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[ "The 1999 NRL season was the 92nd season of professional rugby league football in Australia, and the second to be run by the National Rugby League.", "With the exclusion of the Adelaide Rams and Gold Coast Chargers, and the merger of the St. George Dragons and Illawarra Steelers, seventeen teams competed for the NRL Premiership during the 1999 season, which culminated in the first grand final to be played at Stadium Australia.", "The 1999 Melbourne Storm season was the second in the club's history.", "Coached by Chris Anderson and captained by Glenn Lazarus, they competed in the NRL's 1999 Telstra Premiership, finishing the regular season in 3rd (out of 17).", "The 1999 St. George Illawarra Dragons season was the first in the newly formed joint-venture club's history.", "Coached by David Waite and Andrew Farrar, and captained by Paul McGregor, they competed in the NRL's 1999 Telstra Premiership, finishing the regular season in 6th place (out of 17).", "The Dragons were up 14-0 at half time, with a converted try and penalty goal to Craig Fitzgibbon, and a converted try to Nathan Blacklock.", "However, an Anthony Mundine knock-on over the try line early in the second half proved to be a major turning point in the match, with Melbourne running in tries through Tony Martin and Ben Roarty and winger Craig Smith kicking two penalty goals.", "An unconverted try to Dragons captain Paul McGregor couldn't stem Melbourne's momentum, with Craig Smith kicking the Storm to within four points of the Dragons at 18-14.", "In the 77th minute the Storm forced the Dragons to a goal line dropout.", "Melbourne's halfback Brett Kimmorley then bombed to Craig Smith's wing.", "Dragons Jamie Ainscough, anticipating a Melbourne try, caught Smith in a head-high tackle over the try-line, resulting in Smith being knocked unconscious and, in the process of falling to the ground, Smith knocking on.", "Referee Bill Harrigan requested video referee Chris Ward adjudicate on the decision.", "The Melbourne Storm were granted a penalty try, drawing them level with the Dragons.", "Being a penalty try, the subsequent conversion was taken from directly in front of the posts.", "Matt Geyer was successful in the conversion and the Storm, for the first time in the match, pulled ahead of the Dragons and took out their first grand final 20-18.", "The Storm thus became the quickest expansion team to win a premiership, eclipsing the Canterbury side who won the 1938 premiership in just their fourth season.", "It was the last game of champion prop and captain Glenn Lazarus, who retired after a remarkable fifth grand final victory (having won premierships with the Canberra Raiders in 1989 and 1990 and with the Brisbane Broncos in 1992 and 1993).", "For traditional St George fans the loss was hard to take.", "The Dragons were unsuccessful in their four previous visits to the grand final (1985, 1992, 1993 and 1996) and had not won a premiership since 1979.", "It would not be until 2010 that they would return to another Grand Final, in which it would win its first premiership as a merged entity.", "Clive Churchill Medal: Brett Kimmorley\nThe grand final attracted a television viewership of over 600,000 in Melbourne, a traditional Australian Rules football stronghold." ]

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[ "The 1999 NRL Grand Final was the conclusive and premiership-deciding game of the 1999 NRL season.", "It was contested by the competition's two newest clubs: the Melbourne Storm, competing in only its second year (having finished the regular season in 3rd place); and the St. George Illawarra Dragons, in their first year as a joint-venture club (having finished the regular season in 6th place), after both sides eliminated the rest of the top eight during the finals." ]

[ "Liu was born in the town of Houguan, in Fuzhou, China.", "Liu's father died before he was born, and he was brought up by his mother.", "In 1867, he passed the entry examinations and entered the Foochow Arsenal Naval School established by Shen Baozhen to study navigation.", "In 1871, was on the training ship Jianwei, and he visited Amoy, Hong Kong, Singapore and the Bohai Bay.", "In 1872, with the best results, Liu graduated in the first class of the Foochow Arsenal Naval School.", "In 1875, he was appointed commander of the training ship \"Jianwei\".", "In 1876, he was sent to Britain for further training.", "He served on the Royal Navy's Mediterranean Fleet flagship HMS \"Hercules\" as a trainee first mate.", "He returned to China in 1878 and was given command of the \"Zhenbei\" in the Beiyang Fleet.", "In 1881, Viceroy Li Hongzhang, the Beiyang minister, sent a command with a German shipyard for the construction of two battleships (the \"Dingyuan\" and the \"Zhenyuan\").", "Liu was sent to monitor construction and inspect the ships, and to assist in delivering the two warships back to China.", "In 1885 got back to China aboard the \"Dingyuan\", upon which he was given command of the \"Dingyuan\", with Commodore rank.", "In 1888, the Beiyang Fleet was officially established.", "Liu participated in drawing up the Fleet's charter, and was subsequently promoted to the Right Wing command of Admiral.", "Viceroy Li was highly impressed with Liu, and in his secret missive to the court said Liu had \"talents that could be placed to great use\".", "In 1890, the Beiyang Fleet visited Hong Kong.", "When Fleet Admiral Ding Ruchang left his ship, Liu took down the fleet admiral flag and put up his admiral flag.", "The fleet's chief training officer, Royal Navy captain and Englishman William Lang raised issue with this, and complained to Li Hongzhang.", "In the subsequent dispute, Li supported Liu, and in response William Lang resigned from the Beiyang Fleet.", "In the years leading up to the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, Liu repeatedly pressed Li Hongzhang to develop the Beiyang Fleet.", "He pointed out that Japan was enthusiastically expanding its navy, and to keep up the Beiyang Fleet must adopt an annual program to add new ships.", "However, Li Hongzhang was unable to expand the Beiyang Fleet due to the realities of court politics.", "The First Sino-Japanese War began in 1894, and on 17 September of that year, the Beiyang Fleet encountered the Japanese Combined Fleet on the Yellow Sea, sparking the Battle of the Yalu River.", "During the Battle of the Yalu River, Liu Buchan commanded the flagship \"Dingyuan\" - the most powerful ship of the Beiyang Fleet - in battle against the Japanese fleet.", "The battle lasted into the afternoon and the \"Dingyuan\" was struck multiple times.", "As Admiral Ding Ruchang, the fleet commander, had been seriously wounded early in the battle, Liu had to assume command of the entire fleet.", "For his bravery during the battle, Liu was promoted to reserve Admiral of the Fleet after the battle, and acted as commander of the fleets while Ding Ruchang recovered from his injuries.", "Shortly afterwards, on 4 February 1895, Japanese torpedo boats launched a surprise attack on the Beiyang Fleet's home base at Weihaiwei, during which the \"Dingyuan\" was hit and began taking on water.", "Liu ordered the ship run aground and to continue firing as an artillery battery.", "On 9 February 1895 the Japanese army took over the shore batteries, and fired upon and hit the \"Dingyuan\".", "Fearing that the naval base at Liugong Island would soon fall, and that the \"Dingyuan\" would fall into enemy hands, he ordered that the \"Dingyuan\" be scuttled.", "That night, Liu killed himself by swallowing opium.", "The Qing government, appreciating his service, ordered that benefits be given with the status of an admiral of the fleet.", "In the 20th century, there was praise as well as criticism in all kinds of books about him.", "The criticism was mainly from William Tyler's - an English sailor on \"Dingyuan\" - memoir.", "But there were also widely accepted ideas that there was a personal enmity between William Tyler and Liu Buchan and that William Tyler's words were unreliable.", "But there were two opinions that were really accepted.", "First, Liu Buchan lacked adequate experience before he was appointed as the captain of \"Dingyuan\" and training and command were very bad under him.", "Second, he was addicted to taking opium all the time, which was universal among his troops." ]

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[ "Liu Buchan (; 1852 – 1895) was a naval officer of the Beiyang Fleet, the most prominent of China's naval units in the late Qing Dynasty.", "He is best remembered for his actions as commander of the fleet flagship, the \"Dingyuan\", during the First Sino-Japanese War.", "At his death, Liu was commander of the fleet flagship, with the rank Admiral of the Right, and reserve Admiral of the Fleet." ]

[ "The 2001 NRL season was the 94th season of professional rugby league football in Australia and the fourth run by the National Rugby League.", "Also called the 2001 Telstra Premiership (due to sponsorship from Telstra Corporation), it was contested by thirteen Australian-based clubs plus one New Zealand-based club.", "Parramatta came into the game as favourites after defeating the New Zealand Warriors in week one of the finals series, then defeating the reigning premiers Brisbane in the preliminary final.", "Parramatta had also finished as minor premiers, breaking several records in the process which, as of 2021, still stand, including most points scored in a regular season, most points scored in a full season and most tries scored in a season.", "Newcastle had finished in third place at the end of the regular season with 16 wins, 9 losses, and a singular draw.", "They defeated the 2000 runner-ups, the Sydney Roosters in the first week of the finals and Cronulla-Sutherland in the preliminary final to progress through to the grand final.", "Newcastle were first to score with a try to Bill Peden in the third minute, with Andrew Johns converting to take the Knights out to a 6–0 lead.", "Four minutes later, the Newcastle side scored again through Steve Simpson, with Johns failing to convert, taking the score to 10–0.", "Johns not long after took a shot at penalty goal due to a leg pull from Brad Drew which was penalised by referee Bill Harrigan to make the score 12–0.", "By the 24th minute, Newcastle already had an 18–0 lead to the courtesy of Peden’s second try and another conversion by Johns.", "Not long after, the Parramatta side had their best chance of the first half with Andrew Ryan getting over the line but he was held up by Simpson (who was injured in the process of making the tackle) and failed to score.", "In the following set, Parramatta spread the ball wide to the left, but a pass which would have put Luke Burt in for a try in the corner was directed well behind him and he failed to catch it.", "In the 32nd minute, Ben Kennedy scored for the Newcastle club, with Johns converting again to take the score to 24–0.", "Parramatta had a couple of chances in the Knights’ half after that but failed to capitalise on their opportunities ,so the score remained the same until halftime.", "The 24 points scored by Newcastle remains the highest total by a team in the first half of a Grand Final and the biggest ever Grand Final half-time lead.", "The Parramatta club were the first to score in the second half to make the score 24–6.", "In the 64th minute, Newcastle seemed to have wrapped up the 2001 Premiership following a wide pass from Peden to Johns who put up a towering bomb to Timana Tahu's wing.", "Tahu got tangled up with Burt before getting the ball down about 50 cm inside the touch-in-goal line.", "Two minutes later, however, Jamie Lyon scored for Parramatta to make it 28–12, thus keeping the Blue and Gold's in the game.", "Three minutes later, the Newcastle side once again made the margin three converted tries at 30–12 thanks to a penalty goal to Johns after an attempted short goal-line drop-out by Drew went out on the full.", "One more try each to both Lyon and Brett Hodgson in the final ten minutes got the scoreline back to a difference of a converted try (30–24), but despite this comeback, there was to be no further scoring in the match, leaving the Newcastle side to clinch the 2001 Premiership, their second title in five seasons.", "The combined tally of 54 points for the match remains the second-highest in a Grand Final after the 1951 Grand Final in which 56 were scored (an era during which tries were worth only three points).", "The 2001 decider was also the first Grand Final in which 20 or more points were scored in both halves, a feat which was replicated in the 2020 NRL Grand Final.", "Newcastle have not played in another Grand Final since then, whilst Parramatta were unsuccessful in 2009 when it lost to the Melbourne Storm, stretching their premiership drought which goes back to 1986.", "Half Time: 24 – 0\nClive Churchill Medalist: Andrew Johns\nReferee: Bill Harrigan\nVenue: Stadium Australia, Sydney\nAttendance: 90,414\nScoring timeline\n3rd:", "Newcastle 6–0 (Peden try; Johns goal)<br>\n7th:", "Newcastle 10–0 (Simpson try)<br>\n13th: Newcastle 12–0 (Johns goal)<br>\n24th: Newcastle 18–0 (Peden try; Johns goal)<br>\n31st:", "Newcastle 24–0 (Kennedy try; Johns goal)<br>\n57th: Eels 24–6 (Hodgson try; Hodgson goal)<br>\n63rd: Newcastle 28–6 (Tahu try)<br>\n65th: Eels 28–12 (Lyon try; Hodgson goal)<br>\n68th: Newcastle 30–12 (Johns goal)<br>\n73rd: Eels 30–18 (Lyon try; Hogdson goal)<br>\n79th: Eels 30–24 (Hodgson try; Hodgson goal)", "In 2011, 10 years after Newcastle's grand final victory, Kennedy spoke to the media at The Once a Knight reunion lunch recalling his memories of the 2001 final.", "Kennedy said ‘‘They came into the game under a shitload of pressure but for us, it was just a good time and a heap of fun.", "Parra were shitting themselves and we were having a good time\".", "Newcastle centre Mark Hughes recalled the game saying \"I remember how nervous and stiff Parramatta were\".", "\"The Parramatta players came dressed to the grand final breakfast wearing \"Miami Vice black suits\".", "Newcastle prop Josh Perry said of the week building up to the game that he knew Newcastle were going to win saying \"It started at the midweek grand final breakfast.", "We lined up next to Parramatta to walk out onto the stage, and they were so tense.", "They weren't talking to us, while we were being ourselves and having a joke and enjoying the moment – they were anything but that.", "From that moment on we knew we were going to win\".", "Parramatta captain Nathan Cayless in 2017 spoke of the game saying \"It was disappointing for us, and it took a long time to get into another grand final [2009].", "We'd had a good season, and just wanted to stick to what we had done, and what worked for us so well.", "We didn’t change too much and just looked at it as if it were another game of football.", "Newcastle just played out of their skins\"." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]

[ "It was contested at Stadium Australia in Sydney by the Newcastle Knights (who had finished the regular season in third place), and the Parramatta Eels (who had finished the regular season in first place), after the other six teams that had competed in the top-eight finals series had been eliminated." ]

[ "The 2001 NRL season was the 94th season of professional rugby league football in Australia and the fourth run by the National Rugby League.", "Also called the 2001 Telstra Premiership (due to sponsorship from Telstra Corporation), it was contested by thirteen Australian-based clubs plus one New Zealand-based club.", "Parramatta came into the game as favourites after defeating the New Zealand Warriors in week one of the finals series, then defeating the reigning premiers Brisbane in the preliminary final.", "Parramatta had also finished as minor premiers, breaking several records in the process which, as of 2021, still stand, including most points scored in a regular season, most points scored in a full season and most tries scored in a season.", "Newcastle had finished in third place at the end of the regular season with 16 wins, 9 losses, and a singular draw.", "They defeated the 2000 runner-ups, the Sydney Roosters in the first week of the finals and Cronulla-Sutherland in the preliminary final to progress through to the grand final.", "Newcastle were first to score with a try to Bill Peden in the third minute, with Andrew Johns converting to take the Knights out to a 6–0 lead.", "Four minutes later, the Newcastle side scored again through Steve Simpson, with Johns failing to convert, taking the score to 10–0.", "Johns not long after took a shot at penalty goal due to a leg pull from Brad Drew which was penalised by referee Bill Harrigan to make the score 12–0.", "By the 24th minute, Newcastle already had an 18–0 lead to the courtesy of Peden’s second try and another conversion by Johns.", "Not long after, the Parramatta side had their best chance of the first half with Andrew Ryan getting over the line but he was held up by Simpson (who was injured in the process of making the tackle) and failed to score.", "In the following set, Parramatta spread the ball wide to the left, but a pass which would have put Luke Burt in for a try in the corner was directed well behind him and he failed to catch it.", "In the 32nd minute, Ben Kennedy scored for the Newcastle club, with Johns converting again to take the score to 24–0.", "Parramatta had a couple of chances in the Knights’ half after that but failed to capitalise on their opportunities ,so the score remained the same until halftime.", "The 24 points scored by Newcastle remains the highest total by a team in the first half of a Grand Final and the biggest ever Grand Final half-time lead.", "The Parramatta club were the first to score in the second half to make the score 24–6.", "In the 64th minute, Newcastle seemed to have wrapped up the 2001 Premiership following a wide pass from Peden to Johns who put up a towering bomb to Timana Tahu's wing.", "Tahu got tangled up with Burt before getting the ball down about 50 cm inside the touch-in-goal line.", "Two minutes later, however, Jamie Lyon scored for Parramatta to make it 28–12, thus keeping the Blue and Gold's in the game.", "Three minutes later, the Newcastle side once again made the margin three converted tries at 30–12 thanks to a penalty goal to Johns after an attempted short goal-line drop-out by Drew went out on the full.", "One more try each to both Lyon and Brett Hodgson in the final ten minutes got the scoreline back to a difference of a converted try (30–24), but despite this comeback, there was to be no further scoring in the match, leaving the Newcastle side to clinch the 2001 Premiership, their second title in five seasons.", "The combined tally of 54 points for the match remains the second-highest in a Grand Final after the 1951 Grand Final in which 56 were scored (an era during which tries were worth only three points).", "The 2001 decider was also the first Grand Final in which 20 or more points were scored in both halves, a feat which was replicated in the 2020 NRL Grand Final.", "Newcastle have not played in another Grand Final since then, whilst Parramatta were unsuccessful in 2009 when it lost to the Melbourne Storm, stretching their premiership drought which goes back to 1986.", "Half Time: 24 – 0\nClive Churchill Medalist: Andrew Johns\nReferee: Bill Harrigan\nVenue: Stadium Australia, Sydney\nAttendance: 90,414\nScoring timeline\n3rd:", "Newcastle 6–0 (Peden try; Johns goal)<br>\n7th:", "Newcastle 10–0 (Simpson try)<br>\n13th: Newcastle 12–0 (Johns goal)<br>\n24th: Newcastle 18–0 (Peden try; Johns goal)<br>\n31st:", "Newcastle 24–0 (Kennedy try; Johns goal)<br>\n57th: Eels 24–6 (Hodgson try; Hodgson goal)<br>\n63rd: Newcastle 28–6 (Tahu try)<br>\n65th: Eels 28–12 (Lyon try; Hodgson goal)<br>\n68th: Newcastle 30–12 (Johns goal)<br>\n73rd: Eels 30–18 (Lyon try; Hogdson goal)<br>\n79th: Eels 30–24 (Hodgson try; Hodgson goal)", "In 2011, 10 years after Newcastle's grand final victory, Kennedy spoke to the media at The Once a Knight reunion lunch recalling his memories of the 2001 final.", "Kennedy said ‘‘They came into the game under a shitload of pressure but for us, it was just a good time and a heap of fun.", "Parra were shitting themselves and we were having a good time\".", "Newcastle centre Mark Hughes recalled the game saying \"I remember how nervous and stiff Parramatta were\".", "\"The Parramatta players came dressed to the grand final breakfast wearing \"Miami Vice black suits\".", "Newcastle prop Josh Perry said of the week building up to the game that he knew Newcastle were going to win saying \"It started at the midweek grand final breakfast.", "We lined up next to Parramatta to walk out onto the stage, and they were so tense.", "They weren't talking to us, while we were being ourselves and having a joke and enjoying the moment – they were anything but that.", "From that moment on we knew we were going to win\".", "Parramatta captain Nathan Cayless in 2017 spoke of the game saying \"It was disappointing for us, and it took a long time to get into another grand final [2009].", "We'd had a good season, and just wanted to stick to what we had done, and what worked for us so well.", "We didn’t change too much and just looked at it as if it were another game of football.", "Newcastle just played out of their skins\"." ]

[ 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 ]

[ "The 2001 NRL grand final was the conclusive and premiership-deciding game of the 2001 NRL season." ]

[ "For the second consecutive year, the NRL grand final featured two Sydney-based teams.", "The Sydney Roosters finished the 2004 regular season in 1st place, taking out the minor premiership.", "They subsequently won their two finals matches against the Canberra Raiders 38–12 and then the North Queensland Cowboys 19–16 to make their third consecutive grand final and their fourth in five seasons.", "The Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs finished the 2004 regular season 2nd (out of 15).", "They lost their first match of the finals series against the North Queensland Cowboys 22–30 but won their next two against the Melbourne Storm 43–18 and the Penrith Panthers 30–14 to reach their first grand final since 1998.", "Pre-match entertainment included performances by Chris Isaak and Australian rock band Grinspoon.", "After thirteen minutes, Sydney took the first try of the game with Chris Walker scoring the try and Craig Fitzgibbon converting giving Sydney a 6–0 lead.", "Ten minutes later Canterbury winger Matt Utai scored the first try with Hazem El Masri failing to convert bringing the score back to 6–4.", "A few minutes later El Masri levelled the scores at 6–6 with a penalty goal.", "Just after the 30 minute mark, Brett Finch kicked a field goal to give Sydney a narrow 7–6 lead.", "Two minutes later Anthony Tupou made a 30-metre break for Sydney before passing to teammate Anthony Minichiello to cross under the posts with Fitzgibbon converting to give Sydney a 13–6 lead.", "At the 37th minute, Minichiello looked to have his second try, but was penalised for an obstruction.", "Two minutes into the second half, Utai got his second try for Canterbury with El Masri converting bringing the score back to 13–12.", "In the 53rd minute, El Masri crossed over for a controversial four-pointer (opinions were divided on whether the winger had been sufficiently held up or not before eventually grounding the ball), but narrowly missed the conversion giving the Bulldogs the lead 16–13.", "With one minute left and the score at 16–13, Sydney's Michael Crocker made a half break on the Bulldogs 40 meter line but was tackled by stand in Canterbury Captain Andrew Ryan and losing the ball that gave Canterbury their 8th Premiership.", "It was also former Australian captain Brad Fittler's last game of football.", "This marked the first (and only) time in 2004 that the Roosters lost a match after leading at half-time.", "Clive Churchill Medallist: Willie Mason\nHalf Time: 6 – 13\nReferee: Tim Mander (1st grand final appointment)\nVenue: Telstra Stadium, Sydney\nAttendance: 82,127\nWhen They Scored\n13th – Sydney 6–0 (Walker try, Fitzgibbon goal)<br>\n23rd – Sydney 6–4 (Utai try)<br>\n27th – 6–6 (El Masri penalty goal)<br>\n31st – Sydney 7–6 (Finch field goal)<br>\n33rd – Sydney 13–6 (Minichiello try, Fitzgibbon goal)<br>\n42nd – Sydney 13–12 (Utai try; El Masri goal)<br>\n53rd – Bulldogs 16–13 (El Masri try)" ]

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[ "The 2004 NRL Grand Final was the conclusive and premiership-deciding game of the 2004 NRL season.", "It was contested by the Sydney Roosters, who had finished the regular season in 1st place, and the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, who had finished the regular season in 2nd place." ]

[ "Mambugan National High School formerly named Antipolo National High School – Mambugan Extension, was established when the former Mayor Angelito Gatlabayan and the City Council passed the Resolution # 04 -99.", "June 1999 was the time when the school started.", "Mambugan Elementary School lends three (3) rooms which housed the administration building and two classrooms with a population of 240 students and 5 faculty members.", "Ms. Marilyn D. Zapanta was the school head, Mrs. Corazon S. Oliva (Math), Ms. May Arcenio (English), Ms. Margaret V. Bajan (TLE), Mrs. Gemma V. Cruz (Science & Values-Guidance Counselor) and Mr. Darwin D. Jaradal (AP/Filipino) as the pioneer faculty members.", "The first official building of Mambugan National High School (ACG Bldg) was built last 2003 with four (4) rooms in its own site located at Ruhat Hills, Siruna Village with a total land area of 3,200 m2.", "The ACG Bldg. was used by the second batch of students during their fourth year.", "The first graduation of Mambugan National High School on the new site last April 2004 with 215 graduates.", "The land area of the school became bigger with the initiative of the local government.", "In the year 2006, another building or the Principal and Admin Office.", "and now Several buildings were then constructed after that as follows:\nToday, MNHS has 33 classrooms, 5 Computer Lab, Library, Clinic, TLE Room, Administration Bldg (Principal, OIC, Liaison and Accounting Office), a covered court and stage.", "Even though the population increases with lesser rooms to be occupied by the students, the faculty members did their best in teaching these students.", "That is why the quality of education is not sacrificed.", "With 119 teaching force, a principal and two accounting staff, the school functions well in which our school ranks 5th in the NAT for two consecutive years.", "In the succeeding years of the school, the population gradually increased as follows:", "Ms. Marilyn D. Zapanta was the first school head, from 1999 –", "Sept ember 15, 2005, Dr. Adelina M. Cruzada, our principal from September 16, 2005 – Sept 20, 2011, Ms. Adelaida A. San Diego from September 21, 2011, up to July 10, 2013, Mr. Rommel S. Beltran from July 15, 2013 - June 2016 and Mrs. Anna Lyn P. Raymundo June 5, 2016 up to present.", "The school will not come this far and excel academically if not for their unequal dedication and commitment in their profession, the school heads that keeps the mission and vision of the school." ]

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[ "Mambugan National High School is a public high school located at Phase 3, Siruna Village, Brgy.", "Mambugan, Antipolo in the Philippines." ]

[ "Mambugan National High School formerly named Antipolo National High School – Mambugan Extension, was established when the former Mayor Angelito Gatlabayan and the City Council passed the Resolution # 04 -99.", "June 1999 was the time when the school started.", "Mambugan Elementary School lends three (3) rooms which housed the administration building and two classrooms with a population of 240 students and 5 faculty members.", "Ms. Marilyn D. Zapanta was the school head, Mrs. Corazon S. Oliva (Math), Ms. May Arcenio (English), Ms. Margaret V. Bajan (TLE), Mrs. Gemma V. Cruz (Science & Values-Guidance Counselor) and Mr. Darwin D. Jaradal (AP/Filipino) as the pioneer faculty members.", "The first official building of Mambugan National High School (ACG Bldg) was built last 2003 with four (4) rooms in its own site located at Ruhat Hills, Siruna Village with a total land area of 3,200 m2.", "The ACG Bldg. was used by the second batch of students during their fourth year.", "The first graduation of Mambugan National High School on the new site last April 2004 with 215 graduates.", "The land area of the school became bigger with the initiative of the local government.", "In the year 2006, another building or the Principal and Admin Office.", "and now Several buildings were then constructed after that as follows:\nToday, MNHS has 33 classrooms, 5 Computer Lab, Library, Clinic, TLE Room, Administration Bldg (Principal, OIC, Liaison and Accounting Office), a covered court and stage.", "Even though the population increases with lesser rooms to be occupied by the students, the faculty members did their best in teaching these students.", "That is why the quality of education is not sacrificed.", "With 119 teaching force, a principal and two accounting staff, the school functions well in which our school ranks 5th in the NAT for two consecutive years.", "In the succeeding years of the school, the population gradually increased as follows:", "Ms. Marilyn D. Zapanta was the first school head, from 1999 –", "Sept ember 15, 2005, Dr. Adelina M. Cruzada, our principal from September 16, 2005 – Sept 20, 2011, Ms. Adelaida A. San Diego from September 21, 2011, up to July 10, 2013, Mr. Rommel S. Beltran from July 15, 2013 - June 2016 and Mrs. Anna Lyn P. Raymundo June 5, 2016 up to present.", "The school will not come this far and excel academically if not for their unequal dedication and commitment in their profession, the school heads that keeps the mission and vision of the school." ]

[ 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 ]

[ "Mambugan National High School is a public high school located at Phase 3, Siruna Village, Brgy." ]

[ "Julia Lina Sauer was born April 8, 1891, in Rochester, New York.", "She attended the University of Rochester and the New York State Library School in Albany, NY.", "Sauer then returned to Rochester, where she was the head of the children's department at the Public Library from 1921-1958.", "Though she lived most of her life in Rochester, Sauer spent many summers in Little River, Nova Scotia, Canada.", "That area became the setting for both of her award-winning books.", "As a librarian, Sauer became involved in the new medium of radio through the School of the Air, broadcasting programs for fifth through eleventh graders directly into schools.", "She eventually edited a book on giving radio book talks for children.", "Her early work as a children's librarian brought her recognition with the American Library Association, and in 1939 she was appointed chairman of the Committee on Planning and Equipping Children's Libraries for the ALA.", "By the early 1940s a debate, at times acrimonious, had developed in the children's literature field about whether children's books should be imaginative escapes from reality or reflections of the trials and difficulties of modern life, including the Great Depression and developments leading to World War II.", "The side supporting fantasy was symbolized by the nightingale, a figure of ethereal beauty from fairy tales.", "Realists often pointed to the character of Janey Larkins from Doris Gates' book Blue Willow, the first realistic American problem novel for children.", "The ALA asked Julia Sauer to address the controversy, and in 1941 the \"Library Journal\" published her article \"Making the World Safe for the Janey Larkins\".", "In it, Sauer wrote that children should not be protected from the realities of their world.", "But, she argued, they need both realism and imagination.", "She finished with an appeal to her fellow librarians: \"We need many more books about the Janey Larkins in our literature for children.", "And when we get them we will need the courage to give them to our children... before a world can be made safe even for nightingales, it must be made safe for the Janey Larkins.", "\"\nSauer presented the paper, \"Library Services to Children in a World at War,\" to the 8th", "Pan-", "American Child Congress in Washington, DC, in 1942.", "Her final children's book appeared in 1954.", "It tells the adventures of a small boy who checks out \"Mike Mulligan and His Steam Shovel\" so many times he calls the library \"Mike's House\".", "At the behest of the \"Atlantic Monthly\", in 1955 Sauer and two others, Virginia Haviland and Elizabeth Gross, compiled a list of \"50 Outstanding Books Published Since 1940\".", "As well as writing, Sauer spoke throughout her life at colleges, library institutes and national meetings.", "Julia Sauer died June 26, 1983 in Rochester, New York.", "Her papers are held at the Rochester public library and the University of Minnesota.", "Sauer wrote only three books for children and two of them were among the annual Newbery Medal runners-up, now called Newbery Honor Books.", "All three books received starred reviews from \"Kirkus\", for \"books of remarkable merit\".", "Her first book, \"Fog Magic\", is a fantasy novel set in Nova Scotia.", "It was one of four Newbery runners-up in 1944.", "In it, Sauer addresses the debate of imagination versus realism that was raging at the time.", "As Mary Lystad writes in \"Twentieth-Century Children's Writers\", \"The story goes back and forth from the real present to the conjured-up past, pointing out the thin line between a person's reality and his fantasy, and the need for the acceptance of the two.\"", "Sauer's second novel, \"The Light at Tern Rock\", received the Newbery Honor in 1952.", "\"Kirkus Reviews\" praised its keen sense of place, calling it \"unusual and atmospheric\".", "Rebecca Stead, author of the 2010 Newbery Award book \"When You Reach Me\" said in an interview \"There’s a book called \"Fog Magic\" by Julia L. Sauer that I loved very much, about a girl in Nova Scotia who discovers a village that appears only on foggy days.", "For a long time, I thought this was a secret book that only I knew about\".", "As a librarian, Sauer held high standards, saying “The children’s librarian’s first obligation is always, I believe, to lead a child to the best there is for him, to help him, by what wisdom she may have, to appreciate the better and finally the best, and to keep him reading at the highest possible level.”", "As a writer, according to Marilyn Miller, Sauer \"wrote with passion and compassion.", "What she wrote reverberated, influencing both authors as creators of children's books and children and what they read.", "\"" ]

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[ "Julia Sauer (April 8, 1891 – June 26, 1983) was an American writer of children's fiction and librarian.", "Both are set in Canada, where Sauer frequently vacationed." ]

[ "Julia Lina Sauer was born April 8, 1891, in Rochester, New York.", "She attended the University of Rochester and the New York State Library School in Albany, NY.", "Sauer then returned to Rochester, where she was the head of the children's department at the Public Library from 1921-1958.", "Though she lived most of her life in Rochester, Sauer spent many summers in Little River, Nova Scotia, Canada.", "That area became the setting for both of her award-winning books.", "As a librarian, Sauer became involved in the new medium of radio through the School of the Air, broadcasting programs for fifth through eleventh graders directly into schools.", "She eventually edited a book on giving radio book talks for children.", "Her early work as a children's librarian brought her recognition with the American Library Association, and in 1939 she was appointed chairman of the Committee on Planning and Equipping Children's Libraries for the ALA.", "By the early 1940s a debate, at times acrimonious, had developed in the children's literature field about whether children's books should be imaginative escapes from reality or reflections of the trials and difficulties of modern life, including the Great Depression and developments leading to World War II.", "The side supporting fantasy was symbolized by the nightingale, a figure of ethereal beauty from fairy tales.", "Realists often pointed to the character of Janey Larkins from Doris Gates' book Blue Willow, the first realistic American problem novel for children.", "The ALA asked Julia Sauer to address the controversy, and in 1941 the \"Library Journal\" published her article \"Making the World Safe for the Janey Larkins\".", "In it, Sauer wrote that children should not be protected from the realities of their world.", "But, she argued, they need both realism and imagination.", "She finished with an appeal to her fellow librarians: \"We need many more books about the Janey Larkins in our literature for children.", "And when we get them we will need the courage to give them to our children... before a world can be made safe even for nightingales, it must be made safe for the Janey Larkins.", "\"\nSauer presented the paper, \"Library Services to Children in a World at War,\" to the 8th", "Pan-", "American Child Congress in Washington, DC, in 1942.", "Her final children's book appeared in 1954.", "It tells the adventures of a small boy who checks out \"Mike Mulligan and His Steam Shovel\" so many times he calls the library \"Mike's House\".", "At the behest of the \"Atlantic Monthly\", in 1955 Sauer and two others, Virginia Haviland and Elizabeth Gross, compiled a list of \"50 Outstanding Books Published Since 1940\".", "As well as writing, Sauer spoke throughout her life at colleges, library institutes and national meetings.", "Julia Sauer died June 26, 1983 in Rochester, New York.", "Her papers are held at the Rochester public library and the University of Minnesota.", "Sauer wrote only three books for children and two of them were among the annual Newbery Medal runners-up, now called Newbery Honor Books.", "All three books received starred reviews from \"Kirkus\", for \"books of remarkable merit\".", "Her first book, \"Fog Magic\", is a fantasy novel set in Nova Scotia.", "It was one of four Newbery runners-up in 1944.", "In it, Sauer addresses the debate of imagination versus realism that was raging at the time.", "As Mary Lystad writes in \"Twentieth-Century Children's Writers\", \"The story goes back and forth from the real present to the conjured-up past, pointing out the thin line between a person's reality and his fantasy, and the need for the acceptance of the two.\"", "Sauer's second novel, \"The Light at Tern Rock\", received the Newbery Honor in 1952.", "\"Kirkus Reviews\" praised its keen sense of place, calling it \"unusual and atmospheric\".", "Rebecca Stead, author of the 2010 Newbery Award book \"When You Reach Me\" said in an interview \"There’s a book called \"Fog Magic\" by Julia L. Sauer that I loved very much, about a girl in Nova Scotia who discovers a village that appears only on foggy days.", "For a long time, I thought this was a secret book that only I knew about\".", "As a librarian, Sauer held high standards, saying “The children’s librarian’s first obligation is always, I believe, to lead a child to the best there is for him, to help him, by what wisdom she may have, to appreciate the better and finally the best, and to keep him reading at the highest possible level.”", "As a writer, according to Marilyn Miller, Sauer \"wrote with passion and compassion.", "What she wrote reverberated, influencing both authors as creators of children's books and children and what they read.", "\"" ]

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[ "Two of her books, \"Fog Magic\" and \"The Light at Tern Rock\" were among the annual Newbery Medal runners-up." ]

[ "The Majestic Theatre was founded by Edward F. Biederstaedt (1865–1912) and his brother Otto, sons of Williamson Street grocer Charles Biederstaedt, whose German ancestors helped establish the Catholic church in Madison.", "Edward had been a railroad brakeman, secondhand goods dealer, and later ran the White House saloon on King Street.", "By 1900, he was running a gambling house in the basement of the Capital Hotel.", "Otto was a printer at the Democrat Printing Company.", "On May 6, 1906 the Biederstaedts purchased the King Street property from developers of the Cantwell block at Pinckney and Doty Streets, previously the site of annual outdoor tent shows featuring horses and touring vaudeville acts.", "Designed by Madison architects Claude & Starck, the Majestic has an irregular footprint due to it being in the center of a triangle-shaped block.", "It became the second vaudeville house in Madison when it opened on Saturday, December 15, 1906.", "Attendees were met with gray uniformed ushers and free music provided by Charles Nitschke Jr.'s Arion Orchestra.", "Appearing in the theater's first week were the 4 Luciers (\"Monarchs of the Musical World\"), popular singer Flo Adler, an \"up-to-date sketch\" by Edith Dembey & Company, comedians Dixon & Fields as German sailors, and the \"Majestiscope\"—lyrics to popular songs projected on a screen for the audience to sing along with.", "Admission was fifteen cents, with reserved seats being twenty cents and matinees a dime.", "Promoting itself as Madison's family vaudeville house, the Majestic was immediately popular.", "Only months after opening contractor John H. Findorff was hired to add a balcony and theater boxes, raising capacity to nearly 500, plus a second ticket window to accommodate the many patrons.", "Performers were hired through the United Booking Agency and Klaw and Erlanger, and later the Western Vaudeville Managers' Association.", "Before celebrating their first year the Biederstadt brothers were already seeking to acquire theaters in La Crosse, Winona and Minneapolis, as well as making an offer on Madison's Fuller Opera House.", "The Biederstaedts took on a partner and incorporated with $50,000 capital as the Majestic Amusement Company.", "They rented out the Majestic as meeting space, hosting a convention of Wisconsin fire chiefs in 1909.", "They also began showing their first \"moving pictures\" in 1908.", "Three years later, the Biederstaedts' fortunes had changed.", "Edward's \"nervous\" wife shot herself in the head on the eve of the opening of a competing vaudeville theater, the New Orpheum.", "He himself would die four months later.", "The types of performances staged were typical of the vaudeville era, including all manner of singers, dancers and musicians, ethnic comedians, magicians, minstrel shows, hypnotists, Asian acrobats and live animal acts ranging from dogs to seals to lions.", "Claims have been made over the years that vaudevillians such as Harry Houdini, Al Jolson, W. C. Fields and the Marx Brothers performed on the Majestic stage, but there is no evidence of these shows in newspapers during the six years the theater featured live vaudeville, although their appearances have been confirmed at other Madison theaters.", "In July 1912, Jay Sherwood and F. J. McWilliams, operators of Madison's Grand and Fair Play theaters, gained control of the Majestic, renovating and re-opening it as a movie house on September 14.", "Showing first-run releases from the Universal Film Company, the theater was operated by a succession of managers including William M. Fursman, Hugh Flannery, Archie M. Cox, and George B. Thompson.", "In 1915, Wisconsin doctors were criticized for hiring a scantily clad dancer from the Majestic as entertainment for their convention.", "In 1916, owner R. M. Power sold the Majestic to Frank W. Fischer of Chicago.", "Facing competition from Madison's newer movie houses, Fischer renovated the theater by switching from coal to oil heating, installing a new ventilation system and moving the projectionist booth to the top of the balcony.", "He also added new lighting effects and an electric Bartolo organ for $7000, later replacing it a year later with a much larger model for a reported $46,000.", "He also employed \"mulatto girls in neat costumes\" as ushers.", "He remodeled the theater yet again in 1923.", "On April 29, 1916 Fischer pioneered Madison's first kiddie matinees.", "Incorporating as Fischer Paramount Theaters, he left operation of the Majestic to various managers (such as T. H. Luneman, Louis St. Pierre, Richard Siebert, Walter Nealand, and Tom Norman) while building a circuit of show palaces, including Madison's Parkway and Madison theaters in addition to ten other houses in Wisconsin and Illinois.", "In April 1921, Fischer was applauded for presenting the Cosmopolitan picture \"The Inside of the Cup\" after it was lambasted in a \"Chicago Tribune\" editorial and had been refused as \"undesirable\" by A. P. Desormeaux, manager of Madison's Strand Theater.", "The film was criticized for portraying business men and the clergy preying upon the poor.", "Fischer was praised after screening the film for a select group of state lawmakers and society women.", "In 1924, a Madison policewoman sought to halt the Majestic from presenting Bell's Hawaiian Revue, declaring the act \"detrimental to public morals\" due to the brevity of the hula costumes.", "The police chief declined to issue an injunction, while the theater was filled with capacity crowds.", "In 1924, the Majestic staged several months of successful comic plays performed by the Majestic Players, a stock company of local actors that included future Hollywood film stars Ralph Bellamy, Edmond O'Brien and Melvyn Hesselberg, who later changed his name to Melvyn Douglas.", "In 1927, the Majestic dropped its weekday shows, restoring them with added amateur nights the next year.", "In the late 1920s the theater building was bought by S. M. Kernan, a commercial fisherman who held the city contract to clear the lakes of carp.", "The Majestic was managed by Edmund H. Michalson, who with his father Torger S. Michalson owned the Orton and Palace Theaters on Madison's east side.", "After the advent of talkies, Edmund defended the continued showing of silent films by pointing out that many people are hard of hearing.", "Following the stock market crash of 1929, F. J. McWilliams was appointed trustee for the creditors of the Fischer theaters in Madison and oversaw the dissolution of the chain.", "In April 1930, Michalson was threatened with revocation of the theater's license by Mayor Albert G. Schmedeman for showing a movie without first getting approval from Madison's film censorship committee.", "The feature in question was \"No More Children\", a film that advocated birth control.", "Michalson's attorney (and future Wisconsin congressman)", "Harry Sauthoff criticized the body for lax supervision and for allowing \"hotter\" films be shown in other theaters.", "After screening \"No More Children\" for the committee, Michalson was given a letter of reprimand.", "In November 1930, S. M. Kernan leased the theater for $100,000 with an option to buy to Arthur P. Desormeaux, who had become the manager of the Eastwood Theater on Madison's east side.", "Originally a film distributor, Desormeaux had been the manager of the Strand Theater since 1918.", "He closed the Majestic for many weeks while he had the interior remodeled and outfitted for talking pictures.", "He planned on renaming the house the State Theater, but later dismissed the idea.", "That same year Desormeaux was placed on the \"unfair\" list by Local 251 of I.A.T.S.E. due to his refusal to employ union labor at the Majestic and for refusing to bargain with union members at the Eastwood.", "Desormeaux also acquired other theaters in Mineral Point and Mount Horeb, but they did not prove lucrative.", "Following the downtown openings of the New Orpheum and Capitol theaters, the Majestic succeeded as a second-run theater, known for its kiddie matinees of Wild West \"shoot 'em ups\" and adventure serials.", "In the early 1930s the theater lost its contract as a second-run house to the Strand, forcing Desormeaux to boost his advertising to compete with the newer houses.", "During a hearing concerning the oversale of bonds invested in the Orpheum, Strand and Parkway theaters, Desormeaux proposed to manage those houses plus the Majestic to pay off the bondholders, but nothing came of his plan.", "As World War II began, Desormeaux strengthened the Majestic's ties to the community through charitable actions such as offering free passes to old age pensioners and donating a day's box office receipts to the USO.", "In 1942, he helped manage the local collection of scrap metal for the war effort, contributing several steam radiators from the theater.", "He also opened the theater early mornings to accommodate third-shift defense workers.", "Citing declining health, Desormeaux and his wife sold the Majestic in 1943 to Warner Brothers Theaters of Wisconsin, Inc. Conditions of the sale stipulated that the theater could not be closed for more than thirty days at a time, and included a ban on burlesque or obscene shows.", "Nevertheless, the theater held Madison's first pin-up girl photo contest a year later.", "As a Warner house the Majestic was run by a variety of managers including Wayne Berkely, Roland Krause, R. O. Jensen, Robert Tauscher, James McCarthy, Ollie G. Thompson, Dennis Finkler and Marian Aasen.\nThe Majestic was about one third the capacity of the other Warner theater in Madison, the Capitol, and typically screened the Warner studio's lesser films or finished out the runs that opened at the larger theater.", "After the 1948 Supreme Court anti-trust ruling \"United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.\" that declared that studios must separate their film production from their exhibition, Warner Brothers spun off its theater holdings as Stanley-Warner Theaters (later RKO-Stanley-Warner Theaters).", "In 1956, the theater was once again extensively renovated, and re-opened with the movie musical \"High Society\".", "The Majestic boasted \"ultra modern decorative effects\" with new seats, screen, refreshment stand and improved projection.", "As the 1960s loomed, the Majestic began to establish itself as the place to see art house and foreign films, with mainstream fare rounding out their bookings.", "After police heard complaints about a movie trailer that showed \"objectionable\" material, the Majestic previewed Ingmar Bergman's \"The Silence\" for a group headed by the Madison chief of police, but they declined to censor the film.", "In 1965, the Majestic finished a 14-week run of \"My Fair Lady\", the longest run for any film in a Madison theater at that time.", "But as social mores and attitudes began to change during the late 1960s, RKO-Stanley-Warner began booking soft-core \"skin flicks\" that were light on art and heavy on nudity.", "When criticized for doing so, manager Finkler replied that the local audience for family movies had dried up.", "In November 1976, real estate broker Dan Nevasier bought the Majestic from RKO-Stanley Warner Theaters of New York for $125,000, adding it to his chain of 20th Century Theaters in Madison.", "He then leased the house to Parallax (later Landmark) Theatres of Los Angeles, a national chain of repertory cinemas that was founded by several former University of Wisconsin students.", "Parallax specialized in presenting classic, independent, foreign and cult films by screening a different double feature nearly every night.", "Drawing from the popularity of the campus film societies, the Majestic promoted its diverse schedule on free poster calendars.", "On June 3, 1978 it began its first midnight showings of \"The Rocky Horror Picture Show\", which ran there for 21 years.", "The Majestic's new format was an instant hit with sophisticated film-goers and Madison's counterculture at large.", "As the city's only art house cinema, it cultivated a fiercely loyal patronage that appreciated the herbal tea, cider and fresh popcorn with real butter for sale at its concessions stand.", "Midnight shows were often preceded by announcements of coming attractions delivered from the floor by the manager, along with the policy that \"we don't care what you smoke\" as long as it was smoked near the ashtray at the top of the balcony stairs.", "The outdated equipment was dismissed as a concern, with manager Bob Strong saying their loyal patrons \"come for what's on the screen and not to hear a new sound system.\"", "Projectionist Bob Monshein fondly dubbed the non-automated 1939 projectors \"Neandermation.\"", "During a 1983 appearance to benefit Madison Repertory Theatre, film critic Roger Ebert called the Majestic \"a temple of art and sacred to me.", "\"\nAs many of the older classic films became available on video cassette in the early 1980s, the theater switched to contemporary independent films and foreign fare.", "In 1986, the Majestic faced competition for bookings from the new east-side Barrymore Theatre (formerly the Eastwood), but within a year the Barrymore became a mainstream $2 budget cinema with frequent live concerts.", "In 1987, Landmark Theaters signed a new six-year lease with 20th Century Theaters.", "In 1991, the Sam Goldwyn Company acquired Heritage Entertainment Inc., parent company of Landmark Theaters, but the Majestic's art house schedule was not affected.", "Due to the difficulty of turning a profit on a single-screen theater in the age of multiplex cinemas, Landmark Theatres Corp. let its lease expire in September 1992.", "As owner of the building 20th Century Theaters sought to continue independent films at the Majestic and installed their district manager Jerry Fladen to oversee operations.", "The city of Madison designated the building a historic landmark in 1995, but its infamously uncomfortable seats and substandard sound did little to encourage attendance.", "The theater also suffered from its antiquated design, with a tiny lobby and concessions area, plus the only restrooms were in the balcony.", "Because the auditorium was never designed for movies, the pictures were difficult to keep in focus projected from such a steep angle.", "Ironically the widening popularity of independent films may have doomed the theater, with the Majestic no longer holding a monopoly on the art house films that were also shown regularly at the multi-screened Hilldale and Westgate Cinemas.", "As attendance declined, the union projectionists stopped working there so Fladen could save on expenses.", "In March 1999, Dean Fitzgerald of 20th Century Theaters announced the closing of the Majestic on the imminent sale of the building to a buyer he would not name.", "When the Majestic closed with its final feature \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" on March 28, 1999, it had been Wisconsin's oldest continually operating theater.", "The new owner of the building was indoor soccer field developer Richard Fritz, who purchased the Majestic for $248,800.", "In April 2000 it was announced that local restaurateur Henry Doane would lease the theater and reopen after extensive renovations.", "Doane had bought the 71-year-old Orpheum Theatre (with the attached Stage Door Theater) a year earlier and installed a restaurant and bar in the lobby, making him the operator of the last three commercial movie screens in downtown Madison.", "Admitting publicly that he may lose money on the Majestic venture, he confessed to sentimental feelings about the theater and believed it could return to its former art house glory.", "Fritz and Doane spent $250,000 on a new roof, a new sound system, a larger concession stand and a first-floor restroom.", "Seating capacity went from 537 to 400 to provide more leg room, and padded bench seats were installed in the balcony.", "The theater reopened on June 30, 2000 with \"Hamlet\" starring Ethan Hawke.", "The Majestic became one of the venues for the growing Wisconsin Film Festival.", "But Doane struggled to make a profit in the face of the same competition with the Westgate and Hilldale Theaters for independent film bookings and audiences.", "The theater stopped showing films on September 1, 2002 as a new buyer was found who planned to turn the movie house into a nightclub.", "After his plan to develop an entertainment complex on East Washington Avenue fell through, restaurateur Nick Schiavo purchased the Majestic from Fritz for $718,000, contingent on his ability to secure the site's first liquor license.", "Schiavo, whose family owned Cafe Continental across the street and had owned local restaurants and bars for generations, planned to convert the theater into a combination music club and banquet facility that retained the ability to screen films.", "Over $300,000 was spent installing an elevated dance floor, industrial-styled mezzanine and two bars, one of them above the stage.", "Flashing lights were installed in the ornate gold proscenium arch and the DJ booth was the theater's original art deco concessions stand.", "With a capacity of 472 making it the second largest dance club in Madison, the new Club Majestic opened in February 2003 with longtime Madison DJ Nick Nice providing the music.", "During the four years of its operation, Club Majestic garnered negative headlines and criticism, beginning with complaints about its $9 all-you-can-drink specials.", "By 2004, the club became primarily a hip hop venue, and the weekend crowds of hundreds that spilled out into the street at closing time often resulted in fistfights and smashed windows.", "In 2005, there were three separate incidents of gunfire, and the next year a stabbing.", "Madison police responded by blocking off the street to cruising vehicles, and Schiavo (and his brother Jim) implemented ID scanners and metal detectors in addition to hiring their own armed security guards, which police later said contributed to the problem.", "After Schiavo declared he was not responsible for what happened in the street, neighboring businesses withdrew their support, claiming the club was making their customers feel unsafe.", "By 2006, Schiavo himself admitted the atmosphere was \"scary,\" but blamed insufficient numbers of police officers in an area saturated with bars.", "Others in the community blamed hip hop music itself, as it was seen as leading to similar violent incidents at other Madison venues.", "Schiavo defended hip hop as \"the most popular music around these days\" and \"If you say 'I don't like hip hop' you're saying 'I don't like black people.'\"", "Despite the Schiavos announcing they planned to sell the Majestic, in September 2006 Madison police attached onerous conditions to the club's liquor license, including lowering the capacity to 200 and requiring one uniformed security guard for every thirty patrons.", "In a compromise with the city, the club surrendered its performing arts license which had allowed DJs and underage patrons.", "Live shows were discontinued by the end of the year.", "Asking for $1.6 million, the Schiavos accepted an offer of $1.35 million for the building in March 2007 and closed the deal three months later.", "In 2007, the Majestic was acquired by Matt Gerding of Kansas City and Scott Leslie of Chicago.", "Gerding had booked shows at the University of Missouri, while Leslie had done the same at the University of Iowa.", "Leslie had also been keyboardist and tour manager for The Push Stars.", "Gerding and Leslie met in Los Angeles, where Gerding worked for Creative Artists Agency.", "Gerding had booked shows at Midwest venues and was familiar with Madison clubs such as Luther's Blues and the High Noon Saloon.", "Sharing an interest in running a music venue of their own, they re-opened as the Majestic Theatre on September 29, 2007 with a concert by Mandy Moore and Ben Lee.", "Since then, the Majestic has featured artists of every musical genre, local and international DJs and stand-up comedians.", "The theater has also hosted vaudeville and burlesque shows, political rallies, \"Brew & View\" film nights, live concerts on King Street as well as weddings, church services and other events.", "Gerding and Leslie's promoting arm, Majestic Live, has booked acts into many other Madison venues as well as outside the city.", "Their prized marketer, Lauren Toler, was hired in February 2013 and is still begrudgingly working for Gerding and Leslie." ]

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[ "The Majestic Theatre is a 600-capacity live music venue in downtown Madison, Wisconsin.", "Opened in 1906, it is Madison's oldest theater, changing ownership many times and adapting to the many changes in the entertainment business throughout its history.", "Beginning as a vaudeville theater, it became a movie house by 1912 with occasional live acts, and converted to talking motion pictures by 1930.", "Today the theater is owned and operated by Matt Gerding and Scott Leslie who acquired the theater in 2007 and made it into a successful music club hosting DJs and live shows several nights a week." ]

[ "The Majestic Theatre was founded by Edward F. Biederstaedt (1865–1912) and his brother Otto, sons of Williamson Street grocer Charles Biederstaedt, whose German ancestors helped establish the Catholic church in Madison.", "Edward had been a railroad brakeman, secondhand goods dealer, and later ran the White House saloon on King Street.", "By 1900, he was running a gambling house in the basement of the Capital Hotel.", "Otto was a printer at the Democrat Printing Company.", "On May 6, 1906 the Biederstaedts purchased the King Street property from developers of the Cantwell block at Pinckney and Doty Streets, previously the site of annual outdoor tent shows featuring horses and touring vaudeville acts.", "Designed by Madison architects Claude & Starck, the Majestic has an irregular footprint due to it being in the center of a triangle-shaped block.", "It became the second vaudeville house in Madison when it opened on Saturday, December 15, 1906.", "Attendees were met with gray uniformed ushers and free music provided by Charles Nitschke Jr.'s Arion Orchestra.", "Appearing in the theater's first week were the 4 Luciers (\"Monarchs of the Musical World\"), popular singer Flo Adler, an \"up-to-date sketch\" by Edith Dembey & Company, comedians Dixon & Fields as German sailors, and the \"Majestiscope\"—lyrics to popular songs projected on a screen for the audience to sing along with.", "Admission was fifteen cents, with reserved seats being twenty cents and matinees a dime.", "Promoting itself as Madison's family vaudeville house, the Majestic was immediately popular.", "Only months after opening contractor John H. Findorff was hired to add a balcony and theater boxes, raising capacity to nearly 500, plus a second ticket window to accommodate the many patrons.", "Performers were hired through the United Booking Agency and Klaw and Erlanger, and later the Western Vaudeville Managers' Association.", "Before celebrating their first year the Biederstadt brothers were already seeking to acquire theaters in La Crosse, Winona and Minneapolis, as well as making an offer on Madison's Fuller Opera House.", "The Biederstaedts took on a partner and incorporated with $50,000 capital as the Majestic Amusement Company.", "They rented out the Majestic as meeting space, hosting a convention of Wisconsin fire chiefs in 1909.", "They also began showing their first \"moving pictures\" in 1908.", "Three years later, the Biederstaedts' fortunes had changed.", "Edward's \"nervous\" wife shot herself in the head on the eve of the opening of a competing vaudeville theater, the New Orpheum.", "He himself would die four months later.", "The types of performances staged were typical of the vaudeville era, including all manner of singers, dancers and musicians, ethnic comedians, magicians, minstrel shows, hypnotists, Asian acrobats and live animal acts ranging from dogs to seals to lions.", "Claims have been made over the years that vaudevillians such as Harry Houdini, Al Jolson, W. C. Fields and the Marx Brothers performed on the Majestic stage, but there is no evidence of these shows in newspapers during the six years the theater featured live vaudeville, although their appearances have been confirmed at other Madison theaters.", "In July 1912, Jay Sherwood and F. J. McWilliams, operators of Madison's Grand and Fair Play theaters, gained control of the Majestic, renovating and re-opening it as a movie house on September 14.", "Showing first-run releases from the Universal Film Company, the theater was operated by a succession of managers including William M. Fursman, Hugh Flannery, Archie M. Cox, and George B. Thompson.", "In 1915, Wisconsin doctors were criticized for hiring a scantily clad dancer from the Majestic as entertainment for their convention.", "In 1916, owner R. M. Power sold the Majestic to Frank W. Fischer of Chicago.", "Facing competition from Madison's newer movie houses, Fischer renovated the theater by switching from coal to oil heating, installing a new ventilation system and moving the projectionist booth to the top of the balcony.", "He also added new lighting effects and an electric Bartolo organ for $7000, later replacing it a year later with a much larger model for a reported $46,000.", "He also employed \"mulatto girls in neat costumes\" as ushers.", "He remodeled the theater yet again in 1923.", "On April 29, 1916 Fischer pioneered Madison's first kiddie matinees.", "Incorporating as Fischer Paramount Theaters, he left operation of the Majestic to various managers (such as T. H. Luneman, Louis St. Pierre, Richard Siebert, Walter Nealand, and Tom Norman) while building a circuit of show palaces, including Madison's Parkway and Madison theaters in addition to ten other houses in Wisconsin and Illinois.", "In April 1921, Fischer was applauded for presenting the Cosmopolitan picture \"The Inside of the Cup\" after it was lambasted in a \"Chicago Tribune\" editorial and had been refused as \"undesirable\" by A. P. Desormeaux, manager of Madison's Strand Theater.", "The film was criticized for portraying business men and the clergy preying upon the poor.", "Fischer was praised after screening the film for a select group of state lawmakers and society women.", "In 1924, a Madison policewoman sought to halt the Majestic from presenting Bell's Hawaiian Revue, declaring the act \"detrimental to public morals\" due to the brevity of the hula costumes.", "The police chief declined to issue an injunction, while the theater was filled with capacity crowds.", "In 1924, the Majestic staged several months of successful comic plays performed by the Majestic Players, a stock company of local actors that included future Hollywood film stars Ralph Bellamy, Edmond O'Brien and Melvyn Hesselberg, who later changed his name to Melvyn Douglas.", "In 1927, the Majestic dropped its weekday shows, restoring them with added amateur nights the next year.", "In the late 1920s the theater building was bought by S. M. Kernan, a commercial fisherman who held the city contract to clear the lakes of carp.", "The Majestic was managed by Edmund H. Michalson, who with his father Torger S. Michalson owned the Orton and Palace Theaters on Madison's east side.", "After the advent of talkies, Edmund defended the continued showing of silent films by pointing out that many people are hard of hearing.", "Following the stock market crash of 1929, F. J. McWilliams was appointed trustee for the creditors of the Fischer theaters in Madison and oversaw the dissolution of the chain.", "In April 1930, Michalson was threatened with revocation of the theater's license by Mayor Albert G. Schmedeman for showing a movie without first getting approval from Madison's film censorship committee.", "The feature in question was \"No More Children\", a film that advocated birth control.", "Michalson's attorney (and future Wisconsin congressman)", "Harry Sauthoff criticized the body for lax supervision and for allowing \"hotter\" films be shown in other theaters.", "After screening \"No More Children\" for the committee, Michalson was given a letter of reprimand.", "In November 1930, S. M. Kernan leased the theater for $100,000 with an option to buy to Arthur P. Desormeaux, who had become the manager of the Eastwood Theater on Madison's east side.", "Originally a film distributor, Desormeaux had been the manager of the Strand Theater since 1918.", "He closed the Majestic for many weeks while he had the interior remodeled and outfitted for talking pictures.", "He planned on renaming the house the State Theater, but later dismissed the idea.", "That same year Desormeaux was placed on the \"unfair\" list by Local 251 of I.A.T.S.E. due to his refusal to employ union labor at the Majestic and for refusing to bargain with union members at the Eastwood.", "Desormeaux also acquired other theaters in Mineral Point and Mount Horeb, but they did not prove lucrative.", "Following the downtown openings of the New Orpheum and Capitol theaters, the Majestic succeeded as a second-run theater, known for its kiddie matinees of Wild West \"shoot 'em ups\" and adventure serials.", "In the early 1930s the theater lost its contract as a second-run house to the Strand, forcing Desormeaux to boost his advertising to compete with the newer houses.", "During a hearing concerning the oversale of bonds invested in the Orpheum, Strand and Parkway theaters, Desormeaux proposed to manage those houses plus the Majestic to pay off the bondholders, but nothing came of his plan.", "As World War II began, Desormeaux strengthened the Majestic's ties to the community through charitable actions such as offering free passes to old age pensioners and donating a day's box office receipts to the USO.", "In 1942, he helped manage the local collection of scrap metal for the war effort, contributing several steam radiators from the theater.", "He also opened the theater early mornings to accommodate third-shift defense workers.", "Citing declining health, Desormeaux and his wife sold the Majestic in 1943 to Warner Brothers Theaters of Wisconsin, Inc. Conditions of the sale stipulated that the theater could not be closed for more than thirty days at a time, and included a ban on burlesque or obscene shows.", "Nevertheless, the theater held Madison's first pin-up girl photo contest a year later.", "As a Warner house the Majestic was run by a variety of managers including Wayne Berkely, Roland Krause, R. O. Jensen, Robert Tauscher, James McCarthy, Ollie G. Thompson, Dennis Finkler and Marian Aasen.\nThe Majestic was about one third the capacity of the other Warner theater in Madison, the Capitol, and typically screened the Warner studio's lesser films or finished out the runs that opened at the larger theater.", "After the 1948 Supreme Court anti-trust ruling \"United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.\" that declared that studios must separate their film production from their exhibition, Warner Brothers spun off its theater holdings as Stanley-Warner Theaters (later RKO-Stanley-Warner Theaters).", "In 1956, the theater was once again extensively renovated, and re-opened with the movie musical \"High Society\".", "The Majestic boasted \"ultra modern decorative effects\" with new seats, screen, refreshment stand and improved projection.", "As the 1960s loomed, the Majestic began to establish itself as the place to see art house and foreign films, with mainstream fare rounding out their bookings.", "After police heard complaints about a movie trailer that showed \"objectionable\" material, the Majestic previewed Ingmar Bergman's \"The Silence\" for a group headed by the Madison chief of police, but they declined to censor the film.", "In 1965, the Majestic finished a 14-week run of \"My Fair Lady\", the longest run for any film in a Madison theater at that time.", "But as social mores and attitudes began to change during the late 1960s, RKO-Stanley-Warner began booking soft-core \"skin flicks\" that were light on art and heavy on nudity.", "When criticized for doing so, manager Finkler replied that the local audience for family movies had dried up.", "In November 1976, real estate broker Dan Nevasier bought the Majestic from RKO-Stanley Warner Theaters of New York for $125,000, adding it to his chain of 20th Century Theaters in Madison.", "He then leased the house to Parallax (later Landmark) Theatres of Los Angeles, a national chain of repertory cinemas that was founded by several former University of Wisconsin students.", "Parallax specialized in presenting classic, independent, foreign and cult films by screening a different double feature nearly every night.", "Drawing from the popularity of the campus film societies, the Majestic promoted its diverse schedule on free poster calendars.", "On June 3, 1978 it began its first midnight showings of \"The Rocky Horror Picture Show\", which ran there for 21 years.", "The Majestic's new format was an instant hit with sophisticated film-goers and Madison's counterculture at large.", "As the city's only art house cinema, it cultivated a fiercely loyal patronage that appreciated the herbal tea, cider and fresh popcorn with real butter for sale at its concessions stand.", "Midnight shows were often preceded by announcements of coming attractions delivered from the floor by the manager, along with the policy that \"we don't care what you smoke\" as long as it was smoked near the ashtray at the top of the balcony stairs.", "The outdated equipment was dismissed as a concern, with manager Bob Strong saying their loyal patrons \"come for what's on the screen and not to hear a new sound system.\"", "Projectionist Bob Monshein fondly dubbed the non-automated 1939 projectors \"Neandermation.\"", "During a 1983 appearance to benefit Madison Repertory Theatre, film critic Roger Ebert called the Majestic \"a temple of art and sacred to me.", "\"\nAs many of the older classic films became available on video cassette in the early 1980s, the theater switched to contemporary independent films and foreign fare.", "In 1986, the Majestic faced competition for bookings from the new east-side Barrymore Theatre (formerly the Eastwood), but within a year the Barrymore became a mainstream $2 budget cinema with frequent live concerts.", "In 1987, Landmark Theaters signed a new six-year lease with 20th Century Theaters.", "In 1991, the Sam Goldwyn Company acquired Heritage Entertainment Inc., parent company of Landmark Theaters, but the Majestic's art house schedule was not affected.", "Due to the difficulty of turning a profit on a single-screen theater in the age of multiplex cinemas, Landmark Theatres Corp. let its lease expire in September 1992.", "As owner of the building 20th Century Theaters sought to continue independent films at the Majestic and installed their district manager Jerry Fladen to oversee operations.", "The city of Madison designated the building a historic landmark in 1995, but its infamously uncomfortable seats and substandard sound did little to encourage attendance.", "The theater also suffered from its antiquated design, with a tiny lobby and concessions area, plus the only restrooms were in the balcony.", "Because the auditorium was never designed for movies, the pictures were difficult to keep in focus projected from such a steep angle.", "Ironically the widening popularity of independent films may have doomed the theater, with the Majestic no longer holding a monopoly on the art house films that were also shown regularly at the multi-screened Hilldale and Westgate Cinemas.", "As attendance declined, the union projectionists stopped working there so Fladen could save on expenses.", "In March 1999, Dean Fitzgerald of 20th Century Theaters announced the closing of the Majestic on the imminent sale of the building to a buyer he would not name.", "When the Majestic closed with its final feature \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" on March 28, 1999, it had been Wisconsin's oldest continually operating theater.", "The new owner of the building was indoor soccer field developer Richard Fritz, who purchased the Majestic for $248,800.", "In April 2000 it was announced that local restaurateur Henry Doane would lease the theater and reopen after extensive renovations.", "Doane had bought the 71-year-old Orpheum Theatre (with the attached Stage Door Theater) a year earlier and installed a restaurant and bar in the lobby, making him the operator of the last three commercial movie screens in downtown Madison.", "Admitting publicly that he may lose money on the Majestic venture, he confessed to sentimental feelings about the theater and believed it could return to its former art house glory.", "Fritz and Doane spent $250,000 on a new roof, a new sound system, a larger concession stand and a first-floor restroom.", "Seating capacity went from 537 to 400 to provide more leg room, and padded bench seats were installed in the balcony.", "The theater reopened on June 30, 2000 with \"Hamlet\" starring Ethan Hawke.", "The Majestic became one of the venues for the growing Wisconsin Film Festival.", "But Doane struggled to make a profit in the face of the same competition with the Westgate and Hilldale Theaters for independent film bookings and audiences.", "The theater stopped showing films on September 1, 2002 as a new buyer was found who planned to turn the movie house into a nightclub.", "After his plan to develop an entertainment complex on East Washington Avenue fell through, restaurateur Nick Schiavo purchased the Majestic from Fritz for $718,000, contingent on his ability to secure the site's first liquor license.", "Schiavo, whose family owned Cafe Continental across the street and had owned local restaurants and bars for generations, planned to convert the theater into a combination music club and banquet facility that retained the ability to screen films.", "Over $300,000 was spent installing an elevated dance floor, industrial-styled mezzanine and two bars, one of them above the stage.", "Flashing lights were installed in the ornate gold proscenium arch and the DJ booth was the theater's original art deco concessions stand.", "With a capacity of 472 making it the second largest dance club in Madison, the new Club Majestic opened in February 2003 with longtime Madison DJ Nick Nice providing the music.", "During the four years of its operation, Club Majestic garnered negative headlines and criticism, beginning with complaints about its $9 all-you-can-drink specials.", "By 2004, the club became primarily a hip hop venue, and the weekend crowds of hundreds that spilled out into the street at closing time often resulted in fistfights and smashed windows.", "In 2005, there were three separate incidents of gunfire, and the next year a stabbing.", "Madison police responded by blocking off the street to cruising vehicles, and Schiavo (and his brother Jim) implemented ID scanners and metal detectors in addition to hiring their own armed security guards, which police later said contributed to the problem.", "After Schiavo declared he was not responsible for what happened in the street, neighboring businesses withdrew their support, claiming the club was making their customers feel unsafe.", "By 2006, Schiavo himself admitted the atmosphere was \"scary,\" but blamed insufficient numbers of police officers in an area saturated with bars.", "Others in the community blamed hip hop music itself, as it was seen as leading to similar violent incidents at other Madison venues.", "Schiavo defended hip hop as \"the most popular music around these days\" and \"If you say 'I don't like hip hop' you're saying 'I don't like black people.'\"", "Despite the Schiavos announcing they planned to sell the Majestic, in September 2006 Madison police attached onerous conditions to the club's liquor license, including lowering the capacity to 200 and requiring one uniformed security guard for every thirty patrons.", "In a compromise with the city, the club surrendered its performing arts license which had allowed DJs and underage patrons.", "Live shows were discontinued by the end of the year.", "Asking for $1.6 million, the Schiavos accepted an offer of $1.35 million for the building in March 2007 and closed the deal three months later.", "In 2007, the Majestic was acquired by Matt Gerding of Kansas City and Scott Leslie of Chicago.", "Gerding had booked shows at the University of Missouri, while Leslie had done the same at the University of Iowa.", "Leslie had also been keyboardist and tour manager for The Push Stars.", "Gerding and Leslie met in Los Angeles, where Gerding worked for Creative Artists Agency.", "Gerding had booked shows at Midwest venues and was familiar with Madison clubs such as Luther's Blues and the High Noon Saloon.", "Sharing an interest in running a music venue of their own, they re-opened as the Majestic Theatre on September 29, 2007 with a concert by Mandy Moore and Ben Lee.", "Since then, the Majestic has featured artists of every musical genre, local and international DJs and stand-up comedians.", "The theater has also hosted vaudeville and burlesque shows, political rallies, \"Brew & View\" film nights, live concerts on King Street as well as weddings, church services and other events.", "Gerding and Leslie's promoting arm, Majestic Live, has booked acts into many other Madison venues as well as outside the city.", "Their prized marketer, Lauren Toler, was hired in February 2013 and is still begrudgingly working for Gerding and Leslie." ]

[ 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131 ]

[ "Today the theater is owned and operated by Matt Gerding and Scott Leslie who acquired the theater in 2007 and made it into a successful music club hosting DJs and live shows several nights a week." ]

[ "The Kumbh Mela (the festival of the urn) commemorates an event in Hindu mythology when the gods (Devas) and the demons (Asuras) were fighting over an urn that contained the nectar of immortality (Amrita).", "During the fight, four drops of nectar fell to Earth and landed in the four locations where the Kumbh Mela is now held on a three-yearly rotation: Allahabad (Prayag), Haridwar, Ujjain and Nasik.", "The 2001 event at Allahabad was also known as the Maha (great) Kumbh Mela, occurring only once every 12 Kumbh Melas, or every 144 years.", "The Kumbh Mela is one of the largest human gatherings in history, with an estimated 70 million people attending the 2001 event", "\"Short Cut to Nirvana\" Looks at the Kumbh Mela from the point of view of four visitors from the US and Canada, each on their first visit to the event, although one, Los Angeles-based photographer Jasper Johal, is himself an Indian returning for the first time in 23 years.", "Two of the visitors, Dyan Summers and Justin Davis, befriend a likable young Hindu monk Swami Krishnanand, who acts as their guide and translator, and appears in much of the film.", "The structure of the film is episodic with an underlying theme that builds, with visits to various elaborate camps set up by gurus and yogis, some of whom have unusual and extreme practices, such as keeping on arm raised for many years or sitting on a throne of nails over a flaming pit.", "The filmmakers interview several of these spiritual teachers, and these interviews are often interconnected with visual and musical interludes that illustrate the diverse activities taking place at the event.", "These include ritual bathing, dancing and theatre, head shaving, fire rituals, and other devotional activities.", "The 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, also appears in the film as an official guest of Hindu leaders seeking to harmonize relations between Hinduism and Buddhism.", "The film’s closing scene is the highlight of the Kumbh Mela, known as Mauni Amavasya, the new moon bathing day, which is considered the most auspicious time to take a holy dip at the sangam – the confluence of the Yamuna, Ganges and mythical Saraswati rivers.", "An estimated 25 million pilgrims enter the sangam during this 24-hour period, which is believed to cleanse their karma for many lifetimes.", "\"Short Cut to Nirvana\" premiered in the US in May, 2004 and was on release for over one year.", "The film also received a theatrical release in Germany, with the premiere in Hamburg in April, 2006.", "The film was released by Zeitgeist Films in October 2005.", "The film was generally well received by the critics and scored 75% fresh by online movie review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes’ Top Reviewers.", "The \"Los Angeles Times\"'s Kevin Crust wrote \"If the film offers any lesson, it is that nirvana is not easily attainable, so there really are no shortcuts.\"", "Carla Meyer of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote \"A snapshot of the festival, one that radiates good cheer and offers moments of true, godly goodness\".", "\"Short Cut to Nirvana is a beautifully crafted documentary that details the organized chaos and curious piety surrounding the Kumbh Mela, an Indian religious festival held on 12-year intervals for the past two millennia\".", "The \"New York Times\"'s A.O. Scott wrote \"Given the event's size and complexity, it is perhaps inevitable that this documentary feels haphazard and superficial, more tourist's photo album than analysis.", "Still, the glimpses it offers are never less than fascinating\"." ]

[ 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 ]

[ "The documentary premiered in the USA on May 11, 2004." ]

[ "Trachtenberg was born on November 11, 1923 in Zhytomyr.", "In 1940 he has graduated from the Kiev school № 44.", "In 1940 he was a student of philological faculty of the Kiev State University.", "Since 1941, he studied in the Kiev Medical Institute.", "In 1942, he combined his studies at the institute along with the work as a toolmaker in \"Chelyabenergomontazhe\" in the construction of the plant's defense industry.", "At the same time he took a 110-hour VSL-1 training.", "In 1943, he was elected as a chairman of the student union of the Kiev Medical Institute.", "For active public work was awarded the diploma of the Chelyabinsk Council of People's Deputies.", "In 1944, he returned to Kiev with a team of students and teachers of the institute, where he continued his studies.", "Two years later, graduated from the Kiev Medical Institute, and was enrolled in graduate school in the competition at the Department of Occupational Health, headed by Lev Ivanovich Medved.", "In 1947-1948 he participated in the first post-war scientific forums in Preventive Medicine (XII All-Union Congress of the Ukrainian and V hygienists, epidemiologists, microbiologists, infectious disease).", "In 1948, the Republican antiepidemic commission was appointed commissioner for conducting control activities Railway district of Kiev.", "In the same year he was awarded the medal \"For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945\".", "In 1951, Trachtenberg was awarded the scientific degree of candidate of medical sciences, and he was enrolled as Assistant Department of Occupational Health Kiev Medical Institute.", "From 1951 to 1955, he worked as an assistant to the department.", "In his role as professor, which in those years led a member of the Academy of Medical Sciences Hayk Khachaturovich Shahbazian, Trachtenberg served until 1972 and during that time has published three monographs, one of which is devoted to mercury poisoning, the second - Toxicology of polymers, the third - physiology of mental labor.", "In 1956, Trachtenberg was awarded the academic title of an associate professor and in 1961 he was elected a chairman of the union of the Kiev Medical Institute.", "Already in 1964, he was awarded the academic degree of doctor of medical sciences.", "Two years later, in 1966 Trachtenberg was awarded the medal \"For the defense of Kiev\" and in the same year he received the title of professor.", "In 1968 he was awarded the diploma of the Presidium of the Ukrainian national committee of the union of medical workers, and then in 1970 Certificate of Merit Executive Committee of Kyiv City Council of People's Deputies.", "In 1972, Trachtenberg, was elected head of the Laboratory of Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Health for the use of chemicals Kyiv Research Institute of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases Ministry of Health of Ukraine.", "He also became a member of the Industrial Toxicology Section of the Problem Commission \"Scientific basis of health and occupational diseases,\" Academy of Medical Sciences.", "He is actively published in the newspapers: \"The Mirror of the week\", \"Day\", \"Pravda Ukrainy\", \"Medical Newspaper\" (Moscow), \"Your Health Protection\" (Kyiv), \"Health Protection of Ukraine\" (Kyiv) \"Doctor\" (Kyiv), \"Mistetstvo lіkuvannya\" (Kyiv), \"Rainbow\" (Kyiv)." ]

[ 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 ]

[ "Bogomolets (2010, academic awards for Preventive Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine (1995, 2002, 2010)." ]

[ "Day trained and worked as an editor in London while studying cinema as part of the British Film Institute/University of London diploma program.", "After relocating to the US, he worked for several years in television production on a wide range of programming, including commercials, news, current affairs, and arts and entertainment for broadcast in Italy, Brazil, Germany, as well as the US.", "He later produced and directed the documentary \"Short Cut to Nirvana: Kumbh Mela\" with Maurizio Benazzo, which won several awards.", "Day also won an award for best screenplay for \"The Fallen\", a World War I drama directed by Ari Taub.", "Day currently produces the DVD series \"The Consciousness Chronicles\", which documents the latest research and theory of consciousness, and includes interviews with David Chalmers, Rupert Sheldrake, Deepak Chopra, Marilyn Schlitz, Dean Radin, and Stuart Hameroff.", "He is also director and co-writer with Stuart Hameroff of \"Mindville\", an animated feature film currently in development.", "Day has appeared on panels on conscious filmmaking and guest-lectured at USC School of Cinematic Arts and University of California, Berkeley's Department of Anthropology.", "He speaks on consciousness and the cinema, and has also presented at the Toward a Science of Consciousness conference in Tucson, AZ.", "Day is a member of the National Guild of Hypnotists." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ]

[ "His most notable work to date as director is the documentary \"Short Cut to Nirvana: Kumbh Mela\"." ]

[ "Dietzenbach station was established on 1 December 1898 together with the opening of the Offenbach-Bieber–Dietzenbach railway, a branch line of the Rodgau Railway ().", "From the beginning all passenger services on the line started here.", "Labourers and craftsmen used the line to commute to their jobs in Offenbach am Main and Frankfurt and local farmers benefited from having faster transportation to the markets of the major cities.", "Traffic to Dietzenbach flourished in the period after the Second World War.", "In 1959 there were still 25 daily trains to Offenbach, but in 1978 there were only five.", "On 18 June 1982, passenger services were closed to Dietzenbach; this was followed a few years later by the abandonment of express freight and baggage traffic.", "The tracks were retained and preserved.", "From the 2003/2004 timetable, introduced on 14 December 2003, the station, which until then had been called \"Dietzenbach (Hess)\", became part of line S2 (Niedernhausen–Dietzenbach) of the Rhine-Main S-Bahn.", "The station had been modified to give barrier-free access for the disabled.", "The station is now the starting point for trains to Niedernhausen via the Offenbach and Frankfurt city tunnels, Höchst and Hofheim.", "The station building is a listed building built in 1898 of brick with the roof sloping towards the platform, at the southern end on both sides there is an avant-corps.", "These are connected by a continuous ridge line and have triangular gables.", "Connected to it is a flat-roofed freight shed with a covered ramp.", "The building is now privately owned.", "The station has a barrier-free \"home\" platform next to station building and the single-track line ends to the south at a buffer stop near Max-Planck-Straße.", "The other tracks were dismantled during the reconstruction for the S-Bahn.", "The S-Bahn trains run every 30 minutes.", "During peak hours trains run at 15-minute intervals.", "The municipal bus line OF-57 runs from Dietzenbach station to Dietzenbach Mitte station, occasionally as far as Dietzenbach-Steinberg station.", "Since the beginning of operations there have been plans to extend the line past Dietzenbach.", "In 1906 and again after 1913 there was talk of an extension to Messel, but due to the First World War, these plans came to nothing.", "After the beginning of S-Bahn operations in 2003 there was consideration of extending the railway line and S-Bahn operations to Rödermark-Urberach station where it would have connected with the Dreieich Railway (\"Dreieichbahn\"), running between Dreieich-Buchschlag and Rödermark-Ober Roden station.", "This project failed because it was found to be not economically justifiable and so Dietzenbach remains the terminus of the line." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ]

[ "Dietzenbach station (\"Dietzenbach Bahnhof\") is the terminus of the Offenbach-Bieber–Dietzenbach railway in the German state of Hesse.", "The station is now used exclusively by line S2 of the Rhine-Main S-Bahn." ]

[ "Stryker received a bachelor's degree in Letters from University of Oklahoma in 1983.", "She earned a Ph.D. in United States History at the University of California, Berkeley in 1992; the doctoral thesis she presented was \"Making Mormonism: A Critical and Historical Analysis of Cultural Formation\".", "Stryker is Professor of Gender and Women's Studies at the University of Arizona, and is the former director of the university's Institute for LGBT Studies.", "She has served as a visiting professor at Harvard University, University of California, Santa Cruz, and Simon Fraser University.", "She is an openly lesbian trans woman who has produced a significant body of work about transgender and queer culture.", "She came out as transgender and began to transition shortly after earning her doctorate.", "Her scholarly article \"My Words to Victor Frankenstein Above the Village of Chamounix\", published in 1994, was her first published academic article, and after trail-blazing Australian transgender academic Roberta Perkins who began publishing her research on female sex workers in the 1980s, one of the first articles ever published in a peer-reviewed academic journal by an openly transgender author.", "She was later awarded a postdoctoral research fellowship in human sexuality studies at Stanford University, sponsored by the Social Science Research Council and the Ford Foundation.", "From 1999 to 2003, she was the executive director of the GLBT Historical Society in San Francisco.", "In 2004, Stryker was distinguished visiting faculty in the Department of Critical and Cultural Studies at Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.", "In 2007-8 She held the Ruth Wynn Woodward Endowed Visiting Professorship in Women's Studies at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, Canada.", "In fall 2008 she was distinguished visiting faculty with the Committee on Degrees in Women's, Gender and Sexuality Studies at Harvard University, and in Spring 2009 she was Regents' Distinguished Lecturer in Feminist Studies at University of California-Santa Cruz.", "She was hired with tenure as Associate Professor of Gender Studies at Indiana University in 2009, and left to accept a position as Associate Professor of Gender and Women's Studies and Director of the Institute for LGBT Studies at the University of Arizona in 2011.", "In 2013, Stryker established the Transgender Studies Initiative at the University of Arizona.", "She focused on \"hiring faculty of color\", in her own words.", "In 2015, Yale University awarded Stryker the James Robert Brudner Class of 1983 Memorial Prize for lifetime accomplishment and scholarly contributions in the field of lesbian and gay studies.", "In 2007, the Monette-Horowitz Trust honored her for her anti-homophobia activism.", "Among her other honors are a Community Vanguard Award from the Transgender Law Center, and recognition as a \"Local Hero\" by San Francisco public television station KQED.", "Stryker's first book, \"Gay by the Bay: A History of Queer Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area\" (Chronicle Books 1996), coauthored with Jim Van Buskirk, is an illustrated account of the evolution of LGBT culture in the San Francisco Bay Area of Northern California.", "This book and its successor, \"Queer Pulp\", were each nominated for a Lambda Literary Award.", "In the critical survey \"Queer Pulp: Perverted Passions from the Golden Age of the Paperback\" (Chronicle Books 2001), Stryker turned her attention to the lesbian pulp fiction and gay male pulp fiction published in the United States from the 1930s through the 1960s.", "With Stephen Whittle she co-edited \"The Transgender Studies Reader\" (Routledge 2006), which was her first work to win a Lambda Literary Award.", "Her following book, \"Transgender History\" (Seal Press 2008), covers transvestism, transgender people, and transsexualism in the United States from the conclusion of World War II to the 2000s.", "Stryker is now working on a new book project, \"Cross-Dressing for Empire: Gender and Performance at the Bohemian Grove\".", "The Bohemian Grove is a campground in Northern California, and the summer meeting-place of the Bohemian Club, a private organization of American men with considerable political and economic power or cultural influence.", "Stryker received a San Francisco / Northern California Emmy Award for her directorial work on \"Screaming Queens: The Riot at Compton's Cafeteria\" (2005), a documentary film about the Gene Compton's Cafeteria riot of 1966; the film was co-written, -directed, and -produced by Victor Silverman.", "With director Michelle Lawler and executive producer Kim Klausner she subsequently co-produced \"Forever's Gonna Start Tonight\" (2009), a documentary film about Vicki Marlane, an HIV-positive, transgender performer at nightclubs and lounges.", "Stryker's most recent documentary is \"Christine in the Cutting Room\" (2013), an experimental film about Christine Jorgensen.", "Monika Treut filmed and interviewed Stryker for the 1999 documentary film \"Gendernauts: A Journey Through Shifting Identities\".", "She was also interviewed for a 2002 episode of the long-running television documentary series \"SexTV\", and for two episodes of \"Sex: The Revolution\" (2008).", "She is featured in the documentary film \"Reel in the Closet\" (2015), directed by Stu Maddux.", "In 2021, Stryker appeared and served as a consulting producer on \"The Lady and the Dale\", an HBO documentary series revolving around Elizabeth Carmichael, the founder of Twentieth Century Motor Car Corporation.", "She also appeared as herself in \"Pride\" a 6-part documentary series focusing on LGBT history decade-by-decade, for FX.", "Stryker and Paisley Currah co-edit \"TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly\", the first non-medical academic journal devoted to transgender issues.", "The journal premiered in 2014.", "Stryker's scholarly papers have been published in \"GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies\", \"WSQ: Women's Studies Quarterly\", \"parallax\", \"Radical History Review\", and other academic journals.", "In 2008, she was nominated for a GLAAD Media Award for her Salon.com article \"Why the T in LGBT is Here to Stay\", a response to John Aravosis' 2007 article \"How did the T get in LGBT?\".", "In one paper, \"Transgender Studies: Queer Theory's Evil Twin\" (2004), Stryker describes how transgender people are often marginalized within the queer community, and how the academic discipline of Queer Studies privileges specific narratives of sexual orientation over gender identity." ]

[ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 ]

[ "She is a professor of Gender and Women's Studies, former director of the Institute for LGBT Studies, and founder of the Transgender Studies Initiative at the University of Arizona, and is currently on leave while holding an appointment as Barbara Lee Distinguished Chair in Women's Leadership at Mills College.", "A transgender woman, she is the author of several books about LGBT history and culture." ]

[ "Stryker received a bachelor's degree in Letters from University of Oklahoma in 1983.", "She earned a Ph.D. in United States History at the University of California, Berkeley in 1992; the doctoral thesis she presented was \"Making Mormonism: A Critical and Historical Analysis of Cultural Formation\".", "Stryker is Professor of Gender and Women's Studies at the University of Arizona, and is the former director of the university's Institute for LGBT Studies.", "She has served as a visiting professor at Harvard University, University of California, Santa Cruz, and Simon Fraser University.", "She is an openly lesbian trans woman who has produced a significant body of work about transgender and queer culture.", "She came out as transgender and began to transition shortly after earning her doctorate.", "Her scholarly article \"My Words to Victor Frankenstein Above the Village of Chamounix\", published in 1994, was her first published academic article, and after trail-blazing Australian transgender academic Roberta Perkins who began publishing her research on female sex workers in the 1980s, one of the first articles ever published in a peer-reviewed academic journal by an openly transgender author.", "She was later awarded a postdoctoral research fellowship in human sexuality studies at Stanford University, sponsored by the Social Science Research Council and the Ford Foundation.", "From 1999 to 2003, she was the executive director of the GLBT Historical Society in San Francisco.", "In 2004, Stryker was distinguished visiting faculty in the Department of Critical and Cultural Studies at Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.", "In 2007-8 She held the Ruth Wynn Woodward Endowed Visiting Professorship in Women's Studies at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, Canada.", "In fall 2008 she was distinguished visiting faculty with the Committee on Degrees in Women's, Gender and Sexuality Studies at Harvard University, and in Spring 2009 she was Regents' Distinguished Lecturer in Feminist Studies at University of California-Santa Cruz.", "She was hired with tenure as Associate Professor of Gender Studies at Indiana University in 2009, and left to accept a position as Associate Professor of Gender and Women's Studies and Director of the Institute for LGBT Studies at the University of Arizona in 2011.", "In 2013, Stryker established the Transgender Studies Initiative at the University of Arizona.", "She focused on \"hiring faculty of color\", in her own words.", "In 2015, Yale University awarded Stryker the James Robert Brudner Class of 1983 Memorial Prize for lifetime accomplishment and scholarly contributions in the field of lesbian and gay studies.", "In 2007, the Monette-Horowitz Trust honored her for her anti-homophobia activism.", "Among her other honors are a Community Vanguard Award from the Transgender Law Center, and recognition as a \"Local Hero\" by San Francisco public television station KQED.", "Stryker's first book, \"Gay by the Bay: A History of Queer Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area\" (Chronicle Books 1996), coauthored with Jim Van Buskirk, is an illustrated account of the evolution of LGBT culture in the San Francisco Bay Area of Northern California.", "This book and its successor, \"Queer Pulp\", were each nominated for a Lambda Literary Award.", "In the critical survey \"Queer Pulp: Perverted Passions from the Golden Age of the Paperback\" (Chronicle Books 2001), Stryker turned her attention to the lesbian pulp fiction and gay male pulp fiction published in the United States from the 1930s through the 1960s.", "With Stephen Whittle she co-edited \"The Transgender Studies Reader\" (Routledge 2006), which was her first work to win a Lambda Literary Award.", "Her following book, \"Transgender History\" (Seal Press 2008), covers transvestism, transgender people, and transsexualism in the United States from the conclusion of World War II to the 2000s.", "Stryker is now working on a new book project, \"Cross-Dressing for Empire: Gender and Performance at the Bohemian Grove\".", "The Bohemian Grove is a campground in Northern California, and the summer meeting-place of the Bohemian Club, a private organization of American men with considerable political and economic power or cultural influence.", "Stryker received a San Francisco / Northern California Emmy Award for her directorial work on \"Screaming Queens: The Riot at Compton's Cafeteria\" (2005), a documentary film about the Gene Compton's Cafeteria riot of 1966; the film was co-written, -directed, and -produced by Victor Silverman.", "With director Michelle Lawler and executive producer Kim Klausner she subsequently co-produced \"Forever's Gonna Start Tonight\" (2009), a documentary film about Vicki Marlane, an HIV-positive, transgender performer at nightclubs and lounges.", "Stryker's most recent documentary is \"Christine in the Cutting Room\" (2013), an experimental film about Christine Jorgensen.", "Monika Treut filmed and interviewed Stryker for the 1999 documentary film \"Gendernauts: A Journey Through Shifting Identities\".", "She was also interviewed for a 2002 episode of the long-running television documentary series \"SexTV\", and for two episodes of \"Sex: The Revolution\" (2008).", "She is featured in the documentary film \"Reel in the Closet\" (2015), directed by Stu Maddux.", "In 2021, Stryker appeared and served as a consulting producer on \"The Lady and the Dale\", an HBO documentary series revolving around Elizabeth Carmichael, the founder of Twentieth Century Motor Car Corporation.", "She also appeared as herself in \"Pride\" a 6-part documentary series focusing on LGBT history decade-by-decade, for FX.", "Stryker and Paisley Currah co-edit \"TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly\", the first non-medical academic journal devoted to transgender issues.", "The journal premiered in 2014.", "Stryker's scholarly papers have been published in \"GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies\", \"WSQ: Women's Studies Quarterly\", \"parallax\", \"Radical History Review\", and other academic journals.", "In 2008, she was nominated for a GLAAD Media Award for her Salon.com article \"Why the T in LGBT is Here to Stay\", a response to John Aravosis' 2007 article \"How did the T get in LGBT?\".", "In one paper, \"Transgender Studies: Queer Theory's Evil Twin\" (2004), Stryker describes how transgender people are often marginalized within the queer community, and how the academic discipline of Queer Studies privileges specific narratives of sexual orientation over gender identity." ]

[ 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 ]

[ "A transgender woman, she is the author of several books about LGBT history and culture." ]

[ "Stryker received a bachelor's degree in Letters from University of Oklahoma in 1983.", "She earned a Ph.D. in United States History at the University of California, Berkeley in 1992; the doctoral thesis she presented was \"Making Mormonism: A Critical and Historical Analysis of Cultural Formation\".", "Stryker is Professor of Gender and Women's Studies at the University of Arizona, and is the former director of the university's Institute for LGBT Studies.", "She has served as a visiting professor at Harvard University, University of California, Santa Cruz, and Simon Fraser University.", "She is an openly lesbian trans woman who has produced a significant body of work about transgender and queer culture.", "She came out as transgender and began to transition shortly after earning her doctorate.", "Her scholarly article \"My Words to Victor Frankenstein Above the Village of Chamounix\", published in 1994, was her first published academic article, and after trail-blazing Australian transgender academic Roberta Perkins who began publishing her research on female sex workers in the 1980s, one of the first articles ever published in a peer-reviewed academic journal by an openly transgender author.", "She was later awarded a postdoctoral research fellowship in human sexuality studies at Stanford University, sponsored by the Social Science Research Council and the Ford Foundation.", "From 1999 to 2003, she was the executive director of the GLBT Historical Society in San Francisco.", "In 2004, Stryker was distinguished visiting faculty in the Department of Critical and Cultural Studies at Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.", "In 2007-8 She held the Ruth Wynn Woodward Endowed Visiting Professorship in Women's Studies at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, Canada.", "In fall 2008 she was distinguished visiting faculty with the Committee on Degrees in Women's, Gender and Sexuality Studies at Harvard University, and in Spring 2009 she was Regents' Distinguished Lecturer in Feminist Studies at University of California-Santa Cruz.", "She was hired with tenure as Associate Professor of Gender Studies at Indiana University in 2009, and left to accept a position as Associate Professor of Gender and Women's Studies and Director of the Institute for LGBT Studies at the University of Arizona in 2011.", "In 2013, Stryker established the Transgender Studies Initiative at the University of Arizona.", "She focused on \"hiring faculty of color\", in her own words.", "In 2015, Yale University awarded Stryker the James Robert Brudner Class of 1983 Memorial Prize for lifetime accomplishment and scholarly contributions in the field of lesbian and gay studies.", "In 2007, the Monette-Horowitz Trust honored her for her anti-homophobia activism.", "Among her other honors are a Community Vanguard Award from the Transgender Law Center, and recognition as a \"Local Hero\" by San Francisco public television station KQED.", "Stryker's first book, \"Gay by the Bay: A History of Queer Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area\" (Chronicle Books 1996), coauthored with Jim Van Buskirk, is an illustrated account of the evolution of LGBT culture in the San Francisco Bay Area of Northern California.", "This book and its successor, \"Queer Pulp\", were each nominated for a Lambda Literary Award.", "In the critical survey \"Queer Pulp: Perverted Passions from the Golden Age of the Paperback\" (Chronicle Books 2001), Stryker turned her attention to the lesbian pulp fiction and gay male pulp fiction published in the United States from the 1930s through the 1960s.", "With Stephen Whittle she co-edited \"The Transgender Studies Reader\" (Routledge 2006), which was her first work to win a Lambda Literary Award.", "Her following book, \"Transgender History\" (Seal Press 2008), covers transvestism, transgender people, and transsexualism in the United States from the conclusion of World War II to the 2000s.", "Stryker is now working on a new book project, \"Cross-Dressing for Empire: Gender and Performance at the Bohemian Grove\".", "The Bohemian Grove is a campground in Northern California, and the summer meeting-place of the Bohemian Club, a private organization of American men with considerable political and economic power or cultural influence.", "Stryker received a San Francisco / Northern California Emmy Award for her directorial work on \"Screaming Queens: The Riot at Compton's Cafeteria\" (2005), a documentary film about the Gene Compton's Cafeteria riot of 1966; the film was co-written, -directed, and -produced by Victor Silverman.", "With director Michelle Lawler and executive producer Kim Klausner she subsequently co-produced \"Forever's Gonna Start Tonight\" (2009), a documentary film about Vicki Marlane, an HIV-positive, transgender performer at nightclubs and lounges.", "Stryker's most recent documentary is \"Christine in the Cutting Room\" (2013), an experimental film about Christine Jorgensen.", "Monika Treut filmed and interviewed Stryker for the 1999 documentary film \"Gendernauts: A Journey Through Shifting Identities\".", "She was also interviewed for a 2002 episode of the long-running television documentary series \"SexTV\", and for two episodes of \"Sex: The Revolution\" (2008).", "She is featured in the documentary film \"Reel in the Closet\" (2015), directed by Stu Maddux.", "In 2021, Stryker appeared and served as a consulting producer on \"The Lady and the Dale\", an HBO documentary series revolving around Elizabeth Carmichael, the founder of Twentieth Century Motor Car Corporation.", "She also appeared as herself in \"Pride\" a 6-part documentary series focusing on LGBT history decade-by-decade, for FX.", "Stryker and Paisley Currah co-edit \"TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly\", the first non-medical academic journal devoted to transgender issues.", "The journal premiered in 2014.", "Stryker's scholarly papers have been published in \"GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies\", \"WSQ: Women's Studies Quarterly\", \"parallax\", \"Radical History Review\", and other academic journals.", "In 2008, she was nominated for a GLAAD Media Award for her Salon.com article \"Why the T in LGBT is Here to Stay\", a response to John Aravosis' 2007 article \"How did the T get in LGBT?\".", "In one paper, \"Transgender Studies: Queer Theory's Evil Twin\" (2004), Stryker describes how transgender people are often marginalized within the queer community, and how the academic discipline of Queer Studies privileges specific narratives of sexual orientation over gender identity." ]

[ 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 ]

[ "A transgender woman, she is the author of several books about LGBT history and culture." ]

[ "By 1967, Joe Tex had been recording for over a decade but started reaching his commercial peak in the mid-1960s with the releases of R&B hits such as \"I Want To (Do Everything For You)\", \"A Sweet Woman Like You\" and \"Hold What You've Got\", which became the first song in the Southern soul style to become a top five pop record.", "The three aforementioned records had also peaked at number-one on the R&B singles charts.", "Tex was also known as an energetic live performer whose intense dancing was often compared to the likes of Jackie Wilson and James Brown.", "Two of his major trademarks, which Tex accused James Brown of stealing from him, was doing microphone stand kicks and adapting a cape, the latter of which Tex poked fun of during a rare joint headlining gig with both musicians, in which he covered Brown's hit \"Please, Please, Please\" but in the middle as his emcee dropped the cape on him, Tex yelled \"please, please, please...get this cape off me!\" which didn't go over well with Brown, who allegedly later shot at Tex and his entourage at a nightclub after the show.", "Luckily for Tex and his entourage, no one was injured.", "In 1967, Tex's producer Buddy Killen decided to record a \"live show\" of Tex's, which was actually cut at American Studios.", "Killen would later include a live audience to give it a feeling of an actual live show.", "One of the last songs Tex did was a novelty type of song he had composed on the spot titled \"Skinny Legs and All\" in which he poked fun at a man who was ignoring a woman he was with who apparently had skinny legs.", "Tex advised the woman to dump her lover because \"someone out there will take you, Miss skinny legs and all\".", "He later mocked a woman for similarly treating a man with \"raggedy clothes\" and advised the guy to do the same thing.", "Tex would later tell an interviewer in 1972 that he got the inspiration to write the song while in Alabama and noticing a man arguing with his wife who was reportedly skinny and holding two bags of groceries, which frustrated her husband, causing an argument.", "Joe said he said to himself about what he'd say to the woman, \"‘Walk on baby’.", "If that man don’t want you in public someone else will.\"", "During his early years with The Jackson 5, Michael Jackson, who later listed Tex as one of his idols, performed the song and often did it going into audiences and peeking under women's skirts on the behest of his father Joseph.", "The song was released in the spring of that year and became a top ten hit on the pop charts, reaching #10 and later going gold.", "It was Tex's biggest hit until the release of \"I Gotcha\" in 1972." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 ]

[ "\"Skinny Legs and All\" is a song composed and recorded by soul singer Joe Tex and released in 1967 on the Dial label in 1967.", "The single was later featured on Tex's \"live\" album, \"Live and Lively\" a year later in 1968." ]

[ "Electra Lake Dam, also known as Terminal Dam or Cascade #2, is a rockfill structure with a height of and a length of at its crest, completed in 1902.", "The lake was named after Electra, a character in mythology.", "It has a normal surface area of .", "No hydroelectric energy is produced at the dam; water is channeled offsite to the Tacoma Hydro Generating Station via a open wooden flume, \"one of only two wooden flumes still operating on hydro projects in the United States.\"", "The Tacoma powerhouse stands in the Animas River Canyon and is accessible only by the Durango and Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad.", "Owned and operated by Xcel Energy, the dam was rebuilt in 1980.", "The lake is open to the public for fee use during the summer months." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]

[ "Owned by Xcel Energy, Electra Lake provides water storage for the Tacoma Hydro Generating Station." ]

[ "The \"Apertura\" tournament was played from August to December 2012.", "On 8 May 2011, the fitness coach Juan Bertani announced his departure from the club, one day earlier José Treviño was confirmed as manager for the third consecutive tournament.", "The first player to sign for the club was César Oseguera who played as midfielder for Atlético Choloma last season.", "One day later on 10 May, Brazilian forward Jocimar Nascimento returned to the \"Eagles\", Jocimar was a key player for the club from 2006–2009.", "On the same day, midfielder Abner Méndez joined from C.D.S. Vida.", "On 14 May, Motagua acquired 21-year-old forward Eddie Hernández who had a fleeting passage on Sweden with BK Häcken; Hernández is also part of the U-23 national team that will play at the 2012 Summer Olympics.", "The first player to left the team was Sergio Mendoza on 12 May; Julio de León was also released on 15 May.", "Roger Mondragón joined Vida on loan, as well as Adán Ramírez who was loaned to C.D. Real Sociedad.", "After 3 tournaments and one goalscorer award with the \"blues\", Jerry Bengtson signed a 4-year agreement with MLS club New England Revolution.", "On 4 July, the league announced the fixtures for the Apertura tournament, Motagua faced C.D. Victoria on round one and lost 1–2, the game was played at Estadio San Jorge in Olanchito due to repairs on Estadio Nilmo Edwards.", "On 20 October, Motagua lost the Honduran Superclásico against archrivals C.D. Olimpia 0–2; three days later, manager José Treviño was sacked due to poor results.", "Former defender Reynaldo Clavasquín took over the club.", "With Clavasquín as manager, Motagua was able to lift its performance considerable and qualified to the playoffs as thirds.", "On the second round, Motagua overcame easily over Real C.D. España with a convincing 7–3 aggregate score.", "On the semifinals, the team wasn't so lucky and were eliminated by C.D. Victoria after a 3–3 aggregate score, result that was not enough due to a lower finish in the regular season.", "The \"Clausura\" tournament was played from January to May 2013.", "The club's preseason started on 10 December 2012.", "Motagua announced that some home games will be played at other venues; their first Clausura game was played at Estadio Fausto Flores Lagos in Choluteca and ended with an unexpected 0–1 defeat against C.D. Real Sociedad.", "On 10 March 2013, the club's staff hired former manager Juan de Dios Castillo replacing José Clavasquín.", "The poor results were constant throughout the entire tournament, which resulted in another early elimination in the regular season." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 ]

[ "The 2012–13 season is F.C.", "The domestic league will be divided into two tournaments, Apertura and Clausura.", "The Apertura was scheduled to be played in the second half of 2012, while the Clausura in the first half of 2013.", "Due to an unsuccessful 2011–12 season, the club won't have international participation." ]

[ "The roughhead grenadier can reach a length of one metre.", "The head occupies about one quarter of the total length of the fish, it has a slender body and long tapering tail.", "There are some bony spiny scutes or scales on the upper side of the head but the lower side is scaleless.", "The snout is pointed and the small mouth is set far back on the lower side of the head with a short barbel underneath.", "There are 3 to 5 rows of sharp teeth in the upper jaw and 1 or 2 rows in the lower jaw.", "The eye is large and bulbous, giving the fish its alternative name of onion-eye grenadier.", "There are two dorsal fins, the front one having 11 to 13 finrays and the hind one running along the back to the tip of the tail.", "The anal fin is similarly long and narrow and there is no tailfin.", "The body is covered in large ridged, spiny scales.", "The general body colour is grey, darker underneath, with dark fins and dark edges to some of the scales.", "The roughhead grenadier is found in the North Atlantic Ocean at depths between and water temperatures below .", "Its range includes the waters around Greenland and Iceland, and extends in the west from the Bear Seamount, Norfolk Canyon and Georges Bank north to Labrador and the Davis Strait and in the east from Ireland north to the Faeroe Islands, Norway, Spitzbergen and the Barents Sea.", "The roughhead grenadier feeds on crustaceans and other small invertebrates it finds on the seabed.", "The diet includes small fish, shrimps, amphipods, polychaete worms, bivalve molluscs, isopods, brittle stars, other echinoderms and comb jellies.", "The roughhead grenadier is a slow growing fish.", "The females mature at an age of about 14 years and a length of while males reach maturity at a length of .", "The potential fecundity of the female is 17,000 to 56,000 eggs.", "The eggs are laid in batches and spawning takes place at any time of year, with a peak in late winter and early spring.", "The roughhead grenadier is landed as a by-catch when fishing for Greenland halibut (\"Reinhardtius hippoglossoides\") and Atlantic halibut (\"Hippoglossus hippoglossus\").", "In a study off the east coast of Greenland, more males were taken by trawling and more females by long line.", "This seemed to be due to the females being in the depth range while the males predominated at shallower depths." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ]

[ "Macrourus berglax, the roughhead grenadier or onion-eye grenadier, is a species of marine ray-finned fish in the family Macrouridae." ]

[ "The roughhead grenadier can reach a length of one metre.", "The head occupies about one quarter of the total length of the fish, it has a slender body and long tapering tail.", "There are some bony spiny scutes or scales on the upper side of the head but the lower side is scaleless.", "The snout is pointed and the small mouth is set far back on the lower side of the head with a short barbel underneath.", "There are 3 to 5 rows of sharp teeth in the upper jaw and 1 or 2 rows in the lower jaw.", "The eye is large and bulbous, giving the fish its alternative name of onion-eye grenadier.", "There are two dorsal fins, the front one having 11 to 13 finrays and the hind one running along the back to the tip of the tail.", "The anal fin is similarly long and narrow and there is no tailfin.", "The body is covered in large ridged, spiny scales.", "The general body colour is grey, darker underneath, with dark fins and dark edges to some of the scales.", "The roughhead grenadier is found in the North Atlantic Ocean at depths between and water temperatures below .", "Its range includes the waters around Greenland and Iceland, and extends in the west from the Bear Seamount, Norfolk Canyon and Georges Bank north to Labrador and the Davis Strait and in the east from Ireland north to the Faeroe Islands, Norway, Spitzbergen and the Barents Sea.", "The roughhead grenadier feeds on crustaceans and other small invertebrates it finds on the seabed.", "The diet includes small fish, shrimps, amphipods, polychaete worms, bivalve molluscs, isopods, brittle stars, other echinoderms and comb jellies.", "The roughhead grenadier is a slow growing fish.", "The females mature at an age of about 14 years and a length of while males reach maturity at a length of .", "The potential fecundity of the female is 17,000 to 56,000 eggs.", "The eggs are laid in batches and spawning takes place at any time of year, with a peak in late winter and early spring.", "The roughhead grenadier is landed as a by-catch when fishing for Greenland halibut (\"Reinhardtius hippoglossoides\") and Atlantic halibut (\"Hippoglossus hippoglossus\").", "In a study off the east coast of Greenland, more males were taken by trawling and more females by long line.", "This seemed to be due to the females being in the depth range while the males predominated at shallower depths." ]

[ 10, 11 ]

[ "It is a deep-water fish found in the Atlantic Ocean." ]

[ "Three singles were released from the album.", "The first single, \"Colgando En Tus Manos\" was first released in August 2008 as the solo version included in the album.", "The song was later re-released as a new version featuring Marta Sanchez, and became a huge commercial hit, topping the charts on many Latin American countries.", "In Spain, it reached No.1 for 27 weeks, and in the United States, it reached No.4 on the \"Billboard\" Latin Songs chart, and No.1 on the Latin Pop Songs component chart.", "It ultimately became the biggest hit in Baute's career.", "The second single, \"Tu No Sabes Que Tanto\", reached No. 28 on the Latin Songs chart.", "It also reached No.17 on the Latin Pop Songs component chart.", "\"Nada Se Compara a Ti\", featuring Franco de Vita, reached No.29 on the Spanish Singles Chart.", "It failed to chart on the United States.", "Source: Allmusic", "\"De Mi Puño y Letra\" became a commercial success for Baute.", "It reached No.11 on the \"Billboard\" Latin Pop Albums chart, his highest entry to date.", "On Spain, the album reached No.2 and received a Platinum certification for 60,000 copies sold.", "It also reached No.8 on Mexico and received a Gold certification for 40,000 copies sold." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ]

[ "It features Venezuelan musician and multi-instrumentalist Franco de Vita on the song \"Nada Se Compara A Ti\".", "On the deluxe edition, Spanish singer Marta Sanchez is featured on a new version \"Colgando En Tus Manos\".", "Three singles were released from the album.", "The first single, \"Colgando En Tus Manos\" became a worldwide hit, mainly its re-release featuring Marta Sanchez.", "Second single \"Tu No Sabes Que Tanto\" became a moderate hit in most Latin markets.", "Third single, \"Nada Se Compara", "A Ti\" became a hit in Latin airplay charts, but failed to chart in the United States." ]

[ "Three singles were released from the album.", "The first single, \"Colgando En Tus Manos\" was first released in August 2008 as the solo version included in the album.", "The song was later re-released as a new version featuring Marta Sanchez, and became a huge commercial hit, topping the charts on many Latin American countries.", "In Spain, it reached No.1 for 27 weeks, and in the United States, it reached No.4 on the \"Billboard\" Latin Songs chart, and No.1 on the Latin Pop Songs component chart.", "It ultimately became the biggest hit in Baute's career.", "The second single, \"Tu No Sabes Que Tanto\", reached No. 28 on the Latin Songs chart.", "It also reached No.17 on the Latin Pop Songs component chart.", "\"Nada Se Compara a Ti\", featuring Franco de Vita, reached No.29 on the Spanish Singles Chart.", "It failed to chart on the United States.", "Source: Allmusic", "\"De Mi Puño y Letra\" became a commercial success for Baute.", "It reached No.11 on the \"Billboard\" Latin Pop Albums chart, his highest entry to date.", "On Spain, the album reached No.2 and received a Platinum certification for 60,000 copies sold.", "It also reached No.8 on Mexico and received a Gold certification for 40,000 copies sold." ]

[ 10, 11, 12, 13 ]

[ "De Mi Puño y Letra is a studio album recorded by Venezuelan singer-songwriter Carlos Baute.", "\"De Mi Puño y Letra\" became a commercial success for Baute.", "It reached No.11 on the \"Billboard\" Latin Pop Albums chart, his highest entry to date.", "On Spain, the album reached No.2 and received a Platinum certification for 60,000 copies sold.", "It also reached No.22 on Mexico and received a Gold certification for 40,000 copies sold." ]

[ "The co-featured contest on the HBO card featured a heavyweight bout between Seth Mitchell and Chazz Witherspoon for the vacant NABO heavyweight championship, which was won by Mitchell via a third round technical knockout.", "Since neither fighter was able to garner a decision in the previous fight, they entered the contest with the same records they had when they fought the first time.", "Hopkins' record stood at 52-5-2-1, and counting the first fight he had not lost in his last six fights dating back to his 2008 defeat at the hands of Joe Calzaghe, which cost him \"The Ring\" light heavyweight championship he had won from Antonio Tarver.", "Dawson entered the fight having only been defeated one time, when Jean Pascal beat him for his WBC and International Boxing Organization titles in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in 2010.", "Eddie Cotton was the referee for the fight, with Dick Flaherty, Luis Rivera, and Steve Weisfeld as judges.", "In the fourth round of the fight, Hopkins hit the challenger with an accidental headbutt which caused Dawson to begin to bleed from his eye.", "Later on in that round Dawson again tried to lift Hopkins off the canvas as he had in the previous fight but was unsuccessful.", "Although Hopkins continued to inflict damage to Dawson's face, Dawson kept hitting Hopkins and won a majority of the rounds.", "Hopkins went for a knockout victory which he needed later in the fight, but Dawson held him off and lasted the full twelve rounds.", "Dawson won a majority decision victory.", "Flaherty and Weisfeld both saw him as a 117-111 winner while Rivera scored the fight even at 114-114.", "Hopkins was not pleased with the loss and stormed out of the ring afterward, saying \"let the public judge for themselves\" if he won.", "Dawson called Hopkins a dirty fighter and said that if you could go twelve rounds with him you could go twelve rounds with anyone." ]

[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 ]

[ "The rematch was contested for Hopkins' WBC and \"The Ring\" light heavyweight championships, both of which were returned to him after the reversed decision." ]

[ "The retreat was established in 2004 with a grant from the University of Connecticut College of Liberal Arts and Sciences by the writer and former Connecticut poet laureate Marilyn Nelson.", "The idea for creating the retreat grew out of the Cave Canem workshops.", "Soul Mountain offers fellowships to \"emerging and established poets\" with an emphasis on supporting writers belonging to traditionally underrepresented racial or cultural groups.", "The non-profit organization has established partnerships with African Continuum Theater Company, Cave Canem, Kundiman, the University of Connecticut, Sarah Lawrence College, New York University, and the University of Wisconsin at Madison.", "Past fellows have included Samiya Bashir, Sherwin Bitsui, Kwame Dawes, LeAnne Howe, Tara Betts, Ahimsa Timoteo Bodhran, Allison Hedge Coke, Harryette Mullen, Bushra Rehman, and Afaa M. Weaver." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3 ]

[ "The Soul Mountain Retreat is a writer's colony in East Haddam, Connecticut, USA." ]

[ "A two-body system with component masses formula_1 and formula_2 has a chirp mass of\nformula_3\nThe chirp mass may also be expressed in terms of the total mass of the system formula_4 and other common mass parameters:", "In general relativity, the phase evolution of a binary orbit can be computed using a post-Newtonian expansion, a perturbative expansion in powers of the orbital velocity formula_20.", "The first order gravitational wave frequency, formula_21, evolution is described by the differential equation\nformula_22,\nwhere formula_23 and formula_24 are the speed of light and Newton's gravitational constant, respectively.", "Integrating equation () with respect to time gives:\nwhere C is the constant of integration.", "Furthermore, on identifying formula_27 and formula_28, the chirp mass can be calculated from the slope of the line fitted through the data points (x, y).", "To disentangle the individual component masses in the system one must additionally measure higher order terms in the post-Newtonian expansion.", "One limitation of the chirp mass is that it is affected by redshift; what is actually derived from the observed gravitational waveform is the product\n formula_29\nwhere formula_30 is the redshift.", "This redshifted chirp mass is larger than the source chirp mass, and can only be converted to a source chirp mass by finding the redshift formula_30.\nThis is usually resolved by using the observed amplitude to find the chirp mass divided by distance, and solving both equations using Hubble's law to compute the relationship between distance and redshift.", "Xian Chen has pointed out that this assumes non-cosmological redshifts (peculiar velocity and gravitational redshift) are negligible, and questions this assumption.", "If a binary pair of stellar-mass black holes merge while closely orbiting a supermassive black hole (an extreme mass ratio inspiral), the observed gravitational wave would experience significant gravitational and doppler redshift, leading to a falsely low redshift estimate, and therefore a falsely high mass.", "He suggests that there are plausible reasons to suspect that the SMBH's accretion disc and tidal forces would enhance the merger rate of black hole binaries near it, and the consequent falsely high mass estimates would explain the unexpectedly large masses of observed black hole mergers.", "(The question would be best resolved by a lower-frequency gravitational wave detector such as LISA which could observe the EMRI waveform.)" ]

[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]

[ "In gravitational wave data analysis it is easier to measure the chirp mass than the two component masses alone." ]

[ "The first \"Spring Styles\" book comprises 216 sheets of U.S. Navy \"preliminary design\" plans prepared by C&R between March 1911 and September 1925.", "The earliest of these plans were prepared by C&R's Scientific and Computing Branch, established in 1911, and by its successor organization, the Preliminary Design Division of the New Design Section, beginning in 1918.", "They were drawn in almost all cases by career civilian employees of C&R under the supervision of Navy Construction Corps naval architects and at the direction of the Navy's command leadership.", "Many drawings from World War I and immediately afterwards were prepared by naval architect James L. Bates, who began work at the New York Navy Yard in 1903 and joined C&R three years later.", "Bates served as director of the Technical Division of the Maritime Commission from 1938 to 1946.", "Book 1 is in loose-leaf format.", "While many of the individual plans employ a standard format sheet , a variety of sizes is included.", "A number of them, in original ink drawings and blueprint copies, are notated in pencil, apparently from the time they were drawn.", "Not all the preliminary designs created during this time are included; there are gaps and missing plans.", "Unfortunately, many preliminary design workbooks for this period were considered no longer essential and consequently destroyed in the mid-1970s.", "Book 3 includes 75 individual sheets of \"preliminary design\" plans created between October 1939 and November 1944.", "Like Book 1, this album is loose-leaf with individual plans created in a variety of sizes.", "Many of these plans, drawn in ink and pencil on pale off-white drafting paper or linen, also contain informal pencilled notations.", "Most are drawn to a scale of 1/32 inch to one foot." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ]

[ "The \"Spring Styles\" books were a series of project books maintained by the United States Navy's Bureau of Construction and Repair (C&R) and contained plans of potential warship designs for Navy leadership.", "Three of these books are currently held in the U.S. National Archives Book 1 includes plans drawn between 1911 and 1925." ]

[ "Theatre was an accessible art form for all participants in Renaissance Spain, being both highly sponsored by the aristocratic class and highly attended by the lower classes.", "The volume and variety of Spanish plays during the Golden Age was unprecedented in the history of world theatre, surpassing even the dramatic production of the English Renaissance by a factor of at least four.", "This volume has been as much a source of criticism as praise for Spanish Golden Age theatre, for emphasizing quantity before quality.", "A large number of the plays of this period (10,000 to 30,000) are still considered masterpieces today.", "This prolific production greatly contributed to the accessibility of theatre in Spain.", "For modern theatre historians, however, it has contributed to the difficulty of researching theatre from this period.", "The vast majority of plays have remained virtually untouched, in terms of both production and scholarly analysis, since the seventeenth century.", "Combined with the error prone printing techniques that plagued the publication of Spanish plays, this has vastly undercut the study of Spanish Golden Age theatre.", "Although a thorough inclusive analysis remains difficult or even impossible, Spanish Golden Age theatre represents an area of active and productive research for theatre historians.", "Noted for its variety, the theatre of Renaissance Spain was the only in Europe to simultaneously include secular and religious dramas.", "Additionally, state sponsored drama existed harmoniously alongside popular for-profit theatre, with many theatre artists contributing significantly to both.", "Stylistically, plays ranged from straight plays to operas and from bawdy comedies to epic tragedies.", "Spain also introduced its own forms and genres of theatre with the development of the Comedia nueva and the zarzuela.", "The most common religious plays in this era were about saints lives (\"comedias de santos\").", "Playwrights often based the work on existing books although in Cervantes's \"El rufían dichoso\" the protagonist is never canonized.", "Another class of plays was based on the bible, a subset of which reflected some aspect of church teachings.", "Lope de Vega's \"La hermosa Ester\" and Tirso de Molina's \"La venganza de Tamar\" were examples of biblical themed works in the broader sense, and Antonio Mira de Amescua's \"El ejemplo mayor de la desdicha\", Pedro Calderón de la Barca's \"El príncipe constante\" and Tirso's \"El condenado por desconfiado\" could be considered to reflect the narrower meaning of church teaching, although debate exists among scholars about how the religiously themed works should be aubclassified.", "Some of the questions that arise is whether the plays are primarily religious or cross the line to didacticism, or whether a play about a Biblical monarch is a kingship play.", "Honor is a major theme in Spanish Golden Age drama.", "Theatre was used as a metaphor for life, and honor was therefore represented in a number of ways on stage, for example, reputation, and juxtaposed against disillusionment and hypocrisy.", "Right versus wrong is a common theme in plays from this period and Lope de Vega himself believed that everyone reacts to honor.", "Honorable (Christian) conduct is enforced by the public and to lose your honor is to live in shame and despair.", "A large number of plots focus on the fear of lost reputation and on masculine honor based on women's chastity.", "While women seem to control their men's honor, gender roles are only very conservatively challenged.", "While poverty is everywhere, the plays are filled with picturesque scenes, glorious churches, and courts.", "Still, the playwrights of the time throw a bit of cynicism in their work.", "The stock character of the gracioso (disillusioned clown) survives the stories without even wondering about right and wrong.", "After 1603 only licensed companies could work in Spain, and licenses were limited in availability.", "Unemployed actors joined the compañías de la legua (“companies of language”) and performed in the countryside.", "Companies could not perform in one place for more than two months annually, and only one company was permitted to perform at that location.", "In 1615, Madrid assumed control and hired companies made up of actor-managers (autores), actors, and apprentices, subject to government rules.", "These companies were licensed by the Royal Council and highly paid to perform Autos Sacramentales both in court and at public theatres.", "Actors generally worked for managers under a 1 to 2-year contract and a typical schedule had actors study their role from 2am to 9am, rehearse until noon, take a break to eat, then perform until 7pm.", "While women were licensed to perform starting in 1587, this practice remained controversial until 1599, when a royal decree stipulated that only women married to company members could perform.", "Important performers included Lope de Rueda and later Juan Rana.", "Costumes during this time were very similar to Elizabethan or English Renaissance theatre costumes.", "Actors dressed as lavishly as finances permitted and contracts even had special allowances for costumes.", "Records show that actors paid anywhere from 1/5 to 1/2 of their salary for one costume and some even petitioned civic officials for extra funds for costumes.", "Towns gave awards for acting and costumes, showing that the quality of the costumes was quite important to the audience.", "The government made many rules dictating the specifications of costumes.", "For example, actors performing in Auto Sacramentales had to wear silk or velvet and women were forbidden to wear strange headdresses, décolleté necklines, or wide-hooped or non-floor length skirts.", "As well, actors were only allowed to wear one costume per play, unless it was specially stated in the text.", "Three kinds of scenic background were utilized: the facade; the curtains concealing the facade, which were used when the location was not particularly important; and medieval-type mansions, which were sometimes erected on the main stage.", "As spectacle increased after 1650, painted flats with doors and windows were set into the facade in place of curtains.", "After a period of time, awnings were rigged over the seating, and, eventually, the addition of a permanent roof made it an indoor theatre.", "In the 1640s and 1650s set designs of new public and court theatres were supervised by Italian designers.", "Machines that simulated wind and the sounds of thunder (created with metal sheets or dropping planks of wood), rain (similar to a large rainstick, and a swelling ocean were quite common and delighted theatregoers of this time.", "Musicians were also commonly used to create moods and important sound effects.", "Unlike the rest of Europe, Spain had unique theatre traditions.", "Religious plays continued to be produced and popular into the 1700s, religious and secular theatre thrived side by side, and actors were accepted in church and as worthwhile members of society.", "As well, Spain pioneered a three-act model for plays instead of the classic five acts, allowed women on stage, and had an organized and efficient system of actor contracts, travel stipends, licenses, and booking.", "Most importantly, Spanish Golden Age theatre produced wonderful politically and philosophically allegorical plays such as Calderon's \"Life is a Dream\", and Lope de Vega's \"Fuente Ovejuna\", that spoke specifically to the audience of the time.", "The sources of influence for the emerging national theatre of Spain were as diverse as the theatre that nation produced during the Golden Age.", "Storytelling traditions originating in Italian Commedia dell'arte and the uniquely Spanish expression of Western Europe's traveling minstrel entertainments contributed a populist influence on the narratives and the music, respectively, of early Spanish theatre.", "Neo-Aristotelian criticism and liturgical dramas, on the other hand, contributed literary and moralistic perspectives.", "In turn, Spanish Golden Age theatre has dramatically influenced the theatre of later generations in Europe and throughout the world.", "Spanish drama had an immediate and significant impact on the contemporary developments in English Renaissance theatre.", "It has also had a lasting impact on theatre throughout the Spanish speaking world.", "Currently, a growing number of works are being translated, increasing the reach of Spanish Golden Age theatre and strengthening its reputation among critics and theatre patrons." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ]

[ "Spanish Golden Age theatre refers to theatre in Spain roughly between 1590 and 1681." ]

[ "Chirkov is a surface warfare officer with Pacific Fleet roots.", "He was born on 8 September 1959 in Alma-Ata, capital of the former Kazakh SSR.", "In 1982, he graduated from the Pacific Higher Naval School in Vladivostok and became head of the mine-torpedo department on the Riga-class frigate \"Lun\" in the Pacific Fleet.", "He served as assistant commander of a corvette, then executive officer of the Kotlin-class destroyer \"Vozbuzhdennyy\".", "In 1986-1987, Chirkov completed Higher Special Officers’ Classes in Leningrad, and became commander of the infamous Krivak-class frigate \"Storozhevoy\".", "Under a mutinous crew, this Soviet Baltic Fleet unit had tried, unsuccessfully, to defect in 1975.", "Later it transferred to the Pacific Fleet.", "From 1990 to 1993, Chirkov commanded the \"Udaloy\"-class destroyer \"Admiral Spiridonov\".", "He was deputy chief of staff for an ASW ship division, deputy division commander, and commander of an ASW ship division during 1993-1998.", "In 1997, he completed the Kuznetsov Naval Academy as a correspondence student.", "After graduating from the Military Academy of the General Staff in 2000, Chirkov served for five years as chief of staff, first deputy commander of Troops and Forces in the North-East on Kamchatka.", "In the first years of this assignment, he served under Vice-Admiral Konstantin Sidenko.", "In 2005-2007, he commanded the Primorskiy Mixed Forces Flotilla.", "For the next two years, he was chief of staff, first deputy commander of the Baltic Fleet, and became its commander in September 2009.", "Since 2007, he was the Chief of Staff/First Deputy Commander of the Baltic Fleet, and appointed Fleet Commander by the President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev on 8 September 2009.", "On 6 May 2012, President Dmitry Medvedev on his last day in office prior to the inauguration of Vladimir Putin appointed Chirkov to replace Vladimir Vysotsky as the Russian Navy's Commander-in-Chief.", "In an interview with news agency RIA Novosti, Chirkov said: \n\"The most important thing for Russia is to build a fleet with the support of the president and like-minded persons.", "\"\nIn March 2014, as Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy, Chirkov also oversaw all naval operations with Aleksandr Vitko who was then commander of the Russian Black Sea Fleet during Russia's annexation of the Crimean Peninsula in which both the Sevastopol Naval Base and Southern Naval Base were seized by Russian forces.", "In March 2016, Russian media announced Chirkov's retirement due to health reasons.", "Vladimir Korolev, then commander of the Northern Fleet, was named as his successor." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 ]

[ "Viktor Viktorovich Chirkov (; born 8 September 1959, in Alma-Ata, Kazakh SSR) is a Russian admiral and the former commander of the Baltic Fleet.", "On 6 May 2012, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy, succeeding Vladimir Vysotsky, who had occupied the post for almost five years.", "He retired from his position due to health reasons in March 2016." ]

[ "Chirkov is a surface warfare officer with Pacific Fleet roots.", "He was born on 8 September 1959 in Alma-Ata, capital of the former Kazakh SSR.", "In 1982, he graduated from the Pacific Higher Naval School in Vladivostok and became head of the mine-torpedo department on the Riga-class frigate \"Lun\" in the Pacific Fleet.", "He served as assistant commander of a corvette, then executive officer of the Kotlin-class destroyer \"Vozbuzhdennyy\".", "In 1986-1987, Chirkov completed Higher Special Officers’ Classes in Leningrad, and became commander of the infamous Krivak-class frigate \"Storozhevoy\".", "Under a mutinous crew, this Soviet Baltic Fleet unit had tried, unsuccessfully, to defect in 1975.", "Later it transferred to the Pacific Fleet.", "From 1990 to 1993, Chirkov commanded the \"Udaloy\"-class destroyer \"Admiral Spiridonov\".", "He was deputy chief of staff for an ASW ship division, deputy division commander, and commander of an ASW ship division during 1993-1998.", "In 1997, he completed the Kuznetsov Naval Academy as a correspondence student.", "After graduating from the Military Academy of the General Staff in 2000, Chirkov served for five years as chief of staff, first deputy commander of Troops and Forces in the North-East on Kamchatka.", "In the first years of this assignment, he served under Vice-Admiral Konstantin Sidenko.", "In 2005-2007, he commanded the Primorskiy Mixed Forces Flotilla.", "For the next two years, he was chief of staff, first deputy commander of the Baltic Fleet, and became its commander in September 2009.", "Since 2007, he was the Chief of Staff/First Deputy Commander of the Baltic Fleet, and appointed Fleet Commander by the President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev on 8 September 2009.", "On 6 May 2012, President Dmitry Medvedev on his last day in office prior to the inauguration of Vladimir Putin appointed Chirkov to replace Vladimir Vysotsky as the Russian Navy's Commander-in-Chief.", "In an interview with news agency RIA Novosti, Chirkov said: \n\"The most important thing for Russia is to build a fleet with the support of the president and like-minded persons.", "\"\nIn March 2014, as Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy, Chirkov also oversaw all naval operations with Aleksandr Vitko who was then commander of the Russian Black Sea Fleet during Russia's annexation of the Crimean Peninsula in which both the Sevastopol Naval Base and Southern Naval Base were seized by Russian forces.", "In March 2016, Russian media announced Chirkov's retirement due to health reasons.", "Vladimir Korolev, then commander of the Northern Fleet, was named as his successor." ]

[ 18, 19 ]

[ "He retired from his position due to health reasons in March 2016." ]

[ "On 22 July 2019, FC Dordoi Bishkek announced that Sheratov had left their club.", "On 2 August 2019, the Asian Football Confederation announced that Sheratov had been banned for life for his involvement in a conspiracy to manipulate matches during Dordoi Bishkek 2017 AFC Cup campaign.", "Sheratov was a member of the Kyrgyzstan national football team from 2009.", "\"Statistics accurate as of match played 10 October 2018\"" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3 ]

[ "Kursanbek Sheratov (ru: Курсанбек Шератов), born 10 March 1989, was a Kyrgyzstani footballer who was banned for life from playing football in August 2019." ]

[ "The genus is named in honour of Rolf Ling Bolin (1901–1973), an ichthyologist and lanternfish specialist from the Hopkins Marine Station.", "The currently recognized species in this genus are:" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "Bolinichthys is a genus of lanternfishes." ]

[ "In December 1939, the German police conducted a population census in the region.", "Over 99 percent of the locals declared Polish nationality, much more than in the proper Silesia to the immediate west.", "Analysis of the census figures set the stage for the mass deportations across Upper Silesia, which was decided in July 1940.", "Some believe that Polish Jews were not a part of this \"Aktion\".", "On the other hand, the Holocaust historian Christopher R. Browning wrote that Jews had to have been an integral part of it.", "The local Germans \"had not diligently carried out the identification and seizure of Polish activists and intelligentsia and thus were not eager to report the actual number of Jews deported.\"", "For example, the Jewish families from the Zabłocie district of Żywiec were transported to a transit ghetto and labour camp in Sucha Beskidzka in the spring of 1941, and in 1942 sent aboard Holocaust trains to Auschwitz.", "Everything was carefully prepared by the German occupation authorities, with schedules for the Polish train transports, food rations, and a group of Gestapo functionaries who spoke Polish.", "The cost of the operation estimated at about 300,000 Marks was to be paid by the captives themselves.", "The Action began simultaneously at different locations on September 22, 1940 at 5 in the morning.", "The police and army units surrounded Polish settlements and entered individual homes ordering farmers to get out within 20 minutes.", "Eye-witness Helena Szatanikowa remarked that all instructions came from a warrant printed in Polish.", "Residents were requested to turn in all money and valuables.", "They were allowed to take with them only clothing and food, leaving behind everything else including livestock.", "They were marched and trucked to the so-called transit points in nearby towns of Żywiec, Rajcza, Sucha Beskidzka, and farther away like Końskie and others.", "Meanwhile, the new Germanic settlers were already waiting at the distribution centers set up in Bogumin and Cieszyn.", "The Poles were subjected to selection, and separated into those \"racially valuable\" (for preferential treatment) and the rest, including women and children.", "Groups of young men were gathered for slave labor in Germany.", "According to German law all captives were to be supplied with necessities for 14 days; however, in practice they were stripped of the remnants of their own belongings in the process of luggage and body searches.", "The assembly points at railway stations held each time about 1,000 Polish people; who were split into groups of 40 in line with already numbered rail cars.", "Each transport was usually sent separately, first to a railway junction in Łódź (for further selection), and from there, to previously chosen locations across the General Government (\"Generalgouvernement\").", "Poles were delivered to towns and villages in the vicinity of Biłgoraj, Wadowice, Radzymin, Łuków, and to the Lublin and Kielce governorates (see, the Lublin Reservation organized since October 1939), where they were dropped off alone without any help.", "Moreover, the Germans had warned the local population that the arriving deportees were criminals, thus further worsening their plight.", "They were met with fear and only reluctant acceptance at their destinations.", "Many died during transport.", "Others were forced to beg.", "The whole displacement action was conducted by the \"Polizei-Battalion No. 82\" (under Kegel) and \"Battalion No. 83\" (under Eugen Seim, stationed in Jeleśnia) with approximately 500 soldiers as well as numerous SS, RKF and NSDAP functionaries including \"Katowice\" Gestapo officers.", "Abandoned Polish houses were cleaned and washed by forced laborers, mostly Jewish captives and some remaining Gorals, who were later employed by the new farm-owners.", "Sheds deemed unsanitary were torn down.", "The department prepared swastika flags and portraits of Hitler to be placed at farms declared ready for occupation by the new Germans.", "Despite the Nazi propaganda campaign painting a rosy picture of their opulent future, the new hosts were not given the best of lands, which were reserved for the \"Reichsdeutsche\" who had served in the Wehrmacht.", "Many settlers were disappointed with the simple wooden cottages they were told to move into, and poor quality farmland.", "The \"Wartheland\" \"Gaue\" officials on their part, lamented the newcomers' cultural backwardness in comparison with most Poles, and their inability to speak proper German.", "The new settlers were put under permanent police surveillance.", "\"Aktion Saybusch\" officially ended on December 12, 1940, although the last transport (out of the total number of 19) was dispatched as late as January 31, 1941.", "On top of the 18,000–20,000 deportees sent across the border, some 8,000 Gorals employed in local industries were moved away from their homes.", "It was a pilot project meant to be followed by similar actions, but in March 1941 \"SS-Obergruppenführer\" Hans Frank, Governor of General Government, objected to further overcrowding of his district.", "As a result, from 1942 on, Polish deportees were placed with other farmers in the poorest villages within the same territory of Silesia (\"Interne Umsiedlung\"), or sent to one of the new 23 camps called \"Polenlager\", created especially for that purpose.", "By the end of war, about 50,000 Polish nationals were displaced from Żywiec and the surrounding area, nearly one-third of its population.", "In \"Polenlagers\", further selections were carried out, including racial abductions of children from their parents, who after verification were sent to \"Lebensborn\" centers for Germanization.", "The displaced Goral farmers who returned to their homes in 1945 often found buildings razed or destroyed and everything else stolen by the settlers escaping the Soviet advance.", "In the early 1990s, Action Saybusch was investigated by the Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes Against the Polish Nation at the Institute of National Remembrance in Katowice followed by a formal inquiry initiated in 1998 by Senator Władysław Bułka.", "After a series of announcements in the press, some 1,000 persons contacted IPN with personally collected data and supplementary materials, revealing the identities of many displaced families.", "According to Ewa Koj from IPN most living victims had already been interviewed.", "The investigation was limited by their advancing age and had to be discontinued on legal grounds.", "However, it was followed by a broad exhibit of documents and photographs collected in the process, and presented in many regional cities and towns including Katowice, Żywiec, Bielsko-Biała and others.", "The Nazi perpetrators of ethnic cleansing had already been sentenced during the Nuremberg trials.", "The IPN announced that discussing matters of war compensation was not within their mandate, which some living victims found disappointing." ]

[ 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 ]

[ "The Action was part of the Adolf Hitler's plan known as Lebensraum which involved Germanization of all Polish areas west of the territory allocated to the General Government." ]

[ "In December 1939, the German police conducted a population census in the region.", "Over 99 percent of the locals declared Polish nationality, much more than in the proper Silesia to the immediate west.", "Analysis of the census figures set the stage for the mass deportations across Upper Silesia, which was decided in July 1940.", "Some believe that Polish Jews were not a part of this \"Aktion\".", "On the other hand, the Holocaust historian Christopher R. Browning wrote that Jews had to have been an integral part of it.", "The local Germans \"had not diligently carried out the identification and seizure of Polish activists and intelligentsia and thus were not eager to report the actual number of Jews deported.\"", "For example, the Jewish families from the Zabłocie district of Żywiec were transported to a transit ghetto and labour camp in Sucha Beskidzka in the spring of 1941, and in 1942 sent aboard Holocaust trains to Auschwitz.", "Everything was carefully prepared by the German occupation authorities, with schedules for the Polish train transports, food rations, and a group of Gestapo functionaries who spoke Polish.", "The cost of the operation estimated at about 300,000 Marks was to be paid by the captives themselves.", "The Action began simultaneously at different locations on September 22, 1940 at 5 in the morning.", "The police and army units surrounded Polish settlements and entered individual homes ordering farmers to get out within 20 minutes.", "Eye-witness Helena Szatanikowa remarked that all instructions came from a warrant printed in Polish.", "Residents were requested to turn in all money and valuables.", "They were allowed to take with them only clothing and food, leaving behind everything else including livestock.", "They were marched and trucked to the so-called transit points in nearby towns of Żywiec, Rajcza, Sucha Beskidzka, and farther away like Końskie and others.", "Meanwhile, the new Germanic settlers were already waiting at the distribution centers set up in Bogumin and Cieszyn.", "The Poles were subjected to selection, and separated into those \"racially valuable\" (for preferential treatment) and the rest, including women and children.", "Groups of young men were gathered for slave labor in Germany.", "According to German law all captives were to be supplied with necessities for 14 days; however, in practice they were stripped of the remnants of their own belongings in the process of luggage and body searches.", "The assembly points at railway stations held each time about 1,000 Polish people; who were split into groups of 40 in line with already numbered rail cars.", "Each transport was usually sent separately, first to a railway junction in Łódź (for further selection), and from there, to previously chosen locations across the General Government (\"Generalgouvernement\").", "Poles were delivered to towns and villages in the vicinity of Biłgoraj, Wadowice, Radzymin, Łuków, and to the Lublin and Kielce governorates (see, the Lublin Reservation organized since October 1939), where they were dropped off alone without any help.", "Moreover, the Germans had warned the local population that the arriving deportees were criminals, thus further worsening their plight.", "They were met with fear and only reluctant acceptance at their destinations.", "Many died during transport.", "Others were forced to beg.", "The whole displacement action was conducted by the \"Polizei-Battalion No. 82\" (under Kegel) and \"Battalion No. 83\" (under Eugen Seim, stationed in Jeleśnia) with approximately 500 soldiers as well as numerous SS, RKF and NSDAP functionaries including \"Katowice\" Gestapo officers.", "Abandoned Polish houses were cleaned and washed by forced laborers, mostly Jewish captives and some remaining Gorals, who were later employed by the new farm-owners.", "Sheds deemed unsanitary were torn down.", "The department prepared swastika flags and portraits of Hitler to be placed at farms declared ready for occupation by the new Germans.", "Despite the Nazi propaganda campaign painting a rosy picture of their opulent future, the new hosts were not given the best of lands, which were reserved for the \"Reichsdeutsche\" who had served in the Wehrmacht.", "Many settlers were disappointed with the simple wooden cottages they were told to move into, and poor quality farmland.", "The \"Wartheland\" \"Gaue\" officials on their part, lamented the newcomers' cultural backwardness in comparison with most Poles, and their inability to speak proper German.", "The new settlers were put under permanent police surveillance.", "\"Aktion Saybusch\" officially ended on December 12, 1940, although the last transport (out of the total number of 19) was dispatched as late as January 31, 1941.", "On top of the 18,000–20,000 deportees sent across the border, some 8,000 Gorals employed in local industries were moved away from their homes.", "It was a pilot project meant to be followed by similar actions, but in March 1941 \"SS-Obergruppenführer\" Hans Frank, Governor of General Government, objected to further overcrowding of his district.", "As a result, from 1942 on, Polish deportees were placed with other farmers in the poorest villages within the same territory of Silesia (\"Interne Umsiedlung\"), or sent to one of the new 23 camps called \"Polenlager\", created especially for that purpose.", "By the end of war, about 50,000 Polish nationals were displaced from Żywiec and the surrounding area, nearly one-third of its population.", "In \"Polenlagers\", further selections were carried out, including racial abductions of children from their parents, who after verification were sent to \"Lebensborn\" centers for Germanization.", "The displaced Goral farmers who returned to their homes in 1945 often found buildings razed or destroyed and everything else stolen by the settlers escaping the Soviet advance.", "In the early 1990s, Action Saybusch was investigated by the Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes Against the Polish Nation at the Institute of National Remembrance in Katowice followed by a formal inquiry initiated in 1998 by Senator Władysław Bułka.", "After a series of announcements in the press, some 1,000 persons contacted IPN with personally collected data and supplementary materials, revealing the identities of many displaced families.", "According to Ewa Koj from IPN most living victims had already been interviewed.", "The investigation was limited by their advancing age and had to be discontinued on legal grounds.", "However, it was followed by a broad exhibit of documents and photographs collected in the process, and presented in many regional cities and towns including Katowice, Żywiec, Bielsko-Biała and others.", "The Nazi perpetrators of ethnic cleansing had already been sentenced during the Nuremberg trials.", "The IPN announced that discussing matters of war compensation was not within their mandate, which some living victims found disappointing." ]

[ 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47 ]

[ "The name of the Action came from the German name of the city of Żywiec – Saybusch." ]

[ "Red was introduced in the Netherlands in February 2011 at the \"Rebol & Boron conference\" by its author Nenad Rakočević.", "In September 2011, the Red programming language was presented to a larger audience during the Software Freedom Day 2011.", "Rakočević is a long-time Rebol developer known as the creator of the Cheyenne HTTP server.", "Red's syntax and semantics are very close to those of Rebol.", "Like Rebol, it strongly supports metaprogramming and domain-specific languages (DSLs) and is therefore a highly efficient tool for dialecting (creating embedded DSLs).", "Red includes a dialect called Red/System, a C-level language which provides system programming facilities.", "Red is easy to integrate with other tools and languages as a DLL (libRed) and very lightweight (around 1 MB).", "It is also able to cross-compile to various platforms (see Cross Compilation section below) and create packages for platforms that require them (e.g., .APK on Android).", "Red also includes a fully reactive cross-platform GUI system based on an underlying reactive dataflow engine, a 2D drawing dialect comparable to SVG, compile-time and runtime macro support, and more than 40 standard datatypes.", "The following is the list of Red's Goals as presented on the Software Freedom Day 2011:", "Red's development is planned to be done in two phases:\n# Initial phase: Red and Red/System compilers written in Rebol 2\n# Bootstrap phase: Red and Red/System compilers complemented by a Red JIT-compiler, all written in Red", "Red currently supports the following cross-compilation targets:", "<syntaxhighlight lang=\"red\">\nRed [Title: \"Simple hello world script\"]\nprint \"Hello World!\"\n</syntaxhighlight>", "IMPORTANT: These are intended as syntax examples.", "Until Red has 64-bit support, the integer example will overflow a 32-bit integer very quickly.", "Changing that to `float!` will go farther, but these are merely to show the syntax of the language.", "The following is a factorial example in Red:\n<syntaxhighlight lang=\"red\">\nRed [Title: \"A factorial script\"] ; Note: The title is optional.", "factorial: func", "[\n x [integer!]", "; Giving the type of an argument in Red is optional\n either x = 0", "[1][x \n</syntaxhighlight>", "The following is the same factorial example in Red/System (in this very simple case, the source code is very similar to Red's version):\n<syntaxhighlight lang=\"red\">\nRed/System", "[Title: \"A factorial script\"]\nfactorial: func", "[\n x [integer!]", "; This is compulsory in Red/System\n return: [integer!] ; This is compulsory in Red/System\n either x = 0", "[1][x \n</syntaxhighlight>" ]

[ 0, 1, 2 ]

[ "Red was introduced in 2011 by Nenad Rakočević, and is both an imperative and functional programming language." ]

[ "Red was introduced in the Netherlands in February 2011 at the \"Rebol & Boron conference\" by its author Nenad Rakočević.", "In September 2011, the Red programming language was presented to a larger audience during the Software Freedom Day 2011.", "Rakočević is a long-time Rebol developer known as the creator of the Cheyenne HTTP server.", "Red's syntax and semantics are very close to those of Rebol.", "Like Rebol, it strongly supports metaprogramming and domain-specific languages (DSLs) and is therefore a highly efficient tool for dialecting (creating embedded DSLs).", "Red includes a dialect called Red/System, a C-level language which provides system programming facilities.", "Red is easy to integrate with other tools and languages as a DLL (libRed) and very lightweight (around 1 MB).", "It is also able to cross-compile to various platforms (see Cross Compilation section below) and create packages for platforms that require them (e.g., .APK on Android).", "Red also includes a fully reactive cross-platform GUI system based on an underlying reactive dataflow engine, a 2D drawing dialect comparable to SVG, compile-time and runtime macro support, and more than 40 standard datatypes.", "The following is the list of Red's Goals as presented on the Software Freedom Day 2011:", "Red's development is planned to be done in two phases:\n# Initial phase: Red and Red/System compilers written in Rebol 2\n# Bootstrap phase: Red and Red/System compilers complemented by a Red JIT-compiler, all written in Red", "Red currently supports the following cross-compilation targets:", "<syntaxhighlight lang=\"red\">\nRed [Title: \"Simple hello world script\"]\nprint \"Hello World!\"\n</syntaxhighlight>", "IMPORTANT: These are intended as syntax examples.", "Until Red has 64-bit support, the integer example will overflow a 32-bit integer very quickly.", "Changing that to `float!` will go farther, but these are merely to show the syntax of the language.", "The following is a factorial example in Red:\n<syntaxhighlight lang=\"red\">\nRed [Title: \"A factorial script\"] ; Note: The title is optional.", "factorial: func", "[\n x [integer!]", "; Giving the type of an argument in Red is optional\n either x = 0", "[1][x \n</syntaxhighlight>", "The following is the same factorial example in Red/System (in this very simple case, the source code is very similar to Red's version):\n<syntaxhighlight lang=\"red\">\nRed/System", "[Title: \"A factorial script\"]\nfactorial: func", "[\n x [integer!]", "; This is compulsory in Red/System\n return: [integer!] ; This is compulsory in Red/System\n either x = 0", "[1][x \n</syntaxhighlight>" ]

[ 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ]

[ "* \"Red\" is a homoiconic language capable of meta-programming, with Rebol-like semantics.", "It is therefore possible to cross-compile Red programs from any platform it supports to any other, via a command-line switch." ]

[ "Six Flags Astroworld and Intamin partnered in 1979 to build the world's first river rapids ride in 1980 called \"Thunder River\".", "The water ride became so popular at \"Astroworld\" that Six Flags debuted two new river rapids in 1981 at \"Six Flags Magic Mountain\" and at Six Flags Great Adventure, 1983 at \"Six Flags Over Texas\", and 1984 at \"Six Flags Great America\".", "The version at Six Flags Over Texas features a dual loading station where boats can be loaded at twice the rate of one loading station.", "The Magic Mountain version doesn't feature a dual loading station but is built to feature one.", "The Great America version also doesn't feature a dual loading station but features a turning station where the station moves in a circle with the boat where riders can depart and get on.", "The Six Flags Over Texas and Six Flags Magic Mountain rides operate from spring to the end of Fright Fest in October.", "The Six Flags Great America ride operates from spring to around Labor Day.", "At some parks, the ride is transformed into a Fright Fest maze during October.", "At Six Flags Over Texas the ride is closed during both Fright Fest and Holiday in the park.", "The Six Flags Great America version closed for the entire season in 2021 due to a $1,000,000 refurbishment on the ride, and would open later in 2022.", "The ride made an appearance in a Kidsongs episode, \"Ride the Roller Coaster\".", "Once the twelve riders strap themselves into one of the boats, the boat then leaves the station to the artificial river that is shaped like an oval at Over Texas and Magic Mountain.", "The twelve riders at Great America's version goes through a unique course rather than in an oval.", "During all three rides, there are different objects that are in the water that disrupt the flow of the river that creates the rapids.", "Six Flags Over Texas and Six Flags Great America's versions feature waterfalls towards the end as another way to get passengers completely soaked.", "Once riders go through the full course of the ride, the boat will then reach the lift and be taken back into the station.", "On March 21, 1999, a 28-year-old woman died at Six Flags Over Texas, and 10 other guests were injured, when the raft they were on overturned in 2–3 feet of water due to sudden deflation of the air chambers that support the raft.", "The raft then got caught on an underwater pipe, which provided leverage for the rushing water in the ride to flip the raft over.", "In a subsequent settlement, Six Flags agreed to pay US$4 million to the victim's family, and the company would join the family in a lawsuit against Canyon Manufacturing Co., the company responsible for parts that were related to the accident." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ]

[ "Roaring Rapids is a river rapids ride located at Six Flags Magic Mountain in Valencia, California, Six Flags Over Texas in Arlington, Texas and Six Flags Great America in Gurnee, Illinois." ]

[ "Since she was eight years old, Minami Tsuda was fascinated with voice acting as she was influenced by her sister and grew from watching \"Sailor Moon\" and \"Pokémon\".", "At the age of 10, she joined a choir, where she met actress and singer Eri Itō as her instructor for the next eight years.", "After graduating from high school, Tsuda quit the choir and attended Aoni Juku, the voice acting school of the talent agency Aoni Production, in Tokyo upon the recommendation of voice actress Michie Tomizawa.", "Tsuda's first voice role was recorded incoming voices on mobile phones.", "In 2009, she took the role of Shige in \"Nintama Rantarō Musical\", a musical theater performance based on the anime series of the same name." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ]

[ "She is affiliated with Aoni Production." ]

[ "Sir Stuart Samuel the Liberal MP for Whitechapel undertook a contract for the Public Service, which required him to resign his seat and face re-election.", "Sir Stuart Samuel had been Liberal MP for the seat since 1900 and the seat had been Liberal since it was created in 1885.", "He was opposed by Edgar Browne, who had been his Unionist opponent in December 1910.", "The National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, following the adoption of their new policy to not support Liberal candidates, chose not to support either candidate and instead opened a local office from which to carry out propaganda work.", "The smaller Women's Freedom League, a breakaway group from the Women's Social and Political Union who favoured direct action but opposed violence, also set up a local campaign office.", "However, the WFL's position on by-elections was specifically anti-government, so they campaigned against the return of the Liberal candidate Samuel and thus by definition in support of his Unionist opponent, Browne.", "Samuel retired from politics in 1916 and the Liberals held the resulting by-election unopposed." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "The Whitechapel by-election was a Parliamentary by-election." ]

[ "Francis was born on 1 May 1989 in Mount Barker, South Australia.", "Her mother, older sister and half sister live in South Australia, while her father lives in Cairns.", "She lived with her father in Fiji for four months during 2001.", "Francis is tall", "The WNBL lists her height at though \"The Advertiser\" of Adelaide, list her height as and Logan Thunder and FIBA lists her height as .", "Francis started out playing netball, but ultimately chose basketball because she preferred the contact aspect of the sport.", "Francis played in the Central Australian Basketball League for the Eastern Mavericks.", "She was with the team for the 2007 season and went on to help her team win their first league championship in 2008.", "She was named the league's best and fairest, winning the Halls Medal.", "She was also named the league's player of the year in 2008.", "She averaged 22.4 points per game in 2008.", "She led the league that season in offensive rebounding with 4.8 per game.", "She also led the league in defensive rebounds per game with 14.2.", "She led in the rebounding category with 18.9 per game.", "In 2009, Francis played for the Ballarat Lady Miners in the SEABL.", "In 2010, she played for the Sandringham Sabres in the SEABL.", "In 2011, she played in the Queensland Basketball League for the Cairns Dolphins.", "Her play with the team drew the attention the national selectors.", "In the 2011 season, she was the player of the round in two separate weeks.", "The first time was in round two.", "The second time was in round four.", "She was named a third time in round nine.", "In an April 2011 game in the SEABL, she scored 26 points and had 16 rebounds.", "Francis earned a silver medal with South Australia Metro at the 2005 U18 National Junior Championships.", "She participated in the U16 National Junior Championships in 2005, playing for South Australia Country.", "In 2006, she participated in the U18 National Junior Championships for South Australia Country.", "In 2006, she was named the South Australian Under 21 Player of the Year.", "She has won the R.E. Staunton award winner for Female MVP at U20 National Championships in 2008.In 2019 she join the new Hobart women's team the Hobart Huskies for the first three game of the NBL1 season.", "Francis played for the Australian Institute of Sport team for three years, including for the 2005/2006 season.", "In 2007, she won the WNBL Bettie Watson Rookie of the Year.", "During the 2007/2008 season, her Australian Institute of Sport team won eight games.", "Francis signed with the Adelaide Lightning in 2008.", "She played with the team during the 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 seasons.", "By November 2008 in the 2008/2009 season, she was averaging 16 points a game and 10.6 rebounds a game.", "In a November 2008 90–62 win over the Australian Institute of Sport, she scored 17 points, and had 7 rebounds in the game.", "In a November 2009 game against the Australian Institute of Sport which her won 100–77, while on the court 23:38 minutes, she scored 24 points and had a field goal percentage of 75%.", "In an October 2009 game Adelaide won 75–66 against Dandenong, she had 26 points and 17 rebounds, and had a field goal percentage of 50%.", "She did not miss a single one of her free throw shots.", "Francis joined the Logan Thunder in 2010.", "She played for them in 2010/2011 and 2011/2012.", "In November 2011, she helped her team stage a come from behind victory against the West Coast Waves.", "She wore no. 4 for the team.", "In January 2012, she was one of three players seriously considered for player of the week but lost to American Shanavia Dowdell.", "Francis returned to the WNBL with the Townsville Fire in 2014.", "George signed with the Melbourne boomers for the 2018/19 wnbl season", "On 4 February 2015, Francis signed with the WNBA's Phoenix Mercury.", "In February 2017, Francis was re-acquired by the Mercury.", "On 2 February 2018, George was traded to the Connecticut Sun.", "On 16 May 2018, George was waived by the Connecticut Sun.", "On 3 June 2018, George was signed by the Dallas Wings.", "Francis plays center for the Opals.", "She was a member of the 2008 Opals squad.", "In late March, early April 2008, she participated in a week long training camp with the national team in Canberra.", "In 2008, she had her first Opals cap in a game against New Zealand women's national basketball team.", "She was a member of the 2009 Opals squad.", "She was a member of the 2011 Opals squad and, as a member of the team, she earned a gold medal at the FIBA Oceania Championship.", "In June 2011, she participated in a national team training camp in Canberra.", "In late July 2011, she played in a three-game test series against China played in Queensland.", "She was scheduled to participate in the national team training camp held from 14 to 18 May 2012 at the Australian Institute of Sport.", "Francis has also played for Australia's age restricted national sides.", "She has 31 caps for Australia's junior national team and 14 appearances for the Young Australia team.", "In 2006, as a member of the Gems, she participated in the Taipei hosted William Jones Cup.", "In 2006, she was a member of Australia's Under-21 national team, the Sapphires.", "As a member of the Australian team at the 2007 FIBA U19 World Championship for Women, she finished fifth.", "She averaged 12.1 points and 7.1 rebounds per game in the competition.", "In the first-round game against Brazil, she scored 20 points, and went three for three in three-point range.", "She also had 10 rebounds in the game against Brazil.", "She averaged 21.1 points per game, 7.1 rebounds per game and 0.3 assists per game.", "She played 204 minutes in 9 games.", "She made 43 out of 99 attempted field goals.", "She was 14/16 at the free throw line.", "She had 20 offensive rebounds and 44 defensive rebounds.", "Francis earned a silver medal at the 2007 FIBA World Championship for Under 21 Women held in Moscow.", "At the 2007 FIBA U21 World Championship for Women, she averaged 8.6 points per game, 7.6 rebounds per game and 0.5 assists per game.", "In the competition, she wore number 11.", "In 2011, she represented Australia at the World University Games.", "Francis, like all the other members of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics Opals women's basketball team, had a difficult tournament.", "The Opals lost their first two group stage matches.", "They looked flat against Belgium and then lost to China in heartbreaking circumstances.", "In their last group match the Opals needed to beat Puerto Rico by 25 or more in their final match to progress.", "This they did by 27 in a very exciting match.", "However, they lost to the USA in their quarterfinal 79 to 55." ]

[ 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 ]

[ "Cayla George (née Francis; born 1 May 1989) is an Australian professional basketball player.", "Francis plays for the Melbourne Boomers of the Women's National Basketball League (WNBL).", "She has also played in several other leagues including the Central Australian Basketball League, SEABL, LFB and WNBL.", "She has represented South Australia in the National Junior Championships, winning a silver medal in the U18 Championships in 2005.", "In the WNBL, she has played for the Australian Institute of Sport, Adelaide Lightning, Logan Thunder and Townsville Fire." ]

[ "Francis was born on 1 May 1989 in Mount Barker, South Australia.", "Her mother, older sister and half sister live in South Australia, while her father lives in Cairns.", "She lived with her father in Fiji for four months during 2001.", "Francis is tall", "The WNBL lists her height at though \"The Advertiser\" of Adelaide, list her height as and Logan Thunder and FIBA lists her height as .", "Francis started out playing netball, but ultimately chose basketball because she preferred the contact aspect of the sport.", "Francis played in the Central Australian Basketball League for the Eastern Mavericks.", "She was with the team for the 2007 season and went on to help her team win their first league championship in 2008.", "She was named the league's best and fairest, winning the Halls Medal.", "She was also named the league's player of the year in 2008.", "She averaged 22.4 points per game in 2008.", "She led the league that season in offensive rebounding with 4.8 per game.", "She also led the league in defensive rebounds per game with 14.2.", "She led in the rebounding category with 18.9 per game.", "In 2009, Francis played for the Ballarat Lady Miners in the SEABL.", "In 2010, she played for the Sandringham Sabres in the SEABL.", "In 2011, she played in the Queensland Basketball League for the Cairns Dolphins.", "Her play with the team drew the attention the national selectors.", "In the 2011 season, she was the player of the round in two separate weeks.", "The first time was in round two.", "The second time was in round four.", "She was named a third time in round nine.", "In an April 2011 game in the SEABL, she scored 26 points and had 16 rebounds.", "Francis earned a silver medal with South Australia Metro at the 2005 U18 National Junior Championships.", "She participated in the U16 National Junior Championships in 2005, playing for South Australia Country.", "In 2006, she participated in the U18 National Junior Championships for South Australia Country.", "In 2006, she was named the South Australian Under 21 Player of the Year.", "She has won the R.E. Staunton award winner for Female MVP at U20 National Championships in 2008.In 2019 she join the new Hobart women's team the Hobart Huskies for the first three game of the NBL1 season.", "Francis played for the Australian Institute of Sport team for three years, including for the 2005/2006 season.", "In 2007, she won the WNBL Bettie Watson Rookie of the Year.", "During the 2007/2008 season, her Australian Institute of Sport team won eight games.", "Francis signed with the Adelaide Lightning in 2008.", "She played with the team during the 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 seasons.", "By November 2008 in the 2008/2009 season, she was averaging 16 points a game and 10.6 rebounds a game.", "In a November 2008 90–62 win over the Australian Institute of Sport, she scored 17 points, and had 7 rebounds in the game.", "In a November 2009 game against the Australian Institute of Sport which her won 100–77, while on the court 23:38 minutes, she scored 24 points and had a field goal percentage of 75%.", "In an October 2009 game Adelaide won 75–66 against Dandenong, she had 26 points and 17 rebounds, and had a field goal percentage of 50%.", "She did not miss a single one of her free throw shots.", "Francis joined the Logan Thunder in 2010.", "She played for them in 2010/2011 and 2011/2012.", "In November 2011, she helped her team stage a come from behind victory against the West Coast Waves.", "She wore no. 4 for the team.", "In January 2012, she was one of three players seriously considered for player of the week but lost to American Shanavia Dowdell.", "Francis returned to the WNBL with the Townsville Fire in 2014.", "George signed with the Melbourne boomers for the 2018/19 wnbl season", "On 4 February 2015, Francis signed with the WNBA's Phoenix Mercury.", "In February 2017, Francis was re-acquired by the Mercury.", "On 2 February 2018, George was traded to the Connecticut Sun.", "On 16 May 2018, George was waived by the Connecticut Sun.", "On 3 June 2018, George was signed by the Dallas Wings.", "Francis plays center for the Opals.", "She was a member of the 2008 Opals squad.", "In late March, early April 2008, she participated in a week long training camp with the national team in Canberra.", "In 2008, she had her first Opals cap in a game against New Zealand women's national basketball team.", "She was a member of the 2009 Opals squad.", "She was a member of the 2011 Opals squad and, as a member of the team, she earned a gold medal at the FIBA Oceania Championship.", "In June 2011, she participated in a national team training camp in Canberra.", "In late July 2011, she played in a three-game test series against China played in Queensland.", "She was scheduled to participate in the national team training camp held from 14 to 18 May 2012 at the Australian Institute of Sport.", "Francis has also played for Australia's age restricted national sides.", "She has 31 caps for Australia's junior national team and 14 appearances for the Young Australia team.", "In 2006, as a member of the Gems, she participated in the Taipei hosted William Jones Cup.", "In 2006, she was a member of Australia's Under-21 national team, the Sapphires.", "As a member of the Australian team at the 2007 FIBA U19 World Championship for Women, she finished fifth.", "She averaged 12.1 points and 7.1 rebounds per game in the competition.", "In the first-round game against Brazil, she scored 20 points, and went three for three in three-point range.", "She also had 10 rebounds in the game against Brazil.", "She averaged 21.1 points per game, 7.1 rebounds per game and 0.3 assists per game.", "She played 204 minutes in 9 games.", "She made 43 out of 99 attempted field goals.", "She was 14/16 at the free throw line.", "She had 20 offensive rebounds and 44 defensive rebounds.", "Francis earned a silver medal at the 2007 FIBA World Championship for Under 21 Women held in Moscow.", "At the 2007 FIBA U21 World Championship for Women, she averaged 8.6 points per game, 7.6 rebounds per game and 0.5 assists per game.", "In the competition, she wore number 11.", "In 2011, she represented Australia at the World University Games.", "Francis, like all the other members of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics Opals women's basketball team, had a difficult tournament.", "The Opals lost their first two group stage matches.", "They looked flat against Belgium and then lost to China in heartbreaking circumstances.", "In their last group match the Opals needed to beat Puerto Rico by 25 or more in their final match to progress.", "This they did by 27 in a very exciting match.", "However, they lost to the USA in their quarterfinal 79 to 55." ]

[ 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44 ]

[ "In the WNBL, she has played for the Australian Institute of Sport, Adelaide Lightning, Logan Thunder and Townsville Fire." ]

[ "Francis was born on 1 May 1989 in Mount Barker, South Australia.", "Her mother, older sister and half sister live in South Australia, while her father lives in Cairns.", "She lived with her father in Fiji for four months during 2001.", "Francis is tall", "The WNBL lists her height at though \"The Advertiser\" of Adelaide, list her height as and Logan Thunder and FIBA lists her height as .", "Francis started out playing netball, but ultimately chose basketball because she preferred the contact aspect of the sport.", "Francis played in the Central Australian Basketball League for the Eastern Mavericks.", "She was with the team for the 2007 season and went on to help her team win their first league championship in 2008.", "She was named the league's best and fairest, winning the Halls Medal.", "She was also named the league's player of the year in 2008.", "She averaged 22.4 points per game in 2008.", "She led the league that season in offensive rebounding with 4.8 per game.", "She also led the league in defensive rebounds per game with 14.2.", "She led in the rebounding category with 18.9 per game.", "In 2009, Francis played for the Ballarat Lady Miners in the SEABL.", "In 2010, she played for the Sandringham Sabres in the SEABL.", "In 2011, she played in the Queensland Basketball League for the Cairns Dolphins.", "Her play with the team drew the attention the national selectors.", "In the 2011 season, she was the player of the round in two separate weeks.", "The first time was in round two.", "The second time was in round four.", "She was named a third time in round nine.", "In an April 2011 game in the SEABL, she scored 26 points and had 16 rebounds.", "Francis earned a silver medal with South Australia Metro at the 2005 U18 National Junior Championships.", "She participated in the U16 National Junior Championships in 2005, playing for South Australia Country.", "In 2006, she participated in the U18 National Junior Championships for South Australia Country.", "In 2006, she was named the South Australian Under 21 Player of the Year.", "She has won the R.E. Staunton award winner for Female MVP at U20 National Championships in 2008.In 2019 she join the new Hobart women's team the Hobart Huskies for the first three game of the NBL1 season.", "Francis played for the Australian Institute of Sport team for three years, including for the 2005/2006 season.", "In 2007, she won the WNBL Bettie Watson Rookie of the Year.", "During the 2007/2008 season, her Australian Institute of Sport team won eight games.", "Francis signed with the Adelaide Lightning in 2008.", "She played with the team during the 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 seasons.", "By November 2008 in the 2008/2009 season, she was averaging 16 points a game and 10.6 rebounds a game.", "In a November 2008 90–62 win over the Australian Institute of Sport, she scored 17 points, and had 7 rebounds in the game.", "In a November 2009 game against the Australian Institute of Sport which her won 100–77, while on the court 23:38 minutes, she scored 24 points and had a field goal percentage of 75%.", "In an October 2009 game Adelaide won 75–66 against Dandenong, she had 26 points and 17 rebounds, and had a field goal percentage of 50%.", "She did not miss a single one of her free throw shots.", "Francis joined the Logan Thunder in 2010.", "She played for them in 2010/2011 and 2011/2012.", "In November 2011, she helped her team stage a come from behind victory against the West Coast Waves.", "She wore no. 4 for the team.", "In January 2012, she was one of three players seriously considered for player of the week but lost to American Shanavia Dowdell.", "Francis returned to the WNBL with the Townsville Fire in 2014.", "George signed with the Melbourne boomers for the 2018/19 wnbl season", "On 4 February 2015, Francis signed with the WNBA's Phoenix Mercury.", "In February 2017, Francis was re-acquired by the Mercury.", "On 2 February 2018, George was traded to the Connecticut Sun.", "On 16 May 2018, George was waived by the Connecticut Sun.", "On 3 June 2018, George was signed by the Dallas Wings.", "Francis plays center for the Opals.", "She was a member of the 2008 Opals squad.", "In late March, early April 2008, she participated in a week long training camp with the national team in Canberra.", "In 2008, she had her first Opals cap in a game against New Zealand women's national basketball team.", "She was a member of the 2009 Opals squad.", "She was a member of the 2011 Opals squad and, as a member of the team, she earned a gold medal at the FIBA Oceania Championship.", "In June 2011, she participated in a national team training camp in Canberra.", "In late July 2011, she played in a three-game test series against China played in Queensland.", "She was scheduled to participate in the national team training camp held from 14 to 18 May 2012 at the Australian Institute of Sport.", "Francis has also played for Australia's age restricted national sides.", "She has 31 caps for Australia's junior national team and 14 appearances for the Young Australia team.", "In 2006, as a member of the Gems, she participated in the Taipei hosted William Jones Cup.", "In 2006, she was a member of Australia's Under-21 national team, the Sapphires.", "As a member of the Australian team at the 2007 FIBA U19 World Championship for Women, she finished fifth.", "She averaged 12.1 points and 7.1 rebounds per game in the competition.", "In the first-round game against Brazil, she scored 20 points, and went three for three in three-point range.", "She also had 10 rebounds in the game against Brazil.", "She averaged 21.1 points per game, 7.1 rebounds per game and 0.3 assists per game.", "She played 204 minutes in 9 games.", "She made 43 out of 99 attempted field goals.", "She was 14/16 at the free throw line.", "She had 20 offensive rebounds and 44 defensive rebounds.", "Francis earned a silver medal at the 2007 FIBA World Championship for Under 21 Women held in Moscow.", "At the 2007 FIBA U21 World Championship for Women, she averaged 8.6 points per game, 7.6 rebounds per game and 0.5 assists per game.", "In the competition, she wore number 11.", "In 2011, she represented Australia at the World University Games.", "Francis, like all the other members of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics Opals women's basketball team, had a difficult tournament.", "The Opals lost their first two group stage matches.", "They looked flat against Belgium and then lost to China in heartbreaking circumstances.", "In their last group match the Opals needed to beat Puerto Rico by 25 or more in their final match to progress.", "This they did by 27 in a very exciting match.", "However, they lost to the USA in their quarterfinal 79 to 55." ]

[ 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81 ]

[ "She was a member of the Australian Women's basketball team (Opals) at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.", "The Opals were eliminated after losing to the USA in the quarterfinals." ]

[ "Born in Edinburgh, Calder was the first new player to sign for Sheffield United after the initial formation of the club.", "He was signed in December 1889 after responding to the club's advertisements for players which had been published in Scotland.", "He played seven games for the Blades in the FA Cup and a handful of times in the Midland Counties League and the Northern League before being released in December 1891.", "Calder then signed for Gainsborough Trinity in 1892 and also had a spell with Barnsley St. Peter's.", "He moved to play for Doncaster Rovers in 1893, remaining at the club till some time in the 1896−97 season when they won the Midland League, however he only played 3 times that season and didn't receive a medal.", "Following his retirement from the game as a player, he settled in the town and in June 1920, as Rovers reformed following the war period, Calder offered them his services as \"Honorary Manager\", creating a team from the applications that had come in.", "This was the first time the term manager had been applied to a Rovers official.", "Calder died suddenly at his Doncaster home in 1937, aged 67." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ]

[ "William Calder (1868 – 24 May 1936) was a Scottish footballer who played as a forward for Sheffield United, Gainsborough Trinity, Barnsley St. Peter's and Doncaster Rovers." ]

[ "Waiapu Valley is sparsely inhabited, with a population density in 2002 of approximately — less than 8% of the national average at the time (approximately 14.71/km2 or 38.09/sq mi).", "The population of the valley is centred in Ruatoria, though the area contains a large number of small settlements.", "In the 2006 census, Ruatoria had a population of 756 — down 9.7% since 2001, and 94.8% of its population were Māori, with 46% of the population able to speak te reo Māori.", "The second largest town, Tikitiki, is the easternmost point on the New Zealand state highway network.", "The western border of the valley is the Raukumara Range, and has a relief ranging from .", "Moving east, the middle and lower parts of the valley are hilly, with a relief of , and the eastern side is made of lower sets of terraces and floodplains just above sea level.", "There are many large mountains in the Raukumara Range on the west of the valley, the most prominent of which is Mount Hikurangi, on a spur of the Raukumura Range inland from Ruatoria.", "At above sea level, it is the highest non-volcanic peak in the North Island.", "Other summits in the area include Whanokao (), Aorangi (), Wharekia () and Taitai ().", "Together, these mountains provide what \"Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand\" calls an \"awe-inspiring vista\".", "The valley receives a high level of rainfall — from per year at the coast, to more than per year in the Raukumura Range.", "This water drains into a large number of streams and rivers, which flow to Waiapu River, the main stem in the north-east of the valley.", "The Waiapu River flows north-east from the joining of the Mata River and the Tapuaeroa River near Ruatoria, and reaches the Pacific Ocean near Rangitukia.", "Other tributaries in the valley include the Mangaoporo, Poroporo, Wairoa, Maraehara rivers, and the Paoaruku stream.", "A tributary of the Mata River, the Waitahaia River, is renowned for its brown trout — a European species of fish introduced into New Zealand for fishing in the late 1860s.", "In 1840, approximately 80% of the Waiapu Valley was native forest, with a rich array of native flora and fauna.", "There was a small area to the east of the river covered in coastal forest and scrub due to partial clearance and burning.", "Between 1890 and 1930 there was large-scale clearing, felling and burning of native forests for pastoralism.", "Floods and heavy rainfall are common to the area, and this, combined with the development, resulted in widespread erosion and large amounts of sediment being deposited in the Waiapu River and its tributaries.", "This has changed the landscape significantly.", "Since the late 1960s, much work has been done to repair the area by planting exotic forests in eroding areas, and encouraging the return of native scrub.", "However, by 2002 the catchment area had few natural habitats remaining.", "It was 37% pasture, 26% exotic \"Pinus radiata\" forest, 21% native forest, and about 12% kānuka and mānuka scrub.", "It was highly degraded and modified, and had extensive and serious erosion problems.", "About half of the pasture area could be considered erosion-prone and unsustainable.", "Many of the catchment's rivers were full of sediment, and classed as highly degraded.", "The Waiapu River had one of the highest sediment yields in the world (20,520 t/km2/year in 2000), more than two and a half times that of the adjacent catchment area of the Waipaoa River.", "The high level of sediment in Waiapu River means it is undesirable as a source of drinking water, and very little of the river's water is used.", "Approximately one sixth of the annual sediment flow in all New Zealand river systems is in the Waiapu River, which continues to be one of the most sediment laden rivers in the world.", "The annual suspended sediment load is 36 million tonnes, and of sediment flows into the sea every second.", "Anecdotal evidence suggests that this sediment may have adversely affected nearby coastal and marine environments.", "Gravel deposited by the river onto shingle beaches near its mouth is extracted at approximately 12 different sites, predominantly for use on nearby rural and forestry roads.", "The water quality of the river's tributaries is often much higher, as they are closer to the native vegetation cover of the Raukumura Range.", "In lower areas, much of the eroded gravel from the catchment area settles on the riverbed of the Waiapu River, making it rise rapidly.", "The riverbed rose between 1986 and 2007, and a number of bridges in the valley have had to be raised to accommodate their rising riverbeds.", "As the riverbed rises, so does the river, which is causing extensive riverbank erosion.", "The banks eroded at a rate of per year between 1988 and 1997.", "By the 2003 to 2008 period this rate had doubled, with per year eroding in 2005 and 2006.", "This erosion threatens the town of Ruatoria, and groynes have been installed in an attempt to divert the river away from the town.", "The Waiapu Valley, called \"Te Riu o Waiapu\" in te reo Māori, lies within the rohe of Ngāti Porou, the largest iwi on the East Coast, and second largest in New Zealand.", "Mount Hikurangi, Waiapu River, and the Waiapu Valley itself are of immense cultural, spiritual, economic, and traditional value to Ngāti Porou.", "Mount Hikurangi is the iwi's most important icon, and in Māori mythology, was the first part of the North Island to emerge when Māui, an ancestor of Ngāti Porou, pulled it as a giant fish from the ocean.", "According to these beliefs, his waka, \"Nukutaimemeha\", became stranded on the mountain, and lies petrified near the mountain's summit.", "Nine whakairo (carvings) depicting Māui and his whānau were erected on the mountain to commemorate the millennium in 2000 (photo).", "Another of Ngāti Porou's mythological ancestors, Paikea, is also associated with the mountain.", "According to myth, Paikea's younger half-brother, Ruatapu, attempted to kill about 70 of his older kin (\"brothers\") at sea in Hawaiki to exact revenge on his father for belittling him as a low-born son of a slave.", "The massacre, called \"Te Huripūreiata\", was survived only by Paikea, who called on the sea gods and ancestors to save him.", "Paikea travelled to New Zealand on the back of a whale, but Ruatapu sent a great flood to kill the survivors in New Zealand, called \"Te Tai a Ruatapu\".", "Mt. Hikurangi became a refuge for the people from this deluge.", "The Waiapu River is also of great significance to Ngāti Porou.", "According to traditional beliefs, they have had an undisturbed relationship with the river since the time of Māui, which serves to unite those who live on either side of it.", "Ngāti Porou believe that taniwha dwell in and protect the river, in turn protecting the valley and its hapū.", "Taniwha believed to be in Waiapu River include Kotuwainuku, Kotuwairangi, Ohinewaiapu, and Ngungurutehorowhatu.", "Māori settlement of Waiapu Valley was widespread until the 1880s, while in March 1874 there were only 20 Pākehā living in the area.", "In 1840, Ngāti Porou extensively cultivated the area around the river.", "The valley was a place where they could live, offering safe refuge during periods of war, and supplies of fresh water and various species of fish.", "The first Māori church in New Zealand was built on the banks of Waiapu River sometime between 1834 and 1839.", "The previous decade, Taumata-a-Kura of Ngāti Porou had been captured by a Ngāpuhi war party, and been made their slave in the Bay of Islands.", "He escaped several years later, and was protected by the missionaries, who introduced him to Christianity, and taught him to read and write.", "When he returned to the Waiapu Valley in 1834, he introduced his people to the religion.", "Richard Taylor's drawing of the church, done after visiting in April 1839, can be viewed here.", "Whakawhitirā Pā, in which the church was located, was described to Taylor as the largest in the region.", "Just prior to 1840, the pā had approximately 3,000 inhabitants.", "Many Ngāti Porou hapū still live in the valley, which has a large number of marae.", "In 2002, the valley's population was approximately 90% Māori, and traditional culture is still practised in the area — though it has changed significantly in the last 150 years.", "Since they arrived, the many hapū that live alongside the Waiapu River have been responsible for preserving the mauri (life principle or special nature) of the river, and the hapū of the valley act as kaitiakitanga (guardians) of the river and its tributaries.", "The techniques the iwi use to catch Kahawai at the mouth of the river are unique to that river, and are considered sacred.", "According to an affidavit of Hapukuniha Te Huakore Karaka, two taniwha were placed in strategic locations in the river to protect the hapū from invading tribes — one near Paoaruku (a locality at ) and one at the Wairoa River (a small creek at ).", "Karaka said that a bridge was built from Tikitiki to Waiomatatini, to the protest of local Māori who were concerned that it would disturb the taniwha.", "The night before the bridge was completed, a storm came washing the bridge away — the weather till then had been calm.", "From then, one person would drown in the river nearly every year.", "If it did not happen one year, two would drown the next.", "A local tohunga, George Gage (Hori Te Kou-o-rehua Keeti) was approached to help the situation, and after that there were no similar drownings.", "The deforestation and land development of the area, largely planned and managed by non-Maori groups, have had a huge negative impact on Māori.", "In December 2010, Ngāti Porou signed a settlement deal with the New Zealand Government for various grievances, some of which relate to the Waiapu Valley.", "The settlement included a million financial redress, and the return of sites culturally significant to the iwi totally approximately .", "Ngāti Porou have a number of whakataukī or pēpeha (sayings or proverbs) relating to Waiapu Valley.", "These include:", "There were several “gold rushes” in the Waiapu Valley in the early days of European settlement.", "In 1874 about 100 Māori went prospecting on and around Mount Hikurangi.", "Sir James Hector, who examined the locality, found no signs of gold.", "In 1875 “Scotty” Siddons, mate of the \"Beautiful Star\", claimed to have met, on the East Coast, a Māori who had a few ounces of gold.", "He and a mate named Hill found a lot of mundic on the north-west side of the mountain, but only outcrops of limestone on the higher slopes.", "In 1886 Reupane te Ana, of Makarika, discovered what he fondly imagined was an enormous deposit of gold.", "With what Joseph Angus Mackay called “noble unselfishness”, he let all his friends into the secret.", "Drays, wheelbarrows and receptacles of all kinds were rushed to the scene, and large quantities of the “precious metal” were removed to a safe place.", "When it turned out that the metal was only mundic, Reupane became an object of ridicule, and, afterwards, was known as “Tommy Poorfellow.”", "The area was home to politician Sir Āpirana Ngata, and Te Moananui-a-Kiwa Ngārimu — the second of three Māori to receive a Victoria Cross." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 ]

[ "The Raukumara Range forms the western side of the valley, with Mount Hikurangi in the central west.", "The towns of Ruatoria and Tikitiki are in the north-east of the valley." ]

[ "Waiapu Valley is sparsely inhabited, with a population density in 2002 of approximately — less than 8% of the national average at the time (approximately 14.71/km2 or 38.09/sq mi).", "The population of the valley is centred in Ruatoria, though the area contains a large number of small settlements.", "In the 2006 census, Ruatoria had a population of 756 — down 9.7% since 2001, and 94.8% of its population were Māori, with 46% of the population able to speak te reo Māori.", "The second largest town, Tikitiki, is the easternmost point on the New Zealand state highway network.", "The western border of the valley is the Raukumara Range, and has a relief ranging from .", "Moving east, the middle and lower parts of the valley are hilly, with a relief of , and the eastern side is made of lower sets of terraces and floodplains just above sea level.", "There are many large mountains in the Raukumara Range on the west of the valley, the most prominent of which is Mount Hikurangi, on a spur of the Raukumura Range inland from Ruatoria.", "At above sea level, it is the highest non-volcanic peak in the North Island.", "Other summits in the area include Whanokao (), Aorangi (), Wharekia () and Taitai ().", "Together, these mountains provide what \"Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand\" calls an \"awe-inspiring vista\".", "The valley receives a high level of rainfall — from per year at the coast, to more than per year in the Raukumura Range.", "This water drains into a large number of streams and rivers, which flow to Waiapu River, the main stem in the north-east of the valley.", "The Waiapu River flows north-east from the joining of the Mata River and the Tapuaeroa River near Ruatoria, and reaches the Pacific Ocean near Rangitukia.", "Other tributaries in the valley include the Mangaoporo, Poroporo, Wairoa, Maraehara rivers, and the Paoaruku stream.", "A tributary of the Mata River, the Waitahaia River, is renowned for its brown trout — a European species of fish introduced into New Zealand for fishing in the late 1860s.", "In 1840, approximately 80% of the Waiapu Valley was native forest, with a rich array of native flora and fauna.", "There was a small area to the east of the river covered in coastal forest and scrub due to partial clearance and burning.", "Between 1890 and 1930 there was large-scale clearing, felling and burning of native forests for pastoralism.", "Floods and heavy rainfall are common to the area, and this, combined with the development, resulted in widespread erosion and large amounts of sediment being deposited in the Waiapu River and its tributaries.", "This has changed the landscape significantly.", "Since the late 1960s, much work has been done to repair the area by planting exotic forests in eroding areas, and encouraging the return of native scrub.", "However, by 2002 the catchment area had few natural habitats remaining.", "It was 37% pasture, 26% exotic \"Pinus radiata\" forest, 21% native forest, and about 12% kānuka and mānuka scrub.", "It was highly degraded and modified, and had extensive and serious erosion problems.", "About half of the pasture area could be considered erosion-prone and unsustainable.", "Many of the catchment's rivers were full of sediment, and classed as highly degraded.", "The Waiapu River had one of the highest sediment yields in the world (20,520 t/km2/year in 2000), more than two and a half times that of the adjacent catchment area of the Waipaoa River.", "The high level of sediment in Waiapu River means it is undesirable as a source of drinking water, and very little of the river's water is used.", "Approximately one sixth of the annual sediment flow in all New Zealand river systems is in the Waiapu River, which continues to be one of the most sediment laden rivers in the world.", "The annual suspended sediment load is 36 million tonnes, and of sediment flows into the sea every second.", "Anecdotal evidence suggests that this sediment may have adversely affected nearby coastal and marine environments.", "Gravel deposited by the river onto shingle beaches near its mouth is extracted at approximately 12 different sites, predominantly for use on nearby rural and forestry roads.", "The water quality of the river's tributaries is often much higher, as they are closer to the native vegetation cover of the Raukumura Range.", "In lower areas, much of the eroded gravel from the catchment area settles on the riverbed of the Waiapu River, making it rise rapidly.", "The riverbed rose between 1986 and 2007, and a number of bridges in the valley have had to be raised to accommodate their rising riverbeds.", "As the riverbed rises, so does the river, which is causing extensive riverbank erosion.", "The banks eroded at a rate of per year between 1988 and 1997.", "By the 2003 to 2008 period this rate had doubled, with per year eroding in 2005 and 2006.", "This erosion threatens the town of Ruatoria, and groynes have been installed in an attempt to divert the river away from the town.", "The Waiapu Valley, called \"Te Riu o Waiapu\" in te reo Māori, lies within the rohe of Ngāti Porou, the largest iwi on the East Coast, and second largest in New Zealand.", "Mount Hikurangi, Waiapu River, and the Waiapu Valley itself are of immense cultural, spiritual, economic, and traditional value to Ngāti Porou.", "Mount Hikurangi is the iwi's most important icon, and in Māori mythology, was the first part of the North Island to emerge when Māui, an ancestor of Ngāti Porou, pulled it as a giant fish from the ocean.", "According to these beliefs, his waka, \"Nukutaimemeha\", became stranded on the mountain, and lies petrified near the mountain's summit.", "Nine whakairo (carvings) depicting Māui and his whānau were erected on the mountain to commemorate the millennium in 2000 (photo).", "Another of Ngāti Porou's mythological ancestors, Paikea, is also associated with the mountain.", "According to myth, Paikea's younger half-brother, Ruatapu, attempted to kill about 70 of his older kin (\"brothers\") at sea in Hawaiki to exact revenge on his father for belittling him as a low-born son of a slave.", "The massacre, called \"Te Huripūreiata\", was survived only by Paikea, who called on the sea gods and ancestors to save him.", "Paikea travelled to New Zealand on the back of a whale, but Ruatapu sent a great flood to kill the survivors in New Zealand, called \"Te Tai a Ruatapu\".", "Mt. Hikurangi became a refuge for the people from this deluge.", "The Waiapu River is also of great significance to Ngāti Porou.", "According to traditional beliefs, they have had an undisturbed relationship with the river since the time of Māui, which serves to unite those who live on either side of it.", "Ngāti Porou believe that taniwha dwell in and protect the river, in turn protecting the valley and its hapū.", "Taniwha believed to be in Waiapu River include Kotuwainuku, Kotuwairangi, Ohinewaiapu, and Ngungurutehorowhatu.", "Māori settlement of Waiapu Valley was widespread until the 1880s, while in March 1874 there were only 20 Pākehā living in the area.", "In 1840, Ngāti Porou extensively cultivated the area around the river.", "The valley was a place where they could live, offering safe refuge during periods of war, and supplies of fresh water and various species of fish.", "The first Māori church in New Zealand was built on the banks of Waiapu River sometime between 1834 and 1839.", "The previous decade, Taumata-a-Kura of Ngāti Porou had been captured by a Ngāpuhi war party, and been made their slave in the Bay of Islands.", "He escaped several years later, and was protected by the missionaries, who introduced him to Christianity, and taught him to read and write.", "When he returned to the Waiapu Valley in 1834, he introduced his people to the religion.", "Richard Taylor's drawing of the church, done after visiting in April 1839, can be viewed here.", "Whakawhitirā Pā, in which the church was located, was described to Taylor as the largest in the region.", "Just prior to 1840, the pā had approximately 3,000 inhabitants.", "Many Ngāti Porou hapū still live in the valley, which has a large number of marae.", "In 2002, the valley's population was approximately 90% Māori, and traditional culture is still practised in the area — though it has changed significantly in the last 150 years.", "Since they arrived, the many hapū that live alongside the Waiapu River have been responsible for preserving the mauri (life principle or special nature) of the river, and the hapū of the valley act as kaitiakitanga (guardians) of the river and its tributaries.", "The techniques the iwi use to catch Kahawai at the mouth of the river are unique to that river, and are considered sacred.", "According to an affidavit of Hapukuniha Te Huakore Karaka, two taniwha were placed in strategic locations in the river to protect the hapū from invading tribes — one near Paoaruku (a locality at ) and one at the Wairoa River (a small creek at ).", "Karaka said that a bridge was built from Tikitiki to Waiomatatini, to the protest of local Māori who were concerned that it would disturb the taniwha.", "The night before the bridge was completed, a storm came washing the bridge away — the weather till then had been calm.", "From then, one person would drown in the river nearly every year.", "If it did not happen one year, two would drown the next.", "A local tohunga, George Gage (Hori Te Kou-o-rehua Keeti) was approached to help the situation, and after that there were no similar drownings.", "The deforestation and land development of the area, largely planned and managed by non-Maori groups, have had a huge negative impact on Māori.", "In December 2010, Ngāti Porou signed a settlement deal with the New Zealand Government for various grievances, some of which relate to the Waiapu Valley.", "The settlement included a million financial redress, and the return of sites culturally significant to the iwi totally approximately .", "Ngāti Porou have a number of whakataukī or pēpeha (sayings or proverbs) relating to Waiapu Valley.", "These include:", "There were several “gold rushes” in the Waiapu Valley in the early days of European settlement.", "In 1874 about 100 Māori went prospecting on and around Mount Hikurangi.", "Sir James Hector, who examined the locality, found no signs of gold.", "In 1875 “Scotty” Siddons, mate of the \"Beautiful Star\", claimed to have met, on the East Coast, a Māori who had a few ounces of gold.", "He and a mate named Hill found a lot of mundic on the north-west side of the mountain, but only outcrops of limestone on the higher slopes.", "In 1886 Reupane te Ana, of Makarika, discovered what he fondly imagined was an enormous deposit of gold.", "With what Joseph Angus Mackay called “noble unselfishness”, he let all his friends into the secret.", "Drays, wheelbarrows and receptacles of all kinds were rushed to the scene, and large quantities of the “precious metal” were removed to a safe place.", "When it turned out that the metal was only mundic, Reupane became an object of ridicule, and, afterwards, was known as “Tommy Poorfellow.”", "The area was home to politician Sir Āpirana Ngata, and Te Moananui-a-Kiwa Ngārimu — the second of three Māori to receive a Victoria Cross." ]

[ 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38 ]

[ "It is the catchment area for the Waiapu River and its tributaries, and covers ." ]

[ "Waiapu Valley is sparsely inhabited, with a population density in 2002 of approximately — less than 8% of the national average at the time (approximately 14.71/km2 or 38.09/sq mi).", "The population of the valley is centred in Ruatoria, though the area contains a large number of small settlements.", "In the 2006 census, Ruatoria had a population of 756 — down 9.7% since 2001, and 94.8% of its population were Māori, with 46% of the population able to speak te reo Māori.", "The second largest town, Tikitiki, is the easternmost point on the New Zealand state highway network.", "The western border of the valley is the Raukumara Range, and has a relief ranging from .", "Moving east, the middle and lower parts of the valley are hilly, with a relief of , and the eastern side is made of lower sets of terraces and floodplains just above sea level.", "There are many large mountains in the Raukumara Range on the west of the valley, the most prominent of which is Mount Hikurangi, on a spur of the Raukumura Range inland from Ruatoria.", "At above sea level, it is the highest non-volcanic peak in the North Island.", "Other summits in the area include Whanokao (), Aorangi (), Wharekia () and Taitai ().", "Together, these mountains provide what \"Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand\" calls an \"awe-inspiring vista\".", "The valley receives a high level of rainfall — from per year at the coast, to more than per year in the Raukumura Range.", "This water drains into a large number of streams and rivers, which flow to Waiapu River, the main stem in the north-east of the valley.", "The Waiapu River flows north-east from the joining of the Mata River and the Tapuaeroa River near Ruatoria, and reaches the Pacific Ocean near Rangitukia.", "Other tributaries in the valley include the Mangaoporo, Poroporo, Wairoa, Maraehara rivers, and the Paoaruku stream.", "A tributary of the Mata River, the Waitahaia River, is renowned for its brown trout — a European species of fish introduced into New Zealand for fishing in the late 1860s.", "In 1840, approximately 80% of the Waiapu Valley was native forest, with a rich array of native flora and fauna.", "There was a small area to the east of the river covered in coastal forest and scrub due to partial clearance and burning.", "Between 1890 and 1930 there was large-scale clearing, felling and burning of native forests for pastoralism.", "Floods and heavy rainfall are common to the area, and this, combined with the development, resulted in widespread erosion and large amounts of sediment being deposited in the Waiapu River and its tributaries.", "This has changed the landscape significantly.", "Since the late 1960s, much work has been done to repair the area by planting exotic forests in eroding areas, and encouraging the return of native scrub.", "However, by 2002 the catchment area had few natural habitats remaining.", "It was 37% pasture, 26% exotic \"Pinus radiata\" forest, 21% native forest, and about 12% kānuka and mānuka scrub.", "It was highly degraded and modified, and had extensive and serious erosion problems.", "About half of the pasture area could be considered erosion-prone and unsustainable.", "Many of the catchment's rivers were full of sediment, and classed as highly degraded.", "The Waiapu River had one of the highest sediment yields in the world (20,520 t/km2/year in 2000), more than two and a half times that of the adjacent catchment area of the Waipaoa River.", "The high level of sediment in Waiapu River means it is undesirable as a source of drinking water, and very little of the river's water is used.", "Approximately one sixth of the annual sediment flow in all New Zealand river systems is in the Waiapu River, which continues to be one of the most sediment laden rivers in the world.", "The annual suspended sediment load is 36 million tonnes, and of sediment flows into the sea every second.", "Anecdotal evidence suggests that this sediment may have adversely affected nearby coastal and marine environments.", "Gravel deposited by the river onto shingle beaches near its mouth is extracted at approximately 12 different sites, predominantly for use on nearby rural and forestry roads.", "The water quality of the river's tributaries is often much higher, as they are closer to the native vegetation cover of the Raukumura Range.", "In lower areas, much of the eroded gravel from the catchment area settles on the riverbed of the Waiapu River, making it rise rapidly.", "The riverbed rose between 1986 and 2007, and a number of bridges in the valley have had to be raised to accommodate their rising riverbeds.", "As the riverbed rises, so does the river, which is causing extensive riverbank erosion.", "The banks eroded at a rate of per year between 1988 and 1997.", "By the 2003 to 2008 period this rate had doubled, with per year eroding in 2005 and 2006.", "This erosion threatens the town of Ruatoria, and groynes have been installed in an attempt to divert the river away from the town.", "The Waiapu Valley, called \"Te Riu o Waiapu\" in te reo Māori, lies within the rohe of Ngāti Porou, the largest iwi on the East Coast, and second largest in New Zealand.", "Mount Hikurangi, Waiapu River, and the Waiapu Valley itself are of immense cultural, spiritual, economic, and traditional value to Ngāti Porou.", "Mount Hikurangi is the iwi's most important icon, and in Māori mythology, was the first part of the North Island to emerge when Māui, an ancestor of Ngāti Porou, pulled it as a giant fish from the ocean.", "According to these beliefs, his waka, \"Nukutaimemeha\", became stranded on the mountain, and lies petrified near the mountain's summit.", "Nine whakairo (carvings) depicting Māui and his whānau were erected on the mountain to commemorate the millennium in 2000 (photo).", "Another of Ngāti Porou's mythological ancestors, Paikea, is also associated with the mountain.", "According to myth, Paikea's younger half-brother, Ruatapu, attempted to kill about 70 of his older kin (\"brothers\") at sea in Hawaiki to exact revenge on his father for belittling him as a low-born son of a slave.", "The massacre, called \"Te Huripūreiata\", was survived only by Paikea, who called on the sea gods and ancestors to save him.", "Paikea travelled to New Zealand on the back of a whale, but Ruatapu sent a great flood to kill the survivors in New Zealand, called \"Te Tai a Ruatapu\".", "Mt. Hikurangi became a refuge for the people from this deluge.", "The Waiapu River is also of great significance to Ngāti Porou.", "According to traditional beliefs, they have had an undisturbed relationship with the river since the time of Māui, which serves to unite those who live on either side of it.", "Ngāti Porou believe that taniwha dwell in and protect the river, in turn protecting the valley and its hapū.", "Taniwha believed to be in Waiapu River include Kotuwainuku, Kotuwairangi, Ohinewaiapu, and Ngungurutehorowhatu.", "Māori settlement of Waiapu Valley was widespread until the 1880s, while in March 1874 there were only 20 Pākehā living in the area.", "In 1840, Ngāti Porou extensively cultivated the area around the river.", "The valley was a place where they could live, offering safe refuge during periods of war, and supplies of fresh water and various species of fish.", "The first Māori church in New Zealand was built on the banks of Waiapu River sometime between 1834 and 1839.", "The previous decade, Taumata-a-Kura of Ngāti Porou had been captured by a Ngāpuhi war party, and been made their slave in the Bay of Islands.", "He escaped several years later, and was protected by the missionaries, who introduced him to Christianity, and taught him to read and write.", "When he returned to the Waiapu Valley in 1834, he introduced his people to the religion.", "Richard Taylor's drawing of the church, done after visiting in April 1839, can be viewed here.", "Whakawhitirā Pā, in which the church was located, was described to Taylor as the largest in the region.", "Just prior to 1840, the pā had approximately 3,000 inhabitants.", "Many Ngāti Porou hapū still live in the valley, which has a large number of marae.", "In 2002, the valley's population was approximately 90% Māori, and traditional culture is still practised in the area — though it has changed significantly in the last 150 years.", "Since they arrived, the many hapū that live alongside the Waiapu River have been responsible for preserving the mauri (life principle or special nature) of the river, and the hapū of the valley act as kaitiakitanga (guardians) of the river and its tributaries.", "The techniques the iwi use to catch Kahawai at the mouth of the river are unique to that river, and are considered sacred.", "According to an affidavit of Hapukuniha Te Huakore Karaka, two taniwha were placed in strategic locations in the river to protect the hapū from invading tribes — one near Paoaruku (a locality at ) and one at the Wairoa River (a small creek at ).", "Karaka said that a bridge was built from Tikitiki to Waiomatatini, to the protest of local Māori who were concerned that it would disturb the taniwha.", "The night before the bridge was completed, a storm came washing the bridge away — the weather till then had been calm.", "From then, one person would drown in the river nearly every year.", "If it did not happen one year, two would drown the next.", "A local tohunga, George Gage (Hori Te Kou-o-rehua Keeti) was approached to help the situation, and after that there were no similar drownings.", "The deforestation and land development of the area, largely planned and managed by non-Maori groups, have had a huge negative impact on Māori.", "In December 2010, Ngāti Porou signed a settlement deal with the New Zealand Government for various grievances, some of which relate to the Waiapu Valley.", "The settlement included a million financial redress, and the return of sites culturally significant to the iwi totally approximately .", "Ngāti Porou have a number of whakataukī or pēpeha (sayings or proverbs) relating to Waiapu Valley.", "These include:", "There were several “gold rushes” in the Waiapu Valley in the early days of European settlement.", "In 1874 about 100 Māori went prospecting on and around Mount Hikurangi.", "Sir James Hector, who examined the locality, found no signs of gold.", "In 1875 “Scotty” Siddons, mate of the \"Beautiful Star\", claimed to have met, on the East Coast, a Māori who had a few ounces of gold.", "He and a mate named Hill found a lot of mundic on the north-west side of the mountain, but only outcrops of limestone on the higher slopes.", "In 1886 Reupane te Ana, of Makarika, discovered what he fondly imagined was an enormous deposit of gold.", "With what Joseph Angus Mackay called “noble unselfishness”, he let all his friends into the secret.", "Drays, wheelbarrows and receptacles of all kinds were rushed to the scene, and large quantities of the “precious metal” were removed to a safe place.", "When it turned out that the metal was only mundic, Reupane became an object of ridicule, and, afterwards, was known as “Tommy Poorfellow.”", "The area was home to politician Sir Āpirana Ngata, and Te Moananui-a-Kiwa Ngārimu — the second of three Māori to receive a Victoria Cross." ]

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[ "The area is of immense cultural, spiritual, economic, and traditional significance to the local iwi, Ngāti Porou, and in 2002 approximately 90% of its 2,000 inhabitants were Māori." ]

[ "Vice-Admiral Mark Norman was temporarily relieved as VCDS on January 13, 2017, due to an ongoing investigation by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.", "As a temporary replacement, Vice-Admiral Ron Lloyd was appointed the duties of VCDS on an acting basis, and he was subsequently replaced by Lieutenant-General Alain Parent on May 30, 2017.", "On July 16, 2018, Lieutenant-General Paul Wynnyk was named Vice Chief of the Defence Staff.", "On July 9, 2019, Wynnyk announced his retirement after he claimed that the Chief of the Defence Staff, General Jonathan Vance, planned to replace him as Vice Chief of the Defence Staff with Vice-Admiral Mark Norman.", "Wynnyk then alleged that these plans were reversed when Vice-Admiral Norman settled with the government and retired from the military.", "Wynnyk was the fifth Vice Chief to serve under Vance.", "On July 12, 2019, Lieutenant-General Jean-Marc Lanthier was appointed Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, effective July 18, 2019.", "On March 16, 2020, it was announced that Lanthier was retiring in the summer, to be replaced by Lieutenant-General Michael Rouleau.", "In March 2021, it was announced that Rouleau would be succeeded by Lieutenant-General Frances J. Allen, the first woman to hold the position.", "On June 28, 2021, she formally assumed the role of VCDS in a ceremony at National Defence Headquarters." ]

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[ "The Vice Chief of the Defence Staff (VCDS; ) is the second most senior member of the Canadian Armed Forces, reporting to the Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS) as well as the Deputy Minister of National Defence." ]

[ "The film centers around Joey Liwanag (Angeline Quinto), a poor girl who works as a part-time tourist guide for Koreans and likes joining amateur singing contests with her two younger siblings to help her family cope with financial problems.", "Despite the hardship and low probability, Joey works hard to save up money in order to go to Korea, and meet her real father who has abandoned her when she was very young.", "Rex Manrique (Coco Martin) is a frustrated, very arrogant and hot-tempered photographer who is out to prove to the world that he can stand on his own feet and succeed in life independently.", "However, the ladder of success seems to be impossible for him as he faces different complications and rejections in life, as well as his career.", "The moment Rex and Joey encountered each other in a Korean wedding, these two grew a big misunderstanding and hatred towards each other, making it hard for the two of them to get along in the first place.", "Things get more out of hand when Rex was hired in an advertising company where Joey was also working for—this time, as a translator.", "As they got to know each other, they found solace and comfort in each other's company.", "But the security that they found in each other soon starts to shake when life takes another course and drives them into a complicated situation.", "Joey finally meets her biological father, while Rex struggles finding acceptance and forgiveness for her Mother who abandoned her for another man when he was still a young boy.", "Although Rex cuts off their relationship, Joey tries everything that she could to help him go through his own challenges and promises Rex that she will never leave him.", "But when Rex finally figures out the answers to his questions and his purpose in life, he and Joey get into a car accident making Rex decide to leave Joey and his family behind and start a new life.", "After a couple of years of investigation, Joey finally finds Rex in an island in Batangas and confronts him about their relationship which they broke off unofficially.", "At the same time, Joey finds out that Rex turned blind after saving her life in the accident and Rex himself found forgiveness in his heart.", "The movie ends during Rex and Joey's wedding celebration.", "\"Born to Love You\" earned in its opening day." ]

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[ "The film is Quinto's acting debut." ]

[ "Alex, the captain of a Greek oil tanker, is still dealing with the death of his son four years ago.", "While his ship the \"Sea Voyager\" is in the Mediterranean Sea, Captain Alex comes across a boat filled with adolescent refugees from Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan.", "He takes pity on the refugees and allows them on his ship.", "He plans to drop the refugees off at a port, but local authorities refuse to take them, forcing the refugees to stay on the boat.", "Their residence angers the ship's owners, and gradually the \"Sea Voyager\" becomes a claustrophobic war zone between the refugees and the ship's owners.", "\"Man at Sea\" was featured in the Panorama section of the 2011 Berlin Film Festival.", "It was observed, \"If \"Man at Sea\" isn’t the director’s best work – although it certainly is his most ambitious – it’s because of his inability to orchestrate the internal rhythms of the conflict.\"", "\"Movies Ltd.\" listed the diverse sociological issues that the movie deals with: \"Illegal immigration, family loss, financial crisis, illegality\" ().", "Boyd van Hoeij wrote, \"Giannaris’s latest plays more like 'Around the World in 80 Plot Twists.'\"" ]

[ 5, 6, 7, 8 ]

[ "Man at Sea (, translit." ]

[ "Fernández gained a law degree from Andrés Bello Catholic University in 1963, and graduate degrees in economic development and political science at the International Institute of Social Studies in the Netherlands in 1965 and Georgetown University in the United States in 1967, respectively.", "He then returned to Venezuela, joining the faculty of Andrés Bello Catholic University.", "Fernández was elected to the Venezuelan Chamber of Deputies in 1968.", "Soon after his election he took leave from Congress to serve in the cabinet of Rafael Caldera, as the Deputy Secretary General of the Presidency.", "He returned to Congress in 1974, following the election of Carlos Andrés Pérez, and was re-elected for successive terms until 1989.", "In 1989 he was elected President of the Christian Democrat International.", "Fernández was a presidential candidate for COPEI in the 1988 Venezuelan general election, losing to Carlos Andrés Pérez of Democratic Action.", "On 25 April 1993 COPEI held open primary elections to choose a presidential candidate for the 1993 Venezuelan presidential election; almost 20% of Venezuela's then 9.8 million voters participated in the primary.", "Fernández lost to the Governor of Zulia, Oswaldo Álvarez Paz, who had resigned his position as Governor to run.", "Fernández again sought the COPEI presidential nomination for the 1998 Venezuelan presidential election, this time losing to Irene Saez." ]

[ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ]

[ "He was elected to the Venezuelan Chamber of Deputies in 1968, serving until 1989 (with an interruption to serve as the Deputy Secretary General of the Presidency for Rafael Caldera, until 1974), and was a presidential candidate for COPEI in 1988.", "He has also served as President of the Christian Democrat International." ]

[ "The Waiapu County, which then included the area which became Matakaoa County, was formed in 1890.", "Its first council comprised: E. H. Henderson, W. Milner, A. H. Wallis, Travers, Connolly and White.", "At a meeting at Port Awanui on 27 December 1890 Mr. Henderson was elected chairman.", "In March 1874, there were only 32 European residents on the East Coast above Uawa—9 males and 3 females in the Te Araroa district, and 13 males and 7 females in Waiapu.", "By 1878 the number of pākehā had risen to 109.", "The 1906 census showed 858 Europeans and 2,611 Maoris.", "Previously the native census had been taken on a tribal basis.", "In 1926 (exclusive of Matakaoa)", "the figures were: Europeans, 1,809; Maoris, 3,292; and, in 1945:", "Europeans, 1,641; Maoris, 4,341, plus 3 per cent.", "representing residents absent on war service.", "The \"Guide to Travellers\" section of the \"Poverty Bay Almanac\" for 1884 contained a warning to visitors to Waiapu not to attempt to pass round headlands where there was no track.", "Mention is made of a track from Waipiro Bay to the hot springs at Te Puia, and of another leading to Makarika.", "From Tuparoa a track led to the oil springs at Rotokautuku, branching off to Wai-o-matatini.", "There was also a track from Port Awanui to Wai-o-matatini.", "In October 1884, the \"Poverty Bay Independent\" praised the development work which was being undertaken by Mr. J. N. Williams and Sir George Whitmore.", "\"There is already a movement among the dry bones of Tawhiti,\" it remarked, \"and, to-day, the district is alive with the voices of labourers.\"", "It added: \"Smallholders could not possibly make any strides in the work of converting those wilds into pleasant and verdant pastures.", "\"\nIt was not until 1894 that steps were taken to effect appreciable improvements to the old native track leading north from Tolaga Bay along the Hikuwai River.", "A contract was then let to D. Malone to form a road wide for a distance of .", "C. H. McCracken and a mate squared the timber for several 2.4-metre-wide (8 ft) bridges.", "Manuka was used for the stringers, studs, caps and sills; manuka fascines, bound with wire, for the decking and sheathing; and logs for wheel guards.", "Some attention was next given to the track leading over the hill into Tokomaru Bay.", "When the council raised a loan of NZ£10,000 for road works in 1901 very considerable improvements were made to the inland route.", "By February 1902, drays could make the journey from Tolaga Bay to Tokomaru Bay.\nFloods have, on several occasions, done considerable damage to roads and bridges.", "The greatest setback was suffered in May 1916, when the overall damage was estimated at £30,000.", "Both the Tikitiki bridge (opened in February 1914) and the Rotokautuku bridge (then only recently erected) were damaged.", "The Tikitiki bridge was again extensively damaged in February 1917.", "A further flood in March 1918, swept away four of the spans, and the site was abandoned.", "Phenomenal rains at Tokomaru Bay on 21–22 January 1917, caused the Mangahauini Stream to rise to a record level in a few hours.", "Part of W. G. Keane's home was undermined, A. N. Wilkins's wool-scouring works was demolished, and two bridges were swept away.", "At Waima, Edgar A. R. Louis (20 years old), who lived in a tent, was drowned.", "When Mr. and Mrs. Hanlon had to leave their home the husband took charge of their 18-months-old infant, but it slipped from his grasp when he became entangled in a fence, and was swept out to sea.", "In the heyday of development on the East Coast shipping was a very important industry.", "All inward goods and outward produce had to be \"surfed\" at Tokomaru Bay, Waipiro Bay, Tuparoa, Port Awanui, Te Araroa and Hicks Bay.", "In the case of Tolaga Bay small craft could enter the river.", "Tolaga Bay, Tokomaru Bay, Te Araroa and Hicks Bay were, later, equipped with wharf facilities.", "The pattern of a large section of the East Coast was completely altered by the diversion of traffic from the coastline to the inland route.", "For many years Port Awanui had three hotels, a courthouse, police station, post office, three stores and a wool store.", "Nothing now remains to indicate that it was once a very busy locality.", "Tuparoa had two hotels, post office, two large stores, boarding-house, stables, smithy, wool store and dumping shed.", "It, too, has been shorn of most of its former glory.", "Waipiro Bay (for many years the county headquarters) has lost two of the three large stores which it formerly boasted, besides a wool store, saddler's shop and a smithy.", "On the other hand, Ruatoria has blossomed from a sparsely-settled junction known as \"The Cross Roads\" into a substantial township, and Te Puia (now the county headquarters) has become a popular spa.", "Tokomaru Harbour Board is the only harbour board in New Zealand that has never levied a harbour rate.", "In 1911 it built a wharf at a cost of £10,000, and, in 1914, made substantial improvements.", "[A jetty had been built at Te Ariuri in 1906.", "Mr. McCracken (who carried out the work) used large manuka trunks obtained from \"Mangaroa\" for piles.", "A wool store was then erected and a dumping plant installed.]", "In 1925 some rocks were removed, enabling vessels drawing up to to berth.", "Two years later the board bought the New Zealand Shipping Co.'s brick wool sheds, etc., for £13,000.", "A new wharf and approach were built in 1940 at a cost of £28,300.", "The port's busiest years were from 1913 to 1916, when 400 vessels (aggregate tonnage, about 400,000) were handled annually.", "As in the case of other small ports, it suffered a heavy decline in business when—during the Second World War—it was excluded from the itineraries of Home vessels.", "Harbour Board Chairmen: K. S. Williams, 1910–19; G. Kirk, 1920; A. B. Williams, 1921–23; A. W. Kirk, 1924–26; F. J. Williams, 1927–30; H. H. Fairlie, 1931; J. Busby, 1932–33; D. W. W. Williams, 1934; J. Busby, 1935–43; V. G. H. Rickard, 1944–48; F. R. Jefferd, 1948–. Captain S. J. Plummer was harbourmaster and secretary from 1912 to 1948;", "W. C. Brydon, secretary, 1948–; Captain P. W. C. McCallum, harbourmaster, 1948–.\nA severe outbreak of typhoid fever, which necessitated the establishment of a temporary camp at Ruatoria, led to the erection of a small hospital in 1907 at Te Puia.", "In 1949 a 24-bed \"T.B.\" block, an X-ray block, a new nurses' home and a new kitchen were added at a cost of £57,210.", "At Tokomaru Bay a small maternity home was opened, but, subsequently, Mr. and Mrs. A. B. Williams made a gift of a fine dwelling at Waipiro Bay for that purpose.", "In 1948 they presented a modern ambulance to the hospital.", "The gravest menace that has to be fought by the Health Department and the hospital authorities is tuberculosis among the Maoris.", "X-ray examinations have been carried out extensively.", "In 1948 there were two district nurses at Ruatoria and one each at Tolaga Bay, Tokomaru Bay, Tikitiki and Te Araroa.", "County Chairmen: E. H. Henderson, 1890–91; A. H. Wallis, 1891–02; T. E. Sherwood, 1902–03; A. B. Williams, 1903–09; Kenneth Williams, 1909–20; G. Kirk, 1920–21; A. B. Williams, 1921–24; A. W. Kirk, 1924–32; D. W. W. Williams, 1932–. County Clerks: W. Harding (acting), 1890; G. Boyd, 1890–93; W. O'Ryan, 1893–06; W. H. Conboy, 1906; W. O'Ryan, 1906–09; A. P. Durrant, 1909–10; A. L. Temple, 1911–36; A. G. Hicks, 1936–45; J. H. Sutherland, 1945–. Engineers: W. O'Ryan, 1893–09; A. K. Gilmour, 1909–42; O. N. Winter, 1942–.\nFrom 1890 to 1893 the county offices were at Tuparoa, from 1893 to 1930 at Waipiro Bay, and from 1930 at Te Puia.", "Rates collected for 1890–91 totalled £513; in 1946–47 the aggregate was £34,070.", "As at 31 March 1947, the county debt (apart from Harbour Board loans) stood at £57,130, with maturity dates ranging up to 1966.", "The gross capital value of the county in 1946 was £2,667,971.", "There were several \"gold rushes\" in the Waiapu in the early days.", "In 1874 about 100 natives went prospecting on and around Mount Hikurangi.", "Sir James Hector, who examined the locality, found no signs of gold.", "In 1875 \"Scotty\" Siddons, mate of the \"Beautiful Star\", claimed to have met, on the East Coast, a native who had a few ounces of gold.", "He and a mate named Hill found a lot of mundic on the north-west side of the mountain, but only outcrops of limestone on the higher slopes.", "In 1886 Reupane te Ana, of Makarika, discovered what he fondly imagined was an enormous deposit of gold.", "With noble unselfishness he let all his friends into the secret.", "Drays, wheelbarrows and receptacles of all kinds were rushed to the scene, and large quantities of the \"precious metal\" were removed to a safe place.", "When it turned out that the metal was only mundic, Reupane became an object of ridicule, and, afterwards, was known as \"Tommy Poorfellow.", "\"", "Edward Hannam Henderson (born at Worth, Kent, in 1852) came out to New Zealand in 1875.", "He learned sheep farming in Hawke's Bay under Colonel Herrick and Sir G. Whitmore.", "In 1880, in conjunction with Swindley and Co., he bought a run in the Bay of Plenty.", "He moved to the East Coast in 1882, and, with W. G. Stainton, took up Matakaoa run.", "He had three brothers—all admirals—Sir John Henderson, Sir Reginald Henderson (who planned the first Australian Navy) and Sir William Henderson.", "Arthur William Kirk (born at Makaraka in 1874) was the eldest son of Enoch Kirk, one of the pioneers of Tolaga Bay.", "With his brother George he engaged in storekeeping at Tuparoa for a number of years.", "Then he took up land in the Ruatoria district.", "He served as chairman of Waiapu County Council, Waiapu Hospital Board and Tokomaru Bay Harbour Board.", "He died on 27 February 1947.", "Arthur Henry Wallis (born at Bexhill, England, in 1851) came out to Hawke's Bay in 1868.", "He was a cadet on William Nelson's station and, then, under J. N. Williams.", "In 1883 Mr. Williams appointed him manager of Waipiro station, which was then in heavy bush and fern.", "Under his guidance much of the property was completely transformed.", "He was the only justice of the peace for miles around, carried out the duties of lay reader, and, when an accident occurred, was called upon to administer first aid.", "He represented Waiapu Riding on Cook County, and assisted to promote Waiapu County.", "In March 1901, he took over Onetohunga and Horehore on his own account.", "He served, for several terms, on Gisborne Harbour Board, and became prominent in social, business and sporting circles in Poverty Bay.", "He died on 12 September 1938.", "William Busby (born at Bay of Islands in 1841) was the third son of James Busby, the first British Resident for New Zealand.", "He engaged on survey work in Poverty Bay for some years, and then returned to the Bay of Islands, where he took up sheep farming.", "In 1885 he moved to Edenham (Hawke's Bay), and, in 1901, he bought Pauariki, Tokomaru Bay.", "He died on 25 December 1918.", "Thomas Sydney Williams (born at the Bay of Islands) was a son of Judge Edward Marsh Williams, of the Native Land Court, and a grandson of Archdeacon Henry Williams.", "In 1894 he took up the management of Tuparoa run for his uncle (Archdeacon Samuel Williams) and developed methods of stocking and fencing which overcame tauhinu scrub, which had become a grave menace to the establishment of pasture on papa hillslopes.", "Mrs. Williams was a granddaughter of Archdeacon Henry Williams and of James Busby.", "Cadets and shepherds always received a warm welcome at their home, \"Kaharau.\"", "Mr. Williams died on 25 May 1928, and Mrs. Williams on 29 December 1940.", "William Oates (born in Durham in 1861) resided at Opotiki for five years before he settled on the East Coast in 1890.", "For some years he was a working manager on the Tawhiti portion of J. N. Williams's run.", "He then established a boarding-house, butchery and bakery, and, later, a storekeeping business at Tokomaru Bay.", "He served on Waiapu County Council, Waiapu Hospital Board and the Tokomaru Bay Harbour Board, was chairman of the Tokomaru Bay School Committee for 30 years, and, for several terms, held a seat on the Hawke's Bay Education Board.", "In all forms of sport, especially cricket, he took a keen interest, and was regarded as \"The Father of Sport\" at Tokomaru Bay.", "He died on 10 January 1930.", "William O'Ryan (born in 1852) was trained as a surveyor and engineer.", "In addition to practising his profession in Poverty Bay, he also took up bridge building contracts.", "In 1886, he built the wooden approach to the Gisborne breakwater.", "For 16 years he was engineer to Waiapu County, and, during much of that time, he was also county clerk.", "A good deal of the road and bridge work carried out under his supervision was badly damaged by floods between 1916 and 1918.", "He died at Auckland on 2 October 1939.", "Upon his retirement in 1946, after fifty years' service as a contractor and/or employee of Waiapu County, Charles H, McCracken was presented with a special letter of appreciation and a substantial gratuity." ]

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[ "Waiapu County was one of the counties of New Zealand on the North Island." ]

[ "One school of scholars suggest that any birth sex ratio of boys to girls that is outside of the normal 105-107 range, necessarily implies sex-selective abortion.", "These scholars claim that both the sex ratio at birth and the population sex ratio are remarkably constant in human populations.", "Significant deviations in birth sex ratios from the normal range can only be explained by manipulation, that is sex-selective abortion.", "In a widely cited article, Amartya Sen compared the birth sex ratio in Europe (106) and United States (105+) with those in Asia (107+) and argued that the high sex ratios in East Asia, West Asia and South Asia may be due to excessive female mortality.", "Sen pointed to research that had shown that if men and women receive similar nutritional and medical attention and good health care then females have better survival rates, and it is the male which is the genetically fragile sex.", "Sen estimated 'missing women' from extra women who would have survived in Asia if it had the same ratio of women to men as Europe and United States.", "According to Sen, the high birth sex ratio over decades, implies a female shortfall of 11% in Asia, or over 100 million women as missing from the 3 billion combined population of India, other South Asian countries, West Asia, North Africa and China.", "There is a strong son preference in India and this leads to a high sex ratio prioritizing male lives over female lives.", "This graph depicts a typical Indian family's indifference curves between wanting to have a daughter or a son.", "Most families find greater utility in having a son so the curves are higher up on the y axis.", "When having a female becomes more expensive (due to dowry prices, lack of financial return in the future, educational and health expenses) then the budget curve has to swing inward on the x axis.", "Even though the budget stays the same, it is relatively more expensive to have a girl than to have a boy.", "The substitution effect shows that people move from point A on the first indifference curve to point B on the second indifference curve.", "They move from an already low number of females due to social reasons to even fewer daughters than before due to the added financial liability of daughters being more expensive.", "The number of males grows and the contrasting increase and decrease in quantities results in a high sex ratio.", "This is based on the unitary model of the household where the household is seen as a single decision making entity under the same budget constraint.", "However, the non-unitary model of households argues that people have different preferences in a family and are able to carry those out according to their level of bargaining power.", "In India, the unitary model is more likely to occur because of the patriarchal society that prioritizes male opinion and bargaining power in the household.", "This is not to say that all households follow this model, but enough of them do that it results in a high sex ratio.", "Female foeticide has been linked to the arrival, in the early 1990s, of affordable ultrasound technology and its widespread adoption in India.", "Obstetric ultrasonography, either transvaginally or transabdominally, checks for various markers of fetal sex.", "It can be performed at or after week 12 of pregnancy.", "At this point, of fetal sexes can be correctly determined, according to a 2001 study.", "Accuracy for males is approximately 50% and for females almost 100%.", "When performed after week 13 of pregnancy, ultrasonography gives an accurate result in almost 100% of cases.", "Availability\nUltrasound technology arrived in China and India in 1979, but its expansion was slower in India.", "Ultrasound sex discernment technologies were first introduced in major cities of India in 1980s, its use expanded in India's urban regions in 1990s, and became widespread in 2000s.", "Estimates for female foeticide vary by scholar.", "One group estimates more than 10 million female fetuses may have been illegally aborted in India since 1990s, and 500,000 girls were being lost annually due to female foeticide.", "MacPherson estimates that 100,000 abortions every year continue to be performed in India solely because the fetus is female.", "Various theories have been proposed as possible reasons for sex-selective abortion.", "Culture is favored by some researchers, while some favor disparate gender-biased access to resources.", "Some demographers question whether sex-selective abortion or infanticide claims are accurate, because underreporting of female births may also explain high sex ratios.", "Natural reasons may also explain some of the abnormal sex ratios.", "Klasen and Wink suggest India and China's high sex ratios are primarily the result of sex-selective abortion.", "One school of scholars suggested that female foeticide can be seen through history and cultural background.", "Generally, male babies were preferred because they provided manual labor and success the family lineage.", "The selective abortion of female fetuses is most common in areas where cultural norms value male children over female children for a variety of social and economic reasons.", "A son is often preferred as an \"asset\" since he can earn and support the family; a daughter is a \"liability\" since she will be married off to another family, and so will not contribute financially to her parents.", "Female foeticide then, is a continuation in a different form, of a practice of female infanticide or withholding of postnatal health care for girls in certain households.", "Furthermore, in some cultures sons are expected to take care of their parents in their old age.", "These factors are complicated by the effect of diseases on child sex ratio, where communicable and noncommunicable diseases affect males and females differently.", "Some of the variation in birth sex ratios and implied female foeticide may be due to disparate access to resources.", "As MacPherson (2007) notes, there can be significant differences in gender violence and access to food, healthcare, immunizations between male and female children.", "This leads to high infant and childhood mortality among girls, which causes changes in sex ratio.", "Disparate, gendered access to resources appears to be strongly linked to socioeconomic status.", "Specifically, poorer families are sometimes forced to ration food, with daughters typically receiving less priority than sons (Klasen and Wink 2003).", "However, Klasen's 2001 study revealed that this practice is less common in the poorest families, but rises dramatically in the slightly less poor families.", "Klasen and Wink's 2003 study suggests that this is “related to greater female economic independence and fewer cultural strictures among the poorest sections of the population.”", "In other words, the poorest families are typically less bound by cultural expectations and norms, and women tend to have more freedom to become family breadwinners out of necessity.", "Lopez and Ruzikah (1983) found that, when given the same resources, women tend to outlive men at all stages of life after infancy.", "However, globally, resources are not always allocated equitably.", "Thus, some scholars argue that disparities in access to resources such as healthcare, education, and nutrition play at least a small role in the high sex ratios seen in some parts of the world.", "Minority goods provided by female leaders in India help to alleviate some of the problems of disparate gendered access to resources for women.", "Public goods are defined as non-excludable and non-rival, but India lacks a system of public goods and has many problems with access to clean water or roads.", "Additionally, many of the \"public goods\" exclude females because families choose to prioritize their male children's access to those resources.", "In India, previous research has found that women leaders' invest in public goods that are more in line with female preferences, in particular water infrastructure, which leads to a reduction in time spent on domestic chores by adolescent girls.", "This in turn results in more time for young girls to gain an education and increases their value to their families and to society so that they are more likely to give them access to resources in the future.", "Minority groups, like women, are likely to provide minority or low spillover goods such as transfers, rations, and water connections, which only benefit other women.", "The majority of men do not find any benefit from these goods and are less likely to invest in them.", "For example, in a study conducted by political scientists Chattopadhyay and Duflo, results show that in West Bengal women complain more about water and roads and the women politicians invest more in those issues.", "In Rajasthan, where women complain more often about drinking water, women politicians invest more in water and less in roads.", "Even though the Dowry System legally ended with the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961, the impossibility of monitoring families and the prevalence of corruption have led to its continuance all over India.", "A dowry is a payment from the bride's family to the groom's family at the time of marriage.", "It is often found in \"socially stratified, monogamous societies that are economically complex and where women have a relatively small productive role\".", "Theoretically, marriage results in partners choosing the mate who best maximizes their utility and there is equal distribution of returns to both participants.", "The outcome is pareto optimal and reaches equilibrium when no one can be better off with any other partner or choosing not to marry.", "However, if both partners do not share an equal distribution of the returns then there must be a transfer of funds between them in order to reach efficiency.", "In Indian society, the rise of economic growth has allowed men to work in \"productive\" jobs and gain an income, but many women are not afforded these opportunities.", "Therefore, women and their families have to compete for men and pay a dowry as a transaction payment to make up for the lack of productive inputs they bring into a marriage.", "Dowries have been rising in India for the last six decades and increased 15 percent annually between 1921 and 1981.", "Women are valued less in this partnership and therefore are asked to pay in order to gain the benefits a man brings.", "The power hierarchy and financial obligation created through this system help perpetuate acts like female foeticide and a high son preference.", "Additionally, the technological progress leading to sex selective abortions lowers the cost of discrimination and many people think that it is better to pay a \"500 rupees now (abortion) instead of 50,000 rupees in the future (dowry).", "\"\nFurthermore, dowry-related expenses also extend well beyond marriage.", "The bride's family is expected to bear the burden of high expenses for the groom.", "Another reason for this male preference is based on the economic benefits of having a son and the costs of having a daughter.", "In India, there is a very limited social security system so parents look to their sons to ensure their futures and care for them in old age.", "Daughters are liabilities because they have to leave to another family once they are married and cannot take care of their parents.", "Additionally, they do not contribute economically to the family wealth and are costly because of the dowry system.", "People in India usually see men's work as \"productive\" and contributing the family, while the social perception of female labor does not have that connotation.", "This also ties to the fact that it is easier for men in India to get high paying jobs and provide financially for their families.", "Women need increased access to education and economic resources in order to reach that level of gainful employment and change people's perceptions of daughters being financial liabilities.", "With this cost and benefit analysis, many families come to the conclusion that they must prioritize male children's lives over female lives in order to ensure their financial future.", "The traditional social security system in India is family centered, with the joint family of three generations living together and taking care of each other.", "The following table presents the child sex ratio data for India's states and union territories, according to 2011 Census of India for population count in the 0-1 age group.", "The data suggests 18 states/UT had birth sex ratio higher than 107 implying excess males at birth and/or excess female mortalities after birth but before she reaches the age of 1, 13 states/UT had normal child sex ratios in the 0-1 age group, and 4 states/UT had birth sex ratio less than 103 implying excess females at birth and/or excess male mortalities after birth but before he reaches the age of 1.", "Classic economic theory views the market for marriage as one in which people bargain for a spouse who maximizes their utility gains from marriage.", "In India, many of these bargains actually take place within the family and therefore individual utility is replaced by family utility.", "In this marriage market, men and their families are trying to maximize their utility, which creates a supply and demand for wives.", "However, female foeticide and a high sex ratio have high implications for this market.", "Dharma Kumar, argues that, \"Sex selection at conception will reduce the supply of women, they will become more valuable, and female children will be better cared for and will live longer\".", "In the graph, this is depicted by the leftward shift of the supply curve and the subsequent decrease in quantity of females from Q1 to Q2 and increase in their value from P1 to P2.", "However, this model does not work for the situation in India because it does not account for the common act of males importing brides from other regions.", "A low supply of women results in men and their families trafficking women from other areas and leads to increased sexual violence and abuse against women and children, increased child marriages, and increased maternal deaths due to forced abortions and early marriages.", "This ends up devaluing women instead of the presumed effect of increasing their value.", "In the graph, the supply of brides outside each village, locality, or region is depicted as 'supply foreign'.", "This foreign supply values the price of getting a wife at much cheaper than the first domestic price P1 and the second domestic price P2.", "Therefore, due to the decrease of women domestically due to sex selection and the low price of foreign women (because they are often bought as slaves or kidnapped), the resulting gap of imported women is from Q3 to Q4.", "Women act like imports in an international trade market if the import price is lower than the high price of domestic dowries with a low supply of women.", "The foreign price is lower than the market price and this results in even fewer domestic brides than without importation (Q3 instead of Q2).", "In turn, this creates a self-fulfilling cycle of limiting females domestically and continually importing them and there is no end to the cycle of female feticide if these acts can continue and importation is an option.", "The imported brides are known as \"paros\" and are treated very badly because they have no cultural, regional, or familial ties to their husbands before being brought into their homes.", "One of the field studies in Haryana revealed that more than 9000 married women are bought from other Indian states as imported brides.", "This act also results in wife sharing and polyandry by family members in some areas of Haryana, Rajasthan, and Punjab, which maintains the gender imbalance if one family can make do with only one female.", "For example, the polyandrous Toda of Nilgiri Hills in southern India practiced female infanticide in order to maintain a certain demographic imbalance.", "When families choose to partake in pre-natal sex selection through illegal ultrasounds or abortions, they impart a negative spillover on society.", "These include increased gender disparity, a high sex ratio, lives lost, lack of development, and abuse and violence against women and children.", "Families do not often keep this spillover in mind and this results in sex selection and female foeticide, which hurts society as a whole.", "A study by Satish B. Agnihotri infers the gender bias in India by studying the relationship between male and female infant and child mortality rates in the face of mortality as a whole looking like it is decreasing.", "Hypothetically, if males and females are identical, then there should be no difference in mortality rates and no gender gap.", "However, male and female children are perceived as psychologically and socially different so the equation relating mortality looks like this: MRf = a + b", "India passed its first abortion-related law, the so-called Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act of 1971, making abortion legal in most states, but specified legally acceptable reasons for abortion such as medical risk to mother and rape.", "The law also established physicians who can legally provide the procedure and the facilities where abortions can be performed, but did not anticipate female foeticide based on technology advances.", "With increasing availability of sex screening technologies in India through the 1980s in urban India, and claims of its misuse, the Government of India passed the Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PNDT) in 1994.", "This law was further amended into the Pre-Conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) (PCPNDT) Act in 2004 to deter and punish prenatal sex screening and female foeticide.", "However, there are concerns that PCPNDT Act has been poorly enforced by authorities.", "The impact of Indian laws on female foeticide and its enforcement is unclear.", "United Nations Population Fund and India's National Human Rights Commission, in 2009, asked the Government of India to assess the impact of the law.", "The Public Health Foundation of India, an premier research organization in its 2010 report, claimed a lack of awareness about the Act in parts of India, inactive role of the Appropriate Authorities, ambiguity among some clinics that offer prenatal care services, and the role of a few medical practitioners in disregarding the law.", "The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of India has targeted education and media advertisements to reach clinics and medical professionals to increase awareness.", "The Indian Medical Association has undertaken efforts to prevent prenatal sex selection by giving its members \"Beti Bachao\" (save the daughter) badges during its meetings and conferences.", "However, a recent study by Nandi and Deolalikar (2013) argues that the 1994 PNDT Act may have had a small impact by preventing 106,000 female foeticides over one decade.", "According to a 2007 study by MacPherson, prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PCPNDT Act) was highly publicized by NGOs and the government.", "Many of the ads used depicted abortion as violent, creating fear of abortion itself within the population.", "The ads focused on the religious and moral shame associated with abortion.", "MacPherson claims this media campaign was not effective because some perceived this as an attack on their character, leading to many becoming closed off, rather than opening a dialogue about the issue.", "This emphasis on morality, claims MacPherson, increased fear and shame associated with all abortions, leading to an increase in unsafe abortions in India.", "The government of India, in a 2011 report, has begun better educating all stakeholders about its MTP and PCPNDT laws.", "In its communication campaigns, it is clearing up public misconceptions by emphasizing that sex determination is illegal, but abortion is legal for certain medical conditions in India.", "The government is also supporting implementation of programs and initiatives that seek to reduce gender discrimination, including media campaign to address the underlying social causes of sex selection.", "Given the dismal Child Sex Ratio in the country, and the Supreme Court directive of 2003 to State governments to enforce the law banning the use of sex determination technologies, the Ministry set up a National Inspection and Monitoring Committee (NIMC).", "Dr. Rattan Chand, Director (PNDT) was made the convenor of the NIMC.", "The NIMC under the guidance of Dr. Rattan Chand conducted raids in some of the districts in Maharashtra, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi and Gujarat.", "In April, it conducted raids on three clinics in Delhi.", "In its reports sent to the Chief Secretaries of the respective States, the committee observed that the Authorities had failed to monitor or supervise the registered clinics.", "\"Source\":", "Other recent policy initiatives adopted by many states of India, claims Guilmoto, attempt to address the assumed economic disadvantage of girls by offering support to girls and their parents.", "These policies provide conditional cash transfer and scholarships only available to girls, where payments to a girl and her parents are linked to each stage of her life, such as when she is born, completion of her childhood immunization, her joining school at grade 1, her completing school grades 6, 9 and 12, her marriage past age 21.", "Some states are offering higher pension benefits to parents who raise one or two girls.", "Different states of India have been experimenting with various innovations in their girl-driven welfare policies.", "For example, the state of Delhi adopted a pro-girl policy initiative (locally called \"Laadli scheme\"), which initial data suggests may be lowering the birth sex ratio in the state.", "These types of government programs and schemes are a type of redistribution in an attempt to further development in the country.", "The central and state governments in India have noticed the country's failure to deal with female foeticide on its own and have come up with programs to deal with the problem at hand.", "A serious flaw that makes all of these programs ineffective is that they target only lower-income households, while ignoring the population of higher-income households also partaking in female foeticide.", "Sex determination tests and sex selective abortions are prevalent more amongst affluent families.", "For example, upper-class families in Haryana have high rates of foeticide and infanticide and the programs do not target these families.", "A study in Haryana found that the sex ratio at birth for upper caste women was 127 males for 100 females, compared with 105 with lower caste women.", "While cash transfers successfully improve school enrollment and immunization rates for girls, they do not directly address parent's demand for sons and gender-biased sex selection.", "Additionally, a study conducted by Bijayalaxmi Nanda, an associate professor of political science at Delhi University, found that many of the beneficiaries of the Delhi Ladli Scheme wanted to use the money received for marriage rather than educational expenses.", "Another problem with these government conditional cash transfers is that many of them only target the first two daughters in a family and have no incentive for families to have more than two daughters.", "These non-linear incentive models do not result in the same increase in benefits as the inputs and cash transfers put in by the government.", "Additionally, they only incentivize a change in behavior until an age, educational, number of daughters threshold and do not prompt people to act beyond these guidelines.", "\"Source\":", "Increasing awareness of the problem has led to multiple campaigns by celebrities and journalists to combat sex-selective abortions.", "Aamir Khan devoted the first episode \"Daughters Are Precious\" of his show \"Satyamev Jayate\" to raise awareness of this widespread practice, focusing primarily on Western Rajasthan, which is known to be one of the areas where this practice is common.", "Its sex ratio dropped to 883 girls per 1,000 boys in 2011 from 901 girls to 1000 boys in 2001.", "Rapid response was shown by local government in Rajasthan after the airing of this show, showing the effect of media and nationwide awareness on the issue.", "A vow was made by officials to set up fast-track courts to punish those who practice sex-based abortion.", "They cancelled the licences of six sonography centres and issued notices to over 20 others.", "This has been done on the smaller scale.", "Cultural intervention has been addressed through theatre.", "Plays such as 'Pacha Mannu', which is about female infanticide/foeticide, has been produced by a women's theatre group in Tamil Nadu.", "This play was showing mostly in communities that practice female infanticide/foeticide and has led to a redefinition of a methodology of consciousness raising, opening up varied ways of understanding and subverting cultural expressions.", "The Mumbai High Court ruled that prenatal sex determination implied female foeticide.", "Sex determination violated a woman's right to live and was against India's Constitution.", "The \"Beti Bachao\", or Save girls campaign, has been underway in many Indian communities since the early 2000s.", "The campaign uses the media to raise awareness of the gender disparities creating, and resulting from, sex-selective abortion.", "Beti Bachao activities include rallies, posters, short videos and television commercials, some of which are sponsored by state and local governments and other organisations.", "Many celebrities in India have publicly supported the Beti Bachao campaign.", "India specific" ]

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[ "This may be connected to the dowry system in India where dowry deaths occur when a girl is seen as a financial burden." ]

[ "One school of scholars suggest that any birth sex ratio of boys to girls that is outside of the normal 105-107 range, necessarily implies sex-selective abortion.", "These scholars claim that both the sex ratio at birth and the population sex ratio are remarkably constant in human populations.", "Significant deviations in birth sex ratios from the normal range can only be explained by manipulation, that is sex-selective abortion.", "In a widely cited article, Amartya Sen compared the birth sex ratio in Europe (106) and United States (105+) with those in Asia (107+) and argued that the high sex ratios in East Asia, West Asia and South Asia may be due to excessive female mortality.", "Sen pointed to research that had shown that if men and women receive similar nutritional and medical attention and good health care then females have better survival rates, and it is the male which is the genetically fragile sex.", "Sen estimated 'missing women' from extra women who would have survived in Asia if it had the same ratio of women to men as Europe and United States.", "According to Sen, the high birth sex ratio over decades, implies a female shortfall of 11% in Asia, or over 100 million women as missing from the 3 billion combined population of India, other South Asian countries, West Asia, North Africa and China.", "There is a strong son preference in India and this leads to a high sex ratio prioritizing male lives over female lives.", "This graph depicts a typical Indian family's indifference curves between wanting to have a daughter or a son.", "Most families find greater utility in having a son so the curves are higher up on the y axis.", "When having a female becomes more expensive (due to dowry prices, lack of financial return in the future, educational and health expenses) then the budget curve has to swing inward on the x axis.", "Even though the budget stays the same, it is relatively more expensive to have a girl than to have a boy.", "The substitution effect shows that people move from point A on the first indifference curve to point B on the second indifference curve.", "They move from an already low number of females due to social reasons to even fewer daughters than before due to the added financial liability of daughters being more expensive.", "The number of males grows and the contrasting increase and decrease in quantities results in a high sex ratio.", "This is based on the unitary model of the household where the household is seen as a single decision making entity under the same budget constraint.", "However, the non-unitary model of households argues that people have different preferences in a family and are able to carry those out according to their level of bargaining power.", "In India, the unitary model is more likely to occur because of the patriarchal society that prioritizes male opinion and bargaining power in the household.", "This is not to say that all households follow this model, but enough of them do that it results in a high sex ratio.", "Female foeticide has been linked to the arrival, in the early 1990s, of affordable ultrasound technology and its widespread adoption in India.", "Obstetric ultrasonography, either transvaginally or transabdominally, checks for various markers of fetal sex.", "It can be performed at or after week 12 of pregnancy.", "At this point, of fetal sexes can be correctly determined, according to a 2001 study.", "Accuracy for males is approximately 50% and for females almost 100%.", "When performed after week 13 of pregnancy, ultrasonography gives an accurate result in almost 100% of cases.", "Availability\nUltrasound technology arrived in China and India in 1979, but its expansion was slower in India.", "Ultrasound sex discernment technologies were first introduced in major cities of India in 1980s, its use expanded in India's urban regions in 1990s, and became widespread in 2000s.", "Estimates for female foeticide vary by scholar.", "One group estimates more than 10 million female fetuses may have been illegally aborted in India since 1990s, and 500,000 girls were being lost annually due to female foeticide.", "MacPherson estimates that 100,000 abortions every year continue to be performed in India solely because the fetus is female.", "Various theories have been proposed as possible reasons for sex-selective abortion.", "Culture is favored by some researchers, while some favor disparate gender-biased access to resources.", "Some demographers question whether sex-selective abortion or infanticide claims are accurate, because underreporting of female births may also explain high sex ratios.", "Natural reasons may also explain some of the abnormal sex ratios.", "Klasen and Wink suggest India and China's high sex ratios are primarily the result of sex-selective abortion.", "One school of scholars suggested that female foeticide can be seen through history and cultural background.", "Generally, male babies were preferred because they provided manual labor and success the family lineage.", "The selective abortion of female fetuses is most common in areas where cultural norms value male children over female children for a variety of social and economic reasons.", "A son is often preferred as an \"asset\" since he can earn and support the family; a daughter is a \"liability\" since she will be married off to another family, and so will not contribute financially to her parents.", "Female foeticide then, is a continuation in a different form, of a practice of female infanticide or withholding of postnatal health care for girls in certain households.", "Furthermore, in some cultures sons are expected to take care of their parents in their old age.", "These factors are complicated by the effect of diseases on child sex ratio, where communicable and noncommunicable diseases affect males and females differently.", "Some of the variation in birth sex ratios and implied female foeticide may be due to disparate access to resources.", "As MacPherson (2007) notes, there can be significant differences in gender violence and access to food, healthcare, immunizations between male and female children.", "This leads to high infant and childhood mortality among girls, which causes changes in sex ratio.", "Disparate, gendered access to resources appears to be strongly linked to socioeconomic status.", "Specifically, poorer families are sometimes forced to ration food, with daughters typically receiving less priority than sons (Klasen and Wink 2003).", "However, Klasen's 2001 study revealed that this practice is less common in the poorest families, but rises dramatically in the slightly less poor families.", "Klasen and Wink's 2003 study suggests that this is “related to greater female economic independence and fewer cultural strictures among the poorest sections of the population.”", "In other words, the poorest families are typically less bound by cultural expectations and norms, and women tend to have more freedom to become family breadwinners out of necessity.", "Lopez and Ruzikah (1983) found that, when given the same resources, women tend to outlive men at all stages of life after infancy.", "However, globally, resources are not always allocated equitably.", "Thus, some scholars argue that disparities in access to resources such as healthcare, education, and nutrition play at least a small role in the high sex ratios seen in some parts of the world.", "Minority goods provided by female leaders in India help to alleviate some of the problems of disparate gendered access to resources for women.", "Public goods are defined as non-excludable and non-rival, but India lacks a system of public goods and has many problems with access to clean water or roads.", "Additionally, many of the \"public goods\" exclude females because families choose to prioritize their male children's access to those resources.", "In India, previous research has found that women leaders' invest in public goods that are more in line with female preferences, in particular water infrastructure, which leads to a reduction in time spent on domestic chores by adolescent girls.", "This in turn results in more time for young girls to gain an education and increases their value to their families and to society so that they are more likely to give them access to resources in the future.", "Minority groups, like women, are likely to provide minority or low spillover goods such as transfers, rations, and water connections, which only benefit other women.", "The majority of men do not find any benefit from these goods and are less likely to invest in them.", "For example, in a study conducted by political scientists Chattopadhyay and Duflo, results show that in West Bengal women complain more about water and roads and the women politicians invest more in those issues.", "In Rajasthan, where women complain more often about drinking water, women politicians invest more in water and less in roads.", "Even though the Dowry System legally ended with the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961, the impossibility of monitoring families and the prevalence of corruption have led to its continuance all over India.", "A dowry is a payment from the bride's family to the groom's family at the time of marriage.", "It is often found in \"socially stratified, monogamous societies that are economically complex and where women have a relatively small productive role\".", "Theoretically, marriage results in partners choosing the mate who best maximizes their utility and there is equal distribution of returns to both participants.", "The outcome is pareto optimal and reaches equilibrium when no one can be better off with any other partner or choosing not to marry.", "However, if both partners do not share an equal distribution of the returns then there must be a transfer of funds between them in order to reach efficiency.", "In Indian society, the rise of economic growth has allowed men to work in \"productive\" jobs and gain an income, but many women are not afforded these opportunities.", "Therefore, women and their families have to compete for men and pay a dowry as a transaction payment to make up for the lack of productive inputs they bring into a marriage.", "Dowries have been rising in India for the last six decades and increased 15 percent annually between 1921 and 1981.", "Women are valued less in this partnership and therefore are asked to pay in order to gain the benefits a man brings.", "The power hierarchy and financial obligation created through this system help perpetuate acts like female foeticide and a high son preference.", "Additionally, the technological progress leading to sex selective abortions lowers the cost of discrimination and many people think that it is better to pay a \"500 rupees now (abortion) instead of 50,000 rupees in the future (dowry).", "\"\nFurthermore, dowry-related expenses also extend well beyond marriage.", "The bride's family is expected to bear the burden of high expenses for the groom.", "Another reason for this male preference is based on the economic benefits of having a son and the costs of having a daughter.", "In India, there is a very limited social security system so parents look to their sons to ensure their futures and care for them in old age.", "Daughters are liabilities because they have to leave to another family once they are married and cannot take care of their parents.", "Additionally, they do not contribute economically to the family wealth and are costly because of the dowry system.", "People in India usually see men's work as \"productive\" and contributing the family, while the social perception of female labor does not have that connotation.", "This also ties to the fact that it is easier for men in India to get high paying jobs and provide financially for their families.", "Women need increased access to education and economic resources in order to reach that level of gainful employment and change people's perceptions of daughters being financial liabilities.", "With this cost and benefit analysis, many families come to the conclusion that they must prioritize male children's lives over female lives in order to ensure their financial future.", "The traditional social security system in India is family centered, with the joint family of three generations living together and taking care of each other.", "The following table presents the child sex ratio data for India's states and union territories, according to 2011 Census of India for population count in the 0-1 age group.", "The data suggests 18 states/UT had birth sex ratio higher than 107 implying excess males at birth and/or excess female mortalities after birth but before she reaches the age of 1, 13 states/UT had normal child sex ratios in the 0-1 age group, and 4 states/UT had birth sex ratio less than 103 implying excess females at birth and/or excess male mortalities after birth but before he reaches the age of 1.", "Classic economic theory views the market for marriage as one in which people bargain for a spouse who maximizes their utility gains from marriage.", "In India, many of these bargains actually take place within the family and therefore individual utility is replaced by family utility.", "In this marriage market, men and their families are trying to maximize their utility, which creates a supply and demand for wives.", "However, female foeticide and a high sex ratio have high implications for this market.", "Dharma Kumar, argues that, \"Sex selection at conception will reduce the supply of women, they will become more valuable, and female children will be better cared for and will live longer\".", "In the graph, this is depicted by the leftward shift of the supply curve and the subsequent decrease in quantity of females from Q1 to Q2 and increase in their value from P1 to P2.", "However, this model does not work for the situation in India because it does not account for the common act of males importing brides from other regions.", "A low supply of women results in men and their families trafficking women from other areas and leads to increased sexual violence and abuse against women and children, increased child marriages, and increased maternal deaths due to forced abortions and early marriages.", "This ends up devaluing women instead of the presumed effect of increasing their value.", "In the graph, the supply of brides outside each village, locality, or region is depicted as 'supply foreign'.", "This foreign supply values the price of getting a wife at much cheaper than the first domestic price P1 and the second domestic price P2.", "Therefore, due to the decrease of women domestically due to sex selection and the low price of foreign women (because they are often bought as slaves or kidnapped), the resulting gap of imported women is from Q3 to Q4.", "Women act like imports in an international trade market if the import price is lower than the high price of domestic dowries with a low supply of women.", "The foreign price is lower than the market price and this results in even fewer domestic brides than without importation (Q3 instead of Q2).", "In turn, this creates a self-fulfilling cycle of limiting females domestically and continually importing them and there is no end to the cycle of female feticide if these acts can continue and importation is an option.", "The imported brides are known as \"paros\" and are treated very badly because they have no cultural, regional, or familial ties to their husbands before being brought into their homes.", "One of the field studies in Haryana revealed that more than 9000 married women are bought from other Indian states as imported brides.", "This act also results in wife sharing and polyandry by family members in some areas of Haryana, Rajasthan, and Punjab, which maintains the gender imbalance if one family can make do with only one female.", "For example, the polyandrous Toda of Nilgiri Hills in southern India practiced female infanticide in order to maintain a certain demographic imbalance.", "When families choose to partake in pre-natal sex selection through illegal ultrasounds or abortions, they impart a negative spillover on society.", "These include increased gender disparity, a high sex ratio, lives lost, lack of development, and abuse and violence against women and children.", "Families do not often keep this spillover in mind and this results in sex selection and female foeticide, which hurts society as a whole.", "A study by Satish B. Agnihotri infers the gender bias in India by studying the relationship between male and female infant and child mortality rates in the face of mortality as a whole looking like it is decreasing.", "Hypothetically, if males and females are identical, then there should be no difference in mortality rates and no gender gap.", "However, male and female children are perceived as psychologically and socially different so the equation relating mortality looks like this: MRf = a + b", "India passed its first abortion-related law, the so-called Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act of 1971, making abortion legal in most states, but specified legally acceptable reasons for abortion such as medical risk to mother and rape.", "The law also established physicians who can legally provide the procedure and the facilities where abortions can be performed, but did not anticipate female foeticide based on technology advances.", "With increasing availability of sex screening technologies in India through the 1980s in urban India, and claims of its misuse, the Government of India passed the Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PNDT) in 1994.", "This law was further amended into the Pre-Conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) (PCPNDT) Act in 2004 to deter and punish prenatal sex screening and female foeticide.", "However, there are concerns that PCPNDT Act has been poorly enforced by authorities.", "The impact of Indian laws on female foeticide and its enforcement is unclear.", "United Nations Population Fund and India's National Human Rights Commission, in 2009, asked the Government of India to assess the impact of the law.", "The Public Health Foundation of India, an premier research organization in its 2010 report, claimed a lack of awareness about the Act in parts of India, inactive role of the Appropriate Authorities, ambiguity among some clinics that offer prenatal care services, and the role of a few medical practitioners in disregarding the law.", "The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of India has targeted education and media advertisements to reach clinics and medical professionals to increase awareness.", "The Indian Medical Association has undertaken efforts to prevent prenatal sex selection by giving its members \"Beti Bachao\" (save the daughter) badges during its meetings and conferences.", "However, a recent study by Nandi and Deolalikar (2013) argues that the 1994 PNDT Act may have had a small impact by preventing 106,000 female foeticides over one decade.", "According to a 2007 study by MacPherson, prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PCPNDT Act) was highly publicized by NGOs and the government.", "Many of the ads used depicted abortion as violent, creating fear of abortion itself within the population.", "The ads focused on the religious and moral shame associated with abortion.", "MacPherson claims this media campaign was not effective because some perceived this as an attack on their character, leading to many becoming closed off, rather than opening a dialogue about the issue.", "This emphasis on morality, claims MacPherson, increased fear and shame associated with all abortions, leading to an increase in unsafe abortions in India.", "The government of India, in a 2011 report, has begun better educating all stakeholders about its MTP and PCPNDT laws.", "In its communication campaigns, it is clearing up public misconceptions by emphasizing that sex determination is illegal, but abortion is legal for certain medical conditions in India.", "The government is also supporting implementation of programs and initiatives that seek to reduce gender discrimination, including media campaign to address the underlying social causes of sex selection.", "Given the dismal Child Sex Ratio in the country, and the Supreme Court directive of 2003 to State governments to enforce the law banning the use of sex determination technologies, the Ministry set up a National Inspection and Monitoring Committee (NIMC).", "Dr. Rattan Chand, Director (PNDT) was made the convenor of the NIMC.", "The NIMC under the guidance of Dr. Rattan Chand conducted raids in some of the districts in Maharashtra, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi and Gujarat.", "In April, it conducted raids on three clinics in Delhi.", "In its reports sent to the Chief Secretaries of the respective States, the committee observed that the Authorities had failed to monitor or supervise the registered clinics.", "\"Source\":", "Other recent policy initiatives adopted by many states of India, claims Guilmoto, attempt to address the assumed economic disadvantage of girls by offering support to girls and their parents.", "These policies provide conditional cash transfer and scholarships only available to girls, where payments to a girl and her parents are linked to each stage of her life, such as when she is born, completion of her childhood immunization, her joining school at grade 1, her completing school grades 6, 9 and 12, her marriage past age 21.", "Some states are offering higher pension benefits to parents who raise one or two girls.", "Different states of India have been experimenting with various innovations in their girl-driven welfare policies.", "For example, the state of Delhi adopted a pro-girl policy initiative (locally called \"Laadli scheme\"), which initial data suggests may be lowering the birth sex ratio in the state.", "These types of government programs and schemes are a type of redistribution in an attempt to further development in the country.", "The central and state governments in India have noticed the country's failure to deal with female foeticide on its own and have come up with programs to deal with the problem at hand.", "A serious flaw that makes all of these programs ineffective is that they target only lower-income households, while ignoring the population of higher-income households also partaking in female foeticide.", "Sex determination tests and sex selective abortions are prevalent more amongst affluent families.", "For example, upper-class families in Haryana have high rates of foeticide and infanticide and the programs do not target these families.", "A study in Haryana found that the sex ratio at birth for upper caste women was 127 males for 100 females, compared with 105 with lower caste women.", "While cash transfers successfully improve school enrollment and immunization rates for girls, they do not directly address parent's demand for sons and gender-biased sex selection.", "Additionally, a study conducted by Bijayalaxmi Nanda, an associate professor of political science at Delhi University, found that many of the beneficiaries of the Delhi Ladli Scheme wanted to use the money received for marriage rather than educational expenses.", "Another problem with these government conditional cash transfers is that many of them only target the first two daughters in a family and have no incentive for families to have more than two daughters.", "These non-linear incentive models do not result in the same increase in benefits as the inputs and cash transfers put in by the government.", "Additionally, they only incentivize a change in behavior until an age, educational, number of daughters threshold and do not prompt people to act beyond these guidelines.", "\"Source\":", "Increasing awareness of the problem has led to multiple campaigns by celebrities and journalists to combat sex-selective abortions.", "Aamir Khan devoted the first episode \"Daughters Are Precious\" of his show \"Satyamev Jayate\" to raise awareness of this widespread practice, focusing primarily on Western Rajasthan, which is known to be one of the areas where this practice is common.", "Its sex ratio dropped to 883 girls per 1,000 boys in 2011 from 901 girls to 1000 boys in 2001.", "Rapid response was shown by local government in Rajasthan after the airing of this show, showing the effect of media and nationwide awareness on the issue.", "A vow was made by officials to set up fast-track courts to punish those who practice sex-based abortion.", "They cancelled the licences of six sonography centres and issued notices to over 20 others.", "This has been done on the smaller scale.", "Cultural intervention has been addressed through theatre.", "Plays such as 'Pacha Mannu', which is about female infanticide/foeticide, has been produced by a women's theatre group in Tamil Nadu.", "This play was showing mostly in communities that practice female infanticide/foeticide and has led to a redefinition of a methodology of consciousness raising, opening up varied ways of understanding and subverting cultural expressions.", "The Mumbai High Court ruled that prenatal sex determination implied female foeticide.", "Sex determination violated a woman's right to live and was against India's Constitution.", "The \"Beti Bachao\", or Save girls campaign, has been underway in many Indian communities since the early 2000s.", "The campaign uses the media to raise awareness of the gender disparities creating, and resulting from, sex-selective abortion.", "Beti Bachao activities include rallies, posters, short videos and television commercials, some of which are sponsored by state and local governments and other organisations.", "Many celebrities in India have publicly supported the Beti Bachao campaign.", "India specific" ]

[ 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 ]

[ "Female foeticide in India () is the abortion of a female foetus outside of legal methods." ]

[ "One school of scholars suggest that any birth sex ratio of boys to girls that is outside of the normal 105-107 range, necessarily implies sex-selective abortion.", "These scholars claim that both the sex ratio at birth and the population sex ratio are remarkably constant in human populations.", "Significant deviations in birth sex ratios from the normal range can only be explained by manipulation, that is sex-selective abortion.", "In a widely cited article, Amartya Sen compared the birth sex ratio in Europe (106) and United States (105+) with those in Asia (107+) and argued that the high sex ratios in East Asia, West Asia and South Asia may be due to excessive female mortality.", "Sen pointed to research that had shown that if men and women receive similar nutritional and medical attention and good health care then females have better survival rates, and it is the male which is the genetically fragile sex.", "Sen estimated 'missing women' from extra women who would have survived in Asia if it had the same ratio of women to men as Europe and United States.", "According to Sen, the high birth sex ratio over decades, implies a female shortfall of 11% in Asia, or over 100 million women as missing from the 3 billion combined population of India, other South Asian countries, West Asia, North Africa and China.", "There is a strong son preference in India and this leads to a high sex ratio prioritizing male lives over female lives.", "This graph depicts a typical Indian family's indifference curves between wanting to have a daughter or a son.", "Most families find greater utility in having a son so the curves are higher up on the y axis.", "When having a female becomes more expensive (due to dowry prices, lack of financial return in the future, educational and health expenses) then the budget curve has to swing inward on the x axis.", "Even though the budget stays the same, it is relatively more expensive to have a girl than to have a boy.", "The substitution effect shows that people move from point A on the first indifference curve to point B on the second indifference curve.", "They move from an already low number of females due to social reasons to even fewer daughters than before due to the added financial liability of daughters being more expensive.", "The number of males grows and the contrasting increase and decrease in quantities results in a high sex ratio.", "This is based on the unitary model of the household where the household is seen as a single decision making entity under the same budget constraint.", "However, the non-unitary model of households argues that people have different preferences in a family and are able to carry those out according to their level of bargaining power.", "In India, the unitary model is more likely to occur because of the patriarchal society that prioritizes male opinion and bargaining power in the household.", "This is not to say that all households follow this model, but enough of them do that it results in a high sex ratio.", "Female foeticide has been linked to the arrival, in the early 1990s, of affordable ultrasound technology and its widespread adoption in India.", "Obstetric ultrasonography, either transvaginally or transabdominally, checks for various markers of fetal sex.", "It can be performed at or after week 12 of pregnancy.", "At this point, of fetal sexes can be correctly determined, according to a 2001 study.", "Accuracy for males is approximately 50% and for females almost 100%.", "When performed after week 13 of pregnancy, ultrasonography gives an accurate result in almost 100% of cases.", "Availability\nUltrasound technology arrived in China and India in 1979, but its expansion was slower in India.", "Ultrasound sex discernment technologies were first introduced in major cities of India in 1980s, its use expanded in India's urban regions in 1990s, and became widespread in 2000s.", "Estimates for female foeticide vary by scholar.", "One group estimates more than 10 million female fetuses may have been illegally aborted in India since 1990s, and 500,000 girls were being lost annually due to female foeticide.", "MacPherson estimates that 100,000 abortions every year continue to be performed in India solely because the fetus is female.", "Various theories have been proposed as possible reasons for sex-selective abortion.", "Culture is favored by some researchers, while some favor disparate gender-biased access to resources.", "Some demographers question whether sex-selective abortion or infanticide claims are accurate, because underreporting of female births may also explain high sex ratios.", "Natural reasons may also explain some of the abnormal sex ratios.", "Klasen and Wink suggest India and China's high sex ratios are primarily the result of sex-selective abortion.", "One school of scholars suggested that female foeticide can be seen through history and cultural background.", "Generally, male babies were preferred because they provided manual labor and success the family lineage.", "The selective abortion of female fetuses is most common in areas where cultural norms value male children over female children for a variety of social and economic reasons.", "A son is often preferred as an \"asset\" since he can earn and support the family; a daughter is a \"liability\" since she will be married off to another family, and so will not contribute financially to her parents.", "Female foeticide then, is a continuation in a different form, of a practice of female infanticide or withholding of postnatal health care for girls in certain households.", "Furthermore, in some cultures sons are expected to take care of their parents in their old age.", "These factors are complicated by the effect of diseases on child sex ratio, where communicable and noncommunicable diseases affect males and females differently.", "Some of the variation in birth sex ratios and implied female foeticide may be due to disparate access to resources.", "As MacPherson (2007) notes, there can be significant differences in gender violence and access to food, healthcare, immunizations between male and female children.", "This leads to high infant and childhood mortality among girls, which causes changes in sex ratio.", "Disparate, gendered access to resources appears to be strongly linked to socioeconomic status.", "Specifically, poorer families are sometimes forced to ration food, with daughters typically receiving less priority than sons (Klasen and Wink 2003).", "However, Klasen's 2001 study revealed that this practice is less common in the poorest families, but rises dramatically in the slightly less poor families.", "Klasen and Wink's 2003 study suggests that this is “related to greater female economic independence and fewer cultural strictures among the poorest sections of the population.”", "In other words, the poorest families are typically less bound by cultural expectations and norms, and women tend to have more freedom to become family breadwinners out of necessity.", "Lopez and Ruzikah (1983) found that, when given the same resources, women tend to outlive men at all stages of life after infancy.", "However, globally, resources are not always allocated equitably.", "Thus, some scholars argue that disparities in access to resources such as healthcare, education, and nutrition play at least a small role in the high sex ratios seen in some parts of the world.", "Minority goods provided by female leaders in India help to alleviate some of the problems of disparate gendered access to resources for women.", "Public goods are defined as non-excludable and non-rival, but India lacks a system of public goods and has many problems with access to clean water or roads.", "Additionally, many of the \"public goods\" exclude females because families choose to prioritize their male children's access to those resources.", "In India, previous research has found that women leaders' invest in public goods that are more in line with female preferences, in particular water infrastructure, which leads to a reduction in time spent on domestic chores by adolescent girls.", "This in turn results in more time for young girls to gain an education and increases their value to their families and to society so that they are more likely to give them access to resources in the future.", "Minority groups, like women, are likely to provide minority or low spillover goods such as transfers, rations, and water connections, which only benefit other women.", "The majority of men do not find any benefit from these goods and are less likely to invest in them.", "For example, in a study conducted by political scientists Chattopadhyay and Duflo, results show that in West Bengal women complain more about water and roads and the women politicians invest more in those issues.", "In Rajasthan, where women complain more often about drinking water, women politicians invest more in water and less in roads.", "Even though the Dowry System legally ended with the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961, the impossibility of monitoring families and the prevalence of corruption have led to its continuance all over India.", "A dowry is a payment from the bride's family to the groom's family at the time of marriage.", "It is often found in \"socially stratified, monogamous societies that are economically complex and where women have a relatively small productive role\".", "Theoretically, marriage results in partners choosing the mate who best maximizes their utility and there is equal distribution of returns to both participants.", "The outcome is pareto optimal and reaches equilibrium when no one can be better off with any other partner or choosing not to marry.", "However, if both partners do not share an equal distribution of the returns then there must be a transfer of funds between them in order to reach efficiency.", "In Indian society, the rise of economic growth has allowed men to work in \"productive\" jobs and gain an income, but many women are not afforded these opportunities.", "Therefore, women and their families have to compete for men and pay a dowry as a transaction payment to make up for the lack of productive inputs they bring into a marriage.", "Dowries have been rising in India for the last six decades and increased 15 percent annually between 1921 and 1981.", "Women are valued less in this partnership and therefore are asked to pay in order to gain the benefits a man brings.", "The power hierarchy and financial obligation created through this system help perpetuate acts like female foeticide and a high son preference.", "Additionally, the technological progress leading to sex selective abortions lowers the cost of discrimination and many people think that it is better to pay a \"500 rupees now (abortion) instead of 50,000 rupees in the future (dowry).", "\"\nFurthermore, dowry-related expenses also extend well beyond marriage.", "The bride's family is expected to bear the burden of high expenses for the groom.", "Another reason for this male preference is based on the economic benefits of having a son and the costs of having a daughter.", "In India, there is a very limited social security system so parents look to their sons to ensure their futures and care for them in old age.", "Daughters are liabilities because they have to leave to another family once they are married and cannot take care of their parents.", "Additionally, they do not contribute economically to the family wealth and are costly because of the dowry system.", "People in India usually see men's work as \"productive\" and contributing the family, while the social perception of female labor does not have that connotation.", "This also ties to the fact that it is easier for men in India to get high paying jobs and provide financially for their families.", "Women need increased access to education and economic resources in order to reach that level of gainful employment and change people's perceptions of daughters being financial liabilities.", "With this cost and benefit analysis, many families come to the conclusion that they must prioritize male children's lives over female lives in order to ensure their financial future.", "The traditional social security system in India is family centered, with the joint family of three generations living together and taking care of each other.", "The following table presents the child sex ratio data for India's states and union territories, according to 2011 Census of India for population count in the 0-1 age group.", "The data suggests 18 states/UT had birth sex ratio higher than 107 implying excess males at birth and/or excess female mortalities after birth but before she reaches the age of 1, 13 states/UT had normal child sex ratios in the 0-1 age group, and 4 states/UT had birth sex ratio less than 103 implying excess females at birth and/or excess male mortalities after birth but before he reaches the age of 1.", "Classic economic theory views the market for marriage as one in which people bargain for a spouse who maximizes their utility gains from marriage.", "In India, many of these bargains actually take place within the family and therefore individual utility is replaced by family utility.", "In this marriage market, men and their families are trying to maximize their utility, which creates a supply and demand for wives.", "However, female foeticide and a high sex ratio have high implications for this market.", "Dharma Kumar, argues that, \"Sex selection at conception will reduce the supply of women, they will become more valuable, and female children will be better cared for and will live longer\".", "In the graph, this is depicted by the leftward shift of the supply curve and the subsequent decrease in quantity of females from Q1 to Q2 and increase in their value from P1 to P2.", "However, this model does not work for the situation in India because it does not account for the common act of males importing brides from other regions.", "A low supply of women results in men and their families trafficking women from other areas and leads to increased sexual violence and abuse against women and children, increased child marriages, and increased maternal deaths due to forced abortions and early marriages.", "This ends up devaluing women instead of the presumed effect of increasing their value.", "In the graph, the supply of brides outside each village, locality, or region is depicted as 'supply foreign'.", "This foreign supply values the price of getting a wife at much cheaper than the first domestic price P1 and the second domestic price P2.", "Therefore, due to the decrease of women domestically due to sex selection and the low price of foreign women (because they are often bought as slaves or kidnapped), the resulting gap of imported women is from Q3 to Q4.", "Women act like imports in an international trade market if the import price is lower than the high price of domestic dowries with a low supply of women.", "The foreign price is lower than the market price and this results in even fewer domestic brides than without importation (Q3 instead of Q2).", "In turn, this creates a self-fulfilling cycle of limiting females domestically and continually importing them and there is no end to the cycle of female feticide if these acts can continue and importation is an option.", "The imported brides are known as \"paros\" and are treated very badly because they have no cultural, regional, or familial ties to their husbands before being brought into their homes.", "One of the field studies in Haryana revealed that more than 9000 married women are bought from other Indian states as imported brides.", "This act also results in wife sharing and polyandry by family members in some areas of Haryana, Rajasthan, and Punjab, which maintains the gender imbalance if one family can make do with only one female.", "For example, the polyandrous Toda of Nilgiri Hills in southern India practiced female infanticide in order to maintain a certain demographic imbalance.", "When families choose to partake in pre-natal sex selection through illegal ultrasounds or abortions, they impart a negative spillover on society.", "These include increased gender disparity, a high sex ratio, lives lost, lack of development, and abuse and violence against women and children.", "Families do not often keep this spillover in mind and this results in sex selection and female foeticide, which hurts society as a whole.", "A study by Satish B. Agnihotri infers the gender bias in India by studying the relationship between male and female infant and child mortality rates in the face of mortality as a whole looking like it is decreasing.", "Hypothetically, if males and females are identical, then there should be no difference in mortality rates and no gender gap.", "However, male and female children are perceived as psychologically and socially different so the equation relating mortality looks like this: MRf = a + b", "India passed its first abortion-related law, the so-called Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act of 1971, making abortion legal in most states, but specified legally acceptable reasons for abortion such as medical risk to mother and rape.", "The law also established physicians who can legally provide the procedure and the facilities where abortions can be performed, but did not anticipate female foeticide based on technology advances.", "With increasing availability of sex screening technologies in India through the 1980s in urban India, and claims of its misuse, the Government of India passed the Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PNDT) in 1994.", "This law was further amended into the Pre-Conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) (PCPNDT) Act in 2004 to deter and punish prenatal sex screening and female foeticide.", "However, there are concerns that PCPNDT Act has been poorly enforced by authorities.", "The impact of Indian laws on female foeticide and its enforcement is unclear.", "United Nations Population Fund and India's National Human Rights Commission, in 2009, asked the Government of India to assess the impact of the law.", "The Public Health Foundation of India, an premier research organization in its 2010 report, claimed a lack of awareness about the Act in parts of India, inactive role of the Appropriate Authorities, ambiguity among some clinics that offer prenatal care services, and the role of a few medical practitioners in disregarding the law.", "The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of India has targeted education and media advertisements to reach clinics and medical professionals to increase awareness.", "The Indian Medical Association has undertaken efforts to prevent prenatal sex selection by giving its members \"Beti Bachao\" (save the daughter) badges during its meetings and conferences.", "However, a recent study by Nandi and Deolalikar (2013) argues that the 1994 PNDT Act may have had a small impact by preventing 106,000 female foeticides over one decade.", "According to a 2007 study by MacPherson, prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PCPNDT Act) was highly publicized by NGOs and the government.", "Many of the ads used depicted abortion as violent, creating fear of abortion itself within the population.", "The ads focused on the religious and moral shame associated with abortion.", "MacPherson claims this media campaign was not effective because some perceived this as an attack on their character, leading to many becoming closed off, rather than opening a dialogue about the issue.", "This emphasis on morality, claims MacPherson, increased fear and shame associated with all abortions, leading to an increase in unsafe abortions in India.", "The government of India, in a 2011 report, has begun better educating all stakeholders about its MTP and PCPNDT laws.", "In its communication campaigns, it is clearing up public misconceptions by emphasizing that sex determination is illegal, but abortion is legal for certain medical conditions in India.", "The government is also supporting implementation of programs and initiatives that seek to reduce gender discrimination, including media campaign to address the underlying social causes of sex selection.", "Given the dismal Child Sex Ratio in the country, and the Supreme Court directive of 2003 to State governments to enforce the law banning the use of sex determination technologies, the Ministry set up a National Inspection and Monitoring Committee (NIMC).", "Dr. Rattan Chand, Director (PNDT) was made the convenor of the NIMC.", "The NIMC under the guidance of Dr. Rattan Chand conducted raids in some of the districts in Maharashtra, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi and Gujarat.", "In April, it conducted raids on three clinics in Delhi.", "In its reports sent to the Chief Secretaries of the respective States, the committee observed that the Authorities had failed to monitor or supervise the registered clinics.", "\"Source\":", "Other recent policy initiatives adopted by many states of India, claims Guilmoto, attempt to address the assumed economic disadvantage of girls by offering support to girls and their parents.", "These policies provide conditional cash transfer and scholarships only available to girls, where payments to a girl and her parents are linked to each stage of her life, such as when she is born, completion of her childhood immunization, her joining school at grade 1, her completing school grades 6, 9 and 12, her marriage past age 21.", "Some states are offering higher pension benefits to parents who raise one or two girls.", "Different states of India have been experimenting with various innovations in their girl-driven welfare policies.", "For example, the state of Delhi adopted a pro-girl policy initiative (locally called \"Laadli scheme\"), which initial data suggests may be lowering the birth sex ratio in the state.", "These types of government programs and schemes are a type of redistribution in an attempt to further development in the country.", "The central and state governments in India have noticed the country's failure to deal with female foeticide on its own and have come up with programs to deal with the problem at hand.", "A serious flaw that makes all of these programs ineffective is that they target only lower-income households, while ignoring the population of higher-income households also partaking in female foeticide.", "Sex determination tests and sex selective abortions are prevalent more amongst affluent families.", "For example, upper-class families in Haryana have high rates of foeticide and infanticide and the programs do not target these families.", "A study in Haryana found that the sex ratio at birth for upper caste women was 127 males for 100 females, compared with 105 with lower caste women.", "While cash transfers successfully improve school enrollment and immunization rates for girls, they do not directly address parent's demand for sons and gender-biased sex selection.", "Additionally, a study conducted by Bijayalaxmi Nanda, an associate professor of political science at Delhi University, found that many of the beneficiaries of the Delhi Ladli Scheme wanted to use the money received for marriage rather than educational expenses.", "Another problem with these government conditional cash transfers is that many of them only target the first two daughters in a family and have no incentive for families to have more than two daughters.", "These non-linear incentive models do not result in the same increase in benefits as the inputs and cash transfers put in by the government.", "Additionally, they only incentivize a change in behavior until an age, educational, number of daughters threshold and do not prompt people to act beyond these guidelines.", "\"Source\":", "Increasing awareness of the problem has led to multiple campaigns by celebrities and journalists to combat sex-selective abortions.", "Aamir Khan devoted the first episode \"Daughters Are Precious\" of his show \"Satyamev Jayate\" to raise awareness of this widespread practice, focusing primarily on Western Rajasthan, which is known to be one of the areas where this practice is common.", "Its sex ratio dropped to 883 girls per 1,000 boys in 2011 from 901 girls to 1000 boys in 2001.", "Rapid response was shown by local government in Rajasthan after the airing of this show, showing the effect of media and nationwide awareness on the issue.", "A vow was made by officials to set up fast-track courts to punish those who practice sex-based abortion.", "They cancelled the licences of six sonography centres and issued notices to over 20 others.", "This has been done on the smaller scale.", "Cultural intervention has been addressed through theatre.", "Plays such as 'Pacha Mannu', which is about female infanticide/foeticide, has been produced by a women's theatre group in Tamil Nadu.", "This play was showing mostly in communities that practice female infanticide/foeticide and has led to a redefinition of a methodology of consciousness raising, opening up varied ways of understanding and subverting cultural expressions.", "The Mumbai High Court ruled that prenatal sex determination implied female foeticide.", "Sex determination violated a woman's right to live and was against India's Constitution.", "The \"Beti Bachao\", or Save girls campaign, has been underway in many Indian communities since the early 2000s.", "The campaign uses the media to raise awareness of the gender disparities creating, and resulting from, sex-selective abortion.", "Beti Bachao activities include rallies, posters, short videos and television commercials, some of which are sponsored by state and local governments and other organisations.", "Many celebrities in India have publicly supported the Beti Bachao campaign.", "India specific" ]

[ 27, 28, 29 ]

[ "Female foeticide in India () is the abortion of a female foetus outside of legal methods." ]

[ "One school of scholars suggest that any birth sex ratio of boys to girls that is outside of the normal 105-107 range, necessarily implies sex-selective abortion.", "These scholars claim that both the sex ratio at birth and the population sex ratio are remarkably constant in human populations.", "Significant deviations in birth sex ratios from the normal range can only be explained by manipulation, that is sex-selective abortion.", "In a widely cited article, Amartya Sen compared the birth sex ratio in Europe (106) and United States (105+) with those in Asia (107+) and argued that the high sex ratios in East Asia, West Asia and South Asia may be due to excessive female mortality.", "Sen pointed to research that had shown that if men and women receive similar nutritional and medical attention and good health care then females have better survival rates, and it is the male which is the genetically fragile sex.", "Sen estimated 'missing women' from extra women who would have survived in Asia if it had the same ratio of women to men as Europe and United States.", "According to Sen, the high birth sex ratio over decades, implies a female shortfall of 11% in Asia, or over 100 million women as missing from the 3 billion combined population of India, other South Asian countries, West Asia, North Africa and China.", "There is a strong son preference in India and this leads to a high sex ratio prioritizing male lives over female lives.", "This graph depicts a typical Indian family's indifference curves between wanting to have a daughter or a son.", "Most families find greater utility in having a son so the curves are higher up on the y axis.", "When having a female becomes more expensive (due to dowry prices, lack of financial return in the future, educational and health expenses) then the budget curve has to swing inward on the x axis.", "Even though the budget stays the same, it is relatively more expensive to have a girl than to have a boy.", "The substitution effect shows that people move from point A on the first indifference curve to point B on the second indifference curve.", "They move from an already low number of females due to social reasons to even fewer daughters than before due to the added financial liability of daughters being more expensive.", "The number of males grows and the contrasting increase and decrease in quantities results in a high sex ratio.", "This is based on the unitary model of the household where the household is seen as a single decision making entity under the same budget constraint.", "However, the non-unitary model of households argues that people have different preferences in a family and are able to carry those out according to their level of bargaining power.", "In India, the unitary model is more likely to occur because of the patriarchal society that prioritizes male opinion and bargaining power in the household.", "This is not to say that all households follow this model, but enough of them do that it results in a high sex ratio.", "Female foeticide has been linked to the arrival, in the early 1990s, of affordable ultrasound technology and its widespread adoption in India.", "Obstetric ultrasonography, either transvaginally or transabdominally, checks for various markers of fetal sex.", "It can be performed at or after week 12 of pregnancy.", "At this point, of fetal sexes can be correctly determined, according to a 2001 study.", "Accuracy for males is approximately 50% and for females almost 100%.", "When performed after week 13 of pregnancy, ultrasonography gives an accurate result in almost 100% of cases.", "Availability\nUltrasound technology arrived in China and India in 1979, but its expansion was slower in India.", "Ultrasound sex discernment technologies were first introduced in major cities of India in 1980s, its use expanded in India's urban regions in 1990s, and became widespread in 2000s.", "Estimates for female foeticide vary by scholar.", "One group estimates more than 10 million female fetuses may have been illegally aborted in India since 1990s, and 500,000 girls were being lost annually due to female foeticide.", "MacPherson estimates that 100,000 abortions every year continue to be performed in India solely because the fetus is female.", "Various theories have been proposed as possible reasons for sex-selective abortion.", "Culture is favored by some researchers, while some favor disparate gender-biased access to resources.", "Some demographers question whether sex-selective abortion or infanticide claims are accurate, because underreporting of female births may also explain high sex ratios.", "Natural reasons may also explain some of the abnormal sex ratios.", "Klasen and Wink suggest India and China's high sex ratios are primarily the result of sex-selective abortion.", "One school of scholars suggested that female foeticide can be seen through history and cultural background.", "Generally, male babies were preferred because they provided manual labor and success the family lineage.", "The selective abortion of female fetuses is most common in areas where cultural norms value male children over female children for a variety of social and economic reasons.", "A son is often preferred as an \"asset\" since he can earn and support the family; a daughter is a \"liability\" since she will be married off to another family, and so will not contribute financially to her parents.", "Female foeticide then, is a continuation in a different form, of a practice of female infanticide or withholding of postnatal health care for girls in certain households.", "Furthermore, in some cultures sons are expected to take care of their parents in their old age.", "These factors are complicated by the effect of diseases on child sex ratio, where communicable and noncommunicable diseases affect males and females differently.", "Some of the variation in birth sex ratios and implied female foeticide may be due to disparate access to resources.", "As MacPherson (2007) notes, there can be significant differences in gender violence and access to food, healthcare, immunizations between male and female children.", "This leads to high infant and childhood mortality among girls, which causes changes in sex ratio.", "Disparate, gendered access to resources appears to be strongly linked to socioeconomic status.", "Specifically, poorer families are sometimes forced to ration food, with daughters typically receiving less priority than sons (Klasen and Wink 2003).", "However, Klasen's 2001 study revealed that this practice is less common in the poorest families, but rises dramatically in the slightly less poor families.", "Klasen and Wink's 2003 study suggests that this is “related to greater female economic independence and fewer cultural strictures among the poorest sections of the population.”", "In other words, the poorest families are typically less bound by cultural expectations and norms, and women tend to have more freedom to become family breadwinners out of necessity.", "Lopez and Ruzikah (1983) found that, when given the same resources, women tend to outlive men at all stages of life after infancy.", "However, globally, resources are not always allocated equitably.", "Thus, some scholars argue that disparities in access to resources such as healthcare, education, and nutrition play at least a small role in the high sex ratios seen in some parts of the world.", "Minority goods provided by female leaders in India help to alleviate some of the problems of disparate gendered access to resources for women.", "Public goods are defined as non-excludable and non-rival, but India lacks a system of public goods and has many problems with access to clean water or roads.", "Additionally, many of the \"public goods\" exclude females because families choose to prioritize their male children's access to those resources.", "In India, previous research has found that women leaders' invest in public goods that are more in line with female preferences, in particular water infrastructure, which leads to a reduction in time spent on domestic chores by adolescent girls.", "This in turn results in more time for young girls to gain an education and increases their value to their families and to society so that they are more likely to give them access to resources in the future.", "Minority groups, like women, are likely to provide minority or low spillover goods such as transfers, rations, and water connections, which only benefit other women.", "The majority of men do not find any benefit from these goods and are less likely to invest in them.", "For example, in a study conducted by political scientists Chattopadhyay and Duflo, results show that in West Bengal women complain more about water and roads and the women politicians invest more in those issues.", "In Rajasthan, where women complain more often about drinking water, women politicians invest more in water and less in roads.", "Even though the Dowry System legally ended with the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961, the impossibility of monitoring families and the prevalence of corruption have led to its continuance all over India.", "A dowry is a payment from the bride's family to the groom's family at the time of marriage.", "It is often found in \"socially stratified, monogamous societies that are economically complex and where women have a relatively small productive role\".", "Theoretically, marriage results in partners choosing the mate who best maximizes their utility and there is equal distribution of returns to both participants.", "The outcome is pareto optimal and reaches equilibrium when no one can be better off with any other partner or choosing not to marry.", "However, if both partners do not share an equal distribution of the returns then there must be a transfer of funds between them in order to reach efficiency.", "In Indian society, the rise of economic growth has allowed men to work in \"productive\" jobs and gain an income, but many women are not afforded these opportunities.", "Therefore, women and their families have to compete for men and pay a dowry as a transaction payment to make up for the lack of productive inputs they bring into a marriage.", "Dowries have been rising in India for the last six decades and increased 15 percent annually between 1921 and 1981.", "Women are valued less in this partnership and therefore are asked to pay in order to gain the benefits a man brings.", "The power hierarchy and financial obligation created through this system help perpetuate acts like female foeticide and a high son preference.", "Additionally, the technological progress leading to sex selective abortions lowers the cost of discrimination and many people think that it is better to pay a \"500 rupees now (abortion) instead of 50,000 rupees in the future (dowry).", "\"\nFurthermore, dowry-related expenses also extend well beyond marriage.", "The bride's family is expected to bear the burden of high expenses for the groom.", "Another reason for this male preference is based on the economic benefits of having a son and the costs of having a daughter.", "In India, there is a very limited social security system so parents look to their sons to ensure their futures and care for them in old age.", "Daughters are liabilities because they have to leave to another family once they are married and cannot take care of their parents.", "Additionally, they do not contribute economically to the family wealth and are costly because of the dowry system.", "People in India usually see men's work as \"productive\" and contributing the family, while the social perception of female labor does not have that connotation.", "This also ties to the fact that it is easier for men in India to get high paying jobs and provide financially for their families.", "Women need increased access to education and economic resources in order to reach that level of gainful employment and change people's perceptions of daughters being financial liabilities.", "With this cost and benefit analysis, many families come to the conclusion that they must prioritize male children's lives over female lives in order to ensure their financial future.", "The traditional social security system in India is family centered, with the joint family of three generations living together and taking care of each other.", "The following table presents the child sex ratio data for India's states and union territories, according to 2011 Census of India for population count in the 0-1 age group.", "The data suggests 18 states/UT had birth sex ratio higher than 107 implying excess males at birth and/or excess female mortalities after birth but before she reaches the age of 1, 13 states/UT had normal child sex ratios in the 0-1 age group, and 4 states/UT had birth sex ratio less than 103 implying excess females at birth and/or excess male mortalities after birth but before he reaches the age of 1.", "Classic economic theory views the market for marriage as one in which people bargain for a spouse who maximizes their utility gains from marriage.", "In India, many of these bargains actually take place within the family and therefore individual utility is replaced by family utility.", "In this marriage market, men and their families are trying to maximize their utility, which creates a supply and demand for wives.", "However, female foeticide and a high sex ratio have high implications for this market.", "Dharma Kumar, argues that, \"Sex selection at conception will reduce the supply of women, they will become more valuable, and female children will be better cared for and will live longer\".", "In the graph, this is depicted by the leftward shift of the supply curve and the subsequent decrease in quantity of females from Q1 to Q2 and increase in their value from P1 to P2.", "However, this model does not work for the situation in India because it does not account for the common act of males importing brides from other regions.", "A low supply of women results in men and their families trafficking women from other areas and leads to increased sexual violence and abuse against women and children, increased child marriages, and increased maternal deaths due to forced abortions and early marriages.", "This ends up devaluing women instead of the presumed effect of increasing their value.", "In the graph, the supply of brides outside each village, locality, or region is depicted as 'supply foreign'.", "This foreign supply values the price of getting a wife at much cheaper than the first domestic price P1 and the second domestic price P2.", "Therefore, due to the decrease of women domestically due to sex selection and the low price of foreign women (because they are often bought as slaves or kidnapped), the resulting gap of imported women is from Q3 to Q4.", "Women act like imports in an international trade market if the import price is lower than the high price of domestic dowries with a low supply of women.", "The foreign price is lower than the market price and this results in even fewer domestic brides than without importation (Q3 instead of Q2).", "In turn, this creates a self-fulfilling cycle of limiting females domestically and continually importing them and there is no end to the cycle of female feticide if these acts can continue and importation is an option.", "The imported brides are known as \"paros\" and are treated very badly because they have no cultural, regional, or familial ties to their husbands before being brought into their homes.", "One of the field studies in Haryana revealed that more than 9000 married women are bought from other Indian states as imported brides.", "This act also results in wife sharing and polyandry by family members in some areas of Haryana, Rajasthan, and Punjab, which maintains the gender imbalance if one family can make do with only one female.", "For example, the polyandrous Toda of Nilgiri Hills in southern India practiced female infanticide in order to maintain a certain demographic imbalance.", "When families choose to partake in pre-natal sex selection through illegal ultrasounds or abortions, they impart a negative spillover on society.", "These include increased gender disparity, a high sex ratio, lives lost, lack of development, and abuse and violence against women and children.", "Families do not often keep this spillover in mind and this results in sex selection and female foeticide, which hurts society as a whole.", "A study by Satish B. Agnihotri infers the gender bias in India by studying the relationship between male and female infant and child mortality rates in the face of mortality as a whole looking like it is decreasing.", "Hypothetically, if males and females are identical, then there should be no difference in mortality rates and no gender gap.", "However, male and female children are perceived as psychologically and socially different so the equation relating mortality looks like this: MRf = a + b", "India passed its first abortion-related law, the so-called Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act of 1971, making abortion legal in most states, but specified legally acceptable reasons for abortion such as medical risk to mother and rape.", "The law also established physicians who can legally provide the procedure and the facilities where abortions can be performed, but did not anticipate female foeticide based on technology advances.", "With increasing availability of sex screening technologies in India through the 1980s in urban India, and claims of its misuse, the Government of India passed the Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PNDT) in 1994.", "This law was further amended into the Pre-Conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) (PCPNDT) Act in 2004 to deter and punish prenatal sex screening and female foeticide.", "However, there are concerns that PCPNDT Act has been poorly enforced by authorities.", "The impact of Indian laws on female foeticide and its enforcement is unclear.", "United Nations Population Fund and India's National Human Rights Commission, in 2009, asked the Government of India to assess the impact of the law.", "The Public Health Foundation of India, an premier research organization in its 2010 report, claimed a lack of awareness about the Act in parts of India, inactive role of the Appropriate Authorities, ambiguity among some clinics that offer prenatal care services, and the role of a few medical practitioners in disregarding the law.", "The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of India has targeted education and media advertisements to reach clinics and medical professionals to increase awareness.", "The Indian Medical Association has undertaken efforts to prevent prenatal sex selection by giving its members \"Beti Bachao\" (save the daughter) badges during its meetings and conferences.", "However, a recent study by Nandi and Deolalikar (2013) argues that the 1994 PNDT Act may have had a small impact by preventing 106,000 female foeticides over one decade.", "According to a 2007 study by MacPherson, prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PCPNDT Act) was highly publicized by NGOs and the government.", "Many of the ads used depicted abortion as violent, creating fear of abortion itself within the population.", "The ads focused on the religious and moral shame associated with abortion.", "MacPherson claims this media campaign was not effective because some perceived this as an attack on their character, leading to many becoming closed off, rather than opening a dialogue about the issue.", "This emphasis on morality, claims MacPherson, increased fear and shame associated with all abortions, leading to an increase in unsafe abortions in India.", "The government of India, in a 2011 report, has begun better educating all stakeholders about its MTP and PCPNDT laws.", "In its communication campaigns, it is clearing up public misconceptions by emphasizing that sex determination is illegal, but abortion is legal for certain medical conditions in India.", "The government is also supporting implementation of programs and initiatives that seek to reduce gender discrimination, including media campaign to address the underlying social causes of sex selection.", "Given the dismal Child Sex Ratio in the country, and the Supreme Court directive of 2003 to State governments to enforce the law banning the use of sex determination technologies, the Ministry set up a National Inspection and Monitoring Committee (NIMC).", "Dr. Rattan Chand, Director (PNDT) was made the convenor of the NIMC.", "The NIMC under the guidance of Dr. Rattan Chand conducted raids in some of the districts in Maharashtra, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi and Gujarat.", "In April, it conducted raids on three clinics in Delhi.", "In its reports sent to the Chief Secretaries of the respective States, the committee observed that the Authorities had failed to monitor or supervise the registered clinics.", "\"Source\":", "Other recent policy initiatives adopted by many states of India, claims Guilmoto, attempt to address the assumed economic disadvantage of girls by offering support to girls and their parents.", "These policies provide conditional cash transfer and scholarships only available to girls, where payments to a girl and her parents are linked to each stage of her life, such as when she is born, completion of her childhood immunization, her joining school at grade 1, her completing school grades 6, 9 and 12, her marriage past age 21.", "Some states are offering higher pension benefits to parents who raise one or two girls.", "Different states of India have been experimenting with various innovations in their girl-driven welfare policies.", "For example, the state of Delhi adopted a pro-girl policy initiative (locally called \"Laadli scheme\"), which initial data suggests may be lowering the birth sex ratio in the state.", "These types of government programs and schemes are a type of redistribution in an attempt to further development in the country.", "The central and state governments in India have noticed the country's failure to deal with female foeticide on its own and have come up with programs to deal with the problem at hand.", "A serious flaw that makes all of these programs ineffective is that they target only lower-income households, while ignoring the population of higher-income households also partaking in female foeticide.", "Sex determination tests and sex selective abortions are prevalent more amongst affluent families.", "For example, upper-class families in Haryana have high rates of foeticide and infanticide and the programs do not target these families.", "A study in Haryana found that the sex ratio at birth for upper caste women was 127 males for 100 females, compared with 105 with lower caste women.", "While cash transfers successfully improve school enrollment and immunization rates for girls, they do not directly address parent's demand for sons and gender-biased sex selection.", "Additionally, a study conducted by Bijayalaxmi Nanda, an associate professor of political science at Delhi University, found that many of the beneficiaries of the Delhi Ladli Scheme wanted to use the money received for marriage rather than educational expenses.", "Another problem with these government conditional cash transfers is that many of them only target the first two daughters in a family and have no incentive for families to have more than two daughters.", "These non-linear incentive models do not result in the same increase in benefits as the inputs and cash transfers put in by the government.", "Additionally, they only incentivize a change in behavior until an age, educational, number of daughters threshold and do not prompt people to act beyond these guidelines.", "\"Source\":", "Increasing awareness of the problem has led to multiple campaigns by celebrities and journalists to combat sex-selective abortions.", "Aamir Khan devoted the first episode \"Daughters Are Precious\" of his show \"Satyamev Jayate\" to raise awareness of this widespread practice, focusing primarily on Western Rajasthan, which is known to be one of the areas where this practice is common.", "Its sex ratio dropped to 883 girls per 1,000 boys in 2011 from 901 girls to 1000 boys in 2001.", "Rapid response was shown by local government in Rajasthan after the airing of this show, showing the effect of media and nationwide awareness on the issue.", "A vow was made by officials to set up fast-track courts to punish those who practice sex-based abortion.", "They cancelled the licences of six sonography centres and issued notices to over 20 others.", "This has been done on the smaller scale.", "Cultural intervention has been addressed through theatre.", "Plays such as 'Pacha Mannu', which is about female infanticide/foeticide, has been produced by a women's theatre group in Tamil Nadu.", "This play was showing mostly in communities that practice female infanticide/foeticide and has led to a redefinition of a methodology of consciousness raising, opening up varied ways of understanding and subverting cultural expressions.", "The Mumbai High Court ruled that prenatal sex determination implied female foeticide.", "Sex determination violated a woman's right to live and was against India's Constitution.", "The \"Beti Bachao\", or Save girls campaign, has been underway in many Indian communities since the early 2000s.", "The campaign uses the media to raise awareness of the gender disparities creating, and resulting from, sex-selective abortion.", "Beti Bachao activities include rallies, posters, short videos and television commercials, some of which are sponsored by state and local governments and other organisations.", "Many celebrities in India have publicly supported the Beti Bachao campaign.", "India specific" ]

[ 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84 ]

[ "This may be connected to the dowry system in India where dowry deaths occur when a girl is seen as a financial burden.", "These data suggest that sex selection is a practice which takes place among some educated, rich sections or a particular religion of the Indian society.", "There is an ongoing debate as to whether these high sex ratios are only caused by female foeticide or some of the higher ratio is explained by natural causes." ]

[ "One school of scholars suggest that any birth sex ratio of boys to girls that is outside of the normal 105-107 range, necessarily implies sex-selective abortion.", "These scholars claim that both the sex ratio at birth and the population sex ratio are remarkably constant in human populations.", "Significant deviations in birth sex ratios from the normal range can only be explained by manipulation, that is sex-selective abortion.", "In a widely cited article, Amartya Sen compared the birth sex ratio in Europe (106) and United States (105+) with those in Asia (107+) and argued that the high sex ratios in East Asia, West Asia and South Asia may be due to excessive female mortality.", "Sen pointed to research that had shown that if men and women receive similar nutritional and medical attention and good health care then females have better survival rates, and it is the male which is the genetically fragile sex.", "Sen estimated 'missing women' from extra women who would have survived in Asia if it had the same ratio of women to men as Europe and United States.", "According to Sen, the high birth sex ratio over decades, implies a female shortfall of 11% in Asia, or over 100 million women as missing from the 3 billion combined population of India, other South Asian countries, West Asia, North Africa and China.", "There is a strong son preference in India and this leads to a high sex ratio prioritizing male lives over female lives.", "This graph depicts a typical Indian family's indifference curves between wanting to have a daughter or a son.", "Most families find greater utility in having a son so the curves are higher up on the y axis.", "When having a female becomes more expensive (due to dowry prices, lack of financial return in the future, educational and health expenses) then the budget curve has to swing inward on the x axis.", "Even though the budget stays the same, it is relatively more expensive to have a girl than to have a boy.", "The substitution effect shows that people move from point A on the first indifference curve to point B on the second indifference curve.", "They move from an already low number of females due to social reasons to even fewer daughters than before due to the added financial liability of daughters being more expensive.", "The number of males grows and the contrasting increase and decrease in quantities results in a high sex ratio.", "This is based on the unitary model of the household where the household is seen as a single decision making entity under the same budget constraint.", "However, the non-unitary model of households argues that people have different preferences in a family and are able to carry those out according to their level of bargaining power.", "In India, the unitary model is more likely to occur because of the patriarchal society that prioritizes male opinion and bargaining power in the household.", "This is not to say that all households follow this model, but enough of them do that it results in a high sex ratio.", "Female foeticide has been linked to the arrival, in the early 1990s, of affordable ultrasound technology and its widespread adoption in India.", "Obstetric ultrasonography, either transvaginally or transabdominally, checks for various markers of fetal sex.", "It can be performed at or after week 12 of pregnancy.", "At this point, of fetal sexes can be correctly determined, according to a 2001 study.", "Accuracy for males is approximately 50% and for females almost 100%.", "When performed after week 13 of pregnancy, ultrasonography gives an accurate result in almost 100% of cases.", "Availability\nUltrasound technology arrived in China and India in 1979, but its expansion was slower in India.", "Ultrasound sex discernment technologies were first introduced in major cities of India in 1980s, its use expanded in India's urban regions in 1990s, and became widespread in 2000s.", "Estimates for female foeticide vary by scholar.", "One group estimates more than 10 million female fetuses may have been illegally aborted in India since 1990s, and 500,000 girls were being lost annually due to female foeticide.", "MacPherson estimates that 100,000 abortions every year continue to be performed in India solely because the fetus is female.", "Various theories have been proposed as possible reasons for sex-selective abortion.", "Culture is favored by some researchers, while some favor disparate gender-biased access to resources.", "Some demographers question whether sex-selective abortion or infanticide claims are accurate, because underreporting of female births may also explain high sex ratios.", "Natural reasons may also explain some of the abnormal sex ratios.", "Klasen and Wink suggest India and China's high sex ratios are primarily the result of sex-selective abortion.", "One school of scholars suggested that female foeticide can be seen through history and cultural background.", "Generally, male babies were preferred because they provided manual labor and success the family lineage.", "The selective abortion of female fetuses is most common in areas where cultural norms value male children over female children for a variety of social and economic reasons.", "A son is often preferred as an \"asset\" since he can earn and support the family; a daughter is a \"liability\" since she will be married off to another family, and so will not contribute financially to her parents.", "Female foeticide then, is a continuation in a different form, of a practice of female infanticide or withholding of postnatal health care for girls in certain households.", "Furthermore, in some cultures sons are expected to take care of their parents in their old age.", "These factors are complicated by the effect of diseases on child sex ratio, where communicable and noncommunicable diseases affect males and females differently.", "Some of the variation in birth sex ratios and implied female foeticide may be due to disparate access to resources.", "As MacPherson (2007) notes, there can be significant differences in gender violence and access to food, healthcare, immunizations between male and female children.", "This leads to high infant and childhood mortality among girls, which causes changes in sex ratio.", "Disparate, gendered access to resources appears to be strongly linked to socioeconomic status.", "Specifically, poorer families are sometimes forced to ration food, with daughters typically receiving less priority than sons (Klasen and Wink 2003).", "However, Klasen's 2001 study revealed that this practice is less common in the poorest families, but rises dramatically in the slightly less poor families.", "Klasen and Wink's 2003 study suggests that this is “related to greater female economic independence and fewer cultural strictures among the poorest sections of the population.”", "In other words, the poorest families are typically less bound by cultural expectations and norms, and women tend to have more freedom to become family breadwinners out of necessity.", "Lopez and Ruzikah (1983) found that, when given the same resources, women tend to outlive men at all stages of life after infancy.", "However, globally, resources are not always allocated equitably.", "Thus, some scholars argue that disparities in access to resources such as healthcare, education, and nutrition play at least a small role in the high sex ratios seen in some parts of the world.", "Minority goods provided by female leaders in India help to alleviate some of the problems of disparate gendered access to resources for women.", "Public goods are defined as non-excludable and non-rival, but India lacks a system of public goods and has many problems with access to clean water or roads.", "Additionally, many of the \"public goods\" exclude females because families choose to prioritize their male children's access to those resources.", "In India, previous research has found that women leaders' invest in public goods that are more in line with female preferences, in particular water infrastructure, which leads to a reduction in time spent on domestic chores by adolescent girls.", "This in turn results in more time for young girls to gain an education and increases their value to their families and to society so that they are more likely to give them access to resources in the future.", "Minority groups, like women, are likely to provide minority or low spillover goods such as transfers, rations, and water connections, which only benefit other women.", "The majority of men do not find any benefit from these goods and are less likely to invest in them.", "For example, in a study conducted by political scientists Chattopadhyay and Duflo, results show that in West Bengal women complain more about water and roads and the women politicians invest more in those issues.", "In Rajasthan, where women complain more often about drinking water, women politicians invest more in water and less in roads.", "Even though the Dowry System legally ended with the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961, the impossibility of monitoring families and the prevalence of corruption have led to its continuance all over India.", "A dowry is a payment from the bride's family to the groom's family at the time of marriage.", "It is often found in \"socially stratified, monogamous societies that are economically complex and where women have a relatively small productive role\".", "Theoretically, marriage results in partners choosing the mate who best maximizes their utility and there is equal distribution of returns to both participants.", "The outcome is pareto optimal and reaches equilibrium when no one can be better off with any other partner or choosing not to marry.", "However, if both partners do not share an equal distribution of the returns then there must be a transfer of funds between them in order to reach efficiency.", "In Indian society, the rise of economic growth has allowed men to work in \"productive\" jobs and gain an income, but many women are not afforded these opportunities.", "Therefore, women and their families have to compete for men and pay a dowry as a transaction payment to make up for the lack of productive inputs they bring into a marriage.", "Dowries have been rising in India for the last six decades and increased 15 percent annually between 1921 and 1981.", "Women are valued less in this partnership and therefore are asked to pay in order to gain the benefits a man brings.", "The power hierarchy and financial obligation created through this system help perpetuate acts like female foeticide and a high son preference.", "Additionally, the technological progress leading to sex selective abortions lowers the cost of discrimination and many people think that it is better to pay a \"500 rupees now (abortion) instead of 50,000 rupees in the future (dowry).", "\"\nFurthermore, dowry-related expenses also extend well beyond marriage.", "The bride's family is expected to bear the burden of high expenses for the groom.", "Another reason for this male preference is based on the economic benefits of having a son and the costs of having a daughter.", "In India, there is a very limited social security system so parents look to their sons to ensure their futures and care for them in old age.", "Daughters are liabilities because they have to leave to another family once they are married and cannot take care of their parents.", "Additionally, they do not contribute economically to the family wealth and are costly because of the dowry system.", "People in India usually see men's work as \"productive\" and contributing the family, while the social perception of female labor does not have that connotation.", "This also ties to the fact that it is easier for men in India to get high paying jobs and provide financially for their families.", "Women need increased access to education and economic resources in order to reach that level of gainful employment and change people's perceptions of daughters being financial liabilities.", "With this cost and benefit analysis, many families come to the conclusion that they must prioritize male children's lives over female lives in order to ensure their financial future.", "The traditional social security system in India is family centered, with the joint family of three generations living together and taking care of each other.", "The following table presents the child sex ratio data for India's states and union territories, according to 2011 Census of India for population count in the 0-1 age group.", "The data suggests 18 states/UT had birth sex ratio higher than 107 implying excess males at birth and/or excess female mortalities after birth but before she reaches the age of 1, 13 states/UT had normal child sex ratios in the 0-1 age group, and 4 states/UT had birth sex ratio less than 103 implying excess females at birth and/or excess male mortalities after birth but before he reaches the age of 1.", "Classic economic theory views the market for marriage as one in which people bargain for a spouse who maximizes their utility gains from marriage.", "In India, many of these bargains actually take place within the family and therefore individual utility is replaced by family utility.", "In this marriage market, men and their families are trying to maximize their utility, which creates a supply and demand for wives.", "However, female foeticide and a high sex ratio have high implications for this market.", "Dharma Kumar, argues that, \"Sex selection at conception will reduce the supply of women, they will become more valuable, and female children will be better cared for and will live longer\".", "In the graph, this is depicted by the leftward shift of the supply curve and the subsequent decrease in quantity of females from Q1 to Q2 and increase in their value from P1 to P2.", "However, this model does not work for the situation in India because it does not account for the common act of males importing brides from other regions.", "A low supply of women results in men and their families trafficking women from other areas and leads to increased sexual violence and abuse against women and children, increased child marriages, and increased maternal deaths due to forced abortions and early marriages.", "This ends up devaluing women instead of the presumed effect of increasing their value.", "In the graph, the supply of brides outside each village, locality, or region is depicted as 'supply foreign'.", "This foreign supply values the price of getting a wife at much cheaper than the first domestic price P1 and the second domestic price P2.", "Therefore, due to the decrease of women domestically due to sex selection and the low price of foreign women (because they are often bought as slaves or kidnapped), the resulting gap of imported women is from Q3 to Q4.", "Women act like imports in an international trade market if the import price is lower than the high price of domestic dowries with a low supply of women.", "The foreign price is lower than the market price and this results in even fewer domestic brides than without importation (Q3 instead of Q2).", "In turn, this creates a self-fulfilling cycle of limiting females domestically and continually importing them and there is no end to the cycle of female feticide if these acts can continue and importation is an option.", "The imported brides are known as \"paros\" and are treated very badly because they have no cultural, regional, or familial ties to their husbands before being brought into their homes.", "One of the field studies in Haryana revealed that more than 9000 married women are bought from other Indian states as imported brides.", "This act also results in wife sharing and polyandry by family members in some areas of Haryana, Rajasthan, and Punjab, which maintains the gender imbalance if one family can make do with only one female.", "For example, the polyandrous Toda of Nilgiri Hills in southern India practiced female infanticide in order to maintain a certain demographic imbalance.", "When families choose to partake in pre-natal sex selection through illegal ultrasounds or abortions, they impart a negative spillover on society.", "These include increased gender disparity, a high sex ratio, lives lost, lack of development, and abuse and violence against women and children.", "Families do not often keep this spillover in mind and this results in sex selection and female foeticide, which hurts society as a whole.", "A study by Satish B. Agnihotri infers the gender bias in India by studying the relationship between male and female infant and child mortality rates in the face of mortality as a whole looking like it is decreasing.", "Hypothetically, if males and females are identical, then there should be no difference in mortality rates and no gender gap.", "However, male and female children are perceived as psychologically and socially different so the equation relating mortality looks like this: MRf = a + b", "India passed its first abortion-related law, the so-called Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act of 1971, making abortion legal in most states, but specified legally acceptable reasons for abortion such as medical risk to mother and rape.", "The law also established physicians who can legally provide the procedure and the facilities where abortions can be performed, but did not anticipate female foeticide based on technology advances.", "With increasing availability of sex screening technologies in India through the 1980s in urban India, and claims of its misuse, the Government of India passed the Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PNDT) in 1994.", "This law was further amended into the Pre-Conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) (PCPNDT) Act in 2004 to deter and punish prenatal sex screening and female foeticide.", "However, there are concerns that PCPNDT Act has been poorly enforced by authorities.", "The impact of Indian laws on female foeticide and its enforcement is unclear.", "United Nations Population Fund and India's National Human Rights Commission, in 2009, asked the Government of India to assess the impact of the law.", "The Public Health Foundation of India, an premier research organization in its 2010 report, claimed a lack of awareness about the Act in parts of India, inactive role of the Appropriate Authorities, ambiguity among some clinics that offer prenatal care services, and the role of a few medical practitioners in disregarding the law.", "The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of India has targeted education and media advertisements to reach clinics and medical professionals to increase awareness.", "The Indian Medical Association has undertaken efforts to prevent prenatal sex selection by giving its members \"Beti Bachao\" (save the daughter) badges during its meetings and conferences.", "However, a recent study by Nandi and Deolalikar (2013) argues that the 1994 PNDT Act may have had a small impact by preventing 106,000 female foeticides over one decade.", "According to a 2007 study by MacPherson, prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PCPNDT Act) was highly publicized by NGOs and the government.", "Many of the ads used depicted abortion as violent, creating fear of abortion itself within the population.", "The ads focused on the religious and moral shame associated with abortion.", "MacPherson claims this media campaign was not effective because some perceived this as an attack on their character, leading to many becoming closed off, rather than opening a dialogue about the issue.", "This emphasis on morality, claims MacPherson, increased fear and shame associated with all abortions, leading to an increase in unsafe abortions in India.", "The government of India, in a 2011 report, has begun better educating all stakeholders about its MTP and PCPNDT laws.", "In its communication campaigns, it is clearing up public misconceptions by emphasizing that sex determination is illegal, but abortion is legal for certain medical conditions in India.", "The government is also supporting implementation of programs and initiatives that seek to reduce gender discrimination, including media campaign to address the underlying social causes of sex selection.", "Given the dismal Child Sex Ratio in the country, and the Supreme Court directive of 2003 to State governments to enforce the law banning the use of sex determination technologies, the Ministry set up a National Inspection and Monitoring Committee (NIMC).", "Dr. Rattan Chand, Director (PNDT) was made the convenor of the NIMC.", "The NIMC under the guidance of Dr. Rattan Chand conducted raids in some of the districts in Maharashtra, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi and Gujarat.", "In April, it conducted raids on three clinics in Delhi.", "In its reports sent to the Chief Secretaries of the respective States, the committee observed that the Authorities had failed to monitor or supervise the registered clinics.", "\"Source\":", "Other recent policy initiatives adopted by many states of India, claims Guilmoto, attempt to address the assumed economic disadvantage of girls by offering support to girls and their parents.", "These policies provide conditional cash transfer and scholarships only available to girls, where payments to a girl and her parents are linked to each stage of her life, such as when she is born, completion of her childhood immunization, her joining school at grade 1, her completing school grades 6, 9 and 12, her marriage past age 21.", "Some states are offering higher pension benefits to parents who raise one or two girls.", "Different states of India have been experimenting with various innovations in their girl-driven welfare policies.", "For example, the state of Delhi adopted a pro-girl policy initiative (locally called \"Laadli scheme\"), which initial data suggests may be lowering the birth sex ratio in the state.", "These types of government programs and schemes are a type of redistribution in an attempt to further development in the country.", "The central and state governments in India have noticed the country's failure to deal with female foeticide on its own and have come up with programs to deal with the problem at hand.", "A serious flaw that makes all of these programs ineffective is that they target only lower-income households, while ignoring the population of higher-income households also partaking in female foeticide.", "Sex determination tests and sex selective abortions are prevalent more amongst affluent families.", "For example, upper-class families in Haryana have high rates of foeticide and infanticide and the programs do not target these families.", "A study in Haryana found that the sex ratio at birth for upper caste women was 127 males for 100 females, compared with 105 with lower caste women.", "While cash transfers successfully improve school enrollment and immunization rates for girls, they do not directly address parent's demand for sons and gender-biased sex selection.", "Additionally, a study conducted by Bijayalaxmi Nanda, an associate professor of political science at Delhi University, found that many of the beneficiaries of the Delhi Ladli Scheme wanted to use the money received for marriage rather than educational expenses.", "Another problem with these government conditional cash transfers is that many of them only target the first two daughters in a family and have no incentive for families to have more than two daughters.", "These non-linear incentive models do not result in the same increase in benefits as the inputs and cash transfers put in by the government.", "Additionally, they only incentivize a change in behavior until an age, educational, number of daughters threshold and do not prompt people to act beyond these guidelines.", "\"Source\":", "Increasing awareness of the problem has led to multiple campaigns by celebrities and journalists to combat sex-selective abortions.", "Aamir Khan devoted the first episode \"Daughters Are Precious\" of his show \"Satyamev Jayate\" to raise awareness of this widespread practice, focusing primarily on Western Rajasthan, which is known to be one of the areas where this practice is common.", "Its sex ratio dropped to 883 girls per 1,000 boys in 2011 from 901 girls to 1000 boys in 2001.", "Rapid response was shown by local government in Rajasthan after the airing of this show, showing the effect of media and nationwide awareness on the issue.", "A vow was made by officials to set up fast-track courts to punish those who practice sex-based abortion.", "They cancelled the licences of six sonography centres and issued notices to over 20 others.", "This has been done on the smaller scale.", "Cultural intervention has been addressed through theatre.", "Plays such as 'Pacha Mannu', which is about female infanticide/foeticide, has been produced by a women's theatre group in Tamil Nadu.", "This play was showing mostly in communities that practice female infanticide/foeticide and has led to a redefinition of a methodology of consciousness raising, opening up varied ways of understanding and subverting cultural expressions.", "The Mumbai High Court ruled that prenatal sex determination implied female foeticide.", "Sex determination violated a woman's right to live and was against India's Constitution.", "The \"Beti Bachao\", or Save girls campaign, has been underway in many Indian communities since the early 2000s.", "The campaign uses the media to raise awareness of the gender disparities creating, and resulting from, sex-selective abortion.", "Beti Bachao activities include rallies, posters, short videos and television commercials, some of which are sponsored by state and local governments and other organisations.", "Many celebrities in India have publicly supported the Beti Bachao campaign.", "India specific" ]

[ 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111 ]

[ "The natural sex ratio is assumed to be between 103 and 107 males per 100 females, and any number above it is considered suggestive of female foeticide." ]

[ "One school of scholars suggest that any birth sex ratio of boys to girls that is outside of the normal 105-107 range, necessarily implies sex-selective abortion.", "These scholars claim that both the sex ratio at birth and the population sex ratio are remarkably constant in human populations.", "Significant deviations in birth sex ratios from the normal range can only be explained by manipulation, that is sex-selective abortion.", "In a widely cited article, Amartya Sen compared the birth sex ratio in Europe (106) and United States (105+) with those in Asia (107+) and argued that the high sex ratios in East Asia, West Asia and South Asia may be due to excessive female mortality.", "Sen pointed to research that had shown that if men and women receive similar nutritional and medical attention and good health care then females have better survival rates, and it is the male which is the genetically fragile sex.", "Sen estimated 'missing women' from extra women who would have survived in Asia if it had the same ratio of women to men as Europe and United States.", "According to Sen, the high birth sex ratio over decades, implies a female shortfall of 11% in Asia, or over 100 million women as missing from the 3 billion combined population of India, other South Asian countries, West Asia, North Africa and China.", "There is a strong son preference in India and this leads to a high sex ratio prioritizing male lives over female lives.", "This graph depicts a typical Indian family's indifference curves between wanting to have a daughter or a son.", "Most families find greater utility in having a son so the curves are higher up on the y axis.", "When having a female becomes more expensive (due to dowry prices, lack of financial return in the future, educational and health expenses) then the budget curve has to swing inward on the x axis.", "Even though the budget stays the same, it is relatively more expensive to have a girl than to have a boy.", "The substitution effect shows that people move from point A on the first indifference curve to point B on the second indifference curve.", "They move from an already low number of females due to social reasons to even fewer daughters than before due to the added financial liability of daughters being more expensive.", "The number of males grows and the contrasting increase and decrease in quantities results in a high sex ratio.", "This is based on the unitary model of the household where the household is seen as a single decision making entity under the same budget constraint.", "However, the non-unitary model of households argues that people have different preferences in a family and are able to carry those out according to their level of bargaining power.", "In India, the unitary model is more likely to occur because of the patriarchal society that prioritizes male opinion and bargaining power in the household.", "This is not to say that all households follow this model, but enough of them do that it results in a high sex ratio.", "Female foeticide has been linked to the arrival, in the early 1990s, of affordable ultrasound technology and its widespread adoption in India.", "Obstetric ultrasonography, either transvaginally or transabdominally, checks for various markers of fetal sex.", "It can be performed at or after week 12 of pregnancy.", "At this point, of fetal sexes can be correctly determined, according to a 2001 study.", "Accuracy for males is approximately 50% and for females almost 100%.", "When performed after week 13 of pregnancy, ultrasonography gives an accurate result in almost 100% of cases.", "Availability\nUltrasound technology arrived in China and India in 1979, but its expansion was slower in India.", "Ultrasound sex discernment technologies were first introduced in major cities of India in 1980s, its use expanded in India's urban regions in 1990s, and became widespread in 2000s.", "Estimates for female foeticide vary by scholar.", "One group estimates more than 10 million female fetuses may have been illegally aborted in India since 1990s, and 500,000 girls were being lost annually due to female foeticide.", "MacPherson estimates that 100,000 abortions every year continue to be performed in India solely because the fetus is female.", "Various theories have been proposed as possible reasons for sex-selective abortion.", "Culture is favored by some researchers, while some favor disparate gender-biased access to resources.", "Some demographers question whether sex-selective abortion or infanticide claims are accurate, because underreporting of female births may also explain high sex ratios.", "Natural reasons may also explain some of the abnormal sex ratios.", "Klasen and Wink suggest India and China's high sex ratios are primarily the result of sex-selective abortion.", "One school of scholars suggested that female foeticide can be seen through history and cultural background.", "Generally, male babies were preferred because they provided manual labor and success the family lineage.", "The selective abortion of female fetuses is most common in areas where cultural norms value male children over female children for a variety of social and economic reasons.", "A son is often preferred as an \"asset\" since he can earn and support the family; a daughter is a \"liability\" since she will be married off to another family, and so will not contribute financially to her parents.", "Female foeticide then, is a continuation in a different form, of a practice of female infanticide or withholding of postnatal health care for girls in certain households.", "Furthermore, in some cultures sons are expected to take care of their parents in their old age.", "These factors are complicated by the effect of diseases on child sex ratio, where communicable and noncommunicable diseases affect males and females differently.", "Some of the variation in birth sex ratios and implied female foeticide may be due to disparate access to resources.", "As MacPherson (2007) notes, there can be significant differences in gender violence and access to food, healthcare, immunizations between male and female children.", "This leads to high infant and childhood mortality among girls, which causes changes in sex ratio.", "Disparate, gendered access to resources appears to be strongly linked to socioeconomic status.", "Specifically, poorer families are sometimes forced to ration food, with daughters typically receiving less priority than sons (Klasen and Wink 2003).", "However, Klasen's 2001 study revealed that this practice is less common in the poorest families, but rises dramatically in the slightly less poor families.", "Klasen and Wink's 2003 study suggests that this is “related to greater female economic independence and fewer cultural strictures among the poorest sections of the population.”", "In other words, the poorest families are typically less bound by cultural expectations and norms, and women tend to have more freedom to become family breadwinners out of necessity.", "Lopez and Ruzikah (1983) found that, when given the same resources, women tend to outlive men at all stages of life after infancy.", "However, globally, resources are not always allocated equitably.", "Thus, some scholars argue that disparities in access to resources such as healthcare, education, and nutrition play at least a small role in the high sex ratios seen in some parts of the world.", "Minority goods provided by female leaders in India help to alleviate some of the problems of disparate gendered access to resources for women.", "Public goods are defined as non-excludable and non-rival, but India lacks a system of public goods and has many problems with access to clean water or roads.", "Additionally, many of the \"public goods\" exclude females because families choose to prioritize their male children's access to those resources.", "In India, previous research has found that women leaders' invest in public goods that are more in line with female preferences, in particular water infrastructure, which leads to a reduction in time spent on domestic chores by adolescent girls.", "This in turn results in more time for young girls to gain an education and increases their value to their families and to society so that they are more likely to give them access to resources in the future.", "Minority groups, like women, are likely to provide minority or low spillover goods such as transfers, rations, and water connections, which only benefit other women.", "The majority of men do not find any benefit from these goods and are less likely to invest in them.", "For example, in a study conducted by political scientists Chattopadhyay and Duflo, results show that in West Bengal women complain more about water and roads and the women politicians invest more in those issues.", "In Rajasthan, where women complain more often about drinking water, women politicians invest more in water and less in roads.", "Even though the Dowry System legally ended with the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961, the impossibility of monitoring families and the prevalence of corruption have led to its continuance all over India.", "A dowry is a payment from the bride's family to the groom's family at the time of marriage.", "It is often found in \"socially stratified, monogamous societies that are economically complex and where women have a relatively small productive role\".", "Theoretically, marriage results in partners choosing the mate who best maximizes their utility and there is equal distribution of returns to both participants.", "The outcome is pareto optimal and reaches equilibrium when no one can be better off with any other partner or choosing not to marry.", "However, if both partners do not share an equal distribution of the returns then there must be a transfer of funds between them in order to reach efficiency.", "In Indian society, the rise of economic growth has allowed men to work in \"productive\" jobs and gain an income, but many women are not afforded these opportunities.", "Therefore, women and their families have to compete for men and pay a dowry as a transaction payment to make up for the lack of productive inputs they bring into a marriage.", "Dowries have been rising in India for the last six decades and increased 15 percent annually between 1921 and 1981.", "Women are valued less in this partnership and therefore are asked to pay in order to gain the benefits a man brings.", "The power hierarchy and financial obligation created through this system help perpetuate acts like female foeticide and a high son preference.", "Additionally, the technological progress leading to sex selective abortions lowers the cost of discrimination and many people think that it is better to pay a \"500 rupees now (abortion) instead of 50,000 rupees in the future (dowry).", "\"\nFurthermore, dowry-related expenses also extend well beyond marriage.", "The bride's family is expected to bear the burden of high expenses for the groom.", "Another reason for this male preference is based on the economic benefits of having a son and the costs of having a daughter.", "In India, there is a very limited social security system so parents look to their sons to ensure their futures and care for them in old age.", "Daughters are liabilities because they have to leave to another family once they are married and cannot take care of their parents.", "Additionally, they do not contribute economically to the family wealth and are costly because of the dowry system.", "People in India usually see men's work as \"productive\" and contributing the family, while the social perception of female labor does not have that connotation.", "This also ties to the fact that it is easier for men in India to get high paying jobs and provide financially for their families.", "Women need increased access to education and economic resources in order to reach that level of gainful employment and change people's perceptions of daughters being financial liabilities.", "With this cost and benefit analysis, many families come to the conclusion that they must prioritize male children's lives over female lives in order to ensure their financial future.", "The traditional social security system in India is family centered, with the joint family of three generations living together and taking care of each other.", "The following table presents the child sex ratio data for India's states and union territories, according to 2011 Census of India for population count in the 0-1 age group.", "The data suggests 18 states/UT had birth sex ratio higher than 107 implying excess males at birth and/or excess female mortalities after birth but before she reaches the age of 1, 13 states/UT had normal child sex ratios in the 0-1 age group, and 4 states/UT had birth sex ratio less than 103 implying excess females at birth and/or excess male mortalities after birth but before he reaches the age of 1.", "Classic economic theory views the market for marriage as one in which people bargain for a spouse who maximizes their utility gains from marriage.", "In India, many of these bargains actually take place within the family and therefore individual utility is replaced by family utility.", "In this marriage market, men and their families are trying to maximize their utility, which creates a supply and demand for wives.", "However, female foeticide and a high sex ratio have high implications for this market.", "Dharma Kumar, argues that, \"Sex selection at conception will reduce the supply of women, they will become more valuable, and female children will be better cared for and will live longer\".", "In the graph, this is depicted by the leftward shift of the supply curve and the subsequent decrease in quantity of females from Q1 to Q2 and increase in their value from P1 to P2.", "However, this model does not work for the situation in India because it does not account for the common act of males importing brides from other regions.", "A low supply of women results in men and their families trafficking women from other areas and leads to increased sexual violence and abuse against women and children, increased child marriages, and increased maternal deaths due to forced abortions and early marriages.", "This ends up devaluing women instead of the presumed effect of increasing their value.", "In the graph, the supply of brides outside each village, locality, or region is depicted as 'supply foreign'.", "This foreign supply values the price of getting a wife at much cheaper than the first domestic price P1 and the second domestic price P2.", "Therefore, due to the decrease of women domestically due to sex selection and the low price of foreign women (because they are often bought as slaves or kidnapped), the resulting gap of imported women is from Q3 to Q4.", "Women act like imports in an international trade market if the import price is lower than the high price of domestic dowries with a low supply of women.", "The foreign price is lower than the market price and this results in even fewer domestic brides than without importation (Q3 instead of Q2).", "In turn, this creates a self-fulfilling cycle of limiting females domestically and continually importing them and there is no end to the cycle of female feticide if these acts can continue and importation is an option.", "The imported brides are known as \"paros\" and are treated very badly because they have no cultural, regional, or familial ties to their husbands before being brought into their homes.", "One of the field studies in Haryana revealed that more than 9000 married women are bought from other Indian states as imported brides.", "This act also results in wife sharing and polyandry by family members in some areas of Haryana, Rajasthan, and Punjab, which maintains the gender imbalance if one family can make do with only one female.", "For example, the polyandrous Toda of Nilgiri Hills in southern India practiced female infanticide in order to maintain a certain demographic imbalance.", "When families choose to partake in pre-natal sex selection through illegal ultrasounds or abortions, they impart a negative spillover on society.", "These include increased gender disparity, a high sex ratio, lives lost, lack of development, and abuse and violence against women and children.", "Families do not often keep this spillover in mind and this results in sex selection and female foeticide, which hurts society as a whole.", "A study by Satish B. Agnihotri infers the gender bias in India by studying the relationship between male and female infant and child mortality rates in the face of mortality as a whole looking like it is decreasing.", "Hypothetically, if males and females are identical, then there should be no difference in mortality rates and no gender gap.", "However, male and female children are perceived as psychologically and socially different so the equation relating mortality looks like this: MRf = a + b", "India passed its first abortion-related law, the so-called Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act of 1971, making abortion legal in most states, but specified legally acceptable reasons for abortion such as medical risk to mother and rape.", "The law also established physicians who can legally provide the procedure and the facilities where abortions can be performed, but did not anticipate female foeticide based on technology advances.", "With increasing availability of sex screening technologies in India through the 1980s in urban India, and claims of its misuse, the Government of India passed the Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PNDT) in 1994.", "This law was further amended into the Pre-Conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) (PCPNDT) Act in 2004 to deter and punish prenatal sex screening and female foeticide.", "However, there are concerns that PCPNDT Act has been poorly enforced by authorities.", "The impact of Indian laws on female foeticide and its enforcement is unclear.", "United Nations Population Fund and India's National Human Rights Commission, in 2009, asked the Government of India to assess the impact of the law.", "The Public Health Foundation of India, an premier research organization in its 2010 report, claimed a lack of awareness about the Act in parts of India, inactive role of the Appropriate Authorities, ambiguity among some clinics that offer prenatal care services, and the role of a few medical practitioners in disregarding the law.", "The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of India has targeted education and media advertisements to reach clinics and medical professionals to increase awareness.", "The Indian Medical Association has undertaken efforts to prevent prenatal sex selection by giving its members \"Beti Bachao\" (save the daughter) badges during its meetings and conferences.", "However, a recent study by Nandi and Deolalikar (2013) argues that the 1994 PNDT Act may have had a small impact by preventing 106,000 female foeticides over one decade.", "According to a 2007 study by MacPherson, prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PCPNDT Act) was highly publicized by NGOs and the government.", "Many of the ads used depicted abortion as violent, creating fear of abortion itself within the population.", "The ads focused on the religious and moral shame associated with abortion.", "MacPherson claims this media campaign was not effective because some perceived this as an attack on their character, leading to many becoming closed off, rather than opening a dialogue about the issue.", "This emphasis on morality, claims MacPherson, increased fear and shame associated with all abortions, leading to an increase in unsafe abortions in India.", "The government of India, in a 2011 report, has begun better educating all stakeholders about its MTP and PCPNDT laws.", "In its communication campaigns, it is clearing up public misconceptions by emphasizing that sex determination is illegal, but abortion is legal for certain medical conditions in India.", "The government is also supporting implementation of programs and initiatives that seek to reduce gender discrimination, including media campaign to address the underlying social causes of sex selection.", "Given the dismal Child Sex Ratio in the country, and the Supreme Court directive of 2003 to State governments to enforce the law banning the use of sex determination technologies, the Ministry set up a National Inspection and Monitoring Committee (NIMC).", "Dr. Rattan Chand, Director (PNDT) was made the convenor of the NIMC.", "The NIMC under the guidance of Dr. Rattan Chand conducted raids in some of the districts in Maharashtra, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi and Gujarat.", "In April, it conducted raids on three clinics in Delhi.", "In its reports sent to the Chief Secretaries of the respective States, the committee observed that the Authorities had failed to monitor or supervise the registered clinics.", "\"Source\":", "Other recent policy initiatives adopted by many states of India, claims Guilmoto, attempt to address the assumed economic disadvantage of girls by offering support to girls and their parents.", "These policies provide conditional cash transfer and scholarships only available to girls, where payments to a girl and her parents are linked to each stage of her life, such as when she is born, completion of her childhood immunization, her joining school at grade 1, her completing school grades 6, 9 and 12, her marriage past age 21.", "Some states are offering higher pension benefits to parents who raise one or two girls.", "Different states of India have been experimenting with various innovations in their girl-driven welfare policies.", "For example, the state of Delhi adopted a pro-girl policy initiative (locally called \"Laadli scheme\"), which initial data suggests may be lowering the birth sex ratio in the state.", "These types of government programs and schemes are a type of redistribution in an attempt to further development in the country.", "The central and state governments in India have noticed the country's failure to deal with female foeticide on its own and have come up with programs to deal with the problem at hand.", "A serious flaw that makes all of these programs ineffective is that they target only lower-income households, while ignoring the population of higher-income households also partaking in female foeticide.", "Sex determination tests and sex selective abortions are prevalent more amongst affluent families.", "For example, upper-class families in Haryana have high rates of foeticide and infanticide and the programs do not target these families.", "A study in Haryana found that the sex ratio at birth for upper caste women was 127 males for 100 females, compared with 105 with lower caste women.", "While cash transfers successfully improve school enrollment and immunization rates for girls, they do not directly address parent's demand for sons and gender-biased sex selection.", "Additionally, a study conducted by Bijayalaxmi Nanda, an associate professor of political science at Delhi University, found that many of the beneficiaries of the Delhi Ladli Scheme wanted to use the money received for marriage rather than educational expenses.", "Another problem with these government conditional cash transfers is that many of them only target the first two daughters in a family and have no incentive for families to have more than two daughters.", "These non-linear incentive models do not result in the same increase in benefits as the inputs and cash transfers put in by the government.", "Additionally, they only incentivize a change in behavior until an age, educational, number of daughters threshold and do not prompt people to act beyond these guidelines.", "\"Source\":", "Increasing awareness of the problem has led to multiple campaigns by celebrities and journalists to combat sex-selective abortions.", "Aamir Khan devoted the first episode \"Daughters Are Precious\" of his show \"Satyamev Jayate\" to raise awareness of this widespread practice, focusing primarily on Western Rajasthan, which is known to be one of the areas where this practice is common.", "Its sex ratio dropped to 883 girls per 1,000 boys in 2011 from 901 girls to 1000 boys in 2001.", "Rapid response was shown by local government in Rajasthan after the airing of this show, showing the effect of media and nationwide awareness on the issue.", "A vow was made by officials to set up fast-track courts to punish those who practice sex-based abortion.", "They cancelled the licences of six sonography centres and issued notices to over 20 others.", "This has been done on the smaller scale.", "Cultural intervention has been addressed through theatre.", "Plays such as 'Pacha Mannu', which is about female infanticide/foeticide, has been produced by a women's theatre group in Tamil Nadu.", "This play was showing mostly in communities that practice female infanticide/foeticide and has led to a redefinition of a methodology of consciousness raising, opening up varied ways of understanding and subverting cultural expressions.", "The Mumbai High Court ruled that prenatal sex determination implied female foeticide.", "Sex determination violated a woman's right to live and was against India's Constitution.", "The \"Beti Bachao\", or Save girls campaign, has been underway in many Indian communities since the early 2000s.", "The campaign uses the media to raise awareness of the gender disparities creating, and resulting from, sex-selective abortion.", "Beti Bachao activities include rallies, posters, short videos and television commercials, some of which are sponsored by state and local governments and other organisations.", "Many celebrities in India have publicly supported the Beti Bachao campaign.", "India specific" ]

[ 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153 ]

[ "The Indian government has passed Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PCPNDT) in 1994 to ban and punish prenatal sex screening and female foeticide.", "It is currently illegal in India to determine or disclose sex of the foetus to anyone.", "However, there are concerns that PCPNDT Act has been poorly enforced by authorities." ]

[ "The idea of Monmouthpedia was conceived in late 2011 by John Cummings, a resident of Monmouth.", "Cummings attended a TEDx event in Bristol which discussed the QRpedia project in use at Derby Museum and Art Gallery.", "Cummings founded the project with chair of Wikimedia UK, Roger Bamkin, who co-founded QRpedia.", "The project was subsequently supported by Monmouthshire County Council, and the council-owned Shire Hall later announced plans to instate a Wikipedian-in-Residence and introduce sessions to help visitors with contributions to the project.", "Monmouthpedia's initial goal was to have 1,000 QR codes by April 2012, with each article having a corresponding ceramic plaque emblazoned with a code.", "By May, the project's home page reported 712 new and improved articles in 25 different languages.", "For non-English speakers, where available, articles in other languages are automatically displayed in the language of the user on the basis of the phone's language configuration.", "At project launch, some 500 articles in other languages were available thanks to the collaboration of editors abroad.", "In addition to this, the project covers over 250 pre-existing entries on Monmouth-related topics.", "In the same period, over 1,000 photographs were uploaded.", "One of the issues that Monmouth faced in making the project a success was that there was poor 3G mobile coverage.", "To help with this, wireless (Wi-Fi) broadband was provided by local ISP Spectrum Internet in the high street and at most QR code plaque locations.", "Monmouth Library has become the first library in the world to add QR codes to books.", "Users with smart phones can now instantly find Wikipedia articles on the book and its author.", "Priority has been given to local literature and Welsh titles but more recent acquisitions on the Queen's Jubilee and the Olympics have also been QR coded.", "Glyn Moody, writing for Techdirt, questioned whether Monmouthpedia was the future of Wikipedia.", "He described the project as creating \"a kind of fractal Wikipedia\" likening it to the 2010 film \"Inception\", potentially enabling \"[a] Wikipedia within a Wikipedia within a Wikipedia.\"", "Within days of the launch, the initiative had led to widespread interest.", "A spokesman for Wikimedia UK reported that the project page had been viewed 10,000 times.", "Benton also reported there had been inquiries from towns in Norway, England, France, Scotland, and the US state of Texas.", "One test of success will however be the project's ability to attract more tourists to the town.", "The initiative soon attracted interest from Gibraltar where the Gibraltarpedia project was launched on 13 July.", "Jimmy Wales, the co-founder of Wikipedia, was enthusiastic about the initiative: \"Bringing a whole town to life on Wikipedia is something new and is a testament to the forward-thinking people of Monmouth, all of the volunteers and the Wikimedia UK team.", "I’m looking forward to seeing other towns and cities doing the same thing.", "\"\nMonmouthshire County Council announced in July 2012 that it was planning to extend the initiative to other parts of the authority's area, starting with Chepstow and Raglan.", "A new post, with the aim of delivering Monmouthshirepedia \"(sic)\", was advertised by the council in November 2012.", "Monmouthpedia was awarded the \"Excellence in Marketing\" award at the Monmouthshire Business Awards in October 2012.", "Wynndel Property Management, developers of new housing at \"Severn Quay\" in Chepstow and sponsor of the award, praised Monmouthpedia on their website, noting that \"Advertising value for Monmouth alone has been estimated at £2.12 million\", and predicting that \"Chepstow property, together with new developments in Chepstow and new developments in Monmouthshire, will also benefit\" when a similar project starts for Chepstow.", "On 7 February 2013, Monmouthpedia was cited as one of the conflicts of interest that prompted a governance review of Wikimedia UK (WMUK).", "The report found that WMUK was ineffective at handling such conflicts, and found that Roger Bamkin's acceptance of consultancy fees for Monmouthpedia provided an opportunity for WMUK's reputation to be damaged." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 ]

[ "The project uses QRpedia QR codes to provide multilingual smart phone access to Wikipedia articles covering notable subjects in Monmouth, such as places, people, artefacts, flora and fauna." ]

[ "The idea of Monmouthpedia was conceived in late 2011 by John Cummings, a resident of Monmouth.", "Cummings attended a TEDx event in Bristol which discussed the QRpedia project in use at Derby Museum and Art Gallery.", "Cummings founded the project with chair of Wikimedia UK, Roger Bamkin, who co-founded QRpedia.", "The project was subsequently supported by Monmouthshire County Council, and the council-owned Shire Hall later announced plans to instate a Wikipedian-in-Residence and introduce sessions to help visitors with contributions to the project.", "Monmouthpedia's initial goal was to have 1,000 QR codes by April 2012, with each article having a corresponding ceramic plaque emblazoned with a code.", "By May, the project's home page reported 712 new and improved articles in 25 different languages.", "For non-English speakers, where available, articles in other languages are automatically displayed in the language of the user on the basis of the phone's language configuration.", "At project launch, some 500 articles in other languages were available thanks to the collaboration of editors abroad.", "In addition to this, the project covers over 250 pre-existing entries on Monmouth-related topics.", "In the same period, over 1,000 photographs were uploaded.", "One of the issues that Monmouth faced in making the project a success was that there was poor 3G mobile coverage.", "To help with this, wireless (Wi-Fi) broadband was provided by local ISP Spectrum Internet in the high street and at most QR code plaque locations.", "Monmouth Library has become the first library in the world to add QR codes to books.", "Users with smart phones can now instantly find Wikipedia articles on the book and its author.", "Priority has been given to local literature and Welsh titles but more recent acquisitions on the Queen's Jubilee and the Olympics have also been QR coded.", "Glyn Moody, writing for Techdirt, questioned whether Monmouthpedia was the future of Wikipedia.", "He described the project as creating \"a kind of fractal Wikipedia\" likening it to the 2010 film \"Inception\", potentially enabling \"[a] Wikipedia within a Wikipedia within a Wikipedia.\"", "Within days of the launch, the initiative had led to widespread interest.", "A spokesman for Wikimedia UK reported that the project page had been viewed 10,000 times.", "Benton also reported there had been inquiries from towns in Norway, England, France, Scotland, and the US state of Texas.", "One test of success will however be the project's ability to attract more tourists to the town.", "The initiative soon attracted interest from Gibraltar where the Gibraltarpedia project was launched on 13 July.", "Jimmy Wales, the co-founder of Wikipedia, was enthusiastic about the initiative: \"Bringing a whole town to life on Wikipedia is something new and is a testament to the forward-thinking people of Monmouth, all of the volunteers and the Wikimedia UK team.", "I’m looking forward to seeing other towns and cities doing the same thing.", "\"\nMonmouthshire County Council announced in July 2012 that it was planning to extend the initiative to other parts of the authority's area, starting with Chepstow and Raglan.", "A new post, with the aim of delivering Monmouthshirepedia \"(sic)\", was advertised by the council in November 2012.", "Monmouthpedia was awarded the \"Excellence in Marketing\" award at the Monmouthshire Business Awards in October 2012.", "Wynndel Property Management, developers of new housing at \"Severn Quay\" in Chepstow and sponsor of the award, praised Monmouthpedia on their website, noting that \"Advertising value for Monmouth alone has been estimated at £2.12 million\", and predicting that \"Chepstow property, together with new developments in Chepstow and new developments in Monmouthshire, will also benefit\" when a similar project starts for Chepstow.", "On 7 February 2013, Monmouthpedia was cited as one of the conflicts of interest that prompted a governance review of Wikimedia UK (WMUK).", "The report found that WMUK was ineffective at handling such conflicts, and found that Roger Bamkin's acceptance of consultancy fees for Monmouthpedia provided an opportunity for WMUK's reputation to be damaged." ]

[ 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 ]

[ "It was formally launched on 19 May 2012, and led to Monmouth being described as the \"world's first Wikipedia town\".", "The project was awarded the \"Excellence in Marketing\" award at the Monmouthshire Business Awards." ]

[ "On 31 July 2017, Ajiniyazov moved to Neftchi Kochkor-Ata after Dordoi agreed to mutual terminate his contract.", "\"Statistics accurate as of match played 5 September 2014\"" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "Previously, he played for Neftchi Kochkor-Ata." ]

[ "Born Leeds, Baker was awarded his first professional contract with Bradford City in April 2012, the only apprentice to be offered a professional deal that season.", "Baker, alongside two youth players, was asked to travel down with the first-team squad for the match against Cheltenham Town on 28 April 2012, where he was named as an un-used substitute.", "Baker made his senior debut for Bradford City on 5 May 2012, appearing as a substitute in a 0–0 home draw against Swindon Town in the Football League.", "Before the start of the 2012–13 season, Baker publicly spoke about the importance of playing in pre-season friendlies, saying that \"it's a big year ahead for me and this is a big pre-season.", "\"\nBaker joined non-league team Harrogate Town on a month's loan on 21 December 2012, scoring on his debut on 1 January 2013.", "He signed a month's loan deal with Scarborough Athletic on 4 March 2013.", "On 21 March 2013, he signed on loan for Bradford Park Avenue until 27 April 2013.", "In May 2013, it was announced that Baker's contract would not be renewed and he would leave the club." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ]

[ "Adam Baker (born 8 December 1993) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker." ]

[ "The Roman Catholic Church believes Jesus Christ is the \"fullness and mediator of all Revelations\", and that no new divine revelation will come until the Second Coming.", "It also believes that God gradually leads the church into a deeper understanding of divine revelation, such as by private revelations, which do not fulfill, complete, substitute or supersede divine revelation but help one live by divine revelation.", "The church does not obligate the faithful to believe in, follow, or publish private revelations, whether they're approved or otherwise." ]

[ 0, 1, 2 ]

[ "According to the Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church, completed revelation is the doctrine that God has fulfilled and completed divine revelation in Jesus, and there will be no new divine revelation until the Second Coming." ]

[ "On 31 January 2019, Dordoi Bishkek announced that Sydykov had left the club to join Sanat Naft Abadan on loan until the end of the 2018–19 Persian Gulf Pro League season.", "Sydykov is a member of the Kyrgyzstan national football team.", "\"Statistics accurate as of match played 8 October 2015\"" ]

[ 0, 1, 2 ]

[ "He is a member of the Kyrgyzstan national football team." ]

[ "On 31 January 2019, Dordoi Bishkek announced that Sydykov had left the club to join Sanat Naft Abadan on loan until the end of the 2018–19 Persian Gulf Pro League season.", "Sydykov is a member of the Kyrgyzstan national football team.", "\"Statistics accurate as of match played 8 October 2015\"" ]

[ 1 ]

[ "He is a member of the Kyrgyzstan national football team." ]

[ "Cultural properties in Indonesia have been protected since at least 1931, when the colonial government of the Dutch East Indies passed Ordinance Number 19 of 1931 regarding Monuments, which was later amended with another ordinance in 1934.", "Since 1992, cultural properties have been protected under Act of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5 of 1992 regarding Cultural Properties (), which was passed by President Suharto on 21 March.", "This new law was passed as the old, colonial laws were considered no longer applicable.", "Article I of the act defines a cultural property as of \"important value for history, science, and culture\", being either a man-made object or group of objects, movable (\"bergerak\") or immovable (\"tidak bergerak\"), aged at least fifty years which has or have high historical value,; or natural objects with high historical value.", "Said objects, under Articles IV and V, generally belong to and are under the domain of the national government.", "However, Article VI allows private ownership under certain conditions.", "The act then goes on to regulate the search for and discovery of historical objects, as well as their keeping and maintenance.", "Under Chapter VII of the act, there are several criminal offences related to cultural properties.", "The intentional damage, theft, relocation, and/or disfigurement of cultural properties, under Article XXVI, is a felony offence punishable by up to ten years in prison and/or a maximum fine of Rp. 100 million (US$ 10,500).", "Illegal searches for cultural properties, under Article XVII, is a felony offence which can be punished by up to five years in prison and/or a Rp. 50 million (US$ 5,250) fine.", "Persons who neglect to maintain cultural objects, as required in Article 10 subsection 1, face a criminal misdemanour charge carrying a maximum of one year in prison and a Rp. 10 million (US$ 1,050) fine.", "Indonesia's cultural properties are managed and studied by their respective provincial authorities known as \"Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya\" (BPCB).", "The BPCB does not have an official English translation, and usually remains untranslated when referred to in documents in other languages.", "Nevertheless, BPCB means \"Centre for the Conservation of Cultural Properties.\"", "As of 2008, some 8,232 immovable cultural properties and heritage sites have been identified, the last being those places in which items considered cultural properties are contained.", "Several examples follow below:" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 ]

[ "Cultural properties of Indonesia are those items defined by Indonesian law as of \"important value for history, science, and culture\", and include both man-made artefacts and natural objects.", "The current regime for the protection and promotion of the cultural properties of Indonesia () is governed by the Act of the Republic of Indonesia No. 5, 1992, concerning Items of Cultural Property." ]

[ "Cultural properties in Indonesia have been protected since at least 1931, when the colonial government of the Dutch East Indies passed Ordinance Number 19 of 1931 regarding Monuments, which was later amended with another ordinance in 1934.", "Since 1992, cultural properties have been protected under Act of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5 of 1992 regarding Cultural Properties (), which was passed by President Suharto on 21 March.", "This new law was passed as the old, colonial laws were considered no longer applicable.", "Article I of the act defines a cultural property as of \"important value for history, science, and culture\", being either a man-made object or group of objects, movable (\"bergerak\") or immovable (\"tidak bergerak\"), aged at least fifty years which has or have high historical value,; or natural objects with high historical value.", "Said objects, under Articles IV and V, generally belong to and are under the domain of the national government.", "However, Article VI allows private ownership under certain conditions.", "The act then goes on to regulate the search for and discovery of historical objects, as well as their keeping and maintenance.", "Under Chapter VII of the act, there are several criminal offences related to cultural properties.", "The intentional damage, theft, relocation, and/or disfigurement of cultural properties, under Article XXVI, is a felony offence punishable by up to ten years in prison and/or a maximum fine of Rp. 100 million (US$ 10,500).", "Illegal searches for cultural properties, under Article XVII, is a felony offence which can be punished by up to five years in prison and/or a Rp. 50 million (US$ 5,250) fine.", "Persons who neglect to maintain cultural objects, as required in Article 10 subsection 1, face a criminal misdemanour charge carrying a maximum of one year in prison and a Rp. 10 million (US$ 1,050) fine.", "Indonesia's cultural properties are managed and studied by their respective provincial authorities known as \"Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya\" (BPCB).", "The BPCB does not have an official English translation, and usually remains untranslated when referred to in documents in other languages.", "Nevertheless, BPCB means \"Centre for the Conservation of Cultural Properties.\"", "As of 2008, some 8,232 immovable cultural properties and heritage sites have been identified, the last being those places in which items considered cultural properties are contained.", "Several examples follow below:" ]

[ 14, 15 ]

[ "As of 2008, some 8,232 immovable cultural properties and heritage sites have been identified, the last being those places in which items of cultural property are contained." ]

[ "Charlotte was born at Chicago, Illinois, and graduated from University of Chicago.", "While in furlough, she completed her MS degree in Nutrition from Cornell University in 1933.", "She was sent as a Presbyterian missionary to India in 1916.", "She married William H. Wiser, another Presbyterian missionary arrived India in 1915, at Allahabad in 1916.", "They had three sons – Arthur, Alfred, and Edward.", "Her first term, including her husband's was to teach in Allahabad, and to do social work in Kanpur.", "She taught courses at the Allahabad Agricultural Institute.", "During their second term (1925–1930), they worked in Mainpuri, and lived in village Karimpur, near Agra, to get to know the village people and village life.", "She and her husband spent most of their time in North India villages researching to improve the quality of Village life, after a period of six years in teaching from 1925.", "Initially, they did survey of a farming community to better understand the agriculture conditions.", "Later, they conducted extensive studies on the social, economic, and religious life of peasants between 1925 and 1930.", "Based on their survey, research, and experience in Indian Anthropology, she published several books like \"Behind Mud Walls\" – in collaboration with her husband William wiser -, and \"The Foods of a Hindu Village of North India\" in 1936—Charlotte submitted this dissertation to Conrell University as a master's thesis in Nutrition.", "These research books have become source of North Indian village life to be taught in colleges and universities of \nUnited States, especially in Iowa state.", "Charlotte worked among Indian women and children from rural areas to help raise the standard of health.", "She ran baby shows like fairs demonstrating Western hygiene and childcare techniques.", "From 1945 to 1960, both Charlotte and her husband played pivotal and responsible role in the development and direction of \"Indian Village Service\", a demonstration project for the improvement of village life.", "It later became a model for agencies involving in rural community development program—India's Block Development Program at Marehra, Etah district.", "She returned to US in 1970, and died in December 1981." ]

[ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 ]

[ "She authored several books, notably, \" Behind Mud Walls\" and \"The Foods of a Hindu Village of North India\"." ]

[ "Arsenal's pre-season transfers started as early as 30 April 2012, when Arsenal announced they were going to sign German international Lukas Podolski from 1.", "FC Köln for an undisclosed fee, thought to be around £10.9 million.", "Podolski officially joined Arsenal when the summer transfer window opened on 1 July.", "Podolski became the second German player to join the club in the space of a year, following the arrival of Per Mertesacker from Werder Bremen last summer, whom Podolski himself stated, played a big part in the transfer after talking about life at the Emirates.", "As well as early transfer news", ", Arsenal had early staff news, whereby, after 48 years of being associated with Arsenal, assistant manager Pat Rice retired at the end of the previous season.", "He was replaced on the same day by academy team manager, Steve Bould.", "Pat Rice played a big role at Arsenal, and was highly praised following his retirement by both the players and by manager Arsène Wenger.", "Arsenal's pre-season schedule saw them take part in the second Markus Liebherr Cup (in memory of the former Southampton owner Markus Liebherr), hosted by Southampton in two 45-minute matches against what was originally Scottish club Rangers, but was later confirmed to be Anderlecht due to the financial troubles faced by Rangers, and the hosts themselves.", "The competition was held on 14 July 2012 as a round-robin system with Arsenal winning their first match 1–0 thanks to a close-range finish by Henri Lansbury, and despite losing 5–4 on penalties to Southampton (following a Gervinho 35th-minute equaliser to Jay Rodriguez's 31st-minute opener in regulation time), they had still accumulated enough points to win the cup.", "Arsenal then travelled to the Far East, in a tour similar to that they embarked upon before their 2011–12 season.", "Arsenal started their tour by travelling to Malaysia to play a Malaysia League XI in Kuala Lumpur.", "After an open-training session (which was attended by 30,000 fans in the previous season), Arsenal scored two late goals from German youngster Thomas Eisfeld and fellow reserve team player Chuks Aneke following Azmi Muslim's opener to win the match 2–1.", "From there, they travelled to China to play fellow Premier League team Manchester City in Beijing in the inaugural China Cup.", "With extra significance due to the 2012 Summer Olympics, the match was held at the 2008 Olympic Stadium, and similar to the Malaysia tour, Arsenal attempted to get closer to their Chinese fans.", "Arsenal ultimately lost 0–2, with two goals in the last five minutes of the first half by Pablo Zabaleta and Yaya Touré to lose the China Cup.", "Arsenal then travelled to Hong Kong to play Kitchee, champions of their national league.", "The game gave the club's huge fan base in Hong Kong the opportunity to see Arsenal play live in an entertaining encounter that ended 2–2 after 90 minutes after Eisfeld equalised late on (which should have led to a penalty shootout, but it was later scrapped).", "Arsenal played in Hong Kong for the first time in 17 years, addressing their growing commitment to Asia.", "They were then going to travel to Nigeria to play the Nigeria national team in their first visit to Africa since visiting South Africa in 1993, however this was later postponed till summer 2013 based on concerns with the host city.", "Instead, the club sent three first-team players (Bacary Sagna, Mertesacker and new signing Podolski) on 28 July 2012 to engage with supporters in the region.", "The last stop on Arsenal's pre-season schedule saw a repeat of last season's pre-season fixture against 1.", "FC Köln, resulting in an immediate goal-scoring return for new signing Lukas Podolski to his previous home ground.", "The fixture, which was scheduled six days before the start of the Premier League season, featured the likes of new signings Podolski, Olivier Giroud and Santi Cazorla in a commanding 4–0 win with an early opener from Thomas Vermaelen, a penalty and a close range strike from Podolski in the first half, and a finish from an acute angle from Gervinho in the second half to complete the rout.", "As the 2012 Olympics were being held in London, it was announced that Arsenal would not host the Emirates Cup tournament as part of their usual pre-season schedule, citing unnecessary increased pressure on London's infrastructure.", "However, Arsenal chief executive Ivan Gazidis stated that the Emirates Cup would be hosted by Arsenal in 2013, with a host of \"top\" clubs being lined up already.", "As the previous season drew to a close, Arsenal announced the release of seven players on 22 May 2012, five of whom played professionally for Arsenal, including Manuel Almunia, who made 175 first-team appearances for the club (including the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final), and Gavin Hoyte who was the only other released player to receive a first-team cap (against Manchester City on 22 November 2009).", "Soon afterwards Arsenal announced their progress on the staffing situation at the Emirates, and despite Steve Bould already being announced as the new assistant manager, the Club officially announced that Bould had indeed been promoted, Neil Banfield would be promoted to being first-team coach, after managing the Arsenal reserve team for the past eight seasons, and that Terry Burton would become the reserve-team manager.", "On 8 June 2012, Arsenal continued their transfer activity with the sale of Oğuzhan Özyakup to Turkish club Beşiktaş.", "Although it is undisclosed by Arsenal, Beşiktaş confirmed that a four-year contract had been agreed with Özyakup and a fee of around £405,000 agreed with Arsenal for the 19-year-old midfielder.", "Arsenal then announced their second \"big\" transfer of the summer transfer window, with the signing of French striker Olivier Giroud from Montpellier for a reported fee of £12.8 million.", "Giroud was top scorer in the French league last season and Arsène Wenger stated that he expects him to flourish.", "He was primarily signed as a backup (rather than a replacement) to golden boot winner Robin van Persie, in a bid to challenge this season's Premier League title and win the club's first trophy for seven years.", "On 4 July 2012, however, a transfer saga, similar to the ones of Cesc Fàbregas and Samir Nasri last summer, took a big step as club captain and player-of-the-season Van Persie revealed that he would not renew his Arsenal contract, and would therefore become a free agent at the end of the current season, signalling the end of an eight-year career at the club following his move from Feyenoord in 2004.", "This eventually led to the confession that Giroud had actually been signed as a replacement for the Dutch talisman.", "Meanwhile, on 29 June, Arsenal announced that a further seven academy players had signed professional contracts.", "To signal the intent of reducing surplus players, Arsenal then announced that a £6 million agreement had been reached for the sale of Carlos Vela on 17 July 2012.", "Vela featured 62 times for Arsenal, scoring 11 goals, and he was the first member of the first-team squad to be sold in the summer transfer window.", "A week later Arsenal announced that defender Laurent Koscielny had signed a new long-term contract after a series of consistent appearances in the first-team last season.", "Throughout the summer transfer window, manager Arsène Wenger had promised the club's fans that a headline transfer would be made, so to compete for the title, and this materialised on 7 August, when Spanish midfielder Santi Cazorla signed on a four-year contract for a reported transfer fee of £16.5 million, making him the most expensive player in the history of the club.", "With the sale of Van Persie being confirmed by the club for a fee thought to be around £24 million, on 17 August Arsenal revealed that Thomas Vermaelen had taken over the captaincy from the Dutchman, with Mikel Arteta being given the position of vice-captain.", "The Premier League fixture list was announced on 18 June 2012 and it gave Arsenal a home game against Sunderland to open the new season.", "Both matches last season produced a 2–1 win in Arsenal's favour, which promised an entertaining opening match for the club.", "Although Arsenal had the better of the chances, they played out a 0–0 draw with the north-eastern club.", "Shortly after, Arsenal announced that an agreement had been reached with Barcelona for the sale of Alex Song, and two days later, on 20 August 2012, Arsenal announced that he had indeed been sold.", "Meanwhile, in contrast to last season, Arsenal did not have any other commitments in August apart from competing in the Premier League, with no English contingent participating in the play-off round of the Champions League.", "This therefore allowed Arsenal ample time to prepare for their next test at the Britannia Stadium in their second game against Stoke City, however it ended as a second successive 0–0 draw, and although their previous defensive frailties were not present throughout August, a goalless month was a cause for concern.", "Arsenal had no disciplinary issues in their opening two games, which epitomised the controlled, albeit unexciting, start to the season.", "On a transfer deadline day that was dominated by the club's Premier League rivals, Arsenal only announced departures, as first team players Nicklas Bendtner and Park Chu-young departed on season-long loans, to Italian giants Juventus and La Liga club Celta de Vigo respectively.", "Despite manager Arsène Wenger stating that he is open to transfers before the window closes, Arsenal did not shadow the events of last season, in buying no players in the final week of the transfer window.", "Arsenal began a series a tough matches against Liverpool at Anfield, where the Gunners registered both their first goals and cards of the season.", "New signings Lukas Podolski and Santi Cazorla paired up for both goals, as Podolski finished low to the goalkeeper's left in the 31st minute, and Cazorla smashed a near post shot past goalkeeper Pepe Reina in the 68th minute to give Arsenal a commanding 2–0 win over Liverpool.", "Arsenal continued their unbeaten start with an emphatic victory over Southampton that rested fears over the Gunner's lack of scoring potential.", "A brace from Gervinho, goals from Podolski and Theo Walcott, and two own goals capped an almost perfect display, with the only error coming from goalkeeper Wojciech Szczęsny, as his spill gifted the visitors a goal, and dealt Arsenal their first defensive blip of the season, in a 6–1 thrashing.", "Away from the Premier League, Arsenal started their Champions League campaign with a group stage match against debutants Montpellier at the Stade de la Mosson.", "Dubbed as favourites, Arsenal did not begin the match in such commanding fashion, as a penalty, conceded by Thomas Vermaelen, was put away by Younès Belhanda in the ninth minute, but two goals in quick succession from Podolski and Gervinho meant Arsenal turned the game around to come out as 2–1 winners, a scoreline that reflected the quality of the two teams.", "Arsenal's tough month continued, with arguable the toughest test that awaited them in the entire season – an away tie at champions Manchester City.", "Despite the constant troubles that have come from zonal marking, Arsenal used this technique from set-pieces all throughout the game, which ultimately led to Joleon Lescott's 40th-minute header giving City the lead until Laurent Koscielny's 82nd-minute equaliser, giving Arsenal a deserved draw at the Etihad.", "The draw extended Arsenal's unbeaten run to five games and earned the team plaudits around the footballing world.", "Continuing with the packed fixture list, came another midweek tie against Coventry City in the League Cup.", "Arsenal fielded a team mixed with experience and young talent in a convincing 6–1 win over the League One outfit.", "Olivier Giroud opened his account for the club, with a clever finish over goalkeeper Murphy, and goals from youngsters Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain and Ignasi Miquel, a brace from Walcott, and an instinctive finish by Andrey Arshavin capped a satisfying night for the Arsenal faithful.", "Arsenal's final game of September came in the form of a visit from table-topping Chelsea side to the Emirates Stadium.", "Despite Gervinho's strike late in the first half, goals from Fernando Torres and Juan Mata, both from set plays, on either side of the half way mark, highlighted the club's underlying defensive frailties, in an unconvincing display from the Gunners.", "Arsenal began October with a 3–1 Premier League win against West Ham United at the Boleyn Ground.", "After conceding an early goal from Mohamed Diamé, Arsenal netted late twice, including Olivier Giroud's first Premier League goal.", "Following an international break, Arsenal travelled to Carrow Road to face third-bottom Norwich City, and lost 1–0 through a 20-minute Grant Holt goal after a Vito Mannone spill, in an unconvincing display from the Gunners.", "Their poor form continued in a Champions League clash with Schalke 04, conceding twice in a 2–0 loss (their first at the Emirates in a European group stage match), putting Arsenal second in Group B with three games to play.", "Arsenal then produced a respectable performance in their next match against a struggling Queens Park Rangers in the Premier League, thanks to another late goal, this time from Mikel Arteta, following Stéphane Mbia's red card dismissal.", "Their final game of October was an away League Cup fourth-round tie against Reading, where after having fallen to a four-goal deficit after 37 minutes, goals from Theo Walcott (twice), Olivier Giroud and Laurent Koscielny managed to equalise the match to 4–4 after 90 minutes (despite a controversial 90+6th-minute equaliser, when only four minutes of added time was indicated).", "Theo Walcott and Marouane Chamakh (twice) then netted in extra time, with Pavel Pogrebnyak scoring an additional goal for Reading, completing one of football's most inspiring comebacks, as well as one of the most remarkable matches in League Cup history (as well as the highest scoring), to a final score of 7–5 to Arsenal, who have never lost to a Reading side in all ten occasions that the teams have met.", "Arsenal became the first side to have scored over six goals in two consecutive League Cup matches in this record breaking and inspiring display.", "They were drawn against League Two Bradford City in the quarter-finals and entered November on a high.", "Arsenal's November started as poorly as September had ended and October had started, and despite a tough test against Manchester United, an unlikely three points for the Gunners did not materialise in a lacklustre performance that only brought about two shots on target, including a late consolation by Santi Cazorla, and a disappointing 2–1 loss at Old Trafford.", "Arsenal extended their losing streak at Old Trafford to six seasons, in a performance that left Arsenal sixth in the Premier League table, nine points off the top.", "Arsenal, frustratingly for everyone connected with the club, showed another stuttering performance against table-topping Schalke 04 in the Champions League.", "They created a 2–0 lead inside 26 minutes with goals against the run of play, from Theo Walcott (following a mix-up in defence) and Giroud, however, Schalke deservedly pegged Arsenal back with goals either side of half time, from Dutch striker Klaas-Jan Huntelaar and Peruvian Jefferson Farfán, as the Gunners left Gelsenkirchen with a point.", "The result, which Walcott said Arsenal would have taken before the game, left Arsenal a point and a place behind Schalke, in a widely open group.", "Four days later, Arsenal surrendered another two-goal lead, this time created by Lukas Podolski and Giroud, into a 3–2 deficit following a brace (including a penalty conceded by Arteta) for Dimitar Berbatov and a header from Alexander Kačaniklić for Fulham.", "Giroud scored in the 69th minute to level the game at 3–3, thus making the game the first time he scored in consecutive games, and two goals in one single game, but the Gunners were denied late on after Mark Schwarzer saved a penalty from Arteta which would have given Arsenal a 4–3 lead in the 90+5th minute.", "The draw meant Arsenal had won only one of the previous six Premier League and Champions League games (L,L,W,L,D,D), which piled more pressure on Arsène Wenger.", "With an uncanny resemblance to last season, Arsenal entered their first North London derby against Tottenham Hotspur on the back of a poor run of results, while still managing coming out as 5–2 winners against their bitter rivals, who were once again down to ten men.", "Inside the first 20 minutes, former Gunner Emmanuel Adebayor went from \"hero to zero\" as he gave Spurs an early lead before getting sent off nine minutes later.", "This allowed the Gunners a route back into the game, which eventually came from the unlikely source of Per Mertesacker with his first goal for the club inside 25 minutes.", "Arsenal then finished the half strongly with goals from Podolski and Giroud to give them a 3–1 lead.", "In the second half, Arsenal soaked up some early pressure from Spurs before Cazorla scored when the team were on a magnificent break.", "Despite Gareth Bale's goal in the 71st minute, Arsenal made their man-advantage count, as Walcott completed the rout three minutes from the end.", "In Arsenal's fifth game of the month, they faced a Montpellier side in poor form, and in a far less entertaining game than the last, Arsenal came out as solid 2–0 winners, with a clean sheet.", "Two sublime finishes from Jack Wilshere, his first in 725 days, and Podolski, a left-foot volley reminiscent of former captain Van Persie, allowed Arsenal to secure qualification to the knockout stage of the competition, with only the top two places to be settled on the last matchday between the Gunners and Schalke.\nArsenal returned to poor form in their next match however, as they played out a dull 0–0 draw with relegation-threatened Aston Villa, meaning the Gunners lost ground yet again on the top four sides.", "Yet again, Arsenal played out an uninspiring draw against fellow Champions League-chasers Everton.", "The game started well for the Gunners, as Walcott scored inside 52 seconds at Goodison Park, but Marouane Fellaini equalised just before the half-hour mark to level the score at 1–1, and so it stayed until the end, as Arsenal finished November in seventh place in the Premier League table.", "Arsenal started December losing 0–2 to aSwansea City side under Michael Laudrup, with two goals scored by Michu for Swansea late on, in what the BBC called \"Arsenal's worst start to a season under Arsene Wenger\".", "Next up was a Champions League visit to Olympiacos.", "Consecutive losses were on the cards for Arsenal, as they named a weakened 18-man squad ahead of vital Premier League games for the club.", "Despite taking a 38th-minute lead with a low drive from Tomáš Rosický, Arsenal surrendered yet another lead with two goals in under 10 minutes from Ioannis Maniatis and Konstantinos Mitroglou to give Olympiacos a 2–1 win.", "Had Arsenal won the game, they would have gone top of the table, as Montpellier managed a draw against Schalke 04, but instead they finished second, setting up a tough test against Bayern Munich in the last-16.\nArsenal's fortunes turned however, in their next match against high-flying West Bromwich Albion, where a controversial penalty for a perceived dive from Cazorla gifted Arsenal the lead, when it was put down the centre of the goal by Arteta on 26 minutes.", "Arsenal then doubled their lead, this time on a blatant foul on Oxlade-Chamberlain, with another penalty from Arteta to finish the game 2–0 in Arsenal's favour.", "It was the Gunners first win in four Premier League games, and it lifted the team up to seventh in the table.", "Spirits dropped yet again, however, as a near full-strength Arsenal squad humiliatingly crashed out to League Two side Bradford City in the League Cup, 3–2 on penalties, following an 88th-minute equaliser by Thomas Vermaelen, who incidentally missed the final penalty.", "This left Arsenal with interests in three competitions.", "Arsenal then entered the Christmas period with a Monday night fixture against then-bottom Reading.", "The match ended in a familiar scoreline that lifted the Arsenal fans; 5–2.", "Cazorla scored his first hat-trick for the club, and also provided an assist for Walcott's goal, and the fifth of the match; Lukas Podolski opened the scoring inside 15 minutes.", "Arsenal continued their revival with a solid victory over Wigan Athletic with the Gunners recording three consecutive wins for the first time since March last season.", "An Arteta penalty in the 60th minute gave Arsenal a 1–0 win and raised the team to fourth in the table.", "Arsenal have a larger break than other teams in the Premier League however, as the West Ham game was postponed due to a tube strike in the London Underground.", "Arsenal returned to action in style on 29 December against Newcastle by emphatically beating the Tyneside team 7–3.", "Arsenal were never behind in the game, but were pegged-back three times by two goals from Demba Ba and one from Sylvain Marveaux following goals from Podolski, Oxlade-Chamberlain and Walcott.", "However, following another two goals from Walcott (to complete his hat-trick), and a brace from substitute Giroud, Arsenal rounded off an impressive display to give confidence to the fans ahead of the crucial month January.", "Arsenal started 2013 in disappointing fashion with a result that Wenger called \"undeserved\": a 1–1 draw against Southampton.", "Arsenal were gifted their goal with an own goal from Guly do Prado (Arsenal's third of the season, with the previous two also coming against Southampton), after Gastón Ramírez opened the scoring for the Saints.", "The result was the last of a four-game winning streak ahead of a tough couple of matches against Premier League champions Manchester City, and European champions Chelsea.", "Arsenal completed their first transfer business of the January transfer window, with the loan of Moroccan striker Marouane Chamakh to West Ham on 4 January 2013.", "Another loan was announced a day later as Swiss centre-back Johan Djourou joined Hannover 96.", "Both players had yet to feature in the Premier League this season for the Gunners, and both deals were for the rest of the season.", "Arsenal started their FA Cup run against Swansea in the third round, and following an uneventful first half, the second half sprung into life as both teams scored late on (Podolski and Gibbs for the Gunners, and Danny Graham for Swansea) after Michu opened the scoring in the 58th minute.", "The final score of 2–2 meant both teams would play a replay.", "A week later, Arsenal slumped to a controversial yet disappointing loss to the champions Manchester City as Koscielny was sent off in the ninth minute after fouling Edin Džeko in the penalty area.", "Despite missing the resulting penalty, Džeko and James Milner gave City a comfortable 2–0 victory.", "Vincent Kompany was sent off late in the game leaving both teams with ten players.", "The stadium rang out in a chorus of jeering at the final whistle, aimed at both the Gunners and the referee.", "Arsenal turned their fortunes, however, as they progressed 1–0 winners against Swansea City into the FA Cup fourth round.", "Jack Wilshere buried a shot from outside the penalty area to keep Arsenal's trophy hopes alive.", "Arsenal fans soon had further encouragement as striker Theo Walcott signed a new contract with the club, for an undisclosed length of time.", "Arsène Wenger said he was \"delighted\" to secure the contract of a \"strong player and also a great person\".", "Soon after, Arsenal were subjected to a second consecutive Premier League loss against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge.", "Another poor start resulted in two goals conceded, which was a similar situation as their previous league defeat.", "Despite Walcott managing to pull one goal back in the second half, the game eventually ended 2–1, leaving Arsenal's hope of finishing in the top four in serious doubt.", "Some doubt was erased only three days later, as four goals in ten early second-half minutes meant Arsenal romped to a 5–1 victory over West Ham in the rescheduled match, originally to have been played on Boxing Day.", "Two goals from Giroud, and one each from Walcott, Podolski and Cazorla left the Gunners just four points off their north London rivals Tottenham in fourth.", "Arsenal then progressed into the fifth round of the FA Cup in another thriller three days later, with a 3–2 victory over Brighton & Hove Albion in the Falmer Stadium.", "Giroud scored yet another brace, and Walcott scored once to increase his goal tally to 17 for the season, as Arsenal set up a tie against Championship side Blackburn Rovers in the next round.", "Back in the Premier League, Arsenal continued their increasingly frustrating habit of starting games slowly, going 2–0 behind against Liverpool inside an hour thanks to goals from Luis Suárez and Jordan Henderson.", "However, two goals in quick succession from in-form strikers Giroud and Walcott battled Arsenal back to a 2–2 draw.", "Giroud spurned a late chance to collect a hat-trick of braces and win the game for the Gunners.", "Following an injury picked up by Kieran Gibbs in that game, Arsenal rushed to complete a late signing of Spanish international left-back Nacho Monreal from Málaga on deadline day, for an undisclosed contract length and fee (thought to be around £8.5 million), though disappointed Gunners fans by not making a move for linked Barcelona striker David Villa.", "Arsenal started February solidly, with a commanding yet disciplined performance against Stoke.", "A deflected free kick from Lukas Podolski late in the game and a brilliant display from debutant Monreal left the Gunners in a promising position as teams around them dropped points.", "For the first time in six attempts, Arsenal climbed the table to fifth with a 1–0 win over Sunderland.", "Arsenal had plenty of chances throughout the first half and parts of the second, and Sunderland had the chance to equalise in the second-half, but it was Cazorla's ninth goal of the season that was the difference of the two teams.", "Shortly thereafter, Arsenal announced the loan departure of left-back André Santos to Brazilian club Grêmio until the end of the season.", "This came after the signing of Spanish international Monreal pushed Santos further down the pecking order.", "With an upcoming fixture in the Champions League, it was believed that Vermaelen or Gibbs would have to return to play left-back.", "Despite the strong start to the month, Arsenal crashed out of the FA Cup with a disappointing 1–0 loss to Championship club Blackburn Rovers.", "Although their opponents only had three shots on target, Arsenal rued not putting their chances away throughout the game, and left themselves with little hope of ending their trophy drought this season.", "Three days later, Arsenal resumed their Champions League campaign with a Round of 16 clash against Bayern Munich.", "In the first leg of a very challenging tie at the Emirates, they slumped to a 3–1 first-leg defeat, with Podolski scoring against his old club to give Arsenal a slight chance (albeit needing three goals at the Allianz Arena) in the second leg.", "Toni Kroos, Thomas Müller and Mario Mandžukić scored for Bayern.", "Needing to lift the fans, Arsenal played relegation-threatened Aston Villa in sight of a third-straight win in the Premier League.", "Arsenal did so with a brace from Santi Cazorla either side of an Andreas Weimann equaliser to stay four points adrift of North-London rivals Tottenham, who they played the following Sunday.", "However, the North London derby ended in bitter disappointment for the \"red side of North London\" as Tottenham ran out 2–1 following two goals in quick succession from Gareth Bale and Aaron Lennon late in the first-half, one of which being eventually cancelled out by Mertesacker's second goal for the club (both were against Tottenham this season).", "Arsenal then had a 10-day wait before their return leg in the Champions League, due to Everton's participation in the FA Cup.", "Though many resigned the Gunners to defeat, Arsenal had a valiant attempt to knock out their German opponents by winning 2–0 on the night (with a goal inside the first three minutes from Giroud and a goal in the last three minutes of the game from Laurent Koscielny), crashing out on away goals.", "However, they were the first team to defeat Bayern Munich at the Allianz Arena this season and the first team not to concede against Bayern all season, giving huge confidence to the team both defensively and offensively in the final ten \"cup-finals\" of the Premier League season.", "Arsenal stepped up once again to Wenger's rallying calls, as Arsenal recorded a second consecutive 2–0 victory in a tough encounter at the Liberty Stadium against Swansea.", "Goals in the second half from Nacho Monreal – his first for the club – and Gervinho kept Arsenal's top-four hopes alive.", "Arsenal's next match was after the international break, against a struggling Reading side who Arsenal had already scored 12 goals in two matches against this season (in all competitions).", "Arsenal made it 12 wins in all 12 games against Reading as goals from Gervinho, Cazorla, Giroud and Arteta ensured the Gunners ran out 4–1 winners (with Hal Robson-Kanu pulling one back for the Royals) and kept up their chase for the top four.", "Along with news that Jack Wilshere and Theo Walcott were to return from injury soon, Arsenal fans were given more to cheer about as a spirited performance following Metersacker's sending off against West Brom lifted the Gunners temporarily up to fourth in the table.", "Two goals from Tomáš Rosický put Arsenal in a commanding position but a penalty scored by James Morrison on 71 minutes made for a nervy end as Arsenal eventually ran out 2–1 winners at The Hawthorns.", "Arsenal then started a period of three games in a week against Norwich, as a spirited comeback in the last seven minutes of the match ensured Arsenal went third in the Premier League table.", "Michael Turner opened the scoring for Norwich from a set piece but a trio of goals (including a controversial penalty) was scored by Arteta, Giroud and Podolski, as the Gunners ran out 3–1 winners.", "Their next match was against fellow Champions League-chasers Everton, and after early Everton pressure Arsenal settled into the match, but was ultimately unable to score for the first time in 12 games, in a match that ended 0–0.", "The Gunners resumed their top four fight in a derby against Fulham that saw two men sent off (Steve Sidwell for Fulham and Giroud for Arsenal, who later lost his appeal for it to be rescinded) and an unlikely scorer in Per Mertesacker, as Arsenal won 1–0.", "Following a guard of honour to the newly crowned champions, Arsenal faced a Manchester United side with former captain Robin van Persie in tow.", "Theo Walcott scored early as Arsenal showed early signs of brilliance, but the goal was later cancelled out by a penalty, conceded by Sagna, from Van Persie.", "The match ended 1–1.", "Arsenal entered a crucial period of the season with a game against newly relegated Queens Park Rangers, as Tottenham and Chelsea would play their game in hand against each other, leaving a straight battle to the top four Champions League qualification spots.", "Walcott again got the Gunners off to the perfect start with the fastest goal in the Premier League season so far, as well as the 12th fastest goal in Premier League history, after he put the Gunners ahead after 20 seconds.", "The game petered out, however, but it increased Arsenal's unbeaten run to 8 games, as the Gunners ran out 1–0 winners.", "Arsenal had a ten-day before their final home game of the season against newly crowned FA Cup winners Wigan in what proved to be a crucial game at both ends of the Premier League table.", "The game was won 4–1 by the Gunners, after goals from Podolski (2), Walcott and Aaron Ramsey cancelled out Shaun Maloney's free-kick strike.", "Wigan were subsequently relegated after an eight-year stay in the Premier League, whilst Arsenal left their top four faith in their own hands by staying one point above rivals Tottenham.", "Although the result also presented an opportunity for an unprecedented \"third place play-off\", this was not needed following a Chelsea win over Everton, however Arsenal secured fourth spot as a 1–0 win over Newcastle (scored by Laurent Koscielny) meant Arsenal finished the season on 73 points, three more than the previous season and one more above rivals Tottenham.", "Arsenal thus qualified for the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League.", "Following the season's completion, Arsenal revealed their top four players of the season as voted for by Arsenal Football Club members.", "In fourth place came the Spaniard Mikel Arteta for his consistent performances in the middle of midfield (which included recording the second highest number of passes in the campaign: 2750 at a 92% success rate) with 5% of the votes.", "In third came Arsenal's top scorer Theo Walcott, whose tally of 21 goals in all competitions bettered that of any of his previous seasons at the club.", "He also held the feat of most assists of the campaign in an Arsenal shirt, as he deservedly claimed 12.7% of the votes.", "In second place came Laurent Koscielny after taking over from captain Thomas Vermaelen as a main-stay in the heart of Arsenal's defence.", "A number of assured performances that included conceded only 5 goals in the final 10 games of the season handed the French defender 13.5% of all the votes.", "Lastly, Arsenal's Player of Season award went to Spaniard Santi Cazorla, who Arsène Wenger described as \"the perfect footballer\".", "With 12 goals and 14 assists, Cazorla announced his arrival in English football with a bang, as he ran away with 55.7% of the votes in the club poll.", "Overall, the Gunners had a reasonably successful Premier League campaign, although they failed to end the trophy drought.", "At season's end, Arsène Wenger promised to make some big signings and spend to get world-class players to help them challenge for trophies in the following seasons.", "Total spending: Undisclosed", "Total income: Undisclosed", "Undisclosed", "Undisclosed", "Undisclosed", "Supplier:", "Nike / Sponsor: Fly Emirates", "Nike released a new set of home, away and goalkeeper kits for the 2012–13 season.", "The club reverted to their traditional crest, after using an anniversary crest last season.", "\"[R]\" – Reserve team player\n\"[L]\" – Out on loan\n\"[S]\" – Sold" ]

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[ "The 2012–13 season was Arsenal Football Club's 21st season in the Premier League and 94th consecutive season in the top flight of English football.", "Arsenal participated in the Premier League and the UEFA Champions League, after finishing third in the previous Premier League season.", "The League Cup however was out of their reach, and despite an entertaining cup run, which included 13 goals scored in two games, Arsenal lost to fourth-division Bradford City in the quarter-finals on penalties.", "In the FA Cup, Arsenal were knocked out by Championship side Blackburn Rovers in the fifth round.", "The Champions League also proved fruitless, as despite a valiant effort in Bavaria winning 2–0, they were ultimately knocked out on the away goals rule against Bayern Munich, thus extending their trophy drought for an eighth season.", "The highest scoring game in their season was the famous 7–5 win in the League Cup (after extra time), where they came back from 4 goals down to beat Reading.", "Arsenal's highest scoring league win was the 7–3 win against Newcastle United in December; this was also their joint highest-scoring Premier League game of all time.", "This season, Arsenal finished fourth after having to close another large points gap (like last season) between themselves and their North London rivals Tottenham Hotspur, who they beat 5-2 for the second season running." ]

[ "Arsenal's pre-season transfers started as early as 30 April 2012, when Arsenal announced they were going to sign German international Lukas Podolski from 1.", "FC Köln for an undisclosed fee, thought to be around £10.9 million.", "Podolski officially joined Arsenal when the summer transfer window opened on 1 July.", "Podolski became the second German player to join the club in the space of a year, following the arrival of Per Mertesacker from Werder Bremen last summer, whom Podolski himself stated, played a big part in the transfer after talking about life at the Emirates.", "As well as early transfer news", ", Arsenal had early staff news, whereby, after 48 years of being associated with Arsenal, assistant manager Pat Rice retired at the end of the previous season.", "He was replaced on the same day by academy team manager, Steve Bould.", "Pat Rice played a big role at Arsenal, and was highly praised following his retirement by both the players and by manager Arsène Wenger.", "Arsenal's pre-season schedule saw them take part in the second Markus Liebherr Cup (in memory of the former Southampton owner Markus Liebherr), hosted by Southampton in two 45-minute matches against what was originally Scottish club Rangers, but was later confirmed to be Anderlecht due to the financial troubles faced by Rangers, and the hosts themselves.", "The competition was held on 14 July 2012 as a round-robin system with Arsenal winning their first match 1–0 thanks to a close-range finish by Henri Lansbury, and despite losing 5–4 on penalties to Southampton (following a Gervinho 35th-minute equaliser to Jay Rodriguez's 31st-minute opener in regulation time), they had still accumulated enough points to win the cup.", "Arsenal then travelled to the Far East, in a tour similar to that they embarked upon before their 2011–12 season.", "Arsenal started their tour by travelling to Malaysia to play a Malaysia League XI in Kuala Lumpur.", "After an open-training session (which was attended by 30,000 fans in the previous season), Arsenal scored two late goals from German youngster Thomas Eisfeld and fellow reserve team player Chuks Aneke following Azmi Muslim's opener to win the match 2–1.", "From there, they travelled to China to play fellow Premier League team Manchester City in Beijing in the inaugural China Cup.", "With extra significance due to the 2012 Summer Olympics, the match was held at the 2008 Olympic Stadium, and similar to the Malaysia tour, Arsenal attempted to get closer to their Chinese fans.", "Arsenal ultimately lost 0–2, with two goals in the last five minutes of the first half by Pablo Zabaleta and Yaya Touré to lose the China Cup.", "Arsenal then travelled to Hong Kong to play Kitchee, champions of their national league.", "The game gave the club's huge fan base in Hong Kong the opportunity to see Arsenal play live in an entertaining encounter that ended 2–2 after 90 minutes after Eisfeld equalised late on (which should have led to a penalty shootout, but it was later scrapped).", "Arsenal played in Hong Kong for the first time in 17 years, addressing their growing commitment to Asia.", "They were then going to travel to Nigeria to play the Nigeria national team in their first visit to Africa since visiting South Africa in 1993, however this was later postponed till summer 2013 based on concerns with the host city.", "Instead, the club sent three first-team players (Bacary Sagna, Mertesacker and new signing Podolski) on 28 July 2012 to engage with supporters in the region.", "The last stop on Arsenal's pre-season schedule saw a repeat of last season's pre-season fixture against 1.", "FC Köln, resulting in an immediate goal-scoring return for new signing Lukas Podolski to his previous home ground.", "The fixture, which was scheduled six days before the start of the Premier League season, featured the likes of new signings Podolski, Olivier Giroud and Santi Cazorla in a commanding 4–0 win with an early opener from Thomas Vermaelen, a penalty and a close range strike from Podolski in the first half, and a finish from an acute angle from Gervinho in the second half to complete the rout.", "As the 2012 Olympics were being held in London, it was announced that Arsenal would not host the Emirates Cup tournament as part of their usual pre-season schedule, citing unnecessary increased pressure on London's infrastructure.", "However, Arsenal chief executive Ivan Gazidis stated that the Emirates Cup would be hosted by Arsenal in 2013, with a host of \"top\" clubs being lined up already.", "As the previous season drew to a close, Arsenal announced the release of seven players on 22 May 2012, five of whom played professionally for Arsenal, including Manuel Almunia, who made 175 first-team appearances for the club (including the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final), and Gavin Hoyte who was the only other released player to receive a first-team cap (against Manchester City on 22 November 2009).", "Soon afterwards Arsenal announced their progress on the staffing situation at the Emirates, and despite Steve Bould already being announced as the new assistant manager, the Club officially announced that Bould had indeed been promoted, Neil Banfield would be promoted to being first-team coach, after managing the Arsenal reserve team for the past eight seasons, and that Terry Burton would become the reserve-team manager.", "On 8 June 2012, Arsenal continued their transfer activity with the sale of Oğuzhan Özyakup to Turkish club Beşiktaş.", "Although it is undisclosed by Arsenal, Beşiktaş confirmed that a four-year contract had been agreed with Özyakup and a fee of around £405,000 agreed with Arsenal for the 19-year-old midfielder.", "Arsenal then announced their second \"big\" transfer of the summer transfer window, with the signing of French striker Olivier Giroud from Montpellier for a reported fee of £12.8 million.", "Giroud was top scorer in the French league last season and Arsène Wenger stated that he expects him to flourish.", "He was primarily signed as a backup (rather than a replacement) to golden boot winner Robin van Persie, in a bid to challenge this season's Premier League title and win the club's first trophy for seven years.", "On 4 July 2012, however, a transfer saga, similar to the ones of Cesc Fàbregas and Samir Nasri last summer, took a big step as club captain and player-of-the-season Van Persie revealed that he would not renew his Arsenal contract, and would therefore become a free agent at the end of the current season, signalling the end of an eight-year career at the club following his move from Feyenoord in 2004.", "This eventually led to the confession that Giroud had actually been signed as a replacement for the Dutch talisman.", "Meanwhile, on 29 June, Arsenal announced that a further seven academy players had signed professional contracts.", "To signal the intent of reducing surplus players, Arsenal then announced that a £6 million agreement had been reached for the sale of Carlos Vela on 17 July 2012.", "Vela featured 62 times for Arsenal, scoring 11 goals, and he was the first member of the first-team squad to be sold in the summer transfer window.", "A week later Arsenal announced that defender Laurent Koscielny had signed a new long-term contract after a series of consistent appearances in the first-team last season.", "Throughout the summer transfer window, manager Arsène Wenger had promised the club's fans that a headline transfer would be made, so to compete for the title, and this materialised on 7 August, when Spanish midfielder Santi Cazorla signed on a four-year contract for a reported transfer fee of £16.5 million, making him the most expensive player in the history of the club.", "With the sale of Van Persie being confirmed by the club for a fee thought to be around £24 million, on 17 August Arsenal revealed that Thomas Vermaelen had taken over the captaincy from the Dutchman, with Mikel Arteta being given the position of vice-captain.", "The Premier League fixture list was announced on 18 June 2012 and it gave Arsenal a home game against Sunderland to open the new season.", "Both matches last season produced a 2–1 win in Arsenal's favour, which promised an entertaining opening match for the club.", "Although Arsenal had the better of the chances, they played out a 0–0 draw with the north-eastern club.", "Shortly after, Arsenal announced that an agreement had been reached with Barcelona for the sale of Alex Song, and two days later, on 20 August 2012, Arsenal announced that he had indeed been sold.", "Meanwhile, in contrast to last season, Arsenal did not have any other commitments in August apart from competing in the Premier League, with no English contingent participating in the play-off round of the Champions League.", "This therefore allowed Arsenal ample time to prepare for their next test at the Britannia Stadium in their second game against Stoke City, however it ended as a second successive 0–0 draw, and although their previous defensive frailties were not present throughout August, a goalless month was a cause for concern.", "Arsenal had no disciplinary issues in their opening two games, which epitomised the controlled, albeit unexciting, start to the season.", "On a transfer deadline day that was dominated by the club's Premier League rivals, Arsenal only announced departures, as first team players Nicklas Bendtner and Park Chu-young departed on season-long loans, to Italian giants Juventus and La Liga club Celta de Vigo respectively.", "Despite manager Arsène Wenger stating that he is open to transfers before the window closes, Arsenal did not shadow the events of last season, in buying no players in the final week of the transfer window.", "Arsenal began a series a tough matches against Liverpool at Anfield, where the Gunners registered both their first goals and cards of the season.", "New signings Lukas Podolski and Santi Cazorla paired up for both goals, as Podolski finished low to the goalkeeper's left in the 31st minute, and Cazorla smashed a near post shot past goalkeeper Pepe Reina in the 68th minute to give Arsenal a commanding 2–0 win over Liverpool.", "Arsenal continued their unbeaten start with an emphatic victory over Southampton that rested fears over the Gunner's lack of scoring potential.", "A brace from Gervinho, goals from Podolski and Theo Walcott, and two own goals capped an almost perfect display, with the only error coming from goalkeeper Wojciech Szczęsny, as his spill gifted the visitors a goal, and dealt Arsenal their first defensive blip of the season, in a 6–1 thrashing.", "Away from the Premier League, Arsenal started their Champions League campaign with a group stage match against debutants Montpellier at the Stade de la Mosson.", "Dubbed as favourites, Arsenal did not begin the match in such commanding fashion, as a penalty, conceded by Thomas Vermaelen, was put away by Younès Belhanda in the ninth minute, but two goals in quick succession from Podolski and Gervinho meant Arsenal turned the game around to come out as 2–1 winners, a scoreline that reflected the quality of the two teams.", "Arsenal's tough month continued, with arguable the toughest test that awaited them in the entire season – an away tie at champions Manchester City.", "Despite the constant troubles that have come from zonal marking, Arsenal used this technique from set-pieces all throughout the game, which ultimately led to Joleon Lescott's 40th-minute header giving City the lead until Laurent Koscielny's 82nd-minute equaliser, giving Arsenal a deserved draw at the Etihad.", "The draw extended Arsenal's unbeaten run to five games and earned the team plaudits around the footballing world.", "Continuing with the packed fixture list, came another midweek tie against Coventry City in the League Cup.", "Arsenal fielded a team mixed with experience and young talent in a convincing 6–1 win over the League One outfit.", "Olivier Giroud opened his account for the club, with a clever finish over goalkeeper Murphy, and goals from youngsters Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain and Ignasi Miquel, a brace from Walcott, and an instinctive finish by Andrey Arshavin capped a satisfying night for the Arsenal faithful.", "Arsenal's final game of September came in the form of a visit from table-topping Chelsea side to the Emirates Stadium.", "Despite Gervinho's strike late in the first half, goals from Fernando Torres and Juan Mata, both from set plays, on either side of the half way mark, highlighted the club's underlying defensive frailties, in an unconvincing display from the Gunners.", "Arsenal began October with a 3–1 Premier League win against West Ham United at the Boleyn Ground.", "After conceding an early goal from Mohamed Diamé, Arsenal netted late twice, including Olivier Giroud's first Premier League goal.", "Following an international break, Arsenal travelled to Carrow Road to face third-bottom Norwich City, and lost 1–0 through a 20-minute Grant Holt goal after a Vito Mannone spill, in an unconvincing display from the Gunners.", "Their poor form continued in a Champions League clash with Schalke 04, conceding twice in a 2–0 loss (their first at the Emirates in a European group stage match), putting Arsenal second in Group B with three games to play.", "Arsenal then produced a respectable performance in their next match against a struggling Queens Park Rangers in the Premier League, thanks to another late goal, this time from Mikel Arteta, following Stéphane Mbia's red card dismissal.", "Their final game of October was an away League Cup fourth-round tie against Reading, where after having fallen to a four-goal deficit after 37 minutes, goals from Theo Walcott (twice), Olivier Giroud and Laurent Koscielny managed to equalise the match to 4–4 after 90 minutes (despite a controversial 90+6th-minute equaliser, when only four minutes of added time was indicated).", "Theo Walcott and Marouane Chamakh (twice) then netted in extra time, with Pavel Pogrebnyak scoring an additional goal for Reading, completing one of football's most inspiring comebacks, as well as one of the most remarkable matches in League Cup history (as well as the highest scoring), to a final score of 7–5 to Arsenal, who have never lost to a Reading side in all ten occasions that the teams have met.", "Arsenal became the first side to have scored over six goals in two consecutive League Cup matches in this record breaking and inspiring display.", "They were drawn against League Two Bradford City in the quarter-finals and entered November on a high.", "Arsenal's November started as poorly as September had ended and October had started, and despite a tough test against Manchester United, an unlikely three points for the Gunners did not materialise in a lacklustre performance that only brought about two shots on target, including a late consolation by Santi Cazorla, and a disappointing 2–1 loss at Old Trafford.", "Arsenal extended their losing streak at Old Trafford to six seasons, in a performance that left Arsenal sixth in the Premier League table, nine points off the top.", "Arsenal, frustratingly for everyone connected with the club, showed another stuttering performance against table-topping Schalke 04 in the Champions League.", "They created a 2–0 lead inside 26 minutes with goals against the run of play, from Theo Walcott (following a mix-up in defence) and Giroud, however, Schalke deservedly pegged Arsenal back with goals either side of half time, from Dutch striker Klaas-Jan Huntelaar and Peruvian Jefferson Farfán, as the Gunners left Gelsenkirchen with a point.", "The result, which Walcott said Arsenal would have taken before the game, left Arsenal a point and a place behind Schalke, in a widely open group.", "Four days later, Arsenal surrendered another two-goal lead, this time created by Lukas Podolski and Giroud, into a 3–2 deficit following a brace (including a penalty conceded by Arteta) for Dimitar Berbatov and a header from Alexander Kačaniklić for Fulham.", "Giroud scored in the 69th minute to level the game at 3–3, thus making the game the first time he scored in consecutive games, and two goals in one single game, but the Gunners were denied late on after Mark Schwarzer saved a penalty from Arteta which would have given Arsenal a 4–3 lead in the 90+5th minute.", "The draw meant Arsenal had won only one of the previous six Premier League and Champions League games (L,L,W,L,D,D), which piled more pressure on Arsène Wenger.", "With an uncanny resemblance to last season, Arsenal entered their first North London derby against Tottenham Hotspur on the back of a poor run of results, while still managing coming out as 5–2 winners against their bitter rivals, who were once again down to ten men.", "Inside the first 20 minutes, former Gunner Emmanuel Adebayor went from \"hero to zero\" as he gave Spurs an early lead before getting sent off nine minutes later.", "This allowed the Gunners a route back into the game, which eventually came from the unlikely source of Per Mertesacker with his first goal for the club inside 25 minutes.", "Arsenal then finished the half strongly with goals from Podolski and Giroud to give them a 3–1 lead.", "In the second half, Arsenal soaked up some early pressure from Spurs before Cazorla scored when the team were on a magnificent break.", "Despite Gareth Bale's goal in the 71st minute, Arsenal made their man-advantage count, as Walcott completed the rout three minutes from the end.", "In Arsenal's fifth game of the month, they faced a Montpellier side in poor form, and in a far less entertaining game than the last, Arsenal came out as solid 2–0 winners, with a clean sheet.", "Two sublime finishes from Jack Wilshere, his first in 725 days, and Podolski, a left-foot volley reminiscent of former captain Van Persie, allowed Arsenal to secure qualification to the knockout stage of the competition, with only the top two places to be settled on the last matchday between the Gunners and Schalke.\nArsenal returned to poor form in their next match however, as they played out a dull 0–0 draw with relegation-threatened Aston Villa, meaning the Gunners lost ground yet again on the top four sides.", "Yet again, Arsenal played out an uninspiring draw against fellow Champions League-chasers Everton.", "The game started well for the Gunners, as Walcott scored inside 52 seconds at Goodison Park, but Marouane Fellaini equalised just before the half-hour mark to level the score at 1–1, and so it stayed until the end, as Arsenal finished November in seventh place in the Premier League table.", "Arsenal started December losing 0–2 to aSwansea City side under Michael Laudrup, with two goals scored by Michu for Swansea late on, in what the BBC called \"Arsenal's worst start to a season under Arsene Wenger\".", "Next up was a Champions League visit to Olympiacos.", "Consecutive losses were on the cards for Arsenal, as they named a weakened 18-man squad ahead of vital Premier League games for the club.", "Despite taking a 38th-minute lead with a low drive from Tomáš Rosický, Arsenal surrendered yet another lead with two goals in under 10 minutes from Ioannis Maniatis and Konstantinos Mitroglou to give Olympiacos a 2–1 win.", "Had Arsenal won the game, they would have gone top of the table, as Montpellier managed a draw against Schalke 04, but instead they finished second, setting up a tough test against Bayern Munich in the last-16.\nArsenal's fortunes turned however, in their next match against high-flying West Bromwich Albion, where a controversial penalty for a perceived dive from Cazorla gifted Arsenal the lead, when it was put down the centre of the goal by Arteta on 26 minutes.", "Arsenal then doubled their lead, this time on a blatant foul on Oxlade-Chamberlain, with another penalty from Arteta to finish the game 2–0 in Arsenal's favour.", "It was the Gunners first win in four Premier League games, and it lifted the team up to seventh in the table.", "Spirits dropped yet again, however, as a near full-strength Arsenal squad humiliatingly crashed out to League Two side Bradford City in the League Cup, 3–2 on penalties, following an 88th-minute equaliser by Thomas Vermaelen, who incidentally missed the final penalty.", "This left Arsenal with interests in three competitions.", "Arsenal then entered the Christmas period with a Monday night fixture against then-bottom Reading.", "The match ended in a familiar scoreline that lifted the Arsenal fans; 5–2.", "Cazorla scored his first hat-trick for the club, and also provided an assist for Walcott's goal, and the fifth of the match; Lukas Podolski opened the scoring inside 15 minutes.", "Arsenal continued their revival with a solid victory over Wigan Athletic with the Gunners recording three consecutive wins for the first time since March last season.", "An Arteta penalty in the 60th minute gave Arsenal a 1–0 win and raised the team to fourth in the table.", "Arsenal have a larger break than other teams in the Premier League however, as the West Ham game was postponed due to a tube strike in the London Underground.", "Arsenal returned to action in style on 29 December against Newcastle by emphatically beating the Tyneside team 7–3.", "Arsenal were never behind in the game, but were pegged-back three times by two goals from Demba Ba and one from Sylvain Marveaux following goals from Podolski, Oxlade-Chamberlain and Walcott.", "However, following another two goals from Walcott (to complete his hat-trick), and a brace from substitute Giroud, Arsenal rounded off an impressive display to give confidence to the fans ahead of the crucial month January.", "Arsenal started 2013 in disappointing fashion with a result that Wenger called \"undeserved\": a 1–1 draw against Southampton.", "Arsenal were gifted their goal with an own goal from Guly do Prado (Arsenal's third of the season, with the previous two also coming against Southampton), after Gastón Ramírez opened the scoring for the Saints.", "The result was the last of a four-game winning streak ahead of a tough couple of matches against Premier League champions Manchester City, and European champions Chelsea.", "Arsenal completed their first transfer business of the January transfer window, with the loan of Moroccan striker Marouane Chamakh to West Ham on 4 January 2013.", "Another loan was announced a day later as Swiss centre-back Johan Djourou joined Hannover 96.", "Both players had yet to feature in the Premier League this season for the Gunners, and both deals were for the rest of the season.", "Arsenal started their FA Cup run against Swansea in the third round, and following an uneventful first half, the second half sprung into life as both teams scored late on (Podolski and Gibbs for the Gunners, and Danny Graham for Swansea) after Michu opened the scoring in the 58th minute.", "The final score of 2–2 meant both teams would play a replay.", "A week later, Arsenal slumped to a controversial yet disappointing loss to the champions Manchester City as Koscielny was sent off in the ninth minute after fouling Edin Džeko in the penalty area.", "Despite missing the resulting penalty, Džeko and James Milner gave City a comfortable 2–0 victory.", "Vincent Kompany was sent off late in the game leaving both teams with ten players.", "The stadium rang out in a chorus of jeering at the final whistle, aimed at both the Gunners and the referee.", "Arsenal turned their fortunes, however, as they progressed 1–0 winners against Swansea City into the FA Cup fourth round.", "Jack Wilshere buried a shot from outside the penalty area to keep Arsenal's trophy hopes alive.", "Arsenal fans soon had further encouragement as striker Theo Walcott signed a new contract with the club, for an undisclosed length of time.", "Arsène Wenger said he was \"delighted\" to secure the contract of a \"strong player and also a great person\".", "Soon after, Arsenal were subjected to a second consecutive Premier League loss against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge.", "Another poor start resulted in two goals conceded, which was a similar situation as their previous league defeat.", "Despite Walcott managing to pull one goal back in the second half, the game eventually ended 2–1, leaving Arsenal's hope of finishing in the top four in serious doubt.", "Some doubt was erased only three days later, as four goals in ten early second-half minutes meant Arsenal romped to a 5–1 victory over West Ham in the rescheduled match, originally to have been played on Boxing Day.", "Two goals from Giroud, and one each from Walcott, Podolski and Cazorla left the Gunners just four points off their north London rivals Tottenham in fourth.", "Arsenal then progressed into the fifth round of the FA Cup in another thriller three days later, with a 3–2 victory over Brighton & Hove Albion in the Falmer Stadium.", "Giroud scored yet another brace, and Walcott scored once to increase his goal tally to 17 for the season, as Arsenal set up a tie against Championship side Blackburn Rovers in the next round.", "Back in the Premier League, Arsenal continued their increasingly frustrating habit of starting games slowly, going 2–0 behind against Liverpool inside an hour thanks to goals from Luis Suárez and Jordan Henderson.", "However, two goals in quick succession from in-form strikers Giroud and Walcott battled Arsenal back to a 2–2 draw.", "Giroud spurned a late chance to collect a hat-trick of braces and win the game for the Gunners.", "Following an injury picked up by Kieran Gibbs in that game, Arsenal rushed to complete a late signing of Spanish international left-back Nacho Monreal from Málaga on deadline day, for an undisclosed contract length and fee (thought to be around £8.5 million), though disappointed Gunners fans by not making a move for linked Barcelona striker David Villa.", "Arsenal started February solidly, with a commanding yet disciplined performance against Stoke.", "A deflected free kick from Lukas Podolski late in the game and a brilliant display from debutant Monreal left the Gunners in a promising position as teams around them dropped points.", "For the first time in six attempts, Arsenal climbed the table to fifth with a 1–0 win over Sunderland.", "Arsenal had plenty of chances throughout the first half and parts of the second, and Sunderland had the chance to equalise in the second-half, but it was Cazorla's ninth goal of the season that was the difference of the two teams.", "Shortly thereafter, Arsenal announced the loan departure of left-back André Santos to Brazilian club Grêmio until the end of the season.", "This came after the signing of Spanish international Monreal pushed Santos further down the pecking order.", "With an upcoming fixture in the Champions League, it was believed that Vermaelen or Gibbs would have to return to play left-back.", "Despite the strong start to the month, Arsenal crashed out of the FA Cup with a disappointing 1–0 loss to Championship club Blackburn Rovers.", "Although their opponents only had three shots on target, Arsenal rued not putting their chances away throughout the game, and left themselves with little hope of ending their trophy drought this season.", "Three days later, Arsenal resumed their Champions League campaign with a Round of 16 clash against Bayern Munich.", "In the first leg of a very challenging tie at the Emirates, they slumped to a 3–1 first-leg defeat, with Podolski scoring against his old club to give Arsenal a slight chance (albeit needing three goals at the Allianz Arena) in the second leg.", "Toni Kroos, Thomas Müller and Mario Mandžukić scored for Bayern.", "Needing to lift the fans, Arsenal played relegation-threatened Aston Villa in sight of a third-straight win in the Premier League.", "Arsenal did so with a brace from Santi Cazorla either side of an Andreas Weimann equaliser to stay four points adrift of North-London rivals Tottenham, who they played the following Sunday.", "However, the North London derby ended in bitter disappointment for the \"red side of North London\" as Tottenham ran out 2–1 following two goals in quick succession from Gareth Bale and Aaron Lennon late in the first-half, one of which being eventually cancelled out by Mertesacker's second goal for the club (both were against Tottenham this season).", "Arsenal then had a 10-day wait before their return leg in the Champions League, due to Everton's participation in the FA Cup.", "Though many resigned the Gunners to defeat, Arsenal had a valiant attempt to knock out their German opponents by winning 2–0 on the night (with a goal inside the first three minutes from Giroud and a goal in the last three minutes of the game from Laurent Koscielny), crashing out on away goals.", "However, they were the first team to defeat Bayern Munich at the Allianz Arena this season and the first team not to concede against Bayern all season, giving huge confidence to the team both defensively and offensively in the final ten \"cup-finals\" of the Premier League season.", "Arsenal stepped up once again to Wenger's rallying calls, as Arsenal recorded a second consecutive 2–0 victory in a tough encounter at the Liberty Stadium against Swansea.", "Goals in the second half from Nacho Monreal – his first for the club – and Gervinho kept Arsenal's top-four hopes alive.", "Arsenal's next match was after the international break, against a struggling Reading side who Arsenal had already scored 12 goals in two matches against this season (in all competitions).", "Arsenal made it 12 wins in all 12 games against Reading as goals from Gervinho, Cazorla, Giroud and Arteta ensured the Gunners ran out 4–1 winners (with Hal Robson-Kanu pulling one back for the Royals) and kept up their chase for the top four.", "Along with news that Jack Wilshere and Theo Walcott were to return from injury soon, Arsenal fans were given more to cheer about as a spirited performance following Metersacker's sending off against West Brom lifted the Gunners temporarily up to fourth in the table.", "Two goals from Tomáš Rosický put Arsenal in a commanding position but a penalty scored by James Morrison on 71 minutes made for a nervy end as Arsenal eventually ran out 2–1 winners at The Hawthorns.", "Arsenal then started a period of three games in a week against Norwich, as a spirited comeback in the last seven minutes of the match ensured Arsenal went third in the Premier League table.", "Michael Turner opened the scoring for Norwich from a set piece but a trio of goals (including a controversial penalty) was scored by Arteta, Giroud and Podolski, as the Gunners ran out 3–1 winners.", "Their next match was against fellow Champions League-chasers Everton, and after early Everton pressure Arsenal settled into the match, but was ultimately unable to score for the first time in 12 games, in a match that ended 0–0.", "The Gunners resumed their top four fight in a derby against Fulham that saw two men sent off (Steve Sidwell for Fulham and Giroud for Arsenal, who later lost his appeal for it to be rescinded) and an unlikely scorer in Per Mertesacker, as Arsenal won 1–0.", "Following a guard of honour to the newly crowned champions, Arsenal faced a Manchester United side with former captain Robin van Persie in tow.", "Theo Walcott scored early as Arsenal showed early signs of brilliance, but the goal was later cancelled out by a penalty, conceded by Sagna, from Van Persie.", "The match ended 1–1.", "Arsenal entered a crucial period of the season with a game against newly relegated Queens Park Rangers, as Tottenham and Chelsea would play their game in hand against each other, leaving a straight battle to the top four Champions League qualification spots.", "Walcott again got the Gunners off to the perfect start with the fastest goal in the Premier League season so far, as well as the 12th fastest goal in Premier League history, after he put the Gunners ahead after 20 seconds.", "The game petered out, however, but it increased Arsenal's unbeaten run to 8 games, as the Gunners ran out 1–0 winners.", "Arsenal had a ten-day before their final home game of the season against newly crowned FA Cup winners Wigan in what proved to be a crucial game at both ends of the Premier League table.", "The game was won 4–1 by the Gunners, after goals from Podolski (2), Walcott and Aaron Ramsey cancelled out Shaun Maloney's free-kick strike.", "Wigan were subsequently relegated after an eight-year stay in the Premier League, whilst Arsenal left their top four faith in their own hands by staying one point above rivals Tottenham.", "Although the result also presented an opportunity for an unprecedented \"third place play-off\", this was not needed following a Chelsea win over Everton, however Arsenal secured fourth spot as a 1–0 win over Newcastle (scored by Laurent Koscielny) meant Arsenal finished the season on 73 points, three more than the previous season and one more above rivals Tottenham.", "Arsenal thus qualified for the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League.", "Following the season's completion, Arsenal revealed their top four players of the season as voted for by Arsenal Football Club members.", "In fourth place came the Spaniard Mikel Arteta for his consistent performances in the middle of midfield (which included recording the second highest number of passes in the campaign: 2750 at a 92% success rate) with 5% of the votes.", "In third came Arsenal's top scorer Theo Walcott, whose tally of 21 goals in all competitions bettered that of any of his previous seasons at the club.", "He also held the feat of most assists of the campaign in an Arsenal shirt, as he deservedly claimed 12.7% of the votes.", "In second place came Laurent Koscielny after taking over from captain Thomas Vermaelen as a main-stay in the heart of Arsenal's defence.", "A number of assured performances that included conceded only 5 goals in the final 10 games of the season handed the French defender 13.5% of all the votes.", "Lastly, Arsenal's Player of Season award went to Spaniard Santi Cazorla, who Arsène Wenger described as \"the perfect footballer\".", "With 12 goals and 14 assists, Cazorla announced his arrival in English football with a bang, as he ran away with 55.7% of the votes in the club poll.", "Overall, the Gunners had a reasonably successful Premier League campaign, although they failed to end the trophy drought.", "At season's end, Arsène Wenger promised to make some big signings and spend to get world-class players to help them challenge for trophies in the following seasons.", "Total spending: Undisclosed", "Total income: Undisclosed", "Undisclosed", "Undisclosed", "Undisclosed", "Supplier:", "Nike / Sponsor: Fly Emirates", "Nike released a new set of home, away and goalkeeper kits for the 2012–13 season.", "The club reverted to their traditional crest, after using an anniversary crest last season.", "\"[R]\" – Reserve team player\n\"[L]\" – Out on loan\n\"[S]\" – Sold" ]

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[ "Arsenal participated in the Premier League and the UEFA Champions League, after finishing third in the previous Premier League season." ]

[ "Arsenal's pre-season transfers started as early as 30 April 2012, when Arsenal announced they were going to sign German international Lukas Podolski from 1.", "FC Köln for an undisclosed fee, thought to be around £10.9 million.", "Podolski officially joined Arsenal when the summer transfer window opened on 1 July.", "Podolski became the second German player to join the club in the space of a year, following the arrival of Per Mertesacker from Werder Bremen last summer, whom Podolski himself stated, played a big part in the transfer after talking about life at the Emirates.", "As well as early transfer news", ", Arsenal had early staff news, whereby, after 48 years of being associated with Arsenal, assistant manager Pat Rice retired at the end of the previous season.", "He was replaced on the same day by academy team manager, Steve Bould.", "Pat Rice played a big role at Arsenal, and was highly praised following his retirement by both the players and by manager Arsène Wenger.", "Arsenal's pre-season schedule saw them take part in the second Markus Liebherr Cup (in memory of the former Southampton owner Markus Liebherr), hosted by Southampton in two 45-minute matches against what was originally Scottish club Rangers, but was later confirmed to be Anderlecht due to the financial troubles faced by Rangers, and the hosts themselves.", "The competition was held on 14 July 2012 as a round-robin system with Arsenal winning their first match 1–0 thanks to a close-range finish by Henri Lansbury, and despite losing 5–4 on penalties to Southampton (following a Gervinho 35th-minute equaliser to Jay Rodriguez's 31st-minute opener in regulation time), they had still accumulated enough points to win the cup.", "Arsenal then travelled to the Far East, in a tour similar to that they embarked upon before their 2011–12 season.", "Arsenal started their tour by travelling to Malaysia to play a Malaysia League XI in Kuala Lumpur.", "After an open-training session (which was attended by 30,000 fans in the previous season), Arsenal scored two late goals from German youngster Thomas Eisfeld and fellow reserve team player Chuks Aneke following Azmi Muslim's opener to win the match 2–1.", "From there, they travelled to China to play fellow Premier League team Manchester City in Beijing in the inaugural China Cup.", "With extra significance due to the 2012 Summer Olympics, the match was held at the 2008 Olympic Stadium, and similar to the Malaysia tour, Arsenal attempted to get closer to their Chinese fans.", "Arsenal ultimately lost 0–2, with two goals in the last five minutes of the first half by Pablo Zabaleta and Yaya Touré to lose the China Cup.", "Arsenal then travelled to Hong Kong to play Kitchee, champions of their national league.", "The game gave the club's huge fan base in Hong Kong the opportunity to see Arsenal play live in an entertaining encounter that ended 2–2 after 90 minutes after Eisfeld equalised late on (which should have led to a penalty shootout, but it was later scrapped).", "Arsenal played in Hong Kong for the first time in 17 years, addressing their growing commitment to Asia.", "They were then going to travel to Nigeria to play the Nigeria national team in their first visit to Africa since visiting South Africa in 1993, however this was later postponed till summer 2013 based on concerns with the host city.", "Instead, the club sent three first-team players (Bacary Sagna, Mertesacker and new signing Podolski) on 28 July 2012 to engage with supporters in the region.", "The last stop on Arsenal's pre-season schedule saw a repeat of last season's pre-season fixture against 1.", "FC Köln, resulting in an immediate goal-scoring return for new signing Lukas Podolski to his previous home ground.", "The fixture, which was scheduled six days before the start of the Premier League season, featured the likes of new signings Podolski, Olivier Giroud and Santi Cazorla in a commanding 4–0 win with an early opener from Thomas Vermaelen, a penalty and a close range strike from Podolski in the first half, and a finish from an acute angle from Gervinho in the second half to complete the rout.", "As the 2012 Olympics were being held in London, it was announced that Arsenal would not host the Emirates Cup tournament as part of their usual pre-season schedule, citing unnecessary increased pressure on London's infrastructure.", "However, Arsenal chief executive Ivan Gazidis stated that the Emirates Cup would be hosted by Arsenal in 2013, with a host of \"top\" clubs being lined up already.", "As the previous season drew to a close, Arsenal announced the release of seven players on 22 May 2012, five of whom played professionally for Arsenal, including Manuel Almunia, who made 175 first-team appearances for the club (including the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final), and Gavin Hoyte who was the only other released player to receive a first-team cap (against Manchester City on 22 November 2009).", "Soon afterwards Arsenal announced their progress on the staffing situation at the Emirates, and despite Steve Bould already being announced as the new assistant manager, the Club officially announced that Bould had indeed been promoted, Neil Banfield would be promoted to being first-team coach, after managing the Arsenal reserve team for the past eight seasons, and that Terry Burton would become the reserve-team manager.", "On 8 June 2012, Arsenal continued their transfer activity with the sale of Oğuzhan Özyakup to Turkish club Beşiktaş.", "Although it is undisclosed by Arsenal, Beşiktaş confirmed that a four-year contract had been agreed with Özyakup and a fee of around £405,000 agreed with Arsenal for the 19-year-old midfielder.", "Arsenal then announced their second \"big\" transfer of the summer transfer window, with the signing of French striker Olivier Giroud from Montpellier for a reported fee of £12.8 million.", "Giroud was top scorer in the French league last season and Arsène Wenger stated that he expects him to flourish.", "He was primarily signed as a backup (rather than a replacement) to golden boot winner Robin van Persie, in a bid to challenge this season's Premier League title and win the club's first trophy for seven years.", "On 4 July 2012, however, a transfer saga, similar to the ones of Cesc Fàbregas and Samir Nasri last summer, took a big step as club captain and player-of-the-season Van Persie revealed that he would not renew his Arsenal contract, and would therefore become a free agent at the end of the current season, signalling the end of an eight-year career at the club following his move from Feyenoord in 2004.", "This eventually led to the confession that Giroud had actually been signed as a replacement for the Dutch talisman.", "Meanwhile, on 29 June, Arsenal announced that a further seven academy players had signed professional contracts.", "To signal the intent of reducing surplus players, Arsenal then announced that a £6 million agreement had been reached for the sale of Carlos Vela on 17 July 2012.", "Vela featured 62 times for Arsenal, scoring 11 goals, and he was the first member of the first-team squad to be sold in the summer transfer window.", "A week later Arsenal announced that defender Laurent Koscielny had signed a new long-term contract after a series of consistent appearances in the first-team last season.", "Throughout the summer transfer window, manager Arsène Wenger had promised the club's fans that a headline transfer would be made, so to compete for the title, and this materialised on 7 August, when Spanish midfielder Santi Cazorla signed on a four-year contract for a reported transfer fee of £16.5 million, making him the most expensive player in the history of the club.", "With the sale of Van Persie being confirmed by the club for a fee thought to be around £24 million, on 17 August Arsenal revealed that Thomas Vermaelen had taken over the captaincy from the Dutchman, with Mikel Arteta being given the position of vice-captain.", "The Premier League fixture list was announced on 18 June 2012 and it gave Arsenal a home game against Sunderland to open the new season.", "Both matches last season produced a 2–1 win in Arsenal's favour, which promised an entertaining opening match for the club.", "Although Arsenal had the better of the chances, they played out a 0–0 draw with the north-eastern club.", "Shortly after, Arsenal announced that an agreement had been reached with Barcelona for the sale of Alex Song, and two days later, on 20 August 2012, Arsenal announced that he had indeed been sold.", "Meanwhile, in contrast to last season, Arsenal did not have any other commitments in August apart from competing in the Premier League, with no English contingent participating in the play-off round of the Champions League.", "This therefore allowed Arsenal ample time to prepare for their next test at the Britannia Stadium in their second game against Stoke City, however it ended as a second successive 0–0 draw, and although their previous defensive frailties were not present throughout August, a goalless month was a cause for concern.", "Arsenal had no disciplinary issues in their opening two games, which epitomised the controlled, albeit unexciting, start to the season.", "On a transfer deadline day that was dominated by the club's Premier League rivals, Arsenal only announced departures, as first team players Nicklas Bendtner and Park Chu-young departed on season-long loans, to Italian giants Juventus and La Liga club Celta de Vigo respectively.", "Despite manager Arsène Wenger stating that he is open to transfers before the window closes, Arsenal did not shadow the events of last season, in buying no players in the final week of the transfer window.", "Arsenal began a series a tough matches against Liverpool at Anfield, where the Gunners registered both their first goals and cards of the season.", "New signings Lukas Podolski and Santi Cazorla paired up for both goals, as Podolski finished low to the goalkeeper's left in the 31st minute, and Cazorla smashed a near post shot past goalkeeper Pepe Reina in the 68th minute to give Arsenal a commanding 2–0 win over Liverpool.", "Arsenal continued their unbeaten start with an emphatic victory over Southampton that rested fears over the Gunner's lack of scoring potential.", "A brace from Gervinho, goals from Podolski and Theo Walcott, and two own goals capped an almost perfect display, with the only error coming from goalkeeper Wojciech Szczęsny, as his spill gifted the visitors a goal, and dealt Arsenal their first defensive blip of the season, in a 6–1 thrashing.", "Away from the Premier League, Arsenal started their Champions League campaign with a group stage match against debutants Montpellier at the Stade de la Mosson.", "Dubbed as favourites, Arsenal did not begin the match in such commanding fashion, as a penalty, conceded by Thomas Vermaelen, was put away by Younès Belhanda in the ninth minute, but two goals in quick succession from Podolski and Gervinho meant Arsenal turned the game around to come out as 2–1 winners, a scoreline that reflected the quality of the two teams.", "Arsenal's tough month continued, with arguable the toughest test that awaited them in the entire season – an away tie at champions Manchester City.", "Despite the constant troubles that have come from zonal marking, Arsenal used this technique from set-pieces all throughout the game, which ultimately led to Joleon Lescott's 40th-minute header giving City the lead until Laurent Koscielny's 82nd-minute equaliser, giving Arsenal a deserved draw at the Etihad.", "The draw extended Arsenal's unbeaten run to five games and earned the team plaudits around the footballing world.", "Continuing with the packed fixture list, came another midweek tie against Coventry City in the League Cup.", "Arsenal fielded a team mixed with experience and young talent in a convincing 6–1 win over the League One outfit.", "Olivier Giroud opened his account for the club, with a clever finish over goalkeeper Murphy, and goals from youngsters Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain and Ignasi Miquel, a brace from Walcott, and an instinctive finish by Andrey Arshavin capped a satisfying night for the Arsenal faithful.", "Arsenal's final game of September came in the form of a visit from table-topping Chelsea side to the Emirates Stadium.", "Despite Gervinho's strike late in the first half, goals from Fernando Torres and Juan Mata, both from set plays, on either side of the half way mark, highlighted the club's underlying defensive frailties, in an unconvincing display from the Gunners.", "Arsenal began October with a 3–1 Premier League win against West Ham United at the Boleyn Ground.", "After conceding an early goal from Mohamed Diamé, Arsenal netted late twice, including Olivier Giroud's first Premier League goal.", "Following an international break, Arsenal travelled to Carrow Road to face third-bottom Norwich City, and lost 1–0 through a 20-minute Grant Holt goal after a Vito Mannone spill, in an unconvincing display from the Gunners.", "Their poor form continued in a Champions League clash with Schalke 04, conceding twice in a 2–0 loss (their first at the Emirates in a European group stage match), putting Arsenal second in Group B with three games to play.", "Arsenal then produced a respectable performance in their next match against a struggling Queens Park Rangers in the Premier League, thanks to another late goal, this time from Mikel Arteta, following Stéphane Mbia's red card dismissal.", "Their final game of October was an away League Cup fourth-round tie against Reading, where after having fallen to a four-goal deficit after 37 minutes, goals from Theo Walcott (twice), Olivier Giroud and Laurent Koscielny managed to equalise the match to 4–4 after 90 minutes (despite a controversial 90+6th-minute equaliser, when only four minutes of added time was indicated).", "Theo Walcott and Marouane Chamakh (twice) then netted in extra time, with Pavel Pogrebnyak scoring an additional goal for Reading, completing one of football's most inspiring comebacks, as well as one of the most remarkable matches in League Cup history (as well as the highest scoring), to a final score of 7–5 to Arsenal, who have never lost to a Reading side in all ten occasions that the teams have met.", "Arsenal became the first side to have scored over six goals in two consecutive League Cup matches in this record breaking and inspiring display.", "They were drawn against League Two Bradford City in the quarter-finals and entered November on a high.", "Arsenal's November started as poorly as September had ended and October had started, and despite a tough test against Manchester United, an unlikely three points for the Gunners did not materialise in a lacklustre performance that only brought about two shots on target, including a late consolation by Santi Cazorla, and a disappointing 2–1 loss at Old Trafford.", "Arsenal extended their losing streak at Old Trafford to six seasons, in a performance that left Arsenal sixth in the Premier League table, nine points off the top.", "Arsenal, frustratingly for everyone connected with the club, showed another stuttering performance against table-topping Schalke 04 in the Champions League.", "They created a 2–0 lead inside 26 minutes with goals against the run of play, from Theo Walcott (following a mix-up in defence) and Giroud, however, Schalke deservedly pegged Arsenal back with goals either side of half time, from Dutch striker Klaas-Jan Huntelaar and Peruvian Jefferson Farfán, as the Gunners left Gelsenkirchen with a point.", "The result, which Walcott said Arsenal would have taken before the game, left Arsenal a point and a place behind Schalke, in a widely open group.", "Four days later, Arsenal surrendered another two-goal lead, this time created by Lukas Podolski and Giroud, into a 3–2 deficit following a brace (including a penalty conceded by Arteta) for Dimitar Berbatov and a header from Alexander Kačaniklić for Fulham.", "Giroud scored in the 69th minute to level the game at 3–3, thus making the game the first time he scored in consecutive games, and two goals in one single game, but the Gunners were denied late on after Mark Schwarzer saved a penalty from Arteta which would have given Arsenal a 4–3 lead in the 90+5th minute.", "The draw meant Arsenal had won only one of the previous six Premier League and Champions League games (L,L,W,L,D,D), which piled more pressure on Arsène Wenger.", "With an uncanny resemblance to last season, Arsenal entered their first North London derby against Tottenham Hotspur on the back of a poor run of results, while still managing coming out as 5–2 winners against their bitter rivals, who were once again down to ten men.", "Inside the first 20 minutes, former Gunner Emmanuel Adebayor went from \"hero to zero\" as he gave Spurs an early lead before getting sent off nine minutes later.", "This allowed the Gunners a route back into the game, which eventually came from the unlikely source of Per Mertesacker with his first goal for the club inside 25 minutes.", "Arsenal then finished the half strongly with goals from Podolski and Giroud to give them a 3–1 lead.", "In the second half, Arsenal soaked up some early pressure from Spurs before Cazorla scored when the team were on a magnificent break.", "Despite Gareth Bale's goal in the 71st minute, Arsenal made their man-advantage count, as Walcott completed the rout three minutes from the end.", "In Arsenal's fifth game of the month, they faced a Montpellier side in poor form, and in a far less entertaining game than the last, Arsenal came out as solid 2–0 winners, with a clean sheet.", "Two sublime finishes from Jack Wilshere, his first in 725 days, and Podolski, a left-foot volley reminiscent of former captain Van Persie, allowed Arsenal to secure qualification to the knockout stage of the competition, with only the top two places to be settled on the last matchday between the Gunners and Schalke.\nArsenal returned to poor form in their next match however, as they played out a dull 0–0 draw with relegation-threatened Aston Villa, meaning the Gunners lost ground yet again on the top four sides.", "Yet again, Arsenal played out an uninspiring draw against fellow Champions League-chasers Everton.", "The game started well for the Gunners, as Walcott scored inside 52 seconds at Goodison Park, but Marouane Fellaini equalised just before the half-hour mark to level the score at 1–1, and so it stayed until the end, as Arsenal finished November in seventh place in the Premier League table.", "Arsenal started December losing 0–2 to aSwansea City side under Michael Laudrup, with two goals scored by Michu for Swansea late on, in what the BBC called \"Arsenal's worst start to a season under Arsene Wenger\".", "Next up was a Champions League visit to Olympiacos.", "Consecutive losses were on the cards for Arsenal, as they named a weakened 18-man squad ahead of vital Premier League games for the club.", "Despite taking a 38th-minute lead with a low drive from Tomáš Rosický, Arsenal surrendered yet another lead with two goals in under 10 minutes from Ioannis Maniatis and Konstantinos Mitroglou to give Olympiacos a 2–1 win.", "Had Arsenal won the game, they would have gone top of the table, as Montpellier managed a draw against Schalke 04, but instead they finished second, setting up a tough test against Bayern Munich in the last-16.\nArsenal's fortunes turned however, in their next match against high-flying West Bromwich Albion, where a controversial penalty for a perceived dive from Cazorla gifted Arsenal the lead, when it was put down the centre of the goal by Arteta on 26 minutes.", "Arsenal then doubled their lead, this time on a blatant foul on Oxlade-Chamberlain, with another penalty from Arteta to finish the game 2–0 in Arsenal's favour.", "It was the Gunners first win in four Premier League games, and it lifted the team up to seventh in the table.", "Spirits dropped yet again, however, as a near full-strength Arsenal squad humiliatingly crashed out to League Two side Bradford City in the League Cup, 3–2 on penalties, following an 88th-minute equaliser by Thomas Vermaelen, who incidentally missed the final penalty.", "This left Arsenal with interests in three competitions.", "Arsenal then entered the Christmas period with a Monday night fixture against then-bottom Reading.", "The match ended in a familiar scoreline that lifted the Arsenal fans; 5–2.", "Cazorla scored his first hat-trick for the club, and also provided an assist for Walcott's goal, and the fifth of the match; Lukas Podolski opened the scoring inside 15 minutes.", "Arsenal continued their revival with a solid victory over Wigan Athletic with the Gunners recording three consecutive wins for the first time since March last season.", "An Arteta penalty in the 60th minute gave Arsenal a 1–0 win and raised the team to fourth in the table.", "Arsenal have a larger break than other teams in the Premier League however, as the West Ham game was postponed due to a tube strike in the London Underground.", "Arsenal returned to action in style on 29 December against Newcastle by emphatically beating the Tyneside team 7–3.", "Arsenal were never behind in the game, but were pegged-back three times by two goals from Demba Ba and one from Sylvain Marveaux following goals from Podolski, Oxlade-Chamberlain and Walcott.", "However, following another two goals from Walcott (to complete his hat-trick), and a brace from substitute Giroud, Arsenal rounded off an impressive display to give confidence to the fans ahead of the crucial month January.", "Arsenal started 2013 in disappointing fashion with a result that Wenger called \"undeserved\": a 1–1 draw against Southampton.", "Arsenal were gifted their goal with an own goal from Guly do Prado (Arsenal's third of the season, with the previous two also coming against Southampton), after Gastón Ramírez opened the scoring for the Saints.", "The result was the last of a four-game winning streak ahead of a tough couple of matches against Premier League champions Manchester City, and European champions Chelsea.", "Arsenal completed their first transfer business of the January transfer window, with the loan of Moroccan striker Marouane Chamakh to West Ham on 4 January 2013.", "Another loan was announced a day later as Swiss centre-back Johan Djourou joined Hannover 96.", "Both players had yet to feature in the Premier League this season for the Gunners, and both deals were for the rest of the season.", "Arsenal started their FA Cup run against Swansea in the third round, and following an uneventful first half, the second half sprung into life as both teams scored late on (Podolski and Gibbs for the Gunners, and Danny Graham for Swansea) after Michu opened the scoring in the 58th minute.", "The final score of 2–2 meant both teams would play a replay.", "A week later, Arsenal slumped to a controversial yet disappointing loss to the champions Manchester City as Koscielny was sent off in the ninth minute after fouling Edin Džeko in the penalty area.", "Despite missing the resulting penalty, Džeko and James Milner gave City a comfortable 2–0 victory.", "Vincent Kompany was sent off late in the game leaving both teams with ten players.", "The stadium rang out in a chorus of jeering at the final whistle, aimed at both the Gunners and the referee.", "Arsenal turned their fortunes, however, as they progressed 1–0 winners against Swansea City into the FA Cup fourth round.", "Jack Wilshere buried a shot from outside the penalty area to keep Arsenal's trophy hopes alive.", "Arsenal fans soon had further encouragement as striker Theo Walcott signed a new contract with the club, for an undisclosed length of time.", "Arsène Wenger said he was \"delighted\" to secure the contract of a \"strong player and also a great person\".", "Soon after, Arsenal were subjected to a second consecutive Premier League loss against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge.", "Another poor start resulted in two goals conceded, which was a similar situation as their previous league defeat.", "Despite Walcott managing to pull one goal back in the second half, the game eventually ended 2–1, leaving Arsenal's hope of finishing in the top four in serious doubt.", "Some doubt was erased only three days later, as four goals in ten early second-half minutes meant Arsenal romped to a 5–1 victory over West Ham in the rescheduled match, originally to have been played on Boxing Day.", "Two goals from Giroud, and one each from Walcott, Podolski and Cazorla left the Gunners just four points off their north London rivals Tottenham in fourth.", "Arsenal then progressed into the fifth round of the FA Cup in another thriller three days later, with a 3–2 victory over Brighton & Hove Albion in the Falmer Stadium.", "Giroud scored yet another brace, and Walcott scored once to increase his goal tally to 17 for the season, as Arsenal set up a tie against Championship side Blackburn Rovers in the next round.", "Back in the Premier League, Arsenal continued their increasingly frustrating habit of starting games slowly, going 2–0 behind against Liverpool inside an hour thanks to goals from Luis Suárez and Jordan Henderson.", "However, two goals in quick succession from in-form strikers Giroud and Walcott battled Arsenal back to a 2–2 draw.", "Giroud spurned a late chance to collect a hat-trick of braces and win the game for the Gunners.", "Following an injury picked up by Kieran Gibbs in that game, Arsenal rushed to complete a late signing of Spanish international left-back Nacho Monreal from Málaga on deadline day, for an undisclosed contract length and fee (thought to be around £8.5 million), though disappointed Gunners fans by not making a move for linked Barcelona striker David Villa.", "Arsenal started February solidly, with a commanding yet disciplined performance against Stoke.", "A deflected free kick from Lukas Podolski late in the game and a brilliant display from debutant Monreal left the Gunners in a promising position as teams around them dropped points.", "For the first time in six attempts, Arsenal climbed the table to fifth with a 1–0 win over Sunderland.", "Arsenal had plenty of chances throughout the first half and parts of the second, and Sunderland had the chance to equalise in the second-half, but it was Cazorla's ninth goal of the season that was the difference of the two teams.", "Shortly thereafter, Arsenal announced the loan departure of left-back André Santos to Brazilian club Grêmio until the end of the season.", "This came after the signing of Spanish international Monreal pushed Santos further down the pecking order.", "With an upcoming fixture in the Champions League, it was believed that Vermaelen or Gibbs would have to return to play left-back.", "Despite the strong start to the month, Arsenal crashed out of the FA Cup with a disappointing 1–0 loss to Championship club Blackburn Rovers.", "Although their opponents only had three shots on target, Arsenal rued not putting their chances away throughout the game, and left themselves with little hope of ending their trophy drought this season.", "Three days later, Arsenal resumed their Champions League campaign with a Round of 16 clash against Bayern Munich.", "In the first leg of a very challenging tie at the Emirates, they slumped to a 3–1 first-leg defeat, with Podolski scoring against his old club to give Arsenal a slight chance (albeit needing three goals at the Allianz Arena) in the second leg.", "Toni Kroos, Thomas Müller and Mario Mandžukić scored for Bayern.", "Needing to lift the fans, Arsenal played relegation-threatened Aston Villa in sight of a third-straight win in the Premier League.", "Arsenal did so with a brace from Santi Cazorla either side of an Andreas Weimann equaliser to stay four points adrift of North-London rivals Tottenham, who they played the following Sunday.", "However, the North London derby ended in bitter disappointment for the \"red side of North London\" as Tottenham ran out 2–1 following two goals in quick succession from Gareth Bale and Aaron Lennon late in the first-half, one of which being eventually cancelled out by Mertesacker's second goal for the club (both were against Tottenham this season).", "Arsenal then had a 10-day wait before their return leg in the Champions League, due to Everton's participation in the FA Cup.", "Though many resigned the Gunners to defeat, Arsenal had a valiant attempt to knock out their German opponents by winning 2–0 on the night (with a goal inside the first three minutes from Giroud and a goal in the last three minutes of the game from Laurent Koscielny), crashing out on away goals.", "However, they were the first team to defeat Bayern Munich at the Allianz Arena this season and the first team not to concede against Bayern all season, giving huge confidence to the team both defensively and offensively in the final ten \"cup-finals\" of the Premier League season.", "Arsenal stepped up once again to Wenger's rallying calls, as Arsenal recorded a second consecutive 2–0 victory in a tough encounter at the Liberty Stadium against Swansea.", "Goals in the second half from Nacho Monreal – his first for the club – and Gervinho kept Arsenal's top-four hopes alive.", "Arsenal's next match was after the international break, against a struggling Reading side who Arsenal had already scored 12 goals in two matches against this season (in all competitions).", "Arsenal made it 12 wins in all 12 games against Reading as goals from Gervinho, Cazorla, Giroud and Arteta ensured the Gunners ran out 4–1 winners (with Hal Robson-Kanu pulling one back for the Royals) and kept up their chase for the top four.", "Along with news that Jack Wilshere and Theo Walcott were to return from injury soon, Arsenal fans were given more to cheer about as a spirited performance following Metersacker's sending off against West Brom lifted the Gunners temporarily up to fourth in the table.", "Two goals from Tomáš Rosický put Arsenal in a commanding position but a penalty scored by James Morrison on 71 minutes made for a nervy end as Arsenal eventually ran out 2–1 winners at The Hawthorns.", "Arsenal then started a period of three games in a week against Norwich, as a spirited comeback in the last seven minutes of the match ensured Arsenal went third in the Premier League table.", "Michael Turner opened the scoring for Norwich from a set piece but a trio of goals (including a controversial penalty) was scored by Arteta, Giroud and Podolski, as the Gunners ran out 3–1 winners.", "Their next match was against fellow Champions League-chasers Everton, and after early Everton pressure Arsenal settled into the match, but was ultimately unable to score for the first time in 12 games, in a match that ended 0–0.", "The Gunners resumed their top four fight in a derby against Fulham that saw two men sent off (Steve Sidwell for Fulham and Giroud for Arsenal, who later lost his appeal for it to be rescinded) and an unlikely scorer in Per Mertesacker, as Arsenal won 1–0.", "Following a guard of honour to the newly crowned champions, Arsenal faced a Manchester United side with former captain Robin van Persie in tow.", "Theo Walcott scored early as Arsenal showed early signs of brilliance, but the goal was later cancelled out by a penalty, conceded by Sagna, from Van Persie.", "The match ended 1–1.", "Arsenal entered a crucial period of the season with a game against newly relegated Queens Park Rangers, as Tottenham and Chelsea would play their game in hand against each other, leaving a straight battle to the top four Champions League qualification spots.", "Walcott again got the Gunners off to the perfect start with the fastest goal in the Premier League season so far, as well as the 12th fastest goal in Premier League history, after he put the Gunners ahead after 20 seconds.", "The game petered out, however, but it increased Arsenal's unbeaten run to 8 games, as the Gunners ran out 1–0 winners.", "Arsenal had a ten-day before their final home game of the season against newly crowned FA Cup winners Wigan in what proved to be a crucial game at both ends of the Premier League table.", "The game was won 4–1 by the Gunners, after goals from Podolski (2), Walcott and Aaron Ramsey cancelled out Shaun Maloney's free-kick strike.", "Wigan were subsequently relegated after an eight-year stay in the Premier League, whilst Arsenal left their top four faith in their own hands by staying one point above rivals Tottenham.", "Although the result also presented an opportunity for an unprecedented \"third place play-off\", this was not needed following a Chelsea win over Everton, however Arsenal secured fourth spot as a 1–0 win over Newcastle (scored by Laurent Koscielny) meant Arsenal finished the season on 73 points, three more than the previous season and one more above rivals Tottenham.", "Arsenal thus qualified for the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League.", "Following the season's completion, Arsenal revealed their top four players of the season as voted for by Arsenal Football Club members.", "In fourth place came the Spaniard Mikel Arteta for his consistent performances in the middle of midfield (which included recording the second highest number of passes in the campaign: 2750 at a 92% success rate) with 5% of the votes.", "In third came Arsenal's top scorer Theo Walcott, whose tally of 21 goals in all competitions bettered that of any of his previous seasons at the club.", "He also held the feat of most assists of the campaign in an Arsenal shirt, as he deservedly claimed 12.7% of the votes.", "In second place came Laurent Koscielny after taking over from captain Thomas Vermaelen as a main-stay in the heart of Arsenal's defence.", "A number of assured performances that included conceded only 5 goals in the final 10 games of the season handed the French defender 13.5% of all the votes.", "Lastly, Arsenal's Player of Season award went to Spaniard Santi Cazorla, who Arsène Wenger described as \"the perfect footballer\".", "With 12 goals and 14 assists, Cazorla announced his arrival in English football with a bang, as he ran away with 55.7% of the votes in the club poll.", "Overall, the Gunners had a reasonably successful Premier League campaign, although they failed to end the trophy drought.", "At season's end, Arsène Wenger promised to make some big signings and spend to get world-class players to help them challenge for trophies in the following seasons.", "Total spending: Undisclosed", "Total income: Undisclosed", "Undisclosed", "Undisclosed", "Undisclosed", "Supplier:", "Nike / Sponsor: Fly Emirates", "Nike released a new set of home, away and goalkeeper kits for the 2012–13 season.", "The club reverted to their traditional crest, after using an anniversary crest last season.", "\"[R]\" – Reserve team player\n\"[L]\" – Out on loan\n\"[S]\" – Sold" ]

[ 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 ]

[ "Arsenal participated in the Premier League and the UEFA Champions League, after finishing third in the previous Premier League season." ]

[ "Arsenal's pre-season transfers started as early as 30 April 2012, when Arsenal announced they were going to sign German international Lukas Podolski from 1.", "FC Köln for an undisclosed fee, thought to be around £10.9 million.", "Podolski officially joined Arsenal when the summer transfer window opened on 1 July.", "Podolski became the second German player to join the club in the space of a year, following the arrival of Per Mertesacker from Werder Bremen last summer, whom Podolski himself stated, played a big part in the transfer after talking about life at the Emirates.", "As well as early transfer news", ", Arsenal had early staff news, whereby, after 48 years of being associated with Arsenal, assistant manager Pat Rice retired at the end of the previous season.", "He was replaced on the same day by academy team manager, Steve Bould.", "Pat Rice played a big role at Arsenal, and was highly praised following his retirement by both the players and by manager Arsène Wenger.", "Arsenal's pre-season schedule saw them take part in the second Markus Liebherr Cup (in memory of the former Southampton owner Markus Liebherr), hosted by Southampton in two 45-minute matches against what was originally Scottish club Rangers, but was later confirmed to be Anderlecht due to the financial troubles faced by Rangers, and the hosts themselves.", "The competition was held on 14 July 2012 as a round-robin system with Arsenal winning their first match 1–0 thanks to a close-range finish by Henri Lansbury, and despite losing 5–4 on penalties to Southampton (following a Gervinho 35th-minute equaliser to Jay Rodriguez's 31st-minute opener in regulation time), they had still accumulated enough points to win the cup.", "Arsenal then travelled to the Far East, in a tour similar to that they embarked upon before their 2011–12 season.", "Arsenal started their tour by travelling to Malaysia to play a Malaysia League XI in Kuala Lumpur.", "After an open-training session (which was attended by 30,000 fans in the previous season), Arsenal scored two late goals from German youngster Thomas Eisfeld and fellow reserve team player Chuks Aneke following Azmi Muslim's opener to win the match 2–1.", "From there, they travelled to China to play fellow Premier League team Manchester City in Beijing in the inaugural China Cup.", "With extra significance due to the 2012 Summer Olympics, the match was held at the 2008 Olympic Stadium, and similar to the Malaysia tour, Arsenal attempted to get closer to their Chinese fans.", "Arsenal ultimately lost 0–2, with two goals in the last five minutes of the first half by Pablo Zabaleta and Yaya Touré to lose the China Cup.", "Arsenal then travelled to Hong Kong to play Kitchee, champions of their national league.", "The game gave the club's huge fan base in Hong Kong the opportunity to see Arsenal play live in an entertaining encounter that ended 2–2 after 90 minutes after Eisfeld equalised late on (which should have led to a penalty shootout, but it was later scrapped).", "Arsenal played in Hong Kong for the first time in 17 years, addressing their growing commitment to Asia.", "They were then going to travel to Nigeria to play the Nigeria national team in their first visit to Africa since visiting South Africa in 1993, however this was later postponed till summer 2013 based on concerns with the host city.", "Instead, the club sent three first-team players (Bacary Sagna, Mertesacker and new signing Podolski) on 28 July 2012 to engage with supporters in the region.", "The last stop on Arsenal's pre-season schedule saw a repeat of last season's pre-season fixture against 1.", "FC Köln, resulting in an immediate goal-scoring return for new signing Lukas Podolski to his previous home ground.", "The fixture, which was scheduled six days before the start of the Premier League season, featured the likes of new signings Podolski, Olivier Giroud and Santi Cazorla in a commanding 4–0 win with an early opener from Thomas Vermaelen, a penalty and a close range strike from Podolski in the first half, and a finish from an acute angle from Gervinho in the second half to complete the rout.", "As the 2012 Olympics were being held in London, it was announced that Arsenal would not host the Emirates Cup tournament as part of their usual pre-season schedule, citing unnecessary increased pressure on London's infrastructure.", "However, Arsenal chief executive Ivan Gazidis stated that the Emirates Cup would be hosted by Arsenal in 2013, with a host of \"top\" clubs being lined up already.", "As the previous season drew to a close, Arsenal announced the release of seven players on 22 May 2012, five of whom played professionally for Arsenal, including Manuel Almunia, who made 175 first-team appearances for the club (including the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final), and Gavin Hoyte who was the only other released player to receive a first-team cap (against Manchester City on 22 November 2009).", "Soon afterwards Arsenal announced their progress on the staffing situation at the Emirates, and despite Steve Bould already being announced as the new assistant manager, the Club officially announced that Bould had indeed been promoted, Neil Banfield would be promoted to being first-team coach, after managing the Arsenal reserve team for the past eight seasons, and that Terry Burton would become the reserve-team manager.", "On 8 June 2012, Arsenal continued their transfer activity with the sale of Oğuzhan Özyakup to Turkish club Beşiktaş.", "Although it is undisclosed by Arsenal, Beşiktaş confirmed that a four-year contract had been agreed with Özyakup and a fee of around £405,000 agreed with Arsenal for the 19-year-old midfielder.", "Arsenal then announced their second \"big\" transfer of the summer transfer window, with the signing of French striker Olivier Giroud from Montpellier for a reported fee of £12.8 million.", "Giroud was top scorer in the French league last season and Arsène Wenger stated that he expects him to flourish.", "He was primarily signed as a backup (rather than a replacement) to golden boot winner Robin van Persie, in a bid to challenge this season's Premier League title and win the club's first trophy for seven years.", "On 4 July 2012, however, a transfer saga, similar to the ones of Cesc Fàbregas and Samir Nasri last summer, took a big step as club captain and player-of-the-season Van Persie revealed that he would not renew his Arsenal contract, and would therefore become a free agent at the end of the current season, signalling the end of an eight-year career at the club following his move from Feyenoord in 2004.", "This eventually led to the confession that Giroud had actually been signed as a replacement for the Dutch talisman.", "Meanwhile, on 29 June, Arsenal announced that a further seven academy players had signed professional contracts.", "To signal the intent of reducing surplus players, Arsenal then announced that a £6 million agreement had been reached for the sale of Carlos Vela on 17 July 2012.", "Vela featured 62 times for Arsenal, scoring 11 goals, and he was the first member of the first-team squad to be sold in the summer transfer window.", "A week later Arsenal announced that defender Laurent Koscielny had signed a new long-term contract after a series of consistent appearances in the first-team last season.", "Throughout the summer transfer window, manager Arsène Wenger had promised the club's fans that a headline transfer would be made, so to compete for the title, and this materialised on 7 August, when Spanish midfielder Santi Cazorla signed on a four-year contract for a reported transfer fee of £16.5 million, making him the most expensive player in the history of the club.", "With the sale of Van Persie being confirmed by the club for a fee thought to be around £24 million, on 17 August Arsenal revealed that Thomas Vermaelen had taken over the captaincy from the Dutchman, with Mikel Arteta being given the position of vice-captain.", "The Premier League fixture list was announced on 18 June 2012 and it gave Arsenal a home game against Sunderland to open the new season.", "Both matches last season produced a 2–1 win in Arsenal's favour, which promised an entertaining opening match for the club.", "Although Arsenal had the better of the chances, they played out a 0–0 draw with the north-eastern club.", "Shortly after, Arsenal announced that an agreement had been reached with Barcelona for the sale of Alex Song, and two days later, on 20 August 2012, Arsenal announced that he had indeed been sold.", "Meanwhile, in contrast to last season, Arsenal did not have any other commitments in August apart from competing in the Premier League, with no English contingent participating in the play-off round of the Champions League.", "This therefore allowed Arsenal ample time to prepare for their next test at the Britannia Stadium in their second game against Stoke City, however it ended as a second successive 0–0 draw, and although their previous defensive frailties were not present throughout August, a goalless month was a cause for concern.", "Arsenal had no disciplinary issues in their opening two games, which epitomised the controlled, albeit unexciting, start to the season.", "On a transfer deadline day that was dominated by the club's Premier League rivals, Arsenal only announced departures, as first team players Nicklas Bendtner and Park Chu-young departed on season-long loans, to Italian giants Juventus and La Liga club Celta de Vigo respectively.", "Despite manager Arsène Wenger stating that he is open to transfers before the window closes, Arsenal did not shadow the events of last season, in buying no players in the final week of the transfer window.", "Arsenal began a series a tough matches against Liverpool at Anfield, where the Gunners registered both their first goals and cards of the season.", "New signings Lukas Podolski and Santi Cazorla paired up for both goals, as Podolski finished low to the goalkeeper's left in the 31st minute, and Cazorla smashed a near post shot past goalkeeper Pepe Reina in the 68th minute to give Arsenal a commanding 2–0 win over Liverpool.", "Arsenal continued their unbeaten start with an emphatic victory over Southampton that rested fears over the Gunner's lack of scoring potential.", "A brace from Gervinho, goals from Podolski and Theo Walcott, and two own goals capped an almost perfect display, with the only error coming from goalkeeper Wojciech Szczęsny, as his spill gifted the visitors a goal, and dealt Arsenal their first defensive blip of the season, in a 6–1 thrashing.", "Away from the Premier League, Arsenal started their Champions League campaign with a group stage match against debutants Montpellier at the Stade de la Mosson.", "Dubbed as favourites, Arsenal did not begin the match in such commanding fashion, as a penalty, conceded by Thomas Vermaelen, was put away by Younès Belhanda in the ninth minute, but two goals in quick succession from Podolski and Gervinho meant Arsenal turned the game around to come out as 2–1 winners, a scoreline that reflected the quality of the two teams.", "Arsenal's tough month continued, with arguable the toughest test that awaited them in the entire season – an away tie at champions Manchester City.", "Despite the constant troubles that have come from zonal marking, Arsenal used this technique from set-pieces all throughout the game, which ultimately led to Joleon Lescott's 40th-minute header giving City the lead until Laurent Koscielny's 82nd-minute equaliser, giving Arsenal a deserved draw at the Etihad.", "The draw extended Arsenal's unbeaten run to five games and earned the team plaudits around the footballing world.", "Continuing with the packed fixture list, came another midweek tie against Coventry City in the League Cup.", "Arsenal fielded a team mixed with experience and young talent in a convincing 6–1 win over the League One outfit.", "Olivier Giroud opened his account for the club, with a clever finish over goalkeeper Murphy, and goals from youngsters Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain and Ignasi Miquel, a brace from Walcott, and an instinctive finish by Andrey Arshavin capped a satisfying night for the Arsenal faithful.", "Arsenal's final game of September came in the form of a visit from table-topping Chelsea side to the Emirates Stadium.", "Despite Gervinho's strike late in the first half, goals from Fernando Torres and Juan Mata, both from set plays, on either side of the half way mark, highlighted the club's underlying defensive frailties, in an unconvincing display from the Gunners.", "Arsenal began October with a 3–1 Premier League win against West Ham United at the Boleyn Ground.", "After conceding an early goal from Mohamed Diamé, Arsenal netted late twice, including Olivier Giroud's first Premier League goal.", "Following an international break, Arsenal travelled to Carrow Road to face third-bottom Norwich City, and lost 1–0 through a 20-minute Grant Holt goal after a Vito Mannone spill, in an unconvincing display from the Gunners.", "Their poor form continued in a Champions League clash with Schalke 04, conceding twice in a 2–0 loss (their first at the Emirates in a European group stage match), putting Arsenal second in Group B with three games to play.", "Arsenal then produced a respectable performance in their next match against a struggling Queens Park Rangers in the Premier League, thanks to another late goal, this time from Mikel Arteta, following Stéphane Mbia's red card dismissal.", "Their final game of October was an away League Cup fourth-round tie against Reading, where after having fallen to a four-goal deficit after 37 minutes, goals from Theo Walcott (twice), Olivier Giroud and Laurent Koscielny managed to equalise the match to 4–4 after 90 minutes (despite a controversial 90+6th-minute equaliser, when only four minutes of added time was indicated).", "Theo Walcott and Marouane Chamakh (twice) then netted in extra time, with Pavel Pogrebnyak scoring an additional goal for Reading, completing one of football's most inspiring comebacks, as well as one of the most remarkable matches in League Cup history (as well as the highest scoring), to a final score of 7–5 to Arsenal, who have never lost to a Reading side in all ten occasions that the teams have met.", "Arsenal became the first side to have scored over six goals in two consecutive League Cup matches in this record breaking and inspiring display.", "They were drawn against League Two Bradford City in the quarter-finals and entered November on a high.", "Arsenal's November started as poorly as September had ended and October had started, and despite a tough test against Manchester United, an unlikely three points for the Gunners did not materialise in a lacklustre performance that only brought about two shots on target, including a late consolation by Santi Cazorla, and a disappointing 2–1 loss at Old Trafford.", "Arsenal extended their losing streak at Old Trafford to six seasons, in a performance that left Arsenal sixth in the Premier League table, nine points off the top.", "Arsenal, frustratingly for everyone connected with the club, showed another stuttering performance against table-topping Schalke 04 in the Champions League.", "They created a 2–0 lead inside 26 minutes with goals against the run of play, from Theo Walcott (following a mix-up in defence) and Giroud, however, Schalke deservedly pegged Arsenal back with goals either side of half time, from Dutch striker Klaas-Jan Huntelaar and Peruvian Jefferson Farfán, as the Gunners left Gelsenkirchen with a point.", "The result, which Walcott said Arsenal would have taken before the game, left Arsenal a point and a place behind Schalke, in a widely open group.", "Four days later, Arsenal surrendered another two-goal lead, this time created by Lukas Podolski and Giroud, into a 3–2 deficit following a brace (including a penalty conceded by Arteta) for Dimitar Berbatov and a header from Alexander Kačaniklić for Fulham.", "Giroud scored in the 69th minute to level the game at 3–3, thus making the game the first time he scored in consecutive games, and two goals in one single game, but the Gunners were denied late on after Mark Schwarzer saved a penalty from Arteta which would have given Arsenal a 4–3 lead in the 90+5th minute.", "The draw meant Arsenal had won only one of the previous six Premier League and Champions League games (L,L,W,L,D,D), which piled more pressure on Arsène Wenger.", "With an uncanny resemblance to last season, Arsenal entered their first North London derby against Tottenham Hotspur on the back of a poor run of results, while still managing coming out as 5–2 winners against their bitter rivals, who were once again down to ten men.", "Inside the first 20 minutes, former Gunner Emmanuel Adebayor went from \"hero to zero\" as he gave Spurs an early lead before getting sent off nine minutes later.", "This allowed the Gunners a route back into the game, which eventually came from the unlikely source of Per Mertesacker with his first goal for the club inside 25 minutes.", "Arsenal then finished the half strongly with goals from Podolski and Giroud to give them a 3–1 lead.", "In the second half, Arsenal soaked up some early pressure from Spurs before Cazorla scored when the team were on a magnificent break.", "Despite Gareth Bale's goal in the 71st minute, Arsenal made their man-advantage count, as Walcott completed the rout three minutes from the end.", "In Arsenal's fifth game of the month, they faced a Montpellier side in poor form, and in a far less entertaining game than the last, Arsenal came out as solid 2–0 winners, with a clean sheet.", "Two sublime finishes from Jack Wilshere, his first in 725 days, and Podolski, a left-foot volley reminiscent of former captain Van Persie, allowed Arsenal to secure qualification to the knockout stage of the competition, with only the top two places to be settled on the last matchday between the Gunners and Schalke.\nArsenal returned to poor form in their next match however, as they played out a dull 0–0 draw with relegation-threatened Aston Villa, meaning the Gunners lost ground yet again on the top four sides.", "Yet again, Arsenal played out an uninspiring draw against fellow Champions League-chasers Everton.", "The game started well for the Gunners, as Walcott scored inside 52 seconds at Goodison Park, but Marouane Fellaini equalised just before the half-hour mark to level the score at 1–1, and so it stayed until the end, as Arsenal finished November in seventh place in the Premier League table.", "Arsenal started December losing 0–2 to aSwansea City side under Michael Laudrup, with two goals scored by Michu for Swansea late on, in what the BBC called \"Arsenal's worst start to a season under Arsene Wenger\".", "Next up was a Champions League visit to Olympiacos.", "Consecutive losses were on the cards for Arsenal, as they named a weakened 18-man squad ahead of vital Premier League games for the club.", "Despite taking a 38th-minute lead with a low drive from Tomáš Rosický, Arsenal surrendered yet another lead with two goals in under 10 minutes from Ioannis Maniatis and Konstantinos Mitroglou to give Olympiacos a 2–1 win.", "Had Arsenal won the game, they would have gone top of the table, as Montpellier managed a draw against Schalke 04, but instead they finished second, setting up a tough test against Bayern Munich in the last-16.\nArsenal's fortunes turned however, in their next match against high-flying West Bromwich Albion, where a controversial penalty for a perceived dive from Cazorla gifted Arsenal the lead, when it was put down the centre of the goal by Arteta on 26 minutes.", "Arsenal then doubled their lead, this time on a blatant foul on Oxlade-Chamberlain, with another penalty from Arteta to finish the game 2–0 in Arsenal's favour.", "It was the Gunners first win in four Premier League games, and it lifted the team up to seventh in the table.", "Spirits dropped yet again, however, as a near full-strength Arsenal squad humiliatingly crashed out to League Two side Bradford City in the League Cup, 3–2 on penalties, following an 88th-minute equaliser by Thomas Vermaelen, who incidentally missed the final penalty.", "This left Arsenal with interests in three competitions.", "Arsenal then entered the Christmas period with a Monday night fixture against then-bottom Reading.", "The match ended in a familiar scoreline that lifted the Arsenal fans; 5–2.", "Cazorla scored his first hat-trick for the club, and also provided an assist for Walcott's goal, and the fifth of the match; Lukas Podolski opened the scoring inside 15 minutes.", "Arsenal continued their revival with a solid victory over Wigan Athletic with the Gunners recording three consecutive wins for the first time since March last season.", "An Arteta penalty in the 60th minute gave Arsenal a 1–0 win and raised the team to fourth in the table.", "Arsenal have a larger break than other teams in the Premier League however, as the West Ham game was postponed due to a tube strike in the London Underground.", "Arsenal returned to action in style on 29 December against Newcastle by emphatically beating the Tyneside team 7–3.", "Arsenal were never behind in the game, but were pegged-back three times by two goals from Demba Ba and one from Sylvain Marveaux following goals from Podolski, Oxlade-Chamberlain and Walcott.", "However, following another two goals from Walcott (to complete his hat-trick), and a brace from substitute Giroud, Arsenal rounded off an impressive display to give confidence to the fans ahead of the crucial month January.", "Arsenal started 2013 in disappointing fashion with a result that Wenger called \"undeserved\": a 1–1 draw against Southampton.", "Arsenal were gifted their goal with an own goal from Guly do Prado (Arsenal's third of the season, with the previous two also coming against Southampton), after Gastón Ramírez opened the scoring for the Saints.", "The result was the last of a four-game winning streak ahead of a tough couple of matches against Premier League champions Manchester City, and European champions Chelsea.", "Arsenal completed their first transfer business of the January transfer window, with the loan of Moroccan striker Marouane Chamakh to West Ham on 4 January 2013.", "Another loan was announced a day later as Swiss centre-back Johan Djourou joined Hannover 96.", "Both players had yet to feature in the Premier League this season for the Gunners, and both deals were for the rest of the season.", "Arsenal started their FA Cup run against Swansea in the third round, and following an uneventful first half, the second half sprung into life as both teams scored late on (Podolski and Gibbs for the Gunners, and Danny Graham for Swansea) after Michu opened the scoring in the 58th minute.", "The final score of 2–2 meant both teams would play a replay.", "A week later, Arsenal slumped to a controversial yet disappointing loss to the champions Manchester City as Koscielny was sent off in the ninth minute after fouling Edin Džeko in the penalty area.", "Despite missing the resulting penalty, Džeko and James Milner gave City a comfortable 2–0 victory.", "Vincent Kompany was sent off late in the game leaving both teams with ten players.", "The stadium rang out in a chorus of jeering at the final whistle, aimed at both the Gunners and the referee.", "Arsenal turned their fortunes, however, as they progressed 1–0 winners against Swansea City into the FA Cup fourth round.", "Jack Wilshere buried a shot from outside the penalty area to keep Arsenal's trophy hopes alive.", "Arsenal fans soon had further encouragement as striker Theo Walcott signed a new contract with the club, for an undisclosed length of time.", "Arsène Wenger said he was \"delighted\" to secure the contract of a \"strong player and also a great person\".", "Soon after, Arsenal were subjected to a second consecutive Premier League loss against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge.", "Another poor start resulted in two goals conceded, which was a similar situation as their previous league defeat.", "Despite Walcott managing to pull one goal back in the second half, the game eventually ended 2–1, leaving Arsenal's hope of finishing in the top four in serious doubt.", "Some doubt was erased only three days later, as four goals in ten early second-half minutes meant Arsenal romped to a 5–1 victory over West Ham in the rescheduled match, originally to have been played on Boxing Day.", "Two goals from Giroud, and one each from Walcott, Podolski and Cazorla left the Gunners just four points off their north London rivals Tottenham in fourth.", "Arsenal then progressed into the fifth round of the FA Cup in another thriller three days later, with a 3–2 victory over Brighton & Hove Albion in the Falmer Stadium.", "Giroud scored yet another brace, and Walcott scored once to increase his goal tally to 17 for the season, as Arsenal set up a tie against Championship side Blackburn Rovers in the next round.", "Back in the Premier League, Arsenal continued their increasingly frustrating habit of starting games slowly, going 2–0 behind against Liverpool inside an hour thanks to goals from Luis Suárez and Jordan Henderson.", "However, two goals in quick succession from in-form strikers Giroud and Walcott battled Arsenal back to a 2–2 draw.", "Giroud spurned a late chance to collect a hat-trick of braces and win the game for the Gunners.", "Following an injury picked up by Kieran Gibbs in that game, Arsenal rushed to complete a late signing of Spanish international left-back Nacho Monreal from Málaga on deadline day, for an undisclosed contract length and fee (thought to be around £8.5 million), though disappointed Gunners fans by not making a move for linked Barcelona striker David Villa.", "Arsenal started February solidly, with a commanding yet disciplined performance against Stoke.", "A deflected free kick from Lukas Podolski late in the game and a brilliant display from debutant Monreal left the Gunners in a promising position as teams around them dropped points.", "For the first time in six attempts, Arsenal climbed the table to fifth with a 1–0 win over Sunderland.", "Arsenal had plenty of chances throughout the first half and parts of the second, and Sunderland had the chance to equalise in the second-half, but it was Cazorla's ninth goal of the season that was the difference of the two teams.", "Shortly thereafter, Arsenal announced the loan departure of left-back André Santos to Brazilian club Grêmio until the end of the season.", "This came after the signing of Spanish international Monreal pushed Santos further down the pecking order.", "With an upcoming fixture in the Champions League, it was believed that Vermaelen or Gibbs would have to return to play left-back.", "Despite the strong start to the month, Arsenal crashed out of the FA Cup with a disappointing 1–0 loss to Championship club Blackburn Rovers.", "Although their opponents only had three shots on target, Arsenal rued not putting their chances away throughout the game, and left themselves with little hope of ending their trophy drought this season.", "Three days later, Arsenal resumed their Champions League campaign with a Round of 16 clash against Bayern Munich.", "In the first leg of a very challenging tie at the Emirates, they slumped to a 3–1 first-leg defeat, with Podolski scoring against his old club to give Arsenal a slight chance (albeit needing three goals at the Allianz Arena) in the second leg.", "Toni Kroos, Thomas Müller and Mario Mandžukić scored for Bayern.", "Needing to lift the fans, Arsenal played relegation-threatened Aston Villa in sight of a third-straight win in the Premier League.", "Arsenal did so with a brace from Santi Cazorla either side of an Andreas Weimann equaliser to stay four points adrift of North-London rivals Tottenham, who they played the following Sunday.", "However, the North London derby ended in bitter disappointment for the \"red side of North London\" as Tottenham ran out 2–1 following two goals in quick succession from Gareth Bale and Aaron Lennon late in the first-half, one of which being eventually cancelled out by Mertesacker's second goal for the club (both were against Tottenham this season).", "Arsenal then had a 10-day wait before their return leg in the Champions League, due to Everton's participation in the FA Cup.", "Though many resigned the Gunners to defeat, Arsenal had a valiant attempt to knock out their German opponents by winning 2–0 on the night (with a goal inside the first three minutes from Giroud and a goal in the last three minutes of the game from Laurent Koscielny), crashing out on away goals.", "However, they were the first team to defeat Bayern Munich at the Allianz Arena this season and the first team not to concede against Bayern all season, giving huge confidence to the team both defensively and offensively in the final ten \"cup-finals\" of the Premier League season.", "Arsenal stepped up once again to Wenger's rallying calls, as Arsenal recorded a second consecutive 2–0 victory in a tough encounter at the Liberty Stadium against Swansea.", "Goals in the second half from Nacho Monreal – his first for the club – and Gervinho kept Arsenal's top-four hopes alive.", "Arsenal's next match was after the international break, against a struggling Reading side who Arsenal had already scored 12 goals in two matches against this season (in all competitions).", "Arsenal made it 12 wins in all 12 games against Reading as goals from Gervinho, Cazorla, Giroud and Arteta ensured the Gunners ran out 4–1 winners (with Hal Robson-Kanu pulling one back for the Royals) and kept up their chase for the top four.", "Along with news that Jack Wilshere and Theo Walcott were to return from injury soon, Arsenal fans were given more to cheer about as a spirited performance following Metersacker's sending off against West Brom lifted the Gunners temporarily up to fourth in the table.", "Two goals from Tomáš Rosický put Arsenal in a commanding position but a penalty scored by James Morrison on 71 minutes made for a nervy end as Arsenal eventually ran out 2–1 winners at The Hawthorns.", "Arsenal then started a period of three games in a week against Norwich, as a spirited comeback in the last seven minutes of the match ensured Arsenal went third in the Premier League table.", "Michael Turner opened the scoring for Norwich from a set piece but a trio of goals (including a controversial penalty) was scored by Arteta, Giroud and Podolski, as the Gunners ran out 3–1 winners.", "Their next match was against fellow Champions League-chasers Everton, and after early Everton pressure Arsenal settled into the match, but was ultimately unable to score for the first time in 12 games, in a match that ended 0–0.", "The Gunners resumed their top four fight in a derby against Fulham that saw two men sent off (Steve Sidwell for Fulham and Giroud for Arsenal, who later lost his appeal for it to be rescinded) and an unlikely scorer in Per Mertesacker, as Arsenal won 1–0.", "Following a guard of honour to the newly crowned champions, Arsenal faced a Manchester United side with former captain Robin van Persie in tow.", "Theo Walcott scored early as Arsenal showed early signs of brilliance, but the goal was later cancelled out by a penalty, conceded by Sagna, from Van Persie.", "The match ended 1–1.", "Arsenal entered a crucial period of the season with a game against newly relegated Queens Park Rangers, as Tottenham and Chelsea would play their game in hand against each other, leaving a straight battle to the top four Champions League qualification spots.", "Walcott again got the Gunners off to the perfect start with the fastest goal in the Premier League season so far, as well as the 12th fastest goal in Premier League history, after he put the Gunners ahead after 20 seconds.", "The game petered out, however, but it increased Arsenal's unbeaten run to 8 games, as the Gunners ran out 1–0 winners.", "Arsenal had a ten-day before their final home game of the season against newly crowned FA Cup winners Wigan in what proved to be a crucial game at both ends of the Premier League table.", "The game was won 4–1 by the Gunners, after goals from Podolski (2), Walcott and Aaron Ramsey cancelled out Shaun Maloney's free-kick strike.", "Wigan were subsequently relegated after an eight-year stay in the Premier League, whilst Arsenal left their top four faith in their own hands by staying one point above rivals Tottenham.", "Although the result also presented an opportunity for an unprecedented \"third place play-off\", this was not needed following a Chelsea win over Everton, however Arsenal secured fourth spot as a 1–0 win over Newcastle (scored by Laurent Koscielny) meant Arsenal finished the season on 73 points, three more than the previous season and one more above rivals Tottenham.", "Arsenal thus qualified for the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League.", "Following the season's completion, Arsenal revealed their top four players of the season as voted for by Arsenal Football Club members.", "In fourth place came the Spaniard Mikel Arteta for his consistent performances in the middle of midfield (which included recording the second highest number of passes in the campaign: 2750 at a 92% success rate) with 5% of the votes.", "In third came Arsenal's top scorer Theo Walcott, whose tally of 21 goals in all competitions bettered that of any of his previous seasons at the club.", "He also held the feat of most assists of the campaign in an Arsenal shirt, as he deservedly claimed 12.7% of the votes.", "In second place came Laurent Koscielny after taking over from captain Thomas Vermaelen as a main-stay in the heart of Arsenal's defence.", "A number of assured performances that included conceded only 5 goals in the final 10 games of the season handed the French defender 13.5% of all the votes.", "Lastly, Arsenal's Player of Season award went to Spaniard Santi Cazorla, who Arsène Wenger described as \"the perfect footballer\".", "With 12 goals and 14 assists, Cazorla announced his arrival in English football with a bang, as he ran away with 55.7% of the votes in the club poll.", "Overall, the Gunners had a reasonably successful Premier League campaign, although they failed to end the trophy drought.", "At season's end, Arsène Wenger promised to make some big signings and spend to get world-class players to help them challenge for trophies in the following seasons.", "Total spending: Undisclosed", "Total income: Undisclosed", "Undisclosed", "Undisclosed", "Undisclosed", "Supplier:", "Nike / Sponsor: Fly Emirates", "Nike released a new set of home, away and goalkeeper kits for the 2012–13 season.", "The club reverted to their traditional crest, after using an anniversary crest last season.", "\"[R]\" – Reserve team player\n\"[L]\" – Out on loan\n\"[S]\" – Sold" ]

[ 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72 ]

[ "The League Cup however was out of their reach, and despite an entertaining cup run, which included 13 goals scored in two games, Arsenal lost to fourth-division Bradford City in the quarter-finals on penalties.", "The highest scoring game in their season was the famous 7–5 win in the League Cup (after extra time), where they came back from 4 goals down to beat Reading.", "Arsenal's highest scoring league win was the 7–3 win against Newcastle United in December; this was also their joint highest-scoring Premier League game of all time." ]

[ "Arsenal's pre-season transfers started as early as 30 April 2012, when Arsenal announced they were going to sign German international Lukas Podolski from 1.", "FC Köln for an undisclosed fee, thought to be around £10.9 million.", "Podolski officially joined Arsenal when the summer transfer window opened on 1 July.", "Podolski became the second German player to join the club in the space of a year, following the arrival of Per Mertesacker from Werder Bremen last summer, whom Podolski himself stated, played a big part in the transfer after talking about life at the Emirates.", "As well as early transfer news", ", Arsenal had early staff news, whereby, after 48 years of being associated with Arsenal, assistant manager Pat Rice retired at the end of the previous season.", "He was replaced on the same day by academy team manager, Steve Bould.", "Pat Rice played a big role at Arsenal, and was highly praised following his retirement by both the players and by manager Arsène Wenger.", "Arsenal's pre-season schedule saw them take part in the second Markus Liebherr Cup (in memory of the former Southampton owner Markus Liebherr), hosted by Southampton in two 45-minute matches against what was originally Scottish club Rangers, but was later confirmed to be Anderlecht due to the financial troubles faced by Rangers, and the hosts themselves.", "The competition was held on 14 July 2012 as a round-robin system with Arsenal winning their first match 1–0 thanks to a close-range finish by Henri Lansbury, and despite losing 5–4 on penalties to Southampton (following a Gervinho 35th-minute equaliser to Jay Rodriguez's 31st-minute opener in regulation time), they had still accumulated enough points to win the cup.", "Arsenal then travelled to the Far East, in a tour similar to that they embarked upon before their 2011–12 season.", "Arsenal started their tour by travelling to Malaysia to play a Malaysia League XI in Kuala Lumpur.", "After an open-training session (which was attended by 30,000 fans in the previous season), Arsenal scored two late goals from German youngster Thomas Eisfeld and fellow reserve team player Chuks Aneke following Azmi Muslim's opener to win the match 2–1.", "From there, they travelled to China to play fellow Premier League team Manchester City in Beijing in the inaugural China Cup.", "With extra significance due to the 2012 Summer Olympics, the match was held at the 2008 Olympic Stadium, and similar to the Malaysia tour, Arsenal attempted to get closer to their Chinese fans.", "Arsenal ultimately lost 0–2, with two goals in the last five minutes of the first half by Pablo Zabaleta and Yaya Touré to lose the China Cup.", "Arsenal then travelled to Hong Kong to play Kitchee, champions of their national league.", "The game gave the club's huge fan base in Hong Kong the opportunity to see Arsenal play live in an entertaining encounter that ended 2–2 after 90 minutes after Eisfeld equalised late on (which should have led to a penalty shootout, but it was later scrapped).", "Arsenal played in Hong Kong for the first time in 17 years, addressing their growing commitment to Asia.", "They were then going to travel to Nigeria to play the Nigeria national team in their first visit to Africa since visiting South Africa in 1993, however this was later postponed till summer 2013 based on concerns with the host city.", "Instead, the club sent three first-team players (Bacary Sagna, Mertesacker and new signing Podolski) on 28 July 2012 to engage with supporters in the region.", "The last stop on Arsenal's pre-season schedule saw a repeat of last season's pre-season fixture against 1.", "FC Köln, resulting in an immediate goal-scoring return for new signing Lukas Podolski to his previous home ground.", "The fixture, which was scheduled six days before the start of the Premier League season, featured the likes of new signings Podolski, Olivier Giroud and Santi Cazorla in a commanding 4–0 win with an early opener from Thomas Vermaelen, a penalty and a close range strike from Podolski in the first half, and a finish from an acute angle from Gervinho in the second half to complete the rout.", "As the 2012 Olympics were being held in London, it was announced that Arsenal would not host the Emirates Cup tournament as part of their usual pre-season schedule, citing unnecessary increased pressure on London's infrastructure.", "However, Arsenal chief executive Ivan Gazidis stated that the Emirates Cup would be hosted by Arsenal in 2013, with a host of \"top\" clubs being lined up already.", "As the previous season drew to a close, Arsenal announced the release of seven players on 22 May 2012, five of whom played professionally for Arsenal, including Manuel Almunia, who made 175 first-team appearances for the club (including the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final), and Gavin Hoyte who was the only other released player to receive a first-team cap (against Manchester City on 22 November 2009).", "Soon afterwards Arsenal announced their progress on the staffing situation at the Emirates, and despite Steve Bould already being announced as the new assistant manager, the Club officially announced that Bould had indeed been promoted, Neil Banfield would be promoted to being first-team coach, after managing the Arsenal reserve team for the past eight seasons, and that Terry Burton would become the reserve-team manager.", "On 8 June 2012, Arsenal continued their transfer activity with the sale of Oğuzhan Özyakup to Turkish club Beşiktaş.", "Although it is undisclosed by Arsenal, Beşiktaş confirmed that a four-year contract had been agreed with Özyakup and a fee of around £405,000 agreed with Arsenal for the 19-year-old midfielder.", "Arsenal then announced their second \"big\" transfer of the summer transfer window, with the signing of French striker Olivier Giroud from Montpellier for a reported fee of £12.8 million.", "Giroud was top scorer in the French league last season and Arsène Wenger stated that he expects him to flourish.", "He was primarily signed as a backup (rather than a replacement) to golden boot winner Robin van Persie, in a bid to challenge this season's Premier League title and win the club's first trophy for seven years.", "On 4 July 2012, however, a transfer saga, similar to the ones of Cesc Fàbregas and Samir Nasri last summer, took a big step as club captain and player-of-the-season Van Persie revealed that he would not renew his Arsenal contract, and would therefore become a free agent at the end of the current season, signalling the end of an eight-year career at the club following his move from Feyenoord in 2004.", "This eventually led to the confession that Giroud had actually been signed as a replacement for the Dutch talisman.", "Meanwhile, on 29 June, Arsenal announced that a further seven academy players had signed professional contracts.", "To signal the intent of reducing surplus players, Arsenal then announced that a £6 million agreement had been reached for the sale of Carlos Vela on 17 July 2012.", "Vela featured 62 times for Arsenal, scoring 11 goals, and he was the first member of the first-team squad to be sold in the summer transfer window.", "A week later Arsenal announced that defender Laurent Koscielny had signed a new long-term contract after a series of consistent appearances in the first-team last season.", "Throughout the summer transfer window, manager Arsène Wenger had promised the club's fans that a headline transfer would be made, so to compete for the title, and this materialised on 7 August, when Spanish midfielder Santi Cazorla signed on a four-year contract for a reported transfer fee of £16.5 million, making him the most expensive player in the history of the club.", "With the sale of Van Persie being confirmed by the club for a fee thought to be around £24 million, on 17 August Arsenal revealed that Thomas Vermaelen had taken over the captaincy from the Dutchman, with Mikel Arteta being given the position of vice-captain.", "The Premier League fixture list was announced on 18 June 2012 and it gave Arsenal a home game against Sunderland to open the new season.", "Both matches last season produced a 2–1 win in Arsenal's favour, which promised an entertaining opening match for the club.", "Although Arsenal had the better of the chances, they played out a 0–0 draw with the north-eastern club.", "Shortly after, Arsenal announced that an agreement had been reached with Barcelona for the sale of Alex Song, and two days later, on 20 August 2012, Arsenal announced that he had indeed been sold.", "Meanwhile, in contrast to last season, Arsenal did not have any other commitments in August apart from competing in the Premier League, with no English contingent participating in the play-off round of the Champions League.", "This therefore allowed Arsenal ample time to prepare for their next test at the Britannia Stadium in their second game against Stoke City, however it ended as a second successive 0–0 draw, and although their previous defensive frailties were not present throughout August, a goalless month was a cause for concern.", "Arsenal had no disciplinary issues in their opening two games, which epitomised the controlled, albeit unexciting, start to the season.", "On a transfer deadline day that was dominated by the club's Premier League rivals, Arsenal only announced departures, as first team players Nicklas Bendtner and Park Chu-young departed on season-long loans, to Italian giants Juventus and La Liga club Celta de Vigo respectively.", "Despite manager Arsène Wenger stating that he is open to transfers before the window closes, Arsenal did not shadow the events of last season, in buying no players in the final week of the transfer window.", "Arsenal began a series a tough matches against Liverpool at Anfield, where the Gunners registered both their first goals and cards of the season.", "New signings Lukas Podolski and Santi Cazorla paired up for both goals, as Podolski finished low to the goalkeeper's left in the 31st minute, and Cazorla smashed a near post shot past goalkeeper Pepe Reina in the 68th minute to give Arsenal a commanding 2–0 win over Liverpool.", "Arsenal continued their unbeaten start with an emphatic victory over Southampton that rested fears over the Gunner's lack of scoring potential.", "A brace from Gervinho, goals from Podolski and Theo Walcott, and two own goals capped an almost perfect display, with the only error coming from goalkeeper Wojciech Szczęsny, as his spill gifted the visitors a goal, and dealt Arsenal their first defensive blip of the season, in a 6–1 thrashing.", "Away from the Premier League, Arsenal started their Champions League campaign with a group stage match against debutants Montpellier at the Stade de la Mosson.", "Dubbed as favourites, Arsenal did not begin the match in such commanding fashion, as a penalty, conceded by Thomas Vermaelen, was put away by Younès Belhanda in the ninth minute, but two goals in quick succession from Podolski and Gervinho meant Arsenal turned the game around to come out as 2–1 winners, a scoreline that reflected the quality of the two teams.", "Arsenal's tough month continued, with arguable the toughest test that awaited them in the entire season – an away tie at champions Manchester City.", "Despite the constant troubles that have come from zonal marking, Arsenal used this technique from set-pieces all throughout the game, which ultimately led to Joleon Lescott's 40th-minute header giving City the lead until Laurent Koscielny's 82nd-minute equaliser, giving Arsenal a deserved draw at the Etihad.", "The draw extended Arsenal's unbeaten run to five games and earned the team plaudits around the footballing world.", "Continuing with the packed fixture list, came another midweek tie against Coventry City in the League Cup.", "Arsenal fielded a team mixed with experience and young talent in a convincing 6–1 win over the League One outfit.", "Olivier Giroud opened his account for the club, with a clever finish over goalkeeper Murphy, and goals from youngsters Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain and Ignasi Miquel, a brace from Walcott, and an instinctive finish by Andrey Arshavin capped a satisfying night for the Arsenal faithful.", "Arsenal's final game of September came in the form of a visit from table-topping Chelsea side to the Emirates Stadium.", "Despite Gervinho's strike late in the first half, goals from Fernando Torres and Juan Mata, both from set plays, on either side of the half way mark, highlighted the club's underlying defensive frailties, in an unconvincing display from the Gunners.", "Arsenal began October with a 3–1 Premier League win against West Ham United at the Boleyn Ground.", "After conceding an early goal from Mohamed Diamé, Arsenal netted late twice, including Olivier Giroud's first Premier League goal.", "Following an international break, Arsenal travelled to Carrow Road to face third-bottom Norwich City, and lost 1–0 through a 20-minute Grant Holt goal after a Vito Mannone spill, in an unconvincing display from the Gunners.", "Their poor form continued in a Champions League clash with Schalke 04, conceding twice in a 2–0 loss (their first at the Emirates in a European group stage match), putting Arsenal second in Group B with three games to play.", "Arsenal then produced a respectable performance in their next match against a struggling Queens Park Rangers in the Premier League, thanks to another late goal, this time from Mikel Arteta, following Stéphane Mbia's red card dismissal.", "Their final game of October was an away League Cup fourth-round tie against Reading, where after having fallen to a four-goal deficit after 37 minutes, goals from Theo Walcott (twice), Olivier Giroud and Laurent Koscielny managed to equalise the match to 4–4 after 90 minutes (despite a controversial 90+6th-minute equaliser, when only four minutes of added time was indicated).", "Theo Walcott and Marouane Chamakh (twice) then netted in extra time, with Pavel Pogrebnyak scoring an additional goal for Reading, completing one of football's most inspiring comebacks, as well as one of the most remarkable matches in League Cup history (as well as the highest scoring), to a final score of 7–5 to Arsenal, who have never lost to a Reading side in all ten occasions that the teams have met.", "Arsenal became the first side to have scored over six goals in two consecutive League Cup matches in this record breaking and inspiring display.", "They were drawn against League Two Bradford City in the quarter-finals and entered November on a high.", "Arsenal's November started as poorly as September had ended and October had started, and despite a tough test against Manchester United, an unlikely three points for the Gunners did not materialise in a lacklustre performance that only brought about two shots on target, including a late consolation by Santi Cazorla, and a disappointing 2–1 loss at Old Trafford.", "Arsenal extended their losing streak at Old Trafford to six seasons, in a performance that left Arsenal sixth in the Premier League table, nine points off the top.", "Arsenal, frustratingly for everyone connected with the club, showed another stuttering performance against table-topping Schalke 04 in the Champions League.", "They created a 2–0 lead inside 26 minutes with goals against the run of play, from Theo Walcott (following a mix-up in defence) and Giroud, however, Schalke deservedly pegged Arsenal back with goals either side of half time, from Dutch striker Klaas-Jan Huntelaar and Peruvian Jefferson Farfán, as the Gunners left Gelsenkirchen with a point.", "The result, which Walcott said Arsenal would have taken before the game, left Arsenal a point and a place behind Schalke, in a widely open group.", "Four days later, Arsenal surrendered another two-goal lead, this time created by Lukas Podolski and Giroud, into a 3–2 deficit following a brace (including a penalty conceded by Arteta) for Dimitar Berbatov and a header from Alexander Kačaniklić for Fulham.", "Giroud scored in the 69th minute to level the game at 3–3, thus making the game the first time he scored in consecutive games, and two goals in one single game, but the Gunners were denied late on after Mark Schwarzer saved a penalty from Arteta which would have given Arsenal a 4–3 lead in the 90+5th minute.", "The draw meant Arsenal had won only one of the previous six Premier League and Champions League games (L,L,W,L,D,D), which piled more pressure on Arsène Wenger.", "With an uncanny resemblance to last season, Arsenal entered their first North London derby against Tottenham Hotspur on the back of a poor run of results, while still managing coming out as 5–2 winners against their bitter rivals, who were once again down to ten men.", "Inside the first 20 minutes, former Gunner Emmanuel Adebayor went from \"hero to zero\" as he gave Spurs an early lead before getting sent off nine minutes later.", "This allowed the Gunners a route back into the game, which eventually came from the unlikely source of Per Mertesacker with his first goal for the club inside 25 minutes.", "Arsenal then finished the half strongly with goals from Podolski and Giroud to give them a 3–1 lead.", "In the second half, Arsenal soaked up some early pressure from Spurs before Cazorla scored when the team were on a magnificent break.", "Despite Gareth Bale's goal in the 71st minute, Arsenal made their man-advantage count, as Walcott completed the rout three minutes from the end.", "In Arsenal's fifth game of the month, they faced a Montpellier side in poor form, and in a far less entertaining game than the last, Arsenal came out as solid 2–0 winners, with a clean sheet.", "Two sublime finishes from Jack Wilshere, his first in 725 days, and Podolski, a left-foot volley reminiscent of former captain Van Persie, allowed Arsenal to secure qualification to the knockout stage of the competition, with only the top two places to be settled on the last matchday between the Gunners and Schalke.\nArsenal returned to poor form in their next match however, as they played out a dull 0–0 draw with relegation-threatened Aston Villa, meaning the Gunners lost ground yet again on the top four sides.", "Yet again, Arsenal played out an uninspiring draw against fellow Champions League-chasers Everton.", "The game started well for the Gunners, as Walcott scored inside 52 seconds at Goodison Park, but Marouane Fellaini equalised just before the half-hour mark to level the score at 1–1, and so it stayed until the end, as Arsenal finished November in seventh place in the Premier League table.", "Arsenal started December losing 0–2 to aSwansea City side under Michael Laudrup, with two goals scored by Michu for Swansea late on, in what the BBC called \"Arsenal's worst start to a season under Arsene Wenger\".", "Next up was a Champions League visit to Olympiacos.", "Consecutive losses were on the cards for Arsenal, as they named a weakened 18-man squad ahead of vital Premier League games for the club.", "Despite taking a 38th-minute lead with a low drive from Tomáš Rosický, Arsenal surrendered yet another lead with two goals in under 10 minutes from Ioannis Maniatis and Konstantinos Mitroglou to give Olympiacos a 2–1 win.", "Had Arsenal won the game, they would have gone top of the table, as Montpellier managed a draw against Schalke 04, but instead they finished second, setting up a tough test against Bayern Munich in the last-16.\nArsenal's fortunes turned however, in their next match against high-flying West Bromwich Albion, where a controversial penalty for a perceived dive from Cazorla gifted Arsenal the lead, when it was put down the centre of the goal by Arteta on 26 minutes.", "Arsenal then doubled their lead, this time on a blatant foul on Oxlade-Chamberlain, with another penalty from Arteta to finish the game 2–0 in Arsenal's favour.", "It was the Gunners first win in four Premier League games, and it lifted the team up to seventh in the table.", "Spirits dropped yet again, however, as a near full-strength Arsenal squad humiliatingly crashed out to League Two side Bradford City in the League Cup, 3–2 on penalties, following an 88th-minute equaliser by Thomas Vermaelen, who incidentally missed the final penalty.", "This left Arsenal with interests in three competitions.", "Arsenal then entered the Christmas period with a Monday night fixture against then-bottom Reading.", "The match ended in a familiar scoreline that lifted the Arsenal fans; 5–2.", "Cazorla scored his first hat-trick for the club, and also provided an assist for Walcott's goal, and the fifth of the match; Lukas Podolski opened the scoring inside 15 minutes.", "Arsenal continued their revival with a solid victory over Wigan Athletic with the Gunners recording three consecutive wins for the first time since March last season.", "An Arteta penalty in the 60th minute gave Arsenal a 1–0 win and raised the team to fourth in the table.", "Arsenal have a larger break than other teams in the Premier League however, as the West Ham game was postponed due to a tube strike in the London Underground.", "Arsenal returned to action in style on 29 December against Newcastle by emphatically beating the Tyneside team 7–3.", "Arsenal were never behind in the game, but were pegged-back three times by two goals from Demba Ba and one from Sylvain Marveaux following goals from Podolski, Oxlade-Chamberlain and Walcott.", "However, following another two goals from Walcott (to complete his hat-trick), and a brace from substitute Giroud, Arsenal rounded off an impressive display to give confidence to the fans ahead of the crucial month January.", "Arsenal started 2013 in disappointing fashion with a result that Wenger called \"undeserved\": a 1–1 draw against Southampton.", "Arsenal were gifted their goal with an own goal from Guly do Prado (Arsenal's third of the season, with the previous two also coming against Southampton), after Gastón Ramírez opened the scoring for the Saints.", "The result was the last of a four-game winning streak ahead of a tough couple of matches against Premier League champions Manchester City, and European champions Chelsea.", "Arsenal completed their first transfer business of the January transfer window, with the loan of Moroccan striker Marouane Chamakh to West Ham on 4 January 2013.", "Another loan was announced a day later as Swiss centre-back Johan Djourou joined Hannover 96.", "Both players had yet to feature in the Premier League this season for the Gunners, and both deals were for the rest of the season.", "Arsenal started their FA Cup run against Swansea in the third round, and following an uneventful first half, the second half sprung into life as both teams scored late on (Podolski and Gibbs for the Gunners, and Danny Graham for Swansea) after Michu opened the scoring in the 58th minute.", "The final score of 2–2 meant both teams would play a replay.", "A week later, Arsenal slumped to a controversial yet disappointing loss to the champions Manchester City as Koscielny was sent off in the ninth minute after fouling Edin Džeko in the penalty area.", "Despite missing the resulting penalty, Džeko and James Milner gave City a comfortable 2–0 victory.", "Vincent Kompany was sent off late in the game leaving both teams with ten players.", "The stadium rang out in a chorus of jeering at the final whistle, aimed at both the Gunners and the referee.", "Arsenal turned their fortunes, however, as they progressed 1–0 winners against Swansea City into the FA Cup fourth round.", "Jack Wilshere buried a shot from outside the penalty area to keep Arsenal's trophy hopes alive.", "Arsenal fans soon had further encouragement as striker Theo Walcott signed a new contract with the club, for an undisclosed length of time.", "Arsène Wenger said he was \"delighted\" to secure the contract of a \"strong player and also a great person\".", "Soon after, Arsenal were subjected to a second consecutive Premier League loss against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge.", "Another poor start resulted in two goals conceded, which was a similar situation as their previous league defeat.", "Despite Walcott managing to pull one goal back in the second half, the game eventually ended 2–1, leaving Arsenal's hope of finishing in the top four in serious doubt.", "Some doubt was erased only three days later, as four goals in ten early second-half minutes meant Arsenal romped to a 5–1 victory over West Ham in the rescheduled match, originally to have been played on Boxing Day.", "Two goals from Giroud, and one each from Walcott, Podolski and Cazorla left the Gunners just four points off their north London rivals Tottenham in fourth.", "Arsenal then progressed into the fifth round of the FA Cup in another thriller three days later, with a 3–2 victory over Brighton & Hove Albion in the Falmer Stadium.", "Giroud scored yet another brace, and Walcott scored once to increase his goal tally to 17 for the season, as Arsenal set up a tie against Championship side Blackburn Rovers in the next round.", "Back in the Premier League, Arsenal continued their increasingly frustrating habit of starting games slowly, going 2–0 behind against Liverpool inside an hour thanks to goals from Luis Suárez and Jordan Henderson.", "However, two goals in quick succession from in-form strikers Giroud and Walcott battled Arsenal back to a 2–2 draw.", "Giroud spurned a late chance to collect a hat-trick of braces and win the game for the Gunners.", "Following an injury picked up by Kieran Gibbs in that game, Arsenal rushed to complete a late signing of Spanish international left-back Nacho Monreal from Málaga on deadline day, for an undisclosed contract length and fee (thought to be around £8.5 million), though disappointed Gunners fans by not making a move for linked Barcelona striker David Villa.", "Arsenal started February solidly, with a commanding yet disciplined performance against Stoke.", "A deflected free kick from Lukas Podolski late in the game and a brilliant display from debutant Monreal left the Gunners in a promising position as teams around them dropped points.", "For the first time in six attempts, Arsenal climbed the table to fifth with a 1–0 win over Sunderland.", "Arsenal had plenty of chances throughout the first half and parts of the second, and Sunderland had the chance to equalise in the second-half, but it was Cazorla's ninth goal of the season that was the difference of the two teams.", "Shortly thereafter, Arsenal announced the loan departure of left-back André Santos to Brazilian club Grêmio until the end of the season.", "This came after the signing of Spanish international Monreal pushed Santos further down the pecking order.", "With an upcoming fixture in the Champions League, it was believed that Vermaelen or Gibbs would have to return to play left-back.", "Despite the strong start to the month, Arsenal crashed out of the FA Cup with a disappointing 1–0 loss to Championship club Blackburn Rovers.", "Although their opponents only had three shots on target, Arsenal rued not putting their chances away throughout the game, and left themselves with little hope of ending their trophy drought this season.", "Three days later, Arsenal resumed their Champions League campaign with a Round of 16 clash against Bayern Munich.", "In the first leg of a very challenging tie at the Emirates, they slumped to a 3–1 first-leg defeat, with Podolski scoring against his old club to give Arsenal a slight chance (albeit needing three goals at the Allianz Arena) in the second leg.", "Toni Kroos, Thomas Müller and Mario Mandžukić scored for Bayern.", "Needing to lift the fans, Arsenal played relegation-threatened Aston Villa in sight of a third-straight win in the Premier League.", "Arsenal did so with a brace from Santi Cazorla either side of an Andreas Weimann equaliser to stay four points adrift of North-London rivals Tottenham, who they played the following Sunday.", "However, the North London derby ended in bitter disappointment for the \"red side of North London\" as Tottenham ran out 2–1 following two goals in quick succession from Gareth Bale and Aaron Lennon late in the first-half, one of which being eventually cancelled out by Mertesacker's second goal for the club (both were against Tottenham this season).", "Arsenal then had a 10-day wait before their return leg in the Champions League, due to Everton's participation in the FA Cup.", "Though many resigned the Gunners to defeat, Arsenal had a valiant attempt to knock out their German opponents by winning 2–0 on the night (with a goal inside the first three minutes from Giroud and a goal in the last three minutes of the game from Laurent Koscielny), crashing out on away goals.", "However, they were the first team to defeat Bayern Munich at the Allianz Arena this season and the first team not to concede against Bayern all season, giving huge confidence to the team both defensively and offensively in the final ten \"cup-finals\" of the Premier League season.", "Arsenal stepped up once again to Wenger's rallying calls, as Arsenal recorded a second consecutive 2–0 victory in a tough encounter at the Liberty Stadium against Swansea.", "Goals in the second half from Nacho Monreal – his first for the club – and Gervinho kept Arsenal's top-four hopes alive.", "Arsenal's next match was after the international break, against a struggling Reading side who Arsenal had already scored 12 goals in two matches against this season (in all competitions).", "Arsenal made it 12 wins in all 12 games against Reading as goals from Gervinho, Cazorla, Giroud and Arteta ensured the Gunners ran out 4–1 winners (with Hal Robson-Kanu pulling one back for the Royals) and kept up their chase for the top four.", "Along with news that Jack Wilshere and Theo Walcott were to return from injury soon, Arsenal fans were given more to cheer about as a spirited performance following Metersacker's sending off against West Brom lifted the Gunners temporarily up to fourth in the table.", "Two goals from Tomáš Rosický put Arsenal in a commanding position but a penalty scored by James Morrison on 71 minutes made for a nervy end as Arsenal eventually ran out 2–1 winners at The Hawthorns.", "Arsenal then started a period of three games in a week against Norwich, as a spirited comeback in the last seven minutes of the match ensured Arsenal went third in the Premier League table.", "Michael Turner opened the scoring for Norwich from a set piece but a trio of goals (including a controversial penalty) was scored by Arteta, Giroud and Podolski, as the Gunners ran out 3–1 winners.", "Their next match was against fellow Champions League-chasers Everton, and after early Everton pressure Arsenal settled into the match, but was ultimately unable to score for the first time in 12 games, in a match that ended 0–0.", "The Gunners resumed their top four fight in a derby against Fulham that saw two men sent off (Steve Sidwell for Fulham and Giroud for Arsenal, who later lost his appeal for it to be rescinded) and an unlikely scorer in Per Mertesacker, as Arsenal won 1–0.", "Following a guard of honour to the newly crowned champions, Arsenal faced a Manchester United side with former captain Robin van Persie in tow.", "Theo Walcott scored early as Arsenal showed early signs of brilliance, but the goal was later cancelled out by a penalty, conceded by Sagna, from Van Persie.", "The match ended 1–1.", "Arsenal entered a crucial period of the season with a game against newly relegated Queens Park Rangers, as Tottenham and Chelsea would play their game in hand against each other, leaving a straight battle to the top four Champions League qualification spots.", "Walcott again got the Gunners off to the perfect start with the fastest goal in the Premier League season so far, as well as the 12th fastest goal in Premier League history, after he put the Gunners ahead after 20 seconds.", "The game petered out, however, but it increased Arsenal's unbeaten run to 8 games, as the Gunners ran out 1–0 winners.", "Arsenal had a ten-day before their final home game of the season against newly crowned FA Cup winners Wigan in what proved to be a crucial game at both ends of the Premier League table.", "The game was won 4–1 by the Gunners, after goals from Podolski (2), Walcott and Aaron Ramsey cancelled out Shaun Maloney's free-kick strike.", "Wigan were subsequently relegated after an eight-year stay in the Premier League, whilst Arsenal left their top four faith in their own hands by staying one point above rivals Tottenham.", "Although the result also presented an opportunity for an unprecedented \"third place play-off\", this was not needed following a Chelsea win over Everton, however Arsenal secured fourth spot as a 1–0 win over Newcastle (scored by Laurent Koscielny) meant Arsenal finished the season on 73 points, three more than the previous season and one more above rivals Tottenham.", "Arsenal thus qualified for the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League.", "Following the season's completion, Arsenal revealed their top four players of the season as voted for by Arsenal Football Club members.", "In fourth place came the Spaniard Mikel Arteta for his consistent performances in the middle of midfield (which included recording the second highest number of passes in the campaign: 2750 at a 92% success rate) with 5% of the votes.", "In third came Arsenal's top scorer Theo Walcott, whose tally of 21 goals in all competitions bettered that of any of his previous seasons at the club.", "He also held the feat of most assists of the campaign in an Arsenal shirt, as he deservedly claimed 12.7% of the votes.", "In second place came Laurent Koscielny after taking over from captain Thomas Vermaelen as a main-stay in the heart of Arsenal's defence.", "A number of assured performances that included conceded only 5 goals in the final 10 games of the season handed the French defender 13.5% of all the votes.", "Lastly, Arsenal's Player of Season award went to Spaniard Santi Cazorla, who Arsène Wenger described as \"the perfect footballer\".", "With 12 goals and 14 assists, Cazorla announced his arrival in English football with a bang, as he ran away with 55.7% of the votes in the club poll.", "Overall, the Gunners had a reasonably successful Premier League campaign, although they failed to end the trophy drought.", "At season's end, Arsène Wenger promised to make some big signings and spend to get world-class players to help them challenge for trophies in the following seasons.", "Total spending: Undisclosed", "Total income: Undisclosed", "Undisclosed", "Undisclosed", "Undisclosed", "Supplier:", "Nike / Sponsor: Fly Emirates", "Nike released a new set of home, away and goalkeeper kits for the 2012–13 season.", "The club reverted to their traditional crest, after using an anniversary crest last season.", "\"[R]\" – Reserve team player\n\"[L]\" – Out on loan\n\"[S]\" – Sold" ]

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[ "In the FA Cup, Arsenal were knocked out by Championship side Blackburn Rovers in the fifth round." ]

[ "Arsenal's pre-season transfers started as early as 30 April 2012, when Arsenal announced they were going to sign German international Lukas Podolski from 1.", "FC Köln for an undisclosed fee, thought to be around £10.9 million.", "Podolski officially joined Arsenal when the summer transfer window opened on 1 July.", "Podolski became the second German player to join the club in the space of a year, following the arrival of Per Mertesacker from Werder Bremen last summer, whom Podolski himself stated, played a big part in the transfer after talking about life at the Emirates.", "As well as early transfer news", ", Arsenal had early staff news, whereby, after 48 years of being associated with Arsenal, assistant manager Pat Rice retired at the end of the previous season.", "He was replaced on the same day by academy team manager, Steve Bould.", "Pat Rice played a big role at Arsenal, and was highly praised following his retirement by both the players and by manager Arsène Wenger.", "Arsenal's pre-season schedule saw them take part in the second Markus Liebherr Cup (in memory of the former Southampton owner Markus Liebherr), hosted by Southampton in two 45-minute matches against what was originally Scottish club Rangers, but was later confirmed to be Anderlecht due to the financial troubles faced by Rangers, and the hosts themselves.", "The competition was held on 14 July 2012 as a round-robin system with Arsenal winning their first match 1–0 thanks to a close-range finish by Henri Lansbury, and despite losing 5–4 on penalties to Southampton (following a Gervinho 35th-minute equaliser to Jay Rodriguez's 31st-minute opener in regulation time), they had still accumulated enough points to win the cup.", "Arsenal then travelled to the Far East, in a tour similar to that they embarked upon before their 2011–12 season.", "Arsenal started their tour by travelling to Malaysia to play a Malaysia League XI in Kuala Lumpur.", "After an open-training session (which was attended by 30,000 fans in the previous season), Arsenal scored two late goals from German youngster Thomas Eisfeld and fellow reserve team player Chuks Aneke following Azmi Muslim's opener to win the match 2–1.", "From there, they travelled to China to play fellow Premier League team Manchester City in Beijing in the inaugural China Cup.", "With extra significance due to the 2012 Summer Olympics, the match was held at the 2008 Olympic Stadium, and similar to the Malaysia tour, Arsenal attempted to get closer to their Chinese fans.", "Arsenal ultimately lost 0–2, with two goals in the last five minutes of the first half by Pablo Zabaleta and Yaya Touré to lose the China Cup.", "Arsenal then travelled to Hong Kong to play Kitchee, champions of their national league.", "The game gave the club's huge fan base in Hong Kong the opportunity to see Arsenal play live in an entertaining encounter that ended 2–2 after 90 minutes after Eisfeld equalised late on (which should have led to a penalty shootout, but it was later scrapped).", "Arsenal played in Hong Kong for the first time in 17 years, addressing their growing commitment to Asia.", "They were then going to travel to Nigeria to play the Nigeria national team in their first visit to Africa since visiting South Africa in 1993, however this was later postponed till summer 2013 based on concerns with the host city.", "Instead, the club sent three first-team players (Bacary Sagna, Mertesacker and new signing Podolski) on 28 July 2012 to engage with supporters in the region.", "The last stop on Arsenal's pre-season schedule saw a repeat of last season's pre-season fixture against 1.", "FC Köln, resulting in an immediate goal-scoring return for new signing Lukas Podolski to his previous home ground.", "The fixture, which was scheduled six days before the start of the Premier League season, featured the likes of new signings Podolski, Olivier Giroud and Santi Cazorla in a commanding 4–0 win with an early opener from Thomas Vermaelen, a penalty and a close range strike from Podolski in the first half, and a finish from an acute angle from Gervinho in the second half to complete the rout.", "As the 2012 Olympics were being held in London, it was announced that Arsenal would not host the Emirates Cup tournament as part of their usual pre-season schedule, citing unnecessary increased pressure on London's infrastructure.", "However, Arsenal chief executive Ivan Gazidis stated that the Emirates Cup would be hosted by Arsenal in 2013, with a host of \"top\" clubs being lined up already.", "As the previous season drew to a close, Arsenal announced the release of seven players on 22 May 2012, five of whom played professionally for Arsenal, including Manuel Almunia, who made 175 first-team appearances for the club (including the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final), and Gavin Hoyte who was the only other released player to receive a first-team cap (against Manchester City on 22 November 2009).", "Soon afterwards Arsenal announced their progress on the staffing situation at the Emirates, and despite Steve Bould already being announced as the new assistant manager, the Club officially announced that Bould had indeed been promoted, Neil Banfield would be promoted to being first-team coach, after managing the Arsenal reserve team for the past eight seasons, and that Terry Burton would become the reserve-team manager.", "On 8 June 2012, Arsenal continued their transfer activity with the sale of Oğuzhan Özyakup to Turkish club Beşiktaş.", "Although it is undisclosed by Arsenal, Beşiktaş confirmed that a four-year contract had been agreed with Özyakup and a fee of around £405,000 agreed with Arsenal for the 19-year-old midfielder.", "Arsenal then announced their second \"big\" transfer of the summer transfer window, with the signing of French striker Olivier Giroud from Montpellier for a reported fee of £12.8 million.", "Giroud was top scorer in the French league last season and Arsène Wenger stated that he expects him to flourish.", "He was primarily signed as a backup (rather than a replacement) to golden boot winner Robin van Persie, in a bid to challenge this season's Premier League title and win the club's first trophy for seven years.", "On 4 July 2012, however, a transfer saga, similar to the ones of Cesc Fàbregas and Samir Nasri last summer, took a big step as club captain and player-of-the-season Van Persie revealed that he would not renew his Arsenal contract, and would therefore become a free agent at the end of the current season, signalling the end of an eight-year career at the club following his move from Feyenoord in 2004.", "This eventually led to the confession that Giroud had actually been signed as a replacement for the Dutch talisman.", "Meanwhile, on 29 June, Arsenal announced that a further seven academy players had signed professional contracts.", "To signal the intent of reducing surplus players, Arsenal then announced that a £6 million agreement had been reached for the sale of Carlos Vela on 17 July 2012.", "Vela featured 62 times for Arsenal, scoring 11 goals, and he was the first member of the first-team squad to be sold in the summer transfer window.", "A week later Arsenal announced that defender Laurent Koscielny had signed a new long-term contract after a series of consistent appearances in the first-team last season.", "Throughout the summer transfer window, manager Arsène Wenger had promised the club's fans that a headline transfer would be made, so to compete for the title, and this materialised on 7 August, when Spanish midfielder Santi Cazorla signed on a four-year contract for a reported transfer fee of £16.5 million, making him the most expensive player in the history of the club.", "With the sale of Van Persie being confirmed by the club for a fee thought to be around £24 million, on 17 August Arsenal revealed that Thomas Vermaelen had taken over the captaincy from the Dutchman, with Mikel Arteta being given the position of vice-captain.", "The Premier League fixture list was announced on 18 June 2012 and it gave Arsenal a home game against Sunderland to open the new season.", "Both matches last season produced a 2–1 win in Arsenal's favour, which promised an entertaining opening match for the club.", "Although Arsenal had the better of the chances, they played out a 0–0 draw with the north-eastern club.", "Shortly after, Arsenal announced that an agreement had been reached with Barcelona for the sale of Alex Song, and two days later, on 20 August 2012, Arsenal announced that he had indeed been sold.", "Meanwhile, in contrast to last season, Arsenal did not have any other commitments in August apart from competing in the Premier League, with no English contingent participating in the play-off round of the Champions League.", "This therefore allowed Arsenal ample time to prepare for their next test at the Britannia Stadium in their second game against Stoke City, however it ended as a second successive 0–0 draw, and although their previous defensive frailties were not present throughout August, a goalless month was a cause for concern.", "Arsenal had no disciplinary issues in their opening two games, which epitomised the controlled, albeit unexciting, start to the season.", "On a transfer deadline day that was dominated by the club's Premier League rivals, Arsenal only announced departures, as first team players Nicklas Bendtner and Park Chu-young departed on season-long loans, to Italian giants Juventus and La Liga club Celta de Vigo respectively.", "Despite manager Arsène Wenger stating that he is open to transfers before the window closes, Arsenal did not shadow the events of last season, in buying no players in the final week of the transfer window.", "Arsenal began a series a tough matches against Liverpool at Anfield, where the Gunners registered both their first goals and cards of the season.", "New signings Lukas Podolski and Santi Cazorla paired up for both goals, as Podolski finished low to the goalkeeper's left in the 31st minute, and Cazorla smashed a near post shot past goalkeeper Pepe Reina in the 68th minute to give Arsenal a commanding 2–0 win over Liverpool.", "Arsenal continued their unbeaten start with an emphatic victory over Southampton that rested fears over the Gunner's lack of scoring potential.", "A brace from Gervinho, goals from Podolski and Theo Walcott, and two own goals capped an almost perfect display, with the only error coming from goalkeeper Wojciech Szczęsny, as his spill gifted the visitors a goal, and dealt Arsenal their first defensive blip of the season, in a 6–1 thrashing.", "Away from the Premier League, Arsenal started their Champions League campaign with a group stage match against debutants Montpellier at the Stade de la Mosson.", "Dubbed as favourites, Arsenal did not begin the match in such commanding fashion, as a penalty, conceded by Thomas Vermaelen, was put away by Younès Belhanda in the ninth minute, but two goals in quick succession from Podolski and Gervinho meant Arsenal turned the game around to come out as 2–1 winners, a scoreline that reflected the quality of the two teams.", "Arsenal's tough month continued, with arguable the toughest test that awaited them in the entire season – an away tie at champions Manchester City.", "Despite the constant troubles that have come from zonal marking, Arsenal used this technique from set-pieces all throughout the game, which ultimately led to Joleon Lescott's 40th-minute header giving City the lead until Laurent Koscielny's 82nd-minute equaliser, giving Arsenal a deserved draw at the Etihad.", "The draw extended Arsenal's unbeaten run to five games and earned the team plaudits around the footballing world.", "Continuing with the packed fixture list, came another midweek tie against Coventry City in the League Cup.", "Arsenal fielded a team mixed with experience and young talent in a convincing 6–1 win over the League One outfit.", "Olivier Giroud opened his account for the club, with a clever finish over goalkeeper Murphy, and goals from youngsters Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain and Ignasi Miquel, a brace from Walcott, and an instinctive finish by Andrey Arshavin capped a satisfying night for the Arsenal faithful.", "Arsenal's final game of September came in the form of a visit from table-topping Chelsea side to the Emirates Stadium.", "Despite Gervinho's strike late in the first half, goals from Fernando Torres and Juan Mata, both from set plays, on either side of the half way mark, highlighted the club's underlying defensive frailties, in an unconvincing display from the Gunners.", "Arsenal began October with a 3–1 Premier League win against West Ham United at the Boleyn Ground.", "After conceding an early goal from Mohamed Diamé, Arsenal netted late twice, including Olivier Giroud's first Premier League goal.", "Following an international break, Arsenal travelled to Carrow Road to face third-bottom Norwich City, and lost 1–0 through a 20-minute Grant Holt goal after a Vito Mannone spill, in an unconvincing display from the Gunners.", "Their poor form continued in a Champions League clash with Schalke 04, conceding twice in a 2–0 loss (their first at the Emirates in a European group stage match), putting Arsenal second in Group B with three games to play.", "Arsenal then produced a respectable performance in their next match against a struggling Queens Park Rangers in the Premier League, thanks to another late goal, this time from Mikel Arteta, following Stéphane Mbia's red card dismissal.", "Their final game of October was an away League Cup fourth-round tie against Reading, where after having fallen to a four-goal deficit after 37 minutes, goals from Theo Walcott (twice), Olivier Giroud and Laurent Koscielny managed to equalise the match to 4–4 after 90 minutes (despite a controversial 90+6th-minute equaliser, when only four minutes of added time was indicated).", "Theo Walcott and Marouane Chamakh (twice) then netted in extra time, with Pavel Pogrebnyak scoring an additional goal for Reading, completing one of football's most inspiring comebacks, as well as one of the most remarkable matches in League Cup history (as well as the highest scoring), to a final score of 7–5 to Arsenal, who have never lost to a Reading side in all ten occasions that the teams have met.", "Arsenal became the first side to have scored over six goals in two consecutive League Cup matches in this record breaking and inspiring display.", "They were drawn against League Two Bradford City in the quarter-finals and entered November on a high.", "Arsenal's November started as poorly as September had ended and October had started, and despite a tough test against Manchester United, an unlikely three points for the Gunners did not materialise in a lacklustre performance that only brought about two shots on target, including a late consolation by Santi Cazorla, and a disappointing 2–1 loss at Old Trafford.", "Arsenal extended their losing streak at Old Trafford to six seasons, in a performance that left Arsenal sixth in the Premier League table, nine points off the top.", "Arsenal, frustratingly for everyone connected with the club, showed another stuttering performance against table-topping Schalke 04 in the Champions League.", "They created a 2–0 lead inside 26 minutes with goals against the run of play, from Theo Walcott (following a mix-up in defence) and Giroud, however, Schalke deservedly pegged Arsenal back with goals either side of half time, from Dutch striker Klaas-Jan Huntelaar and Peruvian Jefferson Farfán, as the Gunners left Gelsenkirchen with a point.", "The result, which Walcott said Arsenal would have taken before the game, left Arsenal a point and a place behind Schalke, in a widely open group.", "Four days later, Arsenal surrendered another two-goal lead, this time created by Lukas Podolski and Giroud, into a 3–2 deficit following a brace (including a penalty conceded by Arteta) for Dimitar Berbatov and a header from Alexander Kačaniklić for Fulham.", "Giroud scored in the 69th minute to level the game at 3–3, thus making the game the first time he scored in consecutive games, and two goals in one single game, but the Gunners were denied late on after Mark Schwarzer saved a penalty from Arteta which would have given Arsenal a 4–3 lead in the 90+5th minute.", "The draw meant Arsenal had won only one of the previous six Premier League and Champions League games (L,L,W,L,D,D), which piled more pressure on Arsène Wenger.", "With an uncanny resemblance to last season, Arsenal entered their first North London derby against Tottenham Hotspur on the back of a poor run of results, while still managing coming out as 5–2 winners against their bitter rivals, who were once again down to ten men.", "Inside the first 20 minutes, former Gunner Emmanuel Adebayor went from \"hero to zero\" as he gave Spurs an early lead before getting sent off nine minutes later.", "This allowed the Gunners a route back into the game, which eventually came from the unlikely source of Per Mertesacker with his first goal for the club inside 25 minutes.", "Arsenal then finished the half strongly with goals from Podolski and Giroud to give them a 3–1 lead.", "In the second half, Arsenal soaked up some early pressure from Spurs before Cazorla scored when the team were on a magnificent break.", "Despite Gareth Bale's goal in the 71st minute, Arsenal made their man-advantage count, as Walcott completed the rout three minutes from the end.", "In Arsenal's fifth game of the month, they faced a Montpellier side in poor form, and in a far less entertaining game than the last, Arsenal came out as solid 2–0 winners, with a clean sheet.", "Two sublime finishes from Jack Wilshere, his first in 725 days, and Podolski, a left-foot volley reminiscent of former captain Van Persie, allowed Arsenal to secure qualification to the knockout stage of the competition, with only the top two places to be settled on the last matchday between the Gunners and Schalke.\nArsenal returned to poor form in their next match however, as they played out a dull 0–0 draw with relegation-threatened Aston Villa, meaning the Gunners lost ground yet again on the top four sides.", "Yet again, Arsenal played out an uninspiring draw against fellow Champions League-chasers Everton.", "The game started well for the Gunners, as Walcott scored inside 52 seconds at Goodison Park, but Marouane Fellaini equalised just before the half-hour mark to level the score at 1–1, and so it stayed until the end, as Arsenal finished November in seventh place in the Premier League table.", "Arsenal started December losing 0–2 to aSwansea City side under Michael Laudrup, with two goals scored by Michu for Swansea late on, in what the BBC called \"Arsenal's worst start to a season under Arsene Wenger\".", "Next up was a Champions League visit to Olympiacos.", "Consecutive losses were on the cards for Arsenal, as they named a weakened 18-man squad ahead of vital Premier League games for the club.", "Despite taking a 38th-minute lead with a low drive from Tomáš Rosický, Arsenal surrendered yet another lead with two goals in under 10 minutes from Ioannis Maniatis and Konstantinos Mitroglou to give Olympiacos a 2–1 win.", "Had Arsenal won the game, they would have gone top of the table, as Montpellier managed a draw against Schalke 04, but instead they finished second, setting up a tough test against Bayern Munich in the last-16.\nArsenal's fortunes turned however, in their next match against high-flying West Bromwich Albion, where a controversial penalty for a perceived dive from Cazorla gifted Arsenal the lead, when it was put down the centre of the goal by Arteta on 26 minutes.", "Arsenal then doubled their lead, this time on a blatant foul on Oxlade-Chamberlain, with another penalty from Arteta to finish the game 2–0 in Arsenal's favour.", "It was the Gunners first win in four Premier League games, and it lifted the team up to seventh in the table.", "Spirits dropped yet again, however, as a near full-strength Arsenal squad humiliatingly crashed out to League Two side Bradford City in the League Cup, 3–2 on penalties, following an 88th-minute equaliser by Thomas Vermaelen, who incidentally missed the final penalty.", "This left Arsenal with interests in three competitions.", "Arsenal then entered the Christmas period with a Monday night fixture against then-bottom Reading.", "The match ended in a familiar scoreline that lifted the Arsenal fans; 5–2.", "Cazorla scored his first hat-trick for the club, and also provided an assist for Walcott's goal, and the fifth of the match; Lukas Podolski opened the scoring inside 15 minutes.", "Arsenal continued their revival with a solid victory over Wigan Athletic with the Gunners recording three consecutive wins for the first time since March last season.", "An Arteta penalty in the 60th minute gave Arsenal a 1–0 win and raised the team to fourth in the table.", "Arsenal have a larger break than other teams in the Premier League however, as the West Ham game was postponed due to a tube strike in the London Underground.", "Arsenal returned to action in style on 29 December against Newcastle by emphatically beating the Tyneside team 7–3.", "Arsenal were never behind in the game, but were pegged-back three times by two goals from Demba Ba and one from Sylvain Marveaux following goals from Podolski, Oxlade-Chamberlain and Walcott.", "However, following another two goals from Walcott (to complete his hat-trick), and a brace from substitute Giroud, Arsenal rounded off an impressive display to give confidence to the fans ahead of the crucial month January.", "Arsenal started 2013 in disappointing fashion with a result that Wenger called \"undeserved\": a 1–1 draw against Southampton.", "Arsenal were gifted their goal with an own goal from Guly do Prado (Arsenal's third of the season, with the previous two also coming against Southampton), after Gastón Ramírez opened the scoring for the Saints.", "The result was the last of a four-game winning streak ahead of a tough couple of matches against Premier League champions Manchester City, and European champions Chelsea.", "Arsenal completed their first transfer business of the January transfer window, with the loan of Moroccan striker Marouane Chamakh to West Ham on 4 January 2013.", "Another loan was announced a day later as Swiss centre-back Johan Djourou joined Hannover 96.", "Both players had yet to feature in the Premier League this season for the Gunners, and both deals were for the rest of the season.", "Arsenal started their FA Cup run against Swansea in the third round, and following an uneventful first half, the second half sprung into life as both teams scored late on (Podolski and Gibbs for the Gunners, and Danny Graham for Swansea) after Michu opened the scoring in the 58th minute.", "The final score of 2–2 meant both teams would play a replay.", "A week later, Arsenal slumped to a controversial yet disappointing loss to the champions Manchester City as Koscielny was sent off in the ninth minute after fouling Edin Džeko in the penalty area.", "Despite missing the resulting penalty, Džeko and James Milner gave City a comfortable 2–0 victory.", "Vincent Kompany was sent off late in the game leaving both teams with ten players.", "The stadium rang out in a chorus of jeering at the final whistle, aimed at both the Gunners and the referee.", "Arsenal turned their fortunes, however, as they progressed 1–0 winners against Swansea City into the FA Cup fourth round.", "Jack Wilshere buried a shot from outside the penalty area to keep Arsenal's trophy hopes alive.", "Arsenal fans soon had further encouragement as striker Theo Walcott signed a new contract with the club, for an undisclosed length of time.", "Arsène Wenger said he was \"delighted\" to secure the contract of a \"strong player and also a great person\".", "Soon after, Arsenal were subjected to a second consecutive Premier League loss against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge.", "Another poor start resulted in two goals conceded, which was a similar situation as their previous league defeat.", "Despite Walcott managing to pull one goal back in the second half, the game eventually ended 2–1, leaving Arsenal's hope of finishing in the top four in serious doubt.", "Some doubt was erased only three days later, as four goals in ten early second-half minutes meant Arsenal romped to a 5–1 victory over West Ham in the rescheduled match, originally to have been played on Boxing Day.", "Two goals from Giroud, and one each from Walcott, Podolski and Cazorla left the Gunners just four points off their north London rivals Tottenham in fourth.", "Arsenal then progressed into the fifth round of the FA Cup in another thriller three days later, with a 3–2 victory over Brighton & Hove Albion in the Falmer Stadium.", "Giroud scored yet another brace, and Walcott scored once to increase his goal tally to 17 for the season, as Arsenal set up a tie against Championship side Blackburn Rovers in the next round.", "Back in the Premier League, Arsenal continued their increasingly frustrating habit of starting games slowly, going 2–0 behind against Liverpool inside an hour thanks to goals from Luis Suárez and Jordan Henderson.", "However, two goals in quick succession from in-form strikers Giroud and Walcott battled Arsenal back to a 2–2 draw.", "Giroud spurned a late chance to collect a hat-trick of braces and win the game for the Gunners.", "Following an injury picked up by Kieran Gibbs in that game, Arsenal rushed to complete a late signing of Spanish international left-back Nacho Monreal from Málaga on deadline day, for an undisclosed contract length and fee (thought to be around £8.5 million), though disappointed Gunners fans by not making a move for linked Barcelona striker David Villa.", "Arsenal started February solidly, with a commanding yet disciplined performance against Stoke.", "A deflected free kick from Lukas Podolski late in the game and a brilliant display from debutant Monreal left the Gunners in a promising position as teams around them dropped points.", "For the first time in six attempts, Arsenal climbed the table to fifth with a 1–0 win over Sunderland.", "Arsenal had plenty of chances throughout the first half and parts of the second, and Sunderland had the chance to equalise in the second-half, but it was Cazorla's ninth goal of the season that was the difference of the two teams.", "Shortly thereafter, Arsenal announced the loan departure of left-back André Santos to Brazilian club Grêmio until the end of the season.", "This came after the signing of Spanish international Monreal pushed Santos further down the pecking order.", "With an upcoming fixture in the Champions League, it was believed that Vermaelen or Gibbs would have to return to play left-back.", "Despite the strong start to the month, Arsenal crashed out of the FA Cup with a disappointing 1–0 loss to Championship club Blackburn Rovers.", "Although their opponents only had three shots on target, Arsenal rued not putting their chances away throughout the game, and left themselves with little hope of ending their trophy drought this season.", "Three days later, Arsenal resumed their Champions League campaign with a Round of 16 clash against Bayern Munich.", "In the first leg of a very challenging tie at the Emirates, they slumped to a 3–1 first-leg defeat, with Podolski scoring against his old club to give Arsenal a slight chance (albeit needing three goals at the Allianz Arena) in the second leg.", "Toni Kroos, Thomas Müller and Mario Mandžukić scored for Bayern.", "Needing to lift the fans, Arsenal played relegation-threatened Aston Villa in sight of a third-straight win in the Premier League.", "Arsenal did so with a brace from Santi Cazorla either side of an Andreas Weimann equaliser to stay four points adrift of North-London rivals Tottenham, who they played the following Sunday.", "However, the North London derby ended in bitter disappointment for the \"red side of North London\" as Tottenham ran out 2–1 following two goals in quick succession from Gareth Bale and Aaron Lennon late in the first-half, one of which being eventually cancelled out by Mertesacker's second goal for the club (both were against Tottenham this season).", "Arsenal then had a 10-day wait before their return leg in the Champions League, due to Everton's participation in the FA Cup.", "Though many resigned the Gunners to defeat, Arsenal had a valiant attempt to knock out their German opponents by winning 2–0 on the night (with a goal inside the first three minutes from Giroud and a goal in the last three minutes of the game from Laurent Koscielny), crashing out on away goals.", "However, they were the first team to defeat Bayern Munich at the Allianz Arena this season and the first team not to concede against Bayern all season, giving huge confidence to the team both defensively and offensively in the final ten \"cup-finals\" of the Premier League season.", "Arsenal stepped up once again to Wenger's rallying calls, as Arsenal recorded a second consecutive 2–0 victory in a tough encounter at the Liberty Stadium against Swansea.", "Goals in the second half from Nacho Monreal – his first for the club – and Gervinho kept Arsenal's top-four hopes alive.", "Arsenal's next match was after the international break, against a struggling Reading side who Arsenal had already scored 12 goals in two matches against this season (in all competitions).", "Arsenal made it 12 wins in all 12 games against Reading as goals from Gervinho, Cazorla, Giroud and Arteta ensured the Gunners ran out 4–1 winners (with Hal Robson-Kanu pulling one back for the Royals) and kept up their chase for the top four.", "Along with news that Jack Wilshere and Theo Walcott were to return from injury soon, Arsenal fans were given more to cheer about as a spirited performance following Metersacker's sending off against West Brom lifted the Gunners temporarily up to fourth in the table.", "Two goals from Tomáš Rosický put Arsenal in a commanding position but a penalty scored by James Morrison on 71 minutes made for a nervy end as Arsenal eventually ran out 2–1 winners at The Hawthorns.", "Arsenal then started a period of three games in a week against Norwich, as a spirited comeback in the last seven minutes of the match ensured Arsenal went third in the Premier League table.", "Michael Turner opened the scoring for Norwich from a set piece but a trio of goals (including a controversial penalty) was scored by Arteta, Giroud and Podolski, as the Gunners ran out 3–1 winners.", "Their next match was against fellow Champions League-chasers Everton, and after early Everton pressure Arsenal settled into the match, but was ultimately unable to score for the first time in 12 games, in a match that ended 0–0.", "The Gunners resumed their top four fight in a derby against Fulham that saw two men sent off (Steve Sidwell for Fulham and Giroud for Arsenal, who later lost his appeal for it to be rescinded) and an unlikely scorer in Per Mertesacker, as Arsenal won 1–0.", "Following a guard of honour to the newly crowned champions, Arsenal faced a Manchester United side with former captain Robin van Persie in tow.", "Theo Walcott scored early as Arsenal showed early signs of brilliance, but the goal was later cancelled out by a penalty, conceded by Sagna, from Van Persie.", "The match ended 1–1.", "Arsenal entered a crucial period of the season with a game against newly relegated Queens Park Rangers, as Tottenham and Chelsea would play their game in hand against each other, leaving a straight battle to the top four Champions League qualification spots.", "Walcott again got the Gunners off to the perfect start with the fastest goal in the Premier League season so far, as well as the 12th fastest goal in Premier League history, after he put the Gunners ahead after 20 seconds.", "The game petered out, however, but it increased Arsenal's unbeaten run to 8 games, as the Gunners ran out 1–0 winners.", "Arsenal had a ten-day before their final home game of the season against newly crowned FA Cup winners Wigan in what proved to be a crucial game at both ends of the Premier League table.", "The game was won 4–1 by the Gunners, after goals from Podolski (2), Walcott and Aaron Ramsey cancelled out Shaun Maloney's free-kick strike.", "Wigan were subsequently relegated after an eight-year stay in the Premier League, whilst Arsenal left their top four faith in their own hands by staying one point above rivals Tottenham.", "Although the result also presented an opportunity for an unprecedented \"third place play-off\", this was not needed following a Chelsea win over Everton, however Arsenal secured fourth spot as a 1–0 win over Newcastle (scored by Laurent Koscielny) meant Arsenal finished the season on 73 points, three more than the previous season and one more above rivals Tottenham.", "Arsenal thus qualified for the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League.", "Following the season's completion, Arsenal revealed their top four players of the season as voted for by Arsenal Football Club members.", "In fourth place came the Spaniard Mikel Arteta for his consistent performances in the middle of midfield (which included recording the second highest number of passes in the campaign: 2750 at a 92% success rate) with 5% of the votes.", "In third came Arsenal's top scorer Theo Walcott, whose tally of 21 goals in all competitions bettered that of any of his previous seasons at the club.", "He also held the feat of most assists of the campaign in an Arsenal shirt, as he deservedly claimed 12.7% of the votes.", "In second place came Laurent Koscielny after taking over from captain Thomas Vermaelen as a main-stay in the heart of Arsenal's defence.", "A number of assured performances that included conceded only 5 goals in the final 10 games of the season handed the French defender 13.5% of all the votes.", "Lastly, Arsenal's Player of Season award went to Spaniard Santi Cazorla, who Arsène Wenger described as \"the perfect footballer\".", "With 12 goals and 14 assists, Cazorla announced his arrival in English football with a bang, as he ran away with 55.7% of the votes in the club poll.", "Overall, the Gunners had a reasonably successful Premier League campaign, although they failed to end the trophy drought.", "At season's end, Arsène Wenger promised to make some big signings and spend to get world-class players to help them challenge for trophies in the following seasons.", "Total spending: Undisclosed", "Total income: Undisclosed", "Undisclosed", "Undisclosed", "Undisclosed", "Supplier:", "Nike / Sponsor: Fly Emirates", "Nike released a new set of home, away and goalkeeper kits for the 2012–13 season.", "The club reverted to their traditional crest, after using an anniversary crest last season.", "\"[R]\" – Reserve team player\n\"[L]\" – Out on loan\n\"[S]\" – Sold" ]

[ 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149 ]

[ "In the FA Cup, Arsenal were knocked out by Championship side Blackburn Rovers in the fifth round." ]

[ "The earliest written records of the castle date from 1260.", "It was built on a rocky platform overlooking the Loire river from a height of 30 metres.", "The fortress allowed a watch to be kept and tolls to be collected for the County of Forez border.", "The building suffered floods from the Loire more often than attacks from enemies.", "In 1290, Girard de La Roche paid homage to the Count of Forez for his house in La Roche.", "In the 17th century, because of repetitive floods, the castle lost its attraction, resembling more and more a fortified house that became a ruin in later centuries.", "At the end of the 1900s, an industrialist from Roanne bought the castle and restored it in the Gothic style, intending it as a second home.", "During the 1930s, the construction project for the Villerest dam by EDF condemned the château to disappear below the water.", "The structure degraded very quickly and was subject to numerous acts of vandalism.", "It was finally bought for a symbolic one franc by the \"commune\".", "During the construction of the dam in 1984, the château was the only building spared by the waters.", "It is now situated on an island.", "In 1996, it was entirely restored and the side facing the water was remodelled to permit access throughout the year.", "The regulation of the waters of the Loire have not fully protected the château; it was affected by floodwater in 2003 and 2008." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 ]

[ "The Château de La Roche is a restored castle situated in the \"commune\" of Saint-Priest-la-Roche in the Loire \"département\" of France, 20 km from Roanne.", "The castle stands on an island in the lake formed by the Villerest dam." ]

[ "The son of Peter and Margaret (\"Peggie\") Doyle (née Mooney), Doyle grew up in the Ferrybank suburb of Waterford, Ireland with four sisters and a brother.", "At the age of 11, he attended the local De La Salle College until receiving his leaving certificate at the age of 16.", "His mother died during his final year of secondary school, after which he decided to move to Germany for a year instead of attending art college.", "He returned home to pursue a career in hairdressing and worked for hair specialist, Ollie Bible, at George's Street in Waterford for three years before working in the UK for a time.", "Doyle began work at Peter Marks in 1979 and continued to work there for the next 22 years.", "As of 2011, Doyle lives in Dublin and is Peter Marks creative director, based at the company's Stephen's Green salon.", "Recent work has included acting as hair stylist for Aoife Hannon, who represented Ireland in Miss Universe 2011.", "Other celebrity clients include Caprice, Jodie Kidd, Claudine Palmer, Tyra Banks and Andrea Roche.", "He has worked as an educator for L'Oriel for about twelve years.", "Doyle has received several awards, including the Raidió Teilifís Éireann's 'Off the Rails' Hairdresser of the Year and an Irish Hairdressing Federation Hall of Fame Icon Award for promoting the industry through the years.", "Doyle represented Ireland at the Royal Albert Hall for the 2011 International Visionary Awards." ]

[ 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ]

[ "Michael Doyle (born in Ferrybank, Waterford) is an Irish hairdresser and creative director of Peter Mark at Stephen's Green." ]

[ "Grandson Alan Wright Corson (1788–1882) and his family were Quakers and abolitionists.", "He was one of the founders of the Montgomery County Anti-Slavery Society (1837), and turned the house into a station on the Underground Railroad.", "His brother George built nearby Abolition Hall as a meeting place for anti-slavery groups.", "It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.", "It is located in the Cold Point Historic District." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ]

[ "Alan West Corson Homestead is a historic house located in Whitemarsh Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania." ]

[ "Robert Cameron had been Liberal MP for Houghton-le-Spring since 1895.", "He died on 13 February 1913.", "Cameron was elected unopposed in December 1910, however, he was opposed at the election before.", "The Liberals chose a Grimsby man, Tom Wing to defend the seat.", "He was elected at the January 1910 general election as Member of Parliament (MP) for Grimsby, but lost that seat at the general election in December 1910.", "The Unionists selected local barrister, Thomas Richardson as their candidate.", "His father had been Liberal MP for Hartlepool.", "Labour intervened with an Independent Labour Party member, William House, who was sponsored by the Durham Miners' Association, for whom he had been President since 1900.", "House stood for the Labour Party in Bishop Auckland at the January and December 1910 general elections.", "In the recent past, there had been a good working relationship between the local miners and the local Liberal Association to the point that by 1913, miners still dominated the local Liberal association.", "Every miners lodge in the constituency was represented at Wing's selection meeting.", "During the campaign, many miners lodge officials spoke on platforms in support of Wing.", "This came as something of a slap in the face to both the Independent Labour Party and the Durham Miners Association who had hoped that the local miners would support their candidate, House.", "This split in the local miners lodges was good news for the Unionist campaign.", "They knew that their only hoping of winning was if the Labour candidate took half or the Liberal vote, allowing the Unionists the chance to come through the middle.", "A General Election was due to take place by the end of 1915.", "By the autumn of 1914, the following candidates had been adopted to contest that election.", "Due to the outbreak of war, the election never took place.", "House's parliamentary interests moved on to the Mid Durham constituency, while Richardson never stood again.", "At the eleventh hour, the Labour party replaced W.P.Richardson as candidate with another local miner Robert Richardson" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "The Houghton-le-Spring by-election was a Parliamentary by-election." ]

[ "<poem>", "What need you, being come to sense,\nBut fumble in a greasy till\nAnd add the halfpence to the pence\nAnd prayer to shivering prayer, until\nYou have dried the marrow from the bone;\nFor men were born to pray and save;\nRomantic Ireland's dead and gone,\nIt's with O'Leary in the grave.", "Yet they were of a different kind,\nThe names that stilled your childish play,\nThey have gone about the world like wind,\nBut little time had they to pray\nFor whom the hangman's rope was spun,\nAnd what, God help us, could they save?", "Romantic Ireland's dead and gone,\nIt's with O'Leary in the grave.", "Was it for this the wild geese spread\nThe grey wing upon every tide;\nFor this that all that blood was shed,\nFor this Edward Fitzgerald died,\nAnd Robert Emmet and Wolfe Tone,\nAll that delirium of the brave?\nRomantic Ireland's dead and gone,\nIt's with O'Leary in the grave.", "Yet could we turn the years again,\nAnd call those exiles as they were\nIn all their loneliness and pain,\nYou'd cry `Some woman's yellow hair\nHas maddened every mother's son':\nThey weighed so lightly what they gave.", "But let them be, they're dead and gone,\nThey're with O'Leary in the grave.</poem>", "The use of the strong ABAB rhyme scheme maintains a spiteful and accusatory tone, and unpleasant adjectives such as 'greasy' are very much indicative of this.", "The poem focuses on manifesting Yeats' new stance of exploring his political mind and celebrating those whom he believes worth of praise.", "Notably, in all four of the refrains, Yeats mentions John O'Leary, who was an Irish separatist 'of a different kind'.", "O'Leary's political stance was much less self-interested than many of his contemporaries, as he instead focused on getting the greatest good for Ireland.", "It is clear through the poem that Yeats admires this and wishes for a return to the less egotistical and self-driven politics of a bygone era.", "Yeats does, however, appear to question whether these great historical figures, whom he admired and previously emulated in the style of his earlier work, are comprehensive in their understanding of the world in which they lived.", "\"September 1913\" functions also as an iconic example of Yeats's own fidelity to the literary traditions of the 19th century British Romantic poets.", "A devoted reader of both William Blake and Percy Shelley, Yeats' repetition of the phrase \"Romantic Ireland\" connects the politically motivated ideals of the Romantics \"to an Irish national landscape.\"", "The fact that Yeats attaches a second repetition of \"It's with O'Leary in the grave\" indicates further the speaker's belief that John O'Leary embodied a nationalism in his political actions that now rests solely within the poem.", "Indeed, John O'Leary \"directed Yeats not just to large-mindedness, but to a way of combining Romanticism with Irishness into an original synthesis.\"", "In other words, O'Leary's influence on Yeats enables the poet to both inherit the literary legacy of the Romantics while carrying on the nationalistic vision of O'Leary.", "As a result, the romantic idealism found in Blake and Shelley is now transformed into a fundamentally Irish concept whereas Yeats's deep Irish heritage becomes Romantic in every sense of the word.", "\"September 1913\" thus illustrates that \"Romantic Ireland is not dead after all; rather, it lives on in the remarkable voice uttering the poem, the voice of O'Leary's greatest disciple, fully of hybridity and passion at once.\"", "In a matter of four stanzas, the poem's speaker manages to exist at the confluence of British Romanticism and Irish nationalism.", "Yeats's endorsement of the Romantic imagination in \"September 1913\" is also used to identify several of its flaws that are in need of his revision.", "Writing at the nexus of the Romantic and Irish traditions \"enabled him to correct flaws not only of Shelley but also of Blake, who he thought should have been more rooted and less obscure.\"", "Now that \"Romantic Ireland's dead and gone,\" it can no longer express its will and thus requires Yeats poetic prowess to clarify Ireland's message.", "Speaking specifically about Irish leaders such as Edward Fitzgerald, Robert Emmet and Wolfe Tone, Yeats describes them as brave yet a bit delirious, a classification that treats the poet as far more grounded in his politics than the Irish nationalists who died.", "Yeats channels the fervor of their idealism and struggle through his words by insisting that his own poem continues the nationalist project initiated by those who came before him.", "The speaker's voice thus becomes \"the characteristic note of Yeats's great mature poetry.", "\"", "Hugh Lane offered his collection of paintings to the Dublin Municipal Corporation.", "Public reaction was mostly negative on economic and moral grounds.", "In the end, as Yeats said \"the mob\" prevailed.", "In a note to this poem Yeats wrote that the pictures \"works by Corot, Degas and Renoir - were compared to the Trojan Horse 'which destroyed a city'.", "They were dubbed 'indecent' and those who admired the painting were called 'self-seekers, self-advertisers, picture dealers, log-rolling cranks, and faddists'...\"", "Yeats wrote this poem following the Dublin lock-out and the Hugh Lane bequest.", "Robert Emmet, mentioned in the poem, planned for a revolution several times, unsuccessfully.", "When he was finally successful, he was said to try and stop everything mid-rebellion, because he witnessed a man being pulled from his horse and killed.", "Considering that Emmet had spent months previously manufacturing explosives and weapons, this sudden drawback at the sight of violence, suggests that he did not fully understand the implications of a revolution.", "Perhaps Yeats is acknowledging the naivety of some Irish Republican figures like Robert Emmet, and himself, following public violence as a result of attempts at revolution." ]

[ 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 ]

[ "\"September 1913\" is a poem by W. B. Yeats." ]

[ "The public bus transport in Sofia developed relatively late compared to the other types of transport in the city.", "The first operational line was opened on 20 April 1935.", "Soon after that six more lines were opened, bringing the total network length to 23 km.", "During the communist era, the bus fleet consisted mainly of Ikarus and Bulgarian-made Chavdar buses.", "After the political changes in 1989, however, the fleet has gradually been modernised.", "As of November 2021, the following bus lines in Sofia are in service:", "A night bus service was launched in Sofia by Sofia Urban Mobility Center on an experimental basis from 7 April 2018 until 31 December 2018.", "Four routes were included (N1, N2, N3 and N4) and operated from 00:20 until 04:20 at intervals of 40 mins.", "Tickets for the night bus could be obtained solely from conductors on the bus, and not from the driver, machines or other public transport ticket sale points.", "Tickets for the night bus cost 2 leva compared to the daytime price of 1.60 leva.", "Knyaz Alexander Square was chosen as the site of a transfer location where all night bus lines met and passengers could switch lines.", "It is unclear if the service is still running as of May 2022.", "Sofia Bus Transport\n Sofia Electric Transport\n MTK Group\n Eridantrans" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ]

[ "The Sofia public bus system () forms part of the public transport network of Sofia, the capital city of Bulgaria." ]

[ "The Northern Hub was proposed in February 2010 to resolve problems around Manchester city centre that restricted route capacity and caused delays.", "Network Rail concluded that no single intervention would unlock the bottlenecks but that greater efficiency and enhancement to services was possible.", "A proposal to use Piccadilly primarily for north-south services and Victoria for east-west services was agreed as the most effective course of action.", "The re", "-alignment of services commenced in May 2014 when First TransPennine Express services between Liverpool and Newcastle were routed through Manchester Victoria rather than Piccadilly.", "It is expected most TransPennine Express services will pass through Victoria after the May 2018 timetable change after the opening of the Ordsall Chord in December 2017.", "Major stations will be improved to include new platforms, station layout re-configuration and redevelopment.", "Most improvements will be in Manchester aimed at alleviating bottlenecks that delay passing services and restricts routes.", "Victoria station will be re-configured as the Northern England hub for east-west rail services.", "Once voted the worst station in the United Kingdom, it has received a £44 million transformation including a £20 million roof covering the concourse and four platforms.", "Piccadilly's through platforms, 13 and 14, will be modernised and two through platforms, 15 and 16, will be built over Fairfield Street to alleviate congestion.", "Oxford Road's platforms will be lengthened and a footbridge will be built.", "The Grade II listed timber grid-shell roof will be incorporated into the new station design.", "The surrounding site could be redeveloped with office, residential and leisure space.", "Salford Crescent station will be redeveloped at a cost of £12 million and further development could occur should extra capacity be required.", "At Manchester Airport station a new platform will be built creating extra capacity and access for direct services from other cities in Northern England.", "Construction of the platform began in February 2014.", "Huyton and Roby stations will have two new tracks through the stations to allow faster trains to pass and provide two additional platforms.", "Burnley Manchester Road station will receive a £2.3 million upgrade before the reinstatement of a direct rail service to Victoria via the re-opened Todmorden Curve in 2015.", "Dore and Totley railway station will get a second platform and a footbridge for access.", "The single track will be doubled.", "At Leeds Station two platforms will be built at a cost of £13.6 million to alleviate congestion.", "Northern Hub plans include:", "Electrification for rail lines out of Manchester is underway or has been approved.", "While independent of the Northern Hub scheme, they complement it.", "Northern Hub is expected to deliver the following improvements:\n\n\n\nAs part of the Northern Hub scheme; electrification of key lines will enable faster electric trains increasing capacity and lowering journey times.", "Typically, diesel trains that operated between Manchester and Liverpool such as the Class 142 and Class 156 had a maximum speed limit of .", "Following electrification, Class 319 trains reach a top speed of with greater acceleration from stations.", "Network Rail has published target times from Manchester to be achieved after the completion of the Northern Hub projects.", "Network Rail's original aim was for all schemes - including electrification, station upgrades and track work - to be completed by the end of 2018, though this timescale will not be met for the Transpennine electrification.", "2013\n\n2014\n\n2015\n2016\n2017\n\n\n2018\n\n2020\n2022", "The historic first passenger railway station, Manchester Liverpool Road, a Grade I listed building, is threatened by the plan.", "After this project is completed, it will no longer be possible to run trains into or out of the station.", "The Manchester Museum of Science and Industry management objected to the scheme and an inquiry was set up in 2014 to investigate potential damage to the historic structure.", "The Northern Hub may be merged into or superseded by a larger project being called High Speed 3.", "David Higgins, chairman of the HS2, stated in March 2014 that the Northern Hub scheme is incremental and the benefits of the High Speed 2 will not be fully felt if rail links between Northern cities are not improved.", "In June 2014, George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer stated his vision to see improved transport links between Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield and Leeds to increase economic productivity.", "Osborne's proposals were referred to as 'Crossrail of the North' and 'High Speed 3'.", "In November 2015 Transport for the North (TfN) proposed a four-track trans-Pennine railway line that would link with the HS2 line to London, and a new Liverpool-Manchester airport-Manchester railway line also linked to HS2.", "A feasibility study of the west to east rail line and its branches into HS2 will be published in March 2016." ]

[ 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 ]

[ "The construction of two through platforms at Manchester Piccadilly will allow 4 more trains per hour through the station.", "The refurbishment of Manchester Victoria station was completed in October 2015, so it can become an east-west rail interchange and through station between Liverpool and Leeds." ]

[ "The Northern Hub was proposed in February 2010 to resolve problems around Manchester city centre that restricted route capacity and caused delays.", "Network Rail concluded that no single intervention would unlock the bottlenecks but that greater efficiency and enhancement to services was possible.", "A proposal to use Piccadilly primarily for north-south services and Victoria for east-west services was agreed as the most effective course of action.", "The re", "-alignment of services commenced in May 2014 when First TransPennine Express services between Liverpool and Newcastle were routed through Manchester Victoria rather than Piccadilly.", "It is expected most TransPennine Express services will pass through Victoria after the May 2018 timetable change after the opening of the Ordsall Chord in December 2017.", "Major stations will be improved to include new platforms, station layout re-configuration and redevelopment.", "Most improvements will be in Manchester aimed at alleviating bottlenecks that delay passing services and restricts routes.", "Victoria station will be re-configured as the Northern England hub for east-west rail services.", "Once voted the worst station in the United Kingdom, it has received a £44 million transformation including a £20 million roof covering the concourse and four platforms.", "Piccadilly's through platforms, 13 and 14, will be modernised and two through platforms, 15 and 16, will be built over Fairfield Street to alleviate congestion.", "Oxford Road's platforms will be lengthened and a footbridge will be built.", "The Grade II listed timber grid-shell roof will be incorporated into the new station design.", "The surrounding site could be redeveloped with office, residential and leisure space.", "Salford Crescent station will be redeveloped at a cost of £12 million and further development could occur should extra capacity be required.", "At Manchester Airport station a new platform will be built creating extra capacity and access for direct services from other cities in Northern England.", "Construction of the platform began in February 2014.", "Huyton and Roby stations will have two new tracks through the stations to allow faster trains to pass and provide two additional platforms.", "Burnley Manchester Road station will receive a £2.3 million upgrade before the reinstatement of a direct rail service to Victoria via the re-opened Todmorden Curve in 2015.", "Dore and Totley railway station will get a second platform and a footbridge for access.", "The single track will be doubled.", "At Leeds Station two platforms will be built at a cost of £13.6 million to alleviate congestion.", "Northern Hub plans include:", "Electrification for rail lines out of Manchester is underway or has been approved.", "While independent of the Northern Hub scheme, they complement it.", "Northern Hub is expected to deliver the following improvements:\n\n\n\nAs part of the Northern Hub scheme; electrification of key lines will enable faster electric trains increasing capacity and lowering journey times.", "Typically, diesel trains that operated between Manchester and Liverpool such as the Class 142 and Class 156 had a maximum speed limit of .", "Following electrification, Class 319 trains reach a top speed of with greater acceleration from stations.", "Network Rail has published target times from Manchester to be achieved after the completion of the Northern Hub projects.", "Network Rail's original aim was for all schemes - including electrification, station upgrades and track work - to be completed by the end of 2018, though this timescale will not be met for the Transpennine electrification.", "2013\n\n2014\n\n2015\n2016\n2017\n\n\n2018\n\n2020\n2022", "The historic first passenger railway station, Manchester Liverpool Road, a Grade I listed building, is threatened by the plan.", "After this project is completed, it will no longer be possible to run trains into or out of the station.", "The Manchester Museum of Science and Industry management objected to the scheme and an inquiry was set up in 2014 to investigate potential damage to the historic structure.", "The Northern Hub may be merged into or superseded by a larger project being called High Speed 3.", "David Higgins, chairman of the HS2, stated in March 2014 that the Northern Hub scheme is incremental and the benefits of the High Speed 2 will not be fully felt if rail links between Northern cities are not improved.", "In June 2014, George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer stated his vision to see improved transport links between Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield and Leeds to increase economic productivity.", "Osborne's proposals were referred to as 'Crossrail of the North' and 'High Speed 3'.", "In November 2015 Transport for the North (TfN) proposed a four-track trans-Pennine railway line that would link with the HS2 line to London, and a new Liverpool-Manchester airport-Manchester railway line also linked to HS2.", "A feasibility study of the west to east rail line and its branches into HS2 will be published in March 2016." ]

[ 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 ]

[ "The construction of two through platforms at Manchester Piccadilly will allow 4 more trains per hour through the station.", "The refurbishment of Manchester Victoria station was completed in October 2015, so it can become an east-west rail interchange and through station between Liverpool and Leeds." ]

[ "The Northern Hub was proposed in February 2010 to resolve problems around Manchester city centre that restricted route capacity and caused delays.", "Network Rail concluded that no single intervention would unlock the bottlenecks but that greater efficiency and enhancement to services was possible.", "A proposal to use Piccadilly primarily for north-south services and Victoria for east-west services was agreed as the most effective course of action.", "The re", "-alignment of services commenced in May 2014 when First TransPennine Express services between Liverpool and Newcastle were routed through Manchester Victoria rather than Piccadilly.", "It is expected most TransPennine Express services will pass through Victoria after the May 2018 timetable change after the opening of the Ordsall Chord in December 2017.", "Major stations will be improved to include new platforms, station layout re-configuration and redevelopment.", "Most improvements will be in Manchester aimed at alleviating bottlenecks that delay passing services and restricts routes.", "Victoria station will be re-configured as the Northern England hub for east-west rail services.", "Once voted the worst station in the United Kingdom, it has received a £44 million transformation including a £20 million roof covering the concourse and four platforms.", "Piccadilly's through platforms, 13 and 14, will be modernised and two through platforms, 15 and 16, will be built over Fairfield Street to alleviate congestion.", "Oxford Road's platforms will be lengthened and a footbridge will be built.", "The Grade II listed timber grid-shell roof will be incorporated into the new station design.", "The surrounding site could be redeveloped with office, residential and leisure space.", "Salford Crescent station will be redeveloped at a cost of £12 million and further development could occur should extra capacity be required.", "At Manchester Airport station a new platform will be built creating extra capacity and access for direct services from other cities in Northern England.", "Construction of the platform began in February 2014.", "Huyton and Roby stations will have two new tracks through the stations to allow faster trains to pass and provide two additional platforms.", "Burnley Manchester Road station will receive a £2.3 million upgrade before the reinstatement of a direct rail service to Victoria via the re-opened Todmorden Curve in 2015.", "Dore and Totley railway station will get a second platform and a footbridge for access.", "The single track will be doubled.", "At Leeds Station two platforms will be built at a cost of £13.6 million to alleviate congestion.", "Northern Hub plans include:", "Electrification for rail lines out of Manchester is underway or has been approved.", "While independent of the Northern Hub scheme, they complement it.", "Northern Hub is expected to deliver the following improvements:\n\n\n\nAs part of the Northern Hub scheme; electrification of key lines will enable faster electric trains increasing capacity and lowering journey times.", "Typically, diesel trains that operated between Manchester and Liverpool such as the Class 142 and Class 156 had a maximum speed limit of .", "Following electrification, Class 319 trains reach a top speed of with greater acceleration from stations.", "Network Rail has published target times from Manchester to be achieved after the completion of the Northern Hub projects.", "Network Rail's original aim was for all schemes - including electrification, station upgrades and track work - to be completed by the end of 2018, though this timescale will not be met for the Transpennine electrification.", "2013\n\n2014\n\n2015\n2016\n2017\n\n\n2018\n\n2020\n2022", "The historic first passenger railway station, Manchester Liverpool Road, a Grade I listed building, is threatened by the plan.", "After this project is completed, it will no longer be possible to run trains into or out of the station.", "The Manchester Museum of Science and Industry management objected to the scheme and an inquiry was set up in 2014 to investigate potential damage to the historic structure.", "The Northern Hub may be merged into or superseded by a larger project being called High Speed 3.", "David Higgins, chairman of the HS2, stated in March 2014 that the Northern Hub scheme is incremental and the benefits of the High Speed 2 will not be fully felt if rail links between Northern cities are not improved.", "In June 2014, George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer stated his vision to see improved transport links between Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield and Leeds to increase economic productivity.", "Osborne's proposals were referred to as 'Crossrail of the North' and 'High Speed 3'.", "In November 2015 Transport for the North (TfN) proposed a four-track trans-Pennine railway line that would link with the HS2 line to London, and a new Liverpool-Manchester airport-Manchester railway line also linked to HS2.", "A feasibility study of the west to east rail line and its branches into HS2 will be published in March 2016." ]

[ 25, 26, 27, 28 ]

[ "The project was announced as the Manchester Hub in 2009.", "The Manchester Hub Study, outlining the project, was released by Network Rail in February 2010." ]

[ "The Northern Hub was proposed in February 2010 to resolve problems around Manchester city centre that restricted route capacity and caused delays.", "Network Rail concluded that no single intervention would unlock the bottlenecks but that greater efficiency and enhancement to services was possible.", "A proposal to use Piccadilly primarily for north-south services and Victoria for east-west services was agreed as the most effective course of action.", "The re", "-alignment of services commenced in May 2014 when First TransPennine Express services between Liverpool and Newcastle were routed through Manchester Victoria rather than Piccadilly.", "It is expected most TransPennine Express services will pass through Victoria after the May 2018 timetable change after the opening of the Ordsall Chord in December 2017.", "Major stations will be improved to include new platforms, station layout re-configuration and redevelopment.", "Most improvements will be in Manchester aimed at alleviating bottlenecks that delay passing services and restricts routes.", "Victoria station will be re-configured as the Northern England hub for east-west rail services.", "Once voted the worst station in the United Kingdom, it has received a £44 million transformation including a £20 million roof covering the concourse and four platforms.", "Piccadilly's through platforms, 13 and 14, will be modernised and two through platforms, 15 and 16, will be built over Fairfield Street to alleviate congestion.", "Oxford Road's platforms will be lengthened and a footbridge will be built.", "The Grade II listed timber grid-shell roof will be incorporated into the new station design.", "The surrounding site could be redeveloped with office, residential and leisure space.", "Salford Crescent station will be redeveloped at a cost of £12 million and further development could occur should extra capacity be required.", "At Manchester Airport station a new platform will be built creating extra capacity and access for direct services from other cities in Northern England.", "Construction of the platform began in February 2014.", "Huyton and Roby stations will have two new tracks through the stations to allow faster trains to pass and provide two additional platforms.", "Burnley Manchester Road station will receive a £2.3 million upgrade before the reinstatement of a direct rail service to Victoria via the re-opened Todmorden Curve in 2015.", "Dore and Totley railway station will get a second platform and a footbridge for access.", "The single track will be doubled.", "At Leeds Station two platforms will be built at a cost of £13.6 million to alleviate congestion.", "Northern Hub plans include:", "Electrification for rail lines out of Manchester is underway or has been approved.", "While independent of the Northern Hub scheme, they complement it.", "Northern Hub is expected to deliver the following improvements:\n\n\n\nAs part of the Northern Hub scheme; electrification of key lines will enable faster electric trains increasing capacity and lowering journey times.", "Typically, diesel trains that operated between Manchester and Liverpool such as the Class 142 and Class 156 had a maximum speed limit of .", "Following electrification, Class 319 trains reach a top speed of with greater acceleration from stations.", "Network Rail has published target times from Manchester to be achieved after the completion of the Northern Hub projects.", "Network Rail's original aim was for all schemes - including electrification, station upgrades and track work - to be completed by the end of 2018, though this timescale will not be met for the Transpennine electrification.", "2013\n\n2014\n\n2015\n2016\n2017\n\n\n2018\n\n2020\n2022", "The historic first passenger railway station, Manchester Liverpool Road, a Grade I listed building, is threatened by the plan.", "After this project is completed, it will no longer be possible to run trains into or out of the station.", "The Manchester Museum of Science and Industry management objected to the scheme and an inquiry was set up in 2014 to investigate potential damage to the historic structure.", "The Northern Hub may be merged into or superseded by a larger project being called High Speed 3.", "David Higgins, chairman of the HS2, stated in March 2014 that the Northern Hub scheme is incremental and the benefits of the High Speed 2 will not be fully felt if rail links between Northern cities are not improved.", "In June 2014, George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer stated his vision to see improved transport links between Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield and Leeds to increase economic productivity.", "Osborne's proposals were referred to as 'Crossrail of the North' and 'High Speed 3'.", "In November 2015 Transport for the North (TfN) proposed a four-track trans-Pennine railway line that would link with the HS2 line to London, and a new Liverpool-Manchester airport-Manchester railway line also linked to HS2.", "A feasibility study of the west to east rail line and its branches into HS2 will be published in March 2016." ]

[ 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 ]

[ "Further projects may include High Speed 3 which proposes an upgraded trans-Pennine railway line to link with the HS2 line to London, and a new Liverpool-Manchester Airport-Manchester railway line also linked to HS2.", "A feasibility study of the west to east rail line and its branches into HS2 will be published in March 2016." ]

[ "Louisiana Highway 840-1 (LA 840-1) spans from west to east and is known as Smith Street.", "It connects LA 3033 to LA 34.", "Before the 1955 Louisiana Highway renumbering, LA 840-1 was signed as State Route 2185.", "It also served as the southern terminus of LA 617, signed as State Route 1607.", "The northern terminus of LA 617 has since been shifted north by two blocks.", "Junction list", "Louisiana Highway 840-6 (LA 840-6) spans from south to north and is known as North 18th Street and Forsythe Avenue.", "From the west, LA 840-6 begins as a state highway at an intersection with US 80/US 165 Business in Monroe.", "It heads north as a four-lane highway.", "The roadway south of this intersection is signed as TO I-20, and is known as North 18th Street.", "Heading north, LA 840-6 passes through many banks and restaurants.", "It turns to the right at an intersection with Forsythe Avenue, which picks up LA 840-6 and heads east.", "Forsythe Avenue has many upscale shops and restaurants and is one of the prized thoroughfares through Monroe.\nAfter crossing Bayou DeSiard, Forsythe Avenue turns into Forsythe Bypass, carrying LA 840-6 to its eastern terminus at US 165.", "Before the 1955 Louisiana Highway renumbering, LA 840-6 was signed as State Route 1927; it followed along Forsythe Avenue, however, instead of Forsythe Extension.", "Junction list", "Louisiana Highway 840-3 (LA 840-3) was a state highway in West Monroe.", "It spanned from south to north and is currently known as North 7th Street.", "It connected LA 34 on its original routing along Natchitoches Street to US 80.", "LA 840-3 was removed when LA 34 was rerouted along its current path, and the piece north of LA 34 was designated as a southern extension of LA 143.\nJunction list", "Louisiana Highway 840-4 (LA 840-4) was a state highway in Monroe.", "It spanned from south to north and is currently known as South Grand Street.", "It connected US 165 Business to Vernon Street, providing access to the Louisiana Institute for Boys and E.A. Conway Medical Center, which US 165 bypassed when it was rerouted along Jackson Street.", "LA 840-4 was removed sometime in the mid-1960s.", "Junction list", "Louisiana Highway 840-5 (LA 840-5) was a state highway in Monroe.", "It spanned from west to east and is currently known as Desiard Street.", "It connected downtown Monroe to US 165, but was eventually truncated before the 1955 Louisiana Highway renumbering to 26th Street.", "When LA 840-5 was created, it connected North 26th Street to US 165.", "It was deleted in 1957.", "Junction list" ]

[ 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 ]

[ "Louisiana Highway 840 is a collection of two current state highways which serve Monroe and West Monroe in Ouachita Parish, and three deleted state highways." ]

[ "Louisiana Highway 840-1 (LA 840-1) spans from west to east and is known as Smith Street.", "It connects LA 3033 to LA 34.", "Before the 1955 Louisiana Highway renumbering, LA 840-1 was signed as State Route 2185.", "It also served as the southern terminus of LA 617, signed as State Route 1607.", "The northern terminus of LA 617 has since been shifted north by two blocks.", "Junction list", "Louisiana Highway 840-6 (LA 840-6) spans from south to north and is known as North 18th Street and Forsythe Avenue.", "From the west, LA 840-6 begins as a state highway at an intersection with US 80/US 165 Business in Monroe.", "It heads north as a four-lane highway.", "The roadway south of this intersection is signed as TO I-20, and is known as North 18th Street.", "Heading north, LA 840-6 passes through many banks and restaurants.", "It turns to the right at an intersection with Forsythe Avenue, which picks up LA 840-6 and heads east.", "Forsythe Avenue has many upscale shops and restaurants and is one of the prized thoroughfares through Monroe.\nAfter crossing Bayou DeSiard, Forsythe Avenue turns into Forsythe Bypass, carrying LA 840-6 to its eastern terminus at US 165.", "Before the 1955 Louisiana Highway renumbering, LA 840-6 was signed as State Route 1927; it followed along Forsythe Avenue, however, instead of Forsythe Extension.", "Junction list", "Louisiana Highway 840-3 (LA 840-3) was a state highway in West Monroe.", "It spanned from south to north and is currently known as North 7th Street.", "It connected LA 34 on its original routing along Natchitoches Street to US 80.", "LA 840-3 was removed when LA 34 was rerouted along its current path, and the piece north of LA 34 was designated as a southern extension of LA 143.\nJunction list", "Louisiana Highway 840-4 (LA 840-4) was a state highway in Monroe.", "It spanned from south to north and is currently known as South Grand Street.", "It connected US 165 Business to Vernon Street, providing access to the Louisiana Institute for Boys and E.A. Conway Medical Center, which US 165 bypassed when it was rerouted along Jackson Street.", "LA 840-4 was removed sometime in the mid-1960s.", "Junction list", "Louisiana Highway 840-5 (LA 840-5) was a state highway in Monroe.", "It spanned from west to east and is currently known as Desiard Street.", "It connected downtown Monroe to US 165, but was eventually truncated before the 1955 Louisiana Highway renumbering to 26th Street.", "When LA 840-5 was created, it connected North 26th Street to US 165.", "It was deleted in 1957.", "Junction list" ]

[ 15, 16, 17, 18 ]

[ "Louisiana Highway 840 is a collection of two current state highways which serve Monroe and West Monroe in Ouachita Parish, and three deleted state highways." ]

[ "Born Dorothy Beecher, she was distantly related to Harriet Beecher Stowe, the American abolitionist and author of \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\" (1852).", "This bestselling book is believed to have influenced the American Civil War.", "Beecher at the age of 13 was introduced to the Bahá'í", "Faith by her grandmother, a member of the religion.", "Her grandmother took her to New York City to see ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, who was on an extended trip to the West.", "Moved by his talk and more thinking about the religion, around the time of her 15th birthday, Dorothy took official steps to be recognized as a Baháʼí.", "After high school, Beecher attended college at New Jersey State Normal School at Montclair.", "She graduated in 1918 as a teacher.", "Beecher started working for the Newark, New Jersey public school system.", "In June 1921 she married Frank Baker, a widower with two children, and took his surname.", "They had a daughter Louisa together in 1922 and a son born in 1923.", "By 1926 the family had moved to Buffalo, New York, where Baker joined the local Baháʼí community.", "She became quite active and was elected to the Baháʼí Local Spiritual Assembly.", "The family moved to Lima, Ohio in 1927.", "Continuing to be active as a Baháʼí, in 1928 Baker was a delegate to the national convention.", "After that she dedicated herself more to the service of the religion.", "She was first elected to the nine-person National Spiritual Assembly in 1937.", "Baker participated in leadership roles in several initiatives of the Baháʼís before World War II.", "Among the two highest priority were undertaking ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's call through the Tablets of the Divine Plan to spread the religion throughout Central and South America and to address racism in the United States.", "Baker was named chair of the Inter-America Committee of the Baháʼí National Spiritual Assembly of the US, responsible for many aspects of an initiative to expand the religion into Central and South America.", "In 1939 she was appointed by the national assembly to the Race Unity Committee, along with Louis George Gregory, an African-American lawyer who was a strong proponent of the religion.", "She chaired the committee from 1941–44, during World War II.", "She was elected to serve on the Baháʼí National Spiritual Assembly of the United States and Canada; she ultimately served sixteen years with the national assembly.", "In addition, she continued work with the Race Unity Committee; it stressed the role of education and culture in uprooting racism, gave parents recommendations for educating their children in the spirit of racial equality, and encouraged the study of African-American culture.", "Baker was instrumental in establishing the College Speakers Bureau for the committee on Race Unity.", "In 1941-2 she visited 30 colleges; in 1942-3 she visited 50 more.", "Across four years, through this bureau's work, she spoke to more than 60,000 students in 20 states.", "From 1937 to 1946, Baker made six trips through Central and South America.", "Because of her background in speaking to many audiences, Baker was regarded as one of the best Baháʼí speakers in the United States.", "Baker's daughter, Louise Baker, pioneered to Colombia in early 1943, working to interest the people in the Baháʼí faith.", "In 1943 Dorothy spent a month in Colombia visiting her daughter and other Baháʼís.", "Later in 1945 and again in early 1947, Baker was one of a number of notable Baháʼís who traveled through Mexico, meeting residents along the way.", "Starting in 1946, following World War II, Shoghi Effendi drew up plans for the American (US and Canada)", "Baháʼí community to send pioneers to Europe.", "Delaying her personal Baháʼí pilgrimage, Baker undertook a trip in 1948 across Europe.", "She visited Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, and Portugal (where she again visited her daughter.)", "See Baháʼí Faith in Europe.", "Baker was a representative of the US National Assembly to the 1951 Bahá'i convention.", "They were to elect members of a regional assembly to oversee expanding Bahá'i across Mexico and into Central and South America, and to the West Indies.", "During a second trip through Europe in 1951, Baker was appointed as a Hand of the Cause by Shogi Effendi.", "Baker attended the second convention of the regional assembly of Latin America which was held in San Jose, Costa Rica in April 1952 - her last journey to the region.", "In February 1953 the first inter-continental conference of four designated by Shoghi Effendi took place in Uganda.", "Baker was on the program along with ʻAlí-Akbar Furútan, Ugo Giachery, Hermann Grossman, ʻAlí-Muhammad Varqá, George Townshend, and Dhikru'llah Khadem giving a wide variety of talks and classes across 7 days.", "Baker made her Baháʼí pilgrimage just before the conference after delaying it twice in earlier years in order to provide service in her travels.", "At a follow-up conference for the initiatives in Europe, in Stockholm in August 1953, Baker asked for a Baháʼí to settle in Andorra and French-born William Danjon Dieudonne volunteered.", "He left his home in Denmark and arrived in on 7 October 1953 and so was listed as a Knight of Baháʼu'lláh thereafter.", "Baker spoke at a variety of events in India extending her stay twice to speak at schools - her last public talk was in Karachi in early 1954.", "In January 1954 it was announced Baker had died in a plane crash near the island of Elba en route to Rome from Pakistan where she had toured after helping an international conference in India.", "The plane, BOAC Flight 781, had taken off at 4:30 a.m., Lima time, Sunday, on its way to London, and crashed in the sea about 40 minutes later.", "She had had plans to continue her trip from Rome to Paris, New York, and from there to a pioneering post with her husband Frank Baker in St. Charles, Grenada, West Indies.", "Paul Edmond Haney was appointed Hand of the Cause to replace her in service to the religion.", "The major print biography of Dorothy Baker's life was written by her granddaughter, Dorothy Freeman, and researched by her daughter, Louise Baker Mathias --" ]

[ 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 ]

[ "She rose to leadership positions in a Local Spiritual Assembly and then was elected to the National Spiritual Assembly of the religion, serving a total of sixteen years.", "During World War II, she undertook leadership of the National Assembly's Race Unity Committee and of efforts to expand the religion into Mexico, Central and South America.", "In December 1951 she was recognized for her service, appointed by Shoghi Effendi, then head of the religion, to the rank of persons known as Hands of the Cause of God.", "On 24 December 1951 she was appointed Hand of the Cause of God by Shoghi Effendi." ]

[ "Based on The Glass Menagerie, the movie details the story of Yalda (Negar Javaherian), a disabled girl who has a great interest for collecting glass animals.", "She harbors a secret attraction towards her brother Ehsan's best friend Reza (Parsa Pirouzfar).", "Her brother Ehsan (Saber Abar), whose voiceover introduces the film, writes poetry and desperately dreams of leaving Iran.", "He dreams of being a writer and spends his spare time haunting cinemas and watching old movies over and over.", "Farideh (Fatemeh Motamed-Aria) holds down two jobs to help support her family.", "Farideh is trying her best to find a prompt suitor for her introvert daughter Yalda.", "Screened and welcomed by critics and audience in 11th Tiburon Film Festival\n35th Montréal Film Festival, 2011 \n2nd Iranian Film Festival Australia, 2012 \n36th Cleveland International Film Festival, 2012" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]

[ "The film stars Fatemeh Motamed-Aria, Saber Abar, Negar Javaherian and Parsa Pirouzfar." ]

[ "The incumbent, Sir Stanley Buckmaster, had been elected for the constituency in the 1911 Keighley by-election.", "He was required to fight another by-election on his appointment as Solicitor General for England and Wales.", "Stanley Buckmaster\nHenry Lascelles, Viscount Lascelles - 30-year old heir to the Earl of Harewood, whose peerage he succeeded to in 1929, and future husband of Mary, Princess Royal.\nWilliam Bland - local trade unionist member of local Independent Labour Party who was endorsed by the national Labour Party.", "A General Election was due to take place by the end of 1915.", "By the summer of 1914, the following candidates had been adopted to contest that election.", "Due to the outbreak of war, the election never took place.", "Another by-election occurred in Keighley in 1915 when Buckmaster accepted a seat in the House of Lords." ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "The Keighley by-election was a Parliamentary by-election." ]

[ "Guðmundur Steinn was born in Reykjavík, Iceland in 1982.", "He studied at the Iceland Academy of the Arts, graduating in 2005, and then at Mills College in Oakland, California, where he gained an M.A. degree with a thesis entitled \"An Approach to Rhythm\".", "His teachers have included Atli Ingólfsson, Úlfar Haraldsson, Hilmar ór Arson and Hilmar Jensson in Iceland, and Alvin Curran, Fred Frith and John Bischoff at Mills College.", "He also attended Karlheinz Stockhausen’s courses in Kürten in 2004, went to the Darmstädter Ferienkurse in 2008 and has had masterclasses with Helmut Lachenmann, Tristan Murail, Pauline Oliveros and Clarence Barlow.", "Guðmundur Steinn's musical style combines sound patterns without using a rigid rhythmic grid structure or pulse.", "This approach has led to the development of his animated notation, or \", instead of using traditional musical scores.", "During the performance, the musicians follow specific instructions that move across a computer screen.", "This rhythmic language and animated notation and the structural methods he uses in composition were the subject of his M.A. thesis in Mills College.", "As Guðmundur Steinn explains, \"By intently focusing on small differences, both in rhythm and pitch, the ear gets tuned to a microscopic mode of listening.", "When things then open up, a new sense of variety is gained.", "\"\nWorks have been performed at events in both Scandinavia and the USA, including the Reno Interdisciplinary Arts Festival, Music for People and Thingamajigs, U.N.M. (Ung Nordisk Musik), Time of Music, Dark Music Days, Nordic Music Days (2009 and 2010), and Ung Nordisk Musik.", "Performers of his works have included Quartet San Francisco, The Zapolski Quartet Ensemble Adapter, Defun, Duo Harpverk, Shayna Dunkelmann, Tinna Þorsteinsdóttir, Quartet Opabinia, The Zapolski Quartet and Atón/Njútón.", "Guðmundur Steinn also participates in improvisatory performances, and has performed with Steve Hubback, Fred Frith, Andrew D'Angelo, Ad Peijnenburg, Hilmar Jensson and Skúli Sverrisson\nGuðmundur Steinn is a founding member of the S.L.Á.T.U.R. (\"samtök listrænt ágengra tónsmiða umhverfis Reykjavík\" or \"The Association of Artistically Obtrusive Composers around Reykjavík\"), an experimental composers collective in Iceland, and he is co-curator of the festival \"Sláturtíð\".", "He also a co-curates the concert series \"Jaðarber\" at the Reykjavík Art Museum.", "Guðmundur Steinn's works include:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAll use Guðmundur Steinn's \"animated notation\" except \"\"." ]

[ 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 ]

[ "Guðmundur Steinn Gunnarsson (born 1982) is an Icelandic composer, performer and a founding member of S.L.Á.T.U.R., an experimental arts organization in Reykjavík.", "In his compositions he has developed a rhythmic language devoid of regular beat or metre, and he has created a new musical notation to represent his music." ]

[ "Maybe is a bay filly with a white star bred in Ireland by Epona Bloodstock Ltd at the Croome House Stud in County Limerick.", "She was sired by The Derby winner Galileo out of the Listed race winner Sumora.", "As a yearling, Maybe was sent to the Deauville Sales where she was bought for €340,000 by the bloodstock agent Dermot \"Demi\" O'Byrne, acting on behalf of the Coolmore organisation.", "Like most Coolmore horses she was sent into training with Aidan O'Brien at Ballydoyle.", "For racing purposes Maybe was registered as being owned by Derrick Smith, Mrs John Magnier and Michael Tabor.", "Maybe made her racecourse debut in a maiden race at Naas on 11 May 2011.", "Starting at odds of 8/1 she led from the start and won by four and a half lengths from Princess Sinead.", "In June, Maybe was sent to England to contest the Chesham Stakes at Royal Ascot in which she was pitted against colts.", "Ridden by Ryan Moore, she took the lead two furlongs from the finish and recorded an \"impressive\" two and a quarter length victory over Fort Bastion.", "In the Group Three Silver Flash Stakes at Leopardstown in July, Maybe started the 2/7 favourite and won by a neck from La Collina.", "In this race she was ridden by her trainer's son Joseph O'Brien.", "On 7 August, Maybe was moved up to Group Two class for the Debutante Stakes at The Curragh.", "Ridden again by Joseph O'Brien, Maybe took the lead two furlongs from the finish and won \"comfortably\" from Yellow Rosebud and Lightening Pearl.", "Three weeks later, Maybe returned to the Curragh for the Group One Moyglare Stud Stakes.", "Starting the 8/13 favourite she took the lead two furlongs out and won from Fire Lily and La Collina.", "In late September, Maybe's form was boosted when Lightening Pearl won the Group One Cheveley Park Stakes at Newmarket.", "In November, Maybe was named European Champion Two-Year-Old Filly at the Cartier Racing Awards.", "Maybe made her three-year-old debut in the 1000 Guineas at Newmarket on 6 May for which she was made 13/8 favourite.", "The start of the race was delayed after the filly Gray Pearl collapsed in the starting stalls.", "Maybe finished third to her stable companion Homecoming Queen.", "In The Oaks a month later, Maybe started as 100/30 second favourite, but was again beaten by a stable companion, finishing fifth to Was.", "The filly was expected to run in the Pretty Polly Stakes on 1 July, but was withdrawn (along with Was) because of the extremely soft ground.", "Maybe's next appearance was the Falmouth Stakes at Newmarket on 13 July.", "Racing against older fillies and mares for the first time she finished fifth of the ten runners behind the French-trained four-year-old Giofra.", "On her only subsequent appearance Maybe finished last of the eight runners in the Matron Stakes at Leopardstown in September.", "After the end of her second season Maybe was retired from racing to become a broodmare for the Coolmore Stud.", "Her second foal Saxon Warrior (by Deep Impact) won the Racing Post Trophy in 2017 and 2000 Guineas in 2018." ]

[ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 ]

[ "She was undefeated in five races in 2011 including the Group One Moyglare Stud Stakes and was awarded the title of European Champion Two-Year-Old Filly of 2011 at the Cartier Racing Awards.", "She was the winter favourite for the 2012 1000 Guineas." ]

[ "Maybe is a bay filly with a white star bred in Ireland by Epona Bloodstock Ltd at the Croome House Stud in County Limerick.", "She was sired by The Derby winner Galileo out of the Listed race winner Sumora.", "As a yearling, Maybe was sent to the Deauville Sales where she was bought for €340,000 by the bloodstock agent Dermot \"Demi\" O'Byrne, acting on behalf of the Coolmore organisation.", "Like most Coolmore horses she was sent into training with Aidan O'Brien at Ballydoyle.", "For racing purposes Maybe was registered as being owned by Derrick Smith, Mrs John Magnier and Michael Tabor.", "Maybe made her racecourse debut in a maiden race at Naas on 11 May 2011.", "Starting at odds of 8/1 she led from the start and won by four and a half lengths from Princess Sinead.", "In June, Maybe was sent to England to contest the Chesham Stakes at Royal Ascot in which she was pitted against colts.", "Ridden by Ryan Moore, she took the lead two furlongs from the finish and recorded an \"impressive\" two and a quarter length victory over Fort Bastion.", "In the Group Three Silver Flash Stakes at Leopardstown in July, Maybe started the 2/7 favourite and won by a neck from La Collina.", "In this race she was ridden by her trainer's son Joseph O'Brien.", "On 7 August, Maybe was moved up to Group Two class for the Debutante Stakes at The Curragh.", "Ridden again by Joseph O'Brien, Maybe took the lead two furlongs from the finish and won \"comfortably\" from Yellow Rosebud and Lightening Pearl.", "Three weeks later, Maybe returned to the Curragh for the Group One Moyglare Stud Stakes.", "Starting the 8/13 favourite she took the lead two furlongs out and won from Fire Lily and La Collina.", "In late September, Maybe's form was boosted when Lightening Pearl won the Group One Cheveley Park Stakes at Newmarket.", "In November, Maybe was named European Champion Two-Year-Old Filly at the Cartier Racing Awards.", "Maybe made her three-year-old debut in the 1000 Guineas at Newmarket on 6 May for which she was made 13/8 favourite.", "The start of the race was delayed after the filly Gray Pearl collapsed in the starting stalls.", "Maybe finished third to her stable companion Homecoming Queen.", "In The Oaks a month later, Maybe started as 100/30 second favourite, but was again beaten by a stable companion, finishing fifth to Was.", "The filly was expected to run in the Pretty Polly Stakes on 1 July, but was withdrawn (along with Was) because of the extremely soft ground.", "Maybe's next appearance was the Falmouth Stakes at Newmarket on 13 July.", "Racing against older fillies and mares for the first time she finished fifth of the ten runners behind the French-trained four-year-old Giofra.", "On her only subsequent appearance Maybe finished last of the eight runners in the Matron Stakes at Leopardstown in September.", "After the end of her second season Maybe was retired from racing to become a broodmare for the Coolmore Stud.", "Her second foal Saxon Warrior (by Deep Impact) won the Racing Post Trophy in 2017 and 2000 Guineas in 2018." ]

[ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 ]

[ "She was undefeated in five races in 2011 including the Group One Moyglare Stud Stakes and was awarded the title of European Champion Two-Year-Old Filly of 2011 at the Cartier Racing Awards." ]

[ "Maybe is a bay filly with a white star bred in Ireland by Epona Bloodstock Ltd at the Croome House Stud in County Limerick.", "She was sired by The Derby winner Galileo out of the Listed race winner Sumora.", "As a yearling, Maybe was sent to the Deauville Sales where she was bought for €340,000 by the bloodstock agent Dermot \"Demi\" O'Byrne, acting on behalf of the Coolmore organisation.", "Like most Coolmore horses she was sent into training with Aidan O'Brien at Ballydoyle.", "For racing purposes Maybe was registered as being owned by Derrick Smith, Mrs John Magnier and Michael Tabor.", "Maybe made her racecourse debut in a maiden race at Naas on 11 May 2011.", "Starting at odds of 8/1 she led from the start and won by four and a half lengths from Princess Sinead.", "In June, Maybe was sent to England to contest the Chesham Stakes at Royal Ascot in which she was pitted against colts.", "Ridden by Ryan Moore, she took the lead two furlongs from the finish and recorded an \"impressive\" two and a quarter length victory over Fort Bastion.", "In the Group Three Silver Flash Stakes at Leopardstown in July, Maybe started the 2/7 favourite and won by a neck from La Collina.", "In this race she was ridden by her trainer's son Joseph O'Brien.", "On 7 August, Maybe was moved up to Group Two class for the Debutante Stakes at The Curragh.", "Ridden again by Joseph O'Brien, Maybe took the lead two furlongs from the finish and won \"comfortably\" from Yellow Rosebud and Lightening Pearl.", "Three weeks later, Maybe returned to the Curragh for the Group One Moyglare Stud Stakes.", "Starting the 8/13 favourite she took the lead two furlongs out and won from Fire Lily and La Collina.", "In late September, Maybe's form was boosted when Lightening Pearl won the Group One Cheveley Park Stakes at Newmarket.", "In November, Maybe was named European Champion Two-Year-Old Filly at the Cartier Racing Awards.", "Maybe made her three-year-old debut in the 1000 Guineas at Newmarket on 6 May for which she was made 13/8 favourite.", "The start of the race was delayed after the filly Gray Pearl collapsed in the starting stalls.", "Maybe finished third to her stable companion Homecoming Queen.", "In The Oaks a month later, Maybe started as 100/30 second favourite, but was again beaten by a stable companion, finishing fifth to Was.", "The filly was expected to run in the Pretty Polly Stakes on 1 July, but was withdrawn (along with Was) because of the extremely soft ground.", "Maybe's next appearance was the Falmouth Stakes at Newmarket on 13 July.", "Racing against older fillies and mares for the first time she finished fifth of the ten runners behind the French-trained four-year-old Giofra.", "On her only subsequent appearance Maybe finished last of the eight runners in the Matron Stakes at Leopardstown in September.", "After the end of her second season Maybe was retired from racing to become a broodmare for the Coolmore Stud.", "Her second foal Saxon Warrior (by Deep Impact) won the Racing Post Trophy in 2017 and 2000 Guineas in 2018." ]

[ 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 ]

[ "She was the winter favourite for the 2012 1000 Guineas." ]

[ "The group was founded in 1974 as a car rental company.", "In 1983 her shares were signed Tel Aviv Stock Exchange.", "In 1990 Gold Bond/Conterm joined the group.", "Gold Bond is specializing in the sectors of containers storage and transportation, and in providing cargo logistics solutions.", "In 1991 the group has founded its first logistic center, \"Shlomo Car Rental\", in Petah Tikva.", "In 1995, the Group participated in the acquisition of Israel Shipyards.", "In 2002 the group bough the license for handling the operation of Sixt in Israel and in 2003 acquired the \"Afcon\" holding group, which is traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange and specializing in the sectors of infrastructure, electromechanical systems, control and automation, and communication.", "In 2005 the group's activity was expanded outside of Israel through the establishment of Shlomo Romania where it provides car lease, rental and sale services.", "In 2007, Shlomo Real Estate was added to the group and in 2008 Shlomo Insurance was founded.", "In 2011 the group was granted a franchise for importing the German car brand Opel through Opel Israel.", "That same year the group relocated it HQ to Tzrifin, to \"Kyriat Shlomo\" service and logistics center.", "In 2014 the company was supposed to acquire Sonol from Azrieli Group, but the sale was cancelled following the death of Shlomo Shmeltzer and the perish of David Azrieli the day after.", "After the death of Shlomo, his son Asi Shmeltzer was appointed as the chairman of the group.", "In 2015 the group won the sponsorship tender for the name of the Drive in Arena, officially named Shlomo Group Arena.", "In 2017 Shlomo Group acquired the business activity of the Chinese company BYD Auto and began importing cars and electric buses.", "In 2018 group had founded the \"Shlomo Shmeltzer Institute for Smart Transportation\" at Tel Aviv University, in the founder's memory.", "A holding company which provinces car services for government, public, private and business customers.", "The company own a fleet of 80,000 vehicles, and provide those services through its subsidiaries.", "In June 2018 Shlomo Group acquired the Israeli and the Romanian franchise of the Chinese company BYD Auto, a multinational company, that was established in Shenzhen province, China.", "Since its establishment in 1995, BYD Auto has developed an expertise in rechargeable batteries.", "In 2016, it sold 114,315 new electric vehicles, an increase of 70% from the previous year, that is higher than the average growth rate of new electric vehicles sold in China (about 53%).", "BYD Auto has successfully expanded renewable energy solutions all around the world while operating in more than 50 countries and regions.", "After 23 years of development, BYD has created a net-Zero Emissions Energy system, affordable solar power and a reliable energy storage system as part of encouraging advanced electric transportation plans.", "BYD is traded on the Shenzhen and Hong Kong Stock Exchange.", "In Israel, Shlomo Group distributes a 12 meters long electric buses for the transit operator Egged.", "In the future, additional electric vehicles types are expected to arrive to Israel, such as 18 meters long buses, minibuses and passenger cars.", "In November 2007 Shlomo Group was granted a license from The Supervisor of Insurance and at the beginning of 2008 established its business activity.", "The Group has 380,000 customers and 1,000 active insurance agents.", "According to the company's publications, its investment portfolio value amounts at ILS 900 million.", "In 2019 the company launched \"AppToYou\" - a service which measures the distance a driver had traveled and the safety of his driving, and fit the insurance policy by these paremeters.", "Shlomo Group is a controlling shareholder (62%) of Afcon.", "Afcon provides a range of products and services for infrastructures and technologies to a variety of companies in the Israeli market.", "Afcon was founded in 1945 and now employs 1,250 people.", "Afcon is traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange at a value of NIS 500 million and its shareholders' equity is ILS 400 million.", "In 2015 the company's profits reached ILS 1.4 billion.", "Afcon operates worldwide, including Romania, China, India, the United States and Russia.", "Afcon has also a construction division, partnering the establishment of Intel international R&D center at Petah Tikva.", "Shlomo Nadlan, owns 500,000 sqm.", "of properties in Israel and Western Europe, it was established in 2007 and specializes in real estate activities.", "Shlomo Real Estate core business is improving assets, including hotels and commercial properties.", "The company acquire properties and improve them through renovation, locating suitable tenants, etc.", "Some of the properties are sold and some are used for rental purposes.", "The value of the company's asset portfolio amounts at ILS 2 billion and shareholders' equity is estimated at NIS 600 million.", "Israel Shipyards operates in the military and the civilian markets, including import and export logistics service.", "Israel Shipyards is the largest shipyard in Israel and one of the largest privately owned shipyards in the Middle East, in addition it is the first and only private port in Israel.", "The company's facilities and offices are located in the eastern part of Kishon Port in Haifa Bay, covering 335 dunams leased from the Administration of Shipping and Ports.", "The company has a 900 meters length pier with a waterside depth of 12 meters.", "Since September 2020 it became a public company.", "Gold Bond, which is owned by Shlomo Group, is actually a holding group consists of a number of companies, and most of its activity is located in Ashdod area, including the following fields of activity:\n\n\nGold Bond owns a railway station enabling transportation of cargo and goods from Ashdod to all over Israel.", "In addition to Israel, a major focus of the group's business activity is in Romania.", "Shlomo Group is one of the two largest car rental companies in Romania today.", "It holds the largest market share of car rental and leasing in Romania, and also, an importer and franchisee of Opel in Bucharest.", "The core business of the group is first hand car sale.", "Shlomo Group was mentioned due to a fine in totaling ILS 1,549,100, that was imposed in 2013 on several vehicle importers, including Shlomo Group.", "According to the Ministry of Environmental Protection the companies did not publish air pollution level data of the vehicles.", "The notification of the Ministry of Environmental Protection noted this is not the first time Shlomo Group is fined for such kind of violation." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 ]

[ "The group was founded in 1974 by Shlomo Shmeltzer." ]

[ "The group was founded in 1974 as a car rental company.", "In 1983 her shares were signed Tel Aviv Stock Exchange.", "In 1990 Gold Bond/Conterm joined the group.", "Gold Bond is specializing in the sectors of containers storage and transportation, and in providing cargo logistics solutions.", "In 1991 the group has founded its first logistic center, \"Shlomo Car Rental\", in Petah Tikva.", "In 1995, the Group participated in the acquisition of Israel Shipyards.", "In 2002 the group bough the license for handling the operation of Sixt in Israel and in 2003 acquired the \"Afcon\" holding group, which is traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange and specializing in the sectors of infrastructure, electromechanical systems, control and automation, and communication.", "In 2005 the group's activity was expanded outside of Israel through the establishment of Shlomo Romania where it provides car lease, rental and sale services.", "In 2007, Shlomo Real Estate was added to the group and in 2008 Shlomo Insurance was founded.", "In 2011 the group was granted a franchise for importing the German car brand Opel through Opel Israel.", "That same year the group relocated it HQ to Tzrifin, to \"Kyriat Shlomo\" service and logistics center.", "In 2014 the company was supposed to acquire Sonol from Azrieli Group, but the sale was cancelled following the death of Shlomo Shmeltzer and the perish of David Azrieli the day after.", "After the death of Shlomo, his son Asi Shmeltzer was appointed as the chairman of the group.", "In 2015 the group won the sponsorship tender for the name of the Drive in Arena, officially named Shlomo Group Arena.", "In 2017 Shlomo Group acquired the business activity of the Chinese company BYD Auto and began importing cars and electric buses.", "In 2018 group had founded the \"Shlomo Shmeltzer Institute for Smart Transportation\" at Tel Aviv University, in the founder's memory.", "A holding company which provinces car services for government, public, private and business customers.", "The company own a fleet of 80,000 vehicles, and provide those services through its subsidiaries.", "In June 2018 Shlomo Group acquired the Israeli and the Romanian franchise of the Chinese company BYD Auto, a multinational company, that was established in Shenzhen province, China.", "Since its establishment in 1995, BYD Auto has developed an expertise in rechargeable batteries.", "In 2016, it sold 114,315 new electric vehicles, an increase of 70% from the previous year, that is higher than the average growth rate of new electric vehicles sold in China (about 53%).", "BYD Auto has successfully expanded renewable energy solutions all around the world while operating in more than 50 countries and regions.", "After 23 years of development, BYD has created a net-Zero Emissions Energy system, affordable solar power and a reliable energy storage system as part of encouraging advanced electric transportation plans.", "BYD is traded on the Shenzhen and Hong Kong Stock Exchange.", "In Israel, Shlomo Group distributes a 12 meters long electric buses for the transit operator Egged.", "In the future, additional electric vehicles types are expected to arrive to Israel, such as 18 meters long buses, minibuses and passenger cars.", "In November 2007 Shlomo Group was granted a license from The Supervisor of Insurance and at the beginning of 2008 established its business activity.", "The Group has 380,000 customers and 1,000 active insurance agents.", "According to the company's publications, its investment portfolio value amounts at ILS 900 million.", "In 2019 the company launched \"AppToYou\" - a service which measures the distance a driver had traveled and the safety of his driving, and fit the insurance policy by these paremeters.", "Shlomo Group is a controlling shareholder (62%) of Afcon.", "Afcon provides a range of products and services for infrastructures and technologies to a variety of companies in the Israeli market.", "Afcon was founded in 1945 and now employs 1,250 people.", "Afcon is traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange at a value of NIS 500 million and its shareholders' equity is ILS 400 million.", "In 2015 the company's profits reached ILS 1.4 billion.", "Afcon operates worldwide, including Romania, China, India, the United States and Russia.", "Afcon has also a construction division, partnering the establishment of Intel international R&D center at Petah Tikva.", "Shlomo Nadlan, owns 500,000 sqm.", "of properties in Israel and Western Europe, it was established in 2007 and specializes in real estate activities.", "Shlomo Real Estate core business is improving assets, including hotels and commercial properties.", "The company acquire properties and improve them through renovation, locating suitable tenants, etc.", "Some of the properties are sold and some are used for rental purposes.", "The value of the company's asset portfolio amounts at ILS 2 billion and shareholders' equity is estimated at NIS 600 million.", "Israel Shipyards operates in the military and the civilian markets, including import and export logistics service.", "Israel Shipyards is the largest shipyard in Israel and one of the largest privately owned shipyards in the Middle East, in addition it is the first and only private port in Israel.", "The company's facilities and offices are located in the eastern part of Kishon Port in Haifa Bay, covering 335 dunams leased from the Administration of Shipping and Ports.", "The company has a 900 meters length pier with a waterside depth of 12 meters.", "Since September 2020 it became a public company.", "Gold Bond, which is owned by Shlomo Group, is actually a holding group consists of a number of companies, and most of its activity is located in Ashdod area, including the following fields of activity:\n\n\nGold Bond owns a railway station enabling transportation of cargo and goods from Ashdod to all over Israel.", "In addition to Israel, a major focus of the group's business activity is in Romania.", "Shlomo Group is one of the two largest car rental companies in Romania today.", "It holds the largest market share of car rental and leasing in Romania, and also, an importer and franchisee of Opel in Bucharest.", "The core business of the group is first hand car sale.", "Shlomo Group was mentioned due to a fine in totaling ILS 1,549,100, that was imposed in 2013 on several vehicle importers, including Shlomo Group.", "According to the Ministry of Environmental Protection the companies did not publish air pollution level data of the vehicles.", "The notification of the Ministry of Environmental Protection noted this is not the first time Shlomo Group is fined for such kind of violation." ]

[ 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48 ]

[ "Shlomo Group is one of the largest investments and holdings groups in Israel, consists of automotive, real estate, telecom, insurance, shipyards and logistics sectors." ]

[ "Angika is mainly spoken in south-eastern Bihar, including Munger, Bhagalpur and Banka districts; and the Santhal Pargana division of Jharkhand.", "Its speakers number around 15 million people.", "Apart from Bihar and Jharkhand states of India, it is also spoken in the Morang district of Nepalese Terai as a minority language.", "1.9% people of Morang returned Angika as their mother tongue during the 2011 Nepal census.", "Angika was classified as a dialect of Maithili by George A. Grierson in the \"Linguistic Survey of India\" (1903).", "However, the Angika speakers now assert its status as an independent language.", "When the proponents of the Maithili language in Bihar demanded use of Maithili-medium primary education in the early 20th century, the people of the Angika-speaking region did not support them, and instead favoured Hindi-medium education.", "In the 1960s and the 1970s, when the Maithili speakers demanded a separate Mithila state, the Angika and Bajjika speakers made counter-demands for recognition of their languages.", "Maithili proponents believe that the Government of Bihar and the pro-Hindi Bihar Rashtrabhasha Parishad promoted Angika and Bajjika as distinct languages to weaken the Maithili language movement; many of them still consider Angika to be a dialect of Maithili.", "People from mainly Maithil Brahmins and Karan Kayasthas castes have supported the Maithili movement, while people from various other castes in the Mithila region have projected Angika and Bajjika as their mother tongues, attempting to break away from the Maithili-based regional identity.", "Angika is not listed in the 8th schedule of the constitution of India.", "Nevertheless, Angika language movements have advocated its inclusion, and a submitted request is currently pending with the Government.", "Angika has the status of \"second state language\" in the Indian state of Jharkhand since 2018.", "It shares this status with 15 other languages, including Maithili." ]

[ 10, 11, 12, 13 ]

[ "Angika has subsidiary official status in the state of Jharkhand." ]

[ "The draw for the first round of the competition took place on 18 August 2012.", "Sixteen clubs were given a bye into the second round, and the remaining 32 clubs, including the holders, were divided into four geographical regions.", "Byes", "Northern section\nBradford City, Bury, Crewe Alexandra, Doncaster Rovers, Hartlepool United, Sheffield United, Shrewsbury Town, Walsall.", "Southern section\nBarnet, Brentford, Cheltenham Town, Colchester United, Leyton Orient, Plymouth Argyle, Torquay United, Wycombe Wanderers.", "The draw for the second round of the competition took place on 8 September 2012, with matches played in the week commencing 8 October 2012.", "The draw for the Area Quarter Finals was made on 13 October 2012, and the matches will be played in the week commencing 3 December 2012.", "The draw for the Area Semi Finals was made on 8 December 2012, and the matches will be played in the week commencing 7 January 2013.", "The area finals, which serve as the semi-finals for the entire competition, were contested over two legs, home and away.", "\"Crewe Alexandra won 3–2 on aggregate.", "\"", "\"Southend United won 3–2 on aggregate.", "\"" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ]

[ "In all, 48 clubs will enter the competition." ]

[ "The museum was established in 1963, as a small collection of vehicles formerly used by the local military training center.", "It was located in former barracks in Sołacz district.", "For most of the Communist period, the only vehicles in the museum were those of Soviet (or USSR's satellites) production.", "After the fall of communism in Poland in 1989, the museum started to acquire non-Soviet exhibits (Western or German) as well.", "The museum was located inside a single hangar, housing much of its exhibits, although some vehicles were stored outside.", "The museum's curator is Lt Col Tomasz Ogrodniczuk, who also participates in the restoration efforts and would occasionally drive certain vehicles during the \"Armoured Parade\" - from the museum's hangar to the Training Center's parade square.", "In November 2013 it was announced that by 2015, the museum will be turned into a branch of Land Forces Museum in Bydgoszcz.", "This offered several advantages, the most important being financial aid from the state, and also that the museum will be open to visitors for all year long.", "Ultimately, however, the museum was turned into a branch of Polish Army Museum in Warsaw.", "In January 2015 it was announced that the museum will be moved to an unused hangar near the Ławica airport by June 2017.", "As of 2017, the Museum was no longer accessible, and expected to be reopened in spring 2019, after the restoration of the hangars and relocation of the exhibits is finished.", "The museum was eventually reopened on 8 October 2019.", "In 2008, a German Sturmgeschütz IV assault gun was recovered from the Rgilewka river near Grzegorzew.", "It was moved to Poznań and by the summer of 2009, it was restored to running condition.", "As of 2012, it's the only running StuG IV in the world and one of three preserved examples at all (one is also in Poland and second in Latvia)", "On August 5, 2011 a German Sd.", "Kfz.", "6 artillery tractor was excavated from Warta river near Białobrzeg.", "Exactly one year later, on August 5, 2012, its restoration was officially finished.", "Thanks to the restoration team's efforts, much of the vehicle is original (only the wooden elements and thinnest metal parts were replaced), though as of 2012, its engine is still being restored and it uses a replacement powerplant.", "In April 2012 the museum acquired the wreckage of TKS tankette (lower hull only) and first presented it on June 2 of that year.", "The restoration took two years and was finished in May 2014.", "In October 2012, renovation of BTR-152 APC was finished.", "Almost simultaneously, the restoration of IS-2 heavy tank was launched.", "One month later, T-70 tank was also taken to repair shop.", "They were finished in June and February 2013, respectively.", "In late 2012 a Renault FT tank was brought from Afghanistan and initially brought to Poznań and exhibited shortly near the Poznań National Museum and the Bazar Hotel.", "The tank was to be restored in Poznań with the help of Armoured Warfare Museum, however it was eventually sent to Polish Army Museum in Warsaw and restored by the end of 2013.", "In June 2013, a Cruiser Tank Mk VIII Centaur Mk I was brought from Portugal.", "Such tanks were used by Polish Armed Forces in the West during World War II for training.", "Its restoration began in May 2014.", "In September 2013, three new vehicles were acquired from Norway - a wreck of Panzer III medium tank, an M47 Patton main battle tank and an M88 Recovery Vehicle.", "It was the second time when the museum worked together with Norwegian authorities, the first being the acquisition of the TKS tankette.", "Thanks to the assistance from Polish Army Museum in Warsaw, another wreck was donated to the museum, and the two wrecks were used to complete a single vehicle.", "In 2014, the T-54 and T-55 tanks were taken to Wrocław to take part in the shooting of \"Bridge of Spies\", standing for NVA vehicles in East Berlin.", "Steven Spielberg and Janusz Kamiński left their signatures on the latter tank.", "In June 2015, an M10 Achilles tank destroyer was donated to the museum and is currently under restoration.", "In September 2016, a Daimler Dingo scout car was donated to the museum from the United States.", "Such cars were used by the Polish Armed Forces in the West, and after a renovation, it was given the markings of 15th Poznań Uhlan Regiment.", "In October 2017, the museum acquired a 7.7 cm FK 96 n.A. gun, once exhibited outside of the Czocha Castle, which was severely damaged by elements and tourists.", "In December of that year, the renovation of the gun was finished, and it was decided it will stay in the museum to prevent further destruction.", "Around the same time, the museum acquired another artillery piece, a 10.5 cm leFH 18 howitzer.", "Since its restoration, it has been exhibited side by side with its dedicated tractor, the Sd.", "Kfz. 6.", "In January 2018, the museum acquired three new vehicles: a Jagdpanzer 38(t) Hetzer tank destroyer, an M4A1 Half-Track and a replica of an Austin Putilov armoured car (all three from private owners).", "All three vehicles are in running condition.", "In May 2020, a Fox Armoured Car, found in Italian scrapyard by Polish soldiers taking part in Operation Irini, was delivered for restoration.", "Much like the aforementioned Dingos, such cars were used by the 15th Poznan Uhlans Regiment and one of the aims of the restoration process is to determine whether this particular vehicle was a part of this unit during the war.", "Exhibits in \"italics\" are under restoration and are not part of current exhibition (as of 2020).", "Formerly, because the museum was located inside the military area, it was necessary to pre-arrange the visit by acquiring an entry permit from the CSWL command.", "However, during certain events (Child Day in May/June and the CSWL Patron's Day in September/October), visitors could enter it without permits.", "Since the museum was moved to a new location, no permits are needed, but tickets must be acquired before entry.", "The museum is open from Tuesday to Saturday, however opening hours might be subject to change without prior warning due to organisational matters (e.g. arrival of new exhibits).", "The old museum was located on the 86/90 Wojska Polskiego Street, north-west from the city center.", "The new site is located closer to the Ławica airport, on 4 \"3 Pułku Lotniczego\" Street, close to the intersection with Dąbrowskiego Street, with the nearest bus stop being \"Tatrzańska\"." ]

[ 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54 ]

[ "In 2018, the old museum was closed to visitors; it was re-opened in early 2019 in a new location." ]

[ "The museum was established in 1963, as a small collection of vehicles formerly used by the local military training center.", "It was located in former barracks in Sołacz district.", "For most of the Communist period, the only vehicles in the museum were those of Soviet (or USSR's satellites) production.", "After the fall of communism in Poland in 1989, the museum started to acquire non-Soviet exhibits (Western or German) as well.", "The museum was located inside a single hangar, housing much of its exhibits, although some vehicles were stored outside.", "The museum's curator is Lt Col Tomasz Ogrodniczuk, who also participates in the restoration efforts and would occasionally drive certain vehicles during the \"Armoured Parade\" - from the museum's hangar to the Training Center's parade square.", "In November 2013 it was announced that by 2015, the museum will be turned into a branch of Land Forces Museum in Bydgoszcz.", "This offered several advantages, the most important being financial aid from the state, and also that the museum will be open to visitors for all year long.", "Ultimately, however, the museum was turned into a branch of Polish Army Museum in Warsaw.", "In January 2015 it was announced that the museum will be moved to an unused hangar near the Ławica airport by June 2017.", "As of 2017, the Museum was no longer accessible, and expected to be reopened in spring 2019, after the restoration of the hangars and relocation of the exhibits is finished.", "The museum was eventually reopened on 8 October 2019.", "In 2008, a German Sturmgeschütz IV assault gun was recovered from the Rgilewka river near Grzegorzew.", "It was moved to Poznań and by the summer of 2009, it was restored to running condition.", "As of 2012, it's the only running StuG IV in the world and one of three preserved examples at all (one is also in Poland and second in Latvia)", "On August 5, 2011 a German Sd.", "Kfz.", "6 artillery tractor was excavated from Warta river near Białobrzeg.", "Exactly one year later, on August 5, 2012, its restoration was officially finished.", "Thanks to the restoration team's efforts, much of the vehicle is original (only the wooden elements and thinnest metal parts were replaced), though as of 2012, its engine is still being restored and it uses a replacement powerplant.", "In April 2012 the museum acquired the wreckage of TKS tankette (lower hull only) and first presented it on June 2 of that year.", "The restoration took two years and was finished in May 2014.", "In October 2012, renovation of BTR-152 APC was finished.", "Almost simultaneously, the restoration of IS-2 heavy tank was launched.", "One month later, T-70 tank was also taken to repair shop.", "They were finished in June and February 2013, respectively.", "In late 2012 a Renault FT tank was brought from Afghanistan and initially brought to Poznań and exhibited shortly near the Poznań National Museum and the Bazar Hotel.", "The tank was to be restored in Poznań with the help of Armoured Warfare Museum, however it was eventually sent to Polish Army Museum in Warsaw and restored by the end of 2013.", "In June 2013, a Cruiser Tank Mk VIII Centaur Mk I was brought from Portugal.", "Such tanks were used by Polish Armed Forces in the West during World War II for training.", "Its restoration began in May 2014.", "In September 2013, three new vehicles were acquired from Norway - a wreck of Panzer III medium tank, an M47 Patton main battle tank and an M88 Recovery Vehicle.", "It was the second time when the museum worked together with Norwegian authorities, the first being the acquisition of the TKS tankette.", "Thanks to the assistance from Polish Army Museum in Warsaw, another wreck was donated to the museum, and the two wrecks were used to complete a single vehicle.", "In 2014, the T-54 and T-55 tanks were taken to Wrocław to take part in the shooting of \"Bridge of Spies\", standing for NVA vehicles in East Berlin.", "Steven Spielberg and Janusz Kamiński left their signatures on the latter tank.", "In June 2015, an M10 Achilles tank destroyer was donated to the museum and is currently under restoration.", "In September 2016, a Daimler Dingo scout car was donated to the museum from the United States.", "Such cars were used by the Polish Armed Forces in the West, and after a renovation, it was given the markings of 15th Poznań Uhlan Regiment.", "In October 2017, the museum acquired a 7.7 cm FK 96 n.A. gun, once exhibited outside of the Czocha Castle, which was severely damaged by elements and tourists.", "In December of that year, the renovation of the gun was finished, and it was decided it will stay in the museum to prevent further destruction.", "Around the same time, the museum acquired another artillery piece, a 10.5 cm leFH 18 howitzer.", "Since its restoration, it has been exhibited side by side with its dedicated tractor, the Sd.", "Kfz. 6.", "In January 2018, the museum acquired three new vehicles: a Jagdpanzer 38(t) Hetzer tank destroyer, an M4A1 Half-Track and a replica of an Austin Putilov armoured car (all three from private owners).", "All three vehicles are in running condition.", "In May 2020, a Fox Armoured Car, found in Italian scrapyard by Polish soldiers taking part in Operation Irini, was delivered for restoration.", "Much like the aforementioned Dingos, such cars were used by the 15th Poznan Uhlans Regiment and one of the aims of the restoration process is to determine whether this particular vehicle was a part of this unit during the war.", "Exhibits in \"italics\" are under restoration and are not part of current exhibition (as of 2020).", "Formerly, because the museum was located inside the military area, it was necessary to pre-arrange the visit by acquiring an entry permit from the CSWL command.", "However, during certain events (Child Day in May/June and the CSWL Patron's Day in September/October), visitors could enter it without permits.", "Since the museum was moved to a new location, no permits are needed, but tickets must be acquired before entry.", "The museum is open from Tuesday to Saturday, however opening hours might be subject to change without prior warning due to organisational matters (e.g. arrival of new exhibits).", "The old museum was located on the 86/90 Wojska Polskiego Street, north-west from the city center.", "The new site is located closer to the Ławica airport, on 4 \"3 Pułku Lotniczego\" Street, close to the intersection with Dąbrowskiego Street, with the nearest bus stop being \"Tatrzańska\"." ]

[ 53, 54 ]

[ "In 2018, the old museum was closed to visitors; it was re-opened in early 2019 in a new location." ]