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using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using NConsole;
namespace Dnt.Commands.Packages
{
[Command(Name = "install-packages")]
public class InstallPackagesCommand : ProjectCommandBase
{
[Argument(Position = 1, IsRequired = true)]
public string Package { get; set; }
[Argument(Position = 2, IsRequired = false)]
public string Version { get; set; }
[Argument(Name = nameof(EnforceRanges), IsRequired = false)]
public bool EnforceRanges { get; set; } = true;
public override async Task<object> RunAsync(CommandLineProcessor processor, IConsoleHost host)
{
var version = Version;
if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(version))
{
if (EnforceRanges)
{
var segments = Version.Split('.');
version =
segments.Length == 2 && segments[1] == "*" ? "[" + segments[0] + "," + (int.Parse(segments[0]) + 1) + ")" :
segments.Length == 3 && segments[2] == "*" ? "[" + segments[0] + "." + segments[1] + "," + segments[0] + "," + (int.Parse(segments[1]) + 1) + ")" :
Version;
}
version = " -v " + version;
}
await Task.WhenAll(GetProjectPaths()
.Select(projectPath => Task.Run(async () =>
{
try
{
await ExecuteCommandAsync("dotnet", "add \"" + projectPath + "\" package " + Package + version, host);
}
catch (Exception e)
{
host.WriteError(e + "\n");
}
})));
return null;
}
}
} | 2024-04-21T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/4904 |
Visit our self-storage business to store your possession in climate controlled, safe, secure, and fire protected storage units. Stockton, California. where our safe and secure storage facility has the storage units and security you need for your possessions years at our location in Stockton, California, we want to be
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This article from Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News is in the HighBeam Research Library. Read a preview of the article and sign up for a free trial for access to millions of articles from thousands of publications. | 2023-08-21T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/8575 |
Q:
UWP - Close my content dialog on click on the blank area
I have created a content dialog for my UWP app which involves a centralized UI Element and a surrounding blank area.But content dialog does not have a property like "IsLightDismissEnabled" to close the dialog on click on an area except the UIELEMENT area.How can I achieve it?
A:
In the code behind your content dialog:
public sealed partial class CustomDialog : ContentDialog
{
public CustomDialog()
{
this.InitializeComponent();
Boolean isHide;
Window.Current.CoreWindow.PointerPressed += (s, e) =>
{
if (isHide)
Hide();
};
PointerExited += (s, e) => isHide = true;
PointerEntered += (s, e) => isHide = false;
}
}
| 2023-09-26T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/3557 |
College students are notoriously hungry. But what’s the only thing hungrier than a college student? A college squirrel.
Whereas normal squirrels eat acorns and nuts, the Sciuridae uchicago has been spotted eating just about everything under the sun—or more accurately, everything under a trash can lid. As a tribute to these rapacious rodents, we’ve put together an illustrated list of the weirdest, wildest things students have seen UChicago squirrels eating.
12. Banana – Wolf Hertzberg, fourth-year; Alice Cheng, third-year
While tame in comparison to some of the later items on this list, watching a squirrel eat a whole banana with its bare paws is a sight to see.
11. Apple core (out of a student’s hand) – Olinka Regules, third-year
We wish we had actual footage of this to show you such a magnificent feat, but when life takes you by surprise, who could blame you for forgetting to hit record? Should we be more concerned about squirrels’ lack of personal boundaries?
Olinka Regules
10. A bagel – Wolf Hertzberg, fourth-year
Forget the latke-hamantash debate; the truly irresistible Jewish food is the bagel, as this squirrel knows. Sure, the bagel is twice its size, but why should that stop it?
Wolf Hertzberg
9. Sweet potato fries – Helen Xia, first-year
Helen Xia Are sweet potato fries healthier? This squirrel seems to think so.
8. Quiche – Galen Jiang, third-year
At least, we think it’s a quiche.
Jalen Jiang
7. Candy wrapper remnants – @uchicago_squirrels, Lisette Gonzalez, third-year
Lisette Gonzalez Like taking candy from a baby.
6. Churro – Claire Holland, fourth-year
Claire Holland Just... wow.
5. One whole donut – Christina Stebbins, fourth-year
But was it yeast or cake?
4. Cookies – Emilie Blum, first-year; Sophie Singer, third-year; Brooke Davis, first-year; Andrew Olmstead, fourth-year
This was the most common consumption students came across on campus, with the squirrels’ favorite appearing to be sugar cookies.
Ujaan Purakayastha
3. Blueberry muffin – Kenjiro Lee, fourth-year
A squirrel was caught stealing an entire blueberry muffin from a student during breakfast hours...and proceeded to have a heart attack afterwards. Kenjiro Lee
2. Pie – Isaac Rand, second-year
Filled with holiday spirit, this squirrel decided to join in on the feasting and eat a dining hall pie. Isaac Rand
1. Another squirrel??? – Mimansa Dogra, fourth-year; Hannah Halpern, first-year; Sophie Singer, third-year
While we don’t have video footage of this, the fact that it was brought to our attention more than once makes it worth noting. A quick Google search shows that squirrels can be cannibalistic—so after eating all of our sweets, maybe this is how they get their protein? | 2024-06-18T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/6556 |
New photo released of Fort Collins peeping Tom suspect
5:31 PM,
Feb. 8, 2012
PSD, in collaboration with Fort Collins Police and CSU, has identified some new photos of the suspect believed to have been in a locker room on the CSU campus and a girls' restroom in Poudre High School.
Written by
Coloradoan staff
Poudre School District, in collaboration with Fort Collins Police and CSU, has identified some new photos of a suspect believed to have been in a locker room on the CSU campus and a girls' restroom in Poudre High School last month.
A CSU spokeswoman said the university believes the same man may have been involved in a "peeping Tom" incident the morning of Jan. 13 at the campus recreation center. The university released photos of the suspect captured from security cameras at Poudre High School.
The second incident on the Colorado State University campus occurred in the women's locker ... | 2023-12-22T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/3198 |
6:65Mb. 12 minutes 33seconds
Toni Solo, host of http://tortillaconsal.com calls from Nicaragua to talk about the landslide electoral victory of the Sandinista Front. Much to the chagrin of the neo-liberal oriented opposition parties, the social programs of the Sandinista Front has one the respect of the people.
11.4 Mb. 17 minutes 10 seconds
Toni Solo, host of http://tortillaconsal.com continues his analysis of the Nicaraguan elections and the landslide victory of the Sandinista Front looking at what this means for the region, and what it will mean for the Nicaraguan people in the future.
Corrina Grace is visiting Australia after five years working on aid projects in Guatemala. An engineer by profession she is passionate about appropriate technologies and sustainability. She emphasises that there is a high level of consciousness in the underprivileged communities of Guatemala of climate change and the Global financial crisis. It is no longer a topic for debate, but critical issues to which they are already taking steps to adapt.
With her is a team of six young Guatemalans who are touring Australia to learn techniques and methods of sustainable technologies and permaculture.
Interview with student spokesperson for the Chilean student movement that is sending a shockwave through Latin American society with its determined resistance to the privatisation of the education system.Entrevista con un vocero de los estudiantes en resistiencia a la privitisacion de educacion en Chile, y America latina.
29 Mb. 128kbps. stereo. 31 mins 36 seconds.
Victor Marillanca was one of the first wave of Latin American refugees arriving in Australia to escape the US promoted 'dirty wasr' in Latin America. He describes graphically his experience of the days of the coup against Salvador Allende in Chile on September 11 1973. A tireless worker on community radio in Australia he presents his view of the student uprising happening in Chile at this time, the role of the media, and how and why it is happening.
(Note, there is some noise interference about two thirds of the way into the interview0
Former Guatemalan General Otto Perez Molina was in Washington last May seeking approval and support for his Presidential aspirations. He is expected to win the Guatemalan elections scheduled for September this year. Perez Molina is a graduate of the US “School of the Americas” Military Academy.
He was also the head of the notorious Guatemalan D2 Intelligence Unit that was responsible for the disappearances and torture of thousands during the 1980s and 1990s ‘counterinsurgency campaigns’ in Guatemala, during which over 200,000 mainly indigenous people were massacred.
US citizen Human Rights lawyer Jennifer Harbury whose Guatemalan husband was one of the victims of the D2 intelligence unit, is a co-signatory of a document filed with the UN rapporteur Torture calling for Perez Molina to be put on trial for war crimes.
Jennifer has spent the last twenty years accumulating evidence that Perez Molina and others were not only complicit in abduction, torture, and genocide, but that the CIA had illegally withheld documents which demonstrated its complicity in these acts.
Jennifer is seeking an end to the impunity of those responsible for gross human rights violations through the Guatemalan legal system and the United Nations. But before discussing the “document of allegation” presently before the UN rapporteur, I asked her if she had had recourse through the US legal system.
Jennifer has published a book about her experience recently, "Truth, Torture and the American Way" and interviews, documentation and links to supporting material on YouTube can be found on http://rightsaction.org
8.72 Mb. 10 minutes 12 seconds(Interview with English language voiceover)Union leader Jorge Max Zavala Galeano talks about the second day of a national uprising in Honduras against the Post-coup regime of Pofirio ('Pepe') Lobos. Police have started using live ammunition against peaceful protestors who have succeeded in closing down much of the country, as a response to the intransigence of the regime in meeting the just claims of teachers who have been out on strike for over a week and who have met with brutal repression.
Students and parents have come out in support, and faced baton charges, beatings, over 500 canisters of teargas, and dozens of arrests without charge. There have been several deaths already, but the people intend to continue their resistance.
12.3 Mb mono 23 minutes
Gabriela talks with community radio from the Washington Office of School of Americas' Watch. She traces the history of this anti-war movement from its creation about the time of the death of Salvadoran Archbishop Romero at the hands of US. trained Death Squads. They track the careers and movements of graduates from the School who are linked to gross human rights violations, and their current work of persuading progressive Latin American governments not to send candidates to be trained by the US. The role of Obama in current US/Latin American relationships is assessed, and the significance of his visit to the burial place of Archbishop Romero, in his recent visit to El Salvador.
2.5 Mb. mono 4 minutes 35 seconds
Union leader Jorge Max Zavala Galeano talks about the second day of a national uprising in Honduras against the Post-coup regime of Pofirio ('Pepe') Lobos. Police have started using live ammunition against peaceful protestors who have succeeded in closing down much of the country, as a response to the intransigence of the regime in meeting the just claims of teachers who have been out on strike for over a week and who have met with brutal repression.
Students and parents have come out in support, and faced baton charges, beatings, over 500 canisters of teargas, and dozens of arrests without charge. There have been several deaths already, but the people intend to continue their resistance.
10.6 Mb 13 minutes 30 seconds
English commentary to soundtrack of actuality,
Original video: http://vimeo.com/21181376
(Extract from live to air radio show "Latin Radical" broadcast from 2pm to 4pm every Saturday from Community Radio 2NimFM 102.3 Webcast from http://nimfm.org)Dick Emanuelsson is on the spot to report the heavy repression of teachers in Tegucigalpa, March 18. A three month old baby is nearly poisoned by the tear gas fumes as hundreds of canisters (costing over $100 each) are fired on the peaceful protesters. Later in the day a schoolteacher was killed when a tear gas canister was fired directly at her head, and she was run over by a military vehicle. The teachers are on strike to reclaim a years worth of back wages that haven't been paid, to protest the looting of their pension fund shortly after the coup of 2009, the raising of the pension age to 70 years, and legislation that will lead to the privatisation of the education system and the end of public education in Honduras.
Dick Emanuelsson is on the spot to report the heavy repression of teachers in Tegucigalpa, March 18. A three month old baby is nearly poisoned by the tear gas fumes as hundreds of canisters (costing over $100 each) are fired on the peaceful protesters. Later in the day a schoolteacher was killed when a tear gas canister was fired directly at her head, and she was run over by a military vehicle. The teachers are on strike to reclaim a years worth of back wages that haven't been paid, to protest the looting of their pension fund shortly after the coup of 2009, the raising of the pension age to 70 years, and legislation that will lead to the privatisation of the education system and the end of public education in Honduras.
Alexis, coordinator of CISPES (Committees in Solidarity with the People of El Salvador, USA) examines some of the reasons US President Barack Obama might be visiting El Salvador for an exclusive meeting with Salvadoran President Mauricio Funes.
Roxana interviews indigenous Garifuna leader, Alfonso, in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Alfonso talks about the growing levels of repression and human rights violations since the post coup regime has been in power, and particularly how it affects the indigenous Garifuna people.
8.7 Mb. 15 minutes. English Language
Roxana returns from two months in Honduras where she met with a number of the leading figures of the Honduras Resistance movement. Here she interviews Dr. Juan Almendares, human rights activist and Ecologist. Dr. Almendares is a former Rector of the Autonomous University of Honduras, and Dean of the Faculty of Medical Science. He has been a visiting Professor at the Madison School of Medicine, is on the Executive Committee of Friends of the Earth, International, and has received a number of international awards for his tireless work in the promotion of human rights. Although he has been frequently threatened (including death threats) for his work in human rights in Honduras he is currently the Director of the CPTR, or the Centre for the Prevention, Treatment, and Rehabilitation of Victims of Torture and their Families.
In this conversation with Rosanna Wong he talks about the background of the coup in June 2009 in Honduras, the response of the Honduran people, and the incremental increase in human rights abuses in Honduras, under the post-coup regime.
John Kirk is a professor of Latin American Studies at Dalhousie University, Canada. He comments on the nature of Cuban medical aid, which he has been researching for decades, especially as it relates to the cholera epidemic in Haiti. He recalls meetings with Fidel Castro, and the daughter of Che Guevara. | 2024-04-29T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/6729 |
Our sizing is easy!We still use the European way of sizing by height in centimeters because it's easy and makes good sense - since every child grows at their own pace all you need to do is measure their height for a good fit.
There's no need to "buy big."
Our clothes have plenty of growth room, so go ahead and order the correct size on our chart - there's no need to "buy big." We can't stress this enough! Whether you choose an item that's prewashed or one that has shrinkage built in, every hanna garment is designed for a good fit with room for growth.
How to use our size chart:Just measure your child from the top of the head to the floor in inches, then use the chart to convert to centimeters. Call us with any questions and we'll be happy to help you get the right fit.
Height is the one and only measure you need to order hannas - we can't stress this enough - measure the height for a good fit.
Weight may be helpful if a child is above or below average weight.
Age isn't nearly as accurate as using the height (since kids all grow at different rates!). It's helpful when sending out-of-town gifts.
Additional Information (all measurements are in inches)
Size
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
Waist (Relaxed)
16½
17½
18½
19½
20½
21½
23
24½
26
Waist (Extended)
19½
21
22½
24
25½
27
29
31
33
Front Rise (relaxed)
6⅜
6½
6⅝
6¾
6⅞
7
7⅛
7¼
7⅜
Back Rise (relaxed)
8½
9
9½
10
10½
11
11½
12
12½
Hip
19½
21
22½
24
25½
27
29
31
33
Inseam
7¼
9
10¾
12½
14¼
16
17¾
19½
21¼
Eco-Friendly Fabrics
ORGANIC BY NATURE
Our pure organic cotton hannas are one way we can touch the future right now. Organics nurture kids sensitive skin with supersoft purity, while caring for farmers and our earth with non-toxic ecosystems. They're grown without chemical pesticides or fertilizers, and have no genetically modified organisms. Our commitment to organics is seven million supersoft-and-cozy pieces strong, and just like kids, it's growing every minute.
OEKO-TEX FOR ALL OF US
This is good for everybody. Over 60% of all hannas are Oeko-Tex® Standard 100 certified, which means they're tested down to the very last strand of thread for over 100 harmful substances, using strict European certification standards. We agree with the fan who said, "Oeko-Tex 100 equals 100 fewer things to worry about!"
Our certification number is 03.U.9375 - FI Hohenstein.
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Our UnconditionalGuarantee
If you’re unhappy with a product at any time for any reason, just bring or send it back to us, and we’ll refund the purchase price or replace the item. It’s as simple as that. | 2024-01-31T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/1519 |
HIV drugs 'cocktail' slashes mortality, prolongs life: study
The vast majority of people who take the anti-HIV drug "cocktail" can expect to survive at least a decade, one of the largest assessments of this key medication regime said.
The evaluation, published in next Saturday's issue of the British medical weekly The Lancet, encompasses data from Europe, Australia and Canada of 7,740 individuals with the AIDS virus.
They were enrolled into the study before the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 1997; during 1997-98, when HAART became available in limited quantities; and 1999-2001, when it became widely accessible in those countries.
Pre-1997, people with HIV aged 15 to 24 years would survive, on average, for 12.5 years after they became infected.
By comparison, among people aged 45-54, the survivability was much lower - they lived on average for just 7.9 years after infection.
After 1997, though, HAART started to make a dramatic impact, the study shows.
In its first year of introduction, when about one in five HIV patients in the study had access to the drugs, death rates were reduced by 50 percent compared with pre-1997 levels.
Mortality in 2001, when 57 per cent of the study's patients had access to the drugs, fell a remarkable 80 per cent compared with before 1997.
Because HAART was introduced only six years ago and most of the people who are taking it are still alive, it is impossible to give a projection as to their longevity, research leader Kholoud Porter, of Britain's MRC Clinical Trials Unit, said.
But she said in all the age categories, from 15 years to 64 years, the survivability is likely to be a decade.
"Ten years after infection, 90 percent of people with HIV who took HAART were still alive, regardless of how old they were," she said.
"It has raised survivability expectations for everyone, regardless of age."
She said there was no sure reason why the age difference in survivability had ironed out between the pre- and post-HAART thresholds.
She speculated that older patients were relatively disciplined about taking their medications, and this had helped their chances.
HAART comprises a regime of three anti-retroviral drugs that inhibit the reproduction of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
In many cases, it can reduce HIV loads to below detectable levels.
But it is not a cure and it can have toxic side-effects.
If the drugs are stopped, the virus bounces back and progressively overwhelms and destroys the immune system.
Until recently, the high cost of the drugs has made them accessible only in rich, developed countries.
However, the price has now come down significantly, making it possible to start distributing them in poor African countries that are bearing the brunt of the global HIV/AIDS pandemic.
The study is the latest to confirm the historic impact of HAART in the fight against AIDS.
In September, a Swiss study of mortality rates found that people who respond well to HAART and who do not have hepatitis-C can have a better short-term mortality rate than people who have been successfully treated for cancer.
It said a commonly-imposed bar on life insurance against people with the AIDS virus was unfair and not justified by the facts.
Meanwhile, US researchers have identified a series of proteins that enable HIV to bypass the human body's natural anti-viral defences and multiply, a discovery they say could lead to new treatment drugs for HIV and AIDS.
"We've discovered a new link in the chain that allows the HIV to overcome the cellular resistant factor and to infect human cells," Dr Xiao-Fang Yu, associate professor at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, wrote in the on-line edition of Science magazine.
"By identifying the proteins involved in this process, we may be able to develop new drugs and therapies for preventing HIV infection," Dr Yu wrote, who headed a research team that identified the proteins through a series of complex laboratory experiments.
The study said the AIDS virus contains a viral infection factor essential to escaping the human body's natural anti-viral agent.
To circumvent this protective agent, HIV acts in conjunction with a group of proteins to modify and disable the anti-viral agent, said the research team. | 2023-10-18T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/7481 |
Tuesday, May 5, 2015
A couple of days ago. I'm looking for information on the Toybridge 086138100928 OopsyMa, so i would like to describe here.
Oopsy Mazey is a addictive 3-D maze game where players must maneuver and balance a metal ball through challenging barriers defying gravity to reach the finish line and become the ultimate challenger. Dimensions 3 L x 5 H. Read more | 2024-05-30T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/3480 |
Thursday, November 29, 2012
Thursday Things: Number 95
Exciting, right? Actually, it was, in a way. That cabinet had been broken since last year, which was frustrating because it had just been installed a few months prior to it breaking. I didn't bother asking the contractors to replace it. The contractors had already caused $20,000 in water and black "toxic" mold damage to my house by installing a new roof improperly. At first they admitted fault -- in writing -- and then they said never mind and walked away without fixing anything. Thank God for Allstate. They took care of everything -- they paid for the clean-up of the mold and the replacement of everything that had been damaged. They also said they would sue the contractors, since the contractors had admitted fault. Allstate really came to the rescue. And no, I'm not being paid by them to say that. I'm just genuinely grateful.
The only issue that remained, for the longest time, was that cabinet drawer.
You know how you can keep putting something off, and putting something off, until life seems normal with everything just as it is? That's what happened with the cabinet. I no longer noticed the broken face, it was just part of the normal kitchen scenery. Yesterday, however, I finally fixed it with superglue and a bunch of nails. It looks fine and I think it's pretty solid. I did manage to temporarily superglue my finger to the side of the drawer, but besides that little mishap, all went well.
Sometimes the little things in life can make or break your day. This might sound odd, but I was quite happy with myself for finally fixing that thing. | 2023-09-03T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/7542 |
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I was going to write about the copy-bon I bought at C77, but then I realized that no one is actually interested in that. On the other hand, a small handful of people are interested in Garo, so I felt that it’d be a better use of my time to write up another year of Garo information! If you missed my post on Garo’s 1964 issues (I don’t blame you, it was almost 8 months ago), it can be found here. Once again, names will be in the format of Lastname Firstname, and individual stories in each issue will be listed as Author, “Story”. Also once again, many thanks go out to Shiraishi-san for allowing me to draw from his Garo index, though his site currently appears to be offline. I am fairly sure that the works listed under each month are not listed in the order which they appear in the magazine, but the order they appear in the table of contents on the back side of the front cover.
Notes:
Okamoto Satsuko is the younger sister of Shirato Sanpei. She was also responsible for illustrations in “Douwa: mo Kichi” in the magazine’s first issue, a work written by Ri Haruko, Shirato’s wife.
“Nihon Ninpou-den” is a series of illustrated historical essays focused on portraying history from the common person’s perspective. Perhaps inspired by the ninja-heavy content of the magazine, the author states that the essays will be about “ninjas,” though he defines a “ninja” as an individual who works behind the scenes in order to move history, and goes on to say that it is possible for just one person to change history. This inaugural essay also discusses the Kennedy assassination, stating that the Warren Commission is a “big lie,” and implies that American gas corporations were responsible for Kennedy’s death, as his goals of peace in Vietnam would cut into their profits. As the magazine is still primarily focused towards younger readers, the essay is written in language easy for an elementary-school student to understand.
The reader’s corner includes a letter from a middle school student complaining that he is made fun of for reading manga at such an old age.
The editor’s corner introduces “Nihon Ninpou-den” as a work that has a new way of looking at history, then encourages magazine readers to read the articles, even if they don’t like history.
Notes: “Meyasu-bako” is a serialized column beginning in this issue where various authors would contribute essays, normally political in nature. This issue warns children to not drink the powdered skim milk given to them at school due to the discovery of high levels of strontium-90 in powdered school milk.
Notes: “Meyasubako” is a continuation of last issue, blaming capitalism and the relentless pursuit of profit for the presence of strontium in school milk. The author encourages readers to not believe their teachers, as he states that they will be fired if they don’t try to make their students drink powdered milk. Wakagusa Manpo (I believe, my notes are unclear) picks up on this theme and encourages schoolchildren’s mothers to protest this situation.
A note in the margins of a page in this issue urged Tsuge Yoshiharu and Kuki Makoto to contact the magazine ASAP.
First issue to break 170 pages.
Notes: “Mokugekisha” identifies itself as a work by the Gekiga Shudan, a group of gekiga creators.
This issue’s “Rotarii” is an essay titled “Manga and Gum,” where the author argues that manga needs to be a product more like gum in that it is enjoyed by children and adults alike. The author then goes on to say that in order for this to happen, there first must be more manga for adults, like the works that appear in Garo.
This essay is followed by an open call for works to be published in the magazine. The first guideline given for submitted works is that they “must be interesting.” Shirato also makes an appeal here, calling on authors to submit their work so that new talent can be found and fostered. Shirato says that a submitted work’s content, not art, is most important, as art can be improved later.
Notes: Tsuge Yoshiharu’s debut issue. As was the case with many manga authors at the time, his address is listed in the margins.
Beginning with this issue Mizuki Shigeru’s spot in the magazine is moved from its normal placement, the comic immediately following “Kamui-den,” to the very back of the magazine. This becomes Mizuki’s regular space, meaning that the magazine is bookended by Shirato in the front and Mizuki in the back.
Notes:
Kaji Issei (possible misromanization) is a pen name used by Hiroshi Hirata, best known in America as the author of Satsuma Gishiden.
Published letters from readers are from markedly older readers beginning around this issue, such as a student studying economics and Marx at Kyoto University who writes in for this issue to voice his love of Sanpei Shirato.
Notes: “Rotarii” is placed towards the front of this issue and discusses the debates over history textbook approval and Japanese historical revisionism.
While a large number of works are still samurai and ninja-themed, manga about war, specifically the Vietnam war and the social movements surrounding the war, are becoming more prevalant around this time, especially from newer authors such as Hoshikawa.
This entry was posted
on Friday, January 29th, 2010 at 11:53 pm by kransom and is filed under manga, translation. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed.
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Hi kransom. Thanks for posting this entry on the Garo index. I’d seen your earlier entry for 1964, but I couldn’t locate this one on 1965 when I was searching for it a few days ago. I may have been looking just before this got posted. Are all of the above notes from Shiraishi-san as well, or are they yours? Fascinating, I didn’t realizing that Satsuko Okamoto was related to Sanpei Shirato.
Hey Curtis – The notes here are ones I either jotted down to myself while going through the issues or notes that I found online. Hopefully I’ll get around to doing another year soon, but these always end up taking longer than I expect them to. | 2023-11-03T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/3319 |
or o?
0.116
Suppose -y + y = 3*y, 2*k + 80 = -y. Let h = -32 + -6. Which is smaller: k or h?
k
Suppose p + 3*l - 1750 = 0, 5*p = 5*l - 0*l + 8830. Let n be 1 - p/1204 - (-21)/49. Which is greater: -1 or n?
n
Let d be (-2355)/(-35) - (-2)/(-7). Let i = 104.639 + -101.639. Is d != i?
True
Suppose k + 3 = -2*k. Let p be 974/3081*-5 - 0/k. Let m = p + 10/237. Which is smaller: -2 or m?
-2
Suppose k + 4 = 2*k, -5*n + 5*k - 20 = 0. Suppose n = -s - 51. Which is smaller: s or -50?
s
Let y be -1 - 180 - (93 + -104). Is y <= -170?
True
Let k = -11374/5 + 15730232/6915. Which is greater: k or 1?
1
Let s = 3259 + -3256. Is 0.0367 bigger than s?
False
Let s = -1.4 - -1.26. Let j = 15774 + -15781. Is s greater than j?
True
Let n be (-4 - (-8)/8) + -1 + 1158. Suppose 5*i - 848 = -h + 4*h, -4*h = -2*i + n. Is -292 at least as big as h?
False
Suppose 7*v - 16 = -v. Let o be (-200)/(-95) + -3 + v/(-19). Which is bigger: 14/51 or o?
14/51
Let c be (-2)/(-7) - 606/14. Let l be -7*2/(-56)*(-122 + 116). Which is smaller: c or l?
c
Suppose 2*b = -4*n + 154, -194 = 17*n - 22*n - 4*b. Is 27 smaller than n?
True
Let t = -26.981 - -1.956. Let y = 0.025 + t. Let i = 17 + y. Which is smaller: i or 1?
i
Suppose -s + 2*s = -18. Suppose 5*d + 5*v - 395 = 0, 61 = d + 11*v - 16*v. Suppose -y + 3*w = 3*y + d, -y - 10 = -3*w. Which is bigger: s or y?
s
Let p be (99 + 1)*(-10)/8. Let x(u) = -68*u**2 - 423*u - 543. Let w be x(-5). Do p and w have different values?
True
Suppose -32*b = -28*b - 932. Is b != 236?
True
Let a(w) = 9 - 15*w + 21*w + 17*w**2 - 3*w**2. Let i be a(-2). Suppose 27 = 2*y - 77. Is y at least i?
False
Let v = 14149 - 14646. Do -1/9 and v have different values?
True
Let g = -36 + 45. Let x be (g/6)/((-21)/112). Let k be (-3)/(12/x) + -2. Which is smaller: k or -2/235?
-2/235
Let r = -491 - -492. Let b be (26/5 - 4)*6/(-140). Which is greater: r or b?
r
Suppose 0 = 2*v - v + 2. Let f(j) be the second derivative of -j**5/20 - j**4/6 - j**2/2 - 144*j. Let a be f(v). Which is smaller: -2/91 or a?
a
Let n be 9050/(-11418) + (-6)/(-18) - 222/(-1221). Is n equal to 1?
False
Suppose 0*o - 115 = -2*g - o, -4*o + 118 = 2*g. Suppose 14*d + 132 - 930 = 0. Is d at most as big as g?
True
Let u(x) = 2*x + 22. Let y = -220 - -199. Let j be u(y). Suppose 2*a = l + 2*l + 50, -3*a = 5*l + 115. Is l greater than or equal to j?
True
Let p = -1885/184681 + 52934621503/78304744. Let q = -676 + p. Is 1 at most q?
False
Let v = -7964 - -7965.7. Is v bigger than 58?
False
Let q = 0.714 - 0.78. Let s = -390 + 415. Let b = s + -26. Which is bigger: b or q?
q
Let m = 2177 + -2077. Is m != 97?
True
Let q = 0.34668 - -41.65532. Let b = 312.002 + -312. Let c = b - q. Is 0.1 at least c?
True
Let w = -1228 + 1221. Which is greater: -3.58 or w?
-3.58
Let z(i) = 15*i**3 + 12*i**2 - 9*i - 5. Let c be z(-2). Is c at least -69?
True
Let o = 2.828 + -438.628. Let b = 436 + o. Is 2/5 <= b?
False
Let r(c) = 57*c - 32. Let i be r(1). Let w be (-2)/(-3) - 1*152/(-6). Is w <= i?
False
Let p = 206/249 - -1/166. Is 51 at least as big as p?
True
Let a = 2 - -46. Let p = -47.64 + a. Let s = p - -0.04. Which is smaller: s or 1?
s
Suppose 2*j + 19 = 3*j. Suppose -j = -6*z + 3*z - g, 2*g + 10 = 2*z. Let b be (((-9)/z)/((-105)/(-40)))/1. Which is smaller: -1 or b?
-1
Suppose -48 - 20 = 34*h. Let m be h*(934/8 - (-75)/100). Which is smaller: -237 or m?
-237
Suppose 0 = 4*v + 3*l - 996, 2*l = 2*v - 7*v + 1238. Let f be ((-500)/v)/(-2) - 1. Let a = 877946 + -877946. Are f and a equal?
False
Let w(u) = -9*u - 91. Let i be w(16). Let f = -231 - i. Which is smaller: 2/11 or f?
2/11
Let v be 0 + 3 - (-8 + 7). Let q = -153 + 145. Let t be (5 - -3)*(-5)/q. Is v bigger than t?
False
Let b be (-27)/4*(-7 + 3 - (-12)/9). Is -21 at most b?
True
Let o be (0 - 6/14)*427875/(-1125). Is o < -11?
False
Let t = -80 - -58. Let m = t - -19. Let j be ((-3)/(-102))/((-4)/328) - m. Which is smaller: 1 or j?
j
Let o be (-12 + (37 - 11))/(((-11)/15)/11). Is -205 not equal to o?
True
Let n = -14.36874 - 0.03126. Is -11 at least n?
True
Let w = 92.392 + -0.392. Let h = -130 + w. Which is smaller: 2/9 or h?
h
Let h = 1 + -7. Let c be 24/14*(-21)/h. Suppose -c*a + 598 = 7*a. Which is bigger: 47 or a?
47
Let u be 1/3 - (-2392)/(-39). Let b = 58 + u. Do b and -36/11 have the same value?
False
Let o(h) = 6*h**2 - 141*h - 265. Let y be o(25). Which is greater: -124 or y?
y
Let q = -677 + 681. Suppose 143 = -q*r - 221. Which is smaller: -87 or r?
r
Let z be ((-3)/((-3)/29))/(-1 - -2). Suppose -z = -l + 18. Let h = l - 10. Is 36 >= h?
False
Let p = 14 - 169. Let f = p + 153. Is f at least as big as 0.01?
False
Let t(u) = u**2 + 9*u - 7. Let k be t(-10). Suppose 12*s = k*s. Let d be s/(3 + 1) + 1. Does 4/3 = d?
False
Let u(w) = -9*w - 994. Let f be u(-110). Is f smaller than -93?
False
Let c = -3057 + 2016. Is c bigger than -1/2?
False
Let j = 37068 - 21085. Is j <= 1?
False
Suppose -282*m + 3627 = 121*m. Let s = 10 - 0. Is s greater than or equal to m?
True
Let c(v) be the second derivative of v**5/20 - v**4/6 - 2*v**3/3 - 7*v**2/2 + 19*v. Let s be c(5). Let x be 5/2*s/(-24). Which is smaller: x or -4?
x
Let o = -4.763 + 1.763. Which is smaller: o or 222?
o
Suppose 3*a = -3*d, -2*d - 6*a = -a + 6. Let o(i) = 1 + 7 - 5 + 0 + 15*i + d*i**2. Let h be o(-6). Which is greater: -14 or h?
-14
Suppose 87*k = 132*k + 720. Which is smaller: -126 or k?
-126
Let u be 3 - 2 - -236*(-1)/234. Let m(x) = -2*x**3 + 6*x**2 - 3*x - 2. Let a be m(2). Which is smaller: u or a?
u
Suppose -4*b + 33 + 7 = 2*r, -2*b = -r. Which is smaller: 12 or r?
r
Let i be (0 - (0 + -1))*(-164)/2. Let a = -87 - i. Let m = -3773/963 - -15/107. Is a at least as big as m?
False
Suppose -4*n = 2*h - 38, 3*n + 25 - 51 = h. Let y be 1/((-10)/1016) + n/15. Which is bigger: y or -99?
-99
Let j(u) = -u**3 + 4*u**2 + 3*u + 17. Let g be j(7). Let k = -110 - g. Let h be ((4 + k)/12)/((-5)/(-20)). Which is smaller: h or -2/5?
-2/5
Let l = -386 + 392. Let o be l - 245/45 - (-6)/(-27). Let f be -6*-2*(-1)/4. Is f not equal to o?
True
Let d(n) = -421*n + 156. Let g be d(-18). Suppose g + 636 = 15*c. Is c less than 557?
False
Let h be ((-1)/(-1))/((2/(-11 - -17))/(-1)). Let x(s) = 3*s. Let c be x(5). Let r be 73/c - h*2/(-9). Do r and 4 have different values?
True
Let p(q) = q**2 - 17*q - 5. Let l be p(16). Let d be 71/4 - (l/(-12) + -2). Suppose d*h - 104 = 10*h. Is h smaller than 2?
False
Let p(a) = a**3 + 8*a**2 + 9. Let v be p(-8). Suppose 0 = 2*i + v - 21. Let g be (2 + (-70)/38)/(-5 + i). Which is smaller: 0 or g?
0
Let g = -3644 - -886. Which is smaller: -2759 or g?
-2759
Suppose 256*a = 201*a. Which is smaller: 3/10207 or a?
a
Suppose 5*j - 137 = 13*d - 15*d, -3*d = -5*j + 132. Let l(a) = 4*a - 114. Let y be l(j). Suppose -f - 17 = 3*u, 4*f + 8*u = 3*u - 40. Is f <= y?
False
Let b = -882.7 - -529.8. Let i = b - -347. Which is smaller: 0.3 or i?
i
Let s = 3727/3 - 1272. Let m = s + 451/15. Is 6/47 at most as big as m?
True
Let q be -2*(-8)/10*5. Let i(l) = -7*l**2 - 1 - 8*l - 228*l**3 + 672*l**3 - 443*l**3. Let d be i(q). Which is greater: -3/7 or d?
-3/7
Let i = 59627/84 + 1143/28. Which is smaller: i or 752?
i
Let o be ((-4)/7)/(9*90/20601). Which is greater: -16 or o?
o
Suppose 4*h = -0*h - 40. Let p be 234/65*h/(-3). Suppose g = -n - 3 + 19, -58 = -4*g - 2*n. Which is bigger: g or p?
g
Suppose 5*z = -2*q - 4883, -3*z + 53*q - 52*q = 2943. Is -1/2 at most as big as z?
False
Let b = -93 + 43. Let t = -201/4 - b. Let l = 33496 + -33498. Which is bigger: l or t?
t
Let o(k) = 5*k**2 + 95*k + 13. Let u(s) = 4*s**2 + 64*s + 9. Let g(x) = -5*o(x) + 8*u(x). Let t be g(-6). Are 36 and t equal?
False
Suppose -3*l + o - 24 = 131, 0 = 5*l + 3*o + 263. Let q be -1 + -1 + l/(-20). Let f = 71.1 + -71. Is q at most f?
False
Suppose 0 = 5*b + 1216 - 1181. Let h be 9/(-12) - b/(-28). Which is greater: h or -233?
h
Let l = 2.581 + -2.481. Which is bigger: l or -0.778?
l
Let y be (-1)/2*231/(-1610301). Is y >= -1?
True
Let t = -477 - -104. Let w = t - -372. Let h be (-8)/36*(-1)/6. Which is smaller: h or w?
w
Let u be (36/(-2144))/(3/62)*160/(-60). Which is greater: u or 2?
2
Let o be 230/(-5)*(0 - (-2229)/102). Let g = o - -1003. Which is bigger: g or -2?
-2
Let t = 7.5 - 6.39. Let a = t + -2.81. Let u = - | 2024-03-30T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/9022 |
RECORD BROKEN AS ATLANTIC CASTAWAYS BECOME THE YOUNGEST CREW TO ROW ACROSS AN OCEAN
06/02/2016
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Congratulations to British team Atlantic Castaways (Freddie Wright (21) and Jack Galsworthy (21)) have broken the record for the youngest pair to row across an ocean in the Talisker Whisky Atlantic Challenge. Atlantic Castaways finished tenth overall beating 16 other teams to the finish line.
Atlantic Castaways took on the arduous challenge to raise money for the Brain Research Trust and have raised close to £40,000 at the time of arrival. It took the team 47 days 14 hours and 46 minutes.
Skipper Freddie comments on the race “We’ve had such an amazing time, we’re proud of the record but it wasn’t what we set out to do, it’s really just a bonus on top of what has been an awesome experience. We would definitely do this again!”
Freddie and Jack previously cycled Home2Rome together and following an inspirational talk in 2010 about the Talisker Atlantic Challenge, felt compelled to undertake another adventure alongside their university studies. Freddie is currently reading mechanical engineering at Bristol University and Jack is an aspiring medic studying bio-medical sciences at Kings College London.
Congratulations to British team Atlantic Castaways (Freddie Wright (21) and Jack Galsworthy (21)) have broken the record for the youngest pair to row across an ocean in the Talisker Whisky Atlantic Challenge. Atlantic Castaways finished tenth overall beating 16 other teams to the finish line.
Atlantic Castaways took on the arduous challenge to raise money for the Brain Research Trust and have raised close to £40,000 at the time of arrival. It took the team 47 days 14 hours and 46 minutes.
Skipper Freddie comments on the race “We’ve had such an amazing time, we’re proud of the record but it wasn’t what we set out to do, it’s really just a bonus on top of what has been an awesome experience. We would definitely do this again!”
Freddie and Jack previously cycled Home2Rome together and following an inspirational talk in 2010 about the Talisker Atlantic Challenge, felt compelled to undertake another adventure alongside their university studies. Freddie is currently reading mechanical engineering at Bristol University and Jack is an aspiring medic studying bio-medical sciences at Kings College London. | 2024-05-19T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2228 |
Audio over Ethernet
In audio and broadcast engineering, Audio over Ethernet (sometimes AoE—not to be confused with ATA over Ethernet) is the use of an Ethernet-based network to distribute real-time digital audio. AoE replaces bulky snake cables or audio-specific installed low-voltage wiring with standard network structured cabling in a facility. AoE provides a reliable backbone for any audio application, such as for large-scale sound reinforcement in stadiums, airports and convention centers, multiple studios or stages.
While AoE bears a resemblance to voice over IP (VoIP) and audio over IP (AoIP), AoE is intended for high-fidelity, low-latency professional audio. Because of the fidelity and latency constraints, AoE systems generally do not utilize audio data compression. AoE systems use a much higher bit rate (typically 1 Mbit/s per channel) and much lower latency (typically less than 10 milliseconds) than VoIP. AoE requires a high-performance network. Performance requirements may be met through use of a dedicated local area network (LAN) or virtual LAN (VLAN), overprovisioning or quality of service features.
Some AoE systems use proprietary protocols (at the lower OSI layers) which create Ethernet frames that are transmitted directly onto the Ethernet (layer 2) for efficiency and reduced overhead. The word clock may be provided by broadcast packets.
Protocols
There are several different and incompatible protocols for audio over Ethernet. For example, using category 5 cable and 100BASE-TX signaling at 100 Mbits/second, each link can generally transmit between 32 and 64 channels at a 48 kHz sampling rate. Some can handle other rates and audio bit depths, with a corresponding reduction in number of channels.
AoE is not necessarily intended for wireless networks, thus the use of various 802.11 devices may or may not work with various (or any) AoE protocols.
Protocols can be broadly categorized into Layer-1, Layer-2 and Layer-3 systems based on the layer in the OSI model where the protocol exists.
Layer-1 protocols
Layer-1 protocols use Ethernet wiring and signaling components but do not use the Ethernet frame structure. Layer-1 protocols often use their own media access control (MAC) rather than the one native to Ethernet, which generally creates compatibility issues and thus requires a dedicated network for the protocol.
Open standards
AES50
MaGIC by Gibson
Proprietary
SuperMAC, an implementation of AES50
HyperMAC, a gigabit Ethernet variant of SuperMAC
A-Net by Aviom
AudioRail
ULTRANET By Behringer
Layer-2 protocols
Layer-2 protocols encapsulate audio data in standard Ethernet packets. Most can make use of standard Ethernet hubs and switches though some require that the network (or at least a VLAN) be dedicated to the audio distribution application.
Open standards
AES51, A method of passing ATM services over Ethernet that allows AES3 audio to be carried in a similar way to AES47
Audio Video Bridging (AVB), when used with the IEEE 1722 AV Transport Protocol profile (which transports IEEE 1394/IEC 61883 over Ethernet frames, using IEEE 802.1AS for timing)
Proprietary
CobraNet
RAVE by QSC Audio, an implementation of CobraNet
EtherSound by Digigram
NetCIRA, a rebranded EtherSound by Fostex
REAC and RSS digital snale technology by Roland
SoundGrid by Waves Audio
dSNAKE by Allen & Heath
Layer-3 protocols
Layer-3 protocols encapsulate audio data in OSI model layer 3 (network layer) packets. By definition it does not limit the choice of protocol to be the most popular layer-3 protocol, the Internet Protocol (IP). In some implementations, the layer-3 audio data packets are further packaged inside OSI model layer-4 (transport layer) packets, most commonly User Datagram Protocol (UDP) or Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP). Use of UDP or RTP to carry audio data enables them to be distributed through standard computer routers, thus a large distribution audio network can be built economically using commercial off-the-shelf equipment.
Although IP packets can traverse the Internet, most layer-3 protocols cannot provide reliable transmission over the Internet due to the limited bandwidth, significant End-to-end delay and packet loss that can be encountered by data flow over the Internet. For similar reasons, transmission of layer-3 audio over wireless LAN are also not supported by most implementations.
Open standards
AES67
Audio Contribution over IP standardized by the European Broadcasting Union
Audio Video Bridging (AVB), when used with IEEE 1733 or AES67 (which uses standard RTP over UDP/IP, with extensions for linking IEEE 802.1AS Precision Time Protocol timing information to payload data)
NetJack, a network backend for the JACK Audio Connection Kit
Zita-njbridge, a set of clients for the JACK Audio Connection Kit
RAVENNA by ALC NetworX (uses PTPv2 timing)
Proprietary
Livewire by Axia Audio, a division of Telos Systems
Dante by Audinate (PTPv1 timing)
Q-LAN by QSC Audio Products (PTPv2 timing)
WheatNet-IP by Wheatstone Corporation
Similar concepts
RockNet by Riedel Communications, uses Cat-5 cabling. Hydra2 by Calrec uses Cat-5e cabling or fiber through SFP transceivers.
MADI uses 75-ohm coaxial cable with BNC connectors or optical fibre to carry up to 64 channels of digital audio in a point-to-point connection. It is most similar in design to AES3, which can carry only two channels.
AES47 provides audio networking by passing AES3 audio transport over an ATM network using structured network cabling (both copper and fibre). This was used extensively by contractors supplying the BBC's wide area real-time audio connectivity around the UK.
Audio over IP differs in that it works at a higher layer, encapsulated within Internet Protocol. Some of these systems are usable on the Internet, but may not be as instantaneous, and are only as reliable as the network route — such as the path from a remote broadcast back to the main studio, or the studio/transmitter link (STL), the most critical part of the airchain. This is similar to VoIP, however AoIP is comparable to AoE for a small number of channels, which are usually also data-compressed. Reliability for permanent STL uses comes from the use of a virtual circuit, usually on a leased line such as T1/E1, or at minimum ISDN or DSL.
In broadcasting and to some extent in studio and even live production, many manufacturers equip their own audio engines to be tied together with Ethernet. This may also be done with gigabit Ethernet and optical fibre rather than wire. This allows each studio to have its own engine, or for auxiliary studios to share an engine. By connecting them together, different sources can be shared among them. Logitek Audio is one such company using this approach.
See also
Comparison of audio network protocols
Ethernet Powerlink
HDBaseT
References
Category:Audio engineering
Category:Broadcast engineering
Category:Ethernet
Category:Audio network protocols | 2024-02-24T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2196 |
//
// This file is auto-generated. Please don't modify it!
//
package org.opencv.ml;
import org.opencv.core.Mat;
// C++: class KNearest
//javadoc: KNearest
public class KNearest extends StatModel {
protected KNearest(long addr) { super(addr); }
public static final int
BRUTE_FORCE = 1,
KDTREE = 2;
//
// C++: static Ptr_KNearest create()
//
//javadoc: KNearest::create()
public static KNearest create()
{
KNearest retVal = new KNearest(create_0());
return retVal;
}
//
// C++: bool getIsClassifier()
//
//javadoc: KNearest::getIsClassifier()
public boolean getIsClassifier()
{
boolean retVal = getIsClassifier_0(nativeObj);
return retVal;
}
//
// C++: float findNearest(Mat samples, int k, Mat& results, Mat& neighborResponses = Mat(), Mat& dist = Mat())
//
//javadoc: KNearest::findNearest(samples, k, results, neighborResponses, dist)
public float findNearest(Mat samples, int k, Mat results, Mat neighborResponses, Mat dist)
{
float retVal = findNearest_0(nativeObj, samples.nativeObj, k, results.nativeObj, neighborResponses.nativeObj, dist.nativeObj);
return retVal;
}
//javadoc: KNearest::findNearest(samples, k, results)
public float findNearest(Mat samples, int k, Mat results)
{
float retVal = findNearest_1(nativeObj, samples.nativeObj, k, results.nativeObj);
return retVal;
}
//
// C++: int getAlgorithmType()
//
//javadoc: KNearest::getAlgorithmType()
public int getAlgorithmType()
{
int retVal = getAlgorithmType_0(nativeObj);
return retVal;
}
//
// C++: int getDefaultK()
//
//javadoc: KNearest::getDefaultK()
public int getDefaultK()
{
int retVal = getDefaultK_0(nativeObj);
return retVal;
}
//
// C++: int getEmax()
//
//javadoc: KNearest::getEmax()
public int getEmax()
{
int retVal = getEmax_0(nativeObj);
return retVal;
}
//
// C++: void setAlgorithmType(int val)
//
//javadoc: KNearest::setAlgorithmType(val)
public void setAlgorithmType(int val)
{
setAlgorithmType_0(nativeObj, val);
return;
}
//
// C++: void setDefaultK(int val)
//
//javadoc: KNearest::setDefaultK(val)
public void setDefaultK(int val)
{
setDefaultK_0(nativeObj, val);
return;
}
//
// C++: void setEmax(int val)
//
//javadoc: KNearest::setEmax(val)
public void setEmax(int val)
{
setEmax_0(nativeObj, val);
return;
}
//
// C++: void setIsClassifier(bool val)
//
//javadoc: KNearest::setIsClassifier(val)
public void setIsClassifier(boolean val)
{
setIsClassifier_0(nativeObj, val);
return;
}
@Override
protected void finalize() throws Throwable {
delete(nativeObj);
}
// C++: static Ptr_KNearest create()
private static native long create_0();
// C++: bool getIsClassifier()
private static native boolean getIsClassifier_0(long nativeObj);
// C++: float findNearest(Mat samples, int k, Mat& results, Mat& neighborResponses = Mat(), Mat& dist = Mat())
private static native float findNearest_0(long nativeObj, long samples_nativeObj, int k, long results_nativeObj, long neighborResponses_nativeObj, long dist_nativeObj);
private static native float findNearest_1(long nativeObj, long samples_nativeObj, int k, long results_nativeObj);
// C++: int getAlgorithmType()
private static native int getAlgorithmType_0(long nativeObj);
// C++: int getDefaultK()
private static native int getDefaultK_0(long nativeObj);
// C++: int getEmax()
private static native int getEmax_0(long nativeObj);
// C++: void setAlgorithmType(int val)
private static native void setAlgorithmType_0(long nativeObj, int val);
// C++: void setDefaultK(int val)
private static native void setDefaultK_0(long nativeObj, int val);
// C++: void setEmax(int val)
private static native void setEmax_0(long nativeObj, int val);
// C++: void setIsClassifier(bool val)
private static native void setIsClassifier_0(long nativeObj, boolean val);
// native support for java finalize()
private static native void delete(long nativeObj);
}
| 2023-08-05T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/1452 |
#!/bin/sh
expected_uid=$1
expected_gid=$2
rc=0
files="/home/docker/mnt-dir/test-dir /home/docker/mnt-dir/test-dir/test-file /home/docker/mnt-dir/test-file /home/docker/mnt-file"
for file in $files
do
file_uid=$(stat -c "%u" $file)
if [ "$file_uid" != "$expected_uid" ]
then
>&2 echo "$file expected owning uid: $expected_uid, actual owning uid: $file_uid"
rc=1
fi
file_gid=$(stat -c "%g" $file)
if [ "$file_gid" != "$expected_gid" ]
then
>&2 echo "$file expected owning gid: $expected_gid, actual owning gid: $file_gid"
rc=1
fi
done
>&2 echo "mount test complete, RC=$rc"
exit $rc
| 2024-04-08T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/7088 |
SNHR condemns the invitation of the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran to participate in a meeting of International Syrian Support Group (ISSG), to be held on 17 May in Vienna City.
SNHR stresses that the Islamic Republic of Iran and through the militias related to it, topped by “Iranian Revolutionary Guard” are involved in committing wide and various violations which are considered to be war crimes and against humanity in Syria; this is after its direct involvement in the suppression of the popular uprising against the Syrian Regime’s President Bashar Al Assad since the early stages. We also documented its commitment to many massacres through large-scale killings and carrying some sectarian nature, in each of Al Qalamon, Al Nabak, and eastern countryside of Homs, in addition to the southern and eastern suburbs of Aleppo city and other areas.
View full Statement | 2024-01-18T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/6908 |
ROBERT WALTERS GLOBAL SALARY SURVEY 2015
Transcription
1 ROBERT WALTERS GLOBAL SALARY SURVEY 2015
2 CHINA In 2014 the Chinese Government implemented a shift away from pure manufacturing and infrastructure investment, and instead began to focus on hi-tech industry, strengthening the professional services and consumer sector and stimulating growth through exports. As a result of this reorientation we saw the establishment of research and development centres in China, more international professional services companies entering the market, and the expansion of luxury and retail brands in second-tier cities including Suzhou, Hangzhou, Nanjing and Chengdu resulting in an increase in recruitment activity. Looking across the economy as a whole, growth was widespread and we saw a positive outlook for the job market, with increasing confidence among employees and employers. With average GDP growth in the first three quarters reaching 7.4%, both professionals and employers expressed cautious optimism about future market prospects.
3 CHINA COUNTRY OVERVIEW A s a result of improving market conditions and business processes, top Chinese professionals now view Chinese multinationals as viable employment alternatives to larger foreign firms. focus on developing and enhancing their current employees skill sets, with the aim of delivering increased value for their business. Some companies began training their HR staff in people development and retention strategies, while others set out expectations for accounting and finance professionals to provide growth-oriented analysis. We expect this trend of internal up-skilling to continue in In 2014, this led to increased recruitment into Chinese e-commerce, automotive and healthcare companies. Local candidates also found opportunities in shared-service centres in Beijing and Shanghai as foreign companies continued to offshore their IT, HR, sourcing and accounting requirements. Hiring managers looking to attract top talent in the year ahead will need to meet market rates for basic salaries, increments and bonuses. Offering scope for career progression and promotion will also be critical, as this is the main driver for active job seekers within the Chinese market. Managers may also need to be more flexible in their requirements, focusing on a candidate s cultural fit and transferableskills potential. As consumer activity increased, demand for sales and marketing professionals increased in the retail and FMCG sectors. R&D specialists and consumer-savvy IT staff also became popular hiring choices to help with new product and business development respectively. In other areas we saw strong demand for internal audit and compliance professionals to help meet new regulatory requirements especially in financial services and banking. Candidates with domestic language skills and cultural compatibility were highly sought-after, as were senior managers with international experience who could help local companies with overseas expansion projects. Throughout the year managers struggled to recruit for traditional internal support functions such as HR, accounting and finance, where there was a shortage of well-rounded candidates. This led many companies to In 2015 we expect salaries to continue the trend seen in 2014, with 15-25% increments for job movers, and 6-8% increments for those who stay at their current company. Businesses are also likely to invest more in benefits, training and development in order to retain key staff as inflationary pressures continue and the cost of living goes up. In 2015, we expect 15-25% increments for job movers, and 6-8% increments for those who stay at their current company.
4 BEIJING ACCOUNTING & FINANCE Activity was brisk within the accounting and finance recruitment market in As stateowned and local companies continued to develop at a rapid pace, we saw increased hiring - especially in fast-growing sectors such as e-commerce and IT. An increasing number of successful stock market floats, especially within e-commerce and technology businesses, generated demand for finance directors with listing experience. We expect such professionals to be highly sought-after in 2015 as more firms consider listing. However, hiring could prove challenging due to a lack of talent in the local market. One notable change in 2014 was the tightening regulatory environment which compelled companies to put an unprecedented emphasis on internal audit and compliance. This led to a high demand for auditors, treasury analysts, compliance specialists and experts in local tax systems. We expect a continuation of this trend as companies expand teams in response to stricter regulation. In 2014, professionals moving jobs expected a 20% increase as local companies were aggressive in offering significant pay rises to attract talent. Those who stayed in their positions received around 10%. We expect a similar level of increments in To successfully recruit from a limited pool of talent in an extremely competitive market, hiring managers are advised to combine attractive salaries with assurance of longterm development opportunities within the organisation. Finance directors with listing experience will be in demand following successful stock market floats. Chief Financial Officer Finance Director Financial Controller Shared Services Manager FP&A Manager Treasury Manager Internal Audit Manager Tax Manager Finance Manager Accounting Manager Reporting Manager m m 750k - 1.5m 900k - 1.5m 550k - 1.2m 700k - 1.2m 600k - 1.0m 650k - 1.0m k k k k k k 450k - 1.1m 500k - 1.2m k k k k k k 303 Robert Walters Global Salary Survey 2015
5 BEIJING HUMAN RESOURCES The HR recruitment market was stable in 2014, with steady demand for HR professionals driven by replacement hiring. During the year, mergers and acquisitions activity, centred within manufacturing and technology, led to restructuring, which resulted both in redundancies and in increased demand for specific candidate profiles - for example, those with change management experience to handle integration issues. As companies focused on staff retention by designing development programmes and remuneration packages, there was particular demand for organisational development, organisational efficiency, and compensation and benefits specialists. We anticipate HR specialists remaining high on the recruitment agenda in While we do not expect aggressive expansion of HR teams in 2015, an increased focus on the HR function, particularly in specialist areas, will keep salaries buoyant. In 2014, jobmovers received 20% increases on average and we expect a similar level of increments in We have noticed that junior candidates are much more motivated by salary increases, so it will remain important for employers to offer competitive packages, whereas mid and senior-level candidates are more concerned with leadership style and company culture. An increased focus on the HR function, particularly in specialist areas, will keep salaries buoyant. HR Director Head of Compensation & Benefits Head of Resourcing Head of Organisational Development HR Manager Learning & Development Manager Recruitment Manager m m 800k m 800k - 1.3m 700k - 1.0m 800k - 1.0m 800k - 1.5m 800k - 1.5m k k k k k k Robert Walters Global Salary Survey
6 BEIJING MARKETING Companies were conservative when it came to growing their marketing teams in Global economic uncertainty led to fewer new positions being created but there was still stable demand for marketing professionals created by replacement hiring. A positive factor was foreign SMEs entering the market and hiring marketing specialists to expand their network and increase brand exposure. As businesses looked to build their brand, there was increased emphasis on strategic planning. This led to a growing need for marketing professionals able to combine a strong understanding of their sector with a strategic mindset. We expect employers to continue to look for these skill sets in 2015 as brand presence will remain a key focus. Most companies, especially multinationals, will also be looking for government relations specialists who can help develop connections with official departments. Finding experienced government relations specialists and marketing strategy planners will be a challenge for hiring managers in 2015 as there is a shortage of talent, particularly for professionals with local market knowledge and international experience. In this candidate short market, we expect employers to offer junior candidates competitive salaries with regular reviews. For mid and senior-level candidates the emphasis is on management quality and company culture. In terms of salaries, job-movers received increases of around 20% in 2014 and we expect a similar level of increments in Hiring managers face a challenging task finding government relations specialists and marketing strategy planners. Head of Marketing Marketing VP Marketing Director PR Director Marketing Manager Marketing Communications Manager PR Manager Digital Marketing Manager Retail Marketing Manager m m m m 800k - 1.2m 800k - 1.2m k k k k k k k k k k k k 305 Robert Walters Global Salary Survey 2015
7 BEIJING SALES With foreign SMEs continuing to enter and expand in the local market, we saw an increase in the recruitment of experienced sales professionals in The manufacturing, IT, energy, and B2B sectors were active, all hiring mid to senior-level sales professionals to help drive business growth. The retail sector also showed some improvement compared to 2013, with greater demand for sales professionals experienced in consumer channel development. We expect recruitment to remain buoyant in 2015, with talented professionals soughtafter as companies grow their sales teams in order to expand into new markets and ultimately increase profitability. In particular, we expect employers will continue to seek sales, business development and key account managers with a strong track record, industry knowledge, product experience and outstanding communication skills. However, demand for candidates with this range of experience and knowledge outstrips the supply. Hiring managers will need to offer compelling remuneration and benefits to secure top talent. We anticipate that employers will offer junior candidates attractive salaries together with the promise of regular pay reviews. Hiring managers are more likely to appeal to mid and senior-level candidates by emphasising factors such as career progression and leadership style as well as company culture. Salaries within the sales profession are largely dependent on the track record and experience of the specific candidate, but on average job-movers received a 20-30% increase in 2014 and we expect similar levels in We expect recruitment to remain buoyant in 2015, with talented professionals sought-after as companies grow their sales teams in order to expand into new markets. KEY TRENDS Foreign SMEs continued to enter the local market, driving the need for sales professionals to increase profitability. Recruitment remained buoyant in 2014 as companies grew sales teams to expand into new markets. Manufacturing, IT, energy and B2B sectors were active, hiring mid to senior-level sales professionals to drive business growth. The retail sector improved compared to 2013, with greater demand for sales professionals experienced in consumer channel development. Robert Walters Global Salary Survey
9 BEIJING SUPPLY CHAIN & QUALITY In 2014, hiring trends across the supply chain and quality market varied according to sector. The manufacturing industry slowed in Beijing, as more companies transferred operations to surrounding cities such as Tianjin and Hebei. We expect traditional manufacturing to continue to move out of Beijing and professionals in this sector may increasingly seek opportunities in other cities. In contrast to the slowdown in manufacturing, there were healthy hiring volumes in fastgrowing sectors such as e-commerce and IT, as well as increased hiring by state-owned and local companies as they continued to expand. Operational heads such as plant managers were in demand, as were environmental health & safety (EHS) professionals as companies paid more attention to health and safety standards. New product development was a noted theme, leading to an increased need for professionals such as design and field service engineers. In 2015 we envisage the market will develop in a similar fashion. IT and e- commerce will continue to be key growth sectors and companies will be looking for research and development as well as quality control professionals with strong technical backgrounds and communication skills. R&D, especially within the automotive sector, will still be active as the majority of R&D headquarters are still in Beijing. Hiring across high-demand areas will not be easy, however, as there is a shortage of technically-focused R&D professionals with good communication skills. In such a competitive market, employers will need to offer more than just increased salaries - wider job scopes and opportunities for career advancement will need to be highlighted to attract the best candidates. In 2014, job-movers expected a 20% increase as local companies offered significant pay rises and promising development opportunities to attract talent. Professionals in areas such as engineering R&D could even expect a 20-30% increase. Those who stayed in their positions received around 10%. We expect a similar level of increments in Professionals in areas such as engineering R&D could expect a 20-30% increase in We expect a similar level of increments in KEY TRENDS Manufacturing slowed in Beijing as more companies transferred operations to surrounding cities such as Tianjin and Hebei. There were healthy hiring volumes in fast-growing sectors and more positions created by state-owned and local companies as they continued to expand. R&D and quality professionals with strong technical backgrounds and communication skills remain highly sought-after. Operational heads such as plant managers and EHS professionals were in demand as companies paid more attention to health and safety standards. Robert Walters Global Salary Survey
11 NANJING ACCOUNTING & FINANCE The accounting and finance recruitment market saw rising activity in Headcount increased in the automotive and food production industries, while the expansion of shared services centers made junior and mid-level professionals key hiring priorities. Companies also remained cost-conscious, which created demand for mid and seniorlevel financial controllers and analysts. We expect these trends to continue in 2015, with ongoing growth in the automotive industry stimulating hiring activity, and budget control likely to remain a key issue for the majority of companies. In addition, new investments from component manufacturers in the aircraft and new energy vehicle sectors could generate demand for finance professionals. New infrastructure and IT projects in Nanjing may also increase recruitment momentum. We expect employers in 2015 to focus on technically proficient, mid to senior-level professionals with strong communication and English skills. We also anticipate that hiring managers within multinationals will come under pressure as local companies expand overseas and target professionals who have worked for global companies. However, both multinationals and local companies will struggle to hire financial controllers experienced in risk and cost control due to the short supply of talent. Competitive remuneration and retention bonuses aside, we expect companies in 2015 to provide abundant training options and emphasise career progression prospects for ambitious mid and senior-level professionals. After several years of big salary increments, we expect job-movers will receive 15-25% increases in compared to 15-30% in Those staying in their positions can still expect a 5-12% raise. After several years of big salary increments, we expect slightly lower increases in 2015 of 15-25%. Chief Financial Officer Finance Director Financial Controller Treasury Director Finance Manager Costing Manager Tax Manager Accounting Manager Financial Analysis Manager Internal Audit Manager m m 600k - 1.0m 600k - 1.1m k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k Robert Walters Global Salary Survey
12 NANJING ENGINEERING & OPERATIONS There was a noticeable increase in recruitment levels in the engineering and operations market in A stronger manufacturing sector led to higher demand for roles such as industrial engineers and the automotive industry remained the most active with a steady pipeline of projects. Overall recruitment in Nanjing was consistent in 2014, however the automotive industry in Wuhu underperformed and saw headcount reduce. Since companies in Wuhu often hire from Nanjing, this negatively impacted recruitment. Despite this, we remain positive about the market for 2015, particularly as the chemical industry is likely to rebound after two years of sluggish performance. Professionals will also find opportunities in inland cities as companies continue to invest there and hire candidates from the Yangtze River Delta region due to local talent shortages. In 2015 we expect companies to remain cost-conscious and target professionals with experience in project management who can streamline the manufacturing process and improve efficiency. Candidates with specific technical backgrounds will be in greater demand than supply due to a shortage in skills. To entice talent away from first-tier cities, companies will need to offer very attractive remuneration. However, to secure the best professionals, employers will also benefit from demonstrating they can provide a genuine platform for career development. For those professionals moving roles, we expect salaries will increase by around 20%, as companies align with the rise in the Consumer Price Index. Companies will need to offer very attractive remuneration to entice talent away from first-tier cities. General Manager Plant Manager Operations Manager Maintenance Manager Production Manager EHS Manager Engineering Manager CI Manager IE Manager Project Manager R&D Manager 700k - 1.2m 800k - 2.0m k 500k - 1.0m k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k 311 Robert Walters Global Salary Survey 2015
13 NANJING HUMAN RESOURCES The HR recruitment market showed signs of improvement in 2014, driven in part by shared service centers creating demand for junior and mid-level positions. We anticipate this trend will continue in The automotive, electrical and electronics and machinery sectors created more vacancies, while the chemical industry remained quiet. As manufacturers, especially in automotive, open more plants, Nanjing will be well-positioned to be the headquarters location for functions such as HR. HR specialists in training as well as compensation and benefits were in demand as companies increased emphasis on developing and retaining talent. HR business partners were also high on hiring managers agendas as companies sought to strengthen their HR function, requiring HR business partners to work with the business to develop talent management strategies. HR business partnering skills will once again be a key hiring priority in 2015, with employers looking to identify candidates with overseas experience and strong English language and communication skills. However, as business partnering is a new concept in Nanjing, candidates with the necessary skill sets will be in short supply. New projects in the city will create jobs and there will be increased competition for talent in Competitive salary and retention bonuses will play a part in attracting the best people but factors such as work-life balance and career progression will also figure prominently in the recruitment process. We expect job-movers to receive a 15-30% increase in 2015, with those staying in their positions receiving around 5-12% - both these figures represent a slight increase on Factors such as work-life balance and career progression will figure prominently in the recruitment process. HR Director HR Manager C&B Manager Training Manager Recruiting Manager ER Manager HR Business Partner k k k k k k k k k k k k k k Robert Walters Global Salary Survey
14 NANJING SALES & MARKETING The strong demand for sales and business development professionals by local companies expanding overseas led to an active recruitment market in We saw particular demand within the electrical, electronics and machinery sectors as organisations sought to drive growth. In addition, we saw local companies restructure and expand their sales and marketing teams in 2014, stimulating competition for talent. Professionals with a good understanding of product positioning were sought-after by companies seeking to develop new product lines. We expect this trend to continue in Sales managers with strong business development skills, channel management experience and in-depth market knowledge will be sought-after as companies look to drive top-line growth. Demand for professionals experienced in after-sales and sales service will also increase. From the marketing perspective, employers will seek candidates with good commercial sense and relevant technical backgrounds who can understand products from the users point of view. Hiring managers will face the challenge of recruiting candidates with overseas experience, English language skills and a stable career track record in Nanjing in As local companies continue to expand overseas, the call for such talent will become more intense. Unsurprisingly, local companies are offering improved salaries and often include stock options in their remuneration packages. We expect job-movers to receive between 20-30% salary increases in 2015 (compared to 10-35% in 2014) while those staying in their positions can expect increases of 5-12%. Sales managers with strong business development skills will be sought-after as companies drive top-line growth. National Sales Director Regional Sales Director BD Manager Area Sales Manager Key Account Manager Product Manager Sales Supervisor Senior Sales Engineer Account Manager Sales Engineer 600k - 1.0m 700k - 1.0m k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k 313 Robert Walters Global Salary Survey 2015
15 NANJING SUPPLY CHAIN & QUALITY After a slow 2013, the supply chain market picked up in Activity increased in most areas although recruitment levels across the chemical sector remained low. However, hiring for supply chain and logistics managers increased as companies looked to improve efficiencies. We expect the market in 2015 to provide a steady number of openings. For instance, we foresee demands from the aerospace sector as a number of manufacturers plan to enter the Nanjing market. To attract the right people in a competitive and high-pressure market, employers will need to offer attractive remuneration but also outline to candidates a corporate culture promoting career advancement in a healthy working environment. Job-movers in 2015 can expect to see salary rises of 20-25% while those staying in their positions should receive between 8-10%. Hiring managers will continue to seek purchasing managers who offer a fresh perspective to supplier selection and who can improve product quality while keeping within budget. However, we anticipate that employers will struggle to find senior management professionals familiar with the supply chain function as there is a shortage of experienced talent in Nanjing. Supply Chain Manager Quality Manager Logistics Manager Purchasing Manager Supplier Quality Manager k k k k k k k k k k Robert Walters Global Salary Survey
16 SHANGHAI ACCOUNTING & FINANCE There was little momentum in the accounting and finance recruitment market in Economic uncertainty meant companies became increasingly cost-conscious and filled positions internally. In addition, government compliance policies meant firms took a more cautious stance towards business expansion, which slowed hiring plans further. Whilst junior and mid-level professionals remained active job-seekers, senior-level executives were cautious about switching jobs as they started to pay more attention to long-term career planning instead. The most noticeable change in 2014 was the shift in emphasis from traditional financial accounting to more business partnering roles. Hiring managers will increasingly seek financial planning and analysis managers able to work alongside senior management in identifying areas for growth or streamlining operations. We expect the recruitment market in 2015 will be similar to the second half of While some professionals will be cautious about changing jobs, some will be attracted to industries showing growth potential, notably FMCG, pharmaceutical, medical, IT and e- commerce. We anticipate hiring managers on a limited budget will struggle to hire candidates with the ideal breadth of experience. Employers may need to focus on essential requirements and be flexible on others in order to secure strong candidates. Companies were intent on retaining talent in 2014, evidenced by the salary rises on offer. Those switching jobs and those staying in their positions could command 15-20% increments in We expect these trends to continue in There was a shift in emphasis from traditional financial accounting to business partnering roles in Chief Financial Officer Commercial Director Regional Finance Director Finance Director Financial Controller BU Financial Controller Internal Audit Manager FP&A Manager Tax Manager Treasury Manager Finance Manager SSC Accounting Manager Accounting Manager Financial Analyst Internal Auditor m m 800k - 1.5m 800k - 1.2m m 900k - 1.3m 800k - 1.3m 800k - 1.3m k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k 315 Robert Walters Global Salary Survey 2015
17 SHANGHAI BANKING & FINANCIAL SERVICES FRONT OFFICE A slowdown in the Chinese economy meant front office recruitment was steady in Overall, front office positions were mainly replacement-based, as restructuring activity among banks led to positions becoming available at senior and mid-level. There were new roles created across corporate banking as Asian and small foreign banks opened up branches in Beijing, while large foreign banks continued to expand in second and third-tier cities. This trend is likely to continue as foreign banks already have a strong presence in first-tier cities. Confidence in the jobs market was dependent on role and sector - frontline staff in retail banks and financial institutions were more cautious about switching jobs during a year when banks approved fewer loans and cut back on product launches. However, some wealth management companies saw opportunities in China, hiring sales and relationship managers to encourage the affluent Chinese to invest overseas. Hiring at investment banks and asset management firms remained slow. However, Chinese banks and financial institutions were more active. Internet finance developed rapidly with banks offering more products online, while some e-commerce companies saw the opportunity to branch into financial services. Despite pockets of growth, we believe the job market will remain stable in Employers will not hire aggressively but will seek experienced sales professionals with strong product knowledge and a good track record of generating revenue and driving business growth. Such candidates may prove difficult to find, as these skills are not widely available in the present market. With professionals increasingly concerned about their career development, hiring managers should focus on offering clear career paths and opportunities for job rotation and international relocation if they are to attract and retain top talent. Job-movers could command 20-30% increments in 2014, while non-movers received between 7-8%. We expect to see professionals receiving similar or slightly lower percentage increments in Internet finance developed rapidly with banks offering more products online while some e-commerce companies saw the opportunity to branch into financial services. KEY TRENDS Foreign banks will continue to develop in second and third-tier cities. E-commerce companies will continue to branch out into the financial services sector. Experienced sales professionals are in short supply. Despite pockets of growth, the job market will remain cautious in Robert Walters Global Salary Survey
18 SHANGHAI BANKING & FINANCIAL SERVICES MIDDLE & BACK OFFICE The recruitment market across the middle and back office was varied during Although the pace of growth across the Chinese economy slowed, there was more hiring in the middle office as most foreign banks and financial institutions increased headcount in their risk teams to oversee new regulatory requirements. However, the back office saw less movement, with limited changes in operations teams, although it's likely that back office professionals with tier-one banking experience will remain in demand. Chinese banks and financial institutions saw greater activity. Internet finance developed rapidly with financial institutions offering more products and services online, while some e-commerce companies branched out into financial services. With the same set-up as traditional financial institutions, these firms looked for talent from across the front, middle and back office. Meanwhile, the Shanghai Free Trade Zone remains an area to watch and its development could boost growth and hiring prospects for banks and financial institutions. While we do not anticipate banks and financial institutions hiring at any greater pace in the short-term, we do expect them to continue recruiting for middle office functions like risk, compliance and internal audit in 2015 to ensure regulatory requirements are followed. Hiring risk professionals with an in-depth understanding of the China market and the regulatory framework will prove challenging in Those with eight to ten years' experience will be particularly hard to find as there is a limited pool of talent and these professionals are highly sought-after by companies outside of the financial sector. While hiring managers will have to offer competitive salaries, it is just as important to highlight career paths within the organisation and offer opportunities for job rotation and international work experience in order to hire strong candidates in this talent-short market. Job-movers commanded 20-25% salary increments in 2014 while those staying in their positions received closer to 3-5%. We expect professionals to receive similar or slightly lower percentage increases in 2015, due to salaries flattening after several years of high increments. Hiring risk professionals with an in-depth understanding of the China market and the regulatory framework will prove challenging. KEY TRENDS Internet finance developed rapidly, with financial institutions offering more products and services online. Back office professionals with tier-one banking experience will remain in demand. Job-movers are likely to command salary increases of 20-25% in Robert Walters Global Salary Survey 2015
20 SHANGHAI HUMAN RESOURCES The continued expansion of large companies in China meant HR recruitment remained active in The strategic role that the HR function can play became more crucial for organisations during Particularly for companies expanding through organic growth, as they were very keen to retain their top talent in an increasingly candidate short market. Meanwhile, staffing integration was a concern for organisations going through mergers. As a result, companies particularly sought HR business partners. However, as HR has traditionally been viewed as a support function, it will take time for HR professionals to develop business partnering skills. Companies may therefore find the right calibre of professionals in short supply. Cost-conscious companies established in-house recruitment departments in 2014, which led to the hiring of more HR specialists to sit within these teams. There was also increased demand for specialist roles including: talent acquisition & management, compensation & benefits, organisational development, training, learning & development and employee relations. In 2015, we expect to see similar trends continue. Job-movers should see salary increases similar to last year of 20%, with those staying in their positions receiving 8-10%. However, we expect there to be less movement as HR professionals realise they will come across a 'title ceiling' if they move for money but are not building up skill sets. We expect employers to respond by providing tailored support and training in order to retain talent. Job movers should see salary increases similar to last year of 20%, with those staying in positions receiving 8-10%. HR Director Head of Compensation & Benefits Head of Organisational Development Head of Learning & Development Head of Talent Acquisition Compensation & Benefits Manager Talent Acquisition Manager Organisational Development Manager Learning & Development Manager HR Business Partner HR Manager Office Manager Executive Assistant m m 800k - 1.2m m 800k - 1.2m m 800k - 1.2m 800k - 1.2m 800k - 1.2m 800k - 1.2m k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k 319 Robert Walters Global Salary Survey 2015
21 SHANGHAI INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY The job market for IT professionals was buoyant in 2014, as development of the digital sector and shared services centres (SSCs) created many new positions. There was also increased demand for software engineers as IT companies opened research and development centres in China. The Shanghai Free Trade Zone had a significant impact on recruitment, with tax and currency exchange benefits encouraging companies to set up operations, resulting in higher demand for IT professionals. Digitalisation was the biggest trend in As more companies expanded their product and service offerings online, this led to rapid growth in areas such as e-commerce, mobile applications and internet finance. We anticipate that 2015 will be another year of development as the digital sector continues to mature. E-commerce and mobile applications will be key growth-drivers, with companies looking for project managers and design professionals to create platforms and products. Mobile application specialists with knowledge of ios and Android systems will also be highly sought-after. Wearable devices and smart hardware are expected to be a new growth market, with a corresponding rise in demand for hardware and software engineers. IT service providers will be looking for architects, infrastructure and applications support specialists. SSCs will be looking for services delivery managers and those with experience in establishing centres. Meanwhile, internet finance offered good prospects too. We expect an increased need for internet security professionals to ensure new financial services providers are compliant with regulators rules. As e-commerce, mobile applications and internet finance are relatively new areas, there are a limited number of senior professionals in the market. Companies will therefore be hiring predominately at the middle-level where the talent pool is larger. The biggest challenge hiring managers will face in large organisations is growing competition for all levels of talent from well-financed start-ups. Many well-financed start-ups are offering both competitive salaries and employee stock options. Salary increments in 2014 for job-movers were 20%, with 5-8% offered to those staying in their positions. We expect a similar level of increments in However, in such a highly competitive market, salary is no longer the overriding concern for professionals. Career progression, office location, management style and company culture will be decisive factors in the decision process and hiring managers may need to increase their focus on these areas. In such a highly competitive market, salary is no longer the overriding concern for professionals. KEY TRENDS Digitalisation was the biggest trend in As more companies expanded their products and service offerings online, this led to rapid growth in areas such as e-commerce, mobile applications and internet finance. There will be an increased demand for internet security professionals to ensure financial services providers are compliant with regulators rules. Hiring managers in big companies will face stiff competition from wellfinanced start-ups offering candidates competitive salary and employee stock options. Robert Walters Global Salary Survey
23 SHANGHAI OPERATIONS & MANUFACTURING There was increased recruitment in operations and manufacturing in This was largely a result of the automotive sector remaining active, with growing demand for cars in second and third-tier cities. The energy sector also grew, with foreign investment increasing and companies looking for experienced project managers who could manage an entire project. In contrast, the machinery sector was quiet with hiring mostly replacement-based. As more foreign companies moved their research and development centres to China, there followed a high demand for junior professionals specialising in this area. At senior level, there were replacements in director-level roles as companies streamlined their business processes. With companies increasingly moving their headquarters to Shanghai and the trend of talent localisation continuing, they are also searching for local senior-level candidates with international experience. In 2015, we expect the pharmaceutical and chemical sectors to join energy and automotive as key growth areas for recruitment. However, hiring managers may struggle to find professionals with the right level of experience, relevant technical background and people skills. Companies were generous in 2014 when it came to remuneration, with high-calibre jobmovers receiving 25-30% increases. In 2015, candidates can expect around 20-30%. However, an increase in salary is no longer the primary motivator, as candidates are willing to move for the same salary if the role enables career progression. Candidates may be willing to move for the same salary if the role enables career progression. Chief Operating Officer Head of Operations Plant GM Operations Director Master Black Belt Environmental Health & Safety Director Operations Manager Facility Manager Production Manager Maintenance Manager Environmental Health & Safety Manager Black Belt Project Manager Lean Consultant m m m m 700k - 1.5m 800k - 1.5m 800k - 1.1m 800k - 1.2m 700k - 1.5m 700k - 1.6m 700k - 1.4m 750k - 1.5m 550k - 1.0m 600k - 1.0m k k k k k k k k k k k k k k Robert Walters Global Salary Survey
24 SHANGHAI SALES & MARKETING FMCG Overall there was a healthy level of hiring activity within FMCG sales and marketing in The entrance of foreign food SMEs into the Chinese market created demand for mid-level professionals in sales, product management, marketing and e-commerce. Recruitment slowed in other areas as new government policies led to a decline in consumer spending on luxury items. However, a positive effect of this led to companies refocusing their sales and marketing strategy to better target consumers. This led to restructuring at senior management level as companies hired professionals with a strategic mindset and a good understanding of the local market. We expect similar trends in 2015 with further restructuring and foreign SMEs expanding sales teams. Hiring managers will continue to seek mid-level professionals able to drive business growth. Digital and e-commerce professionals may prove the most difficult to hire as they are highly sought-after and the candidate pool is limited. Job-movers could command 20-30% salary increases in This was 3-4% higher than in 2013, as companies offered more to encourage talent to move. Those remaining in their positions received increases of around 7%. We expect a similar level of increments in INDUSTRIAL Hiring activity in industrial sales and marketing was healthy in The automotive industry remained active, especially component companies looking for mid-level sales professionals. The pharmaceutical and medical devices sectors were also active as companies increased their focus on the Chinese market with new positions created at senior regional level, such as regional sales director, based in Shanghai or Beijing but looking after the Asia Pacific region. We expect similar trends to continue into 2015 and more generally we envisage additional marketing roles being created by start-ups and new-to-china companies looking to build brands. Hiring managers will continue to look for value-adding talent with a stable career track record. However, this type of candidate is normally not actively seeking a job, making it challenging for employers to secure their ideal candidates. There was a slight year-on-year increase in remuneration in Those staying in their positions received a 10% increase, while jobmovers received around 20%. We expect similar rates in Candidates are no longer just attracted by salary increases but also by potential progression opportunities. KEY TRENDS We expect growth opportunities from affordable fashion brands and in second and third-tier cities. Employers must actively promote their company culture and demonstrate a career path to attract the best people. There is a shortage of e-commerce and digital professionals, and they will be able to command competitive salaries in Robert Walters Global Salary Survey 2015
25 SHANGHAI SALES & MARKETING PROFESSIONAL SERVICES Sales and marketing candidates within professional services found a range of opportunities in Sales and business development managers with strong team management skills were particularly in demand. We anticipate a similar market outlook in There will be further hiring from growth sectors such as e-commerce, IT, industrial, financial information and travel. Mid-level managers with around 6 to 12 years experience who can lead teams will be high on the recruitment agenda in However, hiring managers will struggle to recruit professionals with experience in e- commerce and digital. These areas have developed rapidly and companies may need to offer highly competitive packages to attract the best people. However, professionals are looking beyond purely monetary factors when deciding their next career move. Having the right talent management strategy in place has become important and hiring managers will need to show candidates they have opportunities to learn and grow within the organisation. We expect salaries in 2015 to be in line with 2014, when job-movers received 20-25% increments. For more senior positions, the increase was around 15%. Those who stayed in their jobs saw increments of 6-8%. RETAIL & LUXURY There were limited new openings for sales and marketing professionals in the luxury and retail sector in A decline in consumer spending due to government policies saw international brands shelve plans for new stores. Recruitment slowed but there were replacement positions as companies restructured sales teams. After the restructures are completed, we expect the sector to stabilise in 2015 and professionals who can drive business growth will be sought-after. There could be further growth potential for affordable fashion brands targeting younger consumers. Professionals may find more opportunities in second and third-tier cities as companies continue to expand into these new markets where consumption is rising. Some may, however move to more promising sectors such as e-commerce. Employers who hire in 2015 will look for candidates in tune with consumer needs with a track record of hitting targets. Companies limited by budget may need to be flexible and consider candidates from other backgrounds. In previous years, professionals who stayed in their jobs could receive an 8-15% salary increase while those switching jobs could command 25-30%. However, due to the sluggish market we expect job-movers in 2015 to receive a 5-15% salary increase, with 3-8% offered to those staying in their positions. Sales and business development professionals who can drive business growth will be highly sought-after across different sectors in Robert Walters Global Salary Survey
China Beijing Shanghai Suzhou THE RECRUITMENT MARKET IN CHINA GREW AT A CONSERVATIVE PACE IN 2015. WHILE COMPANIES WERE MORE CAUTIOUS ABOUT ADDING NEW HEADCOUNT, HIRING FOR REPLACEMENT-BASED AND STRATEGIC
Thailand IT WAS A TRANSITIONAL YEAR FOR THAILAND IN 2015 AS COMPANIES FOCUSED ON DRIVING DOWN COSTS DUE TO THE GENERAL SLOWDOWN ACROSS SOUTH- EAST ASIA, HOWEVER RECRUITMENT WILL REMAIN BUOYANT IN 2016.
SALARY SURVEY 2014 CHINA The economy remained on track in China during 2013, as a quick recovery from the summer s credit crunch contributed to GDP growth of 7.8% for the third quarter. We re also likely
Vietnam 2015 WAS A POSITIVE YEAR FOR RECRUITMENT IN VIETNAM. STRONG LEVELS OF DEMAND WERE DRIVEN BY NEW BUSINESSES ENTERING THE MARKET, INCLUDING THE ARRIVAL OF MAJOR COMPANIES FROM AUSTRALIA, THE US AND
Indonesia 2015 WAS A MIXED YEAR FOR THE INDONE- SIAN RECRUITMENT MARKET. A slowdown in growth, political challenges, a continuing failure to address critical infrastructure issues and a declining rupiah
THAILAND Despite major political unrest in 2014, the labour market in Thailand remained buoyant. The national currency stabilised, unemployment stayed below 1%, and the general outlook for the Thai economy
BRAZIL 2013 was a slow year in Brazil with just over 2% GDP growth. Compared to 2012, however, Brazilian businesses were better able to anticipate market conditions and respond accordingly. As a result,
MALAYSIA Recruitment in Malaysia remained buoyant across most sectors in 2014, with demand highest within banking and financial services. There was also active recruitment within commercial firms for finance,
BELGIUM 2014 was a year of recovery for Belgium. Confidence was reflected in increased hiring levels across a range of sectors including manufacturing, retail, services and even banking. Companies focused
SPAIN SUMMARY After six years of economic downturn, Spain experienced a much-needed uplift in market confidence and recruitment activity in 2014. Unemployment reduced and GDP increased to 1.2%, which although
South Korea THE STRUCTURE OF THE SOUTH KOREAN JOBS MARKET HAS CHANGED SIGNIFICANTLY IN RECENT YEARS AS THE ENTRY OF MAJOR GLOBAL ORGANISATIONS HAS PLACED NEW DEMANDS ON THE LOCAL TALENT POOL. The dominance
The Netherlands Amsterdam Eindhoven Rotterdam THE DUTCH RECRUITMENT MARKET WAS ON AN UPWARD TRAJECTORY IN 2015, FOLLOWING SEVERAL YEARS OF REDUCED GROWTH. WITH A MORE BUOYANT ECONOMY AND LOWER INTEREST
We saw renewed confidence among employers and candidates in Hong Kong during 2014. New positions as well as replacement roles opened up in most areas although market optimism was tempered with a degree
Germany Düsseldorf Frankfurt OVERALL, THE GERMAN JOBS MARKET WAS BUOYANT IN 2015. A HEALTHY ECONOMY LED TO STRONG LEVELS OF JOB CREATION AND A GROWING SHORTAGE OF SKILLS. THIS TREND IS LIKELY TO CONTINUE
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INTRODUCTION GRMSearch is pleased to present its annual market review and salary survey for the financial year in the People s Republic of China (the PRC). We aim to provide our clients and candidates,
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redefining financial recruitment salary survey 2016 INTRODUCtion & background It is no surprise that this phenomenal escalation in demand for finance professionals both part and fully qualified has intensified
SINGAPORE 2013 was a challenging year for certain sectors of the Singaporean job market. We saw increased offshoring among foreign financial institutions, opting for lower-cost shared service centres in | 2024-03-07T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/5490 |
Tis the season for backyard rhubarb
Comment
By Jim Hillibish
PrattTribune - Pratt, KS
By Jim Hillibish
Posted May. 29, 2013 at 11:06 AM
By Jim Hillibish
Posted May. 29, 2013 at 11:06 AM
GHNS
My life is whole. The rhubarb patch is back.
Once upon a time, nearly every family in town grew rhubarb, usually out back in a sunny spot behind the garage. Both sides of my grandparents had them, and my first gardening and cooking experience came from their patches.
It always looked like we weren’t going to have any. Then one sunny and cool day in April, bingo, rhubarb popped. Almost overnight, 2-foot-wide crinkled leaves appeared, followed by foot-long, ruby red stalks, ready usually in late May.
My job was to keep off the beetles and water those guys.
The key is hitting the harvest just right. Too late and rhubarb is stringy rubber. Too early and the sugars have not developed. My plan was to pick them when the stalks were about an inch wide and a foot long and red all over.
There was a patch out back when we bought our 1918 house. It was suffering for sunlight as the trees had grown. It soon died off. Rats.
This winter, I trimmed the trees, and last month, the rhubarb popped back. Amazing. It was just waiting, for 20 years. I picked the stalks last weekend, and we’re making strawberry-rhubarb jam for our friends.
Your reward
Rhubarb sauce is most famously described as “applesauce at 100 miles per hour.” It stars as a cold side dish to roast pork. It easily becomes a pie or tart filling. Indeed, even ripened, it is still tart. The sauce cans well in jars, ready to spread its strange flavor into the winter.
Unique taste makes rhubarb a fine complement in berry jams, especially strawberries. It makes the fruit sing, not bad in a variety of freezer jams.
How to grow
Almost all rhubarb starts as transplants. Remember that the plant is more than 80 percent water. It began cultivation on the banks of the River Volga, and it requires damp soil. Keeping it wet is a key to a proper crop.
The other key is organic nutrients. Mulching the plant with 3 inches of compost plus a tablespoon of organic fertilizer will do it. Then keep an eye out for leaf-eating bugs. Rabbits and deer usually shun its toxic leaves.
Harvest the stalks by cutting close to the ground, but do not damage the mother plant. Never pull stalks. The plant needs the roots for next year. You may get a second crop by harvesting early. Follow this and the plants can last for many decades.
The science
Uncooked rhubarb is inedible. Its leaves contain toxins found in many plants and its stalks have concentrations of oxalic acid, which account for their terrible taste raw. Boiling the stalks tempers the acid and allows the sweet and tart flavor to develop.
Page 2 of 2 - Medicinal quality
When grandpa said, “Helen, we need some rhubarb,” he meant the world’s first laxative. A few tablespoons of rhubarb sauce definitely get the plumbing moving.
Where to find it
In late spring, you might find a few bunches of trimmed rhubarb stalks in your grocery. Better luck comes in local farmers markets and roadside stands, as ‘barb is one of the first cash crops of the season.
Look for crisp, red stalks. Rubbery, smelly ones are well past prime. Store as you would celery in your crisper. Placing stalk tips in water helps preserve them. | 2024-02-29T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/1062 |
Q:
Home button in action bar not working in Lollipop
I have a problem, cause I'm developing app for lollipop without support library v7, so I need to use standard ActionBar. Previously I used setHomeButtonEnabled in multiple activities with actionBar.
When I switched app theme to material everything is working fine, except setHomeButtonEnabled method.
Title is not clickable.
Help!
A:
For some reason, someone at Google decided that these should become no-op's. This can be seen below.
ToolbarWidgetWrapper.java
@Override
public void setHomeButtonEnabled(boolean enable) {
// Ignore
}
ToolbarActionBar.java
@Override
public void setHomeButtonEnabled(boolean enabled) {
// If the nav button on a Toolbar is present, it's enabled. No-op.
}
It seem's as though ToolbarWidgetWrapper which is used to map the Toolbar to ActionBar differences treats the Nav Icon in the Toolbar as the 'Home As Up Indicator'. So only that part is clickable. The new Logo you can set on Toolbar can never be clickable. They don't even expose the view, its private rolls-eyes.
So the first work around is if you don't use the 'Home As Up' feature or you are willing to combine your up drawable with your home drawable then you could simply set the android:homeAsUpIndicator attribute in your android:actionBarStyle along with android:displayOptions="homeAsUp".
<style name="AppBaseTheme" parent="@android:style/Theme.Material.Light.DarkActionBar">
<item name="android:actionBarStyle">@style/ActionBar</item>
</style>
<style name="ActionBar" parent="@android:style/Widget.Material.Light.ActionBar.Solid">
<item name="android:background">@color/action_bar_bg</item>
<item name="android:displayOptions">homeAsUp</item>
<item name="android:homeAsUpIndicator">@drawable/app_logo</item>
</style>
Obviously this same thing can be done with code.
getActionBar().setHomeAsUpIndicator(R.drawable.app_logo);
getActionBar().setDisplayHomeAsUpEnabled(true);
But this means it will not appear whilst the activity is actually loading. So best to go with the theming option.
The 3rd option which would be best is just to style the navigation button for the new Toolbar view. Which uses android:navigationButtonStyle but guess what.. they didn't make that one public. I believe this is a geninue mistake but this is all starting to feel much like the original problems we all had with ActionBar in the first place.
So lets work around, the work around. Ok let's try just setting the android:navigationIcon in the android:toolbarStyle. Nope. Ok lets try all other possible variations you can think of including using android:actionBarStyle and android:actionBarTheme. Nope. This I expect is because the navigationIcon is being overridden some place in the default ActionBar/Activity/Toolbar mess. I can't me bothered to locate where and work a way around it.
Ok, so finally lets choose the most flexible option. Drop the default Home Button and use our own by implementing the older custom navigation feature. This does mean if you already use a custom nav you'll have to combine your nav with this one.
values-v21/styles.xml
<style name="AppBaseTheme" parent="@android:style/Theme.Material.Light.DarkActionBar">
<item name="android:actionBarStyle">@style/ActionBar</item>
</style>
<style name="ActionBar" parent="@android:style/Widget.Material.Light.ActionBar.Solid">
<item name="android:background">@color/action_bar_bg</item>
<item name="android:displayOptions">showCustom</item>
<item name="android:customNavigationLayout">@layout/nav_layout</item>
</style>
layout-v21/nav_layout.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<ImageButton xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:id="@android:id/home"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_gravity="start|center_vertical"
android:layout_marginEnd="8dp"
android:paddingTop="16dp"
android:paddingBottom="16dp"
android:adjustViewBounds="true"
android:background="?android:attr/actionBarItemBackground"
android:contentDescription="@string/ab_home_description"
android:src="@drawable/app_logo"
android:scaleType="fitCenter"
/>
In your Activity/BaseActivity class add the following. And this will fake the home button.
@Override
public boolean onPrepareOptionsMenu(final Menu menu)
{
prepareOptionsMenuLollipop(menu);
return super.onPrepareOptionsMenu(menu);
}
@TargetApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.LOLLIPOP)
private void prepareOptionsMenuLollipop(Menu menu)
{
if(Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.LOLLIPOP){
final MenuItem homeItem = menu.add(Menu.NONE, android.R.id.home,
Menu.NONE, R.string.ab_home_description);
homeItem.setVisible(false);
View homeView = getActionBar().getCustomView().findViewById(android.R.id.home);
homeView.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener(){
@Override
public void onClick(View v)
{
getWindow().getCallback().onMenuItemSelected(Window.FEATURE_OPTIONS_PANEL, homeItem);
}
});
}
}
| 2024-03-16T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/9001 |
The impact of allergy and immunology on our expanding industrial environment.
In summary, allergists and clinical immunologists have assumed a primary role related to the diagnosis and pathophysiology of a wide range of environmental and occupational diseases associated with our increasingly industrialized environment. Prevention, rather than therapy, is the primary goal in managing many of these conditions. With all such diseases, it is most important to take into account the patient's environment and to record a thorough occupational and environmental history. The concept of environmental agents as causative factors of disease in man dates to antiquity but has assumed considerably greater significance in recent years. In this context, it should be remembered that Hippocrates and Socrates both emphasized that a good physician should strongly consider the patient's environment as an aid in diagnosis. Of equal importance was the recommendation by Bernardo Ramazzini in 1713, that, "in addition to the questions and recommendations of Hippocrates," a careful inquiry into the patient's occupation should be made. | 2024-06-21T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/8271 |
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to detecting faults in an ignition system for an internal combustion engine.
2. Prior Art
When operating an internal combustion engine having an ignition system for providing ignition current to spark plugs located in the cylinders of the internal combustion engine, it is known to sense missing sparks to provide an indication of a fault. Systems for detecting the timing of a spark are also known. These systems are usually offboard the vehicle in a service area and have been typically used in connection with distributor ignition systems.
Distributorless ignition systems (DIS) are advantageous in that they eliminate the distributor with its attendant mechanical wear and thus offer the potential for eliminating the failures due to such mechanical wear. Such systems are known and described in, for example, in "Ignition and Timing Systems", by K. L. Longstaff, Institution of Electrical Engineers Publication No. 181 (1979) entitled Automotive Electronics and in a Society of Automotive Engineers Technical Paper 780327 entitled "A Distributorless Ignition System--Solid State Ignition High Voltage Distribution with Low RFI Emissions" by J. R. Asik, D. F. Moyer, and W. G. Rado, 1978.
The first article referenced above is devoted to review of various types of ignition systems, including DIS. The description of a DIS design for four cylinder application typically includes two ignition coils, each having a single primary winding and a floating secondary winding. Each high voltage terminal is connected to a single spark plug and each ignition coil primary is alternately energized and quickly de-energized, producing opposite polarity ignition voltages at each coil terminal. As a result, pairs of spark plugs are alternately fired, with each firing pair occurring in a compression or exhaust stroke and thereby providing the proper ignition to the engine.
The second article is devoted to a specific type of DIS utilizing a single ignition coil having two primary windings, a floating secondary winding, and four high voltage diodes to steer the ignition voltages to the proper spark plugs. Each high voltage terminal is connected to two spark plugs through a pair of high voltage diodes arranged in opposite polarity. This alternate DIS is suitable for igniting a four cylinder engine. For both types of DIS described, two-state signals are required for each electronic module. Such signals can be generated by an electronic engine control system.
It would be desirable to have a simple, reliable system onboard the vehicle that can detect and store various spark failures for distributorless ignition systems. These are some of the advantages this invention provides. | 2024-01-01T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/4119 |
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Hat of black velvet and satin. The crown is formed of stiffened circlet of black mesh overlaid with black velvet. The top of the crown is in two parts. The front is covered with black satin, pleated along edge to create fullness. The back of the top is of black velvet, full, and crushed, forming a surface somewhat like a beret. There is no brim, but at front the crown flares out slightly giving the suggestion of a brim. The hat is lined in black satin which is in poor condition, allowing the inner structure to be viewed.
There are no labels or marks in the hat. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39058/
Hat of red straw. Conical crown is of woven red straw, with a flattened top. The wide, floppy brim is of matching straw, constructed as a separate piece, sewn to the crown. The hat is unlined, with an inner hatband of black grosgrain ribbon inside base of crown. A black cord is attached to either side at inner hatband to help secure hat to wearer's head.
Designer's label sewn to inner hatband: "Hattie Carnegie / Inc."
Price tag affixed to inner band: "75 [cents symbol]" digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39054/
Hat of silk. The off-white silk crown is domed, with excess fabric forming a ruched band around the lower part of the crown. The front and sides of the crown are embellished with embroidery and needlework of large flowers and foliage in white. Around the base of the crown is a band of white grosgrain ribbon, with rosette and trailing ribbons at side. The medium-width oval brim is of white silk over stiffened mesh framework, with outer band formed by openwork stitching. The brim is set off-center to the crown, extending the farthest from side to side, and with more brim in front than at back. The underside of the brim is faced with black velvet. The hat is lined in white silk, now shattering.
There are no labels or marks in the hat. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39059/
Headpiece of chicken wire, sequins, and beads. The bandeau or tiara form has a base of curved metal fitting across the wearer's head, on top of which is a segment of chicken wire which is embellished with sequins, glittery material, beads, and one small rhinestone brooch at center. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39056/
Hat of black velvet and beading. The hat is styled as a calotte (also spelled "calot") of black velvet, with an irregular lower edge. Set around the calotte are 5 large tear-drop shaped rhinestones, 4 at front and 1 at back. Each stone is bordered by concentric bands of pearls, small rhinestones and gray tubular beads. The beading bands continue around the hat, linking the larger stones, and becomes the lower border of the hat. The hat is lined with black satin, and has an inner hatband of black grosgrain ribbon. A small stitched mark on the inner hatband indicates the front of the hat.
Maker's label sewn to inner hatband: "Ere Nouvelle / New York / Reg. U.S. Pat. Off."
Sewn to maker's label is size label: "22 / MSC" digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39053/
Hat of black felt. The hat, for day wear, has a domed black felt crown. On either side of the crown is a large black velvet bow with trailing ribbons. The black felt brim is set off-center, providing for more brim at front of hat and less at back. The front of the brim curves up, and is faced in black velvet. The front half of the hat has a black veil with scattered "dots" in the netting. The hat is unlined, with an inner hatband of black grosgrain ribbon around the inside lower edge of the crown. A small stitched star on the inner hatband indicates the front of the hat.
Designer's label sewn to inner hatband: "Hattie Carnegie / Inc / Custom Made". digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39175/
Hat of natural-colored straw. The domed crown is of patterned woven straw, forming a lace effect. Around the base of the crown is a wide band of light brown grosgrain ribbon, with a bow and trailing ends. The wide brim, of matching straw, curves upwards. The hat is unlined, with an inner hatband of light brown grosgrain ribbon around inside lower edge of the crown.
There are no labels or tags in the hat. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39172/
Calotte style hat of brown straw cloth with brown veil. Left brim of hat circles to form a loop that folds under the right side of the hat.
Designer's label with two set in rhinestones on inside of crown: "John Fredericks / New York"
Vertical portion of designer's label: "Made in America" digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39171/
Hat of black satin with asymmetrical brim upturned at front with faux fur crown. Brim is satin on top with pleating on underside.
Label sewn into lining of crown: "Bijou / Paris New York" digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39170/
Hatlet of burgundy fabric covered with artificial flowers. The hatlet is formed as an oval of stiffened burgundy fabric intended to be worn across the top of the head. The hatlet is almost entirely covered with artificial flowers of velvets, silk, and other fabrics. The flowers are primarily in pinks/purples/reds, with green stems and leaves. The hat is lined in black satin and edged with an inner hatband of black grosgrain ribbon. A small stitched mark on the ribbon indicates the front of the hat.
Designer's Label: "Lilly / Daché / Paris New York". Label is very large, extending across the full width of the inside of the hatlet, the word "Paris" partly obscured by the grosgrain ribbon. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39178/
Cloche hat of lace and velvet. The deep, domed crown is of peach satin (?) overlaid with a silver metallic lace. At the front of the crown are applied leaf shapes of dark pink velvet that form a fan-motif. The lowest leaves on each side extend to become a shallow brim for the hat, also formed of the dark pink velvet. The leaves and the brim are quilted with metallic silver stitching. The hat is lined in pink satin(?).
Label sewn inside crown: "Pittsburgh / Character Hats / New York / Trade Mark Reg. / U.S. Pat. Office" digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39174/
Hat of gray felt. The hemispherical crown has a three-quarter brim of the same felt, curving back to the crown, and forming a roll at edge. The hat is designed to sit back on the head, allowing the front brim to extend vertically. Along the line where crown and brim join is affixed a veil of gray netting, with small "fuzzy" pieces attached at some intersections. Attached to the front of the brim, on the outside of the veil, is an artificial bird made of real brown and green feathers, with a ring of simulated pearls around its neck. The eyes of the bird are simulated pearls. The hat is unlined, with an inner hatband of black grosgrain ribbon along base of crown.
Designer's label sewn to inner hatband: "Hattie Carnegie / Inc / Custom Made".
Supplier's mark stamped inside crown, consisting of a shield containing a coat of arms and the word "Ruth", with "Made in Czechoslovakia" below the shield. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39176/
Hat of rust colored felt with folded back brim. Crown encircled in wide brown grosgrain ribbon tied slightly off center in front. Large brown feathers attached at knot on ribbon drape over the crown of the hat and have smaller brown and orange tone feathers and netting at base. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39173/
Bonnet. High domed cylindrical crown is made of artificial material simulating straw or horsehair in a lose weave forming concentric rings. The crown has applied standing bands of the woven material and has applique of flowers and leaves in various colors of velvet. Tied around base of crown is a pink silk band. The wide oval brim is of the same material as the crown, set so that it is wider side-to-side and narrower from front-to-back. The outer edge of the underside of the brim has a lining of pleated blue silk(?) ribbon. The crown of the hat is lined in pink fabric.
No labels. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39182/
Hat of black and white neora synthetic straw. Styled as a modified breton hat, the high domed crown is of woven black synthetic straw with white woven synthetic straw accents. The wide, matching brim is set off-center to the crown, wider at front than back, and is rolled up, forming a deep trough around the crown. At the front of the hat, affixed to the visible upturned underside of the brim is a large black plastic button with a black silk tassel extending from the center. The hat is lined in black mesh, with a black grosgrain ribbon inner hatband around the inside base of the crown.
Manufacturer's label sewn to inner hatband: "Beresford".
United Hatters Cap and Millinery Workers International Union sewn to inner hatband, with number "798738".
Accompanied by a single short hatpin with simulated black pearl head. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39187/
Hat of off-white French linen. The soft crown is domed and formed of six segments. Around the base of the crown is a red linen ribbon, threaded through a series of six "belt-loops" spaced around the base of the crown at approximately where the segments join. The slightly stiffened, and quilted in a pattern of concentric circles. The hat is unlined, and has an inner hatband of off-white linen at inside base of crown.
Label sewn to inner hatband: "Made in France". digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39180/
Toque hat of gray felt. The high, cylindrical crown of gray felt flares very slightly to the flat top, which is cut on a slant, and is higher at front than back. The top panel is inset, forming a "ridge" of the top edge. The lower edge is also on a slant, with inner band of same felt extending slightly below the crown. The inner band is cut to form a pointed arch at front. No brim. The hat is unlined, but has an inner hatband of black grosgrain ribbon.
Sewn to inner hatband is retailer's label: "Titche-Goettinger Co. / Dallas" digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39212/
Calotte hat of brown felt with rounded crown and a 1" turned up brim. Feathers of medium brown and gold are attached under brim at center front and lay over brim at right and left sides capped with squares of same brown felt.
Inside crown stamped: "Carol / Body Made in Italy"
Label sewn to inside crown: "Replica de Parisienne"
Label sewn to inside grosgrain hatband: "Adjustable / Head Size" digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39211/
Hat of bright, light orange felt hat. The domed crown is wrapped with a pleated pale orange silk chiffon band, over which is a second layer of a very light gray/smoke colored net. The orange felt brim curves downwards. The underside of the brim is lined with the orange felt, while the crown is lined with white silk with a black grosgrain ribbon inner hatband.
Designer's label sewn into crown: "Lilly / Daché / Paris New York" digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39217/
Pillbox hat of black velvet. The cylindrical hat has a flattened crown with four clusters of 5 beaded spheres each along the top edge. The bottom edge of the crown is gently scalloped, and edged with small tubular beads. The crown is lined with black satin, and has an inner hatband of black grosgrain ribbon along the inside lower edge. Attached to the inner hatband on one side is single plastic comb (mate missing) to help secure hat to wearer's head.
Designer's label inside crown: "Bes-Ben / Made in Chicago"; hand-written tag sewn in: "582" digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39210/
Turban in multicolored silk organza. The body of the turban is made of pleated silk organza in stripes of pink, blues, purple, and coral. Lined in a dark beige net, with matching grosgrain ribbon inner hatband. At either side are attached small plastic combs to secure hat to wearer's head.
Designer's label: "Irene of New York" digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39214/
Hat of red satin and sequins. The hat is styled as a calotte (also spelled "calot") of dark red satin almost completely covered in sequined floral appliques. Irregular lower edge, following the outline of the appliques. Lined in black paper (?) and satin, and with an inner hatband of black grosgrain ribbon. A small stitched mark on the band indicates the front of the hat, and a small applied white ribbon bow is set at back.
Designer's Label: "Lilly / Daché / Paris New York". Label is large, extending across the inside of the hat, the "Paris", most of "New" and all of "York" are cut off. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39216/
Hat of white straw. The low, domed crown is of finely woven white straw, encircled around the base with a wide band of red velvet ribbon, trimmed with gold braid along top edge. At the back, left side, the ribbon has an extended trailing end. At the front, the gold braid runs down the velvet ribbon in two strands, and crosses the brim to attach to a red velvet heart shape which is embellished with borders of pearls and braid, and a central heart shape made of gold bullion braid. The brim of the hat is of matching straw, curling slightly up at edge. Along the front half of the hat is a fine brown veiling. The hat is unlined, with an inner hatband of red grosgrain ribbon around the inside lower edge of the crown.
Retailer's label sewn to inner hatband: "Pfeifers / of Arkansas".
A second label is sewn to the side of the retailer's label, with the initials "ADJ" within a rectangle, and the initials "[illeg]SC" below. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39168/
Hat of gray felt. Styled similarly to a fedora, the hat has a high cylindrical crown with the top of the crown sunken in slightly. Around the base of the crown is a band of dark blue/gray grosgrain ribbon, with a bow at side. The medium-width brim slants down slightly at front, and turns up slightly at back. Hat is unlined, with an inner hatband of dark blue/gray grosgrain ribbon at inside base of crown.
Manufacturer's label sewn to inner hatband: "Norma's / Creations / Dallas". digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39166/
Skimmer hat of straw and silk. The skimmer, or boater style hat has a low woven straw crown with flat top. Around the crown is a matching woven straw ribbon edged in brown silk, with a bow at back. The wide, flat brim is of woven straw, covered with brown silk matching the trimming of the band on the crown. The silk covering is quilted in a pattern of concentric bands with running wavy lines. The crown and underside of the brim are unlined, with a black grosgrain ribbon inner hatband at base of crown. Extending from the inner hatband are two panels of brown silk, forming a chin-strap with black cord knot fastener. A small "F" is stitched to inner hatband to indicate the front of the hat.
Maker's label sewn to inner hatband: "Paris / Maynor Hats / New York". digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39165/
Hat of pink straw. The open crown is of woven pink straw, as is the wide oval brim. At the front of the hat is a cluster of artificial flowers in pink velvet and green fabric. The hat is unlined, with two inner hatbands of grosgrain ribbon at the base of the crown - one band pink, the other of cream.
Designer's label sewn to inner hatband: "3410 Oak Lawn / Bernie A. Cahn / Dallas, Tex"
Accompanied by a single short hatpin with a tan straw woven head. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39162/
Hat of navy blue straw. The cylindrical crown is flattened at top. Around the sides of the crown are wide band of grosgrain ribbon, almost as wide as the side of the crown. The ribbon is embellished with maroon red satin "dots", affixed to the ribbon. At the side, towards the back, the ribbon has two short trailing ends extending outwards. The brim is very narrow, of the same straw as the crown. The hat is lined with dark blue mesh, and has an inner hatband of dark blue grosgrain ribbon around the inside base of the crown.
Maker's label sewn to inner hatband: " Mr. D' "
The hat is accompanied by one short hatpin with a faux tear-drop shaped pearl head. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39167/
Hat of purple felt. Styled as a calotte (also spelled "calot"), the hat consists of a domed crown of purple felt, which extends down on the right side. Tied horizontally around the front of the crown is a wide band of purple taffeta, which passes through slits on the sides of the crown, and emerges towards the back of the right side, tied to become a large "pouf". The hat is lined in purple satin.
Maker's label sewn into lining of hat: "Edna Mye / Dallas".
The hat is accompanied by two short hatpins, the heads covered with purple felt that matches the hat. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39184/
Hatlet of black velvet. Formed as Juliet cap, the hatlet has a crown of black velvet formed as a stiff low dome with shaped edge creating triangular points at front, back, and each side. At each side of the crown is an applied matching velvet bow with trailing ends. The hat is overlaid with black netting, with small black plastic circles worked into the veil's mesh. The hat is lined in blue cloth, and has an inner hatband of black grosgrain ribbon around the inside lower edge of the crown.
Manufacturer's label sewn to inner hatband: "Frances / Dallas, Texas" digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39183/
Pair of boots or "High Button Shoes" of black leather. The shoes, designed with rounded pointed toes, lace closed along center front with laces 16 holes high. The low, stacked heels are rounded at sides and back, and are curved at front. The sole is of black leather. Shoes are lined in black leather and off-white cloth. The base of the heel is of black rubber(?) with molded grips.
Manufacturer's mark molded into heel: "[Image of a walking man] / Healthway / USA".
Stamped into sole: "Combination / Last"
Handwritten notation on lining: "4/1/6 18261* / 51|23" digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39027/
Wedding shoes of off-white leather. The shoes have pointed toes, and a "Mary-Jane" style strap across the instep which secures with a domed opalescent button. At throat of each shoe is a rectangular ornamental buckle covered with matching leather. The medium-high heel tapers slightly to the base and is covered with matching leather on the rounded sides and back; it has the same natural brown colored leather on the heel's curved inside and on the soles of the shoes.
Retail's label stamped inside one shoe: "Sanger Bros. / Dallas Texas"
Stamped inside both shoes on leather upper: "36-2 68082"
The shoes are accompanied by a shoe bag of tan colored raw silk with a Japanese character style embroidery motif of blue silk worked in satin stitch.
Worn by Jessie Knapp Nunnally of San Angelo, TX, at her wedding in 1902. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39029/
Parure made of natural, brown, and black woven/plaited straw, consisting of:
A) Hat. Styled as an oversized calotte (also spelled "calot") or small cloche. The domed crown is constructed of radiating segments of woven/plaited straw in bands of brown, natural/tan, and black. At the top of the crown is a circle of black straw. Slightly scalloped lower edge.
Designer's(?) label inside: "Marcelle Biot / 30 Rue de Valois / Paris" and 'Made in France"
Three matching bracelets:
B) Natural/tan straw bracelet, with a single band of brown straw and a single band of black straw. Black metal clasp.
C) Brown straw bracelet, with a single band of black straw and a single band of natural/tan straw. Black metal clasp.
D) Black straw bracelet, with single band of brown straw and a single band of natural/tan straw. Black metal clasp.
Each bracelet with label: "Made in France".
E) Matching necklace of bands of natural/tan straw and brown straw, with thin bands of black straw. Designed as a modified "bib" necklace, wider at center and narrowing to clasp ends. Black metal clasp.
F) Matching belt, with lengthwise bands of natural/tan straw and brown straw, with thin bands of black straw. Black straw "buttons" and loops.
"Made in France" label. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39138/
Pillbox-style hat of black velvet and braid. The cylindrical crown is higher at front, and slightly domed at top. Around top and base of crown are running bands of black braid forming a series of loops, within each of which is a free-swinging black braid-covered ball. Lined in black mesh(?) and with an inner hatband of black grosgrain ribbon around the inside lower edge of crown. A small stitched mark on hatband indicates the front of the hat.
Designer's label sewn to inner hatband: "Hattie Carnegie".
The hat is accompanied by a short hatpin with black bead head. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39195/
Headpiece of moderately muted red orange velour. The covered wire bandeau is designed to be worn over head, encircling ears, and has about thirty velour loops accented with eight randomly tied dangling pendants. Each pendant consists of three silver-colored globular beads and three silver oval beads and one larger white opaque globular glass bead at the end of each pendant.
Donor stated that the piece had been worn by the Russian ballet dancer, Anna Pavlova. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39192/
Hat of dark brown straw. The low, domed crown is of a fine dark brown woven straw, encircled at the base by a band of fine woven reddish brown straw which ties and forms a bow at left side. The medium-width brim is of the dark brown straw, and undulates slightly, higher in front and lower at sides. The hat is lined in reddish brown lace, and has an inner hatband formed of a roll of the lace. At either side, extending from the inner hatband, are two rectangular covered metal clips which help secure the hat to wearer's head.
There are no labels or tags in the hat.
The hat is accompanied by a single short hatpin with a faux black oval pearl head. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39191/
Hat of green straw. The toque style hat is formed of a high, cylindrical crown of woven green straw with raised outer rim at top and central shallow domed area. Around the shallow domed area is an acid-green woven ribbon band, tied with a bow with trailing ends at back of hat. Around the inside base of the crown is a band of the same woven ribbon which projects down slightly below the edge of the crown. The hat is unlined, with an inner hatband of green grosgrain ribbon around inside lower edge of crown.
Designer's label sewn to inner hatband: "Exclusive / Jean Arlett / Creations". digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39197/
Hat of green straw. The crown is shaped as a cone with a flattened top. The body of the crown is of dark muted green finely woven straw, with the top being an openwork arrangement of strips of the woven straw interwoven to form a latticework or "basket-weave". Around the base of the crown is a wide band of reddish/orange beige grosgrain ribbon overlaid with a narrow band of the same woven straw, with trailing ends at back. Also wrapped around the crown is a fine dark green veiling. The flexible brim is turned down sharply at front, and turned up at back. The hat is unlined, with an inner hatband of the same reddish/orange beige grosgrain ribbon around the inner base of the crown.
Designer's label sewn to inner hatband: "Hazel Eller - Custom Made". digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39190/
Turban of pleated brown wool jersey. The high-crowned turban is composed of pleated concentric bands of fabric. The hat is lined in mesh covered with cream/pale yellow silk, and with an inner hatband of black grosgrain ribbon. A stitched mark on headband shows front of hat, and small applied ribbon bow shows back.
Designer's label inside crown: "Lilly / Daché / Paris New York". Label is large, almost reaching from headband to headband across inside of crown. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39198/
Hat of red straw. The hat has a high crown of finely woven red straw, with flattened top. The sides of the crown have diagonal ridges forming a "zig-zag" around the crown. At it's base, the crown curves in and under, forming a "waist" around which is tied a band of ribbed knit(?) fabric, with bow at back. The shallow brim curves downwards. From the band around crown extends a gray/black veil which extends from slightly over 1/2 of the circumference of the hat. The hat is lined in red fabric, and has an inner hatband of red grosgrain ribbon around the inside base of the crown.
Maker's label sewn to inner hatband: "Otto Lucas / Bond Street London / Made in England".
The hat is accompanied by one short hatpin with red felt covered head to match hat. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39199/
Hat of green velvet. The toque style hat is formed as a high, cylindrical crown of olive and light green velvet in a tiny checkerboard pattern. The entire crown, including flattened top, has a small green rhinestone set in each of the light green squares of the checkerboard. At the front of the hat is a bow of olive green velvet. The entire hat is overlaid with an olive green veil/netting. The hat is lined with green satin, and has an inner hatband of dark olive green grosgrain ribbon inside the base of the crown.
Sewn to the inner hatband is manufacturer's label: "Paris / Gardner / New York".
The hat is accompanied by a single short hatpin with faux pearl head. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39193/
Hat of brown straw. The domed crown of varnished woven brown straw is encircled at the base by a ribbon of brown velvet which has loops and a trailing end at one side simulating a bow. The ribbon is trimmed along the lower edge with a string of beads, simulating small pearls, which loops around the "bow". The flat brim folds under at the edge, forming a double thickness. The hat is unlined, and has an inner hatband of brown grosgrain ribbon along the lower inside edge of the crown.
There are no labels or tags in the hat. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39188/
Hat of red felt. The crown is of red felt, with sloping sides, and a a recessed flat top center panel. The wide brim is also of red felt, overlaid with a wide pleated band of red grosgrain ribbon which is attached by an inter-woven thin band of the red felt. The hat is unlined, with an inner red grosgrain ribbon hatband inside the base of the crown, and with a bow of red felt at the back, underside, of the brim. A thin black elastic cord is attached to the inner band, to secure hat to wearer's head.
Designer's label sewn to inner hatband: "Edward Paine / New York" digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39158/
Hat of black organza. The hat is in the form of a pillbox designed as a turban. A wired framework is overlaid with black organza, pleated to form long folds running front to back. At the front of the hat is a large bow of the same material, the trailing pieces pleated to match the crown and affixed to run in same direction. Lined in black mesh, and with inner hatband of black grosgrain ribbon. Elastic string inside to run around back of wearer's head to secure hat. Two small hatpins with custom covers of same material on heads are stuck in back of hat.
Designer's Label: "Lilly / Dache / Paris New York / 78th East 56th Street, N.Y." digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc39144/ | 2024-03-09T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/9395 |
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a single-stranded, non-enveloped RNA virus identified in 1983^[@CR1]^. This virus in the genus *Orthohepevirus* has increasingly attracted attention since 2008^[@CR2],[@CR3]^. While there is only one known serotype, HEV genotypes differ by their epidemiology. Initially, HEV was associated with waterborne outbreaks in developing countries (genotypes 1 and 2). However, since 2008, an increasing number of foodborne zoonotic infections worldwide, caused by genotypes 3 and 4, have been reported.
The majority of HEV infections in Europe is reportedly caused by genotype 3 and is not travel associated. Known animal reservoirs include pigs, wild boars, and deer. Sources of infection are raw or undercooked meat as well as other contaminated food^[@CR4]^. Moreover, transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E is well documented in several cases^[@CR5]--[@CR7]^. The vast majority of autochthonous HEV infections are usually asymptomatic and resolve without any known sequelae^[@CR8]^.
There is a continuous increase of mainly autochthonous acute cases in Europe (e.g., 220 cases in 2010 vs. 1983 cases in 2016 in Germany; <https://survstat.rki.de>). However, the seroprevalence trends in various European countries are discordant. For example, a decrease in seroprevalence between 1991 and 2013 was reported for England^[@CR9]^, Denmark^[@CR10]^ and Germany^[@CR11],[@CR12]^, while in the Netherlands an \~7% increase of anti-HEV IgG prevalence was reported between 2000 and 2010 among subjects aged 18--21 years^[@CR13],[@CR14]^.
In this study, we hypothesize that if HEV infection is re-emerging in Europe, there should be an increase in seroprevalence especially in young adults, where a large proportion of subjects is seronegative and susceptible to infection. Therefore, we analyzed (i) whether there has been an increase in anti-HEV IgG prevalence among subjects aged 20--39 years in southern Germany between 2003 and 2015 and (ii) if anti-HEV IgG concentrations have changed or have shown age- or gender-specific variations over this time period. To address these questions, we qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed sera of 3000 individuals from 2003, 2006, 2009, 2012, and 2015 for the presence of anti-HEV IgG.
Results {#Sec2}
=======
Qualitative analysis {#Sec3}
--------------------
Our results show a time-dependent decrease of the anti-HEV IgG prevalence in the study population (Fig. [1a](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). The decrease started with 32.8% (2003) over 22.5% (2006) and 22.3% (2009), ended at 17.7% (2012) and remained constant at 17.8% in 2015. In total, a statistically significant (*p* \< 0.001) decrease of 15.0% was observed when comparing 2003 and 2015.Fig. 1**Trend of anti-HEV IgG prevalence in 2003, 2006, 2009, 2012, and 2015.** **a** Overall prevalences. The chi square test with continuity correction was used to evaluate differences between the anti-HEV IgG prevalences of successive years. **b** Anti-HEV IgG prevalence and 95% CI divided by gender. **c** Anti-HEV IgG prevalence and 95% CI divided into age groups. Yrs, years
When analyzing the sampling year groups according to age or gender, we observed that the prevalences in these groups mirrored the observed overall decrease (Fig. [1b, c](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). When comparing 2003 and 2015, the decrease was statistically significant for male (*p* = 0.001), female (*p* \< 0.001), 20--29-year-old (*p* = 0.03), and 30--39-year-old (*p* \< 0.001) subjects. The slight increase of prevalence in males as well as in the age group of 20--29 years between 2012 and 2015 was not statistically significant (*p* = 0.836 and *p* = 0.487) (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}).Table 1Anti-HEV IgG prevalence, overall, and by age and gender (percentages and absolute numbers of positives)20032006200920122015Overall32.8% (197/600)22.5% (135/600)22.3% (134/600)17.7% (106/600)17.8% (107/600)Gender Female34.3% (103/300)18.7% (56/300)18.3% (55/300)16.7% (50/300)16.0% (48/300) Male31.3% (94/300)26.3% (79/300)26.3% (79/300)18.7% (56/300)19.7% (59/300)Age group 20--29 years23.0% (69/300)19.0% (57/300)17.0% (51/300)13.3% (40/300)15.7% (47/300) 30--39 years42.7% (128/300)26.0% (78/300)27.7% (83/300)22.0% (66/300)20.0% (60/300)
Apart from longitudinal changes, the anti-HEV IgG prevalence was significantly higher for men than women in 2006 and 2009 (*p* \< 0.05). For the remaining years, there were no significant differences between gender-specific prevalences (Fig. [1b](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). Between 2003 and 2012, we observed statistically significantly higher prevalences for subjects aged 30--39 years than for the younger ones (2003: *p* \< 0.001; 2006 borderline: *p* = 0.051; 2009: *p* = 0.002; 2012: *p* = 0.007). However, in 2015 there was no significant difference in prevalence between the age groups (Fig. [1c](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}).
When analyzing additional subgroups (i.e., sampling year groups, further subdivided into gender-specific age groups; *n* = 150), the largest differences in prevalence were found between women aged 20--29 years and men aged 30--39 years: 2003 (23.3% vs. 40.0%, *p* = 0.003), 2006 (14.7% vs. 29.3%, *p* = 0.003), 2009 (15.3% vs. 34.0%, *p* \< 0.001), and 2012 (11.3% vs. 22.0%, *p* = 0.02). Also, higher prevalences were identified for women aged 30--39 years compared to women aged 20--29 years in 2003 (*p* \< 0.001) and 2012 (*p* = 0.02). Other subgroup-specific prevalences only differed marginally.
When considering only gender and age groups apart from sampling year groups, it became evident that male subjects were more often positive for anti-HEV IgG than females (24.5% vs. 20.8%, *p* = 0.018) (Fig. [2a](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). A similar observation was made for subjects aged 30--39 years in comparison to those aged 20--29 years (27.7% vs. 17.6%, *p* \< 0.001) (Fig. [2b](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}).Fig. 2**Gender and age group analysis.** Anti-HEV IgG sorted by (**a**) gender and (**b**) age groups. Differences in prevalence were evaluated using the chi square test with continuity correction. Yrs, years
Quantitative analysis {#Sec4}
---------------------
The absolute concentration of anti-HEV IgG was determined in all specimens that tested positive (SCR ≥ 1). The concentration ranged from 0.22 to 178.05 WU mL^−1^, with the exception of one positive sample containing an exceptionally high concentration of 1783.19 WU mL^−1^ (a woman aged between 30 and 39 years, sampled in 2012). Figure [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"} shows the distribution of concentration measurements for each sampling year as separate box-and-whisker diagrams. Figure [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"} shows a linear regression model which was generated by fitting the median concentration values for each sampling year (1.96, 1.99, 2.14, 2.24, and 2.25 WU mL^−1^). However, the model only predicted a marginal overall annual increase of median anti-HEV IgG concentrations of about 0.03 WU mL^−1^ (Fig. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}).Fig. 3Distribution of anti-HEV IgG antibody concentrations by year of specimen collection.Data are shown as box-and-whisker diagrams. The box represents the interquartile range (IQR) between the 25th (Q1) and 75th (Q3) percentiles and includes a median line. Lower and upper whiskers represent Q1−1.5 × IQR and Q3 + 1.5 × IQR, respectively. Open data points show extreme outliers. WU, World Health Organization unitsFig. 4Linear regression model with 95% CI (dashed lines) for time-related development of median values of anti-HEV IgG antibody concentration.WU, World Health Organization units
The evaluation of the group-specific anti-HEV IgG concentrations showed that gender had no influence on the overall concentration level, regardless of the sampling year. In figures, the median value for males was 2.14 WU mL^−1^ compared to that of females with 2.06 WU mL^−1^ (*p* = 0.586). When regarding age groups, the median anti-HEV IgG concentration of subjects aged 20--29 years was significantly higher compared to subjects aged 30--39 years (2.41 vs. 1.89 WU mL^−1^, *p* \< 0.001).
Discussion {#Sec5}
==========
In this study, the development of anti-HEV IgG prevalence and concentration was investigated in adults aged 20--39 years between 2003 and 2015 in southern Germany. Our results demonstrate (i) a significant overall decrease of anti-HEV IgG-positive young adults, among which men and the upper age group (30--39 years) have the highest prevalence.
Quantitatively noticeable is (ii) a slightly increasing anti-HEV IgG trend with an overall median annual increase of 0.03 WU mL^−1^. It is also remarkable that younger persons have higher levels of antibodies than older individuals, while there is no gender-specific difference in antibody concentrations.
In a previous study, we found a decline of the HEV-antibody prevalence from 20.5% in 1996 to 14.5% in 2011 by immunoblot analysis in the same region of southern Germany^[@CR11]^. In a recently published study, we reported very similar figures for the whole of Germany with 18.6% in 1998 and 15.3% in 2010^[@CR12]^. Therefore, it is tempting to speculate that our current findings might also be generalizable for the whole of Germany. However, caution is advisable at this point since our study was not designed to assess the situation for the whole country and intentionally focused on subjects of 20--39 years of age. Comparability between studies is therefore limited since the former studies included subjects between 18 and 80 years. Moreover, there may be some geographic regions which do not follow the observed continuous decline, possibly due to regional or dietary factors, as has been reported for France^[@CR15]^.
In Denmark, a comparable decrease of anti-HEV IgG prevalence was observed^[@CR10]^. Using an in-house assay, a prevalence of 32.9% in 1983, 20.6% in 2003, and 10.7% in 2013 was found. In order to achieve more comparable data, the specimens tested in 2013 had been re-tested by the authors using the Wantai assay (which was also used in the present study). The prevalence by means of the Wantai assay was 19.8%, while all subjects which had been tested positive by the in-house assay were found positive by the Wantai assay as well. Although the absolute numbers are hardly comparable to the results found in our study, the time development seen in Denmark is also in line with our findings^[@CR10]^. Using the Wantai assay, a comparable prevalence rate as well as a decrease over time was found in the US: 21.8% in 2006 and 16.0% in 2012^[@CR16]^.
The higher prevalence in the upper age groups may be explained by the cumulative risk of infection over a subject's lifetime. Multiple studies have consistently observed this phenomenon in several geographic regions^[@CR10]--[@CR12],[@CR16],[@CR17]^.
Surprisingly, we found men significantly more often infected with HEV than women in our study. In contrast, no correlation between anti-HEV IgG positivity and gender has been detected in other seroprevalence studies^[@CR10]--[@CR12],[@CR16]^. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a statistically significant gender-specific difference in anti-HEV IgG prevalence was observed. Among the various factors that may lead to a higher anti-HEV IgG prevalence in male subjects, we speculate that men more often engage in specific hobbies or professions that may pose an elevated HEV infection risk, such as hunting or veterinary medicine^[@CR18],[@CR19]^. Moreover, men in Germany consume more pork than women^[@CR20]^, which is considered the most important transmission route of HEV in industrialized countries^[@CR21]^.
For the Netherlands it was reported that the prevalence of anti-HEV IgG in younger adults increased significantly (*p* = 0.016) from 4.3% (5/116) in 2000 to 12.7% (23/181) in 2011^[@CR13]^. Our study investigated a comparable time period and study group in southern Germany and allowed us to exclude such an effect. One possible explanation for this difference is the variability in anti-HEV IgG prevalence between different European countries or even smaller geographic regions^[@CR15],[@CR22]^.
Other authors mentioned differences in laboratory test characteristics as a possible reason for non-comparable and strongly varying HEV prevalence data across European countries^[@CR17],[@CR22]--[@CR24]^. In a previous study, we had also observed how differences in the analytic sensitivity of a broadly applied enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as compared to an immunoblot resulted in differing seroprevalence estimates: for subjects between 20 and 70 years and sampled in 2011, we found 34.3% HEV IgG positive by the former and 14.5% by the latter^[@CR11]^. Although such different test characteristics should not influence the ratio between groups tested at different time points with the same test, we decided to use the well characterized and highly sensitive Wantai ELISA in our study, that was additionally calibrated by using the WHO reference reagent^[@CR25]^.
Quantitative analyses revealed an increasing level of anti-HEV IgG antibody concentrations over time. Although the overall annual increase of 0.03 WU mL^−1^ (1.59% of the median overall antibody level) was found to be statistically significant, it is very likely not of any clinical relevance.
The higher antibody concentrations detected in the lower age group of 20--29 years may reflect a higher proportion of subjects among all positives who have recently experienced the first HEV infection in their lifetime. Consequently, those subjects will likely have higher anti-HEV IgG concentrations as compared to those who had the infection in the more distant past since anti-HEV IgG generally decreases with time^[@CR26]^. By comparison, gender had no influence on anti-HEV IgG antibody concentrations. Bendall et al.^[@CR27]^ had found no relationship between HEV IgG concentration and (among other variables) gender. Zhang and coworkers had investigated geometric mean concentrations (GMC) of HEV antibodies in a study on subjects with naturally acquired and vaccine-induced immunity: GMC of seropositive subjects were stable among different age groups and between genders^[@CR28]^.
Our findings are in contrast to the increasing number of notified acute HEV cases seen in many years. Hepatitis E is a notifiable disease in 17 of 28 European countries^[@CR29]^. Four additional countries that lack a notification system have implemented surveillance through HEV reference laboratories. Since 2009, many countries observed a proverbial explosion of laboratory-confirmed autochthonous hepatitis E cases (2009--2014; Italy: +130%, Finland: +250%, Hungary: +350%, England & Wales: +500%, Germany: +615%, France: +875%)^[@CR29]^. This common trend cannot be denied, although cautious interpretation is advisable due to highly variable surveillance systems and case definitions within the European Union. In Germany, HEV with clinical symptoms is notifiable as a laboratory-confirmed case, if (a) anti-HEV IgM is present, or if (b) an IgG increase in paired samples is detected, or if (c) HEV RNA is detected. Since there is no directive to confirm a serologically defined case by RNA detection, it is conceivable that part of the notified cases are actually older infections (IgM usually persists at least 4 months)^[@CR30]^ or false-positive IgM results. In fact, only 40% of all samples with positive anti-HEV IgM detection are found positive by HEV RT-qPCR in the German HEV reference laboratory (own unpublished data). Hence, there is good reason to believe in at least some degree of over-reporting of acute HEV cases. Moreover, we speculate that the phenomenon of HEV being an emerging disease in Germany is most probably due to an increased awareness of hepatitis E as an autochthonous infection and due to the broader availability of improved serologic test systems.
The results of our study demonstrate a significant seroprevalence decrease in young adults. These findings indicate a strong reduction in HEV infection pressure over the last decades. For example, in 2003 and 2006, the younger age group in our study had virtually the same seroprevalence rate approximately 10 years later (23% vs. 22% and 19% vs. 20%, Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}). This reduction in HEV infection risk is in line with results of a study on the evolutionary history and population dynamics of HEV: based on computational modeling, the authors propose that genotypes 3 and 4 experienced an increase in population size in the first half of the twentieth century, followed by a decline of unknown cause around 1990^[@CR31]^. A second study from Japan points in the same direction. However, the respective model shows an increase in HEV genotype 3 population size around 1960--1970, followed by a decline around 2000^[@CR32]^.
The number of officially notified hepatitis E cases has increased considerably during the past decades in Germany. The respective absolute numbers reported between 2003 and 2015 are shown in Fig. [5a](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"} for three selected age groups (20--29, 30--39, and ≥ 50 years; data source: <https://survstat.rki.de>). The most prominent absolute increase was recorded in the older age group (≥50 years). Interestingly, the proportion of notified hepatitis E in subjects ≥50 years has also increased considerably, while the proportion of the age groups between 20--29 and 30--39 years has decreased continuously (Fig. [5b](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}). A similar trend exists in the federal state of Bavaria, where the majority of our study samples was collected (data not shown). This can likely be explained by the decline in HEV infection pressure over the last decades, which results in a higher proportion of susceptible individuals and consecutively more notified acute cases in the older age group in which HEV infections seem to become more often symptomatic. This would also be in line with the observed lower seroincidence in young adults in the last decade. During the same period, the majority of notified cases were males (2003: 82%, 2006: 65%, 2009: 66%, 2012: 63%, 2015: 61%). For the first time in a seroprevalence study on HEV, we found this gender-specific effect in young adults aged 20--39 years. Both observations can be summarized as an increasing general trend for men and older people being reported with autochthonous HEV infections^[@CR33]^.Fig. 5**Hepatitis E notifications in Germany.** (**a**) Absolute numbers and (**b**) percentage in three selected age cohorts, 2003--2015. Percentages are calculated in relation to all notified cases per year. Yrs years
It is a limitation of our study that we could only test left-over sera of confined geographic origin. Due to the study design we cannot exclude that some samples were derived from immunosuppressed individuals, which could marginally influence quantitative data. However, we assume that this will not notably bias the overall quantitative and qualitative results of the study. Also, the study specimens were not derived from a randomized study of the whole German population that would allow claiming prevalence trends for the entire country. Hence, the generalizability of our results may be limited.
In order to detect a potential selection bias, the origin of all samples was analyzed as to the referring medical specialization. No relevant variations were found over the years (data not shown), indicating that there were indeed no changes in the "drainage area" of our laboratory. Moreover, venipuncture is a frequent medical procedure associated with a wide variety of indications. The potential that a certain group of individuals was over-sampled, thereby potentially biasing the results, is low. Furthermore, we can exclude a response bias, because there was no need for the study subjects to react to a study invitation.
In summary, our study demonstrates a decreasing anti-HEV IgG prevalence over a decade in young adults. The prevalence has remained constant at around 18% since 2012. The median concentration of specific antibodies was practically the same throughout the investigated time period. A low anti-HEV prevalence in a population is a significant substrate of susceptible population and might be the "silence before a storm": i.e. a higher rate of HEV infections, especially in young adults in the future. Therefore, more work is needed to elucidate and reduce HEV infection sources and reservoirs. Moreover, close monitoring, vigilance for proper control measures, and comparative studies to investigate the development of prevalence in different geographic regions will be of importance in such conditions.
Materials and methods {#Sec6}
=====================
Study population {#Sec7}
----------------
The study cohort consisted of 3000 subjects between 20 and 39 years of age with residence in southern Germany. Medical personnel were excluded in order to ensure that the study cohort represents an acceptable surrogate to the local general population. Apart from that, no criteria other than the donor's age and date of collection were taken into account. Selection of specimens was not carried out according to any specific indication but was performed using a random sample from all available left-over sera as described below.
Study design {#Sec8}
------------
The years 2003, 2006, 2009, 2012, and 2015 were chosen as time-series for the determination of anti-HEV seroprevalence. Since anti-HEV IgG prevalence increases with age^[@CR11],[@CR34],[@CR35]^, only subjects between 20 and 39 years were included to better detect potential prevalence changes. Based on previous results of anti-HEV IgG antibody studies^[@CR11]^, we assumed a prevalence rate of 13.4% in 2011 for the age group of 20--39 years. An annual prevalence increase of 0.5% was proposed as a working hypothesis^[@CR13]^. Using the G\*Power 3.1 software^[@CR36]^, a sample size of 600 subjects per year was found to be necessary to detect a statistically significant effect with *α* = 0.05 and 95% statistical power.
After applying the exclusion criteria described above and after eliminating duplicate specimens, 15,082 available samples were sorted according to sampling year, age group (20--29 and 30--39 years), and gender. Subsequently, 150 samples per subgroup were randomly chosen using the *sample()* function implemented by the R programming language (R Foundation for Statistical Computing). By following this approach, a total of 3000 samples were selected.
Sample collection {#Sec9}
-----------------
All study specimens were obtained as part of the daily routine operations of our diagnostic laboratory in 2003 through 2015. Only surplus serum stored at −20 °C was used for this study.
Qualitative analysis {#Sec10}
--------------------
All samples were analyzed for anti-HEV IgG using a commercially available (Wantai, China). The assay was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. Washing steps were executed using the automated HydroFlex ELISA washer (TECAN, Austria). For interpretation of results, all specimens with a signal-to-cut-off ratio (SCR) ≥1 in single determination were considered positive. Samples with an SCR \<1 were considered negative.
Quantitative analysis {#Sec11}
---------------------
To determine absolute anti-HEV IgG concentrations and to adjust for potential product batch and interassay variations, we used the WHO reference reagent for antibodies to HEV (NIBSC code: 95/584). Calibration was done by performing an ELISA run with a twofold reference reagent dilution series. Anti-HEV IgG concentration started from 100 WHO Units per mL (WU mL^−1^) and was diluted in 20 steps to a final concentration of 1.91 × 10^−4^ WU mL^−1^. The measured values showed a typical sigmoid curve (data not shown).
The quantification range was between 0.10 and 15.79 SCR. Only positive samples (SCR ≥ 1) were considered. Specimens with an SCR above the quantification range were diluted and re-tested.
Individual calibrations of each ELISA run were implemented with four standardized WHO reference reagent dilutions covering the approximate quantification range (3.13, 0.78, 0.20, and 0.05 WU mL^−1^). The SCR values were converted by a linear regression model using SigmaPlot 12.3 (Systat Software Inc., USA) and Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corp., USA).
Statistical methods {#Sec12}
-------------------
Statistical data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 23 (IBM Armonk, USA). For the evaluation of quantitative data, the Mann--Whitney *U* test was used and for the evaluation of qualitative data a chi-squared test with continuity correction was performed. A statistically significant difference was defined as *p* \< 0.05. Confidence intervals (CI) of 95% were calculated with the Wilson score interval. Statistical regression analyses were performed using the R programming language (R Foundation for Statistical Computing).
Preliminary results from this study were presented at the ECCMID conference, 22--25 April 2017, Vienna, Austria.
**Publisher\'s note:** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
These authors contributed equally: Hannah Mahrt, Mathias Schemmerer
This work was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) within the funding programme Open Access Publishing.
WJ, JJW, GB, and ML were involved in the conception, planning, and design of the study. HM and MS performed laboratory experiments. HM, MS, GB, and JJW analyzed and interpreted the data. HM, MS, and JJW wrote the manuscript. All authors critically revised and approved the final manuscript.
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
| 2024-03-14T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/1415 |
First Video of Arika’s Fighting Sample (Featuring SFEX Characters)
Hokuto and Kairi from the Street Fighter EX series face off in the first ever video of Arika’s Nintendo 3DS test project, currently called Fighting Sample. We’ll be on the lookout for more information on this game, but for now, enjoy some of that retro goodness. See if you can recognize the remixed music being played during the match. | 2023-08-08T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/5905 |
Filtering of Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Systems With Intermittent Measurements.
In this paper, the problem of fuzzy filter design is investigated for a class of nonlinear networked systems on the basis of the interval type-2 (IT2) fuzzy set theory. In the design process, two vital factors, intermittent data packet dropouts and quantization, are taken into consideration. The parameter uncertainties are handled effectively by the IT2 membership functions determined by lower and upper membership functions and relative weighting functions. A novel fuzzy filter is designed to guarantee the error system to be stochastically stable with H∞ performance. Moreover, the filter does not need to share the same membership functions and number of fuzzy rules as those of the plant. Finally, illustrative examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper. | 2023-10-07T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/4336 |
---
abstract: 'We present a phenomenological theory of quasiparticle scattering and transport relaxation in the normal state of iron pnictides based on the simplified two-band model coupled via spin fluctuations. In analogy with anomalous properties of cuprates it is shown that a large and anomalous normal-state resistivity and thermopower can be interpreted as the consequence of strong coupling to spin fluctuations. The generalization to the superconducting phase is also discussed.'
author:
- 'P. Prelovšek$^{1,2}$, I. Sega$^1$ and T. Tohyama$^{3}$'
title: 'Analysis of transport properties of iron pnictides: spin-fluctuation scenario'
---
I. Introduction
===============
Recently discovered superconducting (SC) iron pnictides [@kami; @ishi] are at present in the focus of experimental and theoretical investigations in the solid state community. Besides high SC $T_c$ the main motivation is the fact that a wide class of materials opens yet another view on the interplay of magnetism and SC in metals. At present it seems that there is firm evidence that the physics of novel materials is not in the class of strongly correlated systems close to the Mott-Hubbard insulator as is the case in SC cuprates [@imad], investigated intensively in the last two decades. On the other hand there are challenging similarities, in particular in the anomalous transport properties [@lee; @sefa; @hess], in the presumable unconventional type of SC [@hash; @mazi], as well as in the importance of spin fluctuations apparently evidenced by the NMR relaxation [@muku] and the onset of spin-density-wave (SDW) order [@cruz].
In this paper we put the emphasis on the transport properties of iron pnictides (IP) and their understanding. Published experimental results on the d.c. electrical resistivity $\rho(T)$ generally reveal high values at $T\!>\!T_c$, comparable in magnitude to underdoped cuprates [@ando]. At the same time, at elevated $T \sim
300$K the $T$-dependence is linear with large slope $d\rho/dT$, again similar to the well known anomalous variation in cuprates. Since the systematics of different compounds is still not fully understood we concentrate here on the family emerging from the reference (undoped) compound LnFeAsO (LFAO) where besides the original Ln=La a variety of other lantanides Ln=Ce - Dy has been investigated so far. The electron doping has been studied either by doping with F, i.e., in LnFeAsO$_{1-x}$F$_x$ [@sefa; @lee; @hess] or via oxygen deficiency LnFeAsO$_{1-y}$ [@eisa]. The evidence so far is that different Ln do show similar results, while the resistivity $\rho(T)$ reveals quite systematic and universal change with doping $x$ [@hess] or $y$ [@eisa]. E.g., the resistivity [@hess; @eisa] changes from that of the SDW semimetal at $x,y<0.05$ with large $\rho(T\!>\!T_{SDW})$, a property shared in particular by underdoped cuprates, over the intermediate (optimally doped) regime $x,y \sim 0.1$ with a quite pronounced linear law $\rho \propto T$, into the overdoped regime with more Fermi-liquid (FL) $T^2$ behavior for $y>0.2$.
Also the thermopower $S(T)$ is far from the FL behavior $S \propto T$ [@lee; @sefa], reaching at $T\!>\!T_c$ values characteristic for nondegenerate electrons, i.e., $|S| \sim
s_0=k_B/e_0=86 \mu$V/K again being a remarkable property of underdoped cuprates [@coop]. Similar message is emerging from strongly $T$-dependent Hall constant $R_H(T)$ [@koha]. So far, there are very few data on dynamical transport properties, nevertheless optical conductivity in the same system [@qazi] seems to support non-Drude-like relaxation with large and $\omega$-dependent transport relaxation rate $\tau^{-1} \sim \omega$.
A detailed analysis of transport data on IP seems to be still premature due to mostly polycrystalline samples studied so far as well as due to the lack of doping systematics in the electron subsystem. Nevertheless in the following we argue that the similarity to cuprates arises from the strong coupling to spin fluctuations and the non-FL-like behavior following the marginal FL (MFL) scenario [@varm]. More specific origin of spin fluctuations and the spin-fermion coupling could be, however, quite different, e.g., due to the importance of the Hund’s rule coupling $J_H$, also shown to lead to large $\rho(T)$ [@haul]. Also, emerging novel results on single-crystal transport obtained mostly by the electron doping the reference compound BaFe$_2$As$_2$ [@naka; @fang] require a quantitative reconsideration, not followed in this work in detail, due to observed higher mobilities. Nevertheless, several main characteristics as the linear $\rho(T)$ law, large and anomalous thermopower $S(T)$, $T$-dependent Hall constant $R_H(T)$ again confirm our basic assumptions given below.
II. A simplified model
======================
A microscopic model for relevant electrons in IP appears to be quite complicated and still debated at present [@mazi]. While it has been argued that a (minimal) two-band model already contains the essential low energy physics in these materials [@ragh; @chen; @kors], the inadequacy of certain approximations to the effective low-energy band structure has been recently criticized [@gras]. Nevertheless, for the purpose of our qualitative analysis we employ the model with two bands, one electron-like and another hole-like, coupled, however, through spin fluctuations introduced phenomenologically [@chub] and treated within the lowest-order pertubation theory. It is evident that such a simplified model is not enough to describe calculated band structure [@sing] as well as the one observed via angle resolved photoemission [@liu] or via the de Haas-van Alphen effect [@cold], revealing (at least) four pockets at the Fermi surface in the actual Brillouin zone. However, in the simplest approach to spin-fluctuation mechanism it is essential that SDW-type spin fluctuation inter-couple electron and hole bands, while the coupling among electron (hole) bands themselves should be less important.
In contrast to IP, a vast experimental evidence in the last two decades shows that cuprates can be well modeled with a single-band model [@imad], e.g., the simple 2D Hubbard model or the $t$-$J$ model [@jakl] being, however, in the regime of strong correlations which can be only approximately described with a coupled spin-fermion model [@chub]. Starting from the latter level assuming the MFL behavior of spin fluctuations and a strong coupling to electrons yield in cuprates anomalous quasiparticle (QP) damping [@pr] and transport relaxation [@zeml] as well as an unconventional SC [@pr].
We use a simplified model for IP describing the 2D system with one electron (e) band and the other hole (h) band crossing the Fermi surface [@mazi; @ragh; @chen]. I.e., in the (folded) Brillouin zone [@kors; @mazi] the h-like and e-like pockets are at $k \sim 0$, and ${\bf k} \sim {\bf Q} =(\pi,\pi)$, respectively. Within this effective model bands are coupled only via spin fluctuations, leading to $$\begin{aligned}
\hspace{-0.15in}H_{ef}\hspace{-0.15in}&&=\!-\!\sum_{{\bf k},s}
\bigl(\zeta^e_{\bf k} c^\dagger_{{\bf k}s} c_{{\bf k}s} + \zeta^h_{\bf
k} d^\dagger_{{\bf k}s} d_{{\bf k}s} \bigr) + \nonumber \\ &&
\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \sum_{{\bf kq},ss^\prime} m_{\bf kq} {\bf S}_{\bf
q}\cdot {\bf \sigma}_{ss\prime}( c^\dagger_{{\bf k}-{\bf q},s}
d_{{\bf k}s'}+ d^\dagger_{{\bf k}-{\bf q},s} c_{{\bf
k}s'}), \label{mod}\end{aligned}$$ and $c_{\bf k},d_{\bf k}$, ($\zeta^e$, $\zeta^h$) refer to electrons in e-like and h-like bands, respectively. We consider the corresponding Green’s functions for e- and h-electrons $$G_{\bf k}^{\sigma}(\omega)= [\omega^+ - \epsilon^{\sigma}_{\bf k}
- \Sigma^{\sigma}_{\bf k}(\omega)]^{-1}, \label{gf}$$ where $\epsilon^{\sigma}_{\bf k} =\zeta^{\sigma}_{\bf k} -\mu$, and $\sigma=e,h$ ($\bar\sigma=h,e$).
III. Quasiparticle damping
==========================
Within the lowest order perturbation theory [@pr; @plak] the self energies can be expressed as $$\begin{aligned}
\Sigma^{\sigma}_{\bf k}(\omega)\!\!\!\!&&=3 \sum_{\bf q} m^2_{\bf k q} \int\!
\!\int \frac{d\omega_1 d\omega_2}{\pi} g_{12} \frac{A^{\bar\sigma}_{{\bf k}-{\bf
q}} (\omega_1) \chi''_{\bf q}(\omega_2)}
{\omega-\omega_1-\omega_2 }, \nonumber \\
g_{12}\!\!\!\!&&\equiv g(\omega_1,\omega_2)= \frac{1}{2}\bigl [{\rm
th}\frac{\beta\omega_1}{2}+{\rm cth}\frac{\beta\omega_2}{2} \bigr],
\label{sig} \end{aligned}$$ where $\chi_{\bf q}(\omega)$ is the dynamical spin susceptibility.
To proceed we make several simplifications, which are expected to be a reasonable starting point for a qualitative analysis of transport quantities in IP. Spin response close to the antiferromagnetic (SDW) instability [@cruz] centered at ${\bf q} \sim {\bf Q} = (\pi,\pi)$ we assume broad enough relative to h/e pockets to replace $\chi_{\bf
q}(\omega) \sim \chi_{\bf Q}(\omega) =\tilde \chi(\omega)$. In this case $\Sigma^e_{\bf k}\sim \Sigma^e_{\bf Q}= \Sigma^e$ and $\Sigma^h_{\bf k}\sim \Sigma^h_{\bf 0}=\Sigma^h $, and the QP damping is $\Gamma^{\sigma}(\omega)=-\mathrm{Im}\Sigma^{\sigma}(\omega)$.
It should be however pointed out that the momentum dependence of the self energy could be important or even crucial. The latter would be the case if, e.g., the (accurate) nesting would play a role. Since anomalous behavior of IP seems to be quite robust, e.g., linear resistivity over a broad $T$ and doping range, large thermopower $S(T)$ as well as high $T_c$, we believe that this is not the case so that momentum dependence along the Fermi pockets is not crucial also requiring $\chi_{\bf q}(\omega)$ response not too narrow in ${\bf q}$.
With the above simplifications we get for the QP damping $$\Gamma^{\sigma}(\omega)=
\frac{3}{2} \lambda\int d\omega' g(\omega-\omega',\omega') {\cal
N}^{\bar\sigma}(\omega-\omega') \tilde \chi''(\omega'), \label{sigl}$$ where $m_{\bf Q,Q} = m_{\bf 0,Q} =\bar m$, $\lambda=\bar m^2$, and ${\cal N}^{\sigma}(\omega)$ are the $\sigma$-band density of states (DOS). We also get $$A_{\bf k}(\omega)=-\mathrm {Im}[\Omega(\omega) - \epsilon_{\bf k}
+i\Gamma(\omega)]^{-1},$$ where $\Omega(\omega)=\omega-\mathrm{Re}\Sigma(\omega)
=\omega Z^{-1}(\omega)$ defines the QP weight $Z(\omega)$.
In analogy with cuprates, large and non-FL-like linear resistivity $\rho(T)\propto T$ and a presumable transport relaxation rate $\tau^{-1} \propto \omega$ in particular, require also a MFL behavior [@varm] of the spin fluctuation input $\chi(\omega)$. In our analysis MFL-type spin fluctuations are a phenomenological assumption which still has to be confirmed by specific experiments as, e.g., the inelastic neutron scattering. It is also fair to admit that a theoretical understanding of such spin fluctuations in IP is not yet available, whereby even for cuprates there is not yet an agreement on the explanation for the MFL physics. Still, as for cuprates there are no accepted alternative scenarios for the non-FL behavior of QP damping and transport quantities.
Hence, we employ the relation [@jakl] $$%
\tilde \chi''(\omega)=\pi \bar C(\omega) {\rm th}(\beta
\omega/2),
\label{chi}$$ where $\bar C(\omega)=C(\omega)+C(-\omega)$ and $C(\omega)$ represents the dynamical spin correlation function. In analogy with the MFL scenario [@varm] well established for cuprates we use a $T$-independent ansatz $C(\omega) \sim C_0, ~\omega<\omega_0
\gg T$ [@jakl; @zeml]. It should be noted that such an ansatz by construction satisfies the $T$-independent sum rule [@psb] given by $$\frac{1}{\pi} \int_0^\infty {\rm cth}\frac{\beta \omega}{2}\tilde
\chi''(\omega) d\omega=\int_0^\infty \bar C(\omega) d\omega=\langle
S^z_i S^z_i \rangle,
\label{sumrule}$$ In underdoped cuprates the MFL behavior emerging from the above assumptions is qualitatively rather well established both experimentally [@kast; @imad] and from model calculations [@jakl], although other forms close to Eq.(\[chi\]) have also been proposed [@kast]. The origin of a non-FL behavior seems to emerge from the fact that due to the localized character of spins the low-$\omega$ spin-fluctuations exhaust the sum rule [@psb]. This is much less evident for IP but still appears to be a prerequisite for the MFL-like behavior of transport quantities as described furtheron.
Assuming in the relevant regime ${\cal N}(\omega) \sim {\cal
N}$ (being to lowest order unchanged even if the QP weight $Z<1$) we get $$\begin{aligned}
\Gamma^\sigma(\omega)= \gamma^\sigma\omega{\rm
coth}(\beta\omega/2),
\,\, \gamma^\sigma=(3\pi/2)\lambda C_0\cal{N}^{\bar\sigma},
\label{gmfl}\end{aligned}$$ i.e., approximately $$\Gamma^\sigma(\omega)\cong\gamma^\sigma\mathrm{max} (|\omega|,2T) .$$ However, for further interpretation, in particular of the Seebeck coefficient $S(T)$, it seems essential that the DOS be nonsymmetric around $\omega \sim 0$. E.g., a possible assumption is ${\cal N} (\omega
\gtrless 0) \sim {\cal N}_\pm$, where the DOS can differ for $\omega \gtrless 0$ and consequently $\gamma^{\sigma} \to
\gamma^{\sigma}_{\pm}$. While the asymmetry of the relaxation rate seems to be the only viable explanation for the large $S(T)$, assumptions are expected to emerge from a more detailed analysis of ${\cal N}(\omega \sim
0)$ in a doped semimetal and corresponding scattering rates for $\omega \pm
0$. E.g., due to very shallow hole bands at $\omega>0$ for electron scattering in e-doped IP [@liu; @seki] as considered below one is effectively dealing with different ${\cal N}_\pm$.
IV. Transport quantities
========================
Turning to transport properties, we first consider optical conductivity $\sigma(\omega)$ which we assume isotropic within the Fe-As, i.e., easy plane. Within the linear response (neglecting vertex corrections) $\sigma(\omega)$ can be expressed as [@maha] $$\begin{aligned}
&&\sigma(\omega)=\frac{2 \pi e_0^2}{N\omega} \sum_{{\bf k},\sigma} (v_{{\bf
k}\sigma}^x)^2 \times\nonumber\\&&\times\int d\omega' [f(\omega'-
\omega)-f(\omega')] A^\sigma_{\bf k}(\omega')A^\sigma_{\bf
k}(\omega'-\omega), \label{sigom}\end{aligned}$$ where $v_{{\bf k}\sigma}^x$ are the corresponding band velocities. In the following we consider e-doped IP, therefore for simplicity we take as dominant the e-pocket contribution. Everywhere refering to the e-band and defining the function $$\Phi(\epsilon)=\frac{2 e_0^2}{N} \sum_{\bf k}(v^{x}_{\bf k})^2
\delta(\epsilon-\epsilon_{\bf k}), \label{phi}$$ we get for slowly varying $\Phi(\epsilon) \sim \Phi_0$ $$\sigma(\omega)=\Phi_0\frac{1-e^{-\beta\omega}}{\omega}
\!\int d \omega' \frac{f(-\omega')f(\omega'-\omega)F_{12}} {\bar
\Omega_{12}^2 + F^2_{12}}, \label{sigf}$$ where $F_{12}=\Gamma (\omega')+ \Gamma
(\omega'-\omega)$ and $\bar\Omega_{12}=\Omega
(\omega')-\Omega (\omega'-\omega) \sim Z^{-1} \omega$. For $\sigma(\omega \gg T)$ one gets from Eq.(\[sigf\]) the extended Drude form $$\sigma(\omega \gg T)= \tilde \Phi \frac{\Gamma_{tr}(\omega)}{\omega^2+
\Gamma_{tr}^2(\omega)},
\label{edru}$$ and $\tilde \Phi=Z \Phi_0 \sim n_e e_0^2/m_e^*$, with $m_e^*$ the QP mass in the e-pocket. Assuming further the MFL form for $\Gamma(\omega)$, Eq.(\[gmfl\]), the effective transport relaxation rate $\Gamma_{tr}(\omega)= \tilde \gamma_a \omega$ where $\tilde
\gamma_a=Z (\gamma_+ +\gamma_-)/2$.
For the d.c. conductivity Eq.(\[sigf\]) reduces to [@maha; @pals] $$%
\sigma(0)= \tilde \Phi \int d\omega\biggl(-\frac{\partial f}{\partial
\omega}\biggr) \frac{1} {\Gamma_{tr}(\omega)}, \label{sig0}$$ which, on assuming constant $\tilde \Phi$ and MFL-type $\Gamma$, Eq.(\[gmfl\]), immediately yields linear-in-$T$ resistivity $$\rho=\frac{T}{A_0}=\frac{T}{\tilde \Phi \tilde A_0}. \label{rho0}$$ Within the same local approximation for $\Sigma_{\bf k}(\omega)=\Sigma(\omega)$ also the Seebeck coefficient $S$ can be expressed as [@pals] $$S=- w s_0, \qquad w=\tilde A_1/\tilde A_0, \label{s0}$$ where $$\tilde A_n= T \int d\omega\biggl(-\frac{\partial f}{\partial \omega}\biggr)
\frac{(\beta \omega)^n}{2 Z\Gamma(\omega)}. \label{an}$$ Under the MFL assumption for $\Gamma(\omega)$, all $\tilde A_n$ are $T$-independent and in contrast to the FL behavior $S \propto T$ one gets a $T$-independent $S \sim~$const.
In the symmetric case $\gamma_-=\gamma_+=\gamma$ and by Eqs.(\[gmfl\]),(\[an\]) $$\tilde A_0= 0.21/\tilde \gamma,$$ while $A_1=0$ identically and therefore $S(T)=0$. It is thus evident that [*a pronounced asymmetry*]{} in $\Gamma(\omega)$ is needed to explain large $S(T)$ in IP, as discussed later. One situation possibly relevant for e-doped IP is that $\gamma_- \gg \gamma_+$. This can happen if upon electron doping the h-pocket states diminish substantially at $\omega>0$ as a source of scattering, leading to the reduction of $\gamma_+$. In such a limiting case we get $$\tilde A_0=0.10/\tilde \gamma_+,\qquad w\sim 1.2~.
\label{asy}$$
V. Analysis of experimental results
===================================
So far, most information for the normal(N)-state transport in IP is available for the d.c. resistivity $\rho(T)$. We analyse here only the data for electron doped LFAO compounds. The whole range of $x$ for F-doped LFAO has been measured recently [@hess], while $S(T)$ as well as Hall coefficient $R_H(T)$ have been measured also for $x=0.11$ [@sefa; @lee] and $x=0.05$ [@koha]. It should be reminded, however, that all data so far are for polycrystals while the theory is done for the transport oriented along the easy plane, so that measured $\rho(T)$ should be at least scaled by some factor $\xi<1$ to get the relevant planar resistivity considered here.
First, it is evident that inverse mobilities are larger in IP as compared to cuprates. Thus in LaSr$_x$CuO$_{1-x}$ at $T=300$K and for doping $x=0.03
- 0.1$ [@ando], $$\mu^{-1} = n_h e_0 \rho_{ab} = (0.3 - 0.15) \mathrm{Vs/cm}^2.$$ Analogous results for IP compounds depend on the density $\bar x$ of carriers/formula unit, where $n_e=\bar x/V_0$ and $V_0$ is the volume of a formula unit. Even undoped $x=0$ IP have finite but small $n_e^0$, i.e., $x_0>0$ and it is plausible that $\bar x=x_0 +x >
x$. From data at $T=300$K [@hess] we get $$\mu^{-1}= n_e e_0 \rho(T) \sim (5.6 - 8.1) \bar x~\mathrm{Vs/cm}^2,$$ for $x=0.05 - 0.2$, respectively. Similar results are obtained for $x=0.11$ [@sefa; @lee] $\mu^{-1}= 5.8 \bar x $Vs/cm$^2$, and for $x=0.05$ [@koha] $\mu^{-1}= 8.0 \bar x $Vs/cm$^2$. It is evident that such $\mu^{-1}$ are even higher than in low-doped cuprates [@ando].
Existing data for $\rho(T)$ in LFAO show a large slope at higher $T
\gg T_c$, also with a larger onset $\rho(T \sim T_c)$ at $x=0.05$, while for $x>0.1$ $\rho(T<T^* \sim 100K)$ becomes nonlinear and more FL-like. To estimate $\tilde A_0$ and consequently $\tilde \gamma$ we use the slope at $T < 300$K, i.e., $\tilde A_0^{-1}=\tilde\Phi d\rho(T)/dT$ and we get for a wide range of $x$ [@hess] $$\tilde A_0 \sim \alpha\nu/\bar x, \qquad \alpha \sim
3.8\cdot 10^{-3}, \qquad \tilde \gamma \sim 56 \bar x/\nu, \label{a0fit}$$ where $\nu=m/m^*$. Similar values are obtained analysing other data for F-doped LFAO: for $x=0.11$ [@lee] and for $x=0.05$ we get $\alpha \sim 4.0\cdot 10^{-3}$ [@koha]. Not much different is the development of $\rho(T)$ for the oxygen deficient LFAO [@eisa] where $y<0.03$ compounds reveal a non-SC state with a SDW transition $T_{SDW}>0$ while for $y>0.1$ again $\rho(T)$ is nicely linear in $T$ with $\alpha \sim
0.006$. Assuming, e.g., values from band structure calculations $\nu
\sim 2$ and $\bar x \sim 0.1$ we arrive at very large $\tilde \gamma
\sim 2.8$. Such value $\tilde \gamma$ is most likely an overestimate due to too large $\rho$ (all cited measurements are for polycrystals) and possibly due to relatively small QP mass enhancement $\nu \sim 2$.
So far, there are only few data for optical conductivity $\sigma(\omega)$. In the LFAO with As replaced by P $\sigma(\omega)$ was measured and analysed [@qazi] using the extended Drude fit yielding for $\omega<1000$cm$^{-1}$ anomalous $\tau^{-1}=\Gamma_{tr}
\sim \omega$, i.e., $\tilde \gamma \sim 1$ qualitatively consistent with the above estimates.
Experimental results for $S(T)$ for LFAO yield typically e-like $S<0$ with strong $T$-dependence with the maximum values $S \sim -
s_0$ at $T \sim 100$K. Assuming $\Delta \tilde\gamma = \tilde \gamma_-
- \tilde \gamma_+ > \tilde \gamma_+$ we get from Eq.(\[an\]) $$w \sim\Delta \tilde \gamma/(12 \tilde \gamma_a)\nonumber$$ whereas in the extreme asymmetric limit, Eq.(\[asy\]), we recover $w=1.2$.
VI. Superconductivity
=====================
Let us finally comment on the relation of the above analysis to the treatment of the SC phase within the assumption of the spin-fluctuation induced pairing. We follow here closely the treatment of SC within the effective spin-fermion model [@plak; @pr] as derived from the microscopic strong-correlation model (planar $t$-$J$ model) relevant for cuprates. Since our paper is not focused on the question of SC in IP, the aim is to connect parameters entering transport quantities to those determining the SC gaps and consequently $T_c$.
For the discussion of SC equations can be generalized with Green’s functions and selfenergies being $2\times 2$ matrices [@plak] whereby we (again) neglect e/h interband terms $$%
{\bf G}^{\sigma}_{\bf k}(\omega)= [\omega \tau_0 - \epsilon^{\sigma}_{\bf k}
\tau_1- {\bf \Sigma}^{\sigma}_{\bf k}(\omega)]^{-1}. \label{gsc}$$ In analogy to the normal state the lowest-order approximation for the self-energy can be written as [@pr; @plak] $${\bf \Sigma}^{\sigma}_{\bf k}(i \omega_n)=\frac{-3}{N\beta}
\sum_{{\bf q},m} m^2_{\bf kq} {\bf G}^{\sigma}_{{\bf k}-{\bf
q}}(i \omega_m) \chi_{\bf q}(i \omega_n-i \omega_m) ,\label{sigma}$$ where $i \omega_n=i \pi(2n+1)/\beta$. Again neglecting the ${\bf k}$ dependence within each band, i.e., ${\bf \Sigma}^{\sigma}_{\bf k}={\bf
\Sigma}^{\sigma}$ one gets from Eq.(\[sig\]) a nonzero gap $\Delta^{\sigma} \sim Z^{\sigma} \Sigma_{12}^{\sigma}(0)$, and $$\Delta^{\sigma}=\frac{-3\lambda}{N}\sum_{\bf q} \chi^0_{\bf q}
C^{\bar\sigma}_{\bf q} \frac{Z^{e}
Z^{h} \Delta^{\bar\sigma}}{2 E^{\bar\sigma}_{\bf q}} \mathrm{th}\frac{\beta
E^{\bar\sigma}_{\bf q}}{2}, \label{gapeh}$$ where $(E^e_{\bf q})^2=\varepsilon^2_{\bf q}+(\Delta^e)^2$, $(E^h_{\bf q})^2=\varepsilon^2_{{\bf q}-{\bf Q}}+(\Delta^h)^2$ and $C^{\bar\sigma}_{\bf q}=I^{\bar\sigma}_{\bf q}(i\omega_n \sim 0)/\tilde
I^{\bar\sigma}_{\bf q}$ plays the role of the cutoff function with $$I^{\sigma}_{\bf q}(i\omega_n)=\frac{1}{\beta \chi^0} \sum_{m} \chi(i\omega_n-
i\omega_m) \frac{1}{\omega_m^2 + (E^{\sigma}_{\bf q})^2}, \label{iq}$$ and $\tilde I^{\sigma}_{\bf q}= \mathrm{th}(\beta E^{\sigma}_{\bf q}/2)/
(2 E_{\bf q})$.
Finally, at $T=0$ Eqs.(\[gapeh\]), (\[iq\]) reduce to $$\Delta^{\sigma}=-\frac{3}{2}\lambda \chi^0 Z^{\sigma} \Delta^{\bar\sigma}
\int_{\omega_c^{\bar\sigma}}^{\omega_c^{\bar\sigma}} d\varepsilon
\frac{{\cal N}^{\bar\sigma}(\varepsilon)}
{\sqrt{\varepsilon^2 + (\Delta^{\bar\sigma})^2}} , \label{gapt0}$$ where $\omega_c^{\sigma}$ are effective cutoffs. It is evident from Eq.(\[gapt0\]) that SC is of the $s_\pm$ - type [@mazi], that is $\Delta^h = - \eta \Delta^e$, $\eta > 0$. Assuming also ${\cal
N}^{\sigma}(\varepsilon) \sim {\cal N}^{\sigma}$ we get from Eqs.(\[gapt0\]),(\[gmfl\]), $$1= \tilde \gamma^e \tilde \gamma^h
B^2 \ln \frac{\omega_c^h}{\Delta^h}\ln \frac{\omega_c^e}{\Delta^e},
\label{bcs1}$$ with $B =(4/\pi)\ln (\omega_0/2T)$ connecting qualitatively the N-state transport parameters with the gap equation. Clearly the SC Eliashberg equations are treated in a simplified manner [@dolg] in order to get the familiar BCS-type form. Still the message is quite clear: spin-fluctuation mediated interaction gives naturally the $s_\pm$ - type SC pairing consistent with other approaches [@mazi]. Parameters entering Eq. (\[bcs1\]) are besides $B \sim {\cal O}(1)$ (depending on the form of the spin-fluctuation spectra) the cutoffs $\omega_c^\sigma$ determined by the characteristic spin fluctuation frequency and $\tilde
\gamma^{\sigma}$. The latter have clearly the strongest influence and according to our estimates from transport, Eq.(\[a0fit\]), $\tilde\gamma^{\sigma} >1 $ are large requiring the strong coupling approach both for the N and for the SC state. As discussed in the next section on the basis of emerging single-crystal results, smaller resistivities $\rho(T)$ are reported and consequently $\tilde \gamma<1$. Still $\tilde
A_0$ and the coupling remain at least moderate and in the same range as in optimum-doped cuprates, giving support for, or at least not contradicting, the notion for an SC pairing mechanism and its strength common to both IP and cuprates.
VII. Discussion
===============
We have presented a theory based on the spin-fluctuation induced coupling between the e- and h-bands in IP with the motivation to explain their anomalous N-state transport properties. Existing experimental data on polycrystalline samples indicate that the QP damping and transport relaxation rates are even higher than in underdoped cuprates. It seems rather unlikely that quantitatively similar results should obtain for single crystals, as evidenced quite recently by measurements on, e.g., BaFe$_{\rm 2}$(As$_{\rm 1-x}$P$_{\rm x}$)$_{\rm 2}$, a material from the 122 family of IP [@kasa] or BaFe$_{\rm
2-x}$Co$_{\rm x}$As$_{\rm _2}$ [@fang] where $\tilde\gamma$ and $1/\mu$ are substantially reduced with respect to values in (polycrystalline) LFAO samples of comparable doping. However, the marked linearity of $\rho(T)\sim
T/A_0+{\rm const.}$ observed in BaFe$_{\rm 2}$(As$_{\rm 1-x}$P$_{\rm
x}$)$_{\rm 2}$ over most of the doping region with nonzero $T_c$ testifies to the non-FL behavior, similar to cuprates. Likewise the evolution with doping in LFAO compounds is quite analogous, from a near insulator in an undoped substance to a FL-like behavior in the overdoped IP. Observe, however, that for the NdFeAsO$_{\rm 1-x}$F$_{\rm x}$ compound there is not much difference between polycrystalline and single crystal data concerning $\rho(T)$ and, e.g., $\alpha$, Eq.(\[a0fit\]). Thus, for $x=0.18$ single crystal sample [@cheng] a rough estimate for $T\sim 200 {\rm K} - 300 {\rm K}$ yields $\alpha\sim 0.023$ whereas in a polycrystalline sample $x=0.11$ [@ren] $\alpha\sim 0.009$, resulting in $\tilde\gamma\sim 0.5$ and $1.1$, respectively, i.e., again comparable to cuprates. Thus a more systematic study of the transport and optical properties in single crystal compounds of the separate families of oxypnictides is needed to settle this issue, particularly in view of the recent analysis of the competition between the linear and quadratic in $T$ contributions to $\rho(T)$, where the former is seen to dominate $\rho(T)$ in samples with the highest $T_c$ for the compounds there considered [@doir; @ishi].
Certain conclusions emerging from the above analysis still seem to be hard to avoid: a) the coupling to spin fluctuations is apparently substantial so that the QP damping is large with the QP overdamped in the low-doping regime, b) the effect of spin fluctuations on the N-state transport and on the SC pairing likewise appears to be strong implying pronounced spin fluctuations in the low-frequency window, both properties shared by underdoped and optimally doped cuprates as well, c) if estimates emerging from experiments are correct the strength of the coupling could be beyond the applicability of the lowest-order perturbation theory employed here, d) the behavior of IP even at modest $T>T_c$ is non-FL-like as clearly evidenced by large $S(T)$ as well as the $T$-dependence of $R_H(T)$, whereby the common features with cuprates stem from the large spin-fermion coupling and not from the Mott-Hubbard physics. However, rather scarce experimental evidence for low-energy spin fluctuations requires some caution and additional efforts to pin down the proper ingredients for a viable theory of IP.
Acknowledgements
================
Authors acknowledge fruitful discussions with C. Hess and the access to their unpublished data, and the financial support of MHEST and JPSJ under the Slovenia-Japan Research Cooperative Program. T.T. acknowledges the support of the TRIP project.
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| 2024-04-23T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2797 |
Q:
How to append elements from 2 short lists into another big list of tuples?
Say I have the following lists:
l1 = [('a','b','c'),('d','e','f'),('g','h','i'),('j','k','l')]
l2 = ['x','y','z']
l3 = ['m','n']
I want to extract elements from l2 and l3, then append l2[i](i in range(len(l2))) as the first element inside every tuple, and l3[i](i in range(len(l2))) as the last element inside every tuple.
so the result will look like the followings:
l1 = [('x','a','b','c','m'),('x','a','b','c','n'),('y','a','b','c','m'),('y','a','b','c','n'), ('z','a','b','c','m'),('z','a','b','c','n')]
and yes, the len of l1 will be increased.
A:
You can do that with the help of itertools.chain.from_iterable and itertools.product, and get the cartesian product, like this
>>> from itertools import chain, product
>>> from pprint import pprint
>>> pprint([tuple(chain.from_iterable(i)) for i in product(l2, [l1[0]], l3)])
[('x', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'm'),
('x', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'n'),
('y', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'm'),
('y', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'n'),
('z', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'm'),
('z', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'n')]
You are finding the cartesian product between l2, the first element of l1 and l3. Since the result will be a tuple with the element from l2 (a string) and the first element of l1 (a tuple) and an element from l3 (a string), we flatten it with chain.from_iterable.
Let's say we don't flatten the tuples, then this is what you will get
>>> pprint([tuple(items) for items in product(l2, [l1[0]], l3)])
[('x', ('a', 'b', 'c'), 'm'),
('x', ('a', 'b', 'c'), 'n'),
('y', ('a', 'b', 'c'), 'm'),
('y', ('a', 'b', 'c'), 'n'),
('z', ('a', 'b', 'c'), 'm'),
('z', ('a', 'b', 'c'), 'n')]
This is why we use chain.from_iterable and flatten the tuples.
| 2024-03-30T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2483 |
The Securities and Exchange Commission is looking into the cryptocurrency market, The Wall Street Journal reported Wednesday.
The newspaper reported that, as part of that investigation, the SEC has issued "scores of subpoenas" to obtain information from technology companies and advisors tied to the digital currency markets.
Sources told the Journal that the agency is looking into the structuring of initial coin offerings, which are not as heavily regulated as public offerings.
A spokesman for the SEC declined to comment to the Journal.
The news comes as high demand for bitcoin and other digital currencies has sent their valuations into wild gyrations. Concerns about regulatory crackdowns recently sent the market cap of bitcoin spiraling from a mid-December record high above $19,000. The digital currency hit a low below $6,000 — its lowest since November — before recovering.
Read the full report in The Wall Street Journal.
— CNBC's Evelyn Cheng contributed to this report. | 2023-08-06T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/7412 |
BILLY McCord: As I See It
Christmas 2013 is over and we now look at a new year before us. In fact, by the time many of you get this paper, we will be into 2014.
Our family had a wonderful Christmas but my heart goes out to those who have experienced sickness and death during this Christmas season. My sympathy especially goes out to the McAlilly family, who lost a family member when he was gunned down while trying to prevent a bank robbery in Tupelo. He left a wife and two small children and I am hurt myself because I know them to be a super family.
Many people would have been excited with a “White Christmas” and I was excited without one. However this week has been one of the most disagreeable weeks I have seen in a while. I have stayed cold when I walked outside and not only cold but wet as well. I solved the problem the best I could by just staying inside as much as possible.
I hope each of you enjoyed Christmas and are fully aware of what Christmas is all about. The One we honored will be with us throughout the year if we will only let him travel with us.
Last year about this time I shared some of my hopes and dreams with you. I don’t make New Year’s resolutions but, like many of you, there are some things that I wished for in 2013. The following is just a few of my wishes and my evaluation of them:
n I very much wish that the people of our world could learn to live together in peace regardless of our differences. How I wish I could say that I thought progress has been made but I am sorry to say that I see little or no progress. Everyone has an opinion and it is the only opinion. In a Democracy there has to be room to give and take. I continue to hope for this as we begin 2014.
n I would like to see peace come to regions of the world where our troops are now in harm’s way and the soldiers are able to come home. I feel there has been some progress but we are a long way in achieving this goal.
n I would love to see the day when no child goes to bed hungry and would not have to fear for what some adult may do to harm them. According to statistics that I have read we are long way in meeting this goal.
n My new goal for 2014 is that children can attend school without the fear of being shot.
While far from the first school shooting, the last one has aroused the concern of many people. To see the cemetery fill up in New Town, Conn., with the bodies of 20 six-and seven-year-old students, six staff members, the shooter and his mother was just about more that people can take.
Now the discussion is taking place all over the country on how to improve security in the schools. Some have advocated that teachers be trained and allowed to have weapons in classrooms. If I were a parent that is when my children would be home-schooled. Others have advocated that schools employ security officers who are trained and allowed to have a weapon. I can agree with this. I am sorry I have to agree but it seems the choices are few. Several years ago I traveled with a group of school administrators to schools around the country in order to observe innovative ideas in schools. In a high school in Pittsburg, Penn., I saw armed guards in the halls of the school. I vividly remember saying that we would never see this in schools in Mississippi.
I was wrong.
While I realize that these are lofty wishes, they are my wishes. I trust that 2014 will see some of my wishes make progress in being a reality.
Thank all of you for reading this column. I have enjoyed visiting with you in print for some years and look forward to writing this column each week.
Have a great 2014 and may the love of God rest with each one of you.Billy McCord is a retired school administrator and a United Methodist Minister. He is Pastor of Shady Grove United Methodist Church in Calhoun County. He is a member of and President of the Calhoun County School Board. Contact him at P.O. Box 337, Bruce, MS 38915 or by e-mail at billymc@brucetelephone.com. | 2023-10-11T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/8833 |
use tonic::{transport::Server, Request, Response, Status};
pub mod user {
tonic::include_proto!("user");
}
use user::{
server::{Crud, CrudServer},
UserRequest,
UserReply,
};
#[derive(Default)]
pub struct MyUser {}
#[tonic::async_trait]
impl Crud for MyUser {
async fn get_user(
&self,
request: Request<UserRequest>,
) -> Result<Response<UserReply>, Status> {
println!("Got a request: {:#?}", &request);
// request is private, so use this instead to get the data in it.
let id = &request.into_inner().id;
println!("Payload is {}", id);
// Include database logic here
let reply = if id == "It works!" {
UserReply {
id: "It works!".into(),
first_name: "It works!".into(),
last_name: "It works!".into(),
date_of_birth: "It works!".into(),
}
} else {
UserReply {
id: "It also works!".into(),
first_name: "It also works!".into(),
last_name: "It also works!".into(),
date_of_birth: "It also works!".into(),
}
};
Ok(Response::new(reply))
}
}
#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
let addr = "[::1]:50051".parse().unwrap();
let user = MyUser::default();
Server::builder()
.serve(addr, CrudServer::new(user))
.await?;
Ok(())
}
| 2024-07-25T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/9961 |
Inhibition of protein synthesis by the NMDA channel blocker MK-801.
MK-801 is a selective non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) channel blocker which has been extensively used in order to determine the properties of NMDA receptors and their role in epilepsy and ischaemic cell death. We now report that MK-801 (10 microM) inhibits [35S]methionine incorporation into polypeptides by 45 +/- 7.5% in adult rat hippocampal slices and by 35 +/- 10% in cultured glial cells. This effect is NMDA-receptor independent since (i) only high doses of MK-801 induced such an effect and (ii) APV (50 microM), a competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, or Mg2+ (10 mM), a NMDA channel blocker, did not reduce protein synthesis. | 2024-04-11T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/9999 |
Bag1-Hsp70 mediates a physiological stress signalling pathway that regulates Raf-1/ERK and cell growth.
Survival after stress requires the precise orchestration of cell-signalling events to ensure that biosynthetic processes are alerted and cell survival pathways are initiated. Here we show that Bag1, a co-chaperone for heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70), coordinates signals for cell growth in response to cell stress, by downregulating the activity of Raf-1 kinase. Raf-1 and Hsp70 compete for binding to Bag1, such that Bag1 binds to and activates Raf-1, subsequently activating the downstream extracellular signal-related kinases (ERKs). When levels of Hsp70 are elevated after heat shock, or in cells conditionally overexpressing Hsp70, Bag1-Raf-1 is displaced by Bag1-Hsp70, and DNA synthesis is arrested. Mutants Bag1C204A and Bag1E208A, which cannot bind Hsp70, constitutively activate Raf-1/ERK kinases but are unaffected by Hsp70; consequently neither Bag1-Raf-1 nor DNA synthesis is negatively affected during heat shock. Likewise, mutants Hsp70F245S, Hsp70R262W and Hsp70L282R, which retain chaperone activity but do not bind to Bag1, fail to repress Bag1 activation of Raf-1/ERK kinase. We propose that Bag1 functions in the heat-shock response to coordinate cell growth signals and mitogenesis, and that Hsp70 functions as a sensor in stress signalling. | 2024-02-11T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2944 |
Abstract
This paper deals with the likelihood ratio test (LRT) for testing hypotheses on the mixing
measure in mixture models with
possibly unknown structural parameter. The main result gives the asymptotic distribution of the LRT statistics
under some conditions that are proved to be almost necessary.
A detailed solution is given for two testing problems: the
test of a single distribution against any mixture, with application to Gaussian, Poisson and
binomial distributions; the test of the number of populations in a
finite mixture with possibly unknown structural parameter. | 2024-04-07T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/8772 |
Locations
Ubud Exclusive Spa
Description
3
Ubud Exclusive Spa is an Australian owned spa with Balinese prices. Located 100m from Monkey Forest Entrance, the spa devoted to hygiene and a higher level of customer service and professionalism. Massage bed sheeting is changed after each customer, and manicure/pedicure equipment is sterilized after each customer. | 2023-08-22T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/1138 |
The New York Motorcycle & Scooter Task Force is an all-volunteer organization dedicated to improving safety, parking, awareness, education, advocacy, and licensing for motorcycle and scooter riders; to reduce injuries and fatalities; to increase citizen and government awareness of the presence, needs, and rights of riders; to educate motorcyclists and the public about riding.
While our focus is within metropolitan New York, our activities include local, statewide, national, and international efforts to meet our goals.
nymstf@nymstf.org
P.O. Box 20111
Brooklyn, NY 11202
(347) 410-6783
History:
The NYMSTF was founded in 2009 following the loss of Manhattan’s last motorcycle parking area near South Street Seaport, the removal of motorcycle-friendly language from Mayor Bloomberg’s failed congestion pricing plan, increased harassment from the NYPD and the New York State Police, continued misappropriation of our safety funds and the introduction of NYC Council legislation that could have literally outlawed motorcycles altogether. | 2024-04-19T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2093 |
#!/bin/bash
#
# [Quick Box :: Install autotools plugin]
#
# GITHUB REPOS
# GitHub _ packages : https://github.com/QuickBox/quickbox_packages
# GitHub _ plugins : https://github.com/QuickBox/quickbox_rutorrent-plugins
# LOCAL REPOS
# Local _ packages : /etc/QuickBox/packages
# Local _ plugins : /etc/QuickBox/rtplugins
# Author : QuickBox.IO | JMSolo
# URL : https://quickbox.io
#
# QuickBox Copyright (C) 2017 QuickBox.io
# Licensed under GNU General Public License v3.0 GPL-3 (in short)
#
# You may copy, distribute and modify the software as long as you track
# changes/dates in source files. Any modifications to our software
# including (via compiler) GPL-licensed code must also be made available
# under the GPL along with build & install instructions.
#
OUTTO=/srv/rutorrent/home/db/output.log
function _installplugin-autotools() {
username=$(whoami);
rutorrent="/srv/rutorrent/";
echo "Accessing autotools in the plugin vault ... " >>"${OUTTO}" 2>&1;
PLUGINVAULT="/etc/QuickBox/rtplugins/"; cd "${rutorrent}plugins"
sleep 5
echo "Installing autotools plugin ... " >>"${OUTTO}" 2>&1;
PLUGIN="autotools"
for i in $PLUGIN; do
cp -R "${PLUGINVAULT}$i" .
done
sleep 5
echo "Adjusting permissions ... " >>"${OUTTO}" 2>&1;
chown -R www-data: ${rutorrent}plugins/$PLUGIN
echo "Autotools Plugin Install Complete!" >>"${OUTTO}" 2>&1;
sleep 5
echo >>"${OUTTO}" 2>&1;
echo >>"${OUTTO}" 2>&1;
echo "Close this dialog box to refresh your browser" >>"${OUTTO}" 2>&1;
exit
}
_installplugin-autotools
| 2024-03-14T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/9868 |
Compliance with national immunization guidelines for children younger than 2 years, 1996-1999.
To evaluate compliance with national immunization guidelines among a large cohort of children cared for at health maintenance organizations (HMOs) and to examine effects on immunization status. A cohort study of 176134 children born between January 1, 1994, and December 31, 1997, and monitored from birth to the second birthday was performed. Subjects belonged to the Vaccine Safety Datalink Project, a study of children enrolled in 1 of 4 HMOs. Children were continuously enrolled in a HMO for the first 2 years of life. Prevailing recommendations regarding optimal ages of immunization and intervals between doses were applied to define appropriate immunization timing and immunization status. Noncompliance was defined as having a missing or late immunization or an immunization error. Immunization errors included invalid immunizations (too early to be acceptable), extra immunizations (superfluous immunizations or make-up immunizations for invalid immunizations), and missed opportunities resulting in late or missing immunizations. Although 75.4% of children in these HMOs were up to date for all immunizations at 2 years, only 35.6% of children were fully compliant with recommended immunization practices. Less than 8% of children received all immunizations in accordance with strict interpretation of recommended guidelines. Fifty-one percent of children had at least 1 immunization error by age 2 years; 29.7% had a missed opportunity with subsequent late or missing immunization, 20.4% had an invalid immunization, and 11.6% had an extra immunization. Common reasons for noncompliance included missed opportunities for the fourth Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (14.6%), invalid fourth diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis/acellular pertussis immunizations (11.0%), and superfluous polio immunizations (9.8%). Approximately 35.6% of children were compliant with prevailing childhood immunization recommendations from 1996 to 1999. Efforts to improve compliance with guidelines are recommended, to optimize childhood infectious disease prevention. | 2024-04-13T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/6772 |
Hello everyone!
Hey everyone! Just wanted to start by introducing myself. I'm Nexus! I started playing the original VMK when I was younger. The game got me through my middle school days, like most of you! Anyway, I was upset when Disney decided to pull the plug on the game like the rest and I was looking so hard for it to come back. There have been many attempts that ultimately failed until I stumbled upon MyVMK. It literally took me back, I still find myself in shock that i'm playing the game in 2014. Amy and her staff do a great job at running the game. I'm aware of the myvmkforums.com site, and it has inspired me to create my own! I'm hoping it can be just as successful. I look forward to meeting you all! | 2024-02-25T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/1328 |
China Is Trying To Build A New World Order
BEIJIING, -- The clue is in the name. The Shanghai Co-operation Organisation (SCO) groups six countries--China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan--and aims to be the dominant security institution in its region; but its origin and purposes are largely Chinese.
So it looks rather worrying from a Western point of view that the group has agreed to expand and that India, Pakistan and Iran are all keen to join: the rise of a kind of China-led NATO to which even America's friends, such as India and Pakistan, seem drawn. Yet that is to misunderstand the sort of organisation the SCO aspires to be. It does indeed pose a challenge to the American-led world order, but a much more subtle one.
On September 11th and 12th the SCO held its 14th annual summit in Dushanbe, Tajikistan's capital. It agreed to adopt procedures for expansion, first for those countries that are already observers. India and Pakistan are likely to join in the next year. Iran is at present disqualified because it is under UN sanctions. Another observer, Mongolia, is a democracy and has long had qualms about joining what looks like a club for authoritarians. Afghanistan, the final observer, has other priorities.
The SCO summit came hot on the heels of one held by NATO, in Wales. This gave columnists in China and Russia the chance to tut-tut about the "20th-century" or "cold war" or "confrontational" mentality that animates NATO, and to boast about what makes the SCO different from what Russia's foreign minister, Sergei Lavrov, has called such "relics of a past era", with the rigid discipline imposed by particular blocs of countries.
In August the SCO held its largest joint military exercises yet, an anti-terrorist drill in Inner Mongolia in China involving more than 7,000 personnel. The SCO's boosters, however, insist it is not an alliance, like NATO, but a "partnership", with no adversary in mind. That is not entirely true. It has always been explicitly directed against three enemies, even if they are only abstract nouns: the "three evil forces" of terrorism, separatism and extremism. China, in Xinjiang; Russia, in Chechnya; the Central Asian members, in the Ferghana Valley and on their borders with Afghanistan. All SCO members face a threat from Islamist extremism.
Hence the plea in Dushanbe from Xi Jinping, China's president, that the SCO should "focus on combating religion-involved extremism and internet terrorism".
China's problems with violent extremism from ethnic-Uighur Muslims in Xinjiang have worsened recently.
Uighur militants have committed terrorist attacks in Xinjiang and other parts of China. They have also been fighting for jihadist groups elsewhere--in the tribal areas of Pakistan, for example. And reports suggest some have joined Islamic State (IS) in Iraq and Syria. This month four Uighurs with alleged IS links were detained on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi.
These men had left China by way of South-East Asia. One of China's successes in Central Asia in recent years has been to secure the co-operation of local authorities in deporting illegal migrants--meaning mainly Uighurs with a grudge--so more are finding their way out through Laos and Thailand.
That success, however, is probably more the result of China's growing presence and commercial clout in the region, and the rendition agreements they have bought, rather than a tribute to the influence of the SCO itself. The same goes for the economic goals China has set the SCO. The countries it covers are on the "New Silk Road" Mr Xi advertises. But it is bilateral deals that will build the dream, not communiqués from an SCO summit.
Viewed like this, not as a regional security bloc but as a rather ineffectual effort at combating cross-border terrorism and boosting other links, the SCO seem less threatening. Its appeal to India and Pakistan also seems more obvious, especially as NATO's withdrawal from Afghanistan opens up new uncertainties in the region. Membership incurs few costs and may have some benefits. India, for instance, is courted both by China--Mr Xi paid a much-trumpeted visit this week--and America. SCO membership would be a useful way for India to flaunt its independent foreign policy and its refusal to be drawn into an anti-China bloc.
For China, however, and even more so Russia, the accession of India and Pakistan would be a mixed blessing. The SCO would look less like a self-absorbed club focused on Central Asia, and it would gain real global heft. However, as other regional groupings have found, expansion would inevitably be at the expense of the SCO's cohesion. India, even under the leadership of a strongman like Narendra Modi, would not sit comfortably in an authoritarian club. The SCO would be able to do even less than it has so far.
In fact, even Russia and China seem unsure about how important they want the SCO to be. Four SCO members also belong to the Russian-led Collective Security Treaty Organisation. Russia is also hoping its Eurasian Union with Belarus and Kazakhstan can expand. And China has started lavishing attention on another organisation, the leadenly named Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia, or CICA.
But to note the potential conflicts among the different multilateral organisations China is promoting may be to miss the point. America's leading role in Asia is based on a number of bilateral security treaties and a plethora of inclusive multilateral institutions, all open to Chinese membership. China itself is building all sorts of institutions: the SCO, CICA, the "BRICS" (grouping China with Brazil, Russia, India and South Africa), a Trilateral Commission (at present languishing) with South Korea and Japan and a Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership.
Their shared characteristics are that China has a big and sometimes dominant role and that the United States is not a member--and indeed was rebuffed when it sought to join the SCO as an observer. China is not just challenging the existing world order. Slowly, messily and, apparently with no clear end in view, it is building a new one. | 2024-07-17T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/1830 |
Q:
How to drush up multisite?
I am not clear after reading another question on same topic how this is done.
At the moment I go to my root drupal install and drushup then updatedb so if I then go
to the folder of a multisite and try to drushup it says nothing to update.
If all the modules are in the root drupal install is that sufficient? Could you not make sure they are all placed in there so you would need to only drushup the root folder?
How then do you update individual databases?
A:
There is Aegir, which is a system that helps you with doing that.
I personally have no experience with it, but I attended a talk on it a few weeks ago and it totally does the job.
In general, it gives you an admin interface of all your sites on that drupal installation while letting you update each one individually. It automatically rolls back if something fails.
Go have a look: http://www.aegirproject.org/
It probably is overkill with just two or three sites, but it seems to help a lot with bigger sites.
| 2023-08-28T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/4569 |
The covalent attachment of multiple fluorophores to DNA containing phosphorothioate diesters results in highly sensitive detection of single-stranded DNA.
DNA fragments containing multiple internucleotidic phosphorothioate diesters, prepared by either chemical or enzymatic syntheses, are amenable to labeling with the fluorophore monobromobimane. With the incorporation of phosphorothioate diesters at each internucleotidic site, multiple fluorophores, ideally one for each nucleotide residue, can be covalently attached to the DNA fragment. The presence of multiple labels can be expected to interfere with analysis techniques, such as polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. To avoid such problems, the fluorophores are introduced in a "postassay" fashion, that is, while the fragments are still embedded within the gel matrix. The detection limit (to the naked eye) for multiply labeled single-stranded DNA containing hundreds of base residues is in the low femtomole range. DNA containing greater than 1000 base residues can be visualized in some cases in the subfemtomole range without the use of sophisticated electronic instrumentation. | 2023-10-16T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/5623 |
Safety of GM crops: compositional analysis.
The compositional analysis of genetically modified (GM) crops has continued to be an important part of the overall evaluation in the safety assessment program for these materials. The variety and complexity of genetically engineered traits and modes of action that will be used in GM crops in the near future, as well as our expanded knowledge of compositional variability and factors that can affect composition, raise questions about compositional analysis and how it should be applied to evaluate the safety of traits. The International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI), a nonprofit foundation whose mission is to provide science that improves public health and well-being by fostering collaboration among experts from academia, government, and industry, convened a workshop in September 2012 to examine these and related questions, and a series of papers has been assembled to describe the outcomes of that meeting. | 2024-07-01T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/6444 |
[A Case of Renal Cell Carcinoma withIpsilateral Renal Pelvic Metastasis Mimicking Double Cancer].
A 71-year-old man with left flank pain was referred to our hospital. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a left renal tumor, left renal pelvic wall thickening, bilateral adrenal gland swelling, multiple pulmonary nodules, and a bone metastatic tumor. Further, positron emission tomography/CT revealed increased 18F fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in the left renal tumor, multiple pulmonary nodules, and bone metastatic tumor. Accordingly, we performed biopsies of the thickening of the left renal pelvic wall and bone metastatic tumor, and histological examinations revealed an unknown type carcinoma and bone metastasis from clear cell carcinoma. Without a precise preoperative diagnosis of the thickening of the left renal pelvic wall, laparoscopic left nephrectomy was performed, and the renal and renal pelvic wall tumors were diagnosed as clear cell carcinoma on pathological examination. Therefore, we made a final diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma with lung, bone, and renal pelvic metastases. Although axitinib was administered, cervical spine metastasis developed. Unfortunately, the patient died from disease progression five months following the surgery. | 2024-01-04T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/8966 |
16 Md. App. 306 (1972)
295 A.2d 779
STATE OF MARYLAND
v.
CHARLES ERNEST HUNTER.
No. 109, September Term, 1972.
Court of Special Appeals of Maryland.
Decided October 26, 1972.
The cause was submitted on brief to MORTON, ORTH and GILBERT, JJ.
Submitted by Francis B. Burch, Attorney General, Gary Melick, Assistant Attorney General, Milton B. Allen, State's Attorney for Baltimore City, and Michael S. Libowitz, Assistant State's Attorney for Baltimore City, for appellant.
No brief filed on behalf of appellee.
GILBERT, J., delivered the opinion of the Court.
The State of Maryland, appellant, has appealed the entry by a judge in the Criminal Court of Baltimore of a "general dismissal" of an indictment that charged *308 Charles Ernest Hunter, appellee, with the crimes of robbery with a deadly weapon, assault, and related charges.
The State contends that the judge abused his discretion in "ordering dismissal of the indictment."
The record reveals that the appellee was arrested on the night of September 3, 1971, along with Charles Howard and Tanya Robinson,[1] for the assault and the robbery with a deadly weapon of a taxicab driver. The amount taken was two dollars. Counsel was appointed to represent the appellee on October 12, 1971, but thereafter withdrew because appellee's privately retained attorney entered his appearance.
The latter attorney filed a "Motion To Dismiss" on December 13, 1971, in which he alleged, inter alia, that the appellee had been incarcerated sans indictment from September 3, 1971, that he had made efforts to obtain a speedy trial, and that he had "lost contact" with "many important witnesses." The motion requested the dismissal of all "charges against [appellee] or in the alternative to release [appellee] on his own recognizance until such time as the State sees fit to present his case to the Grand Jury of Baltimore City."[2]
The indictment was brought forth on January 24, 1972. The motion to dismiss was heard on February 17, 1972, and the "general dismissal" was entered on March 1, 1972.
At the hearing on the motion, appellee's counsel recited the history of the case, in which he included his endeavors to have the matter taken before the Grand Jury. He further informed the court that the file had been misplaced in the office of the Clerk of the Criminal Court of Baltimore. Neither of the contentions was denied by the State. The main effort, however, on the part *309 of the appellee was directed toward a showing of actual prejudice to the appellee occasioned by the State's Attorney's delay in taking the case before the Grand Jury.
The delay in the instant case was approximately 4 1/2 months from the date of arrest to the date of indictment, one month from the filing of the motion to dismiss to the date of the indictment, and 24 days from the date of the indictment to the date of the hearing on the motion.
The State here argues that the "lower court's dismissal of the instant indictment was couched in the terms `general dismissal' and that neither legal nor factual findings were made in support of the court's conclusion." We note from the record that the trial judge did state:
"I could prepare [specific findings] if it's necessary. I have gone over the cases and I have gone over the memorandum of the State and of the defendant and I discussed or told you, I think, earlier what I propose to do. But if it's needed I would not be able to give it forthwith, but I will do it if you would request it."
The Assistant State's Attorney responded that the State "would not request it at this time." They apparently did not request it at any other time either, as the record is devoid of such specific findings.
The right to a speedy trial is a guarantee afforded to every accused by the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States and by Art. 21 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights. The Supreme Court, in United States v. Ewell, 383 U.S. 116, 15 L.Ed.2d 627, 86 S.Ct. 773 (1966), speaking through Mr. Justice White, said that the purpose of the Sixth Amendment is:
"[T]o prevent undue and oppressive incarceration prior to trial, to minimize anxiety and concern accompanying public accusation and to limit the possibilities that long delay will impair the ability of the accused to defend himself."
*310 Mr. Justice Powell recently said in Barker v. Wingo, 11 Cr. L. 3174, 3175-3176 (1972):
"The right to a speedy trial is generically different from the other rights enshrined in the Constitution for the protection of the accused.
* * *
"* * * [U]nlike the right to counsel or the right to be free from compelled self-incrimination, deprivation of the right to speedy trial does not per se prejudice the accused's ability to defend himself."
The right to a speedy trial is relative, and the time within which the trial must be had depends on the facts and circumstances of each particular case. Barker v. Wingo, supra; State v. Lawless, 13 Md. App. 220, 227, 283 A.2d 160 (1971); Stevenson v. State, 4 Md. App. 1, 10-11, 241 A.2d 174 (1967). The facts and circumstances in each particular case should be viewed in the light of four factors: (1) The length of the delay, (2) The reason for the delay, (3) Prejudice to the accused, and (4) Waiver by the accused. State v. Lawless, supra; Caesar v. State, 10 Md. App. 40, 42, 267 A.2d 750 (1970); Barnett v. State, 8 Md. App. 35, 39, 257 A.2d 466 (1969); Graham v. State, 6 Md. App. 458, 461, 251 A.2d 616 (1969); Frazier v. State, 5 Md. App. 88, 92, 245 A.2d 614 (1968); Hall v. State, 3 Md. App. 680, 685-686, 240 A.2d 630 (1968).
In a sesquipedalian opinion, State v. Lawless, supra, Judge Moylan characterized the first, second and third factors set forth above as "The Delay Reason Prejudice Complex." It is that "complex" that we consider in the instant case because waiver, the fourth factor, is not applicable here.
The Supreme Court said in United States v. Marion, 404 U.S. 307, 92 S.Ct. 455, 30 L.Ed.2d 468 (1971):
"Arrest is a public act that may seriously interfere with the defendant's liberty, whether he *311 is free on bail or not, and that may disrupt his employment, drain his financial resources, curtail his associations, subject him to public obloquy and create anxiety in him, his family and his friends. These considerations were substantial underpinnings for the decision in Klopfer v. North Carolina, [386 U.S. 213, 87 S.Ct. 988, 18 L.Ed.2d 1 (1967)]; see also Smith v. Hooey, 393 U.S. 374, 377-378, 89 S.Ct. 575, 576-577, 21 L.Ed.2d 607 (1969). So viewed, it is readily understandable that it is either a formal indictment or information or else the actual restraints imposed by arrest and holding to answer a criminal charge that engages the particular protections of speedy-trial provisions of the Sixth Amendment.
Invocation of the speedy trial provision thus need not await indictment, information or other formal charge. * * *." (Emphasis supplied).
Thus it is patent that in order to calculate a constitutionally proscribed delay in bringing a matter to trial, we must look back to the date of the commencement of a prosecution by way of arrest, warrant, information or indictment, whichever shall first occur, and then forward to the date of the trial or hearing. We have previously held that the measure for determining a speedy trial began by way of "warrant, information or indictment," State v. Lawless, supra. We now, in the light of United States v. Marion, supra, modify our earlier holdings. See also State v. Hamilton, 14 Md. App. 582, 287 A.2d 791 (1972). In the instant case, we do not perceive the delay to be of constitutional dimension.
Chapter 212, Acts of 1971, now codified as Art. 27, § 591, says in pertinent part:
"(a) Within two weeks after the arraignment of a person accused * * *, or within two weeks after the filing of an appearance of counsel * * * for an accused in any criminal matter, *312 whichever shall occur first, a judge or other designated official [of the court] in which the matter is pending, shall set a date for the trial of the case, which date shall not be later than six months from the date of the arraignment * * *, or the appearance * * * of counsel for the accused, whichever occurs first. The date established * * * shall not be postponed except for extraordinary cause shown * * * and only with the permission of the administrative judge * * *."
The Court of Appeals of Maryland was authorized to establish rules to implement the statute. Rule 740 of the Maryland Rules was adopted June 1, 1972, and provides:
"The date of trial and postponements shall be governed by Code, Article 27, section 591."
There is nothing in the record in this case to indicate that appellee's counsel relied upon the provisions of Art. 27, § 591, nor do we have the advantage of knowing whether, vel non, counsel included the same in a memorandum submitted to the trial judge.[3] Even if we assume that counsel urged the above quoted statutory provision upon the trial court, or that the judge relied upon it, we, nevertheless, interpret the Act as being directory, and not mandatory. It provides a declaration of legislative policy, but is dehors sanctions.[4]
We said in Young v. State, 15 Md. App. 707, 710, 292 A.2d 137 (1972):[5]
*313 "The Legislature did not explicitly provide the extreme sanction of dismissal of an indictment for administrative non-compliance. We cannot conclude that so extreme a sanction was implicit in the legislative act."
The statute was not implemented by the Court of Appeals until June 1, 1972, which is approximately 3 1/2 months after the hearing on the motion to dismiss had occurred. Moreover, Rule 740, similarly to the statute, provides no sanctions for failure to comply with it.
In discussing "reason for delay," Justice Powell stated in Barker, supra, at 3179:
"* * * [D]ifferent weights should be assigned to different reasons. A deliberate attempt to delay the trial in order to hamper the defense should be weighed heavily against the government. A more neutral reason such as negligence or overcrowded courts should be weighed less heavily but nevertheless should be considered since the ultimate responsibility for such circumstances must rest with the government rather than with the defendant." (Footnote omitted).
On the subject of prejudice, Barker states:
"Prejudice, of course, should be assessed in the light of the interests of defendants which the speedy trial right was designed to protect. This Court has identified three such interests: (i) to prevent oppressive pretrial incarceration; (ii) to minimize anxiety and concern of the accused; and (iii) to limit the possibility that the defense will be impaired. Of these, the most serious is the last, because the inability of a defendant adequately to prepare his case skews the fairness of the entire system. If witnesses die or disappear during a delay, the prejudice is obvious. There is also prejudice if defense *314 witnesses are unable to recall accurately events of the distant past. Loss of memory, however, is not always reflected in the record because what has been forgotten can rarely be shown.
"* * * [I]f a defendant is locked up, he is hindered in his ability to gather evidence, contact witnesses, or otherwise prepare his defense." (Footnotes omitted).[6]
In summary, Justice Powell concludes in Barker that:
"We regard none of the four factors identified above [length of delay, reason for delay, prejudice to the defendant, and what this Court has characterized as waiver, but Barker terms `the defendant's assertion of this right'] as either a necessary or sufficient condition to the finding of a deprivation of the right of speedy trial. Rather, they are related factors and must be considered together with such other circumstances as may be relevant. In sum, these factors have no talismanic qualities; courts must still engage in a difficult and sensitive balancing process. But, because we are dealing with a fundamental right of the accused, this process must be carried out with full recognition that the accused's interest in a speedy trial is specifically affirmed in the Constitution." (Footnote omitted).
While, as we have said, "waiver" is not actually present in the instant case, we deem it advisable to call attention to the holding in Barker that the Supreme Court rejected "the rule that a defendant who fails to demand a speedy trial forever waives his right." There, the Court *315 said that the "* * * better rule is the defendant's assertion of or failure to assert his right to a speedy trial is one of the factors to be considered * * *."
Our review of the transcript indicates that one of the two alleged possibilities of prejudice to the appellee is that he had momentarily lost contact with a friend because she is believed to have moved from the place where she resided at the time of appellee's arrest. In response to a question by the trial judge, counsel stated, "I won't say [the witnesses] are lost, but * * * I can't reach them without at least [appellee's] assistance."[7] In his testimony, the appellee admitted that he knew where the young woman worked, the name of her sister and grandmother, and other factors which we think could readily lead to the discovery of the witness's whereabouts without a great deal of trouble or difficulty.[8]
The other claim of prejudice is that the appellee did not know where to find a witness styled "Jesse." He averred that he had known Jesse for approximately four months before appellee's arrest, did not know Jesse's last name or where he worked or lived. He stated, however, that he felt that he could find Jesse on "the Avenue."
Weighing the four factors to be considered under the Supreme Court's mandate in Barker, supra, and our decisions in Lawless and Hamilton, supra, we conclude from our independent constitutional review of the record, (a) the delay of approximately 5 1/2 months between the date of arrest and the date of the hearing is not, under the circumstances of this case, of constitutional dimension; (b) the reason for the delay is no more than "neutral" and (c) the prejudice to the appellee if it be *316 prejudice at all concerning his witnesses was at most minimal. None of the "Delay-Reason-Prejudice" factors, individually or in the aggregate, require a dismissal of the indictment.
Order dismissing indictment reversed and case remanded for further proceedings.
Costs to be paid by appellee.
Mandate to issue forthwith.
NOTES
[1] Charles Howard and Tanya Robinson were indicted separately.
[2] A bail of $10,000.00 was set on the appellee at the time of his arrest. Later, a judge of the Supreme Bench indicated that he would reduce the bail to $5,000.00 if the appellee could post the same. Appellee declined to post the $5,000.00 bail because of, inter alia, his mistaken belief, that the case would be called to trial within 30 days.
[3] The memorandum was not made part of the record.
[4] The American Bar Association's Project on Minimum Standards for Criminal Justice, Standards Relating to Speedy Trial, § 1.1 (App. draft 1968) makes no attempt to set a specific time limit for a case to come to trial in terms of days or months but recommends that each jurisdiction adopt such a measuring stick. The effect of the A.B.A. recommendation is that if a case is not brought to trial within the specific time limit that the matter, with one exception, be dismissed. Maryland has not adopted such a rule. See Barker v. Wingo, 11 Cr. L. 3174.
[5] Certiorari granted by the Court of Appeals Sept. 12, 1972, No. 177 Misc. Docket, Sept. Term, 1972; affirmed in a per curiam opinion, 266 Md. 438, 294 A.2d 467 (1972).
[6] Barker refers in footnote 35 to "statistical evidence that persons who are detained between arrest and trial are more likely to receive prison sentences than those who obtain pretrial release, although other factors bear upon this correlation. See Wald, Pretrial Detention and Ultimate Freedom: A Statistical Study, 39 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 631 (1964)."
[7] Compare this with appellee's apparent willingness to remain in jail. See N. 2. supra.
[8] Appellee testified as to the name and address of another person who "knows where" the young woman lived. Appellee said he did not give this information to his attorney. He also admitted not giving to his attorney the young woman's place of employment because he "just didn't think about it at that time." Appellee further testified that the young woman, represented to be an alibi witness, visited him in the City Jail shortly after his arrest. She also had spoken to the appellee's attorney.
| 2024-01-17T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/3914 |
Q:
Alternative to IdentityHashMap where value pairings are not required?
I'm maintaining a piece of software that is using an IdentityHashMap to store a list of objects as the key, but I noticed that everywhere in the code just populates the paired value with null and nothing ever seems to reference the value either. This feels wrong to me, I don't know why a map is being used when the value being stored is effectively ignored.
Based on my observations, the map key is being used to store/compare objects and the previous author is using contains before populating the map to make sure no attempts to add duplicate objects are made.
I'm not familiar with all the different data structures in Java, but I'm guessing a collection is better suited for this purpose. I came to HashSet because the order doesn't matter and we don't want duplicates.
Where you guys come in is I'm wondering if my thought process is correct. Is there perhaps something I may not be considering as to why the original author went with IdentityHashMap? Would HashSet be the appropriate alternative where the value pairings are not required? Are there any performance considerations? (eg. is IdentityHashMap actually faster than a HashSet in this context?)
If HashSet isn't the correct data structure, what is?
A:
IdentityHashMap uses == to determine if two objects are the same while HashSet uses equals.
If you want a Set with identical semantics to an IdentityHashMap, you may wish to check out Collections.newSetFromMap.
Set<T> identityHashSet = Collections.newSetFromMap(new IdentityHashMap<T, Boolean>());
| 2024-03-25T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/3929 |
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates in general to liquid crystal displays (LCD) and, in particular, to an LCD cell and the corresponding method of manufacturing thereof.
2. Technical Background
A typical LCD device is made up of two primary optical subassemblies: an LCD cell and a back-light module (BLM). BLM provides basic display light illumination for the display system while manipulation of birefringence of liquid crystal molecules in the LCD cell controls the light transmittance across the cell under different intensities and colors for each of the display pixels.
An LCD cell is basically a component that provides a liquid crystal-containing space between two transparent substrates. A sealing material is used to enclose the thin rectangular liquid crystal-containing space corresponding to the display area of the LCD device and also serves to secure the substrates relative to each other. The manufacture of an LCD cell involves the application of the sealant along predefined rectangular path around the display area utilizing a small-caliber dispenser nozzle. The sealant is subsequently hardened in a curing process in which cross-linking results in the polymerization of the sealing material.
One of the popular LCD cell manufacturing processes involves the filling of liquid crystal into the containing space in a vacuum-induced injection scheme. Such a process requires leaving a small opening at a selected location of the rectangular enclosing sealant. Normally the opening is shaped to allow for guided injection of liquid crystal into the containing space. Protrusions in a shaped opening frequently result in the accumulation of liquid crystal residue around themselves after liquid crystal is filled into the containing space via the opening, which is subsequently sealed such as by a resin-based material. Liquid crystal droplets outside of their intended containing space constitute problems to the LCD cell manufacturing. They constitute substantial contaminants and should be avoided. Also, such residues outside of the liquid crystal-containing space represent the waste of expensive material.
One method capable of reducing LCD cell production costs via avoidance of liquid crystal residue wastes is related to the one-drop filling (ODF) of liquid crystal into its intended containing space. An ODF scheme involves preparing a rectangular sealant enclosure over the surface of one of the transparent substrates, placing sufficient droplets of liquid crystal over the surface of either one of the two substrates, and aligning and securing the two together in a sealed manner.
Predetermined amount of liquid crystal material to be delivered in the droplets assist to reduce the waste of liquid crystal. The filling of liquid crystal into the containing space is also much faster than achievable in the vacuum-induced injection scheme described above. The reduction in both the material amount and the processing time results in significantly reduced manufacturing costs.
However, capacity of the liquid crystal-containing space between the two transparent substrates alters due to various factors including, for example, slight twisting of either or both of the substrates. If the amount of liquid crystal delivered by the drops is insufficient, the containing space becomes correspondingly larger than it should be, air bubbles may form in the cell. On the other hand, if the containing space is relatively smaller than for the delivered liquid crystal droplets, the amount of the liquid crystal material becomes excessive, gravity mura may easily arise in the displace area of the cell. Regardless of whether it is excessive or insufficient liquid crystal in the containing space, an LCD cell is discarded as defective. Conventional ODF schemes allow no room for repair of these defective LCD cells. They are simply thrown away and wasted. | 2024-05-31T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2981 |
Plot
Pokémon XD: Gale of Darkness starts out by showing a cut scene of a boat caught in a storm at sea. This boat is then attacked by an evil looking Pokemon (Lugia). Now you control Michael in a one-on-one battle with your Salamence against a Metagross. After you win, you find out it was just a battle simulator in the Pokémon HQ Lab, a Pokémon lab your mother works at. Then your mom Lily gives you your P*DA and asks you to go find your sister Jovi. You go to an ominous and spooky house with a statue of Groudon in a fountain called Kaminko's house. When you get to the front door, you get stopped by Kaminko's assistant, Chobin, who thinks your a burglar and challenges you to a battle (this is a very common theme throughout the game). After you beat him, you get Jovi and return to the lab. As a reward, Professor Krane, the head scientist at the lab, gives you your very own Snag Machine, which can steal Shadow Pokémon from opposing trainers so you can purify them.
Soon after, Krane gets ambushed by a few members of Cipher. You have to battle one of them, known as Naps, whom holds the game's first Shadow Pokémon a Teddiursa. After you beat him, Cipher takes Krane and drives away. Lily, knowing that the purification chamber must be completed, asks you to go to Gateon Port to get a machine part for the chamber. When you arrive, Jovi runs into a thug named Zook. Just when things look ugly and he's about to attack you with a Shadow Zangoose, a weird man named Verich comes and interferes. One of his right-hand men, Ardos, destroys the Zangoose with his Alakazam in one hit. Soon after, you can choose to evolve your Eevee with any of the stones. In addition, you get the machine part you wanted from a young man named Perr and you meet his father Makan at Kaminko's Manor after fighting Chobin again who thinks you are a burgular again. After giving it to Lily, she asks you to go to Agate Village. At Agate Village, you meet Eagun and find the Relic Stone which Eagun lets you use after you defeat several trainers and himself, a mystical stone that can purify Shadow Pokémon. After, Eagun tells you to go to Mt. Battle and ask a man named Vander about Cipher. After helping Vander he tells you to inspect an old Cipher facility in the south that might have activity. When you get to the facility, you defeat everyone there including the Hexagon Brothers, Naps, the admin, Lovrina, all the while snagging Shadow Pokemon. You rescue Krane and return him to the lab. Then, an assistant tells you to go to Pyrite Town and deliver a disk to Nett (and meet Bitt and Secc) that may contain information about Cipher. When you arrive at your location you witness a cop telling to guys by the name of Trudly and Folly to stay out of town. Nett tells you it will take time to decipher it so he sends you off to a Rock Poke Spot to meet Duking and when you help Duking by demonstrating how to lure pokemon in an interveiw Duking gives you the location of the Oasis Poke Spot which when you visit He gives you the location of the last Cave Poke Spot where you run into Trudly and Folly and meet and battle Wanderer Miror B. and snag his Shadow Voltorb before they run off accidentally leaving a device that tracks Miror B. so you can find him whenever. When you come back to Pyrite, you'll see that the building will be taken over by Cipher. After you defeat everyone including Cipher Commander Exol (the big buff guy) who helped kidnap Professor Krane and you also Snag their Shadow Pokemon, after the Cipher agents wipe the Databanks and leave Nett will tell you that on the disk it said that Cipher will attack Phenac City.
When you first enter Phenac City, a woman will stop you, tell you that you're the 1,000,000th visitor, give you some battle CDs, and send you off to Realgem Tower. You find Trudly and Folly blabbing on about the Battle CDs. They feel like throwing them in places all around Orre. You can explore Realgam Tower's Battle Bingo, Battle Sims, and Colosseum (not up and running yet).
Then head back to Phenac City. You head over to the Mayor's House. The secretary won't let you upstairs into the Mayor's room, so you'll have to find a distraction. She says she'd like some music so... take the CD you found back to the Mayor's House. Give then give it to the secretary. She plays the music, leaving the entrance to upstairs wide open. The Mayor isn't upstairs, but there is a note on the bed. It's a note from the Mayor to Justy, telling Justy of Cipher's plan. The note appears to have been cut short. The secretary then comes up and reveals herself as a Cipher Peon and after you defeat her and her back-up they retreat.
Head outside, and you'll see Justy walk out of the Pre Gym... six times. It's the Hexagon Brothers in disguise. Track down all six of them and the other imposters around town. After they're dealt with and you've snagged their Shadow Pokemon, Fostin will spill the beans. Almost all of the townsfolk that have been impersonated are in the Pre Gym's basement. You'll need the Elevator Key, which nether Fostin nor anyone else so far has... Head outside and talk to the little boy. There's commotion up in Phenac Stadium, at the farthest north in the city.
After Michael fights his way through the few remaining present Cipher Peons he challenges the Cipher Admin Snattle who reveals he will be the governor of Orre if the Cipher plan works. After Michael destoys Snattle in a Pokemon battle, he'll will run off and the news reporter and cameraman who were hostage tell you they got the whole confrontation on tape. Pick up what Snattle dropped when he fleed. It's the Elevator Key. Head to the Pre-Gym, use the Elevator Key on the elevator, and you can free the innocent citizens. Justy will ask for your P*DA number. Give it to him, and he'll give you a hint that there's a few shady characters going somewhere in the desert.
When you try to get to the ship that was attacked by Shadow Lugia (the evil looking Pokémon) you won't be able to because there is too much sand and your scooters tires get stuck. The head of ONBS will call you into his office to help find a little girl's Bonsly. After you promise to find the pokemon Nett notices you are covered in sand and after hearing your story his friend Bitt suggests Perr to find a solution to your problem. When you go to Gaten Port Perr can't handle equipment of the likes you need yet so he asks you to go get his dad. You go to the Kaminko's Manor and after fighting Chobin and Chobin in a Pokemon battle suit called Robo Groundon Chobin you are given access to the Manor where you discuss with Makan your problem and after he promises to help you, you go back to Gaten Port so he can upgrade your scooter. Then you can be able to get to the ship.
When you reach the ship and start exploring it by going through a hole in the hull you run into three Cipher agents on the deck, one of them is Cipher Admin Gorigan who orders his men to deal with you as he heads back to his lair but one of the Peons makes an excuse to dump the responsibility of battling you on his comrade who is defeated. After the last Cipher Agent runs off a strange man comes out of the wheelhouse and explains that he has made the wrecked ship his home and that you can rest at his place in the wheelhouse and asks you to search the ship as strange sounds are coming from the storage. As Michael makes his way through the ship using boxes to make bridges and clear routes he eventually finds out that the source of the sounds is the little girls' Bonsly that he promised to find and when he almost sneaks up on it your P*DA rings and startles the Bonsly out of the ship and when you report this to the ships inhabitant the man is relieved the sounds were just a pokemon and says it will probaly head for somewhere more suited for pokemon which causes Michael to immediately guess that the Bonsly will head for a Poke Spot. As you leave the ship a bunch of Team Snagem grunts show up led by Wakim their second-in-command, who uses his Pokémon Gloom to knock you out with Sleep powder and takes your snag machine.
When you wake up in the ship the ship man asks you why the grunts attacked you and when you explain what has been happening the ship man points you in the direction that the grunts went and you follow them to the Cipher Key Lair where you witness Zook destroy Wakim in a pokemon battle after which Wakim and his men flee. You then battle Zook and beat him though you can't snag his Shadow Zangoose right now. When you leave the Lair you get an email from Secc who asks you to come to Pyrite Town where after you explain how you lost your Snag Machine. Secc will then directs you to the Outskirt Stand where a man has imformation for you, when you get there you run into Miror B. and battle and defeat his team including a Shadow Nosepass which you can't snag now. When they flee and you go inside a man named Hordel who used to work for Cipher escaped with a Shadow Togepi which he gives to you after telling you that the Cipher Key Lair is a factory for creating Shadow Pokemon. Secc then emails you the location of Team Snagems' Base where you fight through the Snagem Thugs and eventually battle Gonzap Snagem's Head Leader for your Snag Machine after which he lets you walk out.
When you return to the Cipher Key Lair You defeat Zook again this time snagging his Zangoose and after that Zook quits and Gonzap and Wakim show up and deal with the other two guards allowing you to get inside the Lair where you battle and snag your way to the Cipher Admin Gorigan who after the battle threatens to blow up the factory. He is stopped by Verich who appears on the TV screen and reveals himself to be Grand Master Greevil of Cipher and that the XD001 has been perfected to withstand purifaction, he also tells you his base is on Citadark Isle. The TV then turns off, and Gorigan flees. You then pick up a full list of the Shadow Pokemon and when you are going back to the entrance you hear that Miror B. and his goons stole a Shadow Dragonite from Cipher.
You head to Gateon Port Where Makan reveals that the Robo Kyogre is finished and will take you to Citadark Isle. You should go back to the Pokemon HQ Lab to recieve the Master Ball from Professor Krane. You then go to Citadark Isle and fight and snag your way through alot of Cipher agents and Admins including Greevils Bodyguards and sons (Ardos & Eldes) until you reach Greevil who's plan is to have an army of Shadow Pokemon he then orders the Shadow Lugia to attack you at which you simply catch it immediately with the Master Ball. Greevil will then battle you with his team of all Shadow Pokemon including Rhydon, Moltres, Exeggutor, Tauros, Articuno, and Zapdos at which you catch all of them.
Greevil is crushed and dejected as Ardos comes into the room. He reccomends destroying the whole island with you still on it. Greevil, however, says that it would destroy the shadow pokemon data and all his allies as well, so it's not a great idea. Ardos, however, argues that those things can be replaced. He has a helicopter ready for their escape, but Eldes shows up, and is ashambed of Ardos. He's a lot more moral and honorable. Ardos says that clinging to honor will be the end of Cipher and that's no good. Greevil reluctantly agrees. Eldes says that Cipher is already finished, and there's no point in escaping, because they have to start from scratch anyways. Ardos is still stubborn, and orders Greevil to destroy the island. Greevil apologises for being about to destroy the island, but Eldes, Greevil's son, urges him once more, to stop. Eldes says that Greevil can't take over the world with just strong pokemon, and points to you as an example. Ardos tries to quiet Eldes down, but he won't have any of it. Eldes offers his hand to Greevil to stand again and regain some dignity. Eldes then takes you aside and thanks you for ending this nightmare. He looks forward to battling you in the future, but not as enemies. Suddenly, the storm around Citadark Isle breaks and when you arrive back there is a huge celebration in your honor. Even Jovi is happy to have you home. The game saves, and finishes. But is that the end? Nope. You wake up in your Bedroom at the Pokemon HQ Lab and go outside and battle Eugun and then you can purify the Lugia with the go and catch the last Shadow Pokemon from Miror B. After you snag his Dragonite and defeat him he destroys the device that tracks him. Oh well you've got the last Shadow Pokemon. | 2023-09-24T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2929 |
Q:
GUI Tests in Hudson (Jenkins) on Windows
I will try to keep this question simple. I've done much research on the topic, and haven't found any solution.
GUI Tests fail when doing maven builds on Hudson (Jenkins). Hudson is running as a service, logged on as Local System. I have enabled the service to interact with the desktop, but the tests are still failing.
The machine is a WinXP 64bit, but I have the option to migrate to Win7 64bit if that will fix this.
How do I get GUI tests passing during a hudson (maven) build?
Thanks
A:
According to this thread, the only way to do so is to not run it as a service, but instead run it as a logged-on user, with a desktop.
Personally, I had luck with the following settings: 1) write a batch file to launch the slave via JNLP/javaws 2) put said script into autostart 3) set the user to auto-login. This was all in a VM, so when I launched the VM it automagically registered itself as available to the hudson server.
| 2024-03-10T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/7893 |
Officials in Peru doused a group of Americans with bleach as they tried to leave the country after being placed in a nationwide quarantine, according to footage and witness testimony obtained by The Washington Post.
The incident took place after dozens of tourists were quarantined at the Pariwana hostel in Cusco, Peru, for two weeks after health officials identified two hostel guests as carriers of the Chinese coronavirus. Rather than quarantining the two individuals who tested positive, authorities told the group that they must stay in the hostel for a minimum of 28 days and possibly up to several months.
Conditions in the hostel holding 120 people, which included the group of Americans, reportedly began to deteriorate as guests complained of insufficient food offerings and a lack of information from the Peruvian government.
The concept of social distancing was also somewhat undermined by the fact that they were forced into cramped rooms with bunk beds. The situation reportedly reached an apex when authorities lined guests up outside and doused them in bleach.
“We were shocked,” Daniel Voznyarskiy, a 22-year-old student at the University of Washington, told the Post. “We had no warning whatsoever. They made us do a 360, sprayed us with bleach and sprayed our bags. I closed my eyes and plugged my nose.”
NEW: Americans say they were doused in bleach after authorities in Peru detained them in a mandatory coronavirus quarantine. (We have obtained video from the incident below). The State Department has raised the issue with Peruvian authorities. https://t.co/UWOqVpqOLo pic.twitter.com/FlUbCIl8sW — John Hudson (@John_Hudson) April 8, 2020
Patrick Beach, a 27-year-old Orlando resident on vacation with his girlfriend, also told the paper that they were told they could be “shot on sight” if they were seen leaving the hostel, even if they had relevant documentation for a repatriation flight.
“We were all pretty scared in the group chat,” he explained. “You hear chlorine or bleach, and you know you’re not supposed to touch it. So the idea of being sprayed with it is very scary. Ultimately it just ruined peoples’ clothes and everyone was pretty much okay, but the surprise of it all was the worst thing.”
The group ended up enlisting the help of their local representatives. Sen. Robert Menendez (D-NJ) told the newspaper that he brought the “alarming situation” to the “attention of the highest levels of the U.S. and Peruvian governments.” As a result, authorities eventually allowed them to leave the hostel and take a chartered flight organized by the U.S. government.
“We have been in touch with local authorities in Cusco on this incident and will continue discussions with our Peruvian counterparts to ensure that health care practices comply with international standards,” a State Department spokesperson said after the incident.
On Wednesday, the House Foreign Affairs Committee called on the CEOs of three domestic airlines to do more to help efforts by the State Department to bring home the tens of thousands of Americans still stranded abroad as a result of the pandemic. The State Department has so far successfully helped over 50,000 Americans return from approximately 90 countries, with repatriation efforts still ongoing.
Follow Ben Kew on Facebook, Twitter at @ben_kew, or email him at bkew@breitbart.com. | 2024-01-20T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/8445 |
Users of a variety of Android-based Samsung smartphones are becoming restive at the mobo’s apparent inability to fix a simple bug that has catastrophic consequences.
According to this Samsung forum thread, the copy-paste bug bricks the phone, requiring a factory reset or, if the owner has root access, to empty the contents of /data/clipboard (which is not accessible to ordinary users).
In that post – back in October 2012 – the user believed the bug was random, and on a copy-paste, the phone would return this error:
java.lang.NullPointerException at android.content.ClipboardManager.setPrimaryClip(ClipboardManager.java:146)
There is also a large number complaints over on Google’s Android forums here (many pre-dating the Samsung forum thread).
Rather than being random, it seems that users have identified it as a systemic flaw.
The bug impacts Galaxy SIII phones and has been reported on other devices including Galaxy Note tablets.
It appears to arise from Samsung’s TouchWiz code getting upset if it sees too many items in the clipboard folder, since deleting the folder’s contents prevents the bug.
While the Jellybean 4.1.2 update is reported to fix the problem, it’s not yet available for all devices.
El Reg feels some pity for Samsung’s forum respondent, Konrad Krakowiak, who seems pretty much muzzled beyond asking for more information about the bug, and assuring users that “this bug was reported and I think that it will be resolved soon.” ® | 2024-03-25T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2891 |
Anticarcinogenic activity of quinacrine in the rat mammary gland.
Mammary carcinogenesis studies were conducted to determine the chemopreventive activity of quinacrine, an antimalarial drug which suppresses the production of arachidonic acid from phospholipid through inhibition of phospholipase A2. Beginning 1 week after a single i.v. dose of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a semi-purified diet supplemented with 0 or 75 mg quinacrine/kg diet. Quinacrine reduced cancer incidence and carcinoma multiplicity in rats administered 20 mg MNU/kg body wt, but had no inhibitory activity in rats treated with 50 mg MNU/kg. These data suggest that pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism in addition to cyclooxygenase present useful targets for mammary cancer chemoprevention. However, the chemopreventive activity of quinacrine may be limited by toxicity. | 2024-06-24T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/5037 |
Q:
Graphing Time per trip using JFreeChart
System.out.println("Hello all that use Java && JFreeChart!");
I am writing an application that allows cyclists, such as myself, to keep track of their average speed, distance, and time for a given trip. They are to enter that data, and then a JFrame pops up with their graphed information. I have a class that converts the elapsedTime to a String format (for display purposes!), but I don't think JFreeChart can take it in for a Range value. In fact, I checked out their API documentation, http://www.jfree.org/jfreechart/api/javadoc/index.html , and quickly found out that Range() only takes parameters of type double! Not String, not Time, double. This is a letdown because I intended to set the interval of graph displayed equal to the interval formed by their minimum time and maximum time. Is there any way around this?
A:
From my understanding of the question, you could try:
double value = Double.parseDouble(string);
However, this will obviously not work if you put in a time-based value. From the comments you have made, perhaps a TimeSeriesChart from ChartFactory could solve your problem.
| 2024-01-12T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/8951 |
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New York law creates quandary for businesses with new “Accessible Icon”
Despite the url (www.adatitleiii.com) and frequent federal focus of this blog, it is important to remember that many states and municipalities have their own disability access laws and regulations with which businesses must comply. Although many state and local requirements are similar to the ADA, this is not always the case.
Usually we’re reporting on a peculiarity of California law, but not today. Effective November 22, 2014, businesses in New York must use the Accessible Icon (depicted above) in new construction and alterations. New York is the first state in the country to adopt this icon, which is distinctly different than the International Symbol of Access (“ISA”) specified in federal ADA Title III regulations.
The New “Accessible Icon”
Created over forty years ago, the ISA is a widely-recognized depiction of an individual in a wheelchair that signifies access for persons with disabilities. ADA design standards, as well as many state and local laws, regulations and building codes expressly require that businesses use the ISA to designate accessible entrances, restrooms, and parking spaces, to name a few.
On July 25, 2014, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo signed legislation designed to phase out the ISA throughout the state. Under the new law and its implementing regulations, accessibility signage installed or replaced on or after November 22, 2014 must use the Accessible Icon. The new law also prohibits the use of the term “handicapped” on accessible signage.
The description of the Accessible Icon in state regulations is taken verbatim from the website of The Accessible Icon Project, an advocacy organization that developed the icon and is lobbying for its adoption in the United States and abroad. Rather than what the regulations describe as a “static” position of the ISA, the Accessible Icon depicts a “dynamic character leaning forward and with a sense of movement.” The forward position of the head, arms pointing backward, and appearance of a wheelchair in motion “broadcast[] an important message that the emphasis should be on the person rather than the disability.”
The regulations make clear that their purpose is to change the accessibility symbol in the state, but make no reference to the fact that federal regulations – with which businesses must also comply – still require the traditional ISA.
New NYS Requirements Conflict with the ADA
New state signage requirements are inconsistent with the 2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design (and the preceding 1991 Standards), which require that public accommodations use the ISA to designate certain accessible architectural features.
As a result, New York businesses that install or replace accessible signage on or after November 22, 2014 are faced with a Catch-22. They must either display the Accessible Icon and risk violating the ADA, or display the ISA instead and fail to comply with state law.
One way out of this quandary would be for New York businesses to display the Accessible Icon and rely on the equivalent facilitation provision in Section 103 of the 2010 ADA Standards, which allows “the use of designs, products, or technologies as alternatives to those prescribed, provided that they result in substantially equivalent or greater accessibility and usability.” Businesses can take the position that the Accessible Icon constitutes equivalent facilitation under Section 103, and thus its use in lieu of the ISA is permitted. However, the agency responsible for enforcing Title III of the ADA – – the Department of Justice (“DOJ”) – – has not issued any formal guidance on this issue. Moreover, if a lawsuit is filed under the ADA against a business that chose to display the Accessible Icon, the burden of proving that the Accessible Icon provides equivalent facilitation would be on the business.
A Sign of Things to Come?
Will other states follow New York’s lead and replace the ISA with the Accessible Icon? According to The Accessibility Project’s website, the Icon is displayed in municipal buildings in New York City, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and El Paso, Texas, as well as by a number of museums, restaurants, colleges, and hospitals in the United States and internationally. Additional state jurisdictions may well follow suit.
The symbolism underlying the design of the Accessible Icon is unquestionably positive. Its recent adoption in New York, however, has created uncertainty for public accommodations that must comply with both federal and state law.
Compare jurisdictions: BYOD: Bring Your Own Device
“I enjoy the CLANZ newsstand and find it highly relevant to my job. I definitely have forwarded various articles to my colleagues on occasion where there is a point of general interest, particularly employment or IT law. I really appreciate the service, it's a quick way for me to keep up to date in a way I wouldn't otherwise have time to.” | 2024-02-22T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/8151 |
Complement factor B and the alternative pathway of complement activation in bovine milk.
The contribution of the alternative pathway of complement activation to the capacity of normal milk to deposit C3 fragments on bacteria was tested by attempting to block C3 deposition with antibodies to the alternative pathway component factor B (fB). Factor B was purified and antibodies of the IgY class, which does not activate mammalian complement, were obtained from the egg yolk of immunized laying hens. These antibodies specifically inhibited the deposition of C3. This inhibition and the absence of deposition of C4 demonstrated that C3 deposition in normal milk resulted from the activation of the alternative pathway. Antibodies raised in rabbit were used to develop an ELISA for measuring fB concentrations in milk. The mean concentration of fB was 2.06 microg/ml (+/- 0.18, SEM), 0.57% of the mean value found in serum (360 microg/ml). This proportion was comparable to that of serum albumin (0.63% of serum value) but less than the proportion of C3 in milk (2.71%). Nevertheless, fB was apparently not a limiting factor for the functioning of the alternative pathway, since addition of purified fB to normal milk did not improve C3 deposition. In serum, mild heat-treatment (56 degrees C for 3 min or 50 degrees C for 45 min) blocked the alternative pathway and destroyed fB, as shown by loss of antigenicity in ELISA. In milk, mild heat-treatment did not abrogate C3 deposition, and fB was protected, retaining its functionality and antigenicity. Heating at 56 degrees C for at least 45 min was necessary to completely inhibit C3 deposition in normal milk. | 2023-11-12T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2647 |
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Saturday, September 13, 2008
It is truly depressing that you will hear how Michigan didn't get to practice in rain, blah bla blah bla blah bla, but that there ain't no excuse Jim. And the players won't offer excuses. I hope Rod accepts the responsibility for this loss himself. You cannot. Ever. Spot anyone, much less the domers, 14 points in 5 minutes.
I am Speechless (almost).
But there was still opportunity to keep the whale beached. Alas, with 6 turnovers (at least -- I stopped counting after all the fumbles -- Sheridan might actually have made it 7) it is impossible to win a game. And, while you can blame the players (and you need to -- at least a little bit) it could not be more obvious that the turnover epidemic (half of which occurred without crazy weather) is 75% coaching. This cannot last.
I am Costanza, Lord of the Idiots.
As the last example of the mindlessness of the coaching staff, after Sheridan gives away any last glimmer of hope, they reinsert our now clear starting quarterback for the last 2 minutes. Hello. Newmannnn! | 2024-06-11T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/6010 |
Northern Rhone series 15, Dard et Ribo Karriere
Now this is something a bit different. It’s a white Crozes Hermitage from old vine Marsanne on white clay soil. As with all the Dard & Ribo wines, it is made naturally, with no additions. For more on Dard & Ribo, see Bertrand’s article on his Wine Terroirs blog.
Dard et Ribo Crozes Hermitage Blanc Karriere 2007
100% Marsanne. This wine has unbelievable length. A yellow colour, it has a nose of apples, herbs and minerals. The palate is complex, taut and appley with good acidity and an amazing nutty texture, leading to a long, warm, deep, mineral finish. Complex and broad, this is quite wonderful. 93/100 (UK agent Les Caves de Pyrene) | 2023-09-16T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2170 |
NICOSIA (Reuters) - Cyprus was working on a last-minute proposal to soften the impact on smaller savers of a bank deposit levy after a parliamentary vote on the measure central to a bailout was postponed until Monday, a government source said.
In a radical departure from previous aid packages, euro zone finance ministers want Cyprus savers to forfeit a portion of their deposits in return for a 10 billion euro ($13 billion) bailout for the island, which has been financially crippled by its exposure to neighboring Greece.
The decision, announced on Saturday morning, stunned Cypriots and caused a run on cash points, most of which were depleted within hours. Electronic transfers were stopped.
The originally proposed levies on deposits are 9.9 percent for those exceeding 100,000 euros and 6.7 percent on anything below that.
The Cypriot government on Sunday discussed with lenders the possibility of changing the levy to 3.0 percent for deposits below 100,000 euros, and to 12.5 percent for above that sum, a source close to the consultations told Reuters on condition of anonymity.
The source said the discussions had the “blessing” of a troika of lenders from the European Commission, the IMF and the European Central Bank.
In Brussels, a spokesman for Olli Rehn, the European commissioner in charge of economic affairs, said discussions were still under way in Cyprus.
“If the Cypriot leaders agree on a more progressive scale for the one-off levy, in view of making it fairer for smaller savers and provided this would have the same financial impact, the Commission would be ready to recommend that the Eurogroup endorse such an agreement,” the spokesman said.
The move to take a percentage of deposits, which could raise almost 6 billion euros, must be ratified by parliament, where no party has a majority. If it fails to do so, President Nicos Anastasiades has warned, Cyprus’s two largest banks will collapse.
One bank, the Cyprus Popular Bank, could have its emergency liquidity assistance (ELA) funding from the European Central Bank cut by March 21.
A default in Cyprus could unravel investor confidence in the euro zone, undoing the improvements fostered by the European Central Bank’s promise last year to do whatever it takes to shore up the currency bloc.
A meeting of parliament scheduled for Sunday was postponed for a day to give more time for consultations and broker a deal, political sources said. The levy was scheduled to come into force on Tuesday, after a bank holiday on Monday.
BREAKS A TABOO
Making bank depositors bear some of the costs of a bailout had been taboo in Europe, but euro zone officials said it was the only way to salvage Cyprus’s financial sector.
European officials said it would not set a precedent.
In Spain, one of four other states getting euro zone help and seen as a possible candidate for a sovereign rescue, officials were quick to say Cyprus was a unique case. A Bank of Spain spokesman said there had been no sign of deposit flight.
But the chief of Greece’s main opposition, the anti-bailout Syriza party, Alexis Tsipras, blamed the move on German Chancellor Angela Merkel, according to Greek state news agency ANA.
“We must all together raise a shield to protect the peoples (of Europe) from Ms Merkel’s criminal strategy,” said Tsipras, who wants a pan-European debt conference to forgive debt.
The crisis is unprecedented in the history of the Mediterranean island, which suffered a war and ethnic split in 1974 in which a quarter of its population was internally displaced.
Anastasiades, elected only three weeks ago, said savers will be compensated by shares in banks guaranteed by future natural gas revenues.
Cyprus is expecting the results of an offshore appraisal drilling this year to confirm the island is sitting on vast amounts of natural gas worth billions.
Slideshow ( 5 images )
In a televised address to the nation on Sunday, Anastasiades said he had to accept the tax in return for international aid, or else the island would have faced bankruptcy.
“The solution we concluded upon is not what we wanted, but is the least painful under the circumstances,” Anastasiades said.
With a gross domestic product of barely 0.2 percent of the bloc’s overall output, Cyprus applied for financial aid last June, but negotiations were stalled by the complexity of the deal and the reluctance of the island’s previous president to sign.
International Monetary Fund Managing Director Christine Lagarde, who attended the meeting, said she backed the deal and would ask the IMF board in Washington to contribute to the bailout.
Slideshow ( 5 images )
RUSSIANS, EUROPEANS
According to a draft copy of legislation, failing to pay up would be a criminal offence liable to three years in jail or a 50,000 euro fine.
Those affected will include rich Russians with deposits in Cyprus and Europeans who have retired to the island, as well as Cypriots themselves.
“I’m furious,” said Chris Drake, a former Middle East correspondent for the BBC who lives in Cyprus. “There were plenty of opportunities to take our money out; we didn’t because we were promised it was a red line which would not be crossed.”
“I’ve lost several thousand,” he told Reuters.
British finance minister George Osborne told the BBC on Sunday that Britain would compensate its 3,500 military personnel based in Cyprus.
Anastasiades’ right-wing Democratic Rally party, with 20 seats in the 56-member parliament, needs the support of other factions for the vote to pass. It was unclear whether even his coalition partners, the Democratic Party, would fully support the levy.
Cyprus’s Communist party AKEL, accused of stalling on a bailout during its tenure in power until the end of February, would vote against the measure. The socialist Edek party called EU demands “absurd”.
“This is unacceptably unfair and we are against it,” said Adonis Yiangou of the Greens Party, the smallest in parliament but a potential swing vote.
Many Cypriots, having contributed to bailouts for Ireland, Portugal and Greece - Greece’s second bailout contributed to a debt restructuring that blew the 4.5 billion euro hole in Cyprus’s banking sector - are aghast at their treatment by Europe.
Cyprus received a “stab in the back” from its EU partners, the daily Phileleftheros said.
But it and another newspapers highlighted the danger of plunging the banking system into further turmoil if lawmakers sat on the fence.
“Even if the final agreement is wrong, if this is not approved by parliament the damage will be even greater,” Politis economics editor Demetris Georgiades said in an editorial. | 2023-08-04T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/7902 |
---
bibliography:
- 'refs240919.bib'
title: Supplementary material of achieving the SQL in Quantum NMR spectroscopy without single nucleus addressing
---
Simplified model analysis {#Simplified}
=========================
The system consists of $N$ spin-$1/2$ nuclei with energy gap $\omega_N$ and a quantum sensor - a spin-$1/2$ particle with energy gap $\omega_0$. The current natural choice for a sensor is an NV center, but the analysis is not limited to a specific realization. The free Hamiltonian of the system is \[const1\] H\_0= \_z+ \_[i=1]{}\^[N]{} I\_z\^i, where $\sigma_j/I_j^k$ is the Pauli operator in the $j$ direction of the sensor/k-th nucleus. Our goal is to estimate $\omega_N$, when we can only read-out the NV’s state and assuming the interaction Hamiltonian \[const2\] H\_1=g\_z\_[i=1]{}\^N I\_x\^i, with some constant $g$, which is a simplified version of the dipole-dipole interaction. We propose a new protocol as follows. First initialize the system to the state \[const3\] [|\_0]{}=[|\_X]{}\^[S]{}[|\_X\_X]{}, where superscript $S$ stands for “sensor” and the other registers are the $N$ nuclei. The next step is to suppress the dipolar interaction, by applying an appropriate external drive, and propagate the state of system, , according to in the interaction picture with respect to the sensor’s energy gap for a time $t$, \[const4\] [|\_t]{}=[|\_X]{}\^[S]{}(e\^[-i t]{}[|\_Z]{}+e\^[i t]{}[|\_Z]{})\^[N]{}=[|\_X]{}\^[S]{}((t)[|\_X]{}-i(t)[|\_X]{})\^[N]{}. Now by changing the drive, we can turn on $H_1$ and turn off $H_0$. The propagation of according to by time $\tau$ results in $$\begin{aligned}
\label{const5}
{|\psi_\tau\rangle}=e^{-iH_1 \tau}{|\psi_t\rangle}&=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}{|\uparrow_Z\rangle}^{S}\otimes\left(\cos\left(\frac{\omega_N}{2}t\right)e^{-ig\tau}{|\uparrow_X\rangle}-i\sin\left(\frac{\omega_N}{2}t\right)e^{ig\tau}{|\downarrow_X\rangle}\right)^{\otimes N}\\\nonumber
&+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}{|\downarrow_Z\rangle}^{S}\otimes\left(\cos\left(\frac{\omega_N}{2}t\right)e^{ig\tau}{|\uparrow_X\rangle}-i\sin\left(\frac{\omega_N}{2}t\right)e^{-ig\tau}{|\downarrow_X\rangle}\right)^{\otimes N}
\end{aligned}$$ The reduced density matrix of the sensor after this step is \_[S]{}=
1 & \_[2]{}|\_[1]{}\
\_[1]{}|\_[2]{}& 1
, where $$\begin{aligned}
&{|\psi_1\rangle}=\left(\cos\left(\frac{\omega_N}{2}t\right)e^{-ig\tau}{|\uparrow_X\rangle}-i\sin\left(\frac{\omega_N}{2}t\right)e^{ig\tau}{|\downarrow_X\rangle}\right)^{\otimes N},\\
&{|\psi_2\rangle}=\left(\cos\left(\frac{\omega_N}{2}t\right)e^{ig\tau}{|\uparrow_X\rangle}-i\sin\left(\frac{\omega_N}{2}t\right)e^{-ig\tau}{|\downarrow_X\rangle}\right)^{\otimes N}.
\end{aligned}$$ The off diagonal element is explicitly, \[constant\] \_[1]{}|\_[2]{}=\_[i=1]{}\^[N]{}(\^2(t)e\^[2ig]{}+\^2(t)e\^[-2ig]{})=((2g)+i(2g)(\_N t))\^[N]{} We can rewrite in polar representation, $\langle\psi_{1}|\psi_{2}\rangle=r e^{i\Phi}$, with $$\begin{aligned}
\label{const6}
&\Phi=N\arctan\left[\tan\left(2 g\tau\right)\cos\left(\omega_N t\right)\right],\\\label{const7}
&r=\left(\cos^2\left(2g\tau\right)+\sin^2\left(2g\tau\right)\cos^2\left(\omega_N t\right)\right)^{N/2}=\left(1-\sin^2\left(2g\tau\right)\sin^2\left(\omega_N t\right)\right)^{N/2}.
\end{aligned}$$ In the weak coupling limit, $g\tau\ll1$, eqs. and can be approximated by $$\begin{aligned}
\label{const8}
&\Phi\approx 2 N g\tau\cos\left(\omega_N t\right)\\\label{const9}
&r\approx\left(1-\left(2g\tau\right)^2\sin^2\left(\omega_N t\right)\right)^{N/2}\approx e^{-2N\left(g\tau\right)^2\sin^2\left(\omega_N t\right)}.
\end{aligned}$$ The off-diagonal elements in this limit are therefore, \[const10\] \_[1]{}|\_[2]{}=r e\^[i]{}e\^[-2N(g)\^2\^2(\_N t)]{} e\^[i2 N g(\_N t)]{} The QFI is given by the Bures distance [@slater1998bures; @QFI] \[Bures\] =I\_[r]{}+I\_=+r\^2()\^2.
The first term, $I_{r}$, is the information obtained from the change in the eignvalues, and the second term, $I_{\Phi}$, is the information obtained from the rotation, i.e. the change in the eigenstates. Let us analyze each one of these terms (denoting $\theta=\omega_{N} t$). $I_{r}$ reads: $$I_{r} = N^{2}t^{2}\cos^2\left(\theta\right)\sin^2\left(\theta\right)\sin^4\left(2g\tau\right)\left(1-\sin^2\left(\theta\right)\sin^2\left(2g\tau\right)\right)^{N-2}\frac{1}{1-\left(1-\sin^2\left(\theta\right)\sin^2\left(2g\tau\right)\right)^{N}}.$$ Optimizing this term over $\theta$ yields (optimum is obtained at $\theta=0$) $Nt^{2}\sin\left(2g\tau\right)^{2}.$ Hence given a small $g\tau$ this expression is bounded by $\approx4N t^2 \left(g\tau\right)^{2}.$
Let us move on to $I_{\Phi}$, the information due to rotation: $$I_{\Phi}=N^{2}t^{2} \cos^2\left(2g\tau\right) \sin^2\left(2g\tau\right) \sin^2\left(\theta\right) \left(1-\sin^2\left(2g\tau\right)\sin^2\left(\theta\right)\right)^{N-1}.$$ Optimizing this term over $\theta$ yields (optimum is obtained at $\sin^2\left(\theta\right)=\frac{1}{\left(N\right)\sin^2\left(2g\tau\right)}$) $$I_{\Phi}= Nt^{2}\cos^2\left(2g\tau\right)\left(1-\frac{1}{N}\right)^{N-1}\approx\frac{N}{e}t^{2}\cos^2\left(2g\tau\right).$$ and in the limit of $g \tau \ll 1$ it is \[toy\_optimal\_strong\] I\_= t\^2. Note that in order to get this information we need to tune $\theta$ such that $\sin^2\left(\theta\right)=\frac{1}{\left(N\right)\sin^2\left(2g\tau\right)},$ hence we must have $2 N \left( g\tau \right)^{2}>1$. For $2 N \left( g\tau \right)^{2}<1,$ the optimal $\theta$ is $\pi/2$ and given this optimization the expression behaves as \[toy\_optimal\_weak\] 4 N\^2 t\^2 ( g )\^2. We can therefore conclude that in the relevant limit, i.e. $g\tau\ll1, N \gg 1,$ $I_{r}$ (information obtained from the length of the Bloch vector) is negligible compared to $I_{\Phi}$ (information obtained from rotation of the Bloch vector) and thus $\pazocal{I} \approx I_{\Phi}$. This can be summarized as follows:
$$\begin{array}{ccc}
& I_{r} & I_{\Phi}\\
N\left(g\tau\right)^{2}>1/2 & \,\,4Nt^{2}\left(g\tau\right)^{2} & \frac{N}{e}t^{2}\\
N\left(g\tau\right)^{2}<1/2 & \,\,4Nt^{2}\left(g\tau\right)^{2} & \;4N^{2}t^{2}\left(g\tau\right)^{2}
\end{array}\;\;\Longrightarrow\begin{array}{c}
\pazocal{I}\\
\frac{N}{e}t^{2}\\
4N^{2}t^{2}\left(g\tau\right)^{2}
\end{array}$$
and the optimal values $\theta$ that correspond to the optimal $I_{\Phi}$: $$\begin{array}{cc}
& \theta\\
N\left(g\tau\right)^{2}>1/2 & \;\pi k+ \arcsin\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}2g\tau}\right)\\
N\left(g\tau\right)^{2}<1/2 & \;\pi/2
\end{array}$$ where $k\in\mathbb{Z}$. We would like to point that $I\approx I_{\Phi}$ only in the limit of $g \tau \ll 1,$ for larger values of $g \tau$ this is no longer the case.
We obtained that for $N\left(g\tau\right)^{2}\gg1,$ $\pazocal{I}=\frac{N}{e}t^{2},$ hence a QFI that is comparable to the ultimate limit. It remains to find the measurement basis that saturates the QFI. We can do that by finding the eigenbasis of the symmetric-logarithmic derivative, however in this case, since almost all the information is in $\Phi$ we can find a simple approximation. Given a measurement basis that creates an angle of $\alpha$ (in $X-Y$ plane of the Bloch sphere) with $\sigma_{x}$ the probabilities read: $$p_{\pm}=0.5\left(1\pm r\right)\cos^{2}\left(\frac{\alpha-\Phi}{2}\right)+0.5\left(1\mp r\right)\sin^{2}\left(\frac{\alpha-\Phi}{2}\right)=0.5\pm0.5r\cos\left(\alpha-\Phi\right).$$ Hence the FI given this measurement basis is $I=\sin^{2}\left(\alpha-\Phi\right)\frac{1}{1-r^{2}\cos^{2}\left(\alpha-\Phi\right)}r^{2}\left(\frac{d\Phi}{d\omega_{N}}\right)^{2},$ which attains its maximum ($r^{2}\left(\frac{d\Phi}{d\omega_{N}}\right)^{2}$) at $\alpha=\frac{\pi}{2}+\Phi.$ namely the optimal operator to measure is $\cos\left(\alpha_{\text{opt}}\right)\sigma_{x}+\sin\left(\alpha_{\text{opt}}\right)\sigma_{y},$ where\
$\alpha_{\text{opt}}\approx N\arctan\left[\tan\left(2g\tau\right)\cos\left(\theta_{\text{opt}}\right)\right]+\frac{\pi}{2}.$ This is an approximation as we neglect the the contribution of the classical (radial) part of the QFI. The dependence on the measurement basis is illustrated in fig. \[bases\].
![ Comparison between the FI with different measurements and the QFI (red, solid line). The optimal measurement basis attains the QFI for $\theta_\text{opt}$ (blue, dotted line), a different measurement basis (green, dashed line) leads to a worse performance. []{data-label="bases"}](bases.pdf){width="60.00000%"}
Spatially dependent coupling {#Spatially_dependent}
============================
The following extends the results of the previous section to a more realistic scenario. We focus our analysis on the NV center, but it could be easily extended to other quantum sensors. In reality, the simplified model interaction Hamiltonian should be replaced with the corresponding dipole-dipole interaction term, \[spatial1\] H\_1=\_z\_[j=1]{}\^Ng\^j(|[r]{}\_j)I\_x\^j. In spherical coordinate system, where the NV is situated at the origin and the NV’s magnetization axis coincides with the $\hat{z}$ axis, denoting by $\left\{r_j,\theta_j,\varphi_j\right\}$ the coordinates of the j-th nucleus, which are also time dependent, the coupling constants can be written as, \[spatial2\] g\^j=-3 J r\_j\^[-3]{}\_j\_j\_j, with the physical coupling constant $J=\frac{\mu_0\hbar\gamma_e\gamma_N}{4\pi}=0.49 \textrm{MHz}\cdot\textrm{nm}^3$ , where $\mu_0$ is the vacuum permeability, $\hbar$ is the reduced plank constant and $\gamma_{e/N}$ are the electronic/nuclear gyro-magnetic ratios. The coupling constant can be rewritten in terms of the definitions in \[Appendix: DD\] as \[spatial3\] g\^j=-J r\_j\^[-3]{}(\_1 Y\_2\^[(1)]{}(\_j)+\_[-1]{}Y\_2\^[(-1)]{}(\_j)), where $\Omega$ is the solid angle. The protocol is identical, and the analysis follows the same lines as in the simplified model. Nevertheless, when writing the reduced density matrix of the sensor, eq. changes due to the spatial dependency of to \[spatial4\] \_[1]{}|\_[2]{}=\_[j=1]{}\^[N]{}(\^2(t)e\^[2iG\_j]{}+\^2(t)e\^[-2iG\_j]{}), where $G_i=\int\limits_0^\tau dt g^j\left(t\right)$. We define the single nucleus module and phase as $$\begin{aligned}
\label{spatial5}
&\Phi_j=\arctan\left[\tan\left(2 G_j\right)\cos\left(\omega_N t\right)\right]\ \textrm{and}\\\label{spatial6}
&r_j=\sqrt{\cos^2\left(2G_j\right)+\sin^2\left(2G_j\right)\cos^2\left(\omega_N t\right)}=\sqrt{1-\sin^2\left(2G_j\right)\sin^2\left(\omega_N t\right)}.
\end{aligned}$$ Substituting and into , we end up with \[spatial7\] \_[1]{}|\_[2]{}=\_[j=1]{}\^[N]{}(1-\^2(2G\_j)\^2(\_N t))\^[1/2]{}{i }. Under the weak coupling assumption $G_j\ll1$ we can approximate , \[spatial8\] \_[j=1]{}\^[N]{}(-2G\_j\^2\^2(\_N t)){i 2 G\_j(\_N t)}=(-2\_[j=1]{}\^NG\_j\^2\^2(\_N t))(i 2\_[j=1]{}\^N G\_j(\_N t)). When $N\gg1$, \[spatial9\] \_[j=1]{}\^N G\_i=\_0\^dt=N\_0\^dt(d\^3 r g(|[r]{}))=nd\^3r g(|[r]{})\_[e]{}=-n J (2), where we denoted by $n=\frac{N}{V}$ the nuclei number density, $\alpha$ is the NV’s tilting angle and $g\left(\bar{r}\right)=J r^{-3}\left(\tilde{\zeta}_1 Y_2^{\left(1\right)}\left(\Omega\right)+\tilde{\zeta}_{-1}Y_2^{\left(-1\right)}\left(\Omega\right)\right)$. In the second equality of we assumed that the average magnetic field is time independent. This is equivalent to the assumption that the liquid is an incompressible fluid, since fluctuations in the average magnetic field of a fully polarized sample can only arise from density fluctuations. The average magnetic field is calculated in \[Mean\_field\]. In the last equality we cite the result ,
We evaluate the second moment by adding an average over realizations N\_0\^dt’\_0\^dt”. Assuming that the correlation $C_2\left(t',t''\right)\equiv\left<g\left(\bar{r}\left(t'\right)\right)g\left(\bar{r}\left(t''\right)\right)\right>$ is stationary, \[spatial11\] N\_0\^d’\_[-’]{}\^[’]{} d”C\_2(t”). The physical quantity associated with eq. is \[spatial12\] B\_[rms]{}\^2=\_[t0]{}C\_2(t)=f\_2()\^2. The proportion factor $f_2$ in is a function of the NV’s tilting angle and is equal to \[spatial13\] f\_2= . The full calculation of is found in \[Decay\_Planar\]. The result of for an arbitrary time is quite complex [@microfludics], but for times $\tau\ll\tau_D$, where $\tau_D=\frac{d^2}{D}$ is the diffusion time, it can be simplified to the instantaneous limit \[spatial14\] \_e\^2B\_[rms]{}\^2\^2, while for long times $\tau\gg\tau_D$, \[spatial15\] \_e\^2B\_[rms]{}\^2\_D=S(=0), where $S\left(\omega\right)=\int\limits_{-\infty}^{\infty}dt C_2\left(t\right)e^{-i\omega t}$ is the power spectrum. Assuming $\left|\left<B\right>\right|\gg B_{rms}$, which means that the net polarization is larger than the statistical one, we can stop our expansion in moments of $G_j$ at second order. Since $B_{rms}\propto d^{-3/2}$, for an increasingly shallow NV, eventually $B_{rms}\sim\left|\left<B\right>\right|$, and than higher moment should be taken into account. Some calculations of the third moment can be found in \[Third\_moment\]. Using the definitions and , eq. can be written as \[spatial16\] \_[1]{}|\_[2]{}=(-2\_e\^2 B\_[rms]{}\^2\^2\^2(\_N t))(i 2\_e(\_N t)), for times $\tau\ll\tau_D$. From eq. we identify the total accumulated phase $\Phi$ and decay $r$ as $$\begin{aligned}
\label{spatial17}
&\Phi=2\gamma_e\left<B\right>\tau\cos\left(\omega_N t\right),\\\label{spatial18}
&r\underbrace{\approx}_{\tau\ll\tau_D}\exp\left(-2\gamma_e^2 B_{rms}^2\tau^2\sin^2\left(\omega_N t\right)\right).
\end{aligned}$$ The QFI can now be estimated by substituting eqs. and into the formula , \[spatial19\] =4 \_e\^2\^2t\^2 \^2() e\^[-4 \_e\^2 B\_[rms]{}\^2 \^2 \^2()]{}. The first term in is the information that can be extracted by the signal (or phase accumulation), while the second term is the information that comes from the noise. The latter’s contribution is smaller by a factor of $\left(\frac{B_{rms}}{\left<B\right>}\right)^2$ and, therefore, negligible under the assumption $\left|\left<B\right>\right|\gg B_{rms}$. When the back-action is negligible, meaning $\gamma_e^2B_{rms}^2\tau^2\ll1$, the QFI is approximately \[spatial20\] 4\_e\^2\^2t\^2\^2()\^2. Hence, the QFI is optimal for $\sin^2\theta=1$, for which \[spatial21\] 4\_e\^2\^2t\^2\^2. Eq. is equivalent to the eq. in sec. \[Simplified\], with $N g \tau$ replaced by the $\gamma_e \left<B\right>\tau$. When the back-action is strong, the optimal $\theta$ changes such that, \[optimal\_cond\] \^2()=, then the QFI is \[spatial22\] t\^217.5t\^2, where in the last equality we substituted an NV’s tilting angle of $\alpha=54.7^\circ$. This is the same result as in the previous section, with the difference that due to the dipolar interaction and the geometry, there is a dependence on the NV’s tilting angle and the effective number of particles is $nd^3$. When $\tau\gg\tau_D$ the decay changes to \[spatial23\] r\_[\_D]{}e\^[-2\_e\^2B\_[rms]{}\^2\_D\^2(\_Nt)]{}. The QFI given and is \[spatial24\] =4 \_e\^2\^2t\^2 \^2() e\^[-4 \_e\^2 B\_[rms]{}\^2 \_D \^2()]{}. Still under the assumption $\left|\left<B\right>\right|\gg B_{rms}$ the noise contribution can be neglected. Since the signal doesn’t change, as the average field does not depend on diffusion, the QFI also remains the same in the small back-action limit $\gamma_e^2B_{rms}^2\tau\tau_D\ll1$, where the decay is negligible. Hence the small back-action limit recovers . Strong back-action will lead to a change in , since the decay dictates the optimal $\theta$, \[optimal\_cond2\] \^2()=. Substituting into yields the optimal QFI, \[long\_times\_opt\] =t\^2. We note that eq. is problematic since the QFI grows linearly with $\tau$ indefinitely. More over, if $D\rightarrow\infty$ the QFI diverges. The latter is explained by the fact that for $\tau_D\rightarrow0$ the back-action is always small, therefore, the relevant QFI is and not . The first problem arises from the fact that we took into account an infinite volume with an infinite number of spins. Hence, as more spins pass through the effective interaction region the information increases. We have to take into account finite volume effects when the QFI is no longer in accord with the standard quantum limit, namely, \[spatial25\] t\^2>Nt\^2. Eq. leads to the following condition on the interrogation time $\tau$, \[spatial26\] \_D (). Perhaps, a more intuitive form for can be written in terms of the volumetric diffusion time $\tau_V\equiv \frac{V^{2/3}}{D}$, \[spatial27\] \_V (), and since usually $\frac{V^{1/3}}{17.5d}>1$ can be regarded as $\tau\gg\tau_V$. The volumetric diffusion time is the approximate time it takes for a nucleus to travel from one end of the volume to the other by diffusion. Therefore, for times bigger than this, it is clear that boundary effect will start to play an important role. For such long times the diffusion propagator approaches to uniform distribution over the volume, which changes the decay to \[spatial28\] r\_[\_V]{}e\^[-\_e\^2\^2\^2]{}. The result is a general property, as the propagator should always approach the uniform distribution for times $\tau\gg\tau_V$. The QFI can again be calculated using the formula with and , =4 t\^2 \_e\^2 \^2 \^2 \^2() e\^[-]{}. The noise term is negligible as even for strong back-action $\gamma_e^2\left<B\right>^2\tau^2/N\gg1$ it is decreased by a factor of $1/N$. The optimal QFI is achieved in the strong back-action limit for \[optimal\_cond3\] ()=, for which the QFI is \[spatial29\] t\^2. Eq. is equivalent to eq. , meaning that effectively at long interrogation time, the dipolar interaction acts as a constant coupling $g=\frac{\gamma_e \left<B\right>}{N}$.
Undriven nuclei {#undriven}
===============
In the following we would like to drop the assumption that we drive the nuclei in the $\hat{x}$ direction in order to achieve . This is an interesting scenario both experimentally, as applying an external drive on the nuclei might prove to be challenging, and analytically since it will introduce another type of dephasing to the quantum probe. The free Hamiltonian of the system is \[nodrive1\] H\_0= \_z+ \_[i=1]{}\^[N]{} I\_z, and the full dipolar interaction Hamiltonian is \[nodrive2\] H\_[DD]{}=\_[i,j{x,y,z}]{}\_i\_[k=1]{}\^N g\_[i,j]{}\^kI\_j\^k The interaction Hamiltonian in the interaction picture with respect to the NV’s energy gap is \[nodrive3\] H\_1\_z\_[i=1]{}\^N(g\_0\^i I\_z\^i+g\_1\^i I\_+\^i +g\_2\^i I\_-\^i), where we made the rotating wave approximation $g_{i,j}^k\ll\omega_0$. As customary in spectrum measurements, the NV is driven with $\pi$-pulses every time $\tau_p$, so that the effective Hamiltonian is \[nodrive4\] H\_1=h(t)\_z(g\_0\^i I\_z\^i+g\_1\^i I\_+\^i +g\_2\^i I\_-\^i), where \[nodrive5\] h(t)=\_[n=0]{}\^N (-1)\^n(t-n\_p)(t-(n+1)\_p) We expand the function $h$ into a Fourier series, \[nodrive6\] h(t)=\_[m=-]{}\^a\_m e\^[imt]{} Substituting the expansion into gives an equation for the coefficients $a_m$, \[nodrive7\] \_[m=-]{}\^a\_m e\^[imt]{}=\_[n=0]{}\^N (-1)\^n(t-n\_p)(t-(n+1)\_p). Multiplying both sides of by $e^{-i k \omega t}$ and integrating, $$\begin{aligned}
\label{nodrive8}
a_k&=\sum_{n=0}^N \left(-1\right)^n\frac{1}{(N+1)\tau_p}\int\limits_{n\tau_p}^{(n+1)\tau_p}dt e^{-ik\omega t}=\frac{i}{k(N+1)\omega\tau_p}\left(e^{-ik\omega \tau_p}-1\right)\sum_{n=0}^N \left(-1\right)^ne^{-ik n\omega \tau_p},
\end{aligned}$$ where in the last equality we assumed $k\in\mathbb{Z}/\left\{0\right\}$. We set $\omega=\omega_p\equiv\frac{\pi}{\tau_p}$, the pulse frequency, for which the expression simplifies and is non-zero only for odd k, $$\begin{aligned}
\label{nodrive9}
a_k&=\frac{i}{\pi k(N+1)}\left(\left(-1\right)^k-1\right)\sum_{n=0}^N \left(-1\right)^{n\left(k+1\right)}\underbrace{=}_{\textrm{k\ odd}}-\frac{2i}{k\pi(N+1)}\sum_{n=0}^N 1=-\frac{2i}{\pi k}.
\end{aligned}$$ To determine $a_0$, we integrate both sides of eq. , $$\begin{aligned}
\label{nodrive10}
a_0&=\sum_{n=0}^N\left(-1\right)^n\frac{1}{(N+1)\tau_p}\int\limits_{n\tau_p}^{(n+1)\tau_p}dt 1=\frac{1}{N+1}\sum_{n=0}^N(-1)^n=\begin{cases}
0 & \textrm{N\ odd}\\
1 & \textrm{N\ even}
\end{cases}.
\end{aligned}$$ We continue under the assumption that N is odd. In this case, substituting the results and into the expansion , \[nodrive11\] h(t)=-\_[n=-]{}\^e\^[i(2n+1)\_pt]{}. The Hamiltonian , can now be rewritten using in the interaction picture with respect to the nuclear spins energy gaps, \[nodrive12\] H\_1=- \_[n=-]{}\^e\^[i(2n+1)\_p t]{}, When $\omega\sim\omega_N$ such that $\delta\omega\equiv\omega_N-\omega\ll\omega_N$ we can approximate , assuming $\omega_N\gg g_0^i,g_1^i,g_2^i$, \[nodrive13\] H\_1- \_z=- \_z, where we used the explicit spatial forms $g_k^j=-\frac{3}{2}r_j^{-3}\cos\theta_j\sin\theta_je^{\left(-1\right)^ki\varphi_j}$ (see sec. \[Appendix: DD\]) and denoted $g_{\pm}^j= -\frac{3}{2}r_j^{-3}\cos\theta_j\sin\theta_j$. We now follow our previous protocol using the effective interaction . The system is initialized to the state \[nodrive14\] [|\_i]{}=[|\_X]{}\^S[|\_X\_X]{}. We shall work in the interaction with respect to $H_{ref}=\frac{\omega_0}{2}\sigma_z+\frac{\omega_p}{2}\sum_{j=1}^NI_z^j$, in which the free Hamiltonian and the effective interaction Hamiltonian are $$\begin{aligned}
\label{nodrive15}
& H_0=\frac{\delta\omega}{2}\sum_{i=1}^N I^i_z \\\label{nodrive16}
&H_1=\frac{2g^i_{\pm}}{\pi} \sigma_z\sum_{i=1}^N\left[ I_x^i\sin\left(\varphi_i\right) - I_y^i\cos\left(\varphi_i\right)\right]\equiv\frac{2g^i_{\pm}}{\pi} \sigma_z\sum_{i=1}^Nh_i.
\end{aligned}$$ The system is allowed to evolve for a time $t$ under the Hamiltonian $H_0$, , \[nodrive19\] [|\_t]{}=[|\_X]{}\^S(( t)[|\_X]{}-i( t)[|\_X]{})\^[N]{} The eigenvectors of the single nucleus Hamiltonian, $h_i=I_x^i\sin\left(\varphi_i\right)-I_y^i\cos\left(\varphi_i\right)$, are $$\begin{aligned}
\label{nodrive17}
{|\uparrow_{\varphi_i}\rangle}&=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(e^{-\frac{i}{2}\left(\varphi_i+\pi/2\right)}{|\uparrow_Z\rangle}-e^{\frac{i}{2}\left(\varphi_i+\pi/2\right)}{|\downarrow_Z\rangle}\right),\ \textrm{with corresponding eigenvalue}\ 1\\
{|\downarrow_{\varphi_i}\rangle}&=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(e^{-\frac{i}{2}\left(\varphi_i+\pi/2\right)}{|\uparrow_Z\rangle}+e^{-\frac{i}{2}\left(\varphi_i+\pi/2\right)}{|\downarrow_Z\rangle}\right),\ \textrm{with corresponding eigenvalue}\ -1 .
\end{aligned}$$ Eq. can be rewritten in the $x$ basis, $$\begin{aligned}
\label{nodrive18}
{|\uparrow_{\varphi_i}\rangle}&=-i\sin\left(\frac{\varphi_i}{2}+\frac{\pi}{4}\right){|\uparrow_X\rangle}+\cos\left(\frac{\varphi_i}{2}+\frac{\pi}{4}\right){|\downarrow_X\rangle},\ \textrm{with}\ \lambda=1\\
{|\downarrow_{\varphi_i}\rangle}&=\cos\left(\frac{\varphi_i}{2}+\frac{\pi}{4}\right){|\uparrow_X\rangle}-i\sin\left(\frac{\varphi_i}{2}+\frac{\pi}{4}\right){|\downarrow_X\rangle},\ \textrm{with}\ \lambda=-1 .
\end{aligned}$$ The reverse transformation to is $$\begin{aligned}
\label{nodrive20}
{|\uparrow_X\rangle}=\cos\left(\frac{\varphi_i}{2}+\frac{\pi}{4}\right){|\downarrow_{\varphi_i}\rangle}+i\sin\left(\frac{\varphi_i}{2}+\frac{\pi}{4}\right){|\uparrow_{\varphi_i}\rangle}\\
{|\downarrow_X\rangle}=i\sin\left(\frac{\varphi_i}{2}+\frac{\pi}{4}\right){|\downarrow_{\varphi_i}\rangle}+\cos\left(\frac{\varphi_i}{2}+\frac{\pi}{4}\right){|\uparrow_{\varphi_i}\rangle}.
\end{aligned}$$ We can write in the eigenbasis using , $$\label{nodrive21}
{|\psi_t\rangle}={|\uparrow_X\rangle}^S\left(\cos\left(\frac{\delta\omega}{2} t-\frac{\varphi_i}{2}-\frac{\pi}{4}\right){|\downarrow_{\varphi_i}\rangle}-i\sin\left(\frac{\delta\omega}{2} t-\frac{\varphi_i}{2}-\frac{\pi}{4}\right){|\uparrow_{\varphi_i}\rangle}\right)^{\otimes N}.$$ Now we can easily propagate according to the interaction Hamiltonian for a time period $\tau$, $$\begin{aligned}
\label{nodrive22}
{|\psi_\tau\rangle}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}{|\uparrow_Z\rangle}^S\left(\cos\left(\frac{\delta\omega}{2} t-\frac{\varphi_i}{2}-\frac{\pi}{4}\right)e^{i \frac{2G_{\pm}^i}{\pi}}{|\downarrow_{\varphi_i}\rangle}-e^{-i \frac{2G_{\pm}^i}{\pi}}i\sin\left(\frac{\delta\omega}{2} t-\frac{\varphi_i}{2}-\frac{\pi}{4}\right){|\uparrow_{\varphi_i}\rangle}\right)^{\otimes N}\\\nonumber
+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}{|\downarrow_Z\rangle}^S\left(\cos\left(\frac{\delta\omega}{2} t-\frac{\varphi_i}{2}-\frac{\pi}{4}\right)e^{-i \frac{2G_{\pm}^i}{\pi}}{|\downarrow_{\varphi_i}\rangle}-e^{i \frac{2G_{\pm}^i}{\pi}}i\sin\left(\frac{\delta\omega}{2} t-\frac{\varphi_i}{2}-\frac{\pi}{4}\right){|\uparrow_{\varphi_i}\rangle}\right)^{\otimes N},
\end{aligned}$$ Where $G_{\pm}^i=\int\limits_0^\tau dt g_\pm^i\left(t\right)$. Eq. leads us to define the states $\ker{\psi_1}$ and ${|\psi_2\rangle}$ by ${|\psi_\tau\rangle}\equiv\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left({|\uparrow_Z\rangle}^S{|\psi_1\rangle}+{|\downarrow_Z\rangle}^S{|\psi_2\rangle}\right)$. Using we can calculate the overlap, $$\begin{aligned}
\label{nodrive23}
\left<\psi_2|\psi_1\right>&=\prod_{i=1}^N\left[\cos^2\left(\frac{\delta\omega}{2} t-\frac{\varphi_i}{2}-\frac{\pi}{4}\right)e^{i\frac{4G_{\pm}^i}{\pi}}+\sin^2\left(\frac{\delta\omega}{2} t-\frac{\varphi_i}{2}-\frac{\pi}{4}\right)e^{-i\frac{4G_{\pm}^i}{\pi}}\right]\\\nonumber
&=\prod_{i=1}^N\left[\cos\left(\frac{4G_{\pm}^i}{\pi}\right)+i\sin\left(\frac{4G_{\pm}^i}{\pi}\right)\sin\left(\delta\omega t-\varphi_i\right)\right].
\end{aligned}$$ We can write each term in the product in a polar representation $$\begin{aligned}
\label{nodrive24}
\Phi_i&=\arctan\left[\tan\left(\frac{4G_{\pm}^i}{\pi}\right)\sin\left(\delta\omega t-\varphi_i\right)\right],\\\label{nodrive25}
r_i&=\sqrt{1-\sin^2\left(\frac{4G_{\pm}^i}{\pi}\right)\cos^2\left(\delta\omega t-\varphi_i\right)}.
\end{aligned}$$ In the weak coupling regime, $g_{\pm}^i\tau\ll1$, eqs. and can be approximated, $$\begin{aligned}
\label{nodrive26}
\Phi_i&\approx\frac{4G_{\pm}^i}{\pi}\sin\left(\delta\omega t-\varphi_i\right),\\\label{nodrive27}
r_i&=\exp\left(-8\left(\frac{G_{\pm}^i}{\pi}\right)^2\cos^2\left(\delta\omega t-\varphi_i\right)\right).\end{aligned}$$ The total signal $\Phi=\sum_{i=1}^N\Phi_i$, can be evaluated by the average as $N\rightarrow\infty$, $$\begin{aligned}
\Phi\approx\left<\sum_{i=1}^N\Phi_i\right>&=\frac{4 n \tau}{\pi}J\int \frac{d^3r}{r^3} (-\frac{3}{2})\cos\theta\sin\theta\sin\left(\delta\omega t-\varphi\right)\\\nonumber
&=\frac{4 n \tau}{\pi}J\left[-\frac{3}{4i}e^{i\delta\omega t}\int \frac{d^3r}{r^3} \cos\theta\sin\theta e^{-i\varphi}+\frac{3}{4i}e^{-i\delta\omega t}\int \frac{d^3r}{r^3} \cos\theta\sin\theta e^{i\varphi}\right]\\\nonumber
&=\frac{4 n \tau}{\pi}J\frac{1}{2i}\left[\tilde{\zeta}_{-1}e^{i\delta\omega t}\int \frac{d^3r}{r^3} Y_2^{\left(-1\right)}\left(\Omega\right)-\tilde{\zeta}_{1}e^{-i\delta\omega t}\int \frac{d^3r}{r^3}Y_2^{\left(1\right)}\left(\Omega\right)\right],\end{aligned}$$ where in the last equality we used the notations in . We can identify these integrals as $I_1^{\pm1}$ from sec. \[Sec\_mean\_planar\], $$\begin{aligned}
\label{nodrive28}
\Phi\approx\frac{4 n \tau}{\pi}J I_1^{\left(1\right)}\sin\left(\delta\omega t\right)
=-2 n \tau J\sin\left(\delta\omega t\right)\sin\left(2\alpha\right)\equiv\gamma_e\left<B\right>\tau\sin\left(\delta\omega t\right). \end{aligned}$$ The mean field is the same as up to a prefactor of $\frac{2}{\pi}$. The total decay can be evaluated at times $\tau\ll\tau_D$ by the instantaneous correlation function, $$\begin{aligned}
\label{nodrive29}
&C_2^0\left(t\right)\equiv C_2\left(\tau=0,t\right)=\frac{8 n}{\pi^2}\left(\frac{\hbar\mu_0 \gamma_N}{4\pi}\right)^2\left(-\frac{3}{2}\right)^2\int\frac{d^3r}{r^6}\cos^2\theta\sin^2\theta\cos^2\left(\delta\omega t-\varphi\right)\\\nonumber
&=\frac{8 n}{\pi^2}\left(\frac{\hbar\mu_0 \gamma_N}{4\pi}\right)^2\left(-\frac{3}{4}\right)^2\left[e^{2i \delta\omega t}\int\frac{d^3r}{r^6}\cos^2\theta\sin^2\theta e^{-2i\varphi}+e^{-2i \delta\omega t}\int\frac{d^3r}{r^6}\cos^2\theta\sin^2\theta e^{2i\varphi}+2\int\frac{d^3r}{r^6}\cos^2\theta\sin^2\theta \right]\\\nonumber
&=\frac{4 n}{\pi^2}\left(\frac{\hbar\mu_0 \gamma_N}{4\pi}\right)^2\left[\cos\left(2\delta\omega t\right) I_2^{\left(1,1\right)}+I_2^{\left(1,-1\right)}\right],\end{aligned}$$ where the integrals (see sec. \[Decay\_Planar\]) $$\begin{aligned}
\label{Int1}
I_2^{\left(1,1\right)}\left(\alpha\right)&=\frac{-28 \pi \cos (2 \alpha )+13 \pi \cos (4 \alpha )+15 \pi }{2048 d^3},\\\label{Int2}
I_2^{\left(1,-1\right)}\left(\alpha\right)&=\frac{28 \pi \cos (2 \alpha )+13 \pi \cos (4 \alpha )+87 \pi }{2048 d^3}.\end{aligned}$$ We can rewrite so it will be more similar to the previous section, $$\begin{aligned}
\label{nodrive31}
C_2^0\left(t\right)&=\frac{4 n}{\pi^2}\left(\frac{\hbar\mu_0 \gamma_N}{4\pi}\right)^2\left[2\cos^2\left(\delta\omega t\right) I_2^{\left(1,1\right)}+I_2^{\left(1,-1\right)}-I_2^{\left(1,1\right)}\right].\end{aligned}$$ The decay consists of two terms - the oscillating part that is associated with entanglement and the constant decay due to classical dephasing. The idea of classical dephasing is demonstrated in fig. \[UD\_dephasing\] - the interaction Hamiltonian causes each nucleus to rotate around a random axis in the $xy$ plane. The randomness inflicts an effective dephasing on the NV. This dephasing is mitigated by the NV’s tilting, which dictates a preferred direction and effectively restricts the rotation axis only to a section of the Bloch sphere. This can be seen directly from eqs. , and , where the oscillating part of the decay vanishes for $\alpha=0$ while the classical dephasing is maximal.
![ The NV and the nuclear spins are initialized at the $x$ direction. The nuclei are then allowed, using an appropriate pulse sequence, to propagate according to the free Hamiltonian $H_0$ for a time $t$, which results in a rotation by $\theta=\omega_N t$ around the $z$ axis. Then, by changing the external pulse sequence, the system propagates under the interaction Hamiltonian $H_1$ for a duration of $\tau$. This results in a rotation of each nucleus around a random axis in the $x-y$ plane (dashed line) by an angle that depends on the NV’s state and the rotation axis. The randomness of the rotation axis will generate entanglement between the nuclei and the NV which will cause an effective dephasing of the NV. We refer to this effect as “classical| dephasing” as it arises from the classical uncertainty of the rotation axis.[]{data-label="UD_dephasing"}](Undriven_dephasing.jpg){width="48.00000%"}
We note that $C_2^0\left(0\right)=\frac{2}{\pi^2}\left(B_{rms}^2\right)_{with\ drive}$. The decay for times $\tau\ll\tau_D$ is therefore, re\^[-\_e\^2C\_2\^0(t)\^2]{}. If the back-action $\gamma_eB_{rms}\tau\ll1$ then we retrieve with the mean field . For strong back-action, there are two apparent choices. We can choose to follow our previous logic and set, \[opt\_cond\_no\_drive\] \^2(t)=, which is the analog to eq. . The QFI for the times $t$ that follow will be \[nodrive30\] ()\^2\_ e\^[-\_e\^2 \^2 C\_2\^0(t=)]{}, where $\textrm{sgn}\left(x\right)$ is the sign function and the values of the mean field and $B_{rms}$ in $\left(\frac{\left<B\right>}{B_{rms}}\right)^2_{\textrm{with\ drive}}$ are given by eqs. and . The QFI has an exponential decrease compared to eq. , due to the classical dephasing, and a decrease by a factor of $\left|I_2^{(1,1)}\right|$, because less entanglement was generated. This former can be mitigated by choosing a sufficiently small $\tau$, like $\tau^2=\frac{1}{\gamma_e^2C_2^0\left(t=\pi/2\delta\omega\right)}$, for which the QFI’s differ only by a factor of $e$. Another strategy could be to maximize the signal with $\cos^2\left(\delta\omega t\right)=1$ and choose \[nodrive32\] ==, for which \[nodrive33\] =()\^2\_.
A caveat should be made about the eqs. and , as it appears that even at the presence of classical dephasing, the same QFI scaling can be achieved. While this statement is theoretically true, eq. suggests it might take a very long interrogation time, far greater than the NV’s $T_2$ time. For water density, $n=33 \textrm{nm}^{-3}$, an NV depth of $d=30\textrm{nm}$ and tilting angle of $54.7^\circ$ eq. leads to $\gamma_eB_{rms}=5.5\textrm{KHz}$, and therefore by $\tau\approx 183 \mu\textrm{s}$.
We would like to conclude this section with a remark about the initial basis. If we repeat the derivation in the Y basis eqs. and change to $$\begin{aligned}
&\Phi=2 n \tau\frac{\hbar\mu_0 \gamma_e \gamma_N}{4\pi}\cos\left(\delta\omega t\right)\sin\left(2\alpha\right)\equiv\gamma_e\left<B\right>\tau\sin\left(\delta\omega t\right),\\
&C_2^0\left(t\right)=\frac{4 n}{\pi^2}\left(\frac{\hbar\mu_0 \gamma_N}{4\pi}\right)^2\left[2\sin^2\left(\delta\omega t\right) I_2^{\left(1,1\right)}+I_2^{\left(1,-1\right)}-I_2^{\left(1,1\right)}\right].\end{aligned}$$ which is are a bit more similar to the signal and decay with the external drive.
Finite polarization
===================
The following extends the ideas of sec. \[Spatially\_dependent\] in order to consider the more general case, where the spin’s polarization is finite. The initial density matrix of the system \[pol1\] \_i=[|\_X]{}[\_X|]{}\_[S]{}(p[|\_X]{}[\_X|]{}+(1-p)[|\_X]{}[\_X|]{})\^[N]{}, where we denoted the probability of a single nucleus to be found at the ${|\uparrow_X\rangle}$ state as $p$ and accordingly $0\leq p\leq1$. Repeating our protocol, we find the evolution of under the free Hamiltonian for a time $t$, $$\begin{aligned}
\label{pol2}
\rho_t={|\uparrow_X\rangle}{\langle \uparrow_X|}_{S}&\left[p\left(\cos\left(\frac{\omega_N}{2}t\right){|\uparrow_X\rangle}-i\sin\left(\frac{\omega_N}{2}t\right){|\downarrow_X\rangle}\right)\left(\cos\left(\frac{\omega_N}{2}t\right){\langle \uparrow_X|}+i\sin\left(\frac{\omega_N}{2}t\right){\langle \downarrow_X|}\right)\right.\\\nonumber
&\left.+\left(1-p\right)\left(\cos\left(\frac{\omega_N}{2}t\right){|\downarrow_X\rangle}-i\sin\left(\frac{\omega_N}{2}t\right){|\uparrow_X\rangle}\right)\left(\cos\left(\frac{\omega_N}{2}t\right){\langle \downarrow_X|}+i\sin\left(\frac{\omega_N}{2}t\right){\langle \uparrow_X|}\right)\right]^{\otimes N}\end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned}
=\frac{1}{2}{|\uparrow_X\rangle}{\langle \uparrow_X|}_{S}&\left[\left(1+\left(2p-1\right)\cos\left(\omega_N t\right)\right){|\uparrow_X\rangle}{\langle \uparrow_X|}+\left(1-\left(2p-1\right)\cos\left(\omega_N t\right)\right){|\downarrow_X\rangle}{\langle \downarrow_X|}\right.\\\nonumber
&\left.+i\left(2p-1\right)\sin\left(\omega_N t\right){|\uparrow_X\rangle}{\langle \downarrow_X|}-i\left(2p-1\right)\sin\left(\omega_N t\right){|\downarrow_X\rangle}{\langle \uparrow_X|}\right]^{\otimes N}.\end{aligned}$$ We then propagate the system according to the Hamiltonian , $H_1=\sigma_z\sum_{j=1}^N g^jI_x^j$, for a time $\tau$, denoting $G_j=\int\limits_{0}^{\tau}g^j(t')dt'$, $$\begin{aligned}
\label{pol3}
\rho_{\tau}=\frac{1}{4}{|\uparrow_Z\rangle}{\langle \uparrow_Z|}_{S}&\prod_{j=1}^N\otimes\left[\left(1+\left(2p-1\right)\cos\left(\omega_N t\right)\right){|\uparrow_X\rangle}{\langle \uparrow_X|}+\left(1-\left(2p-1\right)\cos\left(\omega_N t\right)\right){|\downarrow_X\rangle}{\langle \downarrow_X|}\right.\\\nonumber
&\left.+i\left(2p-1\right)\sin\left(\omega_N t\right)e^{-2iG_j}{|\uparrow_X\rangle}{\langle \downarrow_X|}-i\left(2p-1\right)\sin\left(\omega_N t\right)e^{2iG_j}{|\downarrow_X\rangle}{\langle \uparrow_X|}\right]\end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned}
+\frac{1}{4}{|\downarrow_Z\rangle}{\langle \downarrow_Z|}_{S}&\prod_{j=1}^N\otimes\left[\left(1+\left(2p-1\right)\cos\left(\omega_N t\right)\right){|\uparrow_X\rangle}{\langle \uparrow_X|}+\left(1-\left(2p-1\right)\cos\left(\omega_N t\right)\right){|\downarrow_X\rangle}{\langle \downarrow_X|}\right.\\\nonumber
&\left.+i\left(2p-1\right)\sin\left(\omega_N t\right)e^{2iG_j}{|\uparrow_X\rangle}{\langle \downarrow_X|}-i\left(2p-1\right)\sin\left(\omega_N t\right)e^{-2iG_j}{|\downarrow_X\rangle}{\langle \uparrow_X|}\right]^{\otimes N}\end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned}
+\frac{1}{4}{|\uparrow_Z\rangle}{\langle \downarrow_Z|}_{S}&\prod_{j=1}^N\otimes\left[\left(1+\left(2p-1\right)\cos\left(\omega_N t\right)\right)e^{-2iG_j}{|\uparrow_X\rangle}{\langle \uparrow_X|}+\left(1-\left(2p-1\right)\cos\left(\omega_N t\right)\right)e^{2iG_j}{|\downarrow_X\rangle}{\langle \downarrow_X|}\right.\\\nonumber
&\left.+i\left(2p-1\right)\sin\left(\omega_N t\right){|\uparrow_X\rangle}{\langle \downarrow_X|}-i\left(2p-1\right)\sin\left(\omega_N t\right){|\downarrow_X\rangle}{\langle \uparrow_X|}\right]^{\otimes N}\end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned}
+\frac{1}{4}{|\downarrow_Z\rangle}{\langle \uparrow_Z|}_{S}\prod_{j=1}^N\otimes&\left[\left(1+\left(2p-1\right)\cos\left(\omega_N t\right)\right)e^{2iG_j}{|\uparrow_X\rangle}{\langle \uparrow_X|}+\left(1-\left(2p-1\right)\cos\left(\omega_N t\right)\right)e^{-2iG_j}{|\downarrow_X\rangle}{\langle \downarrow_X|}\right.\\\nonumber
&\left.+i\left(2p-1\right)\sin\left(\omega_N t\right){|\uparrow_X\rangle}{\langle \downarrow_X|}-i\left(2p-1\right)\sin\left(\omega_N t\right){|\downarrow_X\rangle}{\langle \uparrow_X|}\right]^{\otimes N}.\end{aligned}$$ The reduced density matrix of the sensor, given by tracing out the nuclei in eq. , $$\begin{aligned}
\label{pol5}
\rho_{NV}=\frac{1}{2}\left[{|\uparrow_Z\rangle}{\langle \uparrow_Z|}+{|\downarrow_Z\rangle}{\langle \downarrow_Z|}+{|\uparrow_Z\rangle}{\langle \downarrow_Z|}\prod_{j=1}^N\left(\cos\left(2G_j\right)-i\left(2p-1\right)\sin\left(2G_j\right)\cos\left(\omega_N t\right)\right)+\textrm{h.c.}\right].\end{aligned}$$ As in previous sections, we rewrite the off-diagonal elements of the density matrix in polar representation $$\begin{aligned}
\label{pol6}
&\Phi_j=\arctan\left[\left(2p-1\right)\cos\left(\omega_N t\right)\tan\left(2G_j\right)\right],\\\label{pol7}
&r_j=\sqrt{\cos^2\left(2 G_j\right)+\left(2p-1\right)^2\sin^2\left(2G_j\right)\cos^2\left(\omega_N t\right)}=\sqrt{1-\left[1-\left(2p-1\right)^2\cos^2\left(\omega_N t\right)\right]\sin^2\left(2G_j\right)}\\\nonumber
&=\sqrt{1-\left[\left(1-\left(2p-1\right)^2\right)+\left(2p-1\right)^2\sin^2\left(\omega_N t\right)\right]\sin^2\left(2G_j\right)}=\sqrt{1-\left[4p\left(1-p\right)+\left(2p-1\right)^2\sin^2\left(\omega_N t\right)\right]\sin^2\left(2G_j\right)}.\end{aligned}$$ Eqs. and are identical to eqs. and respectively when $p=0$ or $p=1$, as expected. Eq. , hence shows, that the signal is equal to the one in a fully polarized ensemble multiplied by the polarization, $\textrm{pol}\equiv2p-1$, in the weak coupling limit $G_j\ll1$. The decay , however, consists of a two terms - one that can be associated with the polarized dynamics and the other with the unpolarized dynamics. The first, is the same term as the in the fully polarized case, multiplied by the polarization squared, $\textrm{pol}^2=(2p-1)^2$. The other is a constant term proportional to the Bernoulli variance, which associated with the classical dephasing. The dynamics can be thought in the following way - the polarized spins follow the protocol as before, while the unpolarized spins create only classical magnetic field fluctuations which makes the sensor dephase. The calculation of the mean magnetic field and $B_{rms}$ is the same as in sec. \[Spatially\_dependent\]. The QFI for times $\tau\ll\tau_D$, \[pol8\] =4 \_e\^2\^2t\^2 \^2()\^2 e\^[-4 \_e\^2 B\_[rms]{}\^2 \^2 ]{}, where $\left<B\right>$ and $B_{rms}$ are the ones of a fully polarized ensemble given by eqs. and . In the weak back-action limit, $\gamma_eB_{rms}\tau\ll1$ , the optimal QFI is given for $\sin^2\theta=1$, for which, \[pol9\] =4pol\^2(\_e)\^2 t\^2. Eq. is identical to up to a reduction by a factor of $pol^2$, which is expected as $\left<B\right>_{\textrm{partialy\ polarized}}=pol\cdot\left<B\right>_{\textrm{fully\ polarized}}$. In the strong back-action limit, we can differ to the two strategies of sec. \[undriven\], choosing $$\begin{aligned}
\label{pol10}
\tau_1^2=\frac{1}{4 \gamma _e^2 B_{rms}^2 \tau ^2 },\sin^2\left(\theta\right)=1,\end{aligned}$$ or $$\begin{aligned}
\label{pol11}
\tau_2^2=\frac{1}{4 \gamma_e^2 B_{rms}^2 \textrm{pol}^2\sin^2\left(\theta\right)}\end{aligned}$$ Eq. leads to the QFI, \_1=()\^2, while eq. leads to the QFI \_2=()\^2e\^[-4 \_e\^2 B\_[rms]{}\^2 \^2 (1-\^2)]{}.
Multiple NVs - constant coupling
================================
Finally, we extend our protocol to consider multiple sensors. Given $M$ sensors the free Hamiltonian in the interaction picture with respect to their energy gap is \[multi1\] H\_0=\_[j=1]{}\^NI\_z\^j. The simplified interaction Hamiltonian is \[multi2\] H\_1=g\_[i=1]{}\^N\_[j=1]{}\^M\_z\^jI\_x\^i The system is initialized to the state \[multi3\] [|\_X]{}\_S\^[M]{}[|\_X]{}\^[N]{}. The first step of the protocol, propagation of the nuclei for a time $t$ according to the free Hamiltonian, remains the same, \[multi4\] [|\_t]{}=[|\_X]{}\^[M]{}(()[|\_X]{}-i()[|\_X]{})\^[N]{}. The main difference is that the second rotation, given by the propagation of according to the interaction , is now affected by the total $Z$ spin of the sensors, \[multi5\] [|\_]{}=\_[|[x]{}{0,1}\^M]{}[||[x]{}]{}\_S(() e\^[i 2 g \_i x\_i]{}[|\_X]{}-i e\^[-2 i g \_i x\_i]{}()[|\_X]{})\^[N]{}, where we substituted ${|\uparrow_X\rangle}_S,{|\downarrow_X\rangle}_S$ by ${|0\rangle}_S,{|1\rangle}_S$ for brevity. The density matrix of is $$\begin{aligned}
\label{multi6}
&\rho_\tau
=\frac{1}{2^M}\sum_{\bar{x},\bar{y}\in\{0,1\}^M}{|\bar{x}\rangle}{\langle \bar{y}|}\left(\cos^2\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right) e^{i 2 g \tau \left(\sum_i x_i-\sum_i y_i\right)}{|\uparrow_X\rangle}{\langle \uparrow_X|}+ e^{- i 2 g \tau \left(\sum_i x_i-\sum_i y_i\right)}\sin^2\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right){|\downarrow_X\rangle}{\langle \downarrow_X|}+...\right)^{\otimes N}.\end{aligned}$$ The reduced density operator of the sensors is thus $$\begin{aligned}
\label{multi7}
&\rho_\tau=\frac{1}{2^M}\sum_{\bar{x},\bar{y}\in\{0,1\}^M}{|\bar{x}\rangle}{\langle \bar{y}|}\left[\cos^2\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right) e^{i 2 g \tau \left(\sum_i x_i-\sum_i y_i\right)}+ e^{- i 2 g \tau \left(\sum_i x_i-\sum_i y_i\right)}\sin^2\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right)\right]^N\\\nonumber
&=\frac{1}{2^M}\sum_{\bar{x},\bar{y}\in\{0,1\}^M}{|\bar{x}\rangle}{\langle \bar{y}|}\left(\cos\left[2 g\tau\left(\sum_i x_i-\sum_i y_i\right)\right]+i\sin\left[2 g\tau\left(\sum_i x_i-\sum_i y_i\right)\right]\cos\theta\right)^N.\end{aligned}$$ So in general, the density matrix reads $$\label{multi12}
\rho=\frac{1}{2^{M}} \sum_{\bar{x},\bar{y}\in\{0,1\}^M} r\left(\bar{x}-\bar{y}\right)e^{i\Phi\left(\bar{x}-\bar{y}\right)}{|\bar{x}\rangle}{\langle \bar{y}|}.$$ Since there is a dependence only on the sum of $\bar{x},\bar{y}$, let us denote these sums as $s_{x},s_{y}$ and rewrite ,
$$\label{multi14}
\rho=\frac{1}{2^{M}} \sum_{s_x,s_y=0}^M r\left(s_{x}-s_{y}\right)e^{i\Phi\left(s_{1}-s_{2}\right)}\sqrt{n\left(s_{x}\right)}\sqrt{n\left(s_{y}\right)}\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{n\left(s_{x}\right)}}\underset{x\in s_{y}}{\sum}|x\rangle\right)\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{n\left(s_{y}\right)}}\underset{y\in s_{2}}{\sum}\langle y|\right).$$
In the form , it is clear that the matrix acts non-trivially only on symmetric states in the total angular momentum basis. Let $|s_{1}\rangle$ stand for the symmetric state of the sum $s_{1},$ then the density matrix reads $$\label{multi15}
\rho=\frac{1}{2^{M}} \sum_{s_x,s_y=0}^M r\left(s_{x}-s_{y}\right)e^{i\Phi\left(s_{1}-s_{2}\right)}\sqrt{n\left(s_{x}\right)}\sqrt{n\left(s_{y}\right)}{|s_x\rangle}{\langle s_y|}.$$ Hence, the density matrix is basically an $M+1$ by $M+1$ matrix (M being the number of NVs) with: $$\label{multi16}
\rho_{j,k}=\frac{1}{2^{M}} \left(\cos\left(2g\tau\left(j-k\right)\right)+i\sin\left(2g\tau\left(j-k\right)\right)\cos\left(\phi\right)\right)^{N}\sqrt{\binom{n}{j}}\sqrt{\binom{n}{k}}.$$ The QFI for multiple NV’s can be estimated numerically by the relation [@QFI] \[QFI\_numerics\] =8t\^2. The results are depicted in fig. \[QFI\_multi\] - the number of NVs does not change the optimal $\theta$ and as the number of sensors increases the QFI approaches the SQL in the strong back-action regime.
The QFI demonstrates the promise of achieving the SQL using multiple sensors. However, the measurement basis can generally be highly entangled. To estimate whether the optimal basis is entangled, we would like to estimate the FI of a measurement in the $Y$ basis. It is easier to work in the form , where the transformation to the $Y$ basis yields $$\begin{aligned}
\rho_\tau=\frac{1}{2^{2M}}\sum_{\bar{x},\bar{y}\in\{0,1\}^M}&\sum_{\bar{a},\bar{b}\in\{0,1\}^M}\left(-i\right)^{\sum_i x_i-y_i}\left(-1\right)^{\bar{x}\cdot\bar{a}+\bar{y}\cdot\bar{b}}{|\bar{a}\rangle}{\langle \bar{b}|}\times\\
\nonumber&\left(\cos\left[2g\tau\left(\sum_i x_i-\sum_i y_i\right)\right]+i\sin\left[2g\tau\left(\sum_i x_i-\sum_i y_i\right)\right]\cos\theta\right)^N.\end{aligned}$$ Therefore, the probability to get a result $\bar{z}$ is \[multi17\] P\_[|[z]{}]{}=\_[|[x]{},|[y]{}{0,1}\^M]{}(-i)\^[s\_x-s\_y]{}(-1)\^[( |[x]{}+|[y]{})|[z]{}]{}(+i)\^N. Eq. can be written in terms of the sums $$\begin{aligned}
\label{multi18}
&P_{\bar{z}}=\frac{1}{2^{2M}}\sum_{\bar{x},\bar{y}\in\{0,1\}^M}\left(-i\right)^{s_x-s_y}a_{s_x,s_z} a_{s_y,s_z}\left(\cos\left[2g\tau\left(s_x-s_y\right)\right]+i\sin\left[2g\tau\left(s_x-s_y\right)\right]\cos\theta\right)^N\\\nonumber
&=\frac{1}{2^{2M}}\sum_{s_x,s_y=0}^M\left(-i\right)^{s_x-s_y}a_{s_x,s_z} a_{s_y,s_z}\left(\cos\left[2g\tau\left(s_x-s_y\right)\right]+i\sin\left[2g\tau\left(s_x-s_y\right)\right]\cos\phi\right)^N\\\nonumber
&=\frac{1}{2^{2M}}\sum_{s=0}^M a_{s,s_z}^2+\frac{2}{2^{2M}}\sum_{s_x=0}^M\sum_{s_y=s_x+1}^M a_{s_x,s_z} a_{s_y,s_z}\textrm{Re}\left[\left(-i\right)^{s_x-s_y}\left(\cos\left[2g\tau\left(s_x-s_y\right)\right]+i\sin\left[2g\tau\left(s_x-s_y\right)\right]\cos\theta\right)^N\right]\end{aligned}$$ where $s_h=\sum_i h_i$ and $a_{s,s_z}=\sum_{k=\max\{s+s_z-M\}}^{\min\{s,s_z\}}\left(-1\right)^k\binom{s_z}{k}\binom{M-s_z}{s-k}$. The FI will be given by $$\begin{aligned}
\label{FI_Y}
\pazocal{F}=\sum_{\bar{z}\in\{0,1\}^M}\frac{\left(\frac{\partial P_{\bar{z}}}{\partial \omega_N}\right)^2}{P_{\bar{z}}}=\sum_{s_z=0}^M\frac{\left(\frac{\partial P_{s_z}}{\partial \omega_N}\right)^2}{P_{s_z}}.\end{aligned}$$ The numerical evaluation of eq. is presented in fig. \[FI\_Y\_numerics\] - in the weak back-action regime it appears that the $Y$ basis is within reasonable agreement with the QFI, meaning it is close to the optimal measurement basis. When the back-action is strong, however, the optimal $\theta$ of the FI in the $Y$ basis ($\theta\approx0.03$) differs strongly from the one of the QFI ($\theta\approx0.19$), which results in a decreased optimum. Though it is not substantial, it is still unclear whether an unentangled measurement basis can achieve the QFI.
Angular momentum decomposition of the dipole-dipole interaction {#Appendix: DD}
===============================================================
In following we show that the diople-dipole interaction Hamiltonian of two spins $\bar{S}$ and $\bar{I}$, \[DDHamiltonian\] H\_[DD]{}/J=-||[r]{}|\^[-3]{}(3(|[S]{})(|[I]{})-|[S]{}|[I]{}), with $J=\frac{\mu_0 \gamma_{NV}\gamma_{B}}{4\pi}=0.49 \textrm{MHz}\cdot\textrm{nm}^3$, can be decomposed into six parts associated with conservation of angular momentum [@Abragam1961], $$\begin{aligned}
\label{Decomposition}
&A=-4\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{5}}\left|\bar{r}\right|^{-3}Y_2^0(\Omega)S_zI_z,\ B=-\frac{1}{4} \left(4\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{5}}\right)\left|\bar{r}\right|^{-3}\left(S_+I_-+S_-I_+\right)Y_2^0(\Omega), \\\nonumber
&C=-\frac{3}{2}\left|\bar{r}\right|^{-3}\left(2\sqrt{(\frac{2\pi}{15})}\right)\left(S_zI_++I_zS_+\right)Y_2^{-1}(\Omega),\
D=\frac{3}{2}\left|\bar{r}\right|^{-3}\left(2\sqrt{(\frac{2\pi}{15})}\right)\left(S_zI_-+I_zS_-\right)Y_2^{1}(\Omega),\\\nonumber
&E=-\frac{3}{4}\left(4\sqrt{(\frac{2\pi}{15})}\right)Y_2^{-2}(\Omega)S_+I_+,\
F=-\frac{3}{4}\left(4\sqrt{(\frac{2\pi}{15})}\right)Y_2^{2}(\Omega)S_-I_-,\end{aligned}$$ where $H_{DD}/J=A+B+C+D+E+F$ and $Y_l^m(\Omega)$ are the spherical harmonics. We start by writing the inner product in explicitly, $$\begin{aligned}
\label{DD1}
H_{DD}/J=-&\left|\bar{r}\right|^{-3}\left(3\left(S_x\sin(\theta)\cos(\varphi)+S_y\sin(\theta)\sin(\varphi)+S_z\cos(\theta)\right)\times\right.\\
\nonumber&\left.\left(I_x\sin(\theta)\cos(\varphi)+I_y\sin(\theta)\sin(\varphi)+I_z\cos(\theta)\right)-S_xI_x-S_yI_y-S_zI_z\right)\end{aligned}$$ The product of the two z components will yield A=-||[r]{}|\^[-3]{}(3\^2()-1)S\_zI\_z which is equivalent to using the definition $Y_2^0\left(\Omega\right)=\frac{1}{4}\sqrt{\frac{5}{\pi}}\left(3\cos^2\theta-1\right)$. The sum of the terms proportional to $S_xI_x$ and $S_yI_y$ in can be rewritten with the spin lowering and raising operators $S_\pm=S_x\pm iS_y,\ I_\pm=I_x\pm i I_y$ $$\begin{aligned}
\label{DD2}
-&\left|\bar{r}\right|^{-3}\left[\left(3\sin^2(\theta)\cos^2(\varphi)-1\right)S_xI_x+\left(3\sin^2(\theta)\sin^2(\varphi)-1\right)S_yI_y\right]\\
&=-\frac{1}{4}\left|\bar{r}\right|^{-3}\left[\left(3\sin^2(\theta)\cos^2(\varphi)-1\right)(S_++S_-)(I_++I_-)-\left(3\sin^2(\theta)\sin^2(\varphi)-1\right)(S_+-S_-)(I_+-I_-)\right]\\\label{DD10}
&=-\frac{1}{4}\left|\bar{r}\right|^{-3}\left[\left(S_+I_-+S_-I_+\right)\left(3\cos^2(\theta)-1\right)+3\left(S_+I_++S_-I_-\right)\sin^2(\theta)\cos(2\varphi)\right].\end{aligned}$$ The first contribution in , B=- (4)||[r]{}|\^[-3]{}(S\_+I\_-+S\_-I\_+)Y\_2\^0() is the second term in . The terms $A$ and $B$ do not change the total angular momentum of the two spins, therefore, they are proportional to the spherical harmonic with $m=0$. The terms proportional to$S_xI_y$ $S_YI_x$ in yield similarly $$\begin{aligned}
-&3\left|\bar{r}\right|^{-3}\left(S_xI_y+S_yI_x\right)\sin^2(\theta)\sin(\varphi)\cos(\varphi)\\\label{DD3}
&=\frac{3}{4}\left|\bar{r}\right|^{-3} i \left[S_+I_+-S_-I_-\right]\sin^2(\theta)\sin(2\varphi).\end{aligned}$$ Summing with the remaining contribution of results in the terms $E$ and $F$ in with the definition $Y_2^{\pm2}=\frac{1}{4}\sqrt{\frac{15}{2\pi}}e^{\pm2i\varphi}\sin^2\theta$. The two operators $E/F$ raise/lower the angular momentum by two quanta, and therefore together with the spherical harmonic with $m=-2/2$ they conserve angular momentum. The remaining elements of can be rewritten as $$\begin{aligned}
-&3\left|\bar{r}\right|^{-3}\left[S_z\left(I_x\cos(\varphi)+I_y\sin(\varphi)\right)+I_z\left(S_x\cos(\varphi)+S_y\sin(\varphi)\right)\right]\cos(\theta)\sin(\theta)\\
-&\frac{3}{2}\left|\bar{r}\right|^{-3}\left[\left(S_zI_++I_zS_+\right)e^{-i\varphi}+\left(S_zI_-+I_zS_-\right)e^{i\varphi}\right]\cos(\theta)\sin(\theta),\end{aligned}$$ which using the definition $Y_2^{\pm1}\left(\Omega\right)=\mp \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{\frac{15}{2\pi}}e^{\pm i \varphi}\cos\theta \sin\theta$ leads to the terms $C$ and $D$ in .
For reasons of convenience, in the next sections we use the notations $$\begin{aligned}
\label{SH_coeff}
&\zeta_0=-1,\ \tilde{\zeta}_0=-4\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{5}}\\\nonumber
&\zeta_1=\frac{3}{2},\ \tilde{\zeta}_1=\frac{3}{2}\left(2\sqrt{\frac{2\pi}{15}}\right)\\\nonumber
&\zeta_2=-\frac{3}{4},\ \tilde{\zeta}_2=-\frac{3}{4}\left(4\sqrt{\frac{2\pi}{15}}\right)\\\nonumber
&\zeta_{-m}= \zeta_m,\ \tilde{\zeta}_{-m}=\left(-1\right)^m \tilde{\zeta}_m.\end{aligned}$$
Calculating the mean field {#Mean_field}
==========================
\[Sec\_mean\_planar\] In the following section we shall calculate the mean field integral in a planar geometry, meaning, in a setting where the NV is situated in a depth $d$ below a planar diamond surface and the nuclear spins occupy the entire half-space above the diamond. The result of the section is \[mean\_field\_planar\] \_e=J (2), The calculation is carried out in a spherical coordinate system, where the NV is found at the origin and the $\hat{z}$ axis is perpendicular to the diamond surface.
The mean field at the NV’s location is a function of the following integrals, \[mean\_field\_int\] I\_[1]{}\^[(m)]{}=\_md\^3r , where $\tilde{\zeta}_m$ are defined by . In the given geometry $\varphi\in\left[0,2\pi\right],\ \theta\in\left[0,\frac{\pi}{2}\right],\ r\in\left[\frac{d}{\cos\theta},\infty\right]$, therefore, \[mean\_field\_int2\] I\_[1]{}\^[[(m)]{}]{}=\_m\_[0]{}\^[2]{} d\_[0]{}\^[1]{} dY\_2\^[(m)]{}() \_[d/]{}\^[r\_[co]{}]{} =\_m\_[0]{}\^[2]{} d\_[0]{}\^[1]{} dY\_2\^[(m)]{}() (), where $r_{co}$ is some cut off radius, that shouldn’t effect the final result. For a non-tilted NV, meaning, when the NV’s magnetization axis coincides with the $\hat{z}$ axis, the integration over $\phi$ will eliminate the total contribution for $m\neq0$ due to the cylindrical symmetry. The remaining integral \[non\_tilted\_infinite\] I\_[1]{}\^[(0)]{}=2\_0\_[0]{}\^[1]{} d(3\^2-1) ()=-. If the NV is tilted the mean field can be calculated using the spherical harmonics rotation property, \[rotation\_identity\] Y\_[2]{}\^[(m)]{}(|[r]{})=\_[m’=-2]{}\^[2]{}\^[\*]{}Y\_[2]{}\^[(m’)]{}(|[r]{}’), |[r]{}’=|[r]{}, where $D_{mm'}^{\left(2\right)}\left(\mathcal{R}\right)$ are the Wigner matrices with rotation $\mathcal{R}$. In our case $\bar{r}$ in are the coordinates in a system whose $\hat{z}$ axis is aligned with the NV’s magnetization axis and $\bar{r}'$ are the coordinates in a rotated system whose $\hat{z}$ axis is perpendicular to the diamond surface. Following the same argument as before, the integral is non-zero only for $m'=0$, $$\begin{aligned}
I_{1}^{\left(m\right)}&=2\pi\tilde{\zeta}_m\int\limits_{0}^{1} d\cos\theta \sum_{m'=-2}^{2}\left[D_{mm'}^{\left(2\right)}\left(\mathcal{R}\right)\right]^{*}Y_{2}^{\left(m'\right)}\left(\Omega\right) \ln\left(\frac{r_{co}}{d}\cos\theta\right)\\
&=2\pi\tilde{\zeta}_m\left[D_{m0}^{\left(2\right)}\left(\mathcal{R}\right)\right]^{*} \int\limits_{0}^{1} d\cos\theta Y_{2}^{\left(0\right)}\left(\Omega\right) \ln\left(\frac{r_{co}}{d}\cos\theta\right)
=-\frac{4\pi}{3}\frac{\tilde{\zeta}_m}{\tilde{\zeta}_0}\left[D_{m0}^{\left(2\right)}\left(\mathcal{R}\right)\right]^{*},\end{aligned}$$ where in the last equality we used eq. . The rotation $\mathcal{R}$ of the NV is by an angle $\alpha$ around the Y axis, hence, the Wigner matrix has a simple form $$\begin{aligned}
I_{1}^{\left(1\right)}=\frac{\pi}{2}\sin\left(2\alpha\right)=I_{1}^{\left(-1\right)}\end{aligned}$$
In a scenario where only the $S_zI_x$ part of the dipole-dipole interaction is present, the mean field will be =n(I\_[1]{}\^[(1)]{}+I\_[-1]{}\^[(1)]{})=n(2). For a tilting angle of $\alpha=54.7$ and the number density of water $n=33\ \textrm{nm}^{-3}$, \_e48
Calculating $B_{rms}^2$ {#Decay_Planar}
========================
In following section we would like to calculate $B_{rms}^2$ in a planar geometry as described in \[Sec\_mean\_planar\]. Similar to the mean field, it is a function of the integrals \[decay\_planar\_int\] I\_[2]{}\^[(m\_1,m\_2)]{}=\_[m\_1]{}\_[m\_2]{}d\^3r . These arise from the instantaneous limit ($t\rightarrow0)$ of the more general form, \[decay\_int\] I\_[2]{}\^[(m\_1,m\_2)]{}(t)=\_[m\_1]{}\_[m\_2]{}d\^3rd\^3r\_0 P(|[r]{},|[r]{}\_0,t), where $P\left(\bar{r},\bar{r}_0,t\right)$ is the diffusion propagator in the appropriate geometry. In the following we calculate in a planar geometry and show that \[BRMS\_planar\] =2()\^2 n(I\_[2]{}\^[(1,1)]{}+I\_[2]{}\^[(-1,1)]{})=n()\^2 . We start with the radial integration of , $$\begin{aligned}
\label{decay_planar_int2}
I_{2}^{\left(m_1,m_2\right)}&=\tilde{\zeta}_{m_1}\tilde{\zeta}_{m_2}\int d^3r \frac{Y_2^{\left(m_1\right)}}{r^3}\frac{Y_2^{\left(m_2\right)}}{r^3}=\tilde{\zeta}_{m_1}\tilde{\zeta}_{m_2}\int\limits_{0}^{2\pi} d\varphi\int\limits_{0}^{1} d\cos\theta Y_2^{\left(m_1\right)}\left(\Omega\right)Y_2^{\left(m_2\right)}\left(\Omega\right) \int\limits_{d/\cos\theta}^{\infty} \frac{dr}{r^4}\\
&=\frac{\tilde{\zeta}_{m_1}\tilde{\zeta}_{m_2}}{3}\int\limits_{0}^{2\pi} d\varphi\int\limits_{0}^{1} d\cos\theta Y_2^{\left(m_1\right)}\left(\Omega\right)Y_2^{\left(m_2\right)}\left(\Omega\right)\left(\frac{\cos\theta}{d}\right)^3.\end{aligned}$$ Assuming the NV is not tilted, there will be non-zero contributions only when $m_2=-m_1$ due to the cylindrical symmetry, $$\begin{aligned}
I_{2}^{\left(0,0\right)}&=\frac{2\pi}{3 d^3}\int\limits_{0}^{1} d\cos\theta \left(3\cos^2\theta-1\right)^2\cos^3\theta=\frac{\pi}{4 d^3}.\\
I_{2}^{\left(\pm 1,\mp 1\right)}&=\frac{3\pi}{2 d^3}\int\limits_{0}^{1} d\cos\theta \cos^5\theta\sin^2\theta=\frac{\pi}{16 d^3}.\\
I_{2}^{\left(\pm 2,\mp 2\right)}&=\frac{3\pi}{8 d^3}\int\limits_{0}^{1} d\cos\theta \cos^3\theta\sin^4\theta=\frac{\pi}{64 d^3}.\\\end{aligned}$$
As in the previous sections, when the NV is tilted the spherical harmonics can be rotated using , I\_[2]{}\^[(m\_1,m\_2)]{}=\_[m\_1’,m\_2’]{}\^[\*]{}\^[\*]{}\_[0]{}\^[2]{} d\_[0]{}\^[1]{} dY\_2\^[(m\_1’)]{}()Y\_2\^[(m\_2’)]{}()()\^3. The polar symmetry will enforce $m_1'=-m_2'$, \[decay1\] I\_[2]{}\^[(m\_1,m\_2)]{}=\_[m’]{}\^[\*]{}\^[\*]{}\_[0]{}\^[2]{} d\_[0]{}\^[1]{} dY\_2\^[(m)]{}()Y\_2\^[(-m)]{}()()\^3. Denoting the rotation angle as $\alpha$ we can rewrite as I\_2\^[(m\_1,m\_2)]{}()=\_[m’]{}\^[\*]{}\^[\*]{}I\_2\^[(m’,-m’)]{}(=0). In the special case, where the dipolar interaction is proportional to $S_zI_x$, only $m_1,m_2=\pm1$ are relevant, for which $$\begin{aligned}
\label{decay_int_planar2}
I_2^{\left(1,1\right)}\left(\alpha\right)&=I_2^{\left(-1,-1\right)}\left(\alpha\right)=-\frac{3 (4 \pi \cos (2 \alpha )+\pi \cos (4 \alpha )-5 \pi )}{1024 d^3}\\\label{decay_int_planar3}
I_2^{\left(-1,1\right)}\left(\alpha\right)&=I_2^{\left(1,-1\right)}\left(\alpha\right)=\frac{12 \pi \cos (2 \alpha )-3 \pi \cos (4 \alpha )+55 \pi }{1024 d^3}\end{aligned}$$ Eqs. and lead to .
Third order integrals {#Third_moment}
=====================
As the distance from the surface decreases, $B_{rms}\sim\left<B\right>$, and higher orders of the correlation function become important. These are generally hard to calculate, so here we shall focus on the instantaneous limit, where (\_0\^t ’f’(t’))\^3t\^3 \_[m\_1,m\_2,m\_3]{}C\_[m\_1,m\_2,m\_3]{}I\_3\^[(m\_1,m\_2,m\_3)]{}, where \[third\_order1\] I\_[3]{}\^[(m\_1,m\_2,m\_3)]{}=\_[m\_1]{}\_[m\_2]{}\_[m\_3]{}d\^3r and $C_{m_1,m_2,m_3}$ are coefficients determined by NV’s tilting and the interaction Hamiltonian. In the following we calculate , $$\begin{aligned}
I_{3}^{\left(m_1,m_2,m_3\right)}&=\tilde{\zeta}_{m_1}\tilde{\zeta}_{m_2}\tilde{\zeta}_{m_3}\int d^3r \frac{Y_2^{\left(m_1\right)}}{r^3}\frac{Y_2^{\left(m_2\right)}}{r^3}\frac{Y_2^{\left(m_3\right)}}{r^3}=\tilde{\zeta}_{m_1}\tilde{\zeta}_{m_2}\tilde{\zeta}_{m_3}\int\limits_{0}^{2\pi} d\phi\int\limits_{0}^{1} d\cos\theta Y_2^{\left(m_1\right)}\left(\Omega\right)Y_2^{\left(m_2\right)}\left(\Omega\right)Y_2^{\left(m_3\right)}\left(\Omega\right) \int\limits_{d/\cos\theta}^{\infty} \frac{dr}{r^7}\\
&=\frac{\tilde{\zeta}_{m_1}\tilde{\zeta}_{m_2}\tilde{\zeta}_{m_3}}{6}\int\limits_{0}^{2\pi} d\phi\int\limits_{0}^{1} d\cos\theta Y_2^{\left(m_1\right)}\left(\Omega\right)Y_2^{\left(m_2\right)}\left(\Omega\right)Y_2^{\left(m_3\right)}\left(\Omega\right)\left(\frac{\cos\theta}{d}\right)^6.\end{aligned}$$ For a non-tilted NV the only contribution will be from $m_1+m_2+m_3=0$, denoting $I_3^{\left(m_1.m_2,m_3\right)}\left(\alpha=0\right)\equiv J_3^{\left(m_1.m_2,m_3\right)}$, $$\begin{aligned}
J_3^{\left(2,-2,0\right)}&=\frac{\tilde{\zeta}_{2}\tilde{\zeta}_{-2}\tilde{\zeta}_{0}}{6}\int\limits_{0}^{2\pi} d\varphi\int\limits_{0}^{1} d\cos\theta Y_2^{\left(2\right)}\left(\Omega\right)Y_2^{\left(-2\right)}\left(\Omega\right)Y_2^{\left(0\right)}\left(\Omega\right)\left(\frac{\cos\theta}{d}\right)^6
\\\nonumber
&=-\frac{3\pi}{16d^6}\int\limits_{0}^{1} d\cos\theta \sin^4\theta \left(3\cos^2\theta-1\right)\cos^6\theta=-\frac{4 \pi }{3003 d^6},\end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned}
J_3^{\left(1,1,-2\right)}&=\frac{\tilde{\zeta}_{1}\tilde{\zeta}_{1}\tilde{\zeta}_{-2}}{6}\int\limits_{0}^{2\pi} d\varphi\int\limits_{0}^{1} d\cos\theta Y_2^{\left(1\right)}\left(\Omega\right)Y_2^{\left(1\right)}\left(\Omega\right)Y_2^{\left(-2\right)}\left(\Omega\right)\left(\frac{\cos\theta}{d}\right)^6
\\\nonumber
&=-\frac{9\pi}{16d^6}\int\limits_{0}^{1} d\cos\theta \sin^4\theta\cos^8\theta=-\frac{\pi }{286 d^6},\end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned}
J_3^{\left(1,-1,0\right)}&=\frac{\tilde{\zeta}_{1}\tilde{\zeta}_{-1}\tilde{\zeta}_{0}}{6}\int\limits_{0}^{2\pi} d\varphi\int\limits_{0}^{1} d\cos\theta Y_2^{\left(1\right)}\left(\Omega\right)Y_2^{\left(-1\right)}\left(\Omega\right)Y_2^{\left(0\right)}\left(\Omega\right)\left(\frac{\cos\theta}{d}\right)^6
\\\nonumber
&=-\frac{3\pi}{4d^6}\int\limits_{0}^{1} d\cos\theta \sin^2\theta\cos^8\theta(3\cos^2\theta-1)=-\frac{7 \pi }{429 d^6},\end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned}
J_3^{\left(0,0,0\right)}&=\frac{\tilde{\zeta}_{0}\tilde{\zeta}_{0}\tilde{\zeta}_{0}}{6}\int\limits_{0}^{2\pi} d\varphi\int\limits_{0}^{1} d\cos\theta Y_2^{\left(0\right)}\left(\Omega\right)Y_2^{\left(0\right)}\left(\Omega\right)Y_2^{\left(0\right)}\left(\Omega\right)\left(\frac{\cos\theta}{d}\right)^6
\\\nonumber
&=-\frac{\pi}{3 d^6}\int\limits_{0}^{1} d\cos\theta \cos^6\theta\left(3\cos^2\theta-1\right)^3=-\frac{160 \pi }{1001 d^6}.\end{aligned}$$ The tilted case is more complex since, $$\begin{aligned}
I_{3}^{\left(m_1,m_2,m_3\right)}=\sum_{m_1',m_2',m_3'}&\left[D_{m_1m_1'}^{\left(2\right)}\left(\mathcal{R}\right)\right]^{*}\left[D_{m_2m_2'}^{\left(2\right)}\left(\mathcal{R}\right)\right]^{*}\left[D_{m_3m_3'}^{\left(2\right)}\left(\mathcal{R}\right)\right]^{*}\times\\\nonumber
&\frac{\tilde{\zeta}_{m_1}\tilde{\zeta}_{m_2}\tilde{\zeta}_{m_3}}{6}\int\limits_{0}^{2\pi} d\varphi\int\limits_{0}^{1} d\cos\theta Y_2^{\left(m_1'\right)}\left(\Omega\right)Y_2^{\left(m_2'\right)}\left(\Omega\right)Y_2^{\left(m_3'\right)}\left(\Omega\right)\left(\frac{\cos\theta}{d}\right)^6.\end{aligned}$$ The integral will be non-zero for $m_1+m_2+m_3=0$. The order of the $m$ value will determine the coefficient, I\_[3]{}\^[(m\_1,m\_2,m\_3)]{}=\_[m\_1’,m\_2’,m\_3’]{}\^[\*]{}\^[\*]{}\^[\*]{}K\_3\^[(m\_1’,m\_2’,m\_3’)]{}, where K\_[3]{}\^[(m\_[1]{}’,m\_[2]{}’,m\_[3]{}’)]{}=
J\_[3]{}\^[(2,-2,0)]{} & { m\_[1]{}’,m\_[2]{}’,m\_[3]{}’} ={ 2,-2,0}\
J\_[3]{}\^[(1,-1,0)]{} & { m\_[1]{}’,m\_[2]{}’,m\_[3]{}’} ={ 1,-1,0}\
J\_[3]{}\^[(1,1,-2)]{} & { m\_[1]{}’,m\_[2]{}’,m\_[3]{}’} ={ 1,1,-2} { m\_[1]{}’,m\_[2]{}’,m\_[3]{}’} ={ -1,-1,2}\
J\_[3]{}\^[(0,0,0)]{} & { m\_[1]{}’,m\_[2]{}’,m\_[3]{}’} ={ 0,0,0}\
0 &
.
For the $S_zI_x$ interaction the decay is, $$\begin{aligned}
&\left(\frac{\hbar\mu_0\gamma_e\gamma_N}{4\pi}\right)^3\tau^3 \left(I_3^{\left(1,1,1\right)}+I_3^{\left(1,1,-1\right)}+I_3^{\left(1,-1,1\right)}+I_3^{\left(-1,1,1\right)}+I_3^{\left(1,-1,-1\right)}+I_3^{\left(-1,1,-1\right)}+I_3^{\left(-1,-1,1\right)}+I_3^{\left(-1,-1,-1\right)}\right)\\\nonumber
&=- \left(\frac{\hbar\mu_0\gamma_e\gamma_N}{4\pi}\right)^3\tau^3\frac{\pi (257 \sin (2 \alpha )-18 \sin (6 \alpha ))}{4004 d^6}\end{aligned}$$
The power spectrum in our protocol
==================================
In the last section of the main text we claim: S(), where $S\left(\omega\right)$ is the power spectrum. Here we would like to derive this relation explicitly. We start with the average of $\tilde{G}_j^2$, $$\begin{aligned}
\label{PS1}
&\left<\sum_{j=1}^N\tilde{G}_j^2\right>=\sum_{j=1}^N\int\limits_0^\tau dt_1 \int\limits_0^\tau dt_2 h(t_1)h(t_2)\left<\sin\left(\omega_p t_1-\varphi_j(t_1)\right)\sin\left(\omega_p t_2-\varphi_j(t_2)\right) g^j_\pm\left(t_1\right) g^j_\pm\left(t_2\right)\right>\\\nonumber
=&-\frac{1}{4}\sum_{j=1}^N\int\limits_0^\tau dt_1 \int\limits_0^\tau dt_2 h(t_1)h(t_2)e^{i\omega_p(t_1+t_2)}\left<e^{-i\varphi_j(t_1)}g^j_\pm\left(t_1\right) e^{-i\varphi_j(t_2)}g^j_\pm\left(t_2\right)\right>\\\nonumber
&-\frac{1}{4}\sum_{j=1}^N\int\limits_0^\tau dt_1 \int\limits_0^\tau dt_2 h(t_1)h(t_2)e^{-i\omega_p(t_1+t_2)}\left<e^{i\varphi_j(t_1)}g^j_\pm\left(t_1\right)e^{i\varphi_j(t_2)} g^j_\pm\left(t_2\right)\right>
\\\nonumber
&+\frac{1}{4}\sum_{j=1}^N\int\limits_0^\tau dt_1 \int\limits_0^\tau dt_2 h(t_1)h(t_2)e^{i\omega_p(t_1-t_2)}\left<e^{-i\varphi_j(t_1)}g^j_\pm\left(t_1\right)e^{i\varphi_j(t_2)} g^j_\pm\left(t_2\right)\right>
\\\nonumber
&+\frac{1}{4}\sum_{j=1}^N\int\limits_0^\tau dt_1 \int\limits_0^\tau dt_2 h(t_1)h(t_2)e^{-i\omega_p(t_1-t_2)}\left<e^{i\varphi_j(t_1)}g^j_\pm\left(t_1\right)e^{-i\varphi_j(t_2)} g^j_\pm\left(t_2\right)\right>.\end{aligned}$$ We recognize the terms inside the average as the stationary correlation functions: \[PS2\] nJ\^2C\_2\^[(m\_1,m\_2)]{}(t)nJ\^2\_[m\_1]{}\_[m\_2]{}Y\_2\^[(m\_1)]{}()Y\_2\^[(m\_2)]{}(\_0)P(|[r]{},|[r]{}\_0,t). Eq. can be rewritten in terms of as $$\begin{aligned}
\label{PS3}
&\frac{1}{nJ^2}\left<\sum_{j=1}^N\tilde{G}_j^2\right>=
-\frac{1}{4}\int\limits_0^\tau dt_1 \int\limits_0^\tau dt_2 h(t_1)h(t_2)e^{i\omega_p(t_1+t_2)}C_2^{(-1,-1)}\left(t_1-t_2\right)\\\nonumber
&-\frac{1}{4}\int\limits_0^\tau dt_1 \int\limits_0^\tau dt_2 h(t_1)h(t_2)e^{-i\omega_p(t_1+t_2)}C_2^{(1,1)}\left(t_1-t_2\right)
\\\nonumber
&+\frac{1}{4}\int\limits_0^\tau dt_1 \int\limits_0^\tau dt_2 h(t_1)h(t_2)e^{i\omega_p(t_1-t_2)}C_2^{(-1,1)}\left(t_1-t_2\right)
\\\nonumber
&+\frac{1}{4}\int\limits_0^\tau dt_1 \int\limits_0^\tau dt_2 h(t_1)h(t_2)e^{-i\omega_p(t_1-t_2)}C_2^{(1,-1)}\left(t_1-t_2\right).\end{aligned}$$ If $\tau\ll \tau_D$ all these correlations in are approximately constant in time and therefore $$\begin{aligned}
\label{PS4}
\frac{1}{nJ^2}\left<\sum_{j=1}^N\tilde{G}_j^2\right>\approx
&-\frac{1}{4}I_2^{(-1,-1)}\int\limits_0^\tau dt_1 \int\limits_0^\tau dt_2 h(t_1)h(t_2)e^{i\omega_p(t_1+t_2)}
-\frac{1}{4}I_2^{(1,1)}\int\limits_0^\tau dt_1 \int\limits_0^\tau dt_2 h(t_1)h(t_2)e^{-i\omega_p(t_1+t_2)}
\\\nonumber
&+\frac{1}{4}I_2^{(-1,1)}\int\limits_0^\tau dt_1 \int\limits_0^\tau dt_2 h(t_1)h(t_2)e^{i\omega_p(t_1-t_2)}
+\frac{1}{4}I_2^{(1,-1)}\int\limits_0^\tau dt_1 \int\limits_0^\tau dt_2 h(t_1)h(t_2)e^{-i\omega_p(t_1-t_2)}\\\nonumber
&=-\frac{\tau^2}{2}I_2^{(1,1)}\left(-\frac{2i}{\pi}\right)^2+\frac{\tau^2}{2}I_2^{(-1,1)}\left(-\frac{2i}{\pi}\right)\left(\frac{2i}{\pi}\right)=\frac{2\tau^2}{\pi^2}\frac{\pi (13 \cos (4 \alpha )+51)}{1024 d^3}=\frac{\gamma_e^2 B_{rms}^2\tau^2}{nJ^2\pi^2}
\end{aligned}$$ If $\tau\gg\tau_D$ we can use: $$\begin{aligned}
&\int\limits _{0}^{\tau}dt_1\int\limits _{0}^{\tau}dt_2 h(t_1)h(t_2)C(t_1-t_2 )=2\int\limits _{0}^{\tau}dt_1\int\limits _{-t_1/\sqrt{2}}^{t_1/\sqrt{2}}d\tilde{t}_2 h(t_1)h(t_1-\tilde{t}_2)C(\tilde{t}_2)
\label{Pulse1}\\
&\approx2\int\limits _{0}^{\tau}dt_{1}\int\limits _{-\infty}^{\infty}d\tilde{t}_{2}h\left(t_{1}\right)h\left(t_{1}-\tilde{t}_{2}\right)C\left(\tilde{t}_{2}\right)=2\int\frac{d\omega_{1}}{2\pi}\int\frac{d\omega_{2}}{2\pi}\int\frac{d\omega_{3}}{2\pi}\int\limits _{0}^{\tau}dt_{1}\int\limits _{-\infty}^{\infty}d\tilde{t}_{2}h_{\omega_{1}}e^{i\omega_{1}t_{1}}h_{\omega_{2}}e^{i\omega_{2}\left(t_{1}-\tilde{t}_{2}\right)}S_{\omega_{3}}e^{i\omega_{3}\tilde{t}_{2}}\label{Pulse2}\end{aligned}$$ We shall solve all the integrals at once: $$\begin{aligned}
&\int\limits_0^\tau dt_1\int\limits_0^\tau dt_2h(t_1)h(t_2)e^{-im_1\omega_pt_1-im_2\omega_pt_2}C^{(m_1,m_2)}\left(t_1-t_2\right)\\\nonumber
&=2\int\frac{d\omega_{1}}{2\pi}\int\frac{d\omega_{2}}{2\pi}\int\frac{d\omega_{3}}{2\pi}\int\limits _{0}^{\tau}dt_{1}\int\limits _{-\infty}^{\infty}d\tilde{t}_{2}h_{\omega_{1}}e^{i\omega_{1}t_{1}}h_{\omega_{2}}e^{i\omega_{2}\left(t_{1}-\tilde{t}_{2}\right)}S^{(m_1,m_2)}_{\omega_{3}}e^{i\omega_{3}\tilde{t}_{2}}e^{-i(m_1+m_2)\omega_pt_1+im_2\omega_p\tilde{t}_2}
\\&=2\int\frac{d\omega_{1}}{2\pi}\int\frac{d\omega_{2}}{2\pi}\int d\omega_{3}\int\limits _{0}^{\tau}dt_{1}h_{\omega_{1}}e^{i\omega_{1}t_{1}}h_{\omega_{2}}e^{i\omega_{2}t_{1}}S^{(m_1,m_2)}_{\omega_{3}}e^{-i(m_1+m_2)\omega_pt_1}\delta\left(\omega_3-\omega_2+m_2\omega_p\right)\\
&=2\int\frac{d\omega_{1}}{2\pi}\int\frac{d\omega_{2}}{2\pi}\int\limits _{0}^{\tau}dt_{1}h_{\omega_{1}}h_{\omega_{2}}S^{(m_1,m_2)}_{\omega_2+m_2\omega_p}e^{i\left[\omega_1+\omega_2-(m_1+m_2)\omega_p\right]t_1}\\
&=2\int\frac{d\omega_{1}}{2\pi}\int\frac{d\omega_{2}}{2\pi}h_{\omega_{1}}h_{\omega_{2}}S^{(m_1,m_2)}_{\omega_2+m_2\omega_p}\frac{-i\left( e^{i\left[\omega_1+\omega_2-(m_1+m_2)\omega_p\right]\tau}-1\right)}{\omega_1+\omega_2-(m_1+m_2)\omega_p}\\
&=4\int\frac{d\omega_{1}}{2\pi}\int\frac{d\omega_{2}}{2\pi}h_{\omega_{1}}h_{\omega_{2}}S^{(m_1,m_2)}_{\omega_2+m_2\omega_p}e^{i\left[\omega_1+\omega_2-(m_1+m_2)\omega_p\right]\tau/2}\frac{ \sin\left[\left(\omega_1+\omega_2-(m_1+m_2)\omega_p\right)\tau\right]}{\omega_1+\omega_2-(m_1+m_2)\omega_p}\\
&\approx 4\pi\tau\int\frac{d\omega_{1}}{2\pi}\int\frac{d\omega_{2}}{2\pi}h_{\omega_{1}}h_{\omega_{2}}S^{(m_1,m_2)}_{\omega_2+m_2\omega_p}e^{i\left[\omega_1+\omega_2-(m_1+m_2)\omega_p\right]\tau/2}\delta\left(\omega_1+\omega_2-(m_1+m_2)\omega_p\right)\\
&=\frac{\tau}{\pi}\begin{cases}
\int d\omega_{1}\left|h_{\omega_{1}}\right|^2S^{(-m_2,m_2)}_{\omega_1-m_2\omega_p} & m_1=-m_2\\
\int d\omega_{1}\left|h_{\omega_{1}-m_2\omega_p}\right|^2S^{(m_2,m_2)}_{\omega_1-2m_2\omega_p} & m_1=m_2\\\label{PS5}
\end{cases}=\frac{\tau}{\pi}\int d\omega_{1}\left|h_{\omega_{1}}\right|^2S^{(\pm m_2,m_2)}_{\omega_1-m_2\omega_p}.\end{aligned}$$ Substituting into we arrive at \[PS6\] =d\_[1]{}|h\_[\_[1]{}]{}|\^2(S\^[( -1,1)]{}\_[\_1-\_p]{}-S\^[( 1,1)]{}\_[\_1-\_p]{}) Since $S\left(\omega-\omega_N\right)\propto S^{( -1,1)}_{\omega}-S^{( 1,1)}_{\omega}$, we can conclude \[PS7\] =d\_[1]{}|h\_[\_[1]{}]{}|\^2S(--\_p)S(), where we used the fact that $\left|h(\omega)\right|$ is a narrow function that peaks at $\pm\omega_p$.
| 2024-06-27T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/9230 |
Newslinks for Monday 27th October 2014
Forthright Fallon 1) We won’t go back into Afghanistan, ‘under any circumstances’
‘’Michael Fallon said yesterday: ‘We are not going to send combat troops back into Afghanistan. We’ve made that very, very clear. Under any circumstances, combat troops will not be going in there.’ His comments came as British troops were forced to make one last assault on Taliban positions as they prepared for withdrawal from Camp Bastion.’ – Daily Mail
Forthright Fallon 2) We’re ‘swamped’ with immigrants
‘Defence Secretary Michael Fallon provoked a furious row yesterday after warning that communities were being ‘swamped’ by European immigrants. Last night he was reprimanded by No 10 for his use of the word and rival politicians lined up to criticise what they called his ‘excessive language’. Tory backbenchers, however, said it was appalling that a minister had been told to retract comments when all he had done was speak out frankly on immigration.’ – Daily Mail
Cameron and Osborne back HS3 line across Northern England
‘David Cameron and George Osborne, who has championed the northern powerhouse concept in recent months, are to give their backing on Monday to develop HS3. The chancellor will also announce that a new body, Transport for the North, covering the region’s five main conurbations, will be created as a united voice for big transport decisions. An interim report on options, costs and timetable for an HS3 east-west rail connection is to be produced in March.’ – FT
EAW 1) Raab: Let’s have British, not Brussels, justice
‘Few of the 130 criminal justice measures add value to UK law enforcement – even the police only argue for Britain to opt back into 13. The EU Commission is distracted by dreams of its own justice system led by an EU Justice Minister. It is fixated on harmonising laws, and trying to turn Europol and Eurojust – useful bodies for bringing national police and prosecutors together – into EU law enforcement arms, taking power from national authorities.’ – Dominic Raab MP, The Independent
EAW 2) Damian Green rallies to May’s defence
‘Mr Green upped the rhetoric today, telling BBC One’s Andrew Marr show that refusing to sign up to the warrant would be ‘much more than a sop to Ukip, that would be really dangerous’. Rapists, murderers, child molesters and so on, would think ‘Britain is the place to go where you’ve got most chance of not being convicted for crimes you committed in the rest of Europe’. It would be very, very bad for the safety of our streets not to have the European Arrest Warrant.’’ – Daily Mail
Government uses cases of sex criminals to persuade rebels – The Times (£)
Bone: Cameron is channelling Thatcher in fighting the EU
‘Tory eurosceptic MP Peter Bone told the Daily Express: “People talk about Cameron as the ‘heir to Blair’ but he’s clearly the heir to Thatcher. He’s vetoed a treaty, got the EU to cut its budget and now he’s telling the EU it can get stuffed on this £1.7 billion bill. He’s got the backing of the British people.”’ – Daily Express
Knives out in Scottish Labour
‘The Labour party was plunged into an acrimonious civil war last night, with the parliamentary groups in Holyrood and Westminster in open conflict. As both sides moved to get their favoured candidates in place to replace Johann Lamont as leader of the Scottish Labour party, the infighting that has plagued the party behind the scenes for months emerged in public.’ – The Times (£)
GPs paid £100,000 just to work weekends
‘GPs are being paid around £100,000 a year for working only weekends, it has emerged. Shifts, which include just a few hours on a Friday night, and all day Saturday and Sunday, can involve out-of-hours doctors simply answering non-emergency phone calls.’ – Daily Telegraph
Wind farms are 90 per cent efficient for only 17 hours a year
‘Experts discovered that turbines break the 90 per cent efficiency mark for only 17 hours a year. Data showed wind farms generate below 20 per cent of supposed output for 20 weeks a year and less than 10 per cent for nine weeks. The statistics are in a report by the respected Adam Smith Institute think tank and Scientific Alliance.’ – Daily Express
Major European banks fail stress tests
‘Fourteen of Europe’s largest banks have failed “stress tests” designed to assess the ability of big lenders to withstand a financial crisis and have been ordered to raise nearly €10 billion to plug a shortfall in their balance sheets. Italian banks were found to have the most serious problems, with four being required to find €3.3 billion (£2.6 billion) to enable them to cope in the event of a sharp rise in unemployment and a contraction in western economies.’ – The Times (£)
Tony Benn helped his children minimise their inheritance tax bill
‘The former Labour Cabinet minister, who died aged 88 in March, left almost his entire fortune to his children. It is understood Stephen, 63, Hilary, 60, Melissa, 57, and Joshua, 56, will each receive around £1.2million before inheritance tax. Mr Benn also owned an eight-bedroom ancestral home called Stansgate Abbey Farm on the Blackwater estuary in Essex, which he left in a trust for his family. By placing the estate, understood to be worth millions, in a trust he is thought to have avoided his children having to pay inheritance tax on it.’ – Daily Mail
Please use the thread below to provide links to news topics likely to be of interest to ConservativeHome readers and to comment on political topics that haven’t been given their own blog. Read our comments policy. | 2024-02-08T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/9461 |
#!/usr/local/bin/ruby -w
# tc_speed.rb
#
# Created by James Edward Gray II on 2005-11-14.
# Copyright 2005 Gray Productions. All rights reserved.
require "test/unit"
require "timeout"
require "faster_csv"
require "csv"
class TestFasterCSVSpeed < Test::Unit::TestCase
PATH = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "test_data.csv")
BIG_DATA = "123456789\n" * 1024
def test_that_we_are_doing_the_same_work
FasterCSV.open(PATH) do |csv|
CSV.foreach(PATH) do |row|
assert_equal(row, csv.shift)
end
end
end
def test_speed_vs_csv
csv_time = Time.now
CSV.foreach(PATH) do |row|
# do nothing, we're just timing a read...
end
csv_time = Time.now - csv_time
faster_csv_time = Time.now
FasterCSV.foreach(PATH) do |row|
# do nothing, we're just timing a read...
end
faster_csv_time = Time.now - faster_csv_time
assert(faster_csv_time < csv_time / 3)
end
def test_the_parse_fails_fast_when_it_can_for_unquoted_fields
assert_parse_errors_out('valid,fields,bad start"' + BIG_DATA)
end
def test_the_parse_fails_fast_when_it_can_for_unescaped_quotes
assert_parse_errors_out('valid,fields,"bad start"unescaped' + BIG_DATA)
end
def test_field_size_limit_controls_lookahead
assert_parse_errors_out( 'valid,fields,"' + BIG_DATA + '"',
:field_size_limit => 2048 )
end
private
def assert_parse_errors_out(*args)
assert_raise(FasterCSV::MalformedCSVError) do
Timeout.timeout(0.2) do
FasterCSV.parse(*args)
fail("Parse didn't error out")
end
end
end
end
| 2023-09-25T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/1075 |
USS SC-36
USS SC-36, until July 1920 known as USS Submarine Chaser No. 36 or USS S.C. 36, was an SC-1-class submarine chaser built for the United States Navy during World War I.
SC-36 was a wooden-hulled 110-foot (34 m) submarine chaser built at the New York Navy Yard at Brooklyn, New York. She was commissioned on 23 January 1918 as USS Submarine Chaser No. 36, abbreviated at the time as USS S.C. 36.
When the U.S. Navy adopted its modern hull number system on 17 July 1920, Submarine Chaser No. 36 was classified as SC-36 and her name was shortened to USS SC-36.
On 24 June 1921, the Navy sold SC-36 to Joseph G. Hitner of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
References
NavSource Online: Submarine Chaser Photo Archive: SC-36
The Subchaser Archives: The History of U.S. Submarine Chasers in the Great War Hull number: SC-36
Woofenden, Todd A. Hunters of the Steel Sharks: The Submarine Chasers of World War I. Bowdoinham, Maine: Signal Light Books, 2006. .
Category:SC-1-class submarine chasers
Category:World War I patrol vessels of the United States
Category:Ships built in Brooklyn
Category:1918 ships | 2023-12-22T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/3862 |
May 11, 2011
{from my kitchen} baguette with anchovy butter and radishes
There is something to be said for keeping it simple and this little nibble illustrates why I should keep it simple more often. Slices of French bread slathered with a flavorful anchovy butter and topped with crispy radishes and a sprinkle of sea salt were awesome and paired perfectly with our negronis. Add in several hours of watching the Kentucky Derby coverage and it was a rather nice way to spend an on again/off again stormy Saturday afternoon. Our picks to win the race came up short, but oh well. We had delicious food and drink to ease the pain. | 2023-10-22T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/4236 |
/*
Copyright (c) 2007-2016 Contributors as noted in the AUTHORS file
This file is part of libzmq, the ZeroMQ core engine in C++.
libzmq is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) as published
by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
As a special exception, the Contributors give you permission to link
this library with independent modules to produce an executable,
regardless of the license terms of these independent modules, and to
copy and distribute the resulting executable under terms of your choice,
provided that you also meet, for each linked independent module, the
terms and conditions of the license of that module. An independent
module is a module which is not derived from or based on this library.
If you modify this library, you must extend this exception to your
version of the library.
libzmq is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public
License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*/
#include "precompiled.hpp"
#include "ipc_address.hpp"
#if !defined ZMQ_HAVE_WINDOWS && !defined ZMQ_HAVE_OPENVMS \
&& !defined ZMQ_HAVE_VXWORKS
#include "err.hpp"
#include <string>
#ifndef HAVE_STRNLEN
static size_t strnlen (const char *s, size_t len)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
if (s[i] == '\0')
return i + 1;
}
return len;
}
#endif
zmq::ipc_address_t::ipc_address_t ()
{
memset (&_address, 0, sizeof _address);
}
zmq::ipc_address_t::ipc_address_t (const sockaddr *sa_, socklen_t sa_len_) :
_addrlen (sa_len_)
{
zmq_assert (sa_ && sa_len_ > 0);
memset (&_address, 0, sizeof _address);
if (sa_->sa_family == AF_UNIX)
memcpy (&_address, sa_, sa_len_);
}
zmq::ipc_address_t::~ipc_address_t ()
{
}
int zmq::ipc_address_t::resolve (const char *path_)
{
const size_t path_len = strlen (path_);
if (path_len >= sizeof _address.sun_path) {
errno = ENAMETOOLONG;
return -1;
}
if (path_[0] == '@' && !path_[1]) {
errno = EINVAL;
return -1;
}
_address.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
memcpy (_address.sun_path, path_, path_len + 1);
/* Abstract sockets start with '\0' */
if (path_[0] == '@')
*_address.sun_path = '\0';
_addrlen = offsetof (sockaddr_un, sun_path) + path_len;
return 0;
}
int zmq::ipc_address_t::to_string (std::string &addr_) const
{
if (_address.sun_family != AF_UNIX) {
addr_.clear ();
return -1;
}
const char prefix[] = "ipc://";
char buf[sizeof prefix + sizeof _address.sun_path];
char *pos = buf;
memcpy (pos, prefix, sizeof prefix - 1);
pos += sizeof prefix - 1;
const char *src_pos = _address.sun_path;
if (!_address.sun_path[0] && _address.sun_path[1]) {
*pos++ = '@';
src_pos++;
}
// according to http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/unix.7.html, NOTES
// section, address.sun_path might not always be null-terminated; therefore,
// we calculate the length based of addrlen
const size_t src_len =
strnlen (src_pos, _addrlen - offsetof (sockaddr_un, sun_path)
- (src_pos - _address.sun_path));
memcpy (pos, src_pos, src_len);
addr_.assign (buf, pos - buf + src_len);
return 0;
}
const sockaddr *zmq::ipc_address_t::addr () const
{
return reinterpret_cast<const sockaddr *> (&_address);
}
socklen_t zmq::ipc_address_t::addrlen () const
{
return _addrlen;
}
#endif
| 2024-04-10T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/7599 |
// Scintilla source code edit control
/** @file EditView.h
** Defines the appearance of the main text area of the editor window.
**/
// Copyright 1998-2014 by Neil Hodgson <neilh@scintilla.org>
// The License.txt file describes the conditions under which this software may be distributed.
#ifndef EDITVIEW_H
#define EDITVIEW_H
namespace Scintilla {
struct PrintParameters {
int magnification; /// @ 2018-09-06 Changed to a percent value
int colourMode;
WrapMode wrapState;
PrintParameters() noexcept;
};
/**
* The view may be drawn in separate phases.
*/
enum DrawPhase {
drawBack = 0x1,
drawIndicatorsBack = 0x2,
drawText = 0x4,
drawIndentationGuides = 0x8,
drawIndicatorsFore = 0x10,
drawSelectionTranslucent = 0x20,
drawLineTranslucent = 0x40,
drawFoldLines = 0x80,
drawCarets = 0x100,
drawAll = 0x1FF
};
bool ValidStyledText(const ViewStyle &vs, size_t styleOffset, const StyledText &st) noexcept;
int WidestLineWidth(Surface *surface, const ViewStyle &vs, int styleOffset, const StyledText &st);
void DrawTextNoClipPhase(Surface *surface, PRectangle rc, const Style &style, XYPOSITION ybase,
std::string_view text, DrawPhase phase);
void DrawStyledText(Surface *surface, const ViewStyle &vs, int styleOffset, PRectangle rcText,
const StyledText &st, size_t start, size_t length, DrawPhase phase);
typedef void (*DrawTabArrowFn)(Surface *surface, PRectangle rcTab, int ymid);
class LineTabstops;
/**
* EditView draws the main text area.
*/
class EditView {
public:
PrintParameters printParameters;
std::unique_ptr<LineTabstops> ldTabstops;
int tabWidthMinimumPixels;
bool hideSelection;
bool drawOverstrikeCaret; // used by the curses platform
/** In bufferedDraw mode, graphics operations are drawn to a pixmap and then copied to
* the screen. This avoids flashing but is about 30% slower. */
bool bufferedDraw;
/** In phasesTwo mode, drawing is performed in two phases, first the background
* and then the foreground. This avoids chopping off characters that overlap the next run.
* In multiPhaseDraw mode, drawing is performed in multiple phases with each phase drawing
* one feature over the whole drawing area, instead of within one line. This allows text to
* overlap from one line to the next. */
enum PhasesDraw { phasesOne, phasesTwo, phasesMultiple };
PhasesDraw phasesDraw;
int lineWidthMaxSeen;
bool additionalCaretsBlink;
bool additionalCaretsVisible;
bool imeCaretBlockOverride;
std::unique_ptr<Surface> pixmapLine;
std::unique_ptr<Surface> pixmapIndentGuide;
std::unique_ptr<Surface> pixmapIndentGuideHighlight;
LineLayoutCache llc;
PositionCache posCache;
int tabArrowHeight; // draw arrow heads this many pixels above/below line midpoint
/** Some platforms, notably PLAT_CURSES, do not support Scintilla's native
* DrawTabArrow function for drawing tab characters. Allow those platforms to
* override it instead of creating a new method in the Surface class that
* existing platforms must implement as empty. */
DrawTabArrowFn customDrawTabArrow;
DrawWrapMarkerFn customDrawWrapMarker;
EditView();
// Deleted so EditView objects can not be copied.
EditView(const EditView &) = delete;
EditView(EditView &&) = delete;
void operator=(const EditView &) = delete;
void operator=(EditView &&) = delete;
virtual ~EditView();
bool SetTwoPhaseDraw(bool twoPhaseDraw) noexcept;
bool SetPhasesDraw(int phases) noexcept;
bool LinesOverlap() const noexcept;
void ClearAllTabstops() noexcept;
XYPOSITION NextTabstopPos(Sci::Line line, XYPOSITION x, XYPOSITION tabWidth) const noexcept;
bool ClearTabstops(Sci::Line line) noexcept;
bool AddTabstop(Sci::Line line, int x);
int GetNextTabstop(Sci::Line line, int x) const noexcept;
void LinesAddedOrRemoved(Sci::Line lineOfPos, Sci::Line linesAdded);
void DropGraphics(bool freeObjects);
void AllocateGraphics(const ViewStyle &vsDraw);
void RefreshPixMaps(Surface *surfaceWindow, WindowID wid, const ViewStyle &vsDraw);
LineLayout *RetrieveLineLayout(Sci::Line lineNumber, const EditModel &model);
void LayoutLine(const EditModel &model, Sci::Line line, Surface *surface, const ViewStyle &vstyle,
LineLayout *ll, int width = LineLayout::wrapWidthInfinite);
static void UpdateBidiData(const EditModel &model, const ViewStyle &vstyle, LineLayout *ll);
Point LocationFromPosition(Surface *surface, const EditModel &model, SelectionPosition pos, Sci::Line topLine,
const ViewStyle &vs, PointEnd pe, const PRectangle rcClient);
Range RangeDisplayLine(Surface *surface, const EditModel &model, Sci::Line lineVisible, const ViewStyle &vs);
SelectionPosition SPositionFromLocation(Surface *surface, const EditModel &model, PointDocument pt, bool canReturnInvalid,
bool charPosition, bool virtualSpace, const ViewStyle &vs, const PRectangle rcClient);
SelectionPosition SPositionFromLineX(Surface *surface, const EditModel &model, Sci::Line lineDoc, int x, const ViewStyle &vs);
Sci::Line DisplayFromPosition(Surface *surface, const EditModel &model, Sci::Position pos, const ViewStyle &vs);
Sci::Position StartEndDisplayLine(Surface *surface, const EditModel &model, Sci::Position pos, bool start, const ViewStyle &vs);
void DrawIndentGuide(Surface *surface, Sci::Line lineVisible, int lineHeight, XYPOSITION start, PRectangle rcSegment, bool highlight);
void DrawEOL(Surface *surface, const EditModel &model, const ViewStyle &vsDraw, const LineLayout *ll, PRectangle rcLine,
Sci::Line line, Sci::Position lineEnd, int xStart, int subLine, XYACCUMULATOR subLineStart,
ColourOptional background);
void DrawFoldDisplayText(Surface *surface, const EditModel &model, const ViewStyle &vsDraw, const LineLayout *ll,
Sci::Line line, int xStart, PRectangle rcLine, int subLine, XYACCUMULATOR subLineStart, DrawPhase phase);
void DrawEOLAnnotationText(Surface *surface, const EditModel &model, const ViewStyle &vsDraw, const LineLayout *ll,
Sci::Line line, int xStart, PRectangle rcLine, int subLine, XYACCUMULATOR subLineStart, DrawPhase phase);
void DrawAnnotation(Surface *surface, const EditModel &model, const ViewStyle &vsDraw, const LineLayout *ll,
Sci::Line line, int xStart, PRectangle rcLine, int subLine, DrawPhase phase);
void DrawCarets(Surface *surface, const EditModel &model, const ViewStyle &vsDraw, const LineLayout *ll, Sci::Line lineDoc,
int xStart, PRectangle rcLine, int subLine) const;
void DrawBackground(Surface *surface, const EditModel &model, const ViewStyle &vsDraw, const LineLayout *ll, PRectangle rcLine,
Range lineRange, Sci::Position posLineStart, int xStart,
int subLine, ColourOptional background) const;
void DrawForeground(Surface *surface, const EditModel &model, const ViewStyle &vsDraw, const LineLayout *ll, Sci::Line lineVisible,
PRectangle rcLine, Range lineRange, Sci::Position posLineStart, int xStart,
int subLine, ColourOptional background);
void DrawIndentGuidesOverEmpty(Surface *surface, const EditModel &model, const ViewStyle &vsDraw, const LineLayout *ll,
Sci::Line line, Sci::Line lineVisible, PRectangle rcLine, int xStart, int subLine);
void DrawLine(Surface *surface, const EditModel &model, const ViewStyle &vsDraw, const LineLayout *ll, Sci::Line line,
Sci::Line lineVisible, int xStart, PRectangle rcLine, int subLine, DrawPhase phase);
void PaintText(Surface *surfaceWindow, const EditModel &model, PRectangle rcArea, PRectangle rcClient,
const ViewStyle &vsDraw);
void FillLineRemainder(Surface *surface, const EditModel &model, const ViewStyle &vsDraw, const LineLayout *ll,
Sci::Line line, PRectangle rcArea, int subLine) const;
Sci::Position FormatRange(bool draw, const Sci_RangeToFormat *pfr, Surface *surface, Surface *surfaceMeasure,
const EditModel &model, const ViewStyle &vs);
};
/**
* Convenience class to ensure LineLayout objects are always disposed.
*/
class AutoLineLayout {
LineLayoutCache &llc;
LineLayout *ll;
public:
AutoLineLayout(LineLayoutCache &llc_, LineLayout *ll_) noexcept : llc(llc_), ll(ll_) {}
AutoLineLayout(const AutoLineLayout &) = delete;
AutoLineLayout(AutoLineLayout &&) = delete;
AutoLineLayout &operator=(const AutoLineLayout &) = delete;
AutoLineLayout &operator=(AutoLineLayout &&) = delete;
~AutoLineLayout() noexcept {
llc.Dispose(ll);
ll = nullptr;
}
LineLayout *operator->() const noexcept {
return ll;
}
operator LineLayout *() const noexcept {
return ll;
}
void Set(LineLayout *ll_) noexcept {
llc.Dispose(ll);
ll = ll_;
}
};
}
#endif
| 2024-01-22T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2196 |
Clozapine treatment in polydipsia and intermittent hyponatremia.
Recent case reports indicate that clozapine treatment diminishes excessive diurnal weight gain and alleviates hyponatremia observed in some chronically psychotic patients. We examined the influence of clozapine on sodium metabolism and water regulation across a group of patients with the syndrome of polydipsia and intermittent hyponatremia. Eleven patients with treatment-resistant DSM-III-R schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were studied. Each had a history of repeated diurnal weight gains of greater than 10% with at least one documented bout of hyponatremia in the 6 months before clozapine treatment. We utilized a target weight protocol and serial laboratory measures to compare changes in sodium metabolism and water regulation during 26 weeks of standard antipsychotic medication and 26 weeks of clozapine treatment. Across patients, we found significant improvement in routinely monitored 6 a.m. and 4 p.m. serum sodium, reflecting normalization of sodium metabolism. We also found that the frequency (as reflected by diurnal weight gain), severity (lowest serum sodium), and estimated quantity (calculated urine volume) of polydipsia improved across patients. Improvement in polydipsia and hyponatremia was associated with decreased necessity for monitoring and restrictive interventions, and tended to be associated with psychiatric improvement. We found a corrective and stabilizing effect of clozapine on polydipsia and intermittent hyponatremia. Future studies need to examine the relationship of psychiatric improvement and alterations in the regulation of sodium and water physiology to our findings. | 2023-09-30T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/7749 |
Q:
Gevent and flask - thread local
What explicit are the risks to using 'g' in flask when running a server based on Gevent?
Or are there 'none' meaning that monkey patching makes flask use greenlet local vars instead of thread locals?
A:
Flask supports the use of greenlets per it's documentation:
Flask uses thread local objects (context local objects in fact, they support greenlet contexts as well) for request, session and an extra object you can put your own things on (g).
Due to this support, there is no risk in using g when using gevent.
Read http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/design/ for more info.
| 2023-09-21T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/8630 |
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Copyright (C) 2011-2012 by
# Nicholas Mancuso <nick.mancuso@gmail.com>
# All rights reserved.
# BSD license.
"""Functions for finding node and edge dominating sets.
A `dominating set`_ for an undirected graph *G* with vertex set *V*
and edge set *E* is a subset *D* of *V* such that every vertex not in
*D* is adjacent to at least one member of *D*. An `edge dominating set`_
is a subset *F* of *E* such that every edge not in *F* is
incident to an endpoint of at least one edge in *F*.
.. _dominating set: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominating_set
.. _edge dominating set: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_dominating_set
"""
from __future__ import division
from ..matching import maximal_matching
from ...utils import not_implemented_for
__all__ = ["min_weighted_dominating_set",
"min_edge_dominating_set"]
__author__ = """Nicholas Mancuso (nick.mancuso@gmail.com)"""
# TODO Why doesn't this algorithm work for directed graphs?
@not_implemented_for('directed')
def min_weighted_dominating_set(G, weight=None):
r"""Returns a dominating set that approximates the minimum weight node
dominating set.
Parameters
----------
G : NetworkX graph
Undirected graph.
weight : string
The node attribute storing the weight of an node. If provided,
the node attribute with this key must be a number for each
node. If not provided, each node is assumed to have weight one.
Returns
-------
min_weight_dominating_set : set
A set of nodes, the sum of whose weights is no more than `(\log
w(V)) w(V^*)`, where `w(V)` denotes the sum of the weights of
each node in the graph and `w(V^*)` denotes the sum of the
weights of each node in the minimum weight dominating set.
Notes
-----
This algorithm computes an approximate minimum weighted dominating
set for the graph `G`. The returned solution has weight `(\log
w(V)) w(V^*)`, where `w(V)` denotes the sum of the weights of each
node in the graph and `w(V^*)` denotes the sum of the weights of
each node in the minimum weight dominating set for the graph.
This implementation of the algorithm runs in $O(m)$ time, where $m$
is the number of edges in the graph.
References
----------
.. [1] Vazirani, Vijay V.
*Approximation Algorithms*.
Springer Science & Business Media, 2001.
"""
# The unique dominating set for the null graph is the empty set.
if len(G) == 0:
return set()
# This is the dominating set that will eventually be returned.
dom_set = set()
def _cost(node_and_neighborhood):
"""Returns the cost-effectiveness of greedily choosing the given
node.
`node_and_neighborhood` is a two-tuple comprising a node and its
closed neighborhood.
"""
v, neighborhood = node_and_neighborhood
return G.nodes[v].get(weight, 1) / len(neighborhood - dom_set)
# This is a set of all vertices not already covered by the
# dominating set.
vertices = set(G)
# This is a dictionary mapping each node to the closed neighborhood
# of that node.
neighborhoods = {v: {v} | set(G[v]) for v in G}
# Continue until all vertices are adjacent to some node in the
# dominating set.
while vertices:
# Find the most cost-effective node to add, along with its
# closed neighborhood.
dom_node, min_set = min(neighborhoods.items(), key=_cost)
# Add the node to the dominating set and reduce the remaining
# set of nodes to cover.
dom_set.add(dom_node)
del neighborhoods[dom_node]
vertices -= min_set
return dom_set
def min_edge_dominating_set(G):
r"""Returns minimum cardinality edge dominating set.
Parameters
----------
G : NetworkX graph
Undirected graph
Returns
-------
min_edge_dominating_set : set
Returns a set of dominating edges whose size is no more than 2 * OPT.
Notes
-----
The algorithm computes an approximate solution to the edge dominating set
problem. The result is no more than 2 * OPT in terms of size of the set.
Runtime of the algorithm is $O(|E|)$.
"""
if not G:
raise ValueError("Expected non-empty NetworkX graph!")
return maximal_matching(G)
| 2024-05-28T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/6781 |
Adverse effects of clinical intervention on the complement system.
Adverse effects, due to activation of the complement (C) system and consequent generation of biologically active peptides, may occur during any form of extracorporeal processing of blood or plasma. Studies of the biocompatibility of dialyzer membranes have provided new insight into the mechanisms of C activation in extracorporeal circuits. The use of hemodialyzers, bypass oxygenators and on-line processing of plasma, by filtration or adsorption on columns, may all lead to activation of the alternative pathway of C and injurious reactions. The mechanisms by which drugs or drug metabolites interact with the C system, thereby inducing pseudoallergic reactions, have been only partly clarified. However, several drugs appear to interfere with the function of regulator proteins in the C system. Long-term administration of drugs that inhibit the covalent binding reaction of C3/C4 may contribute to development of drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus in predisposed patients. Administration of high doses of immunoglobulins can cause anaphylactoid reactions which may involve C activation. Adverse reactions, seen after treatment with certain recombinant proteins, may also be associated with C activation. | 2024-04-15T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/5498 |
Q:
Escaping a comma when uploading a .csv to a database with PHP
I'm trying to do a simple PHP function to put a .csv file into a database. The problem is that the files are delimited with a semicolon and for some reason when a cell contains a comma it leaves out everything after it.
For example the .csv file
manufacturer;comment;year
toyota;good car, bad color;1997
comes out as the following when printed with the print_r() function
[0] => Array
(
[0] => manufacturer
[1] => comment
[2] => year
)
[1] => Array
(
[0] => toyota
[1] => good car
)
Edit
Here's the code I'm using.
//get the contents of the .csv file
$filepath = './files/csvfile.csv'
$fileopen = fopen($filepath,"r");
//create an empty array
$csv = array();
//go through the .csv file with fgetcsv()
while(($line = fgetcsv($fileopen,";")) !== FALSE)
{
$line = explode(";",$line[0]);
$csv[] = $line;
}
//print the result
echo "<pre>";
print_r($csv);
echo "</pre>";
fclose($fileopen);
A:
Put the delimiter as the 3rd argument
http://php.net/manual/en/function.fgetcsv.php
while(($line = fgetcsv($fileopen, 0, ";")) !== FALSE)
I don't think you need that explode line either.
| 2023-11-06T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/9290 |
Q:
Rotation by $90°$ in differential geometry
Let $f: \Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^2 \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^3$ be a parametrized surface and $\nabla_{c'}c'$ be the covariant derivative of a curve $c:I \rightarrow \Omega$ that is parametrized by arc-length. Now, we define the geodesic curvature by $\kappa_g:=||\nabla_{c'}c'||$. Then we have for the first fundamental form $g(c', \nabla_{c'}c')=0$, as the second derivative is orthogonal to the first one. Now I want to define a matrix $J$ such that $\kappa_g Jc' = \nabla_{c'}c'$. In $\mathbb{R}^3$ this would be just a rotation matrix of $90^°$ to the left or right (QUESTION 1: it is not immediately clear, in which direction we have to rotate, is this correct?), but QUESTION 2: how does this matrix look for vectors in $\Omega$?
Assume we define a function $\alpha: I \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ where $v$ is a parallel vector field along $c$ such that $\cos(\alpha(t)) = g(v(t),\gamma'(t))$, then I get:
$$\frac{d}{dt} ( \cos(\alpha(t)) = - \sin(\alpha(t)) \alpha'(t) = D_{c'}g(v,c') = g(\nabla_{c'}v,c')+ g(v,\nabla_{c'}c') = \kappa_g g(v,J c') = \kappa_g \cos(\alpha(t)-\frac{\pi}{2}) = \kappa_g \sin(\alpha) \Rightarrow \kappa_g = -\alpha'(t),$$
QUESTION 3: I somehow suspect that I have a sign wrong in this last equation, does anybody see through this?
if anything is unclear, please let me know.
A:
As a preamble to this response, I want to comment that we should be careful about saying "the matrix" $J$. It's true that for any $t$ you can define a linear automorphism $J_t$ of $T_{c(t)} f(\Omega)$ by your formula, but there's no obvious "natural" basis for $T_{c(t)} f(\Omega)$, and you'll need to choose one to actually write down an honest-to-goodness matrix $J_t$.
Answer 1. $\nabla_{c'} c'$ points in the direction the curve $c$ is curving, which could obviously be to either the "left" or "right" (which only make sense once you fix some orientation on $\Omega$ anyway). In particular there's no way, for example, to write down an automorphism $J$ that only depends on $c(t), c'(t)$, and $T_{c(t)} f(\Omega)$, although this data does (as you say) reduce $J$ to one of two choices, both rotations by $\pi/2$.
Answer 2. You have an isomorphism $df : T_x \mathbb{R}^2 \to T_{f(x)} f(\Omega)$ which allows you to move your automorphism $J$ over to $T_x \mathbb{R}^2$. Specifically, let $J_t$ be the transformation of $T_{c(t)} f(\Omega)$ you've defined. Then if $p \in \mathbb{R}^2$ is given by $p = f^{-1}(c(t))$ and $J'_t$ is the transformation
$$
J'_t = df^{-1}_{p} \circ J \circ df_p : T_p \mathbb{R}^2 \to T_p \mathbb{R}^2,
$$
then $J'_t$ satisfies the obvious analogue of your formula. If you want to actually write down a matrix, again it will depend on the specific curve $c(t)$ in principle (because of the left/right problem). However, you can at least translate some "rotate by $\pi/2$ matrix" back to $\mathbb{R}^2$ using $df$. Here's a summary of how one might do this:
Write $f = (f_1, f_2, f_3)$ and let $D$ be the matrix
$$
D = \left( \begin{array}{cc}
\frac{\partial f_1}{\partial x} & \frac{\partial f_1}{\partial y} \\
\frac{\partial f_2}{\partial x} & \frac{\partial f_2}{\partial y} \\
\frac{\partial f_3}{\partial x} & \frac{\partial f_3}{\partial y} \end{array} \right)
$$
Since $f$ is giving a parameterization of a surface, this matrix $D$ has a left inverse $C$ ($C$ is a $2 \times 3$ matrix with $CD = 1$).
A normal vector to $f(\Omega)$ at a point $f(x)$ is easy to find; one can take the cross product of the columns in the above matrix (since these columns span the tangent space to the surface). Then you can write down the ($3 \times 3$) matrix for a $\pi/2$ rotation about this normal in $\mathbb{R}^3$; call this matrix $R$. The corresponding "rotation" in $T_x \Omega = \mathbb{R}^2$ is then evidently given by $CRD$. (I suspect that writing down an actual formula for this matrix in terms of the partial derivatives of $f$ is both unpleasant and not particularly useful. But if you have an actual parameterization and point you're interested in, you can compute the derivatives and then it's just relatively easy linear algebra.)
Answer 3. Because you know $J$ is a rotation by $\pi/2$ you can say
$$
g(v, Jc') = \cos(\alpha(t) \pm \pi/2)
$$
but there's no way of distinguishing whether the sign should be $+$ or $-$, so you only get to conclude $\kappa_g = |\alpha'(t)|$.
| 2024-04-24T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/4464 |
A Supreme Court decision on the Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) efforts to bar cryptocurrency firms from receiving banking services will have to wait – for now.
A final hearing on the ban’s merits has been deferred to September 11, local news outlet Inc42 reported Friday. The panel of judges overseeing the case want all arguments and submissions from both the RBI and the ban’s critics to be submitted by that day. While it is not clear when a decision will be made, Rashmi Deshpande, a lawyer representing Kali Digital, which runs an exchange, said she expects the Supreme Court to “dispose of the case” the same day.
The ban began in April, when the RBI announced that regulated financial institutions would be prohibited from servicing cryptocurrency exchanges and other related businesses. The Supreme Court upheld the ban earlier this month pending Friday’s hearing.
Though the scheduled hearing was expected to include all final arguments to the case, the fact that certain organizations, including the Securities and Exchange Board of India, have not submitted their evidence resulted in the delay.
Speaking to Quartz India, Deshpande remained hopeful about the matter, saying:
“Our expectation is that the hearing will be on the basis of merit where we get to present the case on why the RBI circular is unconstitutional and should be quashed.”
At the same time, it was reported by the Bar and Bench that a senior advocate representing RBI said in today’s hearing that “the policy of RBI is of extreme caution,” adding that cryptocurrencies had the potential to encourage illegal transactions.
Waiting room image via Shutterstock | 2024-04-25T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/8102 |
If a vaccine for COVID-19 is developed, would you get it?
Yes
No
Lawsuits
Protesters who were arrested by police for breaking a curfew during a solidarity rally calling for justice over the death of George Floyd, sit on a sidewalk as they wait to be taken away in a van on Thursday, June 4, 2020, in New York. Floyd, an African American man, died on May 25 after a white Minneapolis police officer pressed a knee into his neck for several minutes even after he stopped moving and pleading for air. (AP Photo/Wong Maye-E)
The Latest on the May 25 death in Minneapolis of George Floyd, a handcuffed black man who pleaded for air as a white police officer pressed a knee on his neck: TOP OF THE HOUR: — Protesters take to New York City streets after curfew, again. — Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms tells protesters they...
Civil rights attorney Ben Crump attends a memorial service for George Floyd at North Central University, on Thursday, June 4, 2020, in Minneapolis. Hollywood celebrities, musicians and political leaders gathered in front of the golden casket of George Floyd whose death at the hands of police sparked global protests. (AP Photo/Bebeto Matthews)
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FILE - In this Wednesday, Feb. 22, 2017, file photo, Maryland guard Jaylen Brantley walks on the court in the second half of an NCAA college basketball game against Minnesota, in College Park, Md. A federal judge has dismissed a lawsuit in which two former University of Maryland men’s basketball players accused makers of the “Fortnite” video game of misappropriating a dance move that the ex-teammates popularized. U.S. District Judge Paul Grimm in Maryland ruled FridayMay 29, 2020, that the Copyright Act preempts claims that Jared Nickens and Jaylen Brantley filed in February 2019 against Epic Games Inc., creator of the wildly popular online shooting game. (AP Photo/Patrick Semansky)
SILVER SPRING, Md. (AP) — A federal judge has dismissed a lawsuit in which two former University of Maryland men’s basketball players accused makers of the “Fortnite” video game of misappropriating a dance move that the ex-teammates popularized. U.S. District Judge Paul Grimm in Maryland ruled...
NEW YORK (AP) — Four of the country's biggest publishers have sued a digital library for copyright infringement, alleging that the Internet Archive has illegally offered more than a million scanned works to the public, including such favorites as Toni Morrison's “Song of Solomon,” Malcolm Gladwell'...
NEW YORK (AP) — Four of the country's biggest publishers have sued a digital library for copyright infringement, alleging that the Internet Archive has illegally offered more than a million scanned works to the public, including such favorites as Toni Morrison's “Song of Solomon,” Malcolm Gladwell'... | 2024-06-27T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/3689 |
Four men and a woman have been jailed for a total of 50 years after subjecting a man to what police say was a "sustained and vicious attack" in Gainsborough two years ago.
Lincolnshire Police Copyright: Lincolnshire Police
On 15 November 2015, their victim was invited into a property and told to sit down before being punched, kicked and threatened at gunpoint.
He was handcuffed, hit with an extendable baton, and hit on his bare feet with a wooden stick. The group then subjected the victim to waterboarding, which simulates drowning.
The five, all from Gainsborough, were found guilty of false imprisonment. All four males were also found guilty of assault by occasioning ABH.
Alvaras Sepronas, 44, of Ashcroft Road, was jailed for 18 years. He was also found guilty of possessing firearms with intent to cause fear of violence, assault occasioning actual bodily harm, possession of drugs with intent to supply, possession of a prohibited weapon for discharge of noxious liquid/gas/electrical incapacitation device/thing and possession of prohibited ammunition.
Jurgita Makaroviene, 35, of Ashcroft Road, was jailed for five years. She was also found guilty of possession of drugs with intent to supply.
Egidijus Zukauskas, 44, of Parnell Street, was jailed for 10 years.
Vidas Aleksandravicius, 50, of Parnell Street, was jailed for 10 years. He was also found guilty of imprisonment, assault occasioning actual bodily harm, assault occasioning actual bodily harm and possession of a controlled drug.
Andrivs Svetickas, 27, of Parnell Street, was jailed for seven years. He was also found guilty of assault occasioning actual bodily harm and possession of a controlled drug. | 2024-06-19T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/4490 |
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) logged three immigration detainer requests for an illegal alien accused of repeatedly stabbing Adams County Magistrate David Blackett in Denver last year, according to reports. Jose Armenta-Vazquez, 39, is accused of stabbing the judge in the magistrate's east Denver home back in August.
One month before the nearly-fatal stabbing, Armenta-Vazquez was released by the Denver Sheriff's Department for the third time despite active immigration detainers logged against him in each case. According to Breitbart News, the illegal alien has been arrested 36 times on a wide range of charges, including child abuse, car theft, assault and traffic violations. ICE announced the Mexican citizen was first ordered to be removed from the United States back in Mar. 1999.
It's not clear when Vazquez became a suspect in the stabbing of the judge, but the criminal alien was again arrested in October, after the judge's stabbing, and released the same month in defiance of a fourth immigration detainer logged by the agency. Vazquez was again apprehended in December on suspicion of menacing with a deadly weapon related to a separate incident. He was finally charged for the Blackett attack on Jan. 15, 2020, according to CBS4 News in Denver.
(Via 9 News)
The detainer requests remain a sore subject in an ongoing feud between the city of Denver and ICE. Denver city officials have repeatedly said they cannot continue to hold anyone – no matter their immigration status – without a signed order from a judge. ICE leadership, on the other hand, has repeatedly criticized the city of Denver for not being more cooperative with its detainer requests. Detainer requests are largely administrative in nature – they do not come with a judge’s signature -- and seek to ask a jail to hold a soon-to-be-released inmate for an additional two days. ICE has issued detainer requests as a way to provide its agents additional time to pick up inmates it believes are living in the country illegally. When an inmate under a detainer request leaves the Denver jail – in lieu of bond, for example – Denver has elected only to give ICE what amounts to a short “heads up” via fax of the imminent release. Sometimes the fax comes an half-hour before release, and sometimes it comes a few hours before release, according to documents. “They’re not allowing us to assume custody in their jails,” ICE Deputy Executive Director for Enforcement and Removal Operations Henry Lucero told Fox News last month when asked about Denver’s practice.
An Ohio judge made headlines for admitting that he calls ICE whenever he suspects an illegal alien of being inside his courtroom. Other judges may be wise to follow suit. Sanctuary policies protect criminal aliens while jeopardizing the safety of American citizens. | 2024-07-04T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/4627 |
Surface X-ray absorption spectroscopy: principles and some examples of applications.
The application of X-ray spectroscopy to surface problems has started almost at the same time as that in materials science. While the theoretical bases are obviously the same, SEXAFS has some experimental peculiarities which are reviewed here. Some examples of this technique will then be given. | 2023-11-27T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/1093 |
Vertically integrated Chinese solar company Yingli Solar has today revealed plans to open its first manufacturing facility outside of China – a 300 MW solar panel fab to be located in Thailands Pruckdang district of Rayong.
The companys subsidiary, Hainan Yingli New Energy Resource has created a joint venture (JV) with Thai clean energy EPC Demeter Power to develop the solar fab, with Hainan Yingli investing $19 million for a 40% stake in the JV.
The facility will boast a production capacity of 300 MW and will produce multicrystalline solar panels under the Yingli Solar brand name. Operation of the plant is expected to begin in the second half of this year.
Yingli Green Energy CEO and chairman Liansheng Miao spoke of his pride in establishing the companys first overseas manufacturing operation, adding: "We hope to expand the new factorys production capacity across the PV value chain in the future.
"Manufacturing PV panels in Thailand will enable the company to operate more competitively in overseas markets as well as in the emerging markets of southeast Asia," Miao said.
Many leading Tier-1 Chinese solar companies have begun developing overseas manufacturing hubs in efforts to circumvent countervailing and anti-dumping duties applied to solar products manufactured in China by the U.S. and the European Union.
Despite the investigation into such practices being expanded to other southeast Asia locations (in May last year the European Commission extended its solar trade investigation to Malaysia and Taiwan), Yingli and other vertically integrated Chinese solar firms are plowing ahead with manufacturing expansion plans in the region, and Thailand has fast become an attractive destination.
"Thailands favorable business climate, coupled with its generous tax incentive scheme, world-class infrastructure and continued government support for the expanding solar power industry make Thailand a perfect place for our new JV with Yingli," enthused Demeter Corporation CEO Apichet Bhusry.
Popular content This content is protected by copyright and may not be reused. If you want to cooperate with us and would like to reuse some of our content, please contact: editors@pv-magazine.com. Share Ian Clover Ian joined the pv magazine team in 2013 and specializes in power electronics (inverters) and battery storage. Ian also reports on the UK solar market, having worked as a print and web journalist in Britain for various multimedia companies, covering topics ranging from renewable energy and sustainability to real estate, sport and film. More articles from Ian Clover Related content Elsewhere on pv magazine... | 2024-01-12T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/7604 |
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The London Evening Standard will not be everyone's cup of tea due to it being a regional app. However, many of us like to catch up with the top stories from other cities around the world so if you fancy keeping up to date with what's going on in London then you may as well take advantage of the free London Evening Standard App for BlackBerry 10.
We posted a while ago about some of the...
If you're a fan of news feeds and reading them on your BlackBerry, you have probably used BlackBerry News at some point. Good news, Research In Motion has released an update to this application for BlackBerry, bringing it to v1.2.0.5, with performance enhancements as well as Wi-Fi support.
If you're not familiar with BlackBerry News, it makes it really easy to discover great new content. The...
The other day TheRecord, a Kitchener-Waterloo news publication, ran a remarkable story about how RIM quietly installed a small plaque dedicated to Dr. Ernest Davison in their Boardroom. Now who is Ernest Davison you might ask? As the National Research Council representative in Waterloo, he was instrumental in helping local companies secure grants under the Industrial Research Assistant...
There are some names that come to mind when considering respected, world-wide news coverage. CNN, the BBC, Reuters (pronounced "roy-ters"), Al Jazeera. As an American (and indeed as a citizen of a country), my understanding of the world around me is somewhat insulated. As Ethan Zuckerman explains in a very good TED talk, we tend to get our news from familiar sources. It's only when we...
Today, CNBC launched a new professional level BlackBerry application, CNBC Pro. It is designed for investors around the world and offers a comprehensive suite of servies. Its choc-full of CNBC goodies like market data, live CNBC archive, analytics and much more. Key CNBC Pro Features include:
Real Time global market data from 100+ exchanges
Live CNBC TV & VOD Archive- Watch CNBC US,...
Yesterday, as Mobile World Congress was winding down Erik Huggers, BBC Director of Future Media & Technology held a keynote speech declaring the BBC was taking it's content to the smartphone market. Indicating that BBC users were also smartphone users and the BBC was dedicated to providing those users with the content they wanted on their mobile devices. Starting with the iPhone, the BBC...
Some people love RSS feeds, others don’t. Some people want a need to have up to the minute news from a variety of sources, while others find it too much information to manage. But if you are one of the former then managing you feeds is now becoming much easier. And now you can successfully manage those feeds on your BlackBerry.
The team from NewsGator has released NewsGator Go! for BlackBerry...
CrackBerry is in no way Affiliated with BlackBerry. We take pride in our unbiased content, however do occasionally receive free products from vendors that we review or discuss. For more info click here. | 2023-08-03T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/4091 |
Q:
Can you use a or (||) operator inside a ternary operator condition statment in to determina if null or undefined
When I try and check if a value is undefined or null the undefined variable get's checked but not the null value I am doing this inside a click handler for google maps
map.data.addListener('click', function(event) {
var altitudeMode = event.feature.getProperty('altitudeMode') === undefined || null ?
""
:
"<tbody>"+"<th>altitudeMode:</th>" + "<td>" + event.feature.getProperty('altitudeMode') + "</td>" + "</tbody>";
}
A:
This is (property === undefined) || (null), not testing the property for either being undefined or being null. To do that, just write
event.feature.getProperty('altitudeMode') == null
| 2024-07-13T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/5924 |
LEXINGTON, Ky. (Nov. 17, 2017) – A fantastic start did not ultimately end in a great finish for the ETSU men’s basketball team Friday night against No. 7 Kentucky.
Taking a 10-point lead early in the game against the perennial national powerhouse, the Buccaneers later suffered through nearly an eight minute scoring drought that spanned both halves, as the Southeastern Conference’s Wildcats took advantage of those offensive struggles to build a large lead and win 78-61 inside historic Rupp Arena.
With the loss, ETSU ends its season-opening, three-game road swing with a 1-2 overall record, while Kentucky improved to 3-1 on the young season.
“I thought we got a lot of good looks and just had to make some more shots,” said ETSU head coach Steve Forbes. “We started well and I’m proud of our guys because we competed. I’m not happy we lost, but I saw some good things out there tonight against a really talented team.”
Bright spots for the Bucs included a career high 17 points from senior post Peter Jurkin (Juba, South Sudan) and 11 from senior forward David Burrell (Milwaukee). Jurkin was particularly impressive, going 7-of-8 from the field, 1-of-1 from 3-point range and 2-of-2 at the foul line, while finishing with seven rebounds.
Meanwhile, Kentucky had four freshman players reach double figures, with guard Quade Green scoring a game high 21 points and forward Kevin Knox posting 17. In addition, forward PJ Washington netted 12 and Shai Gilgeous-Alexander added 10.
The first half got off to a great start for the Bucs, as ETSU outscored the Wildcats 18-8 over the first nine minutes of the game, ultimately forcing a timeout by Kentucky head coach John Calipari in hopes of stopping the Bucs’ momentum. During that opening run, senior guard Devontavius Payne (Carbondale, Ill.) had a pair of 3-pointers, while Burrell added one and Jurkin hit the first triple of his career.
Unfortunately for the Bucs, Calipari’s timeout seemed to work for Kentucky, which went on a 12-5 run to get back to within three at 23-20 with just over eight minutes left in the half. While the Bucs still led 25-20 with 7:32 left, Kentucky finished with another flurry, outscoring the Bucs 16-5 to close out the half and lead 36-30 at the break.
Before the break, the Bucs were even on the boards (16-16) and had nine assists on 12 made free throws. ETSU also led for 14:26 of the opening half. Burrell led the Bucs with nine points in the first half, while Green led the ‘Cats with 12.
Kentucky’s offensive run continued into the second half, as the Wildcats outscored the Bucs 9-0 to open the half and led 45-30 with 16 minutes left in regulation. The lead grew to as much as 16, as the ’Cats went 7-of-11 from the field to open the half, compared to a 3-of-17 clip for the Bucs.
ETSU did manage to cut it to 10 at 52-42 before Kentucky again pulled away and put the game away.
For the game, ETSU was out-rebounded 40-37 and committed 16 turnovers, shooting 32 percent from the floor and 26 percent from 3-point range. Meanwhile, Kentucky shot an impressive 57 percent from the floor and 56 percent for 3-point range, outscoring the Bucs 38-22 in the paint and 14-2 on fast break points. The Bucs did force the Wildcats into 22 turnovers.
The Bucs will now return to Johnson City for three straight home games inside Freedom Hall, including the home opener Monday night at 7 p.m. against Delaware State. For more on ETSU men’s basketball throughout the 2017-18 season, visit ETSUBucs.com and click on the men’s hoops link. | 2024-03-12T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2622 |
Coastal First Nations walk out of pipeline review
PRINCE RUPERT, B.C. — Coastal First Nations have left the federal review of the Northern Gateway pipeline plan, saying they’ve run out of money and patience.
Executive director Art Sterritt has told the panel the group representing nine aboriginal bands from the B.C. coast and Haida Gwaii has spent more than three times the amount of funding allotted by the Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency four years ago.
Sterritt said the approximately $280,000 they had cannot compare to the $250 million that Enbridge (TSX:ENB) is spending on the regulatory review process.
“We simply have not been provided with the funding necessary to engage in this process meaningfully or effectively,” Sterritt told the panel as hearings resumed in Prince Rupert on Monday.
“This is extremely distressing and disappointing to us, as we have a great deal at stake in these proceedings and in particular this panel.”
Sterritt, whose group is opposed to the pipeline that would deliver crude from the Alberta oil sands to a tanker port in Kitimat, left open the possibility of returning to the joint review process in the future.
But there is a funding disparity between those who oppose the project and the deep pockets of Enbridge, he said.
“It seems the only party that can afford this long and extended hearing process is Enbridge itself, and perhaps the Crown. The average citizen can’t afford to be here, and certainly the Coastal First Nations can’t afford it,” Sterritt said.
The group had been scheduled for seven hours to question the Enbridge expert panel giving evidence under oath this week on marine spills and spill response.
The Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency provided funds for interveners to take part in the review process. Coastal First Nations requested $520,000 for expenses including studies, lawyers and attendance at the hearings since 2009. The board allotted the group $286,000, including $25,000 for legal costs.
By comparison, Sterritt said Northern Gateway has a “battery of lawyers which likely spends more in a day than we have for the whole process.”
His group asked for additional money but found out last month the request had been denied.
Enbridge itself provided nearly $13 million to aboriginal groups to take part in the process.
Coastal First Nations confirmed a year ago to The Canadian Press that the group had received $100,000. Individual member bands, including the Wuikinuxv Nation, Heiltsuk, Kitasoo/Xaixais, Nuxalk Nation, Gitga’at, Metlakatla, Old Massett, Skidegate, and Council of the Haida Nation, may also have received funds individually. | 2023-08-26T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/7236 |
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All trademarks are the property of their respective owners. | 2023-10-13T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2773 |
Pulmonary gas exchange during histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects.
Bronchial provocation for testing airway hyperreactivity is now well-established. However, the effects of histamine-induced bronchoconstriction on pulmonary gas exchange in man have not been systematically studied. We empirically noted marked decreases in PaO2 in some asthmatic subjects following induced bronchoconstriction. Nine subjects with mild, stable asthma were studied, each on two separate days. The first determined the dose of inhaled histamine necessary to decrease FEV1 by 20 percent and the relationship to lung volume and to pulmonary resistance by the interrupter technique (Rint). On the second day arterial blood gases, ventilation, Rint, and the anatomic (VDan) and physiologic (VDphys) dead spaces were measured simultaneously. There was a significant (p less than 0.05), profound fall in PaO2 (mean, -21.8 mm Hg) and in P(A-a)O2 (mean +14.7 mm Hg) within 5 min after bronchoconstriction, associated with a significant (p less than 0.05) increase in respiratory frequency (mean +5.1 min-1); and decrease in tidal volume (mean, -0.3 L). The ratio VDphys/VT increased significantly (p less than 0.05; mean change, +0.08) even though VDan and VDphys did not. Bronchoconstriction induced the broadening of ventilation (V)/perfusion (Q) ratios, with, most likely, an increase in areas of high V/Q. Histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in mild asthma results in a marked fall in PaO2 due to induced V/Q inequality. Therefore, histamine airway challenge should be used with caution in patients with any preexisting hypoxemia. | 2023-12-26T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/9600 |
Influenza causes 10,000-20,000 deaths every winter in the U.S. Current preventive measures include vaccines and antiviral drugs. Vaccines are not effective during a major antigenic variation of influenza, and the only licensed anti-influenza drugs, amantadine and rimantidine, act only against influenza A which quickly becomes resistant. The death rate from influenza and pneumonia continues to increase. New drugs which the virus cannot easily evade by mutation are needed. Neuraminidase (NA) is a surface enzyme on influenza A and B viruses which is required for release of progeny virus. Inhibitors of NA possess anti-influenza effects, and the catalytic site structure is conserved among all known influenza viruses. NA inhibitors should provide broad spectrum anti-influenza actions which the virus cannot readily evade by mutation. The goal of this project is to use combinatorial chemistry and structure-based drug design to develop orally active NA inhibitors as broad spectrum anti-influenza drugs. Parainfluenza, is a major cause of respiratory disease in infants, yet no effective vaccines or drugs are available. Like influenza, parainfluenza requires a neuraminidase activity found in the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein. We will target the HN to develop orally active drugs effective against parainfluenza. We have developed chemically simple, low nM inhibitors of influenza neuraminidase, but these are currently selective for type A. We will continue to optimize these agents and begin drug development targeted to a second virus, parainfluenza. The Specific Aims are: (1) Further optimize the activity of compounds within our most active class of inhibitors for influenza A; (2) Extend the activity of these inhibitors to include influenza B; (3) Identify any mutations that arise from passage of the influenza virus in the presence of our nM inhibitors and next generation inhibitors; (4) Apply the approaches successful for influenza NA to a new target, the HN of parainfluenza virus. | 2023-09-26T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/7840 |
"Be joyful, though you have considered all the facts." (W.B.)
Day 9
Just woke up. Feeling fairly depressed. Mom and Dad came over yesterday to take me to breakfast and help clean up the house and everything looks great now. I wish they were still here though. It was comforting to be around them. Not a whole lot of other stuff has been comforting. One of my friends wants to hang out later today, but I don’t know – I feel too blah to be around other people (besides my husband, who I’ll obviously be visiting).
Yesterday he wasn’t feeling good at all. When I got there, he was obviously not trying to pretend to be doing okay, and when I left he said that he was basically too depressed to have any visitors. I hope that’s a little different today. At least tomorrow is Monday and he’ll be able to consult with the doctor on the possibility of ECT treatments.
I want this week to be over already. I wouldn’t be sorry if the month was over too. I know that time passes quickly … but not quickly enough when you want it to. | 2024-04-21T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/5253 |
The nocebo effect: Evil twin brother of the placebo effect
July 10, 2018
Ask Pro Kmth RdD&dn MLEDAsk Dr. Keith Roach M.D
The nocebo effect: Evil twin brother of the placebo effect
DEAR DR. ROACH: Over the past year, I have taken three different statins, all with disastrous side effects. I am currently getting a month off before my doctor tries another one. I have talked to everyone I know or meet about these drugs. My decidedly unscientific survey results are that about a third of the people take them without problems, a third cannot take them because of side effects, and the last third tell their doctors they take them but they actually don't. Are the reported sideeffect statistics somehow being manipulated? — J.T.
ANSWER: Statin drugs, used to reduce the risk of a heart attack and stroke in people at high risk, are generally well-tolerated drugs. The numbers from your unscientific survey do not match the results of placebo-controlled studies. In people who were enrolled in clinical trials, about 13 percent could not tolerate the statin drug during an average of four years in the trial; however, 14 percent of people on placebo pills, which contain no active medication, could not tolerate the placebo and had to stop it. This suggests that, compared with placebo, statin drugs are welltolerated.
However, when people know they are taking a statin, the risk of having a side effect, especially muscle aches, is much higher than in people who don't know what they are taking. In some observational trials, as many as 25 to 30 percent of people are unable to tolerate statin drugs (which is much closer to what your informal survey showed). I frequently discuss the placebo effect, where people get benefit from taking a medication or supplement that they think will help them. It is real and powerful at relieving symptoms. The findings from open-label statin drug trials show the opposite, called the 'nocebo effect.' This is when you expect a medication to cause a side effect, and it does. A powerful lesson can be drawn from a trial of a new class of cholesterol-lowering medication, called the PCSK9 inhibitors. One study took people who, like you, had been unable to tolerate three different statins. The participants in the study went four weeks with no medication. They were then randomized to statin or placebo, and 60 percent of those who were unable to tolerate any statin were able to do so (even ones they were unable to take previously) -when they were unaware of what they were taking. This shows that while some people truly develop side effects due to the statin, much or most of the apparent statin intolerance was due to the nocebo effect.
Deciding what to do for an individual like you is difficult, as one can never know in an individual whether the effects are 'real' or nocebo. Statins are the most effective class of drug to reduce heart disease risk, so on the one hand, you don't want to withhold medication that is likely to improve and extend someone's life. On the other hand, you don't want the risk of 'disastrous' side effects. Waiting four weeks and trying a different statin (fluvastatin and pravastatin tend to be tolerated best, but rosuvastatin and atorvastatin have been shown to be useful in people who haven't tolerated other statins) is one approach; CoQ10 supplementation (itself largely, but not entirely, a placebo) also has helped. Finally, a healthy diet may reduce the dose of statin needed, or even eliminate the need entirely in some people. People with known blockages should be on a statin if possible. | 2024-02-17T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/5809 |
Mexican Vote To Test Party's 56-year Reign
HERMOSILLO, MEXICO — Mexico's democracy, which for 56 years has largely served to ratify the ruling party and its policies, will be tested today in nationwide elections.
At immediate stake are the governorships of seven states, 300 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, the lower house of Congress, and hundreds of state legislative and municipal ofices.
But more broadly in question is the ability of the ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party and the administration of President Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado to claim near universal support for their management of the Mexican economy and society.
Although few offices are expected to go to opposition parties, even a small gain would be viewed as significant here. The ruling party now holds every governorship, and has done so since its founding in 1929. It also holds 299 of the 300 elected seats in the Chamber of Deputies and all but a handful of municipal and state offices.
The strongest challenge to the ruling party, which is known by its Spanish acronym PRI, has come from the more conservative National Action Party. The party has provided the stiffest challenge for high political office since the Mexican revolution.
Opposition party leaders say they have a chance to gain the governors' offices of two states, a claim that leaders of the ruling party dismiss. Both sides say the National Action Party is likely to pick up several congressional seats, particularly in the border state of Chihuahua and in the capital.
The source of the party's gain in strength, according to members of both the ruling party and the opposition, has been its ability to present itself as a focus for public discontent over a declining economy and continuing government corruption. | 2023-11-02T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2719 |
United States v. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed
United States v. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, et al. is the trial of five alleged Al-Qaeda members for aiding the September 11, 2001 attacks. Charges were announced by Brigadier General Thomas W. Hartmann on February 11, 2008 at a press conference at the Pentagon. The men charged are Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Walid bin Attash, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, Ammar al-Baluchi, and Mustafa Ahmad al Hawsawi.
Charges
In an 123-page complaint the group was charged under the military commission system, as established under the Military Commissions Act of 2006, with attacking civilians, attacking civilian objects, intentionally causing serious bodily injury, murder in violation of the law of war, destruction of property in violation of the law of war, hijacking or hazarding a vessel or aircraft, terrorism, and providing material support for terrorism. If convicted, the five will face the death penalty.
The charges include 2,973 individual counts of murder—one for each person killed in the 9/11 attacks.
The U.S. government is seeking the death penalty, which would require the unanimous agreement of the commission judges.
Human rights groups, including Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and the Center for Constitutional Rights, and U.S. military defense lawyers have criticised the military commissions for lacking necessary rights for a fair trial. Critics generally argue for a trial either in a federal district court as a common criminal suspect, or by court-martial as a prisoner under the Geneva Conventions which prohibit civilian trials for prisoners of war. Mohammed could face the death penalty under any of these systems.
The Pentagon insisted that Mohammed and the other defendant would receive a fair trial, with rights "virtually identical" to U.S. military service personnel. However, there are some differences between U.S. courts-martial and military commissions.
The U.S. Department of Defense has built a $12 million "Expeditionary Legal Complex" in Guantánamo with a snoop-proof courtroom capable of trying six alleged co-conspirators before one judge and jury. Media and other observers are sequestered in a soundproofed room behind thick glass, at the rear, where they can watch live but listen only on a 40-second delay. Both the judge at the front and a court security officer have mute buttons to silence the feed to the observers' booth if they suspect someone in court could reveal classified information.
The trial in a military commission
The trial, presided over by judge Ralph Kohlmann, began on June 5, 2008, with the arraignment. About thirty-five journalists watched on closed-circuit TV in a press room inside a converted hangar, while two dozen others watched through a window from a room adjacent to the courtroom.
Mohammed insisted he would not be represented by any attorneys. The other detainees quickly followed suit and said they too wanted to represent themselves. One of the civilian attorneys Mohammed spurned, David Nevin, later told the Associated Press that he would attempt to meet with Mohammed to "hear him out and see if we can give him information that is helpful."
Mohammed was careful not to interrupt Kohlmann. He lost his composure only after the Marine colonel ordered several defense attorneys to keep quiet: Mohammed said in broken English, his voice rising "It's an inquisition. It's not a trial. After torturing they transfer us to inquisition-land in Guantanamo."
He explained he believes only in religious Sharia law and railed against U.S. President George W. Bush for waging a "crusade war." When judge warned Mohammed that he faces execution if convicted of organizing the attacks on America, Mohammed said he welcomes the death penalty. "Yes, this is what I wish, to be a martyr for a long time," Mohammed declared. "I will, God willing, have this, by you."
A sound feed to journalists from the courtroom was turned off twice.
The sound was also turned off when another defendant discussed early days of his imprisonment. Judge Ralph Kohlmann said that in both cases sound was turned off because classified information was discussed.
On September 23, 2008, in the voir dire process, Mohammed questioned the judge on his potential bias at trial. "Glaring and poking an occasional finger in the air," Mohammed told Kohlmann, "The government considers all of us fanatical extremists," and asked, "How can you, as an officer of the U.S. Marine Corps, stand over me in judgment?" Insisting that he was attempting to work out if Kohlmann was a religious extremist, he continued: "[President] Bush said this is a crusader war and Osama bin Laden said this is a holy war against the crusades. If you were part of Jerry Falwell or Pat Robertson's group, then you would not be impartial."
For his part, Kohlmann attempted to maintain his dignity, explaining that he was currently unaffiliated with a church "because I've moved so often." He added that he had previously worshipped at "various Lutheran churches and Episcopal churches."
Mohammed then proceeded to ask Kohlmann about his views on torture. As part of the background materials supplied to him—or made available to the civilian lawyers who are voluntarily assisting him in his defense—he referred to an ethics seminar that Kohlmann had conducted at his daughter's high school in 2005, in which the students had been asked to consider their responses to a "Ticking Time Bomb" scenario. Based on a fictional proposition that a bomb is about to go off, and an unwilling captive knows its location but is unwilling to disclose the information, the scenario is widely used by proponents of "enhanced interrogation techniques" to justify the use of torture.
Kohlmann explained that he encouraged the debate as part of "a complex question that might be dealt with differently if someone were specifically trying to save the nation or just looking at it from an ethical sense or just looking at it from a legal sense," and dismissed a combative question from Mohammed—"It seems that you are supportive of the use of torture for national security?"—by stating, "I have no idea where that would come from."
On October 12, 2008, Kohlmann ruled that Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, and his four co-charged, should be provided with laptops, so they can work on their defenses.
Kohlmann unexpectedly replaced
Kohlmann was scheduled to retire in 2009. In November 2008, he was unexpectedly replaced by Stephen Henley.
Possible guilty plea
On December 8, 2008, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and his four co-defendants told the judge that they wished to confess and plead guilty to all charges. The plea will be delayed until mental competency hearings for Mustafa Ahmad al-Hawsawi and Ramzi bin al-Shibh can be held; Mohammed said, "We want everyone to plead together." Spencer Ackerman, writing in the Washington Independent, reported that Presiding Officer Stephen Henley had to consider whether he was authorized to accept guilty pleas.
Transfer of the case to a civilian court
In July 2009 US Attorney General Eric Holder assigned eight experienced criminal prosecutors to build the best criminal case they could against Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and his co-conspirators. His prosecutors, Holder said, had "constructed a case that uses materials and evidence that does not derive from the techniques that were controversial," which would "maximize our chances for success." It was a driving concern to Holder that the case not rest on torture. "It's a statement about what this Administration is about," he said. "It's a statement about this Attorney General. We are not going to use the products of interrogation techniques that this President has banned."
On 13 November 2009 Eric Holder announced that Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, Walid bin Attash, Ali Abdul Aziz Ali and Mustafa Ahmed al-Hawsawi will all be transferred to the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York for trial. He also expressed confidence that an impartial jury would be found "to ensure a fair trial in New York."
A rally near the federal court building in Foley Square, in lower Manhattan, was held on 5 December 2010 at which the decision to transfer the case to a civilian court was severely criticized. It was organized, in part, by Debra Burlingame, the sister of the pilot Charles Burlingame, who was killed when Al Qaeda hijackers crashed the plane he had been flying into the Pentagon. Burlingame is one of the three founders of Keep America Safe, a new political-advocacy group. Andrew McCarthy, the former Chief Assistant U.S. Attorney who led the prosecution of the 1993 World Trade Center attack, spoke at this rally declaring that Eric Holder didn't "understand what rule of law has always been in wartime." He said, "It's military commissions. It's not to wrap our enemies in our Bill of Rights."
In a letter to president Barack Obama, Dianne Feinstein, the chair of the Senate Intelligence Committee, suggested that holding a trial in New York was dangerous. "New York City has been a high-priority target since at least the first World Trade Center bombing," she wrote. "The trial of the most significant terrorist in custody would add to the threat."
On 21 January 2010 all charges have been withdrawn in the military commissions against the five suspects in the Sept. 11, 2001 terror attacks being held at Guantanamo Bay. The charges were dropped "without prejudice" - a procedural move that allows federal officials to transfer the men to trial in a civilian court and also leaves the door open, if necessary, to bring charges again in military commissions.
In February 2010 White House spokesman Robert Gibbs on CNN said that he expects Mohammed to be found guilty and executed. "Khalid Sheikh Mohammed is going to meet justice and he's going to meet his maker. He will be brought to justice and he's likely to be executed for the heinous crimes he committed." The White House spokesperson's statement has been criticized as violating the principle of the presumption of innocence and has been characterized as egregious by an attorney of Guantanamo Bay detainees.
In February 2010 Fox News reported that the legal counsel of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, and the legal counsel of several other captives, was halted without warning.
The attorneys had made the trip to Guantanamo in the usual manner—a trip that requires advising authorities of the purpose of their trip. However, upon their arrival in Guantanamo, they were informed they were no longer allowed to see their clients. They were told that letters to their clients, telling them that they had travelled to Cuba, to see them, could not be delivered, as they were no longer authorized to write to their clients. Camp authorities told them that since the charges against their clients had been dropped, while the Department of Justice figured out where to charge them, they no longer needed legal counsel. Camp authorities told them that, henceforward, all access to the captives had to be approved by Jay Johnson, the Department of Defense's General Counsel. Fox reported that during earlier periods when the charges had been dropped the captives had still been allowed to see their attorneys. Fox claimed that questions they asked camp authorities lead to the captives' access to their attorneys being restored.
Transfer of the case back to a military commission
On 7 January 2011 US President Barack Obama signed National Defense Authorization Act which explicitly prohibits the use of US Defense Department funds to transfer detainees from Guantanamo Bay to the United States or other countries. It also bars Pentagon funds from being used to build facilities in the United States to house detainees, as the president originally suggested. The move essentially barred the administration from trying detainees in civilian courts. The president objected to the provision in the bill before signing it, calling it "a dangerous and unprecedented challenge to critical executive branch authority" but also said his team would work with the US Congress to "seek repeal of these restrictions."
On 4 April 2011 Attorney General Eric Holder announced that Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and four other 9/11 terror suspects will face a military trial at the Guantanamo Bay detention facility. In announcing his decision, Holder blasted Congress for imposing restrictions on the Justice Department's ability to bring the men to New York for civilian trials. "After thoroughly studying the case, it became clear to me that the best venue for prosecution was in federal court. I stand by that decision today," Holder said. "As the president has said, those unwise and unwarranted restrictions (imposed by Congress) undermine our counterterrorism efforts and could harm our national security. Decisions about who, where and how to prosecute have always been - and must remain - the responsibility of the executive branch." Holder insisted, "We were prepared to bring a powerful case against Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and his four co-conspirators - one of the most well-researched and documented cases I have ever seen in my decades of experience as a prosecutor." He added, "Had this case proceeded in Manhattan or in an alternative venue in the United States, as I seriously explored in the past year, I am confident that our justice system would have performed with the same distinction that has been its hallmark for over 200 years." Holder had promised to seek the death penalty for each of the five men and on 4 April he warned that it is an "open question" if such a penalty can be imposed by a military commission if the defendants plead guilty.
On 5 May 2012 the trial started. A small number of 9/11 victims' relatives were attending the hearing. Proceedings were delayed as one of the defendants, Waleed bin Attash, appeared in court while restrained in his chair. The restraints were later removed after defence counsel had given assurances that he would "behave". Khalid Sheikh Mohammed refused to answer the judge's questions. All the defendants refused to wear the earphones that provide translation into Arabic. Then an Arabic translator present in court ensured that the accused could follow proceedings.
The trial is conducted in a specially-built courtroom at Guantanamo. Witnesses may see the proceedings through soundproof glass and hear an audio feed that is time-delayed 40 seconds. When classified material is mentioned in the court, the Court can press a censorship button to cut the audio feed to the observers and "illuminate a red light on the judge's bench." However, "it became entirely unclear who is in charge of pressing that button and by extension, who or what entity is really running this trial or monitoring the proceedings externally."
On October 17, 2012, Mohammed spoke briefly.
You have to keep in mind that the government is using the definition of national security as it chooses. Everyone uses this expression as he chooses. When the government feels sad for the killing of 3,000 people who were killed on September 11, we also should feel sorry that the American government who is represented by General Martins and others who have killed thousands of people. Millions. This definition is a resilient definition. Every dictator can put on this definition as the shoes that he uses to step on every person in this world, every law and every constitution. Many can kill people under the name of national security, and to torture people under the name of national security, and detain their children under the name of national security. I don't want to be long but I can say that the president can take someone and throw him in the sea in the name of national security. And so well he can also legislate the killings, assassinations, under the name of national security, for American citizens. My only advice to you that you do not get affected by the crocodile tears. Because your blood is not made of gold and ours made of water. We are all human beings. Thank you.
In response, Judge James Pohl seemed apologetic for allowing the speech:
"This is a one-time occurrence," he told the defense attorneys seated in the courtroom before him. "If the accused wish to represent themselves, that's one issue. But no matter how heartfelt, I'm not going to entertain personal comments from the accused about how things are going. He has a right to have that opinion, he does not have the right to voice that opinion, or any accused, to give his personal observations and comments."
On January 28 2013, during a pretrial hearing, "the sound system in the courtroom was suddenly cut, to the surprise of even the judge", as if the "censorship button" was pressed, audio feed was cut and the red light was illuminated. When the audio feed resumed, trial Judge Col. James L. Pohl said, "Note for the record that the 40-second delay was initiated, not by me. I'm curious as to why. If some external body is turning the commission off under their own view what ought to be with no reason or explanation, then we are going to have a little meeting about who turns that light on or off."
The Miami Herald reported that "The judge ... was clearly furious."
All four accused refused to enter a plea and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed refused to answer the judge's questions, which his lawyer said he was doing in protest at his alleged torture, and because he believed the tribunal was unfair.
In October 2014, Mr. Mohammed and four codefendants petitioned the Commission to ban female guards from touching them. Attorneys for Mr. Mohammad and his codefendants argued that their Muslim faith forbids any contact between them and woman other than their wives and immediate female relatives; therefore, physical contact with female guards limits the accused free exercise of religion and causes undue physical and mental harm. The Defense argued the use of female guards is in violation of statutory and constitutional protections under domestic law, as well as additional protections under international humanitarian law. Request for relief was explicitly sought under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993, which states that "the Government may not "substantially burden" an individual's free exercise of religion except when the burden is in furtherance of a "compelling governmental interest" and is the "least restrictive means" of pursuing the compelling interest.
On January 7, 2015 presiding Judge Col. James L. Pohl granted a temporary order, "limiting the use of female guards to physically touch," Mr. Mohammad and his codefendants, "during movements to and from attorney-client meetings and Commission hearings, absent exigent circumstances, until such time the Commission makes a final ruling."
July 8, 2016 Judge Pohl rescinded the temporary order, citing that under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, the United States government has legitimate interests in "gender-neutral staffing to promote detention facility security, full integration of women into the Armed Forces, and prevention of gender discrimination."
On August 10, 2012 the government filed a pleading describing an ex parte motion seeking permission of the military commission to destroy a military black site where the accused were imprisoned. In response, the defense filed dozens of discovery requests and motions to compel. August 12, 2013 the military commission ruled that information related to the black site would be admissible as evidence in court, and protected under the law as such.
In June 2014, the military commission issued an ex parte order authorizing the substitution of documented evidence provided by the government, in lieu of preserving the black site for further investigation. The military commission also required that the defense team be notified of the impending destruction of evidence. However, the black site was destroyed in 2014, and the defense team was not notified until February 2016. In response, the prosecution stated this err was "simple miscommunication, resulting in inaction," between the military commission and government, each believing the task of notifying the defense team fell to one another.
On May 10, 2016 defense attorneys for Mr. Mohammad, filed a motion to recuse the military judge and current prosecution team, in response to the ex parte order leading to the "secret destruction of evidence with important guilt phase and mitigation value, despite a public order not to." August 19, 2016 defense attorneys submitted a request "seeking all documents and information regarding the authorization for and destruction of the black site" including all actions taken by the government concerning the issue, communications between all parties involved, and documentation regarding any efforts taken by the government to notify the defense team about destruction of the black site. The motion was denied.
On September 28, 2016 the defense team filed a subject motion to compel discovery, or to dismiss all charges. On January 17, 2017 Judge Pohl granted this motion in part, the government is to provide the defense team with specified information from a limited number of classified documents pertaining to the decommission of the black site. All other requests for compelling discovery were denied, as was the request for dismissal of charges.
Trial date
On August 30, 2019, Judge W. Shane Cohen set the trial to begin on January 11, 2021. Finding that the case "will face a host of administrative and logistics challenges requiring coordination between [the prosecution, the defense], the Convening Authority, classified information equity holders, and installation management officials", the Commission also introduced a scheduling order for the trial.
Resignation of Major Jason Wright
In 2011, Jason Wright was appointed to serve as Mohammed's military counsel.
In April 2014 Wright went on record that he felt the United States Army was making him choose between his military career, and his responsibilities to his client. Wright described how he had spent the previous three years building a rapport with Mohammed, and that the military would undermine his right to a fair trial by reassigning him. Wright said he felt he had no choice but to resign his Army commission and continue to represent Mohammed as a civilian.
Wright had been arguing that he needed access to classified records of Mohammed's three years of interrogations in CIA custody—interrogations the CIA has acknowledged included waterboarding and other forms of torture.
Wright was promoted from Captain to Major in September 2012. Army lawyers normally attend a year of graduate school, when they are promoted to Major. While most officers take that year of schooling immediately, Wright followed the procedure to apply for a deferral of his training. He received a one-year deferral, but when that expired he felt his responsibilities to Mohammed required him to resign, so he could continue to be his counsel, as a civilian.
Role of Gina Haspel
On January 8, 2019, Carol Rosenberg of the Miami Herald reported that partially redacted transcripts from a pre-trial hearing seemed to indicate that Gina Haspel had been the "Chief of Base" of a clandestine CIA detention site at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Station in the 2003–2004 period.
References
Category:Proceedings surrounding the September 11 attacks
Category:Trials in the United States | 2023-12-13T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/1438 |
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Q:
OpenCV SVM always predicts higher class label
I'm using the OpenCV SVM implementation to binarily predict the importance of an image feature. I'm therefore training it upon positive and negative image features and looking for a classification in {0,1}.
The problem I'm encountering is that following training, the SVM always predicts the class with the higher/greater class label. I can change the labels for the training data set and this problem persists. I've carefully inspected the generated label and training cv::Mat matrices and haven't found any issues there.
Below is my SVM class and accompanying SVM parameters
//Populate the SVM parameters
void SVM::setSVMParams()
{
params.svm_type = cv::SVM::C_SVC;
params.kernel_type = cv::SVM::RBF;
params.term_crit = cv::TermCriteria(CV_TERMCRIT_ITER, 100, 1e-6);
params_set = true;
}
//Train the SVM with the given data
void SVM::train(cv::Mat train_data, cv::Mat labels)
{
//Set the SVM parameters if they haven't been already
if (!params_set)
{
setSVMParams();
}
svm.train(train_data, labels, cv::Mat(), cv::Mat(), params);
}
//Based on training, predict the class of the given data
float SVM::predict(cv::Mat sample)
{
return svm.predict(sample, false);
}
And here is the function responsible for generating the training data and respective labels
//Creates the appropriate training data and class labels for subsequent SVM training according to supplied D threshold
void Matchings::createSVMTrainingObjects(const float t_D, const float positive_label, const float negative_label, bool print_info)
{
cv::Mat train_data_l((int)matchings_list.size(), 132, CV_32FC1);
cv::Mat labels_l((int)matchings_list.size(), 1, CV_32FC1);
int num_pos = 0;
int num_neg = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < matchings_list.size(); i++)
{
matching_d entry = matchings_list[i];
//Important feature, label 1
if (entry.D > t_D)
{
labels_l.at<float>(i) = positive_label;
num_pos++;
}
//Unimportant feature, label -1
else
{
labels_l.at<float>(i) = negative_label;
num_neg++;
}
int j = 0;
//Copy feature into current row of openCV matrix
train_data_l.at<float>(i, j++) = entry.feature.x;
train_data_l.at<float>(i, j++) = entry.feature.y;
train_data_l.at<float>(i, j++) = entry.feature.scale;
train_data_l.at<float>(i, j++) = entry.feature.angle;
for (int k = 0; k < 128; k++)
{
train_data_l.at<float>(i, j + k) = entry.feature.vec[k];
}
}
std::cout << "For training: #+ves=" << num_pos << ", #-ves=" << num_neg << std::endl;
train_data = train_data_l;
labels = labels_l;
}
And finally, here is the function that actually calls upon SVM prediction results for retaining important image features
matchingslist ASIFT::filterFeaturesWithSVM(matchingslist matchings, SVM& svm)
{
matchingslist new_matchings;
for (int i = 0; i < (int)matchings.size(); i++)
{
cv::Mat first = Utility::keypointToMat(matchings[i].first);
cv::Mat second = Utility::keypointToMat(matchings[i].second);
//If both features are of importance, retain them
if (svm.predict(first) == 1.0f && svm.predict(second) == 1.0f)
{
new_matchings.push_back(matchings[i]);
}
else
{
std::cout << "Feature removed" << std::endl;
}
}
return new_matchings;
}
A:
One main problem with the approach is that you do not set hyperparemeters of your SVM, while you use RBF, so probably C=1 and gamma=1/d (or 1/mean ||x||^2) as these are default values in most implementations of SVM.
While these are critical to build a valid model. In particular, if your C value is too low (1 might be, depends on many features of data) then SVM builds a trivial model simply always predicting one of the classes.
What you should do? You should check multiple values of both C and gamma. What are the meanings of these parameters?
C (your 1) is a weight of missclassification - greater the C, SVM will try harder to learn training data exactly, possibly at the cost of overfitting.
gamma (your default) is the inverse of the 2 times variance of your RBF kernel. In other words - greater the gamma, smaller the Gaussians, and thus - your method is more "local" in the geometrical sense. Again - big gamma helps you minimize the training error (bias) but leads to higher testing error (variance).
Correct selection of the tradeoff between variance-bias is crucial element of machine learning techniques. In case of RBF SVM - you can control it through the above. Play around with them, check both training set error and testing set error to see what is happening. If your training set error is big - increase C and/or gamma. Once your training set error is fine, look at the testing set - if it is too big - try to decrese values and so on. It is usually done in automatic manner through some internal cross validation with grid search of the paremeters.
Check out materials on model selection and hyperparameter optimization.
Furthermore you fix number of iterations
params.term_crit = cv::TermCriteria(CV_TERMCRIT_ITER, 100, 1e-6);
while for SVM you should never do that. Let it converge (or at least put something like 100,000), after just 100 steps it might be the case that SVM did not come even close to convergence (thus resulted in trivial model).
| 2023-11-29T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/5598 |
FILE -In this Nov. 20, 2019, file photo, U.S. Ambassador to the European Union Gordon Sondland testifies before the House Intelligence Committee on Capitol Hill in Washington. The “three amigos” used to mean just one thing in Washington -- the trio of globe-trotting senators led by John McCain who brought American idealism to the trouble spots of the world. Now, it refers to another trio, the Trump envoys pushing Ukraine to pursue investigations of Democrats and Joe Biden.. (AP Photo/Susan Walsh, File)
FILE -In this Nov. 20, 2019, file photo, U.S. Ambassador to the European Union Gordon Sondland testifies before the House Intelligence Committee on Capitol Hill in Washington. The “three amigos” used to mean just one thing in Washington -- the trio of globe-trotting senators led by John McCain who brought American idealism to the trouble spots of the world. Now, it refers to another trio, the Trump envoys pushing Ukraine to pursue investigations of Democrats and Joe Biden.. (AP Photo/Susan Walsh, File)
WASHINGTON (AP) — The “three amigos” used to stand for one thing in Washington — the pack of globe-trotting senators led by John McCain who brought American idealism to the world’s trouble spots.
Now it refers to another trio, the Trump envoys who pushed Ukraine to pursue investigations of Democrats and former Vice President Joe Biden.
The shift represents more than the appropriation of a name. It also marks a departure from efforts by the late Arizona senator to build bipartisan alliances and further broad foreign policy ideals pursued by Republican presidents from Ronald Reagan to George W. Bush. That approach is unrecognizable today as the GOP has become the party of Donald Trump and his “America First” approach.
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“I knew the ‘three amigos’ and believe me, these are not three amigos like we were,” said Joe Lieberman, the former Democratic, then independent senator from Connecticut who was part of the original group with Republicans McCain and Lindsey Graham of South Carolina.
Lieberman said he believes McCain, his longtime friend, would be “really upset about what’s happening in Ukraine now.”
The House impeachment inquiry has detailed how the self-described “three amigos” — European Union Ambassador Gordon Sondland, outgoing Energy Secretary Rick Perry and former U.S. special envoy to Ukraine Kurt Volker — operated an “irregular” foreign policy channel that was pushing Ukraine to announce the investigations Trump wanted. In return, the White House would release $400 million in military aid the Eastern European ally needed to counter Russian aggression and would arrange a coveted Oval Office visit with Ukraine’s newly elected president, Volodymyr Zelenskiy.
Led by Trump’s personal lawyer, Rudy Giuliani, the trio assembled as a loose contingent of envoys whose activities were initially unseen by others in the administration specializing in Ukraine issues. But as their actions became known, the ``amigos” set off alarms among diplomats and officials who described them as pursuing the president’s political agenda over U.S. national security interests.
Fiona Hill, a former Russia adviser to the White House, testified before the impeachment inquiry that at one point she confronted Sondland to ask on whose authority he was operating in Ukraine.
The president, Sondland responded, according to Hill.
State Department official David Holmes testified that Sondland, Perry and Volker “styled themselves as the three amigos and made clear they would take the lead on coordinating our policy and engagement with for the Zelenskiy administration.”
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Holmes said that ``over the following months, it became apparent that Mr. Giuliani was having a direct influence on the foreign policy agenda that the three amigos were executing on the ground in Ukraine.”
Presidents have often used back channels to facilitate foreign policy and leverage U.S. resources to achieve their policy goals, experts say. The difference is that Trump’s approach, as outlined in the impeachment inquiry, appears to be mobilizing U.S. policy and resource for personal political gain.
The Ukrainian matter is but one way the foreign policy landscape has shifted dramatically in the Trump era. As the White House pursues an “America First” agenda, the U.S. is seen as retreating from its traditional role of international engagement and democracy building and Trump is aligning himself with some of the world’s more autocratic leaders, including Russian President Vladimir Putin.
Richard Fontaine, a former McCain national security aide who is now chief executive officer at the Center for New American Security, said the broader, bipartisan agreement on the U.S. role in the world has now become a “debate over fundamentals.”
Fontaine said McCain’s ``amigos” believed that “when the U.S. could act for the betterment of people, it should act ... rather than trying to keep our nose out of things.”
It was former Army Gen. David Petraeus who called McCain’s group the “three amigos” as the senators made frequent visits to Afghanistan and Iraq. They became the chief proponents of the troop increase that Bush proposed in 2006 and that Democrats and some Republicans derided as prolonging the unpopular war in Iraq.
But the trio also traveled broadly, including in Ukraine, where McCain repeatedly addressed democracy activists as the former Soviet state reached to the West.
Volker, who recently stepped down from his position at the McCain Institute at Arizona State University, distanced himself from his new title as one of Trump’s amigos.
“Much has been made of the term ‘three amigos’ in reference to Secretary Perry, Ambassador Sondland and myself,” Volker said in opening remarks before the impeachment inquiry.
“I never used that term — and frankly cringe when I hear it because for me, the ‘three amigos’ will always refer to Sen. John McCain, Sen. Joseph Lieberman, and Sen. Lindsey Graham, in reference to their work to support the surge in Iraq.”
Brian Katulis, a national security expert at the Center for American Progress, said McCain’s “amigos” are all but gone in the Trump era.
“They stood for a certain vision of America’s role in the world — one that was more predictable and reliable — and one we don’t have today,” he said.
“That was certainly McCain’s legacy,” he said. “Like a lot of things in the GOP, it’s so far gone because Trump has obliterated a lot of the ideals.” | 2023-08-10T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/4539 |
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Beardbrand Tea Tree Beard Oil
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The drip-top bottle helps limit each application to the necessary few droplets needed. If you’ve got a big, full beard, this won’t call any unwanted attention or have you looking “overly groomed”; it relaxes the hairs without leaving them too shiny or controlled. The scent lands in that same no-frills, functional place: Peppermint, vanilla and tea tree have the potential to overwhelm, but here they don’t. It’s a soft, rugged scent — crisp and woodsy, but not deep woods — that persists for a few hours and complements your laid-back aura.
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Out of the 10 oils in this list, this one is the lightest and absorbs almost instantly. The open-top bottle makes it easy to get too much oil, but if you order through Detroit Grooming Co.’s site, you can add an oil dropper to your order for $1 per piece. This will help limit how much product you use per application, and will make your money go twice as far. And since this oil leaves a very light luster and is enriched with sweet almond oil (which is dense with vitamins A, B and E), you can apply any excess product to your face, lips, hair, and hands for a universally beneficial, healing result. (No need to waste a drop!)
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Herbivore Botanicals Beard Tonic
This beard oil is one of the best tamers of the entire bunch, making it an ideal pick for guys with full, unruly beards. Its all-natural blend of oils includes apricot, jojoba, argan, cedarwood, and bergamot to help soften the toughest, curliest strays and prevent split ends on your prized whiskers. It has a medium viscosity — not too runny, not too heavy — and takes slightly longer than most oils to absorb (we’re talking an extra minute or two, hardly a big deal).
Herbivore’s woodsy, crisp scent — led by those cedar and bergamot oils — is a good match for bigger beards as well; you’ll smell like you just retrieved fresh forest woods for an evening bonfire, so pair it with your best flannel. It gives medium shine and has a dropper to help measure however many drops your beard needs — two for shorter crops, and four or more for bushier builds.
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Brooklyn Grooming Red Hook Classic Beard Oil
With its Red Hook scent, Brooklyn Grooming is, on one hand, nodding to the NYC borough’s industrious, waterfront neighborhood. On the other hand, the brand is tipping a hat to the best beards of the high seas — the swashbuckling peg-legged pirates.
This oil makes a strong first impression with a rosemary-leaning bay rum scent, with lingering tones of cardamom and citrus. (This is one of the boldest scents in this roundup, which is a selling point for some and a detraction for others.) Hemp, sesame, jojoba, argan, and bergamot oils make it especially nourishing for your whiskers and the skin underneath. This product leaves no strays in its wake, and is one of the strongest tamers on this list should your beard rival Captain Hook’s. Expect a medium shine from this lightweight blend, and rejoice over the fact it comes with a dropper lid to help limit your intake and maximize use.
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Prospector Co. Burroughs Beard Oil
Prospector Co. strikes liquid gold with its Burroughs oil (a nod to the beatnik writer William S. Burroughs). The brand says this beard oil is an expression of the “solitary notes of nature and craftsmanship.” The lightweight concoction (made with argan, jojoba, Kukui nut, and grape-seed oils) absorbs quickly and leaves behind a mild tame with a brilliant sheen and calming woodsy scent featuring notes of pine, cedarwood, sandalwood, frankincense, and myrrh. It is one of the winningest scents of this lot. (Apply some to your pulse points for a magnified, cologne-like effect.)
The bottle's leak-limiting top (sometimes called an orifice reducer) helps measure each dose, which is key here because you’re going to want to apply more than necessary based on scent and result alone. Try to refrain, because this is precious cargo. The golden blend gets a silver medal in our book, a respectable prize when considering some of the big names in this bunch.
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Bearded Crew First Date Beard Oil
Most beard oils are created with a lumberjack-inspired scent that suggests the wearer is the owner of some farm-to-table brasserie. That’s great, but what about special occasions like a romantic first date? Engineered as an invitation for TLC, the warm, spicy scent of Bearded Crew’s First Date oil hits the bull’s eye in terms of differentiating itself from the pack.
There’s something alluring about the smell of gingerbread (highlighted by vanilla, clove, orange, and rosemary); it invites delighted “What are you wearing?” inquiries. However, you can easily overdose on this one, so be conservative with your first application (or else there might not be a second date). There’s an eyedropper top for simple measuring, but the lightweight formula distributes and absorbs easily. It tames mildly, but more importantly keeps everything soft and touchable thanks to the addition of sweet almond oil (vitamins A, B and E). It’s especially recommended for guys with designer stubble and shorter styles who need a little maintenance and proper nourishment.
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Brickell Beard Oil
While this oil is one of the denser ones of the pack, it’s still on the lighter end of the viscosity spectrum. Regardless, Brickell's opaque blend gets strays in order and absorbs just as quickly as the competition. And, when you learn about everything that those whiskers are absorbing, you’re doubly pleased. The oil features an organic-only mix of ingredients such as jojoba, coconut, grape-seed, castor, argan, rosehip, lavender, eucalyptus, and peppermint oils plus aloe, algae, vitamin E, rosemary, and green tea. (The product's density is owed to a highly concentrated blend, clearly.)
One downside is the container, which is similar to a sample-sized hotel shampoo. This makes it hard to control how much oil you’re putting in your hands. But if you pick up a simple eyedropper, you’ll be able to stay conservative with your application. Don’t let the packaging deter you: This is one of the most nourishing oils of the lot.
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Jack Black Epic Moisture MP 10 Nourishing Oil
Jack Black makes an excellent beard oil, but the MP 10 facial oil lays the benefits on thick. Because it was engineered for the entire head — hair (up top), skin, whiskers — and works as a shaving conditioner, it’s one of the denser blends of the pack. It features moringa, argan, watermelon seed, and jojoba oils as well as shea butter.
As a beard oil, the creamy consistency keeps strays in check better than the competition, and it has an almost-neutral citrusy scent — a subdued fragrance is an obvious rarity in this arena, but a major perk for some guys. (There’s a hint of sweetness, but it’s nearly as good as neutral.) And, at two ounces, it’s almost twice the volume of all the other oils. (One ounce is the standard size for most beard oils.) Be liberal with each application from the push-top bottle: You can cut down on your skincare regimen since this also works as a facial moisturizer. It absorbs quickly into both hair and skin, leaving the skin mattified but giving the hair and beard a touch of shine.BUY NOW $32.00 at Amazon.com
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V76 By Vaughn Beard Oil
With a world-famous stylist at its helm, V76 specializes in keeping guys well-groomed. This beard oil fits into the brand’s lineup of hair stylers and hair care products, with a relatively straightforward and effective approach: It’s heavy enough to tame the toughest beards (second only to Jack Black’s Nourishing Oil), and has a subtle but sexy scent derived from blue cedar.
It relies on two key ingredients — saw palmetto and safflower oil — to nourish skin and hair, and, like Jack Black, V76 has engineered its oil to be applied to the entire face as well as the hair. It’s got a pump that measures each dose — start with one for a beard-only application or double up if you want to moisturize the face and hair. (It’s a two-ounce bottle, so you’ve got plenty to work with.) If you need to look dapper for a job or special occasion, then this oil is your best bet; it even gives you a healthy sheen.BUY NOW $19.00 at Amazon.com
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Kiehl's Nourishing Beard Grooming Oil
If you’re reticent to try beard oils or if you want to fall back on a world-renowned brand, this is your safest pick. Kiehl’s does everything right, and the brand takes no major risks to stand out since it's already known for quality and effectiveness. Don’t let that underwhelm you, though: This one is a thicker blend, concentrated with oils of sandalwood, cedarwood, eucalyptus, and Amazonian praxaci seed. These ingredients condition stubborn hairs and the skin beneath your beard, and they form a balanced wooded aroma — one of the best scents in this group for its subtlety.
The oil is dense enough to soften and tame your unruly whiskers without feeling heavy, and it gives you a work-ready shine without any oily residue. By nailing the essentials, Kiehl’s has formulated a top-shelf beard oil that is a smart entry point for a beginner and a reliable mainstay for perennial growers.BUY NOW $27.00 at Birchbox.com
AskMen, Become a Better Man, Big Shiny Things, Mantics and guyQ are among the federally registered trademarks of Ziff Davis Canada, Inc. and may not be used by third parties without explicit permission. | 2024-04-24T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2088 |
It's still full steam ahead for YouTube's music service, however.
Chris LaRosa, a product manager responsible for liaising with publishers and labels on behalf of YouTube, has left YouTube/Google, a source has confirmed to Billboard.
LaRosa was with YouTube for seven years, reporting to product director Shiva Rajaraman. During his time at the video site he played a key part in bringing music videos to mobile platforms, YouTube's inclusion (for U.S. plays) on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, among other things. LaRosa will be joining a longtime associate at a new startup with no relation to the music business.
A source at Google contradicted a report from the Wall Street Journal that LaRosa's departure would delay the launch of YouTube's forthcoming music service. "It's a loss and he will be missed, but there are several people, senior and front-line, working on music. We're not that concerned, from a product perspective," they said, emphasizing that his departure would have no effect on any forthcoming products.
The video streaming behemoth has had a busy few months, drawing ire from indie representatives over its negotiating tactics on the new streaming service, which eventually resulted in a formal complaint being filed against the company to the European Commission.
On the plus side of things, the company recently struck a partnership with Universal Music Group on Awesomeness Music, a project launched under the Dreamworks Animation tent (which UMG head Lucian Grainge sits on the board of) as Awesomeness TV, a multi-channel network started by TV producer Brian Robbins, veteran music exec Steve Rifkind and hip-hop impresario Russell Simmons. | 2024-07-07T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/3626 |
Relief for Argentina as Madrid's Di María escapes muscle tear
Real Madrid attacking midfielder Ángel Di María has suffered an edema in a muscle in his left leg, banishing worries that the Argentina international had torn the muscle while ruling him out of play until the final of the Champions League, on May 24.
The news will come as a relief to 'Albiceleste' coach Alejandro Sabella, who is finishing a scouting tour of European-based players prior to releasing a provisional list of 30 for the World Cup in Brazil.
According to the medical report released by Madrid today, Di María was not injured in the abductor muscle, as was believed at first following a 1-1 draw with Valladolíd. The edema, located in the pectineus muscle close to the groin, also affected the player's hip rotation, which caused 'Fideo' great pain at the weekend.
The Spanish club do not plan to field Di María for the last two matches of the Liga season, with the hope of recovering the Argentine star in time for the final against city rivals Atlético Madrid. | 2023-11-08T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/1235 |
1. Field of the Invention
The invention is directed to an improved mass flow measuring device for measuring the mass of a flowing medium .
2. Description of the Prior Art
A mass flow measuring device with a measurement conduit is already known (German Patent Disclosure DE 197 35 891 A1), which conduit accommodates a measuring element that is bathed by the inflowing medium there. The flowing medium flows from an inlet conduit first into a deflection conduit, which has a larger flow cross section than the inlet conduit and has a right-angled corner, so that there is an abrupt flow transition in the form of a shoulder toward the inlet conduit. Adjoining that, the medium flows from the deflection conduit, deflected by the corner, along the peripheral face of the deflection conduit into an outlet conduit adjoining it transversely, and leaves the outlet conduit through an outlet opening so that it can mix again with the medium flowing past the device. An inlet conduit longitudinal axis and an outlet conduit longitudinal axis are inclined by a predetermined angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the line, so that the inlet conduit has a region that is shaded from a primary flow direction. The measuring element is disposed in the shaded region of the measurement conduit, to prevent soiling and resultant defects of the measuring element.
Dirt particles that enter the inlet conduit along with the flowing medium can destroy the measuring element, if the dirt particles collide with it. Especially if micromechanical components, of the kind described in German Patent Disclosure DE 43 38 891 A1, for instance, are used as measuring elements, the dirt particles can strike a relatively thin diaphragm and permanently damage it. This can lead to increased wear of the measuring element and premature failure. Dirt particles that contain oil or grease can also become deposited on the measuring element, and especially on its diaphragm; they can act as adhesion promoters for solid particles, such as dust, and can permanently soil the measuring element. The soiling interferes with the thermal coupling between the measuring element and the flowing medium, causing a shift in a measurement characteristic curve that necessarily leads to measurement errors and thus incorrect triggering of the fuel injection valves.
From German Patent Disclosure DE 196 23 334 A1, it is known that the inlet conduit of such a device has a rectangular cross section; two side faces toward the chiplike measuring element are embodied as extending obliquely, resulting in a narrowing of the inlet conduit in the flow direction of the medium in the inlet conduit. A top face of the inlet conduit extending transversely to the side faces, from which top face the measuring element protrudes, and a bottom face of the inlet conduit opposite the top face, extend plane or parallel, with a constant spacing from one another. A device equipped with this kind of inlet conduit is also known from SAE Paper 950433 (International Congress and Exposition, Detroit, Mich., Feb. 27-Mar. 2, 1995, reprinted from: Electronic Engine Controls 1995 (SP-1082)). As can be seen from the sectional view in FIG. 7, top, on page 108 of this publication, the inlet conduit and the deflection/outlet conduit are essentially formed of two parts; a part hereinafter called the bottom part, together with the measuring element includes a side face, a top face, and a bottom face of the measurement conduit. Another part has only the second side face of the measurement conduit and thus forms a cap part. The bottom part and the cap part are made from plastic by plastic injection molding. The narrowing design of the side faces of the inlet conduit results in an increasing wall thickness in the flow direction.
In an internal combustion engine, opening and closing of the injection valves of the individual cylinders cause considerable fluctuations or pulsations in the flow, the severity of which depends on the intake frequency of the individual pistons and on the engine rpm. The flow pulsations propagate from the injection valves along the intake line to the measuring element in the inlet conduit and onward from there. The effect of the pulsations is that depending on their severity, because of thermal inertia and directional insensitivity of the measuring element, the measuring element produces a measurement result that can deviate considerably from the flow speed prevailing in the inlet conduit and from the resultant calculated intake air flow rate of the engine. The inlet conduit and the deflection/outlet conduits are adapted to one another in their dimensions such that when there is a pulsating flow in the intake line, the erroneous indication provided by the measuring element as a result of the flow fluctuations is minimal. Nevertheless, at high pulsation frequencies and a significant pulsation amplitude, flow and/or acoustical processes taking place in the deflection conduit can lead to an erroneous indication of the aspirated air flow rate. This erroneous indication arises especially because when there is a pulsating flow downstream of the measuring element at the shoulder between the outlet of the inlet conduit and the corner at the first portion of the deflection conduit, a pressure wave can occur, which is reflected from the peripheral face of the deflection conduit at the corner, so that feedback interferes with a measurement signal of the measuring element.
From German Patent Disclosure DE 197 41 031 A1, a measurement device with an inlet conduit is known, in which device, by the design of two walls of the inlet conduit, an acceleration of the flow in the inlet conduit can continue to be maintained; this acceleration is known to lead to a stabilization of the flow of the medium in the inlet conduit, especially at the inlet.
However, the known devices have at least two of the following disadvantages:
they do not offer adequate protection of the measuring element from dirt;
a flow around the sensor carrier and poor stabilization of the flow in the inlet conduit lead to scattering of the measurement signal;
narrowing of the inlet conduit in only one direction, or in other words two opposed side walls;
inadequate provisions, if any, for improved pulsation performance;
disadvantages in terms of production: the entire measuring device would have to be tilted for improved protection against dirt, with the resultant changes in the measurement stub into which the measurement device is inserted; and
because of the increasing wall thickness of the plastic, different cooling speeds occur along with accumulations of material, which can in particular cause sunken areas on the side faces of the measurement conduit and which, in planned mass production of the device, would cause more or less severe scattering of the attainable measurement precision of the devices.
The improved flow measuring device according to the invention has the advantage over the prior art that in a simple way, the measurement performance is improved by reducing systematic and static errors, such as pulsation of the flow, by reduced soiling, and by improved flow behavior of the medium specifically.
Characteristics of claims 2-7 and 21 have the advantage improved stabilization of the flow in the measurement conduit, improved protection from dirt particles, and improvement at in the pulsation behavior are acheived.
The sealing of the sensor carrier at the bypass cap, the narrowing, the streamlined embodiment of all four peripheral faces of the inlet conduit, and the generally S-shaped embodiment of the measurement conduit all stabilize the flow in the measurement conduit.
Because of the oblique front edges of the sensor carrier and because of transverse flow components resulting from the inclination of the inlet conduit at a tangent to the respective edge of the sensor carrier, liquid and solid contaminants are carried away during operation. The shaded region prevents further accumulation of dirt particles. A suitable embodiment of an edge of the bow of the measurement housing and of a side wall of the inlet opening contribute to reflecting dirt particles away from the inlet opening.
Erroneous indications that occur when pulsation frequencies are high are reduced by the provision that a protuberance is provided in a surrounding region of the outlet opening, and a peripheral face of a first portion of the deflection conduit is embodied as inclined toward the flow direction in the measurement conduit. A fluidic connection or communication with the outer flow in the intake line, provided in the deflection conduit and taking the form of an opening, reduces any residual interference with the pressure wave that may still exist in the deflection conduit. | 2024-02-07T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/8786 |
UPDATE: This game download is very old, but I choose to keep it here so you guys have an alternate mirror for downloading the game in case hon servers get overloaded, I will try to upload the new version of Linux client when I have some spare time, also notice this game is now totally FREE to play! | 2024-07-04T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/7720 |
This application claims the priority of German patent document 103 33 603.6, filed Jul. 24, 2003, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated by reference herein.
The invention relates to a system having a device for actuating a stop/start unit for operating a combustion engine.
Automatic stop/start units are used particularly in motor vehicles in order to save power when switching off an internal-combustion engine during traffic light phases or in congested traffic. However, if switch-off phases are too short, the saving of power is overcompensated by an expenditure of power during the start of the internal-combustion engine. It is therefore particularly important to recognize a driving situation, and to adapt the operation of the automatic stop/start unit to the driving situation.
German Patent Document DE 101 61 343 A1 discloses a system which has a control unit for actuating an automatic stop/start unit for an internal-combustion engine with a transmission. The automatic stop/start unit comprises a starter for starting the internal-combustion engine and an interruption unit for interrupting a fuel supply. Several sensors are provided for detecting parameters as a function of which the stop/start unit is actuated during the operation.
The internal-combustion engine is stopped automatically when an automatic stopping condition has been met while the internal-combustion engine is running, and is started automatically when an automatic starting condition has been met. The stop condition has been met when all of the following individual conditions have been satisfied: (1) The vehicle speed is lower than a desired value, which differs from zero; (2) an idling switch is switched on; and (3) a drive position of the transmission corresponds to a neutral position.
The automatic start condition has been met when one of the following individual conditions has been met: (1) The clutch is changed into a disengaged condition, starting from a completely engaged or semi-engaged condition; (2) the drive position of the transmission is not the neutral position; (3) an idling switch is switched off; or (4) the condition of a booster vacuum is present.
One object of the invention is to provide an improved automatic stop/start unit, with improved adaptation to various driving situations, particularly maneuvering situations and traffic jam situations.
This and other objects and advantages are achieved by the invention which includes a regulating and/or control unit for actuating a stop/start unit, particularly for an internal-combustion engine of a motor vehicle. At least one sensor is provided for detecting at least one parameter, as a function of which the unit actuates the stop/start unit during operation.
In one embodiment of the invention, the sensor detects a parameter which depends on a steering wheel position and/or a steering wheel movement of the motor vehicle. Based on this information, it is possible to detect a driving situation, such as a maneuvering situation, and to distinguish it from a traffic jam situation. If a maneuvering situation has been detected based on steering behavior, the related information can (for example, by way of a CAN bus of the motor vehicle) also be utilized by other control and regulating units of the motor vehicle. The person skilled in the art will recognize that the unit can be a component which is separate from the stop/start unit, or can at least partially be integrated into the latter, particularly in a control and/or regulating unit of the stop/start unit.
In a further embodiment of the invention, the regulating and/or control unit deactivates at least one function of the stop/start unit when the parameters, particularly a steering angle and/or a steering speed, in each case, exceed at least one threshold value. As a result, it is possible in a simple manner, to distinguish between a traffic jam, which is typically characterized by small steering angles and steering speeds and a maneuvering situation, with large steering angles and steering speeds. Expediently, two threshold values are provided respectively, which include an interval of steering wheel positions and/or steering speeds, and the unit deactivates an automatic stop function of the stop/start unit as soon as the amount of the steering angle and/or of the steering speed exceeds a threshold value.
In still another embodiment of the invention, the regulating and/or control unit has at least one sensor which detects a parameter for driving speed, as a function which the unit actuates the stop/start unit during the operation. As a result, it is possible to avoid mistaking a fast drive of the motor vehicle on a winding road for a maneuvering situation, which can be detected with still greater certainty.
According to another embodiment of the invention, a sensor is provided for the detection of a drive position parameter, as a function of which the unit actuates the stop/start unit during the operation. The stop/start unit can advantageously be deactivated as soon as the transmission is shifted into a reversing position which occurs almost exclusively in maneuvering situations.
The system may also be equipped with a time measuring device, and the regulating and/or control unit activates the stop/start unit as a function of at least one detected time during the operation. A deactivated stop function of the stop/start unit can advantageously be activated after a preadjusted time period, which can be determined from experimental values for the time required for a maneuvering operation.
In one embodiment of the invention, at least one threshold value is automatically and/or manually adjustable, so that the device can be adapted to driving situations determined from additional parameters or to individual driving habits of a vehicle driver.
According to a further feature of the invention, the regulating and/or control unit is constructed to actuate a hybrid machine. In a detected maneuvering situation, an operating mode of the engine designed for driving situations can advantageously be replaced by a particularly economical operating mode of the engine designed for maneuvering situations.
Other objects, advantages and novel features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. | 2024-04-12T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/6433 |
Q:
php when a class is instantiated are all functions then loaded?
When you instantiate a class does the php interpreter read/load the entire class? Or does it only read/load the functions as and when you call each function?
A:
Before your class can be instantiated, it must be loaded and parsed first; during the parsing phase, all the class methods are converted into opcodes and stored using their name.
When a class is instantiated, its method block points to the class structure that was parsed earlier.
So to answer your question: yes, it reads and parses the functions but obviously only runs the function body when they're called.
| 2024-03-07T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/5866 |
Q:
sldata doesn't work in Silverlight API 3.0
I have inestaled arcgis server Silverlight API 3.0 and I want to have identify in my map toolbar
here is some part of my codes
<slData:DataGrid x:Name="DataGrid" HeadersVisibility="None" Background="White">
<slData:DataGrid.Columns>
<slData:DataGridTextColumn Binding="{Binding Path=Key}" FontWeight="Bold"/>
<slData:DataGridTextColumn Binding="{Binding Path=Value}"/>
</slData:DataGrid.Columns>
</slData:DataGrid>
but dosnt work and an error occured that the "type sldata:datagrid was not found. veryfye that you are not missing an assembly reference and that all references assemplies have been build"
I tried to add all esri assemblies but my problem didnt solve
does anyone knows how can solve it?
A:
Add a reference to System.Windows.Controls.Data.dll
also make sure sldata is defined in your xmlns mappings.
btw this has absolutely nothing to do with the esri assemblies, since this is all part of microsoft's stuff.
| 2023-10-12T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/6194 |