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projected-20460173-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayf%20al-Din%20Ghazi%20II | Sayf al-Din Ghazi II | Introduction | Sayf al-Din Ghazi (II) ibn Mawdud (; full name: Sayf al-Din Ghazi II ibn ibn ; died 1180) was a , the nephew of .
He became in 1170 after the death of his father . Saif had been chosen as the successor under the advice of eunuch ’Abd al-Masish, who wanted to keep the effective rule in lieu of the young emir; the disinherited son of Mawdud, Imad ad-Din Zengi II, fled to at the court of Nur ad-Din. The latter, who was waiting for an excuse to annex Mosul, conquered in September 1170 and besieged Mosul, which surrendered on 22 January 1171. After ousting al-Masish, he put , one of his officers, as governor, leaving Saif ud-Din nothing but the nominal title of emir. The latter also married the daughter of Nur ad-Din.
At Nur ad-Din's death (May 1174), Gümüshtekin went to to take control of his son and entitled himself of atabeg of Aleppo. Saif ud-Din rejected his tutorage and restored his independence. The nobles of Damascus, worried by Gümüshtekin's increasing power, offered Saif ud-Din their city, but he could not intervene since he was busy in retaking Mosul. Thenceforth Damascus was given to .
took control of Biladu-Sham () but Saif ud-Din wanted to take over , so he sent his brother at the head of an army to fight Saladin: they met in an area near called Kron Hama (Arabic: قرون حماه) where Saif ud-Din was defeated. Later he prepared for another battle at (Arabic: تل سلطان) near Aleppo, where he was also defeated; he went back to Mosul and sent messengers to Saladin offering his alliance, which was accepted.
Saif ud-Din died from , and his brother succeeded him in 1180. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1180 deaths",
"Zengid emirs of Mosul",
"Muslims of the Crusades",
"12th-century deaths from tuberculosis",
"Year of birth unknown",
"12th-century monarchs in the Middle East",
"Tuberculosis deaths in Iraq"
] | wit-train-topic-003169358 |
|
projected-20460199-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower%20Bhavani%20Project%20Canal | Lower Bhavani Project Canal | Introduction | Lower Bhavani Project Canal is a long which runs in in , . The canal is a valley-side , fed by and irrigates 2.07 hectares of land. The main canal feeds Thadapalli and Arakkankottai channels which irrigate the cultivable lands. The canal was the brainchild M.A Eswaran, member of the legislative assembly of the Erode constituency in the early 1950s. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Erode district",
"Canals in Tamil Nadu",
"Gobichettipalayam",
"Bhavani River"
] | wit-train-topic-002719012 |
|
projected-20460215-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Albin%20Boniecki | Maria Albin Boniecki | Solo exhibits | Maria Albin Bończa-Boniecki (1908–1995) was a Polish artist. A survivor of the , he emigrated to the United States of America in 1957. | "Polish Masters Exhibitions", National Art Museum in Warsaw
"Polish Artists Exhibitions", National Art Gallery in Warsaw
City Hall in Polish Silesia,
"Exhibition of Polish Artists Association in Paris", Polish Seminary in Paris
"Esposizione Internazionale di Arte Sacra", Pontificia Academia del Pantheon, Rome
International House,
Englewood State Bank,
"Millenium of Poland", Colorado University,
Creative Art Gallery, Denver, Colorado | [] | [
"Solo exhibits"
] | [
"1908 births",
"1995 deaths",
"Polish emigrants to the United States",
"Home Army members",
"Majdanek concentration camp survivors",
"Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw alumni",
"20th-century Polish sculptors"
] | wit-train-topic-000173255 |
projected-20460308-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knarsdale | Knarsdale | Introduction | Knarsdale, historically Knaresdale, is a village and former , now in the parish of , in , England about north of . The village takes its name from the Knarr Burn: Knarr means 'rugged rock'. In 1951 the parish had a population of 289. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages in Northumberland",
"Former civil parishes in Northumberland"
] | wit-train-topic-003688929 |
|
projected-20460308-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knarsdale | Knarsdale | Religious sites | Knarsdale, historically Knaresdale, is a village and former , now in the parish of , in , England about north of . The village takes its name from the Knarr Burn: Knarr means 'rugged rock'. In 1951 the parish had a population of 289. | The church is dedicated to , and Hodgson saw it in a ruinous condition, with stone lying about. It had been rebuilt in the seventeenth century, and old grave slabs were used in the building. In 1833, however, it was rebuilt at a cost of £300 and a new rectory was erected at this time. On the south wall of the church, beneath the sundial, is a stone carved with Erected 1833. Rev. Thomas Bewsher, Rector. William Parker and Joseph Richardson, Church Wardens. Enlarged 1882. Vestry and Porch added 1906. There is a fine collection of gravestones and one carried a strange inscription, which Hodgson called 'disgraceful doggerel':
All you who please these lines to read
It will cause a tender heart to bleed:
I murdered was upon the fell,
And by a man I knew full well;
My bread and butter which he'd lade,
I, being harmless, was betrayed.
I hope he will rewarded be,
That laid the poison here for me.
It was the epitaph of Robert Baxter, who died 4 October 1796. A man with whom he had a quarrel allegedly left a poisoned wrapped sandwich for him, but there was seemingly no inquest to confirm the accusation. The gravestone is now broken. | [
"St Jude's Church, Knarsdale.JPG"
] | [
"Religious sites"
] | [
"Villages in Northumberland",
"Former civil parishes in Northumberland"
] | wit-train-topic-001110468 |
projected-20460421-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennington | Rennington | Introduction | Rennington is a village in , England about north of . | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages in Northumberland"
] | wit-train-topic-001569862 |
|
projected-20460549-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20P.%20Armstrong | Frank P. Armstrong | Introduction | Francis Patrick Armstrong (circa 1859–1923) was a captain in the region of . He also operated steamboats on the in and on the in western British Columbia. Steam navigation in the which runs through the East Kootenay region was closely linked to Armstrong's personality and career. In addition to being a steamboat captain, Armstrong was also a prospector, white-water boat pilot and guide in the of the Columbia River. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1859 births",
"1923 deaths",
"Canadian sailors",
"Steamship captains",
"People of the Klondike Gold Rush"
] | wit-train-topic-002605125 |
|
projected-20460549-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20P.%20Armstrong | Frank P. Armstrong | Beginning of steam navigation | Francis Patrick Armstrong (circa 1859–1923) was a captain in the region of . He also operated steamboats on the in and on the in western British Columbia. Steam navigation in the which runs through the East Kootenay region was closely linked to Armstrong's personality and career. In addition to being a steamboat captain, Armstrong was also a prospector, white-water boat pilot and guide in the of the Columbia River. | In 1882 Armstrong homesteaded on the east side of and planted potatoes, with the plan of selling them to the workers building the CPR downriver at Golden. He built two flat-bottomed boats, (called ) to transport his crop on the river. Armstrong decided a steamboat would be a good way to tow the bateaux back upstream. He arranged to have s shipped west from a steam built in 1840 that operated at his home town in Quebec. Once the engines arrived, and a could be located, Armstrong assembled a steamboat from miscellaneous planks and timbers that were lying around at an old . The result was the , launched in 1886 at Golden. Two early passengers wrote that her appearance was "somewhat decrepit" and Armstrong himself later agreed that she was "a pretty crude steamboat." | [
"Duchess (sternwheeler 1886).JPG",
"Frank P Armstrong at wheel of steamboat Duchess, 1887, near Golden BC.JPG"
] | [
"Beginning of steam navigation"
] | [
"1859 births",
"1923 deaths",
"Canadian sailors",
"Steamship captains",
"People of the Klondike Gold Rush"
] | wit-train-topic-002207466 |
projected-20460549-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20P.%20Armstrong | Frank P. Armstrong | Building the second Duchess | Francis Patrick Armstrong (circa 1859–1923) was a captain in the region of . He also operated steamboats on the in and on the in western British Columbia. Steam navigation in the which runs through the East Kootenay region was closely linked to Armstrong's personality and career. In addition to being a steamboat captain, Armstrong was also a prospector, white-water boat pilot and guide in the of the Columbia River. | Duchess sank at least once, but Armstrong was eventually able to raise her from the river. He then applied the odd-shaped steamer to make enough money in 1887 to have a new sternwheeler built, also called . Armstrong hired the veteran shipbuilder Alexander Watson, of to build the new steamer, which although small, was well-designed and looked like a steamboat. Armstrong also had built a second steamer, , which although smaller than the second Duchess, needed only six inches of water to run in. This was an advantage in the often shallow waters of the Columbia above Golden, where as Armstrong put it, "the river's bottom was often very close to the river's top". | [
"Duchess (steamboat 1888) at Golden BC.JPG"
] | [
"Building the second Duchess"
] | [
"1859 births",
"1923 deaths",
"Canadian sailors",
"Steamship captains",
"People of the Klondike Gold Rush"
] | wit-train-topic-001691207 |
projected-20460549-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20P.%20Armstrong | Frank P. Armstrong | The Baillie-Grohman Canal | Francis Patrick Armstrong (circa 1859–1923) was a captain in the region of . He also operated steamboats on the in and on the in western British Columbia. Steam navigation in the which runs through the East Kootenay region was closely linked to Armstrong's personality and career. In addition to being a steamboat captain, Armstrong was also a prospector, white-water boat pilot and guide in the of the Columbia River. | A curious feature of the Rocky Mountain Trench is that two of the major rivers that flow through it, the , flowing north, and the flowing south, are separated by only about a mile of low marshy prairie at a place now known as . As the name implies, a was built across Canal Flats by , a European adventurer and promoter from wealthy and privileged background. The canal was completed in 1889, but it was only used three times by steamboats, every time under the command of Captain Armstrong.
In 1893, Armstrong built at Hansen's Landing on the Kootenay River, and took the vessel through the canal north to the at Golden to complete her fitting out. By this time it appears that the canal had been damaged or deteriorated to the boat where at least some of the transit of Gwendoline had to be accomplished by pulling the vessel of the water, partially dismantling the boat, and pulling her along on rollers. Over the winter, Armstrong, it is reported, was able to prevail on the provincial government to expend funds to repair the canal. In late May 1894 Armstrong returned the completed Gwendoline back to the Kootenay River, this time transiting normally the rehabilitated canal.
The canal remained unused until 1902, when Armstrong brought north from the Kootenay to the Columbia. The transit of North Star was only made possible by the destruction, by , of the at the canal. | [
"Lock at Canal Flats, BC 1890.JPG"
] | [
"The Baillie-Grohman Canal"
] | [
"1859 births",
"1923 deaths",
"Canadian sailors",
"Steamship captains",
"People of the Klondike Gold Rush"
] | wit-train-topic-001485293 |
projected-20460549-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20P.%20Armstrong | Frank P. Armstrong | Jennings Canyon | Francis Patrick Armstrong (circa 1859–1923) was a captain in the region of . He also operated steamboats on the in and on the in western British Columbia. Steam navigation in the which runs through the East Kootenay region was closely linked to Armstrong's personality and career. In addition to being a steamboat captain, Armstrong was also a prospector, white-water boat pilot and guide in the of the Columbia River. | Once in the United States, the Kootenay river, in its natural state before the construction of the , flowed through Jennings Canyon to the settlement of Jennings, Montana. Jennings has almost completely disappeared as a town, but it was near . Above Jennings, the Kootenay River narrowed as it ran through Jennings Canyon, which was a significant hazard to any river navigation. A particularly dangerous stretch was known as the Elbow. Jennings Canyon was described by Professor Lyman as "a strip of water, foaming-white, downhill almost as on a steep roof, hardly wider than steamboat".
No would write a policy for steamboats and cargo transiting the Jennings Canyon. Armstrong once persuaded an agent from San Francisco to consider making a quote on premiums. The agent decided to examine the route for himself, and went on board with Armstrong as the captain's boat shot through the canyon. At the end of the trip, the agent's quote for a policy was one-quarter of the value of the cargo. Faced with this quote, Armstrong decided to forgo insurance.
The huge profits to be made seemed to justify the risk. Combined the two steamers could earn $2,000 in gross receipts per day, a lot of money in 1897. By comparison, the sternwheeler (1897), cost $20,000 to build in 1897. In ten days of operation then, an entire steamboat could be paid for. Armstrong and Miller unsuccessfully tried to get the U.S. Government to finance clearing of some of the rocks and obstructions in Jennings Canyon. Without government help, they hired crews themselves to do the work over two winters, but the results were not of much value.
Despite the work on the channel, every steamboat Armstrong ever took through Jennings Canyon was eventually wrecked in the canyon. The wreck Gwendoline and Ruth on May 7, 1897, resulted in the destruction of Ruth and the sinking of Gwendoline, fortunately with no losses other than severe financial ones. When the new steamer was launched a few weeks later, Armstrong was able to make up for some of the losses with 21 completed round trips on the Kootenay between Fort Steele and Jennings before low water forced him to tie up on September 3, 1897. | [
"North Star (sternwheeler) on Columbia River ca 1902.JPG"
] | [
"Jennings Canyon"
] | [
"1859 births",
"1923 deaths",
"Canadian sailors",
"Steamship captains",
"People of the Klondike Gold Rush"
] | wit-train-topic-003014476 |
projected-20460549-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20P.%20Armstrong | Frank P. Armstrong | Move to the Stikine River | Francis Patrick Armstrong (circa 1859–1923) was a captain in the region of . He also operated steamboats on the in and on the in western British Columbia. Steam navigation in the which runs through the East Kootenay region was closely linked to Armstrong's personality and career. In addition to being a steamboat captain, Armstrong was also a prospector, white-water boat pilot and guide in the of the Columbia River. | In January 1898, Armstrong went north to Alaska to participate in the , with Armstrong deciding to try his chances at making money as a steamboat captain on the then being promoted as the "All-Canadian" route to the gold fields. On the Stikine River, Armstrong served with the famous steamboat captain . Together with A.F. Henderson, Armstrong built a steamboat, for the Teslin Transportation Company of Victoria, BC. As might be expected from a vessel designed by Armstrong, Mono had excellent shallow water performance. When the Stikine river route collapsed as an alternate access to the Klondike in July 1898, Mono was taken under tow to for service on the . | [
"Mono (sternwheeler) possibly at Wrangel, Alaska ca 1898.JPG"
] | [
"Move to the Stikine River"
] | [
"1859 births",
"1923 deaths",
"Canadian sailors",
"Steamship captains",
"People of the Klondike Gold Rush"
] | wit-train-topic-002642037 |
projected-20460549-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20P.%20Armstrong | Frank P. Armstrong | End of steam navigation on the upper Columbia river | Francis Patrick Armstrong (circa 1859–1923) was a captain in the region of . He also operated steamboats on the in and on the in western British Columbia. Steam navigation in the which runs through the East Kootenay region was closely linked to Armstrong's personality and career. In addition to being a steamboat captain, Armstrong was also a prospector, white-water boat pilot and guide in the of the Columbia River. | The construction of railroads and the economic dislocations caused by the war had doomed steamboats as a method of transportation on the upper Columbia. With Armstrong in command, Nowitka made the last steamboat run on the upper Columbia in May 1920, pushing a barge-mounted pile-driver to build a bridge at , which when complete was too low to allow a steamboat to pass under it. | [
"Abandoned sternwheeler at Golden BC ca 1920.JPG"
] | [
"End of steam navigation on the upper Columbia river"
] | [
"1859 births",
"1923 deaths",
"Canadian sailors",
"Steamship captains",
"People of the Klondike Gold Rush"
] | wit-train-topic-001041279 |
projected-20460553-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit%20Ijza | Beit Ijza | Introduction | Beit Ijza (, also spelled Bayt Ijza); is a village in the in the central with an area of 2,526 s. Located approximately six miles north of , it had a population of 698 in 2007. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages in the West Bank",
"Jerusalem Governorate"
] | wit-train-topic-003471033 |
|
projected-20460614-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duvauchelle | Duvauchelle | Introduction | Duvauchelle Bay () is a small town situated at the head of on in . State Highway 75 passes through the town. The separates Duvauchelle bay from Barry's Bay.
Duvauchelle is now part of jurisdiction since the city's amalgamation with in 2006. From 1910 until 1989, Duvauchelle was the seat of the . | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Banks Peninsula",
"Suburbs of Christchurch",
"Populated places in Canterbury, New Zealand",
"French-New Zealand culture"
] | wit-train-topic-000891891 |
|
projected-20460666-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortescue%20River | Fortescue River | Introduction | The Fortescue River is an river in the region of . It is the third longest river in the state. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Fortescue River",
"Rivers of the Pilbara region",
"Important Bird Areas of Western Australia"
] | wit-train-topic-001426523 |
|
projected-20460707-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle%20Municipal | Cercle Municipal | Introduction | The Cercle Municipal or Cercle Cité is a building in , in southern Luxembourg, It is located at the eastern end of the , in the historic central of the city. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Buildings and structures in Luxembourg City",
"Baroque Revival architecture",
"European Coal and Steel Community",
"Government buildings completed in 1909",
"Architecture of Luxembourg",
"Convention centres in Luxembourg"
] | wit-train-topic-002306902 |
|
projected-20460707-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle%20Municipal | Cercle Municipal | Renovation and reopening | The Cercle Municipal or Cercle Cité is a building in , in southern Luxembourg, It is located at the eastern end of the , in the historic central of the city. | In 2006, comprehensive renovation and restoration work was carried out on the Cercle in order to transform it into a convention and exhibition centre. The work was completed in April 2011 providing not only enhancements to the Grande Salle and the Foyer but also to the cellar, which can now house exhibitions, and the former loft, now the fifth floor, where four rooms form a new conference centre. It took on the name Cercle-Cité after an adjacent building on the site of the former Ciné Cité was connected to the Cercle by means of a bridge over the Rue Genistre in order to expand the Cercle's facilities. | [
"Cercle Luxbg1.JPG"
] | [
"Renovation and reopening"
] | [
"Buildings and structures in Luxembourg City",
"Baroque Revival architecture",
"European Coal and Steel Community",
"Government buildings completed in 1909",
"Architecture of Luxembourg",
"Convention centres in Luxembourg"
] | wit-train-topic-002036985 |
projected-20460715-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20from%20Sylhet | List of people from Sylhet | Business and industry | This is a list of notable residents and people who have origins in the of and the of the Indian state of . This list also includes , , , and other non-resident Bengalis who have origins in Greater Sylhet. The people may also be known as . | , British restaurateur known for his dish "Curry Hell".
, founder of the Shah Jalal Restaurant in London which became a hub for the community.
, businessman and former president of the .
, founder of the , and
– founder of the world's largest ,
– Businessman, community activist and Chairman of Edinburgh and Lothians Regional Equality Council.
– Entrepreneur and CEO of . , he became the highest British Bangladeshi to feature on the Sunday Times Rich List (listed at number 511).
, tea industrialist and chairman of the Lakshmiprasad Union
, founder of , owner of Prestige Auto Group and TV presenter.
– Businessman, and founder and co-director of . In 2014, the company was awarded a for in recognition of its increase in sales.
- Entrepreneur who became the first Bangladeshi millionaire at the age of 26 due to diversification in banking, travel, a chain of restaurants with the Cafe Naz group, publishing and property development.
– Industrialist, pioneer tea-planter, educationalist, philanthropist and banker
, first Sylheti to open a restaurant in the
- Founder of
- Candidate on BBC reality television programme
, founder of
– Celebrity chef and restaurateur. In 1991, he founded the Indian Chef of the Year Competition.
– Entrepreneur, restaurateur, community leader and Chairman of the Bangladesh-British Chamber of Commerce. | [
"Sir Fazle Hasan Abed receives Thomas Francis, Jr. Medal.jpg"
] | [
"Business and industry"
] | [
"Lists of Bangladeshi people",
"People from Sylhet Division",
"Lists of people by ethnicity",
"Bengal",
"Lists of Bangladeshi people by district"
] | wit-train-topic-002657496 |
projected-20460715-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20from%20Sylhet | List of people from Sylhet | Entertainment | This is a list of notable residents and people who have origins in the of and the of the Indian state of . This list also includes , , , and other non-resident Bengalis who have origins in Greater Sylhet. The people may also be known as . | , actor, presenter, model and YouTuber
, actress best known for the role of in
, comedian and television presenter
, actor best known for the role of Rahim Badshah in Rupban
, theatre personality and actor
, film actor and producer
, film director, actor and screenwriter
, theatre personality and artist
, film and TV actor
, a residing in the
, columnist, chef, author and TV personality best known for winning the baking competition
, playwright, director and founding member of
, film director and screenwriter
, film director
, film actor
, actress best known for the role of in | [
"Khalil11.jpg"
] | [
"Entertainment"
] | [
"Lists of Bangladeshi people",
"People from Sylhet Division",
"Lists of people by ethnicity",
"Bengal",
"Lists of Bangladeshi people by district"
] | wit-train-topic-003064426 |
projected-20460715-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20from%20Sylhet | List of people from Sylhet | Literature | This is a list of notable residents and people who have origins in the of and the of the Indian state of . This list also includes , , , and other non-resident Bengalis who have origins in Greater Sylhet. The people may also be known as . | , writer
, Bangladeshi-Australian geneticist and science writer
, writer and historian
, first Bengali Muslim novelist
, , social worker, writer and editor of the Saptak
, writer and researcher of Sylheti folk literature
, poet, writer, researcher of folk literature
, writer and collector of for the
, poet known as Gonomanusher Kobi (Poet of the mass people)
, naturalist and science writer
, folklorist
, minstrel and writer of mystical songs
, poet, Islamic scholar and activist
, Urdu poet and activist
, writer, academic, and botanist
, non-fiction writer best known for
, cultural activist, social worker and writer
, writer, poet and judge best known for the Halat-un-Nabi
, author and publisher
, author, journalist, travel enthusiast, academician, scholar and linguist.
, writer and historian
, Persian-language writer
, celebrated Persian-language writer
, considered to be Sylhet's first author
, wrote the first in Bengali in 16th century | [
"Arun Kumar Chanda 2000 stamp of India.jpg",
"Hason Raja.jpg"
] | [
"Literature"
] | [
"Lists of Bangladeshi people",
"People from Sylhet Division",
"Lists of people by ethnicity",
"Bengal",
"Lists of Bangladeshi people by district"
] | wit-train-topic-000376993 |
projected-20460715-023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20from%20Sylhet | List of people from Sylhet | West | This is a list of notable residents and people who have origins in the of and the of the Indian state of . This list also includes , , , and other non-resident Bengalis who have origins in Greater Sylhet. The people may also be known as . | , The for Bangladesh between 2004 and 2008. He is currently the Director of International Institutions at the .
, first to be elected as an for the
, Canadian politician
, president of the United Kingdom Awami League
, former of
, the first and the first Bangladeshi leader of the council.
, former Mayor of Camden. The first female mayor in the United Kingdom of Bangladeshi origin.
, former Mayor of . He became UK's youngest mayor as well as the first Bangladeshi and first Muslim mayor.
, councillor for and former Housing Cabinet member in
, first Bangladeshi to be elected as an for the | [
"Anwar choudhury.jpg"
] | [
"West"
] | [
"Lists of Bangladeshi people",
"People from Sylhet Division",
"Lists of people by ethnicity",
"Bengal",
"Lists of Bangladeshi people by district"
] | wit-train-topic-002557731 |
projected-20460715-025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20from%20Sylhet | List of people from Sylhet | Islam | This is a list of notable residents and people who have origins in the of and the of the Indian state of . This list also includes , , , and other non-resident Bengalis who have origins in Greater Sylhet. The people may also be known as . | , Islamic scholar and founder of the Fultali movement
, former president of
Shaikh-e-Fulbari , a religious scholar and political activist
, 's
, imam, TV presenter and politician
, 16th-century Sufi saint of the Shattari order
, Deobandi scholar, author and founder of the party
, former MP for
, Islamic scholar, poet and activist
, zamindar and Sufi scholar
, 16th-century Persian-language scholar
, Islamic scholar and parliamentarian
, founder of the , the first madrasa in the region
, chairman of
, and teacher
, former president of
, former vice-president of and
, former of
, president of
, doctor and translator of the Qur'an | [
"Ajmal Masroor.jpg",
"ZH 2507.jpg"
] | [
"Religion and spirituality",
"Islam"
] | [
"Lists of Bangladeshi people",
"People from Sylhet Division",
"Lists of people by ethnicity",
"Bengal",
"Lists of Bangladeshi people by district"
] | wit-train-topic-002458388 |
projected-20460821-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Kamakau | Samuel Kamakau | Introduction | Samuel Mānaiakalani Kamakau (October 29, 1815 – September 5, 1876) was a historian and scholar. His work appeared in local newspapers and was later compiled into books, becoming an invaluable resource on the Hawaiian people, , and while they were disappearing.
Along with and , Kamakau is considered one of Hawaii's greatest historians, and his contributions to the preservation of have been honored throughout the . | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1815 births",
"1876 deaths",
"Converts to Roman Catholicism from Congregationalism",
"Historians of Hawaii",
"Hawaiian Kingdom judges",
"Lahainaluna School alumni",
"Members of the Hawaiian Kingdom House of Representatives",
"Native Hawaiian people",
"Native Hawaiian writers",
"Queen Emma Party politicians"
] | wit-train-topic-001749382 |
|
projected-20460821-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Kamakau | Samuel Kamakau | Life | Samuel Mānaiakalani Kamakau (October 29, 1815 – September 5, 1876) was a historian and scholar. His work appeared in local newspapers and was later compiled into books, becoming an invaluable resource on the Hawaiian people, , and while they were disappearing.
Along with and , Kamakau is considered one of Hawaii's greatest historians, and his contributions to the preservation of have been honored throughout the . | Kamakau was born in , on the North Shore of the island of Oahu. He traveled to the island of and enrolled at in 1833, where he became a student of Reverend . Dibble instructed Kamakau and other students to collect and preserve information on the , , and people. To further this goal, Kamakau helped form the first Hawaiian in 1841. According to Kamakau:
A society was started at Lahainaluna according to the desire of the teachers. As the people of Alebione () had their British history and read about the Saxons and William, so the Hawaiians should read their history...The King said he thought the history of all the islands should be preserved from first to last.
Known as the Royal Hawaiian Historical Society, members included King , , , , , , Sheldon Dibble, Kamakau and others. Elected officials included president Kamehameha III, vice-president William Richards, secretary Sheldon Dibble, and treasurer Samuel Kamakau. The society disbanded after the capital of the moved from on the island of Maui to Honolulu, Oahu in 1845.
Kamakau married S. Hainakolo and moved to his wife's hometown of . Their daughter, Kukelani Kaaapookalani, was born in December 1862, after which the couple moved to .
In 1860 Kamakau converted to Roman Catholicism from Congregational Protestantism.
From 1866 to 1871, Kamakau wrote a series of newspaper articles about Hawaiian culture and history: "Ka Moolelo o Kamehameha I", a history of ; "Ka Moolelo o Nā Kamehameha", a history of the ; and "Ka Moolelo Hawaii", a history of Hawaii. The articles were published in the Hawaiian language newspapers, Ke Au Okoa and Ka Nūpepa Kūokoa. Kamakau has served as a district judge in and was a legislator for the . From 1851 to 1860 he represented Maui in the House of Representatives, and from 1870 to 1876 represented Oahu.
He died at his home in on September 5, 1876, and was buried in the Maemae Chapel Cemetery in Nuuanu Valley. | [
"OahuCemetery-KamakauSamuel1815-1876.JPG",
"OahuCemetery-KamakauHainakolo1824-1905.JPG"
] | [
"Life"
] | [
"1815 births",
"1876 deaths",
"Converts to Roman Catholicism from Congregationalism",
"Historians of Hawaii",
"Hawaiian Kingdom judges",
"Lahainaluna School alumni",
"Members of the Hawaiian Kingdom House of Representatives",
"Native Hawaiian people",
"Native Hawaiian writers",
"Queen Emma Party politicians"
] | wit-train-topic-001968151 |
projected-20460837-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege%20of%20Kolberg%20%281807%29 | Siege of Kolberg (1807) | Introduction | The siege of Kolberg (also known as: siege of Colberg or siege of Kołobrzeg) took place from March to 2 July 1807 during the , part of the . An army of the and several foreign auxiliaries (including Polish insurgents) of France besieged the fortified town of , the only remaining Prussian-held in the . The siege was not successful and was lifted upon the announcement of the .
After lost the in late 1806, troops marched north into Prussian Pomerania. Fortified Stettin () surrendered without battle, and the province became occupied by the French forces. Kolberg resisted, and the implementation of a French siege was delayed until March 1807 by the of operating around the fortress and capturing the assigned French commander of the siege, . During these months, the military commander of Kolberg, Lucadou, and the representative of the local , Nettelbeck, prepared the fortress's defensive structures.
The French forces commanded by , composed primarily of troops from , succeeded in encircling Kolberg by mid-March. put the siege force under the command of ; entrusted with the defense. In early April, the siege forces were for a short time commanded by , who had marched a large force from to Kolberg but was ordered to return when Stralsund's defenders gained ground. Other reinforcements came from states of the (, Saxon duchies and the ), the , and France.
With the western surroundings of Kolberg flooded by the defenders, fighting concentrated on the eastern forefield of the fortress, where Wolfsberg sconce had been constructed on Lucadou's behalf. Aiding the defense from the nearby were a British and a vessel. By late June, Napoleon massively reinforced the siege forces to bring about a decision. The siege force then also concentrated on taking the port north of the town. On 2 July, fighting ceased when Prussia had agreed on an unfavourable peace after her ally suffered a decisive defeat . Of the twenty Prussian fortresses, Kolberg was one of the few remaining in Prussian hands until the war's end. The battle became a myth in Prussia and was later used by efforts. While prior to World War II the city commemorated the defendants, it started to honor the commander of the Polish troops after 1945, when the city became part of a Polish state. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"History of Pomerania",
"Conflicts in 1807",
"1807 in Germany",
"Sieges involving Poland",
"Sieges involving France",
"Sieges involving Prussia",
"Battles of the War of the Fourth Coalition",
"Kołobrzeg",
"Sieges involving Sweden"
] | wit-train-topic-001122700 |
|
projected-20460837-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege%20of%20Kolberg%20%281807%29 | Siege of Kolberg (1807) | Prelude | The siege of Kolberg (also known as: siege of Colberg or siege of Kołobrzeg) took place from March to 2 July 1807 during the , part of the . An army of the and several foreign auxiliaries (including Polish insurgents) of France besieged the fortified town of , the only remaining Prussian-held in the . The siege was not successful and was lifted upon the announcement of the .
After lost the in late 1806, troops marched north into Prussian Pomerania. Fortified Stettin () surrendered without battle, and the province became occupied by the French forces. Kolberg resisted, and the implementation of a French siege was delayed until March 1807 by the of operating around the fortress and capturing the assigned French commander of the siege, . During these months, the military commander of Kolberg, Lucadou, and the representative of the local , Nettelbeck, prepared the fortress's defensive structures.
The French forces commanded by , composed primarily of troops from , succeeded in encircling Kolberg by mid-March. put the siege force under the command of ; entrusted with the defense. In early April, the siege forces were for a short time commanded by , who had marched a large force from to Kolberg but was ordered to return when Stralsund's defenders gained ground. Other reinforcements came from states of the (, Saxon duchies and the ), the , and France.
With the western surroundings of Kolberg flooded by the defenders, fighting concentrated on the eastern forefield of the fortress, where Wolfsberg sconce had been constructed on Lucadou's behalf. Aiding the defense from the nearby were a British and a vessel. By late June, Napoleon massively reinforced the siege forces to bring about a decision. The siege force then also concentrated on taking the port north of the town. On 2 July, fighting ceased when Prussia had agreed on an unfavourable peace after her ally suffered a decisive defeat . Of the twenty Prussian fortresses, Kolberg was one of the few remaining in Prussian hands until the war's end. The battle became a myth in Prussia and was later used by efforts. While prior to World War II the city commemorated the defendants, it started to honor the commander of the Polish troops after 1945, when the city became part of a Polish state. | Within two weeks after the (14 October 1806), 's had pursued the defeated in . The provincial capital (now Szczecin), one of twenty Prussian fortresses, the province's only fortress remaining in Prussian hands. was appointed French governor of Pomerania and sent his envoy Mestram to accept Kolberg's expected capitulation and take control of it.
On 8 November 1806, Mestram met with the Prussian commander of Kolberg (Ludwig Moritz von Lucadou) before its walls. Lucadou's refusal to hand over the fortress came as a surprise to the French generals and the Prussian administration in Stettin, who had already pledged allegiance to the French; it further led part of the defeated Prussian army to take refuge in Kolberg and reinforce the two battalions of the von Owstien and von Borcke regiments and the 72 guns garrisoned there. Lucadou ordered the (Parseta) river west of Kolberg to be dammed up to flood the area around the fortress, and arranged the construction of Wolfsberg east of the town. Coordination of these measures with , representative of the Kolberg citizens, was however impaired by the latter's personal grievances against Lucadou.
Among the Prussian soldiers who had retreated to Kolberg after Jena and Auerstedt was secondelieutenant , who after his recovery from a severe head injury in the house of Kolberg senator Westphal was ordered to patrol the areas west of the fortress with a small cavalry unit. Supplied with information about French movements by local peasants, he succeeded in capturing a number of French officers and soldiers, gathering food and financial supplies in neighboring towns and villages, and recruiting volunteers to his unit from inside and outside Kolberg.
Schill's victory in the (7 December 1806), though insignificant from a military point of view, was widely noted as the first Prussian success against the French army - while Prussian king praised Schill as the "kind of man now valued by the fatherland", Napoleon referred to him as a "miserable kind of brigand". "ce miserable, qui est une espèce de brigand"}} As a consequence of these successes and Schill's increasing fame, Prussian king ordered him to establish a on 12 January 1807, which in the following months defended the fortress against French attacks allowing its defenders to complete their preparations for the expected siege with and British support via the Baltic.
Time for preparation was needed since Kolberg lacked sufficient defensive structures, manpower and armament to withstand a siege. The defensive works of the fortress had been neglected, only the port and Kirchhof sconce had been prepared for defense when Prussia feared war with Russia and Sweden in 1805 and 1806, but they had been disarmed in September. By early December 1806, the Kolberg garrison numbered 1,576 men, but increased steadily during the next months due to the arrival of Prussian troops and new recruits from nearby areas. Armament shortages were in part relieved by , who sent rifle components from which local gunsmiths made 2,000 new rifles. As of late October 1806, a total of 72 guns were mounted on Kolberg's walls: 58 metal/iron cannons (8x 24 lb, 4x 20 lb, 40x 12 lb, 6x 6 lb), six iron s (10 lb) and eight iron s (5x 50 lb, 3x 25 lb); in addition, there were four mobile 3-pounder cannons. While a convoy with artillery reinforcements was held up and captured by French forces near Stettin, twelve 12-pounder cannons reached Kolberg from the Prussian fortress of Danzig and the Swedish fortress of Stralsund, who each sent six guns. Since no further artillery reinforcements came in, the Kolberg garrison mounted an additional 92 guns on the walls which previously had been deemed unusable and withdrawn from service; these guns were positioned at the flanks at it was speculated that they might still serve to fire rocks and s at short distances. Six guns captured by Schill's freikorps were also sent to Kolberg.
, whom had entrusted with taking Kolberg, was captured by Schill's forces in (12 January), detained in Kolberg and later exchanged against Prussian general . With Victor-Perrin captured, the attack on Kolberg was to be led by 's Italian division, who in February began the march on the fortress from Stettin. Schill's freikorps further delayed the French advance by provoking several skirmishes and battles, the largest of which took place near Naugard (). Teulié reached the Kolberg area by early March, and by the mid of the month (14 March) had cleared the surrounding villages of Schill's forces and encircled the fortress. | [] | [
"Prelude"
] | [
"History of Pomerania",
"Conflicts in 1807",
"1807 in Germany",
"Sieges involving Poland",
"Sieges involving France",
"Sieges involving Prussia",
"Battles of the War of the Fourth Coalition",
"Kołobrzeg",
"Sieges involving Sweden"
] | wit-train-topic-001575045 |
projected-20460837-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege%20of%20Kolberg%20%281807%29 | Siege of Kolberg (1807) | Mid-March to April | The siege of Kolberg (also known as: siege of Colberg or siege of Kołobrzeg) took place from March to 2 July 1807 during the , part of the . An army of the and several foreign auxiliaries (including Polish insurgents) of France besieged the fortified town of , the only remaining Prussian-held in the . The siege was not successful and was lifted upon the announcement of the .
After lost the in late 1806, troops marched north into Prussian Pomerania. Fortified Stettin () surrendered without battle, and the province became occupied by the French forces. Kolberg resisted, and the implementation of a French siege was delayed until March 1807 by the of operating around the fortress and capturing the assigned French commander of the siege, . During these months, the military commander of Kolberg, Lucadou, and the representative of the local , Nettelbeck, prepared the fortress's defensive structures.
The French forces commanded by , composed primarily of troops from , succeeded in encircling Kolberg by mid-March. put the siege force under the command of ; entrusted with the defense. In early April, the siege forces were for a short time commanded by , who had marched a large force from to Kolberg but was ordered to return when Stralsund's defenders gained ground. Other reinforcements came from states of the (, Saxon duchies and the ), the , and France.
With the western surroundings of Kolberg flooded by the defenders, fighting concentrated on the eastern forefield of the fortress, where Wolfsberg sconce had been constructed on Lucadou's behalf. Aiding the defense from the nearby were a British and a vessel. By late June, Napoleon massively reinforced the siege forces to bring about a decision. The siege force then also concentrated on taking the port north of the town. On 2 July, fighting ceased when Prussia had agreed on an unfavourable peace after her ally suffered a decisive defeat . Of the twenty Prussian fortresses, Kolberg was one of the few remaining in Prussian hands until the war's end. The battle became a myth in Prussia and was later used by efforts. While prior to World War II the city commemorated the defendants, it started to honor the commander of the Polish troops after 1945, when the city became part of a Polish state. | When the French encirclement of Kolberg rendered Schill's strategy moot, Lucadou sent three cavalry units to aid the Krockow freikorps in the , while Schill departed to aid in the in . The suburbs, most notably Geldernerviertel, were burned down as it was customary.
Because of the delay in the French advance, Napoleon replaced Teulié as the commander of the siege forces with division general ; Frederick William III replaced Lucadou as the commander of the fortress with major after complaints by Nettelbeck and out of considerations for an envisioned British landfall at Kolberg - he feared that a French-born commander might irritate his British supporters, while on the other hand Gneisenau had been in British service during the .
In April, Napoleon withdrew the forces of from the siege of Stralsund and sent them to take Kolberg, however, Mortier soon had to return when the defenders of Stralsund pushed the remaining French troops out of .
The French siege army was reinforced by troops from and Saxon states (, , , , and ,) as well as a regiment. The Saxon and Württemberg regiments were part of the army of the , which - like the , whose troops were already present at the siege – was a French client. The Polish regiment, led by , with a strength of 1,200 had been transferred from the (Gdańsk) on 11 April and arrived on 20 April; it was the 1st infantry regiment of the Poznań legion raised by on Napoleon's behalf, after a and French liberation of Prussian controlled Poland had resulted in the creation of Duchy of Warsaw in part of . | [] | [
"Siege",
"Mid-March to April"
] | [
"History of Pomerania",
"Conflicts in 1807",
"1807 in Germany",
"Sieges involving Poland",
"Sieges involving France",
"Sieges involving Prussia",
"Battles of the War of the Fourth Coalition",
"Kołobrzeg",
"Sieges involving Sweden"
] | wit-train-topic-001090592 |
projected-20460837-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege%20of%20Kolberg%20%281807%29 | Siege of Kolberg (1807) | May to June | The siege of Kolberg (also known as: siege of Colberg or siege of Kołobrzeg) took place from March to 2 July 1807 during the , part of the . An army of the and several foreign auxiliaries (including Polish insurgents) of France besieged the fortified town of , the only remaining Prussian-held in the . The siege was not successful and was lifted upon the announcement of the .
After lost the in late 1806, troops marched north into Prussian Pomerania. Fortified Stettin () surrendered without battle, and the province became occupied by the French forces. Kolberg resisted, and the implementation of a French siege was delayed until March 1807 by the of operating around the fortress and capturing the assigned French commander of the siege, . During these months, the military commander of Kolberg, Lucadou, and the representative of the local , Nettelbeck, prepared the fortress's defensive structures.
The French forces commanded by , composed primarily of troops from , succeeded in encircling Kolberg by mid-March. put the siege force under the command of ; entrusted with the defense. In early April, the siege forces were for a short time commanded by , who had marched a large force from to Kolberg but was ordered to return when Stralsund's defenders gained ground. Other reinforcements came from states of the (, Saxon duchies and the ), the , and France.
With the western surroundings of Kolberg flooded by the defenders, fighting concentrated on the eastern forefield of the fortress, where Wolfsberg sconce had been constructed on Lucadou's behalf. Aiding the defense from the nearby were a British and a vessel. By late June, Napoleon massively reinforced the siege forces to bring about a decision. The siege force then also concentrated on taking the port north of the town. On 2 July, fighting ceased when Prussia had agreed on an unfavourable peace after her ally suffered a decisive defeat . Of the twenty Prussian fortresses, Kolberg was one of the few remaining in Prussian hands until the war's end. The battle became a myth in Prussia and was later used by efforts. While prior to World War II the city commemorated the defendants, it started to honor the commander of the Polish troops after 1945, when the city became part of a Polish state. | Throughout May and June, the siege was characterized by heavy fighting around Wolfsberg sconce east of Kolberg.
In early May, the siege forces numbered circa 8,000 troops. The siege force's blockade corps was since 4 May divided into four brigades:
the first brigade was commanded by Berndes and included one Polish regiment under . Sulkowski in his diaries wrote that Polish soldiers were highly excited about the prospect of taking the city, as it was once part of Poland during the . He wrote "our soldiers burn with the enthusiasm to move our borders to the pillars of Bolesław", and noted that the chaplain of the Polish soldiers Ignacy Przybylski called upon them Polish soldiers. We are camped under Kołobrzeg. Since the time of Chrobry our regiment formed in Poznan and Gniezno Voivodeships is the first to show its banners here. The brigade also included Württemberg regiments (Seckendorff, Romig);
the second brigade was commanded by and included the 1st Italian line infantry regiment (Valleriani) and the infantry regiment (Egloffstein);
the third brigade was commanded by Castaldini and included the 2nd Italian light regiment;
the fourth brigade was commanded by general Bonfanti and included the 1st Italian light regiment (Rougier).
The remaining forces, except for the s, were entrusted with the defense of other sconces in the vicinity of Kolberg. The headquarters of the siege force was in (now Stramnica), where the grenadiers were concentrated. The artillery, under command of general Mossel, was concentrated near (now Czernin), and defended by a Saxon detachment stationed in (now Dygowo). The construction of the siege works, was since 5 May supervised by brigade general Chambarlhiac of the 8th corps on Napoleon's behalf.
Schill returned to the town in early May, but left for Stralsund again after discord with Gneisenau, taking most of his freikorps with him (primarily the cavalry units). After Schill's departure, the defenders numbered about 6,000 men and consisted of
one battalion with 850 men, commanded by , vice commander of the fortress;
one battalion with 750 men, commanded by Möller;
the 2nd Pomeranian reserve battalion with 540 men;
the 3rd Neumark reserve battalion with 420 men;
the 3rd battalion von Owstien with 800 men;
the 3rd battalion von Borcke with 800 men;
of Schill's freikorps, five infantry companies with 750 men and one cavalry squadron with 113 men, commanded by Count Wedell;
two companies (Dobrowolski and Otto) with 300 men, later commanded by Arenstorf;
110 from the depot of the von Balliodz regiment;
400 artillerists.
On 7 May, in a French reconnaissance attack, troops from the 1st Italian line infantry as well as the Polish, Württemberg and Saxon regiments assaulted Wolfsberg sconce. During the fight, a Polish unit repelled a charge from the cavalry squadron of Schill's Freikorps (113 troopers). General Loison in a report to Marshal Berthier on 8 May stated that the Poles had stopped a charge of 600 Prussian cavalry in that action. In another attack, launched during the night of 17/18 May, siege force troops managed to take part of Wolfsberg sconce, but had to retreat when in the resulting chaos, Württemberg troops shot at Italian units. The Prussian forces launched a counter-attack and drove them from the sconce once again. After this, the French general lost confidence in Wurttemberg troops and removed them from the battlefield. Polish troops were extensively used, and according to Louis Loison, showed exceptional determination in the attacks on Wolfsberg sconce.
On 20 May, an arms replenishment for the defenders arrived by sea from , containing inter alia 10,000 rifles, 6,000 sabres and ammunition. Some of those supplies, including 6,000 rifles, were however redirected to the .
On 30 May, Napoleon ordered the redeployment of 's division to enable it to reach Kolberg on demand within 36 hours, one regiment of the division was ordered to reinforce the siege forces.
Wolfsberg sconce, overrun by the French army on 17 May but recovered by the defenders the next day, capitulated on 11 June. Among others, Waldenfels was killed at the Wolfsberg sconce. Also, Teulié was lethally injured when a cannonball hit his leg—according to the French Biographie universelle, he died five days later, on 12 May, and his death caused the parties to agree on a 24-hour truce in his honor; according to Höpfner's History of the Prussian Army however, Teuliè was hit when a 24-hour truce on 11/12 June was concluded after the capitulation of the Wolfsberg sconce, but not observed; and according to the Italian Biografie di Pietro Teulie however, the cannonball hit Teuliè after 13 June, and five to six days later, he died in Loison's arms in the nearby village of Tramm.
Temporarily, the defenders were supported by the British Phyleria and the af Chapmann, the latter had arrived on 29 April, was commanded by major Follin and armed with 46 guns (two 36-pounders, else 24-pounder cannons and ). Also, three fishing boats had been armed with guns and supported the defenders from the sea. A 3-pounder gun was mounted on each of these boats, which had been prepared by Nettelbeck; later, a fourth boat was similarly prepared by lieutenant Fabe. On 3 June during the evening the supporting ships directed artillery fire on the Polish camp, which proved to be ineffective due to strong winds, three hours later an armed expedition of estimated 200 Prussians attempted to land on the beach, and was repulsed in intense fighting by the Polish regiment
On 14 June, British artillery replenishments arrived for the defenders, including 30 iron cannons, 10 iron s and ammunition. The guns replaced "the many unusable guns on Kolberg's walls". Since the fortress had experienced a shortage of light artillery while at the same time it had sufficient cannonball supplies in storage, a Kolberg smith had forged an operative iron 4-pounder gun; further efforts to forge artillery pieces in the fortress were rendered moot by the arrival of the British guns. | [
"Sulkowski-paul-antoni.jpg",
"Kolberg1807.png"
] | [
"Siege",
"May to June"
] | [
"History of Pomerania",
"Conflicts in 1807",
"1807 in Germany",
"Sieges involving Poland",
"Sieges involving France",
"Sieges involving Prussia",
"Battles of the War of the Fourth Coalition",
"Kołobrzeg",
"Sieges involving Sweden"
] | wit-train-topic-001659912 |
projected-20460837-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege%20of%20Kolberg%20%281807%29 | Siege of Kolberg (1807) | Final days | The siege of Kolberg (also known as: siege of Colberg or siege of Kołobrzeg) took place from March to 2 July 1807 during the , part of the . An army of the and several foreign auxiliaries (including Polish insurgents) of France besieged the fortified town of , the only remaining Prussian-held in the . The siege was not successful and was lifted upon the announcement of the .
After lost the in late 1806, troops marched north into Prussian Pomerania. Fortified Stettin () surrendered without battle, and the province became occupied by the French forces. Kolberg resisted, and the implementation of a French siege was delayed until March 1807 by the of operating around the fortress and capturing the assigned French commander of the siege, . During these months, the military commander of Kolberg, Lucadou, and the representative of the local , Nettelbeck, prepared the fortress's defensive structures.
The French forces commanded by , composed primarily of troops from , succeeded in encircling Kolberg by mid-March. put the siege force under the command of ; entrusted with the defense. In early April, the siege forces were for a short time commanded by , who had marched a large force from to Kolberg but was ordered to return when Stralsund's defenders gained ground. Other reinforcements came from states of the (, Saxon duchies and the ), the , and France.
With the western surroundings of Kolberg flooded by the defenders, fighting concentrated on the eastern forefield of the fortress, where Wolfsberg sconce had been constructed on Lucadou's behalf. Aiding the defense from the nearby were a British and a vessel. By late June, Napoleon massively reinforced the siege forces to bring about a decision. The siege force then also concentrated on taking the port north of the town. On 2 July, fighting ceased when Prussia had agreed on an unfavourable peace after her ally suffered a decisive defeat . Of the twenty Prussian fortresses, Kolberg was one of the few remaining in Prussian hands until the war's end. The battle became a myth in Prussia and was later used by efforts. While prior to World War II the city commemorated the defendants, it started to honor the commander of the Polish troops after 1945, when the city became part of a Polish state. | In mid-June, the siege forces were reinforced by two bataillons with a strength of 1,500 to 1,600, Napoleon ordered the narrowing of the encirclement to cut off Kolberg from its port. By the end of June, Napoleon sent in battle-tried French regiments and heavy guns to bring about a decision: on 21 June arrived further artillery pieces and the 4th line infantry regiment () with a strength of 1,600 to 1,700; on 30 June arrived the 3rd light, 56th line and 93rd line regiments of the Boudet division with a strength of 7,000. Overall, the strength of the siege force had risen to about 14,000 men in the final days.
The French forces took the Maikuhle forest held by the remaining soldiers of Schill's freikorps on 1 July. Kolberg was heavily bombarded—of a total of 25,940 cannonballs fired by the siege force, 6,000 were fired on 1 and 2 July.
On 2 July at noon, fighting ceased upon the announcement of the Prusso-French agreement to the . A Prusso-French truce had been signed already on 25 June following the decisive Russian defeat in the . Kolberg was one of the few Prussian fortresses which withstood Napoleon's forces until the peace was signed—others were Glatz () and . | [] | [
"Siege",
"Final days"
] | [
"History of Pomerania",
"Conflicts in 1807",
"1807 in Germany",
"Sieges involving Poland",
"Sieges involving France",
"Sieges involving Prussia",
"Battles of the War of the Fourth Coalition",
"Kołobrzeg",
"Sieges involving Sweden"
] | wit-train-topic-002071679 |
projected-20460837-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege%20of%20Kolberg%20%281807%29 | Siege of Kolberg (1807) | Aftermath | The siege of Kolberg (also known as: siege of Colberg or siege of Kołobrzeg) took place from March to 2 July 1807 during the , part of the . An army of the and several foreign auxiliaries (including Polish insurgents) of France besieged the fortified town of , the only remaining Prussian-held in the . The siege was not successful and was lifted upon the announcement of the .
After lost the in late 1806, troops marched north into Prussian Pomerania. Fortified Stettin () surrendered without battle, and the province became occupied by the French forces. Kolberg resisted, and the implementation of a French siege was delayed until March 1807 by the of operating around the fortress and capturing the assigned French commander of the siege, . During these months, the military commander of Kolberg, Lucadou, and the representative of the local , Nettelbeck, prepared the fortress's defensive structures.
The French forces commanded by , composed primarily of troops from , succeeded in encircling Kolberg by mid-March. put the siege force under the command of ; entrusted with the defense. In early April, the siege forces were for a short time commanded by , who had marched a large force from to Kolberg but was ordered to return when Stralsund's defenders gained ground. Other reinforcements came from states of the (, Saxon duchies and the ), the , and France.
With the western surroundings of Kolberg flooded by the defenders, fighting concentrated on the eastern forefield of the fortress, where Wolfsberg sconce had been constructed on Lucadou's behalf. Aiding the defense from the nearby were a British and a vessel. By late June, Napoleon massively reinforced the siege forces to bring about a decision. The siege force then also concentrated on taking the port north of the town. On 2 July, fighting ceased when Prussia had agreed on an unfavourable peace after her ally suffered a decisive defeat . Of the twenty Prussian fortresses, Kolberg was one of the few remaining in Prussian hands until the war's end. The battle became a myth in Prussia and was later used by efforts. While prior to World War II the city commemorated the defendants, it started to honor the commander of the Polish troops after 1945, when the city became part of a Polish state. | After the announcement of the peace, Kolberg was not occupied by the French army. Already on 3/4 July, Napoleon ordered the bulk of the siege force to march west to and reinforce, under command of , the French forces . The commander of the siege forces in Kolberg, , likewise departed to the Stralsund pocket and was put in command of a division near . and received the highest Prussian military decoration "" for their service.
During the siege, Kolberg's suburbs had been levelled, more than half of the Old Town was damaged or destroyed by artillery fire, and Kolberg's economy with its two important branches sea trade and salt mining declined. A shortage of coins had led to the circulation of paper money, hand-written by students from the local on Gneisenau's behalf. The overall damage was at 155,000 s. Only in the mid-19th century began the reconstruction and modernization of the town and its port. The ruins of the destroyed medieval town hall were replaced by the current building, designed by . Kolberg ceased to be a fortress in 1872—by 1873, most of the defensive works were levelled. | [
"Kołobrzeg - Ratusz 3 2019 r.jpg"
] | [
"Aftermath"
] | [
"History of Pomerania",
"Conflicts in 1807",
"1807 in Germany",
"Sieges involving Poland",
"Sieges involving France",
"Sieges involving Prussia",
"Battles of the War of the Fourth Coalition",
"Kołobrzeg",
"Sieges involving Sweden"
] | wit-train-topic-000267272 |
projected-20460845-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adbhutananda | Adbhutananda | At Calcutta | Adbhutananda (died 1920), born Rakhturam, was a direct monastic disciple of , a of nineteenth century . He is familiarly known as Latu Maharaj among the followers of Ramakrishna. Adbhutananda was the first monastic disciple to come to Ramakrishna. While most of Ramakrishna's direct disciples came from the Bengali intelligentsia, Adbhutananda's lack of formal education made him unique amongst them. He was a servant boy of a devotee of Ramakrishna, and he later became his disciple. Though unlettered, Adbhutananda was considered as a monk with great spiritual insight by Ramakrishna's followers, and regarded him as "the greatest miracle of Ramakrishna". | After Ramakrishna's passing away, Narendra (Vivekananda) and some of the other disciples established the first Ramakrishna monastery at in an old, dilapidated house. Here some of the disciples including Naren took their monastic vows and were engaged in the study of the scriptures, practicing and austerity. Latu joined them later in 1887 and accepted the monastic vows. Vivekananda gave him the monastic name Adbhutananda, meaning, "He who finds bliss in the wonderful nature of the ." According to his brother monks, Adbhutananda led a very austere life at the monastery practicing meditation and . He led the life of a wandering monk around the Calcutta area, unattached to people and places. Sometimes he stayed at the home of other householder devotees, but most often was found living simply on the bank of the . Sometimes he stayed at Math and .
He also went on several pilgrimages to North India with his brother disciples including Vivekananda. In 1903 he moved to the house of , a householder devotee of Ramakrishna and stayed there till 1912. Here he was visited by people from different walks of life—judges, doctors, teachers, learned monks, and householders for spiritual instructions. | [
"GirishChandraGosh group photo.jpg"
] | [
"Biography",
"At Calcutta"
] | [
"1920 deaths",
"19th-century Hindu religious leaders",
"20th-century Hindu religious leaders",
"Advaitin philosophers",
"20th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians",
"Hindu reformers",
"Indian Hindu monks",
"Indian memoirists",
"Indian Hindu missionaries",
"Monks of the Ramakrishna Mission",
"Year of birth missing"
] | wit-train-topic-003075093 |
projected-20460907-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton%20Glasgow | Hilton Glasgow | Introduction | The Hilton Glasgow is a 20-storey in , . It is located in , from , three blocks away from Glasgow city centre, and close to the . It opened on 30 November 1992. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Hotels in Glasgow",
"Hilton Hotels & Resorts hotels",
"Skyscrapers in Glasgow",
"Skyscraper hotels in the United Kingdom",
"Hotels established in 1992",
"Hotel buildings completed in 1992"
] | wit-train-topic-003054246 |
|
projected-20460948-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS%20Vigilant | HMAS Vigilant | Naval service | HMAS Vigilant (later known as HMAS Sleuth and HMAS Hawk) was an auxiliary patrol boat serving with the during the . Notably it was the 120th ship built by the and the first aluminium ship built in Australia. | The ship was still undergoing sea trials when it was requisitioned by the Royal Australian Navy in October 1940, commissioning as HMAS Vigilant on 12 November 1940. It was classed as an auxiliary patrol vessel. It was initially equipped with a gun but this was replaced with a . As well as the mounted gun, it carried a variety of light arms including a .
Vigilant was transferred to in 1941 and was used for protecting the harbour approaches. During the , Vigilant engaged some of the attacking aircraft with its 20 mm Oerlikon and later assisted in picking up survivors from the water in Darwin Harbour.
Vigilant, with a hold capacity of 7 tons, played an important role in the from May 1942 and made several supply trips to the island. During one of these supply voyages, it assisted in the search for survivors from . During this time, it also resupplied corvettes operating in the Timor Sea with depth charges.
HMAS Vigilant was renamed HMAS Sleuth on 17 April 1944 and HMAS Hawk on 13 March 1945. Hawk was paid off on 12 November 1945. | [
"Neptuna explosion 19 February 1942.jpg"
] | [
"Naval service"
] | [
"Patrol vessels of the Royal Australian Navy",
"1938 ships",
"Scuttled vessels of New South Wales"
] | wit-train-topic-000220821 |
projected-20461087-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Land%20of%20Heart%27s%20Desire | The Land of Heart's Desire | Characters | The Land of Heart's Desire is a play by Irish poet, dramatist, and 1923 laureate . First performed in the spring of 1894, at the in London, where it ran for a little over six weeks, it was the first professional performance of one of Yeats' plays. | Maurteen Bruin
Shawn Bruin
Father Hart
Bridget Bruin
Maire Bruin
A Faery Child | [
"Sligo COA.png"
] | [
"Characters"
] | [
"Plays by W. B. Yeats",
"1894 plays"
] | wit-train-topic-002975978 |
projected-20461119-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Coy | Eric Coy | Introduction | Eric Eaton Coy (May 16, 1914 – October 28, 1985) was a er and ter, who represented at the . He finished 23rd in the , and his exact result in the is unknown.
At the 1938 Empire Games he won the gold medal in the discus throw and the silver medal in the shot put. At the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games he finished ninth in the shot put, aged 39.
After retirement from competition, he remained active as a coach in track and field, ice hockey and wrestling, and following his death in 1985 the "Eric E. Coy Memorial Trophy" was donated by his widow, Helen, to be awarded each year to Canada's leading athlete in the four throwing events. The winner for 2006 was the Commonwealth Games hammer silver-medallist and national record-breaker, Jim Steacy.
He has an arena in named after him. He was inducted to the Canadian Track and Field Hall of Fame (1963), Canadian Sports Hall of Fame, and (1980). | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1914 births",
"1985 deaths",
"English emigrants to Canada",
"Canadian male discus throwers",
"Canadian male shot putters",
"Olympic track and field athletes of Canada",
"Athletes (track and field) at the 1948 Summer Olympics",
"Athletes (track and field) at the 1938 British Empire Games",
"Athletes (track and field) at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games",
"Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Canada",
"Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Canada",
"Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics",
"Athletes from Winnipeg",
"Sportspeople from Nottingham"
] | wit-train-topic-000529237 |
|
projected-20461198-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standish%2C%20California | Standish, California | Introduction | Standish is an in , . It is located southwest of , at an elevation of . It lies at the northern terminus of (Standish Road) on . The name honors . | [
"Standish Sign.jpg"
] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Unincorporated communities in California",
"Unincorporated communities in Lassen County, California"
] | wit-train-topic-001020008 |
|
projected-20461272-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik%20Colban | Erik Colban | Introduction | Erik Andreas Colban (18 October 1876 – 28 March 1956) was a Norwegian diplomat. Colban had many important roles in Norwegian diplomacy; especially being named to the post of Norwegian Ambassador in before and during the . Colban also worked with the and the where Norwegian served as the . | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1876 births",
"1956 deaths",
"Diplomats from Oslo",
"Ambassadors of Norway to the United Kingdom",
"Norwegian people of World War II",
"Commanders of the Order of the Dannebrog",
"Commanders of the Order of the Polar Star",
"Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur",
"Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)"
] | wit-train-topic-004533111 |
|
projected-20461272-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik%20Colban | Erik Colban | Origins of the Minorities Section | Erik Andreas Colban (18 October 1876 – 28 March 1956) was a Norwegian diplomat. Colban had many important roles in Norwegian diplomacy; especially being named to the post of Norwegian Ambassador in before and during the . Colban also worked with the and the where Norwegian served as the . | Colban was fundamental in the development of the minorities section. As a consequence of the treaties of the 1919- - the League of Nations found itself responsible for monitoring and defending minority groups across Europe. The
irregularity of the League Council's meetings and a sense of minority issues being of minor importance, made these issues increasingly treated by the itself.
At the founding of the League of Nations in 1919, the role of the League Secretariat had been envisioned as purely advisory and administrative – a collection of experts aiding the workings of the council's delegate. However, the administrative personnel of the secretariat would increasingly have to redefine their own roles and responsibilities in the system.
Erik Colban, who became the director of the minorities section of the League of Nations and it's 'spiritual father' in 1919, found himself to be a member of an entirely new class of international bureaucrats. Thus, Colban proved to be an instrumental figure in creating and developing the policy on minorities. He created a system which 'was surprisingly able to keep myriad minority problems from tearing Europe apart far sooner. | [] | [
"Director of the League of Nation's Minorities Section. 1919–1927",
"Origins of the Minorities Section"
] | [
"1876 births",
"1956 deaths",
"Diplomats from Oslo",
"Ambassadors of Norway to the United Kingdom",
"Norwegian people of World War II",
"Commanders of the Order of the Dannebrog",
"Commanders of the Order of the Polar Star",
"Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur",
"Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)"
] | wit-train-topic-005133022 |
projected-20461272-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik%20Colban | Erik Colban | Minority activists critique of the system | Erik Andreas Colban (18 October 1876 – 28 March 1956) was a Norwegian diplomat. Colban had many important roles in Norwegian diplomacy; especially being named to the post of Norwegian Ambassador in before and during the . Colban also worked with the and the where Norwegian served as the . | As Colban and the League system was bound by the principle of state sovereignty, they not only guarded the minority states' interests and dismissed all but the most politically explosive complaints, they also blocked outside improvement proposals. This approach was severely criticised by minority activists such as professor , an , both for its favouring the interests of the minority states over those of the minorities, and for the secrecy involved in dealing with petitions, leading to suspicions of them disappearing in the swollen bureaucracy.
Colban, who defined his task as transforming 30 million individuals into "loyal citizens", was unmoved by this criticism.
The effect of Germany upon the Minorities Section
On 25 October 1925, Germany supported financially the organization of a European Minorities Congress. The leaders of the Minority Groups from Eastern Europe met in Geneva. Colban did not want, that this gathering changed the functioning of the minority section of the League by reform proposals. As a consequence, he reinforced the publicity about their achievements.
, the secretary general of the League and Colban found another way of representing the minorities section, which excluded states, minorities and neighbouring states to participate in the decision making that could concern them in one way or the other. This was a compromise in order to gain support from the neighbouring states of Germany and the German government and was advised by Colban.
When Germany received its permanent seat at the council in 1926, Colban started tutoring on how to attend to minority affairs. He even succeeded in convincing the German delegates to wait a year before participating in the minorities section, until they understood the situation completely. This manoeuvre kept Germany from presenting any questions regarding minorities to the general assembly until 1930. Working with the Germans, Colban managed to convince them that theLeague's system of secret compromise was effective and desirable.
No changes were made in the section while Colban was in office. It was only in regards to the petitioners that changes were made, but the changes of the internal structure could not gain approval.
When changes to the minorities section were laid for the general assembly later on, Chamberlain opposed the changes and argued it worked properly during Colban's leadership.
Late career
In his late career, Colban held several important positions working both as an international bureaucrat and as a representative for the Norwegian government.
From 1927 to 1930, Colban worked as the director of the – disarmament being, Colban though, among the most crucial issues in order to secure peace. On this issue, Colban faced increasing resistance from the Great Powers (in particular Britain and France).
In 1930 Colban returned to the Foreign Service as envoy to Paris and Brussels and Luxembourg. He remained in touch, however, with the League of Nation environment and became the Norwegian delegate to the disarmament conference and to the League's annual sessions. Moreover, he was actively engaged in the . Colban left the League of Nations in 1934, when he was appointed as envoy to London (Ambassador from 1942).
Erik Colban, now an experienced diplomat, belonged to the traditional school of diplomats used to act only on instruction from the government. Following the , 9 April 1940, Colban was cut off from communication with the government. Not receiving instructions, Colban was accused of inaction, especially in relation to orders to the merchant fleet. Later, Colban would be involved in setting up the Norwegian Shipping and Trade Mission (), a crucial contribution to the War effort.
The Norwegian exile-government had much use of Colban's language skills and diplomatic know-how. In 1941 Colban headed the committee drafting the Norwegian-British military agreement, and it was not least thanks to his efforts that Norway reached a very favourable settlement with Britain in 1943. Towards the end of the war, Colban influenced the Norwegian government's decision to support a dominated by the s, and he was appointed the Norwegian delegate to the UN's first general assembly in 1945. In 1943, he became a member of the and the inter-allied committee that set up the in The Hague.
After his retirement as ambassador in 1946, Colban was still a part of diplomatic life. From 1946-47 he was chairman of the Norwegian delegation for the preparation of a broad international UN conference on trade and administration. He was also the Norwegian delegate to the during 1947–48. As a final point in his career from 1948 to 1950 Colban became the personal representative for the UN secretary general , in the negotiations between India and Pakistan concerning . In 1952 Colban published his autobiography Fifty Years (Femti Aar).
The question of individual rights vs. state rights
After the , the question about and national sovereignty was a broadly discussed issue. The founding of the United Nations brought a different approach to the question of human rights. The focus of the League of Nations was a commitment to collective rights of the states themselves, and now the postwar approach was centered on individual human rights. However, minority protection was regarded as weak and obscure. As a member of the UN, Colban was opposed the idea of a European superstate and to strong interference into national issues. This was due to the problems he experienced arising from the interference of the League of Nations into minority politics in Eastern Europe during the interwar period. Acknowledgement of the sovereignty of the nation-states was a key concern of the UN and this was a point in its , which was not to be changed, in order to secure peace. It was absolutely imperative to avoid repeating the mistakes of the League of Nations.
The UN as a tool for peace
For Colban the primary aim of the UN as well as of the League of Nations was keeping the peace. Unlike the League of Nations, it was to be a permanent organization, but also a world organization, in order to be able to preserve peace. He saw the reason for the failure of the League of Nations in the fact, that important nation states were not members. In order to be able to do better, the UN was to include all states willing to participate and work against the possibility of countries of resigning. This opinion of Colban was also to be understood against the background of the . He sensed, that if the UN was not able to keep the Soviet Union as a member, this would endanger peace. He even proposed, if the statutes of the UN was to be updated, member resignation should be made impossible. At the same time, he was contemplating weakening the veto, with which USSR was making things difficult. He thought that the specialized agencies of the UN were a very important part of the organisation, their work indirect, but indispensable for world peace.
Reflections on international institutions
In 1954, when Colban was retired, he wrote an article titled The United Nation As A Permanent World Organisation'' where he reflected on the UN and League of Nations. In the article he gave his thought on whether or not the UN would survive or if it would fail like its predecessor had. He especially focused on what had been done wrong in the League of Nations, and what, as a consequence, had been changed in the UN charters.
One of his main statements was that the tasks of the UN should be both political and non-political, meaning that it should secure peace, but at the same time working towards solving economic, social, cultural and humanitarian issues. Another very important element he mentions that should secure the survival of the UN was that every nation was a member and that it should not be allowed to withdraw ones membership, which was not the case with the League of Nations. He quotes a Spanish official in saying that it would be impossible to imagine a world without an institution such as the UN. | [
"League of Nations Session Manchurian Crisis 1932.jpeg"
] | [
"Director of the League of Nation's Minorities Section. 1919–1927",
"Minority activists critique of the system"
] | [
"1876 births",
"1956 deaths",
"Diplomats from Oslo",
"Ambassadors of Norway to the United Kingdom",
"Norwegian people of World War II",
"Commanders of the Order of the Dannebrog",
"Commanders of the Order of the Polar Star",
"Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur",
"Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)"
] | wit-train-topic-000603826 |
projected-20461365-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eikonoklastes | Eikonoklastes | Introduction | Eikonoklastes (from the εἰκονοκλάστης, "") is a book by , published October 1649. In it he provides a justification for the , which had taken place on 30 January 1649. The book's title is taken from the Greek, and means "" or "breaker of the icon", and refers to , a Royalist propaganda work. The translation of Eikon Basilike is "icon of the King"; it was published immediately after the execution. Milton's book is therefore usually seen as Parliamentarian propaganda, explicitly designed to counter the Royalist arguments. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1649 books",
"Works by John Milton",
"English Civil War"
] | wit-train-topic-004232582 |
|
projected-17324677-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Scottish%20Football%20League%20clubs | List of Scottish Football League clubs | Introduction | The ("SFL") was established in 1890, initially as an amateur league as professionalism had not been legalised in Scottish football. In 1893 a Second Division was formed, with the existing single division renamed the First Division. The Second Division was discontinued during the but revived in 1921. A Third Division was added in 1923 but collapsed three years later as a number of its member clubs found themselves unable to complete their fixtures for financial reasons, with many folding altogether. After the the divisions were rebranded as Division A and Division B and a Division C was added. This included a mixture of new member clubs and the s of clubs from the higher divisions, but this division was dropped in 1955.
A major re-organisation of the SFL in 1975 led to the existing two divisions being split into three smaller divisions, with a new at the highest level. This structure remained in place until 1998, when the teams then in the Premier Division broke away to form the , which supplanted the Premier Division as the highest level of football in Scotland. In 2013 the two leagues merged to form the new , ending the 123-year existence of the SFL.
For the whole history of the SFL, there was no mechanism in place for club(s) at the bottom of the league to be . A number of clubs who resigned or were expelled from the SFL went on to play in , either in senior leagues such as the or in leagues governed by the (SJFA). Whenever a club left the league (for example, when was liquidated in 2008), a new club was elected in its place. This closed-shop system was changed soon after the leagues merged, when a play-off between the bottom-placed SPFL club and the winner of a play-off between the and champions was introduced in 2015. became the first club to be promoted to the SPFL when they won a playoff against in 2016. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Scottish Football League teams",
"History of football in Scotland",
"Football clubs in Scotland",
"Lists of association football clubs",
"Association football in Scotland lists"
] | wit-train-topic-000928133 |
|
projected-17324689-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houstonia%20longifolia | Houstonia longifolia | Introduction | Houstonia longifolia, commonly known as long-leaved bluet or longleaf summer bluet, is a perennial plant in the family . It can be found throughout most of the Eastern and . It has been reported from every state east of the except , plus , , , and , with isolated populations in and . Also, all Canadian provinces from to . It prefers upland woods in poor, dry, often sandy soil. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Houstonia (plant)",
"Flora of the Eastern United States",
"Flora of the United States",
"Flora of Alberta",
"Flora of Manitoba",
"Flora of Quebec",
"Flora of Ontario",
"Flora of Saskatchewan",
"Plants described in 1788",
"Flora without expected TNC conservation status"
] | wit-train-topic-003703798 |
|
projected-17324689-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houstonia%20longifolia | Houstonia longifolia | Varieties | Houstonia longifolia, commonly known as long-leaved bluet or longleaf summer bluet, is a perennial plant in the family . It can be found throughout most of the Eastern and . It has been reported from every state east of the except , plus , , , and , with isolated populations in and . Also, all Canadian provinces from to . It prefers upland woods in poor, dry, often sandy soil. | Two varieties are recognized:
Houstonia longifolia var. longifolia - From and north to
Houstonia longifolia var. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Alph.Wood. - , , , | [
"Houstonia longifolia - Long Leaf Bluet 2.jpg"
] | [
"Varieties"
] | [
"Houstonia (plant)",
"Flora of the Eastern United States",
"Flora of the United States",
"Flora of Alberta",
"Flora of Manitoba",
"Flora of Quebec",
"Flora of Ontario",
"Flora of Saskatchewan",
"Plants described in 1788",
"Flora without expected TNC conservation status"
] | wit-train-topic-003582806 |
projected-20461477-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walddeutsche | Walddeutsche | Introduction | Walddeutsche (lit. "Forest Germans" or Taubdeutsche – "Deaf Germans"; – "deaf Germans") was the name for a group of people, originally used in the 16th century for two s around and , in southeastern . Both of them were fully polonised before the 18th century, the term, however, survived up to the early 20th century as the designation na Głuchoniemcach, broadly and vaguely referring to the territory of present-day , which has seen a partial German settlement since the 14th century, mostly Slavicised long before the term was coined. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"German diaspora in Europe",
"History of Lesser Poland",
"History of Galicia (Eastern Europe)",
"People from Podkarpackie Voivodeship",
"History of ethnic groups in Poland",
"Polish people of German descent",
"German words and phrases",
"History of Red Ruthenia"
] | wit-train-topic-004232788 |
|
projected-20461477-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walddeutsche | Walddeutsche | History | Walddeutsche (lit. "Forest Germans" or Taubdeutsche – "Deaf Germans"; – "deaf Germans") was the name for a group of people, originally used in the 16th century for two s around and , in southeastern . Both of them were fully polonised before the 18th century, the term, however, survived up to the early 20th century as the designation na Głuchoniemcach, broadly and vaguely referring to the territory of present-day , which has seen a partial German settlement since the 14th century, mostly Slavicised long before the term was coined. | In the 14th century a German settlement called Hanshof existed in the area. The Church of the Assumption of Holy Mary and St. Michael's Archangel in (Poland), the oldest wooden Gothic temple in Europe, was erected in the 14th century and was added to the list of in 2003.
Germans settled in the territory of the (territory of present-day and eastern part of ) from the 14th to 16th centuries (see ), mostly after the region returned to Polish sphere of influence in 1340, when took the towns.
states that settled some Germans in the region to defend the borders against Hungary and Kievan Rus' but the arrivals were ill-suited to their task and turned to farming. mentions German peasants near , , , and , describing them as good farmers.
Some Germans were attracted by kings seeking specialists in various trades, such as craftsmen and miners. They usually settled in newer market and mining settlements. The main settlement areas were in the vicinity of and some language islands in the and the regions. The settlers in the Pits region were known as Uplander Sachsen. Until approximately the 15th century, the ruling classes of most cities in present-day Beskidian Piedmont consisted almost exclusively of Germans.
The Beskidian Germans underwent in the latter half of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century.
According to , writing in 1858, the people did not understand German but called themselves Głuchoniemcy. wrote in 1869 that their attire was similar to that of the Hungarian and Transylvanian Germans and that their main occupations were farming and weaving. He stated that in some areas the people were of origin, however, they all spoke flawlessly in a dialect of Polish. In 1885, wrote that the Gluchoniemcy spoke only Polish, but there were traces of a variety of original languages which showed that, when they arrived, the term Niemiec was applied to "everyone". In the modern Polish language, Niemiec refers to Germans, however, in earlier centuries, it was sometimes also used in reference to Hungarians, possibly due to similarity with the word niemy or plural niemi for "mute" or "dumb". | [
"Haczów old latin church.jpg",
"Markowa chata przyslupowa.jpg",
"GermanHamletsSince15th.jpg"
] | [
"History"
] | [
"German diaspora in Europe",
"History of Lesser Poland",
"History of Galicia (Eastern Europe)",
"People from Podkarpackie Voivodeship",
"History of ethnic groups in Poland",
"Polish people of German descent",
"German words and phrases",
"History of Red Ruthenia"
] | wit-train-topic-000836848 |
projected-20461493-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erma%20Werke | Erma Werke | Introduction | The Erfurter Maschinenfabrik (ERMA) was a German weapons manufacturer founded in 1922 by Berthold Geipel. Prior to and during it manufactured many firearms, including the , the and other s.
The company is also noted for having produced various forms of military training rifles, including the famous "Barrel Insert" training devices that allowed ammunition to be fired from infantry rifles such as the Karabiner 98 and through use of a special action conversion kit and a thin-walled .22 caliber barrel inserted within the larger rifle's bore. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1922 establishments in Germany",
"Firearm manufacturers of Germany",
"History of Erfurt"
] | wit-train-topic-000176140 |
|
projected-20461493-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erma%20Werke | Erma Werke | History | The Erfurter Maschinenfabrik (ERMA) was a German weapons manufacturer founded in 1922 by Berthold Geipel. Prior to and during it manufactured many firearms, including the , the and other s.
The company is also noted for having produced various forms of military training rifles, including the famous "Barrel Insert" training devices that allowed ammunition to be fired from infantry rifles such as the Karabiner 98 and through use of a special action conversion kit and a thin-walled .22 caliber barrel inserted within the larger rifle's bore. | The Erfurter Maschinen- und Werkzeugfabrik GmbH was formed in 1922 in , , by Berthold Geipel. At the beginning of the 1930s the company started its firearms business, acquiring licenses to produce carbines like the 'Karabiner 98k' and rights to manufacture submachine guns ('Machine Pistols'), which received the designation 'EMP' for 'ERMA Maschinenpistole'. | [
"Mauser ERMA Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego 2014-white.jpg"
] | [
"History"
] | [
"1922 establishments in Germany",
"Firearm manufacturers of Germany",
"History of Erfurt"
] | wit-train-topic-002470494 |
projected-20461493-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erma%20Werke | Erma Werke | Firearms Production | The Erfurter Maschinenfabrik (ERMA) was a German weapons manufacturer founded in 1922 by Berthold Geipel. Prior to and during it manufactured many firearms, including the , the and other s.
The company is also noted for having produced various forms of military training rifles, including the famous "Barrel Insert" training devices that allowed ammunition to be fired from infantry rifles such as the Karabiner 98 and through use of a special action conversion kit and a thin-walled .22 caliber barrel inserted within the larger rifle's bore. | The 'EMP' series was based on designs by which had been bought by Geipert in the early 1930s. These SMGs would be produced in different variants from 1932 (as direct copies of the Vollmer models) to 1938 and sold in Germany, but also to Spain, Mexico, China and Yugoslavia. The Spanish acquired a license for domestic production later on. By 1935 a license to produce repeating rifles of the Mauser Model 98 system has been acquired, production would go on until the early 1940s mid-war. Pre-war conversion kits as training devices, with subcaliber 'Insert Barrels' like the type 'Erma EL 24' (EL for 'Einstecklauf'), would also be sold for those weapons systems. In 1933 Berthold's brother Elmar Geipel is hired by the company. In 1934 the enterprise was renamed to Erfurter Maschinenfabrik B. Geipel GmbH, or 'ERMA' for short. In 1937 Berthold Geipel is appointed of Erfurt by the regime.
From the version 'EMP 36' of ERMA the SMG '' and the following model '' had been developed under the guidance of Vollmer, and been accepted by the German , been put into production. In 1943 another SMG had been constructed by the 'ERMA-Werke', the 'Erma EMP 44', a very simplified Machine Pistol, which could have been manufactured with speed and in great numbers. Such a crudely designed firearm was not approved by the Wehrmacht at that time. Later reconsiderations on the viability for a setup to manufacture the firearm led to nowhere, although there had been certain demand by the end of the war. Similar designs for such simple SMGs had been met with success and these were issued in numbers to the Soviet army () and the British ( gun), to be used effectively for decades.
During the war part of the Geipel enterprise was located at the Altonaer Straße 25 in Erfurt, an area on the campus of the Erfurt, founded in 1991. Furthermore, since about 1940 a ('Zwangsarbeitslager') for the nearby weaponry manufacture plants had been erected in the vicinity of said Fachhochschule. Around 2000 workers had been re-settled there in s to keep production going. | [
"EMP44 Aberdeen.jpg"
] | [
"Firearms Production"
] | [
"1922 establishments in Germany",
"Firearm manufacturers of Germany",
"History of Erfurt"
] | wit-train-topic-000404770 |
projected-20461506-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainmore | Stainmore | Introduction | Stainmore is a remote geographic area in the on the border of , and . The name is used for a in the of , England, including the villages of North Stainmore and South Stainmore. The parish had a population of 253 in the 2001 census, increasing to 264 at the Census 2011. Stainmore stretches further east into County Durham, towards . | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Geography of Cumbria",
"Scheduled monuments in Cumbria",
"Civil parishes in Cumbria"
] | wit-train-topic-002853791 |
|
projected-20461516-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verona%20%28Czech%20group%29 | Verona (Czech group) | Introduction | Verona is music group comprising composer and performer Petr Fider and singer Markéta Jakšlová. They began performing together in 2001. Their first album, Náhodou ("By Chance") was released in 2002. The second single from this album became a hit song in Czech Republic and Slovakia. They have recorded three albums as of 2012. Their music is in the pop and dance genres, with elements of House and Trance. In 2011, they produced an English-language song, "Hey Boy", that charted in several European countries. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Czech pop music groups",
"Musical groups established in 2001",
"2001 establishments in the Czech Republic"
] | wit-train-topic-002246671 |
|
projected-20461532-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larissa%20Ramos | Larissa Ramos | Introduction | Larissa Ribeiro Ramos Tramontin (born February 4, 1989) is a Brazilian titleholder who won Miss Terra Brasil 2009 and , becoming the second ian to win the title. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1989 births",
"Living people",
"People from Manaus",
"Brazilian female models",
"Miss Earth winners",
"Miss Earth 2009 contestants",
"Brazilian beauty pageant winners",
"Federal University of Amazonas alumni"
] | wit-train-topic-004795864 |
|
projected-20461552-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillaria%20%28nematode%29 | Capillaria (nematode) | Introduction | Capillaria is a genus of s in the family (or, according to classifications, in the family ).
Since the of the is disputed, species are included within the single Capillaria or 22 different (Amphibiocapillaria, Aonchotheca, Baruscapillaria, Calodium, Capillaria, Capillostrongyloides, Crocodylocapillaria, Echinocoleus, , Freitascapillaria, Gessyella, Liniscus, Paracapillaria, Paracapillaroides, Pearsonema, Paratrichosoma, Pseudocapillaria, Piscicapillaria, Pseudocapillaroides, Pterothominx, Schulmanela, and Tenoranema).
Some species parasitic in fish, previously classified within Capillaria, are now included in (family ).
Old literature, and sometimes modern medical literature, use Capillaria as a for included in all these .
The term is generally used for diseases produced by species of Capillaria, even if the species is now placed in another genus. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Enoplea genera",
"Parasitic nematodes of mammals"
] | wit-train-topic-000644640 |
|
projected-20461552-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillaria%20%28nematode%29 | Capillaria (nematode) | Species | Capillaria is a genus of s in the family (or, according to classifications, in the family ).
Since the of the is disputed, species are included within the single Capillaria or 22 different (Amphibiocapillaria, Aonchotheca, Baruscapillaria, Calodium, Capillaria, Capillostrongyloides, Crocodylocapillaria, Echinocoleus, , Freitascapillaria, Gessyella, Liniscus, Paracapillaria, Paracapillaroides, Pearsonema, Paratrichosoma, Pseudocapillaria, Piscicapillaria, Pseudocapillaroides, Pterothominx, Schulmanela, and Tenoranema).
Some species parasitic in fish, previously classified within Capillaria, are now included in (family ).
Old literature, and sometimes modern medical literature, use Capillaria as a for included in all these .
The term is generally used for diseases produced by species of Capillaria, even if the species is now placed in another genus. | Species in the genus Capillaria include (among hundreds of described species):
; modern name Eucoleus aerophilus; a parasite of the respiratory system of foxes and other mammals
; a parasite of rodents
; modern name Calodium hepaticum; cause of in humans
; modern name Paracapillaria philippinensis; cause of in humans
; modern name Pearsonema plica; a parasite of the urinary system of dogs and other mammals
; modern name Pearsonema feliscati; a parasite of the urinary system of cats and other mammals | [
"Parasite140131-fig1 Capillaria plectropomi Figure 1H Caudal end of male.png"
] | [
"Species"
] | [
"Enoplea genera",
"Parasitic nematodes of mammals"
] | wit-train-topic-002954703 |
projected-17324758-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langen%C3%A6s | Langenæs | Introduction | Langenæs is a small neighborhood in the city of , with about 6,500 residents, as of 2014. The neighborhood is part of the district (the town center) and borders the neighborhoods of and to the East and the district of to the South. Langenæs is delimited by the streets Søndre Ringgade, Skanderborgvej, Marselis Boulevard and the valley of .
The neighborhood is predominantly 2-5 bedroom apartments in blocks of 5 to 7 floors. The area is characterized by the apartment towers Langenæshus, Langenæsbo and Højhus Langenæs, a 55 meters tall reddish aluminium clad tower which is the tallest brick structure in the country. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Aarhus C",
"Neighborhoods of Aarhus"
] | wit-train-topic-004367107 |
|
projected-20461557-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBL%2040-pounder%20Armstrong%20gun | RBL 40-pounder Armstrong gun | Introduction | The Armstrong RBL 40-pounder gun was introduced into use in 1860 for service on both land and sea. It used 's new and innovative mechanism. It remained in use until 1902 when replaced by more modern Breech Loading (BL) guns. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Naval guns of the United Kingdom",
"Artillery of the United Kingdom",
"Elswick Ordnance Company",
"120 mm artillery",
"Victorian-era weapons of the United Kingdom"
] | wit-train-topic-001353083 |
|
projected-20461557-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBL%2040-pounder%20Armstrong%20gun | RBL 40-pounder Armstrong gun | Variants | The Armstrong RBL 40-pounder gun was introduced into use in 1860 for service on both land and sea. It used 's new and innovative mechanism. It remained in use until 1902 when replaced by more modern Breech Loading (BL) guns. | The first version weighed 32 cwt, followed by the 35 cwt version which introduced a longer and stronger breech-piece. A 32 cwt variant having a horizontal breech instead of the Armstrong screw with vertical vent-piece was introduced in 1864 as an attempt to address the perceived weaknesses of the screw-breech design. It was withdrawn from service by 1877.
From 1880 a small number of 35 cwt guns had their trunnion rings rotated to the left to allow the vent-piece to open horizontally to the right, being known as "side-closing" guns. They differed from the wedge guns in that the vent piece was still locked in place by tightening the screw behind it. | [
"RBL 40 pounder sideclosing gun and carriage diagram.jpg"
] | [
"Variants"
] | [
"Naval guns of the United Kingdom",
"Artillery of the United Kingdom",
"Elswick Ordnance Company",
"120 mm artillery",
"Victorian-era weapons of the United Kingdom"
] | wit-train-topic-004499819 |
projected-20461557-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBL%2040-pounder%20Armstrong%20gun | RBL 40-pounder Armstrong gun | Naval service | The Armstrong RBL 40-pounder gun was introduced into use in 1860 for service on both land and sea. It used 's new and innovative mechanism. It remained in use until 1902 when replaced by more modern Breech Loading (BL) guns. | The gun was recommended in 1859 for the Navy as a or .
An officer from described the gun's performance at the of August 1863:
Following the bombardment of Alexandria in 1882, as part of the Anglo-Egyptian War, an armed train was employed. One 40 Pounder RBL was mounted onto the train and manned by men of the Royal Navy. It saw some action at the battle of Kassasin on 1 September 1882. | [
"RBL 40 pounder Armstrong gun HMS Warrior breech end.jpg",
"Report of the British naval and military operations in Egypt, 1882 (1883) (14781197824).jpg"
] | [
"Naval service"
] | [
"Naval guns of the United Kingdom",
"Artillery of the United Kingdom",
"Elswick Ordnance Company",
"120 mm artillery",
"Victorian-era weapons of the United Kingdom"
] | wit-train-topic-001384159 |
projected-20461557-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBL%2040-pounder%20Armstrong%20gun | RBL 40-pounder Armstrong gun | Land service | The Armstrong RBL 40-pounder gun was introduced into use in 1860 for service on both land and sea. It used 's new and innovative mechanism. It remained in use until 1902 when replaced by more modern Breech Loading (BL) guns. | A number of different carriages for guns employed for Land Service were available. A wooden siege carriage with wheels and attached limbers, enabled the guns to be drawn by teams of heavy horses.
For guns mounted in fortifications they could be mounted on two different types of carriage. The first was an iron traversing carriage, enabling the gun to be traversed right and left, with recoil being absorbed with a carriage being mounted on a slide. Others were mounted on high "siege travelling carriages" for use as semi-mobile guns in forts, firing over parapets.
Many were re-issued to Volunteer Artillery Batteries of Position from 1889, with 40 Pounders among 226 guns issued to the Volunteer Artillery during 1888 and 1889. The 1893 the War Office Mobilisation Scheme shows the allocation of thirty Artillery Volunteer position batteries equipped with 40 Pounder guns which would be concentrated in Surrey and Essex in the event of mobilisation. They remained in use in this role until 1902 when they were gradually replaced by 4.7-inch Quick Firing (QF) guns. A number were used for some years afterwards as saluting guns. | [
"RBL 40-pounder Armstrong gun block trail carriage diagrams.jpg",
"Elephant and Mule Battery (\"Dignity & Impudence\") WDL11496.png",
"2016-06-11 St. George's Foundation's UNESCO World Heritage Centre, St. George's Town, Bermuda.jpg"
] | [
"Land service"
] | [
"Naval guns of the United Kingdom",
"Artillery of the United Kingdom",
"Elswick Ordnance Company",
"120 mm artillery",
"Victorian-era weapons of the United Kingdom"
] | wit-train-topic-001042053 |
projected-20461557-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBL%2040-pounder%20Armstrong%20gun | RBL 40-pounder Armstrong gun | Indian subcontinent | The Armstrong RBL 40-pounder gun was introduced into use in 1860 for service on both land and sea. It used 's new and innovative mechanism. It remained in use until 1902 when replaced by more modern Breech Loading (BL) guns. | An RBL 40-pounder Armstrong breechloader appears to be present in a photograph by from the (November 1878 – September 1880). The war began when Great Britain, fearful of what it saw as growing Russian influence in Afghanistan, invaded the country from British India. The first phase of the war ended in May 1879 with the Treaty of Gandamak, which permitted the Afghans to maintain internal sovereignty but forced them to cede control over their foreign policy to the British. Fighting resumed in September 1879, after an anti-British uprising in Kabul, and finally concluded in September 1880 with the decisive Battle of Kandahar. | [] | [
"Land service",
"Indian subcontinent"
] | [
"Naval guns of the United Kingdom",
"Artillery of the United Kingdom",
"Elswick Ordnance Company",
"120 mm artillery",
"Victorian-era weapons of the United Kingdom"
] | wit-train-topic-002241965 |
projected-20461557-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBL%2040-pounder%20Armstrong%20gun | RBL 40-pounder Armstrong gun | Colony of Tasmania service | The Armstrong RBL 40-pounder gun was introduced into use in 1860 for service on both land and sea. It used 's new and innovative mechanism. It remained in use until 1902 when replaced by more modern Breech Loading (BL) guns. | As a result of the of 1877 into the defence of Australian colonies following the withdrawal of British troops, the Launceston Volunteer Artillery Corps in Tasmania acquired two guns on late-model iron carriages with iron wheels, which they continued to operate until at least 1902. | [
"RBL 40 pounder Tasmania 1902 AWM A04785 clipped 300px.jpeg"
] | [
"Land service",
"Colony of Tasmania service"
] | [
"Naval guns of the United Kingdom",
"Artillery of the United Kingdom",
"Elswick Ordnance Company",
"120 mm artillery",
"Victorian-era weapons of the United Kingdom"
] | wit-train-topic-002060717 |
projected-20461576-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albion%20press | Albion press | History | The Albion press is a model of early iron hand , originally designed and manufactured in London by Richard Whittaker Cope (d. 1828?) around 1820. | The Albion press worked by a simple toggle action, unlike the complex lever-mechanism of the and the . Albions continued to be manufactured, in a range of sizes, until the 1930s. They were used for commercial book- until the middle of the nineteenth century, and thereafter chiefly for proofing, jobbing work and by .
often used an Albion to proof pages of his designs for books, and printed some small books and using the press. Printers still predominantly using an Albion Press in the United Kingdom to publish limited fine press editions include Ian Mortimer's I.M. Imprimit, and the St James Park Press of .
After Cope's death, Albions were manufactured by his heirs and members of the Hopkinson family (trading initially as 'Jonathan and Jeremiah Barrett' and later as 'Hopkinson and Cope'), who are said to have improved the design. From the 1850s onwards Albion presses were manufactured under licence by other firms, notably , , and Frederick Ullmer Ltd. The toggle-action, and the distinctive shape and 'crown' finial of the Albion, make it instantly recognizable. | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Letterpress printing"
] | wit-train-topic-001955192 |
projected-20461597-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Hand%20Building | John Hand Building | Introduction | John Hand Building is a mixed-use building in , USA, with a height of . It was the tallest building in the city until surpassed by the in 1913. It comprises 20 floors and was completed in 1912. The lower eight floors are for use and the upper twelve floors are for use. In 1983, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
From the time of its construction and up until the mid 1990s, the building had been owned and occupied by and its predecessors. After AmSouth relocated employees to its other downtown offices and its Riverchase Campus, the building was sold to a group of developers. In 2000, it was renovated at a cost of $20 million. It served as the corporate headquarters of and its predecessor bank until 2013 when it relocated to the . The building now has since served as the corporate headquarters for , which had its logo on the south-side of the building until 2022, when it was replaced by the logo for Shipt's sister company, Landing. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"National Register of Historic Places in Birmingham, Alabama",
"Commercial buildings completed in 1912",
"Residential buildings completed in 1912",
"Skyscraper office buildings in Birmingham, Alabama",
"Neoclassical architecture in Alabama",
"Commercial buildings in Alabama",
"1912 establishments in Alabama",
"Skyscrapers in Birmingham, Alabama",
"Residential skyscrapers in Alabama"
] | wit-train-topic-004625076 |
|
projected-20461700-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviary%20%28Lynchburg%2C%20Virginia%29 | Aviary (Lynchburg, Virginia) | Introduction | The Aviary is a historic building located in Miller Park at . It is a -style structure erected in 1902. The multi-sided exhibition house was designed by the local architectural firm of . The building was a gift to the city of Lynchburg from Randolph Guggenheimer of New York City. When completed, the Aviary housed, "Seven cages containing monkeys, one with at least a half dozen healthy alligators, one with cockatoos, one with Australian doves, one with parrots and one with canaries." It later became a branch library and an office structure for the city Department of Parks and Recreation.
It was listed on the in 1980. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Agricultural buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia",
"Queen Anne architecture in Virginia",
"Buildings and structures completed in 1902",
"Buildings and structures in Lynchburg, Virginia",
"National Register of Historic Places in Lynchburg, Virginia"
] | wit-train-topic-002472764 |
|
projected-20461711-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatton%20Park%20Gardens | Tatton Park Gardens | Introduction | Tatton Park Gardens consist of formal and informal gardens in to the south of , , England (). Included in the gardens are an , a , a , and the . The buildings in the garden are the Conservatory, the Fernery and the Showhouse. The gardens are owned by the and administered by . They are on the and have been designated at Grade II*. The gardens are open to the public at advertised times. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Gardens in Cheshire",
"Tourist attractions in Cheshire",
"National Trust properties in Cheshire",
"Japanese gardens in England",
"Woodland gardens"
] | wit-train-topic-002890420 |
|
projected-20461711-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatton%20Park%20Gardens | Tatton Park Gardens | History | Tatton Park Gardens consist of formal and informal gardens in to the south of , , England (). Included in the gardens are an , a , a , and the . The buildings in the garden are the Conservatory, the Fernery and the Showhouse. The gardens are owned by the and administered by . They are on the and have been designated at Grade II*. The gardens are open to the public at advertised times. | The first s were created around the early 18th-century house and consisted of a walled garden to the south of the house, a formal semicircular pond to its north and formal lines of trees to the east and west. Later Samuel Wyatt set out an avenue of es to the south, which is now the Broad Walk. An was created during the 18th century and additions have been made to it since. The earliest reference to the arboretum is in 1795 when between five and ten were present. The first formal garden to be created for the present house was Charlotte's Garden, designed by in 1814. Lewis also designed the , which was originally joined to the house by a glass passageway. This was also known as the because for a time it was used for growing oranges. In the 1830s, a copy of the in was placed at the end of the Broad Walk. Gardens were established along the sides of the Broad Walk, including the Leech Pool and the area containing the Golden Brook.
In 1847, the terraces to the south of the house were laid out as an Italian Garden by to a design by . Later in the century, in 1883, added the stone . The statue of , which came from , was added in 1920. Over the years changes have been made to this garden, and it was restored to its original design in 1986. In 1859, the had been built to a design by George Stokes, Paxton's assistant and son-in-law, to the west of the Conservatory to house from . The Fernery was seen in the .
In 1910, inspired by a visit to the in London, created a with strong western influences, making it a prime example of the . Artefacts within the garden, including the , are believed to have been brought from Japan for the construction of the garden.
In 1913, Alan de Tatton laid out the Rose Garden for his wife which contained a pool for bathing. Maintenance work in this garden had to be completed by 10.00 am. to allow Lady Egerton to enjoy it without being disturbed. Later in the 20th century, Maurice Egerton built the African Hut to the east of the Broad Walk as an association with his visits to Africa. He also planted large numbers of s and s.
By the end of the 20th century, the Japanese Garden had become overgrown and it was restored in 2001. Since then the has been restored and the head gardener is planning to construct a new garden to reflect garden design in the 20th and 21st centuries. | [
"Tatton Monument.jpg",
"Tatton Japanese Garden.jpg"
] | [
"History"
] | [
"Gardens in Cheshire",
"Tourist attractions in Cheshire",
"National Trust properties in Cheshire",
"Japanese gardens in England",
"Woodland gardens"
] | wit-train-topic-000275185 |
projected-20461711-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatton%20Park%20Gardens | Tatton Park Gardens | Layout | Tatton Park Gardens consist of formal and informal gardens in to the south of , , England (). Included in the gardens are an , a , a , and the . The buildings in the garden are the Conservatory, the Fernery and the Showhouse. The gardens are owned by the and administered by . They are on the and have been designated at Grade II*. The gardens are open to the public at advertised times. | The present garden entrance leads from the stable yard into the Walled Garden. On top of the north-facing wall are objects which look like s, but which are actually chimney pots for what was once a heated wall. The ancillary buildings, including the mushroom sheds, onion stores, barns and , have been restored to their former uses. The vegetable garden contains varieties of plants which were known to have been grown at Tatton in the . Some of the fruit in the garden was also grown during that time, while other varieties of fruit had been grown elsewhere in Cheshire. The glasshouses contain a representation of what would have been originally grown in them, including a restored pinery vinery for growing pineapples.
The Walled Garden leads into the "Pleasure Gardens", which were for enjoyment rather than utility. These contain the L Borders which include plants formally arranged to replicate the style of border developed by . To the south of the L Borders is Charlotte's Garden. This was designed as a type of garden, including a , an , a , a and a snake path. These five elements can still be found in this garden. The L Border, the Broad Walk and Beech Avenue form the main path through the gardens to the south which lead to the Monument. Opposite Charlotte's Garden is the which leads to the Rose Garden. This garden contains artefacts, including a Tea House, many of which were taken from the estate of Rostherne Manor. To the south of the Rose Garden is the Tower Garden, which contains a brick tower whose original purpose was to watch for sheep-stealing on the park land. This garden also contains articles from Rostherne Manor. Along the western border of the garden is the , which contains 880 plants in 281 species. Its important trees include a , a , a , an , and a .
The Japanese Garden is to the west of the southern end of the Broad Walk and is considered to be the finest in the United Kingdom, if not in Europe. It is an example of the . Artefacts in the garden include a Shinto Shrine, a , a bridge over the Golden Brook, and a number of s. The garden contains plants, stones and rocks which have been placed to provide a natural balance. The stones and rocks are selected for their shapes, and a mound has been formed to replicate with its snow-capped summit. The plants include specimens of and various es. To the east of the Broad Walk is Maurice Egerton's African Hut. To the north of this is the Maze, which is planted with and .
To the southeast of Tatton Hall is the Italian Garden, a formal garden on two . Its centrepiece is the statue of Neptune, which is unusual in that its pipework is visible at the back. To the south of the east end of the family wing are the Conservatory, the Fernery, and the Showhouse. | [
"Bridge and pond at Tatton Park.jpg",
"Japanese Garden, Tatton Park, wide view.jpg"
] | [
"Layout"
] | [
"Gardens in Cheshire",
"Tourist attractions in Cheshire",
"National Trust properties in Cheshire",
"Japanese gardens in England",
"Woodland gardens"
] | wit-train-topic-004091261 |
projected-20461759-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th%20Parachute%20Artillery%20Regiment | 35th Parachute Artillery Regiment | World War II (1939–1945) | The 35th Parachute Artillery Regiment () is the only of the forming the component of the . It is based in together with the , the . | During the in 1940, two-thirds of the regiment was destroyed while covering the of Allied troops. The regiment was dissolved after the invasion of 1942.
At the end of the , set foot on ground based on U.S. American models. The , was constituted from of the 20th Artillery Regiment 20e R.A and 11th Artillery Regiment 11e R.A respectively. On November 1 of 1946, the 20e RAP, was dissolved and formed two new regiments designated as the and . The three s included equipped with diverse materials (wheeled , British 88mm, the U.S. and the U.S. ) along with other type equipments. Accordingly, the three R.A.Ps where designated as ().
On May 1, 1947, was then created through a regimental organization at Tarbes, the () from the I/35e R.A. With the newly latest formation of , the became quickly a unique type of regiment. The R.A.Ps of North Africa were dissolved in 1948 and 1949. In 1951, the regiment was equipped with several U.S. American equipment type , 75 S.R (no recoil) and the series. | [] | [
"History",
"World War II (1939–1945)"
] | [
"Parachute regiments of France",
"Artillery regiments of France",
"Military units and formations established in 1873",
"Military units and formations disestablished in 1942",
"Military units and formations established in 1947"
] | wit-train-topic-001600912 |
projected-20461759-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th%20Parachute%20Artillery%20Regiment | 35th Parachute Artillery Regiment | Traditions | The 35th Parachute Artillery Regiment () is the only of the forming the component of the . It is based in together with the , the . | Except for the of the , , that conserve the ; the remainder of the French army metropolitan and marine paratroopers forming the 11th Parachute Brigade wear the Red Beret.
The Archangel Saint Michael, patron of the French paratroopers is celebrated on September 29.
The prière du Para (Prayer of the Paratrooper) was written by in 1938. | [
"MontStMichel-StatueFremiet.jpg"
] | [
"Traditions"
] | [
"Parachute regiments of France",
"Artillery regiments of France",
"Military units and formations established in 1873",
"Military units and formations disestablished in 1942",
"Military units and formations established in 1947"
] | wit-train-topic-001596911 |
projected-20461759-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th%20Parachute%20Artillery%20Regiment | 35th Parachute Artillery Regiment | Insignias | The 35th Parachute Artillery Regiment () is the only of the forming the component of the . It is based in together with the , the . | Just like the paratrooper Brevet of the French Army; the Insignia of French Paratroopers was created in 1946. The French Army Insignia of metropolitan Paratroopers represents a closed "winged armed dextrochere", meaning a "right winged arm" armed with a sword pointing upwards. The Insignia makes reference to the Patron of Paratroopers. In fact, the Insignia represents "the right Arm of Saint Michael", the which according to is the "Armed Arm of God". This Insignia is the symbol of righteous combat and fidelity to superior missions. | [
"35th Parachute Artillery Regiment Bastille Day 2013 Paris t110829.jpg"
] | [
"Traditions",
"Insignias"
] | [
"Parachute regiments of France",
"Artillery regiments of France",
"Military units and formations established in 1873",
"Military units and formations disestablished in 1942",
"Military units and formations established in 1947"
] | wit-train-topic-000171874 |
projected-20461791-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish%20devolution | Scottish devolution | Scottish Parliament established, May 1999 | is the process in which the central grants administrative powers (excluding principally matters) to the devolved . Prior to the advent of devolution, some had argued for a Scottish Parliament within the – while others have since advocated for complete . The people of Scotland first got the opportunity to vote in a referendum on proposals for devolution in 1979 and, although a majority of those voting voted 'Yes', the referendum legislation also required 40% of the electorate to vote 'Yes' for the plans to be enacted and this was not achieved. A second referendum opportunity in , this time on a strong proposal, resulted in an overwhelming 'Yes' victory, leading to the being passed and the Scottish Parliament being established in 1999.
Scottish voters were given the chance to vote 'Yes' on outright independence in a . In an effort to persuade Scots to remain in the Union, the major UK parties vowed to devolve further powers to Scotland after the referendum. The 'No' vote prevailed (independence was rejected) and the campaign promise of devolution resulted in the formation of the and the eventual passage of the . | The Scottish Parliament met for the first time on 12 May 1999 and began its first session with member stating "the Scottish Parliament, adjourned on 25th day of March in the year 1707, is hereby reconvened" | [] | [
"Scottish Parliament established, May 1999"
] | [
"Scottish devolution"
] | wit-train-topic-000714067 |
projected-20461809-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Jefferson%20Hotel | Thomas Jefferson Hotel | Introduction | Thomas Jefferson Tower, originally the Thomas Jefferson Hotel and then the Cabana Hotel, is a 19-story building on the western side of downtown . It was completed in 1929 as the 350-room Thomas Jefferson Hotel and is at 1623 2nd Avenue North. It has a tower in its roof intended to be a . | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Skyscraper hotels in Birmingham, Alabama",
"Neoclassical architecture in Alabama",
"Hotels established in 1929",
"1929 establishments in Alabama",
"Hotel buildings completed in 1929"
] | wit-train-topic-002404522 |
|
projected-20461823-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20weapons%20in%20the%20American%20Civil%20War | French weapons in the American Civil War | Field artillery | French weapons in the American Civil War had a key role in the conflict and encompassed most of the sectors of weaponry of the (1861–1865), from to , and . The effect of French weapons was especially significant in field artillery and . These weapons were either American productions based on French designs, or sometimes directly imported from France. | The , introduced in the in 1853, an early type of , or developed during the reign of , was the primary cannon used in the , under the name of 12-pounder Napoleon Model 1857. Over 1,100 such Napoleons were manufactured by the North, and 600 by the South.
The twelve-pound cannon "Napoleon" was the most popular smoothbore cannon used during the war. It was widely admired because of its safety, reliability, and killing power, especially at close range. It did not reach America until 1857. It was the last cast gun used by an American army. The version of the Napoleon can be recognized by the flared front end of the barrel, called the muzzle swell. Confederate Napoleons were produced in at least six variations, most of which had straight muzzles, but at least eight cataloged survivors of 133 identified have muzzle swells. Additionally, four iron Confederate Napoleons produced by in have been identified, of an estimated 125 cast. | [
"Canon obusier de campagne de 12 modele 1853.jpg",
"CW Arty M1857 Napoleon front.jpg",
"Le Mat Revolver.jpg"
] | [
"Field artillery"
] | [
"American Civil War weapons"
] | wit-train-topic-004503302 |
projected-20461823-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20weapons%20in%20the%20American%20Civil%20War | French weapons in the American Civil War | Submarines | French weapons in the American Civil War had a key role in the conflict and encompassed most of the sectors of weaponry of the (1861–1865), from to , and . The effect of French weapons was especially significant in field artillery and . These weapons were either American productions based on French designs, or sometimes directly imported from France. | During the American Civil War, the Union-built and French-designed was the first submarine and the first to feature compressed air (for air supply) and an air filtration system. Initially hand-powered by oars, it was converted after 6 months to a screw propeller powered by a hand crank. With a crew of 20, it was larger than Confederate submarines. Alligator was 47 feet (14.3 m) long and about 4 feet (1.2 m) in diameter. The submarine was lost in a storm off on April 1, 1863 with no crew and under tow to its first combat deployment at Charleston. | [
"USS Alligator 0844401.jpg"
] | [
"Submarines"
] | [
"American Civil War weapons"
] | wit-train-topic-000172548 |
projected-20461823-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20weapons%20in%20the%20American%20Civil%20War | French weapons in the American Civil War | Ironclads | French weapons in the American Civil War had a key role in the conflict and encompassed most of the sectors of weaponry of the (1861–1865), from to , and . The effect of French weapons was especially significant in field artillery and . These weapons were either American productions based on French designs, or sometimes directly imported from France. | As the Confederacy struggled against the North, it attempted to purchase one of the latest ironclads from France, (later acquired by Japan after the end of the war). The ship, built in Bordeaux, France by the L'Arman shipyard in 1864, was an ironclad warship. However, the French government embargoed the sale of the ship to the Confederacy in February 1864 (prior to her launch in June 1864), and then sold the ship to the as Stærkodder. However, L'Arman and the Danish Navy could not agree on a price for the ship, and sometime shortly after January 7, 1865 the vessel took on a crew and was commissioned CSS Stonewall while still at sea; L'Arman had secretly resold her to the Confederacy.
The arrival of the "formidable" Stonewall in America was dreaded by the , and several ships tried to intercept her, among them and . In February and March, and laid up at , Spain, to prevent Stonewall from departing, but the much more powerful Confederate ship was able to make good her escape.
After an eventful crossing of the Atlantic Ocean, she eventually arrived in North American waters near the , too late to have a significant effect. (By the time of her October 1864 commissioning the Confederacy was in disarray and near defeat, its navy disintegrating, along with most other Confederate institutions.) To avoid surrendering the vessel, Captain Page sailed her into Havana harbor and turned her over to the Captain General of Cuba for the sum of $16,000.
The vessel was then turned over to United States authorities in return for reimbursement of the same amount. She was temporarily de-commissioned, stationed at a dock, until she was offered for sale to the of the . | [
"Stonewall-Kotetsu.jpg"
] | [
"Ironclads"
] | [
"American Civil War weapons"
] | wit-train-topic-004613437 |
projected-20461846-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBL%2020-pounder%20Armstrong%20gun | RBL 20-pounder Armstrong gun | Introduction | The Armstrong Breech Loading 20-pounder gun, later known as 20-pounder, was an early modern 3.75-inch light gun of 1859. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Artillery of the United Kingdom",
"Field guns",
"Naval guns of the United Kingdom",
"Elswick Ordnance Company",
"95 mm artillery",
"Victorian-era weapons of the United Kingdom"
] | wit-train-topic-002840059 |
|
projected-20461846-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBL%2020-pounder%20Armstrong%20gun | RBL 20-pounder Armstrong gun | Sea service | The Armstrong Breech Loading 20-pounder gun, later known as 20-pounder, was an early modern 3.75-inch light gun of 1859. | The RBL 20 pounder of 13 cwt and 15 cwt for sea service was introduced in 1859. It is 2½ feet shorter than the land version giving it a bore of only 54 inches (14.43 calibres), and hence a short stubby appearance. Its short barrel only allowed it to attain a muzzle velocity of 1,000 ft/second.
The 15 cwt gun, identifiable by the raised coil in front of the vent slot, was intended for broadside use in . The more lightly constructed 13 cwt gun was known as a pinnace gun and was intended for boat use. | [
"1861 British 20 pounder rifled BL gun.JPG"
] | [
"History",
"Sea service"
] | [
"Artillery of the United Kingdom",
"Field guns",
"Naval guns of the United Kingdom",
"Elswick Ordnance Company",
"95 mm artillery",
"Victorian-era weapons of the United Kingdom"
] | wit-train-topic-005031846 |
projected-20461846-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBL%2020-pounder%20Armstrong%20gun | RBL 20-pounder Armstrong gun | Surviving examples | The Armstrong Breech Loading 20-pounder gun, later known as 20-pounder, was an early modern 3.75-inch light gun of 1859. | at
on board at Portsmouth, UK
A 13 cwt gun dated 1859 at the Artillery Museum, North Head, Sydney, Australia
Sea Service Pattern at , | [] | [
"Surviving examples"
] | [
"Artillery of the United Kingdom",
"Field guns",
"Naval guns of the United Kingdom",
"Elswick Ordnance Company",
"95 mm artillery",
"Victorian-era weapons of the United Kingdom"
] | wit-train-topic-002488833 |
projected-20461884-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Howlett | Robert Howlett | Introduction | Robert Howlett (3 July 1831 – 2 December 1858) was a pioneering whose pictures are widely exhibited in major galleries. Howlett produced portraits of heroes, genre scenes and landscapes. His photographs include the of which was part of a commission by the London-based weekly newspaper to document the construction of the world's largest , the .
He exhibited at the and published On the Various Methods of Printing Photographic Pictures upon Paper, with Suggestions for Their Preservation. He worked in partnership with at "The Photographic Institution" at , London.
Howlett made photographic studies for the artist to assist him on his vast modern panorama painting (1856–58; Tate, London) which was exhibited at the in 1858.
Howlett was commissioned by and to photograph the in the new drawing-room at , make copies of the paintings by and make a series of portraits called 'Crimean Heroes' which was exhibited in 1857 the Photographic Society of London's annual exhibition.
Howlett died in 1858, aged 27. His death was apparently due to typhoid (rather than as a result of over-exposure to dangerous chemicals, as was suggested by some at the time, a myth that has continued to this day). The Illustrated Times praised him as "one of the most skillful photographers of the day."
Prints from Howlett's photographs were published posthumously by his late partners Cundall & Downes under their own name, and by the . | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1831 births",
"1858 deaths",
"English photojournalists",
"19th-century British journalists",
"British male journalists",
"19th-century British male writers",
"Pioneers of photography",
"19th-century English photographers",
"Photographers from Suffolk",
"People from Suffolk Coastal (district)"
] | wit-train-topic-004297614 |
|
projected-20461884-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Howlett | Robert Howlett | Early life and education | Robert Howlett (3 July 1831 – 2 December 1858) was a pioneering whose pictures are widely exhibited in major galleries. Howlett produced portraits of heroes, genre scenes and landscapes. His photographs include the of which was part of a commission by the London-based weekly newspaper to document the construction of the world's largest , the .
He exhibited at the and published On the Various Methods of Printing Photographic Pictures upon Paper, with Suggestions for Their Preservation. He worked in partnership with at "The Photographic Institution" at , London.
Howlett made photographic studies for the artist to assist him on his vast modern panorama painting (1856–58; Tate, London) which was exhibited at the in 1858.
Howlett was commissioned by and to photograph the in the new drawing-room at , make copies of the paintings by and make a series of portraits called 'Crimean Heroes' which was exhibited in 1857 the Photographic Society of London's annual exhibition.
Howlett died in 1858, aged 27. His death was apparently due to typhoid (rather than as a result of over-exposure to dangerous chemicals, as was suggested by some at the time, a myth that has continued to this day). The Illustrated Times praised him as "one of the most skillful photographers of the day."
Prints from Howlett's photographs were published posthumously by his late partners Cundall & Downes under their own name, and by the . | Howlett was the second of four sons of Robert Howlett and Harriet Harsant. Two brothers died in infancy and his younger brother Thomas became a farmer. He was born in Theberton, Suffolk and the family had moved to , by the time he was 9 years old. His maternal grandfather, Thomas Harsant, a , constructed s, microscopes, electrical machines, implements and instruments. Robert built his own when a child. Thomas Harsant died in 1852 and left him £1000 plus his "turning lathe and all the apparatus and tools belonging thereto". Thus he was able to move to London. | [
"IKBrunelChains.jpg"
] | [
"Early life and education"
] | [
"1831 births",
"1858 deaths",
"English photojournalists",
"19th-century British journalists",
"British male journalists",
"19th-century British male writers",
"Pioneers of photography",
"19th-century English photographers",
"Photographers from Suffolk",
"People from Suffolk Coastal (district)"
] | wit-train-topic-000293342 |
projected-20461884-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Howlett | Robert Howlett | Career | Robert Howlett (3 July 1831 – 2 December 1858) was a pioneering whose pictures are widely exhibited in major galleries. Howlett produced portraits of heroes, genre scenes and landscapes. His photographs include the of which was part of a commission by the London-based weekly newspaper to document the construction of the world's largest , the .
He exhibited at the and published On the Various Methods of Printing Photographic Pictures upon Paper, with Suggestions for Their Preservation. He worked in partnership with at "The Photographic Institution" at , London.
Howlett made photographic studies for the artist to assist him on his vast modern panorama painting (1856–58; Tate, London) which was exhibited at the in 1858.
Howlett was commissioned by and to photograph the in the new drawing-room at , make copies of the paintings by and make a series of portraits called 'Crimean Heroes' which was exhibited in 1857 the Photographic Society of London's annual exhibition.
Howlett died in 1858, aged 27. His death was apparently due to typhoid (rather than as a result of over-exposure to dangerous chemicals, as was suggested by some at the time, a myth that has continued to this day). The Illustrated Times praised him as "one of the most skillful photographers of the day."
Prints from Howlett's photographs were published posthumously by his late partners Cundall & Downes under their own name, and by the . | In London Howlett rose to prominence while working for the Photographic Institution at 168 New Bond Street, London, which was a leading establishment for the commercial promotion of photography through exhibitions, publications, and commissions. Although the Photographic Institution was established in 1853 by and , it is believed that Howlett replaced Delamotte, who became professor of drawing at . He was elected to membership of the Photographic Society of London, later the , in December 1855 and remained a member until his death.
By 1856 Howlett was mentioned in the photographic press. He sent prints to the annual exhibitions of photographic societies in London, Manchester, and Norwich. These included landscape studies, In the Valley of the , , and , which are presumed to have been taken in 1855.
He exhibited at the London Photographic Society and in 1856 published a booklet "On the Various Methods of Printing Photographic Pictures upon Paper, with Suggestions for Their Preservation". He also designed and sold 'dark room tents' and worked in partnership with Joseph Cundall at "The Photographic Institution" at 168 , London.
Howlett undertook the first of a number of commissions for and in 1856, working for the Photographic Institution. These included copying the works of for Prince Albert, and making a series of portraits of heroic soldiers from the . These were first exhibited in 1857 as 'Crimean Heroes' at the Photographic Society of London's annual exhibition. In 2004 Cundall and Howlett's portraits of Crimean war veterans, were used by the for a set of six to mark the 150th anniversary of the conflict.
Howlett's studio portraits at 'The Photographic Institute' included eminent 'fine artists' such as , , , and which were among a larger group exhibited at the in in 1857.
Howlett was commissioned to make photographic studies of the crowd at the 1856 Epsom Derby for the painter , who used them in 1858 for his painting of which was exhibited at the in 1859. The photographs were taken from the roof of a cab. | [
"Robert Howlett Great Eastern under Construction (1857).jpg"
] | [
"Career"
] | [
"1831 births",
"1858 deaths",
"English photojournalists",
"19th-century British journalists",
"British male journalists",
"19th-century British male writers",
"Pioneers of photography",
"19th-century English photographers",
"Photographers from Suffolk",
"People from Suffolk Coastal (district)"
] | wit-train-topic-001016144 |
projected-20461946-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emosi%20Kauhenga | Emosi Kauhenga | Introduction | Emosi Kauhenga (born 27 April 1981 in , ) is a footballer. He plays at .
In 2007 he was named to Tonga's Rugby World Cup squad. In 2009 he was selected for a team to play Ireland. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1981 births",
"Living people",
"Rugby union locks",
"Tongan rugby union players",
"People from Tongatapu",
"Tonga international rugby union players",
"Tongan expatriate rugby union players",
"Expatriate rugby union players in Japan",
"Tongan expatriate sportspeople in Japan",
"Black Rams Tokyo players"
] | wit-train-topic-004173873 |
|
projected-20461972-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Creighton%20%28Nova%20Scotia%20politician%29 | John Creighton (Nova Scotia politician) | Introduction | John Creighton (1794 – March 16, 1878) was an -born lawyer and political figure in . He represented Lunenburg in the from 1830 to 1836, from 1838 to 1847 and from 1851 to 1856.
He was born in shire, the son of John Creighton, Jr. and the grandson of , one of the first settlers at . Creighton came to at a young age, where he studied law with and was admitted to practice as an attorney in 1816. In 1821, he was named a and served as Crown Prosecutor. In 1859, he was named to the province's . Creighton was named president for the Council in 1875 and served until his death in Lunenburg three years later. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1794 births",
"1878 deaths",
"Nova Scotia pre-Confederation MLAs",
"Members of the Legislative Council of Nova Scotia",
"People from Somerset"
] | wit-train-topic-003724005 |
|
projected-20462078-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20W.%20Wood%20Building | J. W. Wood Building | Introduction | The J. W. Wood Building is a historic commercial building located at . The commercial building in a modified -style. It was built between 1851 and 1853 as a warehouse. It is the largest and best preserved of the few pre- commercial structures remaining in Lynchburg.
It was listed on the in 1983. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia",
"Commercial buildings completed in 1853",
"Greek Revival architecture in Virginia",
"Buildings and structures in Lynchburg, Virginia",
"National Register of Historic Places in Lynchburg, Virginia"
] | wit-train-topic-000065626 |
|
projected-20462104-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrick%20Zwaardecroon | Hendrick Zwaardecroon | Introduction | Hendrick or Henricus Zwaardecroon (26 January 1667 – 12 August 1728) was from 1718 until 1725. | [
"Hendrik Swaardecroon (1718-1725) Portret van gouverneur-generaal Hendrik Swaardecroon, SK-A-3773.jpg"
] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1667 births",
"1728 deaths",
"Governors-General of the Dutch East Indies",
"Dutch East India Company people from Rotterdam"
] | wit-train-topic-004103339 |
|
projected-20462157-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Breock | St Breock | Introduction | St Breock () is a village and a in north , England, United Kingdom. The spelling St Breoke was also formerly in use. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages in Cornwall",
"Civil parishes in Cornwall"
] | wit-train-topic-002809759 |
|
projected-20462157-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Breock | St Breock | Geography | St Breock () is a village and a in north , England, United Kingdom. The spelling St Breoke was also formerly in use. | St Breock village is 1 mile (1.6 km) west of immediately to the south of the . The village lies on the eastern slope of the wooded Nansent valley. The civil parish of St Breock is in Registration District and the population in the 2001 census was 703, increasing to 725 at the 2011 census. The parish extends approx five miles (8 kilometres) south of Wadebridge. To the north, the parish is bounded by the , to the west by parish, to the northeast by parish and to the southeast by Lanivet parish. Together with it was one of the two parishes within which the town of Wadebridge developed. | [] | [
"Geography"
] | [
"Villages in Cornwall",
"Civil parishes in Cornwall"
] | wit-train-topic-002213672 |
projected-20462157-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Breock | St Breock | Prehistory | St Breock () is a village and a in north , England, United Kingdom. The spelling St Breoke was also formerly in use. | Around two miles south of the village stands the , a 16 ft (5 m) high prehistoric standing stone. It is the largest and heaviest prehistoric in . Around one mile northwest of the monolith is a prehistoric known as . | [
"St Breock Down Monolith - Standing Stone - geograph.org.uk - 109844.jpg"
] | [
"History",
"Prehistory"
] | [
"Villages in Cornwall",
"Civil parishes in Cornwall"
] | wit-train-topic-002637137 |
projected-20462183-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel%20Erhardt | Joel Erhardt | Introduction | Joel Benedict Erhardt (February 21, 1838 – September 8, 1909) was an American politician, civil servant, lawyer and businessman. He served as the for the , for the Eastern District of New York, the and was the Republican candidate who ran against for the in 1888. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1838 births",
"1909 deaths",
"People from Pottstown, Pennsylvania",
"New York (state) Republicans",
"New York (state) lawyers",
"New York City Police Commissioners",
"United States Marshals",
"People from Manhattan",
"Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery",
"University of Vermont alumni",
"Collectors of the Port of New York",
"19th-century American businesspeople"
] | wit-train-topic-005022168 |
|
projected-20462211-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Hotel%20%28Lynchburg%2C%20Virginia%29 | Western Hotel (Lynchburg, Virginia) | Introduction | The Western Hotel, or Joseph Nichols' Tavern, is a historic building located at . It is the last of the city's many ante-bellum taverns and ordinaries, and is an important example of early -style commercial architecture. It stands at what was for many years the western entrance to the city. It is known to have been operated as a tavern as early as 1815 by Joseph Nichols.
It was listed on the in 1974. It is located in the . | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Historic American Buildings Survey in Virginia",
"Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia",
"Federal architecture in Virginia",
"Buildings and structures in Lynchburg, Virginia",
"National Register of Historic Places in Lynchburg, Virginia",
"Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Virginia"
] | wit-train-topic-002094221 |
|
projected-20462225-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lammi%20Church | Lammi Church | Introduction | Lammi Church is a located in , , . It was built during the 1510s. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Medieval stone churches in Finland",
"Hämeenlinna",
"Buildings and structures in Kanta-Häme"
] | wit-train-topic-001042406 |
|
projected-20462234-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iggesund%20Paperboard | Iggesund Paperboard | Mills | Iggesund Paperboard is a commission company of the and Europe's third largest manufacturer of high quality virgin fibre . Iggesund has a market share of about 20% in this sector. | Iggesunds Bruk manufactures (SBB, GZ) for the Invercote range in , Sweden.
two machines with an annual capacity of about 330,000 s
produced 262,000 s of in 2008
certified in accordance with and .
certified
certified
Workington manufactures (FBB, GC1, GC2) for the Incada range in , England
one machine with an annual capacity of 200,000 s
produced 175,000 s of in 2010
certified in accordance with and also ISO 18,001
certified
Ströms Bruk produces plastic-coated and laminated on the basis of from and at a capacity of 40,000 s/year in , Sweden | [
"Iggesunds bruk, STF1923.jpg"
] | [
"Mills"
] | [
"Pulp and paper companies of Sweden",
"Companies based in Gävleborg County"
] | wit-train-topic-004805426 |
projected-20462234-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iggesund%20Paperboard | Iggesund Paperboard | Locations | Iggesund Paperboard is a commission company of the and Europe's third largest manufacturer of high quality virgin fibre . Iggesund has a market share of about 20% in this sector. | Head Office:
Iggesund Paperboard AB, , Sweden
Sales Offices:
Iggesund Paperboard Europe, ,
Iggesund Paperboard Asia (HK) Limited,
Iggesund Paperboard Asia Pte Ltd.,
Iggesund Paperboard Inc. Sales Office US, , , United States
Sales Agents:
Worldwide
Distribution Terminals:
, Sweden
, Ireland
,
, Germany
,
, United Kingdom
, United Kingdom | [
"Friggesund Nursery.jpg"
] | [
"Locations"
] | [
"Pulp and paper companies of Sweden",
"Companies based in Gävleborg County"
] | wit-train-topic-004436460 |
projected-20462242-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortier%20de%2012%20Gribeauval | Mortier de 12 Gribeauval | Introduction | The Mortier de 12 pouces Gribeauval (Gribeauval 12-inch mortar) was a French and part of the developed by . It was part of the siege artillery. The measurement of the mortar is expressed by the diameter of the ball, using the , in which 1 pouce (1 inch) is worth 2.707 cm.
The Mortier de 12 pouces Gribeauval was used extensively during the wars following the , as well as the . However, its first major operational use was even earlier, during the , in General 's French expeditionary corps, from 1780 to late 1782, and especially at in 1781. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Mortars of France",
"320 mm artillery"
] | wit-train-topic-001880727 |
|
projected-20462242-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortier%20de%2012%20Gribeauval | Mortier de 12 Gribeauval | Gomer system | The Mortier de 12 pouces Gribeauval (Gribeauval 12-inch mortar) was a French and part of the developed by . It was part of the siege artillery. The measurement of the mortar is expressed by the diameter of the ball, using the , in which 1 pouce (1 inch) is worth 2.707 cm.
The Mortier de 12 pouces Gribeauval was used extensively during the wars following the , as well as the . However, its first major operational use was even earlier, during the , in General 's French expeditionary corps, from 1780 to late 1782, and especially at in 1781. | The Mortier de 12 pouces used a cylindrical chamber, which, although quite efficient, used to wear easily. It was superseded by the Gomer system using a conical chamber, which was incorporated in Gribeauval's system in 1789.
Some of the Mortier de 12 pouces were used in coastal defenses, in which case they were fixed on solid metal platforms. | [
"Gomer_mortar_12_pouces.jpg"
] | [
"Gomer system"
] | [
"Mortars of France",
"320 mm artillery"
] | wit-train-topic-005117691 |
projected-20462266-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th%20Parachute%20Engineer%20Regiment | 17th Parachute Engineer Regiment | Introduction | The 17th Parachute Engineer Regiment () is heir to the traditions of the 17th Colonial Engineer Regiment () which illustrated itself during . It is the only of the forming the engineering component of the and secures all the specific airborne engineering missions relative to assaulting at the level of deep reconnaissance as well as operations relative to para and handling explosives. The regiment has been present non-stop since 1975 on all theatres of operations (, , , , , , , , , , , , ex-, , , , and others). For its various combat operational deployments, the 17e RGP was cited 3 times at the orders of the armed forces, 2 times at the orders of the armed forces corps, and three of its companies cited at the orders of the armed forces ( 2nd combat company) in addition to armed forces corps (1st and 3rd combat companies). | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Parachute regiments of France",
"French engineer regiments",
"Military units and formations established in 1944",
"1944 establishments in France"
] | wit-train-topic-001263346 |
|
projected-20462266-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th%20Parachute%20Engineer%20Regiment | 17th Parachute Engineer Regiment | Traditions | The 17th Parachute Engineer Regiment () is heir to the traditions of the 17th Colonial Engineer Regiment () which illustrated itself during . It is the only of the forming the engineering component of the and secures all the specific airborne engineering missions relative to assaulting at the level of deep reconnaissance as well as operations relative to para and handling explosives. The regiment has been present non-stop since 1975 on all theatres of operations (, , , , , , , , , , , , ex-, , , , and others). For its various combat operational deployments, the 17e RGP was cited 3 times at the orders of the armed forces, 2 times at the orders of the armed forces corps, and three of its companies cited at the orders of the armed forces ( 2nd combat company) in addition to armed forces corps (1st and 3rd combat companies). | Except for the of the , , that conserve the ; the remainder of the French army metropolitan and marine paratroopers forming the 11th Parachute Brigade wear the Red Beret.
The Archangel Saint Michael, patron of the French paratroopers is celebrated on September 29.
The prière du Para (Prayer of the Paratrooper) was written by in 1938. | [
"MontStMichel-StatueFremiet.jpg"
] | [
"Traditions"
] | [
"Parachute regiments of France",
"French engineer regiments",
"Military units and formations established in 1944",
"1944 establishments in France"
] | wit-train-topic-003024270 |
projected-20462266-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th%20Parachute%20Engineer%20Regiment | 17th Parachute Engineer Regiment | Decorations | The 17th Parachute Engineer Regiment () is heir to the traditions of the 17th Colonial Engineer Regiment () which illustrated itself during . It is the only of the forming the engineering component of the and secures all the specific airborne engineering missions relative to assaulting at the level of deep reconnaissance as well as operations relative to para and handling explosives. The regiment has been present non-stop since 1975 on all theatres of operations (, , , , , , , , , , , , ex-, , , , and others). For its various combat operational deployments, the 17e RGP was cited 3 times at the orders of the armed forces, 2 times at the orders of the armed forces corps, and three of its companies cited at the orders of the armed forces ( 2nd combat company) in addition to armed forces corps (1st and 3rd combat companies). | The regimental colors of the () is decorated with:
with 1 star of vermeil (to quote the order by the Army OG 1148 of September 15, 1945),
with:
2 palms ( for service in at the corps of the in 1980 and 1982)
1 palm ( for service in at the corps of the on May 21, 2012
1 star of vermeil ( for service in at the corps of in September 2014 )
with colors of la Croix de la Valeur militaire on April 16, 2012; the first unit to be decorated with such honors
- échelon bronze, 1952, for search and rescue operations during in the South-West of .
The s of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd combat companies are decorated with:
with 1 palm for the '2nd' combat company.
with 1 vermeil star for the '1st' combat company.
with 1 vermeil star for the '3rd' combat company. | [] | [
"Regimental Songs",
"Decorations"
] | [
"Parachute regiments of France",
"French engineer regiments",
"Military units and formations established in 1944",
"1944 establishments in France"
] | wit-train-topic-000445637 |
projected-20462306-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Nagamine | Mount Nagamine | Introduction | is a mountain in , , , . This mountain is one of the major mountains of . Mount Nagamine literally means, long ridge mountain. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Mountains of Hyōgo Prefecture"
] | wit-train-topic-001087726 |
|
projected-20462313-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky%20Hotel | Kentucky Hotel | Introduction | The Kentucky Hotel is a historic building located at . It is one of Lynchburg's three remaining early 19th century ordinaries. It was probably built before 1800, and is a -story structure of brick laid in . In about 1814, two side bays were completed, converting the house to a center hall plan.
It was listed on the in 1986. and is located in the . | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Historic American Buildings Survey in Virginia",
"Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia",
"Federal architecture in Virginia",
"Buildings and structures in Lynchburg, Virginia",
"National Register of Historic Places in Lynchburg, Virginia",
"Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Virginia"
] | wit-train-topic-001921543 |
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