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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
M Laxmikanth obtained his postgraduate degree in Political
Science from Osmania University in 1989. He is the former
founder and director of an erstwhile coaching institute called
Laxmikanth’s IAS Academy, Hyderabad. Other books authored by
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For Civil Services and Other State
Examinations
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Sixth Edition
M Laxmikanth
Former Founder-Director
Laxmikanth’s IAS Academy (Closed)
Hyderabad
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Published by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited
444/1, Sri Ekambara Naicker Industrial Estate, Alapakkam, Porur, Chennai -
600 116
Indian Polity, 6/e
Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2013, 2010, 2007, 2004, McGraw Hill Education
(India) Private Limited.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior
written permission of the publishers. The program listings (if any) may be
entered, stored and executed in a computer system, but they may not be
reproduced for publication.
This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers,
McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7101351 23 22 21 20 19
Printed and bound in India
ISBN (13): 978-93-89538-47-2
ISBN (10): 93-89538-47-5
Information contained in this work has been obtained by McGraw Hill
Education (India), from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither
McGraw Hill Education (India) nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or
completeness of any information published herein, and neither McGraw
Hill Education (India) nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors,
omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is
published with the understanding that McGraw Hill Education (India) and
its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render
engineering or other professional services. If such services are required,
the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought.
Typeset at TNQ Technologies Pvt. Ltd., 4/600, Phase II, Dr Vikram
Sarabhai Instronics Estate, Kottivakkam, Chennai 600 041 and printed at
Rajkamal Electric Press, Plot No. No. 2, Phase-IV, Kundli, Haryana.
Cover Designer: Creative Designer
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DQBLCDLTDLXBD
visit us at: www.mheducation.co.in
Write to us at: info.india@mheducation.com
CIN: U80302TN2010PTC111532
Toll Free Number: 1800 103 5875
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Dedicated
to
My Wife
Mamadgi Vidya
and
My Daughters
Mamadgi Anjali
Mamadgi Aishwarya
and
My Native Place
Dhanasiri (Zaheerabad – Telangana)
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Preface to the
Sixth Edition
I am pleased to place before the readers a thoroughly revised,
enlarged and updated edition of this widely read book on Indian
Polity.
In 2011 and 2013, the UPSC changed the pattern and syllabus
of the preliminary and main examinations, respectively. Both
times, the scope of Indian Polity has been considerably increased.
Hence, this new edition of the book is more relevant now and is
aimed to meet the expanded needs of the aspirants.
In the course of revision and updation of this edition of the
book, various new developments related to the subject, like recent
constitutional amendments, parliamentary legislations, executive
decisions and supreme court judgments, have been taken into
account.
Changes in this Edition:
1. Addition of 6 new chapters.
2. Inclusion of 2017, 2018 and 2019 preliminary questions with
answers.
3. Inclusion of 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019 mains questions.
4. Updation of the year-wise break-up of the UPSC questions
in the preliminary and main examinations.
5. Inclusion of additional updated information on a number of
topics.
6. New items included in various chapters.
New Chapters:
1. Goods and Services Tax Council
2. National Commission for Backward Classes
3. National Investigation Agency
4. National Disaster Management Authority
5. Role of Regional Parties
6. Coalition Government
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I firmly believe that this is now a very comprehensive and
updated manual. It is a matter of immense satisfaction that the
previous five editions of this book have received an overwhelming
response from readers. I am confident that readers would
continue to repose their faith in this edition as well.
Constructive comments and concrete suggestions to further
improve the book are welcome and shall be gratefully
acknowledged.
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Preface to the
First Edition
I have great pleasure in placing this book before the aspirants of
the top administrative services. The book has been written to
meet the growing requirements of the candidates appearing for
the Civil Services Examinations (Preliminary and Main) conducted
by the Union Public Service Commission. It directly and fully
covers the Indian Polity section of the paper on General Studies
and is also useful for certain optional subjects like Public
Administration, Political Science, Law, Sociology and
Anthropology.
This comprehensive volume would enable the readers to
acquire a complete and detailed understanding of the subject. It
covers all dimensions (constitutional, non-constitutional, political
and administrative) of the subject. My first-hand experience of
coaching the candidates for the Civil Services Examinations has
been a great source of inspiration and has helped me immensely
in writing this book.
An effort has been made to make the contents of the book
relevant, authentic, and up-to-date. The constitutional provisions
are explained in the light of the debates of the Constituent
Assembly of India as well as the judgements of the Supreme
Court and the high courts. I have also used tables to make the
presentation more clear. The Appendices, provided at the end of
the book, serve as a reference section.
I welcome all constructive comments and concrete suggestions
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Acknowledgements
D uring the course of writing this book, I have received help,
encouragement and assistance from my teachers, students,
family members, colleagues, friends, library staff and others.
I am thankful to all of them.
I am particularly grateful to my wife, Smt. M. Vidya, for the
encouragement and support that she provided during the
preparation of the book.
I am deeply indebted to the eminent political scientists and
constitutional experts (Granville Austin, Moris Jones, K.C.
Wheare, Rajni Kothari, Paul Appleby, K. Santhanam, N.A.
Palkhivala, Soli Sorabji, D.D. Basu, V.N. Shukla, M.P. Jain,
Subhash Kashyap) and other scholars of repute whose valuable
works have been highly useful in the writing of this book.
My thanks are also due to Mr. Tanmoy Roychowdhury, Mr.
Deepak Singh, Ms. Shukti Mukherjee, Ms. Shalini Jha, Ms.
Shreya Soni and Ms. Anjali Chakravarty of McGraw Hill India
Private Limited for their unstinted cooperation in bringing out this
updated edition on time.
M. LAXMIKANTH
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Year-Wise Break-up of the UPSC
Questions on Indian Polity
(General Studies—Prelims)
Sl.No. Year No. of Questions Asked
1. 2000 12
2. 2001 12
3. 2002 19
4. 2003 19
5. 2004 22
6. 2005 10
7. 2006 13
8. 2007 12
9. 2008 13
10. 2009 14
11. 2010 10
12. 2011 12
13. 2012 20
14. 2013 18
15. 2014 13
16. 2015 15
17. 2016 06
18. 2017 22
19. 2018 15
20. 2019 15
Note I: In 2011, the UPSC changed the pattern and syllabus of
the Preliminary Examination. In the new scheme, the Indian Polity
section has been renamed as “Indian Polity and Governance”. It
covers Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public
Policy, Rights Issues, etc. Also, now each question carries two
marks (previously one mark).
Note II: In the above table, the number of questions asked on
“Governance” (since 2011) are also included.
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Year-Wise Break-up of the UPSC
Marks on Indian Polity
(General Studies—Mains)
Sl.No. Year No. of Questions Asked
1. 2000 130
2. 2001 100
3. 2002 130
4. 2003 100
5. 2004 100
6. 2005 100
7. 2006 100
8. 2007 100
9. 2008 130
10. 2009 66
11. 2010 66
12. 2011 111
13. 2012 47
14. 2013 100
15. 2014 88
16. 2015 100
17. 2016 112
18. 2017 110
19. 2018 125
20. 2019 125
Note I: In 2013, the UPSC changed the pattern and syllabus of
the Main Examination. In the new scheme, a separate and full
paper on “Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and
International Relations” has been introduced. It carries 250 marks.
Note II: In the above table, the number of marks allotted to the
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About the Civil Services
Examination
The Civil Services examination comprises two successive
stages:
(i) Civil Services (Preliminary) Examination (Objective Type) for
the selection of candidates for Main Examination; and
(ii) Civil Services (Main) Examination (Written and Interview) for
the selection of candidates for the various services and posts.
Scheme and subjects for the Preliminary and Main
Examination.
A. PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
The Examination shall comprise two compulsory Papers of 200
marks each.
Note:
(i) Both the question papers will be of the objective type (multiple
choice questions).
(ii) The question papers will be set both in Hindi and English.
However, questions relating to English Language
Comprehension Skills of Class X level will be tested through
passages from English language only without providing Hindi
translation thereof in the question paper.
B. MAIN EXAMINATION
The written examination will consist of the following papers:
Qualifying Papers:
Paper A: (One of the Indian Language to be selected by the
candidate from the Languages included in the Eighth Schedule to
the Constitution).
300 Marks
Paper B: English
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The papers on Indian Languages and English (Paper A and Paper
B) will be of Matriculation or equivalent standard and will be of
qualifying nature. The marks obtained in these papers will not be
counted for ranking.
Papers to be counted for merit
Paper I: Essay
250 Marks
Paper II: General Studies–I
(Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World
and Society)
250 Marks
Paper III: General Studies –II
250 Marks
(Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International
Relations)
Paper IV: General Studies –III
250 Marks
(Technology, Economic Development, Bio-diversity, Environment,
Security and Disaster Management)
Paper V: General Studies –IV
250 Marks
(Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude)
Paper VI: Optional Subject – Paper 1
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