 1895, her compositions were performed at the Brahms-Saal of the Musikverein place. In the 1989/99 season, the Quartet Duesberg presented her 1880 composed \"Piano Trio", "title": "Mathilde Kralik" }, { "id": "5971613", "score": "1.7316447", "text": "with the Doctor of Musical Arts (D.M.A.) degree, which is the standard (Ph.D.-level) doctorate in fields such as performance (including conducting) and musical composition. (However, at least one graduate program, at Indiana University, has been issuing the D.Mus. degree since 1953 for a curriculum that would otherwise lead to the D.M.A. degree.) The D.Mus. is also distinct from the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree in music, which is awarded in areas such as music history, music theory, and musicology. The Doctor of Music degree has also been awarded honoris causa when presented to musicians and composers. Such as Joseph Haydn,", "title": "Doctor of Music" }, { "id": "9819084", "score": "1.7281592", "text": "movement of his piano sonata, but recruitment into the army prevented this. From his early times date some tonalic settings of poems, which he partly published himself. He studied in Graz, Austria, from 1922 to 1923, and subsequently with Paul Graener in Leipzig. Here he composed pieces of chamber music for different ensembles, pieces for orchestra, one concerto for violin with chamber orchestra, one concerto for violoncello with chamber orchestra, one symphony for big orchestra in one movement and a concerto for big orchestra. In 1925, in the competition for the \"George Enescu-Preis\", Hannenheim won the \"Zweiten Nationalpreis für Komposition\"", "title": "Norbert von Hannenheim" }, { "id": "16845626", "score": "1.7277662", "text": "Popper and Jenő Hubay. Ernő Dohnányi dedicated his Sonata in C♯ minor for violin and piano, Op. 21 (1912) to Von Herzfeld. While serving as the music critic of the \"\"Neue Pester Journal\"\" he wrote a negative review of his friend and colleague Gustav Mahler's First Symphony. He is the author of a 1915 article on Robert Volkmann. He was buried at Kerepesi Cemetery in Budapest. Victor von Herzfeld Victor von Herzfeld (October 8, 1856 in Pozsony (Austria-Hungary) – February 19, 1919 in Budapest (Hungary)) was a Hungarian violinist and composer. He studied at the University of Vienna in law", "title": "Victor von Herzfeld" }, { "id": "5266978", "score": "1.7267239", "text": "Impromptus on the Deutsche Grammophon label; and a recital of chamber music for cello and piano taking their inspiration from the poems of Paul Verlaine and the later music of Robert Schumann. He received the Mozart Medal of the in 1979. Jörg Demus Jörg Demus (born 2 December 1928, in St. Pölten) is an Austrian pianist. At the age of six, Demus received his first piano lessons. Five years later, at the age of 11, he entered the Vienna Academy of Music, studying piano and conducting. His debut as a pianist came when he was still a student: at the", "title": "Jörg Demus" }, { "id": "15184815", "score": "1.7240169", "text": "as the principal investigator of a project called Martin Eybl Martin Eybl is an Austrian musicologist. Martin Eybl was born on December 7, 1960 in , a town in the province of Upper Austria, and was educated at the Gymnasium in Kremsmünster where he graduated in 1979. Thereafter, he studied at the Anton Bruckner Conservatory in Linz and in 1984, majored there in Piano Performance (class of Horst Matthaeus). At the same time, he studied composition (\"German: Tonsatz\") at the University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna, as well as musicology at the University of Vienna, from where he graduated", "title": "Martin Eybl" }, { "id": "4603416", "score": "1.7177845", "text": "regarded as \"outstanding\" in mathematics and Latin according to the almanacs of the Franz Liszt Academy of Music, he studied the cello and composition from 1918 to 1925, and composition with Zoltán Kodály from 1921 to 1925. For his degree, he wrote his String Quartet No. 1 (in A minor). He toured Hungary with Zoltán Kodály, collecting folk songs, and built on the research of Kodály and Bartók, providing a vocal setting for many nations' folk songs. He also developed an interest in medieval plainchant. In 1925, Seiber accepted a teaching position at a private music school in Frankfurt. In", "title": "Mátyás Seiber" } ]

[ "r34", "R-34", "R34", "R.34", "r 34", "r34 disambiguation", "R34 (disambiguation)", "R 34" ]

[ { "id": "2070298", "score": "1.825156", "text": "Atlantic in the mid 20th century. In 1919, the American NC-4 became the first airplane to cross the Atlantic (but in multiple stages). Later that year, a British Vickers Vimy piloted by Alcock and Brown made the first non-stop transatlantic flight from Newfoundland to Ireland. Also in 1919, the British were the first to cross the Atlantic in an airship when the R34 captained by Major George Herbert Scott of the Royal Air Force with his crew and passengers flew from East Fortune, Scotland to Mineola, Long Island, covering a distance of about in about four and a half days;", "title": "Transatlantic crossing" }, { "id": "10063840", "score": "1.7994229", "text": "lifeboat in a high crosswind, was able to rescue the crew and returned them to New York. The first successful aerial crossings of the Atlantic came nine years later. America (airship) The America was a non-rigid airship built by Mutin Godard in France in 1906 for the journalist Walter Wellman's attempt to reach the North Pole by air. Wellman first conceived of using a balloon to fly to the pole during a failed polar attempt by boat and sledge from Svalbard in 1894. He then visited Paris to review the state of balloon technology but left disappointed by the lack", "title": "America (airship)" }, { "id": "1507394", "score": "1.7803769", "text": "Harry Lyon (who were the radio operator, navigator and engineer). A week after they landed, Kingsford Smith and Ulm recorded a disc for Columbia talking about their trip. With Ulm, Kingsford Smith later continued his journey being the first in 1929 to circumnavigate the world, crossing the equator twice. The first lighter-than-air crossings of the Atlantic were made by airship in July 1919 by His Majesty's Airship R34 and crew when they flew from East Lothian, Scotland to Long Island, New York and then back to Pulham, England. By 1929, airship technology had advanced to the point that the first", "title": "History of aviation" }, { "id": "5853671", "score": "1.7454749", "text": "off. R34 left Britain on 2 July 1919 and arrived at Mineola, Long Island, United States, on 6 July after a flight of 108 hours with virtually no fuel left. As the landing party had no experience of handling large rigid airships, Major E. M. Pritchard jumped by parachute and so became the first person to reach American soil by air from Europe. This was the first East-West aerial crossing of the Atlantic and was achieved weeks after the first transatlantic aeroplane flight. The return journey to RNAS Pulham took place from 10 to 13 July and took 75 hours.", "title": "R33-class airship" }, { "id": "10063837", "score": "1.7310908", "text": "Dr. Frederick Cook's claim to have reached the pole, abandoned the adventure. Instead, Wellman resolved to make the first aerial crossing of the Atlantic Ocean. He had the \"America\" enlarged again, now to . A spark gap radio set was added to the underhanging life boat and operator Jack Irwin used it during the flight, callsign \"W\", and with the frame of the airship as the antenna. Given the hydrogen used for lifting the craft this was a very dangerous system. The unit made some of the very first air-to-ground transmissions, when the airship's engineer Melvin Vaniman sent one of", "title": "America (airship)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Transatlantic flight\n\nA transatlantic flight is the flight of an aircraft across the Atlantic Ocean from Europe, Africa, South Asia, or the Middle East to North America, Latin America, or \"vice versa\". Such flights have been made by fixed-wing aircraft, airships, balloons and other aircraft.\n\nEarly aircraft engines did not have the reliability nor the power to lift the required fuel to make a transatlantic flight. There were difficulties navigating over the featureless expanse of water for thousands of miles, and the weather, especially in the North Atlantic, is unpredictable. Since the middle of the 20th century, however, transatlantic flight has become routine, for commercial, military, diplomatic, and other purposes. ", "title": "Transatlantic flight" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown\n\nBritish aviators John Alcock and Arthur Brown made the first non-stop transatlantic flight in June 1919. They flew a modified First World War Vickers Vimy bomber from St. John's, Newfoundland, to Clifden, County Galway, Ireland. The Secretary of State for Air, Winston Churchill, presented them with the \"Daily Mail\" prize for the first crossing of the Atlantic Ocean by aeroplane in \"less than 72 consecutive hours.\" A small amount of mail was carried on the flight, making it the first transatlantic airmail flight. The two aviators were awarded the honour of Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (KBE) by King George V at Windsor Castle a week later.", "title": "Transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Transatlantic crossing\n\nTransatlantic crossings are passages of passengers and cargo across the Atlantic Ocean between Europe or Africa and the Americas. The majority of passenger traffic is across the North Atlantic between Western Europe and North America. Centuries after the dwindling of sporadic Viking trade with Markland, a regular and lasting transatlantic trade route was established in 1566 with the Spanish West Indies fleets, following the voyages of Christopher Columbus.", "title": "Transatlantic crossing" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "R33-class airship\n\nThe R.33 class of British rigid airships were built for the Royal Naval Air Service during the First World War, but were not completed until after the end of hostilities, by which time the RNAS had become part of the Royal Air Force. The lead ship, R.33, served successfully for ten years and survived one of the most alarming and heroic incidents in airship history when she was torn from her mooring mast in a gale. She was called a \"Pulham Pig\" by the locals, as the blimps based there had been, and is immortalised in the village sign for Pulham St Mary. The only other airship in the class, R.34, became the first aircraft to make an east to west transatlantic flight in July 1919 and, with the return flight, made the first two-way crossing. It was decommissioned two years later, after being damaged during a storm. The crew nicknamed her \"Tiny\".", "title": "R33-class airship" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1919 in aviation\n\nThis is a list of aviation-related events from 1919:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "1919 in aviation" }, { "id": "165359", "score": "1.7310115", "text": "in 1910 and by the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, they had carried 35,000 passengers without a serious incident. Hydrogen-lifted airships were used as observation platforms and bombers during the war. The first non-stop transatlantic crossing was made by the British airship \"R34\" in 1919. Regular passenger service resumed in the 1920s and the discovery of helium reserves in the United States promised increased safety, but the U.S. government refused to sell the gas for this purpose. Therefore, H was used in the \"Hindenburg\" airship, which was destroyed in a midair fire over New Jersey on 6", "title": "Hydrogen" }, { "id": "11450767", "score": "1.7276084", "text": "about the third week of May 1919, when flight tests resumed. The first Atlantic crossing by the Curtiss NC-4 starting 8 May, reached Lisbon 27 May 1919 arriving in Plymouth on the 31st to great fanfare as the first flight from North America (United States, Canada, and Newfoundland) to Great Britain and Ireland. The first non-stop Atlantic crossing by Alcock and Brown followed a few weeks later using a modified Vickers Vimy landing in Clifden, Ireland 15 June. Plans were then made for another long-distance flight, this time for the 8,000-mile (12,875 km) flight from England to Cape Town, South", "title": "Felixstowe Fury" }, { "id": "13690653", "score": "1.7131596", "text": "Sopwith Atlantic The Sopwith Atlantic was an experimental British long-range aircraft of 1919. It was a single-engined biplane that was designed and built to be the first aeroplane to cross the Atlantic Ocean non-stop. It took off on an attempt to cross the Atlantic from Newfoundland on 18 May 1919, but ditched during the attempt owing to an overheating engine. In 1913, the British newspaper the \"Daily Mail\" offered a prize of £10,000 for the first flight across the Atlantic. Although plans were drawn up to attempt to win the prize, notably by Rodman Wanamaker, who ordered two Curtiss America", "title": "Sopwith Atlantic" }, { "id": "15422622", "score": "1.7070532", "text": "city and in the process sending the first radio voice transmission from Newfoundland. The C-5's goal was to fly across the Atlantic, paralleling the route used by the U.S. seaplane NC-4. Previous attempts to cross the Atlantic Ocean in a balloon were unsuccessful. The most famous of these attempts was that of the dirigible \"America\" in October 1910. On 14 May 1919, the C-5 departed Montauk Point in clear weather. It made good time, but encountered heavy fog and thunderstorms near Saint Pierre Island, Canada and became lost for several hours. It eventually regained its way, but the extended trip", "title": "C-5 (blimp)" }, { "id": "14938476", "score": "1.7034593", "text": "of the FF175,000 available prize money. On 15 October 1910 Walter Wellman, a U.S. citizen, set out from Atlantic City to cross the Atlantic in a 345,000-cubic-foot (9,770 m) airship that he had built and named \"America\". It had two engines, a 75 hp (56 kW) Lorraine-Dietrich and a 60 hp (45 kW) E.N.V. type F. The E.N.V was soon overheating and had to be shut down. After 69 hours of flight and having reached latitude 35°43′W and longitude 68°18′N and having covered a great circle distance of about 1,500 miles (2,400 km), they had to ditch, and the six", "title": "E.N.V. Motor Syndicate" }, { "id": "12108388", "score": "1.6933551", "text": "the \"Bremen\" and crossed the Atlantic Ocean, landing at Greenly Island on the south coast of Labrador, Canada. Even though they missed their intended destination, New York City, they were the first to cross the Atlantic by fixed-wing aircraft from Europe to America, almost nine years after the initial success at an East-West crossing by a British rigid airship. For his feat, Köhl was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross by Calvin Coolidge, the President of the United States. In 1935, Köhl lost his job with \"Luft Hansa\". As a fervent Catholic and a man of strong character he then retired", "title": "Hermann Köhl" }, { "id": "8648825", "score": "1.6792328", "text": "regular, nonstop, transatlantic flights possible before airplanes had flight ranges sufficient to cross the ocean in either direction without stopping. For DELAG's first transatlantic trip, Dr. Eckener commanded the \"Graf Zeppelin\" airship leaving Friedrichshafen, Germany, at 07:54 on 11 October 1928, arriving at Lakehurst Field, New Jersey, on 15 October. In 1931 the airship Graf Zeppelin began offering regular scheduled passenger service between Germany and South America which continued until 1937. During its career Graf Zeppelin crossed the South Atlantic 136 times. In 1936, the airship \"Hindenburg\" entered passenger service and successfully crossed the Atlantic 36 times before catching fire", "title": "DELAG" }, { "id": "3163721", "score": "1.6786742", "text": "suspended with the outbreak of war in 1914 but reopened after Armistice was declared in 1918. Between 8 and 31 May 1919, the Curtiss seaplane \"NC-4\" made a crossing of the Atlantic flying from the U.S. to Newfoundland, then to the Azores and on to mainland Portugal and finally the UK. The whole journey took 23 days, with six stops along the way. A trail of 53 \"station ships\" across the Atlantic gave the aircraft points to navigate by. This flight was not eligible for the \"Daily Mail\" prize since it took more than 72 consecutive hours and also because", "title": "Transatlantic flight" }, { "id": "9697273", "score": "1.665096", "text": "LZ 90, LZ 98, and LZ 120. After the war, Captain Lehmann continued his involvement with the airships, which is now used for civilian purposes. He made preparations to fly the naval airship L 72 on the first transatlantic crossing of an airship in 1919. Permission was denied by the German government. In 1920, he spent six months in Sweden studying the economics of an airship line between Stockholm and the Mediterranean, with a stopover in Friedrichshafen. These plans were never realized. In 1921 he spent four months in the United States to prepare for a planned New York to", "title": "Ernst A. Lehmann" }, { "id": "3163727", "score": "1.6619849", "text": "of Alcock and Brown, on 2 July 1919. Major George Herbert Scott of the Royal Air Force flew the airship R34 with his crew and passengers from RAF East Fortune, Scotland to Mineola, New York (on Long Island), covering a distance of about 3,000 statute miles (4,800 km) in about four and a half days. The flight was intended as a testing ground for postwar commercial services by airship (see Imperial Airship Scheme), and it was the first flight to transport paying passengers. The R34 wasn't built as a passenger carrier, and extra accommodation was arranged by slinging hammocks in", "title": "Transatlantic flight" }, { "id": "10731320", "score": "1.6606057", "text": "crossed, non-stop and by a heavier-than-air craft, by Alcock and Brown in 1919 in a Vickers Vimy. They flew west to east, with the prevailing winds from St. John's, Newfoundland, to Clifden, Ireland, in just under 16 hrs. The east-to-west flight was always more challenging, but became feasible as aircraft performance improved through the 1920s. Nearly nine years after the British R34 rigid airship had pioneered the feat of a nonstop trans-Atlantic east-west flight; on April 12–13, 1928, W 33 \"D-1167 Bremen\" flew from Baldonnel near Dublin in Ireland to Greenly Island, Canada, off Labrador in 37 hours. Strong westerly", "title": "Junkers W 33" }, { "id": "2523249", "score": "1.6581963", "text": "of Naval Operations, before reporting to Seaplane Division 1. On May 10, 1919, Mitscher was among a group of naval aviators attempting the first transatlantic crossing by air. Among the men involved was future admiral Jack Towers. Mitscher piloted NC-1, one of three Curtiss NC flying boats that attempted the flight. Taking off from Newfoundland, he nearly reached the Azores before heavy fog caused loss of the horizon, making flying in the early aircraft extremely dangerous. What appeared to be fairly calm seas at altitude turned out to be a heavy chop, and a control cable snapped while setting the", "title": "Marc Mitscher" }, { "id": "2070300", "score": "1.6566131", "text": "the Atlantic with Zeppelins that could carry about 60 passengers in a similar luxurious style to the ocean liners. However, the \"Hindenburg\" disaster in 1937 put an end to transatlantic Zeppelin flights. On June 1, 1944, two K-class blimps from Blimp Squadron ZP-14 of the United States Navy (USN) completed the first transatlantic crossing by non-rigid airships. The two K-ships (K-123 and K-130) left South Weymouth, MA on May 28, 1944 and flew approximately 16 hours to Naval Station Argentia, Newfoundland. From Argentia, the blimps flew approximately 22 hours to Lajes Field on Terceira Island in the Azores. The final", "title": "Transatlantic crossing" }, { "id": "3163729", "score": "1.6537681", "text": "and Cabral flew from Lisbon, Portugal, to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, using Fairey III biplanes, and they covered a distance of 8,383 kilometres (5,209 mi) between 30 March and 17 June. The first night-time crossing of the Atlantic was accomplished during 16–17 April 1927 by the Portuguese aviators Sarmento de Beires, Jorge de Castilho and Manuel Gouveia, flying from the Bijagós Archipelago, Portuguese Guinea, to Fernando de Noronha, Brazil in the \"Argos\", a Dornier Wal flying boat. In the early morning of Friday, 20 May 1927, Charles Lindbergh took off from Roosevelt Field, Mineola, New York, on his successful attempt", "title": "Transatlantic flight" }, { "id": "2388692", "score": "1.6520965", "text": "The feat of making the first transatlantic flight was somewhat eclipsed shortly afterward by the first \"nonstop\" transatlantic flight of some kind by John Alcock and Arthur Whitten Brown in a Vickers Vimy biplane, when they flew from Newfoundland to Ireland nonstop on 14–15 June 1919, in 16 hours and 27 minutes. Consequently, Alcock and Brown won a prize of £10,000 offered by the newspaper, \"Daily Mail\", which had been first announced in 1913, and then renewed in 1918, to \"the aviator who shall first cross the Atlantic in an aeroplane in flight from any point in the United States,", "title": "Curtiss NC-4" } ]

[ "between sicily and toe of italy", "\"Between Sicily and the \"\"toe\"\" of Italy\"" ]

[ { "id": "16634839", "score": "1.767482", "text": "Strait of Messina metropolitan area The Metropolitan Area of Strait of Messina (\"Area Metropolitana dello Stretto di Messina\", in Italian), is the urban agglomeration around the Strait of Messina, and is one of the most populated and important areas of Southern Italy. It includes part of the Province of Messina, in Sicily, and part of the Province of Reggio Calabria, in Calabria. Messina, is a city situated in the extreme north-eastern tip of Sicily, also called \"\"gate of Sicily\"\", in ancient times was called \"\"Zancle\"\" and \"\"Messana\"\". Ancient city, has reached the pinnacle of his greatness, in the Late Middle", "title": "Strait of Messina metropolitan area" }, { "id": "840349", "score": "1.7466049", "text": "strong winds and earthquakes (the area having an intense seismic record), and a boon for Sicilian and Calabrian organized crime. Berlusconi claimed in 2009 that work would be completed by 2016 although in February 2013, the project was cancelled again. Strait of Messina The Strait of Messina (), is a narrow strait between the eastern tip of Sicily (Punta del Faro) and the western tip of Calabria (Punta Pezzo) in the south of Italy. It connects the Tyrrhenian Sea to the north with the Ionian Sea to the south, within the central Mediterranean. At its narrowest point, between Torre Faro", "title": "Strait of Messina" }, { "id": "840343", "score": "1.7434852", "text": "Strait of Messina The Strait of Messina (), is a narrow strait between the eastern tip of Sicily (Punta del Faro) and the western tip of Calabria (Punta Pezzo) in the south of Italy. It connects the Tyrrhenian Sea to the north with the Ionian Sea to the south, within the central Mediterranean. At its narrowest point, between Torre Faro and Villa San Giovanni, it is wide. At the town of Messina it is wide. The strait's maximum depth is about . The strait has strong tidal currents that create a unique marine ecosystem. A natural whirlpool in the northern", "title": "Strait of Messina" }, { "id": "4533592", "score": "1.7275453", "text": "resistance to earthquakes, common in this region. Strait of Messina Bridge The Strait of Messina Bridge is a long-planned suspension bridge across the Strait of Messina, a narrow section of water between the eastern tip of Sicily and the southern tip of mainland Italy, specifically between north Messina's Torre Faro and Villa San Giovanni. In 2006, under Prime Minister Romano Prodi, the project was cancelled. However, on 6 March 2009, as part of a massive new public works programme, Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi's government announced that construction of the Messina Bridge would indeed go ahead, pledging €1.3 billion as a", "title": "Strait of Messina Bridge" }, { "id": "16634848", "score": "1.7186196", "text": "(for foreign student) situated in Reggio Calabria; and two \"\"Academies of Fine Arts\"\" (Decoration, Graphics, Painting, Sculpture and Scenography), situated in Messina and Reggio Calabria. Strait of Messina metropolitan area The Metropolitan Area of Strait of Messina (\"Area Metropolitana dello Stretto di Messina\", in Italian), is the urban agglomeration around the Strait of Messina, and is one of the most populated and important areas of Southern Italy. It includes part of the Province of Messina, in Sicily, and part of the Province of Reggio Calabria, in Calabria. Messina, is a city situated in the extreme north-eastern tip of Sicily, also", "title": "Strait of Messina metropolitan area" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Strait of Messina\n\nThe Strait of Messina (, Sicilian: Strittu di Missina) is a narrow strait between the eastern tip of Sicily (Punta del Faro) and the western tip of Calabria (Punta Pezzo) in Southern Italy. It connects the Tyrrhenian Sea to the north with the Ionian Sea to the south, within the central Mediterranean. At its narrowest point, between Torre Faro and Villa San Giovanni, it is wide. At the city of Messina, it is wide. The strait's maximum depth is about .\n\nThe strait has strong tidal currents that create a unique marine ecosystem. A natural whirlpool in the northern portion of the strait has been linked to the Greek legend of Scylla and Charybdis. In some circumstances, the mirage of Fata Morgana can be observed when looking at Sicily from Calabria. With its bottleneck shape, it is also a compulsory point of transit in the migration of many bird species.\n\nIn 1957, a 220 kV overhead power line was built across the Strait of Messina. Its pylons are among the highest in the world. This power line has since been replaced by a submarine power cable, but the pylons remain and are protected as historical monuments (see Pylons of Messina).", "title": "Strait of Messina" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Strait of Messina Bridge\n\nThe Strait of Messina Bridge is a long-planned suspension bridge across the Strait of Messina, that connects the cities of Messina’s Torre Faro and the port city of Villa San Giovanni in Calabria.\n\nWhile the bridge has been proposed since ancient times, a detailed plan was made in the 1990s for a suspension bridge.\nThe project was cancelled in 2006, under Prime Minister Romano Prodi. \nHowever, on 6 March 2009, as part of a massive new public works programme, Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi's government announced that construction of the Messina Bridge would indeed go ahead, pledging €1.3 billion as a contribution to the bridge's total cost, estimated at €6.1 billion. \nThe project was cancelled again on 26 February 2013, by Prime Minister Mario Monti's government due to budget constraints.\n\nThe bridge would have been the longest suspension bridge in the world, 60% more than the main span of the 1915 Çanakkale Bridge in Turkey, the world's current longest span. \nThe bridge would have been part of the Berlin–Palermo railway axis (Line 1) of the Trans-European Transport Networks (TEN-T).", "title": "Strait of Messina Bridge" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Strait of Sicily\n\nThe Strait of Sicily (also known as Sicilian Strait, Sicilian Channel, Channel of Sicily, Sicilian Narrows and Pantelleria Channel; ; , ' or ') is the strait between Sicily and Tunisia. The strait is about wide and divides the Tyrrhenian Sea and the western Mediterranean Sea, from the eastern Mediterranean Sea. The maximum depth is .\n\nDeep currents in the strait flow from east to west, and the current nearer the surface travels from west to east. This unusual water flow is of interest to oceanographers.\n\nThere are regular ferries between Sicily and Tunis across the Strait of Sicily.\n\nThe island of Pantelleria lies in the middle of the strait.\n\nThe Strait of Sicily is located between, at the eastern side, Tunisia and the Malta Bank and on the northern side, Sicily, Italy. Within the Central Mediterranean sea it is one of the topographically complex regions. With a length of 600 km it connects the Eastern and Western Mediterranean basins. The strait is delimited by two systems; at the eastern side it is connected with the Ionian Sea, south of the Malta Bank with a sill of 560 m deep, and, on the western side, two passages connect the strait with the Western Mediterranean basin. The passage or channel more closely to Sicily is narrow and around 430 m deep while the channel at the side of Tunisia is broader and shallower with a maximum depth of 365 m. Due to this particular bathymetry with two different channels, the strait is called a \"two-sill strait\". In the central region the strait is around 50 km to 100 km wide and 700 m to 900 m deep, but some parts consist of trenches of even 1800 m deep.\n\nA tunnel is proposed to link Tunisia and Sicily as nowadays ferries cross the Strait regularly.", "title": "Strait of Sicily" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Straits of Messina\n\nThe Straits of Messina is a 1989 non-fiction collection of essays, in which author and critic Samuel R. Delany discusses his own novels. The essays are published under his own name, and under the pen name K. Leslie Steiner.\n\nThe pieces by K. Leslie Steiner are written as an answer to the question \"Wouldn’t it be nice to have someone say all the fine and brilliant things about my work I so desperately would like to hear…?\" according to Delany's preface.\n\nThe Strait of Messina of the title is a reference to the treacherous waters between Scylla and Charybdis, a metaphor on how difficult it is for an author to write about his own works: \"to negotiate the waters between the Scylla of overweening self-importance and the Charybdis of childish self-deprecation.\"<ref name=\"preface\" />\n\n", "title": "The Straits of Messina" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Marine life of the Strait of Messina\n\nThe hydrology of the Strait of Messina accommodates a variety of populations of marine organisms. The intense currents and characteristic chemistry of the waters of the Strait determine an extraordinary biocoenosis in the Mediterranean Sea with a high abundance and diversity of species; the Strait of Messina, therefore constitutes an area of fundamental importance for biodiversity. Intense and alternate currents, the low temperature and an abundance of transported nitrogen and phosphorus transported to the surface from deep waters supports both pelagic and coastal benthic populations in a cycle of organic substance.\n\nAll this, with associated phenomena, determines an ecological rearrangement that simulates Atlantic conditions for species with a prevailing Western distribution. In fact, numerous primarily Atlantic species, for example the laminariae (large tawny algae), though also present in some other zones of the Mediterranean, succeed in forming true structured submarine forests only in the Strait of Messina and are evidence of the optimal environmental conditions there.", "title": "Marine life of the Strait of Messina" }, { "id": "840347", "score": "1.7082441", "text": "of fish in the Mediterranean Sea. A ferry service connects Messina on Sicily with the mainland at Villa San Giovanni, which lies several kilometers north of the large city of Reggio Calabria; the ferries hold the cars (carriages) of the mainline train service between Palermo and Naples. There is also a hydrofoil service between Messina and Reggio Calabria. For decades, the possibility of building a bridge across the Messina Strait has been under discussion. In 2006, under Prime Minister Romano Prodi the project was cancelled. On 6 March 2009, however, as part of a massive new public works program, Silvio", "title": "Strait of Messina" }, { "id": "4533576", "score": "1.6904256", "text": "Strait of Messina Bridge The Strait of Messina Bridge is a long-planned suspension bridge across the Strait of Messina, a narrow section of water between the eastern tip of Sicily and the southern tip of mainland Italy, specifically between north Messina's Torre Faro and Villa San Giovanni. In 2006, under Prime Minister Romano Prodi, the project was cancelled. However, on 6 March 2009, as part of a massive new public works programme, Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi's government announced that construction of the Messina Bridge would indeed go ahead, pledging €1.3 billion as a contribution to the bridge's total cost, estimated", "title": "Strait of Messina Bridge" }, { "id": "4533577", "score": "1.6561863", "text": "at €6.1 billion. The bridge would have been the longest suspension bridge in the world, almost doubling the main span of the Akashi-Kaikyo in Japan. The bridge would have been part of the Line 1 of Trans-European Transport Networks (TEN-T). Citing budget constraints, the project was cancelled again on 26 February 2013, by Prime Minister Mario Monti's government. The Strait of Messina is a funnel-shaped arm of sea that connects the Ionian Sea in the south to the Tyrrhenian Sea to the north. The width of the strait varies from a maximum of approximately (between Capo d'Alì in Sicily and", "title": "Strait of Messina Bridge" }, { "id": "840345", "score": "1.6363287", "text": "Messina). The Strait of Messina is a focal point in the migrations of birds every year, who mainly cross the strait to reach their breeding grounds in northern Europe. Due to this form of bottleneck more than 300 species are recorded in the area, which is a major European hot spot for raptors, with a record of 35.000 in a spring. Among them the European honey buzzard and the marsh harrier are the most frequent, species like Bonelli's eagle and Egyptian vulture are less frequent but regular. In the coastal salt lakes of the Strait of Messina species like glossy", "title": "Strait of Messina" }, { "id": "16634844", "score": "1.6183867", "text": "Islands, the Nebrodi Park, Tindari. There are numerous examples, symbols of the ancient history of the city. Plans are in progress aimed to enter the Castle, the fortified town and the ancient village in the UNESCO sites and to form the Marine Reserve of Capo Milazzo. The Metropolitan Area of Strait of Messina is connected to the Autostrada A2 (Salerno-Reggio Calabria), A18 (Messina-Catania) and A20 (Messina-Palermo). The Strait of Messina Metropolitan Area is served by air links with the Reggio Calabria Airport (IATA: REG, ICAO: LICR). Also known as Aeroporto dello Stretto or Tito Minniti Airport, is located at south", "title": "Strait of Messina metropolitan area" }, { "id": "840344", "score": "1.6157274", "text": "portion of the strait has been linked to the Greek legend of Scylla and Charybdis. In some circumstances, the mirage of Fata Morgana can be observed when looking at Sicily from Calabria. With its bottleneck shape, it is also a compulsory point of transit of the migration of many bird species. In 1957, a 220 kV overhead power line was built across the Strait of Messina. Its pylons are among the highest in the world. This power line has since been replaced by a submarine power cable, but the pylons remain and are protected as historical monuments (see Pylons of", "title": "Strait of Messina" }, { "id": "4365621", "score": "1.6041131", "text": "island of Pantelleria lies in the middle of the strait. Strait of Sicily The Strait of Sicily (also known as Sicilian Strait, Sicilian Channel, Channel of Sicily, Sicilian Narrows and Pantelleria Channel; ; ) is the strait between Sicily and Tunisia. The strait is about wide and divides the Tyrrhenian Sea and the western Mediterranean Sea, from the eastern Mediterranean Sea. The maximum depth is . Deep currents in the strait flow from east to west, and the current nearer the surface travels from west to east. This unusual water flow is of interest to oceanographers. There are regular ferries", "title": "Strait of Sicily" }, { "id": "7705900", "score": "1.5872797", "text": "also the southern terminus of the long-proposed but not-built Strait of Messina Bridge. Villa has a long tradition in the swimming disciplines with various sports clubs active in swimming (even at a competitive level) and scuba diving. Every summer, in August, the Strait Crossing takes place in the waters of the Strait of Messina, an international level swimming competition with the participation of dozens of athletes from all over Italy and abroad. The journey begins at Cape Pelorus, the extreme limit of the channel on the shore of Sicily, and ends at the beach of Pezzo:athletes then crossing a stretch", "title": "Villa San Giovanni" }, { "id": "4533584", "score": "1.5730681", "text": "either side of the strait, in order to form a single city. This ambitious urban project was called \"Area Metropolitana integrata dello Stretto (Integrated Metropolitan Area of the Strait)\" or simply \"Città dello Stretto (City of the Strait)\". Among the controversies surrounding the building of the bridge was strong opposition to the formation of the new city by various Sicilian nationalist groups. A construction consortium led by Impregilo S.p.A. was chosen in 2005, with actual construction set to begin in the second half of 2006. The bridge was designed by Danish architects at Dissing+Weitling in close collaboration with the Danish", "title": "Strait of Messina Bridge" }, { "id": "4365620", "score": "1.5660799", "text": "Strait of Sicily The Strait of Sicily (also known as Sicilian Strait, Sicilian Channel, Channel of Sicily, Sicilian Narrows and Pantelleria Channel; ; ) is the strait between Sicily and Tunisia. The strait is about wide and divides the Tyrrhenian Sea and the western Mediterranean Sea, from the eastern Mediterranean Sea. The maximum depth is . Deep currents in the strait flow from east to west, and the current nearer the surface travels from west to east. This unusual water flow is of interest to oceanographers. There are regular ferries between Sicily and Tunis across the Strait of Sicily. The", "title": "Strait of Sicily" }, { "id": "840346", "score": "1.5579051", "text": "ibis, flamingos and black-winged stilt stop to rest. The site is also favorable for observing storks. The monte Dinnammare and the other Peloritani mountains overlooking the Strait are a natural theater for birdwatching. Due to its unique hydrogeological conditions the Strait of Messina has high levels of biodiversity and multiple endemic species. In its waters there is a strong presence of deep sea fish like the Sloane's viperfish which, due to the particular and peculiar currents of the strait, are occasionally found stranded on the shore at sunrise. The strait is also an important point of migration of many species", "title": "Strait of Messina" }, { "id": "704853", "score": "1.557727", "text": "Messina Messina (, ; ; ; ) is the capital of the Italian Metropolitan City of Messina. It is the third largest city on the island of Sicily, and the 13th largest city in Italy, with a population of more than 238,000 inhabitants in the city proper and about 650,000 in the Metropolitan City. It is located near the northeast corner of Sicily, at the Strait of Messina, opposite Villa San Giovanni on the mainland, and has close ties with Reggio Calabria. According to Eurostat the FUA of the metropolitan area of Messina has, in 2014, 277,584 inhabitants. The city's", "title": "Messina" }, { "id": "14228638", "score": "1.5554976", "text": "the Strait of Messina is the presence of a varied and numerous bathypelagic fauna that, transported to the surface by the upwelling current from the South can be easily captured still alive in the points of greater turbulence, or found stranded along the coasts after adverse weather conditions. Examples are \"Chauliodus sloani\", \"Argyropelecus hemigymnus\" and \"Myctophum punctatum\". The Strait of Messina is an important migratory route of the Mediterranean Sea. The best known and important, from an economic point of view, are the great pelagic fish - that is the Tuna (\"Thunnus thynnus\"), the Albacore (\"Thunnus alalunga\"), the Atlantic bonito", "title": "Marine life of the Strait of Messina" }, { "id": "16634840", "score": "1.5490792", "text": "Ages and in the mid-seventeenth century, when contending with Palermo, the Sicilian capital role. In 1678, after a historic anti-Spanish revolt, which resulted in the annihilation of its ruling class, a first devastating earthquake has partially destroyed the city in 1783, while in 1908 a devastating earthquake, followed by a tsunami, has razed to the ground the city, and have been generated about 80,000 victims. Rebuilt since 1912, the modern city presents a neat and regular mesh with wide straight streets. In recent years, there are ongoing projects aimed at regeneration of the city through works such as the waterfront,", "title": "Strait of Messina metropolitan area" }, { "id": "4533578", "score": "1.5384758", "text": "Punta Pellaro in Calabria) to a minimum of approximately between Capo Peloro in Sicily and Torre Cavallo in Calabria. A similar distance separates Pezzo and Ganzirri; at that point, the strait is only deep, while in other places it can reach deep. It is also characterised by strong currents. The idea of a bridge crossing the strait is an old one. The Romans considered building a bridge joining Calabria and Sicily made of boats and barrels. Charlemagne considered joining the two sides with a series of bridges. This idea was revived by the Norman adventurer Robert Guiscard in the 11th", "title": "Strait of Messina Bridge" } ]

[ "On a ship", "on ship" ]

[ { "id": "1747079", "score": "1.6420698", "text": "Samuel Plimsoll Samuel Plimsoll (10 February 1824 – 3 June 1898) was an English politician and social reformer, now best remembered for having devised the Plimsoll line (a line on a ship's hull indicating the maximum safe draft, and therefore the minimum freeboard for the vessel in various operating conditions). Samuel Plimsoll was born in Bristol and soon moved to Whiteley Wood Hall, Sheffield, also spending part of his childhood in Penrith, Cumberland. Leaving school at an early age, he became a clerk at Rawson's Brewery, and rose to be manager. In 1853, he attempted to become a coal merchant", "title": "Samuel Plimsoll" }, { "id": "359998", "score": "1.5646863", "text": "of the water during loading of cargo, meant the ship had reached its maximum safe loading level. To this day, that mark, called the \"Plimsoll Line\", exists on ships' sides, and consists of a circle with a horizontal line through the centre. On the Great Lakes of North America the circle is replaced with a diamond. Because different types of water (summer, fresh, tropical fresh, winter north Atlantic) have different densities, subsequent regulations required painting a group of lines forward of the Plimsoll mark to indicate the safe depth (or freeboard above the surface) to which a specific ship could", "title": "Ship" }, { "id": "1747087", "score": "1.4435105", "text": "Victoria Embankment garden, there is a monument to Samuel Plimsoll in front of the railings. British writer Nicolette Jones published \"The Plimsoll Sensation\", a highly acclaimed biography – getting the idea for it from living in 1995 in Plimsoll Road in Finsbury Park, north London, but knowing hardly anything about whom it was named after. Samuel Plimsoll appears in the third series of the BBC historical television drama \"The Onedin Line\", portrayed by actor David Garfield. Samuel Plimsoll Samuel Plimsoll (10 February 1824 – 3 June 1898) was an English politician and social reformer, now best remembered for having devised", "title": "Samuel Plimsoll" }, { "id": "11302569", "score": "1.4169023", "text": "in Scotland and the Commissioners of Irish Lights for the whole of Ireland. In the 19th century it was sometimes the practice to send heavily insured \"coffin ships\" to sea that were old, poorly maintained and overloaded. In 1868 Samuel Plimsoll became concerned by the scandal and published \"Our Seamen\" which revealed the situation. A load line (which became known as the Plimsoll Line) was required by the \"Merchant Shipping Act\" of 1876 but it was not until 1890 that the Board of Trade became responsible for determining where it should be. There were some locally organised lifeboats in the", "title": "Maritime history of the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "1747086", "score": "1.4117221", "text": "Co. in Aberdeen, Scotland for the Aberdeen White Star Line (G. Thompson & Co.). She was assigned the official British Reg. No. 65097 and the signal MKDH. In 1899, she caught fire in the Thames River and had to be scuttled, but was refloated and repaired in 1900. In 1902, she was severely dismasted and damaged on voyage to Port Chalmers, Australia. Towed to Sydney and subsequently to Fremantle, she was reduced to hulk status the following year. In the 1920s, Plimsoll shoes were named for their similarity in appearance to the Plimsoll line on boats. In Whitehall Garden, a", "title": "Samuel Plimsoll" }, { "id": "4837503", "score": "1.3966153", "text": "until 1894. In 1906, laws were passed requiring foreign ships visiting British ports to be marked with a load line. It was not until 1930 (the 1930 Load Line Convention) that there was international agreement for universal application of load line regulations. In 1966 the International Convention on Load Lines was concluded in London which re-examined and amended the 1930 rules. The 1966 convention has since seen amendments in 1971, 1975, 1979, 1983, 1995 and 2003, none of which have entered into force. The original \"Plimsoll mark\" was a circle with a horizontal line through it to show the maximum", "title": "Waterline" }, { "id": "1747083", "score": "1.3697734", "text": "indicates the safe limit to which a ship may be loaded became generally known as Plimsoll's mark or line. Plimsoll was re-elected for Derby at the general election of 1880 by a great majority, but gave up his seat to William Vernon Harcourt, believing that the latter, as Home Secretary, could advance sailors' interests more effectively than any private member. Offered a seat by 30 constituencies, Plimsoll was an unsuccessful candidate in Sheffield Central in 1885. He did not re-enter the house, and later became estranged from the Liberal leaders by what he regarded as their breach of faith in", "title": "Samuel Plimsoll" }, { "id": "5507365", "score": "1.3692243", "text": "This name arose, according to Nicholette Jones's book \"The Plimsoll Sensation\", because the coloured horizontal band joining the upper to the sole resembled the Plimsoll line on a ship's hull, or because, just like the Plimsoll line on a ship, if water got above the line of the rubber sole, the wearer would get wet. In the UK plimsolls are commonly worn for schools' indoor physical education lessons. Regional terms are common: in Northern Ireland and central Scotland they are sometimes known as \"gutties\"; \"sannies\" (from 'sand shoe') is also used in Scotland. In parts of the West Country and", "title": "Plimsoll shoe" }, { "id": "14155451", "score": "1.3458219", "text": "terminal there, as well as extending the goods facilities and providing locomotive serving facilities; these opened in 1891. The P&DR had been encouraged by the LSWR to obtain Parliamentary powers to build a short line from Friary to Turnchapel with a branch to Clovelly Bay; the lien was to cross the River Plym to Pomphlett (later called Plymstock). The authorisation was granted on 2 August 1883 but not acted upon at once. However this incursion across the Plym alarmed the GWR, who feared extension into the South Hams and possibly a new competing line to Exeter, and opposing schemes to", "title": "Turnchapel Branch" }, { "id": "14155453", "score": "1.3282447", "text": "line to offset against the cost of the upgrade, which was the P&DR's responsibility. The line as far as Pomphlett was opened to passenger trains on 5 September 1892. The station at Pomphlett was \"to general surprise\" named Plymstock. After considerable wrangling over the South Hams line to Modbury, agreement was reached with the GWR and the LSWR and P&DR abandoned aspirations to enter that area, and the P&DR revived lapsed powers to extend to Turnchapel, but now omitting the Clovelly Bay branch; these powers were authorised on 3 July 1891. It was put forward for opening and inspected by", "title": "Turnchapel Branch" }, { "id": "14146107", "score": "1.314162", "text": "broadly level, with a short climb at 1 in 60 on the approach to Yealmpton. The line was single throughout from Plymstock to Yealmpton. The branch was 6 miles 38 chains (10.42 km) in length. The line between Plymstock and Yealmpton was at first worked as a single section by electric train staff. Plymstock was a LSWR signalbox. Brixton Road later had a signal box, from 1905, breaking the branch into two sections, but it was closed in 1924 or 1925. When the passenger service was withdrawn in 1930, the signalling was converted to \"one engine in steam\" and Yealmpton", "title": "Plymouth to Yealmpton Branch" }, { "id": "9738729", "score": "1.3130662", "text": "alignment is detectable in aerial photographs, and the incline head is accessible; there is an underbridge at the foot of the incline, which is clearly visible. The line started from Wheal Comfort mine at Tresavean, and followed a zigzag course to stay on the contour, passing west of Lanner and crossing the Redruth and Chasewater Railway there. (There was no connection as the other railway was of a different gauge, although both lines had a siding near the crossing.) Passing near Wheal Uny, the line ran to the head of its incline immediately west of Trewirgle Road; the line fell", "title": "Hayle Railway" }, { "id": "4864176", "score": "1.3101888", "text": "Rochester and elsewhere from his father, James William of Cheriton. Samuel Plimsoll, the man who gave his name to the Plimsoll line used to indicate the limit of a ship's load, is buried in St Martin's churchyard, as is judge and politician Sir James Knight-Bruce. Cheriton, Kent Cheriton is a northern suburb of Folkestone in Kent. It is the location of the English terminal of the Channel Tunnel as well as of the major army barracks of Shorncliffe Camp. The coastal plain where the North Downs meet the Strait of Dover has been of strategic importance since ancient times. Portus", "title": "Cheriton, Kent" }, { "id": "14146105", "score": "1.3095288", "text": "Junction, diverging there to Cattewater Junction, where the trains joined the LSWR (nominally P&DR) Turnchapel line to cross the Laira by Laira Bridge. At Plymstock the Yealmpton branch diverged east from the Turnchapel line, the passenger station being in the fork of the junction. The short section from Mount Gould Junction to Cattewater Junction was built specially for the Yealmpton service; it was 29 chains (580 m) in length and was called \"Plymouth no. 2 Loop\". From Plymstock the line ran broadly east with a southward swoop at Brixton Road, with stations at Billacombe, Elburton Cross, Brixton Road, Steer Point,", "title": "Plymouth to Yealmpton Branch" }, { "id": "9133634", "score": "1.3032637", "text": "Rail system: a 10-foot-wide low-level asphalt platform next to the single track, with a metal sign reading \"Plimptonville Train Station\". A small gravel parking lot is next to the platform. The Norfolk County Railroad was built through East Walpole beginning in 1846; it opened in 1849. A station was opened between East Walpole and Walpole proper then or soon afterwards. Originally known as Tiltons (or Tilton) station, it was later called Plymptons. By the early 20th century, the name had settled on Plimptonville, by which it is known today. The station's most famous user was Joseph N. Welch, who lived", "title": "Plimptonville station" }, { "id": "8410904", "score": "1.3002055", "text": "line. It runs parallel to the Main Line and with connecting branches completes a loop, hence its name. The Main Line runs through most of southern Sodor, from Barrow (on the Mainland), across the Walney Channel via the Vicarstown Bridge, and onto the Island of Sodor, ultimately reaching Tidmouth on the island's west coast. Along the way, the Main Line passes through and serves various towns and villages: Crovan's Gate, Kellsthorpe, Killdane, Cronk, Maron, Wellsworth, Crosby, and Knapford. Thomas's branch line runs from the town of Knapford on the Main Line, up the valley to Ffarquhar, via Elsbridge where it", "title": "Fictional locations in Thomas & Friends" }, { "id": "5507364", "score": "1.2970053", "text": "Plimsoll shoe A plimsoll shoe, plimsoll, plimsole or pumps (British English; see other names below) is a type of athletic shoe with a canvas upper and rubber sole developed as beachwear in the 1830s by the Liverpool Rubber Company. Plimsolls had solid rubber soles about 8 or 9 mm thick, to which the canvas was glued without coming up the sides (as on trainers). The effect when running was similar to running without shoes. The shoe was originally, and often still is in parts of the United Kingdom, called a \"sand shoe\" and acquired the nickname \"plimsoll\" in the 1870s.", "title": "Plimsoll shoe" }, { "id": "4071869", "score": "1.2962984", "text": "of the all yellow perimeter fence. The booking hall was renovated, the station awning renewed, and all platform signs replaced. The original platform waiting room had been purchased from Isfield by the Bluebell Railway in 1978, and resituated at Sheffield Park station. Two months were spent constructing an exact replica, completed in January 1984. In cooperation with the Bluebell Railway Dave Milham purchased track material from British Rail, made available from work being done at Croydon. The station was named 'The Lavender Line' with a historical connection in mind: A.E. Lavender and Sons were the local coal merchants who had", "title": "Lavender Line" }, { "id": "6398261", "score": "1.2935276", "text": "Hunslet Engine Company, Kitson & Co. and Manning Wardle. The locomotives include \"Sir Berkeley\", which was featured in the 1968 BBC TV version of \"The Railway Children\". The locomotive is owned by the Vintage Carriages Trust of Ingrow near Keighley. Although the operational line starts at Moor Road, the line actually begins with the \"Balm Road Branch\" which joins the Middleton Railway with the Leeds - Sheffield route of the Hallam & Pontefract Lines. However, the connection to the main network has been bolted closed preventing access having not been used since 1990. This section of track crosses \"Beza Road\",", "title": "Middleton Railway" }, { "id": "4074248", "score": "1.2931118", "text": "trains could operate over of track as far as Lee Moor crossing, the site where the gauge Lee Moor Tramway (now the West Devon Way cycle path) used to cross the line on the level. A new station was constructed just north of the site of the original Marsh Mills railway station as that site is occupied by a line that serves the Marsh Mills china clay plant. The new station was provided with a shop, buffet and small museum. The preserved line was extended to on 30 December 2012, bringing it to in length. The 0-4-0ST steam locomotive \"Albert\"", "title": "Plym Valley Railway" } ]

[ "The Avengerse", "The Avengers Movie", "Avengers, The", "avengers disambiguation", "Avengers (film)", "avengers movie", "avengers", "Avengers (cartoon)", "The Avengers (disambiguation)", "avengerse", "avengers film", "The Avengers", "avengers cartoon", "Avengers", "The Avengers (film)" ]

[ { "id": "1900875", "score": "1.7453996", "text": "Steed range from witty banter to thinly disguised innuendo. Regarding the question of whether they had a sexual relationship at any time, Patrick Macnee thought they went to bed on a very regular basis (just not in view of the camera). However, Rigg thought they were engaged in a very enjoyable extended flirtation that ultimately went nowhere. Writer/producer Brian Clemens said he wrote them with the idea they had an affair before Emma's first appearance in the series. Her style of dress typified the period, and the character is still a fashion icon. John Bates was brought in as the", "title": "Emma Peel" }, { "id": "1900871", "score": "1.7313628", "text": "Emma Peel Emma Peel is a fictional spy played by Diana Rigg in the British 1960s adventure television series \"The Avengers\", and by Uma Thurman in the 1998 film version. She was born Emma Knight, the daughter of an industrialist, Sir John Knight. She is the partner of John Steed. As a lady spy adventurer and expert in martial arts, she became a feminist role model around the world and is considered an icon of British popular culture. Regarded as a 1960s fashion icon, the character is often remembered for the leather catsuit worn by Rigg in the first series.", "title": "Emma Peel" }, { "id": "429491", "score": "1.7197616", "text": "Gold Key Comics published one issue of \"John Steed Emma Peel\" in 1968 (subtitled \"The Avengers\" on the Indicia page), which included two newly-coloured and reformatted \"The Avengers\" strips from \"TV Comic\". A three-issue miniseries entitled \"Steed and Mrs. Peel\" appeared from 1990–1992 under the Eclipse Comics imprint, it featured a three-part story, 'The Golden Game' in book 1–3, by Grant Morrison and a two-part story, in book 2 & 3, 'A Deadly Rainbow' by Anne Caulfield, both strips had art by Ian Gibson. Boom! Studios reprinted this series in six issues in early 2012, and later published a new", "title": "The Avengers (TV series)" }, { "id": "1900878", "score": "1.6963805", "text": "the end of \"The Forget-Me-Knot\", Emma leaves Steed and her spy career behind. In the distant shot in which he appears, Peter Peel looks suspiciously like Steed (and was played by Patrick Macnee's stunt double, Peter Weston), and like him drives a two-door convertible Bentley, albeit a contemporary model. Emma meets her replacement, Tara King (played by Linda Thorson), who enters the building as she herself is leaving and tells her that Steed likes his tea stirred \"anti-clockwise\". Peel would be the last in a string of \"talented amateurs\" with whom John Steed was teamed, as her successor is a", "title": "Emma Peel" }, { "id": "1900873", "score": "1.6880462", "text": "Rigg; the Shepherd episodes were subsequently re-filmed. The character was notable for a number of characteristics. Peel is a heroine; she is rarely defeated in fights and is capable of rescuing Steed if he is in trouble. She is a master of martial arts and a formidable fencer. A certified genius, she specialises in chemistry and other sciences. She is often seen in episodes engaging in artistic hobbies and had success in industry at the helm of the company of her late father, Sir John Knight. Her husband, Peter Peel, was a pilot whose plane disappeared over the Amazonian forest.", "title": "Emma Peel" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of fictional secret agents\n\nThis is a list of fictional secret agents .\n\n", "title": "List of fictional secret agents" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of films considered the worst\n\nThe films listed below have been cited by a variety of notable critics in varying media sources as being among the worst films ever made. Examples of such sources include Metacritic, Roger Ebert's list of most-hated films, \"The Golden Turkey Awards\", \"Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide\", Rotten Tomatoes, pop culture writer Nathan Rabin's \"My World of Flops\", the Stinkers Bad Movie Awards, the cult TV series \"Mystery Science Theater 3000\" (alongside spinoffs \"Cinematic Titanic\" and \"RiffTrax\") and the Golden Raspberry Awards (aka the \"Razzies\"). Films on these lists are generally feature-length films that are commercial/artistic in nature (intended to turn a profit, express personal statements or both), professionally or independently produced (as opposed to amateur productions), and released in theaters, then on television, or more recently through video on demand or streaming services.", "title": "List of films considered the worst" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of fairy tales\n\nFairy tales are stories that range from those in folklore to more modern stories defined as literary fairy tales. Despite subtle differences in the categorizing of fairy tales, folklore, fables, myths, and legends, a modern definition of the fairy tale, as provided by Jens Tismar's monologue in German, is a story that differs \"from an oral folk tale\", written by \"a single identifiable author\", which can be characterized as \"simple and anonymous\", and exists in a mutable and difficult to define genre with a close relationship to folktales.", "title": "List of fairy tales" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Language learning centre/Word list" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Batman comics\n\nBatman has been featured in many ongoing series, miniseries, maxiseries, one-shots, graphic novels, trade paperbacks and intercompany crossovers published by DC Comics. These titles have been handled or coordinated through a single editorial section at DC Comics. This section also generally handles titles that have spun off of the core Batman titles to feature related characters. This list presents these titles separated by general type of publication.", "title": "List of Batman comics" }, { "id": "1900874", "score": "1.6689081", "text": "He was presumed dead for many years, and Peel went on to work with Steed. She drove a convertible Lotus Elan at high speeds, and convincingly portrayed any series of undercover roles, from nurse to nanny. Her favourite guise was that of a women's magazine reporter, trying to interview big business tycoons and rich playboys. The name \"Emma Peel\" is a play on the phrase \"Man Appeal\" or \"M. Appeal\", which the production team stated was one of the required elements of the character. (Diana Rigg was never comfortable in her position as a world-famous sex-symbol.) Peel's verbal interactions with", "title": "Emma Peel" }, { "id": "429438", "score": "1.6549344", "text": "against the people, and the state, have to be avenged by agents extraordinary. Two such people are John Steed, top professional, and his partner Emma Peel, talented amateur. Otherwise known as The Avengers.\" During this voice-over, Steed pours two drinks from the wine bottle and Mrs Peel replaces her gun in her boot. They clink glasses and depart together. Fade to black and then the opening titles proper begin. In contrast to the Gale episodes, there is a lighter, comic touch in Steed and Peel's interactions with each other and their reactions to other characters and situations. Earlier series had", "title": "The Avengers (TV series)" }, { "id": "3078961", "score": "1.6456008", "text": "Emma Peel. Dr. Peel claims she is innocent, but she is sent to work alongside Steed to find the real culprit. Mother's off-sider, Father (Fiona Shaw), claims Peel suffers from a mental disease. They go off to visit Sir August De Wynter (Sean Connery), an old ally of The Ministry. He takes an instant liking to Peel, as they both share a love of weather. Steed and Emma follow a lead to Wonderland Weather - a business that artificially creates heat or rain with a special machine - where they discover two dead men in teddy bear suits. The members", "title": "The Avengers (1998 film)" }, { "id": "1900882", "score": "1.6293443", "text": "Steed. Ultimately, they team up to find out the truth. The film was a critical and box office failure with the new incarnation of the characters being panned. In 2003, \"Total Film\" magazine voted Fiennes and Thurman as \"The Worst Movie Double Act of All Time\" for their performances as Steed and Peel. The music video for the Pretenders' 1986 single Don't Get Me Wrong is a tribute to \"The Avengers\" and inserts lead singer Chrissie Hynde into the role of Emma Peel. Other tracks related to Emma Peel include: References Sources Emma Peel Emma Peel is a fictional spy", "title": "Emma Peel" }, { "id": "429496", "score": "1.6290843", "text": "episodes (with the Tara King character changed to Emma Peel throughout). The Avengers were played by two British expatriate actors, Donald Monat as Steed and Diane Appleby as Mrs Peel, with Hugh Rouse as the tongue-in-cheek narrator. The stories were adapted into five-episode serials under Tony Jay and six- and seven-episode serials under Dennis Folbigge, of approximately 15 minutes each (including adverts) and stripped across the week, Monday-Friday, on Springbok Radio. Currently only 19 complete serials survive, all from reel-to-reel off-air recordings made by John Wright in 1972. Also, the first three episodes of a remake of \"Escape In Time\"", "title": "The Avengers (TV series)" }, { "id": "6174975", "score": "1.6262133", "text": "Regarding the question of whether they had a sexual relationship at any time, Macnee thought they went to bed on a very regular basis (just not in view of the camera), Rigg thought they were engaged in a very enjoyable extended flirtation that ultimately went nowhere, and Brian Clemens said he wrote them with the idea they'd had an affair before Emma's first appearance in the series. One of Steed's trademarks was his impeccable dress, often consisting of a three-piece suit with bowler hat and ever-present umbrella. His bowler and umbrella were in fact his favourite weapons. Steed's umbrella, with", "title": "John Steed" }, { "id": "429445", "score": "1.6191974", "text": "had no narrative voice-over, and the scene was also included in UK broadcasts of the series. The first 16 episodes of the fifth series begin with Peel receiving a call-to-duty message from Steed: \"Mrs Peel, we're needed.\" Peel was conducting her normal activities when she unexpectedly received a message on a calling card or within a delivered gift, at which point Steed suddenly appeared (usually in her apartment). The messages were delivered by Steed in increasingly bizarre ways as the series progressed: in a newspaper Peel had just bought, or on traffic lights while she was out driving. On one", "title": "The Avengers (TV series)" }, { "id": "429459", "score": "1.6085141", "text": "would be broadcast as the first episode of the sixth series. Tara debuts in dynamic style: when Steed is called to Headquarters, he is attacked and knocked down by trainee agent King who mistakes him for her training partner. No farewell scenes for Emma Peel had been shot when Diana Rigg left the series. Rigg was recalled for \"The Forget-Me-Knot\", through which Emma acts as Steed's partner as usual. Rigg also filmed a farewell scene for Emma which appeared as the tag scene of the episode. It was explained that Emma's husband, Peter Peel, was found alive and rescued, and", "title": "The Avengers (TV series)" }, { "id": "6197275", "score": "1.5955894", "text": "things about her. She enlisted at an early age in the Intelligence Service as a trainee, under the number 69. Her first contact with the bowler-hatted agent is described in the first episode of season 6: \"The Forget-Me-Knot\". This was a rather spectacular meeting: thinking Steed is the \"enemy\" of her training, she pounces on him before she realizes she has made a mistake. Shortly after, she makes Steed's acquaintance. During their talk, we learn John Steed is considered as an idol by all agents, Tara included. She then helps him to resolve the episode's investigation. Episode ending: Emma Peel", "title": "Tara King" }, { "id": "6174974", "score": "1.5884297", "text": "shown taking his orders from an obese man called \"Mother\" who used a wheelchair (and once from a blind woman named \"Father\"). In \"The New Avengers\", Steed was shown working on his own, and it was suggested that he had moved into an administrative role in British intelligence, although that did not stop him from directly participating in missions. Out of all his partners, he was closest to Mrs Peel; while their interaction was often laced with dry, sardonic wit on both sides, he respected her as an equal, and owed her his life on more than a few occasions.", "title": "John Steed" }, { "id": "1900881", "score": "1.5776169", "text": "\"K is for Kill\". She briefly speaks with Steed over the phone and mentions that her last name isn't Peel anymore; Steed replies, \"You'll always be Mrs. Peel to me.\" Sue Lloyd provided her voice. The character was revived and reworked for the 1998 film version of the show, \"\"The Avengers\". Uma Thurman was cast in the role of Peel opposite Ralph Fiennes as Steed. In the film, Mrs. Peel is a scientist working as part of a weather project. When the project is sabotaged by someone who appears to be her double, she is investigated by Ministry agent John", "title": "Emma Peel" }, { "id": "6174969", "score": "1.5752397", "text": "He was teamed with a variety of partners, including Dr. David Keel (1961), Dr. Martin King (1962), Venus Smith (1962–1963), Cathy Gale (1962–1964), Emma Peel (1965–1968), Tara King (1968–1969), Lady Diana Forbes-Blakeney (1969), Purdey, and Mike Gambit (both 1976–1977). Steed was born John Wickham Gascoyne Beresford Steed sometime between 1922 and 1925 (the actor who played him, Patrick Macnee, was born 1922). A scion of a noble family, Steed attended Eton (like Macnee), where he once got into a fight with the school bully, James Bond, and was eventually expelled (like Macnee). Steed's best friend was Mark Crayford who later", "title": "John Steed" }, { "id": "3078962", "score": "1.5725002", "text": "of a secret organization — led by De Wynter — all wear teddy bear suits to disguise their identities. One of them, however, looks exactly like Emma Peel. Steed arrives in time to save Peel, as the double jumps off a roof and disappears. Steed and Emma go off to visit De Wynter at his mansion, but are attacked by mechanical bees. Alice (Eileen Atkins), a Ministry agent, helps them to flee; nevertheless, De Wynter captures Emma who then tries to escape but finds herself trapped due to the mansion's ever-changing floor plan. She smashes her way through a window,", "title": "The Avengers (1998 film)" }, { "id": "11629707", "score": "1.5597591", "text": "Allen for BBC Radio 1's 40th-anniversary celebrations in 2007 and was released on the subsequent compilation album. In 2018, it was covered by Leigh Nash. The music video for the song is a tribute to the British 1960s TV spy series \"The Avengers\", with Chrissie Hynde playing Emma Peel searching for John Steed (Patrick Macnee appears in the original series' footage, with Hynde superimposed). The song has been performed on stage in France and Belgium by the leading French popular singer La Grande Sophie (Sophie Huriaux) for several years, including at all her 120 concerts of her ‘Place du Fantôme’", "title": "Don't Get Me Wrong" }, { "id": "429446", "score": "1.5580022", "text": "occasion Steed appeared on her television set, interrupting an old science-fiction movie (actually clips from the series four episode \"The Cybernauts\") to call her to work. Another way Steed contacted her was in the beginning of episode 13, \"A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Station\", when she enters her flat and sees a Meccano Percy the Small Engine going around a circular track with a note on one of the train cars that says \"Mrs. Peel\" in bold letters, she then walks over to Steed who says, \"You're needed.\" At the start of \"The Hidden Tiger\" Peel", "title": "The Avengers (TV series)" } ]

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[ { "id": "15542", "score": "1.6705694", "text": "returned to bronze as the core metal of the statuettes, handing manufacturing duties to Walden, New York-based Polich Tallix Fine Art Foundry. While based on a digital scan of an original 1929 Oscar, the statuettes retain their modern-era dimensions and black pedestal. Cast in liquid bronze from 3D-printed ceramic molds and polished, they are then electroplated in 24-karat gold by Brooklyn, New York–based Epner Technology. The time required to produce 50 such statuettes is roughly three months. R.S. Owens is expected to continue producing other awards for the Academy and service existing Oscars that need replating. The origin of the", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "id": "15541", "score": "1.6519241", "text": "the plaster figures for gold-plated metal ones. The only addition to the Oscar since it was created is a minor streamlining of the base. The original Oscar mold was cast in 1928 at the C.W. Shumway & Sons Foundry in Batavia, Illinois, which also contributed to casting the molds for the Vince Lombardi Trophy and Emmy Award's statuettes. From 1983 to 2015, approximately 50 Oscars in a tin alloy with gold plating were made each year in Chicago by Illinois manufacturer R.S. Owens & Company. It takes between three and four weeks to manufacture 50 statuettes. In 2016, the Academy", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "id": "15545", "score": "1.6346192", "text": "to their statuettes at an inscription-processing station at the Governor's Ball, a party held immediately after the Oscar ceremony. The R.S. Owens company has engraved nameplates made before the ceremony, bearing the name of every potential winner. The nameplates for the non-winning nominees are later recycled. Since 1950, the statuettes have been legally encumbered by the requirement that neither winners nor their heirs may sell the statuettes without first offering to sell them back to the Academy for US$1. If a winner refuses to agree to this stipulation, then the Academy keeps the statuette. Academy Awards not protected by this", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "id": "15540", "score": "1.6134682", "text": "and Technicians. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio \"El Indio\" Fernández. Sculptor George Stanley (who also did the Muse Fountain at the Hollywood Bowl) sculpted Cedric Gibbons' design. The statuettes presented at the initial ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze. Within a few years the bronze was abandoned in favor of Britannia metal, a pewter-like alloy which is then plated in copper, nickel silver, and finally, 24-karat gold. Due to a metal shortage during World War II, Oscars were made of painted plaster for three years. Following the war, the Academy invited recipients to redeem", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "id": "3073339", "score": "1.5756254", "text": "new batch of the golden statuettes. Nine days later, 52 of the stolen statuettes were discovered in a trash bin at a Food 4 Less supermarket located in the Koreatown neighborhood of Los Angeles by a man named Willie Fulgear. For the safe recovery of the stolen statuettes, Roadway Express rewarded Fulgear with $50,000, and the Academy invited him and his son Allen to the ceremony. Two Roadway Express employees, truck driver Lawrence Ledent and dock worker Anthony Hart, were arrested for the theft of the Oscars. Both men pleaded no contest. Lawrence served six months in prison and Anthony", "title": "72nd Academy Awards" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Academy Awards\n\nThe Academy Awards, better known as the Oscars, are awards for artistic and technical merit for the American and international film industry. The awards are regarded by many as the most prestigious, significant awards in the entertainment industry worldwide. Given annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), the awards are an international recognition of excellence in cinematic achievements, as assessed by the Academy's voting membership. The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette as a trophy, officially called the \"Academy Award of Merit\", although more commonly referred to by its nickname, the \"Oscar\". The statuette, depicting a knight rendered in the Art Deco style, was originally sculpted by Los Angeles artist George Stanley from a design sketch by art director Cedric Gibbons.\n\nThe 1st Academy Awards were held in 1929 at a private dinner hosted by Douglas Fairbanks in The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel. The Academy Awards ceremony was first broadcast by radio in 1930 and was televised for the first time in 1953. It is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and is now televised live worldwide. A total of 3,140 Oscar statuettes have been awarded since its inception in 1929.<ref name=\"statuette\" />", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Oscar Wilde Memorial Sculpture\n\nThe Oscar Wilde Memorial Sculpture is a collection of three statues in Merrion Square in Dublin, Ireland, commemorating Irish poet and playwright Oscar Wilde. The sculptures were unveiled in 1997 and were designed and made by Danny Osborne.", "title": "Oscar Wilde Memorial Sculpture" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Emmy Awards\n\nThe Emmy Awards, or Emmys, are an extensive range of awards for artistic and technical merit for the American and international television industry. A number of annual Emmy Award ceremonies are held throughout the calendar year, each with their own set of rules and award categories. The two events that receive the most media coverage are the Primetime Emmy Awards and the Daytime Emmy Awards, which recognize outstanding work in American primetime and daytime entertainment programming, respectively. Other notable U.S. national Emmy events include the Children's & Family Emmy Awards for children's and family-oriented television programming, the Sports Emmy Awards for sports programming, News & Documentary Emmy Awards for news and documentary shows, and the Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards and the Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards for technological and engineering achievements. Regional Emmy Awards are also presented throughout the country at various times through the year, recognizing excellence in local and statewide television. In addition, the International Emmy Awards honor excellence in TV programming produced and initially aired outside the United States.\n\nThe Emmy statuette, depicting a winged woman holding an atom, is named after \"immy\", an informal term for the image orthicon tube that was common in early television cameras.\n\nThe Emmys are presented by three related, but separate, organizations: the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS), the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (NATAS), and the International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (IATAS). Each of these three organizations are responsible for administering a particular set of Emmy Award ceremonies. The ATAS first awarded Emmys in 1949 to honor shows produced in the Los Angeles area before it became a national event in the 1950s to honor programs aired nationwide. Over the next two decades, the ATAS, the NATAS, and the IATAS expanded the award to honor other sectors of the TV industry.<ref name=\"emmyHistory\"/>", "title": "Emmy Awards" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Christ the Redeemer (statue)\n\nChrist the Redeemer (, , ) is an Art Deco statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, created by French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa, in collaboration with French engineer Albert Caquot. Romanian sculptor Gheorghe Leonida sculpted the face. Constructed between 1922 and 1931, the statue is high, excluding its pedestal. The arms stretch wide. It is made of reinforced concrete and soapstone. \"Christ the Redeemer\" differs considerably from its original design, as the initial plan was a large Christ with a globe in one hand and a cross in the other. Although the project organisers originally accepted the design, it later changed to the statue of today, with the arms spread out wide.\n\nThe statue weighs 635 metric tons (625 long, 700 short tons), and is located at the peak of the Corcovado mountain in the Tijuca National Park overlooking the city of Rio de Janeiro. A symbol of Christianity around the world, the statue has also become a cultural icon of both Rio de Janeiro and Brazil and was voted one of the New Seven Wonders of the World.", "title": "Christ the Redeemer (statue)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Statue of Oscar Peterson\n\nA statue of the Canadian jazz pianist Oscar Peterson is located at the corner of Elgin and Albert streets in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, outside Canada's National Arts Centre.", "title": "Statue of Oscar Peterson" }, { "id": "4490159", "score": "1.5497383", "text": "different life-sized Oscar statuettes spiraling upward was placed at center stage. Several other people were involved with the production of the ceremony. Film composer and musician Bill Conti served as musical director of the ceremony. AMPAS graphics designer Brett Davidson designed the official ceremony poster consisting of a profile of the Oscar statuette in front of four neon-colored squares. Freelance producer Cochise and media firm Dig and Media Island released a trailer shown in movie theaters nationwide promoting the ceremony featuring clips from past Oscar ceremonies against the four squares backdrop in the aforementioned poster. The trailer featured the song", "title": "77th Academy Awards" }, { "id": "5662102", "score": "1.5289491", "text": "famous \"Oscar\" statuette presented at the Academy Awards. On November 25, 1934, about six months prior to the opening of the Observatory, a celebration took place to mark completion of the \"Astronomers Monument\". The only \"signature\" on the \"Astronomers Monument\" is \"PWAP 1934\" referring to the program which funded the project and the year it was completed. This Art Deco style monument serves as the gateway to the Hollywood Bowl, and is said to be the largest of hundreds of monuments in Southern California constructed under the WPA. The 200-foot long, 22-foot high sculpture is also a fountain and was", "title": "Public Works of Art Project" }, { "id": "15273005", "score": "1.5173836", "text": "also taught briefly at the Santa Barbara School of the Arts. During his life he completed many public arts works including work for schools such as the Long Beach Polytechnic High School, as well as works for private patrons. The Oscar statuette was fabricated based upon a sketch by MGM art director Cedric Gibbons in 1927. Since then, more than 2,300 statuettes have been presented to some of the world’s best film and television actors, writers, directors, producers, and technicians. Oscar Stanley sculpted a statue of Sir Isaac Newton located at the Griffith Observatory, completed in 1934. This statue was", "title": "George Stanley (sculptor)" }, { "id": "15544", "score": "1.4640968", "text": "to a \"Time\" magazine article about the 1934 6th Academy Awards. Walt Disney also thanked the Academy for his Oscar as early as 1932. The trophy officially received the name \"Oscar\" in 1939 by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. To prevent information identifying the Oscar winners from leaking ahead of the ceremony, Oscar statuettes presented at the ceremony have blank baseplates. Until 2010, winners returned their statuettes to the Academy, and had to wait several weeks to have their names inscribed on their respective Oscars. Since 2010, winners have had the option of having engraved nameplates applied", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "id": "3416133", "score": "1.4526557", "text": "hope that she might one day recover her original Award. In the years that followed, O'Brien attended memorabilia shows and searched antique shops, hoping she might find the original statuette, until one day in 1995 when Bruce Davis, then executive director of the Academy, was alerted that a miniature statuette bearing O'Brien's name had surfaced in a catalogue for an upcoming memorabilia auction. Davis contacted a mutual friend of his and O'Brien's, who in turn phoned O'Brien to tell her the long-lost Oscar had been found. Memorabilia collectors Steve Neimand and Mark Nash were attending a flea market in 1995", "title": "Margaret O'Brien" }, { "id": "13668925", "score": "1.4461427", "text": "Oscar statuettes upon their arrival at the Academy from the R.S. Owens & Company in Chicago, which manufactures the awards. Following their arrival, Miessner would enter each individual Oscar into a computer file to keep a record for the Academy. He was then responsible for the Oscars' safety and security until the awards ceremony. Miessner could be seen each Oscar night polishing and inspecting each statue with white gloves before they were handed out to recipients. Additionally, Miessner created a database and record of each Oscar that has ever been awarded by the Academy. He functioned as a liaison between", "title": "Steven Miessner" }, { "id": "3073340", "score": "1.444998", "text": "received probation. A third man who was Mr. Fulgear's half-brother was initially charged with the crime, but police dropped those charges after Mr. Fulgear divulged that they were estranged from each other. Three years later, one of three remaining missing Oscar statuettes was discovered during a drug bust at a mansion in Miami, Florida; the other two have yet to be found. The show received a positive reception from most media publications. Television critic Monica Collins of the \"Boston Herald\" praised producers Richard and Lili Fini Zanuck for overseeing a show that was \"clean, snappy, high-gloss and very well produced.\"", "title": "72nd Academy Awards" }, { "id": "3073338", "score": "1.438201", "text": "carried the ballots were mislabeled as third-class mail. On March 6, 2000, 1,000 of the ballots were discovered at a US Postal Service regional distribution center in Bell, California. In response to affected members, AMPAS sent replacement ballots sealed in yellow envelopes, and extended the voting deadline by two days to March 23. On March 10, 2000, 55 Oscar statuettes were stolen from a Roadway Express loading dock in Bell, California. In the event the stolen awards were to be still missing during the festivities, AMPAS announced that R.S. Owens & Company, the manufacturer of the awards would produce a", "title": "72nd Academy Awards" }, { "id": "14260230", "score": "1.4342122", "text": "it could not fully fund the academy, stating they would \"walk alongside\" the industry to make the academy make \"financial sense\". Since the inaugural awards ceremony in 2006, each winner receives a statuette named the Golden Horn and winner certificate in recognition of creative excellence. The faces on the statuette are based on artefacts from throughout Africa, some dating back to 800 CE, and reference the Lydenburg Heads. The three figure heads are sculpted to look like cattle horns and similar to the shapes found on indigenous snuff boxes. These objects were often a recognition the status of venerated member", "title": "South African Film and Television Awards" }, { "id": "5767916", "score": "1.4244342", "text": "Pinchas in London, in 1958. The statuette used between 1979 and 2010 is made of \"four clear acrylic rectangular prisms on a silver metal base, green felt on bottom\"; a plaque, which is attached to the base, has the \"afi\" insignia, with the words \"Australian Film Institute\" beneath it; a description of the award category, the recipient of the award, and the film title cascade below each other. The statuette stands at 295mm in height, 70mm in width and 70mm in depth. When the Australian Film Institute launched the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts, it set out to", "title": "AACTA Awards" }, { "id": "1283043", "score": "1.4213278", "text": "Academy promptly supplied O'Brien with a replacement Oscar, but O'Brien still held onto hope that she might one day recover her original Award. In the years that followed, O'Brien attended memorabilia shows and searched antique shops, hoping she might find the original statuette, until one day in 1995 when Bruce Davis, then executive director of the Academy, was alerted that a miniature statuette bearing O'Brien's name had surfaced in a catalogue for an upcoming memorabilia auction. Davis contacted a mutual friend of his and O'Brien's, who in turn phoned O'Brien to tell her the long-lost Oscar had been found. Memorabilia", "title": "Academy Juvenile Award" }, { "id": "15539", "score": "1.4187669", "text": "and Best Supporting Actress, while the previous year's winner for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress present the awards for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor. The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. Made of gold-plated bronze on a black metal base, it is 13.5 in (34.3 cm) tall, weighs 8.5 lb (3.856 kg), and depicts a knight rendered in Art Deco style holding a crusader's sword standing on a reel of film with five spokes. The five spokes represent the original branches of the Academy: Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers,", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "id": "11686843", "score": "1.416381", "text": "Productions and Lebran International, to form the \"Big Four\" studios who held the brightest stars and top artisans of Philippine movies in the 1950s and 1960s. The first formal Filipino answer to the Oscars was formed by Manila Times Publishing, Co. To make a statuette which would be given out to the best of the best, National Artist Guillermo Tolentino was asked to sculpt the bronze Maria Clara Award, which bore the likeness of Maria Clara, one of the characters in Jose Rizal's Noli Me Tangere. Due to various reactions about the voting procedures of the Maria Claras (various factions", "title": "Maria Clara Awards" }, { "id": "17379244", "score": "1.411566", "text": "display for the world is, is just being honest. That's it, that's what it's all about. We are finally living out our creed.\" The festival was the subject of the 2013 documentary \"Made in America\", directed by Ron Howard and produced by Brian Grazer and Jay-Z. In a statement to the press, Howard called the documentary \"a reflection of the fabric of what it means to be 'Made in America'—what the festival represents, why Jay is doing it and how he relates to each artist.\" On April 16, 2014, Jay-Z and Eric Garcetti (the mayor of Los Angeles) held a", "title": "Made in America Festival" }, { "id": "17889916", "score": "1.4114687", "text": "2002, the foundry was closed due to changing trends in the market, including the increased use of precision casting. The foundry's buildings were demolished in 2007. From 1928 to 1982, the company cast the Oscar statuette for the Academy Awards. In 1983, R.S. Owens & Company took over casting of the award. The trophies each took between three and four weeks to produce, and weighed . Additionally, the company helped to cast the Vince Lombardi Trophy, which was then finished by Tiffany & Co.. C.W. Shumway & Sons C.W. Shumway & Sons was a foundry operational in Batavia, Illinois from", "title": "C.W. Shumway & Sons" } ]

[ "7 ancient wonders", "7 wonders of ancient world", "seven wonders of world", "The seven wonders of the world", "Seven ancient wonders", "The seven wonders of the ancient world", "Wonders of the Ancient World", "7 Wonders of the Ancient World", "Seven Wonders of the Ancient World", "The Seven Ancient Wonders of the World", "seven ancient wonders of world", "Seven Wonders of the ancient world", "The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World", "Seven wonders of ancient world", "The Seven Wonders", "7 Ancient Wonders", "Wonders of the ancient world", "seven wonders", "seven wonders of ancient world", "Seven wonders of the world", "ancient wonders", "Ancient Wonders", "7 world wonders", "The Seven Wonders of the World", "seven ancient wonders", "wonders of ancient world", "Seven wonders of the ancient world" ]

[ { "id": "12475865", "score": "2.056342", "text": "pharaoh who built it), the oldest of the ancient wonders—remains relatively intact. The Colossus of Rhodes, the Lighthouse of Alexandria, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, the Temple of Artemis and the Statue of Zeus were all destroyed. The location and ultimate fate of the Hanging Gardens are unknown, and there is speculation that they may not have existed at all. The Greek conquest of much of the known western world in the 4th century BC gave Hellenistic travellers access to the civilizations of the Egyptians, Persians, and Babylonians. Impressed and captivated by the landmarks and marvels of the various lands, these", "title": "Seven Wonders of the Ancient World" }, { "id": "13362280", "score": "1.8479481", "text": "Memnon in Egypt; the port of Rhodes (likely including the colossus); Nebuchadnezzar's Babylon (likely including hanging gardens), the famous Equestrian Statue of Domitian in Rome (destroyed in antiquity during his damnatio memorie). Paintings depicted four parts of the globe: Europe, Asia, Africa, and America; and five famous ancient temples: including Osiris and Isis in Egypt, Foo temple in China, Zeus in Olympia, Diana in Ephesus. They also depicted a city of Pegù, now Burma, an Arab Tomb, the great hall of Charlemagne, and the magic palace of the sorceress Alcina. Typical of his designs, merging art and erudition, he later", "title": "Antonio Basoli" }, { "id": "762630", "score": "1.8439753", "text": "offline. Colossus of Rhodes The Colossus of Rhodes () was a statue of the Greek sun-god Helios, erected in the city of Rhodes, on the Greek island of the same name, by Chares of Lindos in 280 BC. One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, it was constructed to celebrate Rhodes' victory over the ruler of Cyprus, Antigonus I Monophthalmus, whose son Demetrius I of Macedon unsuccessfully besieged Rhodes in 305 BC. According to most contemporary descriptions, the Colossus stood approximately 70 cubits, or high—the approximate height of the modern Statue of Liberty from feet to crown—making it", "title": "Colossus of Rhodes" }, { "id": "762628", "score": "1.8254787", "text": "ruins of a large temple, traditionally thought to have been dedicated to Apollo, are situated at the highest point of the hill. Vedder believes that the structure would actually have been a Helios sanctuary, and a portion of its enormous stone foundation could have served as the supporting platform for the Colossus. In 2008, \"The Guardian\" reported that a modern Colossus was to be built at the harbour entrance by German artist Gert Hof leading a Cologne-based team. It was to be a giant light sculpture made partially out of melted-down weapons from around the world. It would cost up", "title": "Colossus of Rhodes" }, { "id": "762613", "score": "1.8207543", "text": "Colossus of Rhodes The Colossus of Rhodes () was a statue of the Greek sun-god Helios, erected in the city of Rhodes, on the Greek island of the same name, by Chares of Lindos in 280 BC. One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, it was constructed to celebrate Rhodes' victory over the ruler of Cyprus, Antigonus I Monophthalmus, whose son Demetrius I of Macedon unsuccessfully besieged Rhodes in 305 BC. According to most contemporary descriptions, the Colossus stood approximately 70 cubits, or high—the approximate height of the modern Statue of Liberty from feet to crown—making it the", "title": "Colossus of Rhodes" }, { "id": "7064302", "score": "1.8096468", "text": "“archaic smile.” It is shown to be about 300 feet high (nearly three times the height of its historical counterpart) holding a bowl at chest level with elbows raised outward, straddling each side of the harbor entrance. It is also revealed to be a hollow metal sculpture, much on the same order as the Statue of Liberty, with several interesting features: an interior spiral staircase leading to a second set of stairs at the head of the statue; a chain system that runs practically the height of the statue, which controls sliding doors to a dungeon; permanent openings at the", "title": "The Colossus of Rhodes (film)" }, { "id": "765819", "score": "1.7993273", "text": "trees on the top of the terraces – a stunning artistic effect that surpassed those of his predecessors. Hanging Gardens of Babylon The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World as listed by Hellenic culture, described as a remarkable feat of engineering with an ascending series of tiered gardens containing a wide variety of trees, shrubs, and vines, resembling a large green mountain constructed of mud bricks, and said to have been built in the ancient city of Babylon, near present-day Hillah, Babil province, in Iraq. Its name is derived from the Greek", "title": "Hanging Gardens of Babylon" }, { "id": "762614", "score": "1.7868499", "text": "tallest statue of the ancient world. It collapsed during the earthquake of 226 BC; although parts of it were preserved, it was never rebuilt. As of 2015, there are tentative plans to build a new Colossus at Rhodes Harbour, although the actual location of the original remains in dispute. In the late 4th century BC, Rhodes, allied with Ptolemy I of Egypt, prevented a mass invasion staged by their common enemy, Antigonus I Monophthalmus. In 304 BC a relief force of ships sent by Ptolemy arrived, and Demetrius (son of Antigonus) and his army abandoned the siege, leaving behind most", "title": "Colossus of Rhodes" }, { "id": "4009596", "score": "1.7801225", "text": "Spinther on the Capitoline Hill, in 57 BC (Pliny, \"Natural History\" XXXIV.18). The Colossus of Rhodes is one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and was considered Chares's greatest accomplishment, until its destruction in an earthquake in 226 BC. It is believed that Chares did not live to see his project finished. There are several legends stating that he committed suicide. In one tale he had almost finished the statue when someone pointed out a small flaw in the construction. The sculptor was so ashamed of it he killed himself. In another version, the Rhodians asked Chares how", "title": "Chares of Lindos" }, { "id": "765804", "score": "1.7718735", "text": "Hanging Gardens of Babylon The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World as listed by Hellenic culture, described as a remarkable feat of engineering with an ascending series of tiered gardens containing a wide variety of trees, shrubs, and vines, resembling a large green mountain constructed of mud bricks, and said to have been built in the ancient city of Babylon, near present-day Hillah, Babil province, in Iraq. Its name is derived from the Greek word \"kremastós\" (κρεμαστός, lit. \"overhanging\"), which has a broader meaning than the modern English word \"hanging\" and refers", "title": "Hanging Gardens of Babylon" }, { "id": "20533754", "score": "1.7588449", "text": "bronze, and showing the same tripod structure with the statue supported by a piece of drapery. The painting is named after its subject, the Colossus of Rhodes, a statue of the Greek titan-god of the sun Helios that was erected in the city of Rhodes by Chares of Lindos in 280 BC. The perspective is from below the statue's base, suggesting that the location of the viewer is set in a boat approaching the city, and emphasising the statue's massive size and height. A piece of drapery hangs around the waist of Helios and from his left arm, falling down", "title": "The Colossus of Rhodes (Dalí)" }, { "id": "765806", "score": "1.7399917", "text": "the 9th century BC, and they have been called the \"Hanging Gardens of Semiramis\" as an alternate name. The Hanging Gardens are the only one of the Seven Wonders for which the location has not been definitively established. There are no extant Babylonian texts that mention the gardens, and no definitive archaeological evidence has been found in Babylon. Three theories have been suggested to account for this. One: that they were purely mythical, and the descriptions found in ancient Greek and Roman writers including Strabo, Diodorus Siculus and Quintus Curtius Rufus represent a romantic ideal of an eastern garden. Two:", "title": "Hanging Gardens of Babylon" }, { "id": "11346166", "score": "1.7376271", "text": "BC, towards the end of the Peloponnesian War, three of the island's ancient cities merged to build an entirely new one - the city of Rhodes - on a site in the Ialysia region of the island. Admired for its beauty and luxury, the city flourished. After weathering a siege by Demetrios Poliorketes (the besieger) in 305-303 BC, Rhodes rallied and built the Colossus of Rhodes, a massive statue of the sun god Helios, to whom Rhodes is linked in Greek mythology. The Colossus is known as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Following the great earthquake", "title": "Acropolis of Rhodes" }, { "id": "8487166", "score": "1.7361729", "text": "any Hellenistic kingdom was Rhodes. After holding out for one year under siege by Demetrius Poliorcetes (305–304 BCE), the Rhodians built the Colossus of Rhodes to commemorate their victory. With a height of 32 meters, it was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Progress in bronze casting made it possible for the Greeks to create large works. Many of the large bronze statues were lost – with the majority being melted to recover the material. Discovered in Rome in 1506 and seen immediately by Michelangelo, beginning its huge influence on Renaissance and Baroque art. Laocoön, strangled by", "title": "Hellenistic art" }, { "id": "20533752", "score": "1.7330339", "text": "Walls of Babylon\", and two versions of the same wonder, \"The Lighthouse of Alexandria\" and \"Lighthouse of Alexandria\". In 1955 he also executed a similar copy, \"Walls of Babylon\", and painted the last wonder, with \"The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus\". The paintings for the film were made, yet went unused. Dalí's rendering of the Colossus is heavily influenced by a 1953 paper by Herbert Maryon, a sculptor and British Museum conservator particularly known for his reconstruction of the Sutton Hoo helmet. On 3 December 1953 he presented a paper to the Society of Antiquaries of London, also entitled \"The Colossus of", "title": "The Colossus of Rhodes (Dalí)" }, { "id": "762629", "score": "1.7273691", "text": "to €200 million. In December 2015, a group of European architects announced plans to build a modern Colossus bestriding two piers at the harbour entrance, despite a preponderance of evidence and scholarly opinion that the original monument could not have stood there. The new statue, tall (five times the height of the original) would cost an estimated US$283 million, funded by private donations and crowdsourcing. The statue would include a cultural centre, a library, an exhibition hall, and a lighthouse, all powered by solar panels. , no such plans have been carried out and the website for the project is", "title": "Colossus of Rhodes" }, { "id": "7968509", "score": "1.7194641", "text": "of the novel is lightened by Kavaros' entertaining, pointed and improbable tales of his supposedly superhuman ancestor Gargantuos (presumably de Camp's nod to the giant Gargantua, a character in the works of François Rabelais). The planning and building of the Colossus in commemoration of the city's successful defense occupies the closing portion of the book. De Camp brings in numerous other historical personages of the era, notably Chares' sculpting mentor Lyssipos of Sikyon, the mathematician Eukleidēs, Babylonian historian Berossos (initially as a member of the sculptor's catapult crew), Rhodes's antagonists Demetrios Poliorketes and Antigonus, Egyptian historian Manethos, Egyptian king Ptolemaios,", "title": "The Bronze God of Rhodes" }, { "id": "784371", "score": "1.7176968", "text": "podium and the roof: statues of people, lions, horses, and other animals in varying scales. The four Greek sculptors who carved the statues: Bryaxis, Leochares, Scopas and Timotheus were each responsible for one side. Because the statues were of people and animals, the Mausoleum holds a special place in history, as it was not dedicated to the gods of Ancient Greece. Today, the massive castle of the Knights Hospitaller (Knights of St. John) still stands in Bodrum, and the polished stone and marble blocks of the Mausoleum can be spotted built into the walls of the structure. At the site", "title": "Mausoleum at Halicarnassus" }, { "id": "7064296", "score": "1.712043", "text": "with Phoenicia, which would be hostile to Greece. Darios flirts with the beautiful Diala (Lea Massari), daughter of the statue's mastermind, Carete (Félix Fernández), while becoming involved with a group of rebels headed by Peliocles (Georges Marchal). These rebels seek to overthrow Rhodes' tyrannical king Serse (Roberto Camardiel); but so does Serse's evil second-in-command, Thar (Conrado San Martín). He has Phoenician soldiers smuggled into Rhodes as slaves, and his men occupy the Colossus to secure safe entrance for the Phoenician fleet. The rebels learn of this plan and decide to apply to the Greeks for help; Darios, who is forbidden", "title": "The Colossus of Rhodes (film)" }, { "id": "762621", "score": "1.7117038", "text": "to a Jew possibly originated as a powerful metaphor for Nebuchadnezzar's dream of the destruction of a great statue. The same story is recorded by Bar Hebraeus, writing in Syriac in the 13th century in Edessa: (after the Arab pillage of Rhodes) \"And a great number of men hauled on strong ropes which were tied round the brass Colossus which was in the city and pulled it down. And they weighed from it three thousand loads of Corinthian brass, and they sold it to a certain Jew from Emesa\" (the Syrian city of Homs). Theophanes is the sole source of", "title": "Colossus of Rhodes" } ]

[ "Paper manufacturing", "paper manufacturing", "Paper Mill", "papermill", "paper mills", "history of paper mills", "Paper mills", "Papermill", "paper mill", "Paper mill", "Pulp and paper mill", "History of paper mills", "pulp and paper mill" ]

[ { "id": "18009038", "score": "1.6001083", "text": "school in York. York Medical Society was founded in 1834; the Medical School in fact was founded formally in 1838, and then lasted for about three decades. In 1840 Tate became master of the mathematical and scientific department at the Battersea teacher training college; this was a private venture founded in 1839–40 by James Kay-Shuttleworth. Kay-Shuttleworth recruited Tate and two Scots, William Horne and Walter McLeod, to launch what was a new initiative in training, and textbook writing. Tate went on to write educational works on mathematics, mechanics, drawing, and natural science. His \"Principles of Geometry, Mensuration, Trigonometry, Land Surveying,", "title": "Thomas Tate (mathematician)" }, { "id": "2149809", "score": "1.5244842", "text": "Henry Tate Sir Henry Tate, 1st Baronet (11 March 18195 December 1899) was an English sugar merchant and philanthropist, noted for establishing the Tate Gallery in London. Born in the hamlet of White Coppice, near Chorley, Lancashire, Tate was the son of a Unitarian clergyman, the Reverend William Tate, and his wife Agnes Booth. When he was 13, he became a grocer's apprentice in Liverpool. After a seven-year apprenticeship, he was able to set up his own shop. His business was successful, and grew to a chain of six stores by the time he was 35. In 1859 Tate became", "title": "Henry Tate" }, { "id": "2149803", "score": "1.5244842", "text": "Henry Tate Sir Henry Tate, 1st Baronet (11 March 18195 December 1899) was an English sugar merchant and philanthropist, noted for establishing the Tate Gallery in London. Born in the hamlet of White Coppice, near Chorley, Lancashire, Tate was the son of a Unitarian clergyman, the Reverend William Tate, and his wife Agnes Booth. When he was 13, he became a grocer's apprentice in Liverpool. After a seven-year apprenticeship, he was able to set up his own shop. His business was successful, and grew to a chain of six stores by the time he was 35. In 1859 Tate became", "title": "Henry Tate" }, { "id": "2149806", "score": "1.5130129", "text": "library of Manchester College, founded in Manchester in 1786 as a dissenting academy to provide religious nonconformists with higher education. He also gave the College (which had retained its name during moves to York, London and finally Oxford), £5,000 to promote the ‘theory and art of preaching’. In addition he gave £20,000 to the (homoeopathic) Hahnemann Hospital in Liverpool in 1885. He particularly supported health and education with his money. He gave £42,500 for Liverpool University, £3,500 for Bedford College for Women, and £5,000 for building a free library in Streatham; additional provisions were made for libraries in Balham, South", "title": "Henry Tate" }, { "id": "2149805", "score": "1.5052606", "text": "opposite his Thames Refinery, a bar and dance hall for their recreation. Tate rapidly became a millionaire and donated generously to charity. In 1889 he donated his collection of 65 contemporary paintings to the government, on the condition that they be displayed in a suitable gallery, toward the construction of which he also donated £80,000. The National Gallery of British Art, nowadays known as Tate Britain, was opened on 21 July 1897, on the site of the old Millbank Prison. Tate made many donations, often anonymously and always discreetly. He supported \"alternative\" and non-establishment causes. There was £10,000 for the", "title": "Henry Tate" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Records of members of parliament of the United Kingdom\n\nThis article about records of members of parliament of the United Kingdom and of England includes a variety of lists of MPs by age, period and other circumstances of service, familiar sets, ethnic or religious minorities, physical attributes, and circumstances of their deaths.", "title": "Records of members of parliament of the United Kingdom" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Dean and Canons of Windsor\n\nThe Dean and Canons of Windsor are the ecclesiastical body of St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle.", "title": "Dean and Canons of Windsor" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:WikiProject England/WatchAll" }, { "id": "634066", "score": "1.4968191", "text": "and Archbishop of Canterbury from 1375–81, introduced the Poll Tax in Sudbury in the 1300s and the subsequent Peasants' Revolt in Essex in May 1381 was led by Wat Tyler. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, from Suffolk, qualified as Britain's first female doctor in 1865, and was the granddaughter of Richard Garrett, whose company produced some of the first steam-powered road vehicles. On 3 October 1959 postcodes were introduced in the UK at Norwich only; Norwich was the first main town in the UK to be pedestrianised in 1967. The Access credit card was introduced in October 1972 from Southend. King's Lynn", "title": "East of England" }, { "id": "754951", "score": "1.4917296", "text": "on Millbank, Pimlico, London at the site of the former Millbank Prison. The idea of a National Gallery of British Art was first proposed in the 1820s by Sir John Leicester, Baron de Tabley. It took a step nearer when Robert Vernon gave his collection to the National Gallery in 1847. A decade later John Sheepshanks gave his collection to the South Kensington Museum (later the Victoria & Albert Museum), known for years as the National Gallery of Art (the same title as the Tate Gallery had). Forty years later Sir Henry Tate who was a sugar magnate and a", "title": "Tate" }, { "id": "12205299", "score": "1.490036", "text": "Tate Britain Tate Britain (known from 1897 to 1932 as the National Gallery of British Art and from 1932 to 2000 as the Tate Gallery) is an art museum on Millbank in the City of Westminster in London. It is part of the Tate network of galleries in England, with Tate Modern, Tate Liverpool and Tate St Ives. It is the oldest gallery in the network, having opened in 1897. It houses a substantial collection of the art of the United Kingdom since Tudor times, and in particular has large holdings of the works of J. M. W. Turner, who", "title": "Tate Britain" }, { "id": "1573406", "score": "1.4839854", "text": "by members of the Merchant Taylors' Company. Sir John Percival (Master of the Company in 1485, Lord Mayor of London in 1498) established a grammar school at Macclesfield in 1502, while in 1508 his widow founded one at St. Mary's Wike in Cornwall (which moved to Launceston shortly thereafter). Also in 1508, Sir Steven Jenyns (Master in 1490, Lord Mayor in 1508) founded Wolverhampton Grammar School, which still maintains strong links with the Company. The first Head Master, Richard Mulcaster, took up his post in 1561. His educational philosophy is embodied in two books, \"The Positions\" (1581) and \"The Elementarie\"", "title": "Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood" }, { "id": "2149804", "score": "1.4830841", "text": "a partner in John Wright & Co. sugar refinery, selling his grocery business in 1861. By 1869, he had gained complete control of the company, and renamed it as Henry Tate & Sons. In 1872, he purchased the patent from German Eugen Langen for making sugar cubes, and in the same year built a new refinery in Liverpool. In 1877 he opened a refinery at Silvertown, London, which remains in production. At the time, much of Silvertown was still marshland. Tate was a modest rather retiring man, well known for his concern with workers’ conditions. He built the Tate Institute", "title": "Henry Tate" }, { "id": "4436474", "score": "1.4799566", "text": "from the board, and retired from the company. The company was formed in 1921 from a merger of two rival sugar refiners: \"Henry Tate & Sons\" and \"Abram Lyle & Sons\". Henry Tate established his business in 1869 in Liverpool, later expanding to Silvertown in East London. He used his industrial fortune to found the Tate Institute in Silvertown in 1887 and the Tate Gallery in Pimlico, Central London in 1897. He endowed the gallery with his own collection of Pre-Raphaelite paintings. Abram Lyle, a cooper and shipowner, acquired an interest in a sugar refinery in 1865 in Greenock and", "title": "Tate & Lyle" }, { "id": "19200590", "score": "1.4595962", "text": "in 1497. He was a generous benefactor to St. Anthony's Hospital, St Benet Fink in the City of London in which connection John Stow in his \"Survey of London\" (1598) wrote of him as follows: He had married Magdalen and had 3 sons, of which the youngest, Bartholomew, was made his heir. John Tate (Lord Mayor of London) Sir John Tate (died 1515) was twice Lord Mayor of London and a Member of Parliament. He was born the son of Thomas Tate of Coventry and became a mercer of the City of London, initially apprenticed to his uncle, John Tate,", "title": "John Tate (Lord Mayor of London)" }, { "id": "15237459", "score": "1.4554898", "text": "by the time he was 35. In 1859 Tate became a partner in John Wright & Co. sugar refinery, selling his grocery business in 1861. By 1869, he had gained complete control of the company, and renamed it to Henry Tate & Sons. In 1872, he purchased the patent from German Eugen Langen on a method of making sugar cubes, and in the same year built a new refinery in Liverpool. Tate rapidly became a millionaire, and donated generously to charity. In addition to his donations which eventually gave rise to the Tate Gallery, his anonymous and discreet gifts included", "title": "Streatham Library" }, { "id": "19198418", "score": "1.4543326", "text": "the year 1447. The outward work of this new church was finished in the year 1501, the said John Tate deceased about the year 1514, and was there buried in a monument by him prepared, as appeareth by an indenture tripartite made between the said John Tate, the Deane of Windsor, and William Milbourn, chamberlaine.\" (Stow, 1st edition, p. 145). Thom's editorial comment: Pigs have long been placed under the protection of St. Anthony. \"The bristled hogges doth Anthonie preserve and cherish well,\" says Barnabe Googe in The Popish Kingdom, fol. 95. And in The World of Wonders is the", "title": "St. Anthony's Hospital, St Benet Fink" }, { "id": "19200589", "score": "1.447886", "text": "John Tate (Lord Mayor of London) Sir John Tate (died 1515) was twice Lord Mayor of London and a Member of Parliament. He was born the son of Thomas Tate of Coventry and became a mercer of the City of London, initially apprenticed to his uncle, John Tate, a former (1473) Mayor of London. John Tate junior was made an Alderman of London in 1463, appointed Sheriff of London for 1485 and elected Lord Mayor for 1496-97 and 1514–15. He was twice elected, in 1504 and 1510, as a Member of Parliament for the City of London. He was knighted", "title": "John Tate (Lord Mayor of London)" }, { "id": "18008909", "score": "1.4402938", "text": "Northumberland and Durham\". He was the first to record marks of ice action on rocks in Northumberland. Tate formed a museum, rich in fossils collected in the course of his investigations in the carboniferous and mountain limestone formations. His name was given to three species by Thomas Rupert Jones: \"Estheria striata\" var. Tateana, \"Candona tateana\", and \"Beyrichia tatei\" (\"Bernix tatei\"). Tate married, in 1832, Ann Horsley, also of Alnwick, who died on 21 December 1847. Two sons and three daughters survived him. Attribution George Tate (topographer) George Tate (21 May 1805 – 7 June 1871) was an English tradesman from", "title": "George Tate (topographer)" }, { "id": "12205300", "score": "1.435524", "text": "bequeathed all his own collection to the nation. It is one of the largest museums in the country. The gallery is situated on Millbank, on the site of the former Millbank Prison. Construction, undertaken by Higgs and Hill, commenced in 1893, and the gallery opened on 21 July 1897 as the National Gallery of British Art. However, from the start it was commonly known as the Tate Gallery, after its founder Sir Henry Tate, and in 1932 it officially adopted that name. Before 2000, the gallery housed and displayed both British and modern collections, but the launch of Tate Modern", "title": "Tate Britain" }, { "id": "4035434", "score": "1.4344788", "text": "the Yorkists seem to have ended up fighting each other, the Lancastrians won the battle. The Kingmaker was captured and executed, and Edward's authority was never again seriously challenged. England's oldest surviving pub is in Hertfordshire and dates to this period. Ye Olde Fighting Cocks, which is in St Albans, was rebuilt in 1485. Some of the foundation stones are even older, allegedly going back to the 8th century. One of the first three printing presses in England was in St Albans. England's first paper mill, which was the property of John Tate, stood in Hertford opposite today's County Hospital", "title": "History of Hertfordshire" }, { "id": "6419676", "score": "1.4302676", "text": "the piazza bearing its name, it still exists. The first institution was started in 1361 by the Bishop of London, Michael Northburgh, who left 1,000 marks of silver for the establishment of a bank that should lend money on pawned objects, without interest, providing that the expenses of the institution be defrayed from its foundation capital. He had the monies deposited in a chest in the body of St Paul's and directed that if in any case at the end of the year the sums borrowed were not repaid, then the preacher at Paul's Cross should in his sermon declare", "title": "Mount of piety" }, { "id": "185537", "score": "1.4275806", "text": "Broadwater, Cashio, Edwinstree, Hertford, Hitchin and Odsey. The first shooting-down of a zeppelin over Great Britain during WW1 happened in Cuffley. As London grew, Hertfordshire became conveniently close to the English capital; much of the area was owned by the nobility and aristocracy, this patronage helped to boost the local economy. However, the greatest boost to Hertfordshire came during the Industrial Revolution, after which the population rose dramatically. In 1903, Letchworth became the world's first garden city and Stevenage became the first town to redevelop under the New Towns Act 1946. From the 1920s until the late 1980s, the town", "title": "Hertfordshire" } ]

[ "euripedes", "Euripides", "εὐριπίδης", "Εὐριπίδης", "Eurypides", "Euripedes", "euripides", "eurypides" ]

[ { "id": "3725820", "score": "1.7905178", "text": "Iphigenia in Tauris Iphigenia in Tauris (, \"Iphigeneia en Taurois\") is a drama by the playwright Euripides, written between 414 BC and 412 BC. It has much in common with another of Euripides's plays, \"Helen\", as well as the lost play \"Andromeda\", and is often described as a romance, a melodrama, a tragi-comedy or an escape play. Although the play is generally known in English as \"Iphigenia in Tauris\", this is, strictly speaking, the Latin title of the play (corresponding to the Greek Ἰφιγένεια ἐν Ταύροις), the meaning of which is Iphigenia among the Taurians. There is no such place", "title": "Iphigenia in Tauris" }, { "id": "3725837", "score": "1.7751195", "text": "escape plan attempted in \"Thesmophoriazusae\" as well. Wall painting at House of the Citharist, Pompeii (pre-79 AD.) Roman relief carving around stone column discovered in Fittleworth, West Sussex (1st century AD.) Iphigenia in Tauris Iphigenia in Tauris (, \"Iphigeneia en Taurois\") is a drama by the playwright Euripides, written between 414 BC and 412 BC. It has much in common with another of Euripides's plays, \"Helen\", as well as the lost play \"Andromeda\", and is often described as a romance, a melodrama, a tragi-comedy or an escape play. Although the play is generally known in English as \"Iphigenia in Tauris\",", "title": "Iphigenia in Tauris" }, { "id": "3725836", "score": "1.7639971", "text": "of escape plot may have been particularly relevant in 412 at the first Dionysia after Athens' failed Sicilian Expedition. Also, other than this play and the two plays known to date to 412, we do not know of any such escape plays by Euripides; if he produced two that year, why not three, which might make a particularly strong impression if the escape theme was one Euripides wished to emphasize that year. Finally, Aristophanes overtly parodied \"Helen\" and \"Andromeda\" in his comedy \"Thesmophoriazusae\", produced in 411, and Wright sees a more subtle parody of \"Iphigenia in Tauris\" in the final", "title": "Iphigenia in Tauris" }, { "id": "3723676", "score": "1.7533672", "text": "Theatre Company, New York City, and was described in the \"New York Times\" review as a \"proudly unfaithful and rather tedious version of Euripides' \"Iphigenia at Aulis.\" \" Greek director Yorgos Lanthimos based his 2017 film \"The Killing Of A Sacred Deer\" loosely on the story of Agamemnon. Iphigenia in Aulis Iphigenia in Aulis or at Aulis (, \"Iphigeneia en Aulidi\"; variously translated, including the Latin \"Iphigenia in Aulide\") is the last of the extant works by the playwright Euripides. Written between 408, after \"Orestes\", and 406 BC, the year of Euripides' death, the play was first produced the following", "title": "Iphigenia in Aulis" }, { "id": "3725834", "score": "1.7526734", "text": "be angry. She addresses Iphigenia, telling her to be priestess at the sacred terraces of Brauron, and she tells Orestes that she is saving him again. Thoas heeds Athena’s words, because whoever hears the words of the gods and heeds them not is out of his mind. The exact date of \"Iphigenia in Tauris\" is unknown. Metrical analysis by Zielinski indicated a date between 414 and 413 BCE, but later analysis by Martin Cropp and Gordon Fick using more sophisticated statistical techniques indicated a wider range of 416 to 412 BCE. The plot of \"Iphigenia in Tauris\" is similar to", "title": "Iphigenia in Tauris" }, { "id": "3725835", "score": "1.7480447", "text": "that of Euripides' \"Helen\" and \"Andromeda\", both of which are known to have been first performed in 412. This has often been taken as a reason to reject 412 as the date for \"Iphigenia in Tauris\", since that would mean three similar plays would have been performed in the same trilogy. However, Matthew Wright believes the plot and other stylistic similarities between the three plays indicates that they most likely were produced as part of the same trilogy in 412. Among Wright's reasons are the fact that although the plots are similar they are not identical, and that this type", "title": "Iphigenia in Tauris" }, { "id": "5971042", "score": "1.7299087", "text": "Iphigenia in Tauris (Goethe) Iphigenia in Tauris () is a reworking by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe of the ancient Greek tragedy Ἰφιγένεια ἐν Ταύροις (\"Iphigeneia en Taurois\") by Euripides. Euripides' title means \"Iphigenia among the Taurians\", whereas Goethe's title means \"Iphigenia in Taurica\", the country of the Tauri. Goethe wrote the first version of his play in six weeks, and it was first performed on April 6, 1779, in prose form. He rewrote it in 1781, again in prose, and finally in 1786 in verse form. He took the manuscript of \"Iphigenia in Tauris\" with him on his famous \"Italian", "title": "Iphigenia in Tauris (Goethe)" }, { "id": "3723664", "score": "1.7216135", "text": "Iphigenia in Aulis Iphigenia in Aulis or at Aulis (, \"Iphigeneia en Aulidi\"; variously translated, including the Latin \"Iphigenia in Aulide\") is the last of the extant works by the playwright Euripides. Written between 408, after \"Orestes\", and 406 BC, the year of Euripides' death, the play was first produced the following year in a trilogy with \"The Bacchae\" and \"Alcmaeon in Corinth\" by his son or nephew, Euripides the Younger, and won the first place at the Athenian city Dionysia. The play revolves around Agamemnon, the leader of the Greek coalition before and during the Trojan War, and his", "title": "Iphigenia in Aulis" }, { "id": "3629841", "score": "1.7185858", "text": "Euripides in tragedy; Aristophanes in comedy). From Euripides, the \"Hippolytus\" and \"The Bacchae\" (together with \"The Frogs\" of Aristophanes; first edition, 1902); the \"Medea\", \"Trojan Women\", and \"Electra\" (1905–1907); \"Iphigenia in Tauris\" (1910); \"The Rhesus\" (1913) were presented at the Court Theatre, in London. In the United States Granville Barker and his wife Lillah McCarthy gave outdoor performances of \"The Trojan Women\" and \"Iphigenia in Tauris\" at various colleges (1915). The translation of \"Œdipus Rex\" was a commission from W. B. Yeats. Until 1912 this could not have been staged for a British audience. Murray was drawn into the public", "title": "Gilbert Murray" }, { "id": "2671056", "score": "1.7157584", "text": "with tendencies to obscurity. Athenaeus also claimed that Euripides took a line from Achaeus, while Aristophanes quotes him twice, in \"The Frogs\" and \"The Wasps\". Achaeus of Eretria Achaeus of Eretria (; born 484 BC in Euboea) was a Greek playwright author of tragedies and satyr plays, variously said to have written 24, 30, or 44 plays, of which 19 titles are known: \"Adrastus\", \"Aethon\", \"Alcmeon\", \"Alphesiboea\", \"Athla\", \"Azanes\", \"Cycnus\", \"Eumenides\", \"Hephaestus\", \"Iris\", \"Linus\", \"Moirai\" (Fates), \"Momus\", \"Oedipus\", \"Omphale\", \"Philoctetes\", \"Phrixus\", \"Pirithous\", and \"Theseus\". Achaeus of Eretria was regarded in antiquity as being the 2nd greatest writer of satyr plays,", "title": "Achaeus of Eretria" }, { "id": "3723673", "score": "1.7113199", "text": "Girolamo Abos (1752), Giuseppe Sarti (1777), Angelo Tarchi (1785), and Giuseppe Giordani (1786). Other libretti include \"Ifigenia\" by Matteo Verazi (set by Niccolò Jommelli, 1751), that of Vittorio Amadeo Cigna-Santi (set by Ferdinando Bertoni, 1762 and Carlo Franchi, 1766), that of Luigi Serio (set by Vicente Martín y Soler, 1779 and Alessio Prati, 1784), and that of Ferdinando Moretti (set by Niccolò Antonio Zingarelli, 1787 and Luigi Cherubini, 1788). However, the best-known opera today is Christoph Willibald Gluck's \"Iphigénie en Aulide\" (1774). \"Iphigenia in Aulis\" has had a significant influence on modern art. Greek director Mihalis Kakogiannis based his 1977", "title": "Iphigenia in Aulis" }, { "id": "14006", "score": "1.7105236", "text": "lived to the age of 106 and 5 months, and that he died on the stage while being crowned victor. He was certainly alive after 345 BC, for Aeschines mentions him as alive in that year. He was also living at least as late as 288 BC, from which his birth date is calculated. According to the \"Suda\" he wrote 245 comedies, of which only fragments including some 130 titles survive. His plays include \"Meropis\", \"Ankylion\", \"Olympiodoros\", \"Parasitos\" (exhibited in 360 BC, in which he ridiculed Plato), \"Agonis\" (in which he ridiculed Misgolas), and the \"Adelphoi\" and the \"Stratiotes\", in", "title": "Alexis (poet)" }, { "id": "2720967", "score": "1.7063701", "text": "award record for most wins for the same female lead character, with Judith Anderson winning in 1948, Zoe Caldwell in 1982, and Diana Rigg in 1994. \"Medea\" was first performed in 431 BC at the City Dionysia festival. Here every year three playwrights competed against each other, each writing a tetralogy of three tragedies and a satyr play (alongside \"Medea\" were \"Philoctetes\", \"Dictys\" and the satyr play \"Theristai\"). In 431 the competition was among Euphorion (the son of famed playwright Aeschylus), Sophocles (Euripides' main rival) and Euripides. Euphorion won, and Euripides placed last. While \"Medea\" is considered one of the", "title": "Medea (play)" }, { "id": "1362979", "score": "1.6973923", "text": "of Verona during the Festival Verona 1988. During this period, he also wrote the five volumes of his autobiography: \"The Ways of the Archangel\" (\"\"). In 1989, he started the \"fifth period\", the last, of his musical writing: He composed three operas (lyric tragedies) \"Medea\", first performed in Bilbao (1 October 1991), \"Elektra\", first performed in Luxembourg (2 May 1995) and \"Antigone\", first performed in Athens' Megaron Moussikis (7 October 1999). This trilogy was complemented by his last opera \"Lysistrata\", first performed in Athens (14 April 2002): a call for peace... With his operas, and with his song cycles from", "title": "Mikis Theodorakis" }, { "id": "2671054", "score": "1.6892898", "text": "Achaeus of Eretria Achaeus of Eretria (; born 484 BC in Euboea) was a Greek playwright author of tragedies and satyr plays, variously said to have written 24, 30, or 44 plays, of which 19 titles are known: \"Adrastus\", \"Aethon\", \"Alcmeon\", \"Alphesiboea\", \"Athla\", \"Azanes\", \"Cycnus\", \"Eumenides\", \"Hephaestus\", \"Iris\", \"Linus\", \"Moirai\" (Fates), \"Momus\", \"Oedipus\", \"Omphale\", \"Philoctetes\", \"Phrixus\", \"Pirithous\", and \"Theseus\". Achaeus of Eretria was regarded in antiquity as being the 2nd greatest writer of satyr plays, after Aeschylus. Achaeus' first play was produced in 447 and won a prize. A quote in Aristophanes' \"The Frogs\" suggests he was dead by 405.", "title": "Achaeus of Eretria" }, { "id": "17257557", "score": "1.6781662", "text": "Halys river where Lydian and Bactrian girls perform sacred music for Artemis as the goddess of Mount Tmolus. Diogenes of Athens (tragedian) Diogenes of Athens () was a writer of Greek tragedy in the late 5th or early 4th century BC. His works are listed by the Suda as \"Semele\", \"Achilles, Helen, Herakles, Thyestes, Medea, Oedipus,\" and \"Chrysippus\". He was either born or flourished at the time of the Thirty Tyrants and the suppression of Athenian democracy, around 404–403 BC. This Diogenes is sometimes confused with Diogenes of Sinope, to whom a similar list of tragedies is attributed by Diogenes", "title": "Diogenes of Athens (tragedian)" }, { "id": "20051313", "score": "1.6726968", "text": "MA in playwriting four years later from the University of California, Santa Barbara where she also received her doctorate in 1978. Between 1980 and 2010, Sorgenfrei was a professor at UCLA, where she served as both a scholar and creative artist. She wrote plays, which reflected her interest in relationships between contemporary Japanese and Western theatre. In 1975, she wrote \"Medea: A Noh Cycle Based on Greek Myth\", which served as a hybrid envisioning of Euripides' \"Medea\" in the style of a Westernized, Japanese Noh. She incorporated kabuki and Greek theatre in \"Fireplay: The Legend of Prometheus\", which her professor", "title": "Carol Fischer Sorgenfrei" }, { "id": "1375278", "score": "1.6708016", "text": "was also a professor of classical literature who specialized in Greek tragedy. In 1887–1894 Composer Sergei Taneyev adapted the trilogy into his own operatic trilogy of the same name, which was premiered in 1895.In 1965-66 Composer Iannis Xenakis adapted vocal work for chorus and 12 instrumentsIn 1967 composer Felix Werder adapted the first play of the trilogy into an opera entitled \"Agamemnon\". Oresteia The Oresteia () is a trilogy of Greek tragedies written by Aeschylus in the 5th century BC, concerning the murder of Agamemnon by Clytemnestra, the murder of Clytemnestra by Orestes, the trial of Orestes, the end of", "title": "Oresteia" }, { "id": "21176", "score": "1.6696048", "text": "any playwright still extant (save a few missing lines in several spots) is the \"Oresteia\" (458 BC), although the satyr play that originally followed it, \"Proteus\", is lost except for some fragments. The trilogy consists of \"Agamemnon\", \"The Libation Bearers\" (\"Choephoroi\"), and \"The Eumenides\". Together, these plays tell the bloody story of the family of Agamemnon, King of Argos. Aeschylus begins in Greece describing the return of King Agamemnon from his victory in the Trojan War, from the perspective of the towns people (the Chorus) and his wife, Clytemnestra. However, dark foreshadowings build to the death of the king at", "title": "Aeschylus" }, { "id": "13471470", "score": "1.6669686", "text": "which he re-narrated the death of Cassandra, the imprisonment of Electra, and the flight of Orestes. To the \"Medea\" he prefixed an original prologue and amplified the choruses. The \"Agamemnon\" and the \"Medea\" were both licensed for publication to Thomas Colwell in 1566, and the \"Hippolytus\" to Henry Denham in 1567. The \"Agamemnon\" was published in 1566 with a dedication to Sir William Cecil. Studley wrote Latin elegies on the death of Nicholas Carr, the Greek professor at Cambridge, which were printed with the professor's Latin translation of Demosthenes in 1571. In 1574 he published with additions a translation of", "title": "John Studley" } ]

[ "jawbones", "gnathic", "Jawbone", "Jaw diseases", "Jaw bone", "Jawbones", "Gnathic", "jaw bones", "jaw", "Jaw", "Human jaw", "Jaw suspension", "human jaw", "jaw suspension", "jawbone", "jaw diseases", "jaw bone", "Jaw bones" ]

[ { "id": "1450726", "score": "1.9175134", "text": "The upper areas of the cranial bones form the calvaria (skullcap). The membranous viscerocranium includes the mandible. The facial skeleton is formed by the bones supporting the face. Except for the mandible, all of the bones of the skull are joined together by sutures—synarthrodial (immovable) joints formed by bony ossification, with Sharpey's fibres permitting some flexibility. Sometimes there can be extra bone pieces within the suture known as wormian bones or \"sutural bones\". Most commonly these are found in the course of the lambdoid suture. The human skull is generally considered to consist of twenty-two bones—eight cranial bones and fourteen", "title": "Skull" }, { "id": "1450730", "score": "1.8499037", "text": "The geometry of the skull base and its fossae, the anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae changes rapidly. The anterior cranial fossa changes especially during the first trimester of pregnancy and skull defects can often develop during this time. At birth, the human skull is made up of 44 separate bony elements. During development, many of these bony elements gradually fuse together into solid bone (for example, the frontal bone). The bones of the roof of the skull are initially separated by regions of dense connective tissue called fontanelles. There are six fontanelles: one anterior (or frontal), one posterior (or", "title": "Skull" }, { "id": "2945701", "score": "1.8158937", "text": "cranium is formed from eight plate-shaped bones which fit together at meeting points (joints) called sutures. In addition there are 14 facial bones which form the lower front part of the skull. Together the 22 bones that compose the skull form additional, smaller spaces besides the cranial vault, such as the cavities for the eyes, the internal ear, the nose, and the mouth. The most important facial bones include the jaw or mandible, the upper jaw or maxilla, the zygomatic or cheek bone, and the nasal bone. Humans are born with separate plates which later fuse to allow flexibility as", "title": "Axial skeleton" }, { "id": "3125346", "score": "1.79928", "text": "for the body, and stores minerals. The number of bones in the human skeletal system is a controversial topic. Humans are born with over 300 bones; however, many bones fuse together between birth and maturity. As a result, an average adult skeleton consists of 206 bones. The number of bones varies according to the method used to derive the count. While some consider certain structures to be a single bone with multiple parts, others may see it as a single part with multiple bones. There are five general classifications of bones. These are long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular", "title": "Human musculoskeletal system" }, { "id": "4152883", "score": "1.7840097", "text": "The human head is an anatomical unit that consists of the skull, hyoid bone and cervical vertebrae. The term \"skull\" collectively denotes the mandible (lower jaw bone) and the cranium (upper portion of the skull that houses the brain). The skull can also be described as being composed of the cranium, which encloses the cranial cavity, and the facial skeleton (includes the mandible). There are eight bones in the cranium and fourteen in the facial skeleton. Sculptures of human heads are generally based on a skeletal structure that consists of a cranium, jawbone, and cheekbone. Though the number of muscles", "title": "Head" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "File:Human skull side simplified (bones).svg" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Skull\n\nThe skull is a bone protective cavity for the brain. The skull is composed of four types of bone i.e., cranial bones, facial bones, ear ossicles and hyoid bone. However two parts are more prominent: the cranium and the mandible. In humans, these two parts are the neurocranium and the viscerocranium (facial skeleton) that includes the mandible as its largest bone. The skull forms the anterior-most portion of the skeleton and is a product of cephalisation—housing the brain, and several sensory structures such as the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth. In humans these sensory structures are part of the facial skeleton.\n\nFunctions of the skull include protection of the brain, fixing the distance between the eyes to allow stereoscopic vision, and fixing the position of the ears to enable sound localisation of the direction and distance of sounds. In some animals, such as horned ungulates (mammals with hooves), the skull also has a defensive function by providing the mount (on the frontal bone) for the horns.\n\nThe English word \"skull\" is probably derived from Old Norse , while the Latin word comes from the Greek root (). The human skull fully develops two years after birth.The junctions of the skull bones are joined by structures called sutures.\n\nThe skull is made up of a number of fused flat bones, and contains many foramina, fossae, processes, and several cavities or sinuses. In zoology there are openings in the skull called fenestrae.", "title": "Skull" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Cranial kinesis\n\nCranial kinesis is the term for significant movement of skull bones relative to each other in addition to movement at the joint between the upper and lower jaw. It is usually taken to mean relative movement between the upper jaw and the braincase.\n\nMost vertebrates have some form of kinetic skull.<ref name=\"kardong\" /> Cranial kinesis, or lack thereof, is usually linked to feeding. Animals which must exert powerful bite forces, such as crocodiles, often have rigid skulls with little or no kinesis, for maximum strength. Animals which swallow large prey whole (snakes), which grip awkwardly shaped food items (parrots eating nuts), or, most often, which feed in the water via suction feeding often have very kinetic skulls, frequently with numerous mobile joints. In the case of mammals, which have akinetic skulls (except for perhaps hares), the lack of kinesis is most likely to be related to the secondary palate, which prevents relative movement.<ref name=\"kardong\" /> This in turn is a consequence of the need to be able to create a suction during suckling.\n\nAncestry also plays a role in limiting or enabling cranial kinesis. Significant cranial kinesis is rare in mammals (the human skull shows no cranial kinesis at all). Birds have varying degrees of cranial kinesis, with parrots exhibiting the greatest degree. Among reptiles, crocodilians and turtles lack cranial kinesis, while lizards possess some, often minor, degree of kinesis and snakes possessing the most exceptional cranial kinesis of any tetrapod. In amphibians, cranial kinesis varies, but has yet to be observed in frogs and is rare in salamanders. Almost all fish have highly kinetic skulls, and teleost fish have developed the most kinetic skulls of any living organism.\n\nJoints are often simple syndesmosis joints, but in some organisms, some joints may be synovial, permitting a greater range of movement.", "title": "Cranial kinesis" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Insect morphology\n\nInsect morphology is the study and description of the physical form of insects. The terminology used to describe insects is similar to that used for other arthropods due to their shared evolutionary history. Three physical features separate insects from other arthropods: they have a body divided into three regions (called tagmata) (head, thorax, and abdomen), have three pairs of legs, and mouthparts located \"outside\" of the head capsule. It is this position of the mouthparts which divides them from their closest relatives, the non-insect hexapods, which includes Protura, Diplura, and Collembola.\n\nThere is enormous variation in body structure amongst insect species. Individuals can range from 0.3 mm (fairyflies) to 30 cm across (great owlet moth); have no eyes or many; well-developed wings or none; and legs modified for running, jumping, swimming, or even digging. These modifications allow insects to occupy almost every ecological niche on the planet, except the deep ocean. This article describes the basic insect body and some of the major variations of the different body parts; in the process it defines many of the technical terms used to describe insect bodies.", "title": "Insect morphology" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Skeleton\n\nA skeleton is the structural frame that supports the body of an animal. There are several types of skeletons, including the exoskeleton, which is the stable outer shell of an organism, the endoskeleton, which forms the support structure inside the body, and the hydroskeleton, a flexible internal skeleton supported by fluid pressure. Vertebrates are animals with a vertebral column, and their skeletons are typically composed of bone and cartilage. Invertebrates are animals that lack a vertebral column. The skeletons of invertebrates vary, including hard exoskeleton shells, plated endoskeletons, or spicules. Cartilage is a rigid connective tissue that is found in the skeletal systems of vertebrates and invertebrates.", "title": "Skeleton" }, { "id": "1450727", "score": "1.7766936", "text": "facial skeleton bones. In the neurocranium these are the occipital bone, two temporal bones, two parietal bones, the sphenoid, ethmoid and frontal bones. The bones of the facial skeleton(14) are the vomer, two inferior nasal conchae, two nasal bones, two maxilla, the mandible, two palatine bones, two zygomatic bones, and two lacrimal bones. Some sources count a paired bone as one, or the maxilla as having two bones (as its parts); some sources include the hyoid bone or the three ossicles of the middle ear but the overall general consensus of the number of bones in the human skull is", "title": "Skull" }, { "id": "2945700", "score": "1.7661487", "text": "with the axial skeletons of humans; however, it is important to understand the evolutionary lineage of the axial skeleton. The human axial skeleton consists of 80 different bones. It is the medial core of the body and connects the pelvis to the body, where the appendix skeleton attaches. As the skeleton grows older the bones get weaker with the exception of the skull. The skull remains strong to protect the brain from injury. The human skull consists of the cranium and the facial bones. The cranium holds and protects the brain in a large space called the cranial vault. The", "title": "Axial skeleton" }, { "id": "48476", "score": "1.7629559", "text": "vessels and cartilage. In the human body at birth, there are over 270 bones, but many of these fuse together during development, leaving a total of 206 separate bones in the adult, not counting numerous small sesamoid bones. The largest bone in the body is the femur or thigh-bone, and the smallest is the stapes in the middle ear. The Greek word for bone is ὀστέον (\"osteon\"), hence the many terms that use it as a prefix – such as osteopathy. Bone is not uniformly solid, but consists of a flexible matrix (about 30%) and bound minerals (about 70%) which", "title": "Bone" }, { "id": "369018", "score": "1.7423278", "text": "the smallest is the stapes bone in the middle ear. In an adult, the skeleton comprises around 14% of the total body weight, and half of this weight is water. Fused bones include those of the pelvis and the cranium. Not all bones are interconnected directly: There are three bones in each middle ear called the ossicles that articulate only with each other. The hyoid bone, which is located in the neck and serves as the point of attachment for the tongue, does not articulate with any other bones in the body, being supported by muscles and ligaments. There are", "title": "Skeleton" }, { "id": "1450725", "score": "1.7404912", "text": "bones, and contains many foramina, fossae, processes, and several cavities or sinuses. In zoology there are openings in the skull called fenestrae. The human skull is the bony structure that forms the head in the human skeleton. It supports the structures of the face and forms a cavity for the brain. Like the skulls of other vertebrates, it protects the brain from injury. The skull consists of two parts, of different embryological origin—the neurocranium and the facial skeleton (also called the \"membraneous viscerocranium\"). The neurocranium (or \"braincase\") forms the protective cranial cavity that surrounds and houses the brain and brainstem.", "title": "Skull" }, { "id": "1450694", "score": "1.7391615", "text": "skeleton and other body parts, correcting some theories dating from Galen, such as the lower jaw being a single bone instead of two. Various other figures like Alessandro Achillini also contributed to the further understanding of the skeleton. Human skeleton The human skeleton is the internal framework of the body. It is composed of around 270 bones at birth – this total decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones get fused together. The bone mass in the skeleton reaches maximum density around age 21. The human skeleton can be divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular", "title": "Human skeleton" }, { "id": "8047217", "score": "1.7385753", "text": "in the tuatara (\"Sphenodon\"). The skull consists of five major bones: the frontal (top of head), parietal (back of head), premaxillary and nasal (top beak), and the mandible (bottom beak). The skull of a normal bird usually weighs about 1% of the bird's total body weight. The eye occupies a considerable amount of the skull and is surrounded by a sclerotic eye-ring, a ring of tiny bones. This characteristic is also seen in reptiles. Broadly speaking, avian skulls consist of many small, non-overlapping bones. Paedomorphosis, maintenance of the ancestral state in adults, is thought to have facilitated the evolution of", "title": "Bird anatomy" }, { "id": "1450723", "score": "1.7324305", "text": "Skull The skull is a bony structure that forms the head in vertebrates. It supports the structures of the face and provides a protective cavity for the brain. The skull is composed of two parts: the cranium and the mandible. In the human, these two parts are the neurocranium and the viscerocranium or facial skeleton that includes the mandible as its largest bone. The skull forms the anterior most portion of the skeleton and is a product of cephalisation—housing the brain, and several sensory structures such as the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth. In humans these sensory structures are part", "title": "Skull" }, { "id": "369023", "score": "1.7045438", "text": "periosteum, nerves, blood vessels and cartilage. There are 206 bones in the adult human body and 270 in an infant. During embryogenesis the precursor to bone development is cartilage. Much of this substance is then replaced by bone during the second and third trimester, after the flesh such as muscle has formed around it; forming the skeleton. Cartilage is a stiff and inflexible connective tissue found in many areas in the bodies of humans and other animals, including the joints between bones, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the elbow, the knee, the ankle, the bronchial tubes and the", "title": "Skeleton" }, { "id": "2945702", "score": "1.7029486", "text": "the skull passes through the pelvis and birth canal during birth. During development the eight separate plates of the immature bones fuse together into one single structure known as the Skull. The only bone that remains separate from the rest of the skull is the mandible.<ref name=\"Inner Body/Skull\"></ref> The rib cage is composed of 12 pairs of ribs plus the sternum for a total of 25 separate bones. The rib cage functions as protection for the vital organs such as the heart and lungs. The ribs are shaped like crescents, with one end flattened and the other end rounded. The", "title": "Axial skeleton" }, { "id": "5946323", "score": "1.6978109", "text": "to the neurocranium, while fractures of the facial portion of the skull are \"facial fractures\", or if the jaw is fractured, a \"mandibular fracture\". The eight cranial bones are separated by sutures : one frontal bone, two parietal bones, two temporal bones, one occipital bone, one sphenoid bone, and one ethmoid bone. The bones of the skull are in three layers: the hard compact layer of the external table (\"lamina externa\"), the diploë (a spongy layer of red bone marrow in the middle, and the compact layer of the inner table (\"Lamina interna\"). Skull thickness is variable, depending on location.", "title": "Skull fracture" }, { "id": "1450678", "score": "1.695946", "text": "Human skeleton The human skeleton is the internal framework of the body. It is composed of around 270 bones at birth – this total decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones get fused together. The bone mass in the skeleton reaches maximum density around age 21. The human skeleton can be divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton is formed by the vertebral column, the rib cage, the skull and other associated bones. The appendicular skeleton, which is attached to the axial skeleton, is formed by the shoulder girdle, the pelvic girdle", "title": "Human skeleton" }, { "id": "369019", "score": "1.694565", "text": "206 bones in the adult human skeleton, although this number depends on whether the pelvic bones (the hip bones on each side) are counted as one or three bones on each side (ilium, ischium, and pubis), whether the coccyx or tail bone is counted as one or four separate bones, and does not count the variable wormian bones between skull sutures. Similarly, the sacrum is usually counted as a single bone, rather than five fused vertebrae. There is also a variable number of small sesamoid bones, commonly found in tendons. The patella or kneecap on each side is an example", "title": "Skeleton" }, { "id": "5946322", "score": "1.6921992", "text": "require no intervention for the fracture itself. Depressed fractures are usually comminuted, with broken portions of bone displaced inward—and may require surgical intervention to repair underlying tissue damage. Diastatic fractures widen the sutures of the skull and usually affect children under three. Basilar fractures are in the bones at the base of the skull. The human skull is anatomically divided into two parts: the neurocranium, formed by eight cranial bones that houses and protect the brain—and the facial skeleton (viscerocranium) composed of fourteen bones, not including the three ossicles of the inner ear. The term \"skull fracture\" typically means fractures", "title": "Skull fracture" }, { "id": "2338575", "score": "1.6919241", "text": "not available, children can be aged based on which growth plates are sealed. The tibia plate seals around age 16 or 17 in girls and around 18 or 19 in boys. The clavicle is the last bone to complete growth and the plate is sealed around age 25. In addition, if a complete skeleton is available anthropologists can count the number of bones. While adults have 206 bones, the bones of a child have not yet fused resulting in a much higher number. The aging of adult skeletons is not as straightforward as aging a child's skeleton as the skeleton", "title": "Forensic anthropology" } ]

[ "", "six", "6" ]

[ { "id": "247073", "score": "1.587374", "text": "\"n\" = 5, so the median is the ((5 + 1)/2)th item. As an example, we will calculate the sample median for the following set of observations: 1, 6, 2, 8, 7, 2. Start by sorting the values: 1, 2, 2, 6, 7, 8. In this case, the arithmetic mean of the two middlemost terms is (2 + 6)/2 = 4. Therefore, the median is 4 since it is the arithmetic mean of the middle observations in the ordered list. The distributions of both the sample mean and the sample median were determined by Laplace. The distribution of the sample", "title": "Median" }, { "id": "1400386", "score": "1.5649588", "text": "Solar System. It helps to put the observations in ascending order: 0, 0, 1, 2, 13, 27, 61, 63. There are eight observations, so the median is the mean of the two middle numbers, (2 + 13)/2 = 7.5. Splitting the observations either side of the median gives two groups of four observations. The median of the first group is the lower or first quartile, and is equal to (0 + 1)/2 = 0.5. The median of the second group is the upper or third quartile, and is equal to (27 + 61)/2 = 44. The smallest and largest observations", "title": "Five-number summary" }, { "id": "247072", "score": "1.5611377", "text": "value of ((\"n\" + 1)/2)th item term. If \"n\" is even then Median (\"M\") = value of [(\"n\"/2)th item term + (\"n\"/2 + 1)th item term]/2 As an example, we will calculate the sample median for the following set of observations: 1, 5, 2, 8, 7. Start by sorting the values: 1, 2, 5, 7, 8. In this case, the median is 5 since it is the middle observation in the ordered list. The median is the ((\"n\" + 1)/2)th item, where \"n\" is the number of values. For example, for the list {1, 2, 5, 7, 8}, we have", "title": "Median" }, { "id": "708469", "score": "1.5588919", "text": "ranked in order. (If there are an even number of numbers, the mean of the middle two is taken.) Thus to find the median, order the list according to its elements' magnitude and then repeatedly remove the pair consisting of the highest and lowest values until either one or two values are left. If exactly one value is left, it is the median; if two values, the median is the arithmetic mean of these two. This method takes the list 1, 7, 3, 13 and orders it to read 1, 3, 7, 13. Then the 1 and 13 are removed", "title": "Average" }, { "id": "16365", "score": "1.5355989", "text": "and arithmetic average are equal. For example, consider the data sample formula_15. The average is formula_16, as is the median. However, when we consider a sample that cannot be arranged so as to increase arithmetically, such as formula_17, the median and arithmetic average can differ significantly. In this case, the arithmetic average is 6.2 and the median is 4. In general, the average value can vary significantly from most values in the sample, and can be larger or smaller than most of them. There are applications of this phenomenon in many fields. For example, since the 1980s, the median income", "title": "Arithmetic mean" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Average\n\nIn ordinary language, an average is a single number taken as representative of a list of numbers, usually the sum of the numbers divided by how many numbers are in the list (the arithmetic mean). For example, the average of the numbers 2, 3, 4, 7, and 9 (summing to 25) is 5. Depending on the context, an average might be another statistic such as the median, or mode. For example, the average personal income is often given as the median—the number below which are 50% of personal incomes and above which are 50% of personal incomes—because the mean would be higher by including personal incomes from a few billionaires. For this reason, it is recommended to avoid using the word \"average\" when discussing measures of central tendency.", "title": "Average" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of pitch intervals\n\nBelow is a list of intervals expressible in terms of a prime limit (see Terminology), completed by a choice of intervals in various equal subdivisions of the octave or of other intervals.\n\nFor commonly encountered harmonic or melodic intervals between pairs of notes in contemporary Western music theory, without consideration of the way in which they are tuned, see .\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of pitch intervals" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of integer sequences\n\nThis is a list of notable integer sequences.", "title": "List of integer sequences" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Interquartile mean\n\nThe interquartile mean (IQM) (or midmean) is a statistical measure of central tendency based on the truncated mean of the interquartile range. The IQM is very similar to the scoring method used in sports that are evaluated by a panel of judges: \"discard the lowest and the highest scores; calculate the mean value of the remaining scores\".", "title": "Interquartile mean" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Interquartile range\n\nIn descriptive statistics, the interquartile range (IQR) is a measure of statistical dispersion, which is the spread of the data. The IQR may also be called the midspread, middle 50%, fourth spread, or H‑spread. It is defined as the difference between the 75th and 25th percentiles of the data. To calculate the IQR, the data set is divided into quartiles, or four rank-ordered even parts via linear interpolation.<ref name=\":1\" /> These quartiles are denoted by Q (also called the lower quartile), \"Q\" (the median), and \"Q\" (also called the upper quartile). The lower quartile corresponds with the 25th percentile and the upper quartile corresponds with the 75th percentile, so IQR = \"Q\" −  \"Q\"<ref name=\":1\" />\n\nThe IQR is an example of a trimmed estimator, defined as the 25% trimmed range, which enhances the accuracy of dataset statistics by dropping lower contribution, outlying points. It is also used as a robust measure of scale<ref name=\":2\" /> It can be clearly visualized by the box on a Box plot.<ref name=\":1\" />", "title": "Interquartile range" }, { "id": "247052", "score": "1.5328681", "text": "Median The median is the value separating the higher half from the lower half of a data sample (a population or a probability distribution). For a data set, it may be thought of as the \"middle\" value. For example, in the data set {1, 3, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9}, the median is 6, the fourth largest, and also the fourth smallest, number in the sample. For a continuous probability distribution, the median is the value such that a number is equally likely to fall above or below it. The median is a commonly used measure of the properties of", "title": "Median" }, { "id": "247056", "score": "1.5328171", "text": "halfway point between the two middle values. For example, with 14 values, the formula will give an index of 7.5, and the median will be taken by averaging the seventh (the floor of this index) and eighth (the ceiling of this index) values. So the median can be represented by the following formula: One can find the median using the Stem-and-Leaf Plot. There is no widely accepted standard notation for the median, but some authors represent the median of a variable \"x\" either as \"x͂\" or as \"μ\" sometimes also \"M\". In any of these cases, the use of these", "title": "Median" }, { "id": "247054", "score": "1.5219646", "text": "the median is of central importance in robust statistics, as it is the most resistant statistic, having a breakdown point of 50%: so long as no more than half the data are contaminated, the median will not give an arbitrarily large or small result. The median of a finite list of numbers can be found by arranging all the numbers from smallest to greatest. If there is an odd number of numbers, the middle one is picked. For example, consider the list of numbers This list contains seven numbers. The median is the fourth of them, which is 6. If", "title": "Median" }, { "id": "247089", "score": "1.5053697", "text": "2.50 to 3.50. It is possible to estimate the median of the underlying variable. If, say, 22% of the observations are of value 2 or below and 55.0% are of 3 or below (so 33% have the value 3), then the median formula_53 is 3 since the median is the smallest value of formula_105 for which formula_106 is greater than a half. But the interpolated median is somewhere between 2.50 and 3.50. First we add half of the interval width formula_107 to the median to get the upper bound of the median interval. Then we subtract that proportion of the", "title": "Median" }, { "id": "247057", "score": "1.4908197", "text": "or other symbols for the median needs to be explicitly defined when they are introduced. The median is used primarily for skewed distributions, which it summarizes differently from the arithmetic mean. Consider the multiset { 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 14 }. The median is 2 in this case, (as is the mode), and it might be seen as a better indication of central tendency (less susceptible to the exceptionally large value in data) than the arithmetic mean of 4. The median is a popular summary statistic used in descriptive statistics, since it is simple to understand and easy to", "title": "Median" }, { "id": "708470", "score": "1.4854081", "text": "to obtain the list 3, 7. Since there are two elements in this remaining list, the median is their arithmetic mean, (3 + 7)/2 = 5. The mid-range is the arithmetic mean of the highest and lowest values of a set. The table of mathematical symbols explains the symbols used below. Other more sophisticated averages are: trimean, trimedian, and normalized mean, with their generalizations. One can create one's own average metric using the generalized \"f\"-mean: where \"f\" is any invertible function. The harmonic mean is an example of this using \"f\"(\"x\") = 1/\"x\", and the geometric mean is another, using", "title": "Average" }, { "id": "17508755", "score": "1.4816222", "text": "list is faster and simpler; while one could use an even list, this requires taking the average of the two middle elements, which is slower than simply selecting the single exact middle element. Secondly, five is the smallest odd number such that median of medians works. With groups of only three elements, the resulting list of medians to search in is length \"n\"/3, and reduces the list to recurse into length formula_4, since it is greater than 1/2 × 2/3 = 1/3 of the elements and less than 1/2 × 2/3 = 1/3 of the elements. Thus this still leaves", "title": "Median of medians" }, { "id": "247067", "score": "1.4703791", "text": "the median is useful in statistical data-analysis, for example, in \"k\"-medians clustering. It can be shown for a unimodal distribution that the median formula_10 and the mean formula_11 lie within (3/5) ≈ 0.7746 standard deviations of each other. In symbols, where |·| is the absolute value. A similar relation holds between the median and the mode: they lie within 3 ≈ 1.732 standard deviations of each other: If the distribution has finite variance, then the distance between the median and the mean is bounded by one standard deviation. This bound was proved by Mallows, who used Jensen's inequality twice, as", "title": "Median" }, { "id": "6141245", "score": "1.4689392", "text": "of 0, by only formula_3 It is thus of little use in practical statistics, unless outliers are already handled. A trimmed midrange is known as a – the \"n\"% trimmed midrange is the average of the \"n\"% and (100−\"n\")% percentiles, and is more robust, having a breakdown point of \"n\"%. In the middle of these is the midhinge, which is the 25% midsummary. The median can be interpreted as the fully trimmed (50%) mid-range; this accords with the convention that the median of an even number of points is the mean of the two middle points. These trimmed midranges are", "title": "Mid-range" }, { "id": "247077", "score": "1.4552069", "text": "known but it can be estimated from an observed frequency distribution. An example is given in the following table where the actual distribution is not known but a sample of 3,800 observations allows a sufficiently accurate assessment of formula_51. Using these data it is possible to investigate the effect of sample size on the standard errors of the mean and median. The observed mean is 3.16, the observed raw median is 3 and the observed interpolated median is 3.174. The following table gives some comparison statistics. The standard error of the median is given both from the above expression for", "title": "Median" }, { "id": "247059", "score": "1.4542441", "text": "to a member of the sample, is the medoid. In a population, at most half have values strictly less than the median and at most half have values strictly greater than it. If each group contains less than half the population, then some of the population is exactly equal to the median. For example, if \"a\" < \"b\" < \"c\", then the median of the list {\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"} is \"b\", and, if \"a\" < \"b\" < \"c\" < \"d\", then the median of the list {\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\"} is the mean of \"b\" and \"c\"; i.e., it is", "title": "Median" }, { "id": "17093486", "score": "1.4419644", "text": "any size set with equal weights. <br><br> Similarly, consider the set of numbers formula_15 with each number having weights formula_20 respectively. The lower weighted median is 2 with partition sums of 0.49 and 0.5, and the upper weighted median is 3 with partition sums of 0.5 and 0.25. In the case of working with integers, the lower weighted median would be accepted since it is the lower weight of the pair and therefore keeps the partitions most equal. However, it is more ideal to take the mean of these weighted medians instead. Coincidentally, both the weighted median and median are", "title": "Weighted median" }, { "id": "708468", "score": "1.4358735", "text": "descriptive statistics. These can all be seen as minimizing variation by some measure; see . The most frequently occurring number in a list is called the mode. For example, the mode of the list (1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4) is 3. It may happen that there are two or more numbers which occur equally often and more often than any other number. In this case there is no agreed definition of mode. Some authors say they are all modes and some say there is no mode. The median is the middle number of the group when they are", "title": "Average" }, { "id": "18066253", "score": "1.4328294", "text": "of using the full 1–10 scale (which would make the scale inconsistent with that of other professors), s/he may sometimes have recourse to a plethora of symbols and decimals: the range between 5 and 6 is then expressed, in ascending order, by 5+, 5½, and 6−. Minimum passing is 6. As these symbols (except ½) have no clear mathematical value (usually ±0.25), calculating end-year averages can be somewhat arbitrary and inconsistent; therefore, there has been a push since 2008 with the Gelmini reform to uniform the system to the 1–10 scale. Before this reform, primary and secondary school grades used", "title": "Grading systems by country" }, { "id": "368896", "score": "1.4321492", "text": "the mean and a small standard deviation indicates that they are clustered closely around the mean. For example, each of the three populations {0, 0, 14, 14}, {0, 6, 8, 14} and {6, 6, 8, 8} has a mean of 7. Their standard deviations are 7, 5, and 1, respectively. The third population has a much smaller standard deviation than the other two because its values are all close to 7. It will have the same units as the data points themselves. If, for instance, the data set {0, 6, 8, 14} represents the ages of a population of four", "title": "Standard deviation" } ]

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[ { "id": "2097629", "score": "1.6239793", "text": "reappear. For example, in 1984, \"TV Times\" reported that series 5 would be the last. In 1985, it again seemed as if that the current series was the last one, and it was off-air (bar repeats) for three years, to reappear in 1988. This series appeared to be the last as Dennis Waterman announced his departure at the end of its run. However, after a two-and-a-half-year break, the show was back again for a further two-and-a-half-year run, which ended with the tenth series in 1994. The series inspired a hit single, \"Arthur Daley (E's Alright!)\" by The Firm, which made", "title": "Minder (TV series)" }, { "id": "5422203", "score": "1.5854831", "text": "2002 (the day before the British Soap Awards), Some five weeks before the final episode aired in 2003 many TV guides flagged up the weeks episode as the 'last in series'. Indeed, the Radio Times even printed a double page feature about the shows demise after 17 months on air. Quite why this error could have happened is unknown. This led to some fans thinking the series had ended on a knife-edge cliffhanger when in fact the next five weeks tied up all the loose ends to all plots. In 2006 the Radio Times ran a small article about the", "title": "Night and Day (TV series)" }, { "id": "1735568", "score": "1.5491936", "text": "Noel Clarke replacing Holton for the third to fifth series. The series were broadcast on ITV in 1983–84 and 1986. A successful revival of the show saw two series and a Christmas special on BBC One in 2002 and 2004. In 2000, the first series was ranked number 46 on the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes in a list compiled by the British Film Institute. In 2015, the 1980s series was voted ITV's Favourite TV Programme of all Time in a \"Radio Times\" readers poll in order to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the station. The show was the subject", "title": "Auf Wiedersehen, Pet" }, { "id": "469717", "score": "1.5482972", "text": "Australia and Sweden. The series was revived in 2008, before again being cancelled in 2009. \"Rab C. Nesbitt\" is a British sitcom which began in 1988. The first series began on 27 September 1990 and continued for seven more, ending on 18 June 1999 and returning with a one-off special on 23 December 2008. \"Red Dwarf\" is a British comedy franchise which primarily comprises ten series (including a ninth mini-series named \"Back To Earth\") of a television science fiction sitcom that aired on BBC Two between 1988 and 1993 and from 1997 to 1999 and on \"Dave\" in 2009. Primetime", "title": "2000s (decade)" }, { "id": "4486193", "score": "1.5444407", "text": "15 October 1981 and Yorkshire Television followed suit, leaving the series at episode 284 on 2 December 1982, opting for local programming instead. Border Television, Tyne Tees Television, and Ulster Television continued to screen their episodes via the Thames Television feed throughout the series's entire run, and these regions were the first to complete the series, broadcasting the final episode on Thursday 6 October 1988. TVS and Channel Television finished the series on 15 February 1989 and Granada Television showed the final episode on 28 August 1989. TSW started showing the series in an afternoon slot at 1:30p.m. on Fridays", "title": "The Sullivans" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Doctor Who\n\nDoctor Who is a British science fiction television series broadcast by the BBC since 1963. The series depicts the adventures of a Time Lord called the Doctor, an extraterrestrial being who appears to be human. The Doctor explores the universe in a time-travelling space ship called the TARDIS. The TARDIS exterior appears as a blue British police box, which was a common sight in Britain in 1963 when the series first aired. With various companions, the Doctor combats foes, works to save civilisations, and helps people in need.\n\nBeginning with William Hartnell, thirteen actors have headlined the series as the Doctor; in 2017, Jodie Whittaker became the first woman to officially play the role on television. The transition from one actor to another is written into the plot of the series with the concept of regeneration into a new incarnation, a plot device in which a Time Lord \"transforms\" into a new body when the current one is too badly harmed to heal normally. Each actor's portrayal is unique, but all represent stages in the life of the same character, and together, they form a single lifetime with a single narrative. The time-travelling feature of the plot means that different incarnations of the Doctor occasionally meet.\n\nThe series is a significant part of popular culture in Britain and elsewhere; it has gained a cult following. It has influenced generations of British television professionals, many of whom grew up watching the series. Fans of the series are sometimes referred to as \"Whovians\". The series is listed in \"Guinness World Records\" as the longest-running science-fiction television series in the world, as well as the \"most successful\" science-fiction series of all time, based on its overall broadcast ratings, DVD and book sales, and iTunes traffic.\n\nThe series originally ran from 1963 to 1989. There was an unsuccessful attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot in the form of a television film titled \"Doctor Who\". The series was relaunched in 2005 and since then, has been produced in-house by BBC Wales in Cardiff. \"Doctor Who\" has also spawned numerous spin-offs, including comic books, films, novels, audio dramas, and the television series \"Torchwood\" (2006–2011), \"The Sarah Jane Adventures\" (2007–2011), \"K9\" (2009–2010), and \"Class\" (2016). It has been the subject of many parodies and references in popular culture.", "title": "Doctor Who" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Survival (Doctor Who)\n\nSurvival is the final serial of the 26th season of the British science fiction television series \"Doctor Who\", which was first broadcast in three weekly parts on BBC1 from 22 November to 6 December 1989. It is also the final story of the series' original 26-year run; it did not return regularly until 2005. It marks the final regular television appearances of Sylvester McCoy as the Seventh Doctor and Sophie Aldred as Ace, and is also the final appearance of Anthony Ainley as the Master, the latter appearing alongside McCoy's Doctor for the only time.\n\nJournalist Matthew Sweet has described \"Survival\" as \"a parable about Thatcherism\" that shares multiple characteristics with the later David Tennant era of \"Doctor Who\". The Doctor brings Ace home to Perivale, where her friends have been transported to the planet of the Cheetah People.", "title": "Survival (Doctor Who)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Doctor Who (series 1)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Doctor Who (season 26)\n\nThe twenty-sixth season of British science fiction television series \"Doctor Who\" began on 9 September 1989 with the serial \"Battlefield\", after a regular series of four serials was broadcast finishing with \"Survival\" which was the final episode of \"Doctor Who\" to air before a 16-year absence from episodic television following its cancellation. John Nathan-Turner produced the series, with Andrew Cartmel script editing.\n", "title": "Doctor Who (season 26)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of Doctor Who\n\n\"Doctor Who\" is a British television science fiction series, produced and screened by the BBC on the BBC TV channel from 1963 to 1964, and on BBC1 (later BBC One) from 1964 to 1989 and since 2005. A one-off television film, co-produced with Universal Pictures and 20th Century Fox Television, was screened on the Fox Network in the United States in 1996.", "title": "History of Doctor Who" }, { "id": "3308316", "score": "1.5379107", "text": "years on television – its first incarnation (1956–2008) was the second longest-running programme on British television after \"Panorama\". Beginning in 1956 on Granada Television and ITV, the television series moved to Channel 4 and then to BBC2 before being discontinued in 2008. The programme was revived on Radio 4 in the run-up to the 2010 general election, and continued until 27 March 2016, when it was announced that this was its last Radio 4 episode. The programme's format was the same for both television and radio. On TV, while quotes were being read, they would appear on-screen as newspaper cuttings", "title": "What the Papers Say" }, { "id": "3698888", "score": "1.5369048", "text": "6 December 1989, and brought the series' twenty-six year run to a close. John Nathan-Turner decided close to transmission that a more suitable conclusion should be given to the final episode as it was possibly going to be the last ever. Accordingly, Andrew Cartmel wrote a short, melancholic closing monologue for Sylvester McCoy, which McCoy recorded on 23 November 1989 – by coincidence, the show's twenty-sixth anniversary. This was dubbed over the closing scene as the Doctor and his companion Ace walked off into the distance, apparently to further adventures. At the time production of the original series was cancelled,", "title": "History of Doctor Who" }, { "id": "127736", "score": "1.5368212", "text": "Skinner and the 1986 Christmas episode featuring Den Watts presenting Angie Watts with divorce papers. \"EastEnders\" reruns began on UKTV Gold when the channel launched in 1992. The series ran from the first episode and followed its original broadcast order until August 1996 when the channel looped back to the first episode. In October 2008, UKTV Gold ceased showing \"EastEnders\". The last episode shown was from January 2006. Watch launched in October 2008 and resumed \"EastEnders\" reruns from 5 January 2009 to 22 October 2009, finishing with episodes originally broadcast in December 2006. On 1 December 2012, the BBC uploaded", "title": "EastEnders" }, { "id": "469712", "score": "1.5312957", "text": "\"Friends\"). It was one of the most successful spin-off and popular series in television history, as well as one of the most critically acclaimed comedy series. On 20 June 2006, after 42 years, British music chart show \"Top of the Pops\" was formally cancelled and it was announced that the last edition would be broadcast on 30 July 2006. \"Grandstand\" is a British television sport program. Broadcast between 1958 and 2007, it was one of the BBC's longest running sports shows. After 30 years, British television drama series \"Grange Hill\" (originally made by the BBC) was cancelled and the last", "title": "2000s (decade)" }, { "id": "5190989", "score": "1.5257956", "text": "the week. Each episode lasted for 25 minutes, including four rounds. There were ten series in total (two in 1992). The first five series were broadcast during the winter, and many of these were split in half by the Christmas break. The (second) 1992 and 1993 series went out in the autumn, the last three were broadcast during the summer. The 1996 series featured competitors from the United Kingdom only. The show was revived and produced by talkbackTHAMES and aired on Channel 5, premiering from 13 October to 19 December 2008. The new version featured only contestants from the UK", "title": "Going for Gold" }, { "id": "5296924", "score": "1.515121", "text": "ceased production in July 1993, to make way for daytime repeats of \"Coronation Street\" and \"Emmerdale\". The show's last episode was broadcast in August 1993 after 320 episodes with a dramatic feature length finale which saw a birth, a possible suicide and a large and unexpected inheritance. The theme music was by Matthew Scott. Several of those who worked on the series later went on to higher-profile careers: Jude Law was a regular cast member for two years (as Nathan Thompson) and Russell T Davies wrote for the programme. Amanda Wenban went from Families to star in the Yorkshire Television", "title": "Families (TV series)" }, { "id": "469715", "score": "1.5130591", "text": "3 full series from 1995 to 1997, then on BBC Choice from January to December 2002 with 2 series before returning to BBC Two for another 3 series from 2008 until its cancellation in 2011. \"Doctor Who\" is a British science fiction television programme produced by the BBC. The show is a significant part of British popular culture. The programme originally ran from 1963 to 1989. After an unsuccessful attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot in the form of a television film, the programme was relaunched in 2005. \"Family Fortunes\" is a British game show,", "title": "2000s (decade)" }, { "id": "5940487", "score": "1.5102355", "text": "\"E Street\"s final scene, thus suitably signifying the end of the four-year series. The final episode aired in Australia Thursday, 13 May 1993, with the UK run ending nearly two years later on Tuesday, 28 February 1995. A repeat run of the 1989 and 1990 seasons commenced on Ten in 2000, and was cancelled at the end of 2003. In the UK \"E Street\" has never been repeated. Several cast members immediately went on to star in other Australian soap operas and drama serials: Original Cast Further Cast 1989-1993 † credited as Brooke 'Mikey' Anderson.<br> †† Melissa Bell also played", "title": "E Street" }, { "id": "1523101", "score": "1.507571", "text": "twice in 1994 and 1995, \"Cold Feet\" in 2002 and \"The Street\" in 2007 and 2008 – more than any other production company. \"Coronation Street\" became the longest running serial soap in 2010 when it celebrated its 50th anniversary and the ongoing \"Seven Up\" documentary series was voted the greatest documentary in a Channel 4 programme by film makers. In three franchise rounds (1967, 1980, and 1991) three groups (Palatine Television, Merseyvision, and Mersey Television, wherein the latter two were unconnected) each made audacious bids to rid Granada (and in 1967, ABC) of its franchise, but were unsuccessful, given that", "title": "ITV Granada" }, { "id": "15919086", "score": "1.5058502", "text": "of \"Doctor Who\"s return in 2005 is the 27th full series of the show, the production team officially restarted the series numbering from scratch. This was mainly due to the 16-year gap between Season 26 and the new series (not counting the 1996 television movie). Doctor Who (season 26) The twenty-sixth season of British science fiction television series \"Doctor Who\" began on 9 September 1989 with the serial \"Battlefield\", after a regular series of four serials was broadcast finishing with \"Survival\" which was the final episode of \"Doctor Who\" to air before a 16-year absence from episodic television following its", "title": "Doctor Who (season 26)" }, { "id": "10956516", "score": "1.5057178", "text": "of the BBC's flagship soap opera, \"EastEnders\". As \"Head of Series\" at the BBC, Cregeen was responsible for the Corporation's one-off and returning drama series. During his tenure, Cregeen made the controversial decision to cancel the long-running science fiction programme, \"Doctor Who\", following the end of its 26th series in 1989. At the time, Cregeen told fans to expect a longer than usual wait for series 27, though he promised it would return. However \"Doctor Who\" did not return as an ongoing series on the BBC until 2005, without Cregeen's involvement, 16 years later. In 2007, Cregeen and various other", "title": "Peter Cregeen" }, { "id": "1792637", "score": "1.5039815", "text": "the 1970s was introduced, accompanied by a new 1960s-inspired logo and title sequence. Cowey also began to export the brand overseas with localised versions of the show on air in Germany, France, the Netherlands, Belgium and Italy by 2003. Finally, the programme returned to its previous home of BBC Television Centre in 2001, where it remained until its cancellation in 2006. On 28 November 2003 (three months after the appointment of Andi Peters as executive producer), the show saw one of its most radical overhauls since the ill-fated 1991 'Year Zero' revamp in what was widely reported as a make-or-break", "title": "Top of the Pops" }, { "id": "3370873", "score": "1.5038236", "text": "times. From Series 14 onwards, outtakes were shown during the credits of each episode. For Series 4, a new theme tune was produced in stereophonic sound. This remained from then on, but was shortened from Series 17. From Series 13 onwards, all episodes were shot in widescreen. The series ended its twenty-two year run at the end of 2009, due to dropped ratings and less interest by the BBC, with the final series airing in December of that year. Repeats occurred regularly until the end of 2012. The 2008 Christmas Special became the last episode to be broadcast on television,", "title": "ChuckleVision" }, { "id": "9772036", "score": "1.5029278", "text": "2007 on BBC Two and was originally slated to end on 24 May 2007 after 13 episodes. However, the series proved such a hit that it was extended for an additional six episodes. A 12-week second series began on 11 October 2007, and culminated with a Boxing Day special and a New Year's compilation from previous episodes. The show made its North American premiere on BBC America on 2 June 2007, one week after what was supposed to be the final episode of Series 1 (before its extension). Series 2 premiered on BBC America on 20 October 2007. Unlike the", "title": "The Graham Norton Show" }, { "id": "15027683", "score": "1.5027602", "text": "that it was soon broadcast to the whole ITV network and given two slots per week. The show was originally presented by Hargreaves alone. He was joined by Fred Dinenage (1966–1981), Jon Miller (1966–1981), Bunty James (1966–1969 and 1970–1976), Dr Tom Gaskell (1969), Jill Graham (1969–1970) and Marian Davies (1977–1981). Occasional stand-ins for Hargreaves included Barry Bucknell. The series came to an end in 1981 when Southern Television lost its ITV franchise, but was revived as \"How 2\" in 1990 by TVS. During the 1980s and 1990s the series was re-run in Ireland on RTÉ's children's strand The Den. How", "title": "How (TV series)" } ]

[ "Scramble (golf)", "golf sport", "Golf technology", "Duffed", "Golf Conditioning", "Texas scramble", "duffed", "The Development of Golf Technology", "golfer", "scotch foursomes", "golf", "Men's Golf", "texas scramble", "duffs", "golf conditioning", "Golfing", "Golf", "golf tournament", "Golf (Sport)", "Golfer", "scramble golf", "Golf Tournament", "golfing", "golf technology", "🏌", "GOLF", "men s golf", "Golf conditioning", "Scotch foursomes", "development of golf technology", "Golf tournament", "Duffs" ]

[ { "id": "11506163", "score": "1.523755", "text": "would not be disadvantaged by the stronger. It also introduced the concept of using yardage measurements to establish the par score of a hole or course. This is the first time that the word par appears in golf, defined as the number of strokes in which a hole or round can be taken without mistakes. The original charter of the Union prescribed that each affiliated club was entitled to send forward up to three delegates to every meeting. By 1911, 163 clubs had become affiliated to the Union and this became impractical. It became necessary to draw up a new", "title": "Golfing Union of Ireland" }, { "id": "7724534", "score": "1.5067732", "text": "(E). The golfer has taken as many strokes as the hole's par number. In theory, pars are achieved by two putts, with the remaining shots being used to reach the green. Reaching the green in two strokes fewer than the hole's par is called achieving a \"green in regulation\". For example, to reach the green of a par-five hole in regulation, the player would take three (or fewer) strokes, with the other two strokes allocated for putting the ball into the hole. Par derives its name from the Latin for equal. Birdie means scoring one under par (−1). This expression", "title": "Par (score)" }, { "id": "7724535", "score": "1.490207", "text": "was coined in 1899, at the Atlantic City Country Club in Northfield, New Jersey. According to a story that has been passed down, one day in 1899, three golfers, George Crump (who later built Pine Valley Golf Club, about 45 miles away), William Poultney Smith (founding member of Pine Valley), and his brother Ab Smith, were playing together when Crump hit his second shot only inches from the cup on a par-four hole after his first shot had struck a bird in flight. Simultaneously, the Smith brothers exclaimed that Crump's shot was \"a bird\". Crump's short putt left him one-under-par", "title": "Par (score)" }, { "id": "7724526", "score": "1.4895313", "text": "Par (score) In golf, par is the predetermined number of strokes that a scratch (or 0 handicap) golfer should require to complete a hole, a round (the sum of the pars of the played holes), or a tournament (the sum of the pars of each round). Pars are the central component of stroke play, the most common kind of play in professional golf tournaments. The term is also used in golf-like sports such as disc golf, with the same meaning. The length of each hole from the tee placement to the pin mostly determines par values for each hole. Almost", "title": "Par (score)" }, { "id": "7724531", "score": "1.4617685", "text": "on holes relative to par. Bogey means one shot more than par (+1). \"Going round in bogey\" originally meant an overall par score, starting at the Great Yarmouth Golf Club in 1890, and based on the phrase \"bogey man\" and a popular music hall song \"Here Comes the Bogey Man\". Notionally, players competed against Colonel Bogey, and this gave the title to a 1914 marching tune, \"Colonel Bogey March\". As golf became more standardised in the United States, par scores were tightened and recreational golfers found themselves scoring over par, with bogey changing meaning to one-over-par. Bogeys are relatively common,", "title": "Par (score)" }, { "id": "7928643", "score": "1.4506342", "text": "system to a program for recreational ski racing in the United States, calling it the 'National Standard Race'. Fry, who in 1969 became editorial director of Golf Magazine as well as SKI, was driven by the idea of creating in skiing the equivalent of par in golf. The program, to which Fry applied the acronym NASTAR, was introduced in 1968 as a means to compare the performance of recreational ski racers at resorts across the United States, and later, for a time, in Australia, Canada, Scandinavia, Switzerland and Italy. Nastar courses are simple, open-gated giant slaloms on mostly intermediate terrain,", "title": "NASTAR" }, { "id": "8795823", "score": "1.4388876", "text": "cancels out a plus). If a player finishes with two plusses, s/he is 'two up' or 'plus 2' (+2). The opposite applies if s/he finishes with two minuses - 'two down'; 'minus 2'; '−2'. The Par format's main disadvantage is that there is no reward for a handicap-adjusted eagle (or even better). Par's main advantage is improving pace of play in large club competitions. Par (golf scoring format) Par is a scoring system used mostly in amateur and club golf. It involves scoring (+, 0, −) based on results at each hole. The objective is to have an end score", "title": "Par (golf scoring format)" }, { "id": "6058031", "score": "1.4382666", "text": "third-round leader, amateur Ken Venturi, stumbles with an 80 in the final round. The current yardage guides for par are adopted by the USGA. 1957 The Great Britain and Ireland team wins the Ryder Cup Matches at Lindrick, ending a drought that dates back to 1935. Harvie Ward loses his amateur status for accepting expenses from sponsors for golf tournaments. The ruling is reversed in 1958. Ben Hogan's \"Five Lessons\" is published. 1958 Arnold Palmer is allowed a controversial free drop to save par in the final round of The Masters, and he goes on to defeat Ken Venturi. 1959", "title": "Timeline of golf history (1945–99)" }, { "id": "9890880", "score": "1.4353001", "text": "term golf as meaning 'club'. There were a number of other golf terms including the first clear mention of the golf hole. Vocabula is also notable for an early reference to schoolboy football and contains a sentence to \"keep goal\". The account was first published in 1938 by Francis Peabody Magoun, an American historian. Magoun gives the original Latin text (see later) and his English translation: \"Let us choose sides pick your man first Those on our side come here How many are against us? Kick out the ball so that we may begin the game Come, kick it here", "title": "David Wedderburn (writer)" }, { "id": "7197328", "score": "1.409765", "text": "increasing the distance the ball travels. The USGA has recently limited the spring-like effect, also known as the Coefficient of Restitution (COR) to .83 and the maximum club head size to 460cc in an attempt to maintain the challenge of the game. The word \"golf\" was first mentioned in writing in 1457 on a Scottish statute on forbidden games as \"gouf\", possibly derived from the Scots word \"goulf\" (variously spelled) meaning \"to strike or cuff\". This word may, in turn, be derived from the Dutch word \"kolf\", meaning \"bat\" or \"club\", and the Dutch sport of the same name. The", "title": "History of golf" }, { "id": "7724533", "score": "1.4068147", "text": "considered somewhat noteworthy if a player manages to complete a bogey-free round. Scoring four bogey-free rounds in a tournament is extremely rare. Examples are Lee Trevino at the 1974 Greater New Orleans Open; David J. Russell at the 1992 Lyon Open V33; Jesper Parnevik at the 1995 Volvo Scandinavian Masters; Manuel Piñero at the 2002 GIN Monte Carlo Invitational; Diana Luna at the 2011 UniCredit Ladies German Open; and Jonas Blixt and Cameron Smith at the 2017 Zurich Classic of New Orleans (a team event). Each of them won the tournament except Piñero, who finished third. Par means scoring even", "title": "Par (score)" }, { "id": "8795821", "score": "1.3998078", "text": "Par (golf scoring format) Par is a scoring system used mostly in amateur and club golf. It involves scoring (+, 0, −) based on results at each hole. The objective is to have an end score with more pluses than minuses. The result on each hole is always based on one's handicap-adjusted score. For ease of explanation, assume a player's handicap gives him/her one stroke per hole (i.e., 9-hole handicap of 9). This player, playing to his/her handicap on a given day, will average a bogey on each hole. Playing 'to' ones handicap is expected and so there is no", "title": "Par (golf scoring format)" }, { "id": "126851", "score": "1.3938775", "text": "usually, but wrongly, attributed to Ernest Hemingway. The phrase is; There are only three sports: bullfighting, motor racing, and mountaineering; all the rest are merely games. The implication of the phrase was that the word \"sport\" defined an activity in which one might be killed. The other activities being termed \"games\". The phrase may have been invented by either writer Barnaby Conrad or automotive author Ken Purdy. The Dangerous Sports Club of Oxford University, England was founded by David Kirke, Chris Baker, Ed Hulton and Alan Weston. They first came to wide public attention by inventing modern day bungee jumping,", "title": "Extreme sport" }, { "id": "7197330", "score": "1.3781686", "text": "a professional philologist, nodded to the derivation from the Dutch word for club in his 1937 fantasy novel \"The Hobbit\". There he mentions (tongue-in-cheek) that the game of golf was invented when a club-wielding hobbit knocked the head off a goblin named Golfimbul, and the head sailed through the air and landed in a rabbit hole. The history of golf is preserved and represented at several golf museums around the world, notably the British Golf Museum in the town of St Andrews in Fife, Scotland, which is the home of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, and", "title": "History of golf" }, { "id": "12742299", "score": "1.3765306", "text": "uses the spelling \"golf\", but the 1491 Act, in the reign of James IV, spells it \"gouff\"; and variants such as \"gowf\", \"gowff\", \"gouf\" became the usual spellings during the Early Modern Period. The Scottish National Dictionary states that \"\"golf\" represents a revival of the Middle Scots form; Loudoun Gowf Club, Newmilns, retains the old form in its title\"; i.e. the spelling changed from Medieval \"golf\" to Early Modern \"gowf\", and then back again. The Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue gives the etymology of the word \"golf\" or \"gouf\" (with many alternative spellings) as probably from the Dutch \"kolf\"", "title": "Golf in Scotland" }, { "id": "7197306", "score": "1.3721046", "text": "one of the oldest Scottish golf organisations, said \"Stick and ball games have been around for many centuries, but golf as we know it today, played over 18 holes, clearly originated in Scotland.\" The word \"golf\", or in Scots \"gowf\" [gʌuf], is usually thought to be a Scots alteration of Dutch \"\"colf\"\" or \"\"colve\"\" meaning \"\"stick\", \"\"club\"\", \"\"bat\"\", itself related to the Proto-Germanic language \"*kulth-\" as found in Old Norse \"kolfr\" meaning \"bell clapper\", and the German \"Kolben\" meaning \"mace or club\". The Dutch term \"Kolven\" refers to a related sport where the lowest number of strokes needed to hit", "title": "History of golf" }, { "id": "7197307", "score": "1.3716791", "text": "a ball with a mallet into a hole determines the winner; according to the \"Le grand dictionnaire françois-flamen\" printed 1643 is stated the Dutch term to Flemish: \"Kolf, zest Kolve; Kolfdrager, Sergeant; Kolf, Kolp, Goulfe.\" The first documented mention of golf in Scotland appears in a 1457 Act of the Scottish Parliament, an edict issued by King James II of Scotland prohibiting the playing of the games of \"gowf\" and \"futball\" as these were a distraction from archery practice for military purposes. Bans were again imposed in Acts of 1471 and 1491, with golf being described as \"an unprofitable sport\".", "title": "History of golf" }, { "id": "12529566", "score": "1.3712368", "text": "golfer\" playing the course (and may differ from the course par), and the Slope Rating, which is a measure of how much worse a \"bogey golfer\" (with an 18 handicap) would be expected to play than a \"scratch golfer\". These two numbers are available for any USGA-sanctioned course, and are used in a weighted system to calculate handicaps (see below). The overall par score in a tournament is the summation of all the par scores in each round. A typical four-round professional tournament played on a par-72 course has a tournament par of 288. The goal is to play as", "title": "Golf" }, { "id": "7186863", "score": "1.3616395", "text": "Aberdeen in 1633 (some references cite 1636) which is notable as an early allusion to what some have considered to be passing the ball. The word \"pass\" in the most recent translation is derived from \"huc percute\" (strike it here) and later ' (strike the ball again) in the original Latin. It is not certain that the ball was being struck between members of the same team. The original word translated as \"goal\" is ', literally meaning the \"pillar at each end of the circus course\" in a Roman chariot race. There is a reference to \"get hold of the", "title": "Rugby union in Scotland" }, { "id": "12742300", "score": "1.3612785", "text": "(see Kolven, a Dutch indoor ballgame); although the dictionary also records the noun \"golf\" (with alternative spellings \"golfe\" or \"golph\") as deriving from Middle English \"golf\" or \"goulf\" or Old French \"golfe\", meaning \"a deep pool or hollow; an abyss\"; a cognate of modern English \"gulf\". The exact origins of the sport of golf are unclear. The most widely accepted theory is that the modern game of golf originated in Scotland in the High Middle Ages. The first golf courses and clubs were established in the country. The first written rules originated in Scotland, as did the establishment of the", "title": "Golf in Scotland" } ]

[ "it was 11 men against 11 babies", "It was 11 men against 11 babies?" ]

[ { "id": "13672228", "score": "1.7946815", "text": "both sets of players, which concluded with both protagonists getting booked by referee Mark Halsey. The game finished 1–0. In the reverse league fixture, club captains Keane and Vieira had to be separated in the tunnel before the match by referee Graham Poll. Keane accused the Arsenal midfielder of intimidating his teammate Gary Neville, telling the press afterwards: \"I said, 'Come and have a go at me'. Simple as that. If he wants to intimidate some of my team-mates then let's have a go at some of the other players. I think Gary Neville's an easy target. I wasn't having", "title": "Arsenal F.C.–Manchester United F.C. rivalry" }, { "id": "16513421", "score": "1.7671632", "text": "for offside against Papiss Cissé, who was lurking behind Evans, but referee Mike Dean allowed it to stand, having deemed that Cissé was not interfering with play. Patrice Evra scored close to the hour mark to make the scores level with a 25-yard strike to mark his best season in terms of goals. Papiss Cissé then scored with a sublime finish to make it 3–2 on 68 minutes, only for Robin van Persie to get United's third equaliser three minutes later. Then United did what they do best with Javier Hernández dramatically scoring a winner with just seconds of the", "title": "2012–13 Manchester United F.C. season" }, { "id": "13672231", "score": "1.7667084", "text": "with younger talent. The 2005 Cup win was their last piece of silverware until 2014. Though the rivalry cooled, the two clubs were still involved in engrossing battles; \"The Guardian\"'s Jamie Jackson wrote after a November 2007 fixture: \"For once here was enough spectacle to meet the pre-match hype and convince the millions watching around the world that the Premier League may just have the best footballers who can play the very best stuff.\" In 2009, the teams met in the semi-finals of the 2008–09 UEFA Champions League, which United won 4–1 on aggregate. United defender Patrice Evra was blunt", "title": "Arsenal F.C.–Manchester United F.C. rivalry" }, { "id": "12004839", "score": "1.7564318", "text": "van Persie, but Arsenal – needing four more goals to make the final – could not find momentum from the goal and the match ended 3–1, with a 4–1 aggregate win for United, who became the first team since Juventus in 1997 to reach the Champions League final the season after winning the tournament, and the first team to reach consecutive finals since Valencia in 2001. On 27 May, United lost to Barcelona 2–0 in the final following goals from Samuel Eto'o after ten minutes (the Catalans' first attempt on goal) and Lionel Messi 20 minutes from time. United performed", "title": "2008–09 Manchester United F.C. season" }, { "id": "13672229", "score": "1.7516513", "text": "it.\" Vieira gave Arsenal the lead in the eighth minute of the match but United ran out 4–2 winners. In May 2005, Arsenal and United contested the 124th FA Cup Final. It was the first time in the competition's history that the final was decided by a penalty shoot-out. Arsenal beat United 5–4, following a goalless draw after extra time. Arsenal forward José Antonio Reyes became the second player in Cup Final history to be sent off, following his second yellow card near the end of extra time. Chelsea's emergence as title challengers put an end to Arsenal and Manchester", "title": "Arsenal F.C.–Manchester United F.C. rivalry" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "2009 UEFA Champions League final" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2012–13 Manchester United F.C. season\n\nThe 2012–13 season was Manchester United's 21st season in the Premier League, and their 38th consecutive season in the top flight of English football.\n\nUnited's season began on 20 August 2012 with the first game of the Premier League campaign. After narrowly missing out on goal difference the previous season, they won an unprecedented 20th English top-flight title on 22 April 2013 with a win over Aston Villa at Old Trafford, in which top scorer Robin van Persie scored a hat-trick, finishing the season with 26 league goals and 30 goals in all competitions.\n\nUnited competed in two domestic cups, the FA Cup and the League Cup, where they entered both tournaments in the Third Round courtesy of their league position. Chelsea proved to be United's nemesis in both competitions, first beating them 5–4 in the Fourth Round of the League Cup on 31 October 2012, followed by a 1–0 win in the FA Cup Sixth Round Replay on 1 April 2013.\n\nIn Europe, United were knocked out of the Champions League at the Round of 16 stage after losing 3–2 on aggregate to Real Madrid.\n\nOn 8 May 2013, United's long time manager, Sir Alex Ferguson announced that he would retire from his position as manager of Manchester United after years in charge, making him the longest-serving manager of any English club by this stage. He had won 38 trophies during that time – more than any other manager in the history of football – and at 71 was the oldest serving manager currently in the Premier League or Football League.\n\nThe next day, Manchester United announced that David Moyes of Everton would take over from Ferguson at the beginning of the 2013–14 season.", "title": "2012–13 Manchester United F.C. season" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Manchester United F.C. 4–3 Manchester City F.C. (2009)\n\nThe first match between Manchester United and Manchester City in the 2009–10 Premier League football season was played on 20 September 2009 at Old Trafford, Trafford. It was the 153rd Manchester derby between the two clubs. Heading into the game, both teams were level on points having both won four matches in the opening weeks of the season, and big-spending City were seen as a new threat to United, who had been the dominant force in English football for over 15 years.\n\nDuring the summer transfer window, striker Carlos Tevez had controversially left United to join City, and the match marked his return to face the club he had had much success with during his two-year stint. His replacement at United was veteran striker Michael Owen, much maligned for his injury record and status as an unwanted free agent. Throughout the summer and in the build-up to the match, Alex Ferguson and Mark Hughes, managers of United and City respectively, engaged in a bitter war of words through the media in an attempt to undermine the other. Ferguson, who had managed United for almost 23 years, made some of his most famous and scathing remarks towards City during this period.\n\nIn the match itself, Wayne Rooney opened the scoring early on, but a mistake from Ben Foster in the United goal allowed Tevez to assist Gareth Barry for City's equaliser. Two goals each from United's Darren Fletcher and City's Craig Bellamy meant that the score was 3–3 going into an allotted four minutes of injury time, before Owen controversially secured the win for the home side in the 96th minute. After the match, a victorious Ferguson described it as \"the best derby of all time\". In 2012, the match was voted as the best of the first two decades of the Premier League in the Premier League 20 Seasons Awards, and it is viewed as the first in a series of games that helped the rivalry progress from a small local derby to a fixture between two elite teams. The goal by Owen and the all-round performance of Ryan Giggs, who provided three assists during the game, are regarded as career highlights for each player.\n\nIt was the first of four meetings between the two teams during the season; they contested a two-legged League Cup semi-final in January 2010, followed by the reverse league fixture at the City of Manchester Stadium in April. United won three of the four games, scoring an injury-time winner on each occasion. Tevez played a central role as the rivalry increased, scoring or assisting a goal in each of the first three fixtures, and on multiple occasions clashed with United club captain Gary Neville both on the pitch and through the media. Each game was marred by incidents that warranted police attention, resulting in several arrests and an increased security presence at each match.", "title": "Manchester United F.C. 4–3 Manchester City F.C. (2009)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Liverpool F.C.–Manchester United F.C. rivalry\n\nThe Liverpool F.C.–Manchester United F.C. rivalry, sometimes referred to as the Northwest Derby, is a high-profile inter-city rivalry between English professional football clubs Liverpool and Manchester United. It is considered the biggest fixture in English football and one of the biggest and fiercest rivalries in world football. Players, fans and the media consider the fixture between the two clubs to be their biggest rivalry, above even their own local derbies, with Everton and Manchester City respectively.\n\nThe rivalry has been fuelled by the proximity of the two major cities that they represent, their historic economic and industrial rivalry, significant periods of domestic footballing dominance and European success, and their popularity at home and abroad, as two of the biggest-earning and widely supported football clubs in the world.\n\nThe two clubs are the most successful English teams in domestic, European and worldwide competitions; between them they have won 39 league titles, 20 FA Cups, 14 League Cups, one Football League Super Cup, 37 FA Community Shields, nine European Cups/UEFA Champions Leagues, four UEFA Cups, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, five UEFA Super Cups, one Intercontinental Cup and two FIFA Club World Cups.\nEach club can claim historical supremacy over the other: United for their 20 league titles to Liverpool's 19 and Liverpool for being European champions six times to United's three. Liverpool lead in terms of total trophies won, 67 to 66, following their win in the 2022 FA Community Shield. Manchester United lead in the head-to-head record between the two teams, with 82 wins to Liverpool's 70; the remaining 58 matches have finished as draws.", "title": "Liverpool F.C.–Manchester United F.C. rivalry" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Luis Suárez" }, { "id": "17845025", "score": "1.7515502", "text": "the crossbar and in the aftermath, Nigel Winterburn began to taunt McClair over the miss. Arsenal had been fined £20,000 within the prior 12 months, for their players' involvement in a 19-man brawl against Norwich City in November 1989. Both clubs entered the match in differing league form. Manchester United lost 1–0 at home to Nottingham Forest on 29 September; the winning goal was scored by Stuart Pearce in the eighth minute. It was their third league defeat of the season and first at Old Trafford in seven months. By contrast, Arsenal beat Norwich City by two goals on 6", "title": "Manchester United F.C.–Arsenal F.C. brawl (1990)" }, { "id": "12917543", "score": "1.7429945", "text": "United's next league match against Blackburn Rovers on 31 October, meaning that Jonny Evans and Wes Brown would continue their defensive partnership from the League Cup game against Barnsley in mid-week. Dimitar Berbatov found the back of the net in the first half, set up by a square pass from Wayne Rooney, but the goal was ruled out as Rooney was found to have been offside when Nani played him the ball in the build-up. The first legitimate goal of the game came 10 minutes into the second half: Patrice Evra hit a shot from well outside the area, but", "title": "2009–10 Manchester United F.C. season" }, { "id": "13672219", "score": "1.7407523", "text": "Champions League. The rivalry continued into the new millennium, though Manchester United's domestic grip tightened. They finished 18 points clear of Arsenal in 1999–2000 and completed a hat-trick of titles the following season. Any indication United could be caught faded once Ferguson's team resoundingly beat Arsenal 6–1 in February 2001. Dwight Yorke scored a hat-trick, on a day Wenger fielded a relatively inexperienced centre-back pairing of Gilles Grimandi and Igors Stepanovs. At the end of the campaign, Ferguson announced his decision to retire. He reportedly sanctioned a bid to sign midfielder Patrick Vieira, who was upset at Arsenal's transfer inactivity.", "title": "Arsenal F.C.–Manchester United F.C. rivalry" }, { "id": "12004814", "score": "1.7355189", "text": "Carlos Tevez, but the Argentine was quickly closed down by Diego López and the chance was missed. The last two decent chances of the game fell to United; first to Ronaldo, who headed just wide from Nani's left-wing cross, and then to Jonny Evans, who headed against the foot of the post after Ronaldo crossed in from the right. United got their first win of the Champions League season on 30 September 2008, when they visited Aalborg BK. The Red Devils were soon on the attack and Dimitar Berbatov could have got his name on the scoresheet after just six", "title": "2008–09 Manchester United F.C. season" }, { "id": "13672232", "score": "1.7351382", "text": "in his post-match assessment: \"It was 11 men against 11 children. We never doubted ourselves. We have much more experience and that's what made the difference.\" In December 2010, Ferguson made a personal plea to the United fans to no longer sing a \"sick\" chant at Wenger, as those kind of chants from fans were considered an embarrassment to the club. With both teams going for the Premier League title in May 2011, Arsenal won their first game against Manchester United since November 2008, to leave United just three points ahead of Chelsea and six ahead of Arsenal going into", "title": "Arsenal F.C.–Manchester United F.C. rivalry" }, { "id": "3117196", "score": "1.7336128", "text": "But you don't win the Premier League against Manchester United; you have to beat the other clubs.\" Arsenal overtook Manchester United in April 1998, and won the league after beating Everton on 3 May 1998; Overmars scored two goals in the match. The team later faced Newcastle United in the 1998 FA Cup Final and it was Overmars who scored the opening goal, in the 23rd minute. Anelka's goal in the second half ensured victory and completed a league and cup double for Arsenal. Wenger praised Overmars after the final: Overmars began the 1998–99 season for Arsenal in good form;", "title": "Marc Overmars" }, { "id": "13431437", "score": "1.725534", "text": "Giggs missed an open goal from 18 yards. Arsenal eventually won the match 2–0 and the result infuriated Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson to such an extent that he kicked a boot across the changing room that hit David Beckham above the left eye. As Manchester United and Arsenal won the Premier League and FA Cup respectively, both teams met in another heated match at the Millennium Stadium a month earlier for the 2003 Community Shield. Phil Neville was booked in the first minute for a challenge on Patrick Vieira, and a minute later Ashley Cole received a booking for", "title": "Battle of Old Trafford" }, { "id": "14463378", "score": "1.7203954", "text": "penalty with three minutes to go when substitute Michael Owen was brought down by Gaël Clichy, but Foy waved away United's shouts and the final score was 1–0 to Arsenal. This meant that United were now only three points ahead of Chelsea in the title race with the same goal difference (+38), with the two meeting on 8 May at Old Trafford in what was both sides' next league game. United went on to win this game 2–1, putting in a great performance. United were superb in the first 45 minutes and made a perfect start when Javier Hernández scored", "title": "2010–11 Manchester United F.C. season" }, { "id": "13672223", "score": "1.7157375", "text": "second yellow card for his part in an altercation with striker Ruud van Nistelrooy, and during stoppage time, defender Martin Keown brought down Diego Forlán in the Arsenal penalty area. United were awarded a penalty and Van Nistelrooy stepped up to take it, but his shot rebounded off the crossbar. This was followed by scenes of jubilation from the Arsenal players, who confronted Van Nistelrooy after his miss and the resulting scuffle led to another fracas after the final whistle. The FA immediately took action, charging six of Arsenal's players (Jens Lehmann, Ray Parlour, Lauren, Cole, Keown and Vieira) with", "title": "Arsenal F.C.–Manchester United F.C. rivalry" }, { "id": "10762135", "score": "1.7145079", "text": "he was guilty of a hurried finish. Arsenal appealed for a penalty after a Gary Neville tackle on Cesc Fàbregas, while late on Brown had a header cleared off the line after a corner. As the game wore on Ruud van Nistelrooy came to the fore, but even the Dutchman was unable to break the impasse. The draw left United trailing Chelsea by 13 points, while Arsenal trailed the Premier League leaders by a staggering 24 points. Manchester United played their local rivals Manchester City on 14 January 2006. United lost 3–1, putting a huge dent into their slim title", "title": "2005–06 Manchester United F.C. season" }, { "id": "16546716", "score": "1.7140965", "text": "group stages of the 2008–09 Champions League season and beat Roma and Villarreal to face Manchester United in the semi-finals. A 1–0 defeat at Old Trafford meant Arsenal needed to win by two clear goals to progress, but goals from Park Ji-sung and Cristiano Ronaldo in the first eleven minutes ended the club's chances of reaching the 2009 UEFA Champions League Final. Wenger in his post-match press conference described the match as \"the most disappointing night of my career\", adding \"I felt the fans were really up for a big night and to disappoint people who stand behind the team", "title": "Arsenal F.C. in European football" }, { "id": "7841635", "score": "1.710659", "text": "Manchester United left it until the last day of the season (16 May), when they came back from 1–0 down against Tottenham Hotspur to win 2–1 and beat Arsenal to the title by a point. Both teams were also playing for the Treble; in addition to their league win, Manchester United had beaten Newcastle United in the 1999 FA Cup Final on 22 May to claim the Double, while Bayern were due to play Werder Bremen in the 1999 DFB-Pokal Final on 12 June. Since neither Manchester United nor Bayern Munich had won their respective leagues in 1997–98, both sides", "title": "1999 UEFA Champions League Final" }, { "id": "4185443", "score": "1.7072618", "text": "Eric Cantona goal for Manchester United. As United had done the double, Evans and his exciting young team would be competing in the 1996–97 European Cup Winners' Cup. Nonetheless, their League position had improved from 4th to 3rd on the previous attempt. This had happened despite collecting only 71 points; however, the league notably had been reduced by 4 games that season. The 71 points was equivalent to 78.5 points the season before. The 1996–97 season in English football proved to be the closest Evans would come to winning the Premier League title. Evans strengthened his side that was built", "title": "Roy Evans" }, { "id": "12917520", "score": "1.7069618", "text": "5 August 2009. Second half goals from Wayne Rooney and Tom Cleverley secured a 2–0 win. As 2008–09 Premier League champions, United kicked off the 2009–10 season with the traditional annual curtain-raiser, the 2009 FA Community Shield, on 9 August 2009, when they played against 2008–09 FA Cup winners Chelsea. Portuguese international Nani opened the scoring for United in the 10th minute, but Chelsea equalised through his compatriot Ricardo Carvalho seven minutes into the second half. Chelsea then took the lead through a controversial Frank Lampard goal in the 70th minute; with Manchester United in possession, Michael Ballack body-checked Patrice", "title": "2009–10 Manchester United F.C. season" }, { "id": "16454696", "score": "1.7069509", "text": "Arteta scored the winning goal for Arsenal in April 2012 and when Arsenal beat Manchester City in the Premier League. Manchester City's local rivals Manchester United supporters did it during a Manchester derby game during the 2011–12 FA Cup as well as Bayern Munich fans during a Champions League group match against them in October 2013. Arsenal supporters also did the Poznań in January 2015, when Arsenal beat Manchester City by 0-2, as did Crystal Palace fans at the 2016 F.A. Cup Final against Manchester United. Initially the supporters group of Australian club Western Sydney Wanderers, The Red and Black", "title": "The Poznań" } ]

[ "Traffic direction guidance", "traffic direction guidance", "ultrasprint orienteering", "orienteer", "Orienteering", "Ultrasprint orienteering", "orienteering", "Orienteer" ]

[ { "id": "3326768", "score": "1.733244", "text": "Second World War, so it is fitting that this tournament bears his name. Born of an English tour of North America in 2001, the Churchill Cup of Rugby came to fruition in 2003, in Vancouver. The tournament arises out of a 5-year agreement between Rugby Canada, Rugby USA and the Rugby Football Union (England) to hold an annual rugby tournament in North America originally intended to be played between the nations Senior Men's and Women's sides. Canada will host the event from 2003 to 2005, in 2003 and 2004 the event was held in Edmonton, Alberta. While the US will", "title": "Churchill Cup" }, { "id": "17099679", "score": "1.7161751", "text": "The LoveRugbyLeague.Com Stadium in Batley and The Tetley’s Stadium in Dewsbury. The second Armed Forces World Cup took place at the Colchester Garrison Sports Stadium. Five nations competed; Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Russia and Serbia. The middle weekend of the tournament coincides with the annual military festival held in Colchester. Five teams took part in the second Wheelchair Rugby League World Cup to be held at Medway Park. The six teams are France, Australia, England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales. 2013 Festival of World Cups The 2013 Festival of World Cups is a series of rugby league World Cups held", "title": "2013 Festival of World Cups" }, { "id": "17612464", "score": "1.7145449", "text": "the second hosted by more than one country—the other having been the 2002 tournament, hosted by South Korea and Japan. Upon this selection, each country made hosting records of their own. Canada becomes the fifth country to host both men's and women's World Cup—the latter having been in 2015; Mexico becomes the first country to host the men's World Cup three times—having done so previously in 1970 and 1986; and the United States becomes the first country to host both men's and women's World Cup twice—having hosted the 1994 men's and the 1999 and 2003 women's World Cups. The FIFA", "title": "2026 FIFA World Cup bids" }, { "id": "341819", "score": "1.714079", "text": "IRFB in 1985 and this time successfully passed 10–6. The delegates from Australia, France, New Zealand and South Africa all voted for the proposal, and the delegates from Ireland and Scotland against; the English and Welsh delegates were split, with one from each country for and one against. The inaugural tournament, jointly hosted by Australia and New Zealand, was held in May and June 1987, with sixteen nations taking part. New Zealand became the first ever champions, defeating France 29–9 in the final. The subsequent 1991 tournament was hosted by England, with matches played throughout Britain, Ireland and France. This", "title": "Rugby World Cup" }, { "id": "7584341", "score": "1.7100694", "text": "Cup tournaments. On the other hand, Canada becomes the fifth country to host both the men's and women's World Cups, after Sweden (Men's: 1958/Women's: 1995), United States (Men's: 1994/Women's: 1999, 2003), Germany (Men's: 1974, 2006/Women's: 2011), and France (Men's: 1934, 1998/Women's: 2019). The United States becomes the first country to host both men's and women's World Cup twice each. The bidding process for this World Cup has yet to start. Some early bids for the 2030 FIFA World Cup - the Centennial World Cup - have however been proposed. The first proposed bid has been a collective bid by the", "title": "FIFA World Cup hosts" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "New Zealand national rugby union team\n\nThe New Zealand national rugby union team, commonly known as the All Blacks (), represents New Zealand in men's international rugby union, which is considered the country's national sport. The team won the Rugby World Cup in 1987, 2011 and 2015. They were the first country to win the Rugby World Cup 3 times and the first country to retain the Rugby World Cup.\n\nNew Zealand has a 76 per-cent winning record in test-match rugby, and has secured more wins than losses against every test opponent. Since their international debut in 1903, New Zealand teams have played test matches against 19 nations, of which 12 have never won a game against the All Blacks. The team has also played against three multinational all-star teams, losing only eight of 45 matches. Since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003, New Zealand has held the number-one ranking longer than all other teams combined. They jointly hold the record for the most consecutive test match wins for a tier-one ranked nation, along with England.\n\nThe All Blacks compete with Argentina, Australia and South Africa in the Rugby Championship, and have won the trophy nineteen times in the competition's 27-year history. The team has completed a Grand Slam tour against the four Home Nations four times (1978, 2005, 2008 and 2010). World Rugby has named New Zealand the World Rugby Team of the Year ten times since the award was initiated in 2001,<ref name=\"PastIRBawards\">\n</ref>\nand an All Black has won the World Rugby Player of the Year award ten times over the same period. Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame.\n\nThe team's first match took place in 1884 in New South Wales and their first international test match in 1903 against Australia in Sydney. The following year New Zealand hosted their first home test, a match against a British Isles side in Wellington. There followed a 34-game tour of Europe and North America in 1905 (which included five test matches), where New Zealand suffered only one defeat: their first test loss, against Wales.\n\nNew Zealand's early uniforms consisted of a black jersey with a silver fern and white shorts. By the 1905 tour they were wearing all black, except for the silver fern, and the name \"All Blacks\" dates from this time.\n\nThe team perform a haka before every match; this is a Māori challenge or posture dance. Traditionally the All Blacks use Te Rauparaha's haka \"Ka Mate\", although players have also performed \"Kapa o Pango\" since 2005.", "title": "New Zealand national rugby union team" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "European Broadcasting Union\n\nThe European Broadcasting Union (EBU; , UER) is an alliance of public service media organisations whose countries are within the European Broadcasting Area or who are members of the Council of Europe. , it is made up of 112 member organizations from 54 countries, and 31 associate members from a further 20 countries. It was established in 1950, and had its administrative headquarters in Geneva and technical office in Brussels.\n\nThe EBU owns and operates the Eurovision and Euroradio telecommunications networks on which major television and radio broadcasts are distributed live to its members. It also operates the daily Eurovision news exchange in which members share breaking news footage.\n\nIn 2017, the EBU launched the Eurovision Social Newswire, an eyewitness and video verification service. Led by Head of Social Newsgathering, Derek Bowler, the service provides members of the EBU with verified and cleared-for-use newsworthy eyewitness media emerging on social media.\n\nThe EBU in co-operation with its members produces programmes and organizes events in which its members can participate, such as the Eurovision Song Contest, its best known production, or the Eurovision Debates between candidates for president of the European Commission for the 2014 and 2019 parliamentary elections. The Director-General is Noel Curran since 2017.", "title": "European Broadcasting Union" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Underwater hockey\n\nUnderwater hockey (UWH), (also known as Octopush in the United Kingdom) is a globally played limited-contact sport in which two teams compete to manoeuvre a puck across the bottom of a swimming pool into the opposing team's goal by propelling it with a hockey stick (or pusher).\n\nA key challenge of the game is that players are not able to use breathing devices such as scuba gear whilst playing, they must hold their breath. The game originated in England in 1954 when Alan Blake, a founder of the newly formed Southsea Sub-Aqua Club, invented the game he called Octopush as a means of keeping the club's members interested and active over the cold winter months when open-water diving lost its appeal. Underwater hockey is now played worldwide, with the Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques, abbreviated CMAS, as the world governing body. The first Underwater Hockey World Championship was held in Canada in 1980 after a false start in 1979 brought about by international politics and apartheid.", "title": "Underwater hockey" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of association football competitions\n\nThis is a list of the association football competitions past and present for international teams and for club football, in individual countries and internationally. Confirmed future competitions are also included.\n\nThe competitions are grouped by organising authority: the FIFA (international association), the six confederations (continental associations), and the federations (national associations)\n\n\"For more information about each year, season, and other, see: , and ", "title": "List of association football competitions" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "UEFA\n\nUnion of European Football Associations (UEFA ; ; ) is one of six continental bodies of governance in association football. It governs football, futsal and beach football in Europe and the Eurasian transcontinental countries of Russia, Turkey, Cyprus, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, and Kazakhstan, as well as one Asian country Israel. UEFA consists of 55 national association members. Because of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, FIFA and UEFA suspended all Russian national teams and clubs from any FIFA and UEFA competitions.\n\nUEFA consists of the national football associations of Europe, and runs national and club competitions including the UEFA European Championship, UEFA Nations League, UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League, UEFA Europa Conference League, and UEFA Super Cup, and also controls the prize money, regulations, as well as media rights to those competitions.\n\nHenri Delaunay acted as the first general secretary and Ebbe Schwartz as the first president. The current president is Aleksander Čeferin, a former Football Association of Slovenia president, who was elected as UEFA's seventh president at the 12th Extraordinary UEFA Congress in Athens in September 2016, and automatically became a vice-president of the world body FIFA.", "title": "UEFA" }, { "id": "5693570", "score": "1.7021403", "text": "men's UEFA Euro 2016. Later Australia (12 October 2007) and Peru (17 October 2007) voluntarily dropped out of the race as well, leaving only Canada and Germany as the remaining candidates. On 30 October 2007, the FIFA Executive Committee voted to assign the tournament to Germany. Canada was eventually awarded the 2015 Women's World Cup four years later. Upon the selection, Germany became the third country to host both men's and women's World Cup, having hosted the men's twice in 1974 and 2006. After the German Football Association (DFB) expressed its intention to bid for the Women's World Cup, 23", "title": "2011 FIFA Women's World Cup" }, { "id": "12171679", "score": "1.7014465", "text": "zvezda) and the second by Celtic, and was the last ever trophy Jock Stein would ever lift for Celtic. World of Soccer Cup The World of Soccer Cup, a football (soccer) friendly tournament, took place in the summer of 1977, hosted by Singapore and Australia. The tournament was the idea of English entrepreneur Reg Lambourne, Strata Travel owner Tom Lawrence and Red Star Belgrade FC Secretary General Dr Miroljub Stojkovic and consisted of two competitions. The first (also known as Metro 20th Anniversary Tournament) was a straight knock-out tournament in Singapore, and the second was a mini-league in which the", "title": "World of Soccer Cup" }, { "id": "3326763", "score": "1.7000326", "text": "competition. Originally, New Zealand Māori had been invited, but they declined because it would clash with their fixture with the British and Irish Lions. There was no women's competition in either 2005 or 2006, largely because of Canada's preparations to host the Women's Rugby World Cup in 2006. Originally, the competition was scheduled only to 2007, as the original contract between Rugby Canada, the Rugby Football Union (England) and USA Rugby was a five-year deal. Under the agreement, Canada would host the first three events, while the USA had an option to host in 2006 and 2007. However, because USA", "title": "Churchill Cup" }, { "id": "7584325", "score": "1.6976683", "text": "on 1 July 1992. Only one round of voting was required to have France assume the hosting job over Morocco. Result: Bids: On 31 May 1996, the hosting selection meeting was held in Zürich for the fifth straight time. A joint bid was formed between Japan and South Korea, and the bid was \"voted by acclamation\", an oral vote without ballots. The first joint bid of the World Cup was approved, edging out Mexico. Results: The 2002 FIFA World Cup was co-hosted in Asia for the first time by South Korea and Japan (the final was held in Japan). Initially,", "title": "FIFA World Cup hosts" }, { "id": "736399", "score": "1.6934917", "text": "by Mexico in 1970. It was boycotted by most independent countries from Africa who objected to the qualification requirements. Despite this, the number of entries for the qualifying tournament was a new record, with 70 nations. England was chosen as host of the 1966 World Cup in Rome, Italy on 22 August 1960, over rival bids from West Germany and Spain. This is first tournament to be held in a country that was affected directly by World War II, as the four previous tournaments were either held in countries out of war theatres or in neutral countries. Despite the Africans'", "title": "1966 FIFA World Cup" }, { "id": "17865013", "score": "1.6927929", "text": "for this reason was a very well attended event. Until 1965, the year of the first Official World Championship, the Gold Cup was considered the unofficial World Cup. The first rules created by the Clyde Yacht Clubs' Association established that the Cup should be sailed annually and that the Cup should be retained by the winner for one year only. It also established that the event should take place in rotation in the following countries: Scotland, France, Sweden, Germany, Holland and Denmark. With the revision of the rules in 1997, the number of hosting countries was enlarged to eleven: Belgium,", "title": "Dragon Gold Cup" }, { "id": "10073190", "score": "1.6905613", "text": "three years, as well as the fifth. In its first year, it was known as the Phoenix Cup, after which the Pacific Cup moniker was adopted (with the exception of 1994, when Mexico served as the host country and the tournament was known as La Copa Mexico). In 1996, the tournament was first held in Canada. Beginning in 1997, just four years after the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, the Czech Republic and Slovakia began alternating as hosts, and the tournament was renamed the Nations Cup. The two countries alternated until 2003, then co-hosted from 2003 through 2017. At this time, it", "title": "Hlinka Gretzky Cup" }, { "id": "7662348", "score": "1.689321", "text": "England. In the Plate competition Canada prevailed over Spain 18–4. Following the first tournament it was decided to move the tournament schedule to the year prior to the next men's world cup therefore reducing the quadrennial cycle to just three years. The next event was originally scheduled to take place in Amsterdam but ended up being moved to Scotland. Eleven countries competed in the tournament with the English meeting the United States in the final for the second time however, in this instance England emerged as winners. The 1998 tournament became the first women's world cup officially sanctioned by the", "title": "Women's Rugby World Cup" }, { "id": "4174810", "score": "1.6883", "text": "it was contested by the other three home nations and the Republic of Ireland, who were the first host nation and winners. The tournament was intended to be played biennially to prevent fixture congestion during World Cup qualification years with the 2013 event to be held at the Millennium stadium in Cardiff, the tournament was cancelled after the first year as very few fans were prepared to travel and the tournament did not create the expected revenues. Scotland and Wales were drawn against each other in World Cup qualification anyway, and a 150th anniversary friendly was organised between Scotland and", "title": "Sport in the United Kingdom" }, { "id": "341722", "score": "1.6882771", "text": "games between younger players. Much larger versions of traditional balls are also available for purchase, but these are mainly for their novelty attraction. The Rugby World Cup, which was first held in New Zealand and Australia in 1987, occurs every four years. It is an international tournament organized by World Rugby. The event is played in the union format and features the top 20 teams from around the world. The current world champions are New Zealand, who won the 2015 Rugby World Cup, which was played in England. The Rugby League World Cup was the first World Cup of either", "title": "Rugby football" }, { "id": "7303474", "score": "1.6876736", "text": "for official International Baseball Federation sanctioned Women's World Cup competitions. In 2004 five countries competed in the first Women's Baseball World Cup in Edmonton, Canada: the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan and Taiwan. Subsequent tournaments have been held every two years, with the US winning the first two in 2004 and 2006, and Japan winning five consecutive gold medals from 2008-2016. In 2016, the field included twelve teams, more than had competed in any previous Women's Baseball World Cup: Australia, the Netherlands, Canada, Cuba, the United States, Venezuela, Taiwan, Hong Kong, India, Pakistan, Japan, and South Korea. The first Pan", "title": "Women's baseball" }, { "id": "6089474", "score": "1.6862925", "text": "(2nd, 3rd and 4th place) are mentioned and being updated successively. The first ever Subbuteo table football (soccer) World Cup was played in London (UK/ENG) 1970 with 13 Nations competing. The 'big' three of the 1960s where Belgium, Netherlands, West Germany and Switzerland was the emerging ETF Nation. The four UK Home Nations England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Irland and Eire, as well as from southern Europe Malta and Gibraltar travelled to London. The Americas where represented through the USA and Asia through Israel, which reached against all odds the Semi-Final stage. Stuart Goldman(†) was UK citizen from England and represented", "title": "Federation of International Sports Table Football" }, { "id": "4643176", "score": "1.6858586", "text": "World Cup (men's golf) The World Cup of Golf is a men's golf tournament contested by teams of two representing their country. Only one team is allowed from each country. The players are selected on the basis of the Official World Golf Ranking, although not all of the first choice players choose to compete. The equivalent event for women was the Women's World Cup of Golf, played from 2005 to 2008. The tournament was founded by Canadian industrialist John Jay Hopkins, who hoped it would promote international goodwill through golf. It began in 1953 as the Canada Cup and changed", "title": "World Cup (men's golf)" }, { "id": "9570458", "score": "1.685511", "text": "4 (including the first three World Cups). They hosted it in 1975, 1979, 1983, 1999 and will host their fifth in 2019. England are also the only nation to have hosted a World Cup alone, doing it in 1975 and 1979. In 1983 & 1999, despite being regarded as the only host for the tournament, some matches were played in Ireland, Netherlands, Scotland and Wales. The West Indies hosted the tournament in 2007 but are not considered as sole hosts because the West Indies represents a sporting confederation of 15 mainly English-speaking Caribbean countries, British dependencies and non-British dependencies. England", "title": "Cricket World Cup hosts" }, { "id": "145438", "score": "1.6853569", "text": "Chile, England, Argentina, Spain, the United States, Japan and South Korea (jointly), South Africa and Russia have each hosted once. Qatar are planned as hosts of the 2022 finals, and 2026 will be jointly hosted by Canada, the United States and Mexico, which will give Mexico the distinction of being the first country to have hosted games in three finals. The world's first international football match was a challenge match played in Glasgow in 1872 between Scotland and England, which ended in a 0–0 draw. The first international tournament, the inaugural British Home Championship, took place in 1884. As football", "title": "FIFA World Cup" } ]

[ "", "44", "distance:inches", "44 distance", "44 inches", "forty-four distance", "forty four distance" ]

[ { "id": "7430021", "score": "1.6092429", "text": "the chord of 90° as diagonal). Together they describe the circle shown in the figure, whose diameter is 10 and circumference is 32; the chord of 90° is taken to be 7. Both of the values 7 and 32 are within a few percent of the true lengths for a diameter-10 circle (which does not justify Goodwin's presentation of them as exact). The circumference should be nearer to 31.4159 and the diagonal \"7\" should be the square root of 50 (=25+25), or nearer to 7.071. Goodwin's main goal was not to measure lengths in the circle but to \"square\" it,", "title": "Indiana Pi Bill" }, { "id": "14358982", "score": "1.5641406", "text": "Āryabhaṭa has chosen the number 3438 as the value of radius of the base circle for the computation of his sine table. The rationale of the choice of this parameter is the idea of measuring the circumference of a circle in angle measures. In astronomical computations distances are measured in degrees, minutes, seconds, etc. In this measure, the circumference of a circle is 360° = (60 × 360) minutes = 21600 minutes. The radius of the circle, the measure of whose circumference is 21600 minutes, is 21600 / 2π minutes. Computing this using the value π = 3.1416 known to", "title": "Āryabhaṭa's sine table" }, { "id": "12149952", "score": "1.5371578", "text": "two legs being \"c\" and \"r\". This proposition is proved by the method of exhaustion. Proposition two states: The area of a circle is to the square on its diameter as 11 to 14. This proposition could not have been placed by Archimedes, for it relies on the outcome of the third proposition. Proposition three states: The ratio of the circumference of any circle to its diameter is greater than formula_1 but less than formula_2. This approximates what we now call the mathematical constant π. He found these bounds on the value of π by inscribing and circumscribing a circle", "title": "Measurement of a Circle" }, { "id": "77265", "score": "1.5132378", "text": "calculus. Early science, particularly geometry and astrology and astronomy, was connected to the divine for most medieval scholars, and many believed that there was something intrinsically \"divine\" or \"perfect\" that could be found in circles. Some highlights in the history of the circle are: The ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter is (pi), an irrational constant approximately equal to 3.141592654. Thus the length of the circumference \"C\" is related to the radius \"r\" and diameter \"d\" by: As proved by Archimedes, in his Measurement of a Circle, the area enclosed by a circle is equal to that of", "title": "Circle" }, { "id": "77266", "score": "1.5116434", "text": "a triangle whose base has the length of the circle's circumference and whose height equals the circle's radius, which comes to multiplied by the radius squared: Equivalently, denoting diameter by \"d\", that is, approximately 79% of the circumscribing square (whose side is of length \"d\"). The circle is the plane curve enclosing the maximum area for a given arc length. This relates the circle to a problem in the calculus of variations, namely the isoperimetric inequality. Equation of a circle<br> In an \"x\"–\"y\" Cartesian coordinate system, the circle with centre coordinates (\"a\", \"b\") and radius \"r\" is the set of", "title": "Circle" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Equator\n\nThe equator is a circle of latitude that divides a spheroid, such as Earth, into the northern and southern hemispheres. On Earth, it is an imaginary line located at 0 degrees latitude, about in circumference, halfway between the North and South poles. The term can also be used for any other celestial body that is roughly spherical.\n\nIn spatial (3D) geometry, as applied in astronomy, the equator of a rotating spheroid (such as a planet) is the parallel (circle of latitude) at which latitude is defined to be 0°. It is an imaginary line on the spheroid, equidistant from its poles, dividing it into northern and southern hemispheres. In other words, it is the intersection of the spheroid with the plane perpendicular to its axis of rotation and midway between its geographical poles.\n\nOn and near the equator (on Earth), noontime sunlight appears almost directly overhead (no more than about 23° from the zenith) every day, year-round. Consequently, the equator has a rather stable daytime temperature throughout the year. On the equinoxes (approximately March 20 and September 23) the subsolar point crosses Earth's equator at a shallow angle, sunlight shines perpendicular to Earth's axis of rotation, and all latitudes have nearly a 12-hour day and 12-hour night.", "title": "Equator" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bend radius\n\nBend radius, which is measured to the inside curvature, is the minimum radius one can bend a pipe, tube, sheet, cable or hose without kinking it, damaging it, or shortening its life. The \"smaller\" the bend radius, the \"greater\" is the material flexibility (as the radius of curvature \"decreases\", the curvature \"increases\"). The diagram to the right illustrates a cable with a seven-centimeter bend radius.\n\nThe \"minimum bend radius\" is the radius below which an object such as a cable should not be bent.", "title": "Bend radius" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Earth's circumference\n\nEarth's circumference is the distance around Earth. Measured around the Equator, it is . Measured around the poles, the circumference is .\n\nMeasurement of Earth's circumference has been important to navigation since ancient times. The first known scientific measurement and calculation was done by Eratosthenes, who achieved a great degree of precision in his computation. Earth deviates from spherical by about 0.3%, as characterized by flattening.\n\nIn modern times, Earth's circumference has been used to define fundamental units of measurement of length: the nautical mile in the seventeenth century and the metre in the eighteenth. Earth's polar circumference is very near to 21,600 nautical miles because the nautical mile was intended to express one minute of latitude (see meridian arc), which is 21,600 partitions of the polar circumference (that is 60 minutes × 360 degrees). The polar circumference is also close to 40,000 kilometres because the metre was originally defined to be one ten millionth (i.e., a kilometre is one ten thousandth) of the arc from pole to equator (quarter meridian). The accuracy of measuring the circumference has improved since then, but the physical length of each unit of measure had remained close to what it was determined to be at the time, so the Earth's circumference is no longer a round number in metres or nautical miles.", "title": "Earth's circumference" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Circular error probable\n\nIn the military science of ballistics, circular error probable (CEP) (also circular error probability or circle of equal probability) is a measure of a weapon system's precision. It is defined as the radius of a circle, centered on the mean, whose perimeter is expected to include the landing points of 50% of the rounds; said otherwise, it is the median error radius. That is, if a given munitions design has a CEP of 100 m, when 100 munitions are targeted at the same point, 50 will fall within a circle with a radius of 100 m around their average impact point. (The distance between the target point and the average impact point is referred to as bias.)\n\nThere are associated concepts, such as the DRMS (distance root mean square), which is the square root of the average squared distance error, and R95, which is the radius of the circle where 95% of the values would fall in.\n\nThe concept of CEP also plays a role when measuring the accuracy of a position obtained by a navigation system, such as GPS or older systems such as LORAN and Loran-C.", "title": "Circular error probable" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Milliradian\n\nA milliradian (SI-symbol mrad, sometimes also abbreviated mil) is an SI derived unit for angular measurement which is defined as a thousandth of a radian (0.001 radian). Milliradians are used in adjustment of firearm sights by adjusting the angle of the sight compared to the barrel (up, down, left, or right). Milliradians are also used for comparing shot groupings, or to compare the difficulty of hitting different sized shooting targets at different distances. When using a scope with both mrad adjustment and a reticle with mrad markings (called an \"mrad/mrad scope\"), the shooter can use the reticle as a ruler to count the number of mrads a shot was off-target, which directly translates to the sight adjustment needed to hit the target with a follow up shot. Optics with mrad markings in the reticle can also be used to make a range estimation of a known size target, or vice versa, to determine a target size if the distance is known, a practice called \"milling\".\n\nMilliradians are generally used for very small angles, which allows for very accurate mathematical approximations to more easily calculate with direct proportions, back and forth between the angular separation observed in an optic, linear subtension on target, and range. In such applications it is useful to use a unit for target size that is a thousandth of the unit for range, for instance by using the metric units millimeters for target size and meters for range. This coincides with the definition of the milliradian where the arc length is defined as of the radius. A common adjustment value in firearm sights is 1 cm at 100 meters which equals =  mrad.\n\nThe true definition of a milliradian is based on a unit circle with a radius of one and an arc divided into 1,000 mrad per radian, hence 2,000 π or approximately 6,283.185 milliradians in one turn, and rifle scope adjustments and reticles are calibrated to this definition. There are also other definitions used for land mapping and artillery which are rounded to more easily be divided into smaller parts for use with compasses, which are then often referred to as \"mils\", \"lines\", or similar. For instance there are artillery sights and compasses with 6,400 NATO mils, 6,000 Warsaw Pact mils or 6,300 Swedish \"streck\" per turn instead of 360° or 2π radians, achieving higher resolution than a 360° compass while also being easier to divide into parts than if true milliradians were used.", "title": "Milliradian" }, { "id": "17930515", "score": "1.5084707", "text": "slimness of a circle is of course 1 - the smallest possible value. For a circular segment with central angle \"θ\", the circumcircle diameter is the length of the chord and the incircle diameter is the height of the segment, so the two-balls slimness (and its approximation when \"θ\" is small) is: For a circular sector with central angle \"θ\" (when \"θ\" is small), the circumcircle diameter is the radius of the circle and the incircle diameter is the chord length, so the two-balls slimness is: For an ellipse, the slimness factors are different in different locations. For example, consider", "title": "Fat object" }, { "id": "5134241", "score": "1.5029931", "text": "Measurement of a Circle\" (c. 260 BCE), compare the area enclosed by a circle to a right triangle whose base has the length of the circle's circumference and whose height equals the circle's radius. If the area of the circle is not equal to that of the triangle, then it must be either greater or less. We eliminate each of these by contradiction, leaving equality as the only possibility. We use regular polygons in the same way. Suppose that the area \"C\" enclosed by the circle is greater than the area \"T\" = ⁄\"cr\" of the triangle. Let \"E\" denote", "title": "Area of a circle" }, { "id": "1624965", "score": "1.4952606", "text": "circles. Wherever it was measured, the breadth of this shape was one small radius plus one large radius. (The small radius was not strictly necessary to the geometry, but made the shape more practical by removing inconvenient sharp points and reducing the rate of wear, and therefore change of size, in handling). The number of corners could be any odd number greater than one. A drawing was made to illustrate the proposal which was accepted by Hugh Conway. He chose seven sides as a compromise between too radical a shape, which might not be acceptable to the public, and having", "title": "Fifty pence (British coin)" }, { "id": "150832", "score": "1.4926674", "text": "a circle as follows: Problem 30 of the Ahmes papyrus uses these methods to calculate the area of a circle, according to a rule that the area is equal to the square of 8/9 of the circle's diameter. This assumes that is 4×(8/9)² (or 3.160493...), with an error of slightly over 0.63 percent. This value was slightly less accurate than the calculations of the Babylonians (25/8 = 3.125, within 0.53 percent), but was not otherwise surpassed until Archimedes' approximation of 211875/67441 = 3.14163, which had an error of just over 1 in 10,000. Ahmes knew of the modern 22/7 as", "title": "History of geometry" }, { "id": "5134236", "score": "1.4916265", "text": "Area of a circle In geometry, the area enclosed by a circle of radius is . Here the Greek letter represents a constant, approximately equal to 3.14159, which is equal to the ratio of the circumference of any circle to its diameter. One method of deriving this formula, which originated with Archimedes, involves viewing the circle as the limit of a sequence of regular polygons. The area of a regular polygon is half its perimeter multiplied by the distance from its center to its sides, and the corresponding formula (that the area is half the perimeter times the radius, i.e.", "title": "Area of a circle" }, { "id": "73251", "score": "1.486778", "text": "length of the edge. The circumference of a circle is the distance around it, but if, as in many elementary treatments, distance is defined in terms of straight lines, this can not be used as a definition. Under these circumstances, the circumference of a circle may be defined as the limit of the perimeters of inscribed regular polygons as the number of sides increases without bound. The term circumference is used when measuring physical objects, as well as when considering abstract geometric forms. The circumference of a circle is related to one of the most important mathematical constants. This constant,", "title": "Circumference" }, { "id": "12491074", "score": "1.4855487", "text": "sides of length \"a\" is given by The perimeter of a regular megagon inscribed in the unit circle is: which is very close to 2π. In fact, for a circle the size of the Earth's equator, with a circumference of 40,075 kilometres, one edge of a megagon inscribed in such a circle would be slightly over 40 meters long. The difference between the perimeter of the inscribed megagon and the circumference of this circle comes to less than 1/16 millimeters. Because 1000000 = 2 × 5, the number of sides is not a product of distinct Fermat primes and a", "title": "Megagon" }, { "id": "6391013", "score": "1.4854336", "text": "center of the circle, measure the angle where the two lines meet the center, then solve for L by cross-multiplying the statement: For example, if the measure of the angle is 60 degrees and the circumference is 24 inches, then This is so because the circumference of a circle and the degrees of a circle, of which there are always 360, are directly proportional. The area of the sector formed by an arc and the center of a circle (bounded by the arc and the two radii drawn to its endpoints) is The area \"A\" has the same proportion to", "title": "Arc (geometry)" }, { "id": "469252", "score": "1.4814012", "text": "In his work around 130, Zhang Heng compared the celestial circle to the diameter of the earth, proportioning the former as 736 and the latter as 232, thus calculating pi as 3.1724. In Zhang's day, the ratio 4:3 was given for the area of a square to the area of its inscribed circle and the volume of a cube and volume of the inscribed sphere should also be 4:3. In formula, with D as diameter and V as volume, D:V = 16:9 or V=formula_1D; Zhang realized that the value for diameter in this formula was inaccurate, noting the discrepancy as", "title": "Zhang Heng" }, { "id": "3746542", "score": "1.4796212", "text": "A circle of 60 NM radius has a circumference of: 2x60xπ = 376.99 NM If we divide 376.99 by 360° we get: 376.99/360 = 1.047 NM (off by 4.7%) We can consider this rule a very good approximation. As a coincidence, 1 NM is about 6,000 feet (6,076.1 feet) so we can use the 60:1 rule for this too. For a 1 degree shift at 1 NM, there are about 100 feet of offset. This becomes very useful for estimating or correcting vertical speed settings and flight path angles (FPA) during climb, descent, or approaches. If a gradient in %", "title": "1 in 60 rule" }, { "id": "73252", "score": "1.4786221", "text": "pi, is represented by the Greek letter . The first few decimal digits of the numerical value of are 3.141592653589793 ... Pi is defined as the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter : Or, equivalently, as the ratio of the circumference to twice the radius. The above formula can be rearranged to solve for the circumference: The use of the mathematical constant is ubiquitous in mathematics, engineering, and science. In \"Measurement of a Circle\" written circa 250 BCE, Archimedes showed that this ratio (, since he did not use the name ) was greater than 3 but less", "title": "Circumference" }, { "id": "12149951", "score": "1.4781059", "text": "Measurement of a Circle Measurement of a Circle or Dimension of the Circle (Greek: , \"Kuklou metrēsis\") is a treatise that consists of three propositions by Archimedes, ca. 250 BCE. The treatise is only a fraction of what was a longer work. Proposition one states: The area of any circle is equal to a right-angled triangle in which one of the sides about the right angle is equal to the radius, and the other to the circumference, of the circle. Any circle with a circumference \"c\" and a radius \"r\" is equal in area with a right triangle with the", "title": "Measurement of a Circle" }, { "id": "18404702", "score": "1.475992", "text": "having a circumference equal to that of the cylinder. The circumference of this circle we divide into any number of equidistant divisions, as from 1 to 24. The pitch A B of the spiral or thread is then divided off also into 24 equidistant divisions, as marked on the left hand of the figure; vertical lines are then drawn from the points of division on the circle to the points correspondingly numbered on the lines dividing the pitch; and where line 1 on the circle intersects line 1 on the pitch is one point in the curve. Similarly, where point", "title": "Joshua Rose (engineer)" }, { "id": "7381608", "score": "1.4747977", "text": "with a purported solution to the problem of geometrically \"squaring the circle\". The bill was nearly passed by the Indiana General Assembly in the U.S., and has been claimed to imply a number of different values for , although the closest it comes to explicitly asserting one is the wording \"the ratio of the diameter and circumference is as five-fourths to four\", which would make , a discrepancy of nearly 2 percent. A mathematics professor who happened to be present the day the bill was brought up for consideration in the Senate, after it had passed in the House, helped", "title": "Approximations of π" }, { "id": "4975112", "score": "1.4743859", "text": "may refer to its circumradius, the radius of its circumscribed circle or circumscribed sphere. In either case, the radius may be more than half the diameter, which is usually defined as the maximum distance between any two points of the figure. The inradius of a geometric figure is usually the radius of the largest circle or sphere contained in it. The inner radius of a ring, tube or other hollow object is the radius of its cavity. For regular polygons, the radius is the same as its circumradius. The inradius of a regular polygon is also called apothem. In graph", "title": "Radius" } ]

[ "Flordia", "State of Florida", "twenty seventh state", "Florida, USA", "flawda", "florida u s state", "Floreda", "florida redbacks", "religion in florida", "Twenty-Seventh State", "Florida, United States", "state of florida", "Florida", "Tourism in Florida", "Florida map", "economy of florida", "Sports in Florida", "Flórida", "Agriculture in Florida", "fl state", "Florida (state)", "tourism in florida", "27th state", "Flordida", "Fla.", "peninsular state", "Economy of Florida", "Flowery Easter", "Peninsular State", "sunshine state us", "florida state", "agriculture in florida", "sports in florida", "florida s", "FL (state)", "florida", "Florida (State)", "flowery easter", "flórida", "Sunshine State (US)", "Florida's", "Florida (U.S. state)", "flordia", "flordida", "27th State", "Twenty-seventh State", "florida usa", "fla", "us fl", "floreda", "florida map", "Flawda", "Florida (US state)", "florida united states", "US-FL", "floridian peninsula", "Floridian Peninsula", "florida us state", "Florida Redbacks", "Religion in Florida" ]

[ { "id": "1036693", "score": "1.7812161", "text": "St. Augustine, Florida St. Augustine () is a city in the Southeastern United States, on the Atlantic coast of northeastern Florida. Founded in 1565 by Spanish explorers, it is the oldest continuously inhabited European-established settlement within the borders of the continental United States. The county seat of St. Johns County, St. Augustine is part of Florida's First Coast region and the Jacksonville metropolitan area. According to the 2010 census, the city's population was 12,975. The United States Census Bureau's 2013 estimate of the city's population was 13,679, while the urban area had a population of 71,379 in 2012. St. Augustine", "title": "St. Augustine, Florida" }, { "id": "1036729", "score": "1.7133934", "text": "members was Zora Neale Hurston; a historic marker is placed at the house where she lived while teaching at Florida Memorial (and where she wrote her autobiography \"Dust Tracks on a Road\".) Government resources Local news media Historical Higher education St. Augustine, Florida St. Augustine () is a city in the Southeastern United States, on the Atlantic coast of northeastern Florida. Founded in 1565 by Spanish explorers, it is the oldest continuously inhabited European-established settlement within the borders of the continental United States. The county seat of St. Johns County, St. Augustine is part of Florida's First Coast region and", "title": "St. Augustine, Florida" }, { "id": "14063470", "score": "1.6668451", "text": "Mateo. Further down the coast in Florida, the Spanish founded in 1565 by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, San Agustín (St. Augustine) became the oldest continuously-inhabited European settlement in any State of the United States. This is the second oldest settlement, following only San Juan, Puerto Rico, in the current territory and possessions of the United States. From this base of operation, Spanish missionaries began building Roman Catholic missions in Florida. Under the supervision of Sir Walter Raleigh in 1585, a colonizing expedition composed solely of men, many of them veteran soldiers who had fought to establish the British rule in", "title": "Territorial evolution of North America prior to 1763" }, { "id": "1036695", "score": "1.6584947", "text": "was designated the capital of the Florida Territory upon ratification of the Adams–Onís Treaty in 1821. The Florida National Guard made the city its headquarters that same year. The territorial government moved and made Tallahassee the capital in 1824. Since the late 19th century, St. Augustine's distinct historical character has made the city a major tourist attraction. Founded in 1565 by the Spanish \"conquistador\" Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, St. Augustine is the oldest continuously occupied settlement of European origin in the contiguous United States. In 1562, a group of Huguenots led by Jean Ribault arrived in Spanish Florida to establish", "title": "St. Augustine, Florida" }, { "id": "19611236", "score": "1.6546307", "text": "The city's historic center is anchored by St. George Street, which is lined with historic houses from various periods. Some of these houses are reconstructions of buildings or parts of buildings that had been burned or demolished over the years; however, several of them are original. The city has many well-cared-for and preserved examples of Spanish-style, Mediterranean Revival, British Colonial, and early American homes and buildings. The Castillo de San Marcos, located on South Castillo Drive, is the oldest masonry fort in the continental United States. Made of a stone called \"coquina\" (Spanish for \"small shells\"), construction began in 1672.", "title": "History of St. Augustine, Florida" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "St. Augustine, Florida\n\nSt. Augustine ( ; ) is a city in the Southeastern United States and the county seat of St. Johns County on the Atlantic coast of northeastern Florida. Founded in 1565 by Spanish explorers, it is the oldest continuously inhabited European-established settlement in what is now the contiguous United States.\n\nSt. Augustine was founded on September 8, 1565, by Spanish admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, Florida's first governor. He named the settlement \"\"San Agustín\"\", as his ships bearing settlers, troops, and supplies from Spain had first sighted land in Florida eleven days earlier on August 28, the feast day of St. Augustine. The city served as the capital of Spanish Florida for over 200 years. It was designated as the capital of British East Florida when the colony was established in 1763; Great Britain returned Florida to Spain in 1783.\n\nSpain ceded Florida to the United States in 1819, and St. Augustine was designated the capital of the Florida Territory upon ratification of the Adams–Onís Treaty in 1821. The Florida National Guard made the city its headquarters that same year. The territorial government moved and made Tallahassee the capital of Florida in 1824.\n\nSt. Augustine is part of Florida's First Coast region and the Jacksonville metropolitan area. Since the late 19th century, St. Augustine's distinctive historical character has made the city a tourist attraction. The fort continues to be a major tourist attraction. Much of the fort is made of coquina.", "title": "St. Augustine, Florida" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of St. Augustine, Florida\n\nSt. Augustine, Florida, the oldest continuously occupied settlement of European origin in the continental United States, was founded in 1565 by Spanish admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés. The Spanish Crown issued an \"asiento\" to Menéndez, signed by King Philip II on March 20, 1565, granting him various titles, including that of \"adelantado\" of Florida, and expansive privileges to exploit the lands in the vast territory of Spanish Florida, called \"La Florida\" by the Spaniards. This contract directed Menéndez to explore the region's Atlantic coast and report on its features, with the object of finding a suitable location to establish a permanent colony from which the Spanish treasure fleet could be defended and Spain's claimed territories in North America protected against incursions by other European powers.", "title": "History of St. Augustine, Florida" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Castillo de San Marcos" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Oldest Wooden Schoolhouse\n\nThe Oldest Wooden School House is a wooden structure located at 14 St. George Street in St. Augustine, Florida near the city gate. It is touted as being the oldest wooden school building in the United States. The exact date of construction is unknown, but it first appears on tax records in 1716. There are no extant wooden buildings in St. Augustine built prior to 1702 when the British burned the city. The oldest schoolhouse still standing in the United States is the Voorlezer's House built prior to 1696 and located in Historic Richmondtown in Staten Island, New York.\n\nThe building is encircled by a large chain, placed there in 1937, to help anchor it to the ground in case of a hurricane. The walls are made of bald cypress and red cedar which are held together by wooden pins and iron spikes, however, recent maintenance has replaced the roofing, among other fixes. \n\nThe schoolmaster and family lived on the second floor above the classroom and the kitchen was located in a separate building to reduce heat and threat of fire. The building originally belonged to Juan Genoply. The classroom was one of the first in the US to be co-ed, educating both boys and girls since 1788. ", "title": "Oldest Wooden Schoolhouse" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of the oldest buildings in Florida\n\nThis article attempts to list the oldest extant buildings surviving in the state of Florida in the United States of America, including the oldest houses in Florida and any other surviving structures. Some dates are approximate and based upon dendochronology, architectural studies, and historical records. Many sites on this list date to the complex colonial period of Florida's history from the founding of Spanish St. Augustine in 1565 to American possession through the Adams-Onis Treaty in 1821. \nTo be listed here a site must\n\n", "title": "List of the oldest buildings in Florida" }, { "id": "8362283", "score": "1.6511343", "text": "(aka the Oldest House, the oldest surviving house in the city) and the Llambias House. St. Augustine Town Plan Historic District The St Augustine Town Plan Historic District is a U.S. National Historic Landmark District encompassing the colonial heart of the city. It substantially encompasses the street plan of the city as contained within the bounds of walls (no longer standing) built between the 16th and early 19th centuries. The district is bounded by Cordova, Orange, and St. Francis Streets, and Matanzas Bay. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970, although its boundaries were not formally defined until", "title": "St. Augustine Town Plan Historic District" }, { "id": "8809195", "score": "1.6480806", "text": "over by the St. Augustine Historical Society in 1918, which undertook its restoration to a late 19th-century appearance in 1959-60, reversing a number of intervening alterations. González–Alvarez House The González–Alvarez House, also known as The Oldest House, is a historic house museum at 14 St. Francis Street in St. Augustine, Florida. With a construction history dating to about 1723, it is believed to be the oldest surviving house in St. Augustine. It is also an important example of the St. Augustine's Spanish colonial architectural style, with later modifications by English owners. It was designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark in", "title": "González–Alvarez House" }, { "id": "1596062", "score": "1.6320075", "text": "1564 and probably the oldest European fortified settlement in North America, was likely constructed near the mouth of the Altamaha River. Historian Fletcher Crowe noted: “This fort is older than St. Augustine, considered to be the oldest continuously inhabited city in America.\" It was long believed the legendary fort was located near today's city of Jacksonville, but detailed archival research in France on Fort Caroline and the early history of ‘La Floride Française’ has proved that wrong, suggesting the Altamaha mouth location as highly likely. The site still remains to be excavated by archaeologists. In 1565, Spanish soldiers under Pedro", "title": "Altamaha River" }, { "id": "20638336", "score": "1.6313577", "text": "in the restoration of numerous historic sites in preparation for the Saint Augustine quadricentennial. The Society has been a primary force in the preservation and care of four historic Spanish colonial homes, including the González-Alvarez House (The Oldest House), the Tovar House, and the Fernandez-Llambias House—all on Saint Francis Street—as well as the Segui-Kirby Smith House on the corner of Aviles Street and Artillery Lane. SAHS publishes \"El Escribano: The Saint Augustine Journal of History\", as well as the Society’s newsletter the \"East Florida Gazette\". The González-Alvarez House is the oldest surviving Spanish colonial dwelling in Saint Augustine, with evidence", "title": "Saint Augustine Historical Society" }, { "id": "19611240", "score": "1.6264914", "text": "that may be accessed via phones without internet access as well as desktop computers and smart mobile devices. History of St. Augustine, Florida The history of St. Augustine, Florida, the oldest continuously occupied settlement of European origin in the United States, began in 1565 when it was founded by the Spanish admiral, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés. The Spanish Crown issued an \"asiento\" to Menéndez, signed by King Philip II on March 20, 1565, granting him various titles, including that of \"adelantado\" of Florida, and expansive privileges to exploit the lands in the vast territory of Spanish Florida, called \"La Florida\"", "title": "History of St. Augustine, Florida" }, { "id": "1621501", "score": "1.6191816", "text": "fort 1672–1695 is St. Augustine's oldest surviving structure. It and the California missions are the rare vestiges of 17th-century Spanish colonial architecture in the present day United States. Spanish exploration of the North American deserts, the present day Southwestern United States, began in the 1540s. The conquistador Francisco Vásquez de Coronado crossed this region in search of the mythical \"cities of gold.\" Instead they found the ancient culture and architecture of the Pueblo people. The Pueblo people built dwellings of adobe, a sun-dried clay brick, with exposed wooden ceiling beams. Their cubic form and dense arrangement gave villages a singular", "title": "Architecture of the United States" }, { "id": "1036718", "score": "1.617913", "text": "Augustine, Inc., a direct support organization of the University of Florida. In 2015, St. Augustine celebrated the 450th anniversary of its founding with a four-day long festival and a visit from Felipe VI of Spain and Queen Letizia of Spain. On October 7, 2016 Hurricane Matthew caused widespread flooding in downtown St. Augustine. St. Augustine is located at (29.8946910, −81.3145170). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and (21.99%) is water. Access to the Atlantic Ocean is via the St. Augustine Inlet of the Matanzas River. St. Augustine", "title": "St. Augustine, Florida" }, { "id": "8809191", "score": "1.6104035", "text": "González–Alvarez House The González–Alvarez House, also known as The Oldest House, is a historic house museum at 14 St. Francis Street in St. Augustine, Florida. With a construction history dating to about 1723, it is believed to be the oldest surviving house in St. Augustine. It is also an important example of the St. Augustine's Spanish colonial architectural style, with later modifications by English owners. It was designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1970. The house is now owned by the St. Augustine Historical Society and is open for public tours as part of the Oldest House Museum Complex.", "title": "González–Alvarez House" }, { "id": "19611208", "score": "1.6077691", "text": "older than St. Augustine. St. Augustine was intended to be a base for further colonial expansion across what is now the southeastern United States, but such efforts were hampered by apathy and hostility on the part of the Native Americans towards becoming Spanish subjects. The Saturiwa, one of the two principal chiefdoms in the area, remained openly hostile. In 1566, the Saturiwa burned St. Augustine and the settlement was relocated. Traditionally it was thought to have been moved to its present location, though some documentary evidence suggests it was first moved to a location on Anastasia Island. At any rate,", "title": "History of St. Augustine, Florida" }, { "id": "19611227", "score": "1.6060143", "text": "and maintain the facility. The Alicia Hospital opened March 1, 1890, as a not-for-profit institution; it was renamed Flagler Hospital in his honor in 1905. The St. Augustine Alligator Farm, founded in 1893, is one of the oldest commercial tourist attractions in Florida, as is the Fountain of Youth Archaeological Park, which has been a tourist attraction since around 1902. The city is the eastern terminus of the Old Spanish Trail, a promotional effort of the 1920s linking St. Augustine to San Diego, California, with of roadways. From 1918 to 1968, St. Augustine was the home of the Florida Normal", "title": "History of St. Augustine, Florida" }, { "id": "6067925", "score": "1.6026502", "text": "Agustín (St. Augustine in English), the oldest continuously inhabited European-established settlement in what is now the continental United States. Menéndez de Avilés quickly set out to attack Fort Caroline, traveling overland from St. Augustine. At the same time, Ribault sailed from Fort Caroline, intending to attack St. Augustine from the sea. The French fleet, however, was pushed out to sea and decimated by a squall. Meanwhile, the Spanish overwhelmed the lightly defended Fort Caroline, sparing only the women and children. Some 25 men were able to escape. When the Spanish returned south and found the French shipwreck survivors, Menéndez de", "title": "Spanish Florida" }, { "id": "1036727", "score": "1.6015117", "text": "state-operated boarding school for deaf and blind students, was founded in the city in 1885. The Catholic Diocese of St. Augustine operates the St. Joseph Academy, Florida's oldest Catholic high school, to the west of the city. There are several institutions of higher education in and around St. Augustine. Flagler College is a four-year liberal arts college founded in 1968. It is located in the former Ponce de Leon Hotel in downtown St. Augustine. St. Johns River State College, a state college in the Florida College System, has its St. Augustine campus just west of the city. Also in the", "title": "St. Augustine, Florida" }, { "id": "8809294", "score": "1.5990474", "text": "Cathedral Basilica of St. Augustine The Cathedral Basilica of St. Augustine () is a historic cathedral in St. Augustine, Florida, and the seat of the Catholic Bishop of St. Augustine. It is located at Cathedral Street between Charlotte and St. George Streets. Constructed over five years (1793–1797), it was designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark on April 15, 1970. Its congregation, established in 1565, is the oldest Christian congregation in the contiguous United States. During the mid-1560s, the Spanish Empire expanded from its Caribbean strongholds northward, to what is Florida today. The first colony which was founded and remained continuously", "title": "Cathedral Basilica of St. Augustine" }, { "id": "19611211", "score": "1.5976882", "text": "today as the oldest fort in the United States. Its construction took a quarter of a century, with many later additions and modifications. The Spanish did not import many slaves to Florida for labor, since it was primarily a military outpost without a plantation economy like that of the British colonies. As the British planted settlements south along the Atlantic coast, the Spanish encouraged their slaves to escape for sanctuary in Florida. If the fugitives converted to Catholicism and swore allegiance to the king of Spain, they would be given freedom, arms, and supplies. Moving southward on the coast from", "title": "History of St. Augustine, Florida" }, { "id": "1036694", "score": "1.5932859", "text": "was founded on September 8, 1565, by Spanish admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, Florida's first governor. He named the settlement \"\"San Agustín\"\", as his ships bearing settlers, troops, and supplies from Spain had first sighted land in Florida eleven days earlier on August 28, the feast day of St. Augustine. The city served as the capital of Spanish Florida for over 200 years. It was designated as the capital of British East Florida when the colony was established in 1763 until it was ceded to Spain in 1783. Spain ceded Florida to the United States in 1819, and St. Augustine", "title": "St. Augustine, Florida" } ]

[ "\"He had previously always said that each had been \"\"The best Olympics ever\"\"\"", "he had previously always said that each had been best olympics ever" ]

[ { "id": "798786", "score": "2.3740773", "text": "venues, and that \"you have to look to the private sector for at least a portion of the funding, and unless you're looking for handouts, you're dealing with people who are investing business assets, and they have to get a return.\" At the closing ceremony, IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch said in his closing speech, \"Well done, Atlanta\" and simply called the Games \"most exceptional.\" This broke precedent for Samaranch, who had traditionally labeled each Games \"the best Olympics ever\" at each closing ceremony, a practice he resumed at the subsequent Games in Sydney in 2000. The financial struggles faced", "title": "1996 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "835935", "score": "2.1754427", "text": "viable. He was awarded the 1990 Seoul Peace Prize. It became a tradition for Samaranch, when giving the President's address at the close of each Summer Olympics, to praise the organisers at each Olympiad for putting on \"the best ever\" Games. He withheld this phrase only once, at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta where the organisation had come under heavy criticism. In the aftermath of a bribery scandal surrounding the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah, an inquiry held \"in camera\" expelled several IOC members, but cleared Samaranch of wrongdoing. Samaranch set up a commission to investigate", "title": "Juan Antonio Samaranch, 1st Marquess of Samaranch" }, { "id": "11392790", "score": "2.1253488", "text": "during the 1972 Summer Olympics. He said that those tragedies will never be forgotten and said: Although this was first official IOC recognition of the Munich tragedy since 1972, commentators mentioned 1972 quite often, mainly because the next Olympics were taking place in Nagano, Japan and Japan last hosted an Olympics that year, hosting the Winter Games in Sapporo. Furthermore, Samaranch thanked Atlanta with the phrase \"Well done, Atlanta\", and calling them \"most exceptional.\" He broke with precedent and did not say they had been the best Olympics ever, as he did at every previous Olympic closing ceremony while he", "title": "1996 Summer Olympics closing ceremony" }, { "id": "14307285", "score": "2.0731266", "text": "\"the best ever\" Games. He withheld this phrase only once, at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta where the organization had come under heavy criticism. What the IOC does with its new-found millions is, however, the subject of much speculation and criticism, with some criticizing the over-commercialization of what used to be a strictly-amateur competition, while others began accusing the IOC of corruption. Also during his tenure as IOC president, Samaranch insisted that he be addressed with the title of \"Excellency\", a title used for heads of state and government (the title of Excellency is, however, also used to address", "title": "President of the International Olympic Committee" }, { "id": "11392789", "score": "2.0682411", "text": "flag of the United States was raised beside the Olympic flag that had been flying inside the stadium the past 16 days. In accordance with the Olympic Charter which governs the Closing Ceremony, IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch called on the youth of the world to assemble in Sydney, in four years, for the next Summer Olympics. In his speech, he denounced the Centennial Olympic Park bombing stating that terrorism cannot stop the Olympic spirit. Samaranch asked for a moment of silence to remember the victims of the bombing, as well as the 11 Israeli athletes of the Munich massacre", "title": "1996 Summer Olympics closing ceremony" }, { "id": "798765", "score": "2.0309892", "text": "The ceremony began with a 60-second countdown, which included footage from all of the previous Olympic Games. There was then a flashback to the closing ceremony of the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona, showing the then president of the IOC, Juan Antonio Samaranch, inviting the athletes to compete in Atlanta in 1996. Then, spirits ascended in the northwest corner of the stadium, each representing one of the colors in the Olympic rings. The spirits called the tribes of the world which, after mixed percussion, formed the Olympic rings while the youth of Atlanta formed the number 100. Famed film score composer", "title": "1996 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "835400", "score": "2.006505", "text": "on the floor. Short speeches were presented by Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki, President of the Organising Committee, and by President Dr. Jacques Rogge of the IOC, in which he described the Athens Olympics as \"unforgettable, dream Games\". Dr. Rogge had previously declared he would be breaking with tradition in his closing speech as President of the IOC and that he would never use the words of his predecessor Juan Antonio Samaranch, who used to always say 'these were the best ever games'. Dr. Rogge had described Salt Lake City 2002 as \"superb games\" and in turn would continue after Athens 2004 and", "title": "2004 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "11392792", "score": "1.9845726", "text": "of Atlanta, Bill Campbell, to Samaranch, and then to the mayor of Sydney, Frank Sartor. Immediately succeeding the transition, an elaborate presentation of the host city Sydney commenced. It featured many dancers dressed up as aborigines, plants, and animals native to Australia. Four inflated balloons arose to form an imaginary Sydney Opera House while more dancers ran around to form the sea. Afterwards, Atlanta native mezzo-soprano Jennifer Larmore, along with the Morehouse College Glee Club and the Atlanta Symphony Youth Orchestra sang the Olympic Hymn while the Olympic flag was lowered. This flag would be raised again in Nagano during", "title": "1996 Summer Olympics closing ceremony" }, { "id": "20602895", "score": "1.9739118", "text": "concluded and thank everyone. IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch deliver a speech in English, French, awards the Olympic Order in Gold to Park Seh-jik, President of the Seoul Organizing Committee and IOC President declare closed the Games of the XXIV Olympiad in Seoul, to the youth of the world to assemble 4 years from now in Barcelona, to celebrate the Games of the XXV Olympiad. He concluded in Korean. The Mayor of Seoul Kim Yong-rae handover the Olympic flag to IOC President, Juan Antonio Samaranch, who then handed it over to the Mayor of Barcelona, Pasqual Maragall. 1988 Summer Olympics", "title": "1988 Summer Olympics closing ceremony" }, { "id": "16693444", "score": "1.9510214", "text": "one to symbolize the gathering of nations at the Olympics. Following the Call to the Nations, the first official protocol of the ceremony took place. This called for the head of state to make his or her entrance. In this case the head of state was Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States. He was joined by Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games President Billy Payne and IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch. After the presentation of colors, the American flag was raised while the Centennial Olympic choir sung the national anthem which was The Star-Spangled Banner. A fly-by", "title": "1996 Summer Olympics opening ceremony" }, { "id": "16693454", "score": "1.9354758", "text": "welcoming everybody to the Games. Then U.S. President Bill Clinton opens the games by saying, \"I declare open the Games of Atlanta, celebrating the XXVI Olympiad of the modern era.\" Then the Olympic flag made its entrance. It was carried by 8 American Olympians from the past while the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra performed the tune \"Simple Gifts.\" Then The Olympic flag was raised while the Olympic Hymn was played by the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and sung by the Centennial Olympic Choir. Following the flag raising, 100 kids ran paper-maiche doves around the stadium symbolizing the peaceful gathering of athletes from", "title": "1996 Summer Olympics opening ceremony" }, { "id": "835933", "score": "1.934434", "text": "Francisco Franco in 1967. He also became the president of the Spanish National Olympic Committee and a member of the IOC. He was vice-president of the IOC from 1974 to 1978. Samaranch became President elect in 1980 at the 83rd IOC Session (15–18 July) which was held in Moscow prior to the 1980 Summer Olympics—and took office soon after the Games. During his term, Samaranch made the Olympic Games financially healthy, with big television deals and sponsorships. Although the 1984 Summer Olympics were still boycotted by the Soviet bloc, the number of IOC participating member nations increased at every Games", "title": "Juan Antonio Samaranch, 1st Marquess of Samaranch" }, { "id": "790822", "score": "1.9151331", "text": "ceremony, which is a flat stage which is mechanically raised into the shape of a Geode. IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch declared at the Closing Ceremony, Subsequent Summer Olympics held in Athens, Beijing and London have been described by Samaranch's successor, Jacques Rogge, as \"unforgettable, dream Games\", \"truly exceptional\" and \"happy and glorious games\" respectively – the practice of declaring games the \"best ever\" having been retired after the 2000 games. The Olympic Hymn was sung by soprano Yvonne Kenny. The ceremony also featured performing artists such as Jimmy Barnes, INXS, Midnight Oil, Kylie Minogue, Slim Dusty, Christine Anu, Nikki", "title": "2000 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "11392791", "score": "1.9140067", "text": "was IOC president. However, 4 years later he called the Sydney Olympics the best ever, suggesting that this was an intentional omission 4 years earlier. Before Samaranch declared the games officially closed, R&B singer Stevie Wonder sang a cover of John Lennon's \"Imagine\" in memory of the victims of the Cenntennial Olympic Park bombing. This part of the program culminated in the \"Antwerp Ceremony\" (so called because the original Olympic flag, which was used for transfer of the Games, was first used at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp), which is the transfer of the Olympic Flag, from the mayor", "title": "1996 Summer Olympics closing ceremony" }, { "id": "835926", "score": "1.9068335", "text": "the IOC the status of non-governmental international organisation and became the first IOC President, after Pierre de Coubertin, to establish himself in Lausanne. He was also in favour of the integration of women into the Olympic Movement, and during the Baden-Baden Congress gained permission for women to become members of the IOC. At his instigation, the IOC became involved in various initiatives to promote women and sport. Among his accomplishments are his many activities to promote peace through the Olympic Movement. He managed to include both the NOC of the People's Republic of China and that of Chinese Taipei; with", "title": "Juan Antonio Samaranch, 1st Marquess of Samaranch" }, { "id": "835929", "score": "1.9040859", "text": "share of the revenues generated by agreements with TV channels, he restructured Olympic Solidarity in 1981 and provided assistance to National Olympic Committees in difficulty, and developed action plans to contribute to the universality of the Games. Finally, confronted with an IOC crisis in December 1998, created through the abuse of trust of some members following the vote for Salt Lake City as host of the 2002 Winter Games, he reformed the structure of the organisation after an enquiry and sanctions against the members concerned. On 23 June 1993, the inauguration of the Olympic Museum, representing the memory and spirit", "title": "Juan Antonio Samaranch, 1st Marquess of Samaranch" }, { "id": "835925", "score": "1.9040009", "text": "IOC Vice-President from 1974 to 1978. Elected to the IOC presidency in the first round of voting on 16 July 1980 at the 83rd Session, he succeeded Lord Killanin on 3 August that year. Juan Antonio Samaranch endeavoured to breathe new life into the Olympic Movement. He acceded to the IOC presidency during the troubled political period of the Games of the XXII Olympiad in Moscow. Above all, he sought to give back unity to the Olympic family by defending its cause on his numerous trips and meetings with heads of state and sports leaders. In 1981, he obtained for", "title": "Juan Antonio Samaranch, 1st Marquess of Samaranch" }, { "id": "835934", "score": "1.8980114", "text": "during Samaranch's presidency. Samaranch also wanted the best athletes to compete in the Olympics, which led to the gradual acceptance of professional athletes. One achievement of Samaranch was the financial rescue of the IOC, which was in financial crisis in the 1970s. The games themselves were such a burden on host cities that it appeared that no host would be found for future Olympiads. Under Samaranch, the IOC revamped its sponsorship arrangements (choosing to go with global sponsors rather than allowing each national federation to take local ones), and new broadcasting deals, commercialising the Olympics and making them more economically", "title": "Juan Antonio Samaranch, 1st Marquess of Samaranch" }, { "id": "835939", "score": "1.8963349", "text": "2010 the Olympic and Sports Museum Joan Antoni Samaranch and the Olympic Hall Juan Antonio Samaranch, formerly Olympic Hall Zetra, in Sarajevo were renamed in his honour. Juan Antonio Samaranch, 1st Marquess of Samaranch Juan Antonio Samaranch y Torelló, 1st Marquess of Samaranch (; 17 July 1920 – 21 April 2010) was a Spanish sports administrator and minister of sports under the Franco regime (1973–1977) who served as the seventh President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) from 1980 to 2001. Samaranch served the second-longest term as the head of the IOC, the longest being that of Pierre de Coubertin", "title": "Juan Antonio Samaranch, 1st Marquess of Samaranch" }, { "id": "835927", "score": "1.8957618", "text": "the assistance of Kéba Mbaye, he contributed to the reintegration of South Africa into the Olympics after the abolition of apartheid; he visited Sarajevo during the civil war to express Olympic solidarity; and, thanks to his determination, the two Koreas marched under the same flag at the opening ceremony in Sydney. For sport, he intensified the IOC's support to organise Paralympic Games as from the Winter Games in Sarajevo in 1984. He also made doping a priority issue by launching vast research and control programmes. The creation of the World Anti-Doping Agency in 1999 allowed the IOC Medical Commission to", "title": "Juan Antonio Samaranch, 1st Marquess of Samaranch" } ]

[ "sir terence rattigan", "Terence Rattigan", "Rattigan", "terence ratigan", "terence mervyn rattigan", "Sir Terence Mervyn Rattigan", "Sir Terence Rattigan", "Terence Ratigan", "terrence rattigan", "Terrence Rattigan", "terence rattigan", "rattigan", "Terence Mervyn Rattigan", "sir terence mervyn rattigan" ]

[ { "id": "1431392", "score": "1.6273257", "text": "Terence Rattigan Sir Terence Mervyn Rattigan, CBE (10 June 191130 November 1977) was a British dramatist. He was one of England's most popular mid twentieth century dramatists. His plays are typically set in an upper-middle-class background. He wrote \"The Winslow Boy\" (1946), \"The Browning Version\" (1948), \"The Deep Blue Sea\" (1952) and \"Separate Tables\" (1954), among many others. A troubled homosexual, who saw himself as an outsider, his plays centred on issues of sexual frustration, failed relationships, and a world of repression and reticence. Terence Rattigan was born in 1911 in South Kensington, London, of Irish Protestant extraction. He had", "title": "Terence Rattigan" }, { "id": "3297258", "score": "1.6243588", "text": "The Winslow Boy The Winslow Boy is an English play from 1946 by Terence Rattigan based on an incident involving George Archer-Shee in the Edwardian era. The incident took place at the Royal Naval College, Osborne. Set against the strict codes of conduct and manners of the age, \"The Winslow Boy\" is based on a father's fight to clear his son's name after the boy is expelled from Osborne Naval College for stealing a five-shilling postal order. To clear the boy's name was imperative for the family's honour; had they not done so, they would have been shunned by their", "title": "The Winslow Boy" }, { "id": "891866", "score": "1.6066152", "text": "in which he shows in superlative degree his pathos, his humour and his astounding mastery over [the] English language...\". The production was a commercial success, running for 726 performances. \"Separate Tables\" was presented at The Music Box, New York, on 25 October 1956. It was a transfer of the London production with the same principal players and many of the supporting cast. In \"The New York Times\", Brooks Atkinson wrote, \"Since Terence Rattigan has written a particularly fine play, it is only fair that it should be wonderfully well acted.\" The production won one Tony award (for Leighton as best", "title": "Separate Tables" }, { "id": "1431400", "score": "1.5966965", "text": "at the last minute into a heterosexual play, is unfounded, though Rattigan said otherwise. On the other hand, for the Broadway staging of \"Separate Tables\", he wrote an alternative version of the newspaper article in which Major Pollock's indiscretions are revealed to his fellow hotel guests; in this version, those whom the Major approached for sex were men rather than young women. However, Rattigan changed his mind about staging it, and the original version proceeded. Rattigan was fascinated with the life and character of T. E. Lawrence. In 1960 he wrote a play called \"Ross\", based on Lawrence's exploits. Preparations", "title": "Terence Rattigan" }, { "id": "1431408", "score": "1.5792003", "text": "by other writers: Other works including discussions on Rattigan's theatre: Terence Rattigan Sir Terence Mervyn Rattigan, CBE (10 June 191130 November 1977) was a British dramatist. He was one of England's most popular mid twentieth century dramatists. His plays are typically set in an upper-middle-class background. He wrote \"The Winslow Boy\" (1946), \"The Browning Version\" (1948), \"The Deep Blue Sea\" (1952) and \"Separate Tables\" (1954), among many others. A troubled homosexual, who saw himself as an outsider, his plays centred on issues of sexual frustration, failed relationships, and a world of repression and reticence. Terence Rattigan was born in 1911", "title": "Terence Rattigan" }, { "id": "3297271", "score": "1.5738211", "text": "Morton, and Emma Thompson as Catherine. \"The Winslow Boy\" was presented on the BBC Home Service \"Saturday Night Theatre\" November 15, 1947. The performance starred David Spenser, Frank Cellier, and Molly Rankin. \"The Winslow Boy\" was presented on \"Theatre Guild on the Air\" November 23, 1952. The one-hour adaptation starred Basil Rathbone, Alan Webb, and Margaret Phillips. The Winslow Boy The Winslow Boy is an English play from 1946 by Terence Rattigan based on an incident involving George Archer-Shee in the Edwardian era. The incident took place at the Royal Naval College, Osborne. Set against the strict codes of conduct", "title": "The Winslow Boy" }, { "id": "8414993", "score": "1.5686135", "text": "Marie Lohr and Jack Watling (who was also in the original West End theatre production). Also in the cast are Stanley Holloway, Mona Washbourne, Ernest Thesiger, Wilfrid Hyde-White, Lewis Casson, Cyril Ritchard and Dandy Nichols. Neil North, who plays the title role, also appeared in the 1999 film adaptation directed by David Mamet. Set against the strict codes of conduct and manners of the age, \"The Winslow Boy\" is based on a father's fight to clear his son's name. The boy (Ronnie) is expelled from Osborne Naval College for supposedly stealing a five shilling postal order, without receiving a fair", "title": "The Winslow Boy (1948 film)" }, { "id": "891865", "score": "1.5519793", "text": "plays are written to be played by the same performers. The secondary characters – permanent residents, the hotel's manager, and members of the staff – appear in both plays. The plays are about people who are driven by loneliness into a state of desperation. After an out-of-town tryout in Manchester, \"Separate Tables\" had its premiere at the St James's Theatre in London on 22 September 1954, with the following cast: The play was directed by Peter Glenville, with sets by Michael Weight. It opened to good reviews; Harold Hobson called the second play in the double-bill, \"one of Rattigan's masterpieces,", "title": "Separate Tables" }, { "id": "8414984", "score": "1.5412179", "text": "they would have been shunned by their peers and society. The boy's life would have been wrecked by the stain on his character. The play was inspired by an actual event, which set a legal precedent; the case of George Archer-Shee, a cadet at Osborne in 1908, who was accused of stealing a postal order from a fellow cadet. His elder brother Major Martin Archer-Shee, was convinced of his innocence, and persuaded his father (also called Martin) to engage lawyers. The most respected barrister of the day, Sir Edward Carson was also persuaded of his innocence, and insisted on the", "title": "The Winslow Boy (1999 film)" }, { "id": "3297259", "score": "1.5296693", "text": "peers and society. Similarly, the boy's life would have been wrecked by an indelible stain on his character which would have followed him throughout adulthood. The play was inspired by an actual event, which set a legal precedent: the case of Stonyhurst College alumnus George Archer-Shee, a cadet at Osborne in 1908, who was accused of stealing a postal order from a fellow cadet. His elder brother, Major Martin Archer-Shee, was convinced of his innocence and persuaded his father (also called Martin) to engage lawyers. The most respected barrister of the day, Sir Edward Carson, was also persuaded of his", "title": "The Winslow Boy" }, { "id": "891864", "score": "1.5288794", "text": "Separate Tables Separate Tables is the collective name of two one-act plays by Terence Rattigan, both taking place in the Beauregard Private Hotel, Bournemouth, on the south coast of England. The first play, entitled \"Table by the Window\", focuses on the troubled relationship between a disgraced Labour politician and his ex-wife. The second play, \"Table Number Seven\", is set about eighteen months after the events of the previous play, and deals with the touching friendship between a repressed spinster and a kindly but bogus man posing as an upper-class retired army officer, Major Pollock. The two principal roles in both", "title": "Separate Tables" }, { "id": "8414992", "score": "1.528616", "text": "The Winslow Boy (1948 film) The Winslow Boy is a 1948 British film adaptation of Terence Rattigan's play \"The Winslow Boy\". It was made by De Grunwald Productions and distributed by the British Lion Film Corporation. It was directed by Anthony Asquith and produced by Anatole de Grunwald with Teddy Baird as associate producer. The adapted screenplay was written by de Grunwald and Rattigan based on Rattigan's play. The music score was by William Alwyn and the cinematography by Freddie Young. The film stars Robert Donat, Sir Cedric Hardwicke and Margaret Leighton with Basil Radford, Kathleen Harrison, Francis L. Sullivan,", "title": "The Winslow Boy (1948 film)" }, { "id": "3297270", "score": "1.5203973", "text": "as Arthur Winslow, and Valerie White as Catherine Winslow. The play was later made into a 1948 film directed by Anthony Asquith, starring Robert Donat as Sir Robert Morton KC, Sir Cedric Hardwicke as Arthur Winslow, and Margaret Leighton as Catherine Winslow. Both Mona Washbourne and Kathleen Harrison, who had been in the original theatre production, appeared. A 1999 version, directed by David Mamet, starred Nigel Hawthorne as Arthur Winslow, Jeremy Northam as Morton, and Rebecca Pidgeon as Catherine. The play has also been adapted for television, including a 1989 production starring Gordon Jackson as Arthur Winslow, Ian Richardson as", "title": "The Winslow Boy" }, { "id": "891870", "score": "1.5202637", "text": "the screen by Rattigan. It starred Rita Hayworth, Deborah Kerr, David Niven, Burt Lancaster and Wendy Hiller. John Schlesinger directed a television film version in 1983, with Julie Christie and Alan Bates as the two couples, with Claire Bloom as Miss Cooper and Irene Worth as Mrs Railton-Bell. Separate Tables Separate Tables is the collective name of two one-act plays by Terence Rattigan, both taking place in the Beauregard Private Hotel, Bournemouth, on the south coast of England. The first play, entitled \"Table by the Window\", focuses on the troubled relationship between a disgraced Labour politician and his ex-wife. The", "title": "Separate Tables" }, { "id": "8414994", "score": "1.5099866", "text": "trial. His father (Arthur) and sister (Catherine) lead a long running legal battle, that takes them as far as the House of Commons. The play focuses on a refusal to back down in the face of injustice – the entire Winslow family, and the barrister who represents them (Sir Robert Morton), make great sacrifices in order that right be done. The play was inspired by an actual event, which set a legal precedent; the case of George Archer-Shee, a cadet at Osborne in 1908, who was accused of stealing a postal order from a fellow cadet. His elder brother, Major", "title": "The Winslow Boy (1948 film)" }, { "id": "8414986", "score": "1.5073032", "text": "Spanish Prisoner.\" There is a short \"making of\" feature. The Winslow Boy (1999 film) The Winslow Boy is a 1999 period drama film directed by David Mamet. Starring Nigel Hawthorne, Rebecca Pidgeon, Jeremy Northam and Gemma Jones. Set in London before World War I, it depicts a family defending the honour of its young son at all cost. The screenplay was adapted by Mamet based on Terence Rattigan's dramatic play \"The Winslow Boy\". It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1999 Cannes Film Festival. It is Christmas 1911 and Arthur Winslow, a London banker, is making", "title": "The Winslow Boy (1999 film)" }, { "id": "8414983", "score": "1.4971418", "text": "the play premiered in 1946, it is not possible for a four-year-old to have played that role. Rebecca Pidgeon, who plays Catherine, is the wife of playwright and director David Mamet. Matthew Pidgeon, who plays Dickie Winslow (Catherine's brother), is Rebecca Pidgeon's real-life brother. Set against the strict codes of conduct and manners of the age, \"The Winslow Boy\" is based on a father's fight to clear his son's name after the boy is expelled from Osborne Naval College for stealing a postal order. To clear the boy's name was imperative for the family's honour; had they not done so,", "title": "The Winslow Boy (1999 film)" }, { "id": "8414973", "score": "1.4929097", "text": "The Winslow Boy (1999 film) The Winslow Boy is a 1999 period drama film directed by David Mamet. Starring Nigel Hawthorne, Rebecca Pidgeon, Jeremy Northam and Gemma Jones. Set in London before World War I, it depicts a family defending the honour of its young son at all cost. The screenplay was adapted by Mamet based on Terence Rattigan's dramatic play \"The Winslow Boy\". It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1999 Cannes Film Festival. It is Christmas 1911 and Arthur Winslow, a London banker, is making final preparations for a dinner to seal the engagement", "title": "The Winslow Boy (1999 film)" }, { "id": "3297269", "score": "1.4923756", "text": "city centre, where he had been an altar boy; on the war memorial at the University of Roehampton, established by the Society of the Sacred Heart (George's half-sister Winefrede Archer Shee having been a religious follower of the Society); and on Tablet 35 of the Menin Gate in Ypres, as he has no known grave. The play's London premiere in 1946 featured Emlyn Williams, Mona Washbourne, Angela Baddeley, Kathleen Harrison, Frank Cellier, Jack Watling and Clive Morton. It was under the direction of Glen Byam Shaw. The play's Broadway premiere in 1947 featured Frank Allenby as Sir Robert, Alan Webb", "title": "The Winslow Boy" }, { "id": "3418639", "score": "1.4917221", "text": "one year. He then joined Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a professor of humanities (1960–96) and professor of literature (1970–96). He began writing plays such as \"Children\" and \"The Middle Ages\" while at MIT, but it was his great success with \"The Dining Room\" that allowed him to write full-time. After \"The Dining Room\", Gurney wrote a number of plays, most of them concerning WASPs of the American northeast. While at Yale, Gurney also wrote \"Love in Buffalo\", the first musical ever produced at the Yale School of Drama. Since then, he is known to be a prolific writer, always", "title": "A. R. Gurney" } ]

[ "Not Fair (song)", "Not Fair (Lily Allen song)", "not fair lily allen song", "not fair song", "not fair", "Not Fair" ]

[ { "id": "12059696", "score": "1.7637525", "text": "The album debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart, the Australian Albums Chart and the Canadian Albums Chart. The first single from it, \"The Fear\", also debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, where it remained for four consecutive weeks. Other singles include \"Not Fair\", another top 10 single in the UK, \"Fuck You\", which became her third chart entry on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, peaking at 68, \"22\" and her more recent \"Who'd Have Known\". Allen's first extended play, \"F.U.E.P.\", was released in March 2009 and her second, \"Paris Live Session\", in November of", "title": "Lily Allen discography" }, { "id": "8240060", "score": "1.760057", "text": "Allen, peaked at number 10 in 2011. Nonetheless, \"Smile\" remains Allen's highest-charting song as a solo artist in the United States, one of three entries to chart there (alongside \"Fuck You\" and \"The Fear\"). It also peaked at 86 on the Canadian Singles Chart. The song's music video was released on 3 July 2006. Having been directed by Sophie Muller, it contained a vengeance theme, similar to that of the song. It starts off with Allen sitting on the bed in her apartment, eating chocolate and cheeseballs. Interleaved, there are shots of her and her ex-boyfriend spending time together appear", "title": "Smile (Lily Allen song)" }, { "id": "13056492", "score": "1.741379", "text": "its debut on the UK Singles Chart at number 154 on the strength of digital downloads due to the video having a lot of airplay on UK music channels despite not being released as an official single there. In the Netherlands the song was released as the album's second single and debuted on the Dutch Top 40 on 18 April 2009 at number 23 and has peaked at number two. The song reached number one in Belgium on 6 June 2009. It also peaked at number four in Finland and Norway, number 18 in Sweden, number nine in France, number", "title": "Fuck You (Lily Allen song)" }, { "id": "13056493", "score": "1.727037", "text": "23 in Australia and number 16 in Switzerland. A music video for the song was posted on the official Parlophone YouTube page on 15 June 2009. EMI hired the French production company \"Frenzy Paris\", who in turn hired the art collective \"AB/CD/CD\" and the post-production company \"Firm\". The video is shot from Allen's point of view (she can be seen using a polaroid she takes of herself). She is seen to be making the journey from her hotel room to a television studio. Throughout the video, Allen warps the shape and size of her surroundings using her hands and her", "title": "Fuck You (Lily Allen song)" }, { "id": "8240062", "score": "1.7269433", "text": "then meets with her bruised ex-boyfriend, and takes him to a coffee shop. There, he tried to explain to her how he was beaten by the muggers, not knowing that, meanwhile, they were breaking down his apartment door and destroying his furniture and possessions, including scratching his gramophone records. The ex-boyfriend leaves the table for a while, enough time for Allen to put laxative pills in his coffee; upon returning, he drinks it and leaves the shop. After, he goes to his apartment, only to find it trashed and destroyed. Scavenging through what's left, he happily finds the record box,", "title": "Smile (Lily Allen song)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lily Allen\n\nLily Rose Beatrice Allen (born 2 May 1985) is an English singer-songwriter and actress. Her debut record, \"Alright, Still\", was well received, selling over 2.6 million copies worldwide and bringing Allen nominations at the Grammy Awards, the Brit Awards, and the MTV Video Music Awards.\n\nIn 2009, her second studio album—\"It's Not Me, It's You\"—saw a genre shift, having more of an electropop feel, rather than the ska and reggae influences of the first one. The album debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart and the Australian ARIA Charts and was well received by critics, noting the singer's musical evolution and maturity. It spawned the hit singles \"The Fear\", \"Not Fair\" and \"Fuck You\". This success saw her receive the Brit Award for British Female Solo Artist at the 2010 Brit Awards. Allen and Amy Winehouse were credited with starting a process that led to the \"year of the women\" media label in 2009 that saw five female artists making music of \"experimentalism and fearlessness\" nominated for the Mercury Prize. She has released two further albums: \"Sheezus\" (2014), which debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart, and \"No Shame\" (2018) debuting at number eight.\n\nAllen also ventured into other careers; in 2008, she hosted her own television talk show, \"Lily Allen and Friends\", on BBC Three before launching her own record label, In the Name Of, in 2011. In 2018, Allen released her autobiographical book, \"My Thoughts Exactly.\" Allen has since resumed her screen acting career from 1998;<ref name=\":0\" /> she appeared in the 2019 film \"How to Build a Girl\". In 2021, she made her West End debut in the new play \"\", for which she received a Laurence Olivier Award nomination for Best Actress.", "title": "Lily Allen" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Smile (Lily Allen song)\n\n\"Smile\" is the debut single by British recording artist Lily Allen from her debut studio album \"Alright, Still\" (2006). It was written by Allen, Iyiola Babalola and Darren Lewis, while sampling the Soul Brothers' \"Free Soul\". The song was released as the lead mainstream single of the album in July 2006. After signing a contract deal with Regal Recordings and gaining popularity on the social network website Myspace with demo songs, Allen released a limited edition of \"LDN\" to promote her work and afterwards announced the release of \"Smile\".\n\nThe song incorporates rocksteady music, as the lyrics tackle her dealing with the betrayal of her boyfriend, while enjoying his misery. Most contemporary critics complimented the song, noticing the confidence it hides and the carnival-esque, yet melancholy, theme. On the other hand, some considered it was not one of the album's best tracks and it makes the singer a \"theoretical pop princess\". The single peaked inside the top 40 of the charts of some European countries and Australia, while staying on the summit of the UK Singles Chart for two consecutive weeks and ended the year as the country's 11th most successful song. It is also charted on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100, where it was certified gold.\n\nFor promotion, \"Smile\" was re-recorded in Simlish and played on shows; it also received its own answer song. The accompanying music video portrayed a revenge theme, with Allen hiring a posse to beat her ex-boyfriend. It was directed by Sophie Muller and, afterwards, banned on MTV due to obscene language. The song was performed live many times, including on talk shows, her 2007 concert tour and also during her 2009 concert tour, though Allen claimed to be \"sick\" of it. In 2008, it won a Pop Award at the London Broadcast Music Incorporated Awards.", "title": "Smile (Lily Allen song)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Not Fair\n\n\"Not Fair\" is a song by British recording artist Lily Allen from her second studio album, \"It's Not Me, It's You\" (2009). Written by Allen and Greg Kurstin, the song was released as the second single from the album on 20 March 2009 by Regal Recordings. The song incorporates country music as the lyrics depict sexual frustration. Contemporary critics did not positively receive the song and its theme, some calling it a \"pseudo-country track\" and considering it a strange musical composition. The single peaked in the top 20 of the charts of some European countries and Australia, while scoring Allen's second consecutive top-five hit on both the UK Singles Chart and the Dutch Top 40 (since in the latter \"Fuck You\" was a commercial success before \"Not Fair\").\n\nThe accompanying music video portrayed a western country theme, with Allen dancing next to a microphone while backing singers are dressed as cowgirls, accompanied by cattle and poultry. The video was shot the same day of the release of the single. It was performed live on different occasions, including Allen's 2009 concert tour.\n\nIt was named at number 8 in the Triple J Hottest 100, 2009.", "title": "Not Fair" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Amy Winehouse\n\nAmy Jade Winehouse (14 September 1983 – 23 July 2011) was an English singer and songwriter. She was known for her deep, expressive contralto vocals and her eclectic mix of musical genres, including soul, rhythm and blues and jazz.\n\nA member of the National Youth Jazz Orchestra during her youth, Winehouse signed to Simon Fuller's 19 Management in 2002 and soon recorded a number of songs before signing a publishing deal with EMI. She also formed a working relationship with producer Salaam Remi through these record publishers. Winehouse's debut album, \"Frank\", was released in 2003. Many of the album's songs were influenced by jazz and, apart from two covers, were co-written by Winehouse. \"Frank\" was a critical success in the UK and was nominated for the Mercury Prize. The song \"Stronger Than Me\" won her the Ivor Novello Award for Best Contemporary Song from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers, and Authors.\n\nWinehouse released her follow-up album, \"Back to Black\", in 2006, which went on to become an international success and one of the best-selling albums in UK history. At the 2007 Brit Awards it was nominated for British Album of the Year, and she received the award for British Female Solo Artist. The song \"Rehab\" won her a second Ivor Novello Award. At the 50th Grammy Awards in 2008, she won five awards, tying the then record for the most wins by a female artist in a single night and becoming the first British woman to win five Grammys, including three of the General Field \"Big Four\" Grammy Awards: Best New Artist, Record of the Year and Song of the Year (for \"Rehab\"), as well as Best Pop Vocal Album.\n\nWinehouse struggled with substance abuse and addiction. She died of alcohol poisoning on 23 July 2011, at the age of 27. After her death, \"Back to Black\" briefly became the UK's best-selling album of the 21st century. VH1 ranked Winehouse 26th on their list of the \"100 Greatest Women in Music\".", "title": "Amy Winehouse" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Womanizer (song)\n\n\"Womanizer\" is a song by American singer Britney Spears from her sixth studio album, \"Circus\" (2008). It was released on September 26, 2008, by Jive Records as the lead single of the album. Produced and written by The Outsyders, the song was re-recorded after a snippet was leaked onto the internet. \"Womanizer\" is an up-tempo electropop and dance-pop song. Described by Spears as a girl anthem, the song's lyrics recall a womanizing man, while the protagonist of the song makes clear she knows who he really is.\n\n\"Womanizer\" received critical acclaim with critics mostly praising its hook, melody and empowering lyrics. Critics also observed it as a stand-out track from the album, while some deemed it a comeback single for Spears. It became a major global success, peaking atop of the charts in Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Norway, Sweden and the United States. It also reached the top ten in every country it charted in also receiving several certifications from several countries. In the United States, \"Womanizer\" was her first single to reach number-one since \"...Baby One More Time\" in 1999. The song broke the record for the highest jump to number one at a time which was later broken by Kelly Clarkson's \"My Life Would Suck Without You\" in 2009. It is also her best-selling digital song in the country, having sold over 3.5 million copies. The song received a nomination for Best Dance Recording at the 52nd Grammy Awards, becoming her second nomination in the category.\n\nThe music video, directed by Joseph Kahn, was created by Spears as a sequel to the music video of \"Toxic\". It portrays Spears as a woman who disguises herself in different costumes and follows her boyfriend through his daily activities to expose him in the end. The video also contains interspersed scenes of Spears naked in a steam room, as a response to the attacks she had received over the years about her weight. The video was also nominated for two categories at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, and won for the Best Pop Video.\n\nThe song has been covered by a number of artists from different genres, including Lily Allen, Franz Ferdinand and Girls Aloud. Spears performed \"Womanizer\" on several television shows including \"The X Factor\" and \"Good Morning America\", as well as award shows such as the 2008 Bambi Awards. She has also performed the song at The Circus Starring Britney Spears (2009), the Femme Fatale Tour (2011) and (2013).", "title": "Womanizer (song)" }, { "id": "13056491", "score": "1.717623", "text": "2009 Glastonbury Festival prior to performing the song, Allen made reference to the elections to the European parliament that had commenced three weeks earlier in which the British National Party gained their first ever representative seats, citing this as a reason to sing the song. The song made its chart debut at number 37 on the Canadian Top 100 on 28 February 2009 despite not being released as an actual single. The song also entered the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 at number 68 on the same week, being her third song on entry. In the United Kingdom the song made", "title": "Fuck You (Lily Allen song)" }, { "id": "12632267", "score": "1.7020385", "text": "the New Zealand Singles Chart. In North America, \"The Fear\" shared moderate success, charting at number 80 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, making it Allen's only second entry in the United States. Despite low positions on the main chart, the single managed to become the singer's first Hot Dance Club Play number one, topping it for one week. In Canada, it debuted at 57 in late 2008, afterwards leaving the chart for seven weeks; it returned in 2009, peaking at 33. It was certified Gold by the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA) for shipments of over 20,000 copies. The music", "title": "The Fear (Lily Allen song)" }, { "id": "13056488", "score": "1.7004839", "text": "Fuck You (Lily Allen song) \"Fuck You\" is a song by English singer Lily Allen from her second album \"It's Not Me, It's You\" (2009) as her third international single. The song became a quasi-gay anthem because of the song's lyrical message. Although the song failed to crack the top 100 in Allen's native United Kingdom, it proved to be a huge hit in mainland Europe, topping the chart in Flemish Belgium for three weeks and reaching number two in Walloon Belgium and the Netherlands. It became a top-five hit in Finland, Norway, and Switzerland, reached the top 20 in", "title": "Fuck You (Lily Allen song)" }, { "id": "9236427", "score": "1.7000625", "text": "composing enough material for their debut EP.\" That EP was the four-track \"Again and Again and Again and Again\", released on October 31, 2006 by Blue Note Records. The EP includes the single \"Fucking Boyfriend\", which topped the \"Billboard\" Hot Dance Club Play chart on the issue dated December 2, 2006. The duo's self-titled debut studio album, \"The Bird and the Bee\" was released on January 23, 2007 to positive reviews; \"AllMusic\" described it as \"irresistible\" and \"charming and delightful at every turn\". Mid-2007 saw the band touring as the opening act for English singer Lily Allen, while their music", "title": "The Bird and the Bee" }, { "id": "8240042", "score": "1.6854485", "text": "on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100, where it was certified gold. For promotion, \"Smile\" was re-recorded in Simlish and played on shows; it also received its own answer song. The accompanying music video portrayed a revenge theme, with Allen hiring a posse to beat her ex-boyfriend. It was directed by Sophie Muller and, afterwards, banned on MTV due to obscene language. The song was performed live many times, including on talk shows, her 2007 concert tour and also during her 2009 concert tour, though Allen claimed to be \"sick\" of it. In 2008, it won a Pop Award at the", "title": "Smile (Lily Allen song)" }, { "id": "8240063", "score": "1.6764877", "text": "thinking they are intact, but he suddenly gets diarrhea as a result of the laxatives, but is unable to use his toilet, as it is clogged with his clothes. He goes to Allen's apartment with his records, seeking consolation, unaware that she is laughing behind his back. As the video finishes, the scene changes to Allen walking down the street, at night, smiling, singing the last chorus, while her ex-boyfriend, actually a disc jockey, is in a nightclub, getting ready to put his music, but finds out that all his records have been scratched. After the video was banned on", "title": "Smile (Lily Allen song)" }, { "id": "8322393", "score": "1.660517", "text": "ends with Allen receiving another phone call; her boyfriend has decided not to come. Angry and unhappy, she storms away, and the vivid colour disappears to reveal the duller, more depressing reality of her surroundings. Amy Winehouse's ex-husband, Blake Fielder-Civil, features in the music video trying to sell flowers to Allen. LDN (song) \"LDN\" (shorthand for, and pronounced as, \"London\") is a 2006 song by English recording artist Lily Allen. It was co-written by Future Cut, and features a Colombian porro from the country's Caribbean coast. The song was originally released on strictly limited edition 7\" vinyl (500 copies) in", "title": "LDN (song)" }, { "id": "13432295", "score": "1.65896", "text": "in Belgium (Wallonia). For this, the single reached number 43 on \"Billboard\"'s Eurochart Hot 100 Singles. Later peaks include New Zealand at number 28, number 18 on the Dutch Top 40 and lower positions in Austria and Switzerland. The song managed to debut at number 4 in Scotland, but fell 10 places the next week, & 20 more the next. The music video was shot in east London on 1 June 2009 and was directed by Jake Scott. The \"Daily Mirror\" reported that Allen was wearing a chocolate coloured dress, sporting her new short hairstyle and performing with twenty trained", "title": "22 (Lily Allen song)" }, { "id": "13432294", "score": "1.6578054", "text": "there. Similar success came in Ireland, where it peaked at number 12 and charted for 10 weeks, becoming her third top 20 hit from \"It's Not Me, It's You\" in that country, as well as in Australia, where it climbed to its highest position at number 12, and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association for selling over 35,000 copies. In mainland Europe, the duet with Ours managed to peak at number 23 in France, while the original version had moderate success made it chart outside the top 40 in Belgium (Flanders) and Germany, and at number 34", "title": "22 (Lily Allen song)" }, { "id": "8240041", "score": "1.6548433", "text": "lyrics tackle her dealing with the betrayal of her boyfriend, while enjoying his misery. Most contemporary critics complimented the song, noticing the confidence it hides and the carnival-esque, yet melancholy, theme. On the other hand, some considered it was not one of the album's best tracks and it makes the singer a \"theoretical pop princess\". The single peaked inside the top 40 of the charts of some European countries and Australia, while staying on the summit of the UK Singles Chart for two consecutive weeks and ended the year as the country's 11th most successful song. It is also charted", "title": "Smile (Lily Allen song)" }, { "id": "13432293", "score": "1.648463", "text": "from the BBC considered that if, in the singer's opinion, women who are single and approaching thirty are worthless to society, then she could be \"an unreconstructed male in a young woman's body\". Sal Cinquemani from \"Slant Magazine\" compared the song to Fiona Apple's \"Extraordinary Machine\" album. A reviewer from The Canadian Press viewed the song as \"nouveau-feminist ditty\", which \"swings on finger snaps and circus-sounding organ reminiscent of the Beatles' \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\"\". The single debuted at number 79 on the UK Singles Chart and peaked at number 14, giving Allen her eighth top 20 hit", "title": "22 (Lily Allen song)" }, { "id": "17908260", "score": "1.6455755", "text": "at number one on the UK Albums Chart and the Australian Albums Chart and was well received by critics, noting the singer's musical evolution and maturity. It spawned the hit singles \"The Fear\" and \"Fuck You\", popular mostly in Europe. Allen and Amy Winehouse were credited with starting a process that led to the media-proclaimed \"year of the women\" in 2009 that has seen five female artists making music of \"experimentalism and fearlessness\" nominated for the Mercury Prize. In 2009, Allen announced that she would be taking a hiatus from musical activities. The following year, she opened a fashion rental", "title": "Our Time (Lily Allen song)" }, { "id": "12632254", "score": "1.6450486", "text": "articulate problems with celebrity lifestyles and include metaphors for recognised tabloid national newspapers such as \"The Sun\". Contemporary critics complimented the song and its themes of consumerism and the postmodern condition. \"The Fear\" topped the UK Singles Chart for four consecutive weeks, thus becoming the longest running number 1 in the UK of 2009, while peaking inside the top 10 in Australia and Ireland and the top 20 in several European countries. It is also Allen's second entry on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in the United States, where it reached number 80. The accompanying music video portrayed a fantasy theme,", "title": "The Fear (Lily Allen song)" }, { "id": "8240057", "score": "1.6338773", "text": "It later descended to number four, being replaced by McFly's \"Please, Please\". It was her very first single in her home country's main charts, following a top 40 entry with the limited release of \"LDN\" the same year. It ended 2006 as UK's 11th best selling single of the year. Allen was surprised at the success of it, stating: \"Of course, I never thought the record would chart - I didn't even think I'd get a record contract\". She was named \"one of the brightest hopes for domestic crossover rap\" because of this single. The song shared similar success in", "title": "Smile (Lily Allen song)" }, { "id": "13432288", "score": "1.6306074", "text": "22 (Lily Allen song) \"22\" is a song by British recording artist Lily Allen from her second studio album, \"It's Not Me, It's You\". Written by Allen and Greg Kurstin, the song was released as the fourth international single of the album, but the third in the United Kingdom, after it was decided not to promote \"Fuck You\" there. It was released to the music market on 24 August 2009 by Regal Recordings, though a different version called \"22 (Vingt Deux)\" was released in France. Contemporary critics were mixed in their reviews of the song, some complimenting the rousing sound", "title": "22 (Lily Allen song)" } ]

[ "bronx mowgli", "Bronx Mowgli" ]

[ { "id": "5551069", "score": "1.8638288", "text": "on their album, \"From Under the Cork Tree\". After this event, Wentz moved back in with his parents. Wentz later spoke of his suicide attempt to the support site Halfofus.com. In 2006, Wentz started dating singer Ashlee Simpson. In April 2008, Simpson and Wentz confirmed their engagement, and were married on May 17, 2008, at Simpson's parents' residence in Encino, California, with her father officiating the ceremony. Two weeks later, she confirmed her pregnancy. Her surname changed from Simpson to Wentz and she was briefly known professionally as Ashlee Simpson-Wentz. Simpson gave birth to their son on November 20, 2008.", "title": "Pete Wentz" }, { "id": "5551071", "score": "1.6227837", "text": "expecting their first child together and Wentz's second. Their son Saint Lazslo Wentz was born in August 2014. On January 2, 2018 Wentz posted to his Instagram that he and Camper were expecting their second child together and Wentz's third, a girl. On May 13, 2018, their daughter Marvel Jane Wentz was born. Wentz is a supporter of Invisible Children, Inc., an organization dedicated to helping the cause of displaced refugees in Uganda. He and Fall Out Boy traveled to the nation, and filmed the music video for the song \"I'm Like a Lawyer... (Me & You)\" there, which featured", "title": "Pete Wentz" }, { "id": "12394233", "score": "1.5733366", "text": "left in links and images on the website, and Wentz left clues on his personal blog. On August 19, Wentz' wife Ashlee Simpson was seen carrying a pamphlet for the organization, raising suspicion and sparking many rumors online. In the days that followed, new posts appeared on the Citizens For Our Betterment website and Wentz continued to blog, at times referring to November 4, the same day as the 2008 U.S. presidential election. Meanwhile, another band, Copeland, launched its own viral campaign. As part of it, Copeland launched a similarly named site, CitizensFourOurBetterment.com, and spread links through various Fall Out", "title": "Folie à Deux (album)" }, { "id": "5551046", "score": "1.5732396", "text": "to people worldwide, \"People\" magazine states that \"no bassist has upstaged a frontman as well as Pete Wentz of Fall Out Boy.\" He is also a minority owner of the Phoenix Rising FC, a USL Championship team. Peter Lewis Kingston Wentz III was born in Wilmette, Illinois, an affluent suburb of Chicago. His parents are Dale (née Lewis), a high school admissions counselor, and Pete Wentz II, an attorney. Wentz is of English and German descent on his father's side and Afro-Jamaican descent on his mother's side. He has a younger sister, Hillary, and a younger brother, Andrew. His maternal", "title": "Pete Wentz" }, { "id": "5551053", "score": "1.5697948", "text": "an indefinite hiatus, saying they were unsure of the future of the band. Wentz has said that his personal reason for taking a break is that he feels that his name and marriage to pop singer Ashlee Simpson had become a hindrance for the band. He added: \"I think the world needs a little less Pete Wentz\". On February 4, 2013, Fall Out Boy unexpectedly announced their return, along with an album and single with which all four members contributed. Once again, Wentz had main control of song writing duties. On April 12, 2013, the band released a new album", "title": "Pete Wentz" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ashlee Simpson\n\nAshley Ross ( Simpson), known professionally as Ashlee Simpson, is an American singer and actress. The younger sister of singer and actress Jessica Simpson, she began her career as a back-up dancer for her sister and appeared in television commercials at the age of 15. She later pursued a career as an actress and had a main role on the family drama \"7th Heaven.\" She appeared on the reality show \"\", broadcast on MTV between 2003 and 2005, which focused on Ashlee's older sister Jessica and Jessica's then-husband Nick Lachey. While working on her debut studio album, Simpson became the star of a spin-off reality series, \"The Ashlee Simpson Show\", which was broadcast on MTV between 2004 and 2005. Like her sister before her, Simpson became the center of considerable media attention.\n\nHer breakout came with her debut single, \"Pieces of Me\", which was released in 2004, became a top-five hit in the United States and topped the \"Billboard\" Mainstream Top 40 chart based on radio airplay. The success of the single and her reality show helped propel her debut album, \"Autobiography,\" also released in 2004, to the top of the \"Billboard\" 200 albums chart. The project sold over five million copies worldwide, making it her most successful album to date. Simpson had a leading role in the film \"Undiscovered\" (2005), which became a critical and commercial flop. The failure of the film, along with multiple critically panned performances, led to media scrutiny. Despite that, Simpson's second studio album, \"I Am Me\" (2005), debuted atop the \"Billboard\" 200, becoming her second album to do so. The album went on to receive a platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).\n\nFollowing her appearance as Roxie Hart in the West End production of \"Chicago,\" Simpson announced that she had begun working on her third studio album. The album differed from the pop-rock sound of her previous efforts, featuring a dance-pop and 1980s-themed sound. \"Bittersweet World\" was released in 2008 to positive critical reception, but it saw a decline in sales. The effort reached number 4 on the \"Billboard\" 200. The following year, Simpson joined the main cast of the \"Melrose Place\" revamp, which was met with harsh critical reception. Later that year, she made her Broadway debut reprising her role as Roxie Hart in \"Chicago\" on Broadway.\n\nSimpson announced a fourth studio album that same year. She independently released the single \"Bat for a Heart\" (2012), though it failed to have success. Simpson eventually scrapped the album and focused on her child. Simpson reprised her role as Roxie Hart for the third time in a 2-dates special production in Hollywood Bowl in July 2013 directed by Brooke Shields. In October, Simpson and her husband Evan Ross released their debut extended play (EP) by Ashlee + Evan through Access Records, which was supported by a tour in select cities across North America, and their TV-reality show.", "title": "Ashlee Simpson" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pete Wentz\n\nPeter Lewis Kingston Wentz III (born June 5, 1979) is an American musician best known as the bassist and lyricist for the rock band Fall Out Boy since 2001. Before Fall Out Boy, Wentz was a fixture of the Chicago hardcore scene and was the lead singer and songwriter for Arma Angelus, a metalcore band. During Fall Out Boy's hiatus from 2009 to 2012, Wentz formed the experimental, electropop and dubstep group Black Cards. He owns a record label, DCD2 Records, which has signed bands including Panic! at the Disco and Gym Class Heroes.\n\nFall Out Boy returned from hiatus in February 2013, and have since released three number-one albums; \"Save Rock and Roll\", \"American Beauty/American Psycho\", and \"Mania\".\n\nWentz has also ventured into other non-musical projects, including writing, acting, and fashion; in 2005 he founded a clothing company called Clandestine Industries. He hosts the TV show \"Best Ink\" and runs a film production company called Bartskull Films, as well as a bar called Angels & Kings. His philanthropic activities include collaborations with Invisible Children, Inc. and UNICEF's Tap Project, a fundraising project that helps bring clean drinking water to people worldwide, \"People\" magazine states that \"no bassist has upstaged a frontman as well as Pete Wentz of Fall Out Boy.\" He is also a minority owner of the Phoenix Rising FC, a USL Championship team.", "title": "Pete Wentz" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Evan Ross\n\nEvan Olav Ross-Naess (born August 26, 1988),<ref name=\"People\" /> is an American actor and musician. He made his acting debut in the comedy-drama film \"ATL\" (2006), and has since starred in the films \"Pride\" (2007), \"According to Greta\" (2009), \"Mooz-lum\" (2010), \"96 Minutes\" (2011), \"Supremacy\" (2014), and \"\" (2014) and \"\" (2015).\n\nOn television, Ross had a recurring role as Charlie Selby in the season 3 of The CW's teen drama series \"90210\" and a regular role as Angel Rivera in the season 2 of Fox's musical drama series \"Star.\" Ross also starred on ABC's procedural drama series \"Wicked City\" as Diver Hawkes. As a musician, he released his first single \"Yes Me\" in February 2011, and his second single \"How To Live Alone\" in May 2015.\n\nRoss is the son of the late mountaineer Arne Næss Jr. and the Supremes lead singer Diana Ross. He has been married since 2014 to singer-songwriter Ashlee Simpson, with whom he has two children.", "title": "Evan Ross" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Fall Out Boy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Folie à Deux (album)" }, { "id": "3223186", "score": "1.5213459", "text": "copies by 2009. Simpson announced her engagement to Wentz in April 2008, with the pair wedding the following month. Two weeks after the wedding, Simpson announced her pregnancy, thus ending promotion of \"Bittersweet World.\" Simpson and Wentz had a son in November 2008. The following year, Simpson joined the main cast of the \"Melrose Place\" revamp, which was met with harsh critical reception. She later portrayed Roxie Hart in \"Chicago\" on Broadway. Simpson announced her separation from Wentz in 2011, citing irreconcilable differences. Despite having taken time to focus on being a mother, Simpson announced a fourth studio album that", "title": "Ashlee Simpson" }, { "id": "3223219", "score": "1.5210207", "text": "contrast to her sister Jessica. With the success of Jessica Simpson's reality television series \"Newlyweds\", the sisters became household names in the media, and became the focus of much attention. Simpson and then-husband Pete Wentz have been ranked inside the top twenty highest paid celebrity couples, according to \"Forbes\". She cites her childhood as being the time when she began to sing, and admits that she dreamed of being on Broadway and did not expect to break into the pop music scene. She trains with a vocal coach, and studies Etta James and Aretha Franklin albums for vocal inspiration. She", "title": "Ashlee Simpson" }, { "id": "8519742", "score": "1.5192356", "text": "had begun dating singer Ashlee Simpson. Ross and Simpson became engaged in January 2014, and married on August 31, 2014 at Ross' mother's estate in Connecticut. In December 2014, Ross and Simpson announced that they were expecting their first child together. Their daughter, Jagger Snow Ross, was born on July 30, 2015. Through his marriage, Ross also has one stepson, Bronx Mowgli Wentz (born November 2008), from Simpson's previous marriage to musician Pete Wentz. In December 2014, Ross and his wife both filed requests to change their surname to Ross-Næss. Evan Ross Evan Olav Næss (born August 26, 1988), known", "title": "Evan Ross" }, { "id": "5551070", "score": "1.5181086", "text": "On February 8, 2011, Simpson filed for divorce, citing \"irreconcilable differences\". She asked for joint custody and primary physical custody of their son with visitation for Wentz, along with spousal support. However, a later report said that Simpson believed the couple simply \"married too young\", with the source stating that, \"It was honestly a classic case of marrying young, having a kid young and growing apart over the years\". Wentz reportedly did not want the divorce. Their divorce was finalized on November 22, 2011. On February 17, 2014, Wentz and his current girlfriend Meagan Camper announced that the couple were", "title": "Pete Wentz" }, { "id": "5551061", "score": "1.5165229", "text": "in Chicago. On December 13, 2008, Wentz, along with Travis McCoy of Gym Class Heroes, created several pieces for an art exhibit at Gallery 1988 in Los Angeles called \"Without You, I'm Just Me.\" The exhibit closed on December 24, 2008. Wentz appeared in the season 5 episode of \"\", \"Point of No Return\", along with then-wife Ashlee Simpson. Wentz also hosted the Australia MTV VMAs on March 27, 2009. Wentz collaborated with Mark Hoppus on the track \"In Transit\" on the \"Almost Alice\" soundtrack for the 2010 movie, \"Alice in Wonderland\". He was also a judge for the 10th", "title": "Pete Wentz" }, { "id": "3223210", "score": "1.505368", "text": "and during the marriage was known professionally as Ashlee Simpson-Wentz. It was during this time that Simpson released the song \"Little Miss Obsessive\" as the second single from \"Bittersweet World\". The song did not receive a European release, and hit a peak of 96 on the Hot 100 chart in the United States. She also began appearing in commercials for Canadian retailer Zellers to promote their independent clothing line, \"Request\", in mid-2008. Two weeks after her wedding, Simpson announced her pregnancy, thus ending promotion of \"Little Miss Obsessive\" and the parent album. Simpson gave birth to a son, Bronx Mowgli,", "title": "Ashlee Simpson" }, { "id": "3223212", "score": "1.5021889", "text": "After her departure from \"Melrose Place\", Simpson reprised her role in the Broadway musical production of \"Chicago\". She began her Broadway run on November 30, 2009 and performed in New York for eight shows a week until February 7, 2010. On February 9, 2011, Simpson filed for divorce from Wentz, citing irreconcilable differences, and asked that her maiden name be restored. The divorce was finalized on November 22, 2011. The former couple released a joint statement following the announcement, stating \"We remain friends and deeply committed and loving parents to our son Bronx, whose happiness and well-being remains our number", "title": "Ashlee Simpson" }, { "id": "5551044", "score": "1.5017743", "text": "Pete Wentz Peter Lewis Kingston Wentz III (born June 5, 1979) is an American singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. He is best known for being the bassist, lyricist, and backing vocalist for the American rock band Fall Out Boy. Before Fall Out Boy's inception in 2001, Wentz was a fixture of the Chicago hardcore scene and was the lead vocalist and lyricist for Arma Angelus. During Fall Out Boy's hiatus from 2009 to 2012, Wentz formed the experimental, electropop and dubstep group Black Cards. He owns a record label, DCD2 Records, which has signed bands including Panic! at the Disco and", "title": "Pete Wentz" }, { "id": "5551075", "score": "1.493834", "text": "appeared on the ballot of PETA2's third annual \"Sexiest Vegetarian\" awards. Pete Wentz Peter Lewis Kingston Wentz III (born June 5, 1979) is an American singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. He is best known for being the bassist, lyricist, and backing vocalist for the American rock band Fall Out Boy. Before Fall Out Boy's inception in 2001, Wentz was a fixture of the Chicago hardcore scene and was the lead vocalist and lyricist for Arma Angelus. During Fall Out Boy's hiatus from 2009 to 2012, Wentz formed the experimental, electropop and dubstep group Black Cards. He owns a record label, DCD2", "title": "Pete Wentz" }, { "id": "5551060", "score": "1.4930092", "text": "purple pickguard and bat/heart. In 2008, Fender gave his son, Bronx Wentz, a three-quarter-sized modified version of his guitar. Wentz opened a nightclub in New York with his bandmates as well as members of Gym Class Heroes, The Academy Is..., and Cobra Starship; the bands' managers are also involved in the enterprise. Called Angels & Kings, the club occupies the former space on 11th Street near Avenue A that housed the Orchid Lounge. Notable guests, including Tommy Hilfiger, arrived for the grand opening on April 20, 2007. In June 2007, Wentz celebrated the opening of Angels & Kings' second location", "title": "Pete Wentz" }, { "id": "19560326", "score": "1.4797915", "text": "Joey Wentz Joseph Barrett Wentz (born October 6, 1997) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Atlanta Braves Class-A affiliate the Rome Braves. The Braves selected Wentz with the 40th overall pick in the 2016 MLB draft. Wentz was born on October 6, 1997 to Dave and Jenny Wentz. He first met Riley Pint in second grade, and the two became friends. Wentz attended Shawnee Mission East High School in Prairie Village, Kansas. He was named the Sunflower League Player of the Year in 2015 and 2016, his junior and senior years. Wentz won the 2015 Junior Home Run", "title": "Joey Wentz" }, { "id": "3223187", "score": "1.4758183", "text": "same year. She independently released the single \"Bat for a Heart\" (2012), though it failed to have success. Simpson eventually scrapped the album, and focused on her child. She began dating actor Evan Ross in 2013, with the couple marrying in August 2014. They have a daughter together, born in July 2015. Ashlee was born Ashley Nicolle Simpson in Waco, Texas. Her parents are Tina Ann (née Drew) and Joseph Truett \"Joe\" Simpson, a former psychologist and Baptist youth minister. She has one older sister, Jessica Simpson. Both Ashlee and Jessica attended Prairie Creek Elementary and North Junior High, located", "title": "Ashlee Simpson" }, { "id": "17079177", "score": "1.4728826", "text": "the heaviest he had ever been and loathed the band's image as an \"emo\" band. Drummer Andy Hurley \"went through the darkest depression [I've] ever felt. I looked at my calendar and it was just empty.\" Wentz, who had been abusing Xanax and Klonopin, was divorced by his wife Ashlee Simpson and returned to therapy. Wentz recalled: \"I'd basically gone from being the guy in Fall Out Boy to being the guy who, like, hangs out all day\". Previously known as the \"overexposed, despised\" leader of the band, Wentz \"simply grew up\", sharing custody of his son and embracing maturity:", "title": "Save Rock and Roll" }, { "id": "12163435", "score": "1.4657974", "text": "in a car accident involving Greenlee, which at the time was thought to be the cause of his deafness. It is later revealed that Spike's hearing loss was the result of a chromosomal abnormality, not the car accident, when Spike goes to have cochlear implant surgery. Jennifer \"Jenny\" Colby Carey Martin is the daughter of Tad Martin and Krystal Carey. She was originally thought to be Adam Chandler's child. Jenny was born on April 11, 2007, and was delivered by her godmother Colby Chandler. She has two older maternal half-sisters Babe Carey and Marissa Tasker (they are fraternal twins), two", "title": "Children of All My Children" }, { "id": "3223216", "score": "1.460129", "text": "2014, at Diana Ross's estate in Connecticut. In December 2014, they announced that they were expecting their first child together. In July 2015, Simpson gave birth to that child, her second; the child proved to be a daughter, and was named Jagger Snow. The same month, Simpson and her husband filed requests to change their surname to Ross-Næss. Næss was her husband's original legal surname (from his father, businessman Arne Næss Jr.), while Ross was his mother's surname. In May 2016, Simpson said “no” to a possible return to acting; stating that she was instead putting all her focus on", "title": "Ashlee Simpson" } ]

[ "Cary Grant", "archibaldalexanderleach", "carey grant", "archibald alexander leach", "archie leach", "cary grant", "Cary Grant.", "Cary grant", "Cary Grant filmography", "Carry Grant", "Carygrant", "Archie Leach", "Archibald alec leach", "Carey Grant", "Cary grant filmography", "carry grant", "cary grant filmography", "archibald alec leach", "carygrant", "Archibald Alexander Leach", "ArchibaldAlexanderLeach" ]

[ { "id": "506229", "score": "1.7805591", "text": "Cary Grant Cary Grant (born Archibald Alec Leach; January 18, 1904November 29, 1986) was an English-American actor, known as one of classic Hollywood's definitive leading men. He began a career in Hollywood in the early 1930s, and became known for his transatlantic accent, debonair demeanor, light-hearted approach to acting, and sense of comic timing. He became an American citizen in 1942. Born in Horfield, Bristol, Grant became attracted to theatre at a young age, and began performing with a troupe known as \"The Penders\" from the age of six. After attending Bishop Road Primary School and Fairfield Grammar School in", "title": "Cary Grant" }, { "id": "506234", "score": "1.7639425", "text": "Kennedy Center Honors. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Grant of Golden Age Hollywood cinema. Grant was born Archibald Alec Leach on January 18, 1904 at 15 Hughenden Road in the northern Bristol suburb of Horfield. He was the second child of Elias James Leach (1873–1935) and Elsie Maria Leach (née Kingdon; 1877–1973). Elias worked as a tailor's presser at a clothes factory while Elsie worked as a seamstress. Grant's elder brother, John William Elias Leach (1899–1900), died of tuberculous meningitis. Grant considered himself to have been partly Jewish. He had an unhappy upbringing; his father was an alcoholic,", "title": "Cary Grant" }, { "id": "506337", "score": "1.7401232", "text": "named him the second greatest male star of Golden Age Hollywood cinema (after Humphrey Bogart). He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor in \"Penny Serenade\" (1941) and \"None but the Lonely Heart\" (1944). Widely recognized for comedic and dramatic roles, among his best-known films are \"Bringing Up Baby\" (1938), \"Only Angels Have Wings\" (1939), \"His Girl Friday\" (1940), \"The Philadelphia Story\" (1940), \"Arsenic and Old Lace\" (1944), \"North by Northwest\" (1959), and \"Charade\" (1963). Cary Grant Cary Grant (born Archibald Alec Leach; January 18, 1904November 29, 1986) was an English-American actor, known as one of classic Hollywood's", "title": "Cary Grant" }, { "id": "5204221", "score": "1.6618314", "text": "Britt Leach Britt Leach (born July 18, 1938 in Gadsden, Alabama) is an American character actor. He is best known for his roles in the films \"Fuzz\" (1972), \"Interval\" (1973), \"The California Kid\" (1974), \"Jackson County Jail\" (1976), \"Goin' South\" (1978), \"Loose Shoes\" (1978), \"Hardly Working\" (1980), \"\" (1980), \"Night Warning\" (1982), \"The Last Starfighter\" (1984), \"Silent Night, Deadly Night\" (1984), \"Weird Science\" (1985), \"Baby Boom\" (1987) and \"The Great Outdoors\" (1988). Leach has also made guest appearances in television shows such as \"The Brady Bunch\", \"The Partridge Family\", \"Bonanza\", \"Tales from the Crypt\", \"Newhart\" and many others. During the", "title": "Britt Leach" }, { "id": "5204223", "score": "1.6483315", "text": "DVD screeners in a satirical piece on his website. Britt Leach Britt Leach (born July 18, 1938 in Gadsden, Alabama) is an American character actor. He is best known for his roles in the films \"Fuzz\" (1972), \"Interval\" (1973), \"The California Kid\" (1974), \"Jackson County Jail\" (1976), \"Goin' South\" (1978), \"Loose Shoes\" (1978), \"Hardly Working\" (1980), \"\" (1980), \"Night Warning\" (1982), \"The Last Starfighter\" (1984), \"Silent Night, Deadly Night\" (1984), \"Weird Science\" (1985), \"Baby Boom\" (1987) and \"The Great Outdoors\" (1988). Leach has also made guest appearances in television shows such as \"The Brady Bunch\", \"The Partridge Family\", \"Bonanza\", \"Tales", "title": "Britt Leach" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Cary Grant" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Portal:20th Century Studios/Selected biography/15" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Stage name\n\nA stage name is a pseudonym used by performers and entertainers—such as actors, comedians, singers, and musicians. Such professional aliases are adopted for a wide variety of reasons and they may be similar, or nearly identical, to an individual's birth name. Though uncommon, some performers choose to adopt their stage name as a legal name.\n\nNicknames and maiden names are sometimes used in a person's professional name.", "title": "Stage name" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Australian artists\n\nThis is a list of Australian artists.\n", "title": "List of Australian artists" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of stage names\n\nThis list of stages lists names used by those in the entertainment industry, alphabetically by their stage name's surname, followed by their birth name. Individuals who dropped their last name and substituted their middle name as their last name are listed. In many cases, performers have legally changed their name to their stage name.\n\nNote: Many cultures have their own naming customs and systems, some rather intricate. Minor changes or alterations, including reversing Eastern-style formats, do not in and of themselves qualify as stage names, and should not normally be included. For example, Björk, whose stage name appears to be an original creation, is part of her full Icelandic name, Björk Guðmundsdóttir. Her second name is a patronymic instead of a family name, following Icelandic naming conventions. \"Björk\" is not a stage name but how any Icelander would refer to her, casually or formally.\nPeople are not listed here if they fall into one or more of the following categories:\n\nThe following exceptions are listed here for the following reasons:", "title": "List of stage names" }, { "id": "9526414", "score": "1.5862825", "text": "\"Measure for Measure\", and Colin in \"Ashes\" for which feat of achievement he was cast in The Bill. Leach appeared in a West End production of Anthony Shaffer’s play \"The Case of the Oily Levantine\" directed by Patrick Dromgoole, and at the Royal Court in \"Gimme Shelter\". In later years he featured as Uncle Max in the \"Sound of Music\", Captain Brackett in \"South Pacific\", the Narrator in \"The Rocky Horror Show\", Doolittle in \"My Fair Lady\", and in 2001, Peachum in a tour of \"The Threepenny Opera\". Leach was also a director, teaching Shakespeare classes in text and audition", "title": "Roger Leach (actor)" }, { "id": "12529072", "score": "1.5816255", "text": "Archibald Leach, a handsome young man with a British accent but no acting experience, whom they saw walking on stilts at Coney Island; he would later be known as Cary Grant. (\"September Child\". Cornwall NY: Cornwall Press, 1963. Library of Congress number: 63-13557) . As vaudeville lost audiences to the \"talkies\" (movies with sound), Jean was asked to write and produce a series of comedic sketches, or \"talkie shorts\", for FitzPatrick Pictures, for which she was able to cast many old friends. She then wrote a play, \"Salt Water\", that attracted the interest of theater producer John L. Golden. Dalrymple", "title": "Jean Dalrymple" }, { "id": "12566253", "score": "1.5714277", "text": "in the \"Motion Picture Herald\". Alec Guinness Sir Alec Guinness, (born Alec Guinness de Cuffe; 2 April 1914 – 5 August 2000) was an English actor. After an early career on the stage, Guinness was featured in several of the Ealing Comedies, including \"The Ladykillers\" and \"Kind Hearts and Coronets\" in which he played nine different characters. He is also known for his six collaborations with David Lean: Herbert Pocket in \"Great Expectations\" (1946), Fagin in \"Oliver Twist\" (1948), Col. Nicholson in \"The Bridge on the River Kwai\" (1957, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor), Prince", "title": "Alec Guinness" }, { "id": "9526412", "score": "1.5712721", "text": "Roger Leach (actor) Roger Leach (22 April 1948 – 1 December 2001) was an English-Australian actor who played Sgt. Tom Penny in \"The Bill\", and guest starred in \"Bergerac\", \"Perfect Scoundrels\" and \"Doctors\". Roger was born in Sydney, Australia and read English at Sydney University where he also participated in rowing and other athletics. He won a scholarship to the Central School of Speech and Drama and moved to the UK in 1971. He had many acting roles including 42 appearances at the Salisbury Playhouse. Leach became a household name when in 1984 he was asked to become one of", "title": "Roger Leach (actor)" }, { "id": "3782583", "score": "1.5662096", "text": "Robin Leach Robin Douglas Leach (29 August 1941 – 24 August 2018) was an English entertainment reporter and writer from London. Beginning his career as a print journalist, first in England and then in the United States, he became best known for hosting the television series \"Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous\" from 1984 to 1995. The show focused on profiling well-known celebrities and their lavish homes, cars and other materialistic details. His voice is often parodied by other actors with his signature phrase, \"champagne wishes and caviar dreams.\" Leach was born in London, the son of Violet Victoria (Phillips)", "title": "Robin Leach" }, { "id": "11315115", "score": "1.5635535", "text": "with a French accent. During the 1960s he worked largely in television, appearing in series such as \"The First Churchills\" in which he played Lord Halifax. He appeared in an episode of the legal drama \"The Main Chance\". He died in Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk. Austin Trevor Claude Austin Trevor (7 October 1897 – 22 January 1978) was a Northern Irish actor who had a long career in film and television. He played the parson in John Galsworthy's 1927 Broadway production \"Escape\". He was the first actor to play Agatha Christie's detective Hercule Poirot on screen in three British films", "title": "Austin Trevor" }, { "id": "12566222", "score": "1.5617675", "text": "Alec Guinness Sir Alec Guinness, (born Alec Guinness de Cuffe; 2 April 1914 – 5 August 2000) was an English actor. After an early career on the stage, Guinness was featured in several of the Ealing Comedies, including \"The Ladykillers\" and \"Kind Hearts and Coronets\" in which he played nine different characters. He is also known for his six collaborations with David Lean: Herbert Pocket in \"Great Expectations\" (1946), Fagin in \"Oliver Twist\" (1948), Col. Nicholson in \"The Bridge on the River Kwai\" (1957, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor), Prince Faisal in \"Lawrence of Arabia\"", "title": "Alec Guinness" }, { "id": "15883912", "score": "1.5476747", "text": "in any of them – a contrast to many actors, who play themselves in whatever part you give them. Alec always studied the part, got to really understand the person he was to play, then worried about how he would walk, talk, think.\" Alec Kellaway Alec Kellaway (1894–1973) was a South African–born actor best known for his work in Australian theatre and film, notably playing a number of character roles for director Ken G. Hall. He was the brother of Cecil Kellaway. He also worked as a producer in vaudeville and helped run the Talent School at Cinesound Productions. Kellaway", "title": "Alec Kellaway" }, { "id": "9526413", "score": "1.5471337", "text": "the stars in \"The Bill\", a highly successful ITV series about the Metropolitan Police in which he played Sergeant Tom Penny. However he was also successful stage actor. In all he played in 42 productions for artistic director David Horlock and four others at the Salisbury Playhouse. But he also toured around Britain in many productions at local repertory theatres. Among some outstanding performances he played Lambert le Roux in \"Pravda\" to critical acclaim, Rev Hale in Arthur Miller's \"The Crucible\", Scrooge in Dickens' \"A Christmas Carol\", Bluntschi in \"Arms and the Man\", Subtle in \"The Alchemist\", Claudio in Shakespeare’s", "title": "Roger Leach (actor)" }, { "id": "2972451", "score": "1.5431132", "text": "Alan Hale Sr. Alan Hale Sr. (born Rufus Edward Mackahan; February 10, 1892 – January 22, 1950) was an American movie actor and director, most widely remembered for his many supporting character roles, in particular as a frequent sidekick of Errol Flynn, as well as films supporting Lon Chaney, Wallace Beery, Douglas Fairbanks, James Cagney, Clark Gable, Cary Grant, Humphrey Bogart and Ronald Reagan, among dozens of others. Hale was born Rufus Edward Mackahan in Washington, D.C. He studied to be an opera singer and also had success as an inventor. Among his innovations were a sliding theater chair (to", "title": "Alan Hale Sr." }, { "id": "4863708", "score": "1.5418518", "text": "Alan Mowbray Alan Mowbray MM (born Alfred Ernest Allen; 18 August 1896 – 25 March 1969) was an English stage and film actor who found success in Hollywood. Born Alfred Ernest Allen in London, England, he served with distinction in the British Army in World War I, being awarded the Military Medal and the French Croix De Guerre for bravery in action. He began his stage career in London in 1922, as an actor and stage manager. Mowbray applied for transfer to the Royal Air Force which was granted just six days before the war ended. This placed him in", "title": "Alan Mowbray" }, { "id": "1293402", "score": "1.531168", "text": "Raymond Massey Raymond Hart Massey (August 30, 1896 – July 29, 1983) was a Canadian-American actor, known for his commanding, stage-trained voice. For his lead role in \"Abe Lincoln in Illinois\" (1940), Massey was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor. He also was well known for playing Dr. Gillespie in the NBC television series \"Dr. Kildare\" (1961–1966). Today he is most often seen in his role as the malevolent Jonathan Brewster, who looks like Boris Karloff, and violently attacks anyone who mentions the resemblance, in \"Arsenic and Old Lace\" (1944). Massey was born in Toronto, Ontario, the son", "title": "Raymond Massey" }, { "id": "12311812", "score": "1.5304049", "text": "John Alexander (actor) John Alexander (November 29, 1897 – July 13, 1982) was an American stage, film, and television actor. He was born on November 29, 1897, in Newport, Kentucky. His father owned steamboats and his mother was a telegraph operator. He had career spanning more than 55 years on Broadway with his first role as the title character in \"Elmer Brown, the Only Boy in Town\" in 1908/1909. Perhaps his most memorable performance was as Teddy Brewster, a lunatic who thinks he is Theodore Roosevelt, in the 1944 classic film \"Arsenic and Old Lace\" opposite Cary Grant. He had", "title": "John Alexander (actor)" }, { "id": "11861002", "score": "1.5302448", "text": "Claud Allister Claud Allister (born William Claud Michael Palmer, 3 October 1888 – 26 July 1970) was an English actor with an extensive film career in Hollywood, where he appeared in more than 70 films between 1929 and 1955. He was born in London. After receiving his education at Felsted School in Essex, he began his career as a stockbroker's clerk in the City of London, but gave up a life in the Square Mile on deciding that he preferred the stage, upon which he made his début in 1910. He toured England's repertory theatres playing minor parts up to", "title": "Claud Allister" }, { "id": "16687208", "score": "1.5263577", "text": "Police. He died in Chicago in 1936 at the age of 76. Silas Leachman Silas Field Leachman (20 August 1859 – 28 April 1936) was an American pioneer recording artist, possibly the first person to make recordings in Chicago and known for making hundreds of thousands of phonograph cylinder recordings in the 1890s. He was born in Louisville, Kentucky, and worked on the railroad before marrying and moving to Chicago in the 1880s. He began recording for the North American Phonograph Company's Chicago branch around 1892, then recorded prolifically for the Chicago Talking Machine Company in the later 1890s. He", "title": "Silas Leachman" } ]

[ "Winfrey", "winfrey" ]

[ { "id": "12722884", "score": "1.4101944", "text": "an overly emotion-centered approach, she is often praised for overcoming adversity to become a benefactor to others. From 2006 to 2008, her endorsement of Barack Obama, by one estimate, delivered over a million votes in the close 2008 Democratic primary race, and led to Obama winning the election. In 2013, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Obama and honorary doctorate degrees from Duke and Harvard. In 1994, she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame, Winfrey's first name was spelled \"Orpah\" on her birth certificate after the biblical figure in the Book of Ruth,", "title": "Oprah Winfrey" }, { "id": "12234526", "score": "1.4080868", "text": "able to do so, because of its distinctiveness. Others have come to be known by a mononym that has been applied to them by some segment of the public. Oprah Winfrey, famed American talk show host, is usually referred to by only her first name, Oprah. The public has referred to President George W. Bush by the mononym \"Dubya\" (eye dialect of \"W\"), to distinguish from his father, President George (H.W.) Bush. Both mechanisms contributed in the case of Hillary Clinton, who has been called, and has publicly called herself, \"Hillary\". Peter Funt, of \"Candid Camera\", wrote in a February", "title": "Mononymous person" }, { "id": "12722963", "score": "1.3872938", "text": "that beauty brings out the beauty in you.\" Winfrey, who has no surviving biological children, described maternal feelings towards the girls at Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls. Winfrey teaches a class at the school via satellite. Oprah Winfrey Oprah Winfrey (born Orpah Gail Winfrey; January 29, 1954) is an American media executive, actress, talk show host, television producer and philanthropist. She is best known for her talk show \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\", which was the highest-rated television program of its kind in history and was nationally syndicated from 1986 to 2011 in Chicago. Dubbed the \"Queen of All Media\",", "title": "Oprah Winfrey" }, { "id": "12722881", "score": "1.3854995", "text": "Oprah Winfrey Oprah Winfrey (born Orpah Gail Winfrey; January 29, 1954) is an American media executive, actress, talk show host, television producer and philanthropist. She is best known for her talk show \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\", which was the highest-rated television program of its kind in history and was nationally syndicated from 1986 to 2011 in Chicago. Dubbed the \"Queen of All Media\", she was the richest African American of the 20th century and North America's first black multi-billionaire, and has been ranked the greatest black philanthropist in American history. She has also been sometimes ranked as the most influential", "title": "Oprah Winfrey" }, { "id": "12722885", "score": "1.3775754", "text": "but people mispronounced it regularly and \"Oprah\" stuck. She was born in Kosciusko, Mississippi, to an unmarried teenage mother. She later said that her conception was due to a single sexual encounter and the couple broke up not long after. Her mother, Vernita Lee (1935–2018), was a housemaid. Winfrey's biological father is usually noted as Vernon Winfrey (born c. 1933), a coal miner turned barber turned city councilman who had been in the Armed Forces when she was born. However, Mississippi farmer and World War II veteran Noah Robinson Sr. (born c. 1925) has claimed to be her biological father.", "title": "Oprah Winfrey" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jennifer Hudson\n\nJennifer Kate Hudson (born September 12, 1981), also known by her nickname J.Hud, is an American singer, actress, and talk show host. Throughout her career, she has received various accolades for her works in recorded music, film, television, and theater. Hudson became the |youngest woman and second African-American woman to receive all four of the major American entertainment awards: Emmy, Grammy, Oscar and Tony (EGOT). She also received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2013.\n\nHudson rose to fame in 2004 as a finalist on the third season of \"American Idol,\" placing seventh. She made her film debut as Effie White in the musical \"Dreamgirls\" (2006), for which she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, becoming the youngest African-American to win in a competitive acting category. After signing to Arista Records, Hudson released her self-titled debut studio album in 2008, which was certified Gold in the US and the UK, and won the Grammy Award for Best R&B Album.\n\nHudson's subsequent studio albums, \"I Remember Me\" (2011) and \"JHUD\" (2014), both charted within the top ten of the \"Billboard\" 200, with the former also being certified Gold in the US. Meanwhile, her other acting roles include the films \"Sex and the City\" (2008), \"The Secret Life of Bees\" (2008), \"Winnie Mandela\" (2011), \"Black Nativity\" (2013), \"Sing\" (2016), \"Cats\" (2019) and \"Respect\" (2021), the television shows \"Smash\" (2012), \"Empire\" (2015) and \"Confirmation\" (2016), and her Broadway debut with the musical \"The Color Purple\". Hudson also contributed as a coach on the UK and the US version of \"The Voice\" from 2017 up to 2019, becoming the first female coach to win the former. In 2022, she began hosting a talk show titled, \"The Jennifer Hudson Show\".", "title": "Jennifer Hudson" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex\n\nPrince Harry, Duke of Sussex, (Henry Charles Albert David; born 15 September 1984) is a member of the British royal family. He is the younger son of Charles III and his first wife, Diana, Princess of Wales. He is fifth in the line of succession to the British throne.\n\nHarry was educated at Wetherby School, Ludgrove School, and Eton College. He spent parts of his gap year in Australia and Lesotho, then underwent officer training at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. He was commissioned as a cornet into the Blues and Royals, serving temporarily with his brother William and completed training as a troop leader. In 2007–2008, he served for over ten weeks in Helmand Province, Afghanistan. He returned to Afghanistan for a 20-week deployment in 2012–2013 with the Army Air Corps. In June 2015, he resigned from the army.\n\nHarry launched the Invictus Games in 2014 and remains the patron of its foundation. He also gives patronage to several other organisations, including the HALO Trust and Walking With The Wounded. To encourage people to open up about their mental health issues, Harry, alongside his brother and sister-in-law Catherine, initiated the mental health awareness campaign \"Heads Together\" in April 2016.\n\nIn 2018, Harry was made Duke of Sussex prior to his wedding to American actress Meghan Markle. They have two children, Archie and Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor. In January 2020, the couple stepped down as senior members of the royal family and moved to the Duchess's native Southern California. In October 2020, they launched Archewell Inc., an American public organisation that focuses on non-profit activities and creative media ventures. Together with his wife, Harry also sat down for a much publicised interview with Oprah Winfrey in March 2021, with whom he also produced the mental health documentary series \"The Me You Can't See\". He and his wife also filmed the documentary series \"Harry & Meghan\", released in December 2022.", "title": "Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ann-Margret\n\nAnn-Margret Olsson (born April 28, 1941) is a Swedish-American actress, singer, and dancer. As an actress and singer, she is credited as Ann-Margret. \n\nShe is known for her roles in \"Pocketful of Miracles\" (1961), \"State Fair\" (1962), \"Bye Bye Birdie\" (1963), \"Viva Las Vegas\" (1964), \"The Cincinnati Kid\" (1965), \"Carnal Knowledge\" (1971), \"The Train Robbers\" (1973), \"Tommy\" (1975), \"Magic\" (1978), \"The Villain\" (1979), \"The Return of the Soldier\" (1982), \"52 Pick-Up\" (1986), \"Newsies\" (1992), \"Grumpy Old Men\" (1993), \"Grumpier Old Men\" (1995), \"Any Given Sunday\" (1999), \"Taxi\" (2004), \"The Break-Up\" (2006) and \"Going in Style\" (2017). She has won five Golden Globe Awards and been nominated for two Academy Awards, two Grammy Awards, a Screen Actors Guild Award, and six Emmy Awards. In 2010, she won an Emmy for her guest appearance on \"\".\n\nHer singing and acting careers span six decades, starting in 1961. Initially, she was billed as a female version of Elvis Presley. She has a sultry, vibrant contralto voice. She had a Top 20 hit song in 1961 and a charting album in 1964, and she scored a disco hit in 1979. She recorded a critically acclaimed gospel album in 2001 and an album of Christmas songs in 2004.", "title": "Ann-Margret" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Curtis Stone\n\nCurtis Travis Stone (born 4 November 1975) is an Australian celebrity chef, author and television personality. Stone has been the fresh food and recipes ambassador for Coles Supermarkets in Australia since 2010.", "title": "Curtis Stone" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mo'Nique\n\nMonique Angela Hicks (née Imes; born December 11, 1967), known professionally as Mo'Nique, is an American stand-up comedian and actress. She has received an Academy Award, BAFTA Award, Golden Globe Award, and Screen Actors Guild Award.\n\nShe first gained recognition for her work in stand-up comedy, debuting as a member of The Queens of Comedy. In 2002, she received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Comedy Album. Mo'Nique began her transition into mainstream film and television having a starring role as Nicole \"Nikki\" Parker in the UPN series \"The Parkers\" (1999–2004), as well as appearing in \"Phat Girlz\" (2006) and \"Welcome Home Roscoe Jenkins\" (2008). \n\nIn 2009, she garnered critical acclaim for her performance in the film \"Precious,\" for which she won numerous awards, including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, becoming the fourth African American woman to win the award. Mo'Nique has since hosted \"The Mo'Nique Show\" (2009–2011), and starred as Ma Rainey in the HBO biopic \"Bessie\" (2015) earning a Primetime Emmy Award nomination.", "title": "Mo'Nique" }, { "id": "4674244", "score": "1.334815", "text": "\"O\" hit newsstands on November 12, 2009. \"O, the Oprah Magazine\" serves 63.6% Caucasian, 29.8% African-American, 8.8% Hispanic, 1.8% Asian and 6.6% other women. It is directed towards a median age of 47.9, median home value of $214,281, median HHI of $68,911, and median IEI of $38,756. The mission statement of O Magazine presented by O Media Kit is to \"\"Live Your Best Life\"\". They also stated in their mission statement, \"As the only magazine devoted to personal growth, \"O, The Oprah Magazine\" engages and addresses every aspect of a woman's life - from beauty and style, to food, health,", "title": "O, The Oprah Magazine" }, { "id": "15369269", "score": "1.3311454", "text": "Oprahization Oprahization, sometimes spelled Oprah-ization or Oprahtization, is a neologism that refers to an increased sensitivity towards self-disclosure, particularly from victims of abuse or other tragedies. The term takes its name from \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\", in which the eponymous host Oprah Winfrey often uses \"extraordinary empathic skills in extracting self-disclosures and gut-wrenching confessions from her guests.\" In the context of politics, Oprahization refers to the tendency for politicians to discuss the ways in which they and their families have suffered, thereby \"endearing the candidate to the nation as a man of sensitivity and caring.\" In the context of law,", "title": "Oprahization" }, { "id": "5015016", "score": "1.321353", "text": "which opened in Los Angeles at the Laemmle Music Hall Theater on May 19, 2017. Janet Fitch Janet Fitch (born November 9, 1955) is most famously known as the author of the Oprah's Book Club novel \"White Oleander\", which became a film in 2002. She is a graduate of Reed College, located in Portland, Oregon. Janet Fitch was born in Los Angeles, a third-generation native, and grew up in a family of voracious readers. As an undergraduate at Reed College, Fitch had decided to become a historian, attracted to its powerful narratives, the scope of events, the colossal personalities, and", "title": "Janet Fitch" }, { "id": "529913", "score": "1.2995249", "text": "2006). Paltrow explained Apple's unusual first name on \"Oprah\", saying: \"It sounded so sweet and it conjured such a lovely picture for me – you know, apples are so sweet and they're wholesome and it's biblical – and I just thought it sounded so lovely and ... clean! And I just thought, 'Perfect!'.\" She explained her son's first name came from the song \"Moses\" that her husband wrote for her before their wedding. Paltrow cut down on work after becoming a mother. She also suffered from postpartum depression after the 2006 birth of her son. In March 2014, Paltrow announced", "title": "Gwyneth Paltrow" }, { "id": "12722882", "score": "1.2985964", "text": "woman in the world. Winfrey was born into poverty in rural Mississippi to a teenage single mother and later raised in an inner-city Milwaukee neighborhood. She has stated that she was molested during her childhood and early teens and became pregnant at 14; her son died in infancy. Sent to live with the man she calls her father, Vernon Winfrey, a barber in Tennessee, she landed a job in radio while still in high school and began co-anchoring the local evening news at the age of 19. Her emotional ad-lib delivery eventually got her transferred to the daytime talk show", "title": "Oprah Winfrey" }, { "id": "719865", "score": "1.288248", "text": "off the products it endorses; it had no licensing agreement with retailers when products were promoted, nor did the show make any money from endorsing books for its book club. \"Oprah\" had its roots in \"A.M. Chicago\", a half-hour morning talk show airing on WLS-TV, an ABC owned-and-operated station in Chicago. Winfrey took over as host on January 2, 1984 and, within a month, took it from last place to first place in local Chicago ratings. Following Winfrey's success in—and Academy Award and Golden Globe nominations for—her performance as Sofia in the film \"The Color Purple\", on September 8, 1986,", "title": "The Oprah Winfrey Show" }, { "id": "4674245", "score": "1.2867326", "text": "and more. We inspire, motivate and celebrate our reader's journeys to live their best life.\" The December 2010 issue of \"The Oprah Magazine\" was the first released digitally through the magazine's app for the iPad. The app features exclusive videos of Oprah, allows readers to preview and purchase books presented in the magazine's Reading Room and O List sections, and gives users the ability to purchase monthly or yearly subscriptions. Individual issues are also available for download through the app. In July 2009, Susan Casey became the editor-in-chief of the magazine. Before joining, she was the development editor of Time", "title": "O, The Oprah Magazine" }, { "id": "15369274", "score": "1.2836837", "text": "echoed by paleoconservative pundits refers to the impact of Oprah (and similar talk-show stars) upon American subculture, particularly women. It is lamentable to them that women embrace what they perceive as glib new age fads, cultural relativism under the ambit of multiculturalism, subtle misandry masquerading behind feminism, a subculture of self-victimization and vanity, which they attribute to Oprah. Oprahization Oprahization, sometimes spelled Oprah-ization or Oprahtization, is a neologism that refers to an increased sensitivity towards self-disclosure, particularly from victims of abuse or other tragedies. The term takes its name from \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\", in which the eponymous host Oprah", "title": "Oprahization" }, { "id": "12722896", "score": "1.280819", "text": "Howard Rosenberg said, \"She's a roundhouse, a full course meal, big, brassy, loud, aggressive, hyper, laughable, lovable, soulful, tender, low-down, earthy, and hungry. And she may know the way to Phil Donahue's jugular.\" \"Newsday\"'s Les Payne observed, \"Oprah Winfrey is sharper than Donahue, wittier, more genuine, and far better attuned to her audience, if not the world\" and Martha Bayles of \"The Wall Street Journal\" wrote, \"It's a relief to see a gab-monger with a fond but realistic assessment of her own cultural and religious roots.\" In the early years of \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\", the program was classified as", "title": "Oprah Winfrey" }, { "id": "7118856", "score": "1.2759691", "text": "talk show host Oprah Winfrey. Writer, host and executive producer of the series, Henry Louis Gates, also features his ancestral heritage on the show. The miniseries featured interviews with the parents and family members of guests including Winfrey's father, Vernon Winfrey. Geneticists Rick Kittles and Mark D. Shriver also make appearances. The miniseries' four episodes were broadcast over two nights in two parts. On February 1, the first two episodes were broadcast as \"Listening to our Past; The Promise of Freedom\". The following week, on February 8, the third and fourth episodes aired as, \"Searching for Our Names; Beyond the", "title": "African American Lives" }, { "id": "16186359", "score": "1.2733971", "text": "premiered on March 9, 2014, the series was renamed \"Oprah Prime\". Network president Sheri Salata explained that \"as the show has evolved into more topical conversations with newsmakers and celebrities, \"Oprah Prime\" provides a wider lens for Oprah to intimately explore topics that matter and the public figures who are making a difference, as only she can.\". \"Oprah's Next Chapter\" debuted to generally positive reviews. Sara Vilkomerson of \"Entertainment Weekly\" stated that the premiere with Steven Tyler showcased Winfrey's trademark skills as \"a master interviewer. It’s easy to take for granted, but Winfrey has both an innate ability to get", "title": "Oprah Prime" }, { "id": "12045416", "score": "1.2726521", "text": "responses from more educated and affluent white readers in this racially divided city, Citizen Voices aimed to encourage more public involvement from lower class minorities by creating a citizens’ issues-oriented mayoral campaign. To invite participants from all backgrounds, Citizen Voices invented \"The Oprah Show\" as a comedic parody of \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\" as a way to get citizens to think about problems and solutions within their city. The second phase of the project included a National Issues Forum-style discussion where citizens deliberated on position papers that the mayoral candidates submitted and drafted five issues with their questions for the", "title": "Mediated deliberation" }, { "id": "12722895", "score": "1.2716305", "text": "last place in the ratings to overtaking \"Donahue\" as the highest-rated talk show in Chicago. The movie critic Roger Ebert persuaded her to sign a syndication deal with King World. Ebert predicted that she would generate 40 times as much revenue as his television show, \"At the Movies\". It was renamed \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\", expanded to a full hour and broadcast nationally beginning September 8, 1986. Winfrey's syndicated show brought in double Donahue's national audience, displacing Donahue as the number-one daytime talk show in America. Their much-publicized contest was the subject of enormous scrutiny. \"TIME\" magazine wrote: TV columnist", "title": "Oprah Winfrey" }, { "id": "18643651", "score": "1.2715523", "text": "Oprah, she explained she was not trying to deny her past: \"I found you can run, but you cannot hide.\" The book received relatively positive reviews from critics. Susan Carpenter, writing in the \"Los Angeles Times,\" called the book \"a luridly fascinating, if horrifying, tell-all, from her birth in an eastern Ohio steel town to her present-day life as an actress and recording artist who is happily married in L.A.\" Amanda Tyler of \"USA Today\" commented: \"Lords' story of personal redemption is so immersed in genuine emotion and beaming with soulful resiliency that the reader will walk away with nothing", "title": "Traci Lords: Underneath It All" }, { "id": "16054478", "score": "1.270872", "text": "of \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\" when the host \"was irreverent, bold and even at times shocking.\" Nuzhat Naoreen of \"Entertainment Weekly\" rated the third season premiere featuring Winfrey and Iyanla Vanzant with a \"B-\" declaring that \"the ensuing life lessons delivered by O and her co-chair can feel a bit overbearing and at times... slightly grating. But the show isn't without some notable nuggets of wisdom, though you'll only hear them if you manage to keep your attention from straying as the professors...er, hosts give their lecture.\" The debut of \"Oprah's Lifeclass\" on October 10, 2011 was seen by 330,000", "title": "Oprah's Lifeclass" } ]

[ "states of america", "Nited States", "VS Amerika", "Americophile", "vereinigte staaten", "Unites States", "United States/Introduction", "united states america", "stati uniti d america", "US of America", "America class", "Estados unidos", "الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية", "Estatos Unitos", "United States (U.S.)", "The U S of A", "Stati Uniti d'America", "The U-S-A", "U–S", "Verenigde State", "unites states", "nagkaisang mga estado", "Untied States", "Estados Unidos", "unites states of america", "unitesd states", "U.S.American", "U.S. A", "amarica", "United States America", "amurka", "The US of A", "United States of America.", "AMERICA", "united states of america", "united sates", "U S of A", "états unis d amérique", "yankee land", "united states of america oldpage", "Name of the United States", "us of america", "americia", "united state of america", "Amurica", "U.S.A", "The United States of America", "US America", "merica", "The Usa", "United States", "Estaos Uníos", "U.S", "U.S.", "iso 3166 1 us", "United States of America/OldPage", "America (United States)", "AmericA", "Unite states of america", "U-S", "United States of America (redirect)", "Unitd states", "U.-S.", "America (USA)", "america magazine", "America (country)", "unietd states", "v s america", "The USA", "The U–S–A", "The U. 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America", "United States of America", "U.S. America", "The US of america", "EEUU", "america", "America-class", "United States of America (U.S.A.)", "The United States of America.", "estaos uníos", "US of A", "unitd states", "untied states", "The US of America", "(US)", "united staets of america", "Us of a", "The United-States", "States of America", "estaos unios", "U-S-A", "United-States", "Los Estados Unidos de América", "us america", "americaland", "États-Unis d'Amérique", "u s america", "american united states", "United States (of America)", "UNITED STATES", "The United States Of America", "United Sates", "U.-S.-A.", "america usa", "etats unis", "Estaos Unios", "Nagkaisang mga Estado", "United–States", "u–s", "Unitesd states", "United States Of America", "us of", "us", "amerka", "usa", "Unite States", "These United States of America", "Etymology of the United States", "United Staets of America", "America magazine", "america class", "unitedstates", "United states of America", "Etats-Unis d'Amerique", "U.S. OF A", "United+States", "THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA", "Amurika", "america united states", "Los Estados Unidos", "Amarica", "The U. S. of America", "VS America", "United state of america", "united states country", "los estados unidos", "The U.S.A.", "America (United States of)", "U. S.", "verenigde state", "united states of american", "U.S.A.)", "ee uu", "Federal United States", "United States (country)", "US of america", "The U S of America", "these united states of america", "U,S,", "USA", "États-Unis", "verenigde state van amerika", "UNited States", "estados unidos de america", "u s of", "The U. S. of A", "United sates", "estados unidos", "America, United States of", "U.–S.–A." ]

[ { "id": "1680375", "score": "1.8308866", "text": "Foxtrot The foxtrot is a smooth, progressive dance characterized by long, continuous flowing movements across the dance floor. It is danced to big band (usually vocal) music. The dance is similar in its look to waltz, although the rhythm is in a time signature instead of . Developed in the 1910s, the foxtrot reached its height of popularity in the 1930s and remains practiced today. The dance was premiered in 1914, quickly catching the eye of the husband and wife duo Vernon and Irene Castle, who lent the dance its signature grace and style. The origin of the name of", "title": "Foxtrot" }, { "id": "16601738", "score": "1.7837453", "text": "year, Adèle Collier, also from London, described a similar foxtrot \"Cross Step\" beginning with the Lead's right foot. Of all the early cross-step dances, this lineage of foxtrot variations is the most likely evolutionary path that became the French Valse Boston and today's cross-step waltz. After World War I, Americans brought their foxtrot and blues dance steps to Paris, where Parisian dance teachers observed and described the variations. The first descriptions appeared in Parisian dance and music magazines (such as \"La Baionnette\" and \"Musica-Album\") in 1919, then in dance manuals beginning in 1920 (for example, \"Toutes Les Danses Pour Tous\"", "title": "Cross-step waltz" }, { "id": "33701", "score": "1.7590117", "text": "and staccato movements. Ballroom tango, rather than Argentine tango, is performed in international competition. The foxtrot is an American dance, credited by a vaudeville performer Harry Fox in 1914. Fox was rapidly trotting step to ragtime music. The dance was originally named as the “Fox’s trot”. The foxtrot can be danced at slow, medium, or fast tempos depending on the speed of the jazz or big band music. The partners are facing one another and frame rotates from one side to another, changing direction after a measure. The dance is flat, with no rise and fall like the waltz. The", "title": "Ballroom dance" }, { "id": "1680376", "score": "1.7456583", "text": "the dance is unclear, although one theory is that it took its name from its popularizer, the vaudeville actor Harry Fox. Two sources, Vernon Castle and dance teacher Betty Lee, credit African American dancers as the source of the foxtrot. Castle saw the dance, which \"had been danced by negroes, to his personal knowledge, for fifteen years, [at] a certain exclusive colored club\". W. C. Handy (\"Father of the Blues\") notes in his autobiography that his \"The Memphis Blues\" was the inspiration for the foxtrot. During breaks from the fast paced Castle Walk and One-step, Vernon and Irene Castle's music", "title": "Foxtrot" }, { "id": "1680378", "score": "1.7170463", "text": "From the late 1910s through the 1940s, the foxtrot was the most popular fast dance, and the vast majority of records issued during these years were foxtrots. The waltz and tango, while popular, never overtook the foxtrot. Even the popularity of the Lindy hop in the 1940s did not affect the foxtrot's popularity, since it could be danced to the same records used to accompany the Lindy hop. When rock and roll first emerged in the early 1950s, record companies were uncertain as to what style of dance would be most applicable to the music. Notably, Decca Records initially labeled", "title": "Foxtrot" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Foxtrot\n\nThe foxtrot is a smooth, progressive dance characterized by long, continuous flowing movements across the dance floor. It is danced to big band (usually vocal) music. The dance is similar in its look to waltz, although the rhythm is in a time signature instead of . Developed in the 1910s, the foxtrot reached its height of popularity in the 1930s and remains practiced today.", "title": "Foxtrot" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ballroom dance\n\nBallroom dance is a set of partner dances, which are enjoyed both socially and competitively around the world, mostly because of its performance and entertainment aspects. Ballroom dancing is also widely enjoyed on stage, film, and television.\n\n\"Ballroom dance\" may refer, at its widest definition, to almost any recreational dance with a partner. However, with the emergence of dance competition (now known as Dancesport), two principal schools have emerged and the term is used more narrowly to refer to the dances recognized by those schools.\n\n\nNote that dances of the two schools that bear the same name may differ considerably in permitted patterns (figures), technique, and styling.\n\nExhibitions and social situations that feature ballroom dancing also may include additional partner dances such as Lindy Hop, Night Club Two Step, Night Club Swing, Bachata, Country Two Step, and regional (local or national) favorites that normally are not regarded as part of the ballroom family, and a number of historical dances also may be danced in ballrooms or salons. Additionally, some sources regard Sequence Dancing, in pairs or other formations, to be a style of ballroom dance.", "title": "Ballroom dance" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Vernon and Irene Castle\n\nVernon and Irene Castle were a husband-and-wife team of ballroom dancers and dance teachers who appeared on Broadway and in silent films in the early 20th century. They are credited with reviving the popularity of modern dancing. Castle was a stage name: Vernon (2 May 1887 – 15 February 1918) was born William Vernon Blyth in England. Irene (7 April 1893 – 25 January 1969) was born Irene Foote in the United States.\n\nThe couple reached the peak of their popularity in Irving Berlin's first Broadway show, \"Watch Your Step\" (1914), in which they refined and popularized the Foxtrot. They also helped to promote ragtime, jazz rhythms and African-American music for dance. Irene became a fashion icon through her appearances on stage and in early movies, and both Castles were in demand as teachers and writers on dance.\n\nAfter serving with distinction as a pilot in the British Royal Flying Corps during World War I, Vernon died in a plane crash on a flight training base near Fort Worth, Texas, in 1918. Irene continued to perform solo in Broadway, vaudeville and motion picture productions over the next decade. She remarried three times, had children and became an animal-rights activist. In 1939, her life with Vernon was dramatized in \"The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle\".", "title": "Vernon and Irene Castle" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Roaring Twenties\n\nThe Roaring Twenties, sometimes stylized as Roaring '20s, refers to the 1920s decade in music and fashion, as it happened in Western society and Western culture. It was a period of economic prosperity with a distinctive cultural edge in the United States and Europe, particularly in major cities such as Berlin, Buenos Aires, Chicago, London, Los Angeles, Mexico City, Paris, and Sydney. In France, the decade was known as the \"années folles\" (\"crazy years\"), emphasizing the era's social, artistic and cultural dynamism. Jazz blossomed, the flapper redefined the modern look for British and American women, and Art Deco peaked. In the wake of the military mobilization of World War I and the Spanish flu, President Warren G. Harding promised a \"return to normalcy\" for the United States. \n\nThe social and cultural features known as the Roaring Twenties began in leading metropolitan centres and spread widely in the aftermath of World War I. The spirit of the Roaring Twenties was marked by a general feeling of novelty associated with modernity and a break with tradition, through modern technology such as automobiles, moving pictures, and radio, bringing \"modernity\" to a large part of the population. Formal decorative frills were shed in favour of practicality in both daily life and architecture. At the same time, jazz and dancing rose in popularity, in opposition to the mood of World War I. As such, the period often is referred to as the Jazz Age.\n\nThe 20s decade saw the large-scale development and use of automobiles, telephones, films, radio, and electrical appliances in the lives of millions in the Western world. Aviation soon became a business. Nations saw rapid industrial and economic growth, accelerated consumer demand, and introduced significant new trends in lifestyle and culture. The media, funded by the new industry of mass-market advertising driving consumer demand, focused on celebrities, especially sports heroes and movie stars, as cities rooted for their home teams and filled the new palatial cinemas and gigantic sports stadiums. In many major democratic states, women won the right to vote.\n\nWall Street invested heavily in Germany, money used to pay reparations to countries that also had to pay off their war debts to Washington. While by the middle of the decade prosperity was widespread, with the second half of the decade known, especially in Germany, as the \"Golden Twenties\" the decade was coming fast to an end. Despite investments, Germany could no longer afford to pay World War I reparations to the United Kingdom, France, and the other Allied Powers, forcing the United States to launch the Dawes Plan, named after banker and later 30th Vice President Charles G. Dawes. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 ended the era, as the Great Depression brought years of hardship worldwide.", "title": "Roaring Twenties" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Country music\n\nCountry (also called country and western) is a genre of popular music originating in the Southern and Southwestern United States. First produced in the 1920s, the genre primarily focuses on working class Americans and blue-collar American life.\n\nCountry music is known for its ballads and dance tunes (commonly known as \"honky-tonk music\") with simple form, folk lyrics, and harmonies accompanied by string instruments such as electric and acoustic guitars, steel guitars (such as pedal steels and dobros), banjos, fiddles, and harmonicas. Though it is primarily rooted in various forms of American folk music, such as old-time music and Appalachian music, many other traditions, including African-American, Mexican, Irish, and Hawaiian music, have also had a formative influence on the genre. Blues modes have been used extensively throughout its recorded history.\n\nThe term \"country music\" gained popularity in the 1940s in preference to \"hillbilly music\"; it came to encompass Western music, which evolved parallel to hillbilly music from similar roots, in the mid-20th century. Contemporary styles of Western music include Texas country, Red Dirt, and Spanish-language Tejano and New Mexico music. In 2009, in the United States, country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, and second most popular in the morning commute.", "title": "Country music" }, { "id": "2306702", "score": "1.7063468", "text": "tap, became the dominant social dance. Developed in the Savoy Ballroom, it was set to stride piano ragtime jazz. The Lindy Hop later evolved into other Swing dances. These dances, nonetheless, never became mainstream, and the overwhelming majority of people in Western Europe and the U.S. continued to dance the foxtrot, waltz, and tango throughout the decade. The dance craze had a large influence on popular music. Large numbers of recordings labeled as foxtrot, tango, and waltz were produced and gave rise to a generation of performers who became famous as recording artists or radio artists. Top vocalists included Nick", "title": "Roaring Twenties" }, { "id": "1680392", "score": "1.6972891", "text": "like the open twinkles, are direct developments of the corresponding Social Foxtrot figures in which the footwork has been modified by passing the feet at the end of the figure instead of closing the feet; others are entirely different. The International (British) Style is widely employed in Europe and Great Britain as a social and competitive dance. Its defining characteristic is that partners must maintain body contact at all times. Consequently, the variety of possible figures and positions is much more limited than in the American style. Dancers concentrate on creating an image of a smooth, gliding motion around the", "title": "Foxtrot" }, { "id": "33702", "score": "1.6832025", "text": "walking steps are taken as slow for the two beats per steps and quick for one beat per step. Foxtrot is performed for both International Standard and American Smooth. The quickstep is an English dance and was invented in the 1920s as a combination of faster tempo of foxtrot and the Charleston. It is a fast moving dance, so men are allowed to close their feet and the couples move in short syncopated steps. Quickstep includes the walks, runs, chasses, and turns of the original foxtrot dance, with some other fast figures such as locks, hops, and skips. Quick step", "title": "Ballroom dance" }, { "id": "2306701", "score": "1.6687241", "text": "most popular dances throughout the decade were the foxtrot, waltz, and American tango. From the early 1920s, however, a variety of eccentric novelty dances were developed. The first of these were the Breakaway and Charleston. Both were based on African American musical styles and beats, including the widely popular blues. The Charleston's popularity exploded after its feature in two 1922 Broadway shows. A brief Black Bottom craze, originating from the Apollo Theater, swept dance halls from 1926 to 1927, replacing the Charleston in popularity. By 1927, the Lindy Hop, a dance based on Breakaway and Charleston and integrating elements of", "title": "Roaring Twenties" }, { "id": "2839254", "score": "1.6664281", "text": "foxtrot, Charleston, shag, peabody, and one-step. The dance is English in origin and was standardized in 1927. While it evolved from the foxtrot, the quickstep now is quite separate. Unlike the modern foxtrot, the man often closes his feet, and syncopated steps are regular occurrences (as was the case in early foxtrot). Three characteristic dance figures of the quickstep are the chassés, where the feet are brought together, the quarter turns, and the lock step. This dance gradually evolved into a very dynamic one with a lot of movement on the dance floor, with many advanced patterns including hops, runs,", "title": "Quickstep" }, { "id": "2533750", "score": "1.6600465", "text": "brought an air of respectability to couples dancing, and sparked what was arguably the largest U.S. dance craze ever. But by the end of World War I, these were considered old fashioned, and included the foxtrot, maxixe, one-step, tango, and waltz. During the roaring twenties, for the first time, there was a class of children who did not have to work to help support the family. This was an era of highly energetic dances done by the younger generation, represented by the Black Bottom, Charleston, foxtrot, shag, and waltz. In the peak of the Swing era, more exotic dance styles", "title": "Historical dance" }, { "id": "10630264", "score": "1.6571283", "text": "Peabody (dance) The Peabody is an American ballroom dance that evolved from the fast foxtrot of the ragtime era of the 1910s and 1920s. Soon after the introduction of the foxtrot in 1914, two variations developed: a slow version done at about forty measures per minute and a fast version done at more than fifty measures per minute. In England, the fast foxtrot was called the quickstep; in America it was called the Peabody, named after a New York policeman, Lieutenant William Frank Peabody (1873-1939). He was a large, good-natured bachelor who, despite his considerable weight, was light on his", "title": "Peabody (dance)" }, { "id": "543175", "score": "1.6074808", "text": "country dances since the 1820s, \"Maggot Pie\", was published in 1932, though only in the late 20th century did modern compositions become fully accepted. Reconstructions of historical dances and new compositions continue. Interpreters and composers of the 20th century include Douglas and Helen Kennedy, Pat Shaw, Tom Cook, Ken Sheffield, Charles Bolton, Michael Barraclough, Colin Hume, Gary Roodman, and Andrew Shaw. Country dance A country dance is any of a very large number of social dances of a type that originated in the British Isles. It is the repeated execution of a predefined sequence of figures, carefully designed to fit", "title": "Country dance" }, { "id": "1680398", "score": "1.6070861", "text": "employed at the Silver level and higher, but Continuity Style is generally expected. There are multiple, alternative instructional and competitive syllabi published by various organizations, which are compatible to varying degrees with the competitive rule sets. Foxtrot The foxtrot is a smooth, progressive dance characterized by long, continuous flowing movements across the dance floor. It is danced to big band (usually vocal) music. The dance is similar in its look to waltz, although the rhythm is in a time signature instead of . Developed in the 1910s, the foxtrot reached its height of popularity in the 1930s and remains practiced", "title": "Foxtrot" }, { "id": "16601737", "score": "1.6049752", "text": "Step). The March 1920 issue of \"Dancing Times Magazine\" in London reported that in the foxtrot, \"The crossing of the feet is popular and effective.\" The early foxtrots were in time, but some dance manuals, like Geoffrey D'Egville's 1919 \"How and What to Dance\" in London suggested that the Cross Step \"may be introduced into the Waltz,\" which essentially turned this foxtrot step into cross-step waltz. In D'Egville's foxtrot version of this step, as in Norman's Cross Walk Boston, the Lead crossed his left foot over his right on the first count of the musical measure. However in the same", "title": "Cross-step waltz" }, { "id": "10630265", "score": "1.59041", "text": "feet and who loved to dance. A popular member of New York ragtime dancing circles, he especially enjoyed dancing the fast foxtrot, which was gaining popularity in 1915. Because of his huge girth, however, Officer Peabody was unable to hold his partner directly in front of him, so he held her on his right side, in a sort of promenade hold known as the English or the right-outside position. The dance that came to be called the Peabody was thus based on an unusual dance position for the partners, which led to some unique steps and floor patterns. Today, the", "title": "Peabody (dance)" }, { "id": "2318338", "score": "1.5817552", "text": "commercialized) versions of new styles or steps created by African-American dancers who frequented the clubs and discothèques in major U.S. cities like New York, Philadelphia and Detroit. Among these were the Madison, \"The Swim\", the \"Mashed Potato\", \"The Twist\", \"The Frug\" (pronounced 'froog'), \"The Watusi\", \"The Shake\" and \"The Hitchhike\". Following the Foxtrot, '60s dance crazes had animal names, including \"The Pony\", \"The Dog\" and \"The Chicken\" (not to be confused with the later Chicken Dance). In 1965, the Mexican-American group Cannibal and the Headhunters had a hit with the 1962 Chris Kenner song Land of a Thousand Dances which", "title": "Novelty and fad dances" }, { "id": "729014", "score": "1.5756235", "text": "Lindy Hop. The dance duo Vernon and Irene Castle popularized the foxtrot while accompanied by the orchestra of James Reese Europe. One of the first bands to accompany the new rhythms was led by a drummer, Art Hickman, in San Francisco in 1916. Hickman's arranger, Ferde Grofé, wrote arrangements in which he divided the jazz orchestra into sections that combined in various ways. This intermingling of sections became a defining characteristic of big bands. In 1919, Paul Whiteman hired Grofé to use similar techniques for his band. Whiteman was educated in classical music, and he called his new band's music", "title": "Big band" }, { "id": "1680377", "score": "1.5691129", "text": "director, James Reese Europe, would slowly play the Memphis Blues. The Castles were intrigued by the rhythm, and Jim asked why they didn't create a slow dance to go with it. The Castles introduced what they then called the \"Bunny Hug\" in a magazine article. Shortly after, they went abroad and, in mid-ocean, sent a wireless to the magazine to change the name of the dance from \"Bunny Hug\" to the \"Foxtrot.\" It was subsequently standardized by Arthur Murray, in whose version it began to imitate the positions of Tango. At its inception, the foxtrot was originally danced to ragtime.", "title": "Foxtrot" }, { "id": "18445209", "score": "1.5595164", "text": "were barred from many venues in Adelaide because they dared to introduce what Haythorne jokingly referred to in an interview as \"filthy foreign dances\" such as the foxtrot and the quickstep. His father had brought these dance styles with him when he migrated from England to Australia. They were unknown at the time in Adelaide. Haythorne began his dance training with Jean Bedford, who taught \"operatic dancing,\" and shortly afterward enrolled in tap dancing classes with Herbert Noye. His initial ambitions were to go into vaudeville. Even with the visits of the Ballets Russes companies to Australia in the 1930s,", "title": "Harry Haythorne" } ]

[ "it was ceded by spain in 1898 after spanish american war", "It was ceded by Spain in 1898 after the Spanish-American War" ]

[ { "id": "2255154", "score": "1.619288", "text": "of its present limits, the station shall continue to have the territorial area that it now has, with the limits that it has on the date of the signature of the present Treaty.\" On July 25, 1898, during the Spanish–American War, Puerto Rico was invaded by the United States with a landing at Guánica. As an outcome of the war, the Jones–Shafroth Act granted all the inhabitants of Puerto Rico U.S. citizenship in 1917. The U.S. granted Puerto Ricans the right to democratically elect their own governor in 1948. In 1950, the Truman Administration allowed for a democratic referendum in", "title": "United States territorial acquisitions" }, { "id": "3221892", "score": "1.6094499", "text": "a seizure defended by Foraker. In early July, proponents were able to get the resolution through both houses of Congress, and President McKinley signed it on July 8. The new American possession of Puerto Rico found itself in financial woes soon after its acquisition—its principal export, coffee, was now barred by high tariffs from both Spanish and American markets. Foraker took the lead in drafting and pressing legislation establishing a civil government for the island. Although Foraker had proposed to eliminate tariffs on imports from Puerto Rico, to secure passage of the legislation he had to accept a rate of", "title": "Joseph B. Foraker" }, { "id": "14775593", "score": "1.5809664", "text": "occupation and administrator of civil affairs. Many Puerto Ricans, among them Maldonado, believed that Puerto Rico would gain its independence however, almost immediately, the United States began the \"Americanization\" process of Puerto Rico. The U.S. occupation brought about a total change in Puerto Rico's economy and polity and did not apply democratic principles to the colony. Puerto Rico was classified as an \"unincorporated territory\" which meant that the protections of the United States Constitution did not automatically apply because the island belonged to the U.S., but was not part of the U.S. In 1899, the New York Times published a", "title": "José Maldonado Román" }, { "id": "4164402", "score": "1.5772486", "text": "explained his intentions in writing the pamphlet, and all parties were satisfied. Under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898, ratified on December 10, 1898, Puerto Rico was ceded to the United States. Spain had lost its last colony in the Western Hemisphere and the United States gained imperial strength and global presence. The United States established a military government and appointed Miles the first head of the military government established on the island, acting as both head of the army of occupation and administrator of civil affairs. Members of the Spanish forces and civilians who were loyal", "title": "Puerto Rican Campaign" }, { "id": "311461", "score": "1.5749178", "text": "a naval station, and recognized that it and Cuba generated lucrative crops of sugar – a valuable commercial commodity which the United States lacked, before the development of the sugar beet industry in the United States. On July 25, 1898, during the Spanish–American War, the U.S. invaded Puerto Rico with a landing at Guánica. As an outcome of the war, Spain ceded Puerto Rico, along with the Philippines and Guam, then under Spanish sovereignty, to the U.S. under the Treaty of Paris, which went into effect on April 11, 1899. Spain relinquished sovereignty over Cuba, but did not cede it", "title": "Puerto Rico" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Puerto Rico" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Puerto Rico statehood movement\n\nThe Puerto Rico statehood movement () aims to make Puerto Rico a state of the United States. Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territorial possession of the United States acquired in 1898 following the Spanish–American War, making it \"the oldest colony in the modern world\". As of 2019, the population of Puerto Rico is 3.2 million, around half the average state population and higher than that of 20 U.S. states. Competing options for the future political status of Puerto Rico include maintaining its current status, becoming fully independent, or becoming a freely associated state. Puerto Rico has held six referendums on the topic. These are non-binding, as the power to grant statehood lies with the US Congress. The most recent referendum was in November 2020, with a majority (52.52%) of those who voted opting for statehood; however, only 0.7 million of the 3.2 million Puerto Ricans who live in the archipelago voted for statehood.\n\nAlthough the previous two referendums (November 2012 and June 2017) also had ostensibly pro-statehood outcomes, \"The New York Times\" described them as \"marred, with ballot language phrased to favor the party in office\".\nFor example, the fourth referendum, held in November 2012, asked voters (1) whether they wanted to maintain the current political status of Puerto Rico and, if not, (2) which alternative status they prefer.\nOf the fifty-four percent (54.0%) who voted \"No\" on maintaining the status quo, 61.11% chose statehood, 33.34% chose free association, and 5.55% chose independence. Opponents of statehood argued that these results did not show that a majority of Puerto Rican voters support statehood.\nThe June 2017 referendum was, according to the New York Times, a \"flawed election\" where the turnout was only 23%, in part because most statehood opponents sat out. 97% of votes cast favored statehood.<ref name=Robles/> The November 2020 referendum was the first to ask voters a simple yes-or-no question: \"Should Puerto Rico be admitted immediately into the Union as a State?\". There were 655,505 votes in favor of statehood (52.52%) and 592,671 votes opposed (47.48%). The 55% turnout rate equaled that for the simultaneous 2020 gubernatorial race and the 2016 gubernatorial race.", "title": "Puerto Rico statehood movement" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Territories of the United States\n\nTerritories of the United States are sub-national administrative divisions overseen by the federal government of the United States. The various American territories differ from the U.S. states and tribal reservations as they are not sovereign entities. In contrast, each state has a sovereignty separate from that of the federal government and each federally recognized Native American tribe possesses limited tribal sovereignty as a \"dependent sovereign nation\". Territories are classified by incorporation and whether they have an \"organized\" government through an organic act passed by the Congress. and the Constitution of the United States applies only partially in those territories.\n\nThe United States currently administers three Historically, territories were created to administer newly acquired land, and most eventually attained statehood. Others, such as the Philippines, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and Palau, later became independent.\n\nMany organized, incorporated territories existed from 1789 to 1959. The first were the Northwest and Southwest territories and the last were the Alaska and Hawaii territories. Thirty-one territories (or parts of territories) became states. In the process, some less-populous areas of a territory were orphaned from it after a statehood referendum. When a portion of the Missouri Territory became the state of Missouri, the remainder of the territory (the present-day states of Iowa, Nebraska, North Dakota and South Dakota; most of Kansas, Wyoming, and Montana; and parts of Colorado and Minnesota) became an unorganized territory.\n\nPolitically and economically, the territories are underdeveloped. Residents of United States territories cannot vote in United States Presidential elections, and they have only non-voting representation in the United States Congress. Poverty rates are higher in the territories than in the states.", "title": "Territories of the United States" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "History of Puerto Rico" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Political status of Puerto Rico\n\nThe political status of Puerto Rico is that of an unincorporated territory of the United States. As such, the island of Puerto Rico is neither a sovereign nation nor a U.S. state. Because of that ambiguity, the territory, as a polity, lacks certain rights but enjoys certain benefits that other polities have or lack. For instance, in contrast to U.S. states, Puerto Rico residents cannot vote in U.S. presidential elections nor can they elect their own senators and representatives to the U.S. Congress. On the other hand, in contrast to U.S. states, only some residents of Puerto Rico are subject to federal income taxes. The political status of the island thus stems from how different Puerto Rico is politically from sovereign nations and from U.S. states.\n\nThe status of the island is the result of various political activities within both the United States and Puerto Rican governments. The United Nations removed it from the list of non-self-governing territories in 1953, but it remains subject to the Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution. According to the Insular Cases, Puerto Rico is \"a territory appurtenant and belonging to the United States, but not a part of the United States within the revenue clauses of the Constitution\".\n\nAmerican and Puerto Rican political activities regarding the status question have revolved around three sets of initiatives: presidential executive orders, bills in the U.S. Congress, and referendums held in Puerto Rico. U.S. Presidents have issued three executive orders on the subject, and Congress has considered four major bills on Puerto Rico's political status. Puerto Rican status referendums have been held four times to determine the desired political status of Puerto Rico in relation to the United States of America. None of them have been binding on U.S. Congress.\n\nInternationally, several organizations have called for the U.S. government to expedite the process to allow self-determination in Puerto Rico while considering Puerto Rico a Caribbean nation with its own national identity. For instance, the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization has called for the United States \"to allow the Puerto Rican people to take decisions in a sovereign manner, and to address their urgent economic and social needs, including unemployment, marginalization, insolvency and poverty.\"", "title": "Political status of Puerto Rico" }, { "id": "12939982", "score": "1.5663469", "text": "The United States established a military government, which acted as both head of the army of occupation and administrator of civil affairs. Almost immediately, the United States began the \"Americanization\" process of Puerto Rico. The U.S. occupation brought about a total change in Puerto Rico's economy and polity and did not apply democratic principles in their colony. Puerto Rico was classified as an \"unincorporated territory,\" which meant that the protections of the United States Constitution — including the right of citizenship — did not automatically apply, because the island belonged to the U.S., but was not part of the U.S.", "title": "Manuel Olivieri Sanchez" }, { "id": "20527567", "score": "1.5641098", "text": "As a part of the Spanish–American War, the U.S. invaded the island with a landing at Guánica on July 25, 1898. The Puerto Rican Campaign resulted in a total defeat for Spanish armed forces. U.S. troops led by Nelson A. Miles experienced only seven deaths, yet they took control over the entire island in a matter of weeks. As an outcome of the war and the comprehensive American victory, the nation of Spain ceded Puerto Rico as well as the territories of Guam and the Philippines held under Spanish sovereignty to the U.S., the 1898 Treaty of Paris establishing the", "title": "Crime in Puerto Rico" }, { "id": "12415279", "score": "1.562706", "text": "live. Under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 which was ratified on December 10, 1898, Puerto Rico was annexed by the United States after the 1898 Spanish–American War. Spain had lost its last colony in the Western Hemisphere. The United States established a military government which acted as both head of the army of occupation and administrator of civil affairs. Almost immediately, the United States began the \"Americanization\" process of Puerto Rico. The U.S. occupation brought about a total change in Puerto Rico's economy and polity and did not apply democratic principles in their colony. Puerto Rico", "title": "Isabel González" }, { "id": "13468989", "score": "1.5557456", "text": "in 1898, and the island was annexed by the U.S. under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 which was ratified on December 10, 1898. Almost immediately, the United States began the \"Americanization\" process of Puerto Rico. The U.S. occupation brought about a total change in Puerto Rico's economic and political life. Amongst the many industries appropriated and controlled by the U.S. Government, were Puerto Rico's financial and banking institutions. In 1913, the United States Congress passed the Federal Reserve Act which created The Federal Reserve System. All national banks were required to join the system and Congress", "title": "Rafael Carrión Sr." }, { "id": "12415280", "score": "1.5550537", "text": "was classified as an \"unincorporated territory\" which meant that the protections of the United States Constitution — including the right of citizenship — did not automatically apply, because the island belonged to the U.S., but was not part of the U.S. On January 15, 1899, the military government changed the name of Puerto Rico to Porto Rico (On May 17, 1932, the U.S. Congress changed the name back to \"Puerto Rico\") and the island's currency was changed from the Puerto Rican peso to the American dollar, integrating the island's currency into the U.S. monetary system. The United States exerted its", "title": "Isabel González" }, { "id": "13869676", "score": "1.5543548", "text": "Paris. Puerto Rico became an unincorporated, organized territory of the US with Commonwealth status through a series of judicial decisions by the Supreme Court of the United States, collectively known as \"The Insular Cases\" and the enactment of several statutes by Congress. In 1900, the US Congress enacted the Foraker Act, establishing a civil government in the territory and then in 1917, Puerto Ricans were granted US citizenship, by the enactment of the Jones-Shafroth Act. The Office of the President is responsible for policy relations between the United States and Puerto Rico, although according to the Territorial Clause of Constitution", "title": "Statehood movement in Puerto Rico" }, { "id": "12444880", "score": "1.5529017", "text": "they swear their loyalty to the Spanish Crown and allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church. In 1898, during the Spanish–American War, Puerto Rico was invaded and subsequently became a possession of the United States. The Foraker Act of 1900, which established a civil government, and the Jones Act of 1917, which made Puerto Ricans U.S. citizens, paved the way for the drafting of Puerto Rico's Constitution and its approval by Congress and Puerto Rican voters in 1952. However, the political status of Puerto Rico, a Commonwealth controlled by the United States remains The settlement of Puerto Rico began with the", "title": "History of Puerto Rico" }, { "id": "4962856", "score": "1.5511376", "text": "and St. Louis. During the mid-19th century, Puerto Ricans residing in the United States fought in the American Civil War. In the 1800s, the quest for Latin American independence from Spain spread to Puerto Rico, in the short lived revolution known as the \"Grito de Lares\" and culminating with the \"Intentona de Yauco\". The island was invaded by the United States during the Spanish–American War. After the war ended, Spain officially ceded the island to the United States under the terms established in the Treaty of Paris of 1898. Puerto Rico became a United States territory and the \"Porto Rico", "title": "Military history of Puerto Rico" }, { "id": "311431", "score": "1.5502226", "text": "New Spain. Spain's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century, producing a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined indigenous, African, and European elements. In 1898, following the Spanish–American War, the United States acquired Puerto Rico under the terms of the Treaty of Paris. Puerto Ricans have been citizens of the United States since 1917, and enjoy freedom of movement between the island and the mainland. As it is not a state, Puerto Rico does not have a vote in the United States Congress, which governs the territory with full jurisdiction under the Puerto", "title": "Puerto Rico" }, { "id": "15356189", "score": "1.5413766", "text": "its choice. Some claim that granting of U.S. citizenship on Puerto Ricans on March 2, 1917 was devised by the United States in order to further reiterate its hold of Puerto Rico as a possession while others claim that it was a serious attempt to pave the way for statehood. Former chief of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court José Trías Monge insists that statehood was never intended for the island and that, unlike Alaska and Hawaii, which Congress deemed incorporated territories and slated for annexation to the Union from the start, Puerto Rico was kept \"unincorporated\" specifically to avoid offering", "title": "Political status of Puerto Rico" }, { "id": "311462", "score": "1.540715", "text": "to the U.S. The United States and Puerto Rico began a long-standing metropolis-colony relationship. In the early 20th century, Puerto Rico was ruled by the military, with officials including the governor appointed by the President of the United States. The Foraker Act of 1900 gave Puerto Rico a certain amount of civilian popular government, including a popularly elected House of Representatives. The upper house and governor were appointed by the United States. Its judicial system was constructed to follow the American legal system; a Puerto Rico Supreme Court and a United State District Court for the territory were established. It", "title": "Puerto Rico" }, { "id": "4164405", "score": "1.5405505", "text": "suddenly placed in charge of this our first real colony, upon which their policy could be based.\" The administration of Puerto Rico was the responsibility of the United States Department of War's Division of Insular Affairs which was molded after the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Almost immediately, the United States began the 'Americanization\" process of Puerto Rico. The U.S. occupation brought about a total change in Puerto Rico's economy and polity and did not apply democratic principles to the colony. Puerto Rico was classified as an 'unincorporated territory\" which meant that the protections of the United States Constitution did not", "title": "Puerto Rican Campaign" }, { "id": "311500", "score": "1.5387809", "text": "of a state. That is because \"the Government of a territory owes its existence wholly to the United States\". Congress's plenary authority over federal territories includes the authority to permit self-government, whereby local officials administer a territory's internal affairs. On June 9, 2016, in Commonwealth of Puerto Rico vs Sanchez Valle, a 6–2 majority of the Supreme Court of the United States determined that Puerto Rico is a territory and lacks Sovereignty. On June 30, 2016, the President of the United States of America signed a new law approved by U.S. Congress, H.R. 5278: PROMESA, establishing a Control Board over", "title": "Puerto Rico" }, { "id": "7039381", "score": "1.5377848", "text": "Puerto Rico\", was replaced by the profile of Maria Christina of Austria. The Ministerio de Ultramar issued 1 \"peso\" notes in 1895. On August 13, 1898, Spain ceded Puerto Rico to the United States as part of the Treaty of Paris, bringing the Puerto Rican Campaign to an end. The \"Banco Español de Puerto Rico\" was then transferred to invading investors. However, the terms signed in the armistice, stated that the United States would have to respect all the charters that were previously granted by Spain to its former colonies. This was certified by the United States Congress on June", "title": "Currencies of Puerto Rico" }, { "id": "4164407", "score": "1.5355144", "text": "17, 1932, U.S. Congress changed the name back to \"Puerto Rico\") and the island's currency was changed from the Puerto Rican peso to the American dollar, integrating the island's currency into the U.S. monetary system. The United States exerted its control over the economy of the island by prohibiting Puerto Rico from negotiating commercial treaties with other nations, from determining tariffs, and from shipping goods to the mainland on other than U.S. carriers. A state of civil disorder existed in the island's mountainous region after the invasion of the United States. The local Criollo, who now found themselves unemployed and", "title": "Puerto Rican Campaign" } ]

[ "motor cross", "Motocross Racing", "wilcomoto", "Moto Cross", "Motorcross", "moto cross", "motocross racing", "motorcycle scrambling", "Motocross", "moto pit", "Motorcycle scrambling", "Moto cross", "motorcross", "Moto-Cross", "Moto pit", "Wilcomoto", "motocross", "Motocross racing", "Motor cross" ]

[ { "id": "1874268", "score": "2.1356077", "text": "status. In 1962 a 250 cc world championship was established. In the smaller 250 cc category companies with two-stroke motorcycles came into their own. Companies such as Husqvarna from Sweden, CZ from the former Czechoslovakia and Greeves from England became popular due to their lightness and agility. Stars of the day included BSA-works riders Jeff Smith and Arthur Lampkin, with Dave Bickers, Joe Johnson and Norman Brown on Greeves. By the 1960s, advances in two-stroke engine technology meant that the heavier, four-stroke machines were relegated to niche competitions. Riders from Belgium and Sweden began to dominate the sport during this", "title": "Motocross" }, { "id": "1849599", "score": "1.9228922", "text": "Provini, who won the Italian Championship with the 250 in 1965 and Renzo Pasolini who won the Championship with the 250 as well as the 350 in 1968 and 1969. In 1969, the enormous effort invested in competition was rewarded with the 250 world title thanks to Kel Carruthers, who also again won the Tourist Trophy in the same year. It would also mark the last world championship for a four-stroke motorcycle until the advent of the modern MotoGP era in 2003. Many of the most famous riders in the history of motorcycling raced with Benelli bikes, from Mike Hailwood", "title": "Benelli (motorcycles)" }, { "id": "10966278", "score": "1.8965403", "text": "In 1935 the company withdrew racing support, but new bikes were still produced and raced privately, while the company focused on producing a new two-stroke, two-speed commuter bike. That year, Woods won the Swedish GP (marking the fourth year in a row that a \"Husky\" had won) on a 500cc Husqvarna motorcycle that weighted . In the 1960s, their lightweight, two-stroke-engined off-road bikes helped make the once-dominant British four-stroke motorcycles obsolete. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Husqvarna was a dominant force in the motocross world, winning 14 motocross world championships in the 125 cc, 250 cc and 500 cc divisions,", "title": "Husqvarna Motorcycles" }, { "id": "10901116", "score": "1.89384", "text": "with the \"250 cc\" Silverstone model. These were a production Clubman's model with a reputation for reliability and were chosen to be the standard motorcycles for the Mortimer-Beart Road Racing School. When winning the 1964 Manx Grand Prix, London-based Rhodesian Gordon Keith also took the Greeves racer to the fastest lap of the race - his last of the four-lap race - at , which proved to be the best speed ever by a British \"250 cc\" motorcycle, with a race-average of . From the next five places, four were Aermacchis. Peter Inchley on the Villiers Starmaker Special in 1966", "title": "Greeves (motorcycles)" }, { "id": "3733272", "score": "1.8837149", "text": "racer was first raced in the Manx Grand Prix in September, 1964. Developed in conjunction with Royal Enfield Racing Manager Geoff Duke the first public appearance was at Earls Court Show in November, 1964. Using a duplex-tube frame, leading link forks and one-piece tank and seat unit, the 250cc two-stroke single engine was similar to other small capacity race machines offered from rivals Greeves, Cotton, DMW and particularly Villiers, which provided the engines for these marques and many other manufacturers and bike-builders including the 'Starmaker' competition engine used for the Scorpion racer and Sprite scrambler. During the onslaught of the", "title": "Royal Enfield" }, { "id": "10901117", "score": "1.8807213", "text": "lapped The Island at 93.17 mph, the only Brish 250 to lap at over 90, completing the 250 race at over 90 mph, finishing 3rd. This was a Cotton frame, a highly developed Starmaker engine and Bultaco forks. As well as a boost for the Greeves factory, this was an important win when the sport was beginning to become dominated by foreign motorcycles. This led to a lot of interest in the Greeves road bikes, including from a number of British Police forces for a version of the bigger twin equipped with a radio. Also in 1964 Greeves launched the", "title": "Greeves (motorcycles)" }, { "id": "19780718", "score": "1.8533583", "text": "event would be easy, but she recalls it being anything but as she was exhausted and cold in the snow that fell. In 1966 McGee purchased a 250cc CZ and raced it through 1967 when she started racing Husqvarna motorcycles. In 1967 Mary started desert racing in Baja California events. McGee’s career highlight racing bikes in Baja was in 1975, when she rode a 250 Husqvarna solo in the Baja 500, passing 17 two-man teams. McGee says that the hardest thing she ever did was Baja. \"It was very barren, no electricity, no doctors, no phone. I carried Percodan in", "title": "Mary McGee" }, { "id": "19298542", "score": "1.8471867", "text": "In the first race, De Coster worked his way through the pack to take the lead before his Suzuki suffered an engine problem forcing him out of the race. Mikkola took over the lead and won the race to clinch his first world championship. The 250cc championship was a battle between Soviet KTM rider Guennady Moisseev and Czech ČZ rider Jaroslav Falta which ended in controversy at the final race of the season. Moisseev won the first moto and took the overall victory at the season opening Spanish Grand Prix. Falta won both races at the Italian Grand Prix followed", "title": "1974 FIM Motocross World Championship" }, { "id": "7585607", "score": "1.8447803", "text": "to reclaim his team place for the next event, the Ulster GP at Dundrod in August. The \"Scuderia Duke\" Gilera Grand Prix team disbanded at the end of 1963. During the mid-1960s Yamaha had prolific riders in Read, Canadian Michelle Duff and later Bill Ivy. In 1964, Read gave Yamaha their first world title when he won the 250cc class. He would repeat as champion the following year. For 1966, Yamaha would introduce a new, four cylinder 250cc bike. Teething problems with the new engine meant he would lose the crown to Hailwood. In 1967 he would battle Hailwood on", "title": "Phil Read" }, { "id": "5629619", "score": "1.8412423", "text": "come a few days later when Sr. Bultó was invited to a meeting by several of the former staff of Montesa's racing department. Keen to return to racing, they persuaded him that their greatest hope lay in forming a new company. Setting up shop in very primitive conditions at an old farm owned by Bultó, things developed quickly. On March 24, 1959, Bultaco held a press day and launched its first bike, the road-going 125cc Bultaco Tralla 101, named after a Spanish word for whip. Just two months later Bultaco entered its first Spanish Grand Prix taking seven of the", "title": "Bultaco" }, { "id": "16703038", "score": "1.8357251", "text": "age of 15 just before the official age which he was eligible to ride, which was sixteen, and he was so successful that he was rewarded with a sponsorship from the Dot motorcycle company. His riding talent got him noticed by Greeves factory rider, Brian Stonebridge, who then recommended that Bickers be hired by Greeves in 1958. He won two consecutive 250cc European motocross championships in 1960 and 1961 for the Greeves factory racing team. The European championship was considered to be the world championship at the time, as the sport of motocross had yet to develop outside of Europe.", "title": "Dave Bickers" }, { "id": "10901113", "score": "1.8316352", "text": "slightly injured but in the days before seat belts it proved fatal for Brian, who died at the scene of the accident. After the death of Stonebridge, Greeves signed Dave Bickers, who won the 1960 and 1961 \"250 cc\" championship. The company went on to win the Manx Grand Prix, the Scott Trial, the European Trials Championship and the Scottish Six Days Trial, winning gold medals in the ISDT and the ACU 250 cc Road Race. Bert Greeves also managed to sign up Bill Wilkinson, the Yorkshire trials rider who made the headlines when he won the British Experts Trail", "title": "Greeves (motorcycles)" }, { "id": "10901114", "score": "1.8294897", "text": "competition in 1960, the first time it had ever been won on a two-stroke motorcycle and a significant result for the Greeves factory. In 1963 the Greeves range still included the 25DC Sports Twin and two new models with the latest glass fibre tanks and handlebar fairings, as well as plastic mudguards. These were the 25DD 'Essex' and the 250 DCX 'Sportsman'. The same year the Greeves factory was asked to provide the motorcycles for the British ISDT team. This was significant because the team had previously relied on four-stroke vertical twins. Greeves produced three special machines for the event,", "title": "Greeves (motorcycles)" }, { "id": "8112315", "score": "1.8250704", "text": "in 1965, Andersson moved up to the world championships competing with Husqvarna bikes that he modified himself. He bought a Yamaha 250 cc production racer and began posting solid results. In 1969 he finished second in the 250 championship after a season-long battle with Santiago Herrero and eventual champion Kel Carruthers. These impressive results earned him a place on the Yamaha factory 250 cc racing team as Rod Gould's teammate for the 1970 season, in which he finished third. Yamaha chose Andersson to help develop their TA125 racebike for the 1971 season. He went on to finish second in the", "title": "Kent Andersson (motorcyclist)" }, { "id": "8762672", "score": "1.8235433", "text": "Championship and in 1965, he finished in second. Unfortunately for Lube, the marque ran into financial difficulties and went out of business. Herrero decided to go into business for himself, running a motorcycle repair shop in Bilbao. He purchased a Bultaco and competed as a privateer. Around this period, Eduardo Giró, lead designer of the Ossa motorcycle company developed a revolutionary bike with a monocoque chassis. Recognizing Herrero's riding talent as well as his mechanical skills, Giró offered him a job to develop the Ossa 250cc race bike. Together they won the 250cc Spanish National Championship in 1967. In 1968,", "title": "Santiago Herrero" }, { "id": "10107106", "score": "1.8204498", "text": "club level, eventually winning the MCN 250 cc Championship. After the Cotton engine failed, he was provided with a Greeves by Chas Mortimer. He won the 250 cc class at the \"Stars of Tomorrow\" meeting at Mallory Park, England on 3 July 1966 riding a Greeves. He first entered the Isle of Man Manx Grand Prix in September 1966 riding a Greeves Silverstone as used by the race school. During 1967, Smart was sponsored by Charles Mortimer Senior, proprietor of the \"Charles Mortimer Race School\" based at Brands Hatch race circuit, Kent, riding from a stable consisting of RDS Greeves", "title": "Paul Smart (motorcyclist)" }, { "id": "7463332", "score": "1.8181236", "text": "the Czechoslovakian firm CZ. Robert won the 250cc crown for CZ again in 1968 and 1969. For the 1970 season, Robert was wooed from CZ by the Japanese manufacturer Suzuki, who was seeking to make inroads into the European dominated sport. He continued his winning streak with Suzuki by capturing the 250cc Grand Prix championship in 1970, 1971 and 1972. His record of 50 motocross Grand Prix victories stood for more than 30 years until it was broken by fellow Belgian, Stefan Everts, in 2004. Robert is remembered as one of the most naturally talented motocross riders in history. In", "title": "Joël Robert" }, { "id": "7585612", "score": "1.8164394", "text": "his fifth world championship. In 1972 Read was given a ride with the MV Agusta team in the 350 World Championship. In 1973, riding in both the 350 and 500 classes, he took the 500cc title, the first World Championship won using Lockheed disc brakes. He successfully defended his crown in 1974 in what would be the last world championship for the legendary Italian marque. It would also be the last time a four-stroke machine would win a title until the advent of the MotoGP class in 2002. Read also had 'guest' rides as part of the JPS team Norton", "title": "Phil Read" }, { "id": "9400584", "score": "1.81597", "text": "Italy. He moved up to Grand Prix competition in the middle of the 1954 season and won the Spanish Grand Prix at the end of the year. He won the 1957 FIM 125cc World Championship riding for the Italian Mondial factory. In 1958, he won the 250cc World Championship for MV Agusta. When MV Agusta quit racing in the smaller classes, Provini signed to race for the Moto Morini factory. In 1963 he waged a season-long battle with Honda's Jim Redman for the 250 world championship. Each rider won four races and the title wasn't decided until the final race", "title": "Tarquinio Provini" }, { "id": "6205935", "score": "1.8154294", "text": "winning the Spanish motocross and road race championships and working on a new 250cc version. Following its introduction in 1965, the 250 engine would be the cornerstone of the company's future success. Mounted on the new 250 Scorpion scrambler, Pi won the Spanish championship again in 1966 and the similarly engined Sport roadster won the Barcelona 24-hour endurance road race. In 1967 the first Montesa trials models appeared and in 1968, the motorcycle now retitled the Cota, Pi won the Spanish Trials Championship. After adding this title to go along with the road race and six motocross titles, he retired", "title": "Montesa Honda" } ]

[ "Ahle Sunnat", "sunnites", "suni islam", "Sunnification", "sunnitize", "Sunnist", "Traditionalism (Islam)", "traditionalism islam", "Orthodox Islam", "sunnify", "Muslims, Sunni", "Ahle-Sunnat", "sunni arabs", "Sunni", "Ahle Sunnat Movement in South Asia", "ahle sunnah wal jamah", "Sunnism", "sunniism", "Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jamaa'ah", "Traditionalist Sunni", "Sunni Islam apologist", "Sunna Islam", "Suni Islam", "Sunni Muslims", "Traditionalist (Islam)", "sunnification", "Ahl al sunnah", "sunnitic", "sunnistical", "Sunnizm", "Muslim - Sunni", "Sunnify", "muslim sunni", "sunnizm", "Sunnists", "Sunnitic", "Sunnistic", "sunni islam", "sunnists", "traditionalist islam", "Ahl al-Sunna wa al-Jama'ah", "traditionalist sunni", "Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah", "ahl al sunnah wa al jama ah", "Sunnitize", "Ahl as-Sunnah wal Jama’ah", "Sunni Arab", "Suni Muslims", "sunnite", "ahl al sunnah wa l jamaa ah", "Sunniism", "ahl as sunnah wal jama ah", "muslims sunni", "Sunni Islam", "Ahl as-Sunnah wal Jama'ah", "Sunni muslim", "Ahl al-Sunna", "Sunnites", "ahl al sunna wa al jama ah", "ahle sunnat movement in south asia", "ahl as sunnah wa l jamā ah", "ahle sunnat", "Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘ah", "Sunnistically", "Ahle sunnah wal jamah", "sunnist", "sunni", "sunni arab", "Sunni islam", "Ahl Al-Sunna Wal-Jamaa", "Sunni-Muslim", "Sunnite", "Sunnitism", "sunnistic", "Ahl as-Sunnah wa'l-Jamā'ah", "sunnis", "sunni islam apologist", "sunnism", "sunnistically", "Sunni muslims", "ahl al sunna", "Sunniness", "Traditional muslim", "suni muslims", "Ahl al-Sunnah", "ahl al sunna wal jamaa", "sunna islam", "Sunni Arabs", "Sunnistical", "Sunnis", "ahl al sunnah", "sunnitism", "Ahl al-Sunnah wa’l-Jamaa’ah", "traditional muslim", "sunni muslim", "sunniness", "Sunni Muslim", "sunni muslims", "orthodox islam" ]

[ { "id": "398718", "score": "1.5130556", "text": "these basic sources, in conjunction with analogical reasoning, consideration of public welfare and juristic discretion, using the principles of jurisprudence developed by the traditional legal schools. In matters of creed, the Sunni tradition upholds the six pillars of \"iman\" (faith) and comprises the Ash'ari and Maturidi schools of rationalistic theology as well as the textualist school known as traditionalist theology. (Classical Arabic: ), also commonly referred to as , is a term derived from \"\" ( , plural ' ) meaning \"habit\", \"usual practice\", \"custom\", \"tradition\". The Muslim use of this term refers to the sayings and living habits of", "title": "Sunni Islam" }, { "id": "8448855", "score": "1.4928923", "text": "establishing dozens of various unaffiliated Mennonite churches. A current dispute with an acknowledged risk of schism for the Anglican Communion is that over homosexuality. In 2018, Eastern Orthodoxy has recently Russian Orthodox Church has severe cut ties from Main church (Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople) over latter plans of granting Autocephalys to Orthodox church in Ukraine. After the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammed, there have arisen many Muslim sects by means of schools of thought, traditions and related faiths. According to a Hadith report (collections of accounts of the life and teachings of Muhammed), Muhammed is said to have prophesied", "title": "Schism" }, { "id": "398744", "score": "1.487043", "text": "there can be found the Maturidi creed. Traditionalist theology is a movement of Islamic scholars who reject rationalistic Islamic theology (kalam) in favor of strict textualism in interpreting the Quran and sunnah. The name derives from \"tradition\" in its technical sense as translation of the Arabic word \"hadith\". It is also sometimes referred to by several other names. Adherents of traditionalist theology believe that the \"zahir\" (literal, apparent) meaning of the Qur'an and the hadith have sole authority in matters of belief and law; and that the use of rational disputation is forbidden even if it verifies the truth. They", "title": "Sunni Islam" }, { "id": "9386139", "score": "1.478247", "text": "death of the Prophet there were two distinct schools of Islamic speculative theology, the \"Motazelites\" who in the 8th century were the first Muslims to apply Greek philosophy to Islamic doctrine, and the \"Asharites\", the \"nominalists of Islam\", followers of the 10th century orthodox theologian al-Ashari. Acknowledging the absolute oneness of God, the Motazelites reasoned therefore that the Koran could not legitimately be thought the co-eternal word of God, which was the orthodox view, but was rather created. There was place therefore for a realm of truth and morality not derived from religion, a rationality or secularity not simply given", "title": "Religious intellectualism in Iran" }, { "id": "5694061", "score": "1.4776347", "text": "a modern view of culture, tradition, and other ritualistic practices in Islam. Mahdavia, or Mahdavism, is a Mahdiist sect founded in late 15th century India by Syed Muhammad Jaunpuri, who declared himself to be the Hidden Twelfth Imam of the Twelver Shia tradition. They follow many aspects of the Sunni doctrine. Zikri Mahdavis, or Zikris, are an offshoot of the Mahdavi movement. Non-denominational Muslims is an umbrella term that has been used for and by Muslims who do not belong to or do not self-identify with a specific Islamic denomination. Tolu-e-Islam (\"Resurgence of Islam\") is a non-denominational Muslim organization based", "title": "Islamic schools and branches" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sufism\n\nSufism ( \"aṣ-ṣūfiyya\"), also known as Tasawwuf ( \"at-taṣawwuf\"), is a mystic body of religious practice, found mainly within Sunni Islam but also within Shia Islam, which is characterized by a focus on Islamic spirituality, ritualism, asceticism and esotericism. It has been variously defined as \"Islamic mysticism\", \"the mystical expression of Islamic faith\", \"the inward dimension of Islam\", \"the phenomenon of mysticism within Islam\", the \"main manifestation and the most important and central crystallization\" of mystical practice in Islam, and \"the interiorization and intensification of Islamic faith and practice\".\n\nPractitioners of Sufism are referred to as \"Sufis\" (from , ),\n\nSufism emerged early on in Islamic history, Although Sufis were opposed to dry legalism, they strictly observed Islamic law and belonged to various schools of Islamic jurisprudence and theology. Although the overwhelming majority of Sufis, both pre-modern and modern, remain adherents of Sunni Islam, certain strands of Sufi thought transferred over to the ambits of Shia Islam during the late medieval period. Important focuses of Sufi worship include , the practice of remembrance of God. Sufis also played an important role in spreading Islam through their missionary and educational activities.<ref name=\"britannica\" />\n\nDespite a relative decline of Sufi orders in the modern era and attacks from revivalist Islamic movement (such as the Salafis and Wahhabis), Sufism has continued to play an important role in the Islamic world, especially in the neo-traditionalist strand of Sunni Islam. It has also influenced various forms of spirituality in the West and generated lots of academic interest.", "title": "Sufism" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Islam" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Clergy\n\nClergy are formal leaders within established religions. Their roles and functions vary in different religious traditions, but usually involve presiding over specific rituals and teaching their religion's doctrines and practices. Some of the terms used for individual clergy are clergyman, clergywoman, clergyperson, churchman, and cleric, while clerk in holy orders has a long history but is rarely used. \n\nIn Christianity, the specific names and roles of the clergy vary by denomination and there is a wide range of formal and informal clergy positions, including deacons, elders, priests, bishops, preachers, pastors, presbyters, ministers, and the pope. \n\nIn Islam, a religious leader is often known formally or informally as an imam, caliph, qadi, mufti, mullah, muezzin, or ayatollah. \n\nIn the Jewish tradition, a religious leader is often a rabbi (teacher) or hazzan (cantor).", "title": "Clergy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sunnah\n\nIn Islam, ', also spelled ' (), are the traditions and practices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad that constitute a model for Muslims to follow. The sunnah is what all the Muslims of Muhammad's time evidently saw and followed and passed on to the next generations. According to classical Islamic theories, that make up the primary sources of Islamic law and belief/theology. Differing from Sunni classical Islamic theories are those of Shia Muslims, who hold that the Twelve Imams interpret the sunnah, and Sufi who hold that Muhammad transmitted the values of sunnah \"through a series of Sufi teachers.\"<ref name=\"OISO\"/>\n\nAccording to Muslim belief, Muhammad was the best exemplar for Muslims, and several verses in the Quran declare his conduct exemplary, and enjoin his followers to obey him. Sunnah provides a basis not only for major laws and rituals in Islam like how to pray salat, but for \"even the most mundane activities\", such as the order in which to cut fingernails or the proper length of a beard.\n\nIn the pre-Islamic period, \"sunnah\" was used to mean \"manner of acting\", whether good or bad. During the early Islamic period, the term referred to any good precedent set by people of the past, including both Muhammad, In addition, the sunnah of Muhammad was not necessarily associated with hadith.\n\nThe classical meaning that now prevails was introduced later in the late second century of Islam, when under the influence of the scholar Al-Shafi‘i, Muhammad's example as recorded in hadith was given priority over all other precedents set by other authorities. The term \"al-sunnah\" then eventually came to be viewed as synonymous with the \"sunnah\" of Muhammad, Recording the \"sunnah\" was also an Arabian tradition and once they converted to Islam, Arabians brought this custom to their religion.\n\nThe \"sunnah\" of Muhammad as based on hadith includes his specific words (\"Sunnah Qawliyyah\"), habits, practices (\"Sunnah Fiiliyyah\"), and silent approvals (\"Sunnah Taqririyyah\"). In Islam, the word \"\"sunnah\"\" is also used to refer to religious duties that are optional, such as \"Sunnah salat\".", "title": "Sunnah" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Caliphate\n\nA caliphate or khilāfah (, ) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph (; , ), a person considered a political-religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim world (ummah). During the medieval period, three major caliphates succeeded each other: the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661), the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750), and the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258). In the fourth major caliphate, the Ottoman Caliphate, the rulers of the Ottoman Empire claimed caliphal authority from 1517. Throughout the history of Islam, a few other Muslim states, almost all hereditary monarchies such as the Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) and Ayyubid Caliphate, have claimed to be caliphates.\n\nThe first caliphate, the Rashidun Caliphate, was established in 632 immediately after Muhammad's death. It was followed by the Umayyad Caliphate and the Abbasid Caliphate. The last caliphate, the Ottoman Caliphate, existed until it was abolished in 1924 by the Turkish Republic. Not all Muslim states have had caliphates, and only a minority of Muslims recognize any particular caliph as legitimate in the first place. The Sunni branch of Islam stipulates that, as a head of state, a caliph should be elected by Muslims or their representatives. Followers of Shia Islam, however, believe a caliph should be an Imam chosen by God from the Ahl al-Bayt (the \"Household of the Prophet\").\n\nIn the early 21st century, following the failure of the Arab Spring and related protests, some have argued for a return to the concept of a caliphate to better unify Muslims. The caliphate system was abolished in Turkey in 1924 during the secularization of Turkey as part of Atatürk's Reforms.", "title": "Caliphate" }, { "id": "13405174", "score": "1.4717115", "text": "the dogmatic definitions of the Council of Chalcedon. It is sometimes called the Greek Orthodox to distinguish it from the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria. In Egypt, members of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate were also called Melkite, because they remained in communion with the Patriarch of Constantinople. Oriental Orthodox is also sometimes referred to as \"monophysites\", \"non-Chalcedonians\", or \"anti-Chalcedonians\", although today the Oriental Orthodox Church denies that it is monophysite and prefers the term \"miaphysite\" to denote the \"joined\" nature of Jesus. The dogma chosen by the Oriental Orthodox was interpreted to express that Jesus Christ had two natures (both", "title": "Christianity in the 5th century" }, { "id": "1911480", "score": "1.4679031", "text": "non-Orthodox interpretations as illegitimate. While adhering to traditional beliefs, the movement is a modern phenomenon. It arose as a result of the breakdown of the autonomous Jewish community since the 18th Century and was much shaped by a conscious struggle against rival alternatives. Kemetic Orthodoxy is a Kemetic denomination, which is a reform reconstruction of Egyptian polytheism for modern followers. It claims to derive a spiritual lineage from the Ancient Egyptian religion. There are organizations of Slavic Native Faith (Rodnovery) which characterize the religion as Orthodoxy (Russian: \"Pravoslavie\"), and by other terms. Orthodoxy is opposed to \"heterodoxy\" (\"other teaching\") or", "title": "Orthodoxy" }, { "id": "16702887", "score": "1.4674296", "text": "Faizrakhmanist The Faizrakhmanist movement, known in the media as the \"catacomb sect\", is a sect of Islam based in Tatarstan in Russia. Adherents describe themselves only as \"Muammmin\" (\"believers\"). The sect is named after its founder, Faizrakhman Sattarov, a Russian Muslim who calls himself a prophet. The sect is considered illegitimate by mainstream Russian Muslim clergy because orthodox Islam holds that there are no prophets after Muhammad. Sect founder Faizrakhman Sattarov, who was at one time a mufti, presented himself as a prophet in the mid-1960s after he encountered sparks from a trolleybus cable and interpreted the sparks as a", "title": "Faizrakhmanist" }, { "id": "3399857", "score": "1.4601963", "text": "\"\"Yāvāni\"\" or \"\"Ionani\"\" which means \"European-Greek\" or Ionian in Biblical Hebrew (borrowed from Old Persian \"Yavan\" = Greece) and Classical Arabic. Some members of the community also call themselves \"Melkites\", which literally means \"\"monarchists\"\" or \"\"supporters of the emperor\"\" in Semitic languages (a reference to their past allegiance to Macedonian and Roman imperial rule), but, in the modern era, the term tends to be more commonly used by followers of the Greek Catholic church. Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem is an autocephalous Orthodox Church within the wider communion of Orthodox Christianity. The Arab Orthodox Society exists in Jerusalem and is one", "title": "Arab Christians" }, { "id": "1911478", "score": "1.453579", "text": "Burton believe that there is no such thing as \"orthodox Islam\". Orthodox Judaism is a collective term for the traditionalist branches of Judaism, which seek to fully maintain the received Jewish beliefs and observances and which coalesced in opposition to the various challenges of modernity and secularization. Theologically, it is chiefly defined by regarding the Torah, both Written and Oral, as literally revealed by God on biblical Mount Sinai and faithfully transmitted ever since. The movement advocates a strict observance of Jewish Law, or \"Halakha\", which is to be interpreted only according to received methods due to its divine character.", "title": "Orthodoxy" }, { "id": "398717", "score": "1.4522631", "text": "adherents are referred to in Arabic as ' (\"the people of the sunnah and the community\") or ' for short. In English, its doctrines and practices are sometimes called \"Sunnism\", while adherents are known as Sunni Muslims, Sunnis, Sunnites and Ahlus Sunnah. Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as \"orthodox Islam\". However, other scholars of Islam, such as John Burton believe that there is no such thing as \"orthodox Islam\". The Quran, together with hadith (especially those collected in Kutub al-Sittah) and binding juristic consensus form the basis of all traditional jurisprudence within Sunni Islam. Sharia rulings are derived from", "title": "Sunni Islam" }, { "id": "1939821", "score": "1.4472159", "text": "schools emerged. One interpretation is that Sunni Islam was initially split into four groups: the Hanafites, Malikites, Shafi'ites and Zahirites. Later, the Hanbalites and Jarirites developed two more schools; then various dynasties effected the eventual exclusion of the Jarirites; eventually, the Zahirites were also excluded when the Mamluk Sultanate established a total of four independent judicial positions, thus solidifying the Maliki, Hanafi, Shafi'i and Hanbali schools. The Ottoman Empire later reaffirmed the official status of these four schools as a reaction to Shi'ite Persia. Some are of the view that Sunni jurisprudence falls into two groups: \"Ahl al-Ra'i\" (\"people of", "title": "Madhhab" }, { "id": "7718573", "score": "1.445116", "text": "Sunni \"orthodoxy\", traditionalist theology has thrived alongside it, laying rival claims to be the orthodox Sunni faith. In the modern era it has had a disproportionate impact on Islamic theology, having been appropriated by Wahhabi and other traditionalist Salafi currents and spread well beyond the confines of the Hanbali school of law. Ahl al-Hadith Ahl al-Hadith (, \"The people of hadith\"; also \"Așḥāb al-ḥadīṯ\"; , \"The adherents of hadith\") first emerged in the 2nd/ 3rd Islamic centuries as a movement of hadith scholars who considered the Quran and authentic hadith to be the only authority in matters of law and", "title": "Ahl al-Hadith" }, { "id": "2947471", "score": "1.4450867", "text": "often said that mainstream \"orthodox Sunnism\" constitutes the followers of the theological traditions of Maturidi and Ashʿarī, while Salafism and Wahhabism have often been interpreted by the proponents of the two major schools to be minority splinter theological traditions opposed to the mainstream. Furthermore, the minor theoretical differences between the theological formulations of Maturidi and Ashʿarī are often deemed by their respective followers to be superficial rather than real, whence \"the two schools are equally orthodox\" in traditional Sunnism. The traditional Sunni point of view is summarized in the words of the twentieth-century Islamic publisher Munīr ʿAbduh Agha, who stated:", "title": "Abu Mansur al-Maturidi" }, { "id": "304623", "score": "1.4450219", "text": "of the Baha'i Faith Joel Bray Marangella in his Proclamation of 22 September 2006 appointed a Persian Nosrat'u'llah Bahremand the eldest son of Hassan Bahremand, a prominent member of the Orthodox Baha'i Faith as the Fourth Guardian of Orthodox Baha'i Faith. Orthodox Bahá'í Faith The Orthodox Bahá'í Faith is a small Bahá'í sect that formed in 1960 by Mason Remey, and subsequently was the name used by Joel Marangella after he claimed to be Remey's successor. The basis of the dispute is over the identity of the Guardian, a term referring to the appointed head of the religion, an executive", "title": "Orthodox Bahá'í Faith" }, { "id": "6042007", "score": "1.4442862", "text": "Khurramites The Khurramites ( \"Khorram-Dīnân\", meaning \"those of the Joyful Religion\") were an Iranian religious and political movement with its roots in the movement founded by Mazdak. An alternative name for the movement is the \"Muḥammira\" (, \"Red-Wearing Ones\"; in \"Sorkh-Jâmagân\"), a reference to their symbolic red dress. The sect was founded in the 8th century CE by the Persian cleric Sunpadh and was a revitalization of an earlier sect that had mixed Shī‘a Islam and Zoroastrianism; however, its true claim to fame was its adoption by Bābak Khorramdin as a basis for rebelling against the Abbasid Caliphate. The sect", "title": "Khurramites" }, { "id": "1911477", "score": "1.4422342", "text": "Orthodox were in use as ecclesiastical adjectives as early as the 2nd and 4th centuries respectively. Much earlier, Oriental Orthodoxy had split from Chalcedonian Christianity after the Council of Chalcedon (AD 451), because of several christological differences. Since then, Oriental Orthodox Churches are maintaining the \"orthodox\" designation as a symbol of their theological traditions. Orthodox Hinduism commonly refers to the religious teachings and practices of Sanātanī, one of the traditionalist branches of Hinduism. Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as \"orthodox Islam\". , Sunni Muslims constituted 87–90% of the world's Muslim population. However, other scholars of Islam, such as John", "title": "Orthodoxy" }, { "id": "10114367", "score": "1.4415481", "text": "jurisdiction of which he has served. The brotherhood makes decisions concerning the inner affairs of the monastery. Each brotherhood elects two delegates who take part in the National Ecclesiastical Assembly. The Mechitarists (Armenian: Մխիթարեան), also spelled Mekhitarists, are a congregation, founded in 1712 by Mechitar, of Armenian Benedictine monks in communion with the Catholic Church. They are best known for their series of scholarly publications of ancient Armenian versions of otherwise lost ancient Greek texts. Saint Basil the Great (c. 330 - 379) is one of the most important influences on both Byzantine and Western monasticism. Before forming his own", "title": "Eastern Christian monasticism" }, { "id": "10287539", "score": "1.4382985", "text": "some observers believe that heterodox Armenian Christianity exerted a significant influence on the beliefs of the extremist Shi`ite sects. Sufism stressed esoteric, allegoric and multiple interpretations of scripture combined to intuitive faith and a search for ecstatic experiences, and was spread by wandering dervishes believed to possess \"\"bereket\" (baraqat - spiritual power)\" and \"\"keramet\" (qaramat - miraculous powers)\" due to their special nearness to God. Dervish founders of \"\"tariqat\" (Sufi orders)\" were revered as Saints \"(Wali)\" and called dede, baba, pir, or shaykh, and their tombs were serving as pilgrimage centres. Following the Seljuks, the Ottomans established their power in", "title": "Alevi history" }, { "id": "2584514", "score": "1.4380214", "text": "Mohammedan Mohammedan (also spelled \"Muhammadan\", \"Mahommedan\", \"Mahomedan\" or \"Mahometan\") is a term for a follower of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It is used as both a noun and an adjective, meaning belonging or relating to, either Muhammad or the religion, doctrines, institutions and practices that he established. The word was formerly common in usage, but the terms Muslim and Islamic are more common today. Though sometimes used stylistically by some Muslims, a vast majority consider the term a misnomer. The Oxford English Dictionary cites 1663 as the first recorded usage of the English term; the older spelling \"Mahometan\" dates back", "title": "Mohammedan" } ]

[ "unesko", "golden picasso", "united nations educational social and cultural organization", "Scientific and Cultural United Nations Educational", "UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "Picasso Award", "United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "Scientific and Cultural Organization United Nations Educational", "scientific and cultural united nations educational", "director general of unesco", "picasso medal", "united nations education scientific and cultural organization", "Constitution of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation", "unesco", "united nations educational scientific and cultural organization", "UNESCO General Conference", "United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization", "UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization", "intergovernmental committee for safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage", "united nations educational scientific cultural organization", "Director-General of UNESCO", "United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation", "constitution of united nations educational scientific and cultural organisation", "United Nations Educational Scientific & Cultural Organization", "united nations educational scientific and cultured organization", "UNESCO", "golden picasso medal", "Unesco", "Unesko", "picasso award", "United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultured Organization", "United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation", "scientific and cultural organization united nations educational", "Picasso Medal", "united nations educational scientific and cultural organisation", "United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization", "unesco general conference", "un educational scientific and cultural organization", "United Nations Educational, Social and Cultural Organization", "Golden Picasso Medal", "Golden Picasso", "Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage", "United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization" ]

[ { "id": "304861", "score": "1.64619", "text": "to the Second World War, the following General Session did not take place until 1946, from 2 to 5 October. Following their entry into Paris in June 1940, the German occupying forces temporarily closed and sealed the OIE headquarters. The efforts of the President, Gotlieb Flückiger, elected in 1939, resulted in its re-opening. 12 rue de Prony was built in 1879, in the Neo-Renaissance style, by the celebrated architect Jean-Louis Pascal for the Austrian Baron, Jonas Königswater, a former banker and railway owner. A succession of major works to renovate and modernise the headquarters were undertaken by the Directors General", "title": "World Organisation for Animal Health" }, { "id": "14427145", "score": "1.6187413", "text": "its manifesto in August 1946. Representatives from all the regional organisations in the four occupied zones met in Frankfurt am Main from July 20–22, 1946 and adopted a charter for the \"Society of People Persecuted by the Nazi Regime\". On October 26, 1946, the first state organisations was founded in Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia. Others soon followed. From March 15–17, 1947, the 1st Inter-zonal States Conference of the VVN convened in Frankfurt am Main with 68 delegates from all four of the occupied zones and the city of Berlin and formed an organisation representing all of Germany, with a similarly constituted", "title": "Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime" }, { "id": "4067419", "score": "1.5939312", "text": "the liberation of Paris in August 1944. At the Yalta Conference it was agreed that membership would be open to nations that had joined the Allies by 1 March 1945. Brazil, Syria and a number of other countries qualified for membership by declarations of war on either Germany or Japan in the first three months of 1945 – in some cases retroactively. On 25 April 1945, the United Nations Conference on International Organization began in San Francisco. In addition to Governments, a number of non-government organizations, including Rotary International and Lions Clubs International received invitations to assist in the drafting", "title": "History of the United Nations" }, { "id": "20274805", "score": "1.5936544", "text": "started working in the so-called \"Free Zone\" of Vichy. In 1943, its headquarters were relocated to Paris, where the radio service under the direction of the Vichy propaganda minister Philippe Henriot received an anti-Semitic and pro-Axis character. In the meantime, on April 4, 1944, the Provisional Government of the French Republic established its own RN in Algeria. It took over installations in Paris during the liberation of Paris on August 22, 1944. As early as October 1, RN launched its own television channel (\"Télévision française\", later \"RDF Télévision française\") the first in liberated Europe. On March 23, 1945, RN was", "title": "Radiodiffusion Nationale (France)" }, { "id": "10383027", "score": "1.5910962", "text": "opinions. The main sources of law of its action are the Commercial Code (Book IV) and Articles 101 and 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Its headquarters are in Paris, at 11 Rue de l'Echelle (some services such as the concentrations or the economy are at 6 avenue de l'Opéra) Created by a decree of 9 August 1953 in the form of a commission attached to the Minister for the Economy, the Competition Council, as its name officially by the order of December 1, 1986 has become, since January 13, 2009 and according to the", "title": "Autorité de la concurrence" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "UNESCO\n\nThe United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture. It has 193 member states and 12 associate members, as well as partners in the non-governmental, intergovernmental and private sector. Headquartered at the World Heritage Centre in Paris, France, UNESCO has 53 regional field offices and 199 national commissions that facilitate its global mandate.\n\nUNESCO was founded in 1945 as the successor to the League of Nations's International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation. Its constitution establishes the agency's goals, governing structure, and operating framework. UNESCO's founding mission, which was shaped by the Second World War, is to advance peace, sustainable development and human rights by facilitating collaboration and dialogue among nations.\n\nAs a focal point for world culture and science, UNESCO's activities have broadened over the years; it assists in the translation and dissemination of world literature, helps establish and secure World Heritage Sites of cultural and natural importance, works to bridge the worldwide digital divide, and creates inclusive knowledge societies through information and communication. UNESCO has launched several initiatives and global movements, such as Education For All, to further advance its core objectives.\n\nUNESCO is governed by the General Conference, composed of member states and associate members, which meets biannually to set the agency's programmes and the budget. It also elects members of the executive board, which manages UNESCO's work, and appoints every four years a Director-General, who serves as UNESCO's chief administrator. UNESCO is a member of the United Nations Sustainable Development Group, a coalition of UN agencies and organisations aimed at fulfilling the Sustainable Development Goals.", "title": "UNESCO" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Celine (brand)\n\nCeline (formerly spelled Céline, and stylized in all caps) is a French luxury ready-to-wear and leather goods brand owned by the LVMH group since 1996. It was founded in 1945 by Céline Vipiana. Since November 2015, the headquarters are located at 16 rue Vivienne in the 2nd arrondissement of Paris at the Hôtel Colbert de Torcy, which has French Historic Monument classification. Séverine Merle has been the Chief Executive Officer since April 2017.\n\nOn January 21, 2018, LVMH announced that Hedi Slimane would take over at Celine as its artistic, creative and image director.", "title": "Celine (brand)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Members of the United Nations" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Interpol\n\nThe International Criminal Police Organization (ICPO; ), commonly known as Interpol ( , ), is an international organization that facilitates worldwide police cooperation and crime control. Headquartered in Lyon, France, it is the world's largest international police organization, with seven regional bureaus worldwide and a National Central Bureau in all 195 member states.\n\nInterpol was conceived during the first International Criminal Police Congress in 1914, which brought officials from 24 countries to discuss cooperation in law enforcement. It was founded on 7 September 1923 at the close of the five-day 1923 Congress session in Vienna as the International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC); it adopted many of its current duties throughout the 1930s. After coming under Nazi control in 1938, the agency had its headquarters in the same building as the Gestapo. It was effectively moribund until the end of World War II.\n\nInterpol provides investigative support, expertise and training to law enforcement worldwide, focusing on three major areas of transnational crime: terrorism, cybercrime and organized crime. Its broad mandate covers virtually every kind of crime, including crimes against humanity, child pornography, drug trafficking and production, political corruption, intellectual property infringement, as well as white-collar crime. The agency also facilitates cooperation among national law enforcement institutions through criminal databases and communications networks. Contrary to popular belief, Interpol is itself not a law enforcement agency.\n\nInterpol has an annual budget of €142 million, most of which comes from annual contributions by member police forces in 181 countries. It is governed by a General Assembly composed of all member countries, which elects the executive committee and the President (currently Ahmed Naser Al-Raisi of the United Arab Emirates) to supervise and implement Interpol's policies and administration. Day-to-day operations are carried out by the General Secretariat, comprising around 1,000 personnel from over 100 countries, including both police and civilians. The Secretariat is led by the Secretary-General, currently Jürgen Stock, the former deputy head of Germany's Federal Criminal Police Office.\n\nPursuant to its charter, Interpol seeks to remain politically neutral in fulfilling its mandate, and is thus barred from interventions or activities that are political, military, religious, or racial in nature and from involving itself in disputes over such matters. The agency operates in four languages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish.<ref name=\"General Secretariat\" />", "title": "Interpol" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "League of Nations" }, { "id": "16390867", "score": "1.5825648", "text": "London. In 1966 it was located at 40 Goodge Street London, W1, while the secretary general operated out of an office at 10 rue Vaquelin, Paris 5. The headquarters have been moved to France and are now at 265 av. de Paris, 93000 Montreuil-sous-Bois, France - Métro Porte de Montreuil. The WFSW tried to set up regional centers and hold regional meetings. The first regional meeting was at New Delhi in 1955, followed by Prague in 1956, Paris in 1957 and Cambridge, England in 1961. By 1968 only two regional centers had been established - at New Dehlin and at", "title": "World Federation of Scientific Workers" }, { "id": "10526604", "score": "1.5662153", "text": "since 1936, they set up the \"Bureau des Menées Antinationales\" (BMA, the \"Bureau of Anti-national Activities\"), officially an organization opposing communist activities and resistance efforts and accepted by the Germans under the terms of the armistice. Meanwhile, on 1 July 1940, the Free French government-in-exile in London created its own intelligence service. Under the leadership of General Charles de Gaulle, Major André Dewavrin was assigned to command the organization. Initially known as the \"Service de Renseignements (SR)\", the agency changed its name to \"Bureau Central de Renseignements et d’Action Militaire (BCRAM)\" in April 1941, and again in January 1942 to", "title": "Deuxième Bureau" }, { "id": "13099436", "score": "1.565829", "text": "the five-nation Montpellier Congress held October 26 to October 30, 1874 being the foremost among these. The idea of an international organization came up several times during the coming decades, and finally, on November 29, 1924, eight nations signed an agreement concerned with the creation of an International Wine Office (\"Office international du vin\", OIV) in Paris. After that the agreement went back to nations for ratification. The first working session was held at Salon de l’Horloge on December 3, 1927. On September 4, 1958, the organization's name was changed to the International Vine and Wine Office (\"Office International de", "title": "International Organisation of Vine and Wine" }, { "id": "11343990", "score": "1.5631206", "text": "It existed till the end of 2001, the moment OCIC merged with Unda into SIGNIS. General secretariat - location In 1928 OCIC was founded in the Dutch city Den Haag. The first secretary general was Rev.Reymond who got the secretariat established in Paris. In 1933 the secretariat moved from Paris to Leuven (Belgian) where the new president Brohée and the new secretariat Bernard were. Two years later the staff moved to Brussels to the Rue Traversière. This office was occupied from 1940 to 1944 and after the war it was the new secretary general Yvonne de Hemptinne who integrated the", "title": "SIGNIS" }, { "id": "7556997", "score": "1.5613824", "text": "on 3 June 1944, the day before Charles de Gaulle arrived in London from Algiers on Winston Churchill's invitation, and three days before D-Day. The CFLN itself had been created exactly one year earlier through the uniting of de Gaulle's (\"Comité national français\", or CNF) and Henri Giraud's organisations. Among its most immediate concerns were to ensure that France did not come under allied military administration, preserving the sovereignty of France and freeing allied troops for fighting on the front. After the liberation of Paris on 25 August 1944, it moved back to the capital, establishing a new \"national unanimity\"", "title": "Provisional Government of the French Republic" }, { "id": "19012657", "score": "1.56094", "text": "On August 27, the Council of Ministers held its first meeting at the \"Hôtel Matignon\" since 1940. In October, a provisional municipal council was established, but it did not formally meet until March and April 1945. The first issue of a new newspaper, \"Le Monde\", was published on December 18, 1944. On April 13, 1945, just before the end of war, a new ordinance set the date for the first municipal elections since the war began. They were held on 29 April, and for the first time French women were allowed to vote. Paris in World War II Paris started", "title": "Paris in World War II" }, { "id": "13976183", "score": "1.558501", "text": "British and the French. In return, the French accepted the British blueprint of an organisation with limited powers, including a parliamentary assembly that was purely consultative. Jacques Camille Paris Jacques Camille Paris (2 November 1902, Gaillac – 17 July 1953, Talence), was the first Secretary General of the Council of Europe from 11 August 1949 until his death. During the Second World War he was head of the Commissariat Général aux Affaires Etrangères for the French government in London and Algiers. He was appointed Executive Secretary of the French delegation which drew up the plans for the Council of Europe", "title": "Jacques Camille Paris" }, { "id": "13939938", "score": "1.5566349", "text": "who, at the end of 1947, launched an appeal for the creation of an organisation devoted to \"supporting the republican régime and preventing the return of fascism and dictatorship\". On 22 February 1948, about 60 people who had been active in the resistance founded \"\"les Combattants de la Liberté\"\" in a meeting at the \"l'Hôtel des 2 Mondes\" in Paris. The leader was to be Yves Farge whoa had been appointed prefect of the Rhône-Alpes region by Charles de Gaulle at the liberation of France. The constitution of this young movement which aimed to preserve the resistance spirit of unity", "title": "Mouvement de la Paix" }, { "id": "929306", "score": "1.5474043", "text": "was created in 1970. Its motto is \", , \" (\"equality, complementarity, and solidarity\"), a deliberate allusion to France's motto liberté, égalité, fraternité. Started as a small club of northern French-speaking countries, the Francophonie has since evolved into a global organization whose numerous branches cooperate with its member states in the fields of culture, science, economy, justice, and peace. The convention which created the Agency for Cultural and Technical Co-operation (\"Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique\") was signed on 20 March 1970 by the representatives of the 21 states and governments under the influence of African Heads of State, Léopold", "title": "Organisation internationale de la Francophonie" }, { "id": "16138431", "score": "1.5442564", "text": "within in the functioning of international organisations. The AFFOI has offices in cities with high density of international organisations -The Hague, New York City, Washington, Geneva, Luxembourg, Brussels, Addis Ababa. Its headquarters are located in The Hague, Netherlands. The Convention which created the Assembly of French speaking international civil servants was signed on March 21, 2007 by Judge Bruno Cotte from the ICC, Judge Ronny Abraham from the ICJ, Patrice Palanque, Director at OIAC, Dominique Hoppe, President of AFIF-PB, Michel Quillé, Director of Europol, Gérard Loubens, General Prosecutor at Eurojust, and Jean Jacques Dordain, General Secretary of ESA. Between 2007", "title": "Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales" }, { "id": "7157036", "score": "1.544112", "text": "was asked by the Headquarters of the Allied Forces to set up a registration and tracing service for missing persons. The organization was formalized under the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Forces and named the \"Central Tracing Bureau\" on February 15, 1944. As the war unfolded, the bureau was moved from London to Versailles, then to Frankfurt am Main, and finally to Bad Arolsen, which was considered a central location among the areas of Allied occupation and had an intact infrastructure unaffected by war. On July 1, 1947, the International Refugee Organization took over administration of the bureau, and on January", "title": "International Tracing Service" }, { "id": "1289157", "score": "1.5420141", "text": "18 June\" (\"Appel du 18 juin\"), which had a stirring effect on morale throughout France and its colonies, although initially relatively few French forces responded to de Gaulle's call for resistance. On 27 October 1940, the Empire Defense Council (\"Conseil de défense de l'Empire\") was constituted to organise the rule of the territories in central Africa, Asia and Oceania that had heeded the 18 June call. It was replaced on 24 September 1941 by the French National Committee (\"Comité national français\" or CNF). On 13 July 1942, \"Free France\" was officially renamed \"France combattante\" (\"Fighting France\"), to mark that the", "title": "Free France" }, { "id": "3640317", "score": "1.5398672", "text": "the Co-ordination of the European Movements took place in Paris on 17 July 1947 incorporating \"La Ligue Européenne de Coopération Economique\" (LECE), \"l'Union Européenne des Fédéralistes\" (UEF), \"l'Union Parlementaire Européenne\" (UPE) and the Anglo-French United European Movements. They met again on 10 November 1947 and changed their name to The Joint International Committee for European Unity. They retained this name until after the 1948 Congress of The Hague. From 7 to 11 May 1948, 800 delegates from Europe and observers from Canada and the United States gathered in The Hague, the Netherlands for the Congress of Europe. Organised by the", "title": "European Movement International" }, { "id": "9781392", "score": "1.5371397", "text": "large, four engine C-54 Skymasters and VIP airliners. for meetings. With the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949, the United States chose to leave its headquarters in West Germany and to create a duplicate command at NATO Headquarters in Paris. The joint United States European Command (EUCOM) was formed with Army and Air Force leadership establishing themselves in Paris (although EUCOM Headquarters remained in West Germany, as well as HQ USAFE and HQ USAREUR). An agreement was reached on 10 November 1950 on a new lease to allow for aircraft parking at Aeroport Orly-Paris, and the", "title": "Orly Air Base" }, { "id": "18008376", "score": "1.5344276", "text": "Paris but was expelled in 1952 for \"fifth column activities\". It then moved to the Soviet sector of Vienna, but was expelled, again, in February 1956. The location of the headquarters immediately after the expulsion from Vienna is unclear, though FISEs' journal \"Teachers of the World\" was published from 10 Rue de Solférino, Paris 7ème. In 1978 its headquarters is reported at Wilhelm Wolff Strasse 21, East Berlin 111. It was at the same address in 1985. Its current headquarters is at 6/6 Kalicharan Ghosh Road, 700 050, Kolkata, India. After the 18th Congress of FISE is currently located in", "title": "World Federation of Teachers Unions" } ]

[ "mixemetosis", "Myxomatosis, infectious", "mixymetosis", "Myxomitosis", "myxomatosis infectious", "mixamytosis", "myxamatosis", "Mixemetosis", "Myxi", "Mixametosis", "myxy", "myxo", "Myxamitosis", "Myxematosis", "white blindness", "mixmatosis", "Infectious myxomatosis", "myxi", "mixametosis", "Miximatosis", "myxamitosis", "mixymatosis", "Mixy", "White blindness", "Mixomatosis", "Myxymetosis", "Myxamatosis", "miximetosis", "myxomatosis", "Mixometosis", "Myxemetosis", "Mixematosis", "myxemetosis", "Myxy", "mixamatosis", "Miximetosis", "Myxometosis", "mixometosis", "Mixymetosis", "Myxomatosis cuniiculi", "Mixmatosis", "myxametosis", "mixomatosis", "myximatosis", "mixy", "Myximatosis", "Myxo", "myxomitosis", "Mixamytosis", "Myxmatosis", "Myxomatosis", "myxie", "myxymetosis", "infectious myxomatosis", "miximatosis", "myximetosis", "Myxie", "Myxametosis", "myxmatosis", "Mixymatosis", "mixematosis", "Mixamatosis", "myxometosis", "Myxymatosis", "myxymatosis", "myxomatosis cuniiculi", "Myximetosis", "myxematosis" ]

[ { "id": "9434115", "score": "1.9006069", "text": "rabbit in Medina, Ohio. In 1991 a strain of the virus, Czech CAPM 351RHDV, was imported to Australia under strict quarantine conditions to research the safety and usefulness of the virus if it was used as a biological control agent against Australia and New Zealand's rabbit pest problem. Testing of the virus was undertaken on Wardang Island in Spencer Gulf off the coast of the Yorke Peninsula, South Australia. In 1995 the virus escaped quarantine and subsequently killed 10 million rabbits within 8 weeks of its release. In March 2017 a new Korean strain known as RHDV1 K5 was successfully", "title": "Rabbit haemorrhagic disease" }, { "id": "1458373", "score": "1.8790497", "text": "from a quarantine compound on Wardang Island, South Australia, where the field tests were being carried out and, by late October 1995, it was recorded in rabbits at Yunta and Gum Creek, in north-eastern South Australia. By the winter of 1996, the virus was established in Victoria, New South Wales, the Northern Territory and Western Australia. The virus was discovered in these area by analyzing livers of dead rabbits. The success of the virus was found to be higher in dry areas, because of a benign calicivirus found in the colder, wetter areas of Australia, which was immunising rabbits against", "title": "Rabbits in Australia" }, { "id": "15712441", "score": "1.8712006", "text": "throughout the country in the early 1950s. The myxomatosis program was a successful pioneering experiment in the biological control of pest mammals, reducing Australia’s wild rabbit population from 600 million to 100 million in only two years. In March 1995 trials started on Wardang Island of the rabbit calicivirus causing rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD). In October that year the virus escaped prematurely from the island to the mainland, believed to have been carried by bushflies on the afternoon sea-breezes, and spread rapidly through the country. It initially caused widespread mortality among the wild rabbit population but, like myxomatosis before it,", "title": "Wardang Island" }, { "id": "3895356", "score": "1.8670537", "text": "of the claimed originators of the phrase \"Think Globally, Act Locally\". Returning to Australia in 1949, he was appointed Professor of Microbiology at the new John Curtin School of Medical Research at the Australian National University, Canberra. Here he began studying viruses again, in particular the myxoma virus. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s Australia had severe rabbit plagues. Fenner's work on the myxoma virus showed that initially it killed rabbits in 9 to 11 days and was 99.5% lethal. Under heavy selection pressure, the few rabbits that survived developed resistance, which meant that the pest was never completely eradicated, but", "title": "Frank Fenner" }, { "id": "1370337", "score": "1.8456643", "text": "gypsy moth are causing serious defoliation. The moth larvae are killed by the virus they have eaten and die, the disintegrating cadavers leaving virus particles on the foliage to infect other larvae. A mammalian virus, the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus was introduced to Australia to attempt to control the European rabbit populations there. It escaped from quarantine and spread across the country, killing large numbers of rabbits. Very young animals survived, passing immunity to their offspring in due course and eventually producing a virus-resistant population. Introduction into New Zealand in the 1990s was similarly successful at first, but a decade", "title": "Biological pest control" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Myxomatosis\n\nMyxomatosis is a disease caused by \"Myxoma virus\", a poxvirus in the genus \"Leporipoxvirus\". The natural hosts are tapeti (\"Sylvilagus brasiliensis\") in South and Central America, and brush rabbits (\"Sylvilagus bachmani\") in North America. The myxoma virus causes only a mild disease in these species, but causes a severe and usually fatal disease in European rabbits (\"Oryctolagus cuniculus\"). Myxomatosis is an excellent example of what occurs when a virus jumps from a species adapted to it to a naive host, and has been extensively studied for this reason. The virus was intentionally introduced in Australia, France, and Chile in the 1950s to control wild European rabbit populations.", "title": "Myxomatosis" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/December 2005 ..." }, { "id": "17473573", "score": "1.8342035", "text": "responding to the New South Wales government's offer of £25,000 for a novel solution to the country's rabbit pest problem, he arrived in Australia the following year to advise on biological control measures. He brought a strain of Pasteurella bacteria which he had developed to selectively kill feral rabbits and conducted a series of trials on Broughton Island, New South Wales coast with his team. He left in May 1907 after a series of inconclusive trials, leaving his assistant A. Latapie with Dr. Tidswell of the NSW Health Department to continue trials. His organism was eventually proved to be identical", "title": "Jean Danysz (biologist)" }, { "id": "20538028", "score": "1.8143897", "text": "Australia's history\". The myxomatosis virus was released in 1950 to reduce pest rabbit numbers. It initially reduced the wild rabbit population by 95% but since then resistance to the virus has increased. Another plague occurred in 2011 in parts of South Australia, the worst that had occurred in Australia since the release of the calicivirus in 1995. Rabbit plagues in Australia Rabbit plagues in Australia have occurred several times throughout parts of Australia since wild European rabbits were introduced by European colonists. Rabbits were introduced to Australia with the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788. A population of 24", "title": "Rabbit plagues in Australia" }, { "id": "13858791", "score": "1.8071585", "text": "due to government protection.) Between 1901 and 1907, Australia built an immense \"rabbit-proof fence\" to halt the westward expansion of the infestation. The European rabbit, however, can not only jump very high, but also burrow underground, making fencing essentially futile. During the 1950s, the intentional introduction of a virus, \"Myxomatosis cuniiculi\", provided some relief in Australia, but not in New Zealand, where the insect vectors necessary for spread of the disease were not present. Myxomatosis can also infect pet rabbits (the same species). Today's remaining feral rabbits in Australia are largely immune to myxomatosis. A second deadly rabbit virus, rabbit", "title": "European rabbit" }, { "id": "20538027", "score": "1.7958962", "text": "crops and feed. Field trials for the myxomatosis virus were carried out in 1936 by the CSIR Division of Animal Health and Nutrition, as a method of controlling rabbit population. The trials were successful in killing rabbits in their warrens but did not spread well between warrens. By 1946 another plague was being predicted by graziers following a drought breaking, and numbers of rabbits started to rise in 1948 and continue into 1949 and 1950 causing massive damage to crops in parts of New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia in a plague described as \"the worst rabbit plague in", "title": "Rabbit plagues in Australia" }, { "id": "10983168", "score": "1.7933888", "text": "susceptible to pox viruses, with symptoms characterised by widespread, unsightly skin lesions. And most people have heard of myxomatosis, which is a fatal pox virus infection of rabbits: once infected they die within twelve days. The virus was deliberately released in Australia in 1950, in an attempt to control the exponentially growing rabbit population. Rabbits had been brought to the continent in 1859 for sport, and having no natural predators, bred at an extraordinary rate. The infection killed 99.8 percent of rabbits, but by the late 1950s, Australian rabbits started to become immune to the virus and the population of", "title": "Animal virus" }, { "id": "7471275", "score": "1.7889123", "text": "Honour. It was during his retirement that the events for which he became best known took place. Having read of the effectiveness of the myxomatosis virus in dealing with rabbit plagues in Australia, in 1952 Armand-Delille decided to introduce the virus onto his 3 km² private estate of Chateau Maillebois in Eure-et-Loir. He believed that the enclosed nature of the estate would prevent its spread. Inoculating two rabbits with virus acquired from a laboratory in Lausanne, Armand-Delille succeeded in rapidly eradicating the population on his estate, with 98% of the rabbits being dead within 6 weeks. However, within 4 months", "title": "Paul-Félix Armand-Delille" }, { "id": "1458372", "score": "1.7867632", "text": "not wipe out whole populations might have raised doubts as to their efficacy. In 1950, following research conducted by Frank Fenner, myxoma virus was deliberately released into the rabbit population, causing it to drop from an estimated 600 million to around 100 million. Growing genetic resistance in the remaining rabbits had allowed the population to recover to 200–300 million by 1991. To combat that trend, over three years from June 1991, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) comprehensively tested the potential of calicivirus, which causes rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD), for biological control of wild rabbits. The virus escaped", "title": "Rabbits in Australia" }, { "id": "20538025", "score": "1.7776358", "text": "to find the cause and suitable methods of control of the problem. Areas between the Riverina through to the Mallee country and Charlton were being plagued by large numbers of rabbits in 1877 and 1878. The \"Rabbits Nuisance Suppression Bill\" was introduced into the Parliament of Victoria in an effort to combat the problem. By 1878 and early 1879 the plague had spread into northern areas of South Australia Numbers of rabbits in the affected areas were still considered problematic through the 1880s and 1890s. Large numbers of the pest were still found throughout parts of Victoria, New South Wales,", "title": "Rabbit plagues in Australia" }, { "id": "1458371", "score": "1.7763803", "text": "be a less-than-satisfactory control measure. Dr Danysz felt that Broughton Island was a poor choice of test site, and that extensive experiments should be conducted on the mainland. Frank Tidswell, who was his chief Australian collaborator, continued Danysz's trials after he left in 1907, and also began trials of the Yalgogrin, Gundagai and Picton microbes (named for the stations where infected rabbits were found). But there was a lack of financial support from the Federal government, or the collaboration of affected States, that would be necessary to prove that the measure safe and effective. The fact that these pathogens did", "title": "Rabbits in Australia" }, { "id": "1458368", "score": "1.7757101", "text": "the attention of Louis Pasteur, who proposed using the chicken cholera bacillus (now known as \"Pasteurella multocida\"). Although that measure did not prove viable, the association with Pasteur accelerated the introduction of microbiology into Australia. On 16 April 1888, the New South Wales Government appointed a Royal Commission \"to make a full and diligent inquiry as to whether or not the introduction of contagious diseases amongst rabbits by inoculation or otherwise, or the propagation of diseases natural to rabbits ... will be accompanied or followed by danger to human health or life, or to animal life other than rabbits, or", "title": "Rabbits in Australia" }, { "id": "20538026", "score": "1.7728009", "text": "South Australia and Western Australia through the early 1900s while the areas were also gripped by drought. After the drought broke in around 1904 numbers of rabbits and mice started to grow again in the same areas as well as parts of Queensland to plague proportions. Following a reduction in numbers during the drought of 1914 to 1915, plagues of rabbits were reported in 1918 through parts of South Australia and western New South Wales. In 1932 and 1933 rabbits again bred up in large numbers in parts of New South Wales, South Australian and Victoria causing massive damage to", "title": "Rabbit plagues in Australia" }, { "id": "5242282", "score": "1.7664084", "text": "1952. The Australian government will not allow veterinarians to purchase and use the myxomatosis vaccine that would protect domestic rabbits, for fear that this immunity would be spread into the wild via escaped livestock and pets. This potential consequence is also one motivation for the pet-rabbit ban in Queensland. In Australia, rabbits caged outdoors in areas with high numbers of mosquitoes are vulnerable to myxomatosis. In Europe, fleas are the carriers of myxomatosis. In some countries, annual vaccinations against myxomatosis are available. Rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD), also known as \"viral hemorrhagic disease\" (VHD) or \"rabbit calicivirus disease\" (RCD), is caused", "title": "Domestic rabbit" }, { "id": "9434111", "score": "1.7626213", "text": "by S.J. Liu \"et al\". in 1984. The Chinese outbreak was spread by the angora rabbit, which had originated in Europe. Fourteen million domesticated rabbits died within nine months in the outbreak. In 1984 the virus that caused the disease was identified. The virus spread westward and reached Europe in 1988. The virus has since appeared in Mexico, Cuba, Australia, New Zealand, the United States and Canada. In 1992, the United Kingdom reported its first case of RHD in domestic show rabbits. By the late 1990s, RHD stretched to forty countries and had become endemic in wild and feral rabbit", "title": "Rabbit haemorrhagic disease" }, { "id": "1692539", "score": "1.7604972", "text": "land). Within four months the virus had spread 50 km; Armand suspected this was due to poachers taking infected rabbits from his estate. By 1954, 90% of the wild rabbits in France were dead. The disease spread throughout Europe. Myxomatosis was deliberately introduced to Ireland by farmers in 1954. The skin of a diseased rabbit was sent by post from the United Kingdom and rubbed on healthy rabbits. Infected animals were transported around the country to hasten the spread of the disease. By 1955, myxomatosis had spread to every part of Ireland and, by the 1960s, the rabbit meat industry", "title": "Myxomatosis" }, { "id": "1692537", "score": "1.7543181", "text": "secondary and opportunistic infections, in the hopes the treated animal will survive. In practice, the owner is often urged to euthanize the animal to end its suffering. After its discovery in 1896 in imported rabbits in Uruguay, a relatively harmless strain of the disease spread quickly throughout the wild rabbit populations in South America. In Australia, the virus was first field-tested for population control in 1938. A full-scale release was performed in 1950. It was devastatingly effective, reducing the estimated rabbit population from 600 million to 100 million in two years. However, the rabbits remaining alive were those least affected", "title": "Myxomatosis" } ]

[ "atcvet code qa06ag06", "Oil", "Oil (liquid)", "diathermal oil", "atc code a06ag06", "fixed oils", "oil", "thermal oil", "Heat-transfer oil", "Petro", "Heat transfer oil", "Fixed oils", "heat transfer oil", "ATCvet code QA06AG06", "ATC code A06AG06", "🝆", "Diathermal oil", "oily", "Thermal oil", "oil liquid", "Oily", "oils", "petro", "Oils" ]

[ { "id": "862165", "score": "1.7680922", "text": "are significant considerations, the pre-mix lubrication method is almost always used. For example, a two-stroke engine in a motocross bike pays major consideration to performance, simplicity and weight. Chainsaws and brush cutters must be as light as possible to reduce user fatigue and hazard, especially when used in a professional work environment. All two-stroke engines running on a petrol/oil mix will suffer oil starvation if forced to rotate at speed with the throttle closed, e.g. motorcycles descending long hills and perhaps when decelerating gradually from high speed by changing down through the gears. Two-stroke cars (such as those that were", "title": "Two-stroke engine" }, { "id": "862140", "score": "1.7142502", "text": "are design priorities. With the traditional lubrication technique of mixing oil into the fuel, they also have the advantage of working in any orientation, as there is no oil reservoir dependent on gravity; this is an essential property for hand-held power tools such as chainsaws. A number of mainstream automobile manufacturers have used two-stroke engines in the past, including the Swedish Saab and German manufacturers DKW, Auto-Union, VEB Sachsenring Automobilwerke Zwickau, and VEB Automobilwerk Eisenach. The Japanese manufacturer Suzuki did the same in the 1970s. Production of two-stroke cars ended in the 1980s in the West, due to increasingly stringent", "title": "Two-stroke engine" }, { "id": "1784532", "score": "1.7008827", "text": "slower. Two-stroke chainsaws require about 2–5% of oil in the fuel to lubricate the engine, while the motor in electrical chain-saws is normally lubricated for life. Most modern gas operated saws today require a fuel mix of 2% (1:50). Regular gas from most gas stations contain 5 to 10% ethanol which can result in problems of the equipment. Ethanol dissolves plastic, rubber and other material. This leads to problems especially on older equipment. A workaround of this problem is to run fresh fuel only and run the saw dry at the end of the work. Separate \"chain oil\" or \"bar", "title": "Chainsaw" }, { "id": "862161", "score": "1.6949551", "text": "away the lubricating oil into the combustion chamber while thinning the remainder with condensing petrol. Traditionally, the moving parts (both rotating crankshaft and sliding piston) were instead lubricated by a premixed fuel-oil mixture (at a ratio between 16:1 and 100:1). As late as the 1970s, petrol stations would often have a separate pump to deliver such a premix fuel to motorcycles. Even then, in many cases, the rider would carry a bottle of their own two-stroke oil. Two-stroke oils which became available worldwide in the 1970s are specifically designed to mix with petrol and be burnt in the combustion chamber", "title": "Two-stroke engine" }, { "id": "862162", "score": "1.6535987", "text": "without leaving undue unburnt oil or ash. This led to a marked reduction in spark plug fouling, which had previously been a factor in two-stroke engines. More recent two-stroke engines might pump lubrication from a separate tank of two-stroke oil. The supply of this oil is controlled by the throttle position and engine speed. Examples are found in Yamaha's PW80 (Pee-wee), a small, 80cc two-stroke dirt bike designed for young children, and many two-stroke snowmobiles. The technology is referred to as auto-lube. This is still a total-loss system with the oil being burnt the same as in the pre-mix system;", "title": "Two-stroke engine" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Two-stroke engine\n\nA two-stroke (or two-stroke cycle) engine is a type of internal combustion engine that completes a power cycle with two strokes (up and down movements) of the piston during one power cycle, this power cycle being completed in one revolution of the crankshaft. A four-stroke engine requires four strokes of the piston to complete a power cycle during two crankshaft revolutions. In a two-stroke engine, the end of the combustion stroke and the beginning of the compression stroke happen simultaneously, with the intake and exhaust (or scavenging) functions occurring at the same time.\n\nTwo-stroke engines often have a high power-to-weight ratio, power being available in a narrow range of rotational speeds called the power band. Two-stroke engines have fewer moving parts than four-stroke engines.", "title": "Two-stroke engine" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Two-stroke oil\n\nTwo-stroke oil (also referred to as two-cycle oil, 2-cycle oil, 2T oil, or 2-stroke oil) is a special type of motor oil intended for use in crankcase compression two-stroke engines, typical of small gasoline-powered engines.", "title": "Two-stroke oil" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Carburetor\n\nA carburetor (also spelled carburretor) is a device used by an internal combustion engine to control and mix air and fuel entering the engine. The primary method of adding fuel to the intake air is through the venturi tube in the main metering circuit, however various other components are also used to provide extra fuel or air in specific circumstances.\n\nSince the 1990s, carburetors have been largely replaced by fuel injection for cars and trucks, however carburetors are still used by some small engines (e.g. lawnmowers, generators and concrete mixers) and motorcycles. Diesel engines have always used fuel injection instead of carburetors.", "title": "Carburetor" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Wankel engine\n\nThe Wankel engine (, ) is a type of internal combustion engine using an eccentric rotary design to convert pressure into rotating motion. It was invented by German engineer Felix Wankel, and designed by German engineer Hanns-Dieter Paschke. The Wankel engine's rotor, which creates the turning motion, is similar in shape to a Reuleaux triangle, with the sides having less curvature. The rotor rotates inside an oval-like epitrochoidal housing, around a central output shaft. The rotor spins in a hula-hoop fashion around the central output shaft, spinning the shaft via toothed gearing.\n\nDue to its inherent poor thermodynamics, the Wankel engine has a significantly worse thermal efficiency and worse exhaust gas behaviour when compared against the Otto engine or the Diesel engine, which is why the Wankel engine has seen limited use since its introduction in the 1960s. However, its advantages of compact design, smoothness, lower weight and less parts over the aforementioned reciprocating piston internal combustion engines make the Wankel engine suited for applications such as chainsaws, auxiliary power units, loitering munitions, aircraft, jet skis and snowmobiles. In the past, the Wankel engine has also been used in road vehicles such as automobiles, motorcycles, and racing cars.", "title": "Wankel engine" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Component parts of internal combustion engines\n\nInternal combustion engines come in a wide variety of types, but have certain family resemblances, and thus share many common types of components.", "title": "Component parts of internal combustion engines" }, { "id": "8639096", "score": "1.6418754", "text": "for travelling along rough tracks. Fuel is usually coal but the engine may be designed to use wood fuel, straw or bagasse (sugar cane residue) instead. A longer, circular firebox is particularly suitable for burning logs rather than shorter wood billets. Machines designed for wood-burning may be fitted with spark arrestors. Most portable engines are single-cylinder but two-cylinder engines were also built. The slide valve is usually driven by a single eccentric and no reversing gear is fitted. There is usually a belt-driven governor to keep the engine running at constant speed, even if the load fluctuates. The engine may", "title": "Portable engine" }, { "id": "1784517", "score": "1.6257086", "text": "to large \"lumberjack\" saws. Members of military engineer units are trained to use chainsaws as are firefighters to fight forest fires and to ventilate structure fires. There are three main types of chainsaw sharpeners - Handheld File, Electric Chain Saw and Bar Mounted. A chainsaw consists of several parts: Chainsaw engines are traditionally either a two-stroke gasoline (petrol) internal combustion engine (usually with a cylinder volume of 30 to 120 cm) or an electric motor driven by a battery or electric power cord. Combustion engines today (2016) are supplied through a traditional carburetor or an electronically adjustable carburetor. The traditional", "title": "Chainsaw" }, { "id": "862150", "score": "1.6186699", "text": "been superseded since the 1960s by the loop scavenging method (below), especially for motorbikes, although for smaller or slower engines, such as lawn mowers, the cross-flow-scavenged design can be an acceptable approach. This method of scavenging uses carefully shaped and positioned transfer ports to direct the flow of fresh mixture toward the combustion chamber as it enters the cylinder. The fuel/air mixture strikes the cylinder head, then follows the curvature of the combustion chamber, and then is deflected downward. This not only prevents the fuel/air mixture from traveling directly out the exhaust port, but also creates a swirling turbulence which", "title": "Two-stroke engine" }, { "id": "17707538", "score": "1.6150718", "text": "advantage of 2-stroke engines of this type is mechanical simplicity and a higher power-to-weight ratio than their 4-stroke counterparts. Despite having twice as many power strokes per cycle, less than twice the power of a comparable 4-stroke engine is attainable in practice. In the US, 2-stroke engines were banned for road vehicles due to the pollution. Off-road only motorcycles are still often 2-stroke but are rarely road legal. However, many thousands of 2-stroke lawn maintenance engines are in use. Using a separate blower avoids many of the shortcomings of crankcase scavenging, at the expense of increased complexity which means a", "title": "Internal combustion engine" }, { "id": "1703044", "score": "1.6105618", "text": "small two-stroke engines, the oil may be pre-mixed with the gasoline or fuel, often in a rich gasoline:oil ratio of 25:1, 40:1 or 50:1, and burned in use along with the gasoline. Larger two-stroke engines used in boats and motorcycles may have a more economical oil injection system rather than oil pre-mixed into the gasoline. The oil injection system is not used on small engines used in applications like snowblowers and trolling motors as the oil injection system is too expensive for small engines and would take up too much room on the equipment. The oil properties will vary according", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "id": "15822563", "score": "1.6100881", "text": "from engine knocking. Most existing petrol aero-engines have low compression ratios, around 8:1 or 9:1, making a dual-fuel conversions viable. The fuel used in petrol-paraffin engines was known as Tractor vaporising oil (TVO) in the United Kingdom and as Power kerosene in Australia. TVO was withdrawn from sale by UK suppliers in 1974 but has been re-introduced by at least one supplier. A railway locomotive using \"solid\" naphthalene was built by Schneider-Creusot in France in 1913. It was a 70 bhp petrol-paraffin engine, but using solid naphthalene rather than paraffin, simply as a cheaper fuel. The naphthalene was melted and", "title": "Petrol-paraffin engine" }, { "id": "8808409", "score": "1.6017075", "text": "fuel and air into the engine, with the proportions kept fairly constant and their total volume throttled to control the engine power. Apart from sharing the diesel's use of compression ignition, their construction has more in common with a small two-stroke motorcycle or lawnmower engine. In addition to this, model diesels have variable compression ratios. This variable compression is achieved by a \"contra-piston,\" at the top of the cylinder, which can be adjusted by a screwed \"T-bar\". The swept volume of the engine remains the same, but as the volume of the combustion chamber at top dead centre is changed", "title": "Model engine" }, { "id": "6143965", "score": "1.5996324", "text": "Two-stroke oil Two-stroke oil (also referred to as two-cycle oil, 2-cycle oil, 2T oil, 2-stroke oil or petroil) is a special type of motor oil intended for use in crankcase compression two-stroke engines. Unlike a four-stroke engine, whose crankcase is closed except for its ventilation system, a two-stroke engine uses the crankcase as part of the induction tract, and therefore, oil must be mixed with gasoline to be distributed throughout the engine for lubrication. The resultant mix is referred to as petroil. This oil is ultimately burned along with the fuel as a total-loss oiling system. This results in increased", "title": "Two-stroke oil" }, { "id": "15534354", "score": "1.5984669", "text": "dimensions and power output, relative to larger automobile engines. Power output ranges from less than 1 to about 15 horsepower. The smallest of all are used in handheld garden machinery, such as string trimmers and chainsaws, which may be as small as piston displacement. The most common are four-stroke air-cooled single-cylinder engines running on either petrol or diesel. Engines for small machinery that must be hand-carried, such as string trimmers and chainsaws, are usually a two-stroke design, which is lighter for any given power output. However, two-stroke engines create a relatively large amount of air pollution and noise pollution, and", "title": "Small engine" }, { "id": "862160", "score": "1.5969504", "text": "turbochargers are unable to deliver enough air. Marine two-stroke diesel engines directly coupled to the propeller are able to start and run in either direction as required. The fuel injection and valve timing is mechanically readjusted by using a different set of cams on the camshaft. Thus, the engine can be run in reverse to move the vessel backwards. Most small petrol two-stroke engines cannot be lubricated by oil contained in their crankcase and sump, since the crankcase is being used to pump fuel-air mixture into the cylinder. Over a short period, the constant stream of fuel-air mixture would carry", "title": "Two-stroke engine" }, { "id": "862139", "score": "1.595453", "text": "system is less than in a four-stroke, which means that two-stroke engines can be more efficient. Crankcase-compression two-stroke engines, such as common small gasoline-powered engines, create more exhaust emissions than four-stroke engines of comparable power output because their two-stroke oil (petroil) lubrication mixture is also burned in the engine, due to the engine's total-loss oiling system, and because the combined opening time of the intake and exhaust ports in some 2-stroke designs can allow some amount of unburned fuel vapors to exit in the exhaust stream. Two-stroke petrol engines are preferred when mechanical simplicity, light weight, and high power-to-weight ratio", "title": "Two-stroke engine" }, { "id": "1435183", "score": "1.5873611", "text": "or flywheel on an engine dynamometer. A YouTube video shows workshop measurement of a car's power. The measured power curve in kW is shown at 3:39. Petrol engine A petrol engine (known as a gasoline engine in American English) is an internal combustion engine with spark-ignition, designed to run on petrol (gasoline) and similar volatile fuels. In most petrol engines, the fuel and air are usually mixed after compression (although some modern petrol engines now use cylinder-direct petrol injection). The pre-mixing was formerly done in a carburetor, but now it is done by electronically controlled fuel injection, except in small", "title": "Petrol engine" }, { "id": "1784533", "score": "1.5812713", "text": "oil\" is used for the lubrication of the bar and chain on all types of chain-saw. The chain oil is depleted quickly because it tends to be thrown off by chain centrifugal force, and it is soaked up by sawdust. On two-stroke chainsaws the chain oil reservoir is usually filled up at the same time as refuelling. The reservoir is normally large enough to provide sufficient chain oil between refuelling. Lack of chain-oil, or using an oil of incorrect viscosity, is a common source of damage to chain-saws, and tends to lead to rapid wear of the bar, or the", "title": "Chainsaw" }, { "id": "862141", "score": "1.5811343", "text": "regulation of air pollution. Eastern Bloc countries continued until around 1991, with the Trabant and Wartburg in East Germany. Two-stroke engines are still found in a variety of small propulsion applications, such as outboard motors, high-performance, small-capacity motorcycles, mopeds, and dirt bikes, underbones, scooters, tuk-tuks, snowmobiles, karts, ultralight airplanes, and model airplanes and other model vehicles. They are also common in power tools used outdoors, such as lawn mowers, chainsaws, and weed-wackers. With direct fuel injection and a sump-based lubrication system, a two-stroke engine produces air pollution no worse than a four-stroke, and it can achieve higher thermodynamic efficiency. Therefore,", "title": "Two-stroke engine" }, { "id": "12646063", "score": "1.5796826", "text": "fuel injected and either two-stroke or four-stroke. They use compression ignition to ignite the mixture: the compression within the cylinder heats the inlet charge sufficiently to cause ignition, without requiring any external ignition source. A fundamental feature of such engines, unlike petrol (gasoline) engines, is that they draw in air alone and the fuel is only mixed by being injected into the combustion chamber separately. Model diesel engines are instead a carbureted two-stroke using the crankcase for charge-air compression. The carburetor supplies a \"mixture\" of fuel and air into the engine, with the proportions kept fairly constant and their total", "title": "Carbureted compression ignition model engine" } ]

[ "gentle revolution", "Nežná revolúcia", "Sametová revoluce", "Nezna Revolucia", "Czech Revolution", "czecho slovakian revolution of 1989", "Czecho-Slovak Revolution", "czecho slovakian revolution", "slovak revolution of 1989", "czechoslovakian revolution of 1989", "Czech Revolution of 1989", "sametova revoluce", "Velvet Revolution", "Czechoslovak Revolution", "nezna revolucia", "slovakian revolution", "czech revolution", "Czecho-Slovakian Revolution", "nežná revolúcia", "czecho slovak revolution", "sametová revoluce", "Czechoslovak Revolution of 1989", "Slovak Revolution", "Velvet revolution", "Sametova revoluce", "Czecho-Slovakian Revolution of 1989", "Slovakian Revolution", "slovak revolution", "Czecho-Slovak Revolution of 1989", "The Velvet Revolution", "Slovak Revolution of 1989", "velvet revolution", "Nezna revolucia", "czecho slovak revolution of 1989", "Gentle Revolution", "czechoslovak revolution", "Sametova Revoluce", "Czechoslovakian Revolution", "czech revolution of 1989", "czechoslovakian revolution", "czechoslovak revolution of 1989", "Czechoslovakian Revolution of 1989" ]

[ { "id": "12360288", "score": "1.7759852", "text": "government. It is seen as one of the most important of the Revolutions of 1989. On 17 November 1989, riot police suppressed a peaceful student demonstration in Prague. That event sparked a series of popular demonstrations from 19 November to late December. By 20 November, the number of peaceful protesters assembled in Prague had swollen from 200,000 the previous day to an estimated half-million. A two-hour general strike, involving all citizens of Czechoslovakia, was held on 27 November. In June 1990, Czechoslovakia held its first democratic elections since 1946. In Finland, nationalistic anti-communism existed before the Cold War in the", "title": "Anti-communism" }, { "id": "1313722", "score": "1.7293162", "text": "Velvet Revolution The Velvet Revolution () or Gentle Revolution () was a non-violent transition of power in what was then Czechoslovakia, occurring from 17 November to 29 December 1989. Popular demonstrations against the one-party government of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia combined students and older dissidents. The result was the end of 41 years of one-party rule in Czechoslovakia, and the subsequent dismantling of the planned economy and conversion to a parliamentary republic. On 17 November 1989 (International Students' Day), riot police suppressed a student demonstration in Prague. It marked the 50th Anniversary of a violently suppressed demonstration against Nazi", "title": "Velvet Revolution" }, { "id": "2494450", "score": "1.7104266", "text": "intervention in 1968), and on October 28, 1989 (see above). The anti-Communist revolution started on November 16, 1989, in Bratislava, with a demonstration of Slovak university students for democracy, and continued with the well-known similar demonstration of Czech students in Prague on November 17. A coalition government, in which the Communist Party had a minority of ministerial positions, was formed in December 1989. The first free elections in Czechoslovakia since 1946 took place in June 1990 without incident and with more than 95% of the population voting. As anticipated, Civic Forum and Public Against Violence won landslide victories in their", "title": "History of Czechoslovakia (1989–92)" }, { "id": "362516", "score": "1.706739", "text": "of Czechoslovakia, technically together with the coalition of the so-called National Front. Before the free democratic elections could take place after the revolution, a transitional government was created. 1989 President of Czechoslovakia Gustáv Husák sworn in the Government of National Understanding (, ) headed by Marián Čalfa and he himself abdicated. It consisted of 10 communists and 9 non-communists and its main goal was to prepare for democratic elections, to establish market economy in the country and to start preparing a new constitution. On 8–9 June 1990, the Czechoslovakian parliamentary election of 1990 took place. Čalfa's second government was disbanded", "title": "Politics of Slovakia" }, { "id": "7487610", "score": "1.7034469", "text": "by the East-West divide running through Berlin itself. The last Russian troops left the territory of the former GDR, now part of a reunited Federal Republic of Germany, on 1 September 1994. The \"Velvet Revolution\" was a non-violent revolution in Czechoslovakia that saw the overthrow of the Communist government. On 17 November 1989 (Friday), riot police suppressed a peaceful student demonstration in Prague, although controversy continues over whether anyone died that night. That event sparked a series of popular demonstrations from 19 November to late December. By 20 November the number of peaceful protesters assembled in Prague had swelled from", "title": "Revolutions of 1989" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Revolutions of 1989" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Velvet Revolution\n\nThe Velvet Revolution () or Gentle Revolution () was a non-violent transition of power in what was then Czechoslovakia, occurring from 17 November to 28 November 1989. Popular demonstrations against the one-party government of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia included students and older dissidents. The result was the end of 41 years of one-party rule in Czechoslovakia, and the subsequent dismantling of the command economy and conversion to a parliamentary republic.\n\nOn 17 November 1989 (International Students' Day), riot police suppressed a student demonstration in Prague. The event marked the 50th anniversary of a violently suppressed demonstration against the Nazi storming of Prague University in 1939 where 1,200 students were arrested and 9 killed (see Origin of International Students' Day). The 1989 event sparked a series of demonstrations from 17 November to late December and turned into an anti-communist demonstration. On 20 November, the number of protesters assembled in Prague grew from 200,000 the previous day to an estimated 500,000. The entire top leadership of the Communist Party, including General Secretary Miloš Jakeš, resigned on 24 November. On 27 November, a two-hour general strike involving all citizens of Czechoslovakia was held.\n\nIn response to the collapse of other Warsaw Pact governments and the increasing street protests, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia announced on 28 November that it would relinquish power and end the one-party state. Two days later, the federal parliament formally deleted the sections of the Constitution giving the Communist Party a monopoly of power. Barbed wire and other obstructions were removed from the border with West Germany and Austria in early December. On 10 December, President Gustáv Husák appointed the first largely non-communist government in Czechoslovakia since 1948, and resigned. Alexander Dubček was elected speaker of the federal parliament on 28 December and Václav Havel the President of Czechoslovakia on 29 December 1989.\n\nIn June 1990, Czechoslovakia held its first democratic elections since 1946. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully split into two countries, the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. \n\nThe dissolution of Czechoslovakia occurred mainly due to national governance issues between the Slovaks and Czechs (the two major ethnicities comprising the former Czechoslovakia).", "title": "Velvet Revolution" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Peaceful Revolution\n\nThe Peaceful Revolution (), as a part of the Revolutions of 1989, was the process of sociopolitical change that led to the opening of East Germany's borders with the West, the end of the ruling of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) (communist regime) in the German Democratic Republic (GDR or \"East Germany\") in 1989 and the transition to a parliamentary democracy, which later enabled the reunification of Germany in October 1990. This happened through non-violent initiatives and demonstrations. This period of change is referred to in German as (, \"the turning point\").\n\nThese events were closely linked to Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's decision to abandon Soviet hegemony in Eastern Europe as well as the reformist movements that spread through Eastern Bloc countries. In addition to the Soviet Union's shift in foreign policy, the GDR's lack of competitiveness in the global market, as well as its sharply rising national debt, hastened the destabilization of the SED's one-party state.\n\nThose driving the reform process within the GDR included intellectuals and church figures who had been in underground opposition for several years, people attempting to flee the country, and peaceful demonstrators who were no longer willing to yield to the threat of violence and repression.\n\nBecause of its hostile response to the reforms implemented within its \"socialist brother lands\", the SED leadership was already increasingly isolated within the Eastern Bloc when it permitted the opening of the border at the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989. Through a change in leadership and a willingness to negotiate, the SED attempted to win back the political initiative, but control of the situation increasingly lay with the West German government under Chancellor Helmut Kohl.\n\nFrom December 1989, the GDR government of Prime Minister Hans Modrow was influenced by the Central Round Table, which put into action the dissolution of the Stasi and prepared free elections. After an election win for a coalition of parties that supported German reunification, the political path within the GDR was clear.", "title": "Peaceful Revolution" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Fall of the Berlin Wall\n\nThe fall of the Berlin Wall () on 9 November 1989, during the Peaceful Revolution, was a pivotal event in world history which marked the destruction of the Berlin Wall and the figurative Iron Curtain and one of the series of events that started the fall of communism in Eastern and Central Europe, preceded by the Solidarity Movement in Poland. The fall of the inner German border took place shortly afterwards. An end to the Cold War was declared at the Malta Summit three weeks later and the German reunification took place in October the following year.", "title": "Fall of the Berlin Wall" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Václav Havel" }, { "id": "19927807", "score": "1.6829181", "text": "alias\". Among those to testify against him was Stella Rimington, using the alias \"Miss J\". The jury returned a guilty verdict after just 45 minutes deliberation, and on 3 March 1989 he was sentenced to ten years imprisonment. He was subsequently held at HM Prison Parkhurst. While he was in Parkhurst, the 1989 Velvet Revolution saw the overthrow of communism in Czechoslovakia. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully dissolved, with its constituent states becoming the independent states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Following an unsuccessful escape attempt and a period on hunger strike, as well as lobbying on his", "title": "Václav Jelínek" }, { "id": "13136327", "score": "1.6739266", "text": "of a student protest in Prague, increasing protests swelled to an estimated half-million Czechs and Slovaks demanding freedoms. A two-hour general strike, involving all citizens of Czechoslovakia, was held on November 27, 1989. Barbed wire and other obstructions were removed from the border with West Germany and Austria in early December. The next day, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia announced that it would relinquish power and dismantle the one-party state. On December 10, President Gustáv Husák appointed the first largely non-Communist government in Czechoslovakia since 1948, and resigned, in what was called the Velvet Revolution. In the People's Republic of", "title": "Eastern Bloc emigration and defection" }, { "id": "63663", "score": "1.6717734", "text": "published Charter 77 in 1977, and the first of a new wave of protests were seen in 1988. Between 1948 and 1989 about 250,000 Czechs and Slovaks were sent to prison for political reasons, and over 400,000 emigrated. In November 1989, Czechoslovakia returned to a liberal democracy through the peaceful \"Velvet Revolution\" (led by Václav Havel and his Civic Forum). However, Slovak national aspirations strengthened (see Hyphen War) and on 1 January 1993, the country peacefully split into the independent Czech Republic and Slovakia. Both countries went through economic reforms and privatisations, with the intention of creating a market economy.", "title": "Czech Republic" }, { "id": "7487612", "score": "1.6697999", "text": "Gustáv Husák appointed the first largely non-Communist government in Czechoslovakia since 1948, and resigned. Alexander Dubček was elected speaker of the federal parliament on 28 December and Václav Havel the President of Czechoslovakia on 29 December 1989. In June 1990 Czechoslovakia held its first democratic elections since 1946. On 27 June 1991 the last Soviet troops were withdrawn from Czechoslovakia. In October and November 1989, demonstrations on ecological issues were staged in Sofia, where demands for political reform were also voiced. The demonstrations were suppressed, but on 10 November 1989 (the day after the Berlin Wall was breached) Bulgaria's long-serving", "title": "Revolutions of 1989" }, { "id": "12570598", "score": "1.6648328", "text": "the 1989 \"Velvet Revolution\", which ended more than 40 years of Communist rule in Czechoslovakia, to the band, Reed pointed out that the name \"Velvet Revolution\" derives from its peaceful nature—that no one was \"actually hurt\" during those events. Reed has also given at least one radio interview where he stated that it was called the Velvet Revolution because all of the dissidents were listening to the Velvet Underground leading up to the overthrow, and this music was an inspiration for the events that followed. After Havel's election as president, first of Czechoslovakia and then the Czech Republic, Reed visited", "title": "The Velvet Underground" }, { "id": "11091315", "score": "1.6587412", "text": "1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état The 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état (often simply the Czech coup) (, , both meaning \"February 1948\") – in Marxist historiography known as \"Victorious February\" (, ) – was an event late that February in which the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, with Soviet backing, assumed undisputed control over the government of Czechoslovakia, marking the onset of four decades of communist rule in the country. The coup’s significance extended well beyond the country’s boundaries as it was a clear marker along the already well-advanced road to full-fledged Cold War. The event alarmed Western countries and helped spur quick", "title": "1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état" }, { "id": "4321799", "score": "1.6568377", "text": "Violence. The government initially had an 11 to 10 majority of non-Communists, but this grew as people left the Communist party, while Václav Havel was elected President of Czechoslovakia and Alexander Dubček became the chair of the Federal Assembly. In Slovakia a new government was also formed on the 12 December 1989 led by the Communist Minister of Justice Milan Čič, with equal numbers of Communists and non-Communists. Members of Public Against Violence formed part of the government, including Vladimír Mečiar as Interior Minister, and like Marián Čalfa nationally, Milan Čič would leave the Communist party in 1990 and joined", "title": "Public Against Violence" }, { "id": "4321798", "score": "1.6520822", "text": "representing Public Against Violence at talks together with Václav Havel for Civic Forum. After a two-hour general strike on 27 November demonstrated support for the opposition, agreement was reached on the 29 November for the leading role of the Communist Party to be ended. After the rejection by the opposition of an interim government which would have been largely Communist, another government of Czechoslovakia was formed on the 7 December 1989, with Slovak Communist Marián Čalfa as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia. Čalfa went on to leave the Communist Party on the 18 January 1990 and would then join Public Against", "title": "Public Against Violence" }, { "id": "2500494", "score": "1.6479232", "text": "21 August 1988 (the anniversary of the Soviet intervention in 1968) in Prague, on 28 October 1988 (establishment of Czechoslovakia in 1918) in Prague, Bratislava and some other towns, in January 1989 (death of Jan Palach on 16 January 1969), on 21 August 1989 (see above) and on 28 October 1989 (see above). The anti-Communist revolution started on 16 November 1989 in Bratislava, with a demonstration of Slovak university students for democracy, and continued with the well-known similar demonstration of Czech students in Prague on 17 November. On 17 November 1989, the communist police violently broke up a peaceful pro-democracy", "title": "History of Czechoslovakia" }, { "id": "63783", "score": "1.6461768", "text": "activities, which went as far as a ban on professional employment, the refusal of higher education for the dissidents' children, police harassment and prison. In 1989, the Velvet Revolution restored democracy. This occurred at around the same time as the fall of communism in Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Poland. Within three years communist rule was extirpated from Europe. The word \"socialist\" was removed from the country's full name on 29 March 1990 and replaced by \"federal\". In 1992, because of growing nationalist tensions in the government, Czechoslovakia was peacefully dissolved by parliament. On 1 January 1993 it formally separated into", "title": "Czechoslovakia" }, { "id": "7928564", "score": "1.6460533", "text": "that any future uprising would be suppressed immediately. On June 8 the measures instituted on May 31 were recalled, except for the currency reform; also prices were reduced somewhat. This and other uprisings in Central Europe forced the leaders of the Soviet Union to exercise greater control over these countries. No further violent uprising occurred in Czechoslovakia until the Warsaw Pact invasion of 1968. The Velvet Revolution (1989) that ended the power of the communist party was mostly bloodless. Detailed knowledge of the 1953 events in Plzeň was and still is relatively low among the Czech public. The shaken trust", "title": "Uprising in Plzeň (1953)" }, { "id": "2494449", "score": "1.6457372", "text": "by the police force. Some 100 participants were arrested. Leading Communist functionaries (e.g., the Slovak prime minister, minister of the interior, minister of culture) were observing the whole operation from the windows of a nearby hotel (Carlton). Demonstrations also occurred on October 28, 1988 (the anniversary of the establishment of Czechoslovakia in 1918) in Prague, Bratislava and some other towns. The establishment of the \"capitalist\" Czechoslovakia on October 28 only became a public holiday in September 1988 in the Communist Czechoslovakia. Further demonstrations followed in January 1989 (death of Jan Palach on January 16, 1969), on August 21, 1989 (Soviet", "title": "History of Czechoslovakia (1989–92)" }, { "id": "7487611", "score": "1.639173", "text": "200,000 the previous day to an estimated half-million. Five days later, the Letná Square protest held 800,000 people. On 24 November, the entire Communist Party leadership, including general secretary Miloš Jakeš, resigned. A two-hour general strike, involving all citizens of Czechoslovakia, was successfully held on 27 November. With the collapse of other Communist governments, and increasing street protests, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia announced on 28 November 1989 that it would relinquish power and dismantle the single-party state. Barbed wire and other obstructions were removed from the border with West Germany and Austria in early December. On 10 December, President", "title": "Revolutions of 1989" }, { "id": "1313723", "score": "1.6388466", "text": "occupation. The 17 Nov. 1989 event sparked a series of demonstrations from 17 November to late December. By 20 November, the number of protesters assembled in Prague grew from 200,000 the previous day to an estimated 500,000. The entire top leadership of the Communist Party, including General Secretary Miloš Jakeš, resigned on 24 November. On 27 November, two-hour general strike involving all citizens of Czechoslovakia was held. In response to the collapse of other Warsaw Pact governments and the increasing street protests, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia announced on 28 November that it would relinquish power and dismantle the one-party", "title": "Velvet Revolution" }, { "id": "63662", "score": "1.6376779", "text": "in the late 1960s, culminating in Alexander Dubček's leadership in the 1968 Prague Spring, which tried to create \"socialism with a human face\" and perhaps even introduce political pluralism. This was forcibly ended by invasion by all Warsaw Pact member countries with the exception of Romania and Albania on 21 August 1968. Student Jan Palach became a symbol of resistance to the occupation, when he committed self-immolation as a political protest. The invasion was followed by a harsh program of \"Normalization\" in the late 1960s and the 1970s. Until 1989, the political establishment relied on censorship of the opposition. Dissidents", "title": "Czech Republic" } ]

[ "mary second", "queen mary ii disambiguation", "Mary II (disambiguation)", "queen mary ii", "mary ii", "Mary the Second", "Queen mary ii", "Mary II", "mary ii disambiguation", "Queen Mary II", "Queen Mary II (disambiguation)" ]

[ { "id": "1624164", "score": "1.6369555", "text": "Seawise Giant Seawise Giant, later Happy Giant, Jahre Viking, Knock Nevis, Oppama, and Mont, was a ULCC supertanker that was the longest ship ever, built by Sumitomo Heavy Industries in Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan. She possessed the greatest deadweight tonnage ever recorded. Fully loaded, her displacement was , the heaviest ship of any kind, and with a laden draft of , she was incapable of navigating the English Channel, the Suez Canal or the Panama Canal. Overall, she is generally considered the largest ship ever built. She was sunk during the Iran–Iraq War, but was later salvaged and restored to service.", "title": "Seawise Giant" }, { "id": "2310862", "score": "1.6069846", "text": "the \"Freedom of the Seas\" of the Royal Caribbean line as the largest passenger ship ever built; however, \"QM2\" still hold the record for the largest ocean liner. The \"Freedom of the Seas\" was superseded by the \"Oasis of the Seas\" in October 2009. Because of changes in historic measurement systems, it is impossible to make meaningful and accurate comparisons of ship sizes over time beyond length. Three alternative forms of measurement are ship \"volume\", \"weight\", and weight of water it \"displaces\". A fourth, \"deadweight tonnage\" (DWT), is a measure of how much mass a ship can safely carry, and", "title": "Passenger ship" }, { "id": "12548022", "score": "1.6056118", "text": "maiden voyage on 26 July. She was shorter than the \"Oceanic\" but was still longer than the \"Great Eastern\". After \"Celtic\" was completed, she was the biggest ship in the world at 21,035 gross tons. The project was followed by the , which was launched on 21 August 1902 and made her maiden voyage on 11 February 1903. At the time she was launched she was the biggest moving object ever built at 21,073 gross tons. The project was followed by the , which was launched on 21 November 1903 and made her maiden voyage on 29 June 1904. She", "title": "Big Four (White Star Line)" }, { "id": "1430541", "score": "1.6020322", "text": "was a slightly larger ship, the largest passenger liner ever built at that time and for 56 years thereafter. She also has the distinction of being the largest-ever riveted ship by gross tonnage. She first entered service in February 1940 as a troopship in World War II, and it was not until October 1946 that she served in her intended role as an ocean liner. With the decline in the popularity of the transatlantic route, both ships were replaced by the smaller, more economical \"Queen Elizabeth 2\" in 1969. \"Queen Mary\" was retired from service on 9 December 1967, and", "title": "RMS Queen Elizabeth" }, { "id": "12002716", "score": "1.597828", "text": "Seas\" surpassed the cruise ships (also owned by Royal Caribbean) to become the largest cruise ship in the world at that time. She was herself surpassed by her sister ship \"Allure of the Seas\", which is longer, although this may have been caused by ambient temperature differences at the times the measurements were made. In May 2016, her second sister ship became the new record holder with a length of . The vessel was ordered in February 2006 and designed under the name \"Project Genesis\". Her keel was laid down on 12 November 2007 by STX Europe Turku Shipyard, Finland.", "title": "MS Oasis of the Seas" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Queen Mary 2\n\nRMS \"Queen Mary 2 (also referred to as the QM2\") is a British transatlantic ocean liner. She has served as the flagship of Cunard Line since succeeding \"Queen Elizabeth 2\" in 2004. As of 2022, \"Queen Mary 2\" is the only ocean liner (as opposed to a cruise ship) still in service.\n\nThe ship was officially named \"Queen Mary 2\" by Queen Elizabeth II in 2004 after the first of 1936. \"Queen Mary\" had in turn been named after Mary of Teck, consort of King George V. With the retirement of \"Queen Elizabeth 2\" in 2008, \"Queen Mary 2\" is the only transatlantic ocean liner in regular service between Southampton, England, and New York City, United States. The ship is also used for cruising, including an annual world cruise.\n\nShe was designed by a team of British naval architects led by Stephen Payne, and was constructed in France by Chantiers de l'Atlantique. At the time of her construction, \"Queen Mary 2\" was the longest, at , and largest, with a gross tonnage of , passenger ship ever built. She no longer holds these records after the construction of Royal Caribbean International's (a cruise ship) in April 2006, but remains the largest ocean liner ever built.\n\n\"Queen Mary 2\" was intended for regular scheduled crossings of the Atlantic Ocean; the final construction cost was approximately $300,000 per berth. The cost was increased by the high quality of materials; having been designed as an ocean liner, 40% more steel was required than for a standard cruise ship. \"Queen Mary 2\" has a maximum speed of just over and a cruising speed of , which is faster than a contemporary cruise ship. Instead of the common diesel-electric configuration, \"Queen Mary 2\" uses integrated electric propulsion to achieve her top speed. Diesel engines, augmented by gas turbines, are used to generate electricity for electric motors for propulsion and for on-board use.\n\n\"Queen Mary 2\"'s facilities include fifteen restaurants and bars, five swimming pools, a casino, a ballroom, a theatre, and the first planetarium at sea.", "title": "Queen Mary 2" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Chantiers de l'Atlantique\n\nChantiers de l'Atlantique is a shipyard in Saint-Nazaire, France. It is one of the world's largest shipyards, constructing a wide range of commercial, naval, and passenger ships. It is located near Nantes, at the mouth of the Loire river and the deep waters of the Atlantic, which make the sailing of large ships in and out of the shipyards easy.\n\nThe shipyard was owned by Alstom from 1976 onwards, became Alstom-Atlantique, and was later part of Aker Yards when Aker Group acquired the Alstom Marine business in 2006.<ref name=AY-AS-H-01/><ref name=AY-AS-H-02/> In 2008, the South Korean company STX Corporation acquired Aker Yards, and the shipyard became part of STX Europe (formed by the renaming of Aker Yards).<ref name=AK-STX-H-01/>\n\nAfter the bankruptcy of STX Corporation, the shipyard was acquired by the French government and reverted to its original name of Chantiers de l'Atlantique.", "title": "Chantiers de l'Atlantique" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of largest cruise ships\n\nCruise ships are large passenger ships used mainly for vacationing. Unlike ocean liners, which are used for transport, they typically embark on round-trip voyages to various ports-of-call, where passengers may go on tours known as \"shore excursions\". before then, few were more than 50,000GT. In the decades since, the size of the largest vessels has more than doubled. There have been nine or more new cruise ships added every year since 2001, most of which are 100,000GT or greater. In the two decades between 1988 and 2009, the largest cruise ships grew a third longer (268 m to 360 m), almost doubled their widths (32.2 m to 60.5 m), doubled the total passengers (2,744 to 5,400), and tripled in volume (73,000 GT to 225,000 GT). , the largest cruise ship, , has a gross tonnage of 236,857, is long, wide, and holds up to 6,988 passengers.<ref name=\"RCIwonder_fs\" /><ref name=\"RCIwonderDNV\" />\n\nCruise ships are organized much like floating hotels, with a complete hospitality staff in addition to the usual ship's crew. Modern cruise ships, while sacrificing some qualities of seaworthiness, have added amenities to cater to nautical tourists, with recent vessels being described as \"balcony-laden floating condominiums\". The \"megaships\" went from a single deck with verandas to all decks with verandas, and feature ameneties such as theaters, fine-dining and chain restaurants, spas, fitness centers, casinos, sports facilities, and even amusement park attractions.\n\nCruise ships require electricity for powering both hotel services and for propulsion. Cruise ships are designed with all the heavy machinery at the bottom of the ship and lightweight materials at the top, making them inherently stable even as ship designs are getting taller and taller, and most passenger ships utilize stabilizer fins to further reduce rolling of tall ships in heavy weather. While some cruise ships use traditional fixed propellers and rudders to steer, most larger ships use propellers that can swivel left and right to steer the ship, known as azimuth thrusters, which allow even the largest ship designs to have adequate maneuverability.\n\nCruise ships are operated by cruise lines, which are companies that market cruises to the public. In the 1990s, many cruise lines were bought by much larger holding companies and continue to operate as brands or subsidiaries of the holding company. For instance, Carnival Corporation & plc owns both the mass-market Carnival Cruise Line, focused on larger party ships for younger travelers, and Holland America Line, whose smaller ships cultivate an image of classic elegance. The common practice in the cruise industry in ship sales and orders is to list the smaller operating company, not the larger holding corporation, as the recipient cruise line of the ship.", "title": "List of largest cruise ships" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Timeline of largest passenger ships\n\nThis is a timeline of the world's largest passenger ships based upon internal volume, initially measured by gross register tonnage and later by gross tonnage. This timeline reflects the largest extant passenger ship in the world at any given time. If a given ship was superseded by another, scrapped, or lost at sea, it is then succeeded. Some records for tonnage outlived the ships that set them - notably the SS \"Great Eastern\", and RMS \"Queen Elizabeth\".\n\n\n", "title": "Timeline of largest passenger ships" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "SS France (1960)\n\nSS \"France\" was a Compagnie Générale Transatlantique (CGT, or French Line) ocean liner, constructed by the Chantiers de l'Atlantique shipyard at Saint-Nazaire, France, and put into service in February 1962. At the time of her construction in 1960, the vessel was the longest passenger ship ever built, a record that remained unchallenged until the construction of the in 2004.\n\n\"France\" was later purchased by Norwegian Cruise Line (NCL) in 1979, renamed SS \"Norway and underwent significant modifications to refit her for cruising duties. She was renamed SS \"Blue Lady and sold to be scrapped in 2005, and scrapping was completed in late 2008.", "title": "SS France (1960)" }, { "id": "9141546", "score": "1.5924337", "text": "to be given this name. She was given a superstructure four decks in height and a third smokestack. Her tonnage was increased to over 27,000 gross tons, making her Red Star’s largest and most luxurious ship. She remained on her route for a decade, and occasionally spent time on extensive world and winter cruises. On 4 December 1924 she embarked on a 133-day world cruise — one of the longest attempted by a luxury liner at the time - advertised as \"The Largest Ship to Circle the Globe\". One of her most famous passengers was Albert Einstein. Returning to Germany", "title": "SS Belgenland (1914)" }, { "id": "14404696", "score": "1.5873293", "text": "three miles with her single screw in reverse. List of world's longest ships Globtik Tokyo Globtik Tokyo was one of three oil tankers in its class. At the time her keel was laid in 1972 she was the largest supertanker in the world at 378.85 meters (1,242 feet) and 483,684 tonnes (dwt). She held that distinction until 1973 when her sister ship the \"Globtik London\" was launched. Identical in size the \"London\" was larger by 276 dead weight tonnes (dwt). Both ships had a hold capacity of 580 million liters (3.65 million US barrels). Owned by Globtik Tankers, London they", "title": "Globtik Tokyo" }, { "id": "2122292", "score": "1.5823023", "text": "1858. In 1858, Brunel built his third and last giant, . The ship was, for 43 years, the largest passenger ship ever built. She had the capacity to carry 4,000 passengers. Her career was marked by a series of failures and incidents, one of which was an explosion on board during her maiden voyage. Many ships owned by German companies like Hamburg America Line and Norddeutscher Lloyd were sailing from major German ports, such as Hamburg and Bremen, to the United States during this time. The year 1858 was marked by a major accident: the sinking of . The ship,", "title": "Ocean liner" }, { "id": "6172221", "score": "1.5813954", "text": "January 1858, she was 693 feet in length (over 200 metres) 22,500 tons dead weight and had passenger accommodation for over 3000 passengers. Five times larger than any other ship then built, she had six masts named Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday etc..., five funnels, 6500 yards of sail, two 58 ft paddle wheels, a 24 ft screw (which remains the biggest ever built) and a coal carrying capacity of 15000 tons. \"Great Eastern\" had a career dogged by misfortune. \"Great Eastern\" was made ready for her maiden voyage to the United States. She was designed for the longer Britain to Australia", "title": "Robert Halpin" }, { "id": "4542913", "score": "1.5803738", "text": "her back the title of largest passenger ship in the world, from the 73,000-ton MS \"Sovereign of the Seas\"), her passenger capacity to 2,565, and gave her a competitive edge against newer ships being built at that time which featured more and more private balcony suites for their passengers. But ship aficionados were incensed that these new decks, built with very rectilinear lines to accommodate the prefabricated cabin units within, ruined the original sweeping lines of the \"France\", and made the \"Norway\" appear top-heavy. The \"France's\" interiors were where the ship displayed its purpose as a showcase of modern French", "title": "SS France (1961)" }, { "id": "1302585", "score": "1.573681", "text": "first-class cabins amidships, with the added amenity of large portholes, electricity and running water. The size of ocean liners increased from 1880 to meet the needs of the human migration to the United States and Australia. Launched in 1938, was the largest passenger steamship ever built. Launched in 1969, (QE2) was the last passenger steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean on a scheduled liner voyage before she was converted to diesels in 1986. The last major passenger ship built with steam turbines was the \"Fairsky\", launched in 1984, later Atlantic Star, reportedly sold to Turkish shipbreakers in 2013. Most luxury", "title": "Steamship" }, { "id": "2574207", "score": "1.5619637", "text": "her maiden voyage it was noted how while at sea, she was \"as steady as the Rock of Gibraltar.\" Meanwhile, construction on \"Cedric\" had proceeded as planned and she was launched on 21 August 1902. Although she was of exactly the same dimensions as \"Celtic\" in length and width, she outweighed her twin by a mere 155 tons, making her now the largest ship in the world. Despite their similarities, the two had distinct differences. Aboard \"Cedric\", First Class accommodations included more private bathrooms as well as more suites consisting of interconnecting cabins provided with sitting rooms. In all, she", "title": "White Star Line" }, { "id": "7222062", "score": "1.5610301", "text": "the largest ship ever built - A mile long, half a mile tall and taking ten years to build. Designed by architect Ashbless - who is aboard and part of the governing cabal, and launched in 1928 with some 28,000 on board her maiden voyage was to New York. At some unspecified point of the journey it disappeared and has spent the last twenty years lost in an endless and lifeless ocean. Detective Lament is summoned to the officers club, where the cabal ask him to look into several murders - hushed up as suicides - that have occurred in", "title": "Leviathan (2000 AD)" }, { "id": "2310861", "score": "1.5538266", "text": "were ordered, until the Cunard liner \"Queen Elizabeth\" was finally dethroned from her 56-year reign as the largest passenger ship ever built (a dethronement that led to numerous further dethronements from the same position). Both the RMS (\"QE2\") (1969) and her successor as Cunard's flagship (\"QM2\"), which entered service in 2004, are of hybrid construction. Like transatlantic ocean liners, they are fast ships and strongly built to withstand the rigors of the North Atlantic in line voyage service, but both ships are also designed to operate as cruise ships, with the amenities expected in that trade. \"QM2\" was superseded by", "title": "Passenger ship" }, { "id": "1624170", "score": "1.5530074", "text": "longest ship ever constructed, at 458.45m, longer than the height of many of the world's tallest buildings: although slightly smaller than Taipei 101's , it was larger than the Petronas Twin Towers' . Despite its great length, \"Seawise Giant\" was not the largest ship by gross tonnage, ranking fifth at 260,941 GT, behind the four 274,838 to 275,276 GT \"Batillus\"-class supertankers. It is the longest and largest by deadweight: 564,763 tonnes. \"Batillus\"-class ships and \"Seawise Giant\" were the largest self-propelled objects ever constructed. \"Seawise Giant\" was featured on the BBC series \"Jeremy Clarkson's Extreme Machines\" while it was underway as", "title": "Seawise Giant" }, { "id": "1445918", "score": "1.5513005", "text": "her dimensions were altered whilst still on the building stocks after the \"Titanic\" disaster. With a gross tonnage of 48,158, she surpassed her sisters in terms of size (volume), but that did not make her the largest passenger ship in service at that time; the German SS \"Vaterland\" was significantly bigger. The ship was propelled by a mixed system already tested on her sisters: two triple expansion steam engines powered the three-bladed starboard and port wing propellers while a steam turbine used steam exhausted from the two reciprocating engines to power the central four-bladed propeller. She could reach a speed", "title": "HMHS Britannic" }, { "id": "8277287", "score": "1.5508215", "text": "delayed her completion until 1922. She made her maiden voyage in April 1924. At the time, she was the German merchant marine's largest, fastest ocean liner. She measured 32,581 gross tonnage, was long with 1,750 cabins for luxury, first, second and tourist class passengers. Her maximum speed was 23 knots. \"She had been chartered for a number of years by Cooks Travel Agency in New York and cruised into West Indian waters about every two weeks with occasional trips around South America and Africa.\" She was one of the first liners to have an outside swimming pool installed on her", "title": "SS Columbus (1924)" }, { "id": "5071672", "score": "1.5495138", "text": "sized Cunarder was launched on 28 July 1938 by Lady Bates, wife of the Cunard White Star chairman. She was named \"Mauretania\" to honour the previous record breaking \"Mauretania\" which had been retired in 1935. The ship was designed for the London to New York service and was the largest vessel ever to navigate the River Thames and use the Royal Docks. She was also intended to stand in for one of the Cunard Queens when they were undergoing maintenance. \"This is a red letter day, not only for me but for Merseyside. The launch of the largest ship that", "title": "RMS Mauretania (1938)" }, { "id": "1624171", "score": "1.5487587", "text": "\"Jahre Viking\". According to its captain, S. K. Mohan, it could reach up to in good weather, it took to stop from that speed, and its turning circle in clear weather was about . Seawise Giant Seawise Giant, later Happy Giant, Jahre Viking, Knock Nevis, Oppama, and Mont, was a ULCC supertanker that was the longest ship ever, built by Sumitomo Heavy Industries in Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan. She possessed the greatest deadweight tonnage ever recorded. Fully loaded, her displacement was , the heaviest ship of any kind, and with a laden draft of , she was incapable of navigating the", "title": "Seawise Giant" }, { "id": "8015538", "score": "1.5460694", "text": "service. Home Lines (incorrectly) marketed her as \"the largest ship ever designed for year-round cruises\". In their marketing material, Home Lines also used British tonnage measurement for the ship (giving her tonnage as ), even though she was registered in Panama, and by Panamanian measurements she was only . \"Oceanic\" was delivered to Home Lines in March 1965. On 31 March, she left on a transatlantic crossing with fare-paying passengers (only 200 of them) from Genoa to New York City. She made a short series of transatlantic crossings, following which she entered cruise service from New York to the Bahamas", "title": "SS Oceanic (1965)" } ]

[ "Hague convention", "Hague Convention (disambiguation)", "Hague Conventions", "Hague conventions", "The Hague Convention", "hague convention", "hague conventions", "hague convention disambiguation", "Hague Convention", "haig convention", "Haig convention" ]

[ { "id": "7756622", "score": "1.6297309", "text": "conduct of non-signatory parties. Further, the Hague treaties of 1899 and 1907 – which superseded the St. Petersburg Declaration, and were signed by a far wider circle of nations – do permit the use of such ammunition for auto-cannons and heavy machine guns. Machine guns firing .50 cal/12.7mm ammunition are heavy machine guns. At best, the ICRC's position can be applied to only a small group of nations that were parties to the St. Petersburg Declaration; at worst, the ICRC's position is made moot by more than 100 years of subsequent international treaties. Trials conducted by Forsvarets Forskningsinstitutt (Norwegian Defence", "title": "Raufoss Mk 211" }, { "id": "11098713", "score": "1.5681746", "text": "the immediate run up to World War II. The most relevant of these treaties is the Hague Convention of 1907 because it was the last treaty ratified before 1939 which specify the laws of war regarding the use of bombardment. In the Hague Convention of 1907, there are two which have a direct bearing on this issue of bombardment. These are \"Laws of War: Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV); 18 October 1907\" and \"Laws of War: Bombardment by Naval Forces in Time of War (Hague IX); 18 October 1907\". It is significant that there is a", "title": "Aerial bombardment and international law" }, { "id": "2228630", "score": "1.5579395", "text": "lead to horrific consequences in any future war. The protocol has since been augmented by the Biological Weapons Convention (1972) and the Chemical Weapons Convention (1993). Many of the rules laid down at the Hague Conventions were violated in World War I. The German invasion of Belgium, for instance, was a violation of Convention (III) of 1907, which states that hostilities must not commence without explicit warning. Poison gas was introduced and used by all major belligerents throughout the war, in violation of the Declaration (IV, 2) of 1899 and Convention (IV) of 1907, which explicitly forbade the use of", "title": "Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907" }, { "id": "2247446", "score": "1.5412521", "text": "forbidden. Very few nations were parties to the St. Petersburg Declaration, however, and that declaration does not govern the conduct of non-signatory parties. Further, the Hague treaties of 1899 and 1907 – which superseded the St. Petersburg Declaration, and were signed by a far wider circle of nations – do permit the use of such ammunition for auto-cannons and heavy machine guns. Machine guns firing .50 cal/12.7mm ammunition are heavy machine guns. At best, the ICRC's position can be applied to only a small group of nations that were parties to the St. Petersburg Declaration; at worst, the ICRC's position", "title": "Anti-personnel weapon" }, { "id": "2228621", "score": "1.5396645", "text": "Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 are a series of international treaties and declarations negotiated at two international peace conferences at The Hague in the Netherlands. Along with the Geneva Conventions, the Hague Conventions were among the first formal statements of the laws of war and war crimes in the body of secular international law. A third conference was planned for 1914 and later rescheduled for 1915, but it did not take place due to the start of World War I. The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 were the first multilateral treaties", "title": "Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907\n\nThe Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 are a series of international treaties and declarations negotiated at two international peace conferences at The Hague in the Netherlands. Along with the Geneva Conventions, the Hague Conventions were among the first formal statements of the laws of war and war crimes in the body of secular international law. A third conference was planned for 1914 and later rescheduled for 1915, but it did not take place because of the start of World War I.", "title": "Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Geneva Conventions\n\nThe Geneva Conventions are four treaties, and three additional protocols, that establish international legal standards for humanitarian treatment in war. The singular term \"Geneva Convention\" usually denotes the agreements of 1949, negotiated in the aftermath of the Second World War (1939–1945), which updated the terms of the two 1929 treaties and added two new conventions. The Geneva Conventions extensively define the basic rights of wartime prisoners (civilians and military personnel), established protections for the wounded and sick, and provided protections for the civilians in and around a war-zone; moreover, the Geneva Convention also defines the rights and protections afforded to non-combatants. The treaties of 1949 were ratified, in their entirety or with reservations, by 196 countries. The Geneva Conventions concern only prisoners and non-combatants in war; they do not address the use of weapons of war, which are instead addressed by the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, which concern conventional weapons, and the Geneva Protocol, which concerns biological and chemical warfare.", "title": "Geneva Conventions" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Geneva Protocol\n\nThe Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, usually called the Geneva Protocol, is a treaty prohibiting the use of chemical and biological weapons in international armed conflicts. It was signed at Geneva on 17 June 1925 and entered into force on 8 February 1928. It was registered in \"League of Nations Treaty Series\" on 7 September 1929. The Geneva Protocol is a protocol to the Convention for the Supervision of the International Trade in Arms and Ammunition and in Implements of War signed on the same date, and followed the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907.\n\nIt prohibits the use of \"asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of all analogous liquids, materials or devices\" and \"bacteriological methods of warfare\". This is now understood to be a general prohibition on chemical weapons and biological weapons, but has nothing to say about production, storage or transfer. Later treaties did cover these aspects – the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) and the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC).\n\nA number of countries submitted reservations when becoming parties to the Geneva Protocol, declaring that they only regarded the non-use obligations as applying to other parties and that these obligations would cease to apply if the prohibited weapons were used against them.\n\nThe main elements of the protocol are now considered by many to be part of customary international law.", "title": "Geneva Protocol" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Aerial bombardment and international law\n\nAir warfare must comply with laws and customs of war, including international humanitarian law by protecting the victims of the conflict and refraining from attacks on protected persons.\n\nThese restraints on aerial warfare are covered by the general laws of war, because unlike war on land and at sea—which are specifically covered by rules such as the 1907 Hague Convention and Protocol I additional to the Geneva Conventions, which contain pertinent restrictions, prohibitions and guidelines—there are no treaties specific to aerial warfare.<ref name=\"Gomez\"/>\n\nTo be legal, aerial operations must comply with the principles of humanitarian law: \"military necessity\", \"distinction\", and \"proportionality\":<ref name=\"Gomez\"/> An attack or action must be intended to help in the military defeat of the enemy; it must be an attack on a military objective, and the harm caused to civilians or civilian property must be proportional and not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated.", "title": "Aerial bombardment and international law" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "War crime\n\nA war crime is a violation of the laws of war that gives rise to individual criminal responsibility for actions by combatants in action, such as intentionally killing civilians or intentionally killing prisoners of war, torture, taking hostages, unnecessarily destroying civilian property, deception by perfidy, wartime sexual violence, pillaging, and for any individual that is part of the command structure who orders any attempt to committing mass killings including genocide or ethnic cleansing, the granting of no quarter despite surrender, the conscription of children in the military and flouting the legal distinctions of proportionality and military necessity.\n\nThe formal concept of war crimes emerged from the codification of the customary international law that applied to warfare between sovereign states, such as the Lieber Code (1863) of the Union Army in the American Civil War and the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 for international war.<ref name=\"Cassese\"/> In the aftermath of the Second World War, the war-crime trials of the leaders of the Axis powers established the Nuremberg principles of law, such as that international criminal law defines what is a war crime. In 1949, the Geneva Conventions legally defined new war crimes and established that states could exercise universal jurisdiction over war criminals.<ref name=\"Cassese\"/> In the late 20th century and early 21st century, international courts extrapolated and defined additional categories of war crimes applicable to a civil war.<ref name=\"Cassese\"/>", "title": "War crime" }, { "id": "625259", "score": "1.5375302", "text": "non-use obligations as applying to other parties and that these obligations would cease to apply if the prohibited weapons were used against them. The main elements of the protocol are now considered by many to be part of customary international law. In the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, the use of dangerous chemical agents were outlawed. In spite of this, the First World War saw large-scale chemical warfare. France used tear gas in 1914, but the first large-scale successful deployment of chemical weapons was by the German Empire in Ypres, Belgium in 1915, when chlorine gas was released as", "title": "Geneva Protocol" }, { "id": "2228633", "score": "1.5328169", "text": "Pacific Settlement of International Disputes has been ratified by 20 additional states. Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 are a series of international treaties and declarations negotiated at two international peace conferences at The Hague in the Netherlands. Along with the Geneva Conventions, the Hague Conventions were among the first formal statements of the laws of war and war crimes in the body of secular international law. A third conference was planned for 1914 and later rescheduled for 1915, but it did not take place due to the start of World War I.", "title": "Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907" }, { "id": "625264", "score": "1.5311148", "text": "into force as the French Third Republic objected to the submarine provisions of the treaty. At the 1925 Geneva Conference for the Supervision of the International Traffic in Arms the French suggested a protocol for non-use of poisonous gases. The Second Polish Republic suggested the addition of bacteriological weapons. It was signed on 17 June. Several countries have deployed or prepared chemical weapons in spite of the treaty. Spain and France did so in the Rif War before the treaty came into effect in 1928, Japan used chemical weapons against Taiwan in 1930 during the Wushe Massacre, Italy used mustard", "title": "Geneva Protocol" }, { "id": "2228627", "score": "1.5272384", "text": "were defeated by the other powers, led by Germany, which feared a British attempt to stop the growth of the German fleet. Germany also rejected proposals for compulsory arbitration. However, the conference did enlarge the machinery for voluntary arbitration and established conventions regulating the collection of debts, rules of war, and the rights and obligations of neutrals. The treaties, declarations, and final act of the Second Conference were signed on 18 October 1907; they entered into force on 26 January 1910. The 1907 Convention consists of thirteen treaties—of which twelve were ratified and entered into force—and one declaration: The Brazilian", "title": "Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907" }, { "id": "5928620", "score": "1.5223441", "text": "it does not prohibit such ammunition for use in autocannon or artillery rounds. The influence of this declaration on international humanitarian law were elucidated in the Japanese case \"Ryuichi Shimoda et al. v. The State\" (1963): Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868 The Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868 or in full Declaration Renouncing the Use, in Time of War, of Explosive Projectiles Under 400 Grammes Weight is an international treaty agreed in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, November 29 / December 11, 1868. It succeeded the First Geneva Convention of 1864. It was a predecessor of the well-known Hague Conventions of 1899", "title": "Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868" }, { "id": "2228624", "score": "1.5163729", "text": "negotiations concerning disarmament, the laws of war and war crimes. A major effort in both conferences was the creation of a binding international court for compulsory arbitration to settle international disputes, which was considered necessary to replace the institution of war. This effort, however, failed at both conferences; instead a voluntary forum for arbitration, the Permanent Court of Arbitration, was established. Most of the countries present, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, France, China, and Persia, favored a process for binding international arbitration, but the provision was vetoed by a few countries, led by Germany. The First Hague", "title": "Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907" }, { "id": "1301278", "score": "1.5157013", "text": "1907, having been widely accepted by \"all civilised nations\" for about half a century, were by then part of the customary laws of war and binding on all parties whether the party was a signatory to the specific treaty or not. Interpretations of international humanitarian law change over time and this also affects the laws of war. For example, Carla Del Ponte, the chief prosecutor for the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia pointed out in 2001 that although there is no specific treaty ban on the use of depleted uranium projectiles, there is a developing scientific debate and", "title": "Law of war" }, { "id": "625263", "score": "1.5062203", "text": "belonging to the losing side, the Central powers. Russian bolsheviks and Britain continued the use of chemical weapons in the Russian Civil War and possibly in the Middle East in 1920. Three years after World War I, the Allies wanted to reaffirm the Treaty of Versailles, and in 1922 the United States introduced the Treaty relating to the Use of Submarines and Noxious Gases in Warfare at the Washington Naval Conference. Four of the war victors, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Kingdom of Italy and the Empire of Japan, gave consent for ratification, but it failed to enter", "title": "Geneva Protocol" }, { "id": "1301277", "score": "1.506016", "text": "1909 the law of war’s \"epoch of highest repute.\" The defining aspect of this period was the establishment, by states, of a positive legal or legislative foundation (i.e., written) superseding a regime based primarily on religion, chivalry, and customs. It is during this \"modern\" era that the international conference became the forum for debate and agreement between states and the \"multilateral treaty\" served as the positive mechanism for codification. In addition, the Nuremberg War Trial judgment on \"The Law Relating to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity\" held, under the guidelines Nuremberg Principles, that treaties like the Hague Convention of", "title": "Law of war" }, { "id": "12499240", "score": "1.5044465", "text": "at the conference for the supervision of the international trade in arms and ammunition, which was held in Geneva under the auspices of the League of Nations from 4 May to 17 June 1925. France suggested that a protocol be drawn up on non-use of poisonous gases. At Poland's suggestion the prohibition was extended to bacteriological weapons. In the years prior to World War Two most major powers ratified the protocol, except the U.S. and Japan. The British reserved the right to waive the protocol if in time of war their enemies disregarded the terms of the agreement. Countries around", "title": "Glenbrook Tunnel" }, { "id": "2228629", "score": "1.5017154", "text": "for both the 1899 and 1907 delegations. He later won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1909 for his efforts. Though not negotiated in The Hague, the Geneva Protocol to the Hague Conventions is considered an addition to the Conventions. Signed on 17 June 1925 and entering into force on 8 February 1928, its single article permanently bans the use of all forms of chemical and biological warfare. The protocol grew out of the increasing public outcry against chemical warfare following the use of mustard gas and similar agents in World War I, and fears that chemical and biological warfare could", "title": "Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907" }, { "id": "14350524", "score": "1.4927413", "text": "in air and missile technology in the last few decades have completely altered military strategy and created distinct challenges to the protection of civilians in time of armed conflict. Although a number of international treaties have been adopted in response to modern warfare, including the four 1949 Geneva Conventions for the Protection of War Victims, the two Additional Protocols of 1977, and various conventions regarding cultural property, biological weapons, and chemical weapons, many important aspects of air and missile operations are not included. Also, some of these instruments, especially AP/I, are not binding on all states, including the United States.", "title": "HPCR Manual on International Law Applicable to Air and Missile Warfare" }, { "id": "2876337", "score": "1.4918966", "text": "in World War II. 1977 During the Geneva Convention, one provision is amended to prohibit the targeting of civilian populations by indiscriminate weapons in wartime. 1980 October: The Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (CCW) is adopted by a United Nations Conference in Geneva. Among the three annexed Protocols the \"Protocol on prohibitions or restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices (Protocol II) established some restrictions on the use of anti-personnel landmines. 1991 Six NGOs supporting a ban", "title": "Ottawa Treaty" }, { "id": "606273", "score": "1.4905231", "text": "control agreements were recorded, except theoretical proposals and those imposed on defeated armies. One treaty which was concluded was the Strasbourg Agreement of 1675. This is the first international agreement limiting the use of chemical weapons, in this case, poison bullets. The treaty was signed between France and The Holy Roman Empire The 1817 Rush–Bagot Treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom was the first arms control treaty of what can be considered the modern industrial era, leading to the demilitarization of the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain region of North America. This was followed by the 1871", "title": "Arms control" }, { "id": "8544061", "score": "1.4817758", "text": "violation of the 1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases and the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare, which explicitly forbade the use of \"poison or poisoned weapons\" in warfare. In August 1914, as part of the Schlieffen Plan, the German Army invaded and occupied the neutral nation of Belgium without explicit warning, which violated a treaty of 1839 that the German chancellor dismissed as a \"scrap of paper\" and the 1907 Hague Convention on Opening of Hostilities. Within the first two months of the war, the German occupiers terrorized the Belgians, killing thousands of civilians and looting and burning scores", "title": "German war crimes" } ]

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[ { "id": "9959623", "score": "2.062627", "text": "DCI (Detective Chief Inspector). Throughout both series, it remains unclear to both the audience and character whether he is mad or in a coma or has actually travelled back in time. Upon waking in 1973, Tyler finds himself working at the same station he is based at in 2006, under a \"rough-around-the-edges\" boss, DCI Gene Hunt (Philip Glenister). During the two series, Tyler frequently clashes with Hunt regarding their different policing methods. Tyler, being a 21st-century detective, is forensically aware and procedurally correct, whereas Hunt values violence, corruption and gut instinct in order to catch criminals. In the end, the", "title": "Sam Tyler" }, { "id": "6675648", "score": "1.9838619", "text": "Glenister played social reformer and estate manager Mr. Carter in the 2007 BBC costume drama \"Cranford\", as part of a cast including Judi Dench and Francesca Annis. Glenister is probably best known for his role as DCI Gene Hunt in \"Life on Mars\" (2006–07), co-starring with John Simm as Sam Tyler, and its sequel \"Ashes to Ashes\" with Keeley Hawes as Alex Drake. Glenister also worked with Simm on \"State of Play\" and \"Clocking Off\" and the 2008 crime film \"Tuesday\". Upon announcement of the film, Glenister joked that he and Simm were contractually obliged to work with each other", "title": "Philip Glenister" }, { "id": "9959622", "score": "1.9473801", "text": "Sam Tyler DCI/DI Sam Tyler is a fictional character in BBC One's science fiction/police procedural drama, \"Life on Mars\". In the original British version of \"Life on Mars\", Tyler is played by John Simm and in the American version he is played by Jason O'Mara. The character of Sam Tyler is the main protagonist within the programme. During the , Tyler is hit by a car in 2006 and wakes up in 1973, finding himself working in the same police station and location as he did in 2006, albeit as a DI (Detective Inspector) rather than his 2006 rank of", "title": "Sam Tyler" }, { "id": "6308325", "score": "1.920733", "text": "(John Simm), a policeman in service with the Greater Manchester Police (GMP). After being hit by a car in 2006, Tyler awakens in 1973 to find himself working for a predecessor of the GMP, the Manchester and Salford Police, at the same station and location as in 2006. Early on in the series, it becomes apparent to Tyler that he awakes as a Detective Inspector, one rank lower than his 2006 rank of Detective Chief Inspector. As part of the Criminal Investigation Department, Tyler finds himself working under the command of Gene Hunt (Philip Glenister). Throughout the two series, the", "title": "Life on Mars (UK TV series)" }, { "id": "9882878", "score": "1.8703914", "text": "Gene Hunt DCI Gene Hunt is a fictional character in BBC One's science fiction/police procedural drama \"Life on Mars\" and its sequel, \"Ashes to Ashes\". The character is portrayed by Philip Glenister in both \"Life on Mars\" and \"Ashes to Ashes\", whereas in the American version he is portrayed by Harvey Keitel. His younger self, also known as the ghost of Gene Hunt, is portrayed by Mason Kayne. The character is portrayed as politically incorrect, brutal and corrupt - but fundamentally good. Hunt is often displayed to maintain a love–hate relationship with both Sam Tyler (John Simm) and Alex Drake", "title": "Gene Hunt" }, { "id": "9959626", "score": "1.8284022", "text": "his mother might enable him to return to 2006, this plan is revealed to be unsuccessful. During the , a new character is introduced: Acting DCI Frank Morgan (Ralph Brown) to temporarily oversee CID after Gene Hunt is wrongly suspected of murder. Tyler is convinced that Morgan is his surgeon, attempting to revive him from his coma. However, Morgan reveals that Tyler is DCI Sam Williams of C-Division at Hyde and a part of M.A.R.S. (Metropolitan Accountability and Reconciliation Strategy), a taskforce to deal with corruption in the police force. He also reveals that \"Williams\" was sent undercover with a", "title": "Sam Tyler" }, { "id": "9882902", "score": "1.8043709", "text": "Hunt and Sam Tyler are their differing policing methods. Such as, Hunt has been described as \"not being scared of throwing a few punches to get a result\", whereas both Tyler and Alex Drake are present day detectives who value forensic evidence and thorough investigative techniques rather than corruption and violence. John Simm, the actor who plays Sam Tyler, has stated that both his character and Hunt have a grudging respect for the other's approach to policing. As well as Hunt seeing much of his younger self in Tyler However, Hunt and Tyler's relationship eventually improves after Tyler returns to", "title": "Gene Hunt" }, { "id": "5149522", "score": "1.7652974", "text": "Simm starred as Detective Inspector Sam Tyler in the 2006 BBC series \"Life on Mars\", playing a police officer sent back in time to 1973. The show won the Pioneer Audience Award for Best Programme at the 2007 BAFTA TV Awards, Simm was nominated but lost out on the award for Best Actor. His next project, in March 2007, was \"The Yellow House\" for Channel 4, a biographical drama produced by Talkback Thames, based on the book of the same name by Martin Gayford about the turbulent relationship of artists Vincent van Gogh (Simm) and Paul Gauguin (John Lynch). In", "title": "John Simm" }, { "id": "9882882", "score": "1.7350106", "text": "during the second series their relationship improves and they become friends. During \"Ashes to Ashes\", Hunt is in command of the Metropolitan Police's Fenchurch East CID. During the , it is revealed that following \"Life on Mars\", Hunt worked with Sam Tyler for a further seven years until Tyler crashed his car into a river. Shortly after in February 1980, Hunt transferred from the Greater Manchester Police (which Manchester and Salford Police by then had become) to the London Metropolitan Police, along with Chris Skelton and Ray Carling. The first series, set in 1981, reveals Hunt to have divorced and", "title": "Gene Hunt" }, { "id": "9959625", "score": "1.7348275", "text": "friends with Chris Skelton (Marshall Lancaster) who attempts to learn from Tyler's modern policing methods, and is introduced to tape-recording interviews by Tyler, something which was not standard procedure in the 1970s. However, Tyler often clashes with Ray Carling (Dean Andrews), as he views Tyler as stopping him from being promoted to Detective Inspector. While in 1973, Tyler finds himself investigating many crimes with the CID team from , , , a and a . During and , Tyler meets his mother Ruth (Joanne Froggatt) and his father, Vic (Lee Ingleby). Despite thinking that persuading his father to stay with", "title": "Sam Tyler" }, { "id": "6675645", "score": "1.7317271", "text": "Philip Glenister Philip Haywood Glenister (born 10 February 1963) is an English actor, best known for his role as DCI Gene Hunt on the BBC series \"Life on Mars\" and its sequel \"Ashes to Ashes\", Reverend Anderson in \"Outcast\", and Mal Pemberton in \"Living the Dream\". Glenister was born in Harrow, Middlesex, and grew up in Hatch End. He is the son of director John Glenister and Joan Glenister, and the brother of fellow actor Robert Glenister. He is of Welsh ancestry from his maternal side. He attended Hatch End High School, and with the encouragement of his then-sister-in-law Amanda", "title": "Philip Glenister" }, { "id": "6308359", "score": "1.7287472", "text": "the programme's run. Of the second series, Alison Graham believed that \"Sam Tyler and Gene Hunt are shaping up nicely as one of the great TV detective partnerships ... It's vastly enjoyable and manages to stay just about believable thanks to some strong writing and, of course, the two marvellous central performances\". Nancy Banks-Smith, in \"The Guardian\", felt that the time-paradox aspect of the programme had become somewhat confusing. Banks-Smith summed up the programme's success as \"an inspired take on the usual formula of Gruff Copper of the old school, who solves cases by examining the entrails of a chicken,", "title": "Life on Mars (UK TV series)" }, { "id": "9882916", "score": "1.7262404", "text": "Writers Guild of America strike delayed the start of the series until 2008. By then, the ABC network wanted the pilot to be reshot without Kelley's involvement. Meaney was not hired to play Hunt again; instead, Harvey Keitel assumed the role. The setting of the series was moved to New York City, and Hunt was changed to a police lieutenant, the typical rank of a NYPD detective squad's commander. Gene Hunt DCI Gene Hunt is a fictional character in BBC One's science fiction/police procedural drama \"Life on Mars\" and its sequel, \"Ashes to Ashes\". The character is portrayed by Philip", "title": "Gene Hunt" }, { "id": "9959641", "score": "1.719783", "text": "Skelton operates the receiver for a wireless bug, and boasts that he had been taught about such things by \"The great Sam Tyler himself.\" Among the many disparaging nicknames that Hunt bestows upon him during the course of the series, Tyler earns at least one positive nickname: the \"Boy Wonder\". Sam Tyler DCI/DI Sam Tyler is a fictional character in BBC One's science fiction/police procedural drama, \"Life on Mars\". In the original British version of \"Life on Mars\", Tyler is played by John Simm and in the American version he is played by Jason O'Mara. The character of Sam Tyler", "title": "Sam Tyler" }, { "id": "9882906", "score": "1.718662", "text": "\"Life on Mars\", with it also being said that it was because of Hunt that \"Life on Mars\"'s spin-off, \"Ashes to Ashes\" was commissioned, quoting executive producer Jane Featherstone as saying: \"When \"Life on Mars\" came to end through natural causes, I think we all thought: 'Hang on, this character, Gene Hunt, is a fairly extraordinary man and we're not quite done with him yet\". Glenda Cooper, from \"The Daily Telegraph\", called it a \"crime\" that John Simm received a BAFTA nomination for his portrayal of Sam Tyler, but that Glenister did not receive similar recognition for his role as", "title": "Gene Hunt" }, { "id": "6853702", "score": "1.6966534", "text": "\"The Jew of Malta\" and \"Popcorn\", and he was nominated for Best Supporting Actor in 2002 at the Irish Theatre Awards for his portrayal of John in Neil LaBute's \"Bash\". He appeared in Harold Pinter's \"The Homecoming\" in London and Dublin as well as Lincoln Center in New York. He had lead roles in other series, including \"The Agency\", \"Band of Brothers\", \"Monarch of the Glen\", \"High Stakes\", \"Playing the Field\", \"The Bill\", \"Berkeley Square\", and \"Reach for the Moon\". He has starred as lead character Sam Tyler in the U.S. remake of the British series \"Life on Mars\". He", "title": "Jason O'Mara" }, { "id": "14120284", "score": "1.6872339", "text": "is taken hostage by Edward Markham, when she is surprised that DCI Gene Hunt, DS Ray Carling, and DC Chris Skelton appear, looking exactly like Sam described except for the updated clothes (1980s). She convinces Markham to surrender and is taken to the Metropolitan police station, where she discovers that she has a life set up just like Sam Tyler did. She believes she is hallucinating and that everyone is just imaginary constructs. The CID and Alex Drake discover that Drake is their new DI, much to the CID's surprise (as they had thought that Drake was a prostitute). Drake", "title": "Episode 1 (Ashes to Ashes series 1)" }, { "id": "6675649", "score": "1.6809244", "text": "once a year. Glenister starred as demon hunter Rupert Galvin in the 2009 ITV drama \"Demons\". He used an American accent for the role, which received some criticism from reviewers. After the series was cancelled, he said he had problems with the role and felt that he may have been miscast. In 2011, Glenister reunited with John Simm once more in the Sky TV mini-series \"Mad Dogs\" about a group of old friends whose holiday in Majorca takes an unexpected turn. After a successful reception, Glenister returned for a second run of the series in 2012. Glenister had a small", "title": "Philip Glenister" }, { "id": "6308341", "score": "1.6708127", "text": "other characters. Gene Hunt and the rest of the CID appear to favour brutality and corruption in order to secure convictions, as shown by their willingness to physically coerce confessions and fabricate evidence. Throughout both series, Tyler clashes with Hunt the most frequently, usually because Tyler values forensic evidence whereas Hunt often resorts to traditional methods and gut instincts. In one episode during Series 1, in which doubt is cast on several suspects, Hunt insists that \"the first to speak is guilty\" and frequently refers to the 'Gene Genie'. Sam describes Hunt as an \"overweight, over-the-hill, nicotine-stained, borderline alcoholic homophobe", "title": "Life on Mars (UK TV series)" }, { "id": "5149528", "score": "1.6560575", "text": "aired in January 2014, and Simm completed work on the three-part thriller \"Prey\", in which he plays detective Marcus Farrow. The mini-series began airing on 28 April 2014 on ITV. In February 2014, Simm began filming the BBC America eight-parter \"Intruders\" in Vancouver, British Columbia. He plays ex-LAPD officer Jack Whelan. The series aired on BBC America in August 2014. In addition to this, he completed the second season of \"The Village\" in Derbyshire. Later that year Simm played Alec Jeffreys, the man who discovered DNA fingerprinting, in \"Code of a Killer\", a 2-part drama for ITV. In 2015, he", "title": "John Simm" } ]

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[ { "id": "14000757", "score": "1.7628202", "text": "enforcing religious practice, as unacceptable, so with hopes of a Puritan utopia, they set out to establish the English colonies of New England, which later became the United States. These Puritan separatists were also known as \"the pilgrims\". After establishing a colony at Plymouth (in what would become later Massachusetts) in 1620, the Puritan pilgrims received a charter from the King of England which legitimized their colony, allowing them to do trade and commerce with merchants in England, in accordance with the principles of mercantilism. This successful, though initially quite difficult, colony marked the beginning of the Protestant presence in", "title": "Christianity in the modern era" }, { "id": "15313558", "score": "1.758357", "text": "rapidly and started challenging the Anglicans for moral leadership. A small group of Pilgrims settled the Plymouth Colony in Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620, seeking refuge from conflicts in England which led up to the English Civil War. The Puritans, a much larger group than the Pilgrims, established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629 with 400 settlers. Puritans were English Protestants who wished to reform and purify the Church of England in the New World of what they considered to be unacceptable residues of Roman Catholicism. Within two years, an additional 2,000 settlers arrived. Beginning in 1630, some 20,000 Puritans emigrated", "title": "History of Protestantism in the United States" }, { "id": "14502359", "score": "1.7477169", "text": "Amsterdam and then in Leiden. In Leiden, the congregation gained the freedom to worship as they chose, but Dutch society was unfamiliar to them. And so they made preparations to settle a new colony in America. The first settlement of the Plymouth Colony was at New Plymouth, a location previously surveyed and named by Captain John Smith. The settlement served as the capital of the colony and developed as the modern town of Plymouth, Massachusetts. At its height, Plymouth Colony occupied most of the southeastern portion of the modern state of Massachusetts. It was one of the earliest successful colonies", "title": "History of the Puritans under King James I" }, { "id": "12782751", "score": "1.7259388", "text": "his ministerial duties in 1627 because of his \"strong Puritan leanings.\" The group Phelps joined was organized by the Reverend John White, Vicar of Dorchester, England. White is generally regarded as the sponsor of the earliest Massachusetts settlement after Plymouth. At his urging, nearly 150 individuals gathered from the English West Country counties of Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. While many historians assumed that the emigrants were motivated by religious persecution like others in the Winthrop Fleet, the West Country was free from it. Unlike many who fled England for Canada, Ireland, and the Caribbean during this time, the Puritans", "title": "William Phelps (colonist)" }, { "id": "469983", "score": "1.7252675", "text": "join the colony. The non-separatist Puritans constituted a much larger group than the Pilgrims, and they established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629 with 400 settlers. They sought to reform the Church of England by creating a new, pure church in the New World. By 1640, 20,000 had arrived; many died soon after arrival, but the others found a healthy climate and an ample food supply. The Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies together spawned other Puritan colonies in New England, including the New Haven, Saybrook, and Connecticut colonies. During the 17th century, the New Haven and Saybrook colonies were absorbed", "title": "Thirteen Colonies" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Plymouth Colony\n\nPlymouth Colony (sometimes Plimouth) was, from 1620 to 1691, the first permanent English colony in New England and the second permanent English colony in North America, after the Jamestown Colony. It was first settled by the passengers on the \"Mayflower\", at a location that had previously been surveyed and named by Captain John Smith. The settlement served as the capital of the colony and developed as the town of Plymouth, Massachusetts. At its height, Plymouth Colony occupied most of the southeastern portion of Massachusetts. Many of the people and events surrounding Plymouth Colony have become part of American folklore, including the American tradition of Thanksgiving and the monument of Plymouth Rock.<ref name=\":Dee00\" />\n\nPlymouth Colony was founded by a group of Puritan Separatists initially known as the Brownist Emigration, who came to be known as the Pilgrims. It was the second successful colony to be founded by the English in the United States after Jamestown in Virginia, and it was the first permanent English settlement in the New England region. The colony established a treaty with Wampanoag Chief Massasoit which helped to ensure its success; in this, they were aided by Squanto, a member of the Patuxet tribe. Plymouth played a central role in King Philip's War (1675–1678), one of several Indian Wars, but the colony was ultimately merged with the Massachusetts Bay Colony and other territories in 1691 to form the Province of Massachusetts Bay.\n\nDespite the colony's relatively short existence, Plymouth holds a special role in American history. Most of the citizens of Plymouth were fleeing religious persecution and searching for a place to worship as they saw fit, while wanting the groups around them to adhere to their beliefs, rather than being entrepreneurs like many of the settlers of Jamestown in Virginia. The social and legal systems of the colony became closely tied to their religious beliefs, as well as to English custom.<ref name=\":Dee00\" />", "title": "Plymouth Colony" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)\n\nThe Pilgrims, also known as the Pilgrim Fathers, were the English settlers who came to North America on the \"Mayflower\" and established the Plymouth Colony in what is today Plymouth, Massachusetts, named after the final departure port of Plymouth, Devon. Their leadership came from the religious congregations of Brownists, or Separatist Puritans, who had fled religious persecution in England for the tolerance of 17th-century Holland in the Netherlands.\n\nThey held many of the same Puritan Calvinist religious beliefs but, unlike most other Puritans, they maintained that their congregations should separate from the English state church, which led to them being labeled Separatists (the word \"Pilgrims\" was not used to refer to them until several centuries later). After several years living in exile in Holland, they eventually determined to establish a new settlement in the New World and arranged with investors to fund them. They established Plymouth Colony in 1620, where they erected Congregationalist churches. The Pilgrims' story became a central theme in the history and culture of the United States.", "title": "Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of the Puritans in North America\n\nIn the early 17th century, thousands of English Puritans colonized North America, almost all in New England. Puritans were intensely devout members of the Church of England who believed that the Church of England was insufficiently reformed, retaining too much of its Roman Catholic doctrinal roots, and who therefore opposed royal ecclesiastical policy. Most Puritans were \"non-separating Puritans\" who did not advocate setting up separate congregations distinct from the Church of England; these were later called Nonconformists. A small minority of Puritans were \"separating Puritans\" who advocated setting up congregations outside the Church. The Pilgrims were a Separatist group, and they established the Plymouth Colony in 1620. Puritans went chiefly to New England, but small numbers went to other English colonies up and down the Atlantic.\n\nPuritans played the leading roles in establishing the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629, the Saybrook Colony in 1635, the Connecticut Colony in 1636, and the New Haven Colony in 1638. The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations was established by settlers expelled from Massachusetts because of their unorthodox religious opinions. Puritans were also active in New Hampshire before it became a crown colony in 1691. Puritanism ended early in the 18th century and before 1740 was replaced by the much milder Congregational church.", "title": "History of the Puritans in North America" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mayflower\n\nMayflower was an English ship that transported a group of English families, known today as the Pilgrims, from England to the New World in 1620. After a grueling 10 weeks at sea, \"Mayflower\", with 102 passengers and a crew of about 30, reached America, dropping anchor near the tip of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, on , 1620.\n\nDiffering from their contemporaries, the Puritans (who sought to reform and purify the Church of England), the Pilgrims chose to separate themselves from the Church of England because they believed it was beyond redemption due to its Roman Catholic past and the church's resistance to reform, which forced them to pray in private. Starting in 1608, a group of English families left England for the Netherlands, where they could worship freely. By 1620, the community determined to cross the Atlantic for America, which they considered a \"new Promised Land\", where they would establish Plymouth Colony.<ref name=Fraser/>\n\nThe Pilgrims had originally hoped to reach America by early October using two ships, but delays and complications meant they could use only one, \"Mayflower\". Arriving in November, they had to survive unprepared through a harsh winter. As a result, only half of the original Pilgrims survived the first winter at Plymouth. If not for the help of local indigenous peoples to teach them food gathering and other survival skills, all of the colonists might have perished. The following year, those 53 who survived, celebrated the colony's first fall harvest along with 90 Wampanoag Native American people, an occasion declared in centuries later the first American Thanksgiving. Before disembarking the \"Mayflower\", the Pilgrims wrote and signed the Mayflower Compact, an agreement that established a rudimentary government, in which each member would contribute to the safety and welfare of the planned settlement. As one of the earliest colonial vessels, the ship has become a cultural icon in the history of the United States.", "title": "Mayflower" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Massachusetts Bay Colony" }, { "id": "13148061", "score": "1.7237742", "text": "an active and sincere religious life apart from the unsatisfactory formal church services. The stress on personal piety opened the way for the First Great Awakening, which pulled people away from the established church. A group which later became known as the Pilgrims settled the Plymouth Colony in Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620, seeking refuge from conflicts in England which led up to the English Civil War. The Puritans, a much larger group than the Pilgrims, established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629 with 400 settlers. Puritans were English Protestants who wished to reform and purify the Church of England in", "title": "History of Christianity in the United States" }, { "id": "6163581", "score": "1.7230467", "text": "then later to America, to establish the English colonies of New England, which later became the United States. These Puritan separatists were also known as \"the pilgrims\". After establishing a colony at Plymouth (in what would become later Massachusetts) in 1620, the Puritan pilgrims received a charter from the King of England which legitimized their colony, allowing them to do trade and commerce with merchants in England, in accordance with the principles of mercantilism. This successful, though initially quite difficult, colony marked the beginning of the Protestant presence in America (the earlier French, Spanish and Portuguese settlements had been Catholic),", "title": "History of Protestantism" }, { "id": "14502360", "score": "1.710438", "text": "to be founded by the English in North America, along with Jamestown and other settlements in Virginia, and was the first sizable permanent English settlement in the New England region. The colony was able to establish a treaty with Chief Massasoit which helped to ensure its success; in this, they were aided by Squanto, a member of the Patuxet tribe. By 1691 Plymouth Colony and the Pilgrim colonists, eventually merged with the Puritan Massachusetts Bay Colony under John Winthrop (established in 1628), and other territories to form the Province of Massachusetts Bay. King James saw himself as the potential peacemaker", "title": "History of the Puritans under King James I" }, { "id": "14650671", "score": "1.7101792", "text": "March 1629, it succeeded in obtaining from King Charles a royal charter for the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1630, the first ships of the Great Puritan Migration sailed to the New World, led by John Winthrop. During the crossing, Winthrop preached a sermon entitled \"A Model of Christian Charity\", in which he told his followers that they had entered a covenant with God according to which he would cause them to prosper if they maintained their commitment to God. In doing so, their new colony would become a \"City upon a Hill\", meaning that they would be", "title": "History of the Puritans in North America" }, { "id": "1970840", "score": "1.7093065", "text": "colony. The non-separatist Puritans constituted a much larger group than the Pilgrims, and they established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629 with 400 settlers. They sought to reform the Church of England by creating a new, pure church in the New World. By 1640, 20,000 had arrived; many died soon after arrival, but the others found a healthy climate and an ample food supply. The Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies together spawned other Puritan colonies in New England, including the New Haven, Saybrook, and Connecticut colonies. During the 17th century, the New Haven and Saybrook colonies were absorbed by Connecticut.", "title": "Colonial history of the United States" }, { "id": "14650670", "score": "1.7087063", "text": "company which they named the Dorchester Company and in 1622 sailed to England seeking a patent from the London Company giving them permission to settle there. They were successful and were granted the Sheffield Patent (named after Edmond, Lord Sheffield, the member of the Plymouth Company who granted the patent). On the basis of this patent, Roger Conant led a group of fishermen to found Salem in 1626, being replaced as governor by John Endecott in 1627. Other Puritans were convinced that New England could provide a religious refuge, and the enterprise was reorganized as the Massachusetts Bay Company. In", "title": "History of the Puritans in North America" }, { "id": "12671860", "score": "1.7003282", "text": "New England (successor to the Plymouth Company) established a small fishing village at Cape Ann under the supervision of the Dorchester Company. The first group of Puritans moved to a new town at nearby Naumkeag after the Dorchester Company dropped support, and fresh financial support was found by Rev. John White. Other settlements were started in nearby areas; however, the overall Puritan population remained small through the 1620s. A larger group of Puritans arrived in 1630, leaving England because they desired to worship in a manner that differed from the Church of England. Their views were in accord with those", "title": "New England Colonies" }, { "id": "14057972", "score": "1.6985554", "text": "because the job required the officer to swear to levy and collect rates for the Church of England, and he had, by then, become a Quaker. Founded by a group of Separatists and Anglicans, who together later came to be known as the Pilgrims, Plymouth Colony (in Massachusetts) was founded in 1620 by those who sailed aboard the Mayflower. The colony was one of the earliest successful colonies to be founded by the English in North America, and the first sizeable permanent English settlement in what is now the New England region. Soon other colonies were established in New England.", "title": "Thomas Powell (1641–1722)" }, { "id": "14650665", "score": "1.690067", "text": "\"separating Puritans\" who advocated setting up congregations outside the Church. The Pilgrims were a Separatist group, and they established the Plymouth Colony in 1620. Non-separating Puritans played leading roles in establishing the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629, the Saybrook Colony in 1635, the Connecticut Colony in 1636, and the New Haven Colony in 1638. The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations was established by settlers expelled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony because of their unorthodox religious opinions. Puritans were also active in New Hampshire before it became a crown colony in 1691. Most Puritans who migrated to North America", "title": "History of the Puritans in North America" }, { "id": "1712847", "score": "1.6891382", "text": "of discipline. They looked at the eventual failure of the Wessagussett settlement as Divine Providence against a sinful people. The residents of Plymouth used terms to distinguish between the earliest settlers of the colony and those that came later. The first generation of settlers, generally thought to be those that arrived before 1627, called themselves the \"Old Comers\" or \"Planters\". Later generations of Plymouth residents referred to this group as the \"Forefathers\". A fairly comprehensive demographic study was done by historian John Demos for his seminal 1970 work on the Pilgrims \"A Little Commonwealth\". He reports that the colony's average", "title": "Plymouth Colony" }, { "id": "10436883", "score": "1.6886876", "text": "parishioners to become devout at home, using the \"Book of Common Prayer\" for private prayer and devotion (rather than the Bible). The stress on personal piety opened the way for the First Great Awakening, which pulled people away from the established church and into the unauthorized Baptist and Methodist movements. A group which later became known as the Pilgrims settled the Plymouth Colony in Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620, seeking refuge from persecution in Europe. The Puritans, a much larger group than the Pilgrims, established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629 with 400 settlers. Puritans were English Protestants who wished to", "title": "Christianity in the United States" }, { "id": "487196", "score": "1.684641", "text": "of Massachusetts in New England, which later became one of the original United States. These Puritan separatists were also known as \"the Pilgrims\". After establishing a colony at Plymouth (which became part of the colony of Massachusetts) in 1620, the Puritan pilgrims received a charter from the King of England that legitimised their colony, allowing them to do trade and commerce with merchants in England, in accordance with the principles of mercantilism. The Puritans persecuted those of other religious faiths. Quaker Mary Dyer was hanged in Boston for repeatedly defying a Puritan law banning Quakers from the colony. She was", "title": "Reformation" }, { "id": "6616338", "score": "1.6769032", "text": "settlers. They sought to reform the Church of England by creating a new, pure church in the New World. By 1640, 20,000 had arrived, although many died soon after arrival. The Puritans created a deeply religious, socially tight-knit, and politically innovative culture that still influences the United States. They fled England and attempted to create a \"nation of saints\" or a \"City upon a Hill\" in America, a community designed to be an example for all of Europe. Roger Williams preached religious toleration, separation of Church and State, and a complete break from the Church of England. He was banished", "title": "History of New England" }, { "id": "1413278", "score": "1.6649292", "text": "to its teachings and practices. This atmosphere of intolerance led Puritan religious and business leaders to consider emigration to the New World as a viable means to escape persecution. The first successful religious colonization of the New World occurred in 1620 with the establishment of the Plymouth Colony on the shores of Cape Cod Bay. An effort in 1624 orchestrated by pastor John White led to a short-lived colony at Cape Ann, also on the Massachusetts coast. In 1628, some of the investors in that effort joined with new investors to acquire a land grant for the territory roughly between", "title": "John Winthrop" }, { "id": "2527339", "score": "1.6599536", "text": "1620. The Pilgrims arrived by the \"Mayflower\" ship and founded Plymouth Colony so they could practice religion freely. Ten years later, a larger group of Puritans settled north of Plymouth Colony in Boston to form Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1636, colonists established Connecticut Colony and Providence Plantations. Providence was founded by Roger Williams, who was banished by Massachusetts for his beliefs in freedom of religion, and it was the first colony to guarantee all citizens freedom of worship. Anne Hutchinson, who was also banished by Massachusetts, formed the town of Portsmouth. Providence, Portsmouth, and two other towns (Newport and Warwick)", "title": "Northeastern United States" } ]

[ "Life on Jupiter", "The weight of Jupiter", "weight of jupiter", "Jupiter weight", "wood star", "♃", "mass of jupiter", "Sol-5", "Jupiter's radio emissions", "jovian orbit", "Jovian diameter", "Jupitero", "Jupitor", "astronomy jupiter", "jupitero", "jupiter s radio emissions", "zenography", "Jupiter's", "Jupiter (Planet)", "Jovian orbit", "jovian diameter", "Jupiter (astronomy)", "Jupiter!", "jupiter s", "Mass of Jupiter", "jupiter astronomy", "Astronomy Jupiter", "jupiter weight", "jupiter radius", "Sol 5", "Sol f", "jupitor", "physical characteristics of jupiter", "sol 5", "sol f", "Jupiter (planet)", "Jupiter", "life on jupiter", "Zenography", "sun f", "planet jupiter", "Weight of Jupiter", "Wood Star", "The mass of Jupiter", "jupiter planet", "jupiter", "Planet Jupiter", "Sol V", "sol v", "Jupiter radius", "Sun f", "Jupiter(planet)", "Physical characteristics of Jupiter" ]

[ { "id": "3510687", "score": "1.5402048", "text": "larger than the Earth's nevertheless; Jupiter has one 10–30 times heavier than Earth, and exoplanet HD149026 b has a core 67 times the mass of the Earth. In 1798, Henry Cavendish calculated the average density of the earth to be 5.48 times the density of water (later refined to 5.53), this led to the accepted belief that the Earth was much denser in its interior. Following the discovery of iron meteorites, Wiechert in 1898 postulated that the Earth had a similar bulk composition to iron meteorites, but the iron had settled to the interior of the Earth, and later represented", "title": "Planetary core" }, { "id": "13840365", "score": "1.4778165", "text": "known to a precision of one part in ten-thousand. The solar mass is quite a large unit on the scale of the Solar System: 1.9884(2) kg. The largest planet, Jupiter, is 0.09% the mass of the Sun, while the Earth is about three millionths (0.0003%) of the mass of the Sun. Various different conventions are used in the literature to overcome this problem: for example, inverting the ratio so that one quotes the planetary mass in the 'number of planets' it would take to make up one Sun. Here, we have chosen to list all planetary masses in 'microSuns' –", "title": "Planetary mass" }, { "id": "264334", "score": "1.466771", "text": "density is the second highest in the Solar System at 5.427 g/cm, only slightly less than Earth's density of 5.515 g/cm. If the effect of gravitational compression were to be factored out from both planets, the materials of which Mercury is made would be denser than those of Earth, with an uncompressed density of 5.3 g/cm versus Earth's 4.4 g/cm. Mercury's density can be used to infer details of its inner structure. Although Earth's high density results appreciably from gravitational compression, particularly at the core, Mercury is much smaller and its inner regions are not as compressed. Therefore, for it", "title": "Mercury (planet)" }, { "id": "553025", "score": "1.4644443", "text": "the poles and is lower than the surface gravity of Earth. However, the equatorial escape velocity of nearly is much higher than that for Earth. Saturn is the only planet of the Solar System that is less dense than water—about 30% less. Although Saturn's core is considerably denser than water, the average specific density of the planet is due to the atmosphere. Jupiter has 318 times Earth's mass, and Saturn is 95 times Earth's mass. Together, Jupiter and Saturn hold 92% of the total planetary mass in the Solar System. Despite consisting mostly of hydrogen and helium, most of Saturn's", "title": "Saturn" }, { "id": "370837", "score": "1.464391", "text": "Uranus and Neptune are far less massiveless than 20 Earth masses () eachand are composed primarily of ices. For these reasons, some astronomers suggest they belong in their own category, ice giants. All four giant planets have rings, although only Saturn's ring system is easily observed from Earth. The term \"superior planet\" designates planets outside Earth's orbit and thus includes both the outer planets and Mars. The centaurs are icy comet-like bodies whose orbits have semi-major axes greater than Jupiter's (5.5 AU) and less than Neptune's (30 AU). The largest known centaur, 10199 Chariklo, has a diameter of about 250", "title": "Solar System" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jupiter\n\nJupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a mass more than two and a half times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined, while being slightly less than one-thousandth the mass of the Sun. Jupiter is the third brightest natural object in the Earth's night sky after the Moon and Venus, and it has been observed since prehistoric times. It was named after Jupiter, the chief deity of ancient Roman religion.\n\nJupiter is primarily composed of hydrogen, but helium constitutes one-quarter of its mass and one-tenth of its volume. It probably has a rocky core of heavier elements, but (like the Solar System's other giant planets) lacks a well-defined solid surface. The ongoing contraction of Jupiter's interior generates more heat than the planet receives from the Sun. Because of its rapid rotation, the planet's shape is an oblate spheroid, having a slight but noticeable bulge around the equator. The outer atmosphere is divided into a series of latitudinal bands, with turbulence and storms along their interacting boundaries. A prominent result of this is the Great Red Spot, a giant storm which has been observed since at least 1831.\n\nJupiter is surrounded by a faint planetary ring system and a powerful magnetosphere. The planet's magnetic tail is nearly long, covering nearly the entire distance to Saturn's orbit. Jupiter has 82 known moons and likely many more, including the four large moons discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Io and Europa are about the size of Earth's Moon, while Ganymede is larger, and Callisto is almost the size of the planet Mercury.\n\n\"Pioneer 10\" was the first spacecraft to visit Jupiter, making its closest approach to the planet in December 1973. Jupiter has since been explored by multiple robotic spacecraft, beginning with the Pioneer and Voyager flyby missions from 1973 to 1979, and later with the \"Galileo\" orbiter in 1995. In 2007, \"New Horizons\" visited Jupiter using its gravity to increase its speed, bending its trajectory en route to Pluto. The latest probe to visit Jupiter, \"Juno\", entered its orbit in July 2016. Future targets for exploration in the Jupiter system include Europa, which likely has an ice-covered liquid ocean.", "title": "Jupiter" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jupiter mass\n\nJupiter mass, also called Jovian mass, is the unit of mass equal to the total mass of the planet Jupiter. This value may refer to the mass of the planet alone, or the mass of the entire Jovian system to include the moons of Jupiter. Jupiter is by far the most massive planet in the Solar System. It is approximately 2.5 times as massive as all of the other planets in the Solar System combined.\n\nJupiter mass is a common unit of mass in astronomy that is used to indicate the masses of other similarly-sized objects, including the outer planets, extrasolar planets, and brown dwarfs, as this unit provides a convenient scale for comparison.", "title": "Jupiter mass" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Dwarf planet\n\nA dwarf planet is a small planetary-mass object that is in direct orbit of the Sun, smaller than any of the eight classical planets but still a world in its own right. The prototypical dwarf planet is Pluto. The interest of dwarf planets to planetary geologists is that they may be geologically active bodies, an expectation that was borne out in 2015 by the \"Dawn\" mission to and the \"New Horizons\" mission to Pluto.\n\nAstronomers are in general agreement that at least the nine largest candidates are dwarf planets: Pluto, , , , , , , , and . Of these and the tenth-largest candidate , all but Sedna have either been visited by spacecraft (Pluto and Ceres) or have at least one known moon (Pluto, Eris, Haumea, Makemake, Gonggong, Quaoar, Orcus, and Salacia), which allows their masses and thus an estimate of their densities to be determined. Mass and density in turn can be fit into geophysical models in an attempt to determine the nature of these worlds. Some astronomers include many smaller bodies as well, but there is no consensus that these are likely to be dwarf planets. \n\nThe term \"dwarf planet\" was coined by planetary scientist Alan Stern as part of a three-way categorization of planetary-mass objects in the Solar System: classical planets, dwarf planets, and satellite planets. Dwarf planets were thus conceived of as a category of planet. However, in 2006, the concept was adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) as a category of \"sub\"-planetary objects, part of a three-way recategorization of bodies orbiting the Sun: planets, dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies. but since 2006 the IAU and perhaps the majority of astronomers have excluded them from the roster of planets.", "title": "Dwarf planet" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Planetary core\n\nA planetary core consists of the innermost layers of a planet. Cores may be entirely solid or entirely liquid, or a mixture of solid and liquid layers as is the case in the Earth. In the Solar System, core sizes range from about 20% (the Moon) to 85% of a planet's radius (Mercury).\n\nGas giants also have cores, though the composition of these are still a matter of debate and range in possible composition from traditional stony/iron, to ice or to fluid metallic hydrogen. Gas giant cores are proportionally much smaller than those of terrestrial planets, though they can be considerably larger than the Earth's nevertheless; Jupiter's is 10–30 times heavier than Earth,\n\nPlanetary cores are challenging to study because they are impossible to reach by drill and there are almost no samples that are definitively from the core. Thus, they are studied via indirect techniques such as seismology, mineral physics, and planetary dynamics.", "title": "Planetary core" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Planet\n\nA planet is a large, rounded astronomical body that is neither a star nor its remnant. The best available theory of planet formation is the nebular hypothesis, which posits that an interstellar cloud collapses out of a nebula to create a young protostar orbited by a protoplanetary disk. Planets grow in this disk by the gradual accumulation of material driven by gravity, a process called accretion. The Solar System has at least eight planets: the terrestrial planets Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars, and the giant planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. These planets each rotate around an axis tilted with respect to its orbital pole. All of them possess an atmosphere, although that of Mercury is tenuous, and some share such features as ice caps, seasons, volcanism, hurricanes, tectonics, and even hydrology. Apart from Venus and Mars, the Solar System planets generate magnetic fields, and all except Venus and Mercury have natural satellites. The giant planets bear planetary rings, the most prominent being those of Saturn.\n\nThe word \"planet\" probably comes from the Greek \"planḗtai,\" meaning \"wanderers\". In antiquity, this word referred to the Sun, Moon, and five points of light visible by the naked eye that moved across the background of the stars—namely, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. Planets have historically had religious associations: multiple cultures identified celestial bodies with gods, and these connections with mythology and folklore persist in the schemes for naming newly discovered Solar System bodies. Earth itself was recognized as a planet when heliocentrism supplanted geocentrism during the 16th and 17th centuries.\n\nWith the development of the telescope, the meaning of \"planet\" broadened to include objects only visible with assistance: the ice giants Uranus and Neptune; Ceres and other bodies later recognized to be part of the asteroid belt; and Pluto, later found to be the largest member of the collection of icy bodies known as the Kuiper belt. The discovery of other large objects in the Kuiper belt, particularly Eris, spurred debate about how exactly to define a planet. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) adopted a standard by which the four terrestrials and four giants qualify, placing Ceres, Pluto and Eris in the category of dwarf planet, although many planetary scientists have continued to apply the term \"planet\" more broadly.\n\nFurther advances in astronomy led to the discovery of over five thousand planets outside the Solar System, termed exoplanets. These include hot Jupiters—giant planets that orbit close to their parent stars—like 51 Pegasi b, super-Earths like Gliese 581c that have masses in between that of Earth and Neptune; and planets smaller than Earth, like Kepler-20e. Multiple exoplanets have been found to orbit in the habitable zones of their stars, but Earth remains the only planet known to support life.", "title": "Planet" }, { "id": "370802", "score": "1.4505721", "text": "the majority of the remaining mass contained in Jupiter. The four smaller inner planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars, are terrestrial planets, being primarily composed of rock and metal. The four outer planets are giant planets, being substantially more massive than the terrestrials. The two largest, Jupiter and Saturn, are gas giants, being composed mainly of hydrogen and helium; the two outermost planets, Uranus and Neptune, are ice giants, being composed mostly of substances with relatively high melting points compared with hydrogen and helium, called volatiles, such as water, ammonia and methane. All eight planets have almost circular orbits that", "title": "Solar System" }, { "id": "13008827", "score": "1.4505572", "text": "large uncertainty. The COROT team then published a second paper on COROT-7b's mass, removing stellar activity through analysis only of radial velocity data for which multiple measurements were taken in a given night. The planet is weighed at 7.42 Earth masses, yielding an average density of 10.4 ± 1.8 g cm, far higher than the Earth's and similar to that of the second rocky planet found, Kepler-10b. A last study by Ferraz-Mello \"et al.\" improved the approach used in the discovery paper, finding that it downsized the amplitude of the planets' induced radial velocities. It reports for COROT-7b a heavier", "title": "COROT-7b" }, { "id": "588157", "score": "1.4501326", "text": "1.87 and 2.52 g·cm, respectively, and Haumea's density is similar to Pallas's 2.8 g·cm). The Earth's Moon has a density of 3.4 g·cm and Jupiter's satellites, Io, 3.528 and Europa, 3.013 g·cm; other satellites typically have densities less than 2 g·cm. The uncompressed density of a terrestrial planet is the average density its materials would have at zero pressure. A greater uncompressed density indicates greater metal content. Uncompressed density differs from the true average density (also often called \"bulk\" density) because compression within planet cores increases their density; the average density depends on planet size, temperature distribution and material stiffness", "title": "Terrestrial planet" }, { "id": "1768841", "score": "1.4439862", "text": "than Jupiter can be larger, so-called \"puffy planets\" (gas giants with a large diameter but low density). An example of this may be the exoplanet HAT-P-1b with about half the mass of Jupiter but about 1.38 times larger diameter. Corot-3b, with a mass around 22 Jupiter masses, is predicted to have an average density of 26.4 g/cm, greater than osmium (22.6 g/cm), the densest natural element under standard conditions. Extreme compression of matter inside it causes the high density, because it is likely composed mainly of hydrogen. The surface gravity is also high, over 50 times that of Earth. In", "title": "Super-Jupiter" }, { "id": "104190", "score": "1.443614", "text": "two bodies. A mass ratio of 1 would indicate bodies of equal mass, and bodies with mass ratios closer to 1 are more attractive to label as \"doubles\". Using this definition, the satellites of Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune can all easily be excluded; they all have masses less than 0.00025 () of the planets around which they revolve. Some dwarf planets, too, have satellites substantially less massive than the dwarf planets themselves. The most notable exception is the Pluto–Charon system. The Charon-to-Pluto mass ratio of 0.117 (≈ ) is close enough to 1 that Pluto and Charon have", "title": "Double planet" }, { "id": "13840366", "score": "1.4418789", "text": "that is the mass of the Earth is just over three 'microSuns', or three millionths of the mass of the Sun – unless they are specifically quoted in kilograms. When comparing the planets among themselves, it is often convenient to use the mass of the Earth (\"M\" or ) as a standard, particularly for the terrestrial planets. For the mass of gas giants, and also for most extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs, the mass of Jupiter () is a convenient comparison. The mass of a planet has consequences for its structure by having a large mass, especially while it is", "title": "Planetary mass" }, { "id": "163782", "score": "1.4397142", "text": "contain enough heavy elements. Also, these stars have high UV radiation and winds that could photoevaporate the gas in the disk, leaving just the heavy elements.<ref name=\"mass/radius sold\"></ref> For comparison, Neptune's mass equals 17 Earth masses, Jupiter has 318 Earth masses, and the 13 Jupiter-mass limit used in the IAU's working definition of an exoplanet equals approximately 4000 Earth masses. Because of the limited techniques currently available to detect exoplanets, many of those found to date have been of a size associated, in the Solar System, with giant planets. Because these large planets are inferred to share more in common", "title": "Giant planet" }, { "id": "4190616", "score": "1.4384773", "text": "The total mass of the disk is the mass of the Earth. On 27 November 2012, the European Space Agency declared that the debris disc (like that of the Gliese 581 planetary system) has \"at least 10 times\" as many comets as does the Solar system. As of 2012, \"planets more massive than Saturn orbiting within 6 AU\" were ruled out. The ESA has further ruled out Saturn-mass planets beyond that. Additional data is needed to confirm the possibility of more sub-Saturn planets between 0.5 (really, 0.3) and 30 AU from the star. An Earth-mass planet in the star's habitable", "title": "61 Virginis" }, { "id": "13840374", "score": "1.4316616", "text": "Ceres, Vesta and Pallas are as given in the table above. Except for those of Mercury and Uranus, all the planetary masses have been revised since the DE405 ephemeris (1998). The ratio of the mass of the Moon to the mass of the Earth is given as 1.(4), while the ratio of the mass of the Sun to the mass of the Earth can be calculated as the ratio of the heliocentric and geocentric gravitational constants: 332.(7), giving the mass of the Earth as 3.(6) or 5.9722(6) kg. Planetary mass Planetary mass is a measure of the mass of a", "title": "Planetary mass" }, { "id": "11389325", "score": "1.431149", "text": "massive and dense planet could be Kepler-131b, although its density is not as well measured as that of Kepler 10c. The next most massive known solid planets are half this mass: 55 Cancri e and Kepler-20b. Gas planets can have large solid cores. The Saturn-mass planet HD 149026 b has only two-thirds of Saturn's radius, so it may have a rock–ice core of 60 Earth masses or more. Corot-20b has 4.24 times Jupiter's mass but a radius of only 0.84 that of Jupiter; it may have a metal core of 800 Earth masses if the heavy elements are concentrated in", "title": "Exoplanetology" }, { "id": "19487312", "score": "1.4261749", "text": "accurately determined. The planets range in mass from about 0.3 to 1.16 , with densities from 0.62 \"ρ\" (3.4 g/cm) to 1.02 \"ρ\" (5.6 g/cm). Planets c and e are almost entirely rocky, while b, d, f, g, and h have a layer of volatiles in the form of either a water shell, an ice shell, or a thick atmosphere. TRAPPIST-1d appears to have a liquid water ocean comprising about 5% of its mass—for comparison, Earth's water content is —while the water layers of TRAPPIST-1f and g are likely frozen. TRAPPIST-1e has a slightly higher density than Earth, indicating a", "title": "TRAPPIST-1" }, { "id": "307221", "score": "1.4253308", "text": "the Sun: Jupiter is the largest, at 318 Earth masses, whereas Mercury is the smallest, at 0.055 Earth masses. The planets of the Solar System can be divided into categories based on their composition: An exoplanet (extrasolar planet) is a planet outside the Solar System. In early 1992, radio astronomers Aleksander Wolszczan and Dale Frail announced the discovery of two planets orbiting the pulsar PSR 1257+12. This discovery was confirmed, and is generally considered to be the first definitive detection of exoplanets. These pulsar planets are believed to have formed from the unusual remnants of the supernova that produced the", "title": "Planet" }, { "id": "588163", "score": "1.425324", "text": "than 2 Earth radii) and in the habitable zone of their star. Since then, Kepler has discovered hundreds of planets ranging from Moon-sized to super-Earths, with many more candidates in this size range (see image). The following exoplanets have a density of at least 5 g/cm and a mass below Neptune's and are thus very likely terrestrial: Kepler-10b, Kepler-20b, Kepler-36b, Kepler-48d, Kepler 68c, Kepler-78b, Kepler-89b, Kepler-93b, Kepler-97b, Kepler-99b, Kepler-100b, Kepler-101c, Kepler-102b, Kepler-102d, Kepler-113b, Kepler-131b, Kepler-131c, Kepler-138c, Kepler-406b, Kepler-406c, Kepler-409b. The Neptune-mass planet Kepler-10c also has a density >5 g/cm and is thus very likely terrestrial. In 2013, astronomers reported, based", "title": "Terrestrial planet" }, { "id": "10123076", "score": "1.42154", "text": "its radius would be less than 2 times that of Earth, even with a very large outer hydrosphere, according to density models compiled by Diana Valencia and her team for Gliese 876 d. Gravity on the surface of such an icy and/or watery planet would be at least 1.25 times as strong as on Earth. They claim the real value of the radius may be anything between the two extremes calculated by density models outlined above. Other scientists' views differ. Sara Seager at MIT has speculated that Gliese 581c and other five-Earth-mass planets could be: If the planet transits the", "title": "Gliese 581c" }, { "id": "588158", "score": "1.4190807", "text": "as well as composition. The uncompressed density of terrestrial planets trends towards lower values as the distance from the Sun increases. The rocky minor planet Vesta orbiting outside of Mars is less dense than Mars still at, 3.4 g·cm. Calculations to estimate uncompressed density inherently require a model of the planet's structure. Where there have been landers or multiple orbiting spacecraft, these models are constrained by seismological data and also moment of inertia data derived from the spacecraft orbits. Where such data is not available, uncertainties are inevitably higher. It is unknown, whether extrasolar terrestrial planets in general will show", "title": "Terrestrial planet" } ]

[ "Special figures figure skating", "special figures figure skating" ]

[ { "id": "459553", "score": "1.7327847", "text": "have winter sports, specifically figure skating, added to the Olympic programme but was unsuccessful until the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom. Four figure skating events were contested, at which Ulrich Salchow (10-time world champion) and Madge Syers won the individual titles. Three years later, Italian count Eugenio Brunetta d'Usseaux proposed that the IOC stage a week of winter sports included as part of the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. The organisers opposed this idea because they desired to protect the integrity of the Nordic Games and were concerned about a lack of facilities for winter sports. The", "title": "Winter Olympic Games" }, { "id": "1528198", "score": "1.6666244", "text": "a total of five sailing classes, but actually only four sailing events were contested. The number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses. Twelve sports venues were used for the 1908 Summer Olympics. The first winter sports took place at Prince's Skating Club. White City Stadium served as a precursor to modern stadiums. The figure skating events did not take place at the next Olympics in Stockholm, but returned for the 1920 Games in Antwerp. They served as the precursor for the first Winter Olympics that took place in Chamonix sixteen years later. White City served as the", "title": "1908 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "15358059", "score": "1.656012", "text": "from 6 nations competed. Figure skating at the 1908 Summer Olympics Four figure skating events were contested at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, but they were held in October 1908, six months after most of the other Olympic events. The figure skating competition took place at the Prince's Skating Club, in the district of Knightsbridge. It was the first time that a winter sport had ever been included in the Olympic Games, sixteen years before the first Winter Olympics in Chamonix. The number of competitors was very low, with two events having only three entrants, guaranteeing a medal for", "title": "Figure skating at the 1908 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "1528194", "score": "1.6252203", "text": "Michael Bulger of the Irish Amateur Athletic Association and the chief medical officer that day, went to his aid. Pietri eventually crossed the line in first place, but the runner-up, American Johnny Hayes of the Irish American Athletic Club protested, leading to Pietri's disqualification. Since he had not been responsible for his disqualification, Queen Alexandra awarded him a gilded silver cup the next day. These Games were the first to include winter events, as had originally been proposed for the Games. There were four figure skating events, although held on October 28 and 29, months after most of the other", "title": "1908 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "3656567", "score": "1.6230972", "text": "small time period, at a small area. Since there were no winter sports at the First Intercalated games, the mistaken idea has arisen that this was because the IOC had made such an explicit requirement. In fact, the IOC had always intended some winter sports to be part of the Olympic schedule. Before London 1908, however, none of the games had included any winter sports, and Athens 1906 was no exception. The scheduling concept of the Intercalated Games - with additional Olympic games taking place two years after (and before) every Summer Olympics - was ultimately adopted for the Winter", "title": "Intercalated Games" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1908 Summer Olympics\n\nThe 1908 Summer Olympics (officially the Games of the IV Olympiad and also known as London 1908) were an international multi-sport event held in London, England, United Kingdom, from 27 April to 31 October 1908. The 1908 Games were originally scheduled to be held in Rome, but were relocated on financial grounds following the violent eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 1906, which claimed over 100 lives; Rome eventually hosted the Games in 1960. \n\nThese were the fourth chronological modern Summer Olympics in keeping with the now-accepted four-year cycle as opposed to the alternate four-year cycle of the proposed Intercalated Games. The IOC president for these Games was Baron Pierre de Coubertin. Lasting a total of 187 days (or six months and four days), these Games were the longest in modern Olympics history. The duration of the Summer Games was 16 days in 1912, ranged between 15 and 18 days from 1928 to 1992, and was fixed at 17 days from 1996.", "title": "1908 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Figure skating at the Olympic Games\n\nFigure skating was first contested in the Olympic Games at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Since 1924, the sport has been a part of the Winter Olympic Games.\n\nMen's singles, ladies' singles, and pair skating have been held most often. Ice dance joined as a medal sport in 1976 and a team event debuted at the 2014 Olympics. Special figures were contested at only one Olympics, in 1908. Synchronized skating has never appeared at the Olympics but aims to be included.<ref name=NYT130228/>", "title": "Figure skating at the Olympic Games" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Winter Olympic Games" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Figure skating\n\nFigure skating is a sport in which individuals, pairs, or groups perform on figure skates on ice. It was the first winter sport to be included in the Olympic Games, when contested at the 1908 Olympics in London.<ref name=AFS2014/> The Olympic disciplines are men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dance; the four individual disciplines are also combined into a team event, first included in the Winter Olympics in 2014. The non-Olympic disciplines include synchronized skating, Theater on Ice, and four skating. From intermediate through senior-level competition, skaters generally perform two programs (the short program and the free skate), which, depending on the discipline, may include spins, jumps, moves in the field, lifts, throw jumps, death spirals, and other elements or moves.\n\nFigure skaters compete at various levels from beginner up to the Olympic level (senior) at local, regional, sectional, national, and international competitions. The International Skating Union (ISU) regulates international figure skating judging and competitions. These include the Winter Olympics, the World Championships, the World Junior Championships, the European Championships, the Four Continents Championships, the Grand Prix series (senior and junior), and the ISU Challenger Series. \n\nThe sport is also associated with show business. Major competitions generally conclude with exhibition galas, in which the top skaters from each discipline perform non-competitive programs. Many skaters, both during and after their competitive careers, also skate in ice shows, which run during the competitive season and the off-season.", "title": "Figure skating" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Olympic sports\n\nOlympic sports are contested in the Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games. The 2020 Summer Olympics included 33 sports; the 2022 Winter Olympics included seven sports. Each Olympic sport is represented by an international governing body, namely an International Federation (IF).\n\nThe International Olympic Committee (IOC) establishes a hierarchy of sports, disciplines, and events. and figure skating and speed skating, which are both disciplines of the sport of \"Ice skating\" (represented by the International Skating Union). In turn, disciplines are subdivided into events, for which Olympic medals are awarded.<ref name=\"Hickok\"/> The number and types of events may change slightly from one Olympiad to another.\n\nPrevious Olympic Games included sports that are no longer included in the current program, such as polo and tug of war. Known as \"discontinued sports\", these have been removed due to either a lack of interest or the absence of an appropriate governing body for the sport. Some such sports, like baseball and curling, were added to the official Olympic program (in 1992 and 1998, respectively). Baseball was discontinued after the 2008 Olympics in Beijing, only to be revived again for the 2020 Olympics in Tokyo, which saw the introduction of new disciplines within a number of existing Summer Olympic sports as well as several new sports, such as karate and skateboarding, making their Olympic debuts. Breakdancing will make its debut at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris and Ski Mountaineering will debut at the 2026 Winter Olympics.", "title": "Olympic sports" }, { "id": "459558", "score": "1.6150054", "text": "not enough snow to hold all the events until mid-January. Sonja Henie defended her Olympic title, and Eddie Eagan of the United States, who had been an Olympic champion in boxing in 1920, won the gold medal in the men's bobsleigh event to become the first, and so far only, Olympian to have won gold medals in both the Summer and Winter Olympics. The German towns of Garmisch and Partenkirchen joined to organise the 1936 edition of the Winter Games, held on 6–16 February. This was the last time the Summer and Winter Olympics were held in the same country", "title": "Winter Olympic Games" }, { "id": "3633398", "score": "1.6146703", "text": "1908 Summer Olympics medal table The 1908 Summer Olympics (also known as the Games of the IV Olympiad) was an international multi-sport event held from 27 April to 31 October 1908, in London, United Kingdom, coinciding with the Franco-British Exhibition. A total of 2,008 athletes representing 22 nations participated in 110 events in 18 sports. Diving, field hockey, and figure skating were contested for the first time at these Games. Argentina, Switzerland and Turkey were the only nations that did not earn any medals. The host nation, the United Kingdom with 676 competitors, dominated the medal table, collecting the most", "title": "1908 Summer Olympics medal table" }, { "id": "3117852", "score": "1.6136473", "text": "that are the least popular or that are new to the Olympics (golf and rugby). Before 1924, when the first Winter Olympic Games were celebrated, sports held on ice, like figure skating and ice hockey, were held at the Summer Olympics. These two sports made their debuts at the 1908 and the 1920 Summer Olympics, respectively, but were permanently integrated in the Winter Olympics program as of the first edition. The \"International Winter Sports Week\", later dubbed the I Olympic Winter Games and retroactively recognized as such by the IOC, consisted of nine sports. The number of sports contested at", "title": "Olympic sports" }, { "id": "1523472", "score": "1.6132073", "text": "28 May 1909 had proposed a simple Olympic schedule containing only \"pure\" athletics, swimming, gymnastics and wrestling. However other countries requested that the schedule be more comprehensive, and with that in mind they put forward a further programme at the IOC meeting in 1911 which was met with approval. The sports which were added were the tug of war, cycling, fencing, football, horse riding, lawn tennis, rowing, shooting, skating and yacht racing. The question of adding skating to the programme was discussed once more on 7 February 1910, with the decision being made to drop it from the schedule. It", "title": "1912 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "459556", "score": "1.6128912", "text": "separate winter event and the 1924 Games in Chamonix was retroactively designated as the first Winter Olympics. St. Moritz, Switzerland, was appointed by the IOC to host the second Winter Games in 1928. Fluctuating weather conditions challenged the hosts. The opening ceremony was held in a blizzard while warm weather conditions plagued sporting events throughout the rest of the Games. Because of the weather the 10,000 metre speed-skating event had to be abandoned and officially cancelled. The weather was not the only noteworthy aspect of the 1928 Games: Sonja Henie of Norway made history when she won the figure skating", "title": "Winter Olympic Games" }, { "id": "1682669", "score": "1.6119182", "text": "the athlete held his arms at his side he would fly farther. Adherents to this new style dominated the competition. Finnish jumpers Antti Hyvärinen and Aulis Källakorpi took first and second place; Harry Glass of Germany won the bronze medal. This competition marked the end of Norwegian dominance in the sport. Since the first winter Games in 1924, the Norwegians had won the gold medal at each Olympics until 1956. The poor performance of the Norwegian jumpers was attributed to their refusal to use the new jumping technique. The closing ceremonies took place on Sunday, 5 February in the Olympic", "title": "1956 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "459622", "score": "1.6114503", "text": "event at the 1948 Games in Switzerland. It included cross-country skiing, shooting, downhill skiing, fencing and horse riding. The table below uses official data provided by the IOC. Bibliography Winter Olympic Games The Winter Olympic Games () is a major international sporting event held once every four years for sports practised on snow and ice. The first Winter Olympics, the 1924 Winter Olympics, were held in Chamonix, France. The modern Olympic games were inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded", "title": "Winter Olympic Games" }, { "id": "459547", "score": "1.6094036", "text": "with the Olympic Charter defining its structure and authority. The original five Winter Olympics sports (broken into nine disciplines) were bobsleigh, curling, ice hockey, Nordic skiing (consisting of the disciplines military patrol, cross-country skiing, Nordic combined, and ski jumping), and skating (consisting of the disciplines figure skating and speed skating). The Games were held every four years from 1924 to 1936, interrupted in 1940 and 1944 by World War II, and resumed in 1948. Until 1992 the Winter and Summer Olympic Games were held in the same years, but in accordance with a 1986 decision by the IOC to place", "title": "Winter Olympic Games" }, { "id": "525700", "score": "1.6078849", "text": "Games he decided to come out of retirement and compete one last time. Despite not having competed for several years he earned a silver medal. Norwegian Petter Hugsted won the gold and teammate Thorleif Schjelderup won the bronze. Two demonstration sports were held at the 1948 Games. Military patrol had been a demonstration sport at the 1924, 1928, and 1936 Winter Olympic Games. It entailed a combination of cross-country skiing and shooting at targets. Eventually the competition would be renamed Biathlon and was made an official Olympic medal sport at the 1960 Games in Squaw Valley, United States. Winter pentathlon", "title": "1948 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "3117843", "score": "1.5966908", "text": "latest winter sport added to the Winter Olympics was curling in 1998. Previous Olympic Games included sports which are no longer present on the current program, like polo and tug of war. In the early days of the modern Olympics, the organizers were able to decide which sports or disciplines were included on the program, until the IOC took control of the program in 1924. As a result, a number of sports were on the Olympic program for relatively brief periods before 1924. These sports, known as discontinued sports, were removed because of lack of interest or absence of an", "title": "Olympic sports" }, { "id": "18384334", "score": "1.5937867", "text": "sides by the time of the 1985 world championship and it was formally adopted by the FIS in 1986—despite initial opposition from Norway, the Soviet Union and Finland—while preserving events using only classic technique. The Winter Olympic Games are a major international sporting event that occurs once every four years. The first Winter Olympics, the 1924 Winter Olympics, was held in Chamonix, France and included Nordic skiing (which includes cross-country skiing) among the five principal disciplines. Cross-country events have evolved in the Winter Olympics since 1924, as seen in the following timeline: The FIS Nordic World Ski Championships have been", "title": "Cross-country skiing (sport)" }, { "id": "647170", "score": "1.5912836", "text": "Olympic Winter Games every four years, independent of the Olympic Games proper, and recognized the International Winter Sports Week as the first Olympic Winter games in retrospect. In 1974 the final individual medal of Chamonix 1924 was presented. Anders Haugen, who until then had been recorded as finishing fourth in the ski jumping event, received a bronze medal. After fifty years an error had been discovered in the score of Thorleif Haug. In 2006, the IOC confirmed that the awarded medals to 1924 curling teams were official. The IOC verified that curling was officially part of the program, after the", "title": "1924 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "15358058", "score": "1.5907164", "text": "Figure skating at the 1908 Summer Olympics Four figure skating events were contested at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, but they were held in October 1908, six months after most of the other Olympic events. The figure skating competition took place at the Prince's Skating Club, in the district of Knightsbridge. It was the first time that a winter sport had ever been included in the Olympic Games, sixteen years before the first Winter Olympics in Chamonix. The number of competitors was very low, with two events having only three entrants, guaranteeing a medal for participation. 21 figure skaters", "title": "Figure skating at the 1908 Summer Olympics" }, { "id": "459619", "score": "1.5893309", "text": "and moguls skiing. The addition of these events has broadened the appeal of the Winter Olympics beyond Europe and North America. While European powers such as Norway and Germany still dominate the traditional Winter Olympic sports, countries such as South Korea, Australia and Canada are finding success in the new sports. The results are: more parity in the national medal tables; more interest in the Winter Olympics; and higher global television ratings. Note 1. Figure skating events were held at the 1908 and 1920 Summer Olympics. Note 2. A men's ice hockey tournament was held at the 1920 Summer Olympics.", "title": "Winter Olympic Games" }, { "id": "459561", "score": "1.5891416", "text": "Olympic flag presented at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp was stolen, as was its replacement. There was unprecedented parity at these Games, during which 10 countries won gold medals—more than any Games to that point. The Olympic Flame for the 1952 Games in Oslo, was lit in the fireplace by skiing pioneer Sondre Nordheim, and the torch relay was conducted by 94 participants entirely on skis. Bandy, a popular sport in the Nordic countries, was featured as a demonstration sport, though only Norway, Sweden, and Finland fielded teams. Norwegian athletes won 17 medals, which outpaced all the other nations.", "title": "Winter Olympic Games" } ]

[ "Arthur Ransome", "Arthur Michell Ransome", "arthur michell ransome", "ransome arthur michell", "arthur ransome", "Ransome, Arthur Michell" ]

[ { "id": "2248251", "score": "1.7992439", "text": "Broads before moving to the lake in the north. \"We Didn't Mean to Go to Sea\" and \"Secret Water\" are set in coastal Suffolk and Essex, with the former involving a voyage to Flushing, Netherlands and the latter the exploration of the islands of Hamford Water near Walton-on-the-Naze. The books \"Peter Duck\" and \"Missee Lee\" involve voyages of the schooner \"Wild Cat\" to the Caribbean and the South China Sea. These stories appear to be metafictional in relation to the rest of the series, and were originally planned by Ransome (see below) as stories written by the children. The final", "title": "Swallows and Amazons series" }, { "id": "6229551", "score": "1.7115662", "text": "Peter Duck Peter Duck is the third book in the \"Swallows and Amazons\" series by Arthur Ransome. The Swallows and Amazons sail to Crab Island with Captain Flint and Peter Duck, an old sailor, to recover buried treasure. During the voyage the \"Wildcat\" (Captain Flint's ship) is chased by another vessel, the \"Viper\", whose piratical crew are also intending to recover the treasure. The book, first published in 1932, is considered to be one of the metafictional books in the series, along with \"Missee Lee\" and perhaps \"Great Northern?\". Most of the book was written in Aleppo where Ransome was", "title": "Peter Duck" }, { "id": "12839532", "score": "1.6965276", "text": "chance, being so much dominated by Nancy\". When Ransome was first writing \"Swallows and Amazons\" in 1928, it was unusual for a female character to display such active leadership over males as Nancy Blackett does in the whole series of books and whilst children in children's literature had become increasingly self-motivated towards the end of the 19th century, they were, until Swallows and Amazons, still largely bounded by a \"closed nursery-orientated world\". In \"Secret Water\", Daisy the leader of the \"Eels\" is their leader, although younger than her brothers Dum and Dee. Nevertheless, despite writing Nancy in an unconventional role,", "title": "Nancy Blackett" }, { "id": "7215043", "score": "1.6948853", "text": "Altounyan connections, changing the initial dedication of \"Swallows and Amazons\" and writing a new foreword which gave other sources. In 2003, the novel was listed at number 57 on the BBC's survey The Big Read. The artist chosen for the first edition of the book was Steven Spurrier, but Ransome objected to his style and so the first edition did not have any illustrations. Spurrier's drawing for the dust jacket had to be used. The second edition contained drawings by Clifford Webb but after Ransome successfully illustrated \"Peter Duck\" himself, he decided to do his own drawings for all the", "title": "Swallows and Amazons" }, { "id": "7307178", "score": "1.6908102", "text": "Secret Water Secret Water is the eighth book in Arthur Ransome's Swallows and Amazons series of children's books. It was published on 28 November 1939. This book is set in and around Hamford Water in Essex, close to the resort town of Walton-on-the-Naze. It brings the Swallows and the Amazons together and introduces a new group of characters, the Eels and the Mastodon. Ransome used to sail to Hamford Water, an area of tidal salt marshes and low-lying islands, in his yacht \"Nancy Blackett\". He set the book here to offer his characters new opportunities to explore and make maps", "title": "Secret Water" }, { "id": "2248253", "score": "1.6820564", "text": "in the Brotherton Library at the University of Leeds. They describe the story of \"Peter Duck\" being made up by the Walkers and Blacketts on a wherry in the Norfolk Broads during the winter following the events described in \"Swallows and Amazons\". This composition was later referenced in \"Swallowdale\", but not in \"Peter Duck\" itself. The final complete book, \"Great Northern?\" is set in the Outer Hebrides off the west coast of Scotland. This book is sometimes included with \"Peter Duck\" and \"Missee Lee\" as metafictional because the story would involve the children being away from school during the nesting", "title": "Swallows and Amazons series" }, { "id": "6229558", "score": "1.658725", "text": "\"Viper\". They return home safely without further incident. The treasure proves to be a collection of pearls. Peter Duck Peter Duck is the third book in the \"Swallows and Amazons\" series by Arthur Ransome. The Swallows and Amazons sail to Crab Island with Captain Flint and Peter Duck, an old sailor, to recover buried treasure. During the voyage the \"Wildcat\" (Captain Flint's ship) is chased by another vessel, the \"Viper\", whose piratical crew are also intending to recover the treasure. The book, first published in 1932, is considered to be one of the metafictional books in the series, along with", "title": "Peter Duck" }, { "id": "1498823", "score": "1.629888", "text": "the completion of \"Peter Duck\" in 1931. Ransome won the inaugural Carnegie Medal from the Library Association, recognising \"Pigeon Post\" in the Swallows and Amazons series as the year's best children's book by a British subject. He was appointed CBE in 1953. Durham University made him an honorary Master of Arts (which he told Cape to ignore) and Leeds University made him an honorary Doctor of Letters. Translations of his books have been published in several languages and he became popular in many countries. Thriving Ransome appreciation societies exist in the Czech Republic, and in Japan where the Arthur Ransome", "title": "Arthur Ransome" }, { "id": "1498816", "score": "1.6298714", "text": "sailing around the world in the schooner \"Wild Cat\" from \"Peter Duck\". Together with Captain Flint (the Amazons' uncle Jim Turner), they become the captives of Chinese pirates. The final book Ransome completed in the series, \"Great Northern?\" (1947) was set in Scotland, and while the plot and action appear realistic, the internal chronology does not fit the usual run of school holiday adventures. Myles North, an admirer of Ransome, provided much of the basic plot of the book. \"Swallows and Amazons\" was so popular that it inspired a number of other authors to write in a similar vein: most", "title": "Arthur Ransome" }, { "id": "1498815", "score": "1.6184975", "text": "have less realistic plots. The original concept of \"Peter Duck\" was a story made up by the children themselves, and Peter Duck had appeared in the preceding volume \"Swallowdale\" as a character whom the children created, but Ransome dropped the foreword of explanation from \"Peter Duck\" before it was published. Although relatively straightforward, the story, together with its equally unrealistic ostensible sequel \"Missee Lee\", is much more fantastic than the rest of the series. A trip to China as a foreign correspondent provided Ransome with the imaginative springboard for \"Missee Lee\", in which readers find the Swallows and the Amazons", "title": "Arthur Ransome" }, { "id": "2248255", "score": "1.6151863", "text": "Steven Spurrier that were commissioned by his publisher, Jonathan Cape, that the only pictures in the first edition were the endpaper map of the lake and a map of Wild Cat Island. For the second edition, Clifford Webb was commissioned to produce the illustrations, which met with grudging approval from Ransome. Webb also illustrated \"Swallowdale\", but Ransome decided that he would personally illustrate the third book, \"Peter Duck\". As this book was supposedly based on information supplied by the children themselves, Ransome drew the pictures as though done by the characters. These illustrations were so popular that Ransome illustrated the", "title": "Swallows and Amazons series" }, { "id": "2248252", "score": "1.6119945", "text": "published works, however, are presented simply as continuing adventures in the series, though different in a number of ways. Most obvious is the inclusion of fear and violence (which is mostly absent from rest of the series) and the extended voyages would have taken the children from school for unacceptably long periods. Both books are described on their title pages as \"based on information supplied by the Swallows and Amazons\", a description which is absent from the rest of the books in the series. Two abandoned chapters of \"Peter Duck\" (called \"Their Own Story\") were found in Ransome's papers held", "title": "Swallows and Amazons series" }, { "id": "7215041", "score": "1.600007", "text": "Swallows and Amazons Swallows and Amazons is the first book in the \"Swallows and Amazons\" series by English author Arthur Ransome; it was first published in 1930, with the action taking place in the summer of 1929 in the Lake District. The book introduces central protagonists John, Susan, Titty and Roger Walker (Swallows) and their mother and baby sister (Bridget), as well as Nancy and Peggy Blackett (Amazons) and their uncle Jim, commonly referred to as Captain Flint. At the time, Ransome had been working as a journalist with the \"Manchester Guardian\", but decided to become a full-time author rather", "title": "Swallows and Amazons" }, { "id": "2248242", "score": "1.597944", "text": "are set in Suffolk and Essex around the River Orwell, though one involves a trip across the North Sea to Holland. Two books, \"Peter Duck\" and \"Missee Lee\", and possibly also \"Great Northern?\", are metafictional, being fictional stories of the protagonists' voyages to exotic lands, as imagined by the fictional protagonists. The crew of the \"Swallow\" are siblings John, Susan, Titty, and Roger Walker. John, the oldest, is the captain and usually in charge. Susan is first mate, in charge of stores, cooking, and the general well-being of the crew. She sometimes acts as a surrogate mother. Titty, the \"able", "title": "Swallows and Amazons series" }, { "id": "6229554", "score": "1.5963957", "text": "Duck is mentioned in \"Swallowdale\" as Titty's imaginary friend from a story made up by the Swallows and Amazons. The Swallows and Amazons are in Lowestoft, preparing for a cruise aboard a schooner, the \"Wild Cat\", with Captain Flint, the Blacketts' uncle Jim Turner. Unfortunately the other adult (Sam Bideford) cannot come and so the cruise is threatened until Peter Duck, an elderly seaman, offers to come along to help. In the harbour a larger black schooner, the \"Viper\", is fitting out for a voyage and Peter Duck's presence aboard the \"Wild Cat\" interests Black Jake, the \"Viper\"’s captain. Peter", "title": "Peter Duck" }, { "id": "7307181", "score": "1.5945249", "text": "party, as a result of being trapped in the middle of a ford by a rising tide with Titty and Roger. The danger is genuine, since high tide level would have been well above their heads. They are rescued by the Mastodon in the nick of time. It seems that due to the distractions of war and being cut off by the tides, the chart will not be completed. However early in the last morning two separate groups of children complete it. Beaumont Cut Secret Water Secret Water is the eighth book in Arthur Ransome's Swallows and Amazons series of", "title": "Secret Water" }, { "id": "1498798", "score": "1.5726107", "text": "Arthur Ransome Arthur Michell Ransome (18 January 1884 – 3 June 1967) was an English author and journalist. He is best known for writing the \"Swallows and Amazons\" series of children's books about the school-holiday adventures of children, mostly in the Lake District and the Norfolk Broads. The books remain popular and \"Swallows and Amazons\" is the basis for a tourist industry around Windermere and Coniston Water, the two lakes Ransome adapted as his fictional North Country lake. He also wrote about the literary life of London, and about Russia before, during, and after the revolutions of 1917. His connection", "title": "Arthur Ransome" }, { "id": "6229553", "score": "1.5597837", "text": "of that name). Trindade has many features in common with Peter Duck's Crab Island, including mountains, landslides, jungles and loathsome land crabs. By publication date, \"Peter Duck\" is the third book in the series, but the story is supposed to be one created by the Swallows and Amazons while staying on a Norfolk wherry with Captain Flint in the winter between the first two books. Two early chapters describing this creation process were written by Arthur Ransome before he started \"Swallowdale\". This opening was discarded from the final version of the book when it was published after \"Swallowdale\". However, Peter", "title": "Peter Duck" }, { "id": "7786191", "score": "1.5532949", "text": "metafictional books in the series, along with \"Peter Duck\" and perhaps \"Great Northern?\" Ransome visited China in 1926 and 1927, where he learned about Chinese life and culture. He also met, amongst others Soong Ching-ling, the wife of Sun Yat-sen. Ransome said that he based many of Missee Lee's characteristics on her, though there were others who contributed to the character. The book opens with the Swallows, Amazons and Captain Flint in an unnamed port in the South China Sea, apparently the Hundredth Port of a round-the-world voyage aboard the \"Wild Cat\", the small green schooner featured in Peter Duck.", "title": "Missee Lee" }, { "id": "18878322", "score": "1.5510299", "text": "film's changes to the book's character Jim Turner, writing, \"In the film he is engaged in espionage and pursued by Russian agents, which gives the story some grown-up oomph, and pays fitting tribute to the author's wildly adventurous early life. For Ransome was not merely a boaty old buffer with a walrus moustache who wrote children's books. As a young journalist he reported on the Russian Revolution, was on intimate terms with its leaders and was himself an active player, which led to his recruitment by MI6.\" For Alistair Harkness, writing in \"The Scotsman\", the film \"serves as a gentle", "title": "Swallows and Amazons (2016 film)" } ]

[ "Earth albedo", "Simple Albedo", "Albedo", "Simple albedo", "simple albedo", "Albedo effects", "Albedo of the Earth", "Albedo rate", "earth albedo", "albedo", "albedo of earth", "albedo effects", "albedo rate", "solar reflectance", "Solar reflectance" ]

[ { "id": "12853", "score": "1.5099819", "text": "\"; or alternatively that length for which the heliocentric gravitational constant (the product \"G\") is equal to () AU/d, when the length is used to describe the positions of objects in the Solar System. Subsequent explorations of the Solar System by space probes made it possible to obtain precise measurements of the relative positions of the inner planets and other objects by means of radar and telemetry. As with all radar measurements, these rely on measuring the time taken for photons to be reflected from an object. Because all photons move at the speed of light in vacuum, a fundamental", "title": "Astronomical unit" }, { "id": "3409997", "score": "1.4728458", "text": "Sun. By precisely measuring the relative positions of objects from both observing directions, a rigid system of reference is obtained. The two key telescope properties are: Each celestial object will be observed on average about 70 times during the mission, which is expected to last five years. These measurements will help determine the astrometric parameters of stars: two corresponding to the angular position of a given star on the sky, two for the derivatives of the star's position over time (motion) and lastly, the star's parallax from which distance can be calculated. The radial velocity of the brighter stars is", "title": "Gaia (spacecraft)" }, { "id": "5986851", "score": "1.437604", "text": "reflected light from the sun. Around this date, Babylonians use the zodiac to divide the heavens into twelve equal segments of thirty degrees each, the better to record and communicate information about the position of celestial bodies. Plato, a Greek philosopher, founds a school (the Platonic Academy) that will influence the next 2000 years. It promotes the idea that everything in the universe moves in harmony and that the Sun, Moon, and planets move around Earth in perfect circles. Aristarchus of Samos proposes heliocentrism as an alternative to the Earth-centered universe. His heliocentric model places the Sun at its center,", "title": "Timeline of astronomy" }, { "id": "12863", "score": "1.4102563", "text": "parallax of 1 arcsecond. The light-year is often used in popular works, but is not an approved non-SI unit and is rarely used by professional astronomers. When simulating a numerical model of the Solar System, the astronomical unit provides an appropriate scale that minimizes (overflow, underflow and truncation) errors in floating point calculations. According to Archimedes in the \"Sandreckoner\" (2.1), Aristarchus of Samos estimated the distance to the Sun to be times Earth's radius (the true value is about ). However, the book \"On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon\", which has long been ascribed to Aristarchus,", "title": "Astronomical unit" }, { "id": "3373932", "score": "1.405313", "text": "although this can be very uncomfortable and cause long-lasting afterimages. In astronomy, the illuminance stars cast on the Earth's atmosphere is used as a measure of their brightness. The usual units are apparent magnitudes in the visible band. V-magnitudes can be converted to lux using the formula where \"E\" is the illuminance in lux, and \"M\" is the apparent magnitude. The reverse conversion is Illuminance In photometry, illuminance is the total luminous flux incident on a surface, per unit area. It is a measure of how much the incident light illuminates the surface, wavelength-weighted by the luminosity function to correlate", "title": "Illuminance" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Albedo\n\nAlbedo (; ) is the measure of the diffuse reflection of solar radiation out of the total solar radiation and measured on a scale from 0, corresponding to a black body that absorbs all incident radiation, to 1, corresponding to a body that reflects all incident radiation.\n\nSurface albedo is defined as the ratio of radiosity \"J\" to the irradiance \"E\" (flux per unit area) received by a surface. The proportion reflected is not only determined by properties of the surface itself, but also by the spectral and angular distribution of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. These factors vary with atmospheric composition, geographic location, and time (see position of the Sun). While bi-hemispherical reflectance is calculated for a single angle of incidence (i.e., for a given position of the Sun), albedo is the directional integration of reflectance over all solar angles in a given period. The temporal resolution may range from seconds (as obtained from flux measurements) to daily, monthly, or annual averages.\n\nUnless given for a specific wavelength (spectral albedo), albedo refers to the entire spectrum of solar radiation. Due to measurement constraints, it is often given for the spectrum in which most solar energy reaches the surface (between 0.3 and 3 μm). This spectrum includes visible light (0.4–0.7 μm), which explains why surfaces with a low albedo appear dark (e.g., trees absorb most radiation), whereas surfaces with a high albedo appear bright (e.g., snow reflects most radiation).\n\nAlbedo is an important concept in climatology, astronomy, and environmental management (e.g., as part of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program for sustainable rating of buildings). The average albedo of the Earth from the upper atmosphere, its \"planetary albedo\", is 30–35% because of cloud cover, but widely varies locally across the surface because of different geological and environmental features.\n\nThe term albedo was introduced into optics by Johann Heinrich Lambert in his 1760 work \"Photometria\".", "title": "Albedo" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Celestial navigation" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Atmospheric refraction\n\nAtmospheric refraction is the deviation of light or other electromagnetic wave from a straight line as it passes through the atmosphere due to the variation in air density as a function of height. This refraction is due to the velocity of light through air decreasing (the refractive index increases) with increased density. Atmospheric refraction near the ground produces mirages. Such refraction can also raise or lower, or stretch or shorten, the images of distant objects without involving mirages. Turbulent air can make distant objects appear to twinkle or shimmer. The term also applies to the refraction of sound. Atmospheric refraction is considered in measuring the position of both celestial and terrestrial objects.\n\nAstronomical or celestial refraction causes astronomical objects to appear higher above the horizon than they actually are. Terrestrial refraction usually causes terrestrial objects to appear higher than they actually are, although in the afternoon when the air near the ground is heated, the rays can curve upward making objects appear lower than they actually are.\n\nRefraction not only affects visible light rays, but all electromagnetic radiation, although in varying degrees. For example, in the visible spectrum, blue is more affected than red. This may cause astronomical objects to appear dispersed into a spectrum in high-resolution images.\n\nWhenever possible, astronomers will schedule their observations around the times of culmination, when celestial objects are highest in the sky. Likewise, sailors will not shoot a star below 20° above the horizon. If observations of objects near the horizon cannot be avoided, it is possible to equip an optical telescope with control systems to compensate for the shift caused by the refraction. If the dispersion is also a problem (in case of broadband high-resolution observations), atmospheric refraction correctors (made from pairs of rotating glass prisms) can be employed as well.\n\nSince the amount of atmospheric refraction is a function of the temperature gradient, temperature, pressure, and humidity (the amount of water vapor, which is especially important at mid-infrared wavelengths), the amount of effort needed for a successful compensation can be prohibitive. Surveyors, on the other hand, will often schedule their observations in the afternoon, when the magnitude of refraction is minimum.\n\nAtmospheric refraction becomes more severe when temperature gradients are strong, and refraction is not uniform when the atmosphere is heterogeneous, as when turbulence occurs in the air. This causes suboptimal seeing conditions, such as the twinkling of stars and various deformations of the Sun's apparent shape soon before sunset or after sunrise.", "title": "Atmospheric refraction" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Comet\n\nA comet is an icy, small Solar System body that, when passing close to the Sun, warms and begins to release gases, a process that is called outgassing. This produces a visible atmosphere or coma, and sometimes also a tail. These phenomena are due to the effects of solar radiation and the solar wind acting upon the nucleus of the comet. Comet nuclei range from a few hundred meters to tens of kilometers across and are composed of loose collections of ice, dust, and small rocky particles. The coma may be up to 15 times Earth's diameter, while the tail may stretch beyond one astronomical unit. If sufficiently bright, a comet may be seen from Earth without the aid of a telescope and may subtend an arc of 30° (60 Moons) across the sky. Comets have been observed and recorded since ancient times by many cultures and religions.\n\nComets usually have highly eccentric elliptical orbits, and they have a wide range of orbital periods, ranging from several years to potentially several millions of years. Short-period comets originate in the Kuiper belt or its associated scattered disc, which lie beyond the orbit of Neptune. Long-period comets are thought to originate in the Oort cloud, a spherical cloud of icy bodies extending from outside the Kuiper belt to halfway to the nearest star. Long-period comets are set in motion towards the Sun from the Oort cloud by gravitational perturbations caused by passing stars and the galactic tide. Hyperbolic comets may pass once through the inner Solar System before being flung to interstellar space. The appearance of a comet is called an apparition.\n\nComets are distinguished from asteroids by the presence of an extended, gravitationally unbound atmosphere surrounding their central nucleus. This atmosphere has parts termed the coma (the central part immediately surrounding the nucleus) and the tail (a typically linear section consisting of dust or gas blown out from the coma by the Sun's light pressure or outstreaming solar wind plasma). However, extinct comets that have passed close to the Sun many times have lost nearly all of their volatile ices and dust and may come to resemble small asteroids. Asteroids are thought to have a different origin from comets, having formed inside the orbit of Jupiter rather than in the outer Solar System. The discovery of main-belt comets and active centaur minor planets has blurred the distinction between asteroids and comets. In the early 21st century, the discovery of some minor bodies with long-period comet orbits, but characteristics of inner solar system asteroids, were called Manx comets. They are still classified as comets, such as C/2014 S3 (PANSTARRS). Twenty-seven Manx comets were found from 2013 to 2017.", "title": "Comet" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Parallax\n\nParallax is a displacement or difference in the apparent position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight and is measured by the angle or semi-angle of inclination between those two lines. Due to foreshortening, nearby objects show a larger parallax than farther objects when observed from different positions, so parallax can be used to determine distances.\n\nTo measure large distances, such as the distance of a planet or a star from Earth, astronomers use the principle of parallax. Here, the term \"parallax\" is the semi-angle of inclination between two sight-lines to the star, as observed when Earth is on opposite sides of the Sun in its orbit. These distances form the lowest rung of what is called \"the cosmic distance ladder\", the first in a succession of methods by which astronomers determine the distances to celestial objects, serving as a basis for other distance measurements in astronomy forming the higher rungs of the ladder.\n\nParallax also affects optical instruments such as rifle scopes, binoculars, microscopes, and twin-lens reflex cameras that view objects from slightly different angles. Many animals, along with humans, have two eyes with overlapping visual fields that use parallax to gain depth perception; this process is known as stereopsis. In computer vision the effect is used for computer stereo vision, and there is a device called a parallax rangefinder that uses it to find the range, and in some variations also altitude to a target.\n\nA simple everyday example of parallax can be seen in the dashboards of motor vehicles that use a needle-style mechanical speedometer. When viewed from directly in front, the speed may show exactly 60, but when viewed from the passenger seat, the needle may appear to show a slightly different speed due to the angle of viewing combined with the displacement of the needle from the plane of the numerical dial.", "title": "Parallax" }, { "id": "12877", "score": "1.4018114", "text": "Newcomb's value for the solar parallax (and for the constant of aberration and the Gaussian gravitational constant) were incorporated into the first international system of astronomical constants in 1896, which remained in place for the calculation of ephemerides until 1964. The name \"astronomical unit\" appears first to have been used in 1903. The discovery of the near-Earth asteroid 433 Eros and its passage near Earth in 1900–1901 allowed a considerable improvement in parallax measurement. Another international project to measure the parallax of 433 Eros was undertaken in 1930–1931. Direct radar measurements of the distances to Venus and Mars became available", "title": "Astronomical unit" }, { "id": "3410003", "score": "1.4009609", "text": "to ice deposits causing some of the light diffracted around the edges of the sunshield and entering the telescope apertures to be reflected towards the focal plane. The actual source of the stray light was later identified as the fibers of the sunshield, protruding beyond the edges of the shield. This results in a \"degradation in science performance [which] will be relatively modest and mostly restricted to the faintest of \"Gaia\" one billion stars.\" Mitigation schemes are being implemented to optimise the mission performance. The degradation is more severe for the RVS spectrograph than for the astrometry measurements. It only", "title": "Gaia (spacecraft)" }, { "id": "3343739", "score": "1.3996711", "text": "into the fractional difference in the speed of light being equal to minus the photon's energy divided by 2×10 GeV. The researchers have suggested that the delay could be explained by the presence of quantum foam, the irregular structure of which might slow down photons by minuscule amounts only detectable at cosmic distances such as in the case of the blazar. Each telescope has the following specifications: Each mirror of the reflector is a sandwich of an aluminum honeycomb, 5 mm plate of AlMgSi alloy, covered with a thin layer of quartz to protect the mirror surface from aging. The", "title": "MAGIC (telescope)" }, { "id": "12871", "score": "1.3982852", "text": "the naked eye. Flemish astronomer Godefroy Wendelin repeated Aristarchus' measurements in 1635, and found that Ptolemy's value was too low by a factor of at least eleven. A somewhat more accurate estimate can be obtained by observing the transit of Venus. By measuring the transit in two different locations, one can accurately calculate the parallax of Venus and from the relative distance of Earth and Venus from the Sun, the solar parallax \"α\" (which cannot be measured directly due to the brightness of the Sun). Jeremiah Horrocks had attempted to produce an estimate based on his observation of the 1639", "title": "Astronomical unit" }, { "id": "2652367", "score": "1.397305", "text": "not accurately measured until the early 21st century, and that at cosmological distances, the curvature of space-time allows one to come up with multiple definitions for distance. For example, the distance as defined by the amount of time it takes for a light beam to travel to an observer is different from the distance as defined by the apparent size of an object. Astronomical system of units The astronomical system of units, formally called the IAU (1976) System of Astronomical Constants, is a system of measurement developed for use in astronomy. It was adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU)", "title": "Astronomical system of units" }, { "id": "2652362", "score": "1.3915513", "text": "at least three different measures of time. The astronomical unit of time is the Day, defined as seconds. 365.25 days make up one Julian year. The symbol \"D\" is used in astronomy to refer to this unit. The astronomical unit of mass is the solar mass. The symbol is often used to refer to this unit. The solar mass (), , is a standard way to express mass in astronomy, used to describe the masses of other stars and galaxies. It is equal to the mass of the Sun, about times the mass of the Earth or 1 048 times", "title": "Astronomical system of units" }, { "id": "1947719", "score": "1.3913759", "text": "Astronomical spectroscopy Astronomical spectroscopy is the study of astronomy using the techniques of spectroscopy to measure the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light and radio, which radiates from stars and other celestial objects. A stellar spectrum can reveal many properties of stars, such as their chemical composition, temperature, density, mass, distance, luminosity, and relative motion using Doppler shift measurements. Spectroscopy is also used to study the physical properties of many other types of celestial objects such as planets, nebulae, galaxies, and active galactic nuclei. Astronomical spectroscopy is used to measure three major bands of radiation: visible spectrum, radio, and", "title": "Astronomical spectroscopy" }, { "id": "1928385", "score": "1.3903189", "text": "Astronomical seeing Astronomical seeing refers to the amount of apparent blurring and twinkling of astronomical objects like stars due to turbulent mixing in the atmosphere of Earth, causing variations of the optical refractive index. The seeing conditions on a given night at a given location describe how much Earth's atmosphere perturbs the images of stars as seen through a telescope. The most common seeing measurement is the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the optical intensity across the \"seeing disc\" (the point spread function for imaging through the atmosphere). The FWHM of the point spread function (loosely called seeing", "title": "Astronomical seeing" }, { "id": "2752880", "score": "1.3877037", "text": "of a telescope. Without some means of correcting for the blurring effect of the shifting atmosphere, telescopes larger than about 15–20 cm in aperture can not achieve their theoretical resolution at visible wavelengths. As a result, the primary benefit of using very large telescopes has been the improved light-gathering capability, allowing very faint magnitudes to be observed. However the resolution handicap has begun to be overcome by adaptive optics, speckle imaging and interferometric imaging, as well as the use of space telescopes. Astronomers have a number of observational tools that they can use to make measurements of the heavens. For", "title": "Observational astronomy" }, { "id": "1678299", "score": "1.3876126", "text": "between the Earth and the Sun: where \"A\" is the unit distance (the value of the astronomical unit in metres) and \"k\" is a constant (whose value is very close to one) that reflects the fact that the mean distance from the Earth to the Sun is not exactly one astronomical unit. Solar luminosity The solar luminosity, , is a unit of radiant flux (power emitted in the form of photons) conventionally used by astronomers to measure the luminosity of stars, galaxies and other celestial objects in terms of the output of the Sun. One nominal solar luminosity is defined", "title": "Solar luminosity" }, { "id": "1823987", "score": "1.3871872", "text": "light curves for stellar host. During a transit there are four \"contacts\", when the circumference of the small circle (small body disk) touches the circumference of the large circle (large body disk) at a single point. Historically, measuring the precise time of each point of contact was one of the most accurate ways to determine the positions of astronomical bodies. The contacts happen in the following order: A fifth named point is that of greatest transit, when the apparent centers of the two bodies are nearest to each other, halfway through the transit. Since transit photometry allows for scanning large", "title": "Transit (astronomy)" }, { "id": "12879", "score": "1.3863852", "text": "expanding outward from the Sun. This has led to calls to abandon the astronomical unit as a unit of measurement. As the speed of light has an exact defined value in SI units and the Gaussian gravitational constant \"k\" is fixed in the astronomical system of units, measuring the light time per unit distance is exactly equivalent to measuring the product \"G\" in SI units. Hence, it is possible to construct ephemerides entirely in SI units, which is increasingly becoming the norm. A 2004 analysis of radiometric measurements in the inner Solar System suggested that the secular increase in the", "title": "Astronomical unit" }, { "id": "13595251", "score": "1.383877", "text": "(Vertical axis) is used, between 45 degrees and 90 degrees the umbra recta (Horizontal axis) is used and when the sun's ray is at 45 degrees its shadow falls exactly on the umbra media (y=x) It was used during the time of medieval astronomy to determine the height of, and to track the movement of celestial bodies such as the sun when more advanced measurement methods were not available. These methods can still be used today to determine the altitude, with reference to the horizon, of any visible celestial body. A gnomon is used along with a shadow box commonly.", "title": "Shadow square" }, { "id": "6804387", "score": "1.3796015", "text": "Combined of 'είδωλο', an 'idol' or 'reflection', one might see in it Plato's 'luminous being', a 'reflection of the dawn'. Such a direct etymology is, however, admittedly speculative and subject to revision or reconfirmation by another. Augoeides Augoeides is an obscure term meaning \"luminous body\" and thought to refer to the planets. Aleister Crowley considered the term to refer to the Holy Guardian Angel of Abramelin; the Atman of Hinduism the Daemon of the ancient Greeks. Robert Lomas associates the term with the \"Higher Self\" or soul of the individual It appears that Porphyry used it and Thomas Taylor commented", "title": "Augoeides" }, { "id": "1278090", "score": "1.3781759", "text": "celestial body's GP and the observer's position. After some computations, referred to as sight reduction, this measurement is used to plot a line of position (LOP) on a navigational chart or plotting work sheet, the observer's position being somewhere on that line. (The LOP is actually a short segment of a very large circle on Earth that surrounds the GP of the observed celestial body. An observer located anywhere on the circumference of this circle on Earth, measuring the angle of the same celestial body above the horizon at that instant of time, would observe that body to be at", "title": "Celestial navigation" } ]

[ "Execution by electrocution", "Electric chair", "The electric chair", "The Electric Chair", "execution by electrocution", "electric chair", "execution by electric chair", "electrical chair", "Execution by electric chair", "Electrical chair", "Death chair", "death chair", "Electric Chair" ]

[ { "id": "2948062", "score": "1.6563265", "text": "Old Sparky Old Sparky is the nickname of the electric chairs in Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Nebraska, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. Old Smokey was the nickname of the electric chairs used in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee. \"Old Sparky\" is sometimes used to refer to electric chairs in general, and not one of a specific state. Connecticut legislated lethal injection as its sole method of execution in 1995. The last person executed by electrocution was Joseph \"Mad Dog\" Taborsky in May 1960. Connecticut's \"Old Sparky\" has not been tested since it", "title": "Old Sparky" }, { "id": "2948082", "score": "1.6398507", "text": "the state's judicial hangings. Its control apparatus was designed in such a way that three push-button switches were to be simultaneously pressed by three members of the execution team; only one of these switches actually completed the circuit, allowing each member of the execution team to reassure himself that perhaps he had not been the one who had actually initiated the death of the condemned. Old Sparky Old Sparky is the nickname of the electric chairs in Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Nebraska, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. Old Smokey was the nickname", "title": "Old Sparky" }, { "id": "2948080", "score": "1.5845876", "text": "\"Old Sparky\" was in June 21, 2008 when convicted murderer James Earl Reed opted for this method of execution. The Texas electric chair to which the name \"Old Sparky\" is applied was in use from 1924 to 1964. During that time, it saw the deaths of 361 prisoners sentenced to die by judicial electrocution. It was built by incarcerated craftsmen in 1924. Following its decommissioning, it was originally relegated to a prison dump before being rescued. Today, it is on public display as part of a replica death chamber at the Texas Prison Museum in Huntsville, Texas, along with tubing", "title": "Old Sparky" }, { "id": "2948081", "score": "1.5301483", "text": "and straps used in Texas' first execution by lethal injection. In 1971, the Greater Dallas Crime Commission, a business organization, circulated a petition to recommission Texas' \"Old Sparky\". The petition received 10,620 endorsements. The now-decommissioned electric chair known as \"Old Sparky\" at the now-closed West Virginia Penitentiary in Moundsville, West Virginia was installed in a facility originally used for hanging. It was in use from 1951 until 1959, during which time nine condemned prisoners were executed in the chair. The chair was bolted to a low platform which covered what had previously been the trapdoor of the gallows used in", "title": "Old Sparky" }, { "id": "17830143", "score": "1.4081013", "text": "was a popular dance called the Texas Tommy, which would be one of the first steps in disabling the district. The name \"Texas Tommy\" itself was a concern, because the term 'Tommy' was said to be synonymous with prostitute. When it was announced that the infamous dance would be performed at a local theater, many concerned citizens and the police went to see the dance for the first time. But they came away surprised, and declared that there was nothing obscene or distasteful about the strenuous dance. The dance then went on to become very popular with the youth of", "title": "Terrific Street" }, { "id": "1461897", "score": "1.3956233", "text": "associated with Marshall, Texas – and that the left-hand bass lines grew more complex as the distance from Marshall increased. The most primitive of these left hand bass lines is the one that was called \"the Marshall\". It is a simple, four-beats-to-the-bar figure The second-most primitive bass-line, called \"the Jefferson\", is also four-beats-to-the-bar, but goes down in pitch on the last note in each four-note cycle. It has been suggested that this downturn in pitch reveals a possible New Orleans influence. Jefferson, Texas, about 17 miles north of Marshall, was the westernmost port of a steamboat route that connected to", "title": "Boogie-woogie" }, { "id": "989077", "score": "1.3814533", "text": "with the Santa Barbara Dodgers of the class-C California League, where he was primarily used as a shortstop. In , he was moved up to the class-A Pueblo Dodgers of the Western League and was moved to second base, where he played the rest of his career. In , Anderson was moved another step up the minor league ladder, playing for the Double-A Fort Worth Cats of the Texas League. A radio announcer gave him the nickname \"Sparky\" in 1955 for his feisty play. In , he moved up once more, this time to the Triple-A Montreal Royals of the", "title": "Sparky Anderson" }, { "id": "2331557", "score": "1.362994", "text": "pokey\". Mostly performed in the British style of the dance, it is known as the \"boogie woogie\" (pronounced ). In New Zealand, the dance is usually known as the \"hokey tokey\", because hokey pokey is the usual term for honeycomb toffee. Known as the \"hokey cokey\" or “okey cokey”, the song and accompanying dance peaked in popularity as a music hall song and novelty dance in the mid-1940s in Britain. There is a claim of authorship by the British/Irish songwriter Jimmy Kennedy, responsible for the lyrics to popular songs such as the wartime \"We're Going to Hang out the Washing", "title": "Hokey cokey" }, { "id": "1735298", "score": "1.3619751", "text": "radio play adapted by Norman Corwin from a magazine story by Lucille Fletcher. Ol' Rip, a horned toad \"discovered\" in an 1897 time capsule inside the cornerstone of the Eastland County, Texas courthouse in 1928, is also said to have inspired the premise. Some of the Frog's physical movements are evocative of ragtime-era greats such as Bert Williams, who was known for sporting a top hat and cane, and performing the type of flamboyant, high-kick cakewalk dance steps demonstrated by the Frog in \"Hello! Ma Baby\". Williams was also a prominent figure in The Frogs club. The cartoon also had", "title": "One Froggy Evening" }, { "id": "5702657", "score": "1.356576", "text": "B'hoy and g'hal B'hoy and g'hal (meant to evoke an Irish pronunciation of \"boy\" and \"gal\", respectively) were the prevailing slang words used to describe the young men and women of the rough-and-tumble working class culture of Lower Manhattan in the late 1840s and into the period of the American Civil War. They spoke a slang, with phrases such as \"hi-hi\", \"lam him\", and \"cheese it\". The word b'hoy was first used in 1846. In the United States it was a colloquialism for \"spirited lad\" and \"young spark\". The word originates from the Irish pronunciation of boy. The prototypical artistic", "title": "B'hoy and g'hal" }, { "id": "14343731", "score": "1.3519635", "text": "mostly unknown by the general public, in contrast to, for example, Chicago's Al Capone and New York's Carlo Gambino. Though \"Hell's Half Acre\" became a popular euphemism for red-light districts throughout Texas, the most well-known district to use this name was the one in Fort Worth. The area developed in the 1870s as a rest stop on the cattle trails from Texas through Kansas. It quickly became populated with saloons, brothels, and other vice dens offering gambling, liquor, and prostitutes. The Acre soon became known for its violence and lawlessness, and was sometimes referred to as the town's \"Bloody Third", "title": "History of vice in Texas" }, { "id": "2948072", "score": "1.3469161", "text": "in organ donation. Kentucky's electric chair, known as \"Old Sparky\", is located at the Kentucky State Penitentiary in Eddyville, Kentucky. It was first used on July 8, 1911; the first inmate to die in the chair was James Buckner, convicted of killing a police officer several weeks earlier. On July 13, 1928, Kentucky set a record by electrocuting eight men in its chair, each immediately after the other, more than any other state has electrocuted in a single day. The state has decommissioned the electric chair except for those whose capital crimes were committed prior to March 31, 1998 and", "title": "Old Sparky" }, { "id": "4942829", "score": "1.3455243", "text": "Texas at Austin's mechanical engineering lab in 1953, in response to shotgun blasts often heard at the Red River Rivalry. Two years later, Smokey I was modified in 1955 to shoot twin 10-gauge shotgun shells and the revision was renamed \"Smokey II\". \"Smokey II\" was used by the Texas Cowboys for over 30 years. The current version of the cannon, \"Smokey III\", weighs 1,200 pounds and fires up to four blank 10-gauge shells at a time. Smokey III was built by Lupton Machine of Austin, out of the trunk of an oak tree in 1988 and purchased by the Texas", "title": "Smokey the Cannon" }, { "id": "1461900", "score": "1.3416562", "text": "or by having developed diffusely with an even density over all of the Piney Woods of East Texas. It would not be surprising if there was as yet undiscovered evidence of the earliest boogie-woogie performances buried (metaphorically or literally) in Northeast Texas.\" On May 13, 2010, the Marshall City Commission enacted an official declaration naming Marshall as the \"birthplace\" of boogie-woogie music, and embarked on a program to encourage additional historical research and to stimulate interest in and appreciation for the early African-American culture in northeast Texas that played a vital role in creating boogie-woogie music. The city of Marshall,", "title": "Boogie-woogie" }, { "id": "4942828", "score": "1.3388115", "text": "it is fired off after the world-famous college fight song, \"The Eyes of Texas\" at the conclusion of every Texas football game. The Cannon has appeared at countless charity and volunteer events across the country and is maintained and transported by the Cannon Crew - a team of four Oldmen, voted on by the entire organization each spring. During the spring semester of 2012, \"Smokey III\" appeared at Congregation Beth Yeshurun Synagogue in Houston, Texas to honor the Berry Family who lost two parents in a car accident in July 2011. Originally, \"Smokey I\" was created by the University of", "title": "Smokey the Cannon" }, { "id": "4942826", "score": "1.3386977", "text": "Smokey the Cannon Smokey the Cannon is a famous replica Civil War artillery cannon that has served as part of the pageantry of college football games at the University of Texas at Austin since 1953. Smokey the Cannon is owned and operated by the Texas Cowboys (an honorary men's service organization at Texas) and is stationed in the left corner of the south endzone at Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium during every Texas Longhorns home football game. After each football season, Smokey the Cannon is generally displayed in the Red McCombs Endzone atrium for the spring semester. In addition to", "title": "Smokey the Cannon" }, { "id": "4417192", "score": "1.3321207", "text": "Sparky the Sun Devil Sparky the Sun Devil is the official mascot of Arizona State University. Originally the ASU athletic teams' mascot was an owl, then became a \"Normal\" (because ASU was founded as a normal school). It was later changed to a bulldog in an attempt to make the school – Arizona State Teacher's College at the time – appear more in line with Yale and other universities that held a higher level of respect. The \"State Press\", the student newspaper, ran frequent appeals during the fall of 1946, urging the Bulldog to be replaced by the new Sun", "title": "Sparky the Sun Devil" }, { "id": "1467245", "score": "1.3314326", "text": "is not known whether the name was taken from a generic use of the term or whether the name of the theater became a generic term for similar establishments. There are subsequent citations from 1890 in \"The Dallas Morning News\", 1892 in the \"Galveston Daily News\" (Galveston, Texas) (which used the term to refer to an adult establishment in Fort Worth), and in 1894 in \"The Daily Ardmoreite\" in Oklahoma, Early uses of the term in print mostly appear along a corridor roughly coinciding with cattle drive trails extending from Dallas and Fort Worth, Texas, into south central Oklahoma, suggest", "title": "Honky-tonk" }, { "id": "23650", "score": "1.3293631", "text": "or layering of the sauce while cooking to form a glaze; with burnt ends this step is necessary to create the \"bark\" or charred outer layer of the brisket. When referring to the American South as a region, typically it should indicate Southern Maryland and the states that were once part of the Old Confederacy, with the dividing line between the East and West jackknifing about 100 miles west of Dallas, Texas, and mostly south of the old Mason–Dixon line. Cities found in this area include New Orleans, Miami, Atlanta, Washington, D.C., Memphis, Charleston, and Charlotte with Houston, Texas being", "title": "American cuisine" }, { "id": "12152780", "score": "1.3241835", "text": "KKMY KKMY, \"104 5 Kiss FM\", is a Rhythmic Top 40 formatted radio station in Orange, Texas. It serves the entire Golden Triangle (Beaumont, Port Arthur and Orange) and is owned by iHeartMedia. Its studios are located southeast of the I-10/US 69 interchange in Beaumont, and its transmitter is located in Vidor, Texas. KOBS signed on the air July 14, 1972, with an ERP of 55 kilowatts, at a height of 215 meters, from a transmission site on Moss Lane in Orange County, 7 miles northwest of Orange, Texas. The facility was originally owned by Charles Hubert Kobs, who requested", "title": "KKMY" } ]

[ "pearls", "Pearls", "Oyster pearl", "Pearl", "Pearl farm", "Pearl farming", "Natural pearl", "natural pearl", "coloured pearls", "pearl farmer", "pearl farming", "Coloured pearls", "pearl farm", "oyster pearl", "pearl", "Pearl farmer" ]

[ { "id": "3069267", "score": "1.6306591", "text": "a silver wreath to congratulate them for the good fortune that had prolonged the lives of the couple for so many years. On celebration of the 50th, the wife received a wreath of gold. Over time the number of symbols expanded and the German tradition came to assign gifts that had direct connections with each stage of married life. The symbols have changed over time. For example, in the United Kingdom, diamond was a well known symbol for the 75th anniversary, but this changed to the now more common 60th anniversary after Queen Victoria's 60 years on the throne was", "title": "Wedding anniversary" }, { "id": "3069269", "score": "1.4376605", "text": "at the Chicago Public Library. Wedding anniversary A wedding anniversary is the anniversary of the date a wedding took place. Traditional names exist for some of them: for instance, fifty years of marriage is called a \"golden wedding anniversary\" or simply a \"golden anniversary\" or \"golden wedding\". The historic origins of wedding anniversaries date back to the Holy Roman Empire, when husbands crowned their wives with a silver wreath on their twenty-fifth anniversary, and a gold wreath on the fiftieth. Later, principally in the twentieth century, commercialism led to the addition of more anniversaries being represented by a named gift.", "title": "Wedding anniversary" }, { "id": "3069263", "score": "1.4323314", "text": "Wedding anniversary A wedding anniversary is the anniversary of the date a wedding took place. Traditional names exist for some of them: for instance, fifty years of marriage is called a \"golden wedding anniversary\" or simply a \"golden anniversary\" or \"golden wedding\". The historic origins of wedding anniversaries date back to the Holy Roman Empire, when husbands crowned their wives with a silver wreath on their twenty-fifth anniversary, and a gold wreath on the fiftieth. Later, principally in the twentieth century, commercialism led to the addition of more anniversaries being represented by a named gift. In the Commonwealth realms, one", "title": "Wedding anniversary" }, { "id": "2672291", "score": "1.4182086", "text": "to as the \"traditional\" list. Generally speaking, the longer the period, the more precious or durable the material associated with it. See wedding anniversary for a general list of the wedding anniversary symbols; however, there are variations in some national traditions. Furthermore, there exist numerous partially overlapping, partially contradictory lists of anniversary gifts (such as wedding stones), separate from the 'traditional' names. The concepts of a person's birthday stone and zodiac stone, by contrast, are fixed for life according to the day of the week, month, or astrological sign corresponding to the recipient's birthday. Anniversary An anniversary is the date", "title": "Anniversary" }, { "id": "2672290", "score": "1.3849458", "text": "+ 200). In Latin, it seems that this rule did not apply precisely for 1½. While \"secundus\" is Latin for \"second\", and \"bis\" for \"twice\", these terms are not used such as in sesqui-secundus. Instead \"sesqui\" (or \"ses\") is used by itself. Many anniversaries have special names. \"Etiquette in Society, in Business, in Politics and at Home\" by Emily Post, published in 1922, contained suggestions for wedding anniversary gifts for 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, and 75 years. Wedding anniversary gift suggestions for other years were added in later editions and publications; they now comprise what is referred", "title": "Anniversary" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Wedding anniversary\n\nA wedding anniversary is the anniversary of the date a wedding took place. Couples may take the occasion to celebrate their relationship, either privately or with a larger party. Special celebrations and gifts are often given for particular anniversary milestones (e.g. 10, 15, 20, 25 years). In some cultures, traditional names exist for milestone anniversaries; for instance, fifty years of marriage may be known as a \"golden wedding anniversary\", \"golden anniversary\" or \"golden wedding\".", "title": "Wedding anniversary" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Anniversary\n\nAn anniversary is the date on which an event took place or an institution was founded in a previous year, and may also refer to the commemoration or celebration of that event. The word was first used for Catholic feasts to commemorate saints.\n\nMost countries celebrate national anniversaries, typically called national days. These could be the date of independence of the nation or the adoption of a new constitution or form of government. There is no definite method for determining the date of establishment of an institution, and it is generally decided within the institution by convention. The important dates in a sitting monarch's reign may also be commemorated, an event often referred to as a \"jubilee\".\n", "title": "Anniversary" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jubilee\n\nA jubilee is a particular anniversary of an event, usually denoting the 25th, 40th, 50th, 60th, and the 70th anniversary. The term is often now used to denote the celebrations associated with the reign of a monarch after a milestone number of years have passed.", "title": "Jubilee" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "30 (number)\n\n30 (thirty) is the natural number following 29 and preceding 31.", "title": "30 (number)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Silver jubilee\n\nSilver jubilee marks a 25th anniversary, also known as a quadranscentennial anniversary. The anniversary celebrations can be of a wedding anniversary, the 25th year of a monarch's reign or anything that has completed or entering a 25-year mark.", "title": "Silver jubilee" }, { "id": "3069266", "score": "1.3758767", "text": "years have well-established connections now common to most nations: 5th Wood, 10th Tin, 15th Crystal, 20th China, 25th Silver, 30th Pearl, 35th Jade, 40th Ruby, 45th Sapphire, 50th Gold, 60th Diamond, and 70th Platinum. In English speaking countries the first, wooden, gift was cut on the day of celebration and then presented to the wife as a finished article before the next two quarter days had passed. The modern tradition may have originated in medieval Germany where, if a married couple lived to celebrate the 25th anniversary of their wedding, the wife was presented by her friends and neighbours with", "title": "Wedding anniversary" }, { "id": "2345707", "score": "1.3687487", "text": "said to be the tears of the blessed Virgin. Hearts are also sometimes seen, and, as in other cultures, they represent love. One interesting adaptation of the geometric design is not a symbol per se but a division of the egg called \"forty triangles\" (actually 48) or \"Sorokoklyn (forty wedges).\" Its ancient meaning is not known, but is often said to represent the forty days of lent, the forty martyrs, the forty days that Christ spent in the desert, or the forty life tasks of married couples. Eternity bands or meanders are composed of waves, lines or ribbons; such a", "title": "Pysanka" }, { "id": "3069265", "score": "1.3421531", "text": "for the 50th anniversary, and every fifth anniversary after that. In the United States, a couple can receive a greeting from the President for any wedding anniversary on or after the 50th. Roman Catholics may apply for a Papal blessing through their local diocese for wedding anniversaries of a special nature (25th, 50th, 60th, etc.). The names of some anniversaries provide guidance for appropriate or traditional gifts for the spouses to give each other; if there is a party these can be brought by the guests or influence the theme or decoration. These gifts vary in different countries, but some", "title": "Wedding anniversary" }, { "id": "1994187", "score": "1.3378115", "text": "of the hunger strike headquarters, making it \"absolutely official.\" It was also Chai Ling's and Feng Congde's first wedding anniversary. Students gathered at the wedding to congratulate the married couple and sang the \"Wedding March,\" which gradually turned into \"The Internationale.\" In the documentary \"Moving the Mountain,\" Li is shown to peck Chai on the cheek during his marriage ceremony. The peck and ceremony were emblematic, as they sought to remove traditional restrictions on courtship practices and celebrate love as liberating. Many who attended the wedding found the joyous moment to be a symbol of hope and happiness. Their marriage", "title": "Li Lu" }, { "id": "1418452", "score": "1.3333744", "text": "Romania, spouses celebrate their silver wedding anniversary, i. e., twenty-fifth anniversary, by exchanging silver wedding rings, which are worn on the fourth finger of the left hands along with their original, and usually gold, wedding rings. While most Christian Churches (such as the Catholic, Lutheran, and Anglican) have the exchange of rings within their wedding liturgies, some Christian denominations eschew the use of wedding rings. The wearing of plain dress has historically been practiced by many Methodist Churches, in keeping with the teaching of John Wesley, who stated that people should not be \"adorned with gold, or pearls, or costly", "title": "Wedding ring" }, { "id": "1418454", "score": "1.3116678", "text": "and pledge of our constant faith and steadfast love\". \"A Service of Christian Marriage, Rite I\" contained in The United Methodist Book of Worship states that the exchange of rings is optional but when it is done, they are blessed and prounced as \"the outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace, signifying to us the union between Jesus Christ and His Church\". Following this, the bride and groom state the following as they exchange rings: \"\"Name\", I give you this ring as a sign of my vow, and with all that I am, and all that I", "title": "Wedding ring" }, { "id": "13556265", "score": "1.3096035", "text": "represent the past, particularly the bond between the bride and her family. The bride might choose to wear a piece of jewelry from one of her elders, or another accessory given to her from an older relative. The \"new\" represents the couple getting married and their future together. Usually, the bride's wedding gown or wedding ring is used as a new item. \"Something borrowed\" is something that is taken from the families and meant to be returned. By borrowing something, the bride is continuing the link between herself and her family to maintain loyalty and future comfort. The borrowed item", "title": "Weddings in the United States" }, { "id": "20849593", "score": "1.2866138", "text": "originating in Victorian-era England stating that, for good luck and a happy marriage, a bride must have on her wedding day: \"Something old, something new / Something borrowed, something blue / And a sixpence in her shoe.\"'Something old' symbolises the bride-to-be's past, her family and her values, and could be a piece of jewelry or a similar token. A bride's 'something new' might be a gift from the groom or her family, and represents a new chapter in the brides life full of good fortune and happiness. 'Something borrowed' might be a bridal accessory lent by a friend or family", "title": "Wedding superstitions" }, { "id": "1418450", "score": "1.2832553", "text": "German formula shows: 'I give you this ring as a sign of the marriage which has been promised between us, provided your father gives with you a marriage portion of 1000 Reichsthalers' (approximately 20 kg of silver). Modernly, after marriage the wedding ring is worn on the hand on which it had been placed during the ceremony. By wearing rings on their fourth fingers, married spouses symbolically declare their life-long love for and fidelity to each other. This symbol has public utility, and is presently expected as a matter of tradition and etiquette, so much so that its absence is", "title": "Wedding ring" }, { "id": "10045568", "score": "1.2798831", "text": "of matching 龍鳳鈪 [lùhng fuhng ngáak] (dragon and phoenix bracelets), which are most commonly made of gold, to the bride, and are to be worn during the wedding festivities. The dragon and phoenix motif symbolize a blissful union, as described by the Chinese phrase 龍鳳配 [lùhng fuhng pui] (a union of the dragon and phoenix). On the third day following the wedding, the newlywed bride's first return visit to her family home after marriage is called [gwài nìhng]. A 燒豬 [siu jyù] (whole roasted pig) is presented to the bride's family, who customarily will keep the pig's body and return", "title": "Chinese pre-wedding customs" }, { "id": "516705", "score": "1.276059", "text": "giving the bride money or an object of at least nominal value. In fact, it is a long-standing practice within Judaism to contract the betrothal with a ring. Romantic rings from the time of the Roman Empire sometimes bore clasped hands symbolizing contract, from which the later Celtic Claddagh symbol (two hands clasping a heart) may have evolved as a symbol of love and commitment between two people. Romans believed the circle was a bond between the two people who were to be married and signified eternity, but was first practiced on the fourth finger/ring finger by the Romans, who", "title": "Engagement" }, { "id": "20007868", "score": "1.2652762", "text": "Wedding Anniversary Wedding Anniversary is an Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film, directed by Shekhar S Jha, produced by Kumar V Mahant and Achut Naik, and presented by Bharat Shah. The film stars Nana Patekar and Mahie Gill in leading roles and was released on 24 February 2017. \"Kahani\" (Mahie Gill) and her husband \"Nirbhay\" (Priyanshu Chatterjee) had planned to celebrate their wedding anniversary in Goa but due to some last minute work \"Nirbhay\" stays back and \"Kahani\" has to travel alone. While she waits for her husband in Goa, she picks up a book to read written by her favourite", "title": "Wedding Anniversary" }, { "id": "1418438", "score": "1.2636566", "text": "circle to be a symbol of eternity, and the ring served to signify the perpetual love of the spouses. This was also the origin of the custom of wearing the wedding ring on the ring finger of the left hand, because the ancient Egyptians believed that this finger enclosed a special vein that was connected directly to the heart, denominated in Latin the \"Vena amoris\". The Western traditions of wedding rings can be traced to ancient Rome and Greece, and were first associated with the marital dowry and later with a promise of fidelity. The modern exchange of rings derived", "title": "Wedding ring" }, { "id": "8755871", "score": "1.2564839", "text": "The year of the 40th anniversary (2001) brought celebrations and activities, such as rallies, charitable fairs, the outdoor movie theater, parties, religious retirements, masses, etc. A t-shirt was designed with a 40-years anniversary logo, and such logo was in every letter issued by the school that year. The 40th anniversary ceremony was hosted by Principal Priest Juan, and attended by all teachers, students and important personalities of the city. A speech was given by the then president and vice-president of the student council, Mary Carmen Storm and Sebastián A. Domínguez-Perozo, respectively. This ceremony and the subsequent \"School Party\" were the", "title": "Escuela Parroquial Santa Rita" }, { "id": "18770915", "score": "1.2549897", "text": "were offended that Amsterdam, where many Jews had been deported by the Nazis during the war, had been chosen as the wedding location, and the couple proposed Baarn instead, but the government insisted on the capital. The wedding day on 10 March 1966 saw violent protests, most notably by the anarchist-artist group Provo. They included such memorable slogans as \"Claus, 'raus!\" (Claus, get out!). The wedding carriage's ride to and from the church in Amsterdam, where the Provo movement had been stirring up trouble for quite some time, was disrupted by riots with smoke bombs and fireworks; one smoke bomb", "title": "Republicanism in the Netherlands" } ]

[ "Dom de Luise", "dominick deluise", "dom de luise", "Dominick DeLuise", "Dom DeLuise", "Dom De Luise", "Dom DeLouise", "dom delouise", "Dom De Luises", "dom de luises", "dom deluise", "Dom Deluise", "Dom deLuise" ]

[ { "id": "7748386", "score": "1.7955625", "text": "predeceased by his son, Sean McComb, who died in 2002. His widow, June McComb, died in 2007. Billy McComb Billy McComb (April 12, 1922 — April 30, 2006) was a British-born American magician and comedian. He was one of the United Kingdom's leading magicians in the 1950s and 1960s. He was hired to perform at the International of Magicians in 1962 and stayed at Jim Swogers house in Pittsburgh, along with his wife and son, for six months before taking up residence in Los Angeles, California in the 1970s. He joined The Magic Castle in Hollywood, his number being 3323.", "title": "Billy McComb" }, { "id": "15657537", "score": "1.7601105", "text": "Douglas Show\", \"The David Frost Show\", and \"The Hollywood Palace\". He died in Las Vegas, Nevada, in 1988. Pat Henry (comedian) Patrick Henry Scarnato, better known as Pat Henry (August 28, 1924 - February 18, 1982), was a Brooklyn-born American comedian who was known for opening for Frank Sinatra for more than two decades. He first appeared with Sinatra in 1908, and would appear with him in the 1968 films \"The Detective\" and \"Lady in Cement\". He also made more than one appearance on such popular Russian television shows as \"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\", \"The Dean Martin Show\"", "title": "Pat Henry (comedian)" }, { "id": "7262639", "score": "1.751261", "text": "to: Martin died from pancreatic cancer on May 24, 2017 at his home in Philadelphia at age 75. Jared Martin Jared Christopher Martin (December 21, 1941 – May 24, 2017) was an American film and television actor. He was best known for his role as Steven \"Dusty\" Farlow in the 1978 series \"Dallas\" and for roles on two science fiction TV series, \"The Fantastic Journey\" and \"War of the Worlds\". Martin was born in Manhattan to Charles Elmer Martin, a cover artist and cartoonist for \"The New Yorker\", and his wife, Florence Taylor, an artist and homemaker. He began acting", "title": "Jared Martin" }, { "id": "966665", "score": "1.7248378", "text": "Ernie Kovacs Ernest Edward \"Ernie\" Kovacs (January 23, 1919 – January 13, 1962) was an American comedian, actor, and writer. Kovacs' visually experimental and often spontaneous comedic style influenced numerous television comedy programs for years after his death. Many individuals and shows, such as Johnny Carson, David Letterman, \"Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In\", \"Saturday Night Live\", \"Monty Python's Flying Circus\", Jim Henson, \"Max Headroom\", Chevy Chase, Conan O’Brien, \"Jimmy Kimmel, Captain Kangaroo\", \"Sesame Street\", \"The Electric Company\", Pee-wee's Playhouse, The Muppet Show, Dave Garroway, Andy Kaufman, You Can't Do That on Television, Uncle Floyd, and many others have credited Kovacs as", "title": "Ernie Kovacs" }, { "id": "6300272", "score": "1.7182878", "text": "of American Magicians. He died on July 21, 1998 of lung cancer at the age of 63. Bob McAllister Bob McAllister (June 2, 1935 – July 21, 1998) was an American television personality, magician and children's entertainer and a host of \"Wonderama\". Born in Philadelphia, Bob first made his name as a ventriloquist on NBC on the \"Today Show\" in the 1950s, while still in his teens. He appeared in 1953 on CBS on Ted Mack's \"Original Amateur Hour\" and was able to get his first regular television job hosting his own program on WTAR in Norfolk, Virginia. The \"Bob", "title": "Bob McAllister" }, { "id": "6979461", "score": "1.7098017", "text": "state in a Los Angeles hospital, after Varga discovered him unconscious on his bathroom floor. He had suffered numerous health issues since a stroke eight years earlier. He died at the Providence Little Company of Mary medical center in Torrance on the night of June 13, 2016. Michu Meszaros Mihaly \"Michu\" Meszaros (Hungarian: Mészáros Mihály; 1939 – June 13, 2016) was a Hungarian actor, circus performer/entertainer, and stuntman, who as an American citizen was best remembered as a performer with Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus and for his role in the NBC sitcom \"ALF\". He was 2'9\" tall.", "title": "Michu Meszaros" }, { "id": "1339252", "score": "1.7019911", "text": "was among the most popular acts in Las Vegas. Martin sang and was one of the smoothest comics in the business, benefiting from the decade of comedy with Lewis. Martin's daughter, Gail, also sang in Vegas and on many TV shows including his, co-hosting his summer replacement series on NBC. Daughter Deana Martin continues to perform, as did youngest son Ricci Martin until his death in August 2016. Eldest son Craig was a producer on Martin's television show and daughter Claudia was an actress in films such as \"For Those Who Think Young\". Though often thought of as a ladies'", "title": "Dean Martin" }, { "id": "7748385", "score": "1.6986423", "text": "25 Years Wiser\". He was a prolific inventor of magic and illusions, most famously known for creating such items as the \"Mc Combical Deck\" and the \"Double Thin Model Sawing\" routine, in which two assistants are sawed in half, and the halves of the two assistants are switched. This world-famous routine has been used by several other magicians and was even a \"Jeopardy!\" question. He was sought after by many as the answer man in magic when a magician was having difficulty locating or developing a particular routine. Billy McComb died on April 12, 2006, aged 84, in Los Angeles,", "title": "Billy McComb" }, { "id": "7933034", "score": "1.6819993", "text": "in the United States in 1989 he was declared bankrupt four years later. He has since worked in radio, presenting a show for BBC Radio Lincolnshire, and performed in pantomime, and continues to perform magic on stage. Martin Daniels Martin Daniels (born 19 August 1963) is an English magician entertainer, and television and radio presenter. The son of the late magician Paul Daniels, Martin Daniels appeared regularly on his father's television shows. His subsequent television roles include presenting two series of \"Game for a Laugh\" and \"Lingo\". He also appeared in five series of \"The Les Dennis Laughter Show\". He", "title": "Martin Daniels" }, { "id": "3172322", "score": "1.6779625", "text": "a result of suffering from pneumonia when he was a teenager. In summer 1946, after leaving ENSA, he joined the Fol de Rols, a variety troupe based in Scarborough. He was joined on stage by the actor and comedian Norman Wisdom, who wreaked havoc with his act. The partnership was a roaring success and the two subsequently appeared at the London Casino. In addition to his magic act, Nixon sang, danced and worked front of house. In 1947 he married a singer named Margaret Burton. The same year he got his first opportunity on television in a show called \"Café", "title": "David Nixon (magician)" }, { "id": "1339276", "score": "1.6760845", "text": "Martin. Dean Martin Dean Martin (born Dino Paul Crocetti; June 7, 1917 – December 25, 1995), was an Italian-American singer, actor, comedian, and producer. One of the most popular and enduring American entertainers of the mid-20th century, Martin was nicknamed \"The King of Cool\" for his seemingly effortless charisma and self-assurance. He and Jerry Lewis formed the immensely popular comedy duo Martin and Lewis, with Martin serving as the straight man to Lewis' slapstick hijinks. A member of the \"Rat Pack\", Martin went on to become a star of concert stages, nightclubs, audio recordings, motion pictures, and television. Martin was", "title": "Dean Martin" }, { "id": "8282998", "score": "1.6725955", "text": "translated into the Korean and Japanese languages. Tarbell lived in Elmhurst for the last 34 years of his life. He suffered a fatal cardiac arrest on June 16, 1960, dying at the age of 70. Harlan Tarbell Harlan Eugene Tarbell (February 23, 1890 – June 16, 1960) was an American stage magician and illustrator of the early 20th century. He was the author of the well-known \"Tarbell Course in Magic\". His only foray into cinema was an early 1930s film short entitled \"Buck Rogers in the 25th Century\". He directed the production and starred as Doctor Huer. Tarbell was born", "title": "Harlan Tarbell" }, { "id": "3888797", "score": "1.6642574", "text": "the age of 62 due to pancreatic cancer. After his death, much of his performance equipment was sold off in two highly publicized auctions held by Sotheby's and Darien Julian. Many of the pieces went to collectors scattered across the world, and numerous props have made it into actual shows. Las Vegas performer Scarlett now owns and uses his Topsy Turvy. David Copperfield houses the Tire Vanish (performed by Harry Blackstone Sr.) in his museum of magic. Touring illusionist Aaron Balcom uses the Owen-built Clown Jammer. Washington state performer John Walton uses his menacing Buzz Saw. Dutch illusionist Hans Klok", "title": "Harry Blackstone Jr." }, { "id": "4498319", "score": "1.6629167", "text": "harp player Charlie Musselwhite and Sam Lay. Magic Sam's breakthrough performance was at the Ann Arbor Blues Festival in 1969, which won him many bookings in the United States and Europe. His career was cut short when he suddenly died of a heart attack in December 1969. He was 32 years old. Magic Sam was buried in the Restvale Cemetery, in Alsip, Illinois. In February 1970, the Butterfield Blues Band played at a benefit concert for Magic Sam, at Fillmore West in San Francisco. Also on the bill were Mike Bloomfield, Elvin Bishop, Charlie Musselwhite and Nick Gravenites. His guitar", "title": "Magic Sam" }, { "id": "5633682", "score": "1.6595583", "text": "Muppet Show\" (1979), and \"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\". The pair played the \"Six-Hundred-Dollar People\" created by Dr. Loveless, Jr. in the 1979 TV movie \"The Wild Wild West Revisited\". They performed in the unsuccessful Broadway musical production \"Broadway Follies\" in New York City, which closed after several performances. Career highlights included shows for two American Presidents and a command performance for Queen Elizabeth II, as well as a tour of China with comedian Bob Hope. Their television special \"Toys on the Town\", written by Shields, earned an Emmy Award. They won an award as Las Vegas \"Entertainer of", "title": "Shields and Yarnell" }, { "id": "13287086", "score": "1.6593821", "text": "of the day. He wrote for the first TV series of Irish comedian Dave Allen; \"Tonight with Dave Allen\", as well as material for artistes such as Rolf Harris, Jimmy Tarbuck, Paul Daniels, Harry Worth and Tommy Cooper. He became the main writer and ideas man, as well as script and production associate, for renowned magician David Nixon. When the then unknown legendary fox puppet, Basil Brush, appeared as a weekly guest on \"The Nixon Line\", Martin helped develop the character and subsequently was the sole writer of every Basil Brush show for many years, (throughout the 1960s and 70s).", "title": "George Martin (comedian)" }, { "id": "1339255", "score": "1.6590447", "text": "improvised slapstick and chatter. In the socially charged 1960s, their jokes revolved around adult themes, such as Sinatra's womanizing and Martin's drinking, as well as Davis's race and religion. Sinatra and Martin supported the civil rights movement and refused to perform in clubs that would not allow African-American or Jewish performers. Posthumously, the Rat Pack has experienced a popular revival, inspiring the George Clooney/Brad Pitt \"Ocean's Trilogy.\" In 1965, Martin launched his weekly NBC comedy-variety series, \"The Dean Martin Show\", which ran for 264 episodes until 1974. He won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Television Series Musical", "title": "Dean Martin" }, { "id": "663426", "score": "1.6579365", "text": "Victoria and Albert Museum had acquired 116 boxes of Cooper's papers and props, including his \"gag file\", in which the museum said he had used a system to store his jokes alphabetically \"with the meticulousness of an archivist\". Tommy Cooper Thomas Frederick Cooper (19 March 1921 – 15 April 1984) was a Welsh prop comedian and magician. He was a member of The Magic Circle, and was respected by traditional magicians. He habitually wore a red fez, and his appearance was large and lumbering, at and more than in weight. On 15 April 1984, Cooper collapsed with a heart attack", "title": "Tommy Cooper" }, { "id": "11805233", "score": "1.6534002", "text": "Judy worker and can be seen in the movie 'A Night at The Opera' starring the Marx Brothers. Al was at home on any stage however big or small and in 1973 became Magician of the Year after an appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show. At his funeral Dr. Arnold Boston said, \"From ten performances a day on the platforms of Luna Park and Dreamland to numerous appearances on national television, he never gave a bad show.\" from \"Fantasma Magic\" From 1939 - 1976 Flosso owned and operated Martinka & Co, in New York City, America's oldest magic company, once", "title": "Al Flosso" }, { "id": "9263874", "score": "1.6518314", "text": "in 2009. He died on 14 March 2013, aged 87, after a long battle with Parkinson's disease. His funeral service took place on 27 March 2013 at St Helen's Church, Welton, East Riding of Yorkshire. Norman Collier Norman Collier (25 December 1925 – 14 March 2013) was a British comedian who achieved popularity following television appearances in the 1970s. He was best known for his 'faulty microphone' routine and for his chicken impressions. Collier was born in Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England, into the working-class family of Thomas and Mary (née Dowling) Collier on Christmas Day 1925 weighing 15", "title": "Norman Collier" } ]

[ "Celophane", "Cellophane paper", "cellophane", "celophane", "Celaphane", "Cellophane", "cellophane paper", "celaphane" ]

[ { "id": "10570039", "score": "1.896236", "text": "DuPont in 1923. Jacques E. Brandenberger Jacques Edwin Brandenberger (19 October 1872 – 13 July 1954) was a Swiss chemist and textile engineer who in 1908 invented cellophane. He was awarded the Franklin Institute's Elliott Cresson Medal in 1937. Brandenberger was born in Zurich in 1872. He graduated from the University of Bern in 1895. In 1908 Brandenberger invented cellophane. Made from wood cellulose, cellophane was intended as a coating to make cloth more resistant to staining. After several years of further research and refinements he began production of cellophane in 1920 marketing it for industrial purposes. He sold the", "title": "Jacques E. Brandenberger" }, { "id": "10570038", "score": "1.855113", "text": "Jacques E. Brandenberger Jacques Edwin Brandenberger (19 October 1872 – 13 July 1954) was a Swiss chemist and textile engineer who in 1908 invented cellophane. He was awarded the Franklin Institute's Elliott Cresson Medal in 1937. Brandenberger was born in Zurich in 1872. He graduated from the University of Bern in 1895. In 1908 Brandenberger invented cellophane. Made from wood cellulose, cellophane was intended as a coating to make cloth more resistant to staining. After several years of further research and refinements he began production of cellophane in 1920 marketing it for industrial purposes. He sold the US rights to", "title": "Jacques E. Brandenberger" }, { "id": "19044341", "score": "1.7280529", "text": "a cellulose membrane based on the process, was being used in dialyzers after World War II (1939–45). As late as 2001 Asahi Chemical Industries of Nobeoka, Japan, was using the cuprammonium process to manufacture rayon. Matthias Eduard Schweizer Matthias Eduard Schweizer (8 August 1818 – 23 October 1860) was a Swiss chemist. He is known for his 1857 invention of Schweizer's reagent, in which cellulose can be dissolved for production of artificial silk. He was one of the pioneers of the synthetic textile industry. Matthias Eduard Schweizer was born on 8 August 1818 in Wila, Zurich canton. He was awarded", "title": "Matthias Eduard Schweizer" }, { "id": "19047801", "score": "1.6939049", "text": "of a light bulb factory in Gelnhausen. The Swiss chemist Matthias Eduard Schweizer (1818–60) had found in 1857 that cotton could be dissolved in a solution of copper salts and ammonia and then regenerated. In 1890 the French chemist Louis Henri Despeissis invented the cuprammonium process for spinning fibers from cotton dissolved in Schweizer's reagent. Despeissis died in 1892 and his patent was not renewed. In 1891 Fremery and Urban adapted the Despaissis process to make electric lamp filaments from carbon fiber. In 1892 they founded an incandescent electric lamp manufacturing company, \"Rheinische Glühlampenfabrik\" in Oberbruch, in the Heinsberg district.", "title": "Johann Urban" }, { "id": "19044337", "score": "1.6619902", "text": "Matthias Eduard Schweizer Matthias Eduard Schweizer (8 August 1818 – 23 October 1860) was a Swiss chemist. He is known for his 1857 invention of Schweizer's reagent, in which cellulose can be dissolved for production of artificial silk. He was one of the pioneers of the synthetic textile industry. Matthias Eduard Schweizer was born on 8 August 1818 in Wila, Zurich canton. He was awarded his doctorate in at the University of Zurich, then worked as an assistant at the Zurich Polytechnic. He was a student and assistant of Carl Jacob Löwig, and was mainly involved in analysis of different", "title": "Matthias Eduard Schweizer" }, { "id": "19044338", "score": "1.6396451", "text": "minerals. He lectured at the university, and was an associate professor at the university from 1852. From 1855 he taught chemistry at the Higher Industrial School (\"Oberen Industrieschule\") in Zurich. Schweizer published a paper in 1857 (\"Das Kupferoxid-Ammoniak, ein Auflösungsmittel für die Pflanzenfaser\") in which he reported that cotton, linen cellulose and silk could be dissolved in a cuprammonium solution. He found that after extrusion the cellulose could be regenerated in a coagulating bath. Schweizer did not apply for a patent on his invention. He died on 23 October 1860 in Zurich at the age of 42. Schweizer's reagent is", "title": "Matthias Eduard Schweizer" }, { "id": "5616277", "score": "1.6190832", "text": "of technology at Turin (Regio Museo Industriale italiano), and finally, in 1871, a professor of technical chemistry at the Federal Polytechnic Institute Zurich, today the ETH Zurich. He died in Zurich. He conducted experiments with arsenic acid as a discharge agent and filed patents for the employment of arsenic and phosphoric acids in discharge printing of fabrics. In 1844 he reportedly was the first to discover red phosphorus; his findings taking place prior to Anton Schrötter's discovery of the substance during the following year. With Pompejus Bolley, he published \"\"Traité des matières colorantes artificielles dérivées du goudron de houille\"\" (1874,", "title": "Emil Kopp" }, { "id": "1407173", "score": "1.5864027", "text": "His first step was to spray a waterproof coating onto fabric, and he opted to try viscose. The resultant coated fabric was far too stiff, but the clear film easily separated from the backing cloth, and he abandoned his original idea as the possibilities of the new material became apparent. It took ten years for Brandenberger to perfect his film, his chief improvement over earlier work with such films being to add glycerin to soften the material. By 1912 he had constructed a machine to manufacture the film, which he had named Cellophane, from the words \"cellulose\" and \"diaphane\" (\"transparent\").", "title": "Cellophane" }, { "id": "9483051", "score": "1.5685316", "text": "Hans Renold Hans Renold (31 July 1852 - 2 May 1943) was a Swiss/British engineer, inventor and industrialist in Britain, who founded the Renold manufacturing textile-chain making business in 1879, and with Alexander Hamilton Church is credited for introducing scientific management also known as Taylorism to England. Renold was born in Aarau, Switzerland into a burgher family of that town. He attended the polytechnic school in Zurich, then worked in a drawing office in St. Denis, Seine, France. Renold came to London, England, and soon after to Manchester, Lancashire, in 1873 at the age of 21 and found work with", "title": "Hans Renold" }, { "id": "18365756", "score": "1.5662788", "text": "used this name to re-brand his uncle's textile company as Dollfus-Mieg & Compagnie, or D.M.C., in 1800. Whilst studying in Leeds, Jean Dollfus found out about Mercerised cotton. This was a new technique of chemically treating cotton to increase not only its strength but also its appearance, a discovery that he would apply to the textile business. Dollfus was a leading member of the \"Societe Industrielle de Mulhouse\". In 1851 he published a letter to them where he advocated free trade. Dollfus noted that the French cotton trade was stagnant whilst between 1830 and 1850 the British had doubled their", "title": "Jean Dollfus" }, { "id": "19044498", "score": "1.5622225", "text": "the French chemist Louis Henri Despeissis invented the cuprammonium process for spinning fibers from cotton dissolved in Schweizer's reagent. Despeissis died in 1892 and his patent was not renewed. In 1891 Fremery and Urban adapted the Despaissis process to make electric lamp filaments from carbon fiber. In 1892 they founded an incandescent electric lamp manufacturing company, \"Rheinische Glühlampenfabrik\" in Oberbruch, in the Heinsberg district. The Solingen merchant Hermann Heuser and Fremery's family subscribed the initial capital of 300,000 marks. Fremery and Urban manufactured their lamp filaments using cotton and Schweizer's reagent. After two years \"Rheinische Glühlampenfabrik\" production had reached acceptable", "title": "Max Fremery" }, { "id": "19029925", "score": "1.5608785", "text": "experimenting with a version of the cuprammonium process, and encouraged Bemberg to focus on producing yarns for which that process was suitable. Bemberg was using the \"stretch-spinning\" process invented by the chemist Edmund Thiele (1867–1927) to make cuprammonium rayon with equally fine filaments to the artificial silk of Hilaire de Chardonnet (1839–1924),and with better physical properties. The VGF product was not competitive. Although Thiele had applied for a patent on his process, a German court ruled on 4 May 1907 that it had been anticipated by the \"Pauly\" patent. For some time VGF, Courtaulds and the French Comptoir des Textiles", "title": "Vereinigte Glanzstoff-Fabriken" }, { "id": "196110", "score": "1.5607669", "text": "on chemical innovation was in dyestuffs, and Germany took world leadership, building a strong chemical industry. Aspiring chemists flocked to German universities in the 1860–1914 era to learn the latest techniques. British scientists by contrast, lacked research universities and did not train advanced students; instead, the practice was to hire German-trained chemists. In 1824 Joseph Aspdin, a British bricklayer turned builder, patented a chemical process for making portland cement which was an important advance in the building trades. This process involves sintering a mixture of clay and limestone to about , then grinding it into a fine powder which is", "title": "Industrial Revolution" }, { "id": "3400842", "score": "1.5535274", "text": "had commercial success by licensing improvements. He was also an apothecary, supplying medicines, and known for providing free medical treatment to the poor. He is known for his contributions to inorganic chemistry and the fact that he was able to live from the proceeds of chemical production based upon his discoveries, and was thus an industrial chemist. His improvements to chemical processes and equipment (notably furnaces and distillation devices) make him an early chemical engineer. He was first to produce concentrated hydrochloric acid in 1625 by combining sulfuric acid and table salt. He also made an improved process for the", "title": "Johann Rudolf Glauber" }, { "id": "15136001", "score": "1.5524846", "text": "and other elements, it was possible to create new compounds by design and industrial chemistry was born. Two decades after the world's first plastic – Bakelite – had been invented in 1907, Wallace Carothers successfully drew off a fibre from the interface of two liquids: hexane-1,6-diamine and decanedioyl-dichloride, which could be spun into a very fine, very strong thread. It was given the name nylon. Shockingly, only three weeks after the patent for nylon had been filed, a depressed Carothers slipped another carbon based compound into his own drink, potassium cyanide, and killed himself. Evidently, industrial chemistry wasn’t without its", "title": "Chemistry: A Volatile History" }, { "id": "7885853", "score": "1.5504514", "text": "process became highly successful and was responsible for transforming the silk weaver into the world's leading man-made fibre production company. Courtaulds also entered the market of cellulosics (viscose and acetate) in North America with the setting up of the American Viscose Corporation (AVC) in 1909. The investment in the US was highly successful, but its sale at a knock-down price was enforced in 1941 as part of the negotiations which preceded Lend-Lease. In 1927–28 Courtaulds and Vereinigte Glanzstoff-Fabriken (VGF) gained control of the Italian rayon manufacturer SNIA Viscosa from Riccardo Gualino. A German director of VGF, Karl Scherer, replaced Gualino", "title": "Courtaulds" }, { "id": "14626236", "score": "1.5460694", "text": "Johann Jacob Schweppe Johann Jacob Schweppe (16 March 1740 – 18 November 1821) was a German-Swiss watchmaker and amateur scientist who developed the first practical process to manufacture bottled carbonated mineral water, based on a process discovered by Joseph Priestley in 1767. His company, Schweppes, regards Priestley as “the father of our industry”. Schweppe was born in Witzenhausen in the Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel. He moved to Geneva in 1765 to work as a watchmaker and jeweller, and founded the Schweppes Company in Geneva in 1783. The addition of carbon dioxide was considered, at the time, to have medicinal properties. In", "title": "Johann Jacob Schweppe" }, { "id": "12733216", "score": "1.5443985", "text": "aided in preventing certain childhood diseases. The company was later bought by the Merrell-Soule Company, which became one of the largest dried-milk companies in the United States. Just sold the rights to his evaporation process to James Robertson Hatmaker, which became known as the \"Just-Hatmaker Process\". Just's US Patent 814,294 was a new way to extract precious metals from their ores. Before his invention chlorinizing and roasting of the ore was required, which was found to be too costly in fuel, money and time. The new technique (also known as the Just process) was claimed to be much more efficient", "title": "John Augustus Just" }, { "id": "15943064", "score": "1.5434539", "text": "in tempering steel, distilling, dyeing, and other areas. In 1832 he invented a new system of sugar refining and later an apparatus for manufacturing sugar from the cane. He was the inventor of processes for tanning leather and the manufacture of sugar from West India molasses. He also designed a centrifugal machine for separating molasses from sugar. Soon after the organization of the National Academy of Design in New York he was appointed professor of chemistry and natural philosophy to that institution. Subsequently, he was appointed professor of chemistry and natural philosophy to the American Institute. In 1844 he was", "title": "James Mapes" }, { "id": "3394714", "score": "1.5414851", "text": "for this science long before it was fully realized. “It is not improbable,” Staudinger smartly commented in 1936, “that sooner or later a way will be discovered to prepare artificial fibers from synthetic high-molecular products, because the strength and elasticity of natural fibers depend exclusively on their macro-molecular structure – i.e., on their long thread-shaped molecules.” Staudinger founded the first polymer chemistry journal in 1940, and in 1953 received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for “his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry.” In 1999, the American Chemical Society and Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker designated Staudinger's work as an International Historic", "title": "Hermann Staudinger" } ]

[ "Andrew Lloyd Webber Foundation", "andrew lloyd webber", "andrew lloyd weber", "Andrew Loyd Webber", "Andrew Lloyd Weber", "Baron Lloyd-Webber", "andrew lloyd webber foundation", "Lloyd Webber, Andrew", "baron lloyd webber", "Lord Lloyd-Webber", "Andrew Lloyd-Webber", "Andrew Lloyd Webber", "sir andrew lloyd webber", "Sir Andrew Lloyd Webber", "lloyd webber andrew", "Lord Lloyd Webber", "Lord Andrew Lloyd Webber", "lord andrew lloyd webber", "Andrew Lloyd Webber, Baron Lloyd-Webber", "andrew loyd webber", "Andrew Lloyd-Weber", "lord lloyd webber", "andrew lloyd webber baron lloyd webber" ]

[ { "id": "19260525", "score": "1.9241333", "text": "Hospital Medical College, she became a psychiatrist and accompanied him when he moved to the United States in 1975. They had two children together; Beatrice, born in 1966, and Daniel, born in 1969. He divorced Sarah in 1983 and that same year married Susan Bishop of Louisville, Kentucky. He had two children with her; Benjamin, born in 1985, and Emily, born in 1987. He divorced Susan in 1990. In 1992 he married Bette Levy, a respected local textile artist, to whom he was married until his death in 2016. According to Sarah, as of 2016 all three wives live in", "title": "Robert D. Acland" }, { "id": "2076627", "score": "1.8812665", "text": "year, Lloyd Webber divorced his first wife, Sarah Hugill, with whom he had two children. Lloyd Webber and Brightman married on 22 March 1984 and their relationship quickly became the subject of intense media and tabloid scrutiny until their divorce in 1990. Brightman acknowledged the marriage in a 1999 interview as a \"difficult time\" but also one of much creative output. They are currently on friendly terms; in 2006, at the 20th London anniversary of \"The Phantom of the Opera\", Lloyd Webber called Brightman a \"wonderful woman\" and \"absolutely beloved mentor\", and she performed at the 25th anniversary of the", "title": "Sarah Brightman" }, { "id": "4064467", "score": "1.8125949", "text": "and Florida commissioner of education under both Democratic (1978) and Republican (1990) labels. Kirk met Sarah Stokes while he was in law school. Her family owned an automobile dealership, and the couple married in 1947. They were divorced in 1950, but remarried in 1951. The union produced four children: two daughters, Sarah and Kitty, and twin sons Frank and Will. They divorced for the final time in 1966. In a 1967 interview, Sarah Stokes commented that Kirk \"drinks to excess quite often (and) has indiscreet public associations with other women\". A divorcee when he took office, Kirk, then 41, married", "title": "Claude R. Kirk Jr." }, { "id": "655413", "score": "1.8107779", "text": "Sarah Brightman on 22 March 1984 in Hampshire. He cast Brightman in the lead role in his musical \"The Phantom of the Opera\", among other notable roles. They divorced on 3 January 1990. Thirdly, he married Madeleine Gurdon in Westminster on 9 February 1991. They have three children, two sons and one daughter, all of whom were born in Westminster: Lloyd Webber and his third wife Madeleine founded the Watership Down Stud in 1992. In 1996, they expanded their equestrian holdings by purchasing Kiltinan Castle Stud near Fethard in County Tipperary, Ireland. The \"Sunday Times Rich List 2006\" ranked him", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber" }, { "id": "1518797", "score": "1.7902598", "text": "three years. In 1954, she married Reinhold Cassirer, a highly respected art dealer who established the South African Sotheby's and later ran his own gallery; their \"wonderful marriage\" lasted until his death from emphysema in 2001. Their son, Hugo, was born in 1955, and is a filmmaker in New York, with whom Gordimer collaborated on at least two documentaries. Hugo Cassirer later married Sarah Buttrick, and had three children. The arrest of her best friend, Bettie du Toit, in 1960 and the Sharpeville massacre spurred Gordimer's entry into the anti-apartheid movement. Thereafter, she quickly became active in South African politics,", "title": "Nadine Gordimer" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Andrew Lloyd Webber\n\nAndrew Lloyd Webber, Baron Lloyd-Webber (born 22 March 1948), is an English composer and impresario of musical theatre. Several of his musicals have run for more than a decade both in the West End and on Broadway. He has composed 21 musicals, a song cycle, a set of variations, two film scores, and a Latin Requiem Mass. \n\nSeveral of his songs have been widely recorded and were successful outside of their parent musicals, such as \"Memory\" from \"Cats,\" \"The Music of the Night\" and \"All I Ask of You\" from \"The Phantom of the Opera\", \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" from \"Jesus Christ Superstar\", \"Don't Cry for Me Argentina\" from \"Evita\", and \"Any Dream Will Do\" from \"Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat.\" In 2001, \"The New York Times\" referred to him as \"the most commercially successful composer in history\".\n\nHe has received a number of awards, including a knighthood in 1992, followed by a peerage for services to the arts, six Tonys, three Grammys (as well as the Grammy Legend Award), an Academy Award, 14 Ivor Novello Awards, seven Olivier Awards, a Golden Globe, a Brit Award, the 2006 Kennedy Center Honors, the 2008 Classic Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music, and an Emmy Award. He is one of 17 people to have won an Oscar, an Emmy, a Grammy, and a Tony. He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, is an inductee into the Songwriter's Hall of Fame, and is a fellow of the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers, and Authors.\n\nHis company, the Really Useful Group, is one of the largest theatre operators in London. Producers in several parts of the UK have staged productions, including national tours, of the Lloyd Webber musicals under licence from the Really Useful Group. Lloyd Webber is also the president of the Arts Educational Schools, London, a performing arts school located in Chiswick, West London. He is involved in a number of charitable activities, including the Elton John AIDS Foundation, Nordoff Robbins, Prostate Cancer UK and War Child. In 1992, he started the Andrew Lloyd Webber Foundation which supports the arts, culture, and heritage of the UK. In 2014 he designed a \"Cats\"-themed Paddington Bear statue, which was auctioned to raise funds for the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC).", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber" }, { "id": "2877108", "score": "1.7871084", "text": "following year. He married former actress and ballerina Pamela Wilde in 1956. They had a son, David Cunningham Garroway, Jr., in 1958. Garroway later adopted Wilde's son Michael from her first marriage. Wilde died of a prescription drug overdose on April 28, 1961. Garroway married astronomer Sarah Lee Lippincott in February 1980. They remained married until Garroway's death in 1982. Garroway was very interested in astronomy, and during a tour of Russian telescopes he met his third wife, astronomer Sarah Lee Lippincott. In his final years, he attended astronomy symposia at Swarthmore College and spent time at Sproul Observatory. Garroway", "title": "Dave Garroway" }, { "id": "879957", "score": "1.7746887", "text": "13 years. They never married, despite rumours and misreporting to the contrary. In 1971, they had a daughter, the actress and singer Charlotte Gainsbourg. They separated in 1980. On 4 September 1982 she gave birth to her third daughter, Lou Doillon, from her relationship with the director Jacques Doillon. They separated in the 1990s. \"The Observer\" reported in 2007 that Doillon \"could not compete with her grief for Gainsbourg\" (who died in 1991), and that she had lived alone since their separation. Later, Birkin had a relationship with French writer Olivier Rolin. Her grandchildren are Roman de Kermadec (born 1987)", "title": "Jane Birkin" }, { "id": "2938285", "score": "1.7632163", "text": "struggle with bipolar disorder. Brett and Massey divorced on 22 November 1962 after she claimed he left her for a man. The couple had one son, writer and illustrator David Huggins (b. 1959). At an August 1988 dinner party held at the home of their mutual friend, Joy Whitby, she met Russian-born metallurgist Uri Andres, who had been based at Imperial College, London since 1975. The couple were married from November 1988 until her death in 2011. Massey was quoted as saying, \"Theatre eats up too much of your family life. I have a grandson and a husband and I'd", "title": "Anna Massey" }, { "id": "6068054", "score": "1.7613039", "text": "on July 20, 1940. She married Cooke on October 2, 1940, and had a daughter with him who was born on December 22, 1942. She divorced him on April 29, 1949, on grounds of cruelty. She married Danzig on April 27, 1951, and remained married to him until her death of lung cancer in 1996. She had a son with Danzig who was born December 19, 1952. Her brother, John Palfrey, also an excellent tennis player and an expert on atomic energy, married Belle \"Clochette\" Roosevelt Palfrey, a granddaughter of Theodore Roosevelt and a daughter of Kermit Roosevelt. She also", "title": "Sarah Palfrey Cooke" }, { "id": "6093457", "score": "1.7607871", "text": "to a medical student, Ethel Sebrinski (née Samuel), which ended in \"a friendly divorce\". In 1945, he married Betty \"Billie\" Featherman (née Wolfe), and they had one daughter, but Betty died of leukemia shortly after the birth. His third wife was Mrs Diane Zilkha (née Bashi), the ex-wife of Selim Zilkha, and they married at the Westminster Synagogue on 15 March 1962. They had three daughters. They were married for over 30 years until his death on 6 August 1995, and lived in a 22-roomed apartment in Eaton Square, which Diane \"converted ... into a palace\". He died in August", "title": "Harold Lever, Baron Lever of Manchester" }, { "id": "88189", "score": "1.7587669", "text": "in 1969, Barnard and his wife divorced. In 1970, he married heiress Barbara Zoellner when she was 19, the same age as his son, and they had two children — Frederick (born 1972) and Christiaan Jr. (born 1974). He divorced Zoellner in 1982. Barnard married for a third time in 1988 to Karin Setzkorn, a young model. They also had two children, Armin (born 1989) and Lara (born 1997), but this last marriage also ended in divorce in 2000. Barnard described in his autobiography \"The Second Life\" a one-night extramarital affair with Italian film star Gina Lollobrigida, that occurred in", "title": "Christiaan Barnard" }, { "id": "523700", "score": "1.757204", "text": "married to Christine Mullen, and they had three children: James (born 15 June 1978), Louisa (born 22 May 1981), and Emily Ruth (born 18 February 1987). They separated in 1988. May had met actress Anita Dobson in 1986, and she inspired him to write the 1989 hit \"I Want It All\". They married on 18 November 2000. He has stated in interviews that he suffered from severe depression in the late 1980s and early 1990s, to the point of contemplating suicide, for reasons having to do with his troubled first marriage, his perceived failure as a husband and a father,", "title": "Brian May" }, { "id": "16220214", "score": "1.7493334", "text": "removed Nora Barlow and her husband Alan. Sophie married the entomologist Mark Pryor in 1940; they had four children. Emily (1942–2008), William (born 1945), Lucy (born 1948) and Nelly (born 1952), who married the film director/farmer Philip Trevelyan. Mark and Sophie Pryor were involved in a road traffic accident in 1967, in which she was relatively unharmed but which left him with brain damage in a persistent vegetative state for almost three years until his death in 1970, aged 51. She also had to deal with her son William's heroin addiction. She subsequently remarried Henry Charles Horton Gurney OBE (1913–1997,", "title": "Sophie Gurney" }, { "id": "6359623", "score": "1.7483301", "text": "Springs, California. Bulifant has been married five times. She married James MacArthur (November 2, 1958, until 1967; divorced) and had two children with him – Mary MacArthur and Charles MacArthur. Bulifant next married Edward Mallory (September 19, 1969 – 1974; divorced) and had one child with him, John Mallory Asher. She then married William Asher (August 28, 1976 – 1993; divorced) and Asher adopted her son John which gave him the last name of Asher. Bulifant has a grandson, Evan Joseph Asher, from John's marriage to Jenny McCarthy. In 2000, Bulifant briefly married Glade Bruce Hansen; the couple divorced in", "title": "Joyce Bulifant" }, { "id": "6360627", "score": "1.7467918", "text": "In 1938 she married the painter Jean Paul Brusset, and gave birth to their son Jean Brusset. Later she married Rodney Philipps, who was the owner of the Athelhampton House, Dorset, from 1949 to 1957. In Dorset she bore her second son David Philipps in 1949. David is the father of actor Jon Paul Phillips. Since her second divorce she had lived in Ealing in Greater London, England. She died on January 14, 2010 at age 90, survived by her two sons. Her film credits included roles in \"Darling\" (1965), \"The Girl on a Motorcycle\" (1968), \"Fiddler on the Roof\"", "title": "Marika Rivera" }, { "id": "3357380", "score": "1.7462071", "text": "five times, with four marriages ending in divorce. She entered a brief marriage to Gary Smith in 1964 when she was 23 years old. Her second marriage was to George Bloomfield from 1965 to 1971. Her third marriage was to poet, broadcaster and author George Jonas from 1974 to 1979. A fourth marriage was to cable businessman David Graham in 1984, but they were divorced by 1988. In July 1992, she married Conrad Black (who was granted, in 2001, a life peerage as Lord Black of Crossharbour), a Canadian mining and media baron. Black renounced his Canadian citizenship to accept", "title": "Barbara Amiel" }, { "id": "848401", "score": "1.7444077", "text": "saved her life, but inspired her to go back to school and become an electronics engineer. Doohan was married three times and had seven children, four of themLarkin, Deirdre, twins Christopher and Montgomery born 1959with his first wife Janet Young, whom he divorced in 1964. His marriage to Anita Yagel in 1967-72 produced no children. In early 1974, he was introduced to 17-year-old fan Wende Braunberger at a theatre performance. They were married that same year, when they were 54 and 18, on October 12, 1974. \"Star Trek\" actor William Campbell served as best man. Doohan and Braunberger had three", "title": "James Doohan" }, { "id": "2727592", "score": "1.7412853", "text": "married three times. He met his first wife, Elizabeth Jane Riddell Connors, at one of his baseball games, and married her on October 1, 1948. They had four sons, Michael (1950-2017), Jeffrey (1952–2014), Stephen (born 1953), and Kevin (1956–2005), but divorced in 1961. Connors married Kamala Devi (1963) the year after co-starring with her in \"Geronimo\". She also acted with Connors in \"Branded\", \"Broken Sabre\" and \"Cowboy in Africa\". They were divorced in 1973. Connors played in \"Soylent Green\" (1973), as Tab Fielding, and Faith Quabius played an attendant. They were married in 1977 and divorced in 1979. Connors was", "title": "Chuck Connors" }, { "id": "2407107", "score": "1.7407904", "text": "actress Mary Beryl Johnstone (one daughter, Susan Jane, born 1941) ended in divorce in 1946. He married Mabel Edith \"Bill\" Barkby in 1952 (one daughter, Sarah, born 1954) but left her in 1968 for Angela Douglas, an actress 26 years his junior, causing considerable estrangement from friends and family. He was married to Douglas (whom he nicknamed \"Shrimp\") from 17 March 1968 until his death. More wrote two autobiographies, \"Happy Go Lucky\" (1959) and \"More or Less\" (1978). In the second book he related how he had since childhood, a recurrent dream of something akin to a huge wasp descending", "title": "Kenneth More" }, { "id": "1609243", "score": "1.7362845", "text": "and later on, Maynard Keynes, Leonard Woolf, Roger Fry, and Duncan Grant. She married Clive Bell in 1907 and they had two sons, Julian (who died in 1937 during the Spanish Civil War at the age of 29) and Quentin. The couple had an open marriage, both taking lovers throughout their lives. Bell had affairs with art critic Roger Fry and with the painter Duncan Grant, with whom she had a daughter, Angelica in 1918, whom Clive Bell raised as his own child. Vanessa, Clive, Duncan Grant and Duncan's lover David Garnett moved to the Sussex countryside shortly before the", "title": "Vanessa Bell" } ]

[ "mondays", "Moon Day", "Monday", "Mondays", "Lundi", "lunedi", "lundi", "monday", "Lunedi", "moon day" ]

[ { "id": "7987865", "score": "1.2817787", "text": "with right-wing commentator Tucker Carlson as host. The format was designed to test how well total strangers would work together. Ultimately, the series never aired. Who Do You Trust? Who Do You Trust? is an American television game show, originally hosted by comedian Johnny Carson (with the title Do You Trust Your Wife? until July 1958), which aired from September 30, 1957, to November 15, 1957, at 4:30 pm, Eastern on ABC, and from November 18, 1957, to December 27, 1963 at 3:30 pm, Eastern - a schedule that helped garner a significant number of young viewers coming home from", "title": "Who Do You Trust?" }, { "id": "7987854", "score": "1.2698107", "text": "Who Do You Trust? Who Do You Trust? is an American television game show, originally hosted by comedian Johnny Carson (with the title Do You Trust Your Wife? until July 1958), which aired from September 30, 1957, to November 15, 1957, at 4:30 pm, Eastern on ABC, and from November 18, 1957, to December 27, 1963 at 3:30 pm, Eastern - a schedule that helped garner a significant number of young viewers coming home from school. The series was initially emceed by Carson and announced by Bill Nimmo. A year into the run, Nimmo was replaced by Ed McMahon, and", "title": "Who Do You Trust?" }, { "id": "7799852", "score": "1.2636926", "text": "Monday, Monday \"Monday, Monday\" is a 1966 song written by John Phillips and recorded by the Mamas & the Papas using background instruments played by members of The Wrecking Crew for their 1966 album \"If You Can Believe Your Eyes and Ears\". It was the group's only #1 hit on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Phillips said that he wrote the song quickly, in about 20 minutes. The song includes a false ending, when there is a pause before the coda of the song, and goes up a half note for the bridges and refrains of the song. On March", "title": "Monday, Monday" }, { "id": "7799853", "score": "1.261301", "text": "2, 1967, The Mamas & the Papas won a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal for this song. The song was performed at the Monterey Pop Festival (California) in 1967. The performance was filmed for the movie of the festival but not included in the final print. The song appears on the soundtrack of Michael Apted's film \"Stardust\". Monday, Monday \"Monday, Monday\" is a 1966 song written by John Phillips and recorded by the Mamas & the Papas using background instruments played by members of The Wrecking Crew for their 1966 album \"If", "title": "Monday, Monday" }, { "id": "5195908", "score": "1.2521569", "text": "If You Can Believe Your Eyes and Ears If You Can Believe Your Eyes and Ears is the 1966 debut album by The Mamas & the Papas (erroneously spelled \"The Mama's and the Papa's\" on the cover). In 2003, it was ranked #127 on \"Rolling Stone\" magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, with its rank rising to #112 in the 2012 revision. The stereo mix of the album is included in its entirety on \"All the Leaves are Brown\" (2001), a 2-CD retrospective compilation of the band's first four albums and various singles, as well as", "title": "If You Can Believe Your Eyes and Ears" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Cass Elliot\n\nEllen Naomi Cohen (September 19, 1941 – July 29, 1974), known professionally as Mama Cass and later on as Cass Elliot, was an American singer and voice actress. She was a member of the singing group the Mamas & the Papas. After the group broke up, Elliot released five solo albums. In 1998, she was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for her work with the Mamas & the Papas.", "title": "Cass Elliot" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mackenzie Phillips\n\nLaura Mackenzie Phillips (born November 10, 1959) is an American actress and singer, known for her roles as Carol Morrison in the film \"American Graffiti\", as teenager Julie Mora Cooper Horvath on the sitcom \"One Day at a Time\", and as Molly Phillips on the Disney Channel supernatural series \"So Weird\".", "title": "Mackenzie Phillips" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "John Phillips (musician)\n\nJohn Edmund Andrew Phillips (August 30, 1935 – March 18, 2001) was an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist. He was the leader of the vocal group the Mamas & the Papas and remains frequently referred to as Papa John Phillips. In addition to writing the majority of the group's compositions, he also wrote \"San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair)\" in 1967 for former Journeymen bandmate Scott McKenzie,<ref name=pc36 /> as well as the oft-covered \"Me and My Uncle\", which was a favorite in the repertoire of the Grateful Dead. Phillips was one of the chief organizers of the 1967 Monterey Pop Festival.", "title": "John Phillips (musician)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Monterey International Pop Festival\n\nThe Monterey International Pop Festival was a three-day music festival held June 16 to 18, 1967, at the Monterey County Fairgrounds in Monterey, California. The festival is remembered for the first major American appearances by the Jimi Hendrix Experience, the Who and Ravi Shankar, the first large-scale public performance of Janis Joplin and the introduction of Otis Redding to a mass American audience.\n\nThe festival embodied the theme of California as a focal point for the counterculture and generally is regarded as one of the beginnings of the \"Summer of Love\" in 1967 and the public debut of the hippie, flower power and flower children movements and era. Because Monterey was widely promoted and heavily attended, featured historic performances, and was the subject of a popular theatrical documentary film, it became an inspiration and a template for future music festivals, including the Woodstock Festival two years later. \"Rolling Stone\" publisher Jann Wenner said \"Monterey was the nexus – it sprang from what the Beatles began, and from it sprang what followed.\"", "title": "Monterey International Pop Festival" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Monday, Monday\n\n\"Monday, Monday\" is a 1966 song written by John Phillips and recorded by the Mamas & the Papas, using background instruments played by members of the Wrecking Crew for their 1966 album \"If You Can Believe Your Eyes and Ears\". It was the group's only #1 hit on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100,. \n\nPhillips said that he wrote the song quickly, in about 20 minutes. The song includes a pregnant pause before the coda, which modulates up a semitone. Succeeding \"Good Lovin'\" by the Young Rascals in the number one position, the event marked the first time in the history of the Billboard Hot 100 two songs with pregnant pauses were consecutive number one hits. \n\nOn March 2, 1967, the Mamas & the Papas won a Grammy Award for this song, in the category Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal.\n\nThe song was performed at the Monterey Pop Festival (California) in 1967. The performance was filmed for the movie of the festival, but not included in the final print.\n\nThe song appears on the soundtrack of Michael Apted's film \"Stardust\".\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "Monday, Monday" }, { "id": "20046152", "score": "1.2410114", "text": "recordings of The Mamas and the Papas, and of labelmates such as Three Dog Night, are therefore lost, and it has been necessary to create digital versions from the stereo album masters, often second- or third-generation tapes. This is why the sound quality of Mamas and Papas' reissues does not match the best from the 1960s. In 2012, Sundazed Records located a mono master of \"If You Can Believe Your Eyes and Ears\" in the UK and released it on 180-gram vinyl and a limited edition of 500 compact discs. The singles \"California Dreamin'\" and \"Monday, Monday\" have both been", "title": "The Mamas & the Papas discography" }, { "id": "20969474", "score": "1.2178696", "text": "Who Do You Trust? (album) Who Do You Trust? is the upcoming tenth studio album by American rock band Papa Roach. It is scheduled to be released on January 18, 2019, through Eleven Seven Music. It will feature 12 tracks, including the lead singles \"Renegade Music\" and \"Who Do You Trust?\" The album was announced along with the release of the track \"Not the Only One\". The album was leaked in its entirety on December 15th 2018 (12/15/2018) on the web. Frontman Jacoby Shaddix told \"Rock Sound\" that because the band's plan to tour with Of Mice and Men fell", "title": "Who Do You Trust? (album)" }, { "id": "11059709", "score": "1.216303", "text": "the first draft and researching for his book \"The Book of Lies: Fibs, Tales, Schemes, Scams, Fakes, and Frauds That Have Changed The Course of History and Affect Our Daily Lives\". People can ask each other questions and expect radically honest answers on Honesty Day, provided each of them are aware of the holiday. Honesty Day is a campaign for the prevention of political lies, and serves to increase awareness of the most deceitful lies in history such as the 1972 Richard Nixon Watergate Scandal, France’s Dreyfus Affair, and Bernard Madoff’s Ponzi Scheme. It is to urge politicians to stay", "title": "Honesty Day" }, { "id": "1423775", "score": "1.2142234", "text": "The Life of Mama Cass Elliot\" (2005). John Phillips' estate has authorized Chris Campion to write a biography of the group's leader, provisionally called \"Wolfking\". Fox acquired the rights to make a film about the Mamas and the Papas in 2000. It was reported in 2007 that \"The right script is in the process of being written.\" Peter Fitzpatrick's stage musical, \"Flowerchildren: The Mamas and Papas Story\", was produced by Magnormos in Melbourne, Australia, in 2011 and revived in 2013. Sources: The Mamas & the Papas The Mamas & the Papas were an American folk rock vocal group who recorded", "title": "The Mamas & the Papas" }, { "id": "17842819", "score": "1.2116678", "text": "other \"remedies\" for various problems and ailments which he sells to the people of Willow Springs. Dr. Buzzard thinks that he and Mama Day are rivals, but Mama Day does not believe that they hold similar powers, or even that his powers are real. Ruby – Ruby is a family friend who is overweight, insecure, jealous and practices voodoo. She uses her powers to manipulate Junior Lee into marrying her. Junior Lee – Married to Ruby. Likes to drink and party, a shiftless individual. \"Mama Day\" is a novel whose subgenres include legend, folklore, mystery, and fantasy. It contains a", "title": "Mama Day" }, { "id": "17842817", "score": "1.2104901", "text": "husband before he died in 1823, from which point the island became a community of free African Americans during the pre-Civil War era. Miranda (Mama) Day – Mama Day is a witty old lady and the matriarch of Willow Springs. Mama Day is Cocoa's great-aunt and the sister of Abigail. She is a woman who believes in heritage, family, and a deep understanding of the power of nature. Mama Day is often meddling in Cocoa's life and truly wants to see her happy. Mama Day uses magic, nature, wit, and wisdom to help the people of Willow Springs. Abigail Day", "title": "Mama Day" }, { "id": "17842811", "score": "1.2096615", "text": "Mama Day Mama Day is the third novel by Gloria Naylor. The story, which makes many allusions to the dramatic works of Shakespeare, focuses upon the tragic love affair of \"star-crossed\" lovers Ophelia \"Cocoa\" Day and George Andrews. The setting of the novel is split between New York City, where George was born and raised and Ophelia has recently moved, and Willow Springs, a fictional community situated on a coastal island on the border of Georgia and South Carolina where Ophelia's family has lived for several generations. The novel takes place within the same fictional universe as some of Naylor's", "title": "Mama Day" }, { "id": "11059708", "score": "1.2088497", "text": "Honesty Day Honesty Day is celebrated on April 30 in the United States to encourage honesty and straightforward communication in politics, relationships, consumer relations and historical education. It was invented by M. Hirsh Goldberg, who chose the last day of April for two reasons. First, since the first day of that month, which is April Fools' Day, celebrates falsehoods. Second, it is the anniversary of the First inauguration of George Washington on April 30, 1789. M. Hirsh Goldberg, who was a former press secretary of Maryland and writer of many novels, created the holiday in the early 1990s while writing", "title": "Honesty Day" }, { "id": "11059712", "score": "1.2010611", "text": "day to protest against commercial manipulation and exploitation as well as unfulfilled promises. It is celebrated on October the 23 in Australia. Honesty Day Honesty Day is celebrated on April 30 in the United States to encourage honesty and straightforward communication in politics, relationships, consumer relations and historical education. It was invented by M. Hirsh Goldberg, who chose the last day of April for two reasons. First, since the first day of that month, which is April Fools' Day, celebrates falsehoods. Second, it is the anniversary of the First inauguration of George Washington on April 30, 1789. M. Hirsh Goldberg,", "title": "Honesty Day" }, { "id": "1423747", "score": "1.1963966", "text": "a rendezvous in Paris with Pic Dawson (according to Michelle Phillips). In an interview with \"Melody Maker\", Elliot unilaterally announced that The Mamas & the Papas had disbanded: \"We thought this trip would give the group some stimulation, but this has not been so.\" In fact, Phillips and Elliot did patch things up sufficiently to complete \"The Papas & The Mamas\", which was released in May 1968. It was relatively successful in both the UK and US, although it was their first not to go gold or reach the top ten in America. \"12:30 (Young Girls Are Coming to the", "title": "The Mamas & the Papas" }, { "id": "1423732", "score": "1.1943991", "text": "February 1966 and became its only number-one on the \"Billboard\" 200. The third and final single from the album, \"Monday, Monday\", was released in March 1966. It became the band's only number-one hit in the US, reached number three in the UK, and was the first number-one on Spain's new Los 40 Principales. \"Monday, Monday\" won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals in 1967. It was also nominated for Best Performance by a Vocal Group, Best Contemporary Song, and Record of the Year. Their second album, \"The Mamas & the Papas\", is", "title": "The Mamas & the Papas" }, { "id": "5195909", "score": "1.1910524", "text": "on \"The Mamas & the Papas Complete Anthology\" (2004), a 4-CD box set collection released in the UK. The mono mix of the album was remastered and reissued on vinyl by Sundazed Records in 2010, and on CD the following year. \"If You Can Believe Your Eyes and Ears\" is one of the first albums to have several different covers: Cover art was produced and shot by photographer Guy Webster. The album received a positive retrospective review in \"Rolling Stone\", where critic Rob Sheffield remarked \"The Mamas and the Papas celebrated all the sin and sleaze of Sixties L.A. with", "title": "If You Can Believe Your Eyes and Ears" }, { "id": "17736961", "score": "1.1895524", "text": "Alla mia cara mamma nel giorno del suo compleanno Alla mia cara mamma nel giorno del suo compleanno (\"To my dear mother on the day of her birthday\") is a 1974 Italian comedy drama film directed by Luciano Salce. The young noble Didino is a big baby and an introvert man who has trouble to socializing because of the possessive mother. He is still treated in thirty years as a kid and does not know what to do to overcome his shyness, because no one of his family listens to him, and his uncle, worsening the situation, believes that he", "title": "Alla mia cara mamma nel giorno del suo compleanno" }, { "id": "17842821", "score": "1.1833644", "text": "to them the way you been listening to us right now.\" Rita Mae Brown states that \"The different voices are beautifully realized but confusing to read.\" As well as the communal voice, Mama Day offers both a first-person narration and occasionally a free indirect discourse that gives readers direct access to Mama Day's thoughts. Mama Day's section is preceded by three diamonds. In her narration she often speaks about what is taking place at present or events from her past. 1st person narration – Cocoa's and George's first person narration, which is displayed as a conversation to one another about", "title": "Mama Day" }, { "id": "102357", "score": "1.1753666", "text": "duped. Day stated publicly that she believed her husband innocent of any deliberate wrongdoing, stating that he \"simply trusted the wrong person\". According to Day's autobiography, as told to A.E. Hotchner, the usually athletic and healthy Martin Melcher had an enlarged heart. Most of the interviews on the subject given to Hotchner (and included in Day's autobiography) paint an unflattering portrait of Melcher. Author David Kaufman asserts that one of Day's costars, actor Louis Jourdan, maintained that Day herself disliked her husband, but Day's public statements regarding Melcher appear to contradict that assertion. Day was scheduled to present, along with", "title": "Doris Day" } ]

[ "renatus cartesius", "René descartes", "René Decartes", "renée descarte", "R. Descartes", "Renee Descartes", "Renè Descartes", "sum res cogitans", "cartesius", "Sum res cogitans", "Renée Descarte", "Rene Des Cartes", "Renatus Cartesius", "ren descartes", "Kartezio", "rene descartes", "cartesium", "Cartesius", "rene des cartes", "Descartes", "adequacy principle", "Ren Descartes", "renée descartes", "renatius cartesius", "Des cartes", "Renee Descarte", "renes descartes", "rene descarte", "rené descartes", "descarte", "Rene Decartes", "Descartese", "Rene Descarte", "Rene descartes", "descartes", "Cartesium", "descartese", "renee descarte", "renè descartes", "renee descartes", "rené decartes", "Renatius Cartesius", "r descartes", "kartezio", "rene decartes", "Adequacy Principle", "René Descartes", "DesCartes", "Rene Descartes", "Renée Descartes", "Descarte", "des cartes", "Renes Descartes" ]

[ { "id": "157307", "score": "1.7846432", "text": "calculus was free of contradictions, and was better grounded than Berkeley's empiricist criticisms. From 1711 until his death, Leibniz was engaged in a dispute with John Keill, Newton and others, over whether Leibniz had invented calculus independently of Newton. This subject is treated at length in the article Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy. The use of infinitesimals in mathematics was frowned upon by followers of Karl Weierstrass, but survived in science and engineering, and even in rigorous mathematics, via the fundamental computational device known as the differential. Beginning in 1960, Abraham Robinson worked out a rigorous foundation for Leibniz's infinitesimals, using model", "title": "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz" }, { "id": "191880", "score": "1.7718965", "text": "the infinitesimally small\" is present in his \"De motu corporum in gyrum\" of 1684 and in his papers on motion \"during the two decades preceding 1684\". Newton had been reluctant to publish his calculus because he feared controversy and criticism. He was close to the Swiss mathematician Nicolas Fatio de Duillier. In 1691, Duillier started to write a new version of Newton's \"Principia\", and corresponded with Leibniz. In 1693, the relationship between Duillier and Newton deteriorated and the book was never completed. Starting in 1699, other members of the Royal Society accused Leibniz of plagiarism. The dispute then broke out", "title": "Isaac Newton" }, { "id": "61222", "score": "1.7697383", "text": "time infinitesimal methods were still considered disreputable. These ideas were arranged into a true calculus of infinitesimals by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who was originally accused of plagiarism by Newton. He is now regarded as an independent inventor of and contributor to calculus. His contribution was to provide a clear set of rules for working with infinitesimal quantities, allowing the computation of second and higher derivatives, and providing the product rule and chain rule, in their differential and integral forms. Unlike Newton, Leibniz paid a lot of attention to the formalism, often spending days determining appropriate symbols for concepts. Today, Leibniz", "title": "Calculus" }, { "id": "3314238", "score": "1.7614095", "text": "to the study of mathematics. By 1673 he had progressed to reading Pascal’s \"Traité des Sinus du Quarte Cercle\" and it was during his largely autodidactic research that Leibniz said \"a light turned on\" . Like Newton, Leibniz, saw the tangent as a ratio but declared it as simply the ratio between ordinates and abscissas. He continued this reasoning to argue that the integral was in fact the sum of the ordinates for infinitesimal intervals in the abscissa; in effect, the sum of an infinite number of rectangles. From these definitions the inverse relationship or differential became clear and Leibniz", "title": "History of calculus" }, { "id": "6878963", "score": "1.7561178", "text": "Newton had already developed his method of fluxions when Leibniz began working on the differential calculus, yet there was seemingly no proof beyond Newton's word. He had published a calculation of a tangent with the note: \"This is only a special case of a general method whereby I can calculate curves and determine maxima, minima, and centers of gravity.\" How this was done he explained to a pupil a full 20 years later, when Leibniz's articles were already well-read. Newton's manuscripts came to light only after his death. The infinitesimal calculus can be expressed either in the notation of fluxions", "title": "Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy" }, { "id": "2099823", "score": "1.7557545", "text": "College, Cambridge as a sizar—a sort of work-study role. At that time, the college's teachings were based on those of Aristotle, whom Newton supplemented with modern philosophers such as Descartes and astronomers such as Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler. In 1665, he discovered the generalised binomial theorem and began to develop a mathematical theory that later became infinitesimal calculus. Soon after Newton had obtained his degree in August 1665, the University closed down as a precaution against the Great Plague. Although he had been undistinguished as a Cambridge student, Newton's private studies at his home in Woolsthorpe over the next two", "title": "Early life of Isaac Newton" }, { "id": "3314243", "score": "1.747001", "text": "who first \"invented\" calculus. This argument, the Leibniz and Newton calculus controversy, involving Leibniz, who was German, and the Englishman Newton, led to a rift in the European mathematical community lasting over a century. Leibniz was the first to publish his investigations; however, it is well established that Newton had started his work several years prior to Leibniz and had already developed a theory of tangents by the time Leibniz became interested in the question. It is not known how much this may have influenced Leibniz. The initial accusations were made by students and supporters of the two great scientists", "title": "History of calculus" }, { "id": "3314226", "score": "1.7336581", "text": "became a popular term for a field of mathematics based upon their insights. Newton and Leibniz, building on this work, independently developed the surrounding theory of infinitesimal calculus in the late 17th century. Also, Leibniz did a great deal of work with developing consistent and useful notation and concepts. Newton provided some of the most important applications to physics, especially of integral calculus. The purpose of this section is to examine Newton and Leibniz’s investigations into the developing field of infinitesimal calculus. Specific importance will be put on the justification and descriptive terms which they used in an attempt to", "title": "History of calculus" }, { "id": "6878980", "score": "1.7333512", "text": "here N Guicciardini (2003) appears to confirm L'Hôpital (1696) (already cited): The calculus controversy is a major topic in Neal Stephenson's set of historical novels \"The Baroque Cycle\" (2003–04). The antagonistic nature of the dispute plays a role in Greg Keyes' steampunk alternate history series \"The Age of Unreason\". Briefly mentioned by Walter Bishop in the Season 1 episode of \"Fringe\", entitled \"The Equation\". The controversy is referenced in the Season 3 entry of \"Epic Rap Battles of History\" featuring Isaac Newton (portrayed by \"Weird Al\" Yankovic) performing a rap battle against Bill Nye (Nice Peter) and Neil deGrasse Tyson", "title": "Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy" }, { "id": "3314254", "score": "1.7306337", "text": "social sciences, starting with Neoclassical economics. Today, it is a valuable tool in mainstream economics. History of calculus Calculus, known in its early history as infinitesimal calculus, is a mathematical discipline focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz independently discovered calculus in the mid-17th century. However, both inventors claimed that the other had stolen his work, and the Leibniz-Newton calculus controversy continued until the end of their lives. The ancient period introduced some of the ideas that led to integral calculus, but does not seem to have developed these ideas in a", "title": "History of calculus" }, { "id": "191874", "score": "1.7280793", "text": "the college's teachings were based on those of Aristotle, whom Newton supplemented with modern philosophers such as Descartes, and astronomers such as Galileo and Thomas Street, through whom he learned of Kepler's work. He set down in his notebook a series of \"\"Quaestiones\"\" about mechanical philosophy as he found it. In 1665, he discovered the generalised binomial theorem and began to develop a mathematical theory that later became calculus. Soon after Newton had obtained his BA degree in August 1665, the university temporarily closed as a precaution against the Great Plague. Although he had been undistinguished as a Cambridge student,", "title": "Isaac Newton" }, { "id": "608494", "score": "1.7266213", "text": "(1629–1695), Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) and John Wallis (1616–1703). Regarding Fermat's influence, Newton once wrote in a letter that \"\"I had the hint of this method [of fluxions] from Fermat's way of drawing tangents, and by applying it to abstract equations, directly and invertedly, I made it general.\"\" Isaac Barrow is generally given credit for the early development of the derivative. Nevertheless, Newton and Leibniz remain key figures in the history of differentiation, not least because Newton was the first to apply differentiation to theoretical physics, while Leibniz systematically developed much of the notation still used today. Since the 17th century", "title": "Differential calculus" }, { "id": "6878978", "score": "1.7224345", "text": "of 1677 until 1684 and since differential notation was his invention, Leibniz may have minimized, 30 years later, any benefit he may have enjoyed from reading Newton's manuscript. Moreover, he may have seen the question of who originated the calculus as immaterial when set against the expressive power of his notation. In any event, a bias favoring Newton tainted the whole affair from the outset. The Royal Society set up a committee to pronounce on the priority dispute, in response to a letter it had received from Leibniz. That committee never asked Leibniz to give his version of the events.", "title": "Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy" }, { "id": "1457218", "score": "1.7157404", "text": "collections of individual objects (following older speculations that they are words, \"\"logoi\"\"). René Descartes published \"La Géométrie\" (1637), aimed at reducing geometry to algebra by means of coordinate systems, giving algebra a more foundational role (while the Greeks embedded arithmetic into geometry by identifying whole numbers with evenly spaced points on a line). Descartes' book became famous after 1649 and paved the way to infinitesimal calculus. Isaac Newton (1642–1727) in England and Leibniz (1646–1716) in Germany independently developed the infinitesimal calculus based on heuristic methods greatly efficient, but direly lacking rigorous justifications. Leibniz even went on to explicitly describe infinitesimals", "title": "Foundations of mathematics" }, { "id": "191877", "score": "1.7150272", "text": "author of the manuscript \"De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas\", sent by Isaac Barrow to John Collins in June 1669, was identified by Barrow in a letter sent to Collins in August of that year as \"[...] of an extraordinary genius and proficiency in these things.\" Newton later became involved in a dispute with Leibniz over priority in the development of calculus (the Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy). Most modern historians believe that Newton and Leibniz developed calculus independently, although with very different mathematical notations. Occasionally it has been suggested that Newton published almost nothing about it until 1693, and did", "title": "Isaac Newton" }, { "id": "608493", "score": "1.7091981", "text": "The modern development of calculus is usually credited to Isaac Newton (1643–1727) and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716), who provided independent and unified approaches to differentiation and derivatives. The key insight, however, that earned them this credit, was the fundamental theorem of calculus relating differentiation and integration: this rendered obsolete most previous methods for computing areas and volumes, which had not been significantly extended since the time of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen). For their ideas on derivatives, both Newton and Leibniz built on significant earlier work by mathematicians such as Pierre de Fermat (1607-1665), Isaac Barrow (1630–1677), René Descartes (1596–1650), Christiaan Huygens", "title": "Differential calculus" }, { "id": "3314215", "score": "1.7068477", "text": "History of calculus Calculus, known in its early history as infinitesimal calculus, is a mathematical discipline focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz independently discovered calculus in the mid-17th century. However, both inventors claimed that the other had stolen his work, and the Leibniz-Newton calculus controversy continued until the end of their lives. The ancient period introduced some of the ideas that led to integral calculus, but does not seem to have developed these ideas in a rigorous and systematic way. Calculations of volumes and areas, one goal of integral calculus, can", "title": "History of calculus" }, { "id": "4905383", "score": "1.6888597", "text": "et de leur usage pour la résolution des équations dans les problêmes tant déterminés qu'indéterminés\" (\"Analytic treatise on conic sections\") was published posthumously in Paris in 1707. In 1696 l'Hôpital published his book \"Analyse des Infiniment Petits pour l'Intelligence des Lignes Courbes\" (\"Infinitesimal calculus with applications to curved lines\"). This was the first textbook on infinitesimal calculus and it presented the ideas of differential calculus and their applications to differential geometry of curves in a lucid form and with numerous figures; however, it did not consider integration. The history leading to the book's publication became a subject of a protracted", "title": "Guillaume de l'Hôpital" }, { "id": "6878970", "score": "1.6879406", "text": "Presumably he was referring to Newton's letters of 13 June and 24 October 1676, and to the letter of 10 December 1672, on the method of tangents, extracts from which accompanied the letter of 13 June. Whether Leibniz made use of the manuscript from which he had copied extracts, or whether he had previously invented the calculus, are questions on which no direct evidence is available at present. It is, however, worth noting that the unpublished Portsmouth Papers show that when Newton went carefully into the whole dispute in 1711, he picked out this manuscript as the one which had", "title": "Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy" }, { "id": "6042310", "score": "1.687207", "text": "Spanish Netherlands. Sluse contributed to the development of calculus and this work focuses upon spirals, tangents, turning points and points of inflection. He and Johannes Hudde found algebraic algorithms for finding tangents, minima and maxima that were later utilized by Isaac Newton. These algorithms greatly improved upon the complicated algebraic methods of Pierre de Fermat and René Descartes, who themselves had improved upon Roberval's kinematic, but geometric, non-algorithmic methods of determining tangents. Augustus De Morgan has the following to say about de Sluse's contribution to Newton's method of fluxions in his discussion of the Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy. When they state", "title": "René-François de Sluse" } ]

[ "Max Planck", "Planck", "max plank", "max karl ernst ludwig planck", "Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck", "Max Plank", "max planck", "planck" ]

[ { "id": "6122502", "score": "1.6551319", "text": "why: increasing the temperature of a body allows it to emit more energy overall, and means that a larger proportion of the energy is towards the violet end of the spectrum. [[Planck's law]] was the first quantum theory in physics, and Planck won the Nobel Prize in 1918 \"in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta\". At the time, however, Planck's view was that quantization was purely a heuristic mathematical construct, rather than (as is now believed) a fundamental change in our understanding of the world. [[File:Einstein patentoffice.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Albert Einstein]] 1905]]", "title": "Introduction to quantum mechanics" }, { "id": "1321722", "score": "1.6523184", "text": "was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics \"for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat\". Wilhelm Wien Wilhelm Carl Werner Otto Fritz Franz Wien (; 13 January 1864 – 30 August 1928) was a German physicist who, in 1893, used theories about heat and electromagnetism to deduce Wien's displacement law, which calculates the emission of a blackbody at any temperature from the emission at any one reference temperature. He also formulated an expression for the black-body radiation, which is correct in the photon-gas limit. His arguments were based on the notion of adiabatic invariance, and were instrumental", "title": "Wilhelm Wien" }, { "id": "284523", "score": "1.628339", "text": "the emerging field of quantum mechanics. For his Nobel lecture, Bohr gave his audience a comprehensive survey of what was then known about the structure of the atom, including the correspondence principle, which he had formulated. This states that the behaviour of systems described by quantum theory reproduces classical physics in the limit of large quantum numbers. The discovery of Compton scattering by Arthur Holly Compton in 1923 convinced most physicists that light was composed of photons, and that energy and momentum were conserved in collisions between electrons and photons. In 1924, Bohr, Kramers and John C. Slater, an American", "title": "Niels Bohr" }, { "id": "4622974", "score": "1.6249729", "text": "research CERN, commented in a scientific meet in Kolkata titled \"Frontiers of Science\" that \"it is unfortunate that pioneering Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose did not win the Nobel Prize for work on quantum physics in the 1920s that provided the foundation of the Bose–Einstein statistics and the theory of the Bose–Einstein condensate\". Albert Einstein's 1921 Nobel Prize Award mainly recognized his 1905 discovery of the mechanism of the photoelectric effect and \"for his services to Theoretical Physics\". The Nobel committee passed on several nominations for his many other seminal contributions, although these led to prizes for others who later", "title": "Nobel Prize controversies" }, { "id": "1691419", "score": "1.6189764", "text": "1914 he worked with Léon Brillouin on the propagation of electromagnetic waves in dispersive media. He became one of the founders of quantum mechanics; some of his contributions included co-discovery of the Sommerfeld–Wilson quantization rules (1915), a generalization of Bohr's atomic model, introduction of the Sommerfeld fine-structure constant (1916), co-discovery with Walther Kossel of the Sommerfeld–Kossel displacement law (1919), and publishing \"Atombau und Spektrallinien\" (1919), which became the \"bible\" of atomic theory for the new generation of physicists who developed atomic and quantum physics. In 1918, Sommerfeld succeeded Einstein as chair of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft (DPG). One of his", "title": "Arnold Sommerfeld" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Max Planck\n\nMax Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (, ; 23 April 1858 – 4 October 1947) was a German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.\n\nPlanck made many substantial contributions to theoretical physics, but his fame as a physicist rests primarily on his role as the originator of quantum theory, which revolutionized human understanding of atomic and subatomic processes. In 1948, the German scientific institution Kaiser Wilhelm Society (of which Planck was twice president) was renamed Max Planck Society (MPG). The MPG now includes 83 institutions representing a wide range of scientific directions.", "title": "Max Planck" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Albert Einstein\n\nAlbert Einstein ( ;\n\nIn 1905, a year sometimes described as his \"annus mirabilis\" ('miracle year'), Einstein published four groundbreaking papers. These outlined the theory of the photoelectric effect, explained Brownian motion, introduced special relativity, and demonstrated mass-energy equivalence. Einstein thought that the laws of classical mechanics could no longer be reconciled with those of the electromagnetic field, which led him to develop his special theory of relativity. He then extended the theory to gravitational fields; he published a paper on general relativity in 1916, introducing his theory of gravitation. In 1917, he applied the general theory of relativity to model the structure of the universe.<ref name=\"Nobel\" /><ref name=\"NYT-20151124\" /> He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of light and the quantum theory of radiation, which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light.\n\nHowever, for much of the later part of his career, he worked on two ultimately unsuccessful endeavors. First, despite his great contributions to quantum mechanics, he opposed what it evolved into, objecting that \"God does not play dice\". Second, he attempted to devise a unified field theory by generalizing his geometric theory of gravitation to include electromagnetism. As a result, he became increasingly isolated from the mainstream of modern physics.\n\nEinstein was born in the German Empire, but moved to Switzerland in 1895, forsaking his German citizenship (as a subject of the Kingdom of Württemberg)<ref group=note name=GEcitizen /> the following year. In 1897, at the age of 17, he enrolled in the mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Swiss Federal polytechnic school in Zürich, graduating in 1900. In 1901, he acquired Swiss citizenship, which he kept for the rest of his life, and in 1903 he secured a permanent position at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. In 1905, he was awarded a PhD by the University of Zurich. In 1914, Einstein moved to Berlin in order to join the Prussian Academy of Sciences and the Humboldt University of Berlin. In 1917, Einstein became director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics; he also became a German citizen again, this time Prussian.\n\nIn 1933, while Einstein was visiting the United States, Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. Einstein, as a Jew, objected to the policies of the newly elected Nazi government;", "title": "Albert Einstein" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of quantum mechanics\n\nThe history of quantum mechanics is a fundamental part of the . Quantum mechanics' history, as it interlaces with the history of quantum chemistry, began essentially with a number of different scientific discoveries: the 1838 discovery of cathode rays by Michael Faraday; the 1859–60 winter statement of the black-body radiation problem by Gustav Kirchhoff; the 1877 suggestion by Ludwig Boltzmann that the energy states of a physical system could be \"discrete\"; the discovery of the photoelectric effect by Heinrich Hertz in 1887; and the 1900 quantum hypothesis by Max Planck that any energy-radiating atomic system can theoretically be divided into a number of discrete \"energy elements\" \"ε\" (Greek letter epsilon) such that each of these energy elements is proportional to the frequency \"ν\" with which each of them individually radiate energy, as defined by the following formula:\nwhere \"h\" is a numerical value called Planck's constant.\n\nThen, Albert Einstein in 1905, in order to explain the photoelectric effect previously reported by Heinrich Hertz in 1887, postulated consistently with Max Planck's quantum hypothesis that light itself is made of individual quantum particles, which in 1926 came to be called photons by Gilbert N. Lewis. The photoelectric effect was observed upon shining light of particular wavelengths on certain materials, such as metals, which caused electrons to be ejected from those materials only if the light quantum energy was greater than the work function of the metal's surface.\n\nThe phrase \"quantum mechanics\" was coined (in German, \"Quantenmechanik\") by the group of physicists including Max Born, Werner Heisenberg, and Wolfgang Pauli, at the University of Göttingen in the early 1920s, and was first used in Born's 1924 paper \"\"Zur Quantenmechanik\"\". In the years to follow, this theoretical basis slowly began to be applied to chemical structure, reactivity, and bonding.", "title": "History of quantum mechanics" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Richard Feynman\n\nRichard Phillips Feynman (; May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist, known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as his work in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model. For contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 jointly with Julian Schwinger and Shin'ichirō Tomonaga.\n\nFeynman developed a widely used pictorial representation scheme for the mathematical expressions describing the behavior of subatomic particles, which later became known as Feynman diagrams. During his lifetime, Feynman became one of the best-known scientists in the world. In a 1999 poll of 130 leading physicists worldwide by the British journal \"Physics World\", he was ranked the seventh-greatest physicist of all time.\n\nHe assisted in the development of the atomic bomb during World War II and became known to a wide public in the 1980s as a member of the Rogers Commission, the panel that investigated the Space Shuttle \"Challenger\" disaster. Along with his work in theoretical physics, Feynman has been credited with pioneering the field of quantum computing and introducing the concept of nanotechnology. He held the Richard C. Tolman professorship in theoretical physics at the California Institute of Technology.\n\nFeynman was a keen popularizer of physics through both books and lectures, including a 1959 talk on top-down nanotechnology called \"There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom\" and the three-volume publication of his undergraduate lectures, \"The Feynman Lectures on Physics\". Feynman also became known through his autobiographical books \"Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!\" and \"What Do You Care What Other People Think?\", and books written about him such as \"Tuva or Bust!\" by Ralph Leighton and the biography \"Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman\" by James Gleick.", "title": "Richard Feynman" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Nobel laureates in Physics\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics () is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in physics. As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.", "title": "List of Nobel laureates in Physics" }, { "id": "4465599", "score": "1.6128602", "text": "quantum field theory - he was awarded the 1945 Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery of the Pauli exclusion principle - as well as solid-state physics, and he successfully hypothesized the existence of the neutrino. In addition to his original work, he wrote masterful syntheses of several areas of physical theory that are considered classics of scientific literature. In 1926 at the age of 39, Austrian theoretical physicist Erwin Schrödinger produced the papers that gave the foundations of quantum wave mechanics. In those papers he described his partial differential equation that is the basic equation of quantum mechanics and", "title": "History of chemistry" }, { "id": "173908", "score": "1.6125537", "text": "time of the conception and evolution of the theory. The basic ideas of quantum theory were introduced in 1900 by Max Planck (1858–1947), who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1918 for his discovery of the quantified nature of energy. The quantum theory (which previously relied in the \"correspondence\" at large scales between the quantized world of the atom and the continuities of the \"classical\" world) was accepted when the Compton Effect established that light carries momentum and can scatter off particles, and when Louis de Broglie asserted that matter can be seen as behaving as a wave", "title": "History of physics" }, { "id": "20730546", "score": "1.6025836", "text": "\"E\" of \"any\" system that absorbs or emits electromagnetic radiation of frequency \"ν\" is an integer multiple of an energy quantum inspired Erwin Schrödinger to quantize the classical Wave equation. Schrödinger arrived at what is now known as the Schrödinger equation published in 1926 This formulation is known as Wave mechanics, An alternative formulation of quantum theory by Werner Heisenberg was published in a 1925 paper.. Heisenberg's work is also referred to as matrix mechanics formulation of quantum physics for which he was awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics. As far as attribution for \"Quantum Mechanics\", Heisenberg's Nobel Prize", "title": "Father of quantum mechanics" }, { "id": "267992", "score": "1.6007049", "text": "could be discrete). The discovery of Planck's constant enabled him to define a new universal set of physical units (such as the Planck length and the Planck mass), all based on fundamental physical constants upon which much of quantum theory is based. In recognition of Planck's fundamental contribution to a new branch of physics, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1918 (he actually received the award in 1919). Subsequently, Planck tried to grasp the meaning of energy quanta, but to no avail. \"My unavailing attempts to somehow reintegrate the action quantum into classical theory extended over several", "title": "Max Planck" }, { "id": "8795721", "score": "1.5974776", "text": "Heinrich Rubens Heinrich Rubens (30 March 1865, Wiesbaden, Nassau, Germany – 17 July 1922, Berlin, Germany) was a German physicist. He is known for his measurements of the energy of black-body radiation which led Max Planck to the discovery of his radiation law. This was the genesis of quantum theory. After having attended realgymnasium \"Wöhlerschule\" in Frankfurt am Main, he started in 1884 to study electrical engineering at the technical universities in Darmstadt and Berlin. The following year he switched to physics at the University of Berlin which was more to his liking. After just one semester there he transferred", "title": "Heinrich Rubens" }, { "id": "2347844", "score": "1.5974634", "text": "of Chicago Library. James Franck James Franck (26 August 1882 – 21 May 1964) was a German physicist who won the 1925 Nobel Prize for Physics with Gustav Hertz \"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom\". He completed his doctorate in 1906 and his habilitation in 1911 at the Frederick William University in Berlin, where he lectured and taught until 1918, having reached the position of professor extraordinarius. He served as a volunteer in the German Army during World War I. He was seriously injured in 1917 in a gas attack and", "title": "James Franck" }, { "id": "737437", "score": "1.5957946", "text": "as it ran counter to facts determined by experiment. He formulated the now-standard interpretation of the probability density function for ψ*ψ in the Schrödinger equation, which he published in July 1926. In a letter to Born on 4 December 1926, Einstein made his famous remark regarding quantum mechanics: This quotation is often paraphrased as 'God does not play dice'. In 1928, Einstein nominated Heisenberg, Born, and Jordan for the Nobel Prize in Physics, but Heisenberg alone won the 1932 Prize \"for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of", "title": "Max Born" }, { "id": "5036046", "score": "1.5940757", "text": "and Thomson shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1937. The Davisson–Germer experiment confirmed the de Broglie hypothesis that matter has wave-like behavior. This, in combination with the Compton effect discovered by Arthur Compton (who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1927), established the wave–particle duality hypothesis which was a fundamental step in quantum theory. Davisson began work in 1921 to study electron bombardment and secondary electron emissions. A series of experiments continued through 1925. Davisson and Germer's actual objective was to study the surface of a piece of nickel by directing a beam of electrons at the surface", "title": "Davisson–Germer experiment" }, { "id": "5463441", "score": "1.5933273", "text": "Mannheim, Germany. Before he became known for his geodynamo theory, while in Göttingen in the 1920s, he had suggested the experiment to test the wave aspect of electrons. This suggestion of Elsasser was later communicated by his senior colleague from Göttingen (Nobel Prize recipient Max Born) to physicists in England. This explained the results of the Davisson-Germer and Thomson experiments later awarded with the Nobel Prize in Physics. In 1935, while working in Paris, Elsasser calculated the binding energies of protons and neutrons in heavy radioactive nuclei. Wigner, Jensen and Goeppert-Mayer received the Nobel in 1963 for work developing out", "title": "Walter M. Elsasser" }, { "id": "12784503", "score": "1.5916959", "text": "and the experimental work of Lenard (who explained his results by using the term \"quanta of electricity\"), Albert Einstein suggested that radiation existed in spatially localized packets which he called \"quanta of light\" (\"Lichtquanta\"). The concept of quantization of radiation theory was discovered in 1900 by Max Planck, who had been trying to understand the emission of radiation from heated objects, known as black-body radiation. By assuming that energy can be absorbed or released only in tiny, differential, discrete packets (which he called \"bundles\", or \"energy elements\"), Planck accounted for certain objects changing colour when heated. On December 14, 1900,", "title": "Quantum" }, { "id": "462460", "score": "1.5914335", "text": "of electrons through a thin metal film and observed the predicted interference patterns. At Bell Labs, Clinton Joseph Davisson and Lester Halbert Germer guided their beam through a crystalline grid. De Broglie was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1929 for his hypothesis. Thomson and Davisson shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1937 for their experimental work. In his work on formulating quantum mechanics, Werner Heisenberg postulated his uncertainty principle, which states: where Heisenberg originally explained this as a consequence of the process of measuring: Measuring position accurately would disturb momentum and vice versa, offering an example (the", "title": "Wave–particle duality" }, { "id": "797113", "score": "1.588881", "text": "of Dhaka, Bose wrote a paper deriving Planck's quantum radiation law without any reference to classical physics by using a novel way of counting states with identical particles. This paper was seminal in creating the very important field of quantum statistics. Though not accepted at once for publication, he sent the article directly to Albert Einstein in Germany. Einstein, recognising the importance of the paper, translated it into German himself and submitted it on Bose's behalf to the prestigious \"Zeitschrift für Physik\". As a result of this recognition, Bose was able to work for two years in European X-ray and", "title": "Satyendra Nath Bose" }, { "id": "9067732", "score": "1.5781496", "text": "of general relativity). Einstein was finally awarded the prize for 1921 when Oseen repeated the nomination in 1922. Carl Wilhelm Oseen Carl Wilhelm Oseen (17 April 1879 in Lund – 7 November 1944 in Uppsala) was a theoretical physicist in Uppsala and Director of the Nobel Institute for Theoretical Physics in Stockholm. Oseen was born in Lund, and took a Fil. Kund. degree at Lund University in 1897. Oseen formulated the fundamentals of the elasticity theory of liquid crystals (Oseen elasticity theory), as well as the Oseen equations for viscous fluid flow at small Reynolds numbers. He gave his name", "title": "Carl Wilhelm Oseen" }, { "id": "12532822", "score": "1.5764945", "text": "(along with Einstein's work on the photoelectric effect) in convincing physicists that Planck's postulate of quantized energy levels was more than a mere mathematical formalism. The very first Solvay Conference in 1911 was devoted to \"the theory of radiation and quanta\". Max Planck received the 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics \"in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta\". The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons (called \"photoelectrons\") from a surface when light is shone on it. It was first observed by Alexandre Edmond Becquerel in 1839, although credit is", "title": "Planck constant" }, { "id": "344593", "score": "1.5759286", "text": "by Michael Gottlieb and Ralph Leighton (Robert Leighton's son), with support from Kip Thorne and other physicists. Richard Feynman Richard Phillips Feynman (; May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist, known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model. For his contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman, jointly with Julian Schwinger and Shin'ichirō Tomonaga, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965.", "title": "Richard Feynman" } ]

[ "baltic coast", "Central Baltic Sea", "laanemeri", "baltic", "Baltic sea", "Östersjön", "pollution of baltic sea", "pollution in baltic sea", "mare suevicum", "Baltic Sea", "Suevian Sea", "balticsea", "läänemeri", "baltic name", "Laeaenemeri", "BalticSea", "ostsee", "Post-littorina Sea", "Itämeri", "baltic sea", "Mare Suevicum", "Ostsee", "Pollution in the Baltic Sea", "suevian sea", "Baltic (name)", "Suebian Sea", "Läänemeri", "Mare Suebicum", "östersjön", "central baltic sea", "Pollution of the Baltic Sea", "laeaenemeri", "The Baltic", "itämeri", "Laanemeri", "Baltic coast", "post littorina sea", "mare suebicum", "suebian sea" ]

[ { "id": "6064837", "score": "1.7638965", "text": "the 12th century, Christianity spread to the island. The pagan sites fell into ruins or were slighted. These sites had previously been a destination for many pilgrims also from the mainland. They used boats to cross the sound; boats were also used for trade between the island and the mainland. The strait was crossed at many different places, because the island lies within sight of the mainland coast along a long stretch. The shortest distance, however, was between the sites of the modern town of Stralsund and the village of Altefähr. This point was also very conveniently situated because of", "title": "Strelasund Crossing" }, { "id": "2334182", "score": "1.7306848", "text": "Strelasund The Strelasund or Strela Sound is a sound or lagoon of the Baltic Sea which separates Rügen from the German mainland. It is crossed by a road and rail bridge called the Rügendamm in Stralsund. It runs northwest to southeast from a small shallow bay just north of Stralsund called the Kubitzer Bodden through to another such bay, the Greifswalder Bodden in the southeast. The sound is nowhere much more than 3 km wide, reaching its greatest width towards its southeast end. It is roughly 25 km long. The only island of any size in the Strelasund is Dänholm", "title": "Strelasund" }, { "id": "6064827", "score": "1.6890994", "text": "Strelasund Crossing Strelasund Crossing refers to the two bridge links to the German island of Rügen (\"Rugia\") over the Strelasund to the West Pomeranian mainland near Stralsund: the Rügen Bridge or Rugia Bridge () and the Rugia Causeway (\"Rügendamm\"). Ferry services between Stralsund and Altefähr and between Stahlbrode and Glewitz are also available to cross the Strelasund sound. The \"Rügendamm\" was the first fixed crossing over the sound of Strelasund, for both the old Bundesstraße 96, the Stralsund–Sassnitz railway and a combined footpath and cycle path. It was completed 1936/1937. \"Rügenbrücke\" is the name of the three-lane viaduct completed in", "title": "Strelasund Crossing" }, { "id": "2334183", "score": "1.654402", "text": "just off Stralsund, which carries part of the Rügendamm across the sound. On the Rügen side, the shore is in many places steep, although this is punctuated by lower shorelines with reed beds in some places. On the mainland side, however, the shores are overridingly flat. The Strelasund has been the site of two battles. The first in 1362 and the second in 1369 both pitted Danish king Valdemar IV against the Hanseatic fleet. Differences between the two parties were settled by the Treaty of Stralsund in 1370. Strelasund The Strelasund or Strela Sound is a sound or lagoon of", "title": "Strelasund" }, { "id": "6064836", "score": "1.6150815", "text": "the 1930s and opened in October 1936. The \"Rügendamm\" consists of two parts: The \"Rügendamm\" provides the only road and rail access to Dänholm island. Between Stralsund and Altefähr there is also a ferry crossing operated by small passenger ships, which are used exclusively for foot passengers. It is operated by the \"Weiße Flotte\". For thousands of years the Strelasund has separated the island of Rügen from what is today the West Pomeranian mainland. For at least seven millennia, people have settled on the island, establishing their holy sites here too, such as the Swantevit site at Cape Arkona. From", "title": "Strelasund Crossing" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Strelasund Crossing\n\nStrelasund Crossing is the two links to the German island of Rügen (\"Rugia\") over the Strelasund to the West Pomeranian mainland near Stralsund: the Rügen Bridge or Rugia Bridge () and the Rugia Causeway ().\n\nFerry services between Stralsund and Altefähr and between Stahlbrode and Glewitz are also available to cross the Strelasund sound.\n\nThe \"Rügendamm\" was the first fixed crossing over the sound of Strelasund, for both the old Bundesstraße 96, the Stralsund–Sassnitz railway and a combined footpath and cycle path. It was completed 1936/1937.\n\n\"Rügenbrücke\" is the name of the three-lane viaduct completed in 2007 exclusively for motor traffic, between the village of Altefähr on Rugia Island and the Hanseatic and world heritage town of Stralsund; as part of the concept to turn the B96 and European route E22 into a ring road. Both bridges are operated in parallel. The Rugia Bridge has an overall length of , which makes it one of Central Europe's largest bridges.", "title": "Strelasund Crossing" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Stralsund\n\nStralsund (; Swedish: \"Strålsund\"), officially the Hanseatic City of Stralsund (German: \"Hansestadt Stralsund\"), is the fifth-largest city in the northeastern German federal state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania after Rostock, Schwerin, Neubrandenburg and Greifswald, and the second-largest city in the Pomeranian part of the state. It is located at the southern coast of the Strelasund, a sound of the Baltic Sea separating the island of Rügen from the Pomeranian mainland.\n\nThe Strelasund Crossing with its two bridges and several ferry services connects Stralsund with Rügen, the largest island of Germany and Pomerania.<ref name=EBstral/> The Western Pomeranian city is the seat of the Vorpommern-Rügen district and, together with Greifswald, Stralsund forms one of four high-level urban centres of the region.\n\nThe city's name as well as that of the Strelasund are compounds of the Slavic (Polabian) \"stral\" and \"strela\" (\"arrow; Polish: strzała, Czech: střela\") and the Germanic \"sund\", a strait or sound. The canting arms of the city make reference to that etymology as well as to Stralsund's Hanseatic past in featuring a silver cross pattée (a Hanseatic Cross) above a silver arrow.\n\nStralsund was granted city rights in 1234 and is thus the oldest city in Pomerania. It was one of the most prosperous members of the medieval Hanseatic League. In 1628, during the Thirty Years' War, the city came under Swedish rule and remained so until the upheavals of the Napoleonic Wars. It was the capital of Swedish Pomerania (New Western Pomerania) from 1720 to 1815. From 1815 to 1945, Stralsund was part of Prussia.\n\nStralsund's old town was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2002 alongside Wismar in Mecklenburg because of its outstanding Brick Gothic buildings and importance during the Hanseatic League and Swedish rule.<ref name = \"unesco\">«/ref> St Mary's Church has been the tallest church in the world from 1549 to 1569 and from 1573 to 1647. The city's other two large churches are St Nicholas' and St James'. Stralsund is the seat of the German Oceanographic Museum (\"Deutsches Meeresmuseum\") with its satellites Ozeaneum (in Stralsund), Nautineum (on Dänholm Island), and Natureum (on the Fischland-Darß-Zingst Peninsula).\n\nThe main industries of Stralsund are shipbuilding, fishing, mechanical engineering, and, to an increasing degree, tourism, life sciences, services and high tech industries, especially information technology and biotechnology.", "title": "Stralsund" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "File:St. Jakobi (Stralsund).jpg" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Category:Unknown-importance Oceans articles" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Rügen" }, { "id": "19420193", "score": "1.593576", "text": "Lindholm Strait Lindholm Strait (Russian: \"Proliv Lindgol'ma\") is a strait in the northwestern Sea of Okhotsk. It separates Malyy Shantar and Belichiy Islands to the north from the Tugur Peninsula to the south. At its narrowest it is only 3.2 km (2 mi) wide. Tides are semidiurnal. Springs rise 4.9 m (16 ft), while neaps rise 3.6 m (11.8 ft). The flood current sets west, while the stronger ebb current flows in the opposite direction. The former creates large eddies and whirlpools. Tidal currents vary from 3.5 to 6 knots. In the summer bowhead whales can be seen in the", "title": "Lindholm Strait" }, { "id": "19420194", "score": "1.566349", "text": "strait. The strait was frequented by American whaleships hunting bowhead whales between 1855 and 1885. They called it Shantar Gut or simply The Gut. They hunted whales in the strait or passed through it on favorable tides as they traveled back and forth between Tugur and Ulban Bays. Lindholm Strait Lindholm Strait (Russian: \"Proliv Lindgol'ma\") is a strait in the northwestern Sea of Okhotsk. It separates Malyy Shantar and Belichiy Islands to the north from the Tugur Peninsula to the south. At its narrowest it is only 3.2 km (2 mi) wide. Tides are semidiurnal. Springs rise 4.9 m (16", "title": "Lindholm Strait" }, { "id": "6064829", "score": "1.5576454", "text": "to provide a rail link and serve local traffic to Dänholm island. The bridge has 3 lanes, the centre one being demand-activated. The main element of the 4,100 metre crossing is the 2,831 metre-long main span over the Strelasund. The crossing comprises a total of seven sections, five of which are bridge structures: The southern bridge ramp begins behind its junction with the Stralsund ring road (the B 96 federal road) and consists, of an 85.53-metre-long embankment structure, measured to the abutment of the first approach bridge. Beyond it are the two Stralsund approach bridges (\"Vorlandbrücken Stralsund\") with gradients of", "title": "Strelasund Crossing" }, { "id": "16502309", "score": "1.5528591", "text": "of the two monarchs at its opening ceremony. A pair of night trains was established running between Berlin and Stockholm and covering the distance in about 22 hours. As a result of the ferry services to Sweden, traffic on the railway increased steadily so that the question of a fixed crossing of the Strelasund came up again. In 1927, the first concrete proposals were submitted, the options of a bridge and a tunnel being eliminated because of the higher costs for the ramps. In 1931, the decision was taken in favour of a causeway combining embankment sections and bridges, the", "title": "Stralsund–Sassnitz railway" }, { "id": "6064838", "score": "1.5493078", "text": "the intermediate island of Stralow (later called Dänholm). From here a regular ferry service evolved; around 1000 or 1100 herring was already being traded here and, during excavations on the island of Rügen, even Arabic coins were found. The two ferry stages developed into larger settlements following the arrival of Christianity brought by the Danes. In particular, the ferry village of Stralow (\"stral\" means \"arrow\" in Middle Low German and Slavic) developed rapidly. At the beginning of the 13th century more and more settlers came, \"inter alia\" from Westphalia. Their settlement was encouraged by the princes of Rügen and in", "title": "Strelasund Crossing" }, { "id": "665089", "score": "1.5488036", "text": "by the Great Belt. As such the entrance of salt water by Øresund marked the beginning of the modern Baltic Sea as a salt-water sea. The strait is called \"Øresund\" in Danish and \"Öresund\" in Swedish, informally \"Sundet\" (lit. \"the Strait\") in both languages. The first part of the name is \"øre\" \"gravel/sand beach\", and the second part is \"sund\", i.e. \"sound, strait\". The name is first attested on a runestone dated to ca. AD 1000, where it is written as \"ura suti\", read as Old East Norse (the dative case). The Old West Norse (and modern Icelandic) form of", "title": "Øresund" }, { "id": "6064835", "score": "1.5440891", "text": "Strelasund Crossing runs down another embankment. The length of this embankment is 455.95 metres, beyond that is a further 732.0 metres of roadway. Filled with 225,000 m³ of earth, the ramp sides have sheet pilings covering an area of 20,690 m², that runs up to the junction of the crossing with the transport hub of Altefähr. In this area there is a cycle path underpass. Rügen Causeway (\"Rügendamm\", literally \"Rügen Embankment\") is the name of the original road connecting Rügen Island with the City of Stralsund on the mainland of the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The road was built in", "title": "Strelasund Crossing" }, { "id": "6064828", "score": "1.5439363", "text": "2007 exclusively for motor traffic, between the village of Altefähr on Rugia Island and the Hanseatic and world heritage town of Stralsund; as part of the concept to turn the B96 and European route E22 into a ring road. Both bridges are operated in parallel. The Rugia Bridge has an overall length of , which makes it one of Central Europe's largest bridges. Rügen Bridge () is a pre-stressed concrete cable-stayed bridge that spans the Strelasund between the German City of Stralsund and Rügen Island, Germany. The bridge was built to replace the aging \"Rügendamm\", which will remain in service", "title": "Strelasund Crossing" }, { "id": "2527359", "score": "1.5425775", "text": "Atlantic Oceans runs from Straumnes to Cape Nansen, southwest of Cape Tunipier. From Straumnes to Cape Nansen the distance is . The narrow depth, where the Greenland–Iceland Rise runs along the bottom of the sea, is . The cold East Greenland Current passes through the strait and carries icebergs south into the North Atlantic. It hosts important fisheries. The world's largest known underwater waterfall, known as the Denmark Strait cataract, flows down the western side of the Denmark Strait. During World War II, the Battle of the Denmark Strait took place on 24 May 1941. The sank the British battlecruiser", "title": "Denmark Strait" }, { "id": "13172891", "score": "1.5343032", "text": "Stakhinski Strait, Stickeen Strait, and Stikeen Strait Stikine Strait The Stikine Strait is a strait in the Alexander Archipelago of Alaska, located between Zarembo Island to the west and Etolin and Woronkofski Islands just southwest of the City of Wrangell. The strait's name derives from that of the Stikine River, the outlet of which is just northeast of Wrangell. The strait is shown on an 1844 Russian chart, but the name was first published on Russian Admiralty charts in 1848 as Proliv Stakhinskiy or Stakhin Strait. Other spelling variants over time have been Frances Strait, Stachin Strait, Stachine Strait, Stackine", "title": "Stikine Strait" }, { "id": "665087", "score": "1.5320886", "text": "Øresund Øresund or Öresund (, ; , ), commonly known in English as the Sound, is a strait which forms the Danish–Swedish border, separating Zealand (Denmark) from Scania (Sweden). The strait has a length of and the width varies from to . It is wide at its narrowest point between Helsingør in Denmark and Helsingborg in Sweden. Øresund is along with the Great Belt, Little Belt and Kiel Canal one of four waterways that connects the Baltic Sea to the Atlantic Ocean via Kattegat, Skagerrak, and the North Sea, and is one of the busiest waterways in the world. The", "title": "Øresund" }, { "id": "6064840", "score": "1.5259658", "text": "2004, construction of a new bridge, called the 2nd Strelasund Crossing (\"2. Strelasundquerung\"), commenced. German Chancellor Angela Merkel opened the new bridge on 20 October 2007. The name of this new bridge is the Rügen Bridge (\"Rügenbrücke\"). The rugen bridge is a one tower suspension bridge that has nineteen piers holding it up from the water. The connection has a length of , the new bridge is long and the centre pylon is tall. The new bridge crosses but does not provide access to Dänholm island. Strelasund Crossing Strelasund Crossing refers to the two bridge links to the German island", "title": "Strelasund Crossing" }, { "id": "7457480", "score": "1.5258267", "text": "Yugorsky Strait The Yugorsky Strait or Yugor Strait (, or Yugorsky Shar) is a narrow sound between the Kara Sea and the Pechora Sea. Its maximum width is 10 km and its minimum width only 3 km. Ostrov Storozhevoy, an island 1.6 km in length, lies in the middle of the strait. This sound separates Vaygach Island from the Yugorsky Peninsula on the Russian mainland. The earliest recorded voyage through the Yugorsky Shar, traditionally known as the Arctic \"Iron Gateway\", into the Kara Sea was made from Nizhny Novgorod by early Russian explorer Uleb in 1032. Russian \"Pomors\", the coastal", "title": "Yugorsky Strait" }, { "id": "6064831", "score": "1.5245191", "text": "The structures are founded on driven concrete piles cast in-situ. The new \"Ziegelgraben Bridge\" (BW 2), designed as a viaduct, crosses the waterway of the \"Ziegelgraben\", an arm of the Strelasund which separates Stralsund from the island of Dänholm. It has a length of 583.30 metres. The two main section, 126 metres (on the mainland side) and 198 metres (on the Dänholm side), are designed as a cable-stayed bridge with a three-cell steel box girder frame, which was made in the Neumarkt-Sengenthal steelworks. The bridge enables shipping to pass with a clearance of 42 metres. The 128-metre-high, light blue pylon", "title": "Strelasund Crossing" }, { "id": "13172890", "score": "1.5236166", "text": "Stikine Strait The Stikine Strait is a strait in the Alexander Archipelago of Alaska, located between Zarembo Island to the west and Etolin and Woronkofski Islands just southwest of the City of Wrangell. The strait's name derives from that of the Stikine River, the outlet of which is just northeast of Wrangell. The strait is shown on an 1844 Russian chart, but the name was first published on Russian Admiralty charts in 1848 as Proliv Stakhinskiy or Stakhin Strait. Other spelling variants over time have been Frances Strait, Stachin Strait, Stachine Strait, Stackine Strait, Stahkeen Strait, Stahkin Strait, Stakeen Strait,", "title": "Stikine Strait" } ]

[ "Ryder Cup", "ryder cup matches", "rider cup", "The Ryder Cup", "Rider cup", "Ryder cup", "ryder cup", "Ryder Cup Matches" ]

[ { "id": "19785941", "score": "1.870183", "text": "From 1949 to 1957 Great Britain had also played a biennial match against Belgium. In 1959 the two matches were replaced by one with Britain playing a team representing the Continent of Europe, the Vagliano Trophy being used for the new event. The trophy was given by André Vagliano, a French golfer and official in the French Golf Federation. The competition involves various match play matches between players selected from the two teams of 8, either singles and foursomes. The winner of each match scores a point for their team, with half a point each for any match that is", "title": "Vagliano Trophy" }, { "id": "7471972", "score": "1.8689337", "text": "Jacques Léglise Trophy The Jacques Léglise Trophy is an annual amateur boys' team golf competition between Great Britain & Ireland and the Continent of Europe. It was inaugurated in 1958 and is organised by the R&A. Great Britain & Ireland dominated in the early years to such an extent that it was discontinued in 1966. It was revived in 1977 and the Continental team won for the first time that year. In recent years the teams have been quite evenly matched. Up to 1998 it was always played in Great Britain or Ireland but since then a number of matches", "title": "Jacques Léglise Trophy" }, { "id": "7471974", "score": "1.8646169", "text": "2015 match ended in a tie and so Great Britain & Ireland retained the trophy. Jacques Léglise Trophy The Jacques Léglise Trophy is an annual amateur boys' team golf competition between Great Britain & Ireland and the Continent of Europe. It was inaugurated in 1958 and is organised by the R&A. Great Britain & Ireland dominated in the early years to such an extent that it was discontinued in 1966. It was revived in 1977 and the Continental team won for the first time that year. In recent years the teams have been quite evenly matched. Up to 1998 it", "title": "Jacques Léglise Trophy" }, { "id": "19427422", "score": "1.8543148", "text": "Slazenger Trophy The Slazenger Trophy was a men's professional team golf competition; one team representing Great Britain and Ireland, the other team representing the British Commonwealth and Empire. It was played just once, in 1956. The cup was contested over two days with four 36-hole foursomes on the first day and eight 36-hole singles matches on the second day. The match was played on 20 and 21 July 1956 at Prince's Golf Club, Sandwich. The match was organised by the Golf Society of Great Britain. Most of the Commonwealth and Empire team had been in England to play in the", "title": "Slazenger Trophy" }, { "id": "7892664", "score": "1.8526855", "text": "St Andrews Trophy The St Andrews Trophy is a biennial men's team golf tournament contested between teams of amateur golfers representing Great Britain & Ireland and the Continent of Europe. It takes its name from St Andrews in Scotland. It was first played in 1956 and takes place in even-numbered years; Great Britain & Ireland plays in the United States in the Walker Cup in odd-numbered years. It is staged alternately in Great Britain & Ireland and on the Continent, and is organised by The R&A (an offshoot of The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews) and the", "title": "St Andrews Trophy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Ryder Cup" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Ryder Cup matches\n\nThe Ryder Cup is a golf competition contested by teams from Europe and the United States. The competition was originally contested between Great Britain and the United States; players from the Channel Islands also appeared on the British team, Republic of Ireland golfers were added to the British team in 1953 (although the team name was only changed to 'Great Britain and Ireland' for the 1973 Ryder Cup) and this was extended to golfers elsewhere in Europe in 1979. Established in 1927, the competition is jointly administered by the Professional Golfers' Association of America (PGA of America) and Ryder Cup Europe, a venture in which the PGA European Tour is the primary partner. The competition takes place every two years, with the exception of 2001 when the match was played a year later due to the 11 September attacks; the venue alternates between courses in Europe and the United States. The winners of the first match were the United States, who defeated Great Britain at Worcester Country Club 9–2. The latest Ryder Cup, at Le Golf National in Paris, France, was won by Europe 17–10 on 30 September 2018.\n\nThe Ryder Cup is contested in a match play format, which involves different methods of the format. A foursomes match is contested with two members from each team playing alternate shots. A fourball match consists of two players from either team, who each play their own shot throughout the round. The player that completes the hole in the lowest number of shots wins the hole. Singles matches are also played, with players from each team contesting a one-on-one match. The winner of each match scores a point for their team, if a match is tied after 18 holes then each team is awarded a point. The format of the competition has changed throughout its history. Originally, foursome matches were played one day, with singles matches over 36 holes the next. Since 1979, the format has consisted of 28 matches held over three days, with each match worth a point. The first two days consist of eight matches; four foursomes and four fourball matches. The final day sees all 12 members of each team competing in singles matches.\n\nThe United States are the most successful team in the history of the competition; they have won 27 of the 43 matches that have been contested, 18 of which were before 1979, when the competition was contested between Great Britain and Ireland and the United States. In the 21 matches since the inclusion of European golfers, Europe has won eleven, the United States nine, with one match tied.", "title": "List of Ryder Cup matches" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Walker Cup\n\nThe Walker Cup is a golf trophy contested in odd-numbered years by leading male amateur golfers in two teams: United States, and Great Britain and Ireland. The official name is the Walker Cup Match (not \"Matches\" as in Ryder Cup Matches). It is organised by The R&A and the United States Golf Association (USGA). In 1921 the Royal Liverpool Golf Club hosted an unofficial contest which was followed by official annual contests from 1922 through 1924. From 1925 they became biennial, held on even-number years. After World War II they switched to odd-numbered years. From 2026 it will be held in even-numbered years following the switch of the Eisenhower Trophy to odd-numbered years to avoid that event clashing with the Olympic Games. They are held alternately in the U.S., and Ireland or Britain.\n\nThe cup is named after George Herbert Walker who was president of the USGA in 1920 when the match was initiated. Walker is the grandfather and namesake of George H. W. Bush and great-grandfather of George W. Bush, the 41st and 43rd Presidents of the United States, respectively.\n\nUnlike the Ryder Cup, which similarly began as a competition between the U.S. and the United Kingdom, the Walker Cup has never been expanded to include all European amateur golfers.\n\nAs of 2021, the U.S. lead the Walker Cup series 38 to 9, with one match tied, but the two teams have been more evenly matched since 1989 when the Great Britain and Ireland team ended the U.S. team's eight-match winning run. The 1989 match and the three matches from 2003 to 2007 were all decided by a single point.", "title": "Walker Cup" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Curtis Cup\n\nThe Curtis Cup is the best known team trophy for women amateur golfers, awarded in the biennial Curtis Cup Match. It is co-organised by the United States Golf Association and The R&A and is contested by teams representing the United States and \"Great Britain and Ireland\". The same two teams originally contested the Ryder Cup, but unlike that competition, the Curtis Cup has not widened the Great Britain and Ireland team to include all Europeans (nor has the analogous event for amateur men, the Walker Cup). Many women who have gone on to become stars of women's professional golf have played in the Curtis Cup.", "title": "Curtis Cup" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Open Championship\n\nThe Open Championship, often referred to as The Open or the British Open, is the oldest golf tournament in the world, and one of the most prestigious. Founded in 1860, it was originally held annually at Prestwick Golf Club in Scotland. Later the venue rotated between a select group of coastal links golf courses in the United Kingdom. It is organised by the R&A.\n\nThe Open is one of the four men's major golf tournaments, the others being the Masters Tournament, the PGA Championship and the U.S. Open. Since the PGA Championship moved to May in 2019, the Open has been chronologically the fourth and final major tournament of the year. It is held in mid-July.\n\nIt is called The Open because it is in theory \"open\" to all, i.e. professional and amateur golfers. In practice, the current event is a professional tournament in which a small number of the world's leading amateurs also play, by invitation or qualification. The success of the tournament has led to many other open golf tournaments to be introduced around the world.\n\nThe 2022 and current champion is Cameron Smith, who won the 150th Open at St Andrews with a score of 268.", "title": "The Open Championship" }, { "id": "6712312", "score": "1.8374796", "text": "Royal Trophy The Royal Trophy was a men's professional team golf tournament which was played between 2006 and 2013. The competing teams represented Europe and Asia. Eight man teams played a series of 16 matches involving foursomes, four-ball and singles for the right to hold a trophy donated by the King of Thailand. The first four contests, from 2006 to 2010, were played at the Amata Spring Country Club in Chonburi, Thailand. In 2011 the event moved to a different venue in Thailand and then moved to Brunei and China. The Royal Trophy was one of several team golf tournaments", "title": "Royal Trophy" }, { "id": "19128605", "score": "1.8369442", "text": "R.T.V. International Trophy The R.T.V. International Trophy was a professional golf tournament. In its first year, 1967, there was a professional team tournament between the four home nations at Edmondstown Golf Course, County Dublin. The next year the event became an individual tournament played at Cork Golf Club, Little Island, Cork, Ireland. The individual event was held twice, in 1968 and 1969. The tournaments were sponsored by R.T.V. Rentals. The tournament was played on 25, 26 and 27 August with each team playing the other three. There were teams of 6 with 3 foursomes matches in the morning and 6", "title": "R.T.V. International Trophy" }, { "id": "19128607", "score": "1.8297755", "text": "August R.T.V. International Trophy The R.T.V. International Trophy was a professional golf tournament. In its first year, 1967, there was a professional team tournament between the four home nations at Edmondstown Golf Course, County Dublin. The next year the event became an individual tournament played at Cork Golf Club, Little Island, Cork, Ireland. The individual event was held twice, in 1968 and 1969. The tournaments were sponsored by R.T.V. Rentals. The tournament was played on 25, 26 and 27 August with each team playing the other three. There were teams of 6 with 3 foursomes matches in the morning and", "title": "R.T.V. International Trophy" }, { "id": "19785940", "score": "1.8217869", "text": "Vagliano Trophy The Vagliano Trophy is a biennial women's amateur golf tournament. It is co-organised by the R&A and the European Golf Association and is contested by teams representing \"Great Britain and Ireland\" and the \"Continent of Europe\". It is played in odd-numbered years; the Curtis Cup being played in even-numbered years. The event started in 1931 as a match between Great Britain and France. It was played annually from 1931 to 1939 and from 1947 to 1949, before becoming a biennial event from 1949 to 1957. Britain won 15 of the 16 matches with the 1934 match being tied.", "title": "Vagliano Trophy" }, { "id": "906290", "score": "1.812154", "text": "championship. In 1926, a larger than usual contingent of American professionals were travelling to Britain to compete in the Open Championship, two weeks before their own Championship. In February it was announced that Walter Hagen would select a team of four American professionals (including himself) to play four British professionals in a match before the Open Championship. The match would be a stroke play competition with each playing the four opposing golfers over 18 holes. In mid-April it was announced that \"A golf enthusiast, who name has not yet been made public\" was ready to donate a cup for an", "title": "Ryder Cup" }, { "id": "18370955", "score": "1.802629", "text": "professionals from England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales. The first tournament was held in September 1938 and Llandudno council presented a silver trophy to the P.G.A. for the winning team. Percy Alliss, the captain of the winning English team, took possession of the trophy. It was intended that the tournament would be the first of a series of matches but the Second World War interrupted these plans and the contests were not restarted after the war. During Alliss's later years, the trophy was returned to the P.G.A. and was then used as the trophy for the PGA Cup. The event is", "title": "PGA Cup" }, { "id": "4005415", "score": "1.7975793", "text": "to 9, with one match tied, but the two teams have been evenly matched since 1989 when the Great Britain and Ireland team ended the U.S. team's eight-match winning run. The 1989 match and the three matches from 2003 to 2007 were all decided by a single point. A team of American amateur golfers travelled in Britain in 1921, their objective being to win The Amateur Championship at Royal Liverpool (Hoylake). A match between American and British amateur golfers was played on May 21, immediately before The Amateur Championship. This match was announced in \"The Times\" on May 10. \"The", "title": "Walker Cup" }, { "id": "19915094", "score": "1.794831", "text": "Hopkins Trophy The Hopkins Trophy was an annual men's professional team golf competition between teams representing the United States and Canada. It was played from 1952 to 1956. The Americans won all five contests that were played. The matches were sponsored by John Jay Hopkins. The 1952 event was contested over two days with three 36-hole fourballs on the first day and six 36-hole singles on the final day. Each match involved three points, one for the morning round, one for the afternoon round and a third for the overall result. The 1953 event was extended to three days with", "title": "Hopkins Trophy" }, { "id": "4636348", "score": "1.7941053", "text": "the Great Britain and Ireland team have won 6 while the Continental Europe team have won 2. Seve Trophy The Seve Trophy was a biennial golf tournament between teams of professional male golfers; one team representing Great Britain and Ireland, the other team representing Continental Europe. The tournament was played in years when there is no Ryder Cup. The competition was held eight times from 2000 to 2013. The Trophy was named after five times major winner Seve Ballesteros, the most successful golfer ever from Continental Europe who was one of the key instigators of the tournament. He made an", "title": "Seve Trophy" }, { "id": "6712313", "score": "1.7913449", "text": "between teams from different regions of the world started since the 1990s, inspired by the popularity of the Ryder Cup. In March 2014 the European Tour and the Asian Tour launched a new team tournament, the EurAsia Cup, also played between teams represented Europe and Asia. The Royal Trophy planned for December 2014 was cancelled and has not been held since. Seve Ballesteros, a leading proponent of team golf competitions, captained the European team in the inaugural tournament, and Japan's Masahiro Kuramoto captained Asia. Europe's team included the highly ranked David Howell and Paul McGinley, and former World Number 1s", "title": "Royal Trophy" }, { "id": "19785943", "score": "1.7910869", "text": "a standard match play competition between two golfers. The contest is played over two days, with four foursomes and eight singles matches on each day, a total of 24 points. Before 1975 there were five foursomes and ten singles matches each day. In 1959 and 1961 there were five 36-hole foursomes on the first day and ten 36-hole singles on the second. All matches since 1961 have been over 18 holes. Since the Continent of Europe replaced France in 1959. Of the 30 contests from 1959 to 2017, Great Britain and Ireland have won 15, the Continent of Europe have", "title": "Vagliano Trophy" }, { "id": "18370953", "score": "1.7908585", "text": "PGA Cup The PGA Cup is a men's golf competition for club professionals played between a Great Britain and Ireland team and a United States team. The winning team is presented with the Llandudno Trophy. The competition is run by the British PGA and the PGA of America. It was first played in 1973 and was an annual event until 1984, after which it became biennial. The 2017 PGA Cup, the 28th contest, was held on the Longcross course at Foxhills Golf Club, Ottershaw, Surrey from 15 to 17 September and was won by Great Britain and Ireland by a", "title": "PGA Cup" }, { "id": "7892665", "score": "1.7877492", "text": "European Golf Association. The St Andrews Trophy itself was presented by the Royal and Ancient Club in 1963. The event is played on two consecutive days. On both days there are four morning foursomes followed by afternoon singles, eight on the first day and nine on the second. The first event was held at Wentworth on 20 and 21 October 1956 and followed a similar format to that used for the Joy Cup which featured professional golfers. The teams were called the British Isles and the Rest of Europe. There were five foursomes on the first day and ten singles", "title": "St Andrews Trophy" }, { "id": "18378391", "score": "1.7788174", "text": "Llandudno International Golf Trophy The Llandudno International Golf Trophy was a professional team match play golf tournament that was played at the Maesdu Golf Club from 28 to 30 September 1938. The tournament was contested between England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales. It was intended to be the first of a series of matches but the Second World War interrupted these plans and the contests were not restarted after the war. England won the tournament by winning all their three matches against the other teams. The Maesdu Golf Club joined with the local Llandudno council to stage the tournament with the", "title": "Llandudno International Golf Trophy" }, { "id": "906281", "score": "1.7622122", "text": "States, the first official Ryder Cup took place in the United States in 1927 at Worcester Country Club in Worcester, Massachusetts. The home team won the first five contests, but with the competition's resumption after the Second World War, repeated American dominance eventually led to a decision to extend the representation of \"Great Britain and Ireland\" to include continental Europe from 1979. The inclusion of continental European golfers was partly prompted by the success of a new generation of Spanish golfers, led by Seve Ballesteros and Antonio Garrido. In 1973 the official title of the British Team had been changed", "title": "Ryder Cup" } ]

[ "Secretariat of State", "Secretary of State", "state secretariat", "State Secretaries", "Secretary of State (Luxembourg)", "State secretary", "secretary of state", "State Secretariats", "secreatary of state", "secretaries of state", "State Secretary", "Secreatary of State", "Secretary Of State", "Secretariats of State", "Secretary of state (Luxembourg)", "State Secretariat", "Secretary of State (Great Britain)", "secretary of state luxembourg", "state secretaries", "Secretary of States", "secretary of state great britain", "secretary of states", "Secretary of state", "state secretary", "state secretariats", "Secretaries of State", "secretariat of state", "secretariats of state" ]

[ { "id": "1210374", "score": "1.9572668", "text": "Madeleine Albright Madeleine Jana Korbel Albright (born Marie Jana Korbelová; May 15, 1937) is an American politician and diplomat. She is the first female United States Secretary of State in U.S. history, having served from 1997 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. Albright emigrated to the United States in 1948 from Czechoslovakia with her family. Her diplomat father, Josef Korbel, settled their family in Denver, and she became a U.S. citizen in 1957. Albright graduated from Wellesley College in 1959 and earned a PhD from Columbia University in 1975, writing her thesis on the Prague Spring. She worked as an", "title": "Madeleine Albright" }, { "id": "1210394", "score": "1.8611405", "text": "Security Council, Boutros-Ghali suspended his candidacy and became the only U.N. Secretary-General ever to be denied a second term. The United States then fought a four-round veto duel with France, forcing it to back down and accept Kofi Annan as the next Secretary-General. In his memoirs, Clarke said that \"the entire operation had strengthened Albright's hand in the competition to be Secretary of State in the second Clinton administration.\" When Albright took office as the 64th U.S. Secretary of State on January 23, 1997, she became the first female U.S. Secretary of State and the highest-ranking woman in the history", "title": "Madeleine Albright" }, { "id": "1210417", "score": "1.8325286", "text": "400 pounds. Albright was listed as one of the fifty best-dressed over 50s by the \"Guardian\" in March 2013. Madeleine Albright Madeleine Jana Korbel Albright (born Marie Jana Korbelová; May 15, 1937) is an American politician and diplomat. She is the first female United States Secretary of State in U.S. history, having served from 1997 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. Albright emigrated to the United States in 1948 from Czechoslovakia with her family. Her diplomat father, Josef Korbel, settled their family in Denver, and she became a U.S. citizen in 1957. Albright graduated from Wellesley College in 1959 and", "title": "Madeleine Albright" }, { "id": "1210390", "score": "1.8305817", "text": "Albright was employed to handle the transition to a new administration at the National Security Council. In January 1993, Clinton nominated her to be U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, her first diplomatic posting. Albright was appointed Ambassador to the United Nations shortly after Clinton was inaugurated, presenting her credentials on February 9, 1993. During her tenure at the U.N., she had a rocky relationship with the U.N. Secretary-General, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, whom she criticized as \"disengaged\" and \"neglect[ful]\" of genocide in Rwanda. Albright wrote: \"My deepest regret from my years in public service is the failure of the United States", "title": "Madeleine Albright" }, { "id": "1210389", "score": "1.7735052", "text": "traveled to Poland for her research, interviewing dissidents in Gdańsk, Warsaw and Kraków. Upon her return to Washington, her husband announced his intention to divorce her for another woman. Albright joined the academic staff at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., in 1982, specializing in Eastern European studies. She also directed the university's program on women in global politics. She served as a major Democratic Party foreign policy advisor, briefing Vice-Presidential candidate Geraldine Ferraro in 1984 and Presidential candidate Michael Dukakis in 1988 (both campaigns ended in defeat). In 1992, Bill Clinton returned the White House to the Democratic Party, and", "title": "Madeleine Albright" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Madeleine Albright\n\nMadeleine Jana Korbel Albright (born Marie Jana Korbelová; May 15, 1937 – March 23, 2022) was an American diplomat and political scientist who served as the 64th United States secretary of state from 1997 to 2001. A member of the Democratic Party, Albright was the first woman to hold that post.\n\nBorn in Prague, Czechoslovakia, Albright immigrated to the United States after the 1948 communist coup d'état when she was eleven years old. Her father, diplomat Josef Korbel, settled the family in Denver, Colorado, and she became a U.S. citizen in 1957. Albright graduated from Wellesley College in 1959 and earned a PhD from Columbia University in 1975, writing her thesis on the Prague Spring. She worked as an aide to Senator Edmund Muskie from 1976 to 1978, before serving as a staff member on the National Security Council under Zbigniew Brzezinski. She served in that position until 1981, when President Jimmy Carter left office.\n\nAfter leaving the National Security Council, Albright joined the academic faculty of Georgetown University in 1982 and advised Democratic candidates regarding foreign policy. Following the 1992 presidential election, Albright helped assemble President Bill Clinton's National Security Council. She was appointed United States ambassador to the United Nations from 1993 to 1997, a position she held until elevation as secretary of state. Secretary Albright served in that capacity until President Clinton left office in 2001.\n\nAlbright served as chair of the Albright Stonebridge Group, a consulting firm, and was the Michael and Virginia Mortara Endowed Distinguished Professor in the Practice of Diplomacy at Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service. She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama in May 2012. Albright served on the board of the Council on Foreign Relations.", "title": "Madeleine Albright" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "List of female United States Cabinet members" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Condoleezza Rice" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Richard Holbrooke\n\nRichard Charles Albert Holbrooke (April 24, 1941 – December 13, 2010) was an American diplomat and author. He was the only person to have held the position of Assistant Secretary of State for two different regions of the world (Asia from 1977 to 1981 and Europe from 1994 to 1996).\n\nFrom 1993 to 1994, he was U.S. Ambassador to Germany. He was long well-known among journalists and in diplomatic circles. Holbrooke became familiar to the wider public in 1995 when, with former Swedish prime minister Carl Bildt, they brokered a peace agreement among the warring factions in Bosnia leading to the signing of the Dayton Peace Accords. Holbrooke was a prime contender to succeed Warren Christopher as Secretary of State but was passed over in 1996 as President Bill Clinton chose Madeleine Albright instead. From 1999 to 2001, Holbrooke served as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations.\nHe was an adviser to the presidential campaign of Senator John Kerry in 2004. Holbrooke then joined the presidential campaign of Senator Hillary Clinton and became a top foreign policy adviser. Holbrooke was considered a likely candidate for Secretary of State had Kerry or Hillary Clinton been elected president. In January 2009, Holbrooke was appointed as a special adviser on Pakistan and Afghanistan, working under President Barack Obama and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.\n\nHolbrooke's unfulfilled ambition was to become Secretary of State; he, along with George Kennan and Chip Bohlen, were considered among the most influential U.S. diplomats who never achieved that position. Several considered Holbrooke's role in the Dayton Accords to merit the Nobel Peace Prize.", "title": "Richard Holbrooke" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bill Richardson\n\nWilliam Blaine Richardson III (born November 15, 1947) is an American politician, author, and diplomat who served as the 30th governor of New Mexico from 2003 to 2011. He was also the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and Energy Secretary in the Clinton administration, a U.S. Congressman, chairman of the 2004 Democratic National Convention, and chairman of the Democratic Governors Association.\n\nIn December 2008, Richardson was nominated for the cabinet-level position of Secretary of Commerce in the first Obama administration but withdrew a month later, as he was being investigated for possible improper business dealings in New Mexico. Although the investigation was later dropped, it was seen to have damaged Richardson's career as his second and final term as New Mexico governor concluded.\n\nRichardson has occasionally provided advice on diplomatic issues pertaining to North Korea and has visited the nation on several occasions, including efforts to release American detainees.<ref name=\"nyt 160315\" /> He has completed a number of private humanitarian missions, one of which secured the release of U.S. journalist Danny Fenster from a Myanmar prison in November 2021.<ref name=\":0\" />", "title": "Bill Richardson" }, { "id": "1210375", "score": "1.7513134", "text": "aide to Senator Edmund Muskie before taking a position under Zbigniew Brzezinski on the National Security Council. She served in that position until the end of President Jimmy Carter's lone term. After leaving the National Security Council, Albright joined the academic staff of Georgetown University and advised Democratic candidates regarding foreign policy. After Clinton's victory in the 1992 presidential election, she helped assemble Clinton's National Security Council. In 1993, Clinton appointed her to the position of U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations. She held that position until 1997, when she succeeded Warren Christopher as Secretary of State. She served as", "title": "Madeleine Albright" }, { "id": "1210403", "score": "1.7340561", "text": "co-chair of the Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor and was the chairwoman of the Council of Women World Leaders \"Women's Ministerial Initiative\" up until November 16, 2007, succeeded by Margot Wallström. On October 25, 2005, Albright guest starred on the television drama \"Gilmore Girls\" as herself. She also made a guest appearance on \"Parks and Recreation\", in the eighth episode of the seventh season. At the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. on November 13, 2007, Albright declared that she with William Cohen would co-chair a new \"Genocide Prevention Task Force\" created by the United States Holocaust Memorial", "title": "Madeleine Albright" }, { "id": "1210414", "score": "1.709729", "text": "women who supported Clinton's primary rival, Senator Bernie Sanders, which many women found \"startling and offensive.\" In a \"New York Times\" op-ed published several days after the remark, Albright said: \"I absolutely believe what I said, that women should help one another, but this was the wrong context and the wrong time to use that line. I did not mean to argue that women should support a particular candidate based solely on gender.\" Albright holds honorary degrees from Brandeis University (1996), the University of Washington (2002), Smith College (2003), Washington University in St. Louis (2003), University of Winnipeg (2005), the", "title": "Madeleine Albright" }, { "id": "1210395", "score": "1.706225", "text": "of the U.S. government at the time of her appointment. Not being a natural-born citizen of the U.S., she was not eligible as a U.S. Presidential successor and was excluded from nuclear contingency plans. During her tenure, Albright considerably influenced American policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Middle East. According to Albright's memoirs, she once argued with Colin Powell for the use of military force by asking, \"What's the point of you saving this superb military for, Colin, if we can't use it?\" As Secretary of State she represented the U.S. at the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong", "title": "Madeleine Albright" }, { "id": "1210376", "score": "1.6782594", "text": "Secretary of State until Clinton left office in 2001. Albright currently serves as chair of Albright Stonebridge Group and as a professor of International Relations at Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service. In May 2012, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by U.S. President Barack Obama. Secretary Albright also serves as a director on the board of the Council on Foreign Relations. Born Marie Jana Korbelová in 1937 in the Smíchov district of Prague, Czechoslovakia, she is a daughter of Anna (néee Spieglová) and Josef Korbel, a Czech diplomat. At the time of her birth, Czechoslovakia had been", "title": "Madeleine Albright" }, { "id": "2281074", "score": "1.6719733", "text": "and was replaced by former deputy chief of staff Erskine Bowles. Madeleine Albright became the first female Secretary of State, Sandy Berger succeeded Lake as National Security Adviser, and former Republican Senator William Cohen became the Secretary of Defense. According to reporter John Harris, Berger's close rapport with Clinton made him the leading foreign policy figure of Clinton's second term, as well as the most influential National Security Advisor since Henry Kissinger. John Podesta assumed the position of Chief of Staff in 1998, while Lawrence Summers replaced Rubin as Treasury Secretary in 1999. Clinton appointed two justices to the Supreme", "title": "Presidency of Bill Clinton" }, { "id": "2281072", "score": "1.6639923", "text": "whom had served in the Carter administration. Vice President Gore and First Lady Hillary Clinton emerged as two of the most influential figures of the Clinton administration, and Clinton solicited their opinions on a wide range of issues. Clinton decided to appoint the first female Attorney General, settling on little-known corporate lawyer Zoë Baird. In what became known as the Nannygate matter, the Senate Judiciary Committee revealed that Baird had hired a Peruvian couple, both illegal immigrants, to work in her home. Baird withdrew her nomination and Clinton next chose Kimba Wood, who was quickly forced to withdraw due to", "title": "Presidency of Bill Clinton" }, { "id": "1210387", "score": "1.6516542", "text": "the role of journalists in the Prague Spring of 1968. She also took a graduate course given by Zbigniew Brzezinski, who later became her boss at the U.S. National Security Council. Albright returned to Washington, D.C., in 1968, and commuted to Columbia for her PhD degree, which she received in 1975. She began fund-raising for her daughters' school, involvement which led to several positions on education boards. She was eventually invited to organize a fund-raising dinner for the 1972 presidential campaign of U.S. Senator Ed Muskie of Maine. This association with Muskie led to a position as his chief legislative", "title": "Madeleine Albright" }, { "id": "5635763", "score": "1.6422853", "text": "the President's Interagency Council on Women. First as Deputy Chief of Staff (1993-1996) and then as Chief of Staff to the First Lady (1997 2000), she served as Mrs. Clinton's chief assistant for her international activities. (See: Office of the First Lady of the United States) These included overseeing her global initiatives on women's rights as human rights, democracy-building micro enterprise, girls' education and other development programs. She organized the first lady's foreign trips to over 70 countries. She helped to create the US government's Vital Voices Democracy Initiative to promote women's economic and political progress. The initiative grew out", "title": "Melanne Verveer" }, { "id": "2642223", "score": "1.6397388", "text": "President Bill Clinton, serving as deputy secretary of education of the United States from 1993 until 1997, when she became the ambassador to her native Switzerland, as well as to Liechtenstein. Prior to joining the Clinton Administration she worked in Clinton's campaign as a member of the search committee for the Vice Presidential nominee and on the transition team. Kunin is the author of the books \"The New Feminist Agenda: Defining the Next Revolution for Women, Work, and Family\" (2012), \"Pearls, Politics, and Power: How Women Can Win and Lead\" (2008) and \"Living a Political Life\" (1995) which chronicles her", "title": "Madeleine Kunin" }, { "id": "1210400", "score": "1.6265113", "text": "by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by the Jefferson Awards Foundation. Following Albright's term as Secretary of State, many speculated that she might pursue a career in Czech politics. Czech President Václav Havel spoke openly about the possibility of Albright succeeding him. Albright was reportedly flattered, but denied ever seriously considering the possibility of running for office in her country of origin. In 2001, Albright was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Also in 2001, Albright founded the Albright Group, an international strategy consulting firm based in Washington, D.C. that", "title": "Madeleine Albright" }, { "id": "7079738", "score": "1.6218913", "text": "which was signed by President Jimmy Carter in 1980 but never ratified by the Senate. Clinton said in 2016 that if elected president, she will fill half of her Cabinet with women, a move that would be historic in the United States. Gender-equal cabinets are rare worldwide. Clinton gave an influential speech called \"Women's Rights are Human Rights\" on September 5, 1995 at the United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing. In 2013, she launched a partnership between the Bill, Hillary & Chelsea Clinton Foundation and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to gather and study data on", "title": "Political positions of Hillary Clinton" }, { "id": "4932587", "score": "1.6209265", "text": "Ottawa. She was later promoted to deputy minister of national defense, the first woman to hold that position. In 1997, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan announced a series of reforms at the world body, including the creation of the position of deputy secretary-general to handle many of the administrative responsibilities which had previously been the responsibility of the secretary-general. Fréchette was offered the position and accepted and has been responsible for overseeing numerous reforms at the UN. While at the United Nations, Fréchette – working with her U.S. counterpart Madeleine K. Albright, among others – was pivotal in devising a", "title": "Louise Fréchette" }, { "id": "1210396", "score": "1.6197889", "text": "on July 1, 1997. She along with the British contingents boycotted the swearing-in ceremony of the Chinese-appointed Hong Kong Legislative Council, which replaced the elected one. According to several accounts, Prudence Bushnell, U.S. Ambassador to Kenya, repeatedly asked Washington for additional security at the embassy in Nairobi, including in an April 1998 letter directly to Albright. Bushnell was ignored. She later stated that when she spoke to Albright about the letter, she told her that it had not been shown to her. In \"Against All Enemies\", Richard Clarke writes about an exchange with Albright several months after the U.S. embassies", "title": "Madeleine Albright" }, { "id": "435711", "score": "1.6128187", "text": "May 1947, it has occupied the Harry S. Truman Building in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington; the State Department is therefore sometimes metonymically referred to as \"Foggy Bottom.\" Madeleine Albright became the first woman to become the United States Secretary of State and the first foreign-born woman to serve in the Cabinet when she was appointed Secretary of State in 1997. Condoleezza Rice became the second female secretary of state in 2005. Hillary Clinton became the third female secretary of state when she was appointed in 2009. In 2014, the State Department began expanding into the Navy Hill Complex", "title": "United States Department of State" } ]

[ "augusta national golf club in augusta georgia", "Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia" ]

[ { "id": "1375352", "score": "1.8220124", "text": "Masters Tournament The Masters Tournament (usually referred to as simply The Masters, or the U.S. Masters outside of North America) is one of the four major championships in professional golf. Scheduled for the first full week of April, the Masters is the first major of the year, and unlike the others, it is held at the same location, Augusta National Golf Club, a private course in the southeastern United States, in the city of Augusta, Georgia. The Masters was started by noted amateur champion Bobby Jones and investment banker Clifford Roberts. After his grand slam in 1930, Jones acquired the", "title": "Masters Tournament" }, { "id": "12529602", "score": "1.8146617", "text": "inception in 1934. It is the only major championship that is played at the same course each year. The U.S. Open and PGA Championship are played at courses around the United States, while the Open Championship is played at courses around the United Kingdom. Prior to the advent of the PGA Championship and The Masters, the four Majors were the U.S. Open, the U.S. Amateur, the Open Championship, and the British Amateur. Women's golf does not have a globally agreed set of majors. The list of majors recognised by the dominant women's tour, the LPGA Tour in the U.S., has", "title": "Golf" }, { "id": "4594375", "score": "1.7711077", "text": "The Amateur Championship, and two American tournaments, the U.S. Open and the U.S. Amateur. With the introduction of the Masters Tournament in 1934, and the rise of professional golf in the late 1940s and 1950s, the term \"major championships\" eventually came to describe the Masters, the U.S. Open, the Open Championship, and the PGA Championship. It is difficult to determine when the definition changed to include the current four tournaments, although many trace it to Arnold Palmer's 1960 season. After winning the Masters and the U.S. Open to start the season, he remarked that if he could win the Open", "title": "Men's major golf championships" }, { "id": "1738971", "score": "1.759124", "text": "four majors to be a tournament almost exclusively for professional players. The PGA Championship has been held at a large number of venues. Some of the early sites are now quite obscure, but in recent years, the event has generally been played at a small group of celebrated courses. In 1894, with 41 golf courses operating in the United States, two unofficial national championships for amateur golfers were organized. One was held at Newport Country Club in Rhode Island, and the other at St. Andrew's Golf Club in New York. In addition, and at the same time as the amateur", "title": "PGA Championship" }, { "id": "12529601", "score": "1.7195513", "text": "Web.com Tour, which feeds to the PGA Tour, and the Challenge Tour, which is the developmental tour of the European Tour. The Web.com and Challenge Tours also offer OWGR points. The major championships are the four most prestigious men's tournaments of the year. In chronological order they are: The Masters, the U.S. Open, The Open Championship (referred to in North America as the British Open) and the PGA Championship. The fields for these events include the top several dozen golfers from all over the world. The Masters has been played at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia, since its", "title": "Golf" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Augusta National Golf Club\n\nAugusta National Golf Club, sometimes referred to as Augusta or the National, is a golf club in Augusta, Georgia, United States. Unlike most private clubs which operate as non-profits, Augusta National is a for-profit corporation, and it does not disclose its income, holdings, membership list, or ticket sales.\n\nFounded by Bobby Jones and Clifford Roberts, the course was designed by Jones and Alister MacKenzie and was the number ten-ranked course based on course architecture on \"Golfweek Magazine\"s 2011 list of best classic courses in the United States.\n\nIn 2019, the course began co-hosting the Augusta National Women's Amateur with Champions Retreat Golf Club.", "title": "Augusta National Golf Club" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Men's major golf championships\n\nThe men's major golf championships, commonly known as the major championships, and often referred to simply as the majors, are the most prestigious tournaments in golf. Historically, the national open and amateur championships of Great Britain and the United States were regarded as the majors. With the rise of professional golf in the middle of the twentieth century, the majors came to refer to the most prestigious professional tournaments.\n\nIn modern men's professional golf, there are four globally recognised major championships. Since 2019, the order of competition dates are as follows:\n", "title": "Men's major golf championships" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bobby Jones (golfer)\n\nRobert Tyre Jones Jr. (March 17, 1902 – December 18, 1971) was an American amateur golfer who was one of the most influential figures in the history of the sport; he was also a lawyer by profession. Jones founded and helped design the Augusta National Golf Club, and co-founded the Masters Tournament. The innovations that he introduced at the Masters have been copied by virtually every professional golf tournament in the world.\n\nJones was the most successful amateur golfer ever to compete at a national and international level. During his peak from 1923 to 1930, he dominated top-level amateur competition, and competed very successfully against the world's best professional golfers. Jones often beat stars such as Walter Hagen and Gene Sarazen, the era's top pros. Jones earned his living mainly as a lawyer, and competed in golf only as an amateur, primarily on a part-time basis, and chose to retire from competition at age 28, though he earned significant money from golf after that, as an instructor and equipment designer.\n\nExplaining his decision to retire, Jones said, \"It [championship golf] is something like a cage. First you are expected to get into it and then you are expected to stay there. But of course, nobody can stay there.\" Jones is most famous for his unique \"Grand Slam,\" consisting of his victory in all four major golf tournaments of his era (the open and amateur championships in both the U.S. & the U.K.) in a single calendar year (1930). In all Jones played in 31 majors, winning 13 and placing among the top ten finishers 27 times.\n\nAfter retiring from competitive golf in 1930, Jones founded and helped design the Augusta National Golf Club soon afterwards in 1933. He also co-founded the Masters Tournament, which has been annually staged by the club since 1934 (except for 1943–45, when it was canceled due to World War II). The Masters evolved into one of golf's four major championships. Jones came out of retirement in 1934 to play in the Masters on an exhibition basis through 1948. Jones played his last round of golf at East Lake Golf Club, his home course in Atlanta, on August 18, 1948. A picture commemorating the event now sits in the clubhouse at East Lake. Citing health reasons, he quit golf permanently thereafter.\n\nBobby Jones was often confused with the prolific golf course designer, Robert Trent Jones, with whom he worked from time to time. \"People always used to get them confused, so when they met, they decided each be called something different,\" Robert Trent Jones Jr. said. To help avoid confusion, the golfer was called \"Bobby,\" and the golf course designer was called \"Trent.\"", "title": "Bobby Jones (golfer)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Grand Slam (golf)\n\nThe Grand Slam in professional golf is winning all of golf's major championships in the same calendar year. Variations include a Career Grand Slam: winning all of the major tournaments within a player's career and the Tiger Slam: winning four consecutive major titles but not in the same calendar year (named after Tiger Woods, the only player to accomplish the feat). ", "title": "Grand Slam (golf)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Golf\n\nGolf is a club-and-ball sport in which players use various clubs to hit balls into a series of holes on a course in as few strokes as possible.\n\nGolf, unlike most ball games, cannot and does not use a standardized playing area, and coping with the varied terrains encountered on different courses is a key part of the game. Courses typically have either 18 or 9 \"holes\", regions of terrain that each contain a \"cup\", the hole that receives the ball. Each hole on a course contains a teeing ground to start from, and a putting green containing the cup. There are several standard forms of terrain between the tee and the green, such as the fairway, rough (tall grass), and various \"hazards\" such as water, rocks, or sand-filled \"bunkers\". Each hole on a course is unique in its specific layout.\n\nGolf is played for the lowest number of strokes by an individual, known as stroke play, or the lowest score on the most individual holes in a complete round by an individual or team, known as match play. Stroke play is the most commonly seen format at all levels, especially at the elite level.\n\nThe modern game of golf originated in 15th century Scotland. The 18-hole round was created at the Old Course at St Andrews in 1764. Golf's first major, and the world's oldest tournament in existence, is The Open Championship, also known as the British Open, which was first played in 1860 at the Prestwick Golf Club in Ayrshire, Scotland. This is one of the four major championships in men's professional golf, the other three being played in the United States: The Masters, the U.S. Open, and the PGA Championship.", "title": "Golf" }, { "id": "4594380", "score": "1.7088305", "text": "the modern Grand Slam of Golf. In August 2017, after the previous year's edition was scheduled earlier due to golf at the 2016 Summer Olympics, the PGA of America announced that the PGA Championship would be moved to late-May beginning in 2019, in between the Masters and U.S. Open. The PGA Tour concurrently announced that it would move the Players Championship back to March the same year; as a result, the Players and the four majors will still be played across five consecutive months. In the United Kingdom, the BBC used to be the exclusive TV home of the Masters", "title": "Men's major golf championships" }, { "id": "1375353", "score": "1.699923", "text": "former plant nursery and co-designed Augusta National with course architect Alister MacKenzie. First played in 1934, the tournament is an official money event on the PGA Tour, the European Tour, and the Japan Golf Tour. The field of players is smaller than those of the other major championships because it is an invitational event, held by the Augusta National Golf Club. The tournament has a number of traditions. Since 1949, a green jacket has been awarded to the champion, who must return it to the clubhouse one year after his victory, although it remains his personal property and is stored", "title": "Masters Tournament" }, { "id": "12103092", "score": "1.690304", "text": "24, led the Masters in 1956 for the first three rounds, but finished as the runner-up by a stroke. The most recent top ten finish at the U.S. Open by an amateur was in 1971, when 54-hole leader Jim Simons of Wake Forest placed fifth. Goodman's only other top ten finish at the U.S. Open was in 1937, in eighth place as low amateur; he won the U.S. Amateur championship later that year. \"Thursday, June 8, 1933\" \"Friday, June 9, 1933\" \"Saturday, June 10, 1933 (morning)\" \"Saturday, June 10, 1933 (afternoon)\" \"Final round\" \"Cumulative tournament scores, relative to par\"<br> 1933", "title": "1933 U.S. Open (golf)" }, { "id": "10680478", "score": "1.6901331", "text": "1934 Masters Tournament The 1934 Masters Tournament was the first Masters Tournament, held March 22–25 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia. It was officially known as the \"Augusta National Invitation Tournament\" for its first five editions, but informally as the Masters from the start. Horton Smith won the event with a birdie putt at the 17th hole (now the 8th hole), and finished at 284 (−4), one stroke ahead of runner-up Craig Wood. (The current nines were reversed in 1934, switched to the current configuration prior to the 1935 event.) Tournament co-founder and host Bobby Jones finished ten", "title": "1934 Masters Tournament" }, { "id": "4594372", "score": "1.678478", "text": "re-qualify for a tour card on his home tour, thus giving a tournament golfer some security in an unstable profession. Currently, the PGA Tour gives a five-year exemption to all major winners, while the European Tour gives a seven-year exemption. Three of the four majors take place in the United States. The Masters is played at the same course, Augusta National Golf Club, every year, while the other three rotate courses (the Open Championship, however, is always played on a links course). Each of the majors has a distinct history, and they are run by four different golf organizations, but", "title": "Men's major golf championships" }, { "id": "10666332", "score": "1.6783661", "text": "2008 Masters Tournament The 2008 Masters Tournament was the 72nd Masters Tournament, held April 10–13 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia. Trevor Immelman won his first major title, three strokes ahead of runner-up Tiger Woods, a four-time champion. Immelman led or tied for the lead after every round. The Masters has the smallest field of the major championships, with 94 players having earned invitations in 2008. Officially the Masters remains an invitation event but there is now a qualification process, although in theory the club could simply decline to invite a 'qualified' player. Here is a list of", "title": "2008 Masters Tournament" }, { "id": "11925147", "score": "1.677104", "text": "Harry Vardon made more consecutive major top-10s when he made sixteen in a row – fifteen Open Championships (1894–1908) and the U.S. Open in 1900. This was the first of four majors held at the Highlands Course; it hosted the PGA Championship in 1981, 2001, and 2011. This was the first year that players were allowed to have their own caddies at the U.S. Open. The other majors and some PGA Tour events had traditionally disallowed players from using their own caddies. The Masters required club caddies from Augusta National through 1982. Atlanta Athletic Club, Highlands Course \"Thursday, June 17,", "title": "1976 U.S. Open (golf)" }, { "id": "1375388", "score": "1.6733356", "text": "they register for the tournament. The other majors and some PGA Tour events formerly had a similar policy concerning caddies well into the 1970s; the U.S. Open first allowed players to use their own caddies in 1976. The day after the tournament closes, The Bobby Jones Scholars from The University of St Andrews in Scotland play a four-ball round on the course – the last people to do so before the greenkeepers start the process of repairing and restoring the course to pre-tournament standard. The Masters is the first major championship of the year. Since 1948, its final round has", "title": "Masters Tournament" }, { "id": "10846643", "score": "1.6729071", "text": "1956 Masters Tournament The 1956 Masters Tournament was the 20th Masters Tournament, held April 5–8 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia. Jack Burke, Jr. won his first major championship and only Masters, one stroke ahead of amateur Ken Venturi. It was the final Masters played without a 36-hole cut. CBS televised the third and fourth rounds of the tournament for the first time, and has done so every year since. Burke shot a 71 (−1) on Sunday, one of only two players to break par in the final round; he rallied from a tournament record eight shots back", "title": "1956 Masters Tournament" }, { "id": "4594396", "score": "1.6675051", "text": "three of the players (Dudley, Sanders and Barber) failed to win a major championship in their careers (although Barber would go on to win five senior majors), and Fowler has also yet to win one (as of the end of the 2018 PGA Championship). Note: The order in which the majors were contested was inconsistent between 1895 and 1953. From 1954 through 2018, the order of the majors was Masters, U.S. Open, Open Championship, PGA except in 1971, when the PGA was played before the Masters. From 2019, the order will be Masters, PGA, U.S. Open, Open Championship. For the", "title": "Men's major golf championships" }, { "id": "1735682", "score": "1.6660355", "text": "U.S. Open (golf) The United States Open Championship, commonly known as the U.S. Open, is the annual open national championship of golf in the United States. It is the second of the four major championships in golf, and is on the official schedule of both the PGA Tour and the European Tour. Since 1898 the competition has been 72 holes of stroke play (4 rounds on an 18-hole course), with the winner being the player with the lowest total number of strokes. It is staged by the United States Golf Association (USGA) in mid-June, scheduled so that, if there are", "title": "U.S. Open (golf)" }, { "id": "11925227", "score": "1.6642573", "text": "career major championship as a professional, tying the record of Walter Hagen. When combined with his two U.S. Amateur wins, it was his thirteenth major, equaling Bobby Jones for most Defending champion Lee Trevino had been hospitalized in Texas for several days for bronchitis and pneumonia; he was released on Tuesday, two days before the first round, and tied for fourth. It was the second consecutive major title for Nicklaus, who won the Masters in April. Previous winners of the first two majors of the year were Craig Wood (1941), Ben Hogan (1951, 1953), and Arnold Palmer (1960); later champions", "title": "1972 U.S. Open (golf)" }, { "id": "1738969", "score": "1.6633954", "text": "PGA Championship The PGA Championship (often referred to as the U.S. PGA Championship or U.S. PGA outside the United States) is an annual golf tournament conducted by the Professional Golfers' Association of America. It is one of the four major championships in professional golf. It was formerly played in mid-August on the third weekend before Labor Day weekend, serving as the fourth and final major of the golf season. Beginning 2019, the tournament will be played in May on the weekend before Memorial Day, as the season's second major. It is an official money event on the PGA Tour, European", "title": "PGA Championship" }, { "id": "1738627", "score": "1.662576", "text": "year, it was impossible to win all four as the PGA Championship preceded and overlapped with the Open Championship; the PGA's 36-hole match play semifinals and finals near Detroit were the same days as the mandatory 36-hole qualifier at Carnoustie in Scotland for the Open Championship; the only way to compete in both events was to lose an early match at the PGA. Hogan is the only player to have won the Masters, U.S. Open, and Open Championship in the same calendar year. In 1960, Arnold Palmer won the Masters in April and U.S. Open in June. According to his", "title": "Grand Slam (golf)" }, { "id": "10688202", "score": "1.6618302", "text": "1935 Masters Tournament The 1935 Masters Tournament was the second Masters Tournament, then still known as the \"Augusta National Invitation Tournament,\" held April 4–8 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia. In a change from the first year, the nines were switched to their present order, with the finishing hole at \"Holly.\" In the fourth round, Gene Sarazen holed a double eagle (235 yards, 4 wood) to tie Craig Wood and force a 36-hole playoff. This second shot at \"Firethorn,\" the par-5 15th hole, then , is referred to in golf as the \"\"shot heard 'round the world.\"\" Sarazen", "title": "1935 Masters Tournament" } ]

[ "Dino", "dino" ]

[ { "id": "5742778", "score": "1.5892811", "text": "and wet doglike kisses. Dino frequently exhibits human emotions, nearly \"talking,\" and can also be moved to anger, at which point he snarls and snaps. He also loves to play with Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm, the Flintstones' and Rubbles' respective offspring; these characters are introduced in the middle part of the series. In the episode \"Hop Happy\" Dino meets Hoppy, the Rubbles' new pet hopperoo. At first, Dino and Fred get scared, thinking he's a giant mouse, but they eventually become best friends after Hoppy helps Dino rescue their owners in an accident. Although he is usually immune, Dino does take", "title": "Dino (The Flintstones)" }, { "id": "5742776", "score": "1.5594023", "text": "Dino (The Flintstones) Dino () is a fictional character featured in the Hanna-Barbera animated television series \"The Flintstones\", and its spin-offs and feature films. He is a pet dinosaur of the series' main characters, Fred and Wilma Flintstone. Dino debuted in the opening credits of the pilot episode of \"The Flintstones\", but is not mentioned by name until the first season's fourth episode, \"No Help Wanted.\" In the series, Dino serves the role of a pet dog, and exhibits the characteristics of a typical domesticated canine. Dino is a prosauropod-like dinosaur. He is a Snorkasaurus. Dino is a relatively small", "title": "Dino (The Flintstones)" }, { "id": "5742783", "score": "1.5255502", "text": "\"The Flintstone Comedy Hour\", Dino once again becomes a regular character. In the 1980-1982 series \"The Flintstone Comedy Show\", Dino is featured in his own segment, \"Dino and Cavemouse,\" where Dino tries futilely to capture a pesky mouse in the Flintstone household. The segments bear some similarities to classic cat-and-mouse cartoons such as \"Tom and Jerry\". Dino later appears as a puppy in 1986-1988 series \"The Flintstone Kids\" (including his own segment, \"Dino's Dilemmas\"), as Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm's babysitter in the short-lived 1996 series \"Cave Kids\", and also starred in his own two 7-minute short cartoons, \"\" (1995) and \"\"", "title": "Dino (The Flintstones)" }, { "id": "3282459", "score": "1.5168922", "text": "Pets or Meat: The Return to Flint Pets or Meat: The Return to Flint is a 1992 American short PBS documentary film written, co-produced and directed by Michael Moore, featuring the director returning to his hometown of Flint, Michigan, to catch-up with some of the characters featured in his previous film \"Roger & Me\" (1989). The film's title refers to Rhonda Britton, a Flint resident featured in both films, who sells rabbits as either pets or meat. Britton, the so-called Bunny Lady, \"grossed out millions by skinning a soft furry creature in the first film, tops her original performance. Her", "title": "Pets or Meat: The Return to Flint" }, { "id": "4898741", "score": "1.5024011", "text": "Rocky's dog Stalagbite. The premise of \"The Flintstone Kids\", which depicts Fred and Barney as childhood friends with Wilma and Betty, contradicts the continuity of the original \"Flintstones\" series, which established in the episode \"Bachelor Daze\" that the two men did not meet their wives until they were young adults. Despite this, the character of Philo Quartz, who was created for this show, would later appear as an adult in the TV special \"A Flintstones Christmas Carol\". Reruns aired on Cartoon Network in the United States from 1994 until 2003. This series featured the following segments: In 1988, Mary Jo", "title": "The Flintstone Kids" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Dino (The Flintstones)\n\nDino () is a fictional character featured in the Hanna-Barbera animated television series \"The Flintstones\", and its spin-offs and feature films. He is a pet dinosaur of the series' main characters, Fred and Wilma Flintstone. Dino debuted in the opening credits of the pilot episode of \"The Flintstones\", but is not mentioned by name until the first season's fourth episode, \"No Help Wanted\". Dino was voiced by voiceover actor Mel Blanc from 1960 to 1989 and in 1994 and 2000.", "title": "Dino (The Flintstones)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The Flintstones\n\nThe Flintstones is an American animated sitcom produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions. The series takes place in a romanticized Stone Age setting and follows the activities of the titular family, the Flintstones, and their next-door neighbors, the Rubbles. It was originally broadcast on ABC from September 30, 1960, to April 1, 1966, and was the first animated series to hold a prime-time slot on television.\n\nThe show follows the lives of Fred and Wilma Flintstone and their pet dinosaur Dino, eventually seeing the addition of baby Pebbles. Barney and Betty Rubble are their neighbors and best friends. They adopt a super strong baby named Bamm-Bamm and acquire a pet hopparoo named Hoppy. \n\nProducers William Hanna and Joseph Barbera, who earned seven Academy Awards for \"Tom and Jerry\", and their staff faced a challenge in developing a thirty-minute animated program with one storyline that fit the parameters of family-based domestic situation comedy of the era. After considering several settings and selecting the Stone Age, one of several inspirations was \"The Honeymooners\" (in itself traceable to \"The Bickersons\" and Laurel and Hardy), which Hanna freely praised as one of the finest comedies on television. The show's animation required a balance of visual as well as verbal storytelling that the studio created and others imitated. \n\nThe continuing popularity of \"The Flintstones\" rests heavily on its juxtaposition of modern everyday concerns in the Stone Age setting. \"The Flintstones\" was the most financially successful and longest-running network animated television series for three decades, until \"The Simpsons\" surpassed it in 1997. In 2013, \"TV Guide\" ranked \"The Flintstones\" the second-greatest TV cartoon of all time (after \"The Simpsons\").", "title": "The Flintstones" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pebbles Flintstone\n\nPebbles Flintstone (also known as Pebbles Flintstone-Rubble as an adult) is a fictional character in the \"Flintstones\" franchise. The red-haired daughter of Fred and Wilma Flintstone, Pebbles is born near the end of the third season. She is most famous in her infant form on \"The Flintstones\", but has also appeared at various other ages, including as a teenager on the early 1970s spin-off \"The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show\" and as an adult in three television films. She spent most of her time with Bamm-Bamm Rubble, her childhood best friend whom she eventually marries.<ref name=\"hollyrock\" />", "title": "Pebbles Flintstone" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bamm-Bamm Rubble\n\nBamm-Bamm Rubble (sometimes spelled Bam-Bam Rubble) is a fictional character in the \"Flintstones\" franchise, the adopted son of Barney and Betty Rubble. He is most famous in his infant form on the animated series, but has also appeared at various other ages, including as a teenager on the early 1970s spin-off \"The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show\" and as an adult in three television films. Cartoonist Gene Hazelton contributed to the original model sheets for the character, and he has said that he based Bamm-Bamm's design on his own son, Wes.", "title": "Bamm-Bamm Rubble" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Betty Rubble\n\nBetty Rubble is a fictional character in the television animated series \"The Flintstones\" and its spin-offs and live-action motion pictures. She is the black-haired wife of caveman Barney Rubble and the adoptive mother of Bamm-Bamm Rubble. Her best friend is her next-door neighbor Wilma Flintstone.\n\nBetty lives in the fictional prehistoric town of Bedrock, a world where dinosaurs coexist with cavepeople and the cavepeople enjoy primitive versions of modern conveniences such as telephones, automobiles and washing machines. She speaks with a Midwestern accent.\n\nBetty's personality was based on the stock character of the lead character's best friend's wife, commonly seen in 1950s television (other prominent examples including Trixie Norton of \"The Honeymooners\", which by conflicting accounts was a major inspiration for \"The Flintstones\", and Ethel Mertz of \"I Love Lucy\"). Much like Trixie or Ethel, Betty spent a lot of her time socializing with Wilma, and the two would often end up working together to bail their husbands out of whatever scheme of Fred's had landed them in trouble, sometimes scheming with each other.", "title": "Betty Rubble" }, { "id": "8400952", "score": "1.4961544", "text": "appearance in \"The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show\") with pet dinosaur Dino solve mysteries in the city of Bedrock. They would sometimes be accompanied by pals Penny, Wiggy and Moonrock. This segment serves as a prequel to the earlier series \"Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels\", focusing on Captain Caveman's time in Bedrock before he was frozen in ice. Captain Caveman (under his \"secret identity\" of Chester the office boy), Betty and Wilma work for Lou Granite (based on Lou Grant) at \"The Daily Granite\". To disguise himself as Chester, Captain Caveman wore a pair of glasses and a tie (similar", "title": "The Flintstone Comedy Show" }, { "id": "1900024", "score": "1.4928252", "text": "Fred Flintstone Fred Flintstone is the main character of the animated sitcom \"The Flintstones\", which aired during prime-time on ABC during the original series' run from 1960 to 1966. Fred is the husband of Wilma Flintstone and father of Pebbles Flintstone. His best friend is his next door neighbor, Barney, who has a wife named Betty and an adopted son, named Bamm-Bamm. Fred lives in the fictional prehistoric town of Bedrock, a world where dinosaurs coexist with modernized cavepeople and the cavepeople enjoy \"primitive\" versions of modern conveniences such as telephones, automobiles, and washing machines. Fred's trademark catchphrase yell is", "title": "Fred Flintstone" }, { "id": "1900010", "score": "1.4928252", "text": "Fred Flintstone Fred Flintstone is the main character of the animated sitcom \"The Flintstones\", which aired during prime-time on ABC during the original series' run from 1960 to 1966. Fred is the husband of Wilma Flintstone and father of Pebbles Flintstone. His best friend is his next door neighbor, Barney, who has a wife named Betty and an adopted son, named Bamm-Bamm. Fred lives in the fictional prehistoric town of Bedrock, a world where dinosaurs coexist with modernized cavepeople and the cavepeople enjoy \"primitive\" versions of modern conveniences such as telephones, automobiles, and washing machines. Fred's trademark catchphrase yell is", "title": "Fred Flintstone" }, { "id": "5742782", "score": "1.4892728", "text": "10, 1963. In it, Wilma states that Dino followed Fred home because Fred was playing with him. Fred counters by saying he was merely trying to chase him away. This seems to refer to the episode \"Snorkasaurus Hunter\" where Fred and Barney's playing was actually hunting him down and Dino's following him was actually Dino sneaking onto the car. Post-original series, Dino appears in most of the series' spinoffs, except during the first season of \"The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show\". There, Dino is replaced by Wooly, a dwarf mammoth, as the Flintstone family's pet. However, starting with the following series'", "title": "Dino (The Flintstones)" }, { "id": "8400951", "score": "1.4802034", "text": "and Roll\". This segment featured the traditional antics and adventures of The Flintstones and The Rubbles. Fred and Barney as part-time police officers assisted by the Shmoo as a trainee under the direction of Sgt. Boulder. The trio fought crime in the city of Bedrock, most of the time chasing after Rockjaw, The Frankenstones' pet monster. This was a Flintstones-themed adaptation of the \"mystery-solving teens and a pet\" format popularized by \"Scooby-Doo\" and its various spin-offs in the 1970s (including Captain Caveman's original show on ABC). In this series, Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm (similar, yet aged down a little, from their", "title": "The Flintstone Comedy Show" }, { "id": "4541029", "score": "1.4760838", "text": "players \"Sandy Stoneaxe\" (Sandy Koufax), \"Lindy McShale\" (Lindy McDaniel), \"Roger Marble\" (Roger Maris), and \"Mickey Marble\" or \"Mickey Mantlepiece\" (Mickey Mantle). Ace reporter \"Daisy Kilgranite\" (Dorothy Kilgallen) was a friend of Wilma's. Monster names include \"Count Rockula\" (Count Dracula), Rockzilla (Godzilla), and \"The Frankenstone Monster\" (Frankenstein's monster) Not much is known of the layout of Bedrock. The street the Flintstones and the Rubbles live has been given various names in the original series, including \"Cobblestone Lane\", \"Cobblestone Road\", \"Stone Cave Road\", \"Greasepit Terrace\", \"Gravelpit Terrace\", and \"Rocky Way\". The town is shown consistently to include areas of suburban development, as", "title": "Bedrock (The Flintstones)" }, { "id": "5742780", "score": "1.4645591", "text": "15 puppies, helps end the feud between Fred and the new neighbor, Mr. Loudrock. Although Dino had already appeared earlier in the series' first season (such as the episode \"No Help Wanted\" and \"Arthur Quarry's Dance Class\" - these episodes were made after the \"Snorkasaurus Hunter\" but aired before), Dino is portrayed quite differently in the first season's 18th episode \"The Snorkasaurus Hunter.\" In this episode, Fred and his friend Barney Rubble are on a camping trip, trying to hunt a snorkasaurus. Unlike Dino's other appearances, the snorkasaurus in this episode speaks and behaves toward Fred and Barney in a", "title": "Dino (The Flintstones)" }, { "id": "14464432", "score": "1.4541662", "text": "The Flintstone Primetime Specials The Flintstone Primetime Specials (onscreen title: The Flintstone Special) is a four-episode limited-run prime time television revival of \"The Flintstones\" produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions which aired on NBC from September 26, 1980 to October 11, 1981. \"The Flintstones' New Neighbors\" and \"Jogging Fever\" were animated at Filman, an animation studio in Madrid, Spain (headed by Carlos Alfonso and Juan Pina) who did a lot of animation work for Hanna-Barbera between the early 1970s through the mid-1980s. Among their credits were such series as \"Yogi's Space Race\", \"Buford and the Galloping Ghost\", \"The Little Rascals\", \"Paw Paws\",", "title": "The Flintstone Primetime Specials" }, { "id": "19805863", "score": "1.4460156", "text": "pen name of Morton's father, a retired Northern Irish builder. According to Flintstone, the name \"Rocky\" was inspired by \"The Rockford Files\" and a family friend's dog living in Brazil, also named Rocky. \"Flintstone\" is inspired by the author's degree in geology and his self-identification with Fred Flintstone as he batters on the door waiting to be allowed back indoors at the end of each \"Flintstones\" episode. Before retiring, Flintstone worked as a builder, teacher, and, like his protagonist, in sales. Flintstone prefers to remain out of the podcast spotlight. Full title: \"Belinda Blinked 1; 1 A modern story of", "title": "My Dad Wrote a Porno" }, { "id": "11458437", "score": "1.4436991", "text": "The Flintstones: The Rescue of Dino & Hoppy The Flintstones: The Rescue of Dino & Hoppy is a 1991 platform video game by Taito for the Nintendo Entertainment System based on the animated series \"The Flintstones\". Taito later released another \"Flintstones\" game for the NES titled \"\". The gameplay is preceded by a short cutscene which sets the stage. A man from the 30th century named Dr. Butler kidnaps Fred Flintstone's pet Dino and Barney's pet Hoppy. Fred's alien friend, The Great Gazoo, lost parts of his time machine due to Dr. Butler. The Great Gazoo is visible only to", "title": "The Flintstones: The Rescue of Dino & Hoppy" }, { "id": "8400953", "score": "1.4376254", "text": "to the Clark Kent persona used by Superman). Despite the simplicity of his disguise, he required a coat rack and an elaborate transformation sequence to become Captain Caveman. The segment featured Dino pitted against a pesky little cavemouse in chase sequences similar to the \"Tom and Jerry\" theatrical shorts. These sequences were supervised by notable animation director Tex Avery. Two segments aired per episode. This segment featured the Flintstones' neighbors, The Frankenstones: Frank, his wife Hidea, their kooky daughter Atrocia and Freaky, their teenage son who is friends with fellow teenager Pebbles Flintstone. In the 1980s, two videocassette editions of", "title": "The Flintstone Comedy Show" }, { "id": "624860", "score": "1.4360836", "text": "Homer replies \"Sorry, buddy, you've got me confused with Fred Flintstone.\" During the couch gag of the opening credits of the episode \"Kamp Krusty\", the Simpson family arrive home to find the Flintstone family already sitting on their couch. The same couch gag was reused in syndicated episodes of \"The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show\", when \"The Simpsons\" overtook \"The Flintstones\" as the longest-running animated series. In \"Lady Bouvier's Lover\", Homer's boss, Mr. Burns, appears at the family's house and says \"Why, it's Fred Flintstone (referring to Homer) and his lovely wife, Wilma! (Marge) Oh, and this must be", "title": "The Flintstones" }, { "id": "9777989", "score": "1.4352949", "text": "Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show\" (1972) with Weirdly Gruesome voiced by Don Messick and Creepella Gruesome voiced by Jean Vander Pyl. In the episode \"The Birthday Present\", Wooly (Pebbles' elephantine prehistoric pet, presumably a woolly mammoth or a mastodon) takes the gift that Pebbles had bought for Wilma and buries it in the back yard. Pebbles believes it is stolen by her neighbor the creepy Mrs. Gruesome, so she offers to babysit Gobby for the Gruesomes so that the kids can infiltrate the Gruesome mansion and search for the gift. Thinking that Mrs. Gruesome may have Wilma's gift with her, the", "title": "The Gruesomes (The Flintstones)" }, { "id": "5742781", "score": "1.4324708", "text": "manner similar to comedian Phil Silvers. At the end of the episode, the Flintstones take in the dinosaur; the snorkasaurus (called \"Dino\" at one point by Wilma) is seen acting like a butler for the Flintstones: answering the telephone, dusting, and ironing. Dino in this episode also has purple skin instead of his varying pink-to-red color, which seems to vary from episode-to-episode during this early period, but is permanently purple after this episode. After this episode, Dino is permanently portrayed as behaving in a doglike fashion. Dino's origins are explained in the episode \"Dino Disappears\", which originally aired on October", "title": "Dino (The Flintstones)" }, { "id": "1268494", "score": "1.4277291", "text": "originally aired during prime time when the whole family would be watching television. \"The Flintstones\" was the first of several prime-time animated series from Hanna-Barbera, which included \"The Jetsons\", \"Top Cat\", and \"Jonny Quest\". But after the end of \"The Flintstones\" in 1966, Hanna-Barbera largely turned its efforts to the growing market for Saturday morning cartoons, outside of isolated series for first run syndication in the 1970s such as \"Wait Till Your Father Gets Home\". Hanna-Barbera was notorious for using common tropes in its series. Its original series of the late 1950s through mid-1960s all featured anthropomorphic animals, usually an", "title": "Animation in the United States in the television era" } ]

[ "stippling", "Stippling", "Stipple", "stipple" ]

[ { "id": "2529517", "score": "1.5560756", "text": "Stippling Stippling is the creation of a pattern simulating varying degrees of solidity or shading by using small dots. Such a pattern may occur in nature and these effects are frequently emulated by artists. In a drawing or painting, the dots are made of pigment of a single colour, applied with a pen or brush; the denser the dots, the darker the apparent shade—or lighter, if the pigment is lighter than the surface. This is similar to—but distinct from—pointillism, which uses dots of different colours to simulate blended colours. In printmaking, dots may be carved out of a surface to", "title": "Stippling" }, { "id": "15063028", "score": "1.529733", "text": "with the visual arts in its presentation as text. Through its association with the Young British Artists and the Turner Prize during the 1990s, its popular usage, particularly in the UK, developed as a synonym for all contemporary art that does not practise the traditional skills of painting and sculpture. Drawing is a means of making an image, using any of a wide variety of tools and techniques. It generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool across a surface. Common tools are graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax", "title": "The arts" }, { "id": "908770", "score": "1.4964247", "text": "visual expression and is one of the major forms of the visual arts. Common instruments include: graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoals, chalk, pastels, markers, stylus, or various metals like silverpoint. There are a number of subcategories of drawing, including cartooning and creating comics. There remains debate whether the following is considered a part of “drawing” as “fine art”: \"doodling\", drawing in the fog a shower and leaving an imprint on the bathroom mirror, or the surrealist method of \"entopic graphomania\", in which dots are made at the sites of impurities in a blank", "title": "Fine art" }, { "id": "15063029", "score": "1.4853963", "text": "colour pencils, crayons, charcoals, pastels, and markers. Digital tools which can simulate the effects of these are also used. The main techniques used in drawing are line drawing, hatching, crosshatching, random hatching, scribbling, stippling, and blending. An artist who excels in drawing is referred to as a \"drafter\", \"draftswoman\", or \"draughtsman\". Drawing can be used to create art used in cultural industries such as illustrations, comics and animation. Painting is a mode of creative expression, and can be done in numerous forms. Drawing, gesture (as in gestural painting), composition, narration (as in narrative art), or abstraction (as in abstract art),", "title": "The arts" }, { "id": "16065451", "score": "1.4684721", "text": "academy system for training artists, and today most of the people who are pursuing a career in arts train in art schools at tertiary levels. Visual arts have now become an elective subject in most education systems. Drawing is a means of making an image, using any of a wide variety of tools and techniques. It generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool across a surface using dry media such as graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoals, pastels, and markers. Digital tools that simulate", "title": "Visual arts" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Drawing\n\nDrawing is a form of visual art in which an artist uses instruments to mark paper or other two-dimensional surface. Drawing instruments include graphite pencils, pen and ink, various kinds of paints, inked brushes, colored pencils, crayons, charcoal, chalk, pastels, erasers, markers, styluses, and metals (such as silverpoint). Digital drawing is the act of drawing on graphics software in a computer. Common methods of digital drawing include a stylus or finger on a touchscreen device, stylus- or finger-to-touchpad, or in some cases, a mouse. There are many digital art programs and devices.\n\nA drawing instrument releases a small amount of material onto a surface, leaving a visible mark. The most common support for drawing is paper, although other materials, such as cardboard, wood, plastic, leather, canvas, and board, have been used. Temporary drawings may be made on a blackboard or whiteboard. Drawing has been a popular and fundamental means of public expression throughout human history. It is one of the simplest and most efficient means of communicating ideas. The wide availability of drawing instruments makes drawing one of the most common artistic activities.\n\nIn addition to its more artistic forms, drawing is frequently used in commercial illustration, animation, architecture, engineering, and technical drawing. A quick, freehand drawing, usually not intended as a finished work, is sometimes called a sketch. An artist who practices or works in technical drawing may be called a drafter, draftsman, or draughtsman.", "title": "Drawing" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Batik\n\nBatik is an Indonesian technique of wax-resist dyeing applied to the whole cloth. This technique originated from the island of Java, Indonesia. Batik is made either by drawing dots and lines of the resist with a spouted tool called a \"canting\", or by printing the resist with a copper stamp called a \"cap\". The applied wax resists dyes and therefore allows the artisan to colour selectively by soaking the cloth in one colour, removing the wax with boiling water, and repeating if multiple colours are desired.<ref name=\"BG-What is Batik?\"/>\n\nBatik is an ancient art form of Indonesia made with wax resistant dye on fabrics. Indonesian coastal batik (\"batik pesisir\") made in the island of Java has a history of acculturation, a mixture of native and foreign cultures.\n\nBatik is very important to Indonesians and many people wear it to formal or casual events. Batik is commonly used by Indonesians in various rituals, ceremonies, traditions, celebrations, and even in daily uses.\n\nOn October 2, 2009, UNESCO officially recognized the batik—written batik (\"batik tulis\") and stamped batik (\"batik cap\")—as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity from Indonesia, and encouraged the Indonesian people and the Indonesian government to safeguard, transmit, promote, and develop the craftsmanship of batik.<ref name=UNESCO/> Since then, Indonesia celebrates \"the National Batik Day\" () annually on October 2. Nowadays, Indonesians wear batik in honor of this ancient tradition.<ref name=\"Rebecca Shamasundari\"/>\n\nIn the same year, UNESCO also recognized \"Education and training in Indonesian Batik intangible cultural heritage for elementary, junior, senior, vocational school and polytechnic students, in collaboration with the Batik Museum in Pekalongan\" as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity in the Register of Good Safeguarding Practices List.", "title": "Batik" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Ballpoint pen\n\nA ballpoint pen, also known as a biro (Nepali) is a pen that dispenses ink (usually in paste form) over a metal ball at its point, i.e. over a \"ball point\". The metal commonly used is steel, brass, or tungsten carbide. The design was conceived and developed as a cleaner and more reliable alternative to dip pens and fountain pens, and it is now the world's most-used writing instrument;<ref name=\"bpp encyc\"/> millions are manufactured and sold daily.<ref name=\"How ballpoints work\"/> It has influenced art and graphic design and spawned an artwork genre.\n\nSome pen manufacturers produce designer ballpoint pens for the high-end and collectors' markets.", "title": "Ballpoint pen" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Graphite\n\nGraphite () is a crystalline form of the element carbon. It consists of stacked layers of graphene. Graphite occurs naturally and is the most stable form of carbon under standard conditions. Synthetic and natural graphite are consumed on large scale (300 kton/year, in 1989) for uses in pencils, lubricants, and electrodes. Under high pressures and temperatures it converts to diamond. It is a weak conductor of heat and electricity. ", "title": "Graphite" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Pen\n\nA pen is a common writing instrument that applies ink to a surface, usually paper, for writing or drawing. Early pens such as reed pens, quill pens, dip pens and ruling pens held a small amount of ink on a nib or in a small void or cavity which had to be periodically recharged by dipping the tip of the pen into an inkwell. Today, such pens find only a small number of specialized uses, such as in illustration and calligraphy. Reed pens, quill pens and dip pens, which were used for writing, have been replaced by ballpoint pens, rollerball pens, fountain pens and felt or ceramic tip pens. Ruling pens, which were used for technical drawing and cartography, have been replaced by technical pens such as the Rapidograph. All of these modern pens contain internal ink reservoirs, such that they do not need to be dipped in ink while writing.", "title": "Pen" }, { "id": "2352328", "score": "1.467943", "text": "to have been invented by Daniel Hopfer (c. 1470–1536) of Augsburg, Germany, who decorated armour in this way. Etching is also used in the manufacturing of printed circuit boards and semiconductor devices. Line art is a rather non-specific term sometimes used for any image that consists of distinct straight and curved lines placed against a (usually plain) background, without gradations in shade (darkness) or hue (color) to represent two-dimensional or three-dimensional objects. Line art is usually monochromatic, although lines may be of different colors. An illustration is a visual representation such as a drawing, painting, photograph or other work of", "title": "Graphics" }, { "id": "638610", "score": "1.4647027", "text": "tool, or moving a tool across a surface. Common tools are graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoals, pastels, and markers. Digital tools that simulate the effects of these are also used. The main techniques used in drawing are: line drawing, hatching, crosshatching, random hatching, scribbling, stippling, and blending. A computer aided designer who excels in technical drawing is referred to as a \"draftsman\" or \"draughtsman\". Painting taken literally is the practice of applying pigment suspended in a carrier (or medium) and a binding agent (a glue) to a surface (support) such as paper, canvas", "title": "Humanities" }, { "id": "4326464", "score": "1.4605405", "text": "The artist will often start with graphite pencil to sketch or outline the drawing, then the final line work is done with a pen or brush, with permanent ink. The ink may be diluted with water to produce gradations, a technique called ink wash. The pencil marks may be erased after the ink is applied, or left in place with the dark inks overpowering them. Some artists draw directly in ink without the preparation of a pencil sketch, preferring the spontaneity of this approach despite the fact that it limits the ability to correct mistakes. Matisse is an artist known", "title": "Figure drawing" }, { "id": "6544904", "score": "1.4502326", "text": "it indicates the edge of a two-dimensional (flat) shape or a three-dimensional form. A shape can be indicated by means of an outline and a three-dimensional form can be indicated by contour lines. Line art Line art or line drawing is any image that consists of distinct straight or curved lines placed against a (usually plain) background, without gradations in shade (darkness) or hue (color) to represent two-dimensional or three-dimensional objects. Line art can use lines of different colors, although line art is usually monochromatic. Line art emphasizes form and outline, over color, shading, and texture. However, areas of solid", "title": "Line art" }, { "id": "107650", "score": "1.4492341", "text": "image, the artist typically explores how various media work. They may try different drawing implements on practice sheets to determine value and texture, and how to apply the implement to produce various effects. The artist's choice of drawing strokes affects the appearance of the image. Pen and ink drawings often use hatching – groups of parallel lines. Cross-hatching uses hatching in two or more different directions to create a darker tone. Broken hatching, or lines with intermittent breaks, form lighter tones – and controlling the density of the breaks achieves a gradation of tone. Stippling uses dots to produce tone,", "title": "Drawing" }, { "id": "9527684", "score": "1.443234", "text": "only a few thousandths of a millimeter can be made visible. Common uses for this technique include: Rubbing A rubbing (\"frottage\") is a reproduction of the texture of a surface created by placing a piece of paper or similar material over the subject and then rubbing the paper with something to deposit marks, most commonly charcoal or pencil, but also various forms of blotted and rolled ink, chalk, wax, and many other substances. For all its simplicity, the technique can be used to produce blur-free images of minuscule elevations and depressions on areas of any size in a way that", "title": "Rubbing" }, { "id": "6686277", "score": "1.4247804", "text": "Frottage (art) In art, frottage (from French \"frotter\", \"to rub\", Rubbing) is a surrealist and \"automatic\" method of creative production developed by Max Ernst. In frottage, the artist places a piece of paper over an uneven surface then marks the paper with a drawing tool (such as a pastel or pencil): thus creating a rubbing. The drawing can be left as it is or used as the basis for further refinement. While superficially similar to brass rubbing and other forms of rubbing intended to reproduce an existing subject, and in fact sometimes being used as an alternative term for it,", "title": "Frottage (art)" }, { "id": "1435969", "score": "1.424601", "text": "Pointillism Pointillism () is a technique of painting in which small, distinct dots of color are applied in patterns to form an image. Georges Seurat and Paul Signac developed the technique in 1886, branching from Impressionism. The term \"Pointillism\" was coined by art critics in the late 1880s to ridicule the works of these artists, and is now used without its earlier mocking connotation. The movement Seurat began with this technique is known as Neo-impressionism. The Divisionists, too, used a similar technique of patterns to form images, though with larger cube-like brushstrokes. The technique relies on the ability of the", "title": "Pointillism" }, { "id": "20216315", "score": "1.4181129", "text": "or essential spiritual characteristics. The first rule of freehand brush work is the use of connotation which is a kind of spiritual meaning. It focuses on the personality and the cooperation of every element in the painting. There are four main tools used in the process of creating freehand brush work – ink brush, ink slab, inks and Xuan paper. Ink brush is made of the branch of bamboo and the fur of wolf or goat. There are different sizes of ink brush and in freehand brush work, what is commonly used is the large size for it suits this", "title": "Freehand brush work" }, { "id": "908771", "score": "1.417181", "text": "sheet of paper, and the lines are then made between the dots. Mosaics are images formed with small pieces of stone or glass, called \"tesserae\". They can be decorative or functional. An artist who designs and makes mosaics is called a mosaic artist or a mosaicist. Printmaking is the process of making artworks by printing, normally on paper. Except in the case of monotyping, the process is capable of producing multiples of the same piece, which is called a print. Each print is considered an original, as opposed to a copy. The reasoning behind this is that the print is", "title": "Fine art" }, { "id": "12278854", "score": "1.4154351", "text": "line art, which is the basic line that defines the item the artist intends to create. Line arts can be either traced over scanned drawings or hand drawn on the computer itself by the use of a mouse or a graphics tablet and are often shared among other pixel artists in diverse websites in order to receive some feedback. Other techniques, some resembling painting, also exist, such as knowledge of the color theory. The limited palette often implemented into pixel art usually promotes the use of dithering in order to achieve different shades and colors (when necessary); hand-made anti-aliasing is", "title": "Pixel artist" }, { "id": "528820", "score": "1.413152", "text": "or \"over-biting\" is common in etching, and is the effect of minuscule amounts of acid leaking through the ground to create minor pitting and burning on the surface. This incidental roughening may be removed by smoothing and polishing the surface, but artists often leave faux-bite, or deliberately court it by handling the plate roughly, because it is viewed as a desirable mark of the process. The phrase \"Want to come up and see my etchings?\" is a romantic euphemism by which a person entices someone to come back to their place with an offer to look at something artistic, but", "title": "Etching" }, { "id": "528806", "score": "1.4126918", "text": "the printmaker will apply acid to a plate with a brush in certain areas of the plate. The plate may be aquatinted for this purpose or exposed directly to the acid. The process is known as \"spit\"-biting due to the use of saliva once used as a medium to dilute the acid, although gum arabic or water are now commonly used. A piece of matte board, a plastic \"card\", or a wad of cloth is often used to push the ink into the incised lines. The surface is wiped clean with a piece of stiff fabric known as \"tarlatan\" and", "title": "Etching" }, { "id": "6544902", "score": "1.4112931", "text": "Line art Line art or line drawing is any image that consists of distinct straight or curved lines placed against a (usually plain) background, without gradations in shade (darkness) or hue (color) to represent two-dimensional or three-dimensional objects. Line art can use lines of different colors, although line art is usually monochromatic. Line art emphasizes form and outline, over color, shading, and texture. However, areas of solid pigment and dots can also be used in addition to lines. The lines in a piece of line art may be all of a constant width (as in some pencil drawings), of several", "title": "Line art" }, { "id": "528855", "score": "1.4112382", "text": "(a tool used for making an object smooth or shiny by rubbing) are used for texturing effects. To make a print, the engraved plate is inked all over, then the ink is wiped off the surface, leaving only ink in the engraved lines. The plate is then put through a high-pressure printing press together with a sheet of paper (often moistened to soften it). The paper picks up the ink from the engraved lines, making a print. The process can be repeated many times; typically several hundred impressions (copies) could be printed before the printing plate shows much sign of", "title": "Printmaking" } ]

[ "cross tracking", "Cross-tracking" ]

[ { "id": "14568787", "score": "2.142521", "text": "the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. Despite being ranked first in the world for all three Olympic disciplines, Kim ended up being shut out of medals at the Olympics. Controversy surrounded his disqualification at the 1500 metre race, where it was originally thought that he won the 1500 metre gold medal after crossing the line first in the final but was disqualified for blocking Apolo Ohno. Many skating pundits and fans refused to accept the DQ saying that Ohno just made an exaggeration just like Kim hit him and then he was saying he deserved the gold medal.", "title": "Kim Dong-sung" }, { "id": "14568788", "score": "2.0341046", "text": "Ohno's gesture (throwing up his hands) was widely mocked by Korean media as \"Hollywood action\" at that time. Italian skater Fabio Carta, who finished fourth in the five-person 1500 m final with Kim and Ohno, also objected to the referee's ruling to disqualify Kim. \"We should use a rifle on Ohno,\" Carta said. \"It's absurd that the Korean was disqualified. I don't know what happened.\" The Korean Olympic Committee took the protest to the Court of Arbitration for Sport after an initial appeal to the International Skating Union had been rejected, but the arbitration panel finally dismissed South Korea's appeal", "title": "Kim Dong-sung" }, { "id": "14568781", "score": "2.0209124", "text": "1000 m, two in 1500 m, two in 3000 m). Kim, however, had controversial disqualifications in the quarterfinals of the 500 metres and 1000 metres at the final World Cup race in Beijing, China. Since Kim earned 75 points and Li Jiajun was 2 points behind Kim in the overall standings before the Beijing race, Korean media said the disqualification decisions were completely biased toward the Chinese skater for his overall title. Li eventually won the overall 1998–1999 World Cup title and Kim would have to settle for third spot on the overall podium. Ironically, a month after the Beijing", "title": "Kim Dong-sung" }, { "id": "14568795", "score": "1.9995968", "text": "against Kim that U.S. Speedskating brought. A series of exhausting confrontations and unfavorable local media reports left him frustrated and he finally came back to South Korea in November 2011. However, U.S. Speedskating continued to investigate and imposed a lifetime ban on Kim, but the American Arbitration Association reduced the ban to six years in May 2012. Kim is currently serving as a short track speed skating commentator for KBS. Kim Dong-sung Kim Dong-Sung (Hangul: 김동성, Hanja: 金東聖, born 9 February 1980) is a South Korean former short track speed skater. He won a gold medal in 1000m race and", "title": "Kim Dong-sung" }, { "id": "14568791", "score": "1.9872093", "text": "relays that year. In particular, he astounded spectators and competitors alike when he sprinted ahead during the 1500 m final race and retained his speed throughout, eventually winning the gold by finishing one and a half lap before his competitors. He also showed a remarkable comeback in the 5000 metre relay, after Ahn Hyun-soo fell over with four laps to go, by regaining a 20-metre gap between the Canadian team and the Korean team to seize the gold medal by 0.005 seconds. Kim posted a thread on one of Korean online communities the reason why he made such gap. Kim", "title": "Kim Dong-sung" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Kim Dong-sung\n\nKim Dong-Sung (Hangul: 김동성, Hanja: 金東聖, born 9 February 1980) is a South Korean former short track speed skater. He won a gold medal in 1000m race and silver medal in 5000m relay at the 1998 Winter Olympics. He has been a two-time Overall World Champion in 1997 and in 2002 and two-time Overall World Cup Champion (1999-2000, 2001-2002).", "title": "Kim Dong-sung" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Short-track speed skating\n\nShort-track speed skating is a form of competitive ice speed skating. In competitions, multiple skaters (typically between four and six) skate on an oval ice track with a length of . The rink itself is long by wide, which is the same size as an Olympic-sized figure skating rink and an international-sized ice hockey rink. Related sports include long track speed skating and inline speed skating.", "title": "Short-track speed skating" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Apolo Ohno\n\nApolo Anton Ohno (; born May 22, 1982) is an American retired short track speed skating competitor and an eight-time medalist (two gold, two silver, four bronze) in the Winter Olympics. Ohno is the most decorated American at the Winter Olympics and was inducted into the U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame in 2019.\n\nRaised by his father, Ohno began training full-time in 1996. At the age of 14, he became the youngest U.S. national champion in 1997 and was the reigning champion from 2001–2009, winning the title a total of 12 times. Ohno has been the face of short track in the United States since winning his medals at the 2002 Winter Olympics.<ref name=\"popular1\"/><ref name=\"hollywood\"/> He won his first overall World Championship title at the 2008 championships.\n\nOhno's accolades and accomplishments include the United States Olympic Committee's Male Athlete of the Month in October 2003 and March 2008, U.S. Speedskating's Athlete of the Year for 2003, and a finalist for the 2002, 2003, and 2006 Sullivan Award, which recognizes the best amateur athlete in the United States. \n\nSince gaining recognition through his sport, Ohno has worked as a motivational speaker, philanthropist, started a nutritional supplement business, and won the 2007 season of \"Dancing with the Stars\". Ohno later became host of a revival of \"Minute to Win It\" on Game Show Network and served as a commentator for NBC's coverage of the 2014 Winter Games in Sochi and the 2018 Winter Games in Pyeongchang. Outside of competing, he has been an entrepreneur in the health, wellness, and technology industries.", "title": "Apolo Ohno" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Viktor An\n\nViktor An (; born Ahn Hyun-soo () on November 23, 1985), is a South Korean-born Russian short-track speed skating coach and retired short-track speed skater. With a total of eight Olympic medals, six gold and two bronze, he is the only short track speed skater in Olympic history to win gold in every distance, and the first to win a medal in every distance at a single Games. He has the most Olympic gold medals in the sport, three of which he won in the 2006 Winter Olympics and the other three in the 2014 Winter Olympics. Considered to be the greatest short track speed skater of all time, he is a six-time overall World champion (2003-2007, 2014), two-time overall World Cup winner (2003–04, 2005–06), and the 2014 European champion. He holds the most overall titles at the World Short Track Speed Skating Championships, and is the only male short track skater to win five consecutive world titles.\n\nIn 2008, Ahn suffered a knee injury and could not regain his health by the time the national qualifiers for Vancouver 2010 came around. His recovery being slow and his South Korean local team dissolved in 2010, Ahn, aiming for his second Olympics, became a Russian citizen the next year and began racing for the Russian team. After winning gold in Sochi, Ahn explained his reasons for joining the Russian team saying, \"I wanted to train in the best possible environment and I proved my decision was not wrong.\" As expected, a gold-winning athlete leaving the national team caused public uproar in South Korea. However, it was aimed not at Ahn, but at the country's skating union. Most South Korean fans in a poll said they understood his decision. Ahn continued his skating career in his adopted nation until 2019 and declared his retirement in April 2020.", "title": "Viktor An" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Short track speed skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics\n\nShort track speed skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics was held from 13 to 23 February. Eight events were contested at Salt Lake Ice Center (normally called Delta Center (now Vivint Arena)). Two new events were added for these games, with the men's and women's 1500 metres making debuts.", "title": "Short track speed skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "14568779", "score": "1.9848799", "text": "Kim began to be hampered with knee problems after the 1997 World Championships, which caused him to miss most of the 1997–1998 season. In February 1998, a year after winning the overall world championship title, Kim competed in the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano as a favorite. While he met disappointment in the 500 metres, he won the gold medal in the 1000 metres. After trailing Li Jiajun of China at the final corner of the last lap in the 1000 m final race, Kim stuck out his foot to get his blade to cross the line first, catching Li", "title": "Kim Dong-sung" }, { "id": "14060211", "score": "1.9712354", "text": "the final lap, Lee Ho-suk made a last-minute daring inside pass on Sung Si-bak, only to have his blade collide with Si-bak to cause both skaters to fall and slam into the barriers. This allowed Ohno and his fellow American skater J. R. Celski to move into second and third positions behind the eventual winner, Lee Jung-su. Lee Ho-suk was later disqualified by judges for causing the crash, and Sung Si-bak took fifth place. Following the race, gold medalist Lee Jung-su told the media that he did not feel good about his win because of his teammates' misfortune. He credited", "title": "Short track speed skating at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Men's 1500 metres" }, { "id": "14568782", "score": "1.9597635", "text": "World Cup, Li Jiajun did not make any individual medal at the 1999 Winter Asian Games in Gangwon, South Korea, controversially disqualified as well in the 500 metres and 1500 metres. At the first race of the 1999–2000 World Cup in Montreal, Kim won the 500 metres and 1000 metres, ranked first in the overall competition. Kim continued his successful run at the second 1999–2000 World Cup race in Salt Lake City, where he won the overall competition again with five gold medals and one silver finishing on podium in all disciplines. At the third race in Nobeyama, Kim finished", "title": "Kim Dong-sung" }, { "id": "14568786", "score": "1.9569843", "text": "5000 metre relays. At the third race of the World Cup in Calgary, He placed first overall and won three gold medals. At the fourth race in Sofia, He won gold in all three individual disciplines of the Olympics (500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m), finishing first in the overall competition again. Kim eventually secured his second overall World Cup title at the last race of the season in Amsterdam, where he finished second overall with the 1500 metre gold. Kim made a good recovery through the 2001–02 World Cup Series and was highly expected to win multiple medals at", "title": "Kim Dong-sung" }, { "id": "14568780", "score": "1.934864", "text": "off-guard by 0.053 seconds. He also helped the Korean team to win the silver medal in the 5000 metre relay. After the Nagano Olympics, Kim underwent his first arthroscopic surgery and was sidelined for the better half of a year. Kim came back from injury for the third race of the 1998–1999 World Cup in Zoetermeer, where he finished first overall winning gold in the 500 metres, 1500 metres and 5000 metre relay. Kim continued to dominate at the fourth race in Székesfehérvár and fifth race in Nobeyama, placing first overall in both with five individual gold medals (one in", "title": "Kim Dong-sung" }, { "id": "14060210", "score": "1.9347982", "text": "South Korea, Apolo Ohno and J. R. Celski of the United States, Liang Wenhao of China, and Olivier Jean of Canada. Jean actually placed seventh in his semifinal heat, but advanced to the medal race after judges ruled that he had been interfered with during the race. The South Korean skaters and Ohno jostled for the lead during much of the race, switching the lead positions multiple times. Entering the final lap, the three South Koreans had passed Ohno and were in a position to sweep the medals in the event. However, at the entrance of the last corner on", "title": "Short track speed skating at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Men's 1500 metres" }, { "id": "14568775", "score": "1.9230204", "text": "Kim Dong-sung Kim Dong-Sung (Hangul: 김동성, Hanja: 金東聖, born 9 February 1980) is a South Korean former short track speed skater. He won a gold medal in 1000m race and silver medal in 5000m relay at the 1998 Winter Olympics. He has been a two-time Overall World Champion in 1997 and in 2002 and two-time Overall World Cup Champion (1999-2000, 2001-2002). Kim Dong-sung was born in Seoul, the third of three children of Kim Tae-young and his wife Yoo Young-hee. Kim started skating and competing in long track when he was seven years old, but switched to short track two", "title": "Kim Dong-sung" }, { "id": "14568790", "score": "1.9189997", "text": "best.'\" Kim claimed on a 2012 episode of the South Korean TV talk show \"Golden Fishery\" that he had never said such a thing to Ohno. A month later, Kim won all possible six gold medals in the men's category at the 2002 World Short Track Speed Skating Championships (overall, 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 3000 m, 5000 m relay), a feat achieved by no other man in the history of the competition. Though Canada's Sylvie Daigle achieved the same feat in the women's sport at the 1983 World Championships in Tokyo, no World Championship title was awarded for", "title": "Kim Dong-sung" }, { "id": "3779056", "score": "1.9174508", "text": "Lillehammer, winning the 1000 metres with a time of 1:34.57. In 2002, Kim was appointed as a coach of the Korean national short track speed skating team. He participated in the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver as the head coach of the South Korean national team. Kim is currently serving as a full professor at Ulsan College. Kim Ki-hoon Kim Ki-hoon (born July 14, 1967) is a retired short track speed skater and the first gold medalist in the Winter Olympics for Korea. Kim is a three-time Olympic Champion and 1992 Overall World Champion. Kim first garnered attention when he", "title": "Kim Ki-hoon" }, { "id": "14568789", "score": "1.8990127", "text": "of the disqualification of Kim. The South Korean delegation threatened to boycott the Olympic closing ceremony to protest what they believed was biased refereeing. The incident provoked anti-American sentiment among South Koreans. When the South Korean national soccer team scored an equalizer against the United States in the group stage at the 2002 FIFA World Cup that June, the players celebrated with a speed skating motion that mocked Ohno. In Ohno's autobiography, \"Zero Regrets: Be Greater Than Yesterday,\" he wrote, \"Kim came up to me after one of the races and said, in English, 'You're number one. You are the", "title": "Kim Dong-sung" }, { "id": "14293765", "score": "1.8983597", "text": "relay. In the first of these events, the 1500 m, Sung was among the three leading skaters, all South Koreans, going into the final lap when he was taken out by his teammate Lee Ho-Suk who attempted to pass him and both collided and slid into the wall. The fall allowed Americans Apolo Anton Ohno and J. R. Celski to take silver and bronze. Lee Ho-Suk was disqualified for causing the fall, and Sung who would have gotten silver, finished in 5th place. In the heat race for the 1000 m competition, he set an Olympic Record with a time", "title": "Sung Si-bak" }, { "id": "1800582", "score": "1.8907921", "text": "ahead of Ohno but was disqualified for impeding, awarding the gold medal to Ohno. Fourth-place finisher of the race, Fabio Carta of Italy, showed his disagreement with the disqualification decision saying it was \"absurd that the Korean was disqualified\". China's Jiajun Li, who moved from bronze to silver, remained neutral saying: \"I respect the decision of the referee, I'm not going to say any more\". Steven Bradbury, the 1000 m gold-medal winner, also shared his views: \"Whether Dong-Sung moved across enough to be called for cross-tracking, I don't know, he obviously moved across a bit. It's the judge's interpretation. A", "title": "Apolo Ohno" }, { "id": "3779054", "score": "1.8854063", "text": "Kim Ki-hoon Kim Ki-hoon (born July 14, 1967) is a retired short track speed skater and the first gold medalist in the Winter Olympics for Korea. Kim is a three-time Olympic Champion and 1992 Overall World Champion. Kim first garnered attention when he participated in the short-track demonstration event at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, winning the gold medal in the 1500 metres. Kim swept all the gold medals available in short track speed skating at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, winning won the gold medal in the 1000 metres in a world record time of 1:30.76, and", "title": "Kim Ki-hoon" }, { "id": "12059593", "score": "1.8807442", "text": "with three laps remaining, and on his third attempt to pass on the final lap, Kim drifted slightly to the inside where Ohno raised his arms and came out of his crouch to signal that he was blocked. Fourth-place finisher of the same race, Fabio Carta of Italy, showed his disagreement with the decision saying that it was \"absurd that the Korean was disqualified.\" China's Li Jiajun, who moved from bronze to silver, remained neutral saying: \"I respect the decision of the referee, I'm not going to say any more.\" Steven Bradbury of Australia, the 1000 m gold medal winner,", "title": "Anti-American sentiment in Korea" }, { "id": "14347236", "score": "1.8794279", "text": "James Hewish James Hewish is a controversial Australian short track speed skating referee who works for ISU. He participated in the 2002 Salt Lake City and 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics as the chief referee in the short track speed skating events. In the 1500 m Short Track Speed Skating event of the 2002 Winter Olympics, James Hewish gave gold to Apolo Anton Ohno even though the South Korean skater Kim Dong-Sung was first to cross the finish line. James Hewish disqualified Kim Dong-Sung for blocking Ohno and violating the rule of cross-tracking. James again disqualified the South Korean team, who", "title": "James Hewish" } ]

[ "Fleet (disambiguation)", "fleets", "Fleet", "FLEET", "fleet", "Fleets", "fleet disambiguation" ]

[ { "id": "8032142", "score": "2.1675982", "text": "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007 film) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (also known simply as Sweeney Todd) is a 2007 British-American musical period slasher film directed by Tim Burton and an adaptation of Stephen Sondheim and Hugh Wheeler's Tony Award-winning . The film re-tells the Victorian melodramatic tale of Sweeney Todd, an English barber and serial killer who murders his customers with a straight razor and, with the help of his accomplice, Mrs. Lovett, processes their corpses into meat pies. The film stars Johnny Depp as the title character and Helena Bonham Carter", "title": "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007 film)" }, { "id": "8032146", "score": "2.0847154", "text": "his old Fleet Street shop, situated above Mrs. Nellie Lovett's meat pie shop, where she sells the \"worst pies in London\". Lovett tells him that Turpin raped Lucy, who then poisoned herself with arsenic. The couple's daughter, Johanna, is now Turpin's ward. Todd vows revenge, and re-opens his barber shop after Mrs. Lovett, who loves him unrequitedly, presents him with his old straight razors. Anthony becomes enamored with Johanna, but is caught by Turpin and driven away by his henchman, Beadle Bamford. Todd denounces faux-Italian barber Adolfo Pirelli's hair tonic as a fraud and humiliates him in a public shaving", "title": "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007 film)" }, { "id": "4993287", "score": "2.081775", "text": "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street is a 1979 musical thriller with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and book by Hugh Wheeler. The musical is based on the 1973 play \"Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street\" by Christopher Bond. \"Sweeney Todd\" opened on Broadway in 1979 and in the West End in 1980. It won the Tony Award for Best Musical and Olivier Award for Best New Musical. It has since had numerous revivals as well as a . The character of Sweeney Todd had its origins", "title": "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street" }, { "id": "8800403", "score": "2.070681", "text": "of shaving cream. Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (1936 film) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street is a 1936 British drama horror film produced and directed by George King, and written by Frederick Hayward, H.F. Maltby, and George Dibdin-Pitt. The film features actor Tod Slaughter in one of his most famous roles as the barber Sweeney Todd. The film starts in 1936 as a barber tells a patron the story of the infamous Sweeney Todd. Sweeney Todd (Tod Slaughter) is a barber with a shop near the docks of London. One day, as the mercantile", "title": "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (1936 film)" }, { "id": "8800402", "score": "2.0379157", "text": "They hurry to save her. As the barbershop burns down and a crowd gathers around, Todd watches from a nearby alleyway. When Mark go inside to save Johanna, Todd follows and attempts to slash his throat. Mark manages to knock Todd unconscious and gets out with Johanna. On the street Johanna and Mark kiss. Beside them lies Todd's bag of riches in the alleyway. Todd regains consciousness. As he attempts to escape, his special chair flips him into the fiery cellar. Returning to 1936, the barber's terrified patron runs out of the shop while still wearing his a full face", "title": "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (1936 film)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007 film ..." }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street\n\nSweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (often referred to simply as Sweeney Todd) is a musical play with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and a book by Hugh Wheeler. It is based on the 1973 play of the same name by Christopher Bond. The character of Sweeney Todd first appeared in a Victorian penny dreadful titled \"The String of Pearls\" (1846-7). \n\n\"Sweeney Todd\" opened on Broadway in 1979 and in the West End in 1980. It won the Tony Award for Best Musical and Olivier Award for Best New Musical. It has been revived in many productions as well as inspiring a .\n\nThe original logo for the musical is a modified version of an advertising image from the 19th century, with the sign replaced by a straight razor. There is also a woman wearing a blood-stained dress and holding a rolling pin next to the man.", "title": "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sweeney Todd\n\nSweeney Todd is a fictional character who first appeared as the villain of the penny dreadful serial \"The String of Pearls\" (1846–47). The original tale became a feature of 19th-century melodrama and London legend. A barber from Fleet Street, Todd murders his customers with a straight razor and gives their corpses to Mrs. Lovett, his partner in crime, who bakes their flesh into meat pies. The tale has been retold many times since in various media.\n\nClaims that Sweeney Todd was a historical person although possible legendary prototypes exist.<ref name = \"Mack-2007\"/>", "title": "Sweeney Todd" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (1936 film ..." }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street: The Motion ..." }, { "id": "8032150", "score": "2.033576", "text": "who is now hiding in the sewers after finding human remains in Mrs Lovett's bakehouse. Meanwhile, Anthony brings Johanna, disguised as a sailor, to the shop, and has her wait there while he leaves to find a coach. A beggar woman enters the shop in search of Bamford, and Johanna hides in the trunk. The woman recognizes Todd, but upon hearing Turpin coming, Todd kills her and sends her through the trapdoor in the floor. As Turpin enters, Todd explains that Johanna had repented and is coming to him, then offers a free shave in the meantime. When Turpin finally", "title": "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007 film)" }, { "id": "4993289", "score": "2.0322978", "text": "was a familiar character to most Victorians. Sondheim’s musical was, in fact, based on Christopher Bond’s 1973 spooky melodrama, which introduced a psychological background to Todd’s crimes. In Bond's reincarnation of the character, Todd was the victim of a ruthless judge who raped his young wife and exiled him to Australia. Sondheim first conceived of a musical version of the story in 1973, after he went to see Bond's ghoulish take on the story at Theatre Royal Stratford East. Bond's sophisticated plot and language significantly elevated the lurid nature of the tale. Sondheim once noted, “It had a weight to", "title": "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street" }, { "id": "8800398", "score": "2.031979", "text": "apprentice: the orphan Tobias Ragg (John Singer). Next door is a meat pie shop run my Mrs. Lovatt (Stella Rho). She has a large cellar that connects to Todd's. In addition to being a barber, Todd buys a share of Oakley's shipping company and hopes to marry Johanna. Using his charm, Todd lures wealthy, respectable customers from the docks into his barbershop at Fleet Street, where he sits them in a \"special\" barber's chair. Before shaving a man, he always sends Tobias to Mrs. Lovatt's for a meat pie. When Todd pulls a lever, the chair flips over and dumps", "title": "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (1936 film)" }, { "id": "4993329", "score": "2.0219955", "text": "the occasion in Shaftesbury Avenue and ran from March 19 to May 16, 2015. The cast included Jeremy Secomb as Sweeney Todd, Siobhan McCarthy as Mrs. Lovett, Nadim Naaman as Anthony, Ian Mowat as the Beadle, Duncan Smith as the Judge, Kiara Jay as Pirelli and the Beggar Woman, Joseph Taylor as Tobias and Zoe Doano as Johanna. Pieter Toerien and KickstArt produced a production at the Pieter Toerien Monte Casino Theatre in Johannesburg, which ran from October 10 – December 13, 2015 before transferring to the Theatre on the Bay in Cape Town from February 19 – April 9,", "title": "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street" }, { "id": "8800399", "score": "2.0190356", "text": "the unsuspecting victim head-first into the basement. Mrs. Lovatt then disposes of the bodies for a share of the stolen money. She is, however, increasingly annoyed with Todd for robbing the bodies preemptively and taking more than his share of the money. The Golden Hope returns to London, with Mark a newly wealthy man. Todd lures him into his barbershop. Mark foolishly talks about his love for Johanna and shows off his new riches. Todd sends Mark down the chute but Mrs. Lovatt quickly hides him in a cupboard. When Todd comes down, he is surprised to see that the", "title": "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (1936 film)" }, { "id": "4993322", "score": "2.0181322", "text": "Best Director and two for Best Supporting Performance in a musical. On April 5, 1995 it premiered in Catalan at the theater Poliorama of Barcelona (later moving to the Apollo), in a production of the Drama Centre of the Government of Catalonia. The libretto was adapted by Roser Batalla Roger Pena, and was directed by Mario Gas. The cast consisted of Constantino Romero as Todd, Vicky Peña as Mrs.Lovett, Ma. Josep Peris as Johanna, Muntsa Rius as Tobias, Pep Molina as Anthony and Xavier Ribera-Vall as Judge Turpin, with critical acclaim and audience applause (Sondheim himself traveled to Barcelona after", "title": "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street" }, { "id": "4993335", "score": "2.0149894", "text": "as Anthony, Walter Charles (a member of the original cast), as Judge Turpin and Celia Keenan-Bolger as Johanna. It was directed by Christopher Ashley with choreography by Daniel Pelzig. Irish tenor David Shannon starred as Todd in a highly successful Dublin production of the show at the Gate Theatre, which ran from April 2007 through June 2007. The production employed a minimalistic approach: the cast consisted of a small ensemble of 14 performers, and the orchestra was a seven-piece band. The look of the production was quite abstract. \"The Sunday Times\" wrote that \"The black backdrop of David Farley's rough", "title": "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street" }, { "id": "4993303", "score": "2.0097752", "text": "Todd to take up his old profession (\"My Friends\" and \"The Ballad of Sweeney Todd – Reprise\"). Elsewhere, Anthony spies a beautiful girl singing at her window (\"Green Finch and Linnet Bird\"), and the beggar woman tells him that her name is Johanna. Unaware that Johanna is his friend Todd's daughter, Anthony is immediately enamored (\"Ah, Miss\") and he pledges to return for her, even after the judge and Beadle chase him away (\"Johanna\"). In the crowded London marketplace, flamboyant Italian barber Adolfo Pirelli and his simple-minded young assistant Tobias Ragg, pitch a dramatic cure-all for hair loss (\"Pirelli's Miracle", "title": "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street" }, { "id": "8032144", "score": "2.006414", "text": "vocal performance, despite being criticized as lacking certain musical qualities, was generally thought by critics to suit the part. \"Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street\" was released in the United States on December 21, 2007 and in the United Kingdom on January 25, 2008 to largely positive reviews from critics. The film was chosen by National Board of Review as one of the top ten films of 2007 and won a number of awards, including Golden Globes for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and Best Actor – Musical or Comedy, as well as the Academy Award", "title": "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007 film)" }, { "id": "4993330", "score": "2.0057352", "text": "2016. Directed by Steven Stead and designed by Greg King, the production starred Jonathan Roxmouth (Sweeney Todd), Charon Williams-Ros (Mrs Lovett), Michael Richard (Judge Turpin), Jaco van Rensburg (Tobias), Anne Marie Clulow (Beggar Woman), Adam Pelkowitz (Beadle Bamford), Cameron Botha (Anthony), Sanli Jooste (Johanna), Germandt Geldenhuys (Adolfo Pirelli) and Weslee Swain Lauder (Jonas Fogg), with an ensemble comprising Candice van Litsenborgh, Luciano Zuppa, Pauline du Plessis, Claire Simonis, Megan Rigby, Schoeman Smit and Earl Gregory. The musical director for the show was Rowan Bakker, with costume designs by Neil Stuart Harris and lighting by Tina le Roux. The Tooting Arts", "title": "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street" }, { "id": "8800396", "score": "2.005057", "text": "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (1936 film) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street is a 1936 British drama horror film produced and directed by George King, and written by Frederick Hayward, H.F. Maltby, and George Dibdin-Pitt. The film features actor Tod Slaughter in one of his most famous roles as the barber Sweeney Todd. The film starts in 1936 as a barber tells a patron the story of the infamous Sweeney Todd. Sweeney Todd (Tod Slaughter) is a barber with a shop near the docks of London. One day, as the mercantile ship The Golden", "title": "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (1936 film)" }, { "id": "15395621", "score": "2.0044365", "text": "orchestra from twenty-seven musicians to seventy-eight. The \"Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Deluxe Complete Edition\" soundtrack was released on December 18, 2007. Johnny Depp's singing was described by a \"New York Times\" reviewer as \"harsh and thin, but amazingly forceful\". Another critic adds that, though Depp's voice \"does not have much heft or power\", \"his ear is obviously excellent, because his pitch is dead-on accurate... Beyond his good pitch and phrasing, the expressive colorings of his singing are crucial to the portrayal. Beneath this Sweeney's vacant, sullen exterior is a man consumed with a murderous rage that", "title": "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street: The Motion Picture Soundtrack" }, { "id": "4993352", "score": "1.9989514", "text": "\"Sweeney Todd\", jointly produced by DreamWorks and Warner Bros., was released on December 21, 2007. Tim Burton directed from a screenplay by John Logan. It stars Johnny Depp as Todd (Depp received an Oscar nomination and a Golden Globe Award for his performance), Helena Bonham Carter as Mrs. Lovett, Alan Rickman as Judge Turpin, Sacha Baron Cohen as Signor Pirelli, Jamie Campbell Bower as Anthony Hope, Laura Michelle Kelly as The Beggar Woman, Jayne Wisener as Johanna, Ed Sanders as Toby, and Timothy Spall as Beadle Bamford. The film was well-received by critics and theatregoers and also won the Golden", "title": "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street" }, { "id": "8032157", "score": "1.9975162", "text": "relationship between Todd, Mrs. Lovett, and Toby. DreamWorks announced Burton's appointment in August 2006, and Johnny Depp was cast as Todd. Christopher Lee, Peter Bowles, Anthony Head, and five other actors were set to play the ghost narrators, but their roles were cut (Head does appear in an uncredited cameo as a gentleman who congratulates Depp after the shaving contest). According to Lee, these deletions were due to time constraints caused by a break in filming during March 2007, while Depp's daughter recovered from an illness. Burton's domestic partner Helena Bonham Carter was cast in October 2006, as well as", "title": "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007 film)" }, { "id": "8800397", "score": "1.9942145", "text": "Hope readies to leave, Todd watches Johanna Oakley (Eve Lister) and Mark Ingerstreet (Bruce Seton). They are in love, but Mark is shipping out and laments he's a poor man unable to win the approval of Johanna's father, Governor Oakley (D. J. Williams). Nearby, Johanna's servant Nan (Davina Craig) asks Mark's fellow sailor Pearley (Jerry Verno) to buy her various luxury goods while he's away. Pearley points out he hasn't the money to buy them. Simultaneously, Todd watches all his potential customers and thinks of the money he can make. Back at the barbershop, Todd has been sent a new", "title": "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (1936 film)" } ]

[ "Etymology of England", "Sasainn", "Pow Sows", "english nation", "aengland", "england", "Languages of England", "england uk", "ængla land", "name of england", "English Nation", "englaland", "england united kingdom", "engla rice", "Ingland", "Englnad", "Lloegr", "sasana", "Auld enemy", "The land of the Angles", "auld enemy", "Land of the Angles", "Englistan", "England, United Kingdom", "lloegr", "englnad", "starks field school", "england u k", "Name of England", "uk england", "ængland", "land of angles", "ænglaland", "England, U.K.", "Ængland", "Aenglaland", "Ængla land", "etymology of england", "England", "life in england", "engelond", "aenglaland", "Aengland", "Sasana", "languages of england", "anglica", "Engelond", "england s", "Life in England", "sasainn", "Engla land", "Starks Field School", "UK, (England)", "englistan", "Anglica", "ENGLAND", "engla land", "ingland", "Engla rice", "Englaland", "England, UK", "England's", "pow sows", "Ænglaland" ]

[ { "id": "16696270", "score": "1.8636838", "text": "and representing France finished in second and third places, taking a little over ten minutes longer to complete the course than Jenatzy. On Thursday, 2 July 1903 the Gordon Bennett Cup was the first international motor race to be held in Ireland, an honorific to Selwyn Edge who had won the 1902 event in the Paris-Vienna race driving a Napier. The Automobile Club of Great Britain and Ireland wanted the race to be hosted in the British Isles, and their secretary, Claude Johnson, suggested Ireland as the venue because racing was illegal on British public roads. The editor of the", "title": "1903 Gordon Bennett Cup" }, { "id": "2231262", "score": "1.8408637", "text": "circuit: the first ever closed-circuit motor race. In the United States, William Kissam Vanderbilt II launched the Vanderbilt Cup at Long Island, New York in 1904. Some anglophone sources wrongly list a race called the \"Pau Grand Prix\" in 1901. This may stem from a mistranslation of the contemporary French sources such as the magazine \"La France Auto\" of March 1901. The name of the 1901 event was the \"Circuit du Sud-Ouest\" and it was run in three classes around the streets of Pau. The \"Grand Prix du Palais d'Hiver\" was the name of the prizes awarded for the lesser", "title": "Grand Prix motor racing" }, { "id": "19179074", "score": "1.8372635", "text": "longer were common in Grand Prix racing. The 1906 Grand Prix de l'Automobile Club de France, commonly known as the 1906 French Grand Prix, was a motor race held on closed public roads outside the city of Le Mans. The ACF chose a 103.18-kilometre (64.11 mi) circuit, composed primarily of dust roads sealed with tar, which would be lapped six times on two days by each competitor, a combined race distance of 1,238.16 kilometres (769.36 mi). Lasting for more than 12 hours overall, the race was won by Ferenc Szisz. It was the first genuinely international race to carry the", "title": "Le Mans race results" }, { "id": "17000377", "score": "1.8237479", "text": "entries, with the car that finished the race in the shortest time winning the race on behalf of his country. The race was won by Léon Théry driving a Richard-Brasier and representing France in a time of five hours and 50 minutes. Camille Jenatzy driving a Mercedes and representing Germany finished in second place and Henri Rougier driving a Turcat-Méry and representing France finished in third place. \"The Times\" reported the 1904 Gordon Bennett motor race took place in Germany on June 17, over , consisting of four laps of a course in the Taunus Forest, in the vicinity of", "title": "1904 Gordon Bennett Cup" }, { "id": "19661405", "score": "1.8222973", "text": "the United States competed with three teams actually reaching Paris. The American Thomas Flyer driven by George Schuster was declared the winner of the epic 22,000 mile race in 169 days The Milwaukee Mile is the second-oldest motor racing track in the world still in existence, with racing being held there since 1903. It was not purposely built for motor racing, however. It started as a one-mile (1.6 km) horse-racing track in the 19th century. The first closed-circuit automobile race was held on September 7, 1896 at the Narragansett Trotting Park in Cranston, Rhode Island, and was won by an", "title": "History of auto racing" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Brooklands\n\nBrooklands was a motor racing circuit and aerodrome built near Weybridge in Surrey, England, United Kingdom. It opened in 1907 and was the world's first purpose-built 'banked' motor racing circuit as well as one of Britain's first airfields, which also became Britain's largest aircraft manufacturing centre by 1918, producing military aircraft such as the Wellington and civil airliners like the Viscount and VC-10.\n\nThe circuit hosted its last race in August 1939 and today part of it forms the Brooklands Museum, a major aviation and motoring museum, as well as a venue for vintage car, motorcycle and other transport-related events.", "title": "Brooklands" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Isle of Man TT\n\nThe Isle of Man TT or Tourist Trophy races are an annual motorcycle racing event run on the Isle of Man in May/June of most years since its inaugural race in 1907. The event is often called one of the most dangerous racing events in the world as many competitors have died.", "title": "Isle of Man TT" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Road racing\n\nRoad racing is a form of motorsport racing held on a paved road surface. The races can be held either on a closed circuit or on a street circuit utilizing temporarily closed public roads. Originally, road races were held almost entirely on public roads. However, public safety concerns eventually led to most races being held on purpose-built racing circuits.\n\nRoad racing's origins were centered in Western Europe and Great Britain as motor vehicles became more common in the early 20th century. After the Second World War, automobile road races were organized into a series called the Formula One world championship sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), while motorcycle road races were organized into the Grand Prix motorcycle racing series and sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM). The success and popularity of road racing has seen the sport spread across the globe with Grand Prix road races having been held on six continents. Other variations of road racing include; open-wheel racing, sports car racing, touring car racing, stock car racing, superbike racing, truck racing, kart racing and endurance racing.", "title": "Road racing" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Auto racing\n\nAuto racing (also known as car racing, motor racing, or automobile racing) is a motorsport involving the racing of automobiles for competition.\n\nAuto racing has existed since the invention of the automobile. Races of various sorts were organised, with the first recorded as early as 1867. Many of the earliest events were effectively reliability trials, aimed at proving these new machines were a practical mode of transport, but soon became an important way for automobile makers to demonstrate their machines. By the 1930s, specialist racing cars had developed.\n\nThere are now numerous different categories, each with different rules and regulations.", "title": "Auto racing" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "1907 Grand Prix season\n\nThe 1907 Grand Prix season was the second Grand Prix racing season. It saw a blossoming of circuit events, with the shift from the inter-city races. The popularity of the inaugural French Grand Prix and Targa Florio saw those events held again. The new \"Kaiserpreis\" was the first major motor-race held in Germany. This year also saw a number of \"voiturette\" races as the number of specialist small-engine cars grew which gave close, exciting racing very popular with spectators.\n\nFelice Nazzaro, former chauffeur for Vincenzo Florio, was the pre-eminent driver of the year by winning the Targa Florio, Kaiserpreis and French Grand Prix in his FIAT. With Alessandro Cagno (Itala) and Ferdinando Minoia (Isotta-Fraschini) winning the Brescia races it signalled the rise of Italy as the leading motorsport nation over France, that had dominated during the first decade.\n\nThis year also saw the opening of the first purpose-built racing circuit at Brooklands southwest of London, England on the estate of British entrepreneur Hugh F. Locke King.", "title": "1907 Grand Prix season" }, { "id": "19661401", "score": "1.8215849", "text": "order of the eligible racers. The first to arrive was Émile Levassor in his Panhard-Levassor 1205cc model. He completed the course (1,178 km or 732 miles) in 48 hours and 47 minutes, finishing nearly six hours before the runner-up. The official winner was Paul Koechlin in a Peugeot. Nine of twenty-two starters finished the course. The first American automobile race is generally held to be the Thanksgiving Day \"Chicago Times-Herald\" race of November 28, 1895. Press coverage of the event first aroused significant American interest in the automobile. The course ran from the south side of the city, north along", "title": "History of auto racing" }, { "id": "16696269", "score": "1.8171985", "text": "Club of Britain and Ireland. Legislation was passed to allow the race to take place on roads in Ireland, then a part of the United Kingdom. Britain were to attempt to defend the Gordon Bennett Cup against France, Germany and the USA, and each country was represented by three entries, with the car that finished the race in the shortest time winning the race on behalf of his country. The race was won by Camille Jenatzy driving a Mercedes and representing Germany, in a time of six hours and 39 minutes. Rene de Knyff and Henry Farman, both driving Panhards", "title": "1903 Gordon Bennett Cup" }, { "id": "5855381", "score": "1.8137165", "text": "the first Grand Prix, would eventually become the French Grand Prix. After World War I, the ACO turned its attention to designing a shorter circuit on public roads to the south of the city. The organisation's chief secretary Georges Durand, together with magazine editor Charles Faroux of \"La Vie Automobile\" and tyre manufacturer Emile Coquille, came up with the idea for a 24-hour race. The first Le Mans 24 Hours was held on 26 May 1923. The very first entry was lodged with the ACO by John Duff on a Bentley. The Le Mans circuit was occupied by the Royal", "title": "Automobile Club de l'Ouest" }, { "id": "13409705", "score": "1.8086532", "text": "Less than half of the cars completed the full and there were more retirements due to mechanical failures and crashes than a lack of fuel. The top three were separated by just over five minutes, while the final finisher took almost three hours longer than Napier. The event was held again in 1906 though the overall distance covered was shortened to around . At the start of the twentieth century motor racing was banned on English roads, and although the Automobile Club of Great Britain and Ireland (later renamed the Royal Automobile Club) had lobbied the British government to remove", "title": "1905 International Tourist Trophy" }, { "id": "3201228", "score": "1.8083434", "text": "responded in 1906 by organizing the first French Grand Prix race held at Le Mans. The first 24 Hours of Le Mans endurance race was held in 1923. The great majority of road races were run over a lengthy circuit of closed public roads, not purpose-built racing circuits. This was true of the Le Mans circuit of the 1906 French Grand Prix, as well as the Targa Florio (run on of Sicilian roads), the German Kaiserpreis circuit in the Taunus mountains, the French circuit at Dieppe, used for the 1907 Grand Prix and, the Isle of Man TT motorcycle road", "title": "Road racing" }, { "id": "14130789", "score": "1.7982361", "text": "of what is considered to be the world's first motor race on 22 July 1894, from Paris to Rouen. The event was a publicity exercise organised by Pierre Giffard of \"Le Petit Journal\" newspaper and consisted of 69 cars starting a selection event before 25 were allowed into the main event, the race from Paris (Porte Maillot) to Rouen. Albert Lemaître completed the course in 9 hours 18 minutes at an average speed of , followed by Auguste Doriot (Peugeot), René Panhard (Panhard) and Émile Levassor (Panhard). Count Jules-Albert de Dion reached Rouen 3’30” ahead of Albert Lemaître but as", "title": "Adolphe Clément-Bayard" }, { "id": "9801617", "score": "1.7827692", "text": "passage from Nome, Alaska, across the Bering Strait to East Cape, Siberia, this at a time when \"the motor car is the most fragile and capricious thing on earth.\" The race, which was the first of its kind among automobiles, commenced in Times Square on February 12, 1908. Six cars representing four nations were at the starting line for what would become a 169-day ordeal (making it, in terms of time taken, still the longest motorsport event ever held). The national flags of Germany, France, Italy and the United States flew, with the Protos representing Germany, a Zust representing Italy,", "title": "1908 New York to Paris Race" }, { "id": "4628248", "score": "1.7794585", "text": "Thursday, 2 July 1903 the Gordon Bennett Cup ran through Monsterevin. It was the first international motor race to be held in either Ireland or Great Britain, an honorific to Selwyn Edge who had won the 1902 event in Paris driving a Napier. The Automobile Club of Great Britain and Ireland wanted the race to be hosted in the Britain or Ireland, and their secretary, Claude Johnson, suggested Ireland as the venue because racing was illegal on British public roads. The editor of the \"Dublin Motor News\", Richard J. Mecredy, suggested an area in County Kildare, and letters were sent", "title": "Monasterevin" }, { "id": "3371412", "score": "1.7728302", "text": "on July 1 that M. Marcel Renault had won the Paris-Vienna race, with M. Henri Farman second. On Thursday, 2 July 1903 the Gordon Bennett Cup was the first international motor race to be held in Ireland, an honorific to Selwyn Edge who had won the 1902 event in the Paris-Vienna race driving a Napier. The Automobile Club of Great Britain and Ireland wanted the race to be hosted in the British Isles, and their secretary, Claude Johnson, suggested Ireland as the venue because racing was illegal on British public roads. The editor of the \"Dublin Motor News\", Richard J.", "title": "Gordon Bennett Cup (auto racing)" }, { "id": "8228311", "score": "1.7657454", "text": "by 1903 the Gordon Bennett races had become some of the most prestigious in Europe; their formula of closed-road racing among similar cars replaced the previous model of unregulated vehicles racing between distant towns, over open roads. Entries into the Gordon Bennett races were by country, and the winning country earned the right to organise the next race. Entries were limited to three per country, which meant that although the nascent motor industry in Europe was dominated by French manufacturers, they were denied the opportunity to fully demonstrate their superiority. Instead, the rule put them on a numerical level footing", "title": "1906 French Grand Prix" }, { "id": "8228329", "score": "1.7651355", "text": "All the cars that were competing the next day were moved into parc fermé, a floodlit area guarded overnight by members of the ACF, to prevent teams and drivers from working on them until the following morning. The time each car set on the first day determined the time they set off on the second day, hence Szisz's first-day time of 5 hours and 45 minutes meant he started at 5:45 am. Following the same principle, Clément began at 6:11 am and Nazzaro at 6:26 am. This method ensured that positions on the road directly reflected the race standings. A", "title": "1906 French Grand Prix" }, { "id": "10167427", "score": "1.7643292", "text": "between Ellsworth and Seymour Avenue. It is most famous for holding the first 24-hour automobile race on July 3, 1905. The race was held only ten years after the first automobile race and only two years after Ford Motors was created. There were three cars including drivers Charles and George Soules, Oscar Lear, Ballanger, and Feasal who drove 1,015 miles throughout the whole race. The Soules brothers won the race and their prize was a silver cup said to be worth $500 at the time. There were eleven other supporting races held at the track including The Columbus Motor Derby", "title": "Driving Park" }, { "id": "3371420", "score": "1.7581248", "text": "was disqualified on lap three after receiving outside assistance due to tyre problems. In 1905, \"The Times\" reported on the last of the six Gordon-Bennett Cup Races, which took place in France on July 5 over a 137 km mountainous circuit in the Auvergne near to Clermont-Ferrand. After four circuits of the course, a total of 548 km, which he completed in 7hr 2min 42sec, an average speed of 77.78 km/h, the Frenchman Léon Théry on a 96 hp Richard-Brasier won for the second year in a row. Lancia on a FIAT for Italy was fastest over the first two", "title": "Gordon Bennett Cup (auto racing)" }, { "id": "16696268", "score": "1.7544578", "text": "1903 Gordon Bennett Cup The 1903 Gordon Bennett Cup, formally titled the IV Coupe Internationale, was a motor race held on 2 July 1903, on the Athy Circuit consisting of closed roads in Ireland. The race consisted of seven laps - alternating for six laps over a shorter circuit to the west of Athy and longer circuit to the East, before a final lap on the longer circuit to make the total distance 527km (327.5 miles). A British entry had won the previous edition of the race, which meant that the rights to host the race fell to the Automobile", "title": "1903 Gordon Bennett Cup" }, { "id": "3201227", "score": "1.7529962", "text": "first held in the United States was a 54-mile competition from Chicago to Evanston, Illinois and return, held on November 27, 1895. By 1905, the Gordon Bennett Cup, organized by the Automobile Club de France, was considered the most important race in the world. In 1904, the \"Association Internationale des Automobiles Clubs Reconnus\" was formed by several European automobile clubs. In 1904 the FIM created the international cup for motorcycles. The first international motorcycle road race took place in 1905 at Dourdan, France. After disagreeing with Bennett Cup organizers over regulations limiting the number of entrants, the French automobile manufacturers", "title": "Road racing" } ]

[ "HUMMER", "Hummer", "hummer" ]

[ { "id": "13428725", "score": "2.0811062", "text": "Tengzhong Sichuan Tengzhong Heavy Industrial Machinery Co., Ltd. is based in Chengdu, China. Sichuan Tengzhong is a privately owned company known for making a wide range of road equipment, such as bridge piers, highway construction and maintenance machinery. Sichuan Tengzhong has been moving more into heavy-duty trucks, including tow trucks and oil tankers. On 1 June 2009, as a part of General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization announcement, GM revealed that Hummer brand would be discontinued. However, the following day GM announced it had reached a deal to sell the brand to an undisclosed buyer. On 2 June 2009 GM announced", "title": "Tengzhong" }, { "id": "13401516", "score": "2.0357041", "text": "would be discontinued. On October 9, they reached an agreement to sell their entire stake in the Hummer brand to China-based Sichuan Tengzhong Heavy Industrial Machinery Company Ltd. and a group of private investors (Mr. Suolang Duoji, a private entrepreneur with holdings that include the Hong Kong-listed thenardite producer Lumena, would have held the remaining 20 percent stake.) The sale would have net GM around $150 million. The deal would have included manufacturing to continue in the two plants that GM already uses to produce the Hummer trucks through June 2011, with a possible extension until 2012. On February 24,", "title": "General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization" }, { "id": "13428726", "score": "1.9933575", "text": "the sale of Hummer to a non-disclosed Chinese company. The New York Times reported Tuesday that the buyer would be the Sichuan Tengzhong Heavy Industrial Machinery Company Ltd., a machinery company in western China. Late Tuesday Sichuan Tengzhong itself posted it on their own website. The transaction was expected to close in the third quarter of 2009, subject to customary closing conditions and regulatory approvals. Financial terms of the agreement were not disclosed. Credit Suisse acted as exclusive financial advisor and Shearman&Sterling acted as international legal counsel to Tengzhong on this transaction. Citi acted as financial advisor to GM. General", "title": "Tengzhong" }, { "id": "13056942", "score": "1.9755247", "text": "A February 2, 2009 article in the \"Latin American Herald Tribune\" said that General Motors would invest $1 billion in Brazil, and that this money is part of the bailout that it received from the U.S. government. General Motors' plan was to consolidate their portfolio of US brands, concentrating on the Cadillac, Chevrolet, Buick and GMC brands, while phasing out, or possibly selling their Pontiac, Hummer and Saturn brands. On June 2, GM Motors announced the sale of the Hummer brand of off-road vehicles to Sichuan Tengzhong Heavy Industrial Machinery Company Ltd, a deal that fell through after failing to", "title": "Effects of the 2008–10 automotive industry crisis on the United States" }, { "id": "13428728", "score": "1.9703803", "text": "GM already uses to produce the Hummer trucks until June 2011, with a possible extension until 2012. Prior to the 2009 sale a handful of other Chinese automakers, including Chang Feng, expressed interest in the brand, but all declined to make a formal offer. On 24 February 2010, The Chinese Ministry of Commerce rejected Tengzhong's bid to purchase Hummer from General Motors. Tengzhong Sichuan Tengzhong Heavy Industrial Machinery Co., Ltd. is based in Chengdu, China. Sichuan Tengzhong is a privately owned company known for making a wide range of road equipment, such as bridge piers, highway construction and maintenance machinery.", "title": "Tengzhong" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Tengzhong\n\nSichuan Tengzhong Heavy Industrial Machinery Co., Ltd. is based in Chengdu, China. Sichuan Tengzhong is a privately owned company known for making a wide range of road equipment, such as bridge piers, highway construction and maintenance machinery. Sichuan Tengzhong has been moving more into heavy-duty trucks, including tow trucks and oil tankers.", "title": "Tengzhong" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "General Motors\n\nThe General Motors Company It is the largest automaker in the United States and was the largest in the world for 77 years before losing the top spot to Toyota in 2008.\n\nGeneral Motors operates manufacturing plants in eight countries. Its four core automobile brands are Chevrolet, Buick, GMC, and Cadillac. It also holds interests in Chinese brands Wuling Motors and Baojun as well as DMAX via joint ventures. a namesake Defense vehicles division which produces military vehicles for the United States government and military; the vehicle safety, security, and information services provider OnStar; the auto parts company ACDelco, a namesake financial lending service; and majority ownership in the self-driving cars enterprise Cruise LLC.\n\nIn January 2021, GM announced plans to end production and sales of vehicles using internal combustion engines, including hybrid vehicles and plug-in hybrids by 2035, as part of its plan to achieve carbon neutrality by 2040. GM offers more flexible-fuel vehicles, which can operate on either E85 ethanol fuel or gasoline, or any blend of both, than any other automaker.\n\nThe company traces itself to a holding company for Buick established on September 16, 1908, by William C. Durant, the largest seller of horse-drawn vehicles at the time. The current entity was established in 2009 after the General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization.\n\nGM is ranked 22nd on the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.", "title": "General Motors" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization\n\nThe 2009 General Motors Chapter 11 sale of the assets of automobile manufacturer General Motors and some of its subsidiaries was implemented through Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code in the United States bankruptcy court for the Southern District of New York. The United States government-endorsed sale enabled the NGMCO Inc. (\"New GM\") to purchase the continuing operational assets of the old GM.<ref name = \"GM Bankruptcy Press Release-2009-06-01\"/><ref name = \"Pleading-Sale to VAH LLC-2009-06-01\"/><ref name = \"Business Week-AP-Beck-2009-06-02\"/> \nNormal operations, including employee compensation, warranties, and other customer services were uninterrupted during the bankruptcy proceedings.<ref name = \"GM Bankruptcy Press Release-2009-06-01\"/> \nOperations outside of the United States were not included in the court filing.<ref name = \"GM Bankruptcy Press Release-2009-06-01\"/>\n\nThe company received $33 billion in debtor-in-possession financing to complete the process. GM filed for Chapter 11 reorganization in the Manhattan New York federal bankruptcy court on June 1, 2009, at approximately 8:00 am EDT. June 1, 2009, was the deadline to supply an acceptable viability plan to the U.S. Treasury. The filing reported US$82.29 billion in assets and US$172.81 billion in debt.<ref name=\"cnn-largest\">\n</ref><ref name = \"Bloomberg-Sandler-et al-2009-06-01\">\n</ref><ref name = \"NYT-Sanger-Zeleny-Vlasic-2009-05-31\" >\n</ref><ref name = \"NYT-Sanger-2009-05-31\">\n</ref><ref name = \"NYT-Maynard-2009-05-29\">\n</ref>\n\nAfter the Chapter 11 filing, effective Monday, June 8, 2009, GM was removed from the Dow Jones Industrial Average and replaced by Cisco Systems. From Tuesday June 2, old GM stock has traded Over the Counter (Pink Sheets/OTCBB), initially under the symbol GMGMQ<ref name = \"LA Times-Money&Co-2009-06-01\" >\n\nOn July 10, 2009, a new entity completed the purchase of continuing operations, assets and trademarks of GM as a part of the 'pre-packaged' Chapter 11 reorganization. \nAs ranked by total assets, GM's bankruptcy marks one of the largest corporate Chapter 11 bankruptcies in U.S. history. The Chapter 11 filing was the fourth-largest in U.S. history, following Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc., Washington Mutual and WorldCom Inc. A new entity with the backing of the United States Treasury was formed to acquire profitable assets, under section 363 of the Bankruptcy Code, with the new company planning to issue an initial public offering (IPO) of stock in 2010. The remaining pre-petition creditors claims are paid from the former corporation's assets.<ref name=Stoll/><ref name=IPO/> ", "title": "General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Hummer\n\nHummer (stylized as HUMMER) is a brand of pickups and SUVs that was first marketed in 1992 when AM General began selling a civilian version of the M998 Humvee. Although discontinued in 2010, Hummer returned as a sub-brand of GMC in 2020. In 1998, General Motors (GM) purchased the brand name from AM General and marketed three vehicles: the original Hummer H1, based on the military Humvee, as well as the new H2 and H3 models that were based on smaller, civilian-market GM platforms.\n\nBy 2008, Hummer's viability in the economic downturn was questioned. Rather than being transferred to the Motors Liquidation Company as part of the GM bankruptcy in 2009, the brand was retained by GM, to investigate its sale. No final deal was made, and in 2010, Hummer dealerships began shutting down.\n\nThe nameplate returned to the marketplace for the 2022 model year not as a separate make brand, but as electric pickup truck and SUV models sold under the GMC brand as the \"GMC Hummer EV\". The pre-production versions of the EV began November 2021 after a $2.2 billion investment to build a variety of all-electric vehicles in GM's Detroit-Hamtramck assembly plant.", "title": "Hummer" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "2008–2010 automotive industry crisis\n\nThe 2008–2010 automotive industry crisis formed part of the 2007–2008 financial crisis and the resulting Great Recession. The crisis affected European and Asian automobile manufacturers, but it was primarily felt in the American automobile manufacturing industry. The downturn also affected Canada by virtue of the Automotive Products Trade Agreement.\n\nThe automotive industry was weakened by a substantial increase in the prices of automotive fuels linked to the 2003–2008 energy crisis which discouraged purchases of sport utility vehicles (SUVs) and pickup trucks which have low fuel economy. The popularity and relatively high profit margins of these vehicles had encouraged the American \"Big Three\" automakers, General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler to make them their primary focus. With fewer fuel-efficient models to offer to consumers, sales began to slide. By 2008, the situation had turned critical as the 2007–2008 financial crisis placed pressure on the prices of raw materials.\n\nCar companies from Asia, Europe, North America, and elsewhere have implemented creative marketing strategies to entice reluctant consumers as most experienced double-digit percentage declines in sales. Major manufacturers, including the Big Three and Toyota offered substantial discounts across their product lineups. The Big Three faced criticism for their mix of available vehicle types offered, which faced criticism for being ill-suited to a climate of rising fuel prices. North American consumers turned to smaller, cheaper, more fuel-efficient imports from Japan and Europe.", "title": "2008–2010 automotive industry crisis" }, { "id": "13428727", "score": "1.9342027", "text": "Motors announced on 9 October 2009 that they have sold their entire stake in the Hummer brand to Sichuan Tengzhong Heavy Industrial Machinery and a group of private investors (Suolang Duoji! a private entrepreneur with holdings that include the Hong Kong-listed thenardite producer Lumena, will hold the remaining 20 percent stake.). Sichuan now owns 80% of the company, Autoblog reports. The sale will net GM around US$150 million, although the transaction had to be approved by both Chinese and US regulatory agencies it was anticipated to occur in 2010. The deal includes manufacturing to continue in the two plants that", "title": "Tengzhong" }, { "id": "154679", "score": "1.9245255", "text": "brand. In August 2009 the joint venture of FAW GM Light Duty Commercial Vehicle Co Ltd was formed that mainly produces Jiefang light-duty trucks. General Motors vehicle sales in China rose 28.8 percent to a record 2,351,610 units in 2010. GM set up an auto research center as part of a US250 million corporate campus in Shanghai to develop 'gasoline-hybrid cars, electric vehicles and alternative fuels, engines and new technologies'. The company plans to double its sales from 2010 to about 5 million units in China by 2015. SAIC-GM-Wuling established the low-cost Baojun brand to better compete with domestic rivals,", "title": "General Motors" }, { "id": "195214", "score": "1.9077791", "text": "be discontinued. However, the following day GM announced that instead it had reached a deal to sell the brand to an undisclosed buyer. After GM announced that same day that the sale was to an undisclosed Chinese company, CNN and the New York Times identified the buyer of the Hummer truck unit as China-based Sichuan Tengzhong Heavy Industrial Machinery Company Ltd. Later that day, Sichuan Tengzhong itself announced the deal on their own website. On January 6, 2010, GM CEO Ed Whitacre said he hoped to close the deal with Tengzhong by the end of that month. On February 1,", "title": "Hummer" }, { "id": "195206", "score": "1.887646", "text": "GM bankruptcy in 2009, the brand was retained by GM, in order to investigate its sale. In 2009, a Chinese manufacturer, Sichuan Tengzhong Heavy Industrial Machinery Company, announced that it would acquire Hummer, pending government approvals, but later withdrew its bid. On February 24, 2010, Reuters reported that the Chinese ministry of commerce had prevented the deal, although a ministry spokesperson denied rejecting the application, which had been stalled for eight months. At the end of February, General Motors announced it would begin dismantling the Hummer brand. Although the automaker announced two days later that it had been approached with", "title": "Hummer" }, { "id": "13837223", "score": "1.8784559", "text": "United Auto Workers and Canadian Auto Workers unions with a 17.5% stake, and the unsecured bondholders of General Motors with a 10% stake. \"Old GM\" was renamed Motors Liquidation Company. A creditor meeting, at the New York Hilton, held by the United States Trustee Program, was scheduled for June 3, 2009. On June 1, 2009, GM announced that the Hummer brand would be discontinued. The following day GM announced that it had reached a deal to sell the brand to an undisclosed buyer. Later, on June 2, 2009, the buyer was disclosed to be China-based Sichuan Tengzhong Heavy Industrial Machinery", "title": "Motors Liquidation Company" }, { "id": "12699057", "score": "1.8754171", "text": "to be distributed by the next administration in January and February. In early 2009, the prospect of avoiding bankruptcy by General Motors and Chrysler continued to wane as new financial information about the scale of the 2008 losses came in. Ultimately, poor management and business practices forced Chrysler and General Motors into bankruptcy. Chrysler filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on May 1, 2009 followed by General Motors a month later. On June 2, General Motors announced the sale of the Hummer brand of off-road vehicles to Sichuan Tengzhong Heavy Industrial Machinery Company Ltd., a machinery company in western China,", "title": "Automotive industry crisis of 2008–10" }, { "id": "195216", "score": "1.8483286", "text": "an offshore entity that was recruiting private investors to buy into its acquisition plan. The financial markets posed problems for established borrowers and even more for Tengzhong, a little-known company from western China, at the same time as the potential value of the Hummer brand continued to decline given high fuel prices and weak consumer demand. The company announced it was willing to consider offers for all or part of the assets. American company Raser Technologies along with several others expressed interest in buying the company. However, on April 7, 2010, this attempt failed as well, and General Motors officially", "title": "Hummer" }, { "id": "154678", "score": "1.830664", "text": "is also successfully selling microvans under the Wuling brand (34 percent owned by GM). Much of General Motors' recent growth has been in the People's Republic of China, where its sales rose 66.9 percent in 2009, selling 1,830,000 vehicles and accounting for 13.4 percent of the market. Buick is strong in China, being led by the Buick Excelle subcompact. The last emperor of China owned a Buick. The Cadillac brand was introduced in China in 2004, starting with exports to China. GM pushed the marketing of the Chevrolet brand in China in 2005 as well, transferring Buick Sail to that", "title": "General Motors" }, { "id": "9355280", "score": "1.8155396", "text": "in four factories, especially Buick, but also some Chevrolet and Cadillac models, in a 50/50 joint-venture with SAIC Motor, formerly known as Shanghai General Motors Company Ltd. In November 2018, the company announced new Chevrolet models for the Chinese market, including an extended-wheelbase Malibu XL, a new Chevy SUV concept a new Monza. Beijing Benz Automotive Co., Ltd is a joint venture between BAIC Motor and Daimler AG. As of 22 November 2018, a full two million Mercedes-Benz vehicles had been built in China by this alliance. At about the same time, the company announced the final development of a", "title": "Automotive industry in China" }, { "id": "13401517", "score": "1.8151495", "text": "2010, GM announced that the sale could not be completed with Sichuan Tengzhong and that they would discontinue the brand. They were approached by several other companies interested in purchasing the Hummer brand and began reviewing potential buyers. However, in the end no sale could be finalised and Hummer was declared defunct on May 24, 2010. On June 5, 2009, GM announced that the Saturn brand would be sold to the Penske Automotive Group. GM was to continue to build the Aura, Outlook and Vue for Penske for two years, however, as of September 30, 2009, the deal had fallen", "title": "General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization" }, { "id": "10034724", "score": "1.8148861", "text": "were sold globally under various brands. Current auto brands are Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, Holden and Wuling. Former GM automotive brands include La Salle, McLaughlin, Oakland, Oldsmobile, Opel, Pontiac, Hummer, Saab, Saturn and Vauxhall. In addition to brands selling assembled vehicles, GM also has had various automotive-component and non-automotive brands, many of which it divested in the 1980s through 2000s. These have included Euclid and Terex (earthmoving/construction/mining equipment & vehicles); Electro-Motive Diesel (locomotive, marine, and industrial diesel engines); Detroit Diesel (automotive and industrial diesel engines); Allison (Aircraft engines, transmissions, gas turbine engines); Frigidaire (Appliances including refrigeration and air conditioning); New", "title": "History of General Motors" }, { "id": "154661", "score": "1.805373", "text": "was among the world's largest automakers by vehicle unit sales. General Motors acts in most countries outside the U.S. via wholly owned subsidiaries, but operates in China through 10 joint ventures. GM's OnStar subsidiary provides vehicle safety, security and information services. In 2009, General Motors shed several brands, closing Saturn, Pontiac, and Hummer, and emerged from a government-backed Chapter 11 reorganization. In 2010, the reorganized GM made an initial public offering that was one of the world's top five largest IPOs to date, and returned to profitability later that year. General Motors Company was formed on September 16, 1908, in", "title": "General Motors" }, { "id": "10034776", "score": "1.8023834", "text": "trucks marketed as the Allison 1000 series. During negotiations for the renewal of its industry labor contracts in 2007, the United Auto Workers (UAW) union selected General Motors as the \"lead company\" or \"strike target\" for pattern bargaining. Late in September, sensing an impending impasse in the talks, the union called a strike, the first nationwide walkout since 1970 (individual plants had experienced local labor disruptions in the interim). Within two days, however, a tentative agreement was achieved and the strike ended. On June 28, 2007, GM agreed to sell its Allison Transmission division to private equity firms Carlyle Group", "title": "History of General Motors" }, { "id": "154682", "score": "1.7921907", "text": "Trade Agreement opened up the South Korean auto market to American made cars. GM owns (per December 31, 2011) 77.0% of its joint venture in South Korea, GM Korea. On March 11, 2013, GM opened a new 190,300 square-foot manufacturing plant in Bekasi, Indonesia. In February 2015, GM announced they will close the Bekasi plant by the end of June and stop production of the Sonic in Thailand by mid-year. GM announced on May 18, 2017 that it would exit the Indian market, which it had entered for the second time in 1996. The first time was in 1928, when", "title": "General Motors" }, { "id": "13837224", "score": "1.7874506", "text": "Company Ltd. Sichuan Tengzhong itself confirmed the deal on their website the same day. The proposed transaction was scheduled to close in the third quarter of 2009, subject to customary closing conditions and regulatory approvals; financial terms of the agreement were not disclosed. Chinese regulators refused to allow for the purchase of the brand and GM decided on February 24, 2010, to retire the brand. Despite the failed sale, GM discussed entertaining interest in part of the Hummer brand, subsequently made no effort in that direction, leaving Hummer to close. On June 5, 2009, GM announced that the Saturn brand", "title": "Motors Liquidation Company" } ]

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[ { "id": "1346596", "score": "1.7767897", "text": "using raccoon dog fur. Combs had not known the jackets were made with dog fur, but as soon as he was alerted, he had production stopped. In November 2008, Combs added a men's perfume called \"I Am King\" to the Sean John brand. The fragrance, dedicated to Barack Obama, Muhammad Ali, and Martin Luther King, featured model Bar Refaeli in its advertisements. In early 2016, Sean John introduced the brand's GIRLS collection. Combs is the head of Combs Enterprises, an umbrella company for his portfolio of businesses. In addition to his clothing line, Combs owned two restaurants called Justin's, named", "title": "Sean Combs" }, { "id": "17001314", "score": "1.6908975", "text": "at least he can smell like him\". Homme by David Beckham Homme by David Beckham is a men's eau de toilette fragrance endorsed by English footballer David Beckham. The scent, which was released by Coty, Inc. in September 2011, joined his existing scents David Beckham Instinct (2005) and Intimately Beckham (2006), a his-and-hers collection with his wife Victoria Beckham. The fragrance was launched as part of a new branding venture with business partner Simon Fuller, which also included a men's bodywear line and a number of other projects to capitalize on Beckham's worldwide commercial appeal. It was announced on 19", "title": "Homme by David Beckham" }, { "id": "8530593", "score": "1.6783785", "text": "as a test under the name of Kingsway. By 1959 the company officially introduced the new watchband as the “Twist-O-Flex”. By 1964 the company, now owned by Paul Levinger, had grown significantly both in size and importance to the jewelry industry. Levinger sold the company to Textron, Inc. in May of that year. By 1966 Speidel had expanded its distribution capacity and entered the men’s toiletries market, with the introduction of the men’s fragrance British Sterling. The company aggressively marketed the product with such enduring phrases as, “Make him a legend in his own time,” which helped to create a", "title": "Speidel" }, { "id": "2750434", "score": "1.674541", "text": "thereafter, the Eau de Cologne Fleur du Mâle was released, demonstrating a lighter version of the scent. Another addition is the women's fragrance Ma Dame. On 6 July 2011, the new men's fragrance, Kokorico, was launched at the La Gaîté Lyrique, just after the haute couture F/w 2011–2012 fashion show. From the early 1990s to 2015, all Jean Paul Gaultier perfumes were produced under a long-term license by Paris-based Beauté Prestige International. Jean-Paul Gaultier Jean-Paul Gaultier (; born 24 April 1952) is a French haute couture and prêt-à-porter fashion designer. He was the creative director of Hermès from 2003 to", "title": "Jean-Paul Gaultier" }, { "id": "2750433", "score": "1.6654372", "text": "2012, Le Mâle was the number-one men's fragrance in the European Union based on sales; it also held a strong market position in Australia and the United States. The third fragrance, the women's fragrance Fragile, was introduced in 2000; however, it is now in limited distribution due to poor sales. In 2005, the unisex \"fragrance for humanity\" Gaultier² (pronounced \"Gaultier to the power of two\") was launched (except in Canada, where it was launched in January 2006, and the United States, where it was launched in August 2006). A men's fragrance, Fleur du Mâle was launched in April 2007. Shortly", "title": "Jean-Paul Gaultier" }, { "id": "17001307", "score": "1.6370258", "text": "Homme by David Beckham Homme by David Beckham is a men's eau de toilette fragrance endorsed by English footballer David Beckham. The scent, which was released by Coty, Inc. in September 2011, joined his existing scents David Beckham Instinct (2005) and Intimately Beckham (2006), a his-and-hers collection with his wife Victoria Beckham. The fragrance was launched as part of a new branding venture with business partner Simon Fuller, which also included a men's bodywear line and a number of other projects to capitalize on Beckham's worldwide commercial appeal. It was announced on 19 May 2011 that David Beckham and his", "title": "Homme by David Beckham" }, { "id": "14974412", "score": "1.615241", "text": "with perfumer Jacques Cavallier to launch his first fragrance Kingdom, which was launched on the designer's birthday 17 March. A limited edition version of the fragrance was launched in 2004. The company launched its second fragrance, My Queen three years later in 2006. On 10 October 2003, Alexander McQueen collaborated with Michael Clark to stage the Spring 2004 collection. On 15 October 2003, Alexander McQueen collaborated with Björk at Fashion Rocks where the Fall 2003 collection was presented at the Royal Albert Hall. In 2004, Alexander McQueen collaborated with Safilo via a licensing deal to launch an eyewear range. The", "title": "Alexander McQueen (brand)" }, { "id": "5454380", "score": "1.6147196", "text": "first freestanding store in Toronto's Hazelton Lanes. In 1983, Canada's national news magazine, MacLean's, proclaimed Alfred Sung as Canada's \"King of Fashion.\" In 1986, with the launch of Parfums Alfred Sung, the Sung trademark its profile by becoming a fragrance brand. \"Sung by Alfred Sung\", the first ladies' perfume launched in 1986, was followed by \"Shi Alfred Sung\" in 2001 and \"Alfred Sung Paradise\" in 2003. In 2005 a new signature fragrance, \"Jewel Alfred Sung\" was launched. In 1991, Sung opened a new set of free-standing stores across Canada which housed his premium denim collection for men and women, titled", "title": "Alfred Sung" }, { "id": "10369840", "score": "1.5943799", "text": "King of Shaves The King of Shaves Company, Ltd. is a British toiletries company headquartered in Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire, England. The King of Shaves brand was founded in 1993 by Will King. The company was demerged from Knowledge & Merchandising Inc. Ltd. on 1 June 2009. It is owned by The King of Shaves Holding Company Ltd. Will King founded Knowledge & Merchandising Inc., Ltd. (KMI) the company which owned the King of Shaves brand in 1993. In 2009, The King of Shaves Company Ltd. was demerged from KMI, and the company appointed Atul Sharma as CFO and Chris Outram as", "title": "King of Shaves" }, { "id": "17001313", "score": "1.5856909", "text": "fragrance. In the next scene he is fully dressed in one of his trademark tailored suits. Beckham appeared in a sketch on \"The Ellen DeGeneres Show\" to promote the fragrance. In the sketch he is \"almost unrecognisable\" as he stood in the cosmetics aisle at a Target store, offering passing customers a sample spray of the scent. Homme by David Beckham was included in \"Esquire\"'s list of the best colognes for men in 2011. Digital Spy included the fragrance in their 2012 Christmas gift guide, commenting that: \"The man in your life may not look like Mr Beckham – but", "title": "Homme by David Beckham" }, { "id": "6475856", "score": "1.5826564", "text": "was created. Before creating his own brand in 1974, Giorgio Armani had worked in Paris under Cerruti. In 1978, the house launched its first fragrance with \"Nino Cerruti pour Homme\", followed by numerous other fragrances for both men and women such as \"Fair Play\" in 1985, \"Cerruti 1881 pour Homme\" in 1990, \"Cerruti Image\" in 1998 and \"l'Essence de Cerruti\" in 2008. In the 1980s, Cerruti began producing clothes for films, including \"Bonnie and Clyde\", \"Pretty Woman\", \"Basic Instinct\", and \"American Psycho\". The brand designed clothes for actors such as Michael Douglas, Jack Nicholson, Tom Hanks, Bruce Willis, Sharon Stone,", "title": "Cerruti" }, { "id": "3938347", "score": "1.5779762", "text": "with ID Perfumes to create his debut eponymous scent. The line was launched at the Premiere Fragrance Installation in Los Angeles in February 2013. The fragrance range, consisting of scents for both for men and women, is sold through Macy's department stores in microphone-shaped bottles. Speaking at its launch, Levine said: \"The task was to make something that I would wear. So that was a process and we finally came to a great conclusion and it smells great\" The fragrance garnered media attention for contradicting his tweet the previous year, in which he said that he wanted to \"put an", "title": "Adam Levine" }, { "id": "17001310", "score": "1.5761116", "text": "Beckham world?\". For Homme by David Beckham, Beckham wanted to create a modern, masculine fragrance that reflected his own personal style. Additionally, he designed the scent with Victoria's preferences in mind, as the scent is something that she has to \"put up with\" being on him. He tested the fragrance out on his three sons, stating that: \"That's the good thing about having three boys, they are so honest\". Homme by David Beckham is based on wooden and spicy notes. It includes notes of citrus, ginger, pine and pepper; cashmere wood, leather and rosemary, mahogany wood, patchouli and skin musk.", "title": "Homme by David Beckham" }, { "id": "10369846", "score": "1.5758206", "text": "\"eBay\" athlete and back the Welsh Extreme 40 catamaran. King of Shaves The King of Shaves Company, Ltd. is a British toiletries company headquartered in Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire, England. The King of Shaves brand was founded in 1993 by Will King. The company was demerged from Knowledge & Merchandising Inc. Ltd. on 1 June 2009. It is owned by The King of Shaves Holding Company Ltd. Will King founded Knowledge & Merchandising Inc., Ltd. (KMI) the company which owned the King of Shaves brand in 1993. In 2009, The King of Shaves Company Ltd. was demerged from KMI, and the company", "title": "King of Shaves" }, { "id": "17001308", "score": "1.5728359", "text": "business partner, Simon Fuller, would be launching a men's bodywear line, a men's fragrance (with licensing partner Coty, Inc.), and a number of other projects to capitalize on Beckham's worldwide commercial appeal. The fragrance, entitled Homme by David Beckham, would join existing scents David Beckham Instinct (2005) and Intimately Beckham (2006), a his-and-hers collection with his wife Victoria Beckham. Steve Mormoris, senior vice president of global marketing for Coty Beauty, told \"Women's Wear Daily\" that the fragrance is a strategic launch for Coty that represents \"getting back to the male roots of the brand, enhancing David as an athlete and", "title": "Homme by David Beckham" }, { "id": "20184983", "score": "1.5677255", "text": "by the newly purchased company was the Original Collection, which featured the fragrance pairs ‘1872’, ‘X’, and ‘No.1’. The new millennium brought a re-launch for this collection, along with the release of a new family of perfumes. This was the Private Collection, which consisted of the introduction of the ‘C’ fragrance in 2010, the ‘V’ fragrance in 2012 and the ‘L’ in 2014. The release of the ‘V’ perfume coincided with Christian being awarded an OBE by Queen Elizabeth II in the 2012 New Year Honours List. Later that year, a special bottle was presented to the Queen for her", "title": "Clive Christian Perfume" }, { "id": "12089852", "score": "1.5665389", "text": "Mandom In 1927, Shinpachiro Nishimura founded the Kintsuru Perfume Corporation. After the success from releasing a pomade called the Tancho Stick in 1933, Kintsuru Perfume Corp. began to focus its future efforts in men's care. By 1959, the success of the Tancho Stick led the company to change its name to Tancho Corporation. Tancho's efforts with expanding outside Japan was further boosted in 1970 when the company launched a new line of highly successful men's care products, called Mandom, which took its name from a combination of the words \"human\" and \"Freedom\". An innovative advertising campaign featuring Charles Bronson became", "title": "Mandom" }, { "id": "6721445", "score": "1.5663712", "text": "called \"Overnight Scentsation\" (also known as the “Space Rose”) which was cultivated for experiments in space and left the Earth during a 10-day flight onboard the shuttle Discovery (STS-95) in 1998. Low gravity critically altered the fragrance of the rose, which was later commercialized by IFF and Shisheido. Henry G. Walter, Jr., former IFF Chairman, 1962–1985, was a noted philanthropist and prolific writer, who pioneered the field of aromatherapy. He is considered one of the most influential people in the Industry. It has been speculated that he inspired some of the storylines and characters in the book Masters of Sex", "title": "International Flavors & Fragrances" }, { "id": "13072983", "score": "1.5626351", "text": "co-founding the company in 2003. Gerhard Florin is the current Chairman of Board. He took over from Melvyn Morris when he stepped down in November 2014. The company has around 2000 employees as of 2017. In 2013, it spent $110.5 million on research and development, roughly 6 percent of sales. Prior to founding King, Riccardo Zacconi and Toby Rowland, the only son of famous British businessman Tiny Rowland, had worked together on uDate.com, a dating website created by Melvyn Morris which by 2003 was the second-largest one in the world. Morris opted to sell the site to the leading dating", "title": "King (company)" }, { "id": "20431968", "score": "1.5605283", "text": "first unisex fragrance to gain wide popularity in the US. CK One CK One is a citrus aromatic chypre fragrance developed by Alberto Morillas and Harry Fremont for Calvin Klein. It was launched in 1994 and became a best-seller, selling about $90 million (USD) annually in the mid-1990s. As of 2007, the scent's sales in the United States were still about $30 million annually. Its top notes include pineapple, mandarin orange, papaya, bergamot, cardamom and lemon. Its middle notes include nutmeg, violet, orris root, jasmine, lily-of-the-valley and rose. Its base notes include sandalwood, amber, musk, cedar and oakmoss. CK One", "title": "CK One" } ]

[ "dr harold frederick shipman", "Dr Shipman", "harold shipman", "dr harold shipman", "Dr. Harold Shipman", "dr death harold shipman", "Dr. death (harold shipman)", "Dr Harold Shipman", "Harold Frederick Shipman", "primrose shipman", "Dr. Shipman", "Dr. Harold Frederick SHIPMAN", "Harold shipman", "harold frederick shipman", "Fred Shipman", "Harold Shipman", "doctor shipman", "fred shipman", "Doctor shipman", "dr shipman", "Primrose Shipman" ]

[ { "id": "12293443", "score": "1.8893778", "text": "worldwide attention, when Dr John Bodkin Adams, a general practitioner serving the town's wealthier patients, was arrested for the murder of an elderly widow. Rumours had been circulating since 1935 regarding the frequency of his being named in patients' wills (132 times between 1946 and 1956) and the gifts he was given (including two Rolls Royces). Figures of up to 400 murders were reported in British and foreign newspapers, but after a controversial trial at the Old Bailey which gripped the nation for 17 days in March 1957, Adams was found not guilty. He was struck off for four years", "title": "Eastbourne" }, { "id": "820932", "score": "1.8145058", "text": "police, who were unable to find sufficient evidence to bring charges; the Shipman Inquiry later blamed the police for assigning inexperienced officers to the case. Between 17 April 1998, when the police abandoned the investigation, and Shipman's eventual arrest, he killed three more people. In August 1998, taxi driver John Shaw, from Hyde, contacted the police, informing them that he suspected Shipman of murdering 21 of his patients. His last victim was Kathleen Grundy, who was found dead at her home on 24 June 1998. Shipman was the last person to see her alive; he later signed her death certificate,", "title": "Harold Shipman" }, { "id": "3798434", "score": "1.7718835", "text": "prosecuted for the murder of his patients. He was found guilty on 15 counts and the Shipman Inquiry concluded in 2002 that he had probably murdered a further 200. John Bodkin Adams John Bodkin Adams (21 January 1899 – 4 July 1983) was a British general practitioner, convicted fraudster and suspected serial killer. Between 1946 and 1956, more than 160 of his patients died in suspicious circumstances. Of these, 132 left him money or items in their wills. He was tried and acquitted for the murder of one patient in 1957. Another count of murder was withdrawn by the prosecution", "title": "John Bodkin Adams" }, { "id": "10013299", "score": "1.7541287", "text": "who admitted during her murder trial that she was sexually aroused by death. She would administer a drug mixture to patients she chose as her victims, lie in bed with them and hold them close to her body as they died. Another example is Harold Shipman, an English family doctor, who made it appear that his victims died of natural causes (disease). Between 1975 and 1998, he murdered at least 215 patients; he is suspected of having murdered 250 people. Dr. John Bodkin Adams, meanwhile, though acquitted in 1957 of the murder of one patient, is believed to have killed", "title": "Angel of mercy (criminology)" }, { "id": "820945", "score": "1.7206392", "text": "were murder victims, as he was often the only doctor to certify a death. Smith's estimate of Shipman's total victim count over that 27-year period was 250. The General Medical Council charged six doctors, who signed cremation forms for Shipman's victims, with misconduct, claiming they should have noticed the pattern between Shipman's home visits and his patients' deaths. All these doctors were found not guilty. In October 2005, a similar hearing was held against two doctors who worked at Tameside General Hospital in 1994, who failed to detect that Shipman had deliberately administered a \"grossly excessive\" dose of morphine. The", "title": "Harold Shipman" }, { "id": "2487237", "score": "1.7083683", "text": "as medium) secure units in most of the health regions in England and Wales. Prior to that there had been only the high security hospitals of Broadmoor, Rampton and Ashworth. Graham Young Graham Frederick Young (7 September 1947 – 1 August 1990) was an English serial killer who used poison to kill his victims. He was sent to Broadmoor Hospital in 1962 after poisoning several members of his family. After his release in 1971 he went on to poison 7 more people, two of whom died. Young, who was known as the Teacup Poisoner later the St. Albans Poisoner, was", "title": "Graham Young" }, { "id": "820937", "score": "1.7068908", "text": "to life imprisonment on all 15 counts of murder, with a recommendation that he never be released, to be served concurrently with a sentence of four years for forging Grundy's will. On 11 February 2000, 10 days after his conviction, the General Medical Council formally struck Shipman off its register. Two years later, Home Secretary David Blunkett confirmed the judge's whole life tariff, just months before British government ministers lost their power to set minimum terms for prisoners. While authorities could have brought many additional charges, they concluded that a fair hearing would be impossible in view of the enormous", "title": "Harold Shipman" }, { "id": "11647445", "score": "1.6953013", "text": "drew comparisons with Harold Shipman, Britain's most prolific serial killer who killed more than 250 patients by lethal injections. Detective Chief Superintendent Chris Gregg, who worked on the Shipman case and led the Norris investigation, was convinced that Colin Norris would have gone on to kill considerably more people if he had not been not stopped in his tracks. In 2006 Benjamin Geen, a nurse at a hospital in Banbury, Oxfordshire, was given 17 life sentences for murdering two of his patients and attacking 15 others. He allegedly used a variety of injections which often included insulin, but his case", "title": "Colin Norris" }, { "id": "820936", "score": "1.6946199", "text": "murders of Marie West, Irene Turner, Lizzie Adams, Jean Lilley, Ivy Lomas, Muriel Grimshaw, Marie Quinn, Kathleen Wagstaff, Bianka Pomfret, Norah Nuttall, Pamela Hillier, Maureen Ward, Winifred Mellor, Joan Melia and Kathleen Grundy by lethal injections of diamorphine, all between 1995 and 1998. His legal representatives tried, but failed, to have the Grundy case, where a clear motive was alleged, tried separately from the others, where no motive was apparent. On 31 January 2000, after six days of deliberation, the jury found Shipman guilty of 15 counts of murder and one count of forgery. Mr Justice Forbes subsequently sentenced Shipman", "title": "Harold Shipman" }, { "id": "820933", "score": "1.6885056", "text": "recording \"old age\" as the cause of death. Grundy's daughter, lawyer Angela Woodruff, became concerned when solicitor Brian Burgess informed her that a will had been made, apparently by her mother. There were doubts about its authenticity. The will excluded her and her children, but left £386,000 to Shipman. Burgess told Woodruff to report it, and she went to the police, who began an investigation. Grundy's body was exhumed and when examined, was found to contain traces of diamorphine (heroin), often used for pain control in terminal cancer patients. Shipman claimed that she was an addict and showed them comments", "title": "Harold Shipman" }, { "id": "11647441", "score": "1.6855552", "text": "observation of one of your patients, Bridget Tarpey, who said 'he did not like us old women'.\" Referred to in the British press as the \"Angel of Death\", Norris was convicted of killing his victims by injecting them with high levels of insulin. Jessie McTavish, a nurse convicted and then cleared in 1974 for the murder of an 80-year-old patient with insulin, has been identified as a possible inspiration for Norris. He once attended a lecture on her case while studying at university. On 4 October 2011 new concerns were raised about the safety of Norris' conviction. Retired Professor Vincent", "title": "Colin Norris" }, { "id": "3798357", "score": "1.6844561", "text": "John Bodkin Adams John Bodkin Adams (21 January 1899 – 4 July 1983) was a British general practitioner, convicted fraudster and suspected serial killer. Between 1946 and 1956, more than 160 of his patients died in suspicious circumstances. Of these, 132 left him money or items in their wills. He was tried and acquitted for the murder of one patient in 1957. Another count of murder was withdrawn by the prosecution in what was later described as \"an abuse of process\" by the presiding judge Sir Patrick Devlin, causing questions to be asked in Parliament about the prosecution's handling of", "title": "John Bodkin Adams" }, { "id": "8302997", "score": "1.6818037", "text": "he had \"had no communications with the General Medical Council within the last six months.\" He avoided referring to the BMA directly and therefore avoided lying, though it could be argued, deliberately misled the House. Adams was eventually acquitted of the murder of Edith Alice Morrell but was suspected by Home Office pathologist Francis Camps of killing 163 patients. Hugh Delargy Hugh James Delargy (26 September 1908 – 4 May 1976) was a Labour Party politician and MP. He was born in Prestwich, Lancashire, of Irish parents. Delargy was educated in England, Paris and Rome and worked as a teacher,", "title": "Hugh Delargy" }, { "id": "11647446", "score": "1.6812365", "text": "is also controversial. Colin Norris Colin Campbell Norris (12 February 1976) is a former nurse and serial killer from the Milton area of Glasgow, Scotland who was convicted of murdering four elderly patients in a hospital in Leeds, England, in 2002. He was sentenced in 2008 to serve a minimum of 30 years in prison. Doubts have since been raised about his conviction by, among others, retired Professor Vincent Marks, an expert on insulin poisoning. Norris worked at Leeds General Infirmary and St James's Hospital. Suspicions were raised when Norris predicted the death of one patient, Ethel Halls, saying she", "title": "Colin Norris" }, { "id": "820926", "score": "1.6800246", "text": "Harold Shipman Harold Frederick Shipman (14 January 1946 – 13 January 2004) was an English general practitioner and one of the most prolific serial killers in history. On 31 January 2000, a jury found Shipman guilty of 15 murders of patients under his care. He was sentenced to life imprisonment with the recommendation that he never be released. The Shipman Inquiry, a two-year-long investigation of all deaths certified by Shipman, which was chaired by Dame Janet Smith, examined Shipman's crimes. The inquiry identified 218 victims and estimated his total victim count at 250, about 80% of whom were elderly women.", "title": "Harold Shipman" }, { "id": "820927", "score": "1.671334", "text": "His youngest confirmed victim was a 41-year-old man, although \"significant suspicion\" arose that he had killed patients as young as four. Much of Britain's legal structure concerning health care and medicine was reviewed and modified as a result of Shipman's crimes. He is the only British doctor to have been found guilty of murdering his patients, although other doctors have been acquitted of similar crimes or convicted on lesser charges. Shipman died on 13 January 2004, one day prior to his 58th birthday, by hanging himself in his cell at Wakefield Prison. Harold Frederick Shipman was born on the Bestwood", "title": "Harold Shipman" }, { "id": "820944", "score": "1.6656725", "text": "many more deaths of a suspicious nature could not be definitively ascribed to him. Most of his victims were elderly women in good health. In her sixth and final report, issued on 24 January 2005, Smith reported that she believed that Shipman had killed three patients, and she had serious suspicions about four further deaths, including that of a four-year-old girl, during the early stage of his medical career at Pontefract General Infirmary in Pontefract, West Riding of Yorkshire. In total, 459 people died while under his care between 1971 and 1998, but it is uncertain how many of those", "title": "Harold Shipman" }, { "id": "12186453", "score": "1.6624432", "text": "David Moor David Moor (1947 - 2000) was a British general practitioner who was prosecuted in 1999 for the euthanasia of a patient. He was found not guilty but admitted in a press interview to having helped up to 300 people to die. He was the first doctor in Britain to be tried solely for the mercy killing of a patient. Moor worked as a GP in Stamfordham, Northumberland, but retired just before his trial in 1999. George Liddell was an 85-year-old ex-ambulance driver and a widower, who was suffering from cancer of the bowel. An operation was done to", "title": "David Moor" }, { "id": "5755396", "score": "1.6621931", "text": "26 April 2016, during the second inquest on all 96 victims, a verdict of Unlawful Killing was issued on all 96 victims. In the aftermath of Bland's death, a priest and anti-abortion campaigner, Fr James Morrow, started a legal challenge to have the doctor who withdrew his treatment charged with murder, but this was rejected by the High Court in April 1994. On 28 June 2017, the Crown Prosecution Service announced that David Duckenfield, the police commander, would be charged with manslaughter by gross negligence in relation to the deaths of the other 95 victims, but a charge could not", "title": "Tony Bland" }, { "id": "12493978", "score": "1.6575322", "text": "the time had not been published. Taking both these factors into account, the prosecution decided to offer no evidence. Other British doctors suspected, implicated or convicted of killing or hastening the deaths of patients: Thomas Lodwig Thomas Lodwig was an English doctor, accused of murdering a patient with terminal cancer in 1990. He was acquitted after the prosecution offered no evidence at his trial. Lodwig was senior house officer at Battle Hospital, Reading. A 48-year-old patient with terminal pancreatic cancer, Roy Spratley, had been receiving regular and increasing doses of heroin for pain relief. Morphine was also administered. By 29", "title": "Thomas Lodwig" } ]

[ "Heel (bread)", "bread crust", "🍞", "Scali", "heel bread", "crust of bread", "bread making", "crusty bread", "Crust of bread", "double roti", "batch bread", "crust bread", "Crust (bread)", "round of bread", "Milk Loaf", "Breadmaking", "Raw Toast", "bread round", "Ammunition bread", "soft tack", "Soft-tack", "pão", "Leavened bread", "breadmaking", "milk loaf", "Crust of Bread", "Double roti", "Somun", "Bread crust", "Round of bread", "Bread making", "bread", "round bread", "Bread", "Crusty bread", "Bread Making", "scali", "Loaves", "Breads", "breads", "Round bread", "Bread round", "ammunition bread", "leavened bread", "raw toast", "somun", "Pão", "loaves", "Batch bread" ]

[ { "id": "1692905", "score": "1.6361406", "text": "Bagel A bagel ( '; ), also spelled beigel, is a bread product originating in the Jewish communities of Poland. It is traditionally shaped by hand into the form of a ring from yeasted wheat dough, roughly hand-sized, that is first boiled for a short time in water and then baked. The result is a dense, chewy, doughy interior with a browned and sometimes crisp exterior. Bagels are often topped with seeds baked on the outer crust, with the traditional ones being poppy or sesame seeds. Some may have salt sprinkled on their surface, and there are different dough types,", "title": "Bagel" }, { "id": "20256687", "score": "1.5312743", "text": "Bagel and cream cheese A bagel and cream cheese (also known as bagel \"with\" cream cheese) is a common food pairing in American cuisine, the cuisine of New York City, and American Jewish cuisine, consisting in its basic form of an open-faced sandwich made of a bagel spread with cream cheese. The bagel is typically sliced into two pieces, and can be served as-is or toasted. The basic bagel with cream cheese serves as the base for other sandwiches such as the \"lox and schmear\", a staple of delicatessens in the New York area, and across the U.S. A bagel", "title": "Bagel and cream cheese" }, { "id": "10227561", "score": "1.5255134", "text": "Everything bagel An everything bagel is a popular type of bagel, allegedly invented by David Gussin, that includes a large variety of toppings; the exact ingredients depend on the vendor. The bagel itself is usually made using a standard recipe; but instead of only one topping, it is topped with a mixture of every bagel topping used in the bakery. Poppy seeds, sesame seeds, onion flakes, garlic flakes, pretzel salt, and pepper are all popular toppings that most vendors use on an everything bagel. The everything bagel inspired other bread creations with similar toppings, such as everything bagel chips, everything", "title": "Everything bagel" }, { "id": "1692922", "score": "1.5231128", "text": "chip, maple syrup, banana and nuts) are common at large supermarket chains. These are usually sold sliced and are intended to be prepared in a toaster. A flat bagel, known as a 'flagel', can be found in a few locations in and around New York City, Long Island, and Toronto. According to a review attributed to New York's \"Village Voice\" food critic Robert Seitsema, the flagel was first created by Brooklyn's 'Tasty Bagels' deli in the early 1990s. The New York Style Snacks brand has developed the baked snacks referred to as Bagel Crisps and Bagel Chips, which are marketed", "title": "Bagel" }, { "id": "3951327", "score": "1.5211062", "text": "Montreal-style bagel The Montreal-style bagel or Montreal bagel (sometimes beigel; \"beygl\"; ), is a distinctive variety of handmade and wood-fired baked bagel. In contrast to the New York-style bagel, or the East Coast Style Bagel which also contains sourdough, the Montreal bagel is smaller, thinner, sweeter and denser, with a larger hole, and is always baked in a wood-fired oven. It contains malt, egg, and no salt, and is boiled in honey-sweetened water before being baked. In some Montreal establishments, bagels are still produced by hand and baked in full view of the patrons. There are two predominant varieties: black-seed", "title": "Montreal-style bagel" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bagel\n\nA bagel (; ; also spelled beigel) is a bread roll originating in the Jewish communities of Poland. It is traditionally shaped by hand into a roughly hand-sized ring from yeasted wheat dough that is first boiled for a short time in water and then baked. The result is a dense, chewy, doughy interior with a browned and sometimes crisp exterior. \n\nBagels are often topped with seeds baked on the outer crust—traditional choices include poppy and sesame seeds—or with salt grains. Different dough types include whole-grain and rye. The basic roll-with-a-hole design, hundreds of years old, allows even cooking and baking of the dough; it also allows groups of bagels to be gathered on a string or dowel for handling, transportation, and retail display.\n\nThe earliest known mention of a boiled-then-baked ring-shaped bread can be found in a 13th-century Syrian cookbook, where they are referred to as . Bagels have been widely associated with Ashkenazi Jews since the 17th century; they were first mentioned in 1610 in Jewish community ordinances in Kraków, Poland. Bagel-like bread known as obwarzanek was common earlier in Poland as seen in royal family accounts from 1394.\n\nBagels are now a popular bread product in North America and Poland, especially in cities with a large Jewish population. Bagels are also sold (fresh or frozen, often in many flavors) in supermarkets.", "title": "Bagel" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Everything bagel\n\nAn everything bagel is a type of bagel baked with a mix of toppings. The exact ingredients vary, but recipes may include caraway seeds, garlic flakes, onion flakes, poppy seeds, sesame seeds and salt. The bagels are made with regular dough and the name is independent of additional fillings such as cream cheese.\n\nThe everything bagel inspired other bread creations with similar toppings, such as everything bagel chips, everything croissants, everything rolls, everything roti, everything fusilli, and everything hot dog buns. Even mixed nuts have been flavored with the mixture. It is offered by many bakeries and fast casual restaurants. Its origins are disputed, but it was likely first created sometime between 1973 and 1980.", "title": "Everything bagel" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bagel head\n\nBagel head is a type of body modification pioneered in Canada and practiced in the Japanese underground scene. It is a temporary (6-to 24-hour) swelling distortion of the forehead created by a saline drip and often shaped to resemble a bagel or doughnut. In 2012, after appearing on a National Geographic TV special, this practice became the subject of sensationalism as news outlets worldwide misleadingly declared it a \"Japan trend\".", "title": "Bagel head" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "New York–style bagel" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bialy (bread)\n\nBialy (), a Yiddish word short for \"bialystoker kuchen\" (), from the city of Białystok in Poland, is a traditional bread roll in Polish Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine.", "title": "Bialy (bread)" }, { "id": "15507072", "score": "1.5142978", "text": "Bagel toast Bagel toast () is a sandwich commonly eaten in Israel. It is composed of a pressed, toasted bagel filled with vegetables and cheese and is grilled on a sandwich toaster or panini press. While the bagel is round with a hole in the center, it is unlike the typical American bagel in that it is made from a different dough with sesame seeds. Bagel toast is generally filled with tzfatit, feta, white, or yellow cheese, green olives, corn, tomatoes, onions, dressing, and pizza or chili sauce. Bagel toast is typically found in cafes or coffee houses in Israel", "title": "Bagel toast" }, { "id": "20256693", "score": "1.508372", "text": "the cheese in the middle, Bagel and lox let it toast on the griddle, Bagel and lox with the cheese in the middle, And a slice of onion on the side. </poem> Bagel and cream cheese A bagel and cream cheese (also known as bagel \"with\" cream cheese) is a common food pairing in American cuisine, the cuisine of New York City, and American Jewish cuisine, consisting in its basic form of an open-faced sandwich made of a bagel spread with cream cheese. The bagel is typically sliced into two pieces, and can be served as-is or toasted. The basic", "title": "Bagel and cream cheese" }, { "id": "20345514", "score": "1.5046542", "text": "East Coast Style Bagel The East Coast Style Bagel, (sometimes beigel; Yiddish בײגל beygl), is a distinctive variety of hand stretched honey-boiled baked bagel. Created in 2014 in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, the East Coast-style bagel has qualities that compare to the New York-style bagel and Montreal-style bagel, while also uniquely incorporating sourdough. This sourdough mixture features a unique set of ingredients only found in Halifax, in the form of locally sourced wild yeasts The East Coast-style bagel is not as chewy and fluffy, nor as salty as the New York-style bagel, and is less dense, doughy and sweet than", "title": "East Coast Style Bagel" }, { "id": "1692913", "score": "1.4927039", "text": "a sweetener to the dough, often barley malt (syrup or crystals), honey, high fructose corn syrup, or sugar, with or without eggs, milk or butter. Leavening can be accomplished using a sourdough technique or a commercially produced yeast. Bagels are traditionally made by: This production method gives bagels their distinctive taste, chewy texture, and shiny appearance. In recent years, a variant has emerged, producing what is sometimes called the steam bagel. To make a steam bagel, the boiling is skipped, and the bagels are instead baked in an oven equipped with a steam injection system. In commercial bagel production, the", "title": "Bagel" }, { "id": "1692930", "score": "1.4745965", "text": "with the Ziggy Elman Orchestra made it popular in the US in 1939. Today it belongs to the repertoire of klezmer, jazz and pop musicians. In America, February 9 is often celebrated as National Bagel Day, in which people celebrate the rich history of getting together and eating bagels. Bagel A bagel ( '; ), also spelled beigel, is a bread product originating in the Jewish communities of Poland. It is traditionally shaped by hand into the form of a ring from yeasted wheat dough, roughly hand-sized, that is first boiled for a short time in water and then baked.", "title": "Bagel" }, { "id": "3951333", "score": "1.4745035", "text": "now offers a caraway seed bagel while St. Viateur features an 'all-dressed' variety with onion, garlic, sesame & poppy seeds. Montreal-style bagel The Montreal-style bagel or Montreal bagel (sometimes beigel; \"beygl\"; ), is a distinctive variety of handmade and wood-fired baked bagel. In contrast to the New York-style bagel, or the East Coast Style Bagel which also contains sourdough, the Montreal bagel is smaller, thinner, sweeter and denser, with a larger hole, and is always baked in a wood-fired oven. It contains malt, egg, and no salt, and is boiled in honey-sweetened water before being baked. In some Montreal establishments,", "title": "Montreal-style bagel" }, { "id": "10227562", "score": "1.4706929", "text": "croissants, everything rolls, everything roti, everything fusilli, and everything hot dog buns. It is offered by many bakeries and fast casual restaurants such as Au Bon Pain and Panera. Attardo notes that \"everything\" in this context is not to be interpreted as implying infinite recursion. Novelty bagels at newly opened Everything Bagel in Paramus Everything bagel An everything bagel is a popular type of bagel, allegedly invented by David Gussin, that includes a large variety of toppings; the exact ingredients depend on the vendor. The bagel itself is usually made using a standard recipe; but instead of only one topping,", "title": "Everything bagel" }, { "id": "15507073", "score": "1.4698732", "text": "and is also served as a casual snack in the home. At the famous Abulafia Bakery, in Jaffa, Israel, for example, bagel toast is served with a side of za'atar, a mixture of sumac, sesame seeds, and herbs. Bagel toast Bagel toast () is a sandwich commonly eaten in Israel. It is composed of a pressed, toasted bagel filled with vegetables and cheese and is grilled on a sandwich toaster or panini press. While the bagel is round with a hole in the center, it is unlike the typical American bagel in that it is made from a different dough", "title": "Bagel toast" }, { "id": "1692906", "score": "1.4679456", "text": "such as whole-grain or rye. Though the origins of bagels are somewhat obscure, it is known that they were widely consumed by Ashkenazi Jews from the 17th century. The first known mention of the bagel, in 1610, was in Jewish community ordinances in Kraków, Poland. Bagels are now a popular bread product in North America, especially in cities with a large Jewish population, many with alternative ways of making them. Like other bakery products, bagels are available (fresh or frozen, often in many flavors) in many major supermarkets in those cities. The basic roll-with-a-hole design is hundreds of years old", "title": "Bagel" }, { "id": "20256688", "score": "1.461848", "text": "with cream cheese is common in American cuisine and the cuisine of New York City. In the United States, the bagel and cream cheese is often eaten for breakfast, and with smoked salmon is sometimes served for brunch. In New York City circa 1900, a popular combination consisted of a bagel topped with lox, cream cheese, capers, tomato, and red onion. The combination of a bagel with cream cheese has been promoted to American consumers in the past by American food manufacturers and publishers. In the early 1950s, Kraft Foods launched an \"aggressive advertising campaign\" that depicted Philadelphia-brand cream cheese", "title": "Bagel and cream cheese" }, { "id": "10780495", "score": "1.4608587", "text": "Bagel dog A bagel dog is a food item consisting of a full-size or miniature hot dog wrapped in bagel-style breading before or after cooking. They are similar in concept to a corn dog or pigs in a blanket. Bagel dogs are commonly available for purchase at prepared-food concession stands and frozen in grocery stores in the greater New York City, Chicago, and Cincinnati areas, but are more difficult to find elsewhere. Some bagel dogs are prepared using an actual bagel to wrap around the hot dog, rather than a bagel-like breading. Preparation can include: boiling a hot dog, wrapping", "title": "Bagel dog" }, { "id": "1692909", "score": "1.4553244", "text": "or ring, which itself came from 'bouc' (ring) in Old High German, similar to the Old English \"bēag\" \"ring\" and \"būgan\" \"to bend, bow\". Similarly, another etymology in the Webster's New World College Dictionary says that the Middle High German form was derived from the Austrian German \"beugel\", a kind of croissant, and was similar to the German \"bügel\", a stirrup or ring. In the Brick Lane district and surrounding area of London, England, bagels (locally spelled \"beigels\") have been sold since the middle of the 19th century. They were often displayed in the windows of bakeries on vertical wooden", "title": "Bagel" }, { "id": "20345516", "score": "1.4519265", "text": "entire month of June 2017, as part of CBC's C\"anada's 150\" documentary. A slogan branded by \"East Coast Bakery\" for promoting the East Coast Style Bagel East Coast Style Bagel The East Coast Style Bagel, (sometimes beigel; Yiddish בײגל beygl), is a distinctive variety of hand stretched honey-boiled baked bagel. Created in 2014 in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, the East Coast-style bagel has qualities that compare to the New York-style bagel and Montreal-style bagel, while also uniquely incorporating sourdough. This sourdough mixture features a unique set of ingredients only found in Halifax, in the form of locally sourced wild yeasts", "title": "East Coast Style Bagel" }, { "id": "15525703", "score": "1.4446635", "text": "Bagels and Brownies Bagels & Brownies is a Retail Venture based in New Delhi started by Adnan Vahanvaty, a food fanatic having eminent experience in food industry Bagel is a bread product specially made and shaped by hand into forms of ring with yeasted wheat dough which is first boiled in fresh water and then baked resulting in a dense chewy interior and crispy exterior. Two traditional types of bagels are Montreal-style bagel and New York-style bagel. Bagels & Brownies is a specialised bakery concept with an aim of providing international taste to India palates. Bagels & Brownies is a", "title": "Bagels and Brownies" }, { "id": "1692917", "score": "1.4423722", "text": "oven. It is predominantly of the sesame \"white\" seeds variety (bagels in Toronto are similar to those made in New York in that they are less sweet, generally are coated with poppy seeds and are baked in a standard oven). In contrast to the Montreal Style Bagel, the New York bagel contains salt and malt and is boiled in water before baking in a standard oven. The resulting bagel is puffy with a moist crust. The Montreal bagel is smaller (though with a larger hole), crunchier, and sweeter. There is a local belief that New York bagels are the best", "title": "Bagel" } ]

[ "Charles André Joseph Marie De Gaulle", "charles andre joseph marie de gaulle", "de gaulle", "Charles de gaulle", "degaulle", "charles andré joseph marie de gaulle", "Général De Gaulle", "De Gaulle, Charles Andre Joseph Marie", "Charles de gualle", "army of future", "Général de Gaulle", "general de gaulle", "General De Gaulle", "de gaulle charles andré joseph marie", "de gaulle charles andre joseph marie", "charles degaulle", "Degaulle", "General DeGaulle", "DeGaulle", "Charles Andre Joseph Marie de Gaulle", "Charles de Gaule", "Charles de Gaul", "charles de gaulle", "Charles de Galle", "Charles de Gaulle of France", "general degaulle", "De Gaulle", "De Gaulle, Charles André Joseph Marie", "Charles DeGaulle", "The Army of the Future", "Charles Andre Joseph Marie De Gaulle", "charles de gaule", "charles de galle", "Charles Degaulle", "Charles De Gaulle", "Charles de Gaulle", "General Charles de Gaulle", "charles de gualle", "general charles de gaulle", "charles de gaul", "charles de gaulle of france", "Charles De Gaul", "Charles de Gualle", "General de Gaulle", "général de gaulle" ]

[ { "id": "2435737", "score": "1.7551556", "text": "of the Constitutional Council from 1959 until his death in 1962. A photo of President Coty is a running joke in the 2006 French spy spoof \"\". René Coty Jules Gustave René Coty (; 20 March 188222 November 1962) was President of France from 1954 to 1959. He was the second and last president of the Fourth French Republic. René Coty was born in Le Havre and studied at the University of Caen, where he graduated in 1902, receiving degrees in law and philosophy. He worked as a lawyer in his hometown of Le Havre, specialising in maritime and commercial", "title": "René Coty" }, { "id": "10490587", "score": "1.68824", "text": "a powerful presidency in which a sole executive, the first of which was to be himself, ruled for seven-year periods. Another condition was that he be granted extraordinary powers for a period of six months. De Gaulle's newly formed cabinet was approved by the National Assembly on 1 June 1958, by 329 votes against 224, while he was granted the power to govern by ordinances for a six-month period as well as the task to draft a new Constitution. The May 1958 crisis indicated that the Fourth Republic by 1958 no longer had any support from the French army in", "title": "May 1958 crisis in France" }, { "id": "2435731", "score": "1.6866529", "text": "René Coty Jules Gustave René Coty (; 20 March 188222 November 1962) was President of France from 1954 to 1959. He was the second and last president of the Fourth French Republic. René Coty was born in Le Havre and studied at the University of Caen, where he graduated in 1902, receiving degrees in law and philosophy. He worked as a lawyer in his hometown of Le Havre, specialising in maritime and commercial law. He also became involved in politics, as a member of the Radical Party, and in 1907 was elected as a district councillor. The following year he", "title": "René Coty" }, { "id": "2272744", "score": "1.681571", "text": "Pierre Mendès France Pierre Isaac Isidore Mendès France (; 11 January 1907 – 18 October 1982), known as PMF, was a French politician who served as President of the Council of Ministers (equivalent in the French Fourth Republic to Prime Minister) for eight months from 1954 to 1955. He represented the Radical Party, and his government had the support of the Communist party. His main priority was ending the war in Indochina, which had already cost 92,000 dead, 114,000 wounded and 28,000 captured on the French side. Public opinion polls showed that in February 1954, only 7% of the French", "title": "Pierre Mendès France" }, { "id": "335665", "score": "1.6686661", "text": "of the French Republic in 1962, the officeholder has been directly elected by universal suffrage; he or she was previously elected by an electoral college. After the referendum on the reduction of the mandate of the President of the French Republic, 2000, the length of the term was reduced to five years from the previous seven; the first election to a shorter term was held in 2002. President Jacques Chirac was first elected in 1995 and again in 2002. At that time, there was no limit on the number of terms, so Chirac could have run again, but chose not", "title": "President of France" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of presidents of France\n\nThe president of France is the head of state of France. The first officeholder is considered to be Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, who was elected in 1848 and provoked the 1851 self-coup to later proclaim himself emperor as Napoleon III. His coup, which proved popular as he sought the restoration of universal male suffrage previously abolished by the legislature, granted the newly established Second Empire firm ground.\n\nA republican regime was given way again in 1870 through the Third Republic, after the fall of Napoleon III. A 1962 referendum held under the Fifth Republic at the request of President Charles de Gaulle transferred the election of the president of France from an electoral college to a popular vote. Since then, ten presidential elections have taken place. The 25th and current officeholder has been Emmanuel Macron since 14 May 2017.", "title": "List of presidents of France" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "President of France\n\nThe president of France, officially the president of the French Republic (), is the executive head of state of France, and the commander-in-chief of the French Armed Forces. As the presidency is the supreme magistracy of the country, the position is the highest office in France. The powers, functions and duties of prior presidential offices, in addition to their relation with the prime minister and Government of France, have over time differed with the various constitutional documents since the Second Republic. \n\nThe president of the French Republic is the \"ex officio\" co-prince of Andorra, grand master of the Legion of Honour and of the National Order of Merit. The officeholder is also honorary proto-canon of the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome, although some have rejected the title in the past. \n\nThe incumbent is Emmanuel Macron, who succeeded François Hollande on 14 May 2017, and was inaugurated for a second term on 7 May 2022.", "title": "President of France" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "French Fifth Republic\n\nThe Fifth Republic () is France's current republican system of government. It was established on 4 October 1958 by Charles de Gaulle under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic. The Fifth Republic emerged from the collapse of the Fourth Republic, replacing the former parliamentary republic with a semi-presidential (or dual-executive) system that split powers between a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. De Gaulle, who was the first French president elected under the Fifth Republic in December 1958, believed in a strong head of state, which he described as embodying (\"the spirit of the nation\").\n\nThe Fifth Republic is France's third-longest-lasting political regime, after the hereditary and feudal monarchies of the Ancien Régime (Late Middle Ages – 1792) and the parliamentary Third Republic (1870–1940). The Fifth Republic will overtake the Third Republic as the second-longest-lasting regime and the longest-lasting French republic on 11 August 2028 if it remains in place.", "title": "French Fifth Republic" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Senate (France)\n\nThe Senate (, ) is the upper house of the French Parliament, with the lower house being the National Assembly, the two houses constituting the legislature of France. The French Senate is made up of 348 senators (\"sénateurs\" and \"sénatrices\") elected by part of the country's local councillors (in indirect elections), as well as by representatives of French citizens living abroad. Senators have six-year terms, with half of the seats up for election every three years.\n\nThe Senate enjoys less prominence than the first, or lower house, the National Assembly, which is elected on direct universal ballot and upon the majority of which the Government has to rely: in case of disagreement, the Assembly can in many cases have the last word, although the Senate keeps a role in some key procedures, such as constitutional amendments and most importantly legislation about itself.\n\nBicameralism was first introduced in France in 1795; as in many countries, it assigned the second chamber with the role of moderating the first, although for a long time as an ally of the executive. The present selection mode of the Senate dates back to the start of the Third Republic, when it was turned into what Léon Gambetta famously called a \"grand council of the communes of France\". Over time, it developed a sense of independence as a \"guardian of the institutions\" and \"guardian of liberties\", favoured by the fact that senators are on average older than members of the National Assembly, and join the house in the last part of their career. Debates in the Senate tend to be less tense and generally receive less media coverage.\n\nAs a result of its election relying on what is often summed up as rural mayors, it has had a right-wing majority since 1958, with only a three-year exception in 2011–2014. The left has historically opposed the very existence of a second chamber, while the right defends it, and controversies over the Senate's role are revived from time to time. The common phrase \"a Senator’s pace\" (\"un train de sénateur\") mocks the upper house's perceived slow rhythm and readiness to let new legislation die.\n\nThe president of the Senate is to step in as Acting President of France in case of an incapacitation or a vacancy, which last happened in 1974. The current officeholder is Gérard Larcher. The Senate is housed inside the Luxembourg Palace in the 6th arrondissement of Paris. It is guarded by Republican Guards. In front of the building lies the Senate's garden, the Jardin du Luxembourg, open to the public.", "title": "Senate (France)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Charles de Gaulle" }, { "id": "1858394", "score": "1.6506059", "text": "Georges Pompidou Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou (; 5 July 19112 April 1974) was Prime Minister of France from 1962 to 1968—the longest tenure in the position's history—and later President of the French Republic from 1969 until his death in 1974. He had long been a top aide to president Charles de Gaulle. As president, he was a moderate conservative who repaired France's relationship with the United States and maintained positive relations with the newly independent former colonies in Africa. He strengthened his political party, the Union of Democrats for the Republic (\"Union des Democrates pour la Ve République\" or UDR),", "title": "Georges Pompidou" }, { "id": "335666", "score": "1.6495683", "text": "to. He was succeeded by Nicolas Sarkozy on 16 May 2007. Following a further change, the constitutional law on the modernisation of the institutions of the Fifth Republic, 2008, a President cannot serve more than two consecutive terms. François Mitterrand and Jacques Chirac are the only Presidents to date who have served a full two terms (14 years for the former, 12 years for the latter). In order to be admitted as an official candidate, potential candidates must receive signed nominations (informally known as \"parrainages\", for \"sponsors\") from more than 500 elected officials, mostly mayors. These officials must be from", "title": "President of France" }, { "id": "493082", "score": "1.6386685", "text": "François Mitterrand François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand (26 October 1916 – 8 January 1996) was a French statesman who served as President of France from 1981 to 1995, the longest time in office in French history. As First Secretary of the Socialist Party, he was the first left-winger to be elected President of France under the Fifth Republic. Reflecting family influences, Mitterrand started political life on the Catholic nationalist right. He served under the Vichy Regime during its earlier years. Subsequently he joined the Resistance, moved to the left, and held ministerial office several times under the Fourth Republic. He", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "id": "8866578", "score": "1.63846", "text": "was elected President of France by an electoral college. His Justice Minister Michel Debré became Prime Minister. The pro-Fifth Republic center-left parties (SFIO and Radical Party) left the presidential majority. This established the first gaullist centre-right government. 1958 French legislative election The French legislative elections took place on 23 and 30 November 1958 to elect the first National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic. Since 1954, the French Fourth Republic had been mired in the Algerian War. In May 1958, Pierre Pflimlin, a Christian-Democrat, became Prime Minister. He was known to be in favour of a negotiated settlement with the", "title": "1958 French legislative election" }, { "id": "839846", "score": "1.6174884", "text": "/ Reelected in 1962, but he stays minister / 1967–1969 (Became minister in 1969) / Reelected in 1973, but he stays minister / 1984–1989 (Became member of European Parliament in 1989) / 1993–2002. Elected in 1956, re-elected in 1958, 1962, 1967, 1968, 1973. Regional Council President of the Regional Council of Auvergne (region): 1986–2004. Reelected in 1992, 1998. Regional councillor of Auvergne (region): 1986–2004. Reelected in 1992, 1998. General Council General councillor of Puy-de-Dôme: 1958–1974 (Resignation, became President of the French Republic in 1974) / 1982–1988 (Resignation). Reelected in 1964, 1970, 1982. Municipal Council Mayor of Chamalières: 1967–1974 (Resignation, Became", "title": "Valéry Giscard d'Estaing" }, { "id": "493189", "score": "1.6137843", "text": "New Zealand (TVNZ) also sought access to the court video recording hearing where two French agents pleaded guilty, which they . President of the French Republic: 1981–1995. Reelected in 1988. Governmental functions Elected positions National Assembly of France Member of the National Assembly of France for Nièvre: 1946–1958 / 1962–1981 (resignation, became President of the French Republic in 1981). Elected in 1946, reelected in 1951, 1956, 1962, 1967, 1968, 1973, 1978. Senate of France Senator of Nièvre: 1959–1962 (resignation, reelected member of the National Assembly of France in 1962). Elected in 1959. General Council President of the General Council of", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "id": "7435804", "score": "1.6125646", "text": "in 10 years) and was a member of the Christian-Democratic Popular Republican Movement (MRP). From 1951 to 1955, he was MRP deputy from the Seine-Inférieure region. He became senator from Seine-Maritime in 1959 and was president of the MRP from 1963 to 1965. In 1965, he ran in the presidential election as a center-right candidate. He was supported by Paul Reynaud. He advocated modernity and European integration and declared to represent a third way between Gaullism on the one hand and the Socialist and Communist Left on the other hand. His \"modern-style\" campaign and dashing smile had some journalists nickname", "title": "Jean Lecanuet" }, { "id": "6528827", "score": "1.612397", "text": "margin of only 424 599 votes. He nominated Chirac as Prime Minister. 1974 French presidential election Presidential elections were held in :France in 1974, following the death of President Georges Pompidou. They went to a second round, and were won by Valéry Giscard d'Estaing by a margin of 1.6%. It is to date the closest presidential election in French history. In 1969, Georges Pompidou, formerly Prime Minister under the presidency of Charles de Gaulle, was elected President of France for a seven-year term. However, he died in office on 2 April 1974, and the French voters were called to elect", "title": "1974 French presidential election" }, { "id": "2949838", "score": "1.6088128", "text": "for the French Fourth Republic, his term of office lasted only a few months. Gaillard was defeated in a vote of no confidence by the French National Assembly, in March 1958, after the bombing of Sakiet-Sidi-Youssef, a Tunisian village. President of the Radical Party from 1958 to 1961, he advocated an alliance of the center-left and the center-right parties. He represented a generation of young politicians whose careers were blighted by the advent of the Fifth Republic. Gaillard's end was tragic. In July 1970 he perished in a yachting accident. Félix Gaillard Félix Gaillard d'Aimé (; 1919–1970) was a French", "title": "Félix Gaillard" }, { "id": "1517489", "score": "1.6084421", "text": "New Zealand, the survivors being stranded for sixty days before being rescued. Félix Faure Félix François Faure (30 January 1841 – 16 February 1899) was President of France from 1895 until his death in 1899. Félix François Faure was born in Paris, the son of the small furniture maker Jean-Marie Faure (1809–1889) and his first wife Rose Cuissard (1819–1852). Having started as a tanner and merchant at Le Havre, he acquired considerable wealth, was elected to the National Assembly on 21 August 1881, and took his seat as a member of the Left, interesting himself chiefly in matters concerning economics,", "title": "Félix Faure" }, { "id": "16198944", "score": "1.6080477", "text": "1959 French Senate election The first senatorial elections of the Fifth Republic were held in France on April 26, 1959. The Senate was created by constitution of the Fifth Republic to replace Council of the Republic. This election depend largely of the results of 1959 municipal elections. On April 28, 1959, Gaston Monnerville a senator from Guyane was elected president of the Senate. Monnerville has been the highest-ranking black politician in French history, and if he was a candidate for reelection in 1968, he could have become the first black president of France the next year when President Pompidou dies.", "title": "1959 French Senate election" }, { "id": "16198943", "score": "1.6080477", "text": "1959 French Senate election The first senatorial elections of the Fifth Republic were held in France on April 26, 1959. The Senate was created by constitution of the Fifth Republic to replace Council of the Republic. This election depend largely of the results of 1959 municipal elections. On April 28, 1959, Gaston Monnerville a senator from Guyane was elected president of the Senate. Monnerville has been the highest-ranking black politician in French history, and if he was a candidate for reelection in 1968, he could have become the first black president of France the next year when President Pompidou dies.", "title": "1959 French Senate election" }, { "id": "617499", "score": "1.6080074", "text": "1965, de Gaulle returned as president for a second seven-year term. In the first round he did not win the expected majority, only receiving 45% of the vote. Both of his main rivals did better than expected; the leftist François Mitterrand received 32% and Jean Lecanuet, who advocated for what \"Life\" described as \"Gaullism without de Gaulle\", received 16%. He won a majority in the second round, with Mitterrand receiving 45%. In September 1966, in a famous speech in Phnom Penh in Cambodia, he expressed France's disapproval of the US involvement in the Vietnam War, calling for a US withdrawal", "title": "Charles de Gaulle" }, { "id": "1829697", "score": "1.6070868", "text": "President, under the proposed constitution, would have executive powers to run the country in consultation with a prime minister whom he would appoint. On 1 June 1958, Charles de Gaulle was appointed head of the government; on 3 June 1958, a constitutional law empowered the new government to draft a new constitution of France, and another law granted Charles de Gaulle and his cabinet the power to rule by decree for up to six months, except on certain matters related to the basic rights of citizens (criminal law, etc.). These plans were approved by more than 80% of those who", "title": "French Fifth Republic" }, { "id": "6533894", "score": "1.6054593", "text": "a coalition of non-communist leftist groups. On 15 December 1958, de Gaulle swept the election, taking approximately 77% of the vote. Marrane received 13%, just a few percentage points above Châtelet. Georges Marrane Georges Marrane (20 January 1888, Louviers, Eure – 27 August 1976) was a French politician. He was the candidate of the French Communist Party for the presidential election of 1958. Marrane became the first Communist mayor of the northern city of Ivry in 1925. He remained in this elected position for forty years, except for the occupied period during World War II, until his retirement from politics", "title": "Georges Marrane" } ]

[ "Gordon Bennett Cup", "gordon bennett cup", "Gordon Bennett Cup (disambiguation)", "Gordon Bennett Trophy", "gordon bennett cup disambiguation", "gordon bennett trophy" ]

[ { "id": "3388412", "score": "2.0899718", "text": "into East German airspace. Anderson and Ida were participating in the \"Coupe Charles et Robert\" (named for Jacques Charles and the Robert brothers, inventors of the gas balloon) which was run in parallel with the Gordon Bennett Cup. Following their deaths, the \"Coupe Charles et Robert\" was never run again. On September 12, 1995, three gas balloons participating in the race entered Belarusian air space. Despite the fact that competition organizers had informed the Belarusian Government about the race in May and that flight plans had been filed, a Mil Mi-24B attack helicopter of the Belarusian Air Force shot down", "title": "Gordon Bennett Cup (ballooning)" }, { "id": "12072403", "score": "2.06973", "text": "race in May and that flight plans had been filed, a Mil Mi-24B attack helicopter of the Belarusian Air Force shot down one balloon, killing two American citizens, Alan Fraenckel and John Stuart-Jervis. Another of the balloons was forced to land while the third landed safely over two hours after the initial downing. The crews of the two balloons were fined for entering Belarus without a visa and released. Belarus has neither apologized nor offered compensation for the deaths. On 11 August 2007, a hot air balloon burned & crashed in British Columbia when a fuel line became dislodged from", "title": "History of ballooning" }, { "id": "3388413", "score": "2.012581", "text": "one balloon, killing two American citizens, Alan Fraenckel and John Stuart-Jervis. Another of the balloons was forced to land while the third landed safely over two hours after the initial downing. The crews of the two balloons were fined for entering Belarus without a visa and released. Belarus has neither apologized nor offered compensation for the deaths. On September 29, 2010, the 2004 trophy-winning American team of Richard Abruzzo and Carol Rymer Davis went missing in thunderstorms over the Adriatic Sea. On September 30, the USA retrieval crew suggested that the balloon may have ditched in the sea or have", "title": "Gordon Bennett Cup (ballooning)" }, { "id": "12072402", "score": "1.7913816", "text": "modern times was made in France at Chantilly Castle in 1994 by Aérophile SA. November 1975 Pilot Terry McCormack and passenger Tony Hayes were killed near Wagga Wagga, NSW as the balloon 'The New Endeavour' was struck by a whirlwind causing the envelope to collapse. On 13 August 1989, two hot air balloons collided near Alice Springs, Northern Territory in Australia. One balloon crashed to the ground killing 13 people. On 12 September 1995, three gas balloons participating in the Gordon Bennett Cup entered Belarusian air space. Despite the fact that competition organizers had informed the Belarusian Government about the", "title": "History of ballooning" }, { "id": "16767684", "score": "1.7632687", "text": "in a plane crash in the same year. Three weeks after their death, Tadeusz Karpiński flies 14,000 kilometers in a Lublin R-X plane from Warsaw to Palestine, through Syria, Persia, Afghanistan and Iraq. In 1934, Joe and Ben Adamowicz flew over the Atlantic. In the 1930s, ballooning was very popular in Poland, with such personalities as pilot Franciszek Hynek and navigator Zbigniew Burzyński, both of whom twice won the Gordon Bennett Cup. Wańkowicz recalls the 1935 Cup, which took place in Warsaw. Burzyński, together with Colonel Władysław Wysocki, flew far into Soviet territory, and were attacked by the Soviet Air", "title": "Sztafeta" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Gordon Bennett Cup (ballooning)\n\nThe Gordon Bennett Cup (or ) is the world's oldest gas balloon race, and is \"regarded as the premier event of world balloon racing\" according to the \"Los Angeles Times\". The event was sponsored by James Gordon Bennett Jr., the millionaire sportsman and owner of the \"New York Herald\" newspaper. According to the organizers, the aim of the contest \"is simple: to fly the furthest distance from the launch site.\" The competition was not officially reinstated by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) until 1983.\n\nThe record time for the winner of the event is held by Germans Wilhelm Eimers and Bernd Landsmann who remained airborne for over 92 hours in the 1995 race, taking off from Switzerland and landing four days later in Latvia. The distance record is held by the Belgian duo of Bob Berben and Benoît Siméons who, in 2005, piloted their balloon from Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States, to Squatec, Quebec, Canada.<ref name=winning/> The most successful pilots are French Vincent Leys who won the trophy nine times between 1997 and 2017 (six times as the main pilot, three times as the co-pilot) and Austrian (won seven times as the main pilot). American teams have won on the most occasions, with twelve victories.\n\nThe 2010 competition started in the United Kingdom, with the balloons departing from Bristol on September 25. The race was marred by the loss of the American team during a storm over the Adriatic Sea on October 1. The balloon was missing until December 6, when a fishing vessel found the cabin containing the pilots' bodies off the coast of Italy. The 2013 event, departing from France and landing in Portugal, was again won by the French in \"F-PPGB\".<ref name=\"2013results\" />", "title": "Gordon Bennett Cup (ballooning)" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "History of ballooning\n\nThe history of ballooning, both with hot air and gas, spans many centuries. It includes many firsts, including the first human flight, first flight across the English Channel, first flight in North America, and first aircraft related disaster.", "title": "History of ballooning" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/September" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of ballooning accidents\n\nThis is a list of ballooning accidents by date. It shows the number of fatalities associated with various accidents that involved manned balloons, such as Montgolfiere hot-air balloons, Charliere gas balloons, or de-Roziere gas and hot-air hybrid balloons. This list does not include non-fatal accidents, or accidents involving other types of aerostat/lighter-than-air aircraft (i.e. dirigibles, blimps, zeppelins, airships, etc.).\n\n", "title": "List of ballooning accidents" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of unusual deaths\n\nThis list of unusual deaths includes unique or extremely rare circumstances of death recorded throughout history, noted as being unusual by multiple sources. ", "title": "List of unusual deaths" }, { "id": "5598119", "score": "1.7476385", "text": "when his training aircraft (a Sukhoi Su-27p) caught fire. Though he was given the order to eject, the plane was heading directly for a populated area. Keeping that in mind, Karvat steered the plane until it crashed 1 km away from the area of Hacišča, killing him. President Alexander Lukashenko issued Decree Number 484 that day, awarding Karvat with the title Hero of Belarus. The decree stated: \"For heroism while in the performance of military duty, we award Lieutenant Colonel Karvat, Uładzimir Mikałajevič the title \"Hero of Belarus\" (posthumous). Uladzimir Karvat Uladzimir Mikalayevich Karvat (, , November 28, 1959, Brest,", "title": "Uladzimir Karvat" }, { "id": "14440592", "score": "1.7275045", "text": "1992 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown On January 28, 1992, the Azerbaijani transport helicopter Mil Mi-8 was reportedly shot down by a heat-seeking missile near the town of Shusha. The 1993 report by U.S. Federal Aviation Administration on aviation security called it the \"most significant incident\" involving civil aviation aircraft in Central Eurasia. Serious air warfare during the Nagorno-Karabakh War broke out in January 1992. The Azeri aircraft became facile targets for Armenian armed forces. On January 9, the Armenians claimed the first downed Azeri helicopter and more claims followed on January 24, 28 and 31 – all of them over", "title": "1992 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown" }, { "id": "9558362", "score": "1.7237186", "text": "a MiG-29 aircraft crashed. On 29 November 2011, a Mi-24 helicopter crashed in a small forest near the village of Novye Zasimovichi. The crew of three people was killed on impact. According to eyewitnesses, \"thick fog fell the previous evening.\" On 12 June 2012, a Su-25 aircraft crashed near a small village in Belarus. The pilot, Lieutenant Colonel Nikolai Gridnyov, lost control of the aircraft when maneuvering at low-altitude. On 11 November 2014, a MiG-29 aircraft crashed. On 23 February 2017, a MiG-29 aircraft crashed. Engine fire during takeoff, Pilot ejected safely at Bobruisk, Mogilev Region After the Collapse of", "title": "Belarusian Air Force" }, { "id": "9558361", "score": "1.7066607", "text": "(116th Guards Assault Air Base), Pruzhany (181st Combat Helicopter Base) and Machulishi (50th Mixed Air Base), now December 2011. The Air Force is responsible for all military aviation, as the Army maintains no aircraft of its own. The Belarusian Air Force maintains close links with the Russian Air Force. On 30 August 2009, a Su-27 UBM aircraft crashed on the second day of the Air Show 2009 in Radom killing both pilots. On 21 April 2010, two MiG-29 aircraft were performing an exercise when they both collided. One managed to land safely, while the other crashed. On 23 September 2010,", "title": "Belarusian Air Force" }, { "id": "2059430", "score": "1.6999383", "text": "1960 U-2 incident On 1 May 1960, a United States U-2 spy plane was shot down by the Soviet Air Defence Forces while performing photographic aerial reconnaissance deep into Soviet territory. The single-seat aircraft, flown by pilot Francis Gary Powers, was hit by an S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline) surface-to-air missile and crashed near Sverdlovsk (today's Yekaterinburg). Powers parachuted safely and was captured. Initially, the US authorities acknowledged the incident as the loss of a civilian weather research aircraft operated by NASA, but were forced to admit the mission's true purpose when a few days later the Soviet government produced the", "title": "1960 U-2 incident" }, { "id": "4579298", "score": "1.6832678", "text": "place on April 8, 1950, when four Soviet pilots shot down a United States Navy Consolidated PB4Y-2 Privateer over the Baltic Sea, with all 10 of the Privateer's crew lost. Later the same year, two La-11 pilots shot down a USN Lockheed P2V Neptune over the Sea of Japan near Vladivostok; one USN crew member was killed. From February 1950, the Soviet 106th Fighter Aviation Division moved to Shanghai to defend it against bombing by the ROCAF. The division included the 351st Fighter Regiment, equipped with the La-11. On March 7, the regiment claimed a North American B-25 Mitchell bomber,", "title": "Lavochkin La-11" }, { "id": "4916443", "score": "1.6790323", "text": "pay more for stationing forces in the Central Asian nation. He later withdrew this threat. On 6 September 2006, U.S. Air Force officer Maj. Jill Metzger went missing after being separated from her group while visiting a shopping center in Bishkek. She was found three days later in the nearby city of Kant. Metzger claimed to have escaped from kidnappers, though U.S. officials noted \"serious inconsistencies\" in her account. The Air Force confirmed in February 2012 that Metzger had indeed been kidnapped as she had claimed. On 6 December 2006, U.S. serviceman Zachary Hatfield fatally shot Alexander Ivanov, a Kyrgyz", "title": "Transit Center at Manas" }, { "id": "4426332", "score": "1.6781094", "text": "Pale by an Igla fired by air defence units of the Army of Republika Srpska. The pilots, Lt. Jose-Manuel Souvignet (pilot) and Capt. Frederic Chiffot (back-seater), were captured and freed in December 1995. The 2002 Khankala Mi-26 crash occurred on 19 August 2002 when a team of Chechen separatists brought down a Russian Mil Mi-26 helicopter in a minefield with an Igla; this resulted in the death of 127 Russian soldiers in the greatest loss of life in the history of helicopter aviation. It was also the most deadly aviation disaster ever suffered by the Russian armed forces, as well", "title": "9K38 Igla" }, { "id": "18482348", "score": "1.67728", "text": "by Cristina Khuly, niece of downed pilot Armando Alejandre Jr. 1996 shootdown of Brothers to the Rescue aircraft The 1996 shootdown of Brothers to the Rescue aircraft took place on 24 February 1996, when a Cuban Air Force Mikoyan MiG-29UB shot down two Cessna Skymaster aircraft operated by Brothers to the Rescue. The aircraft had been flying in international waters, as was later shown by Madeleine Albright at the United Nations. Killed in the incident were Cessna pilots Carlos Costa, Armando Alejandre, Jr., Mario de la Peña, and Pablo Morales. On 24 February 1996, two of the Brothers to the", "title": "1996 shootdown of Brothers to the Rescue aircraft" }, { "id": "3388404", "score": "1.6759278", "text": "later in Latvia. The distance record is held by the Belgian duo of Bob Berben and Benoît Siméons who, in 2005, piloted their balloon from Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States, to Squatec, Quebec, Canada. The most successful pilot is French Vincent Leys who won the trophy nine times between 1997 and 2017, while American teams have won on the most occasions, with twelve victories. The 2010 competition started in the United Kingdom, with the balloons departing from Bristol on September 25. The race was marred by the disappearance of the American team during a storm over the Adriatic Sea on", "title": "Gordon Bennett Cup (ballooning)" }, { "id": "14742303", "score": "1.6740543", "text": "and Marius Ambrogi downed one of the lethal gasbags over Geline on that date. A week later, Macé torched two more of the airborne observation platforms in the same vicinity. Jean Andre Pezon aided him on 10 October; this was another win over Geline. The 18th saw victories near Ommeray and Avricourt, with Ambrogi and another French sergeant pilot helping. The 22nd saw two more wins in the vicinity of Geline. On the 28th, Macé shot down a Hannover CL for his final victory. He ended his war a balloon buster ace, with eight to his credit, as well four", "title": "Charles J. V. Macé" }, { "id": "3510960", "score": "1.6714392", "text": "Eshera on 4 July 1993 by SA-14, and several other aircraft on both sides may have been shot down by SA-14s. A British BAE Sea Harrier of 801 Naval Air Squadron, operating from aircraft carrier HMS \"Ark Royal\", was shot down during its attack on two Serbian T-55 tanks in Bosnia. The pilot, Lieutenant Nick Richardson, ejected and landed in territory controlled by friendly Bosniaks (16 April 1994). A Zimbabwe Air Force Il-76 was shot down by Congolese rebels using an SA-14 on 11 October 1998 during the Second Congo War, resulting in the death of 40 troops and crew.", "title": "9K34 Strela-3" }, { "id": "21012092", "score": "1.6708144", "text": "in Belarus and is the issuer of FAI sporting licences in Belarus. It represents Belarusian interests in aviation at the FAI’s Annual General Conference. The Вelarusian Federation of Air Sports organized the 2018 World Helicopter Championship held from 23 to 29 July 2018 near Minsk, Belarus. The BFAS also organized the first Belarusian round-the-world flight from 18 August to 15 September 2018. Belarusian Federation of Air Sports The Вelarusian Federation of Air Sports (BFAS; ) is a non-profit organization and a member of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). As of 14 May 2018 BFAS has 265 individual members. The Вelarusian", "title": "Belarusian Federation of Air Sports" }, { "id": "4554287", "score": "1.6682346", "text": "Hungary (2 people: border guard Captain Aurél Dylski and 1st Lt Csaba Cziboly), Indonesia, the Philippines, Poland, and the United States were killed on 7 April 1973 when an ICCS helicopter operated by Air America was shot down by a People's Army of Vietnam SA-7 missile near Route 9 in Quảng Trị Province. This was the only Canadian fatality during its time with the ICCS. On 29 May 1973 the Canadians announced that they were withdrawing from the ICCS because they had come to supervise a ceasefire but instead were observing a war. After Canada's departure from the Commission, it", "title": "International Commission of Control and Supervision" }, { "id": "5123461", "score": "1.6679442", "text": "the Brest Voblast settlements of Arabawshchyna and Vyalikaye Hatsishcha, killing him instantly. President Alexander Lukashenko issued Decree Number 484 on November 21, 1996, which posthumously awarded Karvat the title Hero of Belarus. The crash site has been converted to a memorial for Karvat, where a copy of Lukashenko's decree is on the tail fin of the Sukhoi Su-27p. Pavel Mariev was awarded the title for his work in the automobile industry as manager of Belarusian Auto Works, a leading producer of Belarusian automobiles. Vital Kramko and Mikhail Karchmit were awarded for their work in the agriculture industry. Kramko is the", "title": "Hero of Belarus" } ]

[ "5-string banjo", "five string banjo", "5 string banjo", "banjo string", "Electric banjo", "Tenor Banjo", "Classic banjo", "classic banjo", "Tenor banjo", "fingerpicking banjo", "tenor banjo", "Banjos", "Banjo", "electric banjo", "Open back banjo", "banjo", "Banjer", "Five-string banjo", "banjos", "Stealth Banjo", "banjer", "open back banjo", "stealth banjo", "Fingerpicking banjo", "Banjo string" ]

[ { "id": "5166487", "score": "1.5614054", "text": "tar (long-necked lute) and the other, the kamancheh (bowed spike fiddle). The jingles which are thin metal plates or rings, are attached to hooks in three or four rectangular holes in the circular wooden frame. The drumhead is made of goat skin. The width of the frame is 45–50 cm (18–20 in.) and the depth, 5–7 cm (2–3 in.). In order to bend the frame, the wood (\"buka\", \"orev\") may be softened in water before being bent around a hot metal cylinder. The frame is closed by gluing the ends together. Finally, the skin is attached to the frame by", "title": "Dayereh" }, { "id": "2695219", "score": "1.5166274", "text": "bout. These take various shapes, with traditional favorites being a heart, or the traditional \"f-hole\" of the violin, but makers frequently personalize their instruments with their own unique soundhole shapes. The overall shape of the instrument has taken many forms, but the most popular are the \"hourglass\" (or \"figure 8\"), the \"ellipse\", the \"teardrop\", and a long narrow \"trapezoid\" or rectangle. At one end of the neck is the \"headstock\", which contains the tuners. Headstocks most commonly have either a \"scroll\" shape (similar to the headstock of orchestral string instruments such as the violin), or a shape similar to that", "title": "Appalachian dulcimer" }, { "id": "10256344", "score": "1.5027266", "text": "unornamented opening (mostly in historical specimens), giving the instrument its peculiar sonority. The neck (\"Sap\") is a mince (only 4-4.5 cm in diameter) 100–110 cm long D-section fingerboard made of light wood and carries catgut frets adjusted to give 36 intervals in an octave. Catgut frets are fixed on the neck by means of minute nails. The main bridge is trapezoidal and mobile, and since the shell lacks braces to support the soundboard, the latter slightly yields in under the bridge. The smaller upper bridge between the pegbox and the neck is traditionally made of bone. The plectrum is made", "title": "Turkish tambur" }, { "id": "6842348", "score": "1.4952793", "text": "mounted on the end of the sintir's neck. The feather and rings vibrate in rhythm with the sintir. The body of the instrument is hollowed out from a single piece of wood, and covered with camel skin. The long neck passes through the top of the body and runs under the face, coming out through the skin near the base of the instrument, to serve as a tailpiece or string-carrier. The sliding leather tuning rings and the rattle-like metal sound modifier are commonly found in such West African instruments as the kora and the xalam (lute). The percussive playing style", "title": "Sintir" }, { "id": "16524010", "score": "1.4891421", "text": "single piece of wood (fir or cedar) around 100 cm long. One end is pointed and the other is forked into two arms which carry a crossbar to hold the tuning mechanism. The soundboard is around 0.5 cm in thickness and covers the whole of the body except the forked end. A bridge is fitted, towards the pointed end of the body. A soundpost is fitted inside the instrument, between the back of the body and the soundboard, to provide support at the position of the bridge. There are typically five strings of tendon or gut. Wood or bone tuning", "title": "Nares-jux" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Banjo\n\nThe banjo is a stringed instrument with a thin membrane stretched over a frame or cavity to form a resonator. The membrane is typically circular, and usually made of plastic, or occasionally animal skin. Early forms of the instrument were fashioned by African Americans in the United States. The banjo is frequently associated with folk, bluegrass and country music, and has also been used in some rock, pop and hip-hop. Several rock bands, such as the Eagles, Led Zeppelin, and the Grateful Dead, have used the five-string banjo in some of their songs. Historically, the banjo occupied a central place in Black American traditional music and the folk culture of rural whites before entering the mainstream via the minstrel shows of the 19th century.<ref>\n\"Old-time (oldtimey) Music What is it?.\" TML, A Traditional Music Library. Retrieved 02-08-2007.</ref> Along with the fiddle, the banjo is a mainstay of American styles of music, such as bluegrass and old-time music. It is also very frequently used in Dixieland jazz, as well as in Caribbean genres like biguine, calypso and mento.", "title": "Banjo" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "African harp\n\nAfrican Harps, particularly arched or \"bow\" harps, are found in several Sub-Saharan African music traditions, particularly in the north-east. Used from early times in Africa, they resemble the form of harps in ancient Egypt with a vaulted body of wood, parchment faced, and a neck, perpendicular to the resonant face, on which the strings are wound.", "title": "African harp" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Dhol\n\nDhol (IPA: ) can refer to any one of a number of similar types of double-headed drum widely used, with regional variations, throughout the Indian subcontinent. Its range of distribution in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan primarily includes northern areas such as the Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Kashmir, Sindh, Assam Valley, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Konkan, Goa, Karnataka, Rajasthan, Bihar, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh. The range stretches westward as far as eastern Afghanistan. A related instrument is the dholak or dholki.\n\nSomeone who plays the dhol is known as \"dholi\".", "title": "Dhol" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Winchester Cathedral\n\nThe Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity, Saint Peter, Saint Paul and Saint Swithun, commonly known as Winchester Cathedral, is the cathedral of the city of Winchester, England, and is among the largest of its kind in Northern Europe. The cathedral is the seat of the Bishop of Winchester and is the mother church for the ancient Diocese of Winchester. It is run by a dean and chapter, under the Dean of Winchester.\n\nThe cathedral as it stands today was built from 1079 to 1532 and is dedicated to numerous saints, most notably Swithun of Winchester. It has a very long and very wide nave in the Perpendicular Gothic style, an Early English retrochoir, and Norman transepts and tower. With an overall length of , it is the longest medieval cathedral in the world, and only surpassed by the more recent churches of St Peter's Basilica in Rome, Basilica of Our Lady of Peace in Yamoussoukro, Liverpool Anglican Cathedral, Cathedral of St John the Divine in New York City and the Basilica of Our Lady in Aparecida. With an area of , it is also the sixth-largest cathedral by area in the UK, surpassed only by Liverpool, St Paul's, York, Westminster (RC) and Lincoln.\n\nA major tourist attraction, the cathedral attracted 365,000 visitors in 2019, an increase of 12,000 from 2018.", "title": "Winchester Cathedral" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of Egyptian inventions and discoveries\n\nEgyptian inventions and discoveries are objects, processes or techniques which owe their existence or first known written account either partially or entirely to an Egyptian person.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</ref>\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "List of Egyptian inventions and discoveries" }, { "id": "2329410", "score": "1.4699311", "text": "of Calabria; Italy and the Armudî kemençe in Istanbul, Turkey. The body and neck of the instrument are carved out of one piece of wood, the body forming a bowl or gourd like a lute. The top (soundboard), of straight-grained softwood is also carved, with a shallower arch. The overall construction is quite heavy compared to, say, a violin, though some gadulkas are exquisitely built. (The instrument generally lacks any real decoration or ornamentation, apart from the design of the peghead.) The bridge, placed between the two roughly \"D\"-shaped soundholes, has one foot placed on the top, while the other", "title": "Gadulka" }, { "id": "9758699", "score": "1.4628458", "text": "notate. Yaylı tambur The yaylı tambur is a bowed long-neck lute from Turkey. Derived from the older plucked \"tambur\", it has a long, fretted neck and a round metal or wooden soundbox which is often covered on the front with a skin or acrylic head similar to that of a banjo. The instrument is held vertically, with the soundbox resting in the player's lap or between the calves. The bow is grasped sideways, with the little, ring and middle fingers pressing on the horsehairs, while the thumb and index fingers hold the rightmost wooden edge of the bow. The leftmost", "title": "Yaylı tambur" }, { "id": "7677197", "score": "1.4606515", "text": "(without a saddle) consisting of a wooden bar acting as a string-holder glued to the soundboard. Unique to this instrument is the neck, which is long enough to allow for ten to 12 tied gut frets. The pegbox is either straight and set at a sharp angle to the neck (much like a lute pegbox), or gently curving and set at a shallow angle, either case being fitted with laterally-inserted tuning pegs (although sometimes a flat pegboard with sagittal pegs is found). The strings were of gut and are strung either singly or, especially on Italian instruments, in double courses.", "title": "Mandora" }, { "id": "13249529", "score": "1.4582565", "text": "over the sound-box. The neck consists of a straight wooden stick inserted through the walls of the sound-box at about 2 to 3 cm from the top. At the top of the neck a hole is bored at 4 to 6 cm from the end into which a tuning pin is inserted vertically. The string is secured to this pin in such a way that the string can be wound round the pin in a similar way as with a violin. This allows the string to be tightened, so tuning the instrument. The string runs across the sound-box via a", "title": "Endingidi" }, { "id": "13088670", "score": "1.4522948", "text": "pear-shaped body with long and narrow neck. The soundboard is depicted without soundholes and as a distinct and attached piece, however this might be due to stylistic abstraction. The lyras of Novgorod (1190 AD) are closer morphologically to the present bowed lyras (\"see gallery\"): they were pear-shaped and 40 cm long; they had semi-circular soundholes and provision for three strings. The middle string served as a drone while fingering the others by finger or fingernail alone, downwards or sidewards against the string, for there was no fingerboard to press them against: a method which gives the notes as clearly as", "title": "Byzantine lyra" }, { "id": "92671", "score": "1.452075", "text": "brass tangent, a small piece of metal similar in shape and size to the head of a flat-bladed screwdriver, at the far end. The strings, which are usually of brass, or else a combination of brass and iron, are usually arranged in pairs, like a lute or mandolin. When the key is pressed, the tangent strikes the strings above, causing them to sound in a similar fashion to the \"hammering\" technique on a guitar. Unlike in a piano action, the tangent does not rebound from the string; rather, it stays in contact with the string as long as the key", "title": "Clavichord" }, { "id": "149850", "score": "1.4498601", "text": "to a long wooden extension, collectively constitute its neck. The wood used to make the fretboard usually differs from the wood in the rest of the neck. The bending stress on the neck is considerable, particularly when heavier gauge strings are used (see Tuning), and the ability of the neck to resist bending (see Truss rod) is important to the guitar's ability to hold a constant pitch during tuning or when strings are fretted. The rigidity of the neck with respect to the body of the guitar is one determinant of a good instrument versus a poor-quality one. The shape", "title": "Guitar" }, { "id": "184167", "score": "1.4478948", "text": "often replaced in the modern day by nylon, or metal. The top end of each string is secured on the crossbar or neck, where each will have a tuning peg or similar device to adjust the pitch. From the crossbar, the string runs down to the sounding board on the resonating body, where it is secured with a knot; on modern harps the string's hole is protected with an eyelet to limit wear on the wood. It is the distance between the tuning peg and the soundboard, as well as tension and weight of the string, which decide the pitch", "title": "Harp" }, { "id": "149833", "score": "1.4477351", "text": "playing of single-lined melodies. Modern dimensions of the classical instrument were established by the Spaniard Antonio de Torres Jurado (1817–1892). Flat-top or steel-string guitars are similar to the classical guitar, however, within the varied sizes of the steel-stringed guitar the body size is usually significantly larger than a classical guitar, and has a narrower, reinforced neck and stronger structural design. The robust X-bracing typical of the steel-string was developed in the 1840s by German-American luthiers, of whom Christian Friedrich \"C. F.\" Martin is the best known. Originally used on gut-strung instruments, the strength of the system allowed the guitar to", "title": "Guitar" }, { "id": "5764444", "score": "1.4411762", "text": "bass octave extend the instrument's full 90 feet. Fullman is not the only person who has built long-string instruments. Alvin Lucier employed a monochord of up to 25 meters in his piece \"Music on a Long Thin Wire\" (1977). In 1981 Terry Fox also recorded two musical pieces called \"Berlin Attic Wire, Beating\" with a long string instrument. Since 1983, in addition to his work on and about the violin, Jon Rose has been bowing and recording the music of fences worldwide. Throughout his career Paul Panhuysen made many large sound installations with groups of long strings. George Smits built", "title": "Long-string instrument" }, { "id": "9758696", "score": "1.4400403", "text": "Yaylı tambur The yaylı tambur is a bowed long-neck lute from Turkey. Derived from the older plucked \"tambur\", it has a long, fretted neck and a round metal or wooden soundbox which is often covered on the front with a skin or acrylic head similar to that of a banjo. The instrument is held vertically, with the soundbox resting in the player's lap or between the calves. The bow is grasped sideways, with the little, ring and middle fingers pressing on the horsehairs, while the thumb and index fingers hold the rightmost wooden edge of the bow. The leftmost strings", "title": "Yaylı tambur" }, { "id": "11726615", "score": "1.4399277", "text": "surviving examples, and was constructed with fine metal fittings, notably fox styled metal reinforcements between the pillar (\"Lamhchrann\") and neck of the instrument, the metal head is beaten to imitate a gem setting and the square drives of the tuning pins are fitted to resemble cloves or rosebuds. The Lamont harp bears the inscription “Al Stew(art) of Clunie his Harp 165(0)” although this is too late a date for the original construction of the harp this may relate to the repair. The wood has been identified as hornbeam or English walnut although the pillar has distorted over time and the", "title": "Lamont Harp" }, { "id": "249871", "score": "1.4392152", "text": "from curved strips of wood. It usually has a bent sound table, canted in two planes with the design to take the tension of the eight metal strings arranged in four courses. A hardwood fingerboard sits on top of or is flush with the sound table. Very old instruments may use wooden tuning pegs, while newer instruments tend to use geared metal tuners. The bridge is a movable length of hardwood. A pickguard is glued below the sound hole under the strings. European roundbacks commonly use a scale instead of the common on archtop Mandolins. Intertwined with the Neapolitan style", "title": "Mandolin" }, { "id": "2341196", "score": "1.4366703", "text": "carved into a long, flat shape with a hole in the center and the tongue across the hole. There is also a metal variety, more round or tree-leaf shaped. It may also have metal bells attached. The instrument is both a wind instrument and percussion instrument. As a wind instrument, it is placed against the mouth, which acts as a resonator and tool to alter the sound. Although mainly a folk instrument, better-made examples exist. While the instrument was thought to be the invention of children herding cattle, it is sometimes used in public performance, to accompany the Mahori music", "title": "Jew's harp" }, { "id": "5390677", "score": "1.4328892", "text": "stainless steel tubing, lightweight but strong. There is no resonator; the tones of the twenty-four strings are amplified by means of a piezo-electric pickup in the bridge...The design is thoroughly ergonomic, made for natural and comfortable playing in a sitting or standing position.\" Interest in the instrument was shown by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, which included it in the show \"Enduring Rhythms\" (New York City, October 3, 1996 – August 3, 1997). In an article about this exhibit from \"The New York Times\", Rita Reif writes \"Some of the most innovative instruments in the show", "title": "Gravikord" } ]

[ "ningizimu afrika", "southafrica", "Soufrica", "Republiek van Suid-Afrika", "S Afr", "Zuid-Afrika", "Saffa", "third republic south africa", "s afr", "Mzansi", "saffa", "afrique du sud", "Capital of South Africa", "seth efrika", "South Africans", "capital of south africa", "South-Africa", "south african", "Azania/South Africa", "South Africaà", "south africa", "South-African", "South africa", "S Africa", "Zuidafrika", "Sou'frica", "South Africa's", "Seth efrika", "S. Africa", "Suid-Afrika", "Suid Africa", "beloved country", "Zuid Africa", "zuid afrika", "south africaà", "rep of south africa", "iso 3166 1 za", "zuid africa", "Republic of South Africa", "soufrica", "Rep. of South Africa", "mzansi", "South Africa", "azania south africa", "Afrique du sud", "The Republic of South Africa", "Rep. of SOUTH AFRICA", "republic of south africa", "zuidafrika", "The Beloved Country", "South African", "south africans", "republiek van suid afrika", "Third Republic (South Africa)", "suid africa", "Republic of south africa", "sou frica", "suid afrika", "ISO 3166-1:ZA", "s africa", "south africa s", "Southafrica", "Ningizimu Afrika", "Zuid Afrika" ]

[ { "id": "3341905", "score": "1.9242883", "text": "South Africa national cricket team The South African national cricket team, nicknamed the Proteas (after South Africa's national flower, \"Protea cynaroides\", commonly known as the \"king protea\"), is administered by Cricket South Africa. South Africa is a full member of the International Cricket Council (ICC) with Test, One Day International (ODI) and Twenty20 International (T20I) status. South Africa entered first-class and international cricket at the same time when they hosted an England cricket team in the 1888–89 season. At first, the team was no match for Australia or England but, having gained in experience and expertise, they were able to", "title": "South Africa national cricket team" }, { "id": "12087775", "score": "1.9036129", "text": "Kenya, Zimbabwe, Nigeria and Uganda.For the 2018 edition, the number of teams was 20 including two additional provincial sides from Limpopo and Mpumalanga. The South Africa national cricket team, also known as the Proteas is the national cricket team representing South Africa. They are administrated by Cricket South Africa. South Africa is a full member of the International Cricket Council with Test, One Day International and Twenty20 International status. South Africa also runs a women's team. Cricket in South Africa Cricket is the second most popular sport in South Africa, and is popular among English-speaking as well as Afrikaans-speaking whites,", "title": "Cricket in South Africa" }, { "id": "9913847", "score": "1.8384233", "text": "only sport in South Africa to feature in the top two sports of all race groups. The national team is known as the Proteas. South Africa is one of the leading cricket-playing nations in the world and one of the twelve countries sanctioned to play test cricket. Ever since the readmission into international cricket, the Proteas have been contributing largely to the development of the game mainly by bringing innovations in coaching and training. South Africa is famous for its fast bowlers and fielders such as AB De Villiers and Jonty Rhodes. Cricket was traditionally popular among English-speaking whites and", "title": "Sport in South Africa" }, { "id": "3341958", "score": "1.8296528", "text": "from international cricket. For the 2017–18 season Cricket South Africa awarded 21 players national contracts, from which selectors choose the core of the Test, One-Day and Twenty20 International teams. Non-contracted players remain eligible for selection and can be upgraded to a Cricket South Africa contract if they gain regular selection. South Africa national cricket team The South African national cricket team, nicknamed the Proteas (after South Africa's national flower, \"Protea cynaroides\", commonly known as the \"king protea\"), is administered by Cricket South Africa. South Africa is a full member of the International Cricket Council (ICC) with Test, One Day International", "title": "South Africa national cricket team" }, { "id": "5604332", "score": "1.8052146", "text": "South Africa women's national cricket team The South Africa women's national cricket team, nicknamed the Proteas, represents South Africa in international women's cricket. One of eight teams competing in the ICC Women's Championship (the highest level of the sport), the team is organised by Cricket South Africa (CSA), a full member of the International Cricket Council (ICC). South Africa made its Test debut in 1960, against England, becoming the fourth team to play at that level (after Australia, England, and New Zealand). Because of the sporting boycott of South Africa and other factors, the team did not play any international", "title": "South Africa women's national cricket team" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "South Africa national cricket team\n\nThe South Africa national cricket team, also known as the Proteas, represents South Africa in men's international cricket and is administered by Cricket South Africa (CSA). South Africa is a full member of the International Cricket Council (ICC), with Test, One-Day International (ODI) and Twenty20 International (T20I) status. Its nickname derives from South Africa's national flower, \"Protea cynaroides\", commonly known as the \"King Protea\".\n\nSouth Africa entered first-class and international cricket at the same time when they hosted an England cricket team in the 1888–89 season. Initially, the team was no match for Australia or England but, having gained experience and expertise, they were able to field a competitive team by the first decade of the 20th century. The team regularly played against Australia, England and New Zealand through to the 1960s, by which time there was considerable opposition to the country's apartheid policy. The ICC imposed an international ban on the team, commensurate with actions taken by other global sporting bodies. When the ban was imposed, South Africa had developed to a point where its team was arguably the very best in the world, and had even out-played Australia.\n\nThe ban remained in place until 1991, after which South Africa played against India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and the West Indies for the first time. The team has been strong since its reinstatement, and has at several times held the number-one positions in international rankings. South Africa is also one of the most successful teams in ODI cricket, winning more than 60 per cent of their matches. However, the 1998 Champions Trophy is its sole success in ICC-organised tournaments. South Africa won the gold medal at the Commonwealth Games in 1998.\n\nAs of October 2022, team is currently ranked 6th in ODIs, 3rd in T20Is and 3rd in Tests.", "title": "South Africa national cricket team" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "South Africa national rugby union team\n\nThe South Africa national rugby union team, commonly known as the Springboks (colloquially the Boks, Bokke or Amabokoboko), is the country's national team governed by the South African Rugby Union. The Springboks play in green and gold jerseys, with white shorts and their emblem is a native antelope, the Springbok, which is the national animal of South Africa. The team has been representing South Africa in international Rugby Union since 30 July 1891, when they played their first test match against a British Isles touring team. They are currently the reigning World Champions and have won the World Cup on 3 occasions, (1995, 2007, and 2019). The Springboks are equalled with the All Blacks with 3 World Cup wins. \n\nThe team made its World Cup debut in 1995, when the newly democratic South Africa hosted the tournament. Although South Africa was instrumental in the creation of the Rugby World Cup competition, the Springboks did not compete in the first two World Cups in 1987 and 1991 because of international anti-apartheid sporting boycotts. The Springboks defeated the All Blacks 15–12 in the 1995 final, which is now remembered as one of the greatest moments in South Africa's sporting history, and a watershed moment in the post-Apartheid nation-building process.\n\nSouth Africa regained the title as champions 12 years later, when they defeated England 15–6 in the 2007 final. As a result of the 2007 World Cup tournament the Springboks were promoted to first place in the IRB World Rankings, a position they held until July the following year when New Zealand regained the top spot. They were named 2008 World Team of the Year at the Laureus World Sports Awards. South Africa then won a third World Cup title, defeating England 32–12 in the 2019 final. As a result of this, the South African National Rugby Union Team were named 2020 World Team of the Year at the Laureus World Sports Awards for a second time.\n\nThe Springboks also compete in the annual Rugby Championship \"(formerly the Tri-Nations)\", along with their Southern Hemisphere counterparts Argentina, Australia and New Zealand. They have won the Championship on four occasions in Twenty-Four competitions and are the only team to have won a version of the competition and the Rugby World Cup in the same year.\n\nFor almost a hundred years, South Africans have been proud of the performance of their rugby union team, the Springboks are known throughout the world, even by non-rugby specialists. Rugby union is very popular in South Africa, the one which is practiced preferably by the most talented sportsmen of the country. Many teams have had their biggest defeats to the Springboks; including Australia, Italy, Scotland, Uruguay and Wales.", "title": "South Africa national rugby union team" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sport in South Africa\n\nSport in South Africa has a very significant role in South African culture. The three most popular mainstream sports in the country — football, rugby, and cricket — reflect the country's early British colonial influence.\n\nAssociation football has historically been particularly popular amongst persons of African descent, although it does have a strong following amongst white South Africans as well and is South Africa's most popular sport overall. South Africa also hosted the 2010 FIFA World Cup.\n\nThe South Africa national rugby union team, which is nicknamed Springboks or the Bokke, are currently ranked no. 3 in the world in Rugby union, and have had multiple successful international and world cup campaigns.\n\nRugby union used to be the most popular sport in South Africa amongst white South Africans traditionally, but not anymore. Today, it is a sport that is played and enjoyed amongst all races in South Africa. South Africa hosted the 1995 Rugby World Cup, the first one hosted in Africa, going on to win it as well.\n\nCricket is traditionally the popular sport among the white British diaspora and Indian South African communities, although it is now followed by members of all races in the country. The national cricket team is nicknamed \"The Proteas\". South Africa hosted the 2003 ICC Cricket World Cup and 2007 ICC World Twenty20.\n\nRugby league is popular, although to a much lesser extent than rugby union. The national team, nicknamed the Rhinos, have enjoyed moderate success since their first international matches in the 1960s, reaching the World Cup in 1995 and 2000 and were among the premier nations in the sport in the 1990s and early 2000s. They are ranked 25th in the world.\n\nSouth Africa is among a very few countries which have participated in world cups of all four major sports — cricket, football, rugby union and rugby league. England, Ireland, Scotland, New Zealand, and Australia are among other such nations.\n\nOther popular sports include: athletics, basketball, boxing, golf, netball, softball, field hockey, swimming, surfing and tennis.\n\nSouth Africa was absent from international sport for most of the apartheid era due to sanctions, but started competing globally after the end of apartheid.\n\nSouth Africa hosts the Saddle Seat World Cup every four years, which includes the American Saddlebred, Morgan horse, and South African Boerperd horse breeds. It is the highest level of competition for Saddle seat Equitation riders.", "title": "Sport in South Africa" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "West Indies cricket team\n\nThe West Indies cricket team, nicknamed the Windies, is a multi-national men's cricket team representing the mainly English-speaking countries and territories in the Caribbean region and administered by Cricket West Indies. The players on this composite team are selected from a chain of fifteen Caribbean nation-states and territories. , the West Indies cricket team is ranked eighth in Tests, and tenth in ODIs and seventh in T20Is in the official ICC rankings.\n\nFrom the mid-late 1970s to the early 1990s, the West Indies team was the strongest in the world in both Test and One Day International cricket. A number of cricketers who were considered among the best in the world have hailed from the West Indies: Garfield Sobers, Lance Gibbs, George Headley, Brian Lara, Vivian Richards, Clive Lloyd, Malcolm Marshall, Alvin Kallicharran, Andy Roberts, Rohan Kanhai, Frank Worrell, Clyde Walcott, Everton Weekes, Curtly Ambrose, Michael Holding, Courtney Walsh, Joel Garner, and Wes Hall have all been inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame.\n\nThe West Indies have won the ICC Cricket World Cup twice (1975 and 1979, when it was styled the Prudential Cup), the ICC T20 World Cup twice (2012 and 2016, when it was styled World Twenty20), the ICC Champions Trophy once (2004), the ICC Under 19 Cricket World Cup once (2016), and have also finished as runners-up in the Cricket World Cup (1983), the Under 19 Cricket World Cup (2004), and the ICC Champions Trophy (2006). The West Indies appeared in three consecutive World Cup finals (1975, 1979 and 1983), and were the first team to win back-to-back World Cups (1975 and 1979), both of these records have been surpassed only by Australia, who appeared in 4 consecutive World Cup Finals (1996, 1999, 2003 and 2007) winning 3 consecutive World Cups (1999, 2003 and 2007).\n\nThe West Indies have hosted the 2007 Cricket World Cup and the 2010 ICC World Twenty20.", "title": "West Indies cricket team" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "South Africa women's national cricket team\n\nThe South Africa women's national cricket team, nicknamed the Proteas, represents South Africa in international women's cricket. One of eight teams competing in the ICC Women's Championship (the highest level of the sport), the team is organised by Cricket South Africa (CSA), a full member of the International Cricket Council (ICC).\n\nSouth Africa made its Test debut in 1960, against England, becoming the fourth team to play at that level (after Australia, England, and New Zealand). Because of the sporting boycott of South Africa and other factors, the team did not play any international fixtures between 1972 and 1997. South Africa returned to international competition in August 1997, in a One Day International (ODI) match against Ireland, and later in the year participated in the 1997 World Cup in India. The team has participated in every edition of the World Cup since then, and made the tournament semi-finals in 2000 and 2017. South Africa has likewise participated in every edition of the Women's World Twenty20, and made the semi-finals of the 2014 edition, played in Bangladesh.", "title": "South Africa women's national cricket team" }, { "id": "16158194", "score": "1.783742", "text": "Proteas (rugby union) The Proteas was the representative side of the South African Rugby Football Federation, one of three racially segregated rugby union governing bodies in apartheid South Africa. In December 1971 the Proteas embarked on a six-match tour of Britain and Holland – the first \"Coloured\" rugby team to tour abroad. Arriving on the 13th, they were met at the airport by protesters from anti-apartheid movements. The Proteas lost their first match 3–14 to Hertfordshire at Croxley Green on 16 December, after the home side had led 10–3 at half-time. A fight broke out during the game, which the", "title": "Proteas (rugby union)" }, { "id": "3341954", "score": "1.7603078", "text": "replaced previous manufacturer Adidas in 2016. When playing Test cricket, South Africa's cricket whites feature the king protea badge (the emblem of the South African Sports Commission) with the South African flag above it on the left of the shirt, the name and logo of the sponsors Standard Bank on the right, the New Balance logo on the right sleeve. South Africa fielders may wear a green cap or a white sun hat with the king protea badge in the middle. Helmets are also coloured green. Before 1996, the cap insignia was the United Cricket Board of South Africa old", "title": "South Africa national cricket team" }, { "id": "5604359", "score": "1.7375305", "text": "matches (half of them against England), with the most recent Test being played against India in 2014. Twenty20 cricket has taken on a far more prominent and lucrative role, almost eliminating Test cricket from the women's game altogether. Result summary Result summary Result summary \" Included a hat-trick.\" South Africa women's national cricket team The South Africa women's national cricket team, nicknamed the Proteas, represents South Africa in international women's cricket. One of eight teams competing in the ICC Women's Championship (the highest level of the sport), the team is organised by Cricket South Africa (CSA), a full member of", "title": "South Africa women's national cricket team" }, { "id": "10951217", "score": "1.7040715", "text": "South Africa national netball team The South Africa national netball team, nicknamed the \"SPAR Proteas\", are the national netball team of South Africa. The SPAR Proteas are coached by Norma Plummer, and are captained by Bongiwe Msomi. The team are governed by Netball South Africa and sponsored by SPAR. As of 1 July 2015, South Africa are fifth in the INF World Rankings. The following squad was selected to represent South Africa at the 2018 Netball Quad Series in Australia and New Zealand. Twelve players have been chosen to represent South Africa during the three-Test series against England, played in", "title": "South Africa national netball team" }, { "id": "2330168", "score": "1.6921709", "text": "was added to the logo. When the ANC was elected in 1994 the team's name was not changed to the Proteas, like that of the South African Cricket team, due in part to the intervention of then-President Nelson Mandela. In December 2008, the SARU decided to place the protea on the left side of the Boks' jersey, in line with other South African national teams, and move the springbok to the right side of the jersey. The was worn for the first time during the British and Irish Lions' 2009 tour of South Africa. <nowiki>*</nowiki> In a 2001 autumn international", "title": "South Africa national rugby union team" }, { "id": "16158196", "score": "1.678195", "text": "the next steps would be to play against white teams that tour South Africa, such as England's intended visit the next year; to play white South African teams; and then move towards integration of sports. He concluded that the Proteas had found, despite their initial scepticism, that they were treated \" 'differently than...at home' \". The first of Loriston's next steps was duly made on 22 May 1972 when the Proteas side lost narrowly (6–11) to John Pullin's touring England side in Cape Town. England had undertaken a short,unbeaten seven match tour to the Republic and whilst the headlines in", "title": "Proteas (rugby union)" }, { "id": "16158197", "score": "1.6552293", "text": "the UK were undoubtedly linked to his side's 18–9 test match victory, it should be noted that the Proteas versus England fixture remains the first reported international rugby match in which coloureds played against whites on South African soil. The Sunday Times later reported that the showings of both the Proteas side and the black's Leopards side (who lost considerably more heavily against England two days later in Port Elizabeth) \" gave the lie to the oft-repeated claim in South Africa that no blacks are ready for a trial against the top local white players.\" On Tuesday 4 June 1974", "title": "Proteas (rugby union)" }, { "id": "3341952", "score": "1.6501911", "text": "in bilateral series which saw the Proteas rise to No. 1 in the ICC ODI Championship. They also hold the record of the highest successful run chase and made the highest total (the latter record has been surpassed) in One-Day Internationals (438–9 in 49.5 overs), in an iconic match against Australia on 12 March 2006. This game is considered by many to be the greatest One-Day International ever played. South Africa beat Netherlands by 231 runs in Mohali in Group matches in ICC World Cup 2011, The 231-run win is the fourth largest margin of victory for any team in", "title": "South Africa national cricket team" }, { "id": "14272358", "score": "1.6408849", "text": "South Africa A cricket team The South Africa A cricket team is a national cricket team representing South Africa. It is the 'second-tier' of international South African cricket, below the full South Africa national cricket team. Matches played by South Africa A are not Test matches or One Day Internationals, instead receiving first-class and List A classification respectively. Khaya Zondo is the current captain of the side. South Africa A played their first match in January 1994, a five-day first-class contest against the touring England A cricket team. South Africa A have played a number of series, both home and", "title": "South Africa A cricket team" }, { "id": "10951218", "score": "1.636416", "text": "late September 2013, the three tests were held in Bath on 22 September, Wembley on 25 September and Worcester on 27 September. The following squad was assembled to represent South Africa at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, Scotland. The following squad was selected to represent South Africa at the 2014 Fast5 Netball World Series in Auckland, New Zealand. South Africa national netball team The South Africa national netball team, nicknamed the \"SPAR Proteas\", are the national netball team of South Africa. The SPAR Proteas are coached by Norma Plummer, and are captained by Bongiwe Msomi. The team are governed", "title": "South Africa national netball team" }, { "id": "2330159", "score": "1.6351725", "text": "replace the Springbok across all national teams, as emblem of the racially segregated sporting codes, with a neutral symbol that would represent a decisive break with a repressive past. The King Protea as South Africa's national flower was chosen for this purpose, so that the national cricket team became known as the Proteas, for example. A similar change was envisioned for the national rugby squad's springbok emblem. Paul Roos's team had first introduced the Springbok in 1906, and it had promoted a measure of unity among white English and Afrikaans-speaking players after the two Anglo-Boer Wars of the late 19th", "title": "South Africa national rugby union team" }, { "id": "3341955", "score": "1.6323307", "text": "badge, which was a circle with a ball superimposed over a wicket in the center and the inscription which reads \"UNITED CRICKET BOARD OF SOUTH AFRICA\" around the circle's border. Prior to 1991, the cap insignia was a spingbok head with under the inscription \"S.A.C.B\" in yellow letters (which changed to \"S.A.\" with the years of the tour, for instance \"S.A. 1982–83\"). In limited overs cricket, South Africa's ODI and Twenty20 shirts feature the king protea badge with the national flag on the left of the shirt, Standard Bank on the right side and the New Balance logo on the", "title": "South Africa national cricket team" }, { "id": "16158199", "score": "1.6316297", "text": "as two mini tests in Johannesburg and Port Elizabeth, respectively. 1975 saw the French undertake an eleven match tour to South Africa which included two tests. They played their third tour fixture against the Proteas at Goodwood in Cape Town on 4 June 1975 winning by a comfortable 37–3 margin. It was perhaps the events that unfurled at Newlands some three days which resonated louder when a South African Invitation XV,the first official mixed-race team (containing white, black and coloured players) ever fielded in South Africa ran out 18–3 winners against the touring side. Strand prop Turkey Shields and Stellenbosch's", "title": "Proteas (rugby union)" }, { "id": "226781", "score": "1.627706", "text": "the national flower of South Africa and as such lends its name to the national cricket team, whose nickname is \"the Proteas\" In the early 1990s there was a political debate as to how and if the flower should be incorporated onto the national rugby teams shirts, perhaps replacing the controversial springbok. Protea cynaroides Protea cynaroides, the king protea, is a flowering plant. It is a distinctive member of \"Protea\", having the largest flower head in the genus. The species is also known as giant protea, honeypot or king sugar bush. It is widely distributed in the southwestern and southern", "title": "Protea cynaroides" }, { "id": "2330131", "score": "1.6116836", "text": "South Africa national rugby union team The South Africa national rugby union team, commonly known as the Springboks, is governed by the South African Rugby Union. The Springboks play in green and gold jerseys with white shorts, and their emblems are the Springbok and the King Protea. The team has been representing South Africa in international rugby union since 30 July 1891, when they played their first test match against a British Isles touring team. Although South Africa was instrumental in the creation of the Rugby World Cup competition, the Springboks did not compete in the first two World Cups", "title": "South Africa national rugby union team" } ]

[ "video killed radio star by buggles", "\"\"\"Video Killed The Radio Star\"\" by the Buggles\"" ]

[ { "id": "2384465", "score": "1.8142546", "text": "Germany, New Zealand and South Africa, the top 20 in Belgium and the Netherlands, and barely in the top 40 in the United States. The song's music video was written, directed, and edited by Russell Mulcahy, and is well-remembered as the first music video shown on MTV in the United States at 12:01a.m. on 1 August 1981, and the first video shown on MTV Classic in the United Kingdom on 1 March 2010. The song has received several critical accolades, such as being ranked number 40 on VH1's \"100 Greatest One-Hit Wonders of the '80s\". It has been covered by", "title": "Video Killed the Radio Star" }, { "id": "14216535", "score": "1.7087879", "text": "undergoing a creative slump due to several factors, including audience fragmentation and the effects of the anti-disco backlash. Videos did not exist for most hits by American acts, and those that did were usually composed of footage from concert performances. When the cable music channel MTV launched on August 1, 1981, it had little choice but to play a large number of music videos from British new wave acts. The Buggles' \"Video Killed the Radio Star\" was the first music video shown on MTV in the U.S. At first, MTV was only available in small towns and suburbs. To the", "title": "Second British Invasion" }, { "id": "6239578", "score": "1.6991704", "text": "band and keyboardist John Bundrick playing onstage. It was the fourth video played upon MTV's launch on 1 August 1981. The video was also the 54th video to be aired on MTV, making it the first video to be shown on MTV more than once. You Better You Bet \"You Better You Bet\" is a song by the British rock band The Who, appearing as the first track on their 1981 album \"Face Dances\". It is sung by frontman Roger Daltrey with backing vocals from Pete Townshend and bassist John Entwistle. Townshend's guitar part is performed on a Rickenbacker 360/12.", "title": "You Better You Bet" }, { "id": "247406", "score": "1.6833615", "text": "was replaced with a beeping sound. A shortened version of the shuttle launch ID ran at the top of every hour in various forms, from MTV's first day until it was pulled in early 1986 in the wake of the \"Challenger\" disaster. The first music video shown on MTV was The Buggles' \"Video Killed the Radio Star\", originally only available to homes in New Jersey. This was followed by the video for Pat Benatar's \"You Better Run\". Sporadically, the screen would go black when an employee at MTV inserted a tape into a VCR. MTV's lower third graphics that appeared", "title": "MTV" }, { "id": "20270157", "score": "1.6706991", "text": "15, 2010, with \"Video Killed The Radio Star\" by The Buggles was played as the final song (the song was also played as the very first music video played in MTV USA back in 1981 and it was also played on MTV Classic in the US, as well as on MTV Classic UK and Australia, when the respective channels were rebranded from its predecessors). Four years later, MTV in the Philippines was relaunched on February 14, 2014 as MTV Pinoy, replacing MTV Southeast Asia. The first music video to be played on that former channel is \"Dear Lonely\" performed by", "title": "MTVph" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "List of first music videos aired on MTV\n\nThis is a list of the first music videos broadcast on MTV's first day, August 1, 1981. MTV's first day on the air was rebroadcast on VH1 Classic in 2006 and again in 2011 (the latter celebrating the channel's 30th anniversary). The first hour on the air was broadcast again on August 1, 2016, and was called MTV Hour One, as part of VH1 Classic's planned re-launch as MTV Classic, MTV itself, and additionally streamed on the channel's Facebook page.\n\nThe first video to air on MTV was one emblematic of MTV's concept, The Buggles' \"Video Killed the Radio Star\" which was then immediately followed by a brief message about music and television coming together and then \"You Better Run\" by Pat Benatar. 116 unique videos were played, spanning 209 spins over the first 24 hours; from the beginning, MTV used the rotation system and repeated popular videos throughout the day. \"You Better You Bet\" by the Who, which was also the first video to be repeated, \"Just Between You and Me\" by April Wine, and \"In the Air Tonight\" by Phil Collins were each played five times. Rod Stewart made the most total appearances that day with 16, with 11 of his videos being played.\n\nDue to being a brand new cable network, the first day featured numerous errors including playing clips at the wrong times, moments of dead air, videos that wouldn't play correctly and other technical difficulties. \n\n\n", "title": "List of first music videos aired on MTV" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "MTV\n\nMTV (Originally an initialism of Music Television) is an American cable channel that launched on August 1, 1981. Based in New York City, it serves as the flagship property of the MTV Entertainment Group, part of Paramount Media Networks, a division of Paramount Global.\n\nThe channel originally aired music videos and related programming as guided by television personalities known as video jockeys, or VJs. In the years since its inception, it significantly toned down its focus on music in favor of original reality programming for teenagers and young adults.\n\nSince early 2020, MTV has devoted most of its programming schedule to a single program, \"Ridiculousness\", which in June 2020 aired \"for 113 hours out of the network’s entire 168-hour lineup\".\n\nMTV has spawned numerous sister channels in the United States and affiliated channels internationally, some of which have since gone independent. Approximately 90.6 million households in the US received MTV as of January 2017.", "title": "MTV" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "August 1981\n\nThe following events occurred in August 1981:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMikkel Aaland, \"Shooting Digital: Pro Tips for Taking Great Pictures with Your Digital Camera\" (John Wiley and Sons, 2006) xiv; \"Portable Camera Takes Pictures Without Film\", \"Miami Herald\", May 13, 1991</ref> \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "title": "August 1981" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Video Killed the Radio Star\n\n\"Video Killed the Radio Star\" is a song written by Trevor Horn, Geoff Downes and Bruce Woolley in 1979. It was recorded concurrently by Bruce Woolley and the Camera Club (with Thomas Dolby on keyboards) for their album \"English Garden\" and by British new wave/synth-pop group the Buggles, which consisted of Horn and Downes (and initially Woolley).\n\nThe Buggles' version of the track was recorded and mixed in 1979, released as their debut single on 7 September 1979 by Island Records, and included on their first album \"The Age of Plastic\". The backing track was recorded at Virgin's Town House in West London, and mixing and vocal recording was done at Sarm East Studios.\n\nThe song relates to concerns about, and mixed attitudes towards 20th-century inventions and machines for the media arts. Musically, the song performs like an extended jingle and the composition plays in the key of D-flat major in common time at a tempo of 132 beats per minute. The track has been positively received, with reviewers praising its unusual musical pop elements. Although the song includes several common pop characteristics and six basic chords are used in its structure, Downes and writer Timothy Warner described the piece as musically complicated, due to its use of suspended and minor ninth chords for enhancement that gave the song a \"slightly different feel.\"\n\nOn release, the single topped sixteen international music charts, including those in the UK, Australia, and Japan. It also peaked in the top 10 in Canada, Germany, New Zealand and South Africa, but only reached number 40 in the US. The accompanying music video was written, directed, and edited by Russell Mulcahy. It was the first music video shown on MTV in the US, airing at 12:01a.m. on 1 August 1981, and the first video shown on MTV Classic in the UK on 1 March 2010. The song has received several critical accolades, such as being ranked number 40 on VH1's \"100 Greatest One-Hit Wonders of the '80s\". It has also been covered by many recording artists.", "title": "Video Killed the Radio Star" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Jessie's Girl\n\n\"Jessie's Girl\" is a song written and performed by Australian singer Rick Springfield. It was released on the album \"Working Class Dog\", which was released in February 1981. The song is about unrequited love and centers on a young man in love with his best friend's girlfriend.\n\nUpon its release in the United States in 1981, \"Jessie's Girl\" was slow to break out. It debuted on \"Billboard\"s Hot 100 chart on 28 March but took 19 weeks to hit No. 1 reaching that position on 1 August, one of the slowest climbs to No. 1 at that time. The song ultimately spent 32 weeks on the chart. \"Billboard\" ranked it as No. 5 for all of 1981.<ref name=\"US\"/>\n\nThe song also peaked at No. 1 in Springfield's native Australia and later won him a Grammy Award for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance.\n\n\"Jessie's Girl\" was released in the United Kingdom in March 1984 and peaked at No. 43 on the UK Singles Chart in April 1984.<ref name=\"UK\"/>\n\nSpringfield recorded an acoustic version of the song for his 1999 album, \"Karma\".", "title": "Jessie's Girl" }, { "id": "12565657", "score": "1.6646347", "text": "\"Second British Invasion\". In Autumn 1982, \"I Ran (So Far Away)\" by A Flock of Seagulls entered the Billboard Top Ten, arguably the first successful song that owed almost everything to video. They would be followed by bands like Duran Duran whose glossy videos would come to symbolize the power of MTV. Dire Straits' \"Money for Nothing\" gently poked fun at MTV which had helped make them international rock stars. In 1983, 30% of the record sales were from British acts. 18 of the top 40 and 6 of the top 10 singles on July 18 were by British artists.", "title": "1980s in music" }, { "id": "3675720", "score": "1.6601889", "text": "videos from image conscious British acts. British acts, who had been accustomed to using music videos for half a decade, featured heavily on the channel. The Buggles' \"Video Killed the Radio Star\" was the first music video shown on MTV. In late 1982, \"I Ran (So Far Away)\" by A Flock of Seagulls entered the Billboard Top Ten, arguably the first successful song that owed almost everything to video. They would be followed by bands like Duran Duran whose glossy videos would come to symbolise the power of MTV. Dire Straits' \"Money for Nothing\" gently poked fun at MTV which", "title": "British rock music" }, { "id": "14216536", "score": "1.6475117", "text": "surprise of the music industry, when MTV became available in a local market, record sales by acts played solely on the channel increased immediately and listeners phoned radio stations requesting to hear them. Also in 1981, Los Angeles radio station KROQ-FM began the \"Rock of the '80s\" format, which would make it the most popular station in that city. More hints of the impending invasion were observed in 1981 on the dance charts. Only seven of the top 30 groups of the dance rock chart Rockpool were of American origin, while later in the year, 12-inch singles by British groups", "title": "Second British Invasion" }, { "id": "4058071", "score": "1.646307", "text": "single was first played simultaneously on \"The Chris Moyles Show\" (on BBC Radio 1) and the breakfast shows on Virgin Radio and Capital Radio, at 8 am on 16 November 2004. The music video was first broadcast in the UK simultaneously over multiple channels, including the five UK analogue terrestrial channels, at 5:55 pm on 18 November 2004, with an introduction by Madonna. One of the new ways to buy the song, by downloading it from the internet, hit a problem when Apple Computer's iTunes Music Store initially refused to supply it, due to their fixed-pricing policy. A partial solution", "title": "Band Aid 20" }, { "id": "2384490", "score": "1.6369908", "text": "Horn and a silver-jumpsuited female in a clear plastic tube. Shots of Horn and Geoff Downes are shown during the remainder of the video. The video was first released in 1979, when it originally aired on the BBC's \"Top of the Pops\" for promotion of the single, in lieu of doing live performances. Zimmer recalled in 2001 that the video drew criticism from some viewers who watched it before it aired on MTV, due to being \"'too violent' because we blew up a television.\" The video is best known as marking the debut of MTV, when the US channel started", "title": "Video Killed the Radio Star" }, { "id": "14216537", "score": "1.6334068", "text": "began appearing on the Billboard Disco chart. The trend was particularly strong in Manhattan where import records and the British music press were convenient to obtain and where the \"New York Rocker\" warned that “Anglophilia” was hurting U.S. underground acts. On July 3, 1982, the Human League's \"Don't You Want Me\" started a three-week reign on top of the Hot 100. The song got considerable boost from MTV airplay and has been described by the \"Village Voice\" as \"pretty unmistakably the moment the Second British Invasion, spurred by MTV, kicked off\". The September 1982 arrival of MTV in the media", "title": "Second British Invasion" }, { "id": "665047", "score": "1.6268203", "text": "on \"Billboard\"s Album Rock Tracks chart and climbed to #4 on the Hot 100. In the United States the band sold out every date on their debut tour, which began at Clarkson University in Potsdam, New York on 22 April 1982, continued in theatres but quickly expanded into massive arenas because of high ticket demand. Asia would go on to receive a Grammy Award nomination as Best New Artist of 1982. MTV also played Asia videos on heavy rotation—as many as five times a day. Both \"Billboard\" and \"Cash Box\" named Asia's debut the #1 album of the year. Asia's", "title": "Asia (band)" }, { "id": "2530219", "score": "1.6267002", "text": "three-week reign on top of the Billboard 100 chart, described by the Village Voice as the moment the Second British Invasion kicked off. They were followed by bands like Duran Duran, whose glossy videos would come to symbolise the power of MTV. MTV also managed to introduce British bands to the American mainstream that probably wouldn't have gained the publicity otherwise. The first band to owe their American success solely down to their glossy music video receiving heavy rotation on MTV were the synthpop band A Flock Of Seagulls, whose single \"I Ran (So Far Away)\" reached no.9 on the", "title": "Music of the United Kingdom (1980s)" }, { "id": "9857830", "score": "1.6238828", "text": "imagery. When a European version of MTV launched in 1987, it was the first video ever played on the channel. Jennifer Rush entered the top 75 in June with the power ballad \"The Power of Love\", which remained in the chart for months without entering the top 40. When it finally did in September, it quickly hit number 1, where it remained for five weeks and was the biggest selling single of the year. It sold over a million copies, however it would be the last single of the decade to do so, and there would not be another million-seller", "title": "1985 in British music" }, { "id": "247404", "score": "1.6229432", "text": "\"PopClips\" came from a similar program on New Zealand's TVNZ network named \"Radio with Pictures\", which premiered in 1976. The concept itself had been in the works since 1966, when major record companies began supplying the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation with promotional music clips to play on the air at no charge. Few artists made the long trip to New Zealand to appear live. On Saturday, August 1, 1981, at 12:01 AMEastern Time, MTV launched with the words \"Ladies and gentlemen, rock and roll,\" spoken by John Lack and played over footage of the first Space Shuttle launch countdown of", "title": "MTV" }, { "id": "2384491", "score": "1.6170845", "text": "broadcasting at 12:01 AM on 1 August 1981. On 27 February 2000, it became the one-millionth video to be aired on MTV. It also opened MTV Classic in the UK and Ireland, which replaced VH1 Classic on 1 March 2010, at 6 AM. The video marked the closing of MTV Philippines before its shutdown on 15 February 2010 at 11:49 PM. MTV co-founder Bob Pittman said the video \"made an aspirational statement. We didn't expect to be competitive with radio, but it was certainly a sea-change kind of video.\" In July 2013, multiple independent artists covered \"Video\" for the launch", "title": "Video Killed the Radio Star" }, { "id": "1491463", "score": "1.6094317", "text": "The band had by then caught the attention of AC/DC producer Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange, who agreed to work on their second album, \"High 'n' Dry\", released on 11 July 1981. Lange's meticulous approach in the studio helped them begin to define their sound. Despite the album's unimpressive sales figures, the band's video for \"Bringin' On the Heartbreak\" became one of the first metal videos played on MTV in 1982, bringing the band increased visibility in the U.S. The band continued to use the up-and-coming music television industry to reach fans over the years with their unique videos and the", "title": "Def Leppard" }, { "id": "14290082", "score": "1.6086035", "text": "The Buggles was the first music video to be played on the channel. The channel was made available on Australian IPTV service Fetch TV from launch in June 2010. On 23 November 2010, MTV Classic began broadcasting in widescreen. The channel launched in New Zealand on 1 June 2011 on Sky Television. On 29 October 2013, MTV announced they had been working with Foxtel since early 2013 to offer more diversity on the Foxtel platform, as MTV Classic and MTV Hits fought for the same audience as Foxtel Networks channels MAX and [V] Hits respectively. The channel to replace MTV", "title": "MTV Classic (Australia and New Zealand)" }, { "id": "1478306", "score": "1.6075404", "text": "No. 30 on 28 May 1983, it was a Top 20 hit in Canada, and peaked at No. 14 in Australia on 23 August 1982. \"One Thing\" was their first video to air on the fledgling MTV and significantly added to the ultimate success of the single. INXS undertook their first US performance in San Diego in March 1983, to a crowd of 24 patrons. Their first tour was as support for Adam and the Ants, then support for Stray Cats, The Kinks, Hall & Oates followed by The Go-Go's. INXS played alongside many of their contemporaries on New Wave", "title": "INXS" }, { "id": "904695", "score": "1.6072531", "text": "as the first global hit single for which an accompanying video was central to the marketing strategy\". \"Rolling Stone\" has said of \"Bohemian Rhapsody\": \"Its influence cannot be overstated, practically inventing the music video seven years before MTV went on the air.\" \"Video Concert Hall\", created by Jerry Crowe and Charles Henderson and launched on November 1, 1979, was the first nationwide video music programming on American television, predating MTV by almost three years. The USA Cable Network program \"Night Flight\" was one of the first American programs to showcase these videos as an art form. In 1980, the music", "title": "Music video" } ]

[ "chair of elijah", "’Ilyās", "elijah tishbite from tishby", "eliyahu hanavi", "Eilyohu", "ilyaseen", "Eliya", "elias in islam", "2 Kings 1:8", "Elijah's chair", "eliya", "Ilyaseen", "mantle of prophecy", "elijah fed by ravens", "Eliahu ha-Navi", "eliahu ha navi", "islamic view of elijah", "elijah", "אֱלִיָּהוּ", "Elijah in Islam", "Eliahu", "elijah s cup", "St. Elijah", "elija", "prophet elias", "Elijah the Tishbite", "St. Ilija", "Saint Elijah", "Eliyahu Hanavi", "Saint Elias, prophet", "elya", "Prophet Elias", "islamic views on elijah", "Elijah Fed by Ravens", "elyahu", "Chair of Elijah", "eilyohu", "Elyahu", "Elijah the Prophet", "Elya", "eliyyah", "Elijah (prophet)", "eliyah", "st ilija", "Elias in Islam", "2 kings 1 8", "Islamic views on Elijah", "elijah prophet", "Mantle of Prophecy", "eliyohu", "אליהו", "Eliyyah", "Eliyohu", "saint elijah", "Elijah's Chair", "st elijah", "إلياس", "saint elias prophet", "Elijah's Cup", "eliyahu", "Eliyah", "Eliyyahu", "elijah tishbite", "Elijah", "ilyās", "Islamic view of Elijah", "eliyyahu", "eliahu", "Eliyahu", "elijah in islam", "elijah s chair", "Elija", "Elijah the Tishbite from Tishby" ]

[ { "id": "569296", "score": "1.559072", "text": "came to relate this cup to the notion that Elijah will visit each home on Seder night as a foreshadowing of his future arrival at the end of the days, when he will come to announce the coming of the Jewish Messiah. Some seders (including the original Women's Seder, but not limited to women-only seders) now set out a cup for the prophet Miriam as well as the traditional cup for the prophet Elijah, sometimes accompanied by a ritual to honor Miriam. Miriam's cup originated in the 1980s in a Boston Rosh Chodesh group; it was invented by Stephanie Loo,", "title": "Passover Seder" }, { "id": "2936789", "score": "1.5410717", "text": "came to be known as the \"Kos shel Eliyahu\" (\"Cup of Elijah\"). Over time, people came to relate this cup to the notion that Elijah will visit each home on Seder night as a foreshadowing of his future arrival at the end of the days, when he will come to announce the coming of the Jewish Messiah. In the late 1980s, Jewish feminists introduced the idea of placing a \"Cup of Miriam\" filled with water (to represent the well that existed as long as Miriam, Moses' sister, was alive in the desert) beside the Cup of Elijah. Many liberal Jews", "title": "Haggadah" }, { "id": "124176", "score": "1.5237455", "text": "whether this verse counted as part of the Passover celebration (thus deserving of another serving of wine). Thus, a cup was left for the arrival of Elijah. In practice the fifth cup has come to be seen as a celebration of future redemption. Today, a place is reserved at the seder table and a cup of wine is placed there for Elijah. During the seder, the door of the house is opened and Elijah is invited in. Traditionally, the cup is viewed as Elijah's and is used for no other purpose. Havdalah is the ceremony that concludes the Sabbath Day", "title": "Elijah" }, { "id": "5934160", "score": "1.5154264", "text": "mourners to sit on low stools or even the floor, symbolic of the emotional reality of being \"brought low\" by the grief. The meal of consolation (\"seudat havra'ah\"), the first meal eaten on returning from the funeral, traditionally consists of hard-boiled eggs and other round or oblong foods. This is often credited to the Biblical story of Jacob purchasing the birthright from Esau with stewed lentils (Genesis 25:34); it is traditionally stated that Jacob was cooking the lentils soon after the death of his grandfather Abraham. During this seven-day period, family and friends come to visit or call on the", "title": "Bereavement in Judaism" }, { "id": "588793", "score": "1.5113698", "text": "congregants would sit upon chairs and benches. Today, the custom has spread in all places to sit upon chairs and benches. Until the 19th century, in an Ashkenazi synagogue, all seats most often faced the Torah Ark. In a Sephardic synagogue, seats were usually arranged around the perimeter of the sanctuary, but when the worshipers stood up to pray, everyone faced the Ark. Many current synagogues have an elaborate chair named for the prophet Elijah, which is only sat upon during the ceremony of Brit milah. In ancient synagogues, a special chair placed on the wall facing Jerusalem and next", "title": "Synagogue" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Elijah\n\nElijah ( ; , meaning \"My God is Yahweh/YHWH\"; Greek form: Elias ) was, according to the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible, a prophet and a miracle worker who lived in the northern kingdom of Israel during the reign of King Ahab (9th century BCE). In 1 Kings 18, Elijah defended the worship of the Hebrew God over that of the Canaanite deity Baal. God also performed many miracles through Elijah, including resurrection, bringing fire down from the sky, and entering heaven alive \"by fire\". He is also portrayed as leading a school of prophets known as \"the sons of the prophets\". Following his ascension, Elisha, his disciple and most devoted assistant, took over his role as leader of this school. The Book of Malachi prophesies Elijah's return \"before the coming of the great and terrible day of the \", making him a harbinger of the Messiah and of the eschaton in various faiths that revere the Hebrew Bible. References to Elijah appear in Sirach, the New Testament, the Mishnah and Talmud, the Quran, the Book of Mormon, and Baháʼí writings.\n\nIn Judaism, Elijah's name is invoked at the weekly Havdalah rite that marks the end of Shabbat, and Elijah is invoked in other Jewish customs, among them the Passover Seder and the brit milah (ritual circumcision). He appears in numerous stories and references in the Haggadah and rabbinic literature, including the Babylonian Talmud. According to the Hebrew Bible, Elijah will return during the End of Times.\n\nThe Christian New Testament notes that some people thought that Jesus was, in some sense, Elijah, but it also makes clear that John the Baptist is \"the Elijah\" who was promised to come in ; . According to accounts in all three of the Synoptic Gospels, Elijah appeared with Moses during the Transfiguration of Jesus.\n\nIn Islam, Elijah or Ilyas appears in the Quran as a prophet and messenger of God, where his biblical narrative of preaching against the worshipers of Baal is recounted in a concise form. Due to his importance to Muslims, Catholics, and Orthodox Christians, Elijah has been venerated as the patron saint of Bosnia and Herzegovina since 1752.", "title": "Elijah" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Unification Church\n\nThe Family Federation for World Peace and Unification, widely known as the Unification Church, is a new religious movement, whose members are called Unificationists, or \"Moonies\". It was officially founded on 1 May 1954 under the name Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity (HSA-UWC) in Seoul, South Korea, by Sun Myung Moon (1920–2012). Moon and his wife Hak Ja Han were the leaders of the church and are honored by its members as their \"True Parents.\"\n\nThe beliefs of the Unification Church are based on Moon's book the \"Divine Principle.\" The movement is well known for its \"Blessing\" or mass wedding ceremonies. Its involvement in politics include anti-communism and support for Korean reunification. Its members have founded, owned, and supported other related organizations, including business, educational, and other types of organizations.", "title": "Unification Church" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Bible prophecy\n\nBible prophecy or biblical prophecy comprises the passages of the Bible that are claimed to reflect communications from God to humans through prophets. Jews and Christians usually consider the biblical prophets to have received revelations from God.\n\nProphetic passagesinspirations, interpretations, admonitions or predictions<ref>\n\nIn general, believers in biblical prophecy engage in exegesis and hermeneutics of scriptures which they believe contain descriptions of global politics, natural disasters, the future of the nation of Israel, the coming of a Messiah and of a Messianic Kingdom—as well as the ultimate destiny of humankind.", "title": "Bible prophecy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "The War of the Jews/Book II - Wikisource, the free online library" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Rudy Giuliani\n\nRudolph William Louis Giuliani (, ; born May 28, 1944) is an American politician and lawyer who served as the 107th Mayor of New York City from 1994 to 2001. He previously served as the United States Associate Attorney General from 1981 to 1983 and the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York from 1983 to 1989.\n\nGiuliani led the 1980s federal prosecution of New York City mafia bosses as U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York. After a failed campaign for Mayor of New York City in the 1989 election, he succeeded in 1993, and was reelected in 1997, campaigning on a \"tough on crime\" platform. He led New York's controversial \"civic cleanup\" as its mayor from 1994 to 2001. Mayor Giuliani appointed an outsider, William Bratton, as New York City's new police commissioner. For example, Giuliani removed panhandlers and sex clubs from Times Square. As crime rates fell steeply, well ahead of the national average pace, Giuliani was widely credited, though later critics cite other contributing factors. In 2000, he ran against First Lady Hillary Clinton for a US Senate seat from New York, but left the race once diagnosed with prostate cancer. For his mayoral leadership after the September11 attacks in 2001, he was called \"America's mayor\". and was given an honorary knighthood in 2002 by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.\n\nIn 2002, Giuliani founded a security consulting business, Giuliani Partners, yet did poorly in the primary election; he later withdrew and endorsed the party's subsequent nominee, John McCain. In addition, he has often been engaged for public speaking, political commentary, and Republican campaign support.<ref name=\"Robertiello\" />\n\nGiuliani joined President Donald Trump's personal legal team in April 2018. His activities as Trump's attorney have drawn renewed media scrutiny, in particular due to allegations that he engaged in corruption and profiteering and his promotion of conspiracy theories, most notably about the 2018 and 2020 elections. Following the 2020 presidential election, he represented Trump in many lawsuits filed in attempts to overturn the election results, making false and debunked allegations about rigged voting machines, polling place fraud, and an international communist conspiracy. Giuliani spoke at the rally preceding the January 6 United States Capitol attack where he made false claims of voter fraud and called for \"trial by combat\". As a consequence, his license to practice law was suspended in New York State in June 2021 and in the District of Columbia in July 2021.", "title": "Rudy Giuliani" }, { "id": "124172", "score": "1.508812", "text": "Wisdom of Jesus ben Sira () his tasks are altered to: 1) herald the eschaton, 2) calm God's fury, 3) restore familial peace, and 4) restore the 12 tribes. At Jewish circumcision ceremonies, a chair is set aside for the use of the prophet Elijah. Elijah is said to be a witness at all circumcisions when the sign of the covenant is placed upon the body of the child. This custom stems from the incident at Mount Horeb (): Elijah had arrived at Mount Horeb after the demonstration of God's presence and power on Mount Carmel. () God asks Elijah", "title": "Elijah" }, { "id": "4810431", "score": "1.5002913", "text": "with them (see also But to bring a sword). During the Passover meal the wine was usually consumed during the eating of the bread, but here it occurs after, probably the third cup of wine, known as the \"Cup of Blessing\", which the head of the household handed round to each person. Brown suggests this might indicate this is not the official Passover dinner and more in line with John's chronology. On the Mount of Olives, Jesus predicts his abandonment by the Apostles: \"'You will all fall away,' Jesus told them, 'for it is written: 'I will strike the shepherd,", "title": "Mark 14" }, { "id": "124174", "score": "1.4985411", "text": "help solve particularly difficult legal problems. Malachi had cited Elijah as the harbinger of the eschaton. Thus, when confronted with reconciling impossibly conflicting laws or rituals, the rabbis would set aside any decision \"until Elijah comes.\" One such decision was whether the Passover Seder required four or five cups of wine. Each serving of wine corresponds to one of the \"four expressions of redemption\" in the Book of Exodus: I am the Lord, and \"I will bring you out\" from under the burdens of the Egyptians, and \"I will deliver you\" from their bondage, and \"I will redeem you\" with", "title": "Elijah" }, { "id": "569295", "score": "1.4739393", "text": "poured but the question as to whether or not the fifth should be drunk, given that the fifth expression of redemption concerned being brought into the Land of Israel, which – by this stage – was no longer possessed of an autonomous Jewish community, remained insoluble. The rabbis determined that the matter should be left until Elijah (in reference to the notion that Elijah's arrival would precipitate the coming of the Messiah, at which time all halakhic questions will be resolved) and the fifth cup came to be known as the \"Kos shel Eliyahu\" (\"Cup of Elijah\"). Over time, people", "title": "Passover Seder" }, { "id": "7875375", "score": "1.4727739", "text": "Talmud: A man shall always set his table after Shabbat — even though he needs but a ke'zayit of chamin [meaning, even though he is quite full and satisfied. This custom is also referred to as \"Se'udata d'David Malka Meshicha\" (Aramaic: סעודתא דדוד מלכא משיחא), \"The meal of David, King Messiah.\" King David asked God when he would die and God revealed to him that he would die on a Shabbat. From that time on, David made a meal for the members of his household at the conclusion of each Shabbat to thank God that he was still alive. According", "title": "Melaveh Malkah" }, { "id": "4810424", "score": "1.4668598", "text": "is where they are to have dinner. They do as he said and everything happens as he said it would and they \"...prepared the Passover.\" (16) This episode shows Jesus' power over the situation. The owner of the house seems to know Jesus as \"teacher\", perhaps indicating that he was an unnamed disciple. Jesus and the Twelve Apostles arrive. Mark says it was evening. As the new Jewish day began at sundown, this is now the Passover and this is the Passover meal. This is the day of Jesus' death, Good Friday. Jesus tells the group that one of the", "title": "Mark 14" }, { "id": "588794", "score": "1.455497", "text": "to the Torah Shrine was reserved for the prominent members of the congregation and for important guests. This might be what Jesus referred to as the \"seat of Moses\" or \"chair of Moses\" (), or is mentioned as the \"chief seats in the synagogues\" elsewhere in the Gospels ( etc.). Such a stone-carved and inscribed seat was discovered at archaeological excavations in the synagogue at Chorazin in Galilee and dates from the 4th–6th century; another one was discovered at the Delos Synagogue, complete with a footstool, reminiscent of : \"... you say to the poor man, “You stand over there,", "title": "Synagogue" }, { "id": "312018", "score": "1.4552143", "text": "to reflect the importance of the meal. During this meal, the story of the Exodus from Egypt is retold using a special text called the Haggadah. Four cups of wine are consumed at various stages in the narrative. The Haggadah divides the night's procedure into 15 parts: These 15 parts parallel the 15 steps in the Temple in Jerusalem on which the Levites stood during Temple services, and which were memorialized in the 15 Psalms (#120–134) known as \"Shir HaMa'alot\" (Hebrew: , \"Songs of Ascent\"). The seder is replete with questions, answers, and unusual practices (e.g. the recital of Kiddush", "title": "Passover" }, { "id": "4325223", "score": "1.4531314", "text": "come!\" After the first star appearance is declared, the family members sit down to a dinner table. According to tradition, bits of hay are spread beneath the tablecloth as a reminder that Christ was born in a manger. Others partake in the practice of placing money under the table cloth for each guest, in order to wish for prosperity in the coming year. The dinner contains twelve dishes, one for each Apostle. In many homes, an extra place setting is set. The empty setting is symbolically left at the table for a lonely wanderer who may be in need of", "title": "Christmas traditions" }, { "id": "569270", "score": "1.4470987", "text": "affliction\") and 'afikoman', and drink the four cups of wine, in a reclining position, and dip vegetables into salt water (the dipping being a sign of royalty and freedom). There is an obligation to drink four cups of wine during the Seder. The Mishnah says (Pes. 10:1) that even the poor are obliged to drink the four cups. Each cup is imbibed at a specific point in the Seder. The first is for Kiddush (קידוש), the second is for 'Maggid' (מגיד), the third is for Birkat Hamazon (ברכת המזון) and the fourth is for Hallel (הלל). The Four Cups represent", "title": "Passover Seder" }, { "id": "569271", "score": "1.4457664", "text": "the four expressions of deliverance promised by God : \"I will bring out,\" \"I will deliver,\" \"I will redeem,\" and \"I will take.\" The Vilna Gaon relates the Four Cups to four worlds: this world, the Messianic age, the world at the revival of the dead, and the world to come. The MaHaRaL connects them to the four Matriarchs: Sarah, Rebeccah, Rachel, and Leah. (The three matzot, in turn, are connected to the three Patriarchs: Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.) Abarbanel relates the cups to the four historical redemptions of the Jewish people: the choosing of Abraham, the Exodus from Egypt,", "title": "Passover Seder" }, { "id": "12090043", "score": "1.4444252", "text": "tables. These trays were brought to each guest by waiters. On Shabbat, the trays would be brought out only after the Kiddush, to show that the meal was being served in honor of the Shabbat, which had just been sanctified by the recital of the Kiddush. Today, observers set the table with the challah, but cover it until the time when it would have been carried in, in Talmudic times. This demonstrates that the meal only begins after — and because of — the Kiddush. Covering the challah so as not to \"shame\" it while the wine is being blessed", "title": "Challah cover" }, { "id": "569264", "score": "1.439132", "text": "Furthermore, the words and rituals of the Seder are a primary vehicle for the transmission of the Jewish faith from grandparent to child, and from one generation to the next. Attending a Seder and eating matza on Passover is a widespread custom in the Jewish community, even among those who are not religiously observant. The Seder table is traditionally set with the finest place settings and silverware, and family members come to the table dressed in their holiday clothes. There is a tradition for the person leading the Seder to wear a white robe called a kittel. For the first", "title": "Passover Seder" }, { "id": "312017", "score": "1.4363879", "text": "swept to make sure that no pieces of old, potentially leavened dough remain, as any stray pieces are now \"chametz\", and can contaminate the next batch of matzo. Some machine-made matzos are completed within 5 minutes of being kneaded. It is traditional for Jewish families to gather on the first night of Passover (first two nights in Orthodox and Conservative communities outside Israel) for a special dinner called a seder (סדר – derived from the Hebrew word for \"order\" or \"arrangement\", referring to the very specific order of the ritual). The table is set with the finest china and silverware", "title": "Passover" }, { "id": "2947665", "score": "1.4342582", "text": "are associated with Passover, i.e., the creation of the world, the Akedah or binding of Isaac, the redemption of Israel from Egypt (both the \"passing over\" of the First-born during the Passover meal and Israel's \"passage\" through the Red Sea) and the coming of the Messiah (announced by the Prophet Elijah). For Christians, the central events of the Paschal Mystery of Christ, i.e., his passion, death and resurrection, also are obviously associated with Passover. Thus it was inevitable that the very earliest Christians expected the imminent return of Christ to also occur during their Passover celebrations. Jeremias notes that Quartodecimans", "title": "Quartodecimanism" } ]

[ "hudson disambiguation", "hudson", "Hudson", "Hudson (disambiguation)" ]

[ { "id": "1164928", "score": "1.5702562", "text": "tributaries are part of the largest tidal wetland ecosystem in the region. Its creeks and wetlands have been designated a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Opened along Fresh Kills as a \"temporary landfill\" in 1947, the Fresh Kills Landfill was a repository of trash for the city of New York. The landfill, once the world's largest man-made structure, was closed in 2001, but was briefly re-opened for the debris from Ground Zero following the September 11 attacks in 2001. It is being converted into a park. Plans for the park", "title": "Staten Island" }, { "id": "1164929", "score": "1.5004532", "text": "include a bird-nesting island, public roads, boardwalks, soccer and baseball fields, bridle paths, and a 5,000-seat stadium. Today, freshwater and tidal wetlands, fields, birch thickets, and a coastal oak maritime forest, as well as areas dominated by non-native plant species, are all within the boundaries of Fresh Kills. Staten Island Staten Island is the southernmost and westernmost of the five boroughs of New York City in the U.S. state of New York. Located in the southwest portion of the city, Staten Island is the southernmost part of both the city and state of New York, with Conference House Park located", "title": "Staten Island" }, { "id": "1164902", "score": "1.4972353", "text": "Staten Island Staten Island is the southernmost and westernmost of the five boroughs of New York City in the U.S. state of New York. Located in the southwest portion of the city, Staten Island is the southernmost part of both the city and state of New York, with Conference House Park located at the southern tip of the island. The borough is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull, and from the rest of New York by New York Bay. With a 2017 Census–estimated population of 479,458 Staten Island is the least populated of", "title": "Staten Island" }, { "id": "1164905", "score": "1.4966831", "text": "terminal at St. George to Tottenville. Staten Island is the only borough that is not connected to the New York City Subway system. The free Staten Island Ferry connects the borough across New York Harbor to Manhattan and is a popular tourist attraction, providing views of the Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island, and Lower Manhattan. Staten Island had the Fresh Kills Landfill, which was the world's largest landfill before closing in 2001, although it was temporarily reopened that year to receive debris from the September 11 attacks. The landfill is being redeveloped as Freshkills Park, an area devoted to restoring", "title": "Staten Island" }, { "id": "1960134", "score": "1.4839501", "text": "Giovanni da Verrazzano anchored in what is now called The Narrows, the strait between Staten Island and Long Island that connects the Upper and Lower New York Bay, where he received a canoe party of Lenape. A party of his sailors may have taken on fresh water at a spring called \"the watering place\" on Staten Island—a monument stands in a tiny park on the corner of Bay Street and Victory Boulevard at the approximate spot—but Verrazzano's descriptions of the geography of the area are a bit ambiguous. It is fairly firmly held by historians that his ship anchored at", "title": "New York Harbor" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "New York Harbor\n\nNew York Harbor is at the mouth of the Hudson River where it empties into New York Bay near the East River tidal estuary, and then into the Atlantic Ocean on the east coast of the United States. It is one of the largest natural harbors in the world, and is frequently named the best natural harbor in the world. It is also known as Upper New York Bay, which is enclosed by the New York City boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Staten Island and the Hudson County, New Jersey municipalities of Jersey City and Bayonne. The name may also refer to the entirety of New York Bay including Lower New York Bay. Although the United States Board on Geographic Names does not use the term, \"New York Harbor\" has important historical, governmental, commercial, and ecological usages.", "title": "New York Harbor" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Hudson River\n\nThe Hudson River is a river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York. It originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York and flows southward through the Hudson Valley to the New York Harbor between New York City and Jersey City, eventually draining into the Atlantic Ocean at Lower New York Bay. The river serves as a political boundary between the states of New Jersey and New York at its southern end. Farther north, it marks local boundaries between several New York counties. The lower half of the river is a tidal estuary, deeper than the body of water into which it flows, occupying the Hudson Fjord, an inlet which formed during the most recent period of North American glaciation, estimated at 26,000 to 13,300 years ago. Even as far north as the city of Troy, the flow of the river changes direction with the tides.\n\nThe Hudson River runs through the Munsee, Lenape, Mohican, Mohawk, and Haudenosaunee homelands. Prior to European exploration, the river was known as the \"Mahicannittuk\" by the Mohicans, \"Ka'nón:no\" by the Mohawks, and \"Muhheakantuck\" by the Lenape. The river was subsequently named after Henry Hudson, an Englishman sailing for the Dutch East India Company who explored it in 1609, and after whom Hudson Bay in Canada is also named. It had previously been observed by Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano sailing for King Francis I of France in 1524, as he became the first European known to have entered the Upper New York Bay, but he considered the river to be an estuary. The Dutch called the river the \"North River\"—with the Delaware River called the \"South River\"—and it formed the spine of the Dutch colony of New Netherland. Settlements of the colony clustered around the Hudson, and its strategic importance as the gateway to the American interior led to years of competition between the English and the Dutch over control of the river and colony.\n\nDuring the 18th century, the river valley and its inhabitants were the subject and inspiration of Washington Irving, the first internationally acclaimed American author. In the nineteenth century, the area inspired the Hudson River School of landscape painting, an American pastoral style, as well as the concepts of environmentalism and wilderness. The Hudson was also the eastern outlet for the Erie Canal, which, when completed in 1825, became an important transportation artery for the early 19th century United States.\n\nPollution in the river increased in the 20th century, more acutely by mid-century, particularly with industrial contamination from polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Pollution control regulations, enforcement actions and restoration projects initiated in the latter 20th century have begun to improve water quality, and restoration work has continued in the 21st century.", "title": "Hudson River" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Arthur Kill\n\nThe Arthur Kill (sometimes referred to as the Staten Island Sound<ref name=GNIS/>) is a tidal strait between Staten Island (also known as Richmond County), New York and Union and Middlesex counties, New Jersey. It is a major navigational channel of the Port of New York and New Jersey.", "title": "Arthur Kill" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Geography of New York City\n\nThe geography of New York City is characterized by its coastal position at the meeting of the Hudson River and the Atlantic Ocean in a naturally sheltered harbor. The city's geography, with its scarce availability of land, is a contributing factor in making New York the most densely populated major city in the United States. Environmental issues are chiefly concerned with managing this density, which also explains why New York is among the most energy-efficient and least automobile-dependent cities in the United States. The city's climate is temperate.", "title": "Geography of New York City" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Lower New York Bay\n\nLower New York Bay is a section of New York Bay south of the Narrows (the strait between Staten Island and Brooklyn). The eastern end of the Bay is marked by two spits of land, Sandy Hook, New Jersey, and Rockaway, Queens. The waterway between the spits connects the Bay to the Atlantic Ocean at the New York Bight. Traversing the floor of the Bay southeasterly from the Narrows to the Bight and beyond is Hudson Canyon.\n\nRoughly the northeastern portion of the Bay from the Narrows to Sandy Hook is known as the Lower Bay (named in relation to the neighboring Upper [New York] Bay); roughly the western portion of the Bay (including the portion at the mouth of New Jersey's Raritan River) is called Raritan Bay; and roughly the southeastern portion of the Bay (that is, the portion south and the portion southwest from Sandy Hook) is known as Sandy Hook Bay.", "title": "Lower New York Bay" }, { "id": "2466707", "score": "1.4797807", "text": "and Governor's Island. The East Shore of Staten Island also borders New York Bay. Except for Staten Island, the only way to get to any of these islands is by ferry. The first European discovery of the area was by Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524. New York Bay New York Bay is the collective term for the marine areas surrounding the river mouth of the Hudson River into the Atlantic Ocean, in New Jersey and New York City. Its two largest components, which are connected by The Narrows, are: The term New York Harbor usually refers to the Upper New", "title": "New York Bay" }, { "id": "2527534", "score": "1.479522", "text": "northern end. The Staten Island side is primarily lined with salt marshes. A heavily used marine channel, it provides access for ocean-going tankers to industrial facilities along the channel itself. It also provides the primary marine access to the now-closed Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island and is the location of the Staten Island boat graveyard. The channel is dredged periodically to a depth of and a width of to maintain its usefulness for commercial ship passage. As part of its Harboring Deepening Project, the Kill is being deepened to a depth of to accommodate larger ships and allow for", "title": "Arthur Kill" }, { "id": "2509809", "score": "1.4751146", "text": "length of the main span). Notes Bibliography The Narrows The Narrows is the tidal strait separating the boroughs of Staten Island and Brooklyn in New York City. It connects the Upper New York Bay and Lower New York Bay and forms the principal channel by which the Hudson River empties into the Atlantic Ocean. It has long been considered to be the maritime \"gateway\" to New York City and historically has been one of the most important entrances into the harbors of the Port of New York and New Jersey. The Narrows was most likely formed after deposition of the", "title": "The Narrows" }, { "id": "2038409", "score": "1.473211", "text": "showing the route of the ferry through Upper New York Bay\" width=250 height=250 zoom=12 latitude=40.6715 longitude=-74.0425> </mapframe> The ferry to Staten Island departs Manhattan from the Staten Island Ferry Whitehall Terminal at South Ferry, at the southernmost tip of Manhattan near the Battery, and follows a single route. On Staten Island, ferryboats to Manhattan depart from the St. George Ferry Terminal on Richmond Terrace, near Richmond County's Borough Hall and Supreme Court. The ferry ride affords views of the Lower Manhattan skyline and the Statue of Liberty and thus is a popular destination on Saturday nights, as beer and food", "title": "Staten Island Ferry" }, { "id": "2509806", "score": "1.4728634", "text": "The Narrows The Narrows is the tidal strait separating the boroughs of Staten Island and Brooklyn in New York City. It connects the Upper New York Bay and Lower New York Bay and forms the principal channel by which the Hudson River empties into the Atlantic Ocean. It has long been considered to be the maritime \"gateway\" to New York City and historically has been one of the most important entrances into the harbors of the Port of New York and New Jersey. The Narrows was most likely formed after deposition of the Harbor Hill Moraine about 18,000 years ago", "title": "The Narrows" }, { "id": "589432", "score": "1.470568", "text": "Ellis Island, partially belonging to both the states of New Jersey and New York, is located just south of the river's mouth in New York Harbor. The Statue of Liberty, located on Liberty Island, is located a bit further south of there. A stretch on the east bank of the Hudson has been designated the Hudson River Historic District, a National Historic Landmark. The Palisades Interstate Park Commission protects the Palisades on the west bank of the river. The Hudson River was designated as an American Heritage River in 1997. The Hudson River estuary system is part of the National", "title": "Hudson River" }, { "id": "2527533", "score": "1.4673346", "text": "Arthur Kill Arthur Kill, also known as the Staten Island Sound, is a tidal strait and a kill between Staten Island, a borough of New York City, and Union and Middlesex counties in northern New Jersey. It is a major navigational channel of the Port of New York and New Jersey in the United States. The channel is approximately long and connects Raritan Bay on its south end with Newark Bay on the north. Along the New Jersey side it is primarily lined with industrial sites, part of which is called the Chemical Coast. John's Cove is located near its", "title": "Arthur Kill" }, { "id": "2114314", "score": "1.4655713", "text": "end is used for freight service as part of the ExpressRail intermodal network at the Howland Hook Marine Terminal. The network, which opened in 2007, connects to the Chemical Coast after crossing the Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge. The North Shore Branch served Procter & Gamble, United States Gypsum, shipbuilders and a car float at Saint George Yard. A smaller eastern portion, which provided seasonal passenger service to the Richmond County Bank Ballpark station (where the Staten Island Yankees play), operated from June 24, 2001 to June 18, 2010. In 2008, restoration was discussed along the mostly-abandoned line as part", "title": "Staten Island Railway" }, { "id": "10756103", "score": "1.4599295", "text": "It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. Staten Island Light The Staten Island Range Light, also known as the Ambrose Channel Range Light, is the rear range light companion to the West Bank Lighthouse. Built in 1912, the 90-foot tower sits more than five miles northwest of the West Bank Lighthouse, on Staten Island’s Richmond Hill (Lighthouse Hill), 141 feet above sea level. It shows a fixed white light that can be seen for 18 miles (on range only). It was designated a New York City Landmark in 1968 and remains a valuable aid to", "title": "Staten Island Light" }, { "id": "2038385", "score": "1.458455", "text": "was located near the Brooklyn, Bath and West End Railroad's former 39th Street terminal, but as that railroad had been converted into the West End subway line, the Brooklyn ferry now primarily served industrial interests in Sunset Park. Mayor George McClellan, elected as Low's successor in 1903, and Docks Commissioner Maurice Featherson were initially skeptical of the acquisition; but despite their objections, the Sinking Funds Commission approved the private line's acquisition in 1905. The route started with three ferryboats from the Union Ferry Company of Brooklyn. Three new boats were then commissioned for the 39th Street route. Named \"Gowanus\", \"Bay", "title": "Staten Island Ferry" }, { "id": "3595824", "score": "1.4562047", "text": "Staten Island's South Shore were once popular locations for summer homes, most of which were owned by residents of other boroughs, particularly Manhattan; however, these declined when the surrounding waters became increasingly polluted during the middle third of the 20th Century. The neighborhood also featured several small hotels, the Christmas Tree Inn on Wilbur Street being perhaps the most prominent among them. One block west of the latter is the South Campus of Staten Island University Hospital, formerly known as Richmond Memorial Hospital, which has the distinction of being the southernmost acute-care facility in both New York City and New", "title": "Prince's Bay, Staten Island" }, { "id": "4474050", "score": "1.4467363", "text": "of the Wisconsin Glacier which receded 10,000 yrs. ago. They are the tallest ocean-facing bluffs in New York State. On the highest section of these bluffs The Prince's Bay Lighthouse was built in 1864. The lighthouse has attached living quarters. In 1978, 126 acres (510,000 m²) on the north side of the property were converted into the Cemetery of the Resurrection by the church's Archdiocese of New York, which needed to open a new cemetery on Staten Island as most of the burial plots at the island's existing Catholic cemeteries had already been used. In 1973, the Church of St.", "title": "Pleasant Plains, Staten Island" }, { "id": "1164903", "score": "1.4458493", "text": "the boroughs but is the third-largest in land area at . The borough is coextensive with Richmond County and until 1975 was referred to as the Borough of Richmond. Its flag was later changed to reflect this. Staten Island has sometimes been called \"the forgotten borough\" by inhabitants who feel neglected by the city government. The North Shore—especially the neighborhoods of St. George, Tompkinsville, Clifton, and Stapleton—is the most urban part of the island; it contains the designated St. George Historic District and the St. Paul's Avenue-Stapleton Heights Historic District, which feature large Victorian houses. The East Shore is home", "title": "Staten Island" }, { "id": "3095872", "score": "1.4364221", "text": "such as King Just, Fes Taylor and 9th Prince, the younger brother of legendary rapper/producer RZA. Port Richmond, Staten Island Port Richmond is a neighborhood situated on the North Shore of Staten Island, a borough of New York City. It is along the waterfront of the Kill Van Kull, with the southern terminus of the Bayonne Bridge serving as the boundary between it and Elm Park, the neighborhood which borders it on the west. Formerly an independent village, it is one of the oldest neighborhoods on the island. In the 19th century it was an important transportation and industrial center", "title": "Port Richmond, Staten Island" }, { "id": "10756102", "score": "1.4348998", "text": "Staten Island Light The Staten Island Range Light, also known as the Ambrose Channel Range Light, is the rear range light companion to the West Bank Lighthouse. Built in 1912, the 90-foot tower sits more than five miles northwest of the West Bank Lighthouse, on Staten Island’s Richmond Hill (Lighthouse Hill), 141 feet above sea level. It shows a fixed white light that can be seen for 18 miles (on range only). It was designated a New York City Landmark in 1968 and remains a valuable aid to navigation for ships entering the Ambrose Channel in Lower New York Bay.", "title": "Staten Island Light" } ]

[ "Sweeny Todd", "Tobias %22Toby%22 Ragg", "Sweeney Tod", "sweeney todd character", "sweeny tod", "Sweeney Todd", "Sweeney todd", "Sweney Todd", "The Barber of Fleet Street", "barber of fleet street", "Sweeney Todd (character)", "Sweeny tod", "tobias 22toby 22 ragg", "sweenie todd", "sweeny todd", "sweeney tod", "Sweenie Todd", "sweney todd", "sweeney todd" ]

[ { "id": "11283312", "score": "1.6455612", "text": "accomplice of barber/serial killer Sweeney Todd; in some versions, she is also his lover. She makes and sells meat pies made from Todd's victims. Usually, Mrs. Lovett is depicted as a childless widow, although in some depictions (but very rarely) Mr. Albert Lovett is shown. Before she goes into business with Todd, she is on the verge of poverty, with her premises being filthy and infested with vermin. In the musical, she laments her pies are the worst ones in London. While she feels no remorse about killing people and serving them as pies, she is sometimes shown to have", "title": "Mrs. Lovett" }, { "id": "8069065", "score": "1.5942646", "text": "Frederick Marquis, 1st Lord Woolton (1883–1964), who popularised the recipe after he became Minister of Food in 1940. The recipe involved dicing and cooking potatoes (or parsnips), cauliflower, swede, carrots and possibly turnip. Other vegetables were added where available. Rolled oats and chopped spring onions were added to the thickened vegetable water which was poured over the vegetables themselves. The dish was topped with potato pastry and grated cheese and served with vegetable gravy. The content of the pie filling could easily be altered to include whatever vegetables were in season at the time. People realised that meat was in", "title": "Woolton pie" }, { "id": "8618478", "score": "1.5735679", "text": "Mrs Mac's Pies Mrs Mac's Pies are a family-owned, Australian food company manufacturing meat pies sold throughout Australia and New Zealand and produced in Perth, Western Australia. In the 1950s Ken Macgregor started up a small business in Melbourne manufacturing cakes, yeast buns and pies. By 1954, the owner had moved his family to Perth and restarted his wholesale business as \"Bakewell Pies\". The business moved to its Morley site in 1968 and the next generation of the family, Iain Macgregor became the new owner of the business. In the late 1980s, the business had seen vast growth in distribution,", "title": "Mrs Mac's Pies" }, { "id": "12177297", "score": "1.5544803", "text": "was still illiterate, and could become embellished in the retelling from person to person. Such news would still be taken as factual upon hearing because there was no way of proving otherwise at the time. In Charles Dickens' \"The Pickwick Papers\" (1836–37), Pickwick's cockney servant Sam Weller states that a pieman used cats \"for beefsteak, veal and kidney, 'cording to the demand\", and recommends that people should buy pies only \"when you know the lady as made it, and is quite sure it ain't kitten\". Dickens expanded on the idea of using non-traditional sources for meat pie in \"Martin Chuzzlewit\"", "title": "The String of Pearls" }, { "id": "7461066", "score": "1.550655", "text": "were conducted over the following two decades. In 1947, Frederick Warne & Co. gave Beswick Pottery of Longton, Staffordshire rights and licences to produce the Potter characters in porcelain. Ribby coming from the farm with butter and milk was released as a figurine in 1951; Duchess with a bouquet of flowers in 1955; Duchess holding the ham and veal pie in 1979; and Ribby and the broken pie dish in 1992. A limited edition tableau depicting Duchess and Ribby was produced only in 2000. Schmid & Co. of Toronto and Randolph, Massachusetts was granted licensing rights to Beatrix Potter in", "title": "The Tale of the Pie and the Patty-Pan" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Mrs. Lovett\n\nMrs. Lovett is a fictional character appearing in many adaptations of the story \"Sweeney Todd\". Her first name is most commonly referred to as Nellie, although she has also been referred to as Amelia, Margery, Maggie, Sarah, Shirley, Wilhelmina and Claudetta. A baker from London, Mrs. Lovett is an accomplice and business partner of Sweeney Todd, a barber and serial killer from Fleet Street. She makes meat pies from Todd’s victims.\n\nFirst appearing in the Victorian penny dreadful serial \"The String of Pearls\", it is debated if she was based on an actual person or not. The character also appears in modern media related to \"Sweeney Todd\" including the Stephen Sondheim and its 2007 .", "title": "Mrs. Lovett" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sweeney Todd\n\nSweeney Todd is a fictional character who first appeared as the villain of the penny dreadful serial \"The String of Pearls\" (1846–47). The original tale became a feature of 19th-century melodrama and London legend. A barber from Fleet Street, Todd murders his customers with a straight razor and gives their corpses to Mrs. Lovett, his partner in crime, who bakes their flesh into meat pies. The tale has been retold many times since in various media.\n\nClaims that Sweeney Todd was a historical person although possible legendary prototypes exist.<ref name = \"Mack-2007\"/>", "title": "Sweeney Todd" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007 film ..." }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street\n\nSweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (often referred to simply as Sweeney Todd) is a musical play with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and a book by Hugh Wheeler. It is based on the 1973 play of the same name by Christopher Bond. The character of Sweeney Todd first appeared in a Victorian penny dreadful titled \"The String of Pearls\" (1846-7). \n\n\"Sweeney Todd\" opened on Broadway in 1979 and in the West End in 1980. It won the Tony Award for Best Musical and Olivier Award for Best New Musical. It has been revived in many productions as well as inspiring a .\n\nThe original logo for the musical is a modified version of an advertising image from the 19th century, with the sign replaced by a straight razor. There is also a woman wearing a blood-stained dress and holding a rolling pin next to the man.", "title": "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "The String of Pearls\n\nThe String of Pearls: A Domestic Romance (alternatively titled The Sailor's Gift) is a fictional story first published as a penny dreadful serial from 1846–47. The main antagonist of the story is Sweeney Todd, \"the Demon Barber of Fleet Street\". The story was the character's first literary appearance.\n\nTodd is a barber who murders his customers and gives their corpses to Mrs. Lovett, his partner in crime, who bakes their flesh into meat pies. His barber shop is situated in Fleet Street, London, next to St. Dunstan's church, and is connected to Lovett's pie shop in nearby Bell Yard by means of an underground passage. Todd kills his victims by pulling a lever while they are in his barber chair, which makes them fall backward through a revolving trapdoor and generally causes them to break their necks or skulls on the cellar floor below. If the victims are still alive, he goes to the basement and \"polishes them off\" by slitting their throats with his straight razor.", "title": "The String of Pearls" }, { "id": "4696305", "score": "1.5446289", "text": "Australia, Mrs Mac's Pies are sold nationwide, found mostly in service stations and corner stores, competing with other brands in the contested takeaway hotbox market on the basis of quality and fillings other than the normal fare. In Victoria, some of the well known and famous pie makers include the makers of two of Australia's most famous pies - Four'n Twenty and Patties - both manufactured by Patties Foods in Bairnsdale, as well as locally known producers Pie in the Sky from Olinda, Clarke's Pies from Mortlake, Kings Pies from Hamilton, Gillies from Bendigo and Beaumont's Pies from Geelong. In", "title": "Meat pie (Australia and New Zealand)" }, { "id": "11283316", "score": "1.5445743", "text": "to bake meat pies, which make her business very successful. She and Todd take in an orphan, Tobias Ragg, to whom she becomes like a mother. She also dreams of marrying Todd, who is completely uninterested in her. In the story's climactic \"Final Sequence\", Todd murders Beadle Bamford, Turpin and a beggar woman, and discovers that the latter is actually Lucy. Todd confronts Mrs. Lovett, who confesses that Lucy survived drinking the poison but was driven insane, reduced to begging. Todd then demands why Mrs. Lovett lied to him, to which Mrs. Lovett then confesses her love for him, and", "title": "Mrs. Lovett" }, { "id": "11703137", "score": "1.5291526", "text": "shop and put to work as the cook. Threatened with being killed and made into a meat-pie himself, he eventually escapes and makes the startling announcement to customers that \"Mrs Lovett's pies are made of human flesh!\". Mark then marries Johanna and they live happily ever after. In Stephen Sondheim's musical, \"\", after Benjamin Barker is sent away to Australia, and Lucy raped and driven insane, Judge Turpin takes their daughter Johanna as his ward, raising her as his own. He keeps her in her chamber at his estate like a prisoner, with her only connection to the outside world", "title": "Johanna (character)" }, { "id": "4696306", "score": "1.5028306", "text": "Tasmania, the main manufacturer of pies is National Pies. National Pies make typical beef mince pies, as well as \"Cottage Pies\", which are topped with mashed potato. National Pies' mince pies are rectangular in shape, as opposed to most other brands, which are round. Australian Meat Pies were introduced into the United States in 1994 by Mark Allen, of Boort, Victoria, when he and his wife, Wendy, began operation of Pacific Products, Inc. in Marietta, Georgia. Pacific Products was a wholesale only business, selling their pies to chain retailers throughout the United States. Although Pacific Products is no longer in", "title": "Meat pie (Australia and New Zealand)" }, { "id": "8618481", "score": "1.50209", "text": "not a Mrs Mac's, take it back!\" In 2014, Mrs Mac's underwent a rebrand. On the back of it, a series of online content was produced highlighting use of 100% Aussie beef, hand-checking was a quality measure and that their pastry was made the old-fashioned way. They also brought the 'show' on the road with the Roadtrip campaign and the radio Nova Team. Mrs Mac's Pies Mrs Mac's Pies are a family-owned, Australian food company manufacturing meat pies sold throughout Australia and New Zealand and produced in Perth, Western Australia. In the 1950s Ken Macgregor started up a small business", "title": "Mrs Mac's Pies" }, { "id": "401033", "score": "1.5008849", "text": "bodies by baking their flesh into meat pies and selling them to the unsuspecting customers of her pie shop. Todd's barber shop is situated at 152 Fleet Street, London, next to St. Dunstan's church, and is connected to Mrs. Lovett's pie shop in nearby Bell Yard by means of an underground passage. In most versions of the story, he and Mrs. Lovett hire an unwitting orphan boy, Tobias Ragg, to serve the pies to customers. Sweeney Todd first appeared in a story titled \"The String of Pearls: A Romance\". This penny dreadful was published in 18 weekly parts, in Edward", "title": "Sweeney Todd" }, { "id": "4696304", "score": "1.492851", "text": "brand-name vendor, or even imported, frozen pies heated prior to serving. An Australian meat pie was produced in 1947 by L. T. McClure in a small bakery in Bendigo and became the famous Four'n Twenty pie. Due to its relationship with Australian rules football, Four'n Twenty has iconic status in Victoria. Other manufacturers predate this, and the pie manufacturer Sargent can trace their pie making back to 1891. In South Australia, Balfours and Vili's have been making pies for over 100 years. Both of these pie makers supply pies to various venues hosting Australian rules football games. Produced in Western", "title": "Meat pie (Australia and New Zealand)" }, { "id": "4696312", "score": "1.4857632", "text": "... in the wild state\") may not be used. Started in 1990 and held annually since, the Great Aussie Pie Contest was created to find the best everyday commercially produced meat pie produced in Australia, to promote the higher quality pie production as well as attempting to increase media attention upon the foodstuff, the iconic meat pie often dwarfed by the omnipresent advertising of fast food chains. The contest attracts various pie-makers from all over Australia; the pies for the contest are judged anonymously to avoid bias towards or against specific bakeries or states. Run in parallel to the main", "title": "Meat pie (Australia and New Zealand)" }, { "id": "4696314", "score": "1.4785485", "text": "and encourage developments within this category of baking. They were entered in 11 categories – mince and gravy; chicken and vegetables; gourmet meat; bacon and egg; gourmet fruit; steak, vegetable and gravy; steak and cheese; vegetarian; mince and cheese; seafood and commercial wholesale pies. The pies were judged on presentation, the pastry on the top and bottom, the filling and the profile. In the 1970s meat pies were mentioned in an advertising jingle for General Motors Holden Australia. The jingle — \"football, meat pies, kangaroos and Holden cars, they go together underneath the Southern Stars\". Fair-Go Dibbler, citizen of Fourecks", "title": "Meat pie (Australia and New Zealand)" }, { "id": "2686602", "score": "1.471947", "text": "the late eighteenth century, it has also been stated that the association of the pork pie trade with Melton originated in c.1831 as a sideline in a small baker and confectioners' shop in the town, owned by Edward Adcock. Within the next decade a number of other bakers then started supplying them, notably Enoch Evans, a former grocer, who seems to have been particularly responsible for establishing the industry on a large scale. Whether true or not the association with hunting provided valuable publicity, although one local hunting columnist writing in 1872 stated that it was extremely unlikely that \"our", "title": "Pork pie" }, { "id": "13701074", "score": "1.4635363", "text": "I have heard of a pie she raised in the form of a goose trussed for the spit; the real goose was boned; a duck was boned and laid within it; a fowl was boned and laid within the duck; a boned partridge within the fowl; and a boned pigeon within the partridge. The whole having been properly seasoned, the interstices were filled with rich gravy. Benjamin Disraeli in his novel \"Venetia\" describes an English dinner around 1770 that included ...that masterpiece of the culinary art, a great battalia pie, in which the bodies of chickens, pigeons, and rabbits, were", "title": "Game pie" }, { "id": "19448220", "score": "1.4613636", "text": "of Buckingham presented King Charles I of England and Queen Henrietta Maria with a pie from which sprang the dwarf Jeffrey Hudson, in a suit of armor. The date of the pie banquet was 5 November 1626. The concept became notorious after Stanford White put on a dinner on May 20, 1895 that included a scantily-clad girl, Susie Johnson, emerging from a pie made from galvanized iron, accompanied by a recitation of \"Sing a Song of Sixpence\". A few months later, the \"Pie Girl\" having disappeared, \"The World\" ran a lurid expose of the episode that emphasized the prominence of", "title": "Pop out cake" }, { "id": "4696307", "score": "1.4606925", "text": "business, Allen and his partner Neville Steele opened the Australian Bakery Cafe in Marietta, a retail bakery which also ships its products throughout the USA. In 1977, during the time that American fast food restaurants moved into New Zealand, Progressive Enterprises created Georgie Pie, a fast food restaurant with a menu based on meat pies. The pies were batch made and frozen at Progressive's Mangere plant. The first Georgie Pie restaurant opened in Kelston, Auckland, and at its peak in the mid-1990s had become a chain of 32 restaurants across New Zealand. However, after a major expansion, Georgie Pie became", "title": "Meat pie (Australia and New Zealand)" }, { "id": "6572940", "score": "1.4587619", "text": "the usage of \"Melton Mowbray\" on the wrappings of its own pork pies. Northern Foods viewed the situation as unfair and stated in press releases that the MMPPA's dominant member, Samworth Brothers, has made cured and uncured pork pies in Leicester and that the designation area was shaped to include the Samworth factory there. According to Northern Foods, 99% of the pork pies made under the association banner are made by Samworth Brothers. Northern Foods took the matter to the European Court of Justice, but the appeal was eventually withdrawn. Northern Foods' move against the new requirements was dismissed by", "title": "Melton Mowbray Pork Pie Association" }, { "id": "13701077", "score": "1.4578487", "text": "these, calf's foot jelly or the bone of a knuckle of veal stewed down to a jelly was added to form aspic when the pie was cooled. The cold pie would then be sliced and served in the same way as its relative, the modern pork pie. In the second half of the 18th century, potters such as Josiah Wedgwood introduced industrial processes that made it practical to mass-produce glazed pottery containers capable of withstanding the heat of the oven, at relatively low prices. Following a suggestion by Richard Lovell Edgeworth in 1786, Wedgwood started making game pie dishes with", "title": "Game pie" } ]

[ "biathlon", "Biathlete", "Biathalon", "skiskyting", "Primitive biathlon", "primitive biathlon", "Skiskyting", "biathlete", "Biathlon", "biathalon", "Biathlon ski racing", "biathlon ski racing" ]

[ { "id": "7165490", "score": "2.0907927", "text": "three occasions as a demonstration sport (1928, 1936 and 1948). In 1924, the military patrol team member Camille Mandrillon took the Olympic Oath on behalf of the competitors. Biathlon was developed from military patrol. Another military skiing event is the Patrouille des Glaciers, today also including competitions and rankings for civilian competitors. Military patrol Military patrol was a team winter sport in which athletes competed in cross-country skiing, ski mountaineering and rifle shooting. It was usually contested between countries or military units. The military patrol competition encompassed 25 kilometer cross-country skiing (15 km for women) and rifle shooting. The size", "title": "Military patrol" }, { "id": "3726238", "score": "2.038793", "text": "Military patrol at the 1924 Winter Olympics At the 1924 Winter Olympics, in Chamonix, France, a military patrol competition was held. The Olympic results database lists the official medal winners for the event, as does the Official Report (1924), yet several sources have incorrectly counted this competition as a demonstration event only. The event was also demonstrated in 1928, 1936, and 1948, but those results are still considered unofficial. A full 36 years would pass before the modern version of the sport, biathlon, became an official Winter Olympic sport. The competition was held on Tuesday, January 29, 1924. Six teams", "title": "Military patrol at the 1924 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "8008612", "score": "2.0351682", "text": "Military patrol at the 1948 Winter Olympics At the 1948 Winter Olympics, in St. Moritz, Switzerland, in 1948, the last military patrol competition was held as a demonstration sport. This was in part to the aftermath of World War II, which decimated Europe. This sport would be superseded by the biathlon competition which debuted at the 1960 Winter Olympics. The cross-country ski run was not prepared, and was made by the leading Swiss team. The Czechoslovak participant Karel Dvořák described the weather of the day as extremely mild with temperatures of about 0°C at the starting point at the upper", "title": "Military patrol at the 1948 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "3726239", "score": "2.0011258", "text": "started the event, but only four finished with Italy and Poland withdrawing due to bad conditions. A total of 24 biathletes from six nations competed at the Chamonix Games: Military patrol at the 1924 Winter Olympics At the 1924 Winter Olympics, in Chamonix, France, a military patrol competition was held. The Olympic results database lists the official medal winners for the event, as does the Official Report (1924), yet several sources have incorrectly counted this competition as a demonstration event only. The event was also demonstrated in 1928, 1936, and 1948, but those results are still considered unofficial. A full", "title": "Military patrol at the 1924 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "1413914", "score": "1.9932826", "text": "to biathlon, military patrol, was on the Olympic program for the first Olympic Games in 1924. It was a demonstration sport at the 1928, 1936, and 1948 Winter Olympics, though the competition was only open to members of the armed forces. Military patrol fell out of favor in 1948 due to anti-military sentiments in the post World War II era. Biathlon took its place and was instated as a full Olympic sport in 1960. It encompassed a 20 kilometer cross-country race with four shooting stations at ranges from . Klas Lestander from Sweden became the first Olympic champion, Antti Tyrväinen", "title": "1960 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "8008373", "score": "1.9797444", "text": "Military patrol at the 1936 Winter Olympics At the 1936 Winter Olympics, in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, in 1936, a military patrol competition was held. The International Olympic Committee refused admission of this sport into the Olympic Program, but the expressed desires of Adolf Hitler forced the IOC to make this program a demonstration sport. Military patrol is considered the precursor to biathlon. The success of the Italian team was honored by Benito Mussolini with 30,000 lira per participant, because it was the first time that the Italians placed first in Nordic skiing at the Olympics. \"Event held on February 14, 1936\"", "title": "Military patrol at the 1936 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "8008372", "score": "1.9797444", "text": "Military patrol at the 1936 Winter Olympics At the 1936 Winter Olympics, in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, in 1936, a military patrol competition was held. The International Olympic Committee refused admission of this sport into the Olympic Program, but the expressed desires of Adolf Hitler forced the IOC to make this program a demonstration sport. Military patrol is considered the precursor to biathlon. The success of the Italian team was honored by Benito Mussolini with 30,000 lira per participant, because it was the first time that the Italians placed first in Nordic skiing at the Olympics. \"Event held on February 14, 1936\"", "title": "Military patrol at the 1936 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "525700", "score": "1.9542446", "text": "Games he decided to come out of retirement and compete one last time. Despite not having competed for several years he earned a silver medal. Norwegian Petter Hugsted won the gold and teammate Thorleif Schjelderup won the bronze. Two demonstration sports were held at the 1948 Games. Military patrol had been a demonstration sport at the 1924, 1928, and 1936 Winter Olympic Games. It entailed a combination of cross-country skiing and shooting at targets. Eventually the competition would be renamed Biathlon and was made an official Olympic medal sport at the 1960 Games in Squaw Valley, United States. Winter pentathlon", "title": "1948 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "459620", "score": "1.9448975", "text": "Note 3. The IOC's website now treats Men's Military Patrol at the 1924 Games as an event within the sport of Biathlon. Demonstration sports have historically provided a venue for host countries to attract publicity to locally popular sports by having a competition without granting medals. Demonstration sports were discontinued after 1992. Military patrol, a precursor to the biathlon, was a medal sport in 1924 and was demonstrated in 1928, 1936 and 1948, becoming an official sport in 1960. The special figures figure skating event was only contested at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Bandy (Russian hockey) is a sport popular", "title": "Winter Olympic Games" }, { "id": "7165488", "score": "1.9294438", "text": "Military patrol Military patrol was a team winter sport in which athletes competed in cross-country skiing, ski mountaineering and rifle shooting. It was usually contested between countries or military units. The military patrol competition encompassed 25 kilometer cross-country skiing (15 km for women) and rifle shooting. The size of the patrol was four members. The total climb had to be from 500 to 1200 meters (300 to 700 for women). The rules were very similar to modern biathlon. Traditionally the participating patrol had to consist of one officer, one non-commissioned officer (NCO) and two privates. The officer carried a pistol", "title": "Military patrol" }, { "id": "8008183", "score": "1.9291275", "text": "event. The event was held on Sunday, February 12, 1928. Military patrol at the 1928 Winter Olympics At the 1928 Winter Olympics, in St. Moritz, Switzerland, in 1928, a military patrol competition was held. Because of a snowstorm the night before the competition, the start of the event was delayed 45 minutes to the cleaning up of the track. The competition was contested over a 30 km distance with an elevation difference of 1100 metres. The starting point was on a height of 2,108 metres, the highest point at 2,877 metres, and the goal in the valley at 1,850 metres.", "title": "Military patrol at the 1928 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "8008613", "score": "1.9223781", "text": "cableway station (2,486 m) on top of the Corviglia in the morning. The participants wore military equipment, 10 kg of baggage on the back and a military rifle. Only the officers, the patrol leaders, had pistols and did not compete in shooting. At the shooting range they had to shoot on three rubber balloons at a distance of 150 m. Every hit gave a bonus of 1 minute for the team. \"Event held on February 8, 1948\" Military patrol at the 1948 Winter Olympics At the 1948 Winter Olympics, in St. Moritz, Switzerland, in 1948, the last military patrol competition", "title": "Military patrol at the 1948 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "8016179", "score": "1.9211546", "text": "1960 Winter Olympics, there was a military patrol event that was held at four Winter Olympic Games: 1924, 1928, 1936, and 1948. Medals were awarded for military patrol in 1924, but it was a demonstration event for the other three Games. • = \"official event\", (d) = \"demonstration event\" • = \"official event\", (d) = \"demonstration event\" \"As of 2018 Winter Olympics\" Biathlon at the Winter Olympics Biathlon debuted at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley with the men's 20 km individual event. At the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, the men's 4×7.5 km relay debuted, followed by the", "title": "Biathlon at the Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "50647", "score": "1.9089172", "text": "the military. Norwegian skiing regiments organized military skiing contests in the 18th century, divided in four classes: shooting at mark while skiing at top speed, downhill race among trees, downhill race on big hills without falling, and a long race on flat ground while carrying rifle and military pack. In modern terminology these military contests included downhill, slalom, biathlon, and cross-country skiing. One of the world's first known ski clubs, the Trysil Rifle and Ski Club, was formed in Norway in 1861 to promote national defense at the local level. 20th century variants include (the military contest) – a 17", "title": "Biathlon" }, { "id": "7165489", "score": "1.8760135", "text": "instead of a rifle and did not take part in the shooting. The total weight of the backpacks of the NCO and the privates had to be at least 24 kilograms. In later years the competitors did not carry backpacks, and the rifles were small bore rifles, similar to those in biathlon. The patrol leader did not have any kind of weapon. Military patrol formed part of the International Military Sports Council (\"Conseil International du Sport Militaire\", or CISM) skiing championships starting in 1929. It was in the official programme of the Winter Olympic Games in 1924 Chamonix, and on", "title": "Military patrol" }, { "id": "2503473", "score": "1.8700243", "text": "under their own power using backcountry skiing equipment and techniques. More generally, ski mountaineering is an activity that variously combines ski touring, Telemark, backcountry skiing, and mountaineering. Military patrol was an official event at the 1924 Winter Olympics, followed by demonstration events at the 1928 Winter Olympics, in 1936 and in 1948. Military patrol is considered to be a predecessor of the biathlon. From 1992 to 2009, the Comité International du Ski-Alpinisme de Compétition (CISAC), founded by France, Italy, Slovakia, Andorra and Switzerland, sanctioned the European Championship. Then the CISAC merged with the International Council for Ski Mountaineering Competitions in", "title": "Ski mountaineering" }, { "id": "50648", "score": "1.8667067", "text": "km cross-country race with shooting, and the military cross-country race at 30 km including marksmanship. The modern biathlon is a civilian variant of the old military combined exercise. In Norway, the biathlon was until 1984 a branch of , an organization set up by the government to promote civilian marksmanship in support of national defense. In Norwegian, the biathlon is called (literally \"ski shooting\"). In Norway there are still separate contests in , a cross-country race at 12 km with large-caliber rifle shooting at various targets with unknown range. Called military patrol, the combination of skiing and shooting was contested", "title": "Biathlon" }, { "id": "3117854", "score": "1.8654268", "text": "the Summer Games); a bullet denotes that the sport was contested as a demonstration sport. On some occasions, both official medal events and demonstration events were contested in the same sport at the same Games. Three out of the seven sports consist of multiple disciplines. Disciplines from the same sport are grouped under the same color: Military patrol was an official skiing event in 1924 but the IOC currently considers it an event of biathlon in those games, and not as a separate sport. The following sports have been demonstrated at the Winter Olympic Games for the years shown, but", "title": "Olympic sports" }, { "id": "8008182", "score": "1.8570914", "text": "Military patrol at the 1928 Winter Olympics At the 1928 Winter Olympics, in St. Moritz, Switzerland, in 1928, a military patrol competition was held. Because of a snowstorm the night before the competition, the start of the event was delayed 45 minutes to the cleaning up of the track. The competition was contested over a 30 km distance with an elevation difference of 1100 metres. The starting point was on a height of 2,108 metres, the highest point at 2,877 metres, and the goal in the valley at 1,850 metres. Nine countries with 36 military patrol runners participated in this", "title": "Military patrol at the 1928 Winter Olympics" }, { "id": "7948934", "score": "1.8466424", "text": "to the current V-style from 1985 onwards. The cross-country skiing technique would switch from classical to freestyle for all competitions beginning in 1985. At the 1988 Winter Olympics the Gundersen method was adopted, meaning the 15 km cross country portion would go from an interval start race to a pursuit race, so that whoever crossed the finish line first won the event. The team event with a 3 x 10 km cross country relay started at the 1988 Winter Olympics, changing to the current 4 x 5 km cross-country relay at the 1998 Winter Olympics. The 7.5 km sprint event", "title": "Nordic combined at the Winter Olympics" } ]

[ "Melvin Frohike", "yves adele harlow", "Susanne Modeski", "lois runtz", "susanne modeski", "lone gunmen", "Richard %22Ringo%22 Langly", "Yves Adele Harlow", "richard langly", "lord manhammer", "Lone Gunmen", "Lone gunmen trio", "Lone gunmen", "lone gunmen trio", "The Lone Gunmen", "richard 22ringo 22 langly", "The lone gunmen", "Richard Langly", "john fitzgerald byers", "John Fitzgerald Byers", "Lord Manhammer", "melvin frohike", "Lois Runtz" ]

[ { "id": "9427572", "score": "1.8016527", "text": "The X-Files: I Want to Believe The X-Files: I Want to Believe is a 2008 American supernatural thriller film directed by Chris Carter and written by both Carter and Frank Spotnitz. It is the second feature film installment of \"The X-Files\" franchise created by Carter, following the 1998 film. Three main actors from the television series, David Duchovny, Gillian Anderson, and Mitch Pileggi, reappear in the film to reprise their respective roles as Fox Mulder, Dana Scully, and Walter Skinner. Unlike the first film, the plot does not focus on the series' ongoing extraterrestrial based \"mytharc\" themes, but instead works", "title": "The X-Files: I Want to Believe" }, { "id": "9427613", "score": "1.7901531", "text": "April, 2017, it was announced the series would return with a ten-episode eleventh season set to premiere in January, 2018. The X-Files: I Want to Believe The X-Files: I Want to Believe is a 2008 American supernatural thriller film directed by Chris Carter and written by both Carter and Frank Spotnitz. It is the second feature film installment of \"The X-Files\" franchise created by Carter, following the 1998 film. Three main actors from the television series, David Duchovny, Gillian Anderson, and Mitch Pileggi, reappear in the film to reprise their respective roles as Fox Mulder, Dana Scully, and Walter Skinner.", "title": "The X-Files: I Want to Believe" }, { "id": "410471", "score": "1.7487382", "text": "series, two feature films have been released: The 1998 film \"The X-Files\", which took place as part of the TV series continuity, and the stand-alone film \"\", released in 2008, six years after the original television run had ended. The series revolves around Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) special agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny), and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) who investigate X-Files: marginalized, unsolved cases involving paranormal phenomena. Mulder believes in the existence of aliens and the paranormal while Scully, a medical doctor and a skeptic, is assigned to make scientific analyses of Mulder's discoveries to debunk his work and", "title": "The X-Files" }, { "id": "3925552", "score": "1.7365122", "text": "Maslin of \"The New York Times\" responded negatively towards the film, complaining that it was uneventful and scorning the \"hush-hush atmosphere\" surrounding the production. \"The X-Files\" has spawned one sequel, a 2008 film entitled \"\" released six years after the series ended. The film performed modestly at the box office and received a less positive response than the first film. In an interview with \"Entertainment Weekly\", Chris Carter announced that if \"I Want to Believe\" proved successful, he would propose that a third movie go back to the television series' mythology and focus on the alien invasion foretold within the", "title": "The X-Files (film)" }, { "id": "9427582", "score": "1.7287447", "text": "second feature film adaptation of the series, following the 1998 film. Carter was expected to collaborate with Spotnitz, who had co-written the first film, on a script for the follow-up. Production of the film was slated to begin after the completion of the ninth season of the TV series, with a projected release in December 2003. In April 2002, Carter reiterated his desire and the studio's desire to do a sequel film. He planned to write the script over that summer and begin production in the spring or summer of 2003 for a 2004 release. Carter described the film saying,", "title": "The X-Files: I Want to Believe" }, { "id": "18692315", "score": "1.7029002", "text": "show was able to attract an audience. However, the show lost viewers and was eventually cancelled by Fox. In 2008, both Duchovny and Anderson reprised their roles as Mulder and Scully in the film \"\". In several interviews around the release, series creator Chris Carter said that if \"The X-Files: I Want to Believe\" proved successful at the box office, a third installment would be made going back to the TV series' mythology, focusing specifically on the alien invasion and colonization of Earth foretold in the series finale, due to occur on December 22, 2012. In an October 2009 interview,", "title": "The X-Files (season 10)" }, { "id": "410520", "score": "1.6994467", "text": "the \"X-Files: I Want to Believe\" film proved successful at the box office, a third installment would be made going back to the TV series' mythology, focusing specifically on the alien invasion and colonization of Earth foretold in the ninth-season finale, due to occur on December 22, 2012. In an October 2009 interview, David Duchovny likewise said he wanted to do a 2012 \"X-Files\" movie, but did not know if he would get the chance. Anderson stated in August 2012 that a third \"X-Files\" film is \"looking pretty good\". As of July 2013, Fox had not approved the movie, although", "title": "The X-Files" }, { "id": "18692306", "score": "1.6957488", "text": "and seven years after the film \"\" (2008), follows newly re-instated Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) as they learn more about the existence of extraterrestrials and their relationship with the government. Ever since \"The X-Files: I Want to Believe\" debuted in theaters, there was talk of a third \"X-Files\" movie to wrap-up the series' remaining storylines. However, for years these talks never resulted in action until on March 24, 2015, Fox announced that the series would return as a short-format event series with six episodes. After the season aired, it", "title": "The X-Files (season 10)" }, { "id": "410474", "score": "1.6929886", "text": "produced in Vancouver, British Columbia, before eventually moving to Los Angeles to accommodate Duchovny. The series later returned to Vancouver to film \"The X-Files: I Want to Believe\" as well as the tenth and eleventh seasons of the series. \"The X-Files\" was a hit for the Fox network and received largely positive reviews, although its long-term story arc was criticized near the conclusion. Initially considered a cult series, it turned into a pop culture touchstone that tapped into public mistrust of governments and large institutions and embraced conspiracy theories and spirituality. Both the series itself and lead actors Duchovny and", "title": "The X-Files" }, { "id": "13654233", "score": "1.688622", "text": "\"X-Files\" feature film titled \"The X-Files\" was released, eventually grossing over $180 million. A spin-off—\"The Lone Gunmen\"—was released in 2001 and abruptly canceled. Six years after the initial television series was canceled, another film—\"\"—was released. In January 2016, a tenth season of \"The X-Files\" aired, featuring Carter as executive producer and writer, and starring David Duchovny and Gillian Anderson. An eleventh season premiered in January 2018. In addition to film and television, \"The X-Files\" franchise has expanded into other media, including books, video games, and comic books. These supplements to the film and television series have resulted in significant development", "title": "The X-Files (franchise)" }, { "id": "9427583", "score": "1.6852448", "text": "\"We're looking at the movies as stand-alones. They're not necessarily going to have to deal with the mythology.\" Director Rob Bowman, who had directed episodes of \"The X-Files\" in the past as well as the 1998 film, expressed an interest in filming the sequel in July 2002. In April 2004, Duchovny said he was waiting for the film's production to begin, explaining that Carter had signed off on the premise. Duchovny said of the delay, \"So now it's just a matter of making sure everybody can get together at the same time and do it.\" The following November, Carter revealed", "title": "The X-Files: I Want to Believe" }, { "id": "9427608", "score": "1.6804379", "text": "to solve. If \"Fight The Future\", which dealt in grandiose fashion with the series’ convoluted alien myth arc, was \"The X-Files\" in summer blockbuster mode, \"I Want to Believe\" was its attempt at an intimate chamber drama — more Ingmar Bergman than Michael Bay.\" In several interviews that Carter gave around the time the film came out, he said that if \"I Want to Believe\" proved financially successful, a third installment would be made going back to the TV series' mythology, focusing specifically on the alien invasion and colonization of Earth foretold in the series finale, due to occur on", "title": "The X-Files: I Want to Believe" }, { "id": "13654232", "score": "1.6735444", "text": "The X-Files (franchise) The X-Files is an American science fiction–thriller media franchise created by Chris Carter. The franchise generally focused on paranormal or unexplained happenings. The first franchise release—simply titled \"The X-Files\"—debuted in September 1993 and ended in May 2002. The show was a hit for Fox, and its characters and slogans (e.g., \"The Truth Is Out There\", \"Trust No One\", \"I Want to Believe\") became pop culture touchstones in the 1990s. 1996 saw the premiere of a second series set in the same universe but covering a storyline independent of the X-Files mythology, titled \"Millennium\". In 1998, the first", "title": "The X-Files (franchise)" }, { "id": "13654239", "score": "1.6726499", "text": "Reyes (Annabeth Gish) are absent from the film. During a July 2013 panel discussion at the San Diego Comic-Con hosted by \"TV Guide\", both Anderson and Duchovny expressed willingness to do a third feature film, but Carter was more reserved at the idea, stating, \"You need a reason to get excited about going on and doing it again.\" \"The X-Files\" stars David Duchovny, Gillian Anderson, and Mitch Pileggi, alongside Blythe Danner, Martin Landau, and William B. Davis. \"The X-Files: I Want to Believe\" stars Duchovny, Anderson, and Pileggi, alongside Amanda Peet, Xzibit, and Billy Connolly. There are three series of", "title": "The X-Files (franchise)" }, { "id": "9465170", "score": "1.6713781", "text": "make a third \"X-Files\" feature film that would focus on the impending alien invasion revealed in this episode, depending on the success of \"The X-Files: I Want to Believe\". Following the release of \"The X-Files: I Want to Believe\", Carter, Spotnitz, Duchovny, and Anderson all expressed their interest in making one. However, on January 17, 2015, Fox Television Group chairman and CEO Gary Newman revealed that there was network interest in reviving \"The X-Files\", not as a movie franchise, but as a limited run television event. With this episode, Duchovny rejoined the main cast of \"The X-Files\" after his departure", "title": "The Truth (The X-Files)" }, { "id": "9427573", "score": "1.6699265", "text": "as a standalone thriller horror story, similar to many of the monster-of-the-week episodes that were frequently seen in the TV series. The story follows Mulder and Scully who have been out of the FBI for several years, with Mulder living in isolation as a fugitive from the organization and Scully having become a doctor at a Catholic-run hospital, where she has formed a friendly relationship with a seriously ill patient. When an FBI agent is mysteriously kidnapped, and a former priest who has been convicted of being a child molester claims to be experiencing psychic visions of the endangered agent,", "title": "The X-Files: I Want to Believe" }, { "id": "410565", "score": "1.6599088", "text": "idea, stating, \"You need a reason to get excited about going on and doing it again.\" The series attained a degree of historical importance, as well. On July 16, 2008, Carter and Spotnitz donated several props from the series and new film to the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History. Some of the items included the original pilot script and the \"I Want to Believe\" poster from Mulder's office. The X-Files The X-Files is an American science fiction drama television series created by Chris Carter. The original television series aired from September 10, 1993 to May 19, 2002 on Fox.", "title": "The X-Files" }, { "id": "410517", "score": "1.6587129", "text": "Carter took the job. Spotnitz co-authored the script with Carter. \"\" became the second film based on the series, after 1998's \"The X-Files: Fight the Future\". Filming began in December 2007 in Vancouver and finished on March 11, 2008. The film was released in the United States on July 25, 2008. In an interview with \"Entertainment Weekly\", Carter said that if \"I Want to Believe\" proved successful, he would propose a third movie that would return to the television series' mythology and focus on the alien invasion foretold within the series, due to occur in December 2012. The film grossed", "title": "The X-Files" }, { "id": "1738305", "score": "1.6559578", "text": "\"The X-Files\" premiered on June 19, 1998, eventually making a worldwide gross of $189,176,423. The film currently holds a rating of 60 out of 100 on review aggregation website Metacritic, based on their weighted average of 23 reviews. Fellow review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes rates the film 64%, based on their analysis of 69 reviews. Ten years after the success of the first film, and six years after \"The X-Files\" final season had finished, Carter would both write and direct a second feature film, titled \"\". Filmed in British Columbia, \"I Want To Believe\" was released on July 25, 2008;", "title": "Chris Carter (screenwriter)" }, { "id": "9427595", "score": "1.6550611", "text": "I Want to Believe\". Carter referred to the title as a \"natural title\", saying that it pertained to \"a story that involves the difficulties in mediating faith and science. 'I Want to Believe.' It really does suggest Scully's struggle with her faith.\" Carter also said that he and Spotnitz settled upon the title as soon as they started writing the screenplay. This title is a popular phrase among \"X-Files\" fans. It is featured on the UFO poster above Mulder's desk. After \"The X-Files\" was cancelled in 2002, Chris Carter and his crew started working with a goal of releasing a", "title": "The X-Files: I Want to Believe" } ]

[ "tina turner", "Tina turner", "Tina tuner", "Annie Mae Bullock", "Anna Bullock", "Tina Turner", "tina turner s", "annie mae bullock", "anna bullock", "tinna turner", "anna mae bullock", "Tinna turner", "tina tuner", "Anna Mae Bullock", "Tina Turner's" ]

[ { "id": "859785", "score": "1.9147427", "text": "to the hotel, Tina fled from the hotel and later hid at a friend's house to escape Ike's abuse. On July 27, Tina sued for divorce on the grounds of irreconcilable differences. After a year in court, their divorce was made final on March 29, 1978; in the divorce, Tina assumed responsibility for the debts incurred by the duo's canceled tour as well as a significant Internal Revenue Service lien. In 1977, with finances given to her by United Artists executive Michael Stewart, Tina returned onstage, giving a round of shows in Las Vegas in a cabaret setting, influenced by", "title": "Tina Turner" }, { "id": "859815", "score": "1.8600719", "text": "infidelity and abuse, Tina tried to commit suicide in 1968 by swallowing 50 Valium pills before a show in Los Angeles. On July 1, 1976, after a final fight with Ike on their way to the Dallas Statler Hilton in Fort Worth, Tina fled from Ike. Tina later recalled that she fled with only 36 cents and a Mobil credit card in her pocket. On July 27, 1976, Tina sued for divorce on the grounds of irreconcilable differences. After a year in court, their divorce was finalized on March 29, 1978. In the final divorce decree, Tina took responsibility for", "title": "Tina Turner" }, { "id": "859797", "score": "1.8408301", "text": "Europe, where she had personally relocated. In 1991, Ike & Tina Turner were inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Phil Spector later accepted on their behalf. That same year, the ex-couple signed away their rights to have their lives dramatized in the semi-autobiographical film \"What's Love Got to Do with It\", later released in 1993 and starring Angela Bassett as Tina and Laurence Fishburne as Ike; the two actors receiving Best Actress and Best Actor Oscar nominations for their portrayals of the former husband-and-wife team. Tina contributed to the soundtrack for \"What's Love Got to Do with", "title": "Tina Turner" }, { "id": "1650325", "score": "1.8067111", "text": "Tina initiated the fight by purposely irritating him so that she'd have a reason to break up with him before they were scheduled to sign a new 5-year contract upon their return from Dallas. He reveals that three weeks after they split, they met for a meal at Ship's Restaurant in Los Angeles. Ike says Tina said maybe they'd get back together after eight or nine years. On July 27, 1976, Tina Turner filed for divorce on the grounds of irreconcilable differences. Ike and Tina fought for a year in divorce court arguing over money and property. By late 1977,", "title": "Ike & Tina Turner" }, { "id": "1466856", "score": "1.7834523", "text": "to use their name and image for the film, neither Tina nor Ike had control over the script. Tina's more graphic accounts of Ike's abuse in her book were not added to the film. Bassett was injured while filming the first spousal abuse sequence. She fell off the back of a high-rise sofa, put her hands out to reduce the impact, and suffered a hairline fracture of her right hand. She only tried the stunt fall once, and footage leading up to the mishap appears in the film. Actress Vanessa Bell Calloway, who plays the fictional character Jackie, was leery", "title": "What's Love Got to Do with It (film)" }, { "id": "609743", "score": "1.750134", "text": "pianist and singer Bonnie Mae Wilson, who was part of the Kings of Rhythm, but after two years she left him for another man. After Bonnie, he became involved with Annie Mae Wilson, another pianist in the band, whom he married in the mid-1950s. His next marriage was to Lorraine Taylor, who had two sons with him. The facts surrounding his marriage to Anna Mae Bullock (Tina Turner) have been very publicly debated. Tina left the relationship after another violent argument on the way to a concert in 1976. Their divorce was finalized in 1978. In Tina's autobiography, she accused", "title": "Ike Turner" }, { "id": "609686", "score": "1.7402053", "text": "Revue, he graduated to larger labels Blue Thumb and United Artists. Throughout his career Turner won two Grammy Awards and was nominated for three others. With his former wife, Turner was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1991 and in 2001 was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame. Stories by Tina Turner of domestic violence by Ike, published in her autobiography \"I, Tina\" and included in its film adaptation \"What's Love Got to Do with It\", coupled with his cocaine addiction, impacted Ike Turner's career in the 1980s and 1990s. Addicted to cocaine and", "title": "Ike Turner" }, { "id": "1650304", "score": "1.7348217", "text": "series of rehearsals, one-nighters at the chitlin' circuit, and Tina's confusing relationship with Ike began to take a toll. Tina complained to Turner that she wanted to leave. Ike responded by hitting her in the head with a wooden shoe stretcher, starting a period of domestic abuse that would endure for nearly two decades. Ike and Tina later married in 1962 in Tijuana, Mexico. After the duo's follow-up, \"I'm Jealous\", performed horribly, the duo scored another top five R&B hit with \"I Idolize You\". All three songs were part of the first Ike and Tina album, \"The Soul of Ike", "title": "Ike & Tina Turner" }, { "id": "5456351", "score": "1.7241912", "text": "and with severe brain damage. She died on 11 September 2010. The couple separated on 20 October 1946, and entered into a property settlement agreement on 10 November 1946 in which Cassini's fifty percent share of the marital estate was dedicated for the ongoing care of Daria. Tierney won an uncontested divorce in California on 13 March 1947, and finalized the divorce one year later: 13 March 1948. It was reported by the \"Los Angeles Times\" that the couple reconciled on 9 April 1948, but did not remarry. Christina \"Tina\" was born on 19 November 1948 the paternity of whom", "title": "Oleg Cassini" }, { "id": "11687819", "score": "1.7204474", "text": "of defaulted storage locker items. She recognizes the box as stuff which she left in the possession of her former husband, Michael Macgruder – whom she met and married during her time on the Santa Teresa Police Force at the age of 21. She walked out after eight months in 1972. Mickey had asked her to give him a false alibi when he was accused of violence against a recently returned Vietnam veteran Benny Quintero, who later died. Kinsey refused to lie, assuming his guilt, and left him. As well as high school and police academy memories, she finds in", "title": "\"O\" Is for Outlaw" }, { "id": "10430804", "score": "1.7116513", "text": "October 2010, with performances in San Jose and San Diego, once again partnered with Vaidas Skimelis. Murphy has been married three times and revealed that during her first marriage, which lasted nine years, she was a victim of domestic abuse. In October 2010, on \"Larry King Live\", she said she was finally speaking out so that other victims could learn how she endured, but escaped, domestic violence. Her first husband denies physically or mentally abusing her. In 2008, Murphy divorced amicably with her third husband, Phillip Gott, who remains an employee of her ballroom dance academy. On May 28, 2011,", "title": "Mary Murphy (choreographer)" }, { "id": "859760", "score": "1.7106119", "text": "of severe domestic abuse against her by Ike Turner prior to their 1976 split and subsequent 1978 divorce. Raised a Baptist, she became an adherent of Nichiren Buddhism in 1973, crediting the spiritual chant of \"Nam Myoho Renge Kyo\" with helping her to endure during difficult times. After her divorce and professional separation from Ike, Turner built her own career through live performances. In the 1980s, Turner launched a major comeback as a solo artist. The 1983 single \"Let's Stay Together\" was followed by the 1984 release of her fifth solo album, \"Private Dancer\", which became a worldwide success. The", "title": "Tina Turner" }, { "id": "3437564", "score": "1.7083446", "text": "alcoholic who was often violent towards his wife. Boyd left Clapton in April 1987 and divorced him in 1989. Her stated reasons were Clapton's years of alcoholism, as well as his numerous affairs, including one with Italian actress Lory Del Santo. In 1989, her divorce was granted on the grounds of \"infidelity and unreasonable behaviour\". She subsequently suspected that Clapton's pursuit of her when she was married to Harrison \"had more to do\" with the competitive aspect of the two musicians' friendship, and that \"Eric just wanted what George had.\" In 2007, \"Rolling Stone\" referred to Boyd as a \"legendary", "title": "Pattie Boyd" }, { "id": "1466849", "score": "1.7034822", "text": "her on to Buddhism, eventually convincing her that reciting the Lotus Sutra and chanting Nam Myoho Renge Kyo will help \"change her life.\" Tina grows increasingly confident afterwards and in a final fight with Ike finally musters the courage to defend herself, eventually leaving Ike after they arrive at a hotel. Winning the right to retain her stage name after their divorce, Tina continues working to pay bills. She gets a break after meeting Roger Davies, who eventually helps her realize her dreams of rock stardom. Despite Ike's attempts to win her back, Tina eventually prevails and finds solo success,", "title": "What's Love Got to Do with It (film)" }, { "id": "4587423", "score": "1.6996075", "text": "July 2012, the actors settled their lawsuit with CBS; each received a payment of $65,000 and a promise by CBS to continue honoring the terms of their contracts. In 1987, Moran married Rocky Ferguson; they divorced in 1993. Later that year, she married Steven Fleischmann. After \"Happy Days\" and \"Joanie Loves Chachi\" were canceled, Moran moved from Los Angeles to the California mountains. She said in 1988 that she suffered from depression and was unable to gain acting roles. Moran confirmed news reports that her California home was foreclosed on in 2010, following media claims that she had been served", "title": "Erin Moran" }, { "id": "4826852", "score": "1.6992993", "text": "stay in the marriage and eventually got used to his infidelities. News of the extramarital affair damaged his public reputation. After 28 years of marriage, Mary Jo Patterson filed for divorce, citing her husband's infidelities as the reason. The divorce was finalized on June 10, 1975, and Mary kept their Montgomery house. Mary Jo, a former heavy smoker and drinker who quit her habits at the best of her husband, died in 1985. In interviews shortly before her death, she expressed disdain for her former husband and his mistress and distress over the loss of her marriage, although she said", "title": "John Malcolm Patterson" }, { "id": "859813", "score": "1.6975417", "text": "eyes, broken her nose and jaw, and given her third-degree burns. In 1985, in an interview with \"Spin\", Ike Turner admitted that he had hit Tina, but claimed that he \"didn't hit her more than the average guy beats his wife... if she says I abused her, maybe I did.\" In \"Taking Back My Name\" (1999), Ike wrote, \"Sure, I've slapped Tina... There have been times when I punched her to the ground without thinking. But I have never beat her.\" In 1962, Ike and Tina Turner married in Tijuana. According to Tina, they got married because another wife, Bonnie", "title": "Tina Turner" }, { "id": "609714", "score": "1.6970389", "text": "altercations with Turner. According to his book, Ike had plans to leave United Artists Records for a five-year $150,000 deal with Cream Records. The deal was to be signed on July 6, 1976. On July 1, Ike and Tina were en route from Los Angeles to Dallas where the Revue had a gig at the Dallas Statler Hilton. They got into a fight during their ride to the hotel. Shortly after arriving at the hotel, Tina fled and later hid at a friend's house. On July 27, Tina sued for divorce on the grounds of irreconcilable differences. Ike claims that", "title": "Ike Turner" }, { "id": "1650334", "score": "1.6942167", "text": "accepted a $50,000 payment, waiving the right to sue the film company for their portrayal of him in the film.<ref name=\"houston-09/21/1993\"></ref> The film \"What's Love Got to Do with It\" cemented Turner's reputation as an abusive husband. Following his release, Ike began working on a comeback. In 1993, he received royalties from Salt-N-Pepa's sample of his song \"I'm Blue\" for their hit single \"Shoop\", and responded by recording a duet version with Billy Rogers. After contributing to Joe Louis Walker' \"Great Guitars\", he toured with the blues musician and was paid $5,000 a night for six songs. Following this, he", "title": "Ike & Tina Turner" }, { "id": "889187", "score": "1.6940316", "text": "divorced in 1990. During divorce proceedings, Juanita Leonard testified that her husband physically abused her while under the influence of alcohol. She also said he was an occasional cocaine user. In his testimony, Leonard confirmed his wife's claims and went on to reveal that the problems of their marriage were not due to drug and alcohol use. After the \"Los Angeles Times\" broke the story, Leonard held a press conference and publicly acknowledged that the accusations were true. He said he started using after he retired in 1982, following surgery to repair a detached retina. \"I wanted more\", Leonard said.", "title": "Sugar Ray Leonard" } ]

[ "it was exposed as elaborate hoax", "It was exposed as an elaborate hoax" ]

[ { "id": "671635", "score": "1.9570974", "text": "Smith Woodward purportedly discovered more bones and artifacts at the site, which they connected to the same individual. These finds included a jawbone, more skull fragments, a set of teeth, and primitive tools. Smith Woodward reconstructed the skull fragments and hypothesised that they belonged to a human ancestor from 500,000 years ago. The discovery was announced at a Geological Society meeting and was given the Latin name \"Eoanthropus dawsoni\" (\"Dawson's dawn-man\"). The questionable significance of the assemblage remained the subject of considerable controversy until it was conclusively exposed in 1953 as a forgery. It was found to have consisted of", "title": "Piltdown Man" }, { "id": "671634", "score": "1.9103626", "text": "Piltdown Man The Piltdown Man was a paleoanthropological hoax in which bone fragments were presented as the fossilised remains of a previously unknown early human. In 2016, the results of an extensive scientific review established that amateur archaeologist Charles Dawson had very likely perpetrated the hoax. In 1912, Charles Dawson claimed that he had discovered the \"missing link\" between ape and man. In February 1912, Dawson contacted Arthur Smith Woodward, Keeper of Geology at the Natural History Museum, stating he had found a section of a human-like skull in Pleistocene gravel beds near Piltdown, East Sussex. That summer, Dawson and", "title": "Piltdown Man" }, { "id": "7934501", "score": "1.9072938", "text": "discovery was in 1912 with the discovery of the Piltdown Man which was billed as the \"missing link\" between humans and other great apes. Questions about the Piltdown find were raised from the beginning, first by Arthur Keith, but also by paleontologists and anatomists from the Smithsonian Institution and from Europe. Those disputing the find were attacked in very personal terms. Challenges to Piltdown Man arose again in the 1920s, but were again dismissed. In 1949, further questions were raised about the Piltdown Man and its authenticity, which led to the conclusive demonstration that Piltdown was a hoax, in 1953.", "title": "Charles Dawson" }, { "id": "671646", "score": "1.9015234", "text": "to give free scope to individual judgment in fitting the parts together\". In the decades prior to its exposure as a forgery in 1953, scientists increasingly regarded Piltdown as an enigmatic aberration inconsistent with the path of hominid evolution as demonstrated by fossils found elsewhere. In November 1953, \"Time\" magazine published evidence gathered variously by Kenneth Page Oakley, Sir Wilfrid Edward Le Gros Clark and Joseph Weiner proving that the Piltdown Man was a forgery and demonstrating that the fossil was a composite of three distinct species. It consisted of a human skull of medieval age, the 500-year-old lower jaw", "title": "Piltdown Man" }, { "id": "671640", "score": "1.8456199", "text": "Arthur Keith, was called \"Homo piltdownensis\" in reflection of its more human appearance. The find was also considered legitimate by Otto Schoetensack who had discovered the Heidelberg fossils just a few years earlier; he described it as being the best evidence for an ape-like ancestor of modern humans. French Jesuit paleontologist and geologist Pierre Teilhard de Chardin participated in the uncovering of the Piltdown skull with Woodward. Woodward's reconstruction included ape-like canine teeth, which was itself controversial. In August 1913, Woodward, Dawson and Teilhard de Chardin began a systematic search of the spoil heaps specifically to find the missing canines.", "title": "Piltdown Man" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Piltdown Man\n\nThe Piltdown Man was a paleoanthropological fraud in which bone fragments were presented as the fossilised remains of a previously unknown early human. Although there were doubts about its authenticity virtually from the beginning, the remains were still broadly accepted for many years, and the falsity of the hoax was only definitively demonstrated in 1953. An extensive scientific review in 2016 established that amateur archaeologist Charles Dawson was responsible for the fraudulent evidence. \n\nIn 1912, Charles Dawson claimed that he had discovered the \"missing link\" between ape and man. In February 1912, Dawson contacted Arthur Smith Woodward, Keeper of Geology at the Natural History Museum, stating he had found a section of a human-like skull in Pleistocene gravel beds near Piltdown, East Sussex. That summer, Dawson and Smith Woodward purportedly discovered more bones and artifacts at the site, which they connected to the same individual. These finds included a jawbone, more skull fragments, a set of teeth, and primitive tools.\n\nSmith Woodward reconstructed the skull fragments and hypothesised that they belonged to a human ancestor from 500,000 years ago. The discovery was announced at a Geological Society meeting and was given the Latin name \"Eoanthropus dawsoni\" (\"Dawson's dawn-man\"). The questionable significance of the assemblage remained the subject of considerable controversy until it was conclusively exposed in 1953 as a forgery. It was found to have consisted of the altered mandible and some teeth of an orangutan deliberately combined with the cranium of a fully developed, though small-brained, modern human.\n\nThe Piltdown hoax is prominent for two reasons: the attention it generated around the subject of human evolution, and the length of time, 41 years, that elapsed from its alleged initial discovery to its definitive exposure as a composite forgery.", "title": "Piltdown Man" }, { "id": "1866524", "score": "1.8430464", "text": "suspected of involvement in the Piltdown Man hoax) and others, who studied the fossils until 1941, when they disappeared mysteriously. Peking Man Peking Man (), \"Homo erectus pekinensis\" (formerly known by the junior synonym \"Sinanthropus pekinensis\"), is an example of \"Homo erectus\". Discovered in 1923–27 during excavations at Zhoukoudian (Chou K'ou-tien) near Beijing (written \"Peking\" before the adoption of the Pinyin romanization system), China, in 2009 this group of fossil specimens dated from roughly 750,000 years ago, and a new Al/Be dating suggests they are in the range of 680,000–780,000 years old. Between 1929 and 1937, 15 partial crania, 11", "title": "Peking Man" }, { "id": "9240029", "score": "1.8319325", "text": "accept the fossils that began to be found in Asia and Africa after the late 19th century was the Piltdown Hoax. The perpetrator of the Piltdown hoax is uncertain but the year and location indicate a rejection of growing evidence for man’s ancestry outside of Europe. In 1912 in England, a fossil was presented and named \"Piltdown Man\". This specimen was the combination of ape and human features the scientific community had been seeking in order to argue human/ape affinities. The high, globular braincase signified human-like features while the robust jaw and molars resembled ape skulls. This fossil was used", "title": "Pithecometra principle" }, { "id": "9240030", "score": "1.8197563", "text": "as proof of human evolution having occurred in England. With the discovery of the Piltdown specimen, actual fossil specimens of the prehistoric australopithecine genus coming from Africa were being ignored. Raymond Dart, who obtained a fossil skull of an actual hominid showing human-ape affinities from South Africa was treated with disdain. Later in the 1950s, as the Neo-Darwinian Synthesis had thoroughly saturated the European scientific community, fewer people chose to ignore the significant Australopithecus fossils coming from Africa, and the Piltdown Man fossil was re-examined. Upon closer inspection, the cranium was judged to be of a modern human and the", "title": "Pithecometra principle" }, { "id": "4763210", "score": "1.8152218", "text": "especially in British academia, that the Piltdown Man recently found in England was the likely progenitor of the human lineage. (Piltdown man was later exposed as a forgery.) Sir Arthur Keith was an anatomist and anthropologist fellow in 1924, and a scientist whose personal prejudice looked to Europe—not to Asia or Africa—as the place where the early hominins would be shown to have emerged. He dismissed Dart's claim, suggesting instead that the Taung child skull belonged to a young ape, most likely an infant gorilla or chimpanzee. Keith's persistence in denouncing the possibility of \"Australopithecus\" while justifying the plausibility of", "title": "Australopithecus africanus" }, { "id": "671643", "score": "1.8107933", "text": "came from a fossil ape. In 1923, Franz Weidenreich examined the remains and correctly reported that they consisted of a modern human cranium and an orangutan jaw with filed-down teeth. In 1915, Dawson claimed to have found three fragments of a second skull (Piltdown II) at a new site about two miles away from the original finds. Woodward attempted several times to elicit the location from Dawson, but was unsuccessful. So far as is known, the site was never identified and the finds appear largely undocumented. Woodward did not present the new finds to the Society until five months after", "title": "Piltdown Man" }, { "id": "4594104", "score": "1.7907262", "text": "be very old. He recognized them to be different from the usual bones of humans and showed them to the Professor of Anatomy at the University of Bonn, Hermann Schaaffhausen. Together they announced the discovery publicly in 1857. In their view the bones represented the remnants of an ancient human race, different from contemporary humans. Their views were not readily accepted as it contradicted literal interpretations of the Bible, and Charles Darwin's work about evolution had not yet been published. Today, Fuhlrott and Schaaffhausen are considered to be the founders of paleoanthropology, and the taxon they discovered is referred to", "title": "Johann Carl Fuhlrott" }, { "id": "671636", "score": "1.7841053", "text": "the altered mandible and some teeth of an orangutan deliberately combined with the cranium of a fully developed, though small-brained, modern human. The Piltdown hoax is prominent for two reasons: the attention it generated around the subject of human evolution, and the length of time, 41 years, that elapsed from its alleged initial discovery to its definitive exposure as a composite forgery. At a meeting of the Geological Society of London on 18 December 1912, Charles Dawson claimed that a workman at the Piltdown gravel pit had given him a fragment of the skull four years earlier. According to Dawson,", "title": "Piltdown Man" }, { "id": "671657", "score": "1.7813807", "text": "and 1950s, more advanced dating technologies, such as the fluorine absorption test, proved scientifically that this skull was actually a fraud. The Piltdown Man fraud significantly affected early research on human evolution. Notably, it led scientists down a blind alley in the belief that the human brain expanded in size before the jaw adapted to new types of food. Discoveries of Australopithecine fossils such as the Taung child found by Raymond Dart during the 1920s in South Africa were ignored due to the support for Piltdown Man as \"the missing link,\" and the reconstruction of human evolution was confused for", "title": "Piltdown Man" }, { "id": "602328", "score": "1.7776", "text": "fossilised remains of a previously unknown early human, referred to as Piltdown Man. In 1953 the bone fragments were exposed as a forgery, consisting of the lower jawbone of an orangutan deliberately combined with the skull of a fully developed modern human. From 1967 to 1979, Sussex was home to the Isaac Newton Telescope at the Royal Greenwich Observatory in Herstmonceux Castle. Sussex has a centuries-long tradition of sport. Sussex has played a key role in the early development of both cricket and stoolball. Cricket is recognised as having been formed in the Weald and Sussex CCC is England's oldest", "title": "Sussex" }, { "id": "9163238", "score": "1.7662296", "text": "hominids. His specialist knowledge of mammalian dentition led him to pursue the same path with regard to human evolution and he came to be regarded as the world's leading expert on the evolution of human dentition, a reputation secured by the 1922 publication of \"The Evolution of the Human Dentition\". However, he did initially think the hoax, Piltdown Man, likely to be genuine. He retired from the American Museum of Natural History in 1944 and from Columbia in 1945, and moved permanently to his house in Woodstock, New York, with his second wife Angela, whom he had married soon after", "title": "William King Gregory" }, { "id": "319084", "score": "1.7655865", "text": "middle tertiary period. Later he studied elsewhere in Europe. In June 1912 he formed part of the original digging team, with Arthur Smith Woodward and Charles Dawson, at the Piltdown site, after the discovery of the first fragments of the (fraudulent) \"Piltdown Man\". Some have suggested he participated in the hoax. Marcellin Boule, a specialist in Neanderthal studies, who as early as 1915 had recognized the non-hominid origins of the Piltdown finds, gradually guided Teilhard towards human paleontology. At the museum's Institute of Human Paleontology, he became a friend of Henri Breuil and in 1913 took part with him in", "title": "Pierre Teilhard de Chardin" }, { "id": "4763212", "score": "1.7573822", "text": "As part of the essay Tobias debated the inconsistencies in Keith's statements and actions with contemporary members of the science community. Keith's persistent animus towards the Taung child discovery caused serious consequences; from Dart's announcement in 1924, it took nearly 30 years before the inevitable methods of science revealed the Piltdown man hoax and supported the validity of the claims (of hominin status) for \"Australopithecus\". Dart's theory—that the skull known as the Taung child was a human ancestor—was supported by Robert Broom, a paleontologist with the Transvaal Museum of natural history in Pretoria. In 1936, the Sterkfontein caves yielded the", "title": "Australopithecus africanus" }, { "id": "671647", "score": "1.7478564", "text": "of an orangutan and chimpanzee fossil teeth. Someone had created the appearance of age by staining the bones with an iron solution and chromic acid. Microscopic examination revealed file-marks on the teeth, and it was deduced from this that someone had modified the teeth to a shape more suited to a human diet. The Piltdown Man hoax succeeded so well because, at the time of its discovery, the scientific establishment believed that the large modern brain preceded the modern omnivorous diet, and the forgery provided exactly that evidence. It has also been thought that nationalism and cultural prejudice played a", "title": "Piltdown Man" }, { "id": "4150797", "score": "1.7441198", "text": "\"well worn\" and from an individual between 20 and 25 years of age. Additional findings announced on 27 March 2008 included a mandible fragment, stone flakes, and evidence of animal bone processing. These remains are the oldest hominid remains in Europe after \"Homo erectus georgicus\" from Dmanisi, Georgia (dated 1.8 million years ago) and an infant tooth from Orce, Spain which has not received species assignation (1.4 million years). Before the 1990s, the oldest evidence of archaic human presence in Europe were \"Homo heidelbergensis\" fossils, dated ca. 600 ka (Mauer 1). Evidence of human presence significantly predating 600 ka discovered", "title": "Homo antecessor" }, { "id": "671648", "score": "1.7428589", "text": "role in the less-than-critical acceptance of the fossil as genuine by some British scientists. It satisfied European expectations that the earliest humans would be found in Eurasia, and the British, it has been claimed, also wanted a \"first Briton\" to set against fossil hominids found elsewhere in Europe. The identity of the Piltdown forger remains unknown, but suspects have included Dawson, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, Arthur Keith, Martin A. C. Hinton, Horace de Vere Cole and Arthur Conan Doyle. The focus on Charles Dawson as the main forger is supported by the accumulation of evidence regarding other archaeological hoaxes he", "title": "Piltdown Man" } ]

[ "officer of national order of legion of honour", "officer of legion of honor", "loh", "grand order of legion of honour", "Legion of Honor Chevalier", "Legion d’Honneur", "Officier de la Légion d'honneur", "chevalier de la legion d honneur", "officier de la légion d honneur", "national order of legion of honor", "Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur", "legion d honour", "Légion d´honneur", "ordre national de la légion d honneur", "chevalier de légion d honneur", "chevalier dans l ordre de la legion d honneur", "Grand Cordon of the Legion of Honor", "commander of legion of honor", "legion of honor chevalier", "commandeur de la legion d honneur", "Chevalier de La Légion d'Honneur", "Officer of the Legion of Honor", "french legion of honour", "chevalier of order of légion d honneur", "Grand Cordon of the Legion of Honour", "french legion of honor", "grand croix de la légion d honneur", "legion d honneur croix de commandeur", "National Order of the Legion of Honor", "French Legion of Honour", "Legion d'honeur", "Legion d'honneur Croix de Commandeur", "LoH", "Commander of the Legion of Honour", "chevalier dans l ordre de la légion d honneur", "légion d honneur de france", "Officier de la Légion d'Honneur", "Légion d'Honneur", "french légion d honneur", "légion d honneur croix de commandeur", "knight of legion of honor", "Officier de la Legion d'honneur", "Grand Croix de la Légion d'honneur", "chevalier of légion d honneur", "legion of honor", "grand cordon of legion of honor", "grand cordon of legion of honour", "Commandant of the Legion", "Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour", "chevalier de la légion d honneur", "Légion d'honneur", "Grand-Croix de la Légion d'honneur", "chevalier de legion d honneur", "Chevalier of the Legion of Honour", "chevalier of legion of honour", "commander of legion of honour", "French Légion d'honneur", "National Order of the Legion of Honour", "croix d officier of legion of honour", "cross of legion of honor", "grand croix of légion d honneur", "Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur", "Légion d'honneur Croix de Commandeur", "Legion of honor", "Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur", "officer of legion of honour france", "French Legion of Honor", "Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur", "Légion d'honneur de France", "Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor", "Grand Order of the Legion of Honour", "knight of legion of honour", "Croix d'Officier of the Legion of Honour", "legion of honor of france", "commandant of legion", "Chevalier dans l'Ordre de la Legion d'Honneur", "Chevalier de Légion d'honneur", "Officer of the Legion of Honour (France)", "Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur", "legion of honour", "French Legion Of Honour", "Commandeur de la Legion d'honneur", "Ordre national de la Legion d'honneur", "officer of legion of honour", "Legion of honour", "Legion d'honneur", "Commander of the Legion of Honor", "commandeur de la légion d honneur", "Legion of Honor", "Cross of the Légion d'honneur", "Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur", "grand cross of legion of honor", "Grand Croix de la Legion d'honneur", "Légion d’honneur", "Legion d'Honour", "Legion of Honour", "legie d honeur", "Officer of the Legion of Honour", "French legion of honor", "Chevalier de Legion d'honneur", "Legion of Honor of France", "legion d honneur", "Knight of the Legion of Honor", "knight of national order of legion of honour", "Legie d'honeur", "Knight of the Legion of Honour", "Cross of the Legion of Honor", "Legion d'Honneur", "national order of legion of honour", "Chevalier de la légion d'honneur", "Chevalier de la Légion d’Honneur", "Grand-Croix de la Legion d'honneur", "grand croix de la legion d honneur", "officier de la legion d honneur", "Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur", "Chevalier de Legion d'Honneur", "Légion d’Honneur", "Chevalier of the Legion of Honor", "chevalier of legion of honor", "French Légion d’Honneur", "legion d honeur", "Knight of the National Order of the Legion of Honour", "grand cross of legion of honour", "Chevalier de la Legion d'honneur", "The Legion of Honor", "Chevalier dans l'Ordre de la Légion d'Honneur", "cross of légion d honneur", "légion d honneur", "ordre national de la legion d honneur", "Officer of the National Order of the Legion of Honour", "Chevalier of the Order of the Légion d'honneur" ]

[ { "id": "1396104", "score": "1.8438475", "text": "professions—only merit or bravery counted. The new legionnaire had to be sworn into the . It is noteworthy that all previous orders were crosses or shared a clear Christian background, whereas the is a secular institution. The badge of the has five arms. In a decree issued on the (30 January 1805), a grand decoration was instituted. This decoration, a cross on a large sash and a silver star with an eagle, symbol of the Napoleonic Empire, became known as the (Grand Eagle), and later in 1814 as the (big sash, literally \"big ribbon\"). After Napoleon crowned himself Emperor of", "title": "Legion of Honour" }, { "id": "1396105", "score": "1.7786593", "text": "the French in 1804 and established the Napoleonic nobility in 1808, award of the gave right to the title of \"Knight of the Empire\" (). The title was made hereditary after three generations of grantees. Napoleon had dispensed 15 golden collars of the among his family and his senior ministers. This collar was abolished in 1815. Although research is made difficult by the loss of the archives, it is known that three women who fought with the army were decorated with the order: Virginie Ghesquière, Marie-Jeanne Schelling and a nun, Sister Anne Biget. The was prominent and visible in the", "title": "Legion of Honour" }, { "id": "6179074", "score": "1.7657874", "text": "structure found in medieval orders of chivalry and created new ones instead, e.g. the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria, or the Legion of Merit of the United States. Following the example set by the French Legion of Honour, founded by Napoleon, most multi-level European orders comprise five ranks or classes. The highest is usually called the Grand Cross, then descending with varying titles. Alternatively, the ranks are referred to by number (for example \"Ist class\" instead of \"Grand Cross\"). Typical rankings are: Each of these ranks wear", "title": "Order of chivalry" }, { "id": "3686078", "score": "1.7315814", "text": "Felix de Merode had a design approved by the Chambers for military and civil merit. This system was adapted from other European countries. More specific, the Order of Leopold is based on the French honour tradition with 5 classes. On the 11th of June 1832 the law was promulgated, and the exact colours were defined; Article 2: \"Le ruban sera ponceau moiré\". The devise was presented in the 3rd article: \"L'union fait la Force\". The Belgian court often used the \"Grand Cordon\" as a valuable diplomatic gift. However in the 2nd half of the 19th century, the court also used", "title": "Order of Leopold (Belgium)" }, { "id": "1396101", "score": "1.7276996", "text": "(Commander), ' (Grand Officer), and \" (Grand Cross). During the French Revolution, all of the French orders of chivalry were abolished, and replaced with Weapons of Honour. It was the wish of Napoleon Bonaparte, the First Consul, to create a reward to commend civilians and soldiers. From this wish was instituted a , a body of men that was not an order of chivalry, for Napoleon believed that France wanted a recognition of merit rather than a new system of nobility. However, the did use the organization of the old French orders of chivalry, for example the . The insignia", "title": "Legion of Honour" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Legion of Honour\n\nThe National Order of the Legion of Honour (), formerly the Royal Order of the Legion of Honour (\"), is the highest French order of merit, both military and civil. Established in 1802 by Napoleon Bonaparte, it has been retained (with occasional slight alterations) by all later French governments and regimes.\n\nThe order's motto is \" (\"Honour and Fatherland\"); its seat is the Palais de la Légion d'Honneur next to the Musée d'Orsay, on the left bank of the Seine in Paris.\n\nThe order is divided into five degrees of increasing distinction: ' (Knight), ' (Officer), ' (Commander), ' (Grand Officer) and \"\" (Grand Cross).", "title": "Legion of Honour" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "United States Military Academy" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Haitian Revolution\n\nThe Haitian Revolution ( ; ) was a successful insurrection by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, now the sovereign state of Haiti. The revolt began on 22 August 1791, and ended in 1804 with the former colony's independence. It involved black, biracial, French, Spanish, British, and Polish participants—with the ex-slave Toussaint Louverture emerging as Haiti's most prominent general. The revolution was the only slave uprising that led to the founding of a state which was both free from slavery (though not from forced labour) and ruled by non-whites and former captives. It is now widely seen as a defining moment in the history of the Atlantic World.\n\nThe revolution's effects on the institution of slavery were felt throughout the Americas. The end of French rule and the abolition of slavery in the former colony was followed by a successful defense of the freedoms the former slaves won and, with the collaboration of already free people of color, their independence from white Europeans. The revolution represented the largest slave uprising since Spartacus' unsuccessful revolt against the Roman Republic nearly 1,900 years earlier, and challenged long-held European beliefs about alleged black inferiority and about slaves' ability to achieve and maintain their own freedom. The rebels' organizational capacity and tenacity under pressure inspired stories that shocked and frightened slave owners in the hemisphere.", "title": "Haitian Revolution" }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "", "title": "1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Knighthood and Chivalry ..." }, { "id": null, "score": null, "text": "Paris under Napoleon\n\nFirst Consul Napoleon Bonaparte moved into the Tuileries Palace on 19 February 1800 and immediately began to re-establish calm and order after the years of uncertainty and terror of the Revolution. He made peace with the Catholic Church; masses were held again in the Cathedral of Notre Dame, priests were allowed to wear ecclesiastical clothing again, and churches to ring their bells. To re-establish order in the unruly city, he abolished the elected position of the Mayor of Paris, and replaced it with a Prefect of the Seine and a Prefect of Police, both appointed by him. Each of the twelve arrondissements had its own mayor, but their power was limited to enforcing the decrees of Napoleon's ministers.\nAfter he crowned himself Emperor on December 2, 1804, Napoleon began a series of projects to make Paris into an imperial capital to rival ancient Rome. He built monuments to French military glory, including the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel, the column in Place Vendôme, and the future church of the Madeleine, intended as a temple to military heroes; and began the Arc de Triomphe. To improve the circulation of traffic in central Paris, he built a wide new street, Rue de Rivoli, from the Place de la Concorde to the Place des Pyramides. He made important improvements to the city's sewers and water supply, including a canal from the Ourcq River, and the construction of a dozen new fountains, including the Fontaine du Palmier on Place du Châtelet; and three new bridges; the Pont d'Iéna, Pont d'Austerlitz, including the Pont des Arts (1804), the first iron bridge in Paris. The Louvre became the Napoleon Museum, in a wing of the former palace, displaying many works of art he brought back from his military campaigns in Italy, Austria, Holland and Spain; and he militarized and re-organized the \"Grandes écoles\", to train engineers and administrators. \nBetween 1801 and 1811, the population of Paris grew from 546,856 to 622,636, nearly the population before the French Revolution, and by 1817 it reached 713,966. During Napoleon's reign, Paris suffered from war and blockade, but retained its position as a European capital of fashion, art, science, education, and commerce. After his downfall in 1814, the city was occupied by the Prussian, English and German armies. The symbols of the monarchy were restored, but most of Napoleon's monuments and some of his new institutions, including the form of city government, the fire department, and the modernized \"Grandes écoles\", survived.", "title": "Paris under Napoleon" }, { "id": "11119267", "score": "1.7038872", "text": "of Friedland seem to suggest the Emperor's appreciation and the fact that Napoleon did not regard the early incident during this battle as Nansouty's fault. On 11 July 1807, General of Division Nansouty was named \"Grand Aigle de la Légion d'Honneur\", the fifth and top rank of this order, reserved for the greatest general officers. This also brought an annual revenue of 20,000 Francs. His first endowment of 12,846 Francs was offered on 30 June 1807, and was paid by the Duchy of Warsaw. On 23 September, he received another 5,882 Francs on the Empire's \"Grand Livre\". A count of", "title": "Étienne Marie Antoine Champion de Nansouty" }, { "id": "781883", "score": "1.6963124", "text": "worship in France. He dissolved the Holy Roman Empire prior to German Unification later in the 19th century. The sale of the Louisiana Territory to the United States doubled the size of the United States. In May 1802, he instituted the Legion of Honour, a substitute for the old royalist decorations and orders of chivalry, to encourage civilian and military achievements; the order is still the highest decoration in France. Napoleon's set of civil laws, the \"Code Civil\"—now often known as the Napoleonic Code—was prepared by committees of legal experts under the supervision of Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès, the", "title": "Napoleon" }, { "id": "10889275", "score": "1.6905463", "text": "law of 4 March 1791 reduced their number to six and a decree of 21 February 1793 abolished the dignity altogether. Eleven years later, Napoleon Bonaparte became Emperor of the French and wanted to institute a military elite for the new French Empire. Article 48 of Title of the 19 May 1804 sénatus-consulte set up the grand officers of the Empire, among which the highest-standing were the Marshals. In the Imperial Court hierarchy, they came in the fifth rank, behind the Emperor and Empress, the Imperial family, the great dignitaries and the ministers. They were entitled to a special etiquette:", "title": "Marshal of the Empire" }, { "id": "14605103", "score": "1.6886487", "text": "March 22, 1814. The General Curial being one of the first general officers who give their adhesion to the acts of the conservative Senate and make their submission to Louis XVIII, the king creates the knight of Saint-Louis on June 2, Peer of France on June 4, grand officer of the Legion of Honor and Commander of the 19th Military Division on July 14th. At the same time his father-in-law, Count Beugnot, is appointed director of the police. Became grand cross of the same order on February 14, 1815, he is created gentleman of the king's chamber. On his return", "title": "Philibert Jean-Baptiste Curial" }, { "id": "1396107", "score": "1.6837934", "text": "of King Henry IV, the popular first king of the Bourbon line. Three Bourbon replaced the eagle on the reverse of the order. A king's crown replaced the imperial crown. In 1816, the grand cordons were renamed grand crosses and the legionnaires became knights. The king decreed that the commandants were now commanders. The became the second-ranking order of knighthood of the French monarchy, after the Order of the Holy Spirit. Following the overthrow of the Bourbons in favour of King Louis Philippe I of the House of Orléans, the Bourbon monarchy's orders were once again abolished and the was", "title": "Legion of Honour" }, { "id": "1396102", "score": "1.6832976", "text": "of the bear a resemblance to those of the , which also used a red ribbon. Napoleon originally created this award to ensure political loyalty. The organization would be used as a façade to give political favours, gifts, and concessions. The was loosely patterned after a Roman legion, with legionaries, officers, commanders, regional \"cohorts\" and a grand council. The highest rank was not a Grand Cross but a (Grand Eagle), a rank that wore the insignia common to a Grand Cross. The members were paid, the highest of them extremely generously: Napoleon famously declared, \"You call these baubles, well, it", "title": "Legion of Honour" }, { "id": "18840407", "score": "1.6807317", "text": "commanded the Guard of honour. Later he was invited to dine at the emperor's table and promoted to the rank of Officer in the Legion of Honour. The encounter with the emperor must have gone well, because on 15 August 1810 he was appointed a Chamberlain to the Emperor. With his family he relocated to Paris where on 27 September 1810 he was further rewarded, under the new honours system, with appointment as a Count of the Empire. One condition stipulated for a Count of the Empire was that he should have an income of at least 30,000 francs. In", "title": "Anselme de Peellaert" }, { "id": "16483581", "score": "1.6792634", "text": "military officers, but could only be awarded to those of the Roman Catholic faith. King Louis XV created the \"Institution du Mérite militaire\" to be an outward sign of distinction, but not an order since French orders were limited to Catholics. Presented in three grades the names of which were formalized as Knight, Grand Cordon, and Grand Cross in 1785, mirroring those of the Order of St. Louis. King Louis was careful to promote the prestige of the award by appointing the most talented officers. The first Grand Crosses were presented to Swiss Field Marshal Count Waldner and German Lieutenant", "title": "Order of Military Merit (France)" }, { "id": "1396100", "score": "1.6792107", "text": "Legion of Honour The Legion of Honour (full name: National Order of the Legion of Honour; ) is the highest French order of merit for military and civil merits, established in 1802 by Napoleon Bonaparte and retained by all the divergent governments and regimes later holding power in France, up to the present. The order's motto is ' (\"Honour and Fatherland\"), and its seat is the Palais de la Légion d'Honneur next to the Musée d'Orsay, on the left bank of the Seine in Paris. The order is divided into five degrees of increasing distinction: ' (Knight), ' (Officer), '", "title": "Legion of Honour" }, { "id": "3957802", "score": "1.6751964", "text": "of chivalry, it was the first modern national order of merit and is still France's highest award today. The French Legion of Honour served as the model for numerous modern orders of merit in the Western world, such as the Order of Leopold in Belgium (1832) and the Order of the British Empire in the United Kingdom (1917). Curiously, orders of merit based on the French Legion of Honour typically retain five classes in accordance with habits of chivalric orders. In communist countries, orders of merit usually come in one to three grades, with only a badge worn with or", "title": "Order (distinction)" }, { "id": "11078049", "score": "1.6689919", "text": "His Majesty King Nikola I Petrović Njegoš the Order underwent two restructures. During the first restructure in 1861, three classes were introduced, while in the second restructure, from 1873, an additional class was added, so that not only is there a star in the 1st class but also a 2nd class with star was introduced. By 1922, the order consisted of five classes: Grand Cross, Grand Officer, Commander, Officer, and knight or Chevalier. More changes occurred and today's five classes are: Grand Cross, (Sash and Large Chest Star)-- (1st Class) Grand Officer, (Neck Cross, Sash, Chest Star)-- (2nd Class) Knight", "title": "Order of Prince Danilo I" }, { "id": "3957801", "score": "1.6686099", "text": "any deserving military officer regardless of social origin, and would grant titles of nobility to those who did not already have them, the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary (1764) still required that one had to have at least four generations of noble ancestors. Still today many dynastic orders are granted by royal families to worthy individuals for service and achievements. In 1802 Napoleon created the Légion d'honneur (Legion of Honour), which could be awarded to any person, regardless of status, for bravery in combat or for 20 years of distinguished service. While still retaining many trappings of an order", "title": "Order (distinction)" }, { "id": "3924133", "score": "1.6634939", "text": "the War of 1812, 16,833 crosses had been produced by the mint. Statistics of awards over the first years is detailed below: An 1856 royal decree divided the decoration into four classes. A person initially received the fourth class and would subsequently be promoted to higher classes for further acts of bravery; one who received all four classes was called a \"Full Cavalier of Saint George\". The first and second classes were made of gold, the third and fourth were made of silver. The numbering on the reverse began anew for each class of the decoration. A 1913 royal decree", "title": "Cross of St. George" }, { "id": "9229884", "score": "1.6588415", "text": "Napoleonic Wars. There were only 25 members left in 1814. In 1816, at the end of the war, the survivors gathered under the leadership of a colonel of the dragoons, Charles-Emmanuel, marquis of Saint-Mauris (1735–1839), baron de Chatenois et de la Villeneuve, comte de Saulx et Genevrey, then Maréchal of the camps and armies of the king and inspector general of the national guard. The 1768 statutes were revised and new knights were made for a total of 78 in 1817, the year of the last dubbing ceremony. But the order was abolished in 1824 by a decree from the", "title": "Noble Order of Saint George of Rougemont" }, { "id": "9841863", "score": "1.6558619", "text": "Order of Leopold (Austria) The Austrian Imperial Order of Leopold () was founded by Franz I of Austria on 8 January 1808. The order's statutes stipulated only three grades: Grand Cross, Commander and Knight. During the war, in common with the other Austro-Hungarian decorations, crossed swords were instituted to reward bravery in the face of the enemy. An Imperial Decree of 1 February 1901 ordered that in future, the senior grade would be split into two separate awards. From then onwards, there were four ranks: Grand Cross, First Class, Commander, Knight. Until 18 July 1884, the award of the order", "title": "Order of Leopold (Austria)" } ]

[ "Surreal fiction", "Surrealist movement", "surrealist groups", "Surrealist Movement in the United States", "Surrealist poetry", "Surrealist verse", "surrealistic artists", "surrealists", "Surrealist poet", "surrealist", "surrealist art", "surrealist writing", "surrealism in arts", "Surrealistic", "surreality", "Surrealist writing", "Surrealism (art)", "Surrealistic Artists", "surrealistic", "Surrealists", "surreal theatre", "Surreality", "surealism", "Surrealism", "Surreal art", "Surrealist art", "Surrealism in the Arts", "Surrealist Movement", "surrealism art", "surrealist poetry", "surrealism in united states", "surreal art", "History of surrealism", "surrealism", "surreal fiction", "surrealist verse", "surrealist movement", "history of surrealism", "surrealist movement in united states", "Surealism", "surrealist poet", "Surreal theatre", "Surrealism in the arts", "Surrealist groups", "Surrealist Art", "Surrealist", "Surrealism in the United States" ]

[ { "id": "6289446", "score": "1.5726726", "text": "strange grouping of object in The Song of Love is what André Breton and the Surrealist looked up to when organizing their movement. The actual art movement only lasted the six months De Chirico and Carrà worked together, Metaphysical Art is the movement associated with all of De Chirico’s work after 1911. De Chirico presents a bust of a classical sculpture, a rubber ball, and a rubber glove on a canvas in between some buildings with a train passing by in a scene that spurs a sense of confusion. The bust could be a representation of De Chirico’s love of", "title": "The Song of Love" }, { "id": "391156", "score": "1.5652902", "text": "variety of techniques such as automatic drawing. Breton initially doubted that visual arts could even be useful in the Surrealist movement since they appeared to be less malleable and open to chance and automatism. This caution was overcome by the discovery of such techniques as frottage and decalcomania. Soon more visual artists became involved, including Giorgio de Chirico, Max Ernst, Joan Miró, Francis Picabia, Yves Tanguy, Salvador Dalí, Luis Buñuel, Alberto Giacometti, Valentine Hugo, Méret Oppenheim, Toyen, Kansuke Yamamoto and later after the second war: Enrico Donati. Though Breton admired Pablo Picasso and Marcel Duchamp and courted them to join", "title": "Surrealism" }, { "id": "10122319", "score": "1.5531528", "text": "Synchromism (Russell), De Stijl (van Doesburg and Mondrian), Suprematism (Malevich), Constructivism (Tatlin), Dadaism (Duchamp, Picabia and Arp), and Surrealism (de Chirico, André Breton, Miró, Magritte, Dalí and Ernst). Modern painting influenced all the visual arts, from Modernist architecture and design, to avant-garde film, theatre and modern dance and became an experimental laboratory for the expression of visual experience, from photography and concrete poetry to advertising art and fashion. Fauvism was a loose grouping of early 20th-century artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities, and the imaginative use of deep color over the representational values. The leaders of the movement were Henri", "title": "Western painting" }, { "id": "6289445", "score": "1.5404099", "text": "surgeon's glove. Below it is a green ball. On the horizon is the outline of a locomotive, an image that recurs several times during this period of de Chirico's career. The Metaphysical Art Movement was created by Giorgio De Chirico and Carlo Carrà, who had previously been a Furturist. These paintings would depict Italian city squares that are unnaturally void of people. These city squares would often include a grouping of objects that provide a strange juxtaposition. With these driving elements in his paintings, Giorgio De Chirico created a dreamlike reality that was beyond the physical world. Aspects like the", "title": "The Song of Love" }, { "id": "1816924", "score": "1.5346255", "text": "introduce his work to the later Surrealists. De Chirico strongly influenced the Surrealist movement: Yves Tanguy wrote how one day in 1922 he saw one of de Chirico's paintings in an art dealer's window, and was so impressed by it he resolved on the spot to become an artist—although he had never even held a brush. Other Surrealists who acknowledged de Chirico's influence include Max Ernst, Salvador Dalí, and René Magritte. Other artists as diverse as Giorgio Morandi, Carlo Carrà, Paul Delvaux, Carel Willink, Harue Koga and Philip Guston were influenced by de Chirico. De Chirico's style has influenced several", "title": "Giorgio de Chirico" }, { "id": "13580095", "score": "1.5294822", "text": "Pierre Matisse the importance of Masson as an example to him in his early years in Paris. Long after personal, political and professional tensions have fragmented the Surrealist group into thin air and ether, Magritte, Miró, Dalí and the other Surrealists continue to define a visual program in the arts. Other prominent surrealist artists include Giorgio de Chirico, Méret Oppenheim, Toyen, Grégoire Michonze, Roberto Matta, Kay Sage, Leonora Carrington, Dorothea Tanning, and Leonor Fini among others. During the 1920s and the 1930s and the Great Depression, the European art scene was characterized by Surrealism, late Cubism, the Bauhaus, De Stijl,", "title": "20th-century Western painting" }, { "id": "1816918", "score": "1.5275288", "text": "an article in \"Valori plastici\" entitled \"The Return of Craftsmanship\", in which he advocated a return to traditional methods and iconography. This article heralded an abrupt change in his artistic orientation, as he adopted a classicizing manner inspired by such old masters as Raphael and Signorelli, and became an outspoken opponent of modern art. In the early 1920s, the Surrealist writer André Breton discovered one of de Chirico's metaphysical paintings on display in Guillaume's Paris gallery, and was enthralled. Numerous young artists who were similarly affected by de Chirico's imagery became the core of the Paris Surrealist group centered around", "title": "Giorgio de Chirico" }, { "id": "10122360", "score": "1.5267351", "text": "works of English artist David Hockney, such as \"A Bigger Splash\", and the works of Richard Hamilton, Peter Blake, and Eduardo Paolozzi, are considered seminal examples in the movement. In New York's East Village 10th Street galleries artists were formulating an American version of Pop art. Claes Oldenburg had his storefront, and the Green Gallery on 57th Street began to show Tom Wesselmann and James Rosenquist. There is a connection between the radical works of Duchamp, and Man Ray, the rebellious Dadaists – with a sense of humor; and Pop Artists like Alex Katz, Claes Oldenburg, Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein", "title": "Western painting" }, { "id": "4041820", "score": "1.5184616", "text": "Dubois-Pillet, Charles Angrand, Maximilien Luce, Henri-Edmond Cross and Hippolyte Petitjean. Additionally, through Paul Signac's advocacy of Divisionism, an influence can be seen in some of the works of Vincent van Gogh, Henri Matisse, Jean Metzinger, Robert Delaunay and Pablo Picasso. Following the revolutions of 1848, a strong undercurrent of radical anarchism ran throughout the artistic community of France. The combination of social art and artistic freedom and the departure from traditional color painting techniques attracted radicals to the movement of Neo-Impressionism. However these radicals were often criticized for depicting a peaceful and thoughtful approach to social revolution, combining science and", "title": "Neo-impressionism" }, { "id": "13580074", "score": "1.5169715", "text": "Blaue Reiter (Wassily Kandinsky and Franz Marc), Bauhaus (Kandinsky and Klee), Orphism, (Delaunay and Kupka), Synchromism (Russell and Macdonald-Wright), De Stijl (van Doesburg and Mondrian), Suprematism (Malevich), Constructivism (Tatlin), Dadaism (Duchamp, Picabia and Arp), and Surrealism (de Chirico, André Breton, Miró, Magritte, Dalí and Ernst). Modern painting influenced all the visual arts, from Modernist architecture and design, to avant-garde film, theatre and modern dance and became an experimental laboratory for the expression of visual experience, from photography and concrete poetry to advertising art and fashion. Van Gogh's painting exerted great influence upon 20th-century Expressionism, as can be seen in the", "title": "20th-century Western painting" }, { "id": "286892", "score": "1.5142627", "text": "such as the Museum of Fine Arts in Rouen, the Musée Eugène Boudin in Honfleur or the André Malraux Museum in Le Havre. Maurice Denis, one of the leaders and theoricists of the Nabis movement in the 1890s, was a native of Granville, in the Manche department. The \"Société Normande de Peinture Moderne\" was founded in 1909 by Pierre Dumont, Robert Antoine Pinchon, Yvonne Barbier and Eugène Tirvert. Among members were Raoul Dufy, a native of Le Havre, Albert Marquet, Francis Picabia and Maurice Utrillo. Also in this movement were the Duchamp brothers, Jacques Villon and Marcel Duchamp, considered one", "title": "Normandy" }, { "id": "185217", "score": "1.5083042", "text": "are considered instrumental to the early beginnings of Surrealism. During the first half of the 20th century in Europe masters like Georges Braque, André Derain, and Giorgio De Chirico continued painting independent of any movement. In the first two decades of the 20th century and after Cubism, several other important movements emerged; futurism (Balla), abstract art (Kandinsky), Der Blaue Reiter), Bauhaus, (Kandinsky) and (Klee), Orphism, (Robert Delaunay and František Kupka), Synchromism (Morgan Russell), De Stijl (Mondrian), Suprematism (Malevich), Constructivism (Tatlin), Dadaism (Duchamp, Picabia, Arp) and Surrealism (De Chirico, André Breton, Miró, Magritte, Dalí, Ernst). Modern painting influenced all the visual", "title": "History of painting" }, { "id": "2140188", "score": "1.5068033", "text": "also active in Mail-Art and is mostly known for his text-based paintings or « écritures » begun in 1953 with his work \"Il faut manger. Il faut dormir\". Another example of the latter is \"L'art est inutile. Rentrez chez vous\" (Art is Useless, Go Home). He has long defended the rights of minorities in all countries, and he has been influenced by the theories of François Fontan about ethnism. For example, he has defended the Occitan language (southern France). In 1981 he coined the name of the French art movement of the 1980s Figuration Libre (Free figuration). Ben Vautier Ben", "title": "Ben Vautier" }, { "id": "14027232", "score": "1.5057155", "text": "with other artist and friends Martín Blaszko, Rhod Rothfuss, and Gyula Kosice, launched the Madí movement. The movement's main characteristics are: irregular frames, movable and displacing architecture, pan interval music composition and invented poetic propositions. Madí encompassed painting as well as design, sculpture, and architecture. Just as important as the art produced in the Madí movement was the aesthetic philosophy. Many artists have been members of this international artistic movement since the 1940s until today, including Rhod Rothfuss, Juan Bay, Esteban Eitler, Diyi Laañ, Valdo Wellington, Rodolfo Uricchio, Gyula Kosice, Nelly Esquivel, J. P. Delmonte, Maria Bresler, Abraham Linenberg, Éva", "title": "Carmelo Arden Quin" }, { "id": "18618113", "score": "1.5044789", "text": "before World War I, and included Pablo Picasso, Marc Chagall, Amedeo Modigliani, and Piet Mondrian, along with French artists Pierre Bonnard, Henri Matisse, Jean Metzinger, and Albert Gleizes. Surrealists also included artists like Max Ernst, Joan Miró, Salvador Dalí, and Francis Picabia, sculptors like Jean Arp, Germaine Richier and even early film-makers, like Luis Buñuel and René Clair. The avant-garde movement saw many of its members adhere to the French Communist Party and share their desire to break from the bourgeoisie. Jean Cocteau, while he denied belonging to the surrealists, was unquestionably avant-garde and collaborated with many of its members.", "title": "Années folles" }, { "id": "16065461", "score": "1.5007166", "text": "movement originated in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century as artists such as Ernst Kirschner and Erich Heckel began to distort reality for an emotional effect. In parallel, the style known as cubism developed in France as artists focused on the volume and space of sharp structures within a composition. Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque were the leading proponents of the movement. Objects are broken up, analyzed, and re-assembled in an abstracted form. By the 1920s, the style had developed into surrealism with Dali and Magritte. Printmaking is creating, for artistic purposes, an image on a matrix that", "title": "Visual arts" }, { "id": "185230", "score": "1.4990319", "text": "of the prevailing standards in art through anti-art cultural works. Francis Picabia, Man Ray, Kurt Schwitters, Tristan Tzara, Hans Richter, Jean Arp, Sophie Taeuber-Arp, along with Duchamp and many others are associated with the Dadaist movement. Duchamp and several Dadaists are also associated with Surrealism, the movement that dominated European painting in the 1920s and 1930s. In 1924 André Breton published the \"Surrealist Manifesto.\" The Surrealist movement in painting became synonymous with the avant-garde and which featured artists whose works varied from the abstract to the super-realist. With works on paper like \"Machine Turn Quickly\", (above) Francis Picabia continued his", "title": "History of painting" }, { "id": "1417765", "score": "1.4990265", "text": "active core of support, and international adoption—would be repeated by artistic movements in the Modern period in art. Among the movements which flowered in the first decade of the 20th century were Fauvism, Cubism, Expressionism, and Futurism. During the years between 1910 and the end of World War I and after the heyday of cubism, several movements emerged in Paris. Giorgio de Chirico moved to Paris in July 1911, where he joined his brother Andrea (the poet and painter known as Alberto Savinio). Through his brother he met Pierre Laprade, a member of the jury at the Salon d'Automne where", "title": "Modern art" }, { "id": "13580073", "score": "1.4979925", "text": "he exhibited his work at the Salon des Indépendants and Salon d’Automne, where his work was noticed by Pablo Picasso, Guillaume Apollinaire, and others. His compelling and mysterious paintings are considered instrumental to the early beginnings of Surrealism. \"Song of Love\" (1914) is one of the most famous works by de Chirico and is an early example of the surrealist style, though it was painted ten years before the movement was \"founded\" by André Breton in 1924. In the first two decades of the 20th century, as Cubism evolved, several other important movements emerged; Futurism (Balla), Abstract art (Kandinsky), Der", "title": "20th-century Western painting" }, { "id": "3019231", "score": "1.4963708", "text": "as Paul Gauguin and Vincent van Gogh. Revolutionary styles from the early twentieth century such as cubism, surrealism, constructivism are represented in works by artists like Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Henri Matisse, André Derain, Joan Miró, Piet Mondrian, and Alexander Rodchenko. Frida Kahlo is represented by \"Self-Portrait with Monkey\". Because of Seymour H. Knox and Gordon M. Smith, a former director, the Albright-Knox was one of the first museums to collect Abstract Expressionism in depth. More modern pieces showing styles of abstract expressionism, pop art, and art of the 1970s through the end of the century", "title": "Albright–Knox Art Gallery" } ]