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5634428

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1002%20Olbersia

1002 Olbersia

1002 Olbersia (prov. designation: or ) is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 15 August 1923, by Russian astronomer Vladimir Albitsky at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The assumed C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 10.2 hours and measures approximately in diameter. It was named after German astronomer Heinrich Olbers (1758–1840). Orbit and classification Olbersia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4–3.2 AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,699 days; semi-major axis of 2.79 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins at Uccle Observatory in 1935, twelve years after its official discovery observation at Simeiz. Naming Honoring Olbers This minor planet was named after Heinrich Olbers (1758–1840), a physician and amateur astronomer from Bremen in northern Germany. He discovered the main-belt asteroids 2 Pallas and 4 Vesta as well as six comets, and was the first to compute the orbit of comets with a certain degree of accuracy. Olbers' paradox is named after him, as is the lunar crater Olbers. The official naming citation was published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (). The road to 1000 1001 Gaussia was named as part of trio honoring the events surrounding the discovery of Ceres in 1801. Carl Friedrich Gauss who computed the orbit of Ceres had 1001 Gaussia named for him, 1000 Piazzia for Giuseppe Piazzi (who had discovered Ceres) and finally 1002 Olbersia for Olbers. Olbers recovered Ceres after it has passed behind the Sun and returned. In the next few years only three more astronomical bodies were found between Mars and Jupiter, Pallas, Juno, and 4 Vesta, and it would be 37 years before another asteroid was found, 5 Astraea in 1845. Olbers discovered Pallas and Vesta also. No asteroids were found in 1846, planet Neptune was, but after that more asteroids were found every year including over 300 by the 1890s, when the advent of astronomical photography further increased the rate of discovery in coming decades. In the years between 1845 and 1891, 6.9 minor planets were discovered each year, but the rate went to 24.8 from 1891 to 1931. In that time an additional 1191 asteroids were discovered, and the number of numbered minor planets reached well over 1000. The 1000th asteroid was approved in 1921, and the ten thousandth in 1989. Physical characteristics Olbersia is an assumed C-type asteroid. This is one of the common asteroid types, as of the late 1980s, 75% of known asteroids. Rotation period and poles In October 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Olbersia was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of hours with a brightness variation of 0.38 magnitude (). In 2011, a modeled lightcurve using data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue (UAPC) and other sources gave a concurring period 10.2367 hours, as well as two spin axis of (220.0°, 35.0°) and (16.0°, 54.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β) (). Diameter and albedo According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Olbersia measures between 22.938 and 32.13 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0621 and 0.147. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0743 and a diameter of 32.21 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.9. See also List of minor planets: 1–1000 List of minor planets: 1001–2000 References External links Lightcurve Database Query (LCDB), at www.minorplanet.info Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Geneva Observatory, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001002 Discoveries by Vladimir Albitsky Named minor planets 19230815

5634609

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus%20%28Frankie%20Avalon%20song%29

Venus (Frankie Avalon song)

"Venus" is a song written by Ed Marshall. The most successful and best-known recording of the track was by Frankie Avalon and released in 1959, when it reached the top of the Billboard Hot 100. Background "Venus" became Avalon's first number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and it spent five weeks atop the survey. The song also reached number ten on the R&B chart. The song's lyrics detail a man's plea to Venus, the Roman goddess of love and beauty, to send him a girl to love and one who will love him as well. Billboard ranked it as the No. 4 song for 1959. The song was covered in the United Kingdom by Dickie Valentine, and it spent a week at number 20 in the Singles Chart in May 1959, the week before Frankie Avalon reached the Top 20 with his original version. In 1976, Avalon released a new disco version of "Venus". That helped revive the singer's career, because it had been waning prior to its release, but it was Avalon's last Billboard Hot 100 hit. The re-recording of "Venus" peaked at number forty-six on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and at number one on the Easy Listening chart. Avalon was quoted as saying of the remake: "It was all right, but I still prefer the original." Other charting versions Johnny Mathis: His version reached No. 23 on Billboards Easy Listening chart "bubbled under" the Billboard Hot 100 chart at No. 111. Jamie Redfern: His version in 1973 entered the Go-Set - Australian charts at number 27. In popular culture Avalon's recording of the song was used a number of times in the Showtime series Dexter, being the favourite song of Arthur Mitchell's sister Vera. "Venus" was also featured in Cranium Command (1989–2005), an attraction at Epcot's Wonders of Life Pavilion (now closed) at Walt Disney World. In the attraction, a 12-year-old boy named Bobby (Scott Curtis), tries to survive the pressures of life and falls in love with a beautiful girl named Annie (Natalie Gregory) at school. Charts Weekly charts All-time charts See also List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1959 (U.S.) List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1976 (U.S.) References 1959 singles 1976 singles Barry Manilow songs Frankie Avalon songs Johnny Mathis songs Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Cashbox number-one singles Chancellor Records singles 1959 songs

5639836

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tron%20Kirk

Tron Kirk

The Tron Kirk is a former principal parish church in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is a well-known landmark on the Royal Mile. It was built in the 17th century and closed as a church in 1952. Having stood empty for over fifty years, it was used as a tourist information centre for several years in the mid 2000's and, more recently, was the site of the Edinburgh World Heritage Exhibition and John Kay’s book and gift shop. The name comes from the weighing beam ("tron" in Scots), serving the public market on the Royal Mile, which stood outside until around 1800. It is the only Scottish church where five consecutive ministers each served at least once as Moderator of the General Assembly (eight if including second charge ministers). Archaeology and pre-church history Archaeological investigations, including excavations and 3D surveys, in 1974, 1983 and 2006 shed light on the area before the construction of the church in the 1630s. The results evidenced that the area was occupied by tenements before the church was built. It appears that they were built during the 15th and 16th centuries and wiped out all traces of earlier medieval settlements. Documentary research undertaken at the same time was able to provide a picture of the occupants of the buildings all the way back to the late 15th century. The church was built over: Marlin’s Wynd Peebles Wynd Taverner's Close The church floor was removed in 1974 to allow the excavation of the entire floor area. This was retained as a piece of publicly visible urban archaeology until the building was refloored in 2004. The public could view the remnants of the basements, the paved closes, and drainage channels in a Pompeii style, viewing from a walkway around the inner perimeter. Religious history The foundation stone was laid on 4 March 1637. The church was formally opened and dedicated to Christ by the citizens of Edinburgh in 1641, and known as "Christ's Kirk at the Tron". It was built for the South-East parish, one of the four parishes of Edinburgh after the Scottish Reformation of 1560. Prior to the erection of this new church, parishioners of the North-West parish worshipped in St. Giles' Cathedral. An English traveller, visiting the Tron in 1705, recorded his impression in his diary:—"The Nobility generally resort to the Tron Church, which is the principally (sic) and the Lord High Commissioner has a Throne erected in it, in a very spatious Gallery, on his right hand sits the Lord Chancellor, and on his left the Lord Provost of Edenborough." There were special grants of pews made by the Edinburgh Town Council to noblemen, Senators of the College of Justice, citizens of Edinburgh Old Town, Principals and Professors of the University. A full list of seat-holders has been preserved for 1650, the year of the battle of Dunbar, and for 1745, when Bonnie Prince Charlie was in Edinburgh. Ministers 1641 to 1649 - William Colvill (d.1675) who had translated from Trinity College Church a quarter mile to the north-east 1648 to 1662 - Robert Laurie also translated from Trinity College Church 1663 to 1672 - John Paterson 1672 to 1675 - William Annan 1675 to 1680 - James Lundie, translated to Dalkeith in 1680 1681 - Robert Bruce, dismissed after a few months for refusing to take the Solemn Oath 1683 to 1687 - George Trotter MA (d.1687) 1687 to 1691 - Alexander Malcolm, went to England following a dispute and failed to return 1687 to 1692 - William Erskine MA 1695 to 1707 - William Crichton twice Moderator 1692 and 1697 1707 to 1729 - William Wishart (d.1729) five times Moderator 1730 to 1785 - George Wishart, son of preceding, Moderator in 1748, the church's longest serving minister 1786 to 1809 - Andrew Hunter of Barjarg (1743-1809) moderator in 1792 1809 to 1845 - Rev Prof Alexander Brunton moderator in 1823 1845 to 1867 - Rev Dr Maxwell Nicholson DD 1868 to 1873 - Rev Dr James MacGregor DD 1874 to 1875 - John Barclay MA 1876 to 1881 - William Cruickshank Eddie Jamieson (1839-1881) 1881 to 1885 - John Methven Robertson 1885 to 1911 - David Morrison (1838-1911) 1902 to 1907 - Dugald Butler 1908 to ? - John Wallace Second Charge The church and congregation were of a scale which required a "second charge" for additional services: 1650 to 1655 - John Stirling MA translated to the newly built Lady Yester's Church 1663 to 1665 - James Lundie MA 1665 to 1676 - Robert Mortimer 1677 to 1682 - John Farquhar 1682 to 1683 - George Trotter moved to first charge (see above) 1683 to 1689 - John Strachan MA (d.1699) 1691 to 1709 - George Meldrum, twice Moderator 1698 and 1703, the first Second Charge to become Moderator 1710 to 1713 - John Steedman 1715 to 1741 - Matthew Wood 1745 to 1753 - William Wishart, Principal of Edinburgh University, Moderator in 1745 1754 to 1766 - John Jardine (1715-1766) 1767 to 1788 - John Drysdale (1718-1788) twice Moderator in 1773 and 1784 1789 to 1831 - William Simpson DD (1744-1831), 42 years service with Tron 1832 to 1860 - John Hunter DD (1788-1866) son of Rev Andrew Hunter first charge (see above) declined post of Moderator The second charge at Tron was abolished in 1860 due to the Annuity Tax Act. Notable Events The memoirist Elisabeth West worshipped here when William Erskine was the minister and he died in May 1692. Erskine's replacement was George Meldrum and he advised her to keep a record and her diary is an insight into the Tron's history. In 1697, Thomas Aikenhead, an 18-year-old student, became the last person in Scotland to be executed for the crime of blasphemy after a fellow student reported that he had blasphemed against God outside the Tron Kirk. Aikenhead was prosecuted for saying "I wish I were in that place Ezra calls hell so I could warm myself" as he walked by the kirk on his way back from a night of drinking with some classmates. The baptisms and marriages of many Edinburgh luminaries took place in the Tron, one being the marriage of the famous jurist John Lauder, Lord Fountainhall on 21 January 1669, to Janet (1652–1686), daughter of Sir Andrew Ramsay, Lord Abbotshall, 1st Baronet, and the first Lord Provost of Edinburgh, and a Senator of the College of Justice (d.1688). On 25 April 1694 Helen (d. 9 January 1714), daughter of George Ogilvy, 2nd Lord Banff (d.1668) by his spouse Agnes, daughter of Alexander 1st Lord Falconer, of Halkerstoun, married Sir Robert Lauder of Beilmouth in the Tron. Rev John Drysdale, who married Mary Adam, daughter of the famous architect William Adam, was a Minister of the Tron Kirk from 1766 to 1788 and was also twice Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, though now he is chiefly remembered for his friendship with Adam Smith, the economist. The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland met in the Tron from 1830 to 1840—the period of the "Ten Years' Conflict". Architectural history The Tron, as it is commonly called, was ordered to be built by King Charles I when he decided that St Giles' was to become the cathedral for the new see of Edinburgh. The land was purchased by the parish from Dr. William Scott, MD, for £1000 Scots. It was erected between 1636 and 1647 to a design by John Mylne, Royal master mason. The design mixed Palladian and Gothic elements and was inspired by contemporary Dutch architecture. The full Chamberlain's Accounts for this project are extant. The width of the building was reduced when both side aisles were removed in 1785 to accommodate the South Bridge and Blair Street leading to Hunter Square. In 1828 a new spire (designed by R & R Dickson) was constructed to replace the original, destroyed in the Great Edinburgh Fire of November 1824. The Tron closed as a church in 1952 and was acquired by the City of Edinburgh Council, the congregation moving to a new church in the Moredun area of the city. The church was subsequently left to decay, and the interiors were eventually gutted. In 1974 archaeological excavations took place under the church which revealed foundations of 16th-century buildings from a long-vanished close, Marlins Wynd, named after a stonemason Walter Merlioun who lived there in 1500. Hogmanay Traditionally the Tron was a place of gathering to celebrate New Year, mainly because of its chiming clock, high on the spire, and visible (and audible) over a wide area. The Tron's position as the traditional focus of Edinburgh's Hogmanay celebrations has been greatly diminished in recent years, due to the expansion of the City Council's organised Hogmanay Street Party in the city centre. However, it was announced in November 2012 that this historic venue would re-stake its claim to the city's hogmanay celebrations, with a Festival of the Extraordinary planned to include live music, film screenings and, amongst other things, a mixology masterclass. Edinburgh Festival Fringe The Tron is also used as a venue during the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, when it has been operated by Just The Tonic and Freestival as a music, comedy and cabaret venue and cafe. Edinburgh World Heritage at the Tron Between 2018 and early 2020, the Tron Kirk hosted an exhibition which showcased the Edinburgh Old and New Towns UNESCO World Heritage Site, as well as Scotland’s five other World Heritage Sites. The exhibition aimed to capture the essence of the World Heritage Site in Edinburgh through the voices and opinions of local people. The story was told in a series of videos, quotes, and specially commissioned portraits from the Scottish photographer Alicia Bruce. In Summer 2019, two retail outlets opened within the exhibition: John Kay's Shop, a gift shop specialising in Scottish gifts and books, historic prints and maps; and the Scottish Textiles Showcase. Scottish Historic Buildings Trust In May 2021, the City of Edinburgh Council and the Scottish Historic Buildings Trust (SHBT) announced plans to restore the building and give it "a new and meaningful lease of life". The SHBT is to conduct a feasibility study. Once funding has been secured, the SHBT will be granted a 125-year lease on the building. In June 2022, the SHBT announced that, from 1 July 2022, the building would be used on a short-term basis as a retail outlet by a social enterprise, Scottish Design Exchange. References The Tron Kirk of Edinburgh, by the Reverend D. Butler, MA, Minister of the Tron parish, Edinburgh, 1906. The Buildings of Scotland - Edinburgh, by Colin McWilliam, John Gifford, & David Walker, Penguin Books Ltd, London, 1984, pp. 172–175. External links Edinburgh Hogmanay Edinburgh Architecture - The Royal Mile Religious buildings and structures completed in 1647 Churches in Edinburgh Royal Mile Category A listed buildings in Edinburgh 1647 in Scotland Hogmanay 1647 establishments in Scotland Former churches in Scotland Listed churches in Edinburgh

5639875

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo%20peat%20swamp%20forests

Borneo peat swamp forests

The Borneo peat swamp forests ecoregion, within the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests biome, are on the island of Borneo, which is divided between Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia. Location and description Peat swamp forests occur where waterlogged soils prevent dead leaves and wood from fully decomposing, which over time creates thick layer of acidic peat. The peat swamp forests on Borneo occur in the Indonesian state of Kalimantan, the Malaysian state of Sarawak and in the Belait District of Brunei on coastal lowlands, built up behind the brackish mangrove forests and bounded by the Borneo lowland rain forests on better-drained soils. There are also areas of inland river-fed peat forest at higher elevations in central Kalimantan around the Mahakam Lakes and Lake Sentarum on the Kapuas River. Borneo has a tropical monsoon climate. Recent history Over the past decade, the government of Indonesia has drained over 1 million hectares of the Borneo peat swamp forests for conversion to agricultural land under the Mega Rice Project (MRP). Between 1996 and 1998, more than 4,000 km of drainage and irrigation channels were dug, and deforestation accelerated in part through legal and illegal logging and in part through burning. The water channels, and the roads and railways built for legal forestry, opened up the region to illegal forestry. In the MRP area, forest cover dropped from 64.8% in 1991 to 45.7% in 2000, and clearance has continued since then. It appears that almost all the marketable trees have now been removed from the areas covered by the MRP. What happened was not what had been expected: the channels drained the peat forests rather than irrigating them. Where the forests had often flooded up to 2m deep in the rainy season, now their surface is dry at all times of the year. The Indonesian government has now abandoned the MRP. Fires Fires were used in an attempt to create agricultural lands, including large palm tree plantations to supply palm oil. The dried-out peat ignites easily and also burns underground, travelling unseen beneath the surface to break out in unexpected locations. Therefore, after drainage, fires ravaged the area, destroying remaining forest and large numbers of birds, animals, reptiles and other wildlife along with new agriculture, even damaging nature reserves such as Muara Kaman and filling the air above Borneo and beyond with dense smoke and haze and releasing enormous quantities of CO2 into the atmosphere. The destruction had a major negative impact on the livelihoods of people in the area. It caused major smog-related health problems amongst half a million people, who suffered from respiratory problems. The dry years of 1997-8 and 2002-3 (see El Niño) in particular saw huge fires in the drained and drying-out peat swamp forests. A study for the European Space Agency found that the peat swamp forests are a significant carbon sink for the planet, and that the fires of 1997-8 may have released up to 2.5 billion tonnes, and the 2002-3 fires between 200 million to 1 billion tonnes, of carbon into the atmosphere. Using satellite images from before and after the 1997 fires, scientists calculated (Page et al, 2002) that of the that had burned 91.5% was peatland . Using ground measurements of the burn depth of peat, they estimated that 0.19–0.23 gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon were released into the atmosphere through peat combustion, with a further 0.05 Gt released from burning of the overlying vegetation. Extrapolating these estimates to Indonesia as a whole, they estimated that between 0.81 and 2.57 Gt of carbon were released to the atmosphere in 1997 as a result of burning peat and vegetation in Indonesia. This is equivalent to 13–40% of the mean annual global carbon emissions from fossil fuels, and contributed greatly to the largest annual increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration detected since records began in 1957. Indonesia is currently the world's third largest carbon emitter, to a large extent due to the destruction of its ancient peat swamp forests (Pearce 2007). Ecology About 62% of the world's tropical peat lands occur in the Indo-Malayan region (80% in Indonesia, 11% in Malaysia, 6% in Papua New Guinea, with small pockets and remnants in Brunei, Vietnam, the Philippines and Thailand). They are unusual ecosystems, with trees up to 70 m high - vastly different from the peat lands of the north temperate and boreal zones (which are dominated by Sphagnum mosses, grasses, sedges and shrubs). The spongy, unstable, waterlogged, anaerobic beds of peat can be up to 20 m deep with low pH (pH 2.9 – 4) and low nutrients, and the forest floor is seasonally flooded. The water is stained dark brown by the tannins that leach from the fallen leaves and peat – hence the name 'blackwater swamps'. During the dry season, the peat remains waterlogged and pools remain among the trees. Despite the extreme conditions the Borneo peat swamp forests have as many as 927 species of flowering plants and ferns recorded (In comparison, a biodiversity study in the Pekan peat swamp forest in Peninsular Malaysia reported 260 plant species). Patterns of forest type can be seen in circles from the centre of the swamps to their outer fringes which are made up of most of the tree families recorded in lowland dipterocarp forests although many species are only found here . Many trees have buttresses and stilt roots for support in the unstable substrate, and pneumatophores and hoop roots and knee roots to facilitate gas exchange. The trees have thick, root mats in the upper 50 cm of the peat to enable oxygen and nutrient uptake. The lowland peat swamps of Borneo are mostly geologically recent (<5,000 years old), low-lying coastal formations above marine muds and sands but some of the lakeside peat forests of Kalimantan are up to 11,000 years old. One reason for the low nutrient conditions is that streams and rivers do not flow into these forests (if they did, nutrient rich freshwater swamps would result), water only flows out of them, so the only input of nutrients is from rainfall, marine aerosols and dust. In order to cope with the lack of nutrients, the plants invest heavily in defences against herbivores such as chemical (toxic secondary compounds) and physical defences (tough leathery leaves, spines and thorns). It is these defences that prevent the leaves from decaying and so they build up as peat. Although the cellular contents quickly leach out of the leaves when they fall, the physical structure is resistant to both bacterial and fungal decomposition and so remains intact, slowly breaking down to form peat (Yule and Gomez 2008). This is in stark contrast to the lowland dipterocarp forests where leaf decomposition is extremely rapid, resulting in very fast nutrient cycling on the forest floor. If non-endemic leaf species are placed in the peat swamp forests, they break down quite quickly, but even after one year submerged in the swamp, endemic species remain virtually unchanged (Yule and Gomez 2008). The only nutrients available for the trees are thus the ones that leach from the leaves when they fall, and these nutrients are rapidly absorbed by the thick root mat. It was previously assumed that the low pH and anaerobic conditions of the tropical peat swamps meant that bacteria and fungi could not survive, but recent studies have shown diverse and abundant communities (albeit not nearly as diverse as dry land tropical rainforests, or freshwater swamps) (Voglmayr and Yule 2006; Jackson, Liew and Yule 2008). Fauna These forests are home to wildlife including gibbons, orangutans, and crocodiles. In particular the riverbanks of the swamps are important habitats for the crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis) and the silvery lutung (Presbytis cristata) and are the main habitat of Borneo's unique and endangered proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) which can swim well in the rivers, and the Borneo roundleaf bat (Hipposideros doriae). There are two birds endemic to the peat forests, the Javan white-eye (Zosterops flavus) and the hook-billed bulbul (Setornis criniger) while more than 200 species of birds have been recorded in Tanjung Puting National Park in Kalimantan. Rivers of the peat swamps are home to the rare arowana fish (Scleropages formosus), otters, waterbirds, false gharials and crocodiles. Another small species of fish are the Parosphromenus which are also extremely endangered. The parosphromenus species are small fish of extreme beauty. Conservation Attempts at conservation have been minimal in comparison to recent devastation while commercial logging of peat swamp forest in Sarawak is ongoing and planned to intensify in Brunei. One plan by the environmental NGO Borneo Orangutan Survival is to preserve the peat swamp forest of Mawas using a combination of carbon finance and debt-for-nature-swap. Peatland conservation and rehabilitation are more efficient undertakings than reducing deforestation (in terms of claiming carbon credits through REDD initiatives) due to the much larger reduced emissions achievable per unit area and the much lower opportunity costs involved. 9.317% of the ecoregion is within protected areas, the largest of which are Tanjung Puting and Sabangau National Parks. They also include Belait Peat Swamp (Ulu Mendaram Conservation Forest Reserve) and portions of Rajang Mangrove, Lambir Hills, Loagan Bunut, Bruit, Maludam, Gunung Palung, Danau Sentarum, Ulu Sebuyau, Sedilu, Kuching Wetland, and Gunung Lesong national parks. See also Mega Rice Project (Kalimantan) 1997 Southeast Asian haze 2006 Southeast Asian haze Sabangau River Kahayan River Tropical peat Deforestation in Borneo Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation Peninsular Malaysian peat swamp forests Social and environmental impact of palm oil Environmental issues in Indonesia The Burning Season References Sources Jackson, C.R., Liew, K.C. and Yule, C.M (2008) Structural and functional changes with depth in microbial communities in tropical peat swamp forest sediments. Microbial Ecology Page SE, Siegert F, Rieley JO, Boehm H-DV, Jaya A and Limin S (2002) The amount of carbon released from peat and forest fires in Indonesia during 1997. Nature 420, 61-65 (7 November 2002) Pearce F (2007) Bog barons: Indonesia's carbon catastrophe. New Scientist 1 December 2007. Yule, C.M. and Gomez, L. (2008). Leaf litter decomposition in a tropical peat swamp forest in Peninsular Malaysia. Wetlands Ecology and Management. Voglmayr, H. and Yule, C.M. (2006) Polyancora globosa gen. et sp. nov., an aeroaquatic fungus from Malaysian peat swamp forests. Mycological Research. 110:1242-1252. External links Envisat focuses on carbon-rich peat swamp forest fires (European Space Agency) Smoking out the world's lungs BBC report (accessed 12 February 2007) Borneo Ecoregions of Brunei Ecoregions of Indonesia Ecoregions of Malaysia Ecoregions of Malesia Indomalayan ecoregions Natural history of Brunei Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests

5640193

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astro-G

Astro-G

ASTRO-G (also known as VSOP-2, and very rarely called VSOP-B) was a planned radio telescope satellite by JAXA. It was expected to be launched into elliptic orbit around Earth (apogee height 25,000 km, perigee height 1,000 km). History Astro-G was selected in February 2006 against the competition of a proposed new X-Ray astronomy mission (NeXT) and a proposed solar sail mission to Jupiter. Funding started from FY 2007 with a budget of 12 billion yen, around 100 million US dollars. It was planned to be launched in 2012 but technical difficulty with the dish antenna as well as budget constraints led to putting development on hold for fiscal year 2010. Eventually the project was canceled in 2011 for the increased cost and the difficulty of achieving science goals. It was planned to feature a 9 m diameter dish antenna to observe in 8, 22 and 43 GHz bands, and was to be used in combination with ground radio telescopes to perform Very Long Baseline Interferometry. It was expected to achieve ten times higher resolution and ten times higher sensitivity than its predecessor HALCA. Science targets Key science : Jet structure, collimation and acceleration regions Structure of accretion disks around AGN Structure of magnetic fields in protostars Other science targets: Galactic masers in star-forming region Extragalactic Megamasers Radio quiet quasars X-ray binaries, SNR, gravitational lenses etc. See also HALCA Spektr-R References External links ASTRO-G - Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency - Institute of Space and Astronautical Science VSOP-2 Project - National Astronomical Observatory of Japan Satellites of Japan Cancelled spacecraft Radio telescopes Space telescopes

5640210

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aban

Aban

Apas (, ) is the Avestan language term for "the waters", which, in its innumerable aggregate states, is represented by the Apas, the hypostases of the waters. Āb (plural Ābān) is the Middle Persian-language form. Introduction "To this day reverence for water is deeply ingrained in Zoroastrians, and in orthodox communities offerings are regularly made to the household well or nearby stream." The ape zaothra ceremony—the culminating rite of the Yasna service (which is in turn the principal act of worship)—is literally for the "strengthening of the waters." Avestan apas (from singular āpō) is grammatically feminine, and the Apas are female. The Middle Persian equivalents are ābān/Ābān (alt: āvān/Āvān), from which Parsi Gujarati āvā/Āvā (in religious usage only) derive. The Avestan common noun āpas corresponds exactly to Vedic Sanskrit , and both derive from the same proto-Indo-Iranian word, stem *ap- "water", cognate with the British river Avon. In both Avestan and Vedic Sanskrit texts, the waters—whether as waves or drops, or collectively as streams, pools, rivers or wells—are represented by the Apas, the group of divinities of the waters. The identification of divinity with element is complete in both cultures : in the RigVeda the divinities are wholesome to drink, in the Avesta the divinities are good to bathe in. As also in the Indian religious texts, the waters are considered a primordial element. In Zoroastrian cosmogony, the waters are the second creation, after that of the sky. Aside from Apas herself/themselves, no less than seven Zoroastrian divinities are identified with the waters: All three Ahuras (Mazda, Mithra, Apam Napat), two Amesha Spentas (Haurvatat, Armaiti) and two lesser Yazatas (Aredvi Sura Anahita and Ahurani). Abans, a crater on Ariel, one of the moons of Uranus, is named after aban. In scripture In the seven-chapter Yasna Haptanghaiti, which interrupts the sequential order of the Gathas and is linguistically as old as the Gathas themselves, the waters are revered as the Ahuranis, wives of the Ahura (Yasna 38.3). Although not otherwise named, Boyce associates this Ahura with Apam Napat (middle Persian: Burz Yazad), another divinity of waters. In Yasna 38, which is dedicated "to the earth and the sacred waters", apas/Apas is not only necessary for nourishment, but is considered the source of life ("you that bear forth", "mothers of our life"). In Yasna 2.5 and 6.11, apas/Apas is "Mazda-made and holy". In the Aban Yasht (Yasht 5), which is nominally dedicated to the waters, veneration is directed specifically at Aredvi Sura Anahita, another divinity identified with the waters, but originally representing the "world river" that encircled the earth (see In tradition, below). The merger of the two concepts "probably" came about due to prominence given to Aredvi Sura during the reign of Artaxerxes II (r. 404-358 BCE) and subsequent Achaemenid emperors. Although (according to Lommel and Boyce) Aredvi is of Indo-Iranian origin and cognate with Vedic Saraswati, during the 5th century BCE Aredvi was conflated with a Semitic divinity with similar attributes, from whom she then inherited additional properties. In other Avesta texts, the waters are implicitly associated with [Spenta] Armaiti (middle Persian Spendarmad), the Amesha Spenta of the earth (this association is properly developed in Bundahishn 3.17). In Yasna 3.1, the eminence of Aban is reinforced by additionally assigning guardianship to another Amesha Spenta Haurvatat (middle Persian: (K)hordad). In tradition According to the Bundahishn, ('Original Creation', an 11th- or 12th-century text), aban was the second of the seven creations of the material universe, the lower half of everything. In a development of a cosmogonical view already alluded to in the Vendidad (21.15), aban is the essence of a "great gathering place of the waters" (Avestan: Vourukasha, middle Persian: Varkash) upon which the world ultimately rested. The great sea was fed by a mighty river (proto-Indo-Iranian: *harahvati, Avestan: Aredvi Sura, middle Persian: Ardvisur). Two rivers, one to the east and one to the west, flowed out of it and encircled the earth (Bundahishn 11.100.2, 28.8) where they were then cleansed by Puitika (Avestan, middle Persian: Putik), the tidal sea, before flowing back into the Vourukasha. In the Zoroastrian calendar, the tenth day of the month is dedicated to the (divinity of) waters (Siroza 1.10), under whose protection that day then lies. Additionally, Aban is also the name of the eighth month of the year of the Zoroastrian calendar (Bundahishn 1a.23-24), as well as that of the Iranian calendar of 1925, which follows Zoroastrian month-naming conventions. It might be the precursor of the holy month of Sha'aban in the Hijri calendar. sha'aban meaning The Zoroastrian name-day feast of Abanagan, also known as the Aban Ardvisur Jashan by Indian Zoroastrians (see: Parsis), is celebrated on the day that the day-of-month and month-of-year dedications intersect, that is, on the tenth day of the eighth month. The celebration is accompanied by a practice of offering sweets and flowers to a river or the sea. From among the flowers associated with the yazatas, aban's is the water-lily (Bundahishn 27.24). See also Temple of Anahita, Istakhr Temple of Anahita, Kangavar Qadamgah (ancient site) Minar (Firuzabad) References Bibliography Aban Yasht, as translated by James Darmesteter in Yasna 38 (to the earth and the sacred waters), as translated by Lawrence Heyworth Mills in Yazatas Classical elements Water and religion Anahita

5641179

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat%20of%20arms%20of%20the%20Kurdistan%20Region

Coat of arms of the Kurdistan Region

The coat of arms of Kurdistan Region is a Republican Eagle holding a sun on his wings and used by Kurdistan Region. See also Eagle of Saladin References External links Print versions Vector version of KRG Emblem (PDF, CMYK, 285 KB) Vector version of KRG Emblem (PDF, RGB, 298 KB) Kurdistan Kurdish culture Kurdistan Kurdistan Kurdish nationalist symbols

5644032

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth-centered%2C%20Earth-fixed%20coordinate%20system

Earth-centered, Earth-fixed coordinate system

The Earth-centered, Earth-fixed coordinate system (acronym ECEF), also known as the geocentric coordinate system, is a cartesian spatial reference system that represents locations in the vicinity of the Earth (including its surface, interior, atmosphere, and surrounding outer space) as X, Y, and Z measurements from its center of mass. Its most common use is in tracking the orbits of satellites and in satellite navigation systems for measuring locations on the surface of the Earth, but it is also used in applications such as tracking crustal motion. The distance from a given point of interest to the center of Earth is called the geocentric distance, , which is a generalization of the geocentric radius, , not restricted to points on the reference ellipsoid surface. The geocentric altitude is a type of altitude defined as the difference between the two aforementioned quantities: ; it is not to be confused for the geodetic altitude. Conversions between ECEF and geodetic coordinates (latitude and longitude) are discussed at geographic coordinate conversion. Structure As with any spatial reference system, ECEF consists of an abstract coordinate system (in this case, a conventional three-dimensional right-handed system), and a geodetic datum that binds the coordinate system to actual locations on the Earth. The ECEF that is used for the Global Positioning System (GPS) is the geocentric WGS 84, which currently includes its own ellipsoid definition. Other local datums such as NAD 83 may also be used. Due to differences between datums, the ECEF coordinates for a location will be different for different datums, although the differences between most modern datums is relatively small, within a few meters. The ECEF coordinate system has the following parameters: The origin at the center of the chosen ellipsoid. In WGS 84, this is center of mass of the Earth. The Z axis is the line between the North and South Poles, with positive values increasing northward. In WGS 84, this is the international reference pole (IRP), which does not exactly coincide with the Earth's rotational axis The slight "wobbling" of the rotational axis is known as polar motion, and can actually be measured against an ECEF. The X axis is in the plane of the equator, passing through the origin and extending from 180° longitude (negative) to the prime meridian (positive); in WGS 84, this is the IERS Reference Meridian. The Y axis is also in the plane of the equator, passing through extending from 90°W longitude (negative) to 90°E longitude (positive) An example is the NGS data for a brass disk near Donner Summit, in California. Given the dimensions of the ellipsoid, the conversion from lat/lon/height-above-ellipsoid coordinates to X-Y-Z is straightforward—calculate the X-Y-Z for the given lat-lon on the surface of the ellipsoid and add the X-Y-Z vector that is perpendicular to the ellipsoid there and has length equal to the point's height above the ellipsoid. The reverse conversion is harder: given X-Y-Z can immediately get longitude, but no closed formula for latitude and height exists. See "Geodetic system." Using Bowring's formula in 1976 Survey Review the first iteration gives latitude correct within 10 degree as long as the point is within 10,000 meters above or 5,000 meters below the ellipsoid. In astronomy Geocentric coordinates can be used for locating astronomical objects in the Solar System in three dimensions along the Cartesian X, Y, and Z axes. They are differentiated from topocentric coordinates, which use the observer's location as the reference point for bearings in altitude and azimuth. For nearby stars, astronomers use heliocentric coordinates, with the center of the Sun as the origin. The plane of reference can be aligned with the Earth's celestial equator, the ecliptic, or the Milky Way's galactic equator. These 3D celestial coordinate systems add actual distance as the Z axis to the equatorial, ecliptic, and galactic coordinate systems used in spherical astronomy. See also Earth-centered inertial (ECI) Geodetic system International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame (ITRS) Orbital state vectors Planetary coordinate system References External links ECEF datum transformation Notes on converting ECEF coordinates to WGS-84 datum Datum Transformations of GPS Positions Application Note Clearer notes on converting ECEF coordinates to WGS-84 datum geodetic datum overview orientation of the coordinate system and additional information GeographicLib includes a utility CartConvert which converts between geodetic and geocentric (ECEF) or local Cartesian (ENU) coordinates. This provides accurate results for all inputs including points close to the center of the Earth. EPSG:4978 Global Positioning System

5644212

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20tangent%20plane%20coordinates

Local tangent plane coordinates

Local tangent plane coordinates (LTP), also known as local ellipsoidal system, local geodetic coordinate system, or local vertical, local horizontal coordinates (LVLH), are a spatial reference system based on the tangent plane defined by the local vertical direction and the Earth's axis of rotation. It consists of three coordinates: one represents the position along the northern axis, one along the local eastern axis, and one represents the vertical position. Two right-handed variants exist: east, north, up (ENU) coordinates and north, east, down (NED) coordinates. They serve for representing state vectors that are commonly used in aviation and marine cybernetics. Axes These frames are location dependent. For movements around the globe, like air or sea navigation, the frames are defined as tangent to the lines of geographical coordinates: East–west tangent to parallels, North–south tangent to meridians, and Up–down in the direction normal to the oblate spheroid used as Earth's ellipsoid, which does not generally pass through the center of Earth. Local east, north, up (ENU) coordinates In many targeting and tracking applications the local East, North, Up (ENU) Cartesian coordinate system is far more intuitive and practical than ECEF or Geodetic coordinates. The local ENU coordinates are formed from a plane tangent to the Earth's surface fixed to a specific location and hence it is sometimes known as a "Local Tangent" or "local geodetic" plane. By convention the east axis is labeled , the north and the up . Local north, east, down (NED) coordinates In an airplane, most objects of interest are below the aircraft, so it is sensible to define down as a positive number. The North, East, Down (NED) coordinates allow this as an alternative to the ENU. By convention, the north axis is labeled , the east and the down . To avoid confusion between and , etc. in this article we will restrict the local coordinate frame to ENU. The origin of this coordinate system is usually chosen to be a fixed point on the surface of the geoid below the aircraft's center of gravity. When that is the case, the coordinate system is sometimes referred as a "local-North-East-Down Coordinate System". NED coordinates are similar to ECEF in that they're Cartesian, however they can be more convenient due to the relatively small numbers involved, and also because of the intuitive axes. NED and ECEF coordinates can be related with the following formula: where is a 3D position in a NED system, is the corresponding ECEF position, is the reference ECEF position (where the local tangent plane originates), and is a rotation matrix whose rows are the north, east, and down axes. may be defined conveniently from the latitude and longitude corresponding to : See also Axes conventions Figure of Earth Horizontal coordinate system Geodetic coordinates Geodetic system Grid reference system Local coordinates References Aerospace Geographic coordinate systems

5646168

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s%20cannonball

Newton's cannonball

Newton's cannonball was a thought experiment Isaac Newton used to hypothesize that the force of gravity was universal, and it was the key force for planetary motion. It appeared in his posthumously published 1728 work De mundi systemate (also published in English as A Treatise of the System of the World). Source Newton's original plan for Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica was that it should consist of two books, the first analyzing basic laws of motion, and the second applying them to the Solar System. In order to include more material on motion in resisting media, the first book was split into two; the succeeding (now third) book, originally written in a more popular style, was rewritten to be more mathematical. However, manuscripts of an earlier draft of this last book survived, and a version of it was published in 1728 as De mundi systemate; an English translation was also published earlier in 1728 under the name A Treatise of the System of the World. The thought experiment occurs near the start of this work. Animation In this experiment from his book (pp. 5–8), Newton visualizes a stone (you could also use a cannonball) being projected on top of a very high mountain. If there were no forces of gravitation or air resistance, the body should follow a straight line away from Earth, in the direction that it was projected. If a gravitational force acts on the projectile, it will follow a different path depending on its initial velocity. If the speed is low, it will simply fall back on Earth. (A and B) for example horizontal speed of 0 to 7,000 m/s for Earth. If the speed is the orbital speed at that altitude, it will go on circling around the Earth along a fixed circular orbit. (C) for example horizontal speed of at approximately 7,800 m/s for Earth. If the speed is higher than the orbital velocity, but not high enough to leave Earth altogether (lower than the escape velocity), it will continue revolving around Earth along an elliptical orbit. (D) for example horizontal speed of 7,800 to approximately 11,200 m/s for Earth. If the speed is very high, it will leave Earth in a parabolic (at exactly escape velocity) or hyperbolic trajectory. (E) for example horizontal speed of approximately greater than 11,200 m/s for Earth. Other appearances An image of the page from A Treatise of the System of the World showing Newton's diagram of this experiment was included on the Voyager Golden Record (image #111). See also Mass#Newton's cannonball Space gun Physics Notes External links Newton Thought Experiment Simulator Bucknell.edu – Astronomy 101 Specials: Newton's Cannonball and the Speed of Orbiting Objects Drawing in the 1731 (2nd) edition of 'A Treatise of the System of the World' @ Google books Newton's Cannon animation Isaac Newton Thought experiments in physics Space guns

5651308

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20to%20first%20fix

Time to first fix

Time to first fix (TTFF) is a measure of the time required for a GPS navigation device to acquire satellite signals and navigation data, and calculate a position solution (called a fix). Scenarios The TTFF is commonly broken down into three more specific scenarios, as defined in the GPS equipment guide: Cold factory The receiver is missing or has inaccurate estimates of its position, velocity, the time, or the visibility of any of the GPS satellites. As such, the receiver must systematically search for all possible satellites. After acquiring a satellite signal, the receiver can begin to obtain approximate information on all the other satellites, called the almanac. This almanac is transmitted repeatedly over 12.5 minutes. Almanac data can be received from any of the GPS satellites and is considered valid for up to 180 days. Warm normal The receiver has estimates of the current time within 20 seconds, the current position within 100 kilometers, its velocity within 25 m/s, and it has valid almanac data. It must acquire each satellite signal and obtain that satellite's detailed orbital information, called ephemeris data. Each satellite broadcasts its ephemeris data every 30 seconds, considered valid for up to 4 hours. Hot standby The receiver has valid time, position, almanac, and ephemeris data, enabling a rapid acquisition of satellite signals. The time required of a receiver in this state to calculate a position fix may also be termed time to subsequent fix (TTSF). Many receivers can use as many as twelve channels simultaneously, allowing quicker fixes (especially in a cold case for the almanac download). Many cell phones reduce the time to first fix by using assisted GPS (A-GPS): they acquire almanac and ephemeris data over a fast network connection from the cell-phone operator rather than over the slow radio connection from the satellites. The TTFFs for a cold start is typically between 2 and 4 minutes, a warm start is 45 seconds (or shorter), and a hot start is 22 seconds (or only a few seconds). In older hardware where satellite search is slower, a cold start may take more than the full 12.5 minutes. See also Global Positioning System (GPS) GPS signals High-sensitivity GPS Satellite navigation solution References External links US Coast Guard, Navigation Center's NAVSTAR GPS User Equipment Introduction. Global Positioning System Satellite navigation

5651650

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order%20of%20Hermes%20%28Ars%20Magica%29

Order of Hermes (Ars Magica)

The Order of Hermes is a fictional mystical group of wizards in the role-playing game Ars Magica by Atlas Games, set in Mythic Europe. History The Order of Hermes was founded by the wizards Trianoma and Bonisagus. Trianoma had the desire to unite the disparate Magi of Europe into a single group, who could learn from one another. She did not know how to accomplish this goal until she met Bonisagus. He had created a consistent theory of magic which would allow magi to share information, using a common frame of reference. Also, he had invented the ritual Parma Magica, a personal, protective, magical shield. Having Parma Magica would allow magi to meet face to face without fear of magical attack. Trianoma became Bonisagus' student, learned his theory and the Parma, then traveled throughout Europe recruiting other wizards. Eleven Magi joined her. Bonisagus and the eleven Magi established twelve Houses in a fellowship called the Hermetic Order of Hermes. The Order quickly recruited like-minded wizards, teaching the protective Parma Magica to Magi, who would take the Order's Oath of mutual cooperation. The wizards who refused to take the Oath were not taught the Parma Magica. Instead, they were hunted down and destroyed. Houses Every member of the Order belongs to one of the twelve Houses. The Houses were established by and named after Bonisagus and eleven of the twelve other Founders. Each House is led by a Primus (Latin = "the first", female Prima, general plural Primi). The Primi's authority and duties vary greatly between the Houses, ranging from absolute authority (House Tremere) to mere representation (House Verditius). The Primus lives in the domus magna (Latin = "Great House"), the headquarters of each House. Bonisagus, Guernicus, Mercere, and Tremere Houses are the True Lineages. This means that each Magus was taught by a Magus of that House, and that master-apprentice relationship goes back to their founding Magus. These Houses are the backbone of the Order of Hermes. Houses Bjornær, Criamon, Merinita, and Verditius are the Mystery Cults of the Order. They are groups of Magi who have been initiated into at least one of their household's Mysteries. Ex Miscellanea, Flambeau, Jerbiton, and Tytalus are social Houses. These Magi are brought together by shared interests, common philosophies, and camaraderie. BjornærShapeshifters and beast Magi belonging to a Germanic tradition, instead of the Roman or Latinate Tradition. They venerate animal ancestors and strive to perfect the Heartbeast. Each Bjornær has a Heartbeast--an animal, rarely a plant--which is their true form. This House is a Mystery Cult, a gathering of Magi initiated into the same Mysteries. The Outer Mystery opens the Heartbeast and the Inner Mysteries allow the Magi to unlock mythic forms. The Magi are divided into six clans, descending from the House’s six original apprentices. These fierce Magi shun the civilized lands and embrace the wilderness. The domus magna is Crintera in the Stubnitz Forest, on the Isle of Rugen in the Rhine Tribunal, which was the first established Tribunal. BonisagusMasters of magical knowledge and theory. Most Magi seek knowledge through scholarship. This House is the most revered True Lineage, continuing to supply knowledge and leadership to the Order. They explore the theoretical applications of magic, delving deep into its arcane secrets. Some Magi follow the example of Trianoma, sharing of knowledge through diplomacy. The Oath of the Order allows the Bonisagi to claim any apprentices from the other Magi, but they are legally required to share all their discoveries. The domus magna is Durenmar, in the Black Forest, in the Rhine Tribunal. CriamonCryptic seers and prophets. They are the mystics of the Order, walking spiritual paths to answer the question posed by their founder, "How do we escape time?" The many paths that they walk may grant powers, which can include immortality. The domus magna is the Cave of Twisting Shadows in the Greater Alps Tribunal. Ex Miscellanea Magi from other traditions, who answered the Order's "join us or die" policy by joining the Order. This House was established by Pralix, formerly of House Tytalus, to replace House Diedne. This House gathers Magi who do not fit into any other House. Such Magi may be tied to elements of pre-Hermetic Traditions, or may embrace an eclectic mix of traditions. This House embodies unity in diversity, but the emphasis is on diversity. The domus magna is Cad Gadu in the Stonehenge Tribunal. Flambeau Masters of fire magic and combat. They are the champions of the Order, who fight for glory and honor, both their own and that of the Order. The House revels in bold adventurers who seek out and overcome fearsome opponents. Ironically, many of the Oath-breaking Magi are from House Flambeau, as are the Order's law-enforcing Hoplites, who hunt them down. There is one Flambeau lineage that studies magical destruction, Perdo, in lieu of fire. And, a secret lineage is dedicated to the extermination of all Bjornær Horse Magi. The domus magna is Val Negra in the Provence tribunal. The Fifth Edition changed this to Castra Solis, though the Tribunal remains unchanged. Most of the members of this house come from France and Spain. Guernicus The Quaesitores are the official judges and criminal investigators of the Order. By force of law, these Magi have held the basic structures of the Hermetic Order of Hermes intact for over four hundred years. Some act as the Order's historians, having traced their rituals to as far back as the cults of Mercury in Rome and Thoth in Egypt. The domus magna is Magvillus in the Roman Tribunal. Jerbiton Experts in the use of Mentem and Imaginem, these Magi live for the pursuit of beauty. They interact with the mundane world beyond the Order, for the sake of beauty, and to avoid the stunted lives that result from living in a closed community. The members are often writers, artists, philosophers, doctors, or other professionals. Some Magi are recruited from the nobility for their diplomatic leverage and aristocratic connections. The domus magna is Valnastium in the Greater Alps Tribunal. Mercere The couriers of the Order hold the Magi of Mythic Europe together by facilitating communication, encouraging trade, and aiding the Magi. House membership is not restricted to those "Gifted" with magical abilities, out of respect for the House founder, who lost his Gift. Even those incapable of magic are considered to be full Magi by anyone, who wishes to continue receiving mail. The heralds, heroes, mercenaries, and merchants reflect the contradictions of their House: it is exotic, but traditional; loyal, but self-centered; proud, but humble. The domus magna is Harco in the Roman Tribunal. Merinita Nature Magi of a non-Latinate tradition. After their founder disappeared, they reorganized as students of the Faeries under the Primus Quendalon. They move among the Fay, ultimately joining them. Their spells can draw on Faerie glamor, awakening the Fay around them, or inflicting curses upon those who cross them. The domus magna is Irencilia in the Rhine Tribunal Tremere Magi who believe in order, obedience, hierarchy, and coordination. Their founder was weak in magic relative to the other founders of the Order, but he created certamen, the magical duel, as a means of dispute resolution, and as a rite of passage for Tremere Magi. The House tries to control events, by gathering influence and resources to respond to crises as they draw near. They are pragmatic, dutiful, and courageous Magi, who know that Mythic Europe is a chaotic and dangerous place. The domus magna is Coeris in the Transylvanian Tribunal. Tytalus Magi who strive to improve themselves through conflict. They believe the main conflict is between an individual's nature and the rules imposed by society. They are famous for their long-term in-House rivalries, convoluted political schemes, and activities that skirt the edge of legality. The domus magna is Fudarus in the Normandy Tribunal. Verditius Artificers and enchanters who cannot perform magic without tools. They craft great items, putting a little of themselves into their finest creations. Pride in their creations is often their downfall, making these Magi prone to the most deadly sin. The domus magna is Verdi in the Roman Tribunal. Diedne This extinct, non-Latinate House practiced Druidic magic. It was destroyed in the Schism War by Tremere, Flambeau, and Tytalus, supported by the other Latinate Houses. The non-Latinate Houses Bjornær and Merinita ran for cover, re-emerging decades after the War. Tribunals The Order is divided into 13 Tribunals, each of which administers a region of Mythic Europe. Once every seven years, the Magi within a Tribunal hold a meeting, called a Tribunal, where new Magi are presented, new Masters are recognized, and new Archmagi are honored. The Quaesitores judge disputes, which cannot be resolved within a covenant, a magical community. The Tribunal is presided over by a Praeco, usually the eldest Magus or Maga present. The legality of the Tribunal is supervised by the ruling Quaesitor, who determines whether a quorum is present to legitimize the proceedings. Once every 33 years, each Tribunal sends a representative to a Grand Tribunal, which takes place in Durenmar, the domus magna of House Bonisagus. The Grand Tribunal proceeds much like a regional Tribunal, but the Primus of House Bonisagus is always the Praeco, and the Primus of House Guernicus is the ruling Quaesitor. The 13 Tribunals: Greater Alps (mountainous regions of Central Europe) Hibernia (Ireland) Iberia (Spain and Portugal) Levant (the Holy Land) Loch Leglean (Scotland) Normandy (Northern France and the County of Flanders) Novgorod (Russia and parts of Eastern Europe) Provence (approximately Occitania, or le Midi of France) Rhine (Northern parts of the Holy Roman Empire) Rome (Italy) Stonehenge (England and Wales) Thebes (Balkans) Transylvania (Parts of Eastern Europe) See also Order of Hermes (Mage: The Ascension) References Dahl, Erik; Timothy Ferguson, Andrew Gronsky, John Post, Mark Shirley, Nick Simmonds, David Chart (2007), Houses of Hermes: Societates, Atlas Games, Dahl, Erik; Timothy Ferguson, Matt Ryan (2006), Houses of Hermes: Mystery Cults, Atlas Games, Dahl, Erik; Timothy Ferguson, Matt Ryan (2005), Houses of Hermes: True Lineages, Atlas Games, Shirley, Mark; and Andrew Smith (2006), Guardians of the Forests: The Rhine Tribunal, Atlas Games, External links Ars Magica Fifth Edition Ars Magica Fictional organizations

5653565

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiRF

SiRF

SiRF Technology, Inc. was a pioneer in the commercial use of GPS technology for consumer applications. The company was founded in 1995 and was headquartered in San Jose, California. Notable and founding members included Sanjai Kohli, Dado Banatao, and Kanwar Chadha. The company was acquired by British firm CSR plc in 2009, who were in turn subsequently acquired by American company Qualcomm on 13 August 2015. SiRF manufactured a range of patented GPS chipsets and software for consumer navigation devices and systems. The chips are based on ARM controllers integrated with low-noise radio receivers to decode GPS signals at very low signal levels (typically -160dBm). SiRF chips also support SBAS to allow for differentially corrected positions. SiRFstarIII SiRFstarIII architecture is designed to be useful in wireless and handheld location-based services (LBS) applications, for 2G, 2.5G, 3G asynchronous networks. The SiRFstarIII family comprises the GRF3w RF IC, the GSP3f digital section, and the GSW3 software that is API compatible with GSW2 and SiRFLoc. The chips have been adopted by major GPS manufacturers, including Sony, Micro Technologies, Garmin, TomTom and Magellan. SiRFatlas IV SiRFatlas IV is a multifunction location system processor and is meant for entry-level Personal Navigation Devices (PNDs). The SiRFatlas IV is a cheaper version of the very popular, but rather expensive SiRFPrima platform. Has GPS/Galileo baseband, LCD touch-screen controller, video input, 10-bit ADC and a high-speed USB 2.0. SiRFstarV SiRFstarV chips, launched in 2012, are capable of tracking NAVSTAR, GLONASS, Galileo, Compass, SBAS, and future GNSS signals. The SiRFusion platform integrates positioning from GNSS, terrestrial radio solutions such as Wi-Fi and cellular, and MEMS sensors including accelerometers, gyroscopes, and compasses. SiRFusion can then combine this real-time information with cellular base station and Wi-Fi access point location data, ephemeribased aiding information from the CSR Positioning Center (CPC) to generate accurate and reliable position updates. Acquisition On 10 February 2009, UK wireless chip company CSR announced it was buying SiRF in a share deal worth $136 million. References External links SiRFstar V 5e - Qualcomm Global Positioning System Electronics companies of the United States

5654151

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciuacoatl%20Mons

Ciuacoatl Mons

Ciuacoatl Mons is a mountain on Venus. Its name is derived from the Aztec fertility goddess. Mountains on Venus sv:Ciuacoatl Mons

5663113

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue-gas%20stack

Flue-gas stack

A flue-gas stack, also known as a smoke stack, chimney stack or simply as a stack, is a type of chimney, a vertical pipe, channel or similar structure through which combustion product gases called flue gases are exhausted to the outside air. Flue gases are produced when coal, oil, natural gas, wood or any other fuel is combusted in an industrial furnace, a power plant's steam-generating boiler, or other large combustion device. Flue gas is usually composed of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor as well as nitrogen and excess oxygen remaining from the intake combustion air. It also contains a small percentage of pollutants such as particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides. The flue gas stacks are often quite tall, up to , to increase the stack effect and dispersion of pollutants. When the flue gases are exhausted from stoves, ovens, fireplaces, heating furnaces and boilers, or other small sources within residential abodes, restaurants, hotels, or other public buildings and small commercial enterprises, their flue gas stacks are referred to as chimneys. History The first industrial chimneys were built in the mid-17th century when it was first understood how they could improve the combustion of a furnace by increasing the draft of air into the combustion zone. As such, they played an important part in the development of reverberatory furnaces and a coal-based metallurgical industry, one of the key sectors of the early Industrial Revolution. Most 18th-century industrial chimneys (now commonly referred to as flue gas stacks) were built into the walls of the furnace much like a domestic chimney. The first free-standing industrial chimneys were probably those erected at the end of the long condensing flues associated with smelting lead. The powerful association between industrial chimneys and the characteristic smoke-filled landscapes of the industrial revolution was due to the universal application of the steam engine for most manufacturing processes. The chimney is part of a steam-generating boiler, and its evolution is closely linked to increases in the power of the steam engine. The chimneys of Thomas Newcomen’s steam engine were incorporated into the walls of the engine house. The taller, free-standing industrial chimneys that appeared in the early 19th century were related to the changes in boiler design associated with James Watt’s "double-powered" engines, and they continued to grow in stature throughout the Victorian period. Decorative embellishments are a feature of many industrial chimneys from the 1860s, with over-sailing caps and patterned brickwork. The invention of fan-assisted forced draft in the early 20th century removed the industrial chimney's original function, that of drawing air into the steam-generating boilers or other furnaces. With the replacement of the steam engine as a prime mover, first by diesel engines and then by electric motors, the early industrial chimneys began to disappear from the industrial landscape. Building materials changed from stone and brick to steel and later reinforced concrete, and the height of the industrial chimney was determined by the need to disperse combustion flue gases to comply with governmental air pollution control regulations. Flue-gas stack draft The combustion flue gases inside the flue gas stacks are much hotter than the ambient outside air and therefore less dense than the ambient air. That causes the bottom of the vertical column of hot flue gas to have a lower pressure than the pressure at the bottom of a corresponding column of outside air. That higher pressure outside the chimney is the driving force that moves the required combustion air into the combustion zone and also moves the flue gas up and out of the chimney. That movement or flow of combustion air and flue gas is called "natural draft", "natural ventilation", "chimney effect", or "stack effect". The taller the stack, the more draft is created. The equation below provides an approximation of the pressure difference, ΔP, (between the bottom and the top of the flue gas stack) that is created by the draft: where: ΔP: available pressure difference, in Pa C = 0.0342 a: atmospheric pressure, in Pa h: height of the flue gas stack, in m To: absolute outside air temperature, in K Ti: absolute average temperature of the flue gas inside the stack, in K. The above equation is an approximation because it assumes that the molar mass of the flue gas and the outside air are equal and that the pressure drop through the flue gas stack is quite small. Both assumptions are fairly good but not exactly accurate. Flue-gas flow-rate induced by the draft As a "first guess" approximation, the following equation can be used to estimate the flue-gas flow-rate induced by the draft of a flue-gas stack. The equation assumes that the molar mass of the flue gas and the outside air are equal and that the frictional resistance and heat losses are negligible:. where: Q: flue-gas flow-rate, m³/s A: cross-sectional area of chimney, m² (assuming it has a constant cross-section) C : discharge coefficient (usually taken to be 0.65–0.70) g: gravitational acceleration at sea level = 9.807 m/s² H : height of chimney, m Ti : absolute average temperature of the flue gas in the stack, K To : absolute outside air temperature, K Also, this equation is only valid when the resistance to the draft flow is caused by a single orifice characterized by the discharge coefficient C. In many, if not most situations, the resistance is primarily imposed by the flue stack itself. In these cases, the resistance is proportional to the stack height H. This causes a cancellation of the H in the above equation predicting Q to be invariant with respect to the flue height. Designing chimneys and stacks to provide the correct amount of natural draft involves a great many factors such as: The height and diameter of the stack. The desired amount of excess combustion air needed to assure complete combustion. The temperature of the flue gases leaving the combustion zone. The composition of the combustion flue gas, which determines the flue-gas density. The frictional resistance to the flow of the flue gases through the chimney or stack, which will vary with the materials used to construct the chimney or stack. The heat loss from the flue gases as they flow through the chimney or stack. The local atmospheric pressure of the ambient air, which is determined by the local elevation above sea level. The calculation of many of the above design factors requires trial-and-error reiterative methods. Government agencies in most countries have specific codes which govern how such design calculations must be performed. Many non-governmental organizations also have codes governing the design of chimneys and stacks (notably, the ASME codes). Stack design The design of large stacks poses considerable engineering challenges. Vortex shedding in high winds can cause dangerous oscillations in the stack, and may lead to its collapse. The use of helical strake is common to prevent this process occurring at or close to the resonant frequency of the stack. Other items of interest Some fuel-burning industrial equipment does not rely upon natural draft. Many such equipment items use large fans or blowers to accomplish the same objectives, namely: the flow of combustion air into the combustion chamber and the flow of the hot flue gas out of the chimney or stack. A great many power plants are equipped with facilities for the removal of sulfur dioxide (i.e., flue-gas desulfurization), nitrogen oxides (i.e., selective catalytic reduction, exhaust gas recirculation, thermal deNOx, or low NOx burners) and particulate matter (i.e., electrostatic precipitators). At such power plants, it is possible to use a cooling tower as a flue gas stack. Examples can be seen in Germany at the Power Station Staudinger Grosskrotzenburg and at the Rostock Power Station. Power plants without flue gas purification would experience serious corrosion in such stacks. In the United States and a number of other countries, atmospheric dispersion modeling studies are required to determine the flue gas stack height needed to comply with the local air pollution regulations. The United States also limits the maximum height of a flue gas stack to what is known as the "Good Engineering Practice" (GEP) stack height. In the case of existing flue gas stacks that exceed the GEP stack height, any air pollution dispersion modelling studies for such stacks must use the GEP stack height rather than the actual stack height. See also Chimney Flue gas Flue-gas desulfurization Flue-gas emissions from fossil-fuel combustion Incineration Stack effect List of tallest chimneys References External links ASHRAE's Fundamentals Handbook is available here from ASHRAE ASME Codes and Standards available from ASME Air pollution Atmospheric dispersion modeling Combustion Incineration Industrial furnaces Industrial processes ru:Дымовая труба

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20plants%20of%20Atlantic%20Forest%20vegetation%20of%20Brazil

List of plants of Atlantic Forest vegetation of Brazil

A list of native plants found in the Atlantic Forest Biome of southeastern and southern Brazil. Additions occur as botanical discoveries and reclassifications are presented. They are grouped under their botanical Families. Acanthaceae Mendoncia velloziana Mart. Mendoncia puberula Mart. Aphelandra squarrosa Nees Aphelandra stephanophysa Nees Aphelandra rigida Glaz. et Mildbr. Justicia polita (Nees) Profice Justicia clausseniana (Nees) Profice Justicia nervata (Lindau) Profice Amaranthaceae Pfaffia pulverulenta (Mart.) Kuntze Amaryllidaceae Hippeastrum calyptratum Herb. Anacardiaceae Astronium fraxinifolium Schott Astronium graveolens Jacq. Tapirira guianensis Aubl. Annonaceae Annona cacans Warm. Duguetia salicifolia R.E.Fr. Guatteria australis A.St.-Hil. Guatteria dusenii R.E.Fr. Guetteria nigrescens Mart. Rollinia laurifolia Schltdl. Rollinia sylvatica (A.St.-Hil.) Mart. Rollinia xylopiifolia (A.St.-Hil.) R.E.Fr. Xylopia brasiliensis Spreng. Apocynaceae Aspidosperma cylindrocarpon Müll.Arg. Aspidosperma melanocalyx Müll.Arg. Aspidosperma parvifolium A.DC. Forsteronia refracta Müll.Arg. Mandevilla funiformis (Vell.) K.Schum. Mandevilla pendula (Ule) Woodson Odontadenia lutea (Vell.) Markgr. Peschiera australis (Müll.Arg.) Miers Aquifoliaceae Ilex breviscupis Reissek Ilex integerrima Reissek Ilex microdonta Reissek Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil. Ilex taubertiana Loes. Ilex theezans Mart. Ilex pubiflora Reissek Araceae Anthurium galeottii K.Koch. Anthurium harrisii G.Don Anthurium longifolium G.Don Anthurium lhotzkyanum Schott Anthurium scandens (Aubl.) Engl. subsp. scandens Anthurium solitarium Schott Anthurium theresiopolitanum Engl. Asterostigma luschnatianum Schott Philodendron appendiculatum Nadruz et Mayo Philodendron altomacaense Nadruz et Mayo Philodendron edmundoi G.M.Barroso Philodendron eximium Schott Philodendron fragile Nadruz et Mayo Philodendron hatschbachii Nadruz et Mayo Philodendron roseopetiolatum Nadruz et Mayo Philodendron ochrostemon Schott Philodendron ornatum Schott Philodendron propinquum Schott Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott Araliaceae Didymopanax acuminatus Marchal Didymopanax angustissimus Marchal Oreopanax capitatus (Jacq.) Decne. et Planch. Araucariaceae Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze Arecaceae Astrocaryum aculeatissimum (Schott) Burret Attalea dubia (Mart.) Burret Euterpe edulis Mart. Geonoma pohliana Mart. Geonoma wittigiana Glaz. ex Drude Lytocaryum hoehnei (Burret) Toledo Lytocaryum insigne (Drude) Toledo Asclepiadaceae Ditassa mucronata Mart. Gonioanthela hilariana (E.Fourn.) Malme Jobinia lindbergii E.Fourn. Jobinia hatschbachii Fontella et E.A.Schwarz Jobinia paranaensis Fontella et C.Valente Oxypetalum insigne var. glaziovii (E.Fourn.) Fontella et E. A.Schwarz Oxypetalum lutescens E.Fourn. Oxypetalum pachuglossum Decne. Macroditassa lagoensis (E.Fourn.) Malme Macroditassa laxa (Malme) Fontella et de Lamare Matelea glaziovii (E.Fourn.) Morillo Asteraceae Baccharis brachylaenoides DC. var. brachylaenoides Baccharis intermixta Gardner Baccharis microdonta DC. Baccharis semiserrata DC. var. semiserrata Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC. Dasyphyllum brasiliense (Spreng.) Cabrera Dasyphyllum spinescens (Less.) Cabrera Dasyphyllum tomentosum var. multiflorum (Baker) Cabrera Eupatorium adamantium Gardner Eupatorium pyrifolium DC. Eupatorium rufescens P.W.Lund. ex DC. Eupatorium vauthierianum DC. Gochnatia rotundifolia Less. Hatschbachiella polyclada (Dusén ex Malme) R.M.King & H.Rob. Mikania acuminata DC. Mikania aff. myriantha DC. Mikania argyreiae DC. Mikania buddleiaefolia DC. Mikania cabrerae G.M.Barroso Mikania chlorolepis Baker Mikania conferta Gardner Mikania glomerata Spreng. Mikania hirsutissima DC. Mikania lanuginosa DC. Mikania lindbergii Baker var. lindbergii Mikania lindbergii var. collina Baker Mikania microdonta DC. Mikania rufescens Sch. Bip. ex Baker Mikania trinervis Hook. et Arn. Mikania vitifolia DC. Mutisia speciosa Aiton ex. Hook. Piptocarpha macropoda (DC.) Baker Piptocarpha oblonga (Gardner) Baker Piptocarpha quadrangularis (Vell.) Baker Piptocarpha reitziana Cabrera Senecio brasiliensis (Spreng.) Less. Senecio desiderabilis Vell. Senecio glaziovii Baker Senecio organensis Casar. Symphyopappus itatiayensis R.M.King et H.Rob. Vanillosmopsis erythropappa (DC.) Sch.Bip. Vernonia aff. puberula Less. Vernonia diffusa Less. Vernonia discolor (Spreng.) Less. Vernonia macahensis Glaz. ex G.M.Barroso Vernonia macrophylla Less. Vernonia petiolaris DC. Vernonia puberula Less. Vernonia stellata (Spreng.) S.F.Blake Wunderlichia insignis Baill. Balanophoraceae Langsdorffia hipogaea Mart. Scybalium glaziovii Eichler Basellaceae Boussingaultia tucumanensis var. brasiliensis Hauman Begoniaceae Begonia angularis Raddi var. angularis Begonia arborescens Raddi Begonia coccinea Ruiz ex Klotzsch Begonia collaris Brade Begonia cucullata Willd. var. cucullata Begonia dentatiloba A.DC. Begonia digitata Raddi Begonia fischeri Schrank Begonia fruticosa A.DC. Begonia isoptera Dryand. Begonia herbacea Vell. Begonia hispida Schott ex A.DC. var. hispida Begonia hugelii Hort.Berol. ex A.DC. Begonia integerrima Spreng. var. integerrima Begonia lobata Schott Begonia semidigitata Brade Begonia paleata A.DC. Begonia pulchella Raddi Begonia solananthera A.DC. Begonia valdensium A.DC. var. valdensium Bignoniaceae Anemopaegma chamberlaynii (Sims) Bureau & K.Schum. Callichlamys latifolia (Rich.) K. Schum. Fridericia speciosa Mart. Haplolophium bracteatum Cham. Lundia corymbifera (Vahl) Sandwith Schlegelia parviflora (Oerst.) Monach. Stizophyllum perforatum (Cham.) Miers Tabebuia chrysotricha (Mart. ex A.DC.) Standl. Tabebuia heptaphylla (Vell.) Toledo Urbanolophium glaziovii (Bureau & K.Schum.) Melch. Bombacaceae Bombacopsis glabra (Pasq.) A.Robyns Chorisia speciosa A.St.-Hil. – Floss silk tree Eriotheca candolleana (K.Schum.) A.Robyns Spirotheca rivieri (Decne.) Ulbrich Boraginaceae Cordia ecalyculata Vell. Cordia ochnacea DC. Cordia sellowiana Cham. Cordia trichoclada DC. Tournefortia breviflora DC. Bromeliaceae Aechmea blanchetiana (Baker) L.B.Sm. Aechmea bromeliifolia (Rudge) Baker Aechmea caesia E.Morren ex Baker Aechmea pineliana (Brongn.ex Planch.) Baker var. pineliana Ananas ananassoides (Baker) L.B.Sm. Billbergia amoena var. rubra M.B.Foster Billbergia pyramidalis var. concolor L.B.Sm. Billbergia pyramidalis (Sims) var. pyramidalis Lindl. Billbergia sanderiana E.Morren Canistrum lindenii (Regel) Mez Neoregelia carolinae (Beer) L.B.Sm. Neoregelia bragarum (E.Pereira & L.B.Sm.) Leme Neoregelia farinosa (Ule) L.B.Sm. Neoregelia lymaniana R.Braga & Sucre Nidularium innocentii Lem. var. innocentii Nidularium microps E.Morren ex Mez var. microps Nidularium procerum Lindm. Nidularium scheremetiewii Regel Pitcairnia carinata Mez Pitcairnia flammea Lindl. var. flammea Quesnelia lateralis Wawra Quesnelia liboniana (De Jonghe) Mez Tillandsia aeris-incola (Mez) Mez Tillandsia geminiflora Brongn. var. geminiflora Tillandsia spiculosa Griseb. var. spiculiosa Tillandsia stricta Sol. ex Sims. var. stricta Tillandsia tenuifolia L. var. tenuifolia Vriesea bituminosa Wawra var. bituminosa Vriesea carinata Wawra Vriesea haematina L.B.Sm. Vriesea heterostachys (Baker) L.B.Sm. Vriesea hieroglyphica (Carrière) E.Morren var. hieroglyphica Vriesea hydrophora Ule Vriesea inflata (Wawra) Wawra Vriesea longicaulis (Baker) Mez Vriesea longiscapa Ule Vriesea paraibica Wawra Vriesea sparsiflora L.B.Sm. Vriesea vagans (L.B.Sm.) L.B.Sm. Wittrockia cyathiformis (Vell.) Leme Wittrockia flavipetala (Wand.) Leme & H.Luther Wittrockia gigantea (Baker) Leme Wittrockia superba Lindm. Wittrockia tenuisepala (Leme) Leme Cactaceae Hatiora salicornioides (Haw.) Britton & Rose Lepismium houlletianum (Lem.) Barthlott Rhipsalis capilliformes F.A.C.Weber Rhipsalis clavata F.A.C.Weber Rhipsalis elliptica G.Lindb. ex K.Schum. Rhipsalis floccosa Salm-Dyck ex Pfeiff. Rhipsalis houlletiana Lem. Rhipsalis trigona Pfeiff. Schlumbergera truncata (Haw.) Moran Campanulaceae Centropogon tortilis E.Wimm. Siphocampylus longepedunculatus Pohl Cannaceae Canna coccinea Mill. Canna paniculata Ruiz & Pav. Caprifoliaceae Lonicera japonica Thunb. ex Murray – Japanese Honeysuckle Celastraceae Celastrus racemosus Turcz. Maytenus brasiliensis Mart. Maytenus communis Reiss. Chloranthaceae Hedyosmum brasiliense Miq. Chrysobalanaceae Couepia venosa Prance Licania kunthiana Hook.f. Clethraceae Clethra scabra var. laevigata (Meisn.) Sleumer Cletha scabra Pers. var. scabra Clusiaceae Clusia criuva Cambess. Clusia fragrans Gardner Clusia lanceolata Cambess. Clusia marizii Gomes da Silva & Weinberg Clusia organensis Planch. & Triana Clusia studartiana C.M.Vieira & Gomes da Silva Kielmeyera insignis N.Saddi Rheedia gardneriana Planch. & Triana Tovomita glazioviana Engl. Tovomitopsis saldanhae Engl. Combretaceae Terminalia januarensis DC. Commelinaceae Dichorisandra thyrsiflora J.C.Mikan Tradescantia sp. Convolvulaceae Ipomoea demerariana Choisy (=Ipomoea phyllomega (Vell.) House) Cornaceae Griselina ruscifolia (Clos) Taub. Cucurbitaceae Anisosperma passiflora (Vell.) Silva Manso Apodanthera argentea Cogn. Cayaponia cf. tayuya (Vell.) Cogn. Melothria cucumis Vell. var. cucumis Melothrianthus smilacifolius (Cogn.) Mart. Crov. Cunoniaceae Lamanonia ternata Vell. Weinmannia paullinifolia Pohl ex Ser. Cyperaceae Pleurostachys densefoliata H.Pfeiff. Pleurostachys millegrana (Nees) Steud. Rhynchospora exaltata Kunth Scleria panicoides Kunth Dichapetalaceae Stephanopodium organense (Rizzini) Prance Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea subhastata Vell. Hyperocarpa filiformes (Griseb.) G.M.Barroso, E.F.Guim. & Sucre Elaeocarpaceae Sloanea monosperma Vell. Ericaceae Gaultheria eriophylla (Pers.) Sleumer ex B.L.Burtt Gaylussacia aff. fasciculata Gardner Gaylussacia brasiliensis (Spreng.) Meisn. Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum citrifolium A.St.-Hil. Erythroxylum cuspidifolium Mart. Euphorbiaceae Alchornea triplinervia (Spreng.) Müll.Arg. Croton floribundus Spreng. Croton organensis Baill. Croton salutaris Casar. Fragariopsis scandens A.St.-Hil. Hieronyma alchorneoides Allemão Pera obovata (Klotzsch) Baill. Phyllanthus glaziovii Müll.Arg. Sapium glandulatum Pax Tetrorchidium parvulum Müll.Arg. Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae Bauhinia microstachya (Raddi) J.F.Macbr. Copaifera trapezifolia Hayne Sclerolobium beaurepairei Harms, synonym of Tachigali beaurepairei Sclerolobium friburgense Harms Sclerolobium rugosum Mart. ex Benth. Senna macranthera (DC. ex Collad.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby var. macranthera Senna multijuga var. lindleyana (Gardner) H.S.Irwin & Barneby Tachigali paratyensis (Vell.) H.C. Lima (= Tachigali multijuga Benth.). Fabaceae: Faboideae Andira fraxinifolia Benth. Camptosema spectabile (Tul.) Burkart Crotalaria vitellina var. laeta (Mart. ex Benth.) Windler & S. Skinner Dalbergia foliolosa Benth. Dalbergia frutescens (Vell.) Britton Dalbergia glaziovii Harms Dalbergia lateriflora Benth. Dioclea schottii Benth. Erythrina falcata Benth. Lonchocarpus glaziovii Taub. Machaerium cantarellianum Hoehne Machaerium gracile Benth. Machaerium nyctitans (Vell.) Benth. Machaerium oblongifolium Vogel Machaerium reticulatum (Poir.) Pers. Machaerium triste Vogel Myrocarpus frondosus Allemão Ormosia fastigiata Tul. Ormosia friburgensis Glaz. Pterocarpus rohrii Vahl Swartzia myrtifolia var. elegans (Schott) R. S. Cowan Zollernia glaziovii Yakovlev Zollernia ilicifolia (Brongn.) Vogel Fabaceae: Mimosoideae Abarema langsdorfii (Benth.) Barneby & Grimes Acacia lacerans Benth. Acacia martiusiana (Steud.) Burkart Calliandra tweediei Benth. Inga barbata Benth. Inga cylindrica (Vell.) Mart. Inga dulcis (Vell.) Mart. Inga lancifolia Benth. Inga lenticellata Benth. Inga lentiscifolia Benth. Inga leptantha Benth. Inga marginata Willd. = Inga semialata (Vell.) Mart. Inga mendoncaei Harms = Inga organensis Pittier Inga platyptera Benth. Inga sessilis (Vell.) Mart. Mimosa extensa Benth. Piptadenia gonoacantha (Mart.) J. F. Macbr. Piptadenia micracantha Benth. Gentianaceae Macrocarpaea glaziovii Gilg Gesneriaceae Besleria fasciculata Wawra Besleria macahensis Brade Besleria melancholica (Vell.) C. V. Morton Codonanthe cordifolia Chautems Codonanthe gracilis (Mart.) Hanst. Nematanthus crassifolius subsp. chloronema (Mart.) Chautems Nematanthus hirtellus (Schott) Wiehler Nematanthus lanceolatus (Poir.) Chautems Nematanthus serpens (Vell.) Chautems Sinningia cooperi (Paxt.) Wiehler Sinningia incarnata (Aubl.) D. L. Denham Vanhouttea fruticulosa (Hoehne) Chautems Hippocrateaceae Cheiloclinium neglectum A.C.Sm. Hippocratea volubilis L. Salacia amygdalina Peyr. Tontelea leptophylla A.C.Sm. Humiriaceae Humiriastrum glaziovii (Urb.) Cuatrec. var. glaziovii Humiriastrum glaziovii var. angustifolium Cuatrec. Vantanea compacta (Schnizl.) Cuatrec. subsp. compacta var. compacta Vantanea compactasubsp. compacta var. grandiflora (Urb.) Cuatrec. Icacinaceae Citronella paniculata (Mart.) R.A.Howard Labiatae Salvia rivularis Gardner Scutellaria uliginosa A.St.-Hil. ex Benth. Lacistemataceae Lacistema pubescens Mart. Lauraceae Aniba firmula (Nees et Mart.) Mez Beilschmiedia fluminensis Kosterm. Beilschmiedia rigida (Mez) Kosterm. Cinnamomum glaziovii (Mez) Kosterm. Cinnamomum riedelianum Kosterm. Cryptocarya micrantha Meisn. Cryptocarya moschata Nees et Mart. ex Nees Endlicheria paniculata (Spreng.) J.F.Macbr. Nectandra leucantha Nees Nectandra oppositifolia Nees Nectandra puberula (Schott) Nees Ocotea acypahilla (Nees) Mez Ocotea catharinensis Mez Ocotea diospyrifolia (Meisn.) Mez Ocotea dispersa (Nees) Mez Ocotea divaricata (Nees) Mez Ocotea domatiata Mez Ocotea glaziovii Mez Ocotea indecora (Schott) Mez Ocotea teleiandra (Meisn.) Mez Ocotea notata (Nees) Mez Ocotea odorifera (Vell.) Rohwer Ocotea porosa (Nees) Barroso Ocotea puberula (Rich.) Nees Ocotea pulchra Vattimo-Gil Ocotea silvestris Vattimo-Gil Ocotea spixiana (Nees) Mez Ocotea tabacifolia Meisn.) Rohwer Ocotea urbaniana Mez Ocotea vaccinioides Meisn. Persea fulva Koop var. fulva Persea pyrifolia Nees & Mart. ex Nees Rhodostemonodaphne macrocalyx (Meisn.) Rohwer ex Madriñán Lecythidaceae Cariniana estrellensis (Raddi) Kuntze Lentibulariaceae Utricularia geminiloba Benj. Lobeliaceae Lobelia thapsoidea Schott Loganiaceae Spigelia macrophylla (Pohl) DC. Loranthaceae Phoradendron crassifolium (Pohl & DC.) Eichler Phoradendron warmingii var. rugulosum (Urb.) Rizzini Psittacanthus flavo-viridis Eichler Psittacanthus pluricotyledonarius Rizzini Psittacanthus robustus (Mart.) Mart. Struthanthus concinnus Mart. Struthanthus marginatus (Desr.) Blume Struthanthus salicifolius (Mart.) Mart. Struthanthus syringaefolius (Mart.) Mart. Magnoliaceae Magnolia Magnolia ovata (A.St.-Hil.) Spreng. Malpighiaceae Banisteriopsis membranifolia (A. Juss.) B. Gates Byrsonima laevigata (Poir.) DC. Byrsonima laxiflora Griseb. Byrsonima myricifolia Griseb. Heteropteris anomala A. Juss. var. anomala Heteropteris leschenaultiana A. Juss. Heteropteris nitida (Lam.) DC. Heteropteris sericea (Cav.) A. Juss. var. sericea Hiraea gaudichaudiana (A. Juss.) A. Jsss. Stigmaphyllon gayanum A. Juss Tetrapterys crebiflora A. Juss. Tetrapterys lalandiana A. Juss. Tetrapterys lucida A. Juss. Malvaceae Abutilon rufirnerve A.St.-Hil. var. rufirnerve Marantaceae Stromanthe sanguinea Sond. Marcgraviaceae Marcgravia polyantha Delpino Norantea cuneifolia (Gardner) Delpino Melastomataceae Behuria glazioviana Cogn. Behuria mouraei Cogn. Bertolonia grazielae Baumgratz Bertolonia sanguinea var. santos-limae (Brade) Baumgratz Bisglaziovia behurioides Cogn. Clidemia octona (Bonpl.) L. Wms. Henriettella glabra (Vell.) Cogn. Huberia glazioviana Cogn. Huberia minor Cogn. Huberia parvifolia Cogn. Huberia triplinervis Cogn. Leandra acutiflora (Naudin) Cogn. Leandra amplexicaulis DC. Leandra aspera Cogn. Leandra atroviridis Cogn. Leandra aurea (Cham.) Cogn. Leandra breviflora Cogn. Leandra carassanae (DC.) Cogn. Leandra confusa Cogn. Leandra dasytricha (A.Gray) Cogn. Leandra eriocalyx Cogn. Leandra fallax (Cham.) Cogn. Leandra foveolata (DC.) Cogn. Leandra fragilis Cogn. Leandra gracilis var. glazioviana Cogn. Leandra hirta Raddi Leandra hirtella Cogn. Leandra laevigata (Triana) Cogn. Leandra laxa Cogn. Leandra magdalenensis Brade Leandra melastomoides Raddi Leandra mollis Cogn. Leandra multiplinervis (Naudin) Cogn. Leandra multisetosa Cogn. Leandra neurotricha Cogn. Leandra nianga Cogn. Leandra nutans Cogn. Leandra purpurascens Cogn. Leandra quinquedentata (DC.) Cogn. Leandra schwackei Cogn. Leandra sphaerocarpa Cogn. Leandra tetragona Cogn. Leandra trauninensis Cogn. Leandra xanthocoma (Naudin.) Cogn. Leandra xanthostachya Cogn. Marcetia taxifolia (A.St.-Hil.) DC. Meriania claussenii Triana Meriania robusta Cogn. Miconia altissima Cogn. Miconia argyrea Cogn. Miconia augustii Cogn. Miconia brasiliensis (Spreng.) Triana Miconia brunnea DC. Miconia budlejoides Triana Miconia chartacea Triana Miconia cinnamomifolia (DC.) Naudin Miconia depauperata Gardner Miconia dichroa Cogn. Miconia divaricata Gardner Miconia doriana Cogn. Miconia fasciculata Gardner Miconia formosa Cogn. Miconia gilva Cogn. Miconia glazioviana Cogn. Miconia jucunda (DC.) Triana Miconia latecrenata (DC.) Naudin Miconia longicuspis Cogn. Miconia octopetala Cogn. Miconia organensis Gardner Miconia ovalifolia Cogn. Miconia molesta Cogn. Miconia paniculata (DC.) Naudin Miconia paulensis Naudin Miconia penduliflora Cogn. Miconia prasina (Sw.) DC. Miconia pseudo-eichlerii Cogn. Miconia pusilliflora (DC.) Naudin Miconia rabenii Cogn. Miconia saldanhaei var. grandiflora Cogn. Miconia sellowiana Naudin Miconia staminea (Desr.) DC. Miconia subvernicosa Cogn. Miconia theaezans (Bonpl.) Cogn. Miconia tristis Spring Miconia urophylla DC. Miconia willdenowii Klotzsch ex Naudin Mouriri arborea Gardner Mouriri chamissoana Cogn. Mouriri doriana Cogn. Ossaea angustifolia (DC.) Triana var. brevifolia Cogn. Ossaea brachystachya (DC.) Triana Ossaea confertiflora (DC.) Triana Pleiochiton micranthum Cogn. Pleiochiton parvifolium Cogn. Pleiochiton roseum Cogn. Pleiochiton setulosum Cogn. Pleroma semidecandrum (Schrank & Mart. ex DC.) Triana (syn. Tibouchina semidecandra) Tibouchina alba Cogn. Tibouchina arborea (Gardner) Cogn. Tibouchina benthamiana var. punicea Cogn. Tibouchina canescens (D.Don) Cogn. Tibouchina estrellensis (Raddi) Cogn. Tibouchina fissinervia (DC.) Cogn. Tibouchina imperatoris Cogn. Tibouchina moricandiana (DC.) Baill. Tibouchina nervulosa Cogn. Tibouchina ovata Cogn. Tibouchina petroniana Cogn. Tibouchina saldanhaei Cogn. Tibouchina schwackei Cogn. Trembleya parviflora (D.Don.) Cogn. Meliaceae Cabralea canjerana (Vell.) Mart. subsp. canjerana Cedrela odorata L. Guarea macrophylla subsp. tuberculata (Vell.) T.D.Penn. Trichilia casaretti C.DC. Trichilia emarginata (Turcz.) C.DC. Menispermaceae Abuta selloana Eichler Chondodendron platyphyllum (A.St.-Hil.) Miers Monimiaceae Macropeplus ligustrinus var. friburgensis Perkins Mollinedia acutissima Perkins Mollinedia argyrogyna Perkins Mollinedia engleriana Perkins Mollinedia fasciculata Perkins Mollinedia gilgiana Perkins Mollinedia glaziovii Perkins Mollinedia longicuspidata Perkins Mollinedia lowtheriana Perkins Mollinedia marliae Peixoto & V.Pereira Mollinedia myriantha Perkins Mollinedia oligantha Perkins Mollinedia pachysandra Perkins Mollinedia salicifolia Perkins Mollinedia schottiana (Spreng.) Perkins Mollinedia stenoplylla Perkins Siparuna chlorantha Perkins Moraceae Cecropia cf.lyratiloba Miq. Cecropia glaziovii Snethl. Cecropia hololeuca Miq. Coussapoa microcarpa (Schott) Rizzini Ficus luschnathiana (Miq.) Miq. Ficus organensis (Miq.) Miq. Ficus trigona L.f. Sorocea bonplandii (Baill.) W.C.Burger & Alii Myristicaceae Virola gardneri (A.DC.) Warb. Myrsinaceae Cybianthus brasiliensis (Mez) G.Agostini Cybianthus glaber A.DC. Rapanea acuminata Mez Rapanea ferruginea (Ruiz & Pav.) Mez Rapanea guianensis Aubl. Rapanea lancifolia Mez Rapanea schwackeana Mez Rapanea umbellata (Mart.) Mez Myrtaceae Calycorectes schottianus O.Berg Calyptranthes concinna DC. Calyptranthes glazioviana Kiaersk. Calyptranthes lucida Mart. ex DC. Calyptranthes obovata Kiaersk. Campomanesia guaviroba (DC.) Kiaersk. Campomanesia laurifolia Gardner Eugenia cambucarana Kiaersk. Eugenia cuprea (O.Berg) Nied. Eugenia curvato-petiolata Kiaersk. Eugenia ellipsoidea Kiaersk. Eugenia gracillima Kiaersk. Eugenia stictosepala Kiaersk. Eugenia subavenia O.Berg Marlierea Marlierea aff.teuscheriana (O. Berg.) D. Legrand Marlierea mar 'tinelii G. M. Barroso & Peixoto Marlierea silvatica (Gardner) Kiaersk. Marlierea suaveolens Cambess. Myrceugenia kleinii D.Legrand & Kausel Myrceugenia pilotantha (Kiaersk.) Landrum Myrceugenia scutellata D. Legrand Myrcia anacardiifolia Gardner Myrcia coelosepala Kiaersk. Myrcia fallax (Rich.) DC. Myrcia fenzliana O.Berg Myrcia glabra (O.Berg) D.Legrand Myrcia glazioviana Kiaersk. Myrcia guajavifolia O.Berg Myrcia laruotteana Cambess. Myrcia lineata (O. Berg) G. M. Barroso & Peixoto Myrcia longipes (O. Berg) Kiaersk. Myrcia multiflora (Lam.) DC. Myrcia pubipetala Miq. Myrcia rhabdoides Kiaersk. Myrcia rufula Miq. Myrcia spectabilis DC. Myrcia tomentosa (Aubl.) DC. Myrcia warmingiana Kiaersk. Myrciaria floribunda (H. West. ex Willd.) O. Berg –Guavaberry Myrciaria tenella (DC.) O. Berg Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus var. fulvescens (DC.) Landrum Plinia martinellii G. M. Barroso & M. Peron Psidium guineense Sw. Psidium Psidium robustum O. Berg Psidium spathulatum Mattos Siphoneugena densiflora O. Berg Siphoneugena kiaerskoviana (Burret) Kausel Nyctaginaceae Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz Ochnaceae Luxemburgia glazioviana Beauverd Ouratea parviflora (DC.) Baill. Ouratea vaccinioides (A.St.-Hil.) Engl. Olacaceae Heisteria silvianii Schwacke Oleaceae Linociera micrantha Mart. Onagraceae Fuchsia glazioviana Taub. Fuchsia regia subsp. serrae P.E.Berry Orchidaceae Barbosella porschii (Kraenzl.) Schltr. Beadlea warmingii (Rchb.f.) Garay Chytroglossa marileoniae Rchb.f. Dichaea pendula (Aubl.) Cogn. Epidendrum addae Pabst Epidendrum paranaense Barb.Rodr. Epidendrum saxatile Lindl. Epidendrum xanthinum Lindl. Gomesa recurva Lodd. Maxillaria cerifera Barb.Rodr. Maxillaria ubatubana var. mantiqueirana Hoehne Miltonia cuneata Lindl. Oncidium cf.hookeri Rolfe Oncidium uniflorum Booth ex Lindl. Pabstia jugosa (Lindl.) Garay Pabstia triptera (Rolfe) Garay Phymatidium aquinoi Schltr. Phymatidium delicatulum Lindl. Phymatidium falcifolium Lindl. Phymatidium tillandsoides Barb.Rodr. Pleurothallis aff.hamosa Barb.Rodr. Pleurothallis trifida Lindl. Prescottia epiphyta Barb.Rodr. Rodrigueziopsis microphyta (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr. Scaphyglottis modesta (Rchb.f.) Schltr. Sophronitis aff.grandiflora Lindl. Sophronitis aff.mantiqueirae (Fowlie) Fowlie Zygopetalum crinitum Lodd. Zygopetalum triste Barb.Rodr. Passifloraceae Passiflora actinia Hook. Passiflora alata Dryand. Passiflora amethystina J.C.Mikan Passiflora deidamioides Harms Passiflora odontophylla Harms ex Glaz. Passiflora organensis Gardner Passiflora rhamnifolia Mast. Passiflora speciosa Gardner Passiflora vellozii Gardner Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca thyrsiflora Fenzl ex J.A.Schmidt. Seguieria langsdorffii Moq. Piperaceae Ottonia diversifolia Kunth Peperomia alata Ruiz & Pav. Peperomia corcovadensis Gardner Peperomia glabella (Sw.) A. Dietr. Peperomia lyman-smithii Yunck. Peperomia rhombea Ruiz & Pav. Peperomia rotundifolia (L.) H. B. & K. Peperomia tetraphylla (G. Forst.) Hook. & Arn. Piper aequilaterum C. DC. Piper caldense C. DC. Piper chimonanthifolium Kunth Piper gaudichaudianum Kunth Piper glabratum Kunth Piper hillianum C. DC. Piper lhotzkyanum Kunth Piper malacophyllum (C. Presl) C. DC. Piper permucronatum Yunck. Piper pseudopothifolium C. DC. Piper richardiifolium Kunth Piper tectonifolium Kunth Piper translucens Yunck. Piper truncatum Vell. Poaceae Chusquea aff. oxylepis (Hack.) Ekman Chusquea aff. tenella Nees Chusquea anelytroides Rupr. ex Döll Chusquea capitata Nees Chusquea capituliflora Trin. Guadua tagoara (Nees) Kunth Merostachys aff. ternata Nees Merostachys fischeriana Rupr. ex Döll Podocarpaceae Podocarpus lambertii Klotzsch ex Endl. Podocarpus sellowii Klotzsch ex Endl. Polygalaceae Polygala laureola A.St.-Hil. & Moq. Polygala oxyphylla DC. Securidaca macrocarpa A.W.Benn. Polygonaceae Ruprechtia laxiflora Meisn. Proteaceae Roupala consimilis Mez Roupala longepetiolata Pohl Roupala rhombifolia Mart. ex Meisn. Roupala warmingii Meisn. Quiinaceae Quiina glaziovii Engl. Ranunculaceae Clematis dioica var. australis Eichler Clematis dioica var. brasiliana (DC.) Eichler Rosaceae Prunus brasiliensis Schott ex Spreng. Rubus urticaefolius Poir. Rubiaceae Alibertia longiflora K.Schum. Amaioua intermedia Mart. Bathysa australis (A.St.-Hil.) Benth. & Hook.f. Bathysa cuspidata (A.St.-Hil.) Hook.f. Bathysa mendocaei K.Schum. Chomelia brasiliana Chomelia estrellana Müll.Arg. Coccocypselum lanceolatum (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. Coccocypselum sessiliflorum Standl. Coussarea congestiflora Müll.Arg. Coussarea friburgensis M. Gomes Coussarea speciosa K.Schum. ex. Glaz. Coutarea hexandra (Jacq.) K.Schum. Diodia alataNees & Mart. Emmeorrhiza umbellata (Spreng.) K.Schum. Faramea dichotoma K.Schum. ex M.Gomes Faramea multiflora var. salicifolia (C. Presl.) Steyerm. Faramea urophylla Müll.Arg. Galium hypocarpium subsp. indecorum (Cham. & Schltdl.) Dempster Hillia parasitica Jacq. Hindsia longiflora (Cham.) Benth. Hoffmannia duseniiStandl. Ixora brevifolia Benth. Manettia beyrichiana K.Schum. Manettia congesta (Vell.) K.Schum. Manettia fimbriata Cham. & Schltdl. Manettia mitis (Vell.) K. Schum. Posoqueria acutifolia Mart. Posoqueria latifolia (Rudge) Roem. & Schult. Psychotria alto-macahensis M.Gomes Psychotria appendiculata Müll.Arg. Psychotria brachyanthema Standl. Psychotria caudata M.Gomes Psychotria constricta Müll.Arg. Psychotria leiocarpa Cham. & Schltdl. Psychotria nemerosa Gardner Psychotria nitidula Cham. & Schltdl. Psychotria pallens Gardner Psychotria pubigera Schltdl. Psychotria ruelliifolia (Cham. & Schltdl.) Müll.Arg. Psychotria stachyoides Benth. Psychotria suterella Müll.Arg. Psychotria ulei Standl. Psychotria vellosiana Benth. Randia armata (Sw.) DC. Rudgea corniculata Benth. Rudgea gardenoides (Cham.) Müll.Arg. Rudgea eugenioides Standl. Rudgea insignis Müll.Arg. Rudgea jasminoides (Cham.) Müll.Arg. Rudgea leiocarpoides Müll.Arg. Rudgea nobilis Müll.Arg. Rudgea recurva Müll.Arg. Rustia gracilis K.Schum. Tocoyena sellowiana (Cham. & Schltdl.) K.Schum. Rutaceae Dictyoloma incanescens DC. Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam. (= Fagara rhoifolia (Lam.) Engl.) Sabiaceae Meliosma brasiliensis Urb. Meliosma sellowii Urb. Salicaceae Casearia arborea (Rich.) Urb. Casearia decandra Jacq. Casearia obliqua Spreng. Casearia pauciflora Cambess. Casearia sylvestris Sw. Xylosma ciliatifolia (Clos) Eichler Xylosma prockia (Turcz.) Turcz. Sapindaceae Allophylus edulis (A.St.-Hil.) Radlk. Cupania emarginata Cambess. Cupania oblongifolia Mart. Cupania racemosa (Vell.) Radlk. Cupania zanthoxyloides Cambess. Matayba guianensis Aubl. Paullinia carpopoda Cambess. Paullinia meliaefolia Juss. Paullinia trigonia Vell. Serjania communis Cambess. var. communis Serjania elegans Cambess. Serjania gracilis Radlk. Serjania laruotteana Cambess. Serjania lethalis A.St.-Hil. Serjania noxia Cambess. Serjania reticulata Cambess. Thinouia scandens (Cambess.) Triana & Planch. Sapotaceae Chrysophyllum imperiale Chrysophyllum viride Martius & Eichler Micropholis compta Pierre Micropholis crassipedicellata (Mart. & Eichl.) Pierre Pouteria guianensis Aubl. Pouteria microstrigosa T.D.Penn. Pouteria macahensis T.D.Penn. Scrophulariaceae Velloziella dracocephaloides Baill. Simaroubaceae Picramnia glazioviana Engl. subsp. glazioviana Simarouba amara Aubl. Smilacaceae Smilax japicanga Griseb. Smilax quinquenervia Vell. Smilax spicata Vell. Smilax staminea Griseb. Solanaceae Acnistus arborescens (L.) Schltdl. Athenaea anonacea Sendtn. Athenaea picta (Mart.) Sendtn. Aureliana brasiliana (Hunz.) Barboza & Hunz. Aureliana fasciculata (Vell.) Sendtn. var. fasciculata Brunfelsia brasiliensis (Spreng.) L.B.Sm. & Downs var. brasiliensis Brunfelsia hydrangaeformis (Pohl) Benth. subsp. hydrangaefomis Capsicum campylopodium Sendtn. Cestrum lanceolatum Miers var. lanceolatum Cestrum aff.sessiliflorum Schott ex Sendtn. Cestrum stipulatum Vell. Cyphomandra calycina Sendtn. Dyssochroma viridiflora (Sims) Miers Sessea regnellii Taub. Solanum aff.schizandrum Sendtn. Solanum argenteum Dunal Solanum caeruleum Vell. Solanum cinnamomeum Sendtn. Solanum decorum Sendtn. var. decorum Solanum granuloso-leprosum Dunal Solanum inaequale Vell. Solanum inodorum Vell. Solanum leucodendron Sendtn. Solanum megalochiton var. villoso-tomentosum Dunal Solanum odoriferum Vell. Solanum stipulatum Vell. Solanum swartzianum Roem. & Schult. var. swartzianum Solanum undulatum Dunal Symplocaceae Symplocos celastrinea Mart. ex Miq. Symplocos crenata (Vell.) Mattos Symplocos glandulosomarginata Hoehne Symplocos nitidiflora Brand. Symplocos tertandra Mart. ex Miq. Symplocos uniflora (Pohl) ex Benth. Theaceae Laplacea fruticosa (Schrad.) Kobuski Thymelaeaceae Daphnopsis martii Meisn. Daphnopsis utilis Warm. Tiliaceae Luehea divaricata Mart. Umbelliferae Hydrocotyle leucocephala Cham. & Schltdl. Valerianaceae Valeriana scandens L. Verbenaceae Aegiphila fluminensis Vell. Aegiphila obducta Vell. Aegiphila sellowiana Cham. Violaceae Anchietea pyrifolia (Mart.) G.Don var. pyrifolia Vitaceae Cissus pulcherrima Vell. Cissus sulcicaulis (Baker) Planch. Vochysiaceae Vochysia dasyantha Warm. Vochysia glazioviana Warm. Vochysia magnifica Warm. Vochysia oppugnata (Vell.) Warm. Vochysia rectiflora var. glabrescens Warm. Vochysia saldanhana Warm. Vochysia schwackeana Warm. Vochysia spathulata Warm. Vochysia tucanorum Mart. Winteraceae Drimys brasiliensis Miers Zingiberaceae Hedychium coronarium J.König See also Ecoregions of the Atlantic Forest biome Official list of endangered flora of Brazil List of plants of Amazon Rainforest vegetation of Brazil List of plants of Caatinga vegetation of Brazil List of plants of Cerrado vegetation of Brazil List of plants of Pantanal vegetation of Brazil References LIMA, H. C.; MORIM, M. P.; GUEDES-BRUNI, R. R.; SYLVESTRE, L. S.; PESSOA, S. V. A.; SILVA NETO, S.; QUINET, A. (2001) Reserva Ecológica de Macaé de Cima, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro: Lista de espécies vasculares (List of vascular plants) — Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden. Restinga.net — Atlantic Coast restingas. External links Atlantic Forest Atlantic Forest Atlantic Forest Atlantic Forest Brazil

5666989

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilaria

Hilaria

The Hilaria (; Latin "the cheerful ones", a term derived from the borrowed adjective "cheerful, merry") were ancient Roman religious festivals celebrated on the March equinox to honor Cybele. Origins The term seems originally to have been a name which was given to any day or season of rejoicing. The hilaria were, therefore, according to Maximus the Confessor either private or public. Among the former, he thinks it the day on which a person married, and on which a son was born; among the latter, those days of public rejoicings appointed by a new emperor. Such days were devoted to general rejoicings and public sacrifices, and no one was allowed to show any symptoms of grief or sorrow. The Romans also celebrated hilaria as a feria stativa, on March 25, the seventh day before the Calends of April, in honor of Cybele, the mother of the gods; and it is probably to distinguish these hilaria from those mentioned above, that the Augustan History calls them Hilaria Matris Deûm. The day of its celebration was the first after the vernal equinox, or the first day of the year which was longer than the night. The winter with its gloom had died, and the first day of a better season was spent in rejoicings. The manner of its celebration during the time of the republic is unknown, except that Valerius Maximus mentions games in honour of the mother of the gods. Respecting its celebration at the time of the empire, Herodian writes that, among other things, there was a solemn procession, in which the statue of the goddess was carried, and before this statue were carried the most costly specimens of plate and works of art belonging either to wealthy Romans or to the emperors themselves. All kinds of games and amusements were allowed on this day; masquerades were the most prominent among them, and everyone might, in his disguise, imitate whomsoever he liked, even magistrates. The Romans took this feast originally from the Greeks, who called it Ἀνάβασις, Latin Ascensus: the eve of that day they spent in tears and lamentations, calling it Κατάβασις (Latin Dēscensus). Greek writers later borrowed the Latin name as Ἱλάρια, as appears from Photios I of Constantinople's Bibliotheca in his codex of the life of the philosopher Isidore of Alexandria. Festival structure Sallustius, writing in the 4th century AD, described the basic multi-day structure of the festival as it related to the myth of Cybele and Attis: "And at first we ourselves, having fallen from heaven and living with the nymph, are in despondency, and abstain from corn and all rich and unclean food, for both are hostile to the soul. Then comes the cutting of the tree and the fast, as though we also were cutting off the further process of generation. After that the feeding on milk, as though we were being born again; after which come rejoicings and garlands and, as it were, a return up to the Gods." According to the calendar in the Chronography of 354, ten days before the calends of April was the Arbor Intrat, or "entering of the tree". According to Arnobius, in his Against the Pagans (book V), this involved cutting down a pine tree and setting it up in a place of honor inside a temple of Cybele. Fleeces of wool would be tied around the tree trunk, representing the goddess wrapping the dying Attis against the cold. The branches would be decked in wreathes of violets, as "the Mother adorned with early flowers the pine which indicates and bears witness to the sad mishap." The priests would ritually mourn for the dead Attis, beating their chests and wailing. Following this, according to Arnobius, worshipers would fast and, in particular, abstain from bread, "in imitation of the time when the goddess abstained from Ceres' fruit in her vehement sorrow", and they would enter a state of mourning, wounding their arms and breasts. The full festival can be tentatively reconstructed (with the days of the festival literally translated) as follows: 15 March. "The Reed Entered". Its exact significance is uncertain (the reeds may refer to the river bank where Attis was exposed as a child and rescued by Cybele). A nine-day period of abstinence from bread, pomegranates, quinces, pork, fish, and probably wine began. Only milk was permitted as a drink. 22 March. "The Tree Entered" (Arbor intrat). A pine tree is felled. The tree is set up at the Temple of Cybele, its trunk wrapped in wool, and its branches decked with wreathes of violets. 23 March. A day of mourning. 24 March. "The Day of Blood" (Sanguis). Frenzied rites including scourging and whipping. Castration rituals would take place on this day. The tree is symbolically buried. 25 March. "The Day of Joy" (Hilaria) celebrating the resurrection of Attis. This was the hilaria proper (as opposed to the mournful tone of the previous days). 26 March. A day of rest. 27 March. "The Washing" (Lavatio). Added by Marcus Aurelius. 28 March. Possible ceremony at the Vatican sanctuary. Appears in the Calendar of Philocalus. Other According to the Calendar of Filocalus from 354, a Hilaria of Isis was part of the Isia festival, taking place on its final day, November 3. On this day Herodian details an assassination plot by Maternus against Emperor Commodus that was to occur on the hilaria. Maternus planned to disguise himself and his followers as members of the Praetorian Guard, and proceed among the true members of the Guard, until they were close enough to kill Commodus. However, one of Maternus's followers revealed the plot ahead of time, betraying him because, according to Herodian, his men "preferred a legitimate emperor to a robber tyrant". On the day of hilaria, he was beheaded and his followers punished. The public celebrated the emperor's safety, and Commodus sacrificed to Cybele for protecting him from harm. Notes References Mary Beard, John North, Simon Price. Religions of Rome. Cambridge University Press. 1998. . pp 133–134. Robin Osborne. Studies in Ancient Greek and Roman Society. Cambridge University Press. 2004. . p 365. "Hilaria". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2nd ed. 1989. Ancient Roman festivals Cybele March observances Spring equinox

5672031

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit%20of%20the%20Moon

Orbit of the Moon

The Moon orbits Earth in the prograde direction and completes one revolution relative to the Vernal Equinox and the stars in about 27.32 days (a tropical month and sidereal month) and one revolution relative to the Sun in about 29.53 days (a synodic month). Earth and the Moon orbit about their barycentre (common centre of mass), which lies about from Earth's centre (about 73% of its radius), forming a satellite system called the Earth–Moon system. On average, the distance to the Moon is about from Earth's centre, which corresponds to about 60 Earth radii or 1.282 light-seconds. With a mean orbital velocity around the barycentre between the Earth and the Moon, of 1.022 km/s (0.635 miles/s, 2,286 miles/h), the Moon covers a distance approximately its diameter, or about half a degree on the celestial sphere, each hour. The Moon differs from most satellites of other planets in that its orbit is close to the ecliptic plane instead of to its primary's (in this case, Earth's) equatorial plane. The Moon's orbital plane is inclined by about 5.1° with respect to the ecliptic plane, whereas the Moon's equatorial plane is tilted by only 1.5°. Properties The properties of the orbit described in this section are approximations. The Moon's orbit around Earth has many variations (perturbations) due to the gravitational attraction of the Sun and planets, the study of which (lunar theory) has a long history. Elliptic shape The orbit of the Moon is a nearly circular ellipse about the Earth (the semimajor and semiminor axes are 384,400 km and 383,800 km, respectively: a difference of only 0.16%). The equation of the ellipse yields an eccentricity of 0.0549 and perigee and apogee distances of 362,600 km (225,300 mi) and 405,400 km (251,900 mi) respectively (a difference of 12%). Since nearer objects appear larger, the Moon's apparent size changes as it moves toward and away from an observer on Earth. An event referred to as a "supermoon" occurs when the full Moon is at its closest to Earth (perigee). The largest possible apparent diameter of the Moon is the same 12% larger (as perigee versus apogee distances) than the smallest; the apparent area is 25% more and so is the amount of light it reflects toward Earth. The variance in the Moon's orbital distance corresponds with changes in its tangential and angular speeds, as stated in Kepler's second law. The mean angular movement relative to an imaginary observer at the Earth–Moon barycentre is ° per day to the east (J2000.0 epoch). Elongation The Moon's elongation is its angular distance east of the Sun at any time. At new moon, it is zero and the Moon is said to be in conjunction. At full moon, the elongation is 180° and it is said to be in opposition. In both cases, the Moon is in syzygy, that is, the Sun, Moon and Earth are nearly aligned. When elongation is either 90° or 270°, the Moon is said to be in quadrature. Precession The orientation of the orbit is not fixed in space but rotates over time. This orbital precession is called apsidal precession and is the rotation of the Moon's orbit within the orbital plane, i.e. the axes of the ellipse change direction. The lunar orbit's major axis – the longest diameter of the orbit, joining its nearest and farthest points, the perigee and apogee, respectively – makes one complete revolution every 8.85 Earth years, or 3,232.6054 days, as it rotates slowly in the same direction as the Moon itself (direct motion) – meaning precesses eastward by 360°. The Moon's apsidal precession is distinct from the nodal precession of its orbital plane and axial precession of the moon itself. Inclination The mean inclination of the lunar orbit to the ecliptic plane is 5.145°. Theoretical considerations show that the present inclination relative to the ecliptic plane arose by tidal evolution from an earlier near-Earth orbit with a fairly constant inclination relative to Earth's equator. It would require an inclination of this earlier orbit of about 10° to the equator to produce a present inclination of 5° to the ecliptic. It is thought that originally the inclination to the equator was near zero, but it could have been increased to 10° through the influence of planetesimals passing near the Moon while falling to the Earth. If this had not happened, the Moon would now lie much closer to the ecliptic and eclipses would be much more frequent. The rotational axis of the Moon is not perpendicular to its orbital plane, so the lunar equator is not in the plane of its orbit, but is inclined to it by a constant value of 6.688° (this is the obliquity). As was discovered by Jacques Cassini in 1722, the rotational axis of the Moon precesses with the same rate as its orbital plane, but is 180° out of phase (see Cassini's Laws). Therefore, the angle between the ecliptic and the lunar equator is always 1.543°, even though the rotational axis of the Moon is not fixed with respect to the stars. It also means that when the Moon is farthest north of the ecliptic, the centre of the part seen from Earth is about 6.7° south of the lunar equator and the south pole is visible, whereas when the Moon is farthest south of the ecliptic the centre of the visible part is 6.7° north of the equator and the north pole is visible. This is called libration in latitude. Nodes The nodes are points at which the Moon's orbit crosses the ecliptic. The Moon crosses the same node every 27.2122 days, an interval called the draconic month or draconitic month. The line of nodes, the intersection between the two respective planes, has a retrograde motion: for an observer on Earth, it rotates westward along the ecliptic with a period of 18.6 years or 19.3549° per year. When viewed from the celestial north, the nodes move clockwise around Earth, opposite to Earth's own spin and its revolution around the Sun. An Eclipse of the Moon or Sun can occur when the nodes align with the Sun, roughly every 173.3 days. Lunar orbit inclination also determines eclipses; shadows cross when nodes coincide with full and new moon when the Sun, Earth, and Moon align in three dimensions. In effect, this means that the "tropical year" on the Moon is only 347 days long. This is called the draconic year or eclipse year. The "seasons" on the Moon fit into this period. For about half of this draconic year, the Sun is north of the lunar equator (but at most 1.543°), and for the other half, it is south of the lunar equator. Obviously, the effect of these seasons is minor compared to the difference between lunar night and lunar day. At the lunar poles, instead of usual lunar days and nights of about 15 Earth days, the Sun will be "up" for 173 days as it will be "down"; polar sunrise and sunset takes 18 days each year. "Up" here means that the centre of the Sun is above the horizon. Lunar polar sunrises and sunsets occur around the time of eclipses (solar or lunar). For example, at the Solar eclipse of March 9, 2016, the Moon was near its descending node, and the Sun was near the point in the sky where the equator of the Moon crosses the ecliptic. When the Sun reaches that point, the centre of the Sun sets at the lunar north pole and rises at the lunar south pole. The solar eclipse of September 1 of the same year, the Moon was near its ascending node, and the Sun was near the point in the sky where the equator of the Moon crosses the ecliptic. When the Sun reaches that point, the centre of the Sun rises at the lunar north pole and sets at the lunar south pole. Inclination to the equator and lunar standstill Every 18.6 years, the angle between the Moon's orbit and Earth's equator reaches a maximum of 28°36′, the sum of Earth's equatorial tilt (23°27′) and the Moon's orbital inclination (5°09′) to the ecliptic. This is called major lunar standstill. Around this time, the Moon's declination will vary from −28°36′ to +28°36′. Conversely, 9.3 years later, the angle between the Moon's orbit and Earth's equator reaches its minimum of 18°20′. This is called a minor lunar standstill. The last lunar standstill was a minor standstill in October 2015. At that time the descending node was lined up with the equinox (the point in the sky having right ascension zero and declination zero). The nodes are moving west by about 19° per year. The Sun crosses a given node about 20 days earlier each year. When the inclination of the Moon's orbit to the Earth's equator is at its minimum of 18°20′, the centre of the Moon's disk will be above the horizon every day from latitudes less than 70°43' (90° − 18°20' – 57' parallax) north or south. When the inclination is at its maximum of 28°36', the centre of the Moon's disk will be above the horizon every day only from latitudes less than 60°27' (90° − 28°36' – 57' parallax) north or south. At higher latitudes, there will be a period of at least one day each month when the Moon does not rise, but there will also be a period of at least one day each month when the Moon does not set. This is similar to the seasonal behaviour of the Sun, but with a period of 27.2 days instead of 365 days. Note that a point on the Moon can actually be visible when it is about 34 arc minutes below the horizon, due to atmospheric refraction. Because of the inclination of the Moon's orbit with respect to the Earth's equator, the Moon is above the horizon at the North and South Pole for almost two weeks every month, even though the Sun is below the horizon for six months at a time. The period from moonrise to moonrise at the poles is a tropical month, about 27.3 days, quite close to the sidereal period. When the Sun is the furthest below the horizon (winter solstice), the Moon will be full when it is at its highest point. When the Moon is in Gemini it will be above the horizon at the North Pole, and when it is in Sagittarius it will be up at the South Pole. The Moon's light is used by zooplankton in the Arctic when the Sun is below the horizon for months and must have been helpful to the animals that lived in Arctic and Antarctic regions when the climate was warmer. Scale model History of observations and measurements About 1000 BC, the Babylonians were the first human civilization known to have kept a consistent record of lunar observations. Clay tablets from that period, which have been found over the territory of present-day Iraq, are inscribed with cuneiform writing recording the times and dates of moonrises and moonsets, the stars that the Moon passed close by, and the time differences between rising and setting of both the Sun and the Moon around the time of the full moon. Babylonian astronomy discovered the three main periods of the Moon's motion and used data analysis to build lunar calendars that extended well into the future. This use of detailed, systematic observations to make predictions based on experimental data may be classified as the first scientific study in human history. However, the Babylonians seem to have lacked any geometrical or physical interpretation of their data, and they could not predict future lunar eclipses (although "warnings" were issued before likely eclipse times). Ancient Greek astronomers were the first to introduce and analyze mathematical models of the motion of objects in the sky. Ptolemy described lunar motion by using a well-defined geometric model of epicycles and evection. Sir Isaac Newton was the first to develop a complete theory of motion, mechanics. The observations of the lunar motion were the main test of his theory. Lunar periods There are several different periods associated with the lunar orbit. The sidereal month is the time it takes to make one complete orbit around Earth with respect to the fixed stars. It is about 27.32 days. The synodic month is the time it takes the Moon to reach the same visual phase. This varies notably throughout the year, but averages around 29.53 days. The synodic period is longer than the sidereal period because the Earth–Moon system moves in its orbit around the Sun during each sidereal month, hence a longer period is required to achieve a similar alignment of Earth, the Sun, and the Moon. The anomalistic month is the time between perigees and is about 27.55 days. The Earth–Moon separation determines the strength of the lunar tide raising force. The draconic month is the time from ascending node to ascending node. The time between two successive passes of the same ecliptic longitude is called the tropical month. The latter periods are slightly different from the sidereal month. The average length of a calendar month (a twelfth of a year) is about 30.4 days. This is not a lunar period, though the calendar month is historically related to the visible lunar phase. Tidal evolution The gravitational attraction that the Moon exerts on Earth is the cause of tides in both the ocean and the solid Earth; the Sun has a smaller tidal influence. The solid Earth responds quickly to any change in the tidal forcing, the distortion taking the form of an ellipsoid with the high points roughly beneath the Moon and on the opposite side of Earth. This is a result of the high speed of seismic waves within the solid Earth. However the speed of seismic waves is not infinite and, together with the effect of energy loss within the Earth, this causes a slight delay between the passage of the maximum forcing due to the Moon across and the maximum Earth tide. As the Earth rotates faster than the Moon travels around its orbit, this small angle produces a gravitational torque which slows the Earth and accelerates the Moon in its orbit. In the case of the ocean tides, the speed of tidal waves in the ocean is far slower than the speed of the Moon's tidal forcing. As a result, the ocean is never in near equilibrium with the tidal forcing. Instead, the forcing generates the long ocean waves which propagate around the ocean basins until eventually losing their energy through turbulence, either in the deep ocean or on shallow continental shelves. Although the ocean's response is the more complex of the two, it is possible to split the ocean tides into a small ellipsoid term which affects the Moon plus a second term which has no effect. The ocean's ellipsoid term also slows the Earth and accelerates the Moon, but because the ocean dissipates so much tidal energy, the present ocean tides have an order of magnitude greater effect than the solid Earth tides. Because of the tidal torque, caused by the ellipsoids, some of Earth's angular (or rotational) momentum is gradually being transferred to the rotation of the Earth–Moon pair around their mutual centre of mass, called the barycentre. See tidal acceleration for a more detailed description. This slightly greater orbital angular momentum causes the Earth–Moon distance to increase at approximately 38 millimetres per year. Conservation of angular momentum means that Earth's axial rotation is gradually slowing, and because of this its day lengthens by approximately 24 microseconds every year (excluding glacial rebound). Both figures are valid only for the current configuration of the continents. Tidal rhythmites from 620 million years ago show that, over hundreds of millions of years, the Moon receded at an average rate of per year (2200 km or 0.56% or the Earth-moon distance per hundred million years) and the day lengthened at an average rate of 12 microseconds per year (or 20 minutes per hundred million years), both about half of their current values. The present high rate may be due to near resonance between natural ocean frequencies and tidal frequencies. Another explanation is that in the past the Earth rotated much faster, a day possibly lasting only 9 hours on the early Earth. The resulting tidal waves in the ocean would have then been much shorter and it would have been more difficult for the long wavelength tidal forcing to excite the short wavelength tides. The Moon is gradually receding from Earth into a higher orbit, and calculations suggest that this would continue for about 50 billion years. By that time, Earth and the Moon would be in a mutual spin–orbit resonance or tidal locking, in which the Moon will orbit Earth in about 47 days (currently 27 days), and both the Moon and Earth would rotate around their axes in the same time, always facing each other with the same side. This has already happened to the Moon—the same side always faces Earth—and is also slowly happening to the Earth. However, the slowdown of Earth's rotation is not occurring fast enough for the rotation to lengthen to a month before other effects change the situation: approximately 2.3 billion years from now, the increase of the Sun's radiation will have caused Earth's oceans to evaporate, removing the bulk of the tidal friction and acceleration. Libration The Moon is in synchronous rotation, meaning that it keeps the same face toward Earth at all times. This synchronous rotation is only true on average because the Moon's orbit has a definite eccentricity. As a result, the angular velocity of the Moon varies as it orbits Earth and hence is not always equal to the Moon's rotational velocity which is more constant. When the Moon is at its perigee, its orbital motion is faster than its rotation. At that time the Moon is a bit ahead in its orbit with respect to its rotation about its axis, and this creates a perspective effect which allows us to see up to eight degrees of longitude of its eastern (right) far side. Conversely, when the Moon reaches its apogee, its orbital motion is slower than its rotation, revealing eight degrees of longitude of its western (left) far side. This is referred to as optical libration in longitude. The Moon's axis of rotation is inclined by in total 6.7° relative to the normal to the plane of the ecliptic. This leads to a similar perspective effect in the north–south direction that is referred to as optical libration in latitude, which allows one to see almost 7° of latitude beyond the pole on the far side. Finally, because the Moon is only about 60 Earth radii away from Earth's centre of mass, an observer at the equator who observes the Moon throughout the night moves laterally by one Earth diameter. This gives rise to a diurnal libration, which allows one to view an additional one degree's worth of lunar longitude. For the same reason, observers at both of Earth's geographical poles would be able to see one additional degree's worth of libration in latitude. Besides these "optical librations" caused by the change in perspective for an observer on Earth, there are also "physical librations" which are actual nutations of the direction of the pole of rotation of the Moon in space: but these are very small. Path of Earth and Moon around Sun When viewed from the north celestial pole (i.e., from the approximate direction of the star Polaris) the Moon orbits Earth anticlockwise and Earth orbits the Sun anticlockwise, and the Moon and Earth rotate on their own axes anticlockwise. The right-hand rule can be used to indicate the direction of the angular velocity. If the thumb of the right hand points to the north celestial pole, its fingers curl in the direction that the Moon orbits Earth, Earth orbits the Sun, and the Moon and Earth rotate on their own axes. In representations of the Solar System, it is common to draw the trajectory of Earth from the point of view of the Sun, and the trajectory of the Moon from the point of view of Earth. This could give the impression that the Moon orbits Earth in such a way that sometimes it goes backwards when viewed from the Sun's perspective. However, because the orbital velocity of the Moon around Earth (1 km/s) is small compared to the orbital velocity of Earth about the Sun (30 km/s), this never happens. There are no rearward loops in the Moon's solar orbit. Considering the Earth–Moon system as a binary planet, its centre of gravity is within Earth, about or 73.3% of the Earth's radius from the centre of the Earth. This centre of gravity remains on the line between the centres of the Earth and Moon as the Earth completes its diurnal rotation. The path of the Earth–Moon system in its solar orbit is defined as the movement of this mutual centre of gravity around the Sun. Consequently, Earth's centre veers inside and outside the solar orbital path during each synodic month as the Moon moves in its orbit around the common centre of gravity. The Sun's gravitational effect on the Moon is more than twice that of Earth's on the Moon; consequently, the Moon's trajectory is always convex (as seen when looking Sunward at the entire Sun–Earth–Moon system from a great distance outside Earth–Moon solar orbit), and is nowhere concave (from the same perspective) or looped. That is, the region enclosed by the Moon's orbit of the Sun is a convex set. See also Ernest William Brown Double planet List of orbits ELP2000 Ephemeris Jet Propulsion Laboratory Development Ephemeris Lunar Laser Ranging experiment Milankovitch cycles Orbital elements Notes References External links View of the Moon Good diagrams of Moon, Earth, tilts of orbits and axes, courtesy of U. of Arkansas Articles containing video clips

5684672

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumhorizontal%20arc

Circumhorizontal arc

A circumhorizontal arc is an optical phenomenon that belongs to the family of ice halos formed by the refraction of sunlight or moonlight in plate-shaped ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere, typically in actual cirrus or cirrostratus clouds. In its full form, the arc has the appearance of a large, brightly spectrum-coloured band (red being the topmost colour) running parallel to the horizon, located far below the Sun or Moon. The distance between the arc and the Sun or Moon is twice as far as the common 22-degree halo. Often, when the halo-forming cloud is small or patchy, only fragments of the arc are seen. As with all halos, it can be caused by the Sun as well as (but much more rarely) the Moon. Other currently accepted names for the circumhorizontal arc are circumhorizon arc or lower symmetric 46° plate arc. The misleading term "fire rainbow" is sometimes used to describe this phenomenon, although it is neither a rainbow, nor related in any way to fire. The term, apparently coined in 2006, may originate in the occasional appearance of the arc as "flames" in the sky, when it occurs in fragmentary cirrus clouds. Formation The halo is formed by sunlight entering horizontally-oriented, flat, hexagonal ice crystals through a vertical side face and leaving through the near horizontal bottom face (plate thickness does not affect the formation of the halo). In principle, Parry oriented column crystals may also produce the arc, although this is rare. The 90° inclination between the ray entrance and exit faces produce the well-separated spectral colours. The arc has a considerable angular extent and thus, rarely is complete. When only fragments of a cirrus cloud are in the appropriate sky and sun position, they may appear to shine with spectral colours. Frequency How often a circumhorizontal arc is seen depends on the location and the latitude of the observer. In the United States it is a relatively common halo, seen several times each summer in any one place. In contrast, it is a rare phenomenon in northern Europe for several reasons. Apart from the presence of ice-containing clouds in the right position in the sky, the halo requires that the light source (Sun or Moon) be very high in the sky, at an elevation of 58° or greater. This means that the solar variety of the halo is impossible to see at locations north of 55°N or south of 55°S. A lunar circumhorizon arc might be visible at other latitudes, but is much rarer since it requires a nearly full Moon to produce enough light. At other latitudes the solar circumhorizontal arc is visible, for a greater or lesser time, around the summer solstice. Slots of visibility for different latitudes and locations may be looked up here. For example, in London the sun is only high enough for 140 hours between mid-May and late July, whereas Los Angeles has the sun higher than 58 degrees for 670 hours between late March and late September. Artificial circumhorizontal arcs A water glass experiment (known about since at least 1920) may be modified slightly to create an artificial circumhorizontal arc. Illuminating under a very steep angle from below the side face of a nearly completely water-filled cylindrical glass will refract the light into the water. The glass should be situated at the edge of a table. The second refraction at the top water-air interface will then project a hyperbola at a vertical wall behind it. The overall refraction is then equivalent to the refraction through an upright hexagonal plate crystal when the rotational averaging is taken into account. A colorful artificial circumhorizontal arc will then appear projected on the wall. Using a spherical projection screen instead will result in a closer analogy to the natural halo counterpart. Other artificial halos can be created by similar means. Similar optical phenomena Circumhorizontal arcs, especially when only fragments can be seen, are sometimes confused with cloud iridescence. This phenomenon also causes clouds to appear multi-coloured, but it originates from diffraction (typically by liquid water droplets or ice crystals) rather than refraction. The two phenomena can be distinguished by several features. Firstly, a circumhorizon arc always has a fixed location in the sky in relation to the Sun or Moon (namely below it at an angle of 46°), while iridescence can occur in different positions (often directly around the Sun or Moon). Secondly, the colour bands in a circumhorizon arc always run horizontally with the red on top, while in iridescence they are much more random in sequence and shape, which roughly follows the contours of the cloud that causes it. Finally, the colours of a circumhorizon arc are pure and spectral (more so than in a rainbow), while the colours in cloud iridescence have a more washed-out, "mother of pearl" appearance. Confusion with other members of the halo family, such as sun dogs or the circumzenithal arc, may also arise, but these are easily dismissed by their entirely different positions in relation to the Sun or Moon. More difficult is the distinction between the circumhorizontal arc and the infralateral arc, both of which almost entirely overlap when the Sun or Moon is at a high elevation. The difference is that the circumhorizontal arc always runs parallel to the horizon (although pictures typically show it as a curved line due to perspective distortion), whereas the infralateral arc curves upward at its ends. Gallery See also Halo (optical phenomenon) Sundogs Cloud iridescence Circumzenithal arc Polar stratospheric cloud References External links Atmospheric Optics - Circumhorizon Arc How rare are they? When to see them. Atmospheric Optics - Image gallery Circumhorizontal Arc - Arbeitskreis Meteore e.V. Circumhorizontal Arc - Harald Edens Weather Photography Images of artificial circumhorizontal, circumzenithal and suncave Parry arcs Gilbert light experiments for boys - (1920), p. 98, Experiment No. 94 Atmospheric optical phenomena

5688478

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/58534%20Logos

58534 Logos

58534 Logos, or as a binary system (58534) Logos-Zoe, is a trans-Neptunian object and binary system from the classical Kuiper belt, approximately in diameter. The bright cubewano belongs to the cold population and has a 66-kilometer sized companion named Zoe. The system mass is . In the Gnostic tradition, Logos and Zoe are a paired emanation of the deity, and part of its creation myth. Zoe Logos is a binary with the components of comparable size orbiting the barycentre on a moderately elliptical orbit. Logos was discovered on 4 February 1997, and its, companion, Zoe, was discovered on 17 November 2001 from Hubble Space Telescope observations by K. S. Noll, D. C. Stephens, W. M. Grundy, J. Spencer, Robert Millis, Marc Buie, Dale Cruikshank, S. C. Tegler, and W. Romanishin and announced on 11 February 2002. After the discovery, it received the provisional designation . Once confirmed it was officially named (58534) Logos I Zoe. It orbits Logos with a semi-major axis of 8217 km in 309.9 days with an eccentricity of 0.546. Its estimated diameter is 66 km, and mass (0.15 ± 0.02) kg. Orbit A 10-million-year integration of the orbit shows that it is a Classical Kuiper belt object that does not get closer to the Sun than or further than 52.1 AU. References External links IAUC 7824 – IAUC 7959 058534 058534 Named minor planets Binary trans-Neptunian objects 19970204

5698395

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draconids

Draconids

The October Draconids, in the past also unofficially known as the Giacobinids, are a Northern hemisphere meteor shower whose parent body is the periodic comet 21P/Giacobini-Zinner. They are named after the constellation Draco, where they seemingly come from. Almost all meteors which fall towards Earth ablate long before reaching its surface. The Draconids are best viewed after sunset in an area with a clear dark sky. The 1933 and 1946 Draconids had Zenithal Hourly Rates of thousands of meteors visible per hour, among the most impressive meteor storms of the 20th century. Rare outbursts in activity can occur when the Earth travels through a denser part of the cometary debris stream; for example, in 1998, rates suddenly spiked but only increased modestly in 2005. A Draconid meteor outburst occurred as expected on October 8, 2011, though a waxing gibbous Moon reduced the number of meteors observed visually. During the 2012 shower radar observations (which detect smaller and fainter meteors) detected up to 1000 meteors per hour. The 2012 outburst may have been caused by the narrow trail of dust and debris left behind by the parent comet in 1959. References Michael D. Reynolds. Falling Stars. Stackpole Books, 2001. p. 42. Jun-Ichi Watanabe and Mikiya Sato. "Activities of Parent Comets and Related Meteor Showers". Earth, Moon, and Planets, Vol 102, No 1-4 (June 2008). p111-116. External links Draconid Meteors Over Spain (Astronomy Picture of the Day 2011 October 19) The 2012 Draconid Storm Potentially Sampled By NASA ER-2 Aircraft (item 12) Meteor showers October events

5701605

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalloped%20margin%20dome

Scalloped margin dome

A scalloped margin dome is a type of volcanic dome, found on Venus, that has experienced collapse and mass wasting such as landslides on its perimeter. The margins of these domes have headscarps or 'scallops' separated by ridges that are a consequence of adjoining scallops. Sometimes debris or slumping can be found at the bottom of these scarps or scattered many tens of kilometers away. Many examples show no debris at all. The center of these domes is often, but not always, a depression. There is another theory that the radial ridges of scalloped margin domes are volcanic dikes. During the first month of data from the Magellan spacecraft, the first of these features was found to the northeast of Alpha Regio, on Venus. It was one of the largest of these domes and therefore stood out. The strange feature was originally dubbed by the Magellan Project Science Team The Tick, because the many radiating ridges resembled the legs of a tick. Its concavity was likely confused as domelike as a tick's body, instead of the actuality which is that it is a bowl-shaped depression. Through the first year of Magellan image data The Tick was thought to be a unique feature until an aide to the science team catalogued inconspicuous similar features all over Venus. This resulted in referring to the features as 'ticks' which was later changed to 'scalloped margin domes'. See also Volcanism on Venus References Scalloped margin domes: What are the processes responsible and how do they operate? Lunar and Planetary Inst., Twenty-fourth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Part 1: A-F p 215-216 March, 1993; Bulmer, M. H.; Guest, J. E.; Michaels, G.; Saunders, S. Volcanoes of Venus Planetary geology Volcanic landforms

5718055

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project%20West%20Ford

Project West Ford

Project West Ford (also known as Westford Needles and Project Needles) was a test carried out by Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Lincoln Laboratory on behalf of the United States military in 1961 and 1963 to create an artificial ionosphere above the Earth. This was done to solve a major weakness that had been identified in military communications. History At the height of the Cold War, all international communications were either sent through submarine communications cables or bounced off the natural ionosphere. The United States military was concerned that the Soviets might cut those cables, forcing the unpredictable ionosphere to be the only means of communication with overseas forces. To mitigate the potential threat, Walter E. Morrow started Project Needles at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory in 1958. The goal of the project was to place a ring of 480,000,000 copper dipole antennas in orbit to facilitate global radio communication. The dipoles collectively provided passive support to Project Westford's parabolic dish (located at the Haystack Observatory in the town of Westford) to communicate with distant sites. The needles used in the experiment were long and [1961] or [1963] in diameter. The length was chosen because it was half the wavelength of the 8 GHz signal used in the study. The needles were placed in medium Earth orbit at an altitude of between at inclinations of 96 and 87 degrees. A first attempt was launched on 21 October 1961, during which the needles failed to disperse. The project was eventually successful with the 9 May 1963 launch, with radio transmissions carried by the manufactured ring. However, the technology was ultimately shelved, partially due to the development of the modern communications satellite and partially due to protests from other scientists. British radio astronomers, optical astronomers, and the Royal Astronomical Society protested the experiment. The Soviet newspaper Pravda also joined the protests under the headline "U.S.A. Dirties Space". The International Academy of Astronautics regards the experiment as the worst deliberate release of space debris. At the time, the issue was raised in the United Nations where the then United States Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson defended the project. Stevenson studied the published journal articles on Project West Ford. Using what he learned on the subject and citing the articles he had read, he successfully allayed the fears of most UN ambassadors from other countries. He and the articles explained that sunlight pressure would cause the dipoles to only remain in orbit for a short period of approximately three years. The international protest ultimately resulted in a consultation provision included in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. Although the dispersed needles in the second experiment removed themselves from orbit within a few years, some of the dipoles that had not deployed correctly remained in clumps, contributing a small amount of the orbital debris tracked by NASA's Orbital Debris Program Office. Their numbers have been diminishing over time as they occasionally re-enter. , 44 clumps of needles larger than 10 cm were still known to be in orbit. Launches References Space hazards Satellites of the United States 1961 in the United States 1961 in science 1962 in the United States 1962 in science 1963 in the United States 1963 in science Military projects of the United States 1961 in spaceflight 1962 in spaceflight 1963 in spaceflight

5719208

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45%C3%9790%20points

45×90 points

The 45×90 points are the four points on Earth which are both halfway between one of the geographical poles and the equator, and halfway between the Prime Meridian and the 180th meridian. Both northern 45×90 points are located on land, while both southern 45×90 points are in remote open ocean locations. 45°N, 90°W The best-known and most frequently visited such point is , which is above sea level in the town of Rietbrock, Wisconsin near the unincorporated community of Poniatowski. A grand board and precise metal ground marker was placed by the Marathon County Park Commission, only to be relocated slightly and restored to visitor access since September 12, 2017. The former marker has been replaced by a small parking lot with a trail that leads to a long, rectangular park. The Geographical Marker is at the southern end of the park along with informational displays. The point has become something of a pop culture phenomenon thanks to Gesicki's Tavern in the tiny cluster of establishments in Poniatowski. They sold 45×90 T-shirts and registered visitors as members of the "45×90 Club". Since 2006, the Wausau/Central Wisconsin Convention & Visitors Bureau has been the holder of the official "45×90 Club" registration book. The book is on loan from the family. On becoming a member of the club, the Bureau gives a commemorative coin. 45°N, 90°E The only other 45×90 point located on land is , which is at an elevation of above sea level. This point is located in a desolate region of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China, near the Mongolian border, approximately northeast of Ürümqi. Administratively, it is on the border of Qitai and Qinggil counties. Greg Michaels, an American, and Ru Rong Zhao, a taxi driver from the closest town of Qitai, which is 110 km to the south-southwest, visited this point on April 13, 2004 and documented the visit on the Degree Confluence Project. Their visit found no monument or any physical recognition of the status and documented that the nearest community to the site documented on maps, Jiangjunmiao, had long since been abandoned. 45°S, 90°E In the southern Indian Ocean, has an ocean floor depth of below sea level and is: southeast of the nearest (uninhabited) island of Île Saint-Paul; northeast of Elephant Spit, Heard Island; east northeast of the small village-like capital Port aux Français of the Kerguelen Islands; north of Antarctica; southwest of Augusta, Western Australia, southeast of Réunion Island, and southeast of Benguerra Island, Mozambique, and southeast of Mossel Bay, South Africa. In March 2014, the point was in one of a few strips in a search for the missing Malaysia Airlines Flight 370, after potential debris were spotted by satellite about there. 45°S, 90°W Located in the southern Pacific Ocean, west south west of Guaitecas in Chile, and north of Antarctica, has an ocean floor depth of below sea level. Antipodes Each 45×90 point is the antipodethe point on the opposite side of Earthof another 45×90 point. The southern Indian Ocean location and the point in Wisconsin are antipodes of each other. The southern Pacific Ocean location and the point in China are antipodes of each other. See also Degree Confluence Project (DCP) 45th parallel north 45th parallel south 90th meridian east 90th meridian west References External links The 45th Parallel, Poniatowski, Wisconsin Visit to the 45X90 point in Wisconsin (DCP) Visit to the 45X90 point in northwestern China (DCP) Cartography Geography of Marathon County, Wisconsin Geography of Wisconsin Geography of Xinjiang Indian Ocean Lists of coordinates Navigation Pacific Ocean Tourist attractions in Marathon County, Wisconsin

5722296

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20layer

Marine layer

A marine layer is an air mass that develops over the surface of a large body of water, such as an ocean or large lake, in the presence of a temperature inversion. The inversion itself is usually initiated by the cooling effect of the water on the surface layer of an otherwise warm air mass. Elements It is not unusual to hear media weather reporters discuss the marine layer as if it were synonymous with the fog or stratus it may contain, but this is erroneous. In fact, a marine layer can exist with virtually no cloudiness of any kind, although it usually does contain some. The marine layer is a medium within which clouds may form under the right conditions; it is not the layers of clouds themselves. Formation As it cools, the surface air becomes denser than the warmer air above it, and thus becomes trapped below it. The layer may thicken through turbulence generated within the developing marine layer itself. It may also thicken if the warmer air above it is lifted by an approaching area of low pressure. The layer will also gradually increase its humidity by evaporation of the ocean or lake surface, as well as by the effect of cooling itself. Fog will form within a marine layer where the humidity is high enough and cooling sufficient to produce condensation. Stratus and stratocumulus will also form at the top of a marine layer in the presence of the same conditions there. A marine layer will disperse and break up in the presence of instability, such as may be caused by the passage of a frontal system or trough, or any upper air turbulence that impinges on it. A marine layer can also be driven away by sufficiently strong winds. In the case of coastal California, the offshore marine layer is typically propelled inland by a pressure gradient which develops as a result of intense heating inland, blanketing coastal communities in cooler air which, if saturated, also contains fog. Usually, the fog clears most areas by midday, evaporated as cloud-penetrating sunlight heats the ground. Occasionally the marine layer becomes particularly deep, and the clouds on land can persist all day. This can happen at any time of the year, inspiring colloquialisms such as “May Gray,” "June Gloom,” "No Sky July" and "Fogust.” An approaching frontal system or trough can also drive the marine layer onshore. See also Catalina eddy Haar June Gloom Marine San Francisco fog Santa Ana fog Southerly buster References Clouds, fog and precipitation Atmospheric thermodynamics Atmospheric circulation fr:Couche d'inversion#Inversion marine

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings%20of%20minor%20planet%20names%3A%2036001%E2%80%9337000

Meanings of minor planet names: 36001–37000

36001–36100 |-id=033 | 36033 Viseggi || || Mount Viseggi in Italy, on top of which the discovering Monte Viseggi Observatory is located. || |-id=035 | 36035 Petrvok || 1999 PV || Peter Vok of Rosenberg (1539–1611; ), a Czech nobleman and the last member of the medieval South Bohemian Rosenberg family || |-id=036 | 36036 Bonucci || || Arturo Bonucci (1954–2002), an Italian cellist and amateur astrophotographer || |-id=037 | 36037 Linenschmidt || || Robb Linenschmidt (1970–1993), American aerospace engineer and friend of the discoverers, Dan Bruton and Carlton F. Stewart || |-id=060 | 36060 Babuška || || Ivo Babuška (born 1926), Czech-American mathematician, founder of the journal Applications of Mathematics, honorary member of the Czech Learned Society || |-id=061 | 36061 Haldane || || J. B. S. Haldane (1892–1964), British biologist and philosopher of science || |} 36101–36200 |-id=169 | 36169 Grosseteste || || Robert Grosseteste, an English statesman, natural philosopher and theologian. || |-id=177 | 36177 Tonysharon || || Anthony P. Sharon, Deputy Executive Vice President of MIT. || |-id=182 | 36182 Montigiani || || Montigiani Roberto, Italian amateur astronomer and friend of the discoverer || |-id=184 | 36184 Pavelbožek || || Pavel Božek (born 1958) is a respected surgeon from Břeclav, Czech Republic. He is interested in astronomy and cosmonautics. || |-id=187 | 36187 Travisbarman || || Travis Barman, assistant astronomer at Lowell Observatory || |} 36201–36300 |-id=213 | 36213 Robertotisgreen || || Robert Otis Green (born 1960) has provided leadership and expertise in imaging spectroscopy for Earth and Planetary Science since joining the JPL in 1983. His knowledge of phenomenology and instrumentation is deep and broad, his science is first class, and his passion for discovery is infectious. || |-id=226 | 36226 Mackerras || || Sir Charles Mackerras, Australian-American orchestra conductor || |-id=235 | 36235 Sergebaudo || 1999 VJ || Serge Baudo, French orchestra conductor || |-id=264 | 36264 Kojimatsumoto || || Koji Matsumoto (born 1968) is a Japanese planetary geodesist. He has contributed to the SELENE mission analysis of the lunar gravity field and to the Hayabusa2 mission analysis of the spacecraft trajectory using LIDAR data. || |} 36301–36400 |-id=329 | 36329 Philmetzger || || Philip Metzger (born 1962) is an Associate Scientist at the Florida Space Institute (Orlando, Florida) and a leader in the study of the mechanical properties of Lunar and asteroid regoliths including how rocket exhaust interacts with regolith and requirements to protect Apollo sites from damage. || |-id=340 | 36340 Vaduvescu || || Ovidiu Vaduvescu (born 1967) is a Romanian astronomer at ING (La Palma, Spain) whose career has spanned several countries. A dedicated observer, he has worked on near-Earth asteroids and dwarf galaxies. Many students and amateur astronomers have benefited from his teaching skills. || |-id=352 | 36352 Erickmeza || || Erick Meza (born 1980) is the principal researcher for a new 1-m telescope at the Peruvian Space Agency, CONIDA (Moquegua, Peru). His work includes telescope commissioning, astrometry for stellar occultation predictions, and studying Pluto's atmosphere. || |} 36401–36500 |-id=424 | 36424 Satokokumasaki || || Satoko Kumasaki (born 1958) has devoted herself to elementary education since 1992. She organized the Primary Education Study Group at the Kawai Institute for Culture and Education. || |-id=426 | 36426 Kakuda || || Kakuda is a city in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan || |-id=444 | 36444 Clairblackburn || || Clair Blackburn (1940–2018) was a tireless and infectiously positive force for astronomy education and outreach in Tonopah, Nevada. He was an early adopter and supporter of the Research and Education Collaborative Occultation Network. || |-id=445 | 36445 Smalley || 2000 QU || Kyle Smalley, American amateur astronomer and team member of the Powell Observatory Near-Earth-Object follow-up program || |-id=446 | 36446 Cinodapistoia || 2000 QV || Cino da Pistoia (Guittoncino dei Sinibaldi or Sighibuldi), mediaeval Tuscan jurist and poet, friend of Dante Alighieri and Francesco Petrarch || |-id=472 | 36472 Ebina || || Ebina, a town in central Kanagawa Prefecture. || |} 36501–36600 |-bgcolor=#f2f2f2 | colspan=4 align=center | |} 36601–36700 |-id=614 | 36614 Saltis || || Saltis, a nickname for the discovering Stockholm Observatory at Saltsjöbaden, Sweden || |-id=672 | 36672 Sidi || || Sidonie Adlersburg (1933–1943), an Austrian Roma victim of Auschwitz, memorialized in Erich Hackl's novel Abschied von Sidonie || |} 36701–36800 |-id=773 | 36773 Tuttlekeane || || James Tuttle Keane (born 1987) is a postdoctoral researcher at the California Institute of Technology studying the tidal evolution of solar system planets, satellites, and small bodies, who also has a talent for clear illustration of planetary processes. || |-id=774 | 36774 Kuittinen || || Risto Kuittinen, Director General of the Finnish Geodetic Institute during 1998–2011 || |-id=782 | 36782 Okauchitakashige || || Takashige Okauchi (born 1938) contributed to the recovery and investigation of the meteorite "Kokubunji Inseki". He participated in the activities of the Japan Spaceguard Association, such as "Spaceguard Tanteidan". || |-id=783 | 36783 Kagamino || || Kagamino Town is in the northern part of Okayama Prefecture in Japan. || |-id=800 | 36800 Katarinawitt || || Katarina Witt, German figure skater, olympic champion, four-time World Figure Skating champion, German "Ice Skater of the Century" || |} 36801–36900 |-id=888 | 36888 Škrabal || || Emil Škrabal, Czech construction engineer and amateur astronomer, member of the Czech Society for Interplanetary Matter and an honorary member of the Czech Astronomical Society || |} 36901–37000 |-id=983 | 36983 Sumner || || James Edward (Red) Sumner Jr. (born 1948) has distinguished himself as a stellar occultation observer. In particular, he has provided essential education and outreach support for the Research and Education Collaborative Occultation Network. || |-id=986 | 36986 Stickle || || Angela M. Stickle (born 1984) is a planetary scientist at Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Dr. Stickle specializes in impact physics and kinetic asteroid deflection. || |} References 036001-037000

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings%20of%20minor%20planet%20names%3A%2032001%E2%80%9333000

Meanings of minor planet names: 32001–33000

32001–32100 |- | 32001 Golbin || || Benjamin David Golbin (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his plant sciences team project. || |-id=002 | 32002 Gorokhovsky || || Elliot Gorokhovsky (born 1999) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his systems software project. || |-id=005 | 32005 Roberthalfon || || Robert Z. Halfon (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental engineering project || |-id=006 | 32006 Hallisey || || Olivia Anne Hallisey (born 1998) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biomedical and health sciences project. || |-id=007 | 32007 Amirhelmy || || Amir Helmy (born 2001) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his systems software project. || |-id=008 | 32008 Adriángalád || || Adrián Galád (born 1970), an astronomer and discoverer of minor planets at Modra and Ondřejov observatories who has (co-)authored a number of papers on asteroid photometric observations and orbital integrations. || |-id=014 | 32014 Bida || || Thomas A. Bida (born 1959), an instrument scientist at Lowell Observatory. || |-id=018 | 32018 Robhenning || || Robert Cole Henning (born 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his embedded systems project. || |-id=019 | 32019 Krithikaiyer || || Krithika Iyer (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her math project. || |-id=021 | 32021 Lilyjenkins || || Lily Nalulani Jenkins (born 1999) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and environmental sciences team project. || |-id=022 | 32022 Sarahjenkins || || Sarah 'Alohilani Jenkins (born 1997) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and environmental sciences team project. || |-id=025 | 32025 Karanjerath || || Karan Jerath (born 1996) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for his environmental engineering project. He also received the Intel Foundation Young Scientist Award and the Science & Technology Forum Visit to India. || |-id=031 | 32031 Joyjin || || Joy Qiu Jin (born 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biomedical and health sciences project. || |-id=032 | 32032 Askandola || || Anmolpreet Singh Kandola (born 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his animal sciences project. || |-id=033 | 32033 Arjunkapoor || || Arjun Kapoor (born 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his systems software team project || |-id=034 | 32034 Sophiakorner || || Sophia Nicole Korner (born 1999) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for her behavioral and social sciences team project. She also received the Intel Foundation Cultural and Scientific Visit to China Award. || |-id=037 | 32037 Deepikakurup || || Deepika Saraswathy Kurup (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental engineering project. || |-id=038 | 32038 Kwiecinski || || Jarek Kwiecinski (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his earth and environmental sciences project. || |-id=044 | 32044 Lakmazaheri || || Ava Carmen Lakmazaheri (born 1998) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for her robotics and intelligent machines project. She also received the Philip V. Streich Memorial Award. || |-id=047 | 32047 Wenjiali || || Wenjia Dara Li (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her plant sciences team project. || |-id=048 | 32048 Kathyliu || || Kathy Liu (born 1998) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for her energy project. She also received the Intel Foundation Cultural and Scientific Visit to China Award. || |-id=049 | 32049 Jonathanma || || Jonathan QuanXuan Ma (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his computational biology and bioinformatics team project. || |-id=051 | 32051 Sadhikamalladi || || Sadhika S. Malladi (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her computational biology and bioinformatics team project. || |-id=052 | 32052 Diyamathur || || Diya Mathur (born 1998) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for her behavioral and social sciences team project. She also received the Intel Foundation Cultural and Scientific Visit to China Award. || |-id=053 | 32053 Demetrimaxim || || Demetri Maxim (born 1998) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his cellular and molecular biology project. || |-id=054 | 32054 Musunuri || || Sriharshita Vani Musunuri (born 2000) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for her energy project. She also received the Innovation Exploration Award. || |-id=056 | 32056 Abrarnadroo || || Abrar Ali Nadroo (born 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biochemistry project. || |-id=057 | 32057 Ethannovek || || Ethan Novek (born 1999) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy project. || |-id=058 | 32058 Charlesnoyes || || Charles Noyes (born 1999) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for his systems software project. He also received the London International Youth Science Forum, Philip V. Streich Memorial Award. || |-id=059 | 32059 Ruchipandya || || Ruchi Sandeep Pandya (born 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her chemistry project. || |-id=060 | 32060 Wyattpontius || || Wyatt Martin Pontius (born 1998) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials science team project || |-id=062 | 32062 Amolpunjabi || || Amol Punjabi (born 1998) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for his biochemistry project. He also received the Intel and Indo-US Science & Technology Forum Visit to India. || |-id=063 | 32063 Pusapaty || || Sai Sameer Pusapaty (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental engineering project. || |-id=065 | 32065 Radulovacki || || Reid W. Radulovacki (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biomedical and health sciences project. || |-id=066 | 32066 Ramayya || || Shreya Sundaresh Ramayya (born 1997) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her chemistry project. || |-id=067 | 32067 Ranganathan || || Noopur Ranganathan (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her behavioral and social sciences project. || |-id=069 | 32069 Mayarao || || Maya Rao (born 1996) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and environmental sciences project. || |-id=070 | 32070 Michaelretchin || || Michael Retchin (born 1997) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for his computational biology and bioinformatics team project. He also received the Intel and Indo-US Science & Technology Forum Visit to India. || |-id=071 | 32071 Matthewretchin || || Matthew Retchin (born 1997) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for his computational biology and bioinformatics team project. He also received the Intel and Indo-US Science & Technology Forum Visit to India. || |-id=072 | 32072 Revanur || || Swetha Revanur (born 1998) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her computational biology and bioinformatics project. || |-id=073 | 32073 Cassidyryan || || Cassidy Ryan (born 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and environmental sciences project. || |-id=074 | 32074 Kevinsadhu || || Kevin Sadhu (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biochemistry team project. || |-id=078 | 32078 Jamesavoldelli || || James Savoldelli (born 1998) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental engineering team project. || |-id=079 | 32079 Hughsavoldelli || || Hugh Savoldelli (born 1998) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental engineering team project. || |-id=080 | 32080 Sanashareef || || Sana Shareef (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her animal sciences project. || |-id=082 | 32082 Sominsky || || Levy Aaron Sominsky (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his plant sciences team project. || |-id=085 | 32085 Tomback || || Drew Tomback (born 1998) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental engineering team project. || |-id=086 | 32086 Viviannetu || || Vivianne Tu (born 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her physics and astronomy team project. || |-id=087 | 32087 Vemulapalli || || Anoop Vemulapalli (born 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his plant sciences team project. || |-id=088 | 32088 Liamwallace || || Liam Alexander Wallace (born 1997) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials science team project. || |-id=089 | 32089 Wojtania || || Nicky Wojtania (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her materials science project. || |-id=090 | 32090 Craigworley || || Craig Worley (born 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy project. || |-id=091 | 32091 Jasonwu || || Jason Wu (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biomedical and health sciences project. || |-id=092 | 32092 Brianxia || || Brian Xia (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his animal sciences project. || |-id=093 | 32093 Zhengyan || || Zheng Yan (born 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biomedical and health sciences project. || |-id=096 | 32096 Puckett || || Tim Puckett (born 1962), an American astronomer who built the Puckett Observatory in Elijay, Georgia, for cometary studies and supernova discovery. His team has over 75 supernova discoveries to its credit (Src). || |} 32101–32200 |- | 32101 Williamyin || || William Yin (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials science project. || |-id=103 | 32103 Reʼemsari || || Reʼem Sari (born 1971) is an astrophysicist at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, recognized for studying gamma-ray bursts, planet formation, the Kuiper belt, internal structure of asteroids, and evolution of binary systems. || |-id=107 | 32107 Ylitalo || || Maxwell Robert Ylitalo (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy project. || |-id=108 | 32108 Jovanzhang || || Jovan Y. Zhang (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy project. || |-id=120 | 32120 Stevezheng || || Steve Daikai Zheng (born 1996) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental engineering project. || |-id=121 | 32121 Joshuazhou || || Joshua Zhou (born 1999) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for his earth and environmental sciences project. He also received the Intel Foundation Cultural and Scientific Visit to China Award. || |-id=128 | 32128 Jayzussman || || Jay Wolf Zussman (born 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his cellular and molecular biology project. || |-id=131 | 32131 Ravindran || || Pavithran T. Ravindran (born 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his chemistry project. || |-id=132 | 32132 Andrewamini || || Andrew Ethridge Amini (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his computational biology and bioinformatics project. || |-id=145 | 32145 Katberman || || Katharine Barr Berman (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her cellular and molecular biology project. || |-id=146 | 32146 Paigebrown || || Paige Brown (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her environmental science project. || |-id=151 | 32151 Seanmarshall || || Sean Marshall (born 1987) is a postdoctoral research scientist at Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico, USA. He studies near-Earth asteroids using radar and lightcurve observations to find their sizes, shapes, and rotation states, adding infrared observations to find their thermal properties. || |-id=163 | 32163 Claireburch || || Claire Bernadette Burch (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her space science project. || |-id=184 | 32184 Yamaura || || Yuichi Yamaura (born 1955), a Japanese scientist and one of the leaders of the National Space Development Agency of Japan. He contributed greatly to the construction of the Bisei Spaceguard Center. || |-id=200 | 32200 Seiicyoshida || || Seiichi Yoshida (born 1974), a Japanese astronomer who started the MISAO (Multitudinous Image-based Sky-survey and Accumulative Observations) project. He has contributed to the discovery of variable stars and studies photometric observations of comets. || |} 32201–32300 |-id=207 | 32207 Mairepercy || || Maire Percy (born 1939) conducts research at the University of Toronto in risk factors for human disease. She identifies factors that could lead to the cure or prevention of human disorders, including diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer-like dementia in Down Syndrome. She is the wife of astronomer John R. Percy (Src). || |-id=208 | 32208 Johnpercy || || John R. Percy (born 1941), a British-born professor of astronomy and astrophysics at the University of Toronto, has written over 400 scientific papers, articles and books on variable stars and astronomy education. His organizational affiliations span the globe, and his many awards reflect his dedicated support to astronomy education. (Src). || |-id=213 | 32213 Joshuachoe || || Joshua Choe (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his cellular and molecular biology project. || |-id=214 | 32214 Colburn || || Thomas William Colburn (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his chemistry project. || |-id=217 | 32217 Beverlyge || || Beverly Ge (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her materials science project. || |-id=222 | 32222 Charlesvest || || Charles M. Vest (1941–2013), was an American educator and engineer who served as president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) from 1990 to 2004. || |-id=226 | 32226 Vikulgupta || || Vikul Gupta (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his computer science project. || |-id=229 | 32229 Higashino || || Soon il Junko Higashino (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her animal sciences project. || |-id=233 | 32233 Georgehou || || George Hou (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his mathematics project. || |-id=234 | 32234 Jesslihuang || || Jessica Li Huang (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her behavioral and social sciences project. || |-id=237 | 32237 Jagadeesan || || Meena Jagadeesan (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her mathematics project. || |-id=242 | 32242 Jagota || || Milind Jagota (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his materials science project. || |-id=250 | 32250 Karthik || || Anjini Karthik (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her materials science project. || |-id=260 | 32260 Schult || || Carsten Schult (born 1987) is a German atmospheric physicist who specializes in radar measurements of meteors for atmospheric and astronomical studies at the Leibniz-Institute of Atmospheric Physics in Kühlungsborn, Germany. || |-id=263 | 32263 Kusnierkiewicz || || David Yan Kusnierkiewicz (born 1955) served as mission systems engineer of the New Horizons Pluto Kuiper Belt mission. In this role he is making a fundamental contribution to the exploration of the solar system. || |-id=264 | 32264 Cathjesslai || || Catherine Jessica Yihui Lai (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her medicine and health project. || |-id=267 | 32267 Hermannweyl || || Hermann Weyl (1885–1955) was a German-American pure and applied mathematician. His work, from the study of the Riemann surface to the application of group theory to quantum mechanics, shows his ability to find connections between previously unrelated subjects. || |-id=270 | 32270 Inokuchihiroo || || Hiroo Inokuchi (1927–2014) was a Japanese physicist who discovered the semiconductive properties in organic materials. He also contributed to the cultivation and development of research under microgravity. He is the chairman of Japan Space Forum, which manages Bisei Spaceguard Center. || |-id=272 | 32272 Hasegawayuya || || Yuya Hasegawa, the prizewinner in the 2008 Space Day Award || |-id=275 | 32275 Limichael || || Michael Yifan Li (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his computational biology and bioinformatics project. || |-id=276 | 32276 Allenliu || || Allen Liu (born 1999), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his mathematics project. || |-id=277 | 32277 Helenliu || || Helen Liu (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her medicine and health project. || |-id=278 | 32278 Makaram || || Yashaswini Makaram (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her computer science project. || |-id=279 | 32279 Marshall || || Nathan Charles Marshall (born 1998) is a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his earth and planetary science project. He attends the Boise High School, Boise, Idaho. || |-id=280 | 32280 Rachelmashal || || Rachel Mashal (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her animal sciences project. || |-id=281 | 32281 Shreyamenon || || Shreya Menon (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her cellular and molecular biology project. || |-id=282 | 32282 Arnoldmong || || Arnold Mong (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his physics project. || |-id=288 | 32288 Terui || || Yoshihiro Terui, the winner of the 2008 Space Day Award essay competition || |-id=294 | 32294 Zajonc || || (born 1933), Czech zoologist and amateur astronomer, chair of the Nitra branch of the Slovak Union of Amateur Astronomers (SZAA), a member of the Jihlava Astronomical Society, and honorary fellow of the Slovak Astronomical Society || |-id=295 | 32295 Ravichandran || || Kavya Ravichandran (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her bioengineering project. || |-id=296 | 32296 Aninsayana || || Anin Sayana (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his medicine and health project. || |-id=298 | 32298 Kunalshroff || || Kunal Shroff (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his cellular and molecular biology project. || |-id=299 | 32299 Srinivas || || Pranav Srinivas (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his computational biology and bioinformatics project. || |-id=300 | 32300 Uwamanzunna || || Augusta Uwamanzu-Nna (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her engineering project. || |} 32301–32400 |-id=302 | 32302 Mayavarma || || Maya Varma (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her engineering project || |-id=308 | 32308 Sreyavemuri || || Sreya Vemuri (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her physics project. || |-id=310 | 32310 Asherwillner || || Asher Justin Willner (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his engineering project. || |-id=311 | 32311 Josephineyu || || Josephine Jessica Yu (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her physics project. || |-id=313 | 32313 Zhangmichael || || Michael Zhang (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his bioengineering project. || |-id=314 | 32314 Rachelzhang || || Rachel Zhang (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her mathematics project. || |-id=315 | 32315 Clarezhu || || Clare Zhu, (born 1998), a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her computational biochemistry project || |-id=379 | 32379 Markadame || || Mark Adame, a mentor of a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. || |-id=381 | 32381 Bellomo || || Vickie Bellomo, a mentor of a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. || |-id=384 | 32384 Scottbest || || Scott Best, a mentor of a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. || |-id=387 | 32387 D'Egidio || || Michael D´Egidio, a mentor of a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. || |-id=389 | 32389 Michflannory || || Michelle Flannory, a mentor of a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. || |-id=393 | 32393 Galinato || || Erin Galinato, a mentor of a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. || |-id=400 | 32400 Itaparica || || The Observatório Astronômico do Sertão de Itaparica (OASI) is located in Itacuruba (PE) and is dedicated to the study of small Solar System studies. Its 1-m telescope, in operation since 2011, is the largest one in the northeastern region of Brazil. || |} 32401–32500 |-id=405 | 32405 Jameshill || || James Hill, a mentor of a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. || |-id=406 | 32406 Tracyhughes || || Tracy Hughes, a mentor of a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. || |-id=424 | 32424 Caryjames || || Cary James, a mentor of a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. || |-id=428 | 32428 Peterlangley || || Peter Langley, a mentor of a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. || |-id=436 | 32436 Eranofek || || Eran O. Ofek (born 1972), is an Israeli astrophysicist and a discoverer of minor planets at the Weizmann Institute of Science who studies transient phenomena on the outskirts of the Solar System. || |-id=449 | 32449 Crystalmiller || || Crystal Miller, a mentor of a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. || |-id=453I | 32453 Kanamishogo || || Kanami Yoshimi and Shogo Yoshimi are the discoverer's daughter and son || |-id=462 | 32462 Janmitchener || || Jan Mitchener, a mentor of a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. || |} 32501–32600 |-id=522 | 32522 Judiepersons || || Judie Persons, a mentor of a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. || |-id=527 | 32527 Junko || || Junko Baba (born 1978) is an administrative associate at the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. She has organized international collaborative programs promoting studies of asteroids in Uzbekistan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Japan. || |-id=531 | 32531 Ulrikababiaková || || Ulrika Babiaková (1976–2002), Slovak astronomer, was interested in interplanetary matter and asteroid photometry, as well as teaching and the popularization of astronomy. She was the wife of the discoverer and died in an accident aged 26. || |-id=532 | 32532 Thereus || || Thereus, mythological centaur, a hunter who captured bears and carried them home, alive and struggling || |-id=533 | 32533 Tranpham || || Tran Pham, a mentor of a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. || |-id=544 | 32544 Debjaniroy || || Debjani Roy, a mentor of a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. || |-id=547 | 32547 Shandroff || || Melissa Shandroff, a mentor of a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. || |-id=549 | 32549 Taricco || || Angela Taricco, a mentor of a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. || |-id=550 | 32550 Sharonthomas || || Sharon Thomas, a mentor of a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. || |-id=552 | 32552 Jennithomas || || Jennifer Thomas, a mentor of a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. || |-id=556 | 32556 Jennivibber || || Jennifer Vibber, a mentor of a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. || |-id=561 | 32561 Waldron || || Melissa Waldron, a mentor of a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. || |-id=562 | 32562 Caseywarner || || Casey Warner, a mentor of a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. || |-id=563 | 32563 Nicolezaidi || || Nicole Zaidi, a mentor of a finalist in the 2016 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. || |-id=564 | 32564 Glass || || Eugene Glass, American amateur astronomer || |-id=569 | 32569 Deming || || Leo Deming, American amateur astronomer, one of the founders of the original observatory at Rose-Hulman (the discovery site) || |-id=570 | 32570 Peruindiana || || The "circus capital of the world" Peru, Indiana, hometown of the American discoverer Chris Wolfe || |-id=571 | 32571 Brayton || || Scott Brayton, American car racer || |-id=579 | 32579 Allendavia || || Davia Elizabeth LeXin Allen (born 2002), a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her animal science project. || |-id=580 | 32580 Avbalasingam || || Akhilesh Varadan Balasingam (born 2003), a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his energy and sustainability project. || |-id=582 | 32582 Mayachandar || || Maya Sruti Chandar (born 2003), a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her animal science project. || |-id=590 | 32590 Cynthiachen || || Cynthia Chen (born 2002), a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her environmental and earth sciences project. || |-id=593 | 32593 Crotty || || Brendan Joseph Crotty (born 2002), a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his materials & bioengineering project. || |-id=594 | 32594 Nathandeng || || Nathan K. Deng (born 2002), a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his chemistry project. || |-id=596 | 32596 Čepek || || Aleš Čepek (born 1954) is a professor at the Department of Mapping and Cartography, Faculty of Civil Engineering of the Czech Technical University in Prague. He is the author of project GNU Gama and the editor-in-chief of Geoinformatics FCE CTU Journal. || |} 32601–32700 |-id=603 | 32603 Ariaeppinger || || Aria Rosalee Eppinger (born 2001), a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her medicine and health sciences project. || |-id=605 | 32605 Lucy || || Lucy, nickname of AL 288-1, the 3.2 million years old, 40-percent-complete Australopithecus afarensis skeleton discovered in 1974 by the International Afar Research Expedition in the Awash Valley of Ethiopia's Afar Depression || |-id=608 | 32608 Hallas || || Tony Hallas (born 1945) trained as a professional photographer and is one of the finest astroimagers. His photographs have appeared in books, magazines, and on products such as Apple's OS-X Lion operating system. He developed many imageprocessing techniques, which he has shared in articles and on DVDs. || |-id=609 | 32609 Jamesfagan || || James Dana Fagan (born 2006), a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his physics project || |-id=610 | 32610 Siennafink || || Sienna Nicole Fink (born 2002), a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her physics project. || |-id=611 | 32611 Ananyaganesh || || Ananya Lakshmi Ganesh (born 2001), a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her medicine and health sciences project. || |-id=612 | 32612 Ghatare || || Adishree Ghatare (born 2002), a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her computer science and software engineering project. || |-id=613 | 32613 Tseyuenman || || Tse Yuen Man Joanna (1968–2003) was a Respiratory Medicine specialist doctor in Hong Kong. She died on duty while serving patients during the SARS epidemics in 2003. Her bravery and kindness as a physician has touched the hearts of many people. || |-id=614 | 32614 Hacegarcia || || Joaquin Hace Garcia (born 2002), a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his electrical and mechanical engineering project. || |-id=616 | 32616 Nadinehan || || Nadine Han (born 2003), a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her environmental and earth sciences project. || |-id=618 | 32618 Leungkamcheung || || Leungkamcheung (born 1956) is a former president of the Hong Kong Astronomical Society. || |-id=621 | 32621 Talcott || 2001 RZ || Richard Talcott (born 1954) joined the staff of Astronomy magazine in early 1986. Since then, he has written hundreds of feature articles on both the science of astronomy and observing the night sky in addition to editing the popular Sky This Month section. Rich also has authored or co-authored several astronomy books. || |-id=622 | 32622 Yuewaichun || || Yue Wai-Chun (born 1954), a veteran amateur astronomer, was the coordinator of IOTA China division. He had made tremendous contribution to astronomy in numerous ways, including distributing daily astronomy news through Hong Kong Astronomical Society's smart phone apps to tens of thousands of astronomy lovers. || |-id=623 | 32623 Samuelkahn || || Samuel Bennett Kahn (born 2002), a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his environmental and earth sciences project. || |-id=628 | 32628 Lazorik || || Olivia Jane Lazorik (born 2001), a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her animal science project. || |-id=630 | 32630 Ethanlevy || || Ethan Zvi Levy (born 2002), a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his medicine and health sciences project. || |-id=631 | 32631 Majzoub || || Omar Majzoub (born 2002), a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his physics project. || |-id=633 | 32633 Honguyang || || Hongu Yang (born 1980) is a postdoctoral researcher at Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (Daejeon, South Korea). He studies dynamical evolution of dust particles, in particular from comets to the inner solar system. || |-id=634 | 32634 Sonjamichaluk || || Sonja Morgan Simon Michaluk (born 2003), a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her environmental and earth sciences project. || |} 32701–32800 |-id=720 | 32720 Simoeisios || 2131 T-3 || Simoeisios, young Trojan hero killed by Ajax during the Trojan War || |-id=724 | 32724 Woerlitz || 4029 T-3 || Gartenreich Dessau-Wörlitz (Garden Kingdom of Dessau-Wörlitz), near Dessau, Germany, an exceptional example of eighteenth-century landscape design and a UNESCO World Heritage site || |-id=726 | 32726 Chromios || 4179 T-3 || Chromios, son of Priam, killed by Diomedes during the Trojan War || |-id=730 | 32730 Lamarr || 1951 RX || Hedy Lamarr (1914–2000) was an Austrian-American inventor and actress. Along with George Antheil, she developed technology for a radio guidance system to assist the Allied war effort in WWII. These technologies are used in current Bluetooth systems. || |-id=731 | 32731 Annaivanovna || || Anna Ivanovna Plyugina, specialist in fundamental astrometry at the Pulkovo Observatory || |-id=734 | 32734 Kryukov || 1978 RM || Vladimir Vladimirovich Kryukov, Russian electrical engineer || |-id=735 | 32735 Strekalov || || Gennady Mikhailovich Strekalov (1940–2004), a Russian cosmonaut. || |-id=766 | 32766 Voskresenskoe || || Voskresenskoe is an urban settlement, the center of the Voskresenskoe region of the Nizhnij Novgorod province and home of the discoverer's parents. The first documented mention of the settlement dates back to 1614. || |-id=768 | 32768 Alexandripatov || || Alexandr V. Ipatov (born 1945) is the director of the Institute of Applied Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences. || |-id=770 | 32770 Starchik || || Boris Stepanovich Starchik, Ukrainian engineer, builder, traveller, forester, and defender of nature || |-id=776 | 32776 Nriag || || National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG), Helwan, Egypt || |-id=796 | 32796 Ehrenfest || || Paul Ehrenfest, 19th–20th-century Jewish-Austrian physicist || |} 32801–32900 |-id=807 | 32807 Quarenghi || || Jacomo Quarenghi, Italian architect, who designed the Hermitage theater, the Smolny Institute, the Guards' Manège (all in St. Petersburg) and the Alexandre Palace (in Tsarskoye Selo) || |-id=808 | 32808 Bischoff || || Werner Bischoff, researcher at Carl Zeiss, Jena was engaged in designing the large Hamburg || |-id=809 | 32809 Sommerfeld || || Arnold Sommerfeld, German physics professor || |-id=810 | 32810 Steinbach || || Manfred Steinbach, professor of precision instrument design for astronomical, geophysical and space applications at Carl Zeiss, Jena || |-id=811 | 32811 Apisaon || || Apisaon, son of Phausios, Trojan warrior who fought against the approaching Aias but was transfixed and deprived of his armor by Eurypylus || |-id=821 | 32821 Posch || || Manfred Posch, chief editor of an Austrian newspaper || |-id=853 | 32853 Döbereiner || || Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner, German professor of chemistry || |-id=855 | 32855 Zollitsch || || Robert Zollitsch, archbishop of Freiburg || |-id=858 | 32858 Kitakamigawa || || Kitakamigawa is the largest river in the Tohoku district, flowing from Iwate to Miyagi prefecture. || |-id=890 | 32890 Schwob || || Pierre R. Schwob (born 1946), American-Swiss software engineer and amateur astronomer || |-id=891 | 32891 Amatrice || || Amatrice is an Italian mountain village located in the region of Latium. The village, world-famous for the pasta sauce Amatriciana, was destroyed by the earthquake of 2016 August 24. || |-id=892 | 32892 Prufrock || 1994 DW || The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock and its eponymous narrator known as "Prufrock", a poem by American-born British poet T. S. Eliot. The poem is often referenced in popular culture. || |-id=893 | 32893 van der Waals || || Johannes Diderik van der Waals, 19th–20th-century Dutch physicist, thermodynamicist, and Nobelist || |-id=897 | 32897 Curtharris || 1994 PD || Curtis Harris, amateur astronomer in Anguilla || |-id=899 | 32899 Knigge || || Adolph Freiherr Knigge (1752–1796), German author and translator || |} 32901–33000 |-id=911 | 32911 Cervara || 1994 VX || Cervara di Roma, an Italian mountain village located in the Simbruini Regional Park in the region of Latium. || |-id=928 | 32928 Xiejialin || 1995 QZ || Xie Jialin (1920–2016), Chinese physicist and member of Chinese Academy of Sciences. || |-id=931 | 32931 Ferioli || || Luigi Ferioli (born 1938), an Italian amateur astronomer and enthusiastic popularizer of astronomy, a skillful maker of telescopes and sundials, and author of Appunti di ottica astronomica ("Notes on astronomical optics"). || |-id=938 | 32938 Ivanopaci || || Ivano Paci (born 1932), Italian professor, who provided crucial support to the development of the Pistoia Mountains Astronomical Observatory. || |-id=939 | 32939 Nasimi || || Imadaddin Nasimi (1369–1417) was a mystical poet who wrote in Azerbaijani, Persian and Arabic. Nasimi wrote two collections of poetry (divans) and a number of poems. In his poetry he expressed both Sufi and Hurufi sentiments. His lyrical and elegant style makes him one of the most prominent early divan masters. || |-id=943 | 32943 Sandyryan || || Sandy Ryan, American provider of technical support to the AMOS team || |-id=944 | 32944 Gussalli || || Luigi Gussalli (1885–1950), an Italian mechanical engineer and space-vehicle propulsion designer (Src). || |-id=945 | 32945 Lecce || || Lecce, in southern Italy, is the capital of the province of Lecce. Because of the rich Baroque architectural monuments found in the city, it is commonly nicknamed "The Florence of the South". The city also has a long traditional affinity with Greek culture going back to its foundation. || |-id=969 | 32969 Motohikosato || || Motohiko Sato (born 1939) organized the Yamagata Astronomical Society in 1961 and actively popularizes astronomy. || |-id=987 | 32987 Uyuni || || Salar de Uyuni is by far the largest salty expanse on the planet, located high in the southern Andes of Bolivia || |-id=990 | 32990 Sayo-hime || || Sayo-hime is the female protagonist of a love story, written around the sixth century, in which a young man heads off to the Korean peninsula. This tragic love story was included in Japan's oldest collection of waka poetry, the Manyohshu. || |-id=000 | 33000 Chenjiansheng || || Jiansheng Chen (born 1938), a Chinese astrophysicist who contributed to the development of modern astronomy in China. || |} References 032001-033000

5725438

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early%20Earth

Early Earth

Early Earth is loosely defined as Earth in its first one billion years, or gigayear (Ga, 109y). Early Earth is defined as encompassing approximately the first gigayear in the evolution of the planet from its initial formation in the young Solar System at about 4.55 Ga to sometime in the Archean eon in approximately 3.5 Ga. On the geologic time scale, this comprises all of the Hadean eon, starting with the formation of the Earth about 4.6 billion years ago, and the Eoarchean, starting 4 billion years ago, and part of the Paleoarchean era, starting 3.6 billion years ago, of the Archean eon. This period of Earth's history involved the planet's formation from the solar nebula via a process known as accretion. This time period included intense meteorite bombardment as well as giant impacts, including the Moon-forming impact, which resulted in a series of magma oceans and episodes of core formation. After formation of the core, delivery of meteoritic or cometary material in a "late veneer" may have delivered water and other volatile compounds to the Earth. Although little crustal material from this period survives, the oldest dated specimen is a zircon mineral of 4.404 ± 0.008 Ga enclosed in a metamorphosed sandstone conglomerate in the Jack Hills of the Narryer Gneiss Terrane of Western Australia. The earliest supracrustals (such as the Isua greenstone belt) date from the latter half of this period, about 3.8 gya, around the same time as peak Late Heavy Bombardment. History According to evidence from radiometric dating and other sources, Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago. The current dominant theory of planet formation suggests that planets such as Earth form in about 50 to 100 million years but more recently proposed alternative processes and timescales have stimulated ongoing debate in the planetary science community. For example, in June 2023, one team of scientists reported evidence that Earth may have formed in just three million years. Nonetheless, within the first billion years of the formation of Earth, life appeared in its oceans and began to affect its atmosphere and surface, promoting the proliferation of aerobic as well as anaerobic organisms. Since then, the combination of Earth's distance from the Sun, its physical properties and its geological history have allowed life to emerge, develop photosynthesis, and, later, evolve further and thrive. The earliest life on Earth arose at least 3.5 billion years ago. Earlier possible evidence of life includes graphite, which may have a biogenic origin, in 3.7-billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in southwestern Greenland and 4.1-billion-year-old zircon grains in Western Australia. In November 2020, an international team of scientists reported studies suggesting that the primeval atmosphere of the early Earth was very different from the conditions used in the Miller–Urey studies considering the origin of life on Earth. See also References External links Earth – Speed through space – about 1 million miles an hour – NASA and (WP discussion) zh-yue:早期地球 Geologic time scales of Earth

5727790

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal%20zone%20color%20scanner

Coastal zone color scanner

The coastal zone color scanner (CZCS) was a multi-channel scanning radiometer aboard the Nimbus 7 satellite, predominately designed for water remote sensing. Nimbus 7 was launched 24 October 1978, and CZCS became operational on 2 November 1978. It was only designed to operate for one year (as a proof-of-concept), but in fact remained in service until 22 June 1986. Its operation on board the Nimbus 7 was limited to alternate days as it shared its power with the passive microwave scanning multichannel microwave radiometer. CZCS measured reflected solar energy in six channels, at a resolution of 800 meters. These measurements were used to map chlorophyll concentration in water, sediment distribution, salinity, and the temperature of coastal waters and ocean currents. CZCS lay the foundations for subsequent satellite ocean color sensors, and formed a cornerstone for international efforts to understand the ocean's role in the carbon cycle. Ocean color The most significant product of the CZCS was its collection of so-called ocean color imagery. The "color" of the ocean in CZCS images comes from substances in the water, particularly phytoplankton (microscopic, free-floating photosynthetic organisms), as well as inorganic particulates. Because ocean color data is related to the presence of phytoplankton and particulates, it can be used to calculate the concentrations of material in surface waters and the level of biological activity; as phytoplankton concentration increases, ocean color shifts from blue to green (note that most CZCS images are false colored, so that high levels of phytoplankton appear as red or orange). Satellite-based ocean color observations provide a global picture of life in the world's oceans, because phytoplankton is the basis for the vast majority of oceanic food chains. By recording images over a period of years, scientists also gained a better understanding of how the phytoplankton biomass changed over time; for instance, red tide blooms could be observed when they grew. Ocean color measurements are also of interest because phytoplankton removes carbon dioxide from the sea water during photosynthesis, and so forms an important part of the global carbon cycle. Raw data from the scanner were transmitted, at an average bit rate of 800 kbit/s, to the ground station, where they were saved on magnetic tape. The tapes were then sent to the Image Processing Division at Goddard Space Flight Center. The processed data were archived at Goddard, and available to scientists worldwide. The data were originally stored on 38,000 nine track magnetic tapes, and later migrated to optical disc. The archive was one of the first instances of a system that provided a visual preview ("browse") of images, which assisted in ordering data. It became a model to be followed later by the Earth Observing System's Distributed Active Archive Centers. CZWS was the first satellite ocean color sensor, and after it stopped observing in 1986, there was a 10-year gap in records until Japan launched the Ocean Color Temperature Scanner (OCTS) in 1996, and the United States launched the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) in 1997. Current instruments that provide ocean color data include Aqua-MODIS, Copernicus Sentinel 3 Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI), and NOAA's Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on board the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) satellites. Technical details The CZCS instrument was manufactured by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. Reflected solar energy was measured in six channels to sense color caused by absorption due to chlorophyll, sediments, and colored dissolved organic matter in coastal waters. The CZCS used a rotating plane mirror at a 45-degree angle to the optic axis of a Cassegrain telescope. The mirror scanned 360 degrees but only the 80 degrees of data centered on nadir were collected for ocean color measurements. The instrument viewed deep space and calibration sources during the remainder of the scan. The incoming radiation was collected by the telescope and divided into two streams by a dichroic beam splitter. One stream was transmitted to a field stop that was also the entrance aperture of a small polychromator. The radiance that entered the polychromator was separated and re-imaged in five wavelengths on five silicon detectors in the focal plane of the polychromator. The other stream was directed to a cooled mercury cadmium telluride detector in the thermal region (10.5–12.5 micrometer). A radiative cooler was used to cool the thermal detector. To avoid sun glint, the scanner mirror was tilted about the sensor pitch axis on command so that the line of sight of the sensor was moved in 2-degree increments up to 20 degrees with respect to the nadir. Spectral bands at 0.443 and 0.670 micrometers centered on the most intense absorption bands of chlorophyll, while the band at 0.550 micrometers centered on the "hinge point," the wavelength of minimum absorption. Ratios of measured energies in these channels were shown to closely parallel surface chlorophyll concentrations. Data from the scanning radiometer were processed, with algorithms developed from the field experiment data, to produce maps of chlorophyll absorption. The temperatures of coastal waters and ocean currents were measured in a spectral band centered at 11.5 micrometers. Observations were made also in two other spectral bands, 0.520 micrometers for chlorophyll correlation and 0.750 micrometers for surface vegetation. The scan width was 1556 km centered on nadir and the ground resolution was 0.825 km at nadir. References External links Ocean Color Web Satellite meteorology Oceanography Earth observation satellite sensors

5731565

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings%20of%20minor%20planet%20names%3A%2054001%E2%80%9355000

Meanings of minor planet names: 54001–55000

54001–54100 |-bgcolor=#f2f2f2 | colspan=4 align=center | |} 54101–54200 |-id=182 | 54182 Galsarid || || Gal Sarid (born 1981) is a research scientist at the Florida Space Institute who studies the thermal evolution of comets and asteroids, and the early compositional evolution of the solar system. || |} 54201–54300 |-id=237 | 54237 Hiroshimanabe || || Hiroshi Manabe, Japanese illustrator || |-id=288 | 54288 Daikikawasaki || || Daiki Kawasaki (born 1996), the discoverer's oldest grandchild. || |} 54301–54400 |-id=362 | 54362 Restitutum || || Latin term for "something that has been replaced or restored to its former place"; this minor planet was originally lost soon after discovery, then found again † || |-id=391 | 54391 Adammckay || || Adam McKay (born 1986) is a postdoctoral fellow at the American University and NASA-GSFC (USA) who studies the volatile composition of comets through high-resolution spectroscopy at optical and IR wavelengths. || |} 54401–54500 |-id=411 | 54411 Bobestelle || || George Robert ("Bob") Stetson and Estelle Marie Ives, the discoverer's parents || |-id=439 | 54439 Topeka || || Topeka, Kansas || |} 54501–54600 |-id=509 | 54509 YORP || || YORP effect || |-id=510 | 54510 Yakagehonjin || || Yakage honjin, located in southwestern Okayama, was a traditional accommodation for the daimyo and other Shogunate officials while on the road in the Edo Period. Only upper-class persons could stay or have meals there. It is designated as an important cultural property of Japan. || |-id=521 | 54521 Aladdin || || Aladdin is the central character in a well-known folk tale of the same name. The story originates from western China or possibly the Middle East. It tells of Aladdin's battle with evil sorcerers to gain control of a magic lamp containing a genie who emerges to grant wishes whenever the lamp is rubbed. || |-id=522 | 54522 Menaechmus || || Menaechmus, 4th-century B.C. Greek mathematician, credited with the discovery of the conic sections || |-id=563 | 54563 Kinokonasu || || Kinoko Nasu (born 1973) is a Japanese author. His best-known works are Tsukihime, Fate/stay night, and Kara no Kyoukai (English title "Garden of Sinners"). All have been produced as anime series. || |-id=598 | 54598 Bienor || || Bienor, mythological centaur that attended Pirithous' wedding, fought in the ensuing battle against the Lapiths, and was killed by Theseus || |} 54601–54700 |-id=693 | 54693 Garymyers || || Gary Myers, American amateur astronomer, member of the Huachuca Astronomy Club || |} 54701–54800 |-id=720 | 54720 Kentstevens || || Kent Stevens (born 1952) has considerable expertise in Artificial Intelligence and Modeling and Simulation. He was a former Observatory Director at Hidden Valley Observatory in South Dakota and re-designed, engineered and replaced the original telescope following a severe vandalism incident. || |} 54801–54900 |-id=810 | 54810 Molleigh || || Molleigh Elena Struble (1994–2010) grew up near Yerkes Observatory, where she volunteered for educational programs such as one connecting Yerkes and the Science Museum, Tokyo. || |-id=820 | 54820 Svenders || || Enders Robinson (born 1929) and Sven Treitel (born 1930), American pioneers of applied geophysical signal analysis † || |-id=827 | 54827 Kurpfalz || || The County Palatine of the Rhine ("Kurpfalz") goes back to a territory of the Holy Roman Empire. In the Congress of Vienna in 1815 it was separated from Rheinland. The region around Heidelberg–Mannheim (now a part of Baden–Württemberg) is today still called "Kurpfalz" referring also to the people talking "Kurpfälzisch". || |-id=852 | 54852 Mercatali || || Antonio Mercatali (born 1962), an amateur astronomer and astrometrist of minor planets from Livorno, Italy || |-id=862 | 54862 Sundaigakuen || || Sundaigakuen, a high school in Tokyo, the alma mater of Japanese discoverer Hiroshi Maeno || |-id=863 | 54863 Gasnault || || Olivier Gasnault (born 1973) specializes in remote sensing and is deeply involved in the exploration of the Moon and Mars, both from orbit and on the ground with the Curiosity Rover. Name and citation provided by S. Le Mouelic. || |} 54901–55000 |-id=902 | 54902 Close || || Gary Close (1940–1999), American director of Hopkins Planetarium † || |-id=932 | 54932 Waltharris || || Walt Harris (born 1964) is a professor at the University of Arizona who studies thin atmospheres with an emphasis on comets. He also develops instrumentation for high-resolving power spectroscopy that has been used in ground and suborbital observations of comets and the interplanetary medium. || |-id=963 | 54963 Sotin || || Christophe Sotin (born 1958), chief scientist of the proposed Titan orbiter Oceanus at JPL and director of the Laboratory for Planetology and Geodynamics at the University of Nantes || |-id=967 | 54967 Millucci || || Vincenzo Millucci (born 1947), an Italian science communicator and professor of mathematical physics at the University of Siena. He established the university's Torre Luciana Observatory in Florence. || |} References 054001-055000

5732772

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Sudanian%20savanna

East Sudanian savanna

The East Sudanian savanna is a hot, dry, tropical savanna ecoregion of Central and East Africa. Geography The East Sudanian savanna is the eastern half of the Sudanian savanna belt which runs east and west across Africa. The eastern lies east of the Cameroon Highlands, and west of the Ethiopian Highlands. The Sahel belt of drier acacia savanna lies to the north, and beyond that is the Sahara Desert. More humid forest–savanna mosaic ecoregions lie to the south. The Sudd flooded grasslands in South Sudan divide the ecoregion into eastern and western blocks. The land is mainly flat, although there are some hillier sections around Lake Albert and in western Ethiopia. the western block covers portions of northern Cameroon, southernmost Chad, northern Central African Republic, and southeastern South Sudan. It is bounded on the south by the Northern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic ecoregion. the eastern block lies in a belt stretching from northern Uganda along the Ethiopia–Sudan border region, bounded on the east by the western lowlands of Ethiopia, on the southeast by the Northern Acacia–Commiphora bushlands and thickets ecoregion, on the south by the Victoria Basin forest–savanna mosaic in Uganda, and on the southwest by the Northern Congolian forest-savanna mosaic. Climate The climate is a tropical savanna climate and a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification Aw and BSh) with a dry season and a wet season and the temperature being warm and hot year-round. Examples Flora Typical species are deciduous Terminalia trees with an undergrowth of shrubs and grasses such as Combretum and tall elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum). There are more than 1,000 endemic plant species. Fauna Threatened species include the African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana) (in Chad and the CAE), East African wild dog (Lycaon pictus lupinus), Northeast African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii), African leopard (Panthera pardus paruds), lion (Panthera leo), and giant eland (Taurotragus derbianus). Urban areas and settlements In Cameroon the region is more or less contiguous with the North Region, where Bénoué National Park and Bouba Njida National Park contain some of the endangered species mentioned above. In Chad East Sudanian savanna covers the south including the industrial city of Moundou, Chad's second largest city, the oil town of Doba and the cotton-growing towns of Sarh and Pala. In the Central African Republic the region covers the sparsely populated north of the country, the larger towns include Bossangoa. In Sudan west of the Sudd swamp east Sudanian savanna covers the Bahr el Ghazal area including the town of Wau. East of the Sudd the ecoregion runs north to south from northern Uganda, through south-eastern Sudan east of the White Nile (including the area around the southern cities of Juba and Eastern Equatoria around Torit), and up along the Ethiopia–Sudan border. Much of this area has seen combat in recent decades and is in various states of reconstruction. Threats and preservation Seasonal cultivation and herding are lifestyles which lead the population of the savanna to overgraze, overharvest the trees for firewood or charcoal and cause fires. This has reduced the woodland considerably. However large areas of unspoilt habitat remain even outside protected areas, especially compared with the more heavily populated West Sudanian savanna. Poaching is another problem, indeed the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) and northern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni) were formerly native to the ecoregion but have been eliminated through over-hunting. Protected areas 24.68% of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Protected areas include Bouba Njida National Park in Cameroon, Bamingui-Bangoran National Park and Biosphere Reserve, Andre Felix National Park, and Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park in the Central African Republic, Zakouma National Park in Chad, Gambella National Park in Ethiopia, Dinder National Park and Radom National Park in Sudan, Boma National Park and Kidepo Game Reserve in South Sudan, and Kidepo Valley National Park in Uganda. Most protected areas are severely under-resourced, and apart from hunting for sport in the Central African Republic there is little wildlife-based tourism. See also Sudan (region) References External links Afrotropical ecoregions Ecoregions of Cameroon Ecoregions of the Central African Republic Ecoregions of Chad Ecoregions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ecoregions of Eritrea Ecoregions of Ethiopia Ecoregions of Sudan Ecoregions of South Sudan Ecoregions of Uganda Grasslands of Sudan Grasslands of the Central African Republic Grasslands of Cameroon Grasslands of Chad Grasslands of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Grasslands of Eritrea Grasslands of Ethiopia Grasslands of Uganda Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands

5734415

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20Congolian%20forest%E2%80%93savanna%20mosaic

Northern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic

The Northern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic is a forest and savanna ecoregion of central Africa. It extends east and west across central Africa, covering parts of Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Sudan, and Uganda. It is part of the belt of transitional forest-savanna mosaic that lie between Africa's moist equatorial Guineo-Congolian forests and the tropical dry forests, savannas, and grasslands to the north and south. Geography The Northern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic lies between the equatorial Congolian forests to the south and the drier East Sudanian savanna to the north. It extends from the Cameroon Highlands in the west, across central Cameroon and the southern Central African Republic to southwestern South Sudan and northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, where it is bounded on the east by flooded grasslands of the Sudd, the eastern block of the East Sudanian savanna, and the Albertine Rift montane forests. The ecoregion lies on a dissected plateau composed of ancient precambrian rocks. Elevations range from 500 to 700 meters. Most of the plateau is drained by the northern tributaries of the Congo River, except the easternmost portion which is drained by the Nile River. Climate The ecoregion has a tropical savanna climate. Average annual rainfall ranges from 1200 to 1600 mm. Rainfall is generally higher in the south, in the transition to the Congolian forests, and lower in the north at the edge of the Sudanian savanna. There is a summer rainy season and winter dry season. Temperatures range from 34 °C in the summer wet season to 13 °C in the cooler winter dry season. Flora The ecoregion is a mosaic of forest, open woodland, and grassland. Gallery forests occur along year-round rivers and in areas with year-round groundwater. Typical gallery forest trees include Berlinia grandiflora, Cola laurifolia, Cynometra vogelii, Diospyros elliotii, Parinari congensis, and Pterocarpus santalinoides. Remnants of semi-evergreen forest are found in the south, composed mostly of typical Congolian species like Afzelia africana, Aningeria altissima, Gambeya perpulchra, Cola gigantea, Morus mesozygia, and Khaya grandifoliola. Wooded and open grasslands are widespread. The ground is thickly covered by perennial grasses, including species of Andropogon, Hyparrhenia, and Loudetia. Trees, including Annona senegalensis, Burkea africana, Combretum collinum, Hymenocardia acida, Parinari curatellifolia, Stereospermum kunthianum, and species of Vitex and Strychnos, form open-canopied woodlands or are scattered in grassy savannas. Frequent human-caused fires have allowed grasslands to spread into areas formerly covered with forest or woodland. Isolated patches of dry forest are found in areas with sparse human population and few human-caused fires, particularly in the Central African Republic and central Cameroon. Isoberlinia doka is the dominant tree, with Afzelia africana, Burkea africana, Anogeissus leiocarpus, Borassus aethiopum, and species of Terminalia. Fauna The ecoregion is home to various large mammals, including both forest- and grassland-adapted species. Grazing mammals include the African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana) and African forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis), Kordofan giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis antiquorum), African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), eastern giant eland (Taurotragus derbianus gigas), lowland bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus eurycerus), waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus), Buffon's kob (Kobus kob kob), roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus), and red-flanked duiker (Cephalophus rufilatus). Lions (Panthera leo) and leopards (Panthera pardus) are the top predators in the ecoregion. Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) live in and near rivers and streams. Native primates include the patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas) and olive baboon (Papio anubis). The western black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis longipes) once ranged across the ecoregion, but is now thought to be extinct. The northern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni) once inhabited the eastern portion of the ecoregion, but is now extinct in the wild. Near-endemic mammals include Pousargues's mongoose (Dologale dybowskii), which also inhabits the Victoria Basin forest–savanna mosaic to the east, and the ochre mole-rat (Fukomys ochraceocinereus). Common birds include the red-headed lovebird (Agapornis pullarius) and little greenbul (Eurillas virens). The forest ground-thrush (Geokichla oberlaenderi) is a near-endemic species. Endemic frogs include the Mauda River frog (Phrynobatrachus albomarginatus), Buta River frog (P. scapularis), eastern dwarf clawed frog (Hymenochirus boulengeri), and Ptychadena ingeri. The Sudan beaked snake (Letheobia sudanensis) and the lizard Ichnotropis chapini are endemic reptiles. Protected areas A 2017 assessment found that 104,288 km2, or 15%, of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Protected areas include Bénoué, Deng Deng, Faro, Mbam Djerem, Mbéré Valley, and Mpem and Djim national parks in Cameroon, Gashaka-Gumti National Park in Nigeria, Garamba National Park, Virunga National Park, Bili-Uere Hunting Reserve, and Gangala-na-Bodio Hunting Reserve in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Lantoto, Shambe, and Southern national parks in South Sudan, and Chinko Nature Reserve and Zemongo Faunal Reserve in the Central African Republic. External links References Afrotropical ecoregions Ecoregions of Cameroon Ecoregions of the Central African Republic Ecoregions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ecoregions of South Sudan Ecoregions of Uganda Grasslands of Cameroon Grasslands of the Central African Republic Grasslands of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Grasslands of South Sudan Grasslands of Uganda Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands

5736020

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag%20and%20coat%20of%20arms%20of%20Moldavia

Flag and coat of arms of Moldavia

The flag and coat of arms of Moldavia, one of the two Danubian Principalities, together with Wallachia, which formed the basis for the Romanian state, were subject to numerous changes throughout their history. History The recognised emblem belonging to the land of Moldavia, and perpetuated over the centuries as the official sign of the country, is the ancient aurochs's head with a star between its horns. The aurochs's head is flanked to the right by a sun and to the left by a new moon. There is not known when and under what circumstances did this representation appear as a symbol of the country, but scholars consider that the emblem existed before the foundation of the independent Moldavian feudal state by Bogdan I, in 1359. The oldest remaining representations of the coat of arms of Moldavia are the seals and coins dating from the reign of Petru Mușat (1375 - 1391). Traian Bița however observes that the legend (the text running around the perimeter) on the coins suggests the aurochs's head was originally the arms of the ruling dynasty, becoming the state's arms only during the rule of Stephen the Great. Consequently, the original state arms of Moldavia was a split shield, with a barry of six or seven on dexter and two to seven fleur-de-lis on sinister. Over the centuries, the image of the aurochs's head had undergone a constant evolution, being occasionally replaced by the wisent's head, so that by the middle of the 19th century, the image of the wisent came to be used more often. The Moldavian state coat of arms (aurochs's head) differs from the Moldavian dynastic coat of arms (both with the initial elements and with its elements of various origins, some of them added over time to the shield). The state coat of arms was used on the great princely seal, coins, flags, some public buildings, and various other objects (princely sealing rings, battle or parade swords, etc.), while the dynastic coat of arms was also used on coins, but especially in circumstances related more to the particular life of the Moldavian voivodes (on church or monastery inscriptions, tombstones, bells, manuscripts, or personal belongings of the prince and members of his family). Traditionally, two insignia have persisted constantly on the Moldavian flags: the head of the aurochs, as the symbol of the Moldavian state, and Saint George, as the ecclesiastical heraldic symbol of Moldavia. A princely standard was first attested under the rule of Prince Stephen the Great (late 15th century), displaying an enthroned Saint George set against a cherry background. The depiction of the Battle of Baia (1476) in Johannes de Thurocz's Chronicle shows Moldavian troops carrying a pennant with the aurochs's head on pales of unspecified colour. According to a well-known historical source, the princely flag of Stephen the Great worn during a ceremony in 1485 was described as the "great flag of red silk, beautifully reproducing in gold the coat of arms of the Land of Moldavia" ("Banderium quoque magnum sericeum coloris rubri, in quo arma Terrae Moldaviae pulchre auro depicta erant"). In 1574, Moldavian delegates to the coronation of Henry III of Poland are attested to have carried a blue banner with the aurochs head. Moldavia's fall under Ottoman Empire control, a process which was accelerated during the 16th century, saw a decline in flag usage; as princes became appointees of the sultans, the usage of a sandjak as a mark of authority became widespread. In the coat of arms (either seal or blazon), the aurochs was initially a crest over a helmet and party per pale escutcheon, charged with either fleur-de-lis dexter and bars sinister (interpreted as being alternating vert and or) or the Patriarchal cross dexter (closely resembling the Cross of Lorraine in usual renditions) and fleur-de-lis sinister. In time reduced to the simple depiction of an aurochs's head on escutcheon, it was featured alongside the arms of Wallachia and Transylvania on Michael the Brave's seal, as well as only alongside Wallachia's on various symbols favored by rulers such as Radu Mihnea and several Phanariotes (in the latter case, it was more often than not accompanied by the double-headed eagle of Byzantine tradition). The prevalent gules (or red) and or (yellow) display was replaced, towards the beginning of the 19th century, by variations on a red-blue theme. As such, when the Treaty of Adrianople allowed Wallachia and Moldavia a measure of sovereignty, Sultan Mahmud II awarded Moldavia a red over blue pennant to be used by its military, and Wallachia a yellow over blue one; Moldavia's pennant was similar to the version given recognition by Austria-Hungary as the Landesfarben of Bukovina (the latter was blue over red). During the Organic Statute rule of Mihail Sturdza, the pennant was replaced by a war flag/naval ensign and a civil ensign with a blue field and a red canton standing for Ottoman suzerainty. Grigore Alexandru Ghica was to include the color yellow, already present in the pan-Romanian horizontal tricolour favored by the 1848 revolutionaries, in the war flag's pattern. In 1858, the aurochs became the central theme of the most valuable stamp in Romanian postal history, the Cap de Bour. The aurochs head (dexter) and Wallachia's eagle (sinister) were included as emblems on the tricolour adopted by Alexandru Ioan Cuza after the union of the Danubian Principalities in 1859; the arms of Moldavia are nowadays represented in the coat of arms of Romania, as well as in that of the short-lived Moldavian Democratic Republic and present-day Moldova (having previously featured in the coat of arms of Bessarabia within the Russian Empire). Gallery Coat of arms Flag See also Coat of arms of Moldova Coat of arms of Romania Flag of Moldova Flag of Romania References Sources External links Principality of Moldavia and Wallachia and Moldavia, 1859–61 at Flags of the World Coat of arms of Moldavia and Romanian flag on the Romanian Presidency site Coat of arms of the Ghika family Moldavia Moldavia Moldavia Moldavia Moldavia Moldavia Moldavia Moldavia Flags displaying animals

5736368

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertine%20Rift%20montane%20forests

Albertine Rift montane forests

The Albertine Rift montane forests (French: Forêts montagnardes du Rift Albertin) is a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion in east-central Africa. The ecoregion covers the mountains of the northern Albertine Rift, and is home to distinct Afromontane forests with high biodiversity. Geography The high montane forests cover the western portions of Rwanda and Burundi, the eastern edge of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and portions of western Uganda and Tanzania. This area occupies the parallel Albertine Rift Mountains that enclose the western branch of the East African Rift. The mountain ranges include the Lendu Plateau of Uganda (the forest is almost completely cleared from here), and the Virunga Mountains and Rwenzori Mountains of Rwanda, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. At the highest elevations of the Rwenzori and Virunga ranges (above 3000 meters), the forests transition to the Afroalpine Rwenzori–Virunga montane moorlands ecoregion, including the high peaks of Mount Stanley and Mount Karisimbi. The highest peak in Burundi, Mount Heha however is in this ecoregion. Urban areas and settlements Developed and settled areas in the region include: Uganda — the market town of Fort Portal, base for watching chimpanzees in Kibale National Park, and hub for visiting the Ruwenzori mountains to the north. Rwanda — Ruhengeri (near the Volcanoes National Park, and the Lake Kivu towns of Gisenyi, Kibuye (for boats trips to Napoleon Island in the lake, and Cyangugu, base for watching primates in the Nyungwe Forest. Democratic Republic of the Congo — the Lake Kivu cities of Goma, opposite Gisenyi and the base for visiting Virunga National Park) and Bukavu, opposite Cyangugu and near the Kahuzi-Biéga National Park, which is home to mountain gorillas but endangered due to the conflict in the region (see Second Congo War). Burundi — the northwestern towns of Cibitoke and flood-ravaged Bubanza, and the southern city of Bururi where Bururi Forest Nature Reserve preserves some of the Afromontane forest. Flora and fauna The mountain rainforests of the ecoregion have a cooler climate than the Congolian lowland forests or the savanna of Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi, and therefore are home to a rich variety of Afromontane flora and especially fauna. The Albertine Rift montane forests are included on the Global 200 conservation list. The rare mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) survives only in this ecoregion as do the L'Hoest's monkey, and a subspecies of the Hamlyn's monkey − as well as many endemic species of butterflies and birds including: Grauer's warblers, Chapin's flycatchers, and the Rwenzori turaco. The Lendu Plateau clawed frog is endemic to that landform in the ecoregion. Conservation Much of the forest has already been cleared for agriculture or for logging, especially in densely populated Rwanda and Burundi, but large areas of forest still remains in forest reserves and at higher altitudes in the Virunga, Itombwe, and Rwenzori Ranges. The forest clearance is ongoing and is a major threat to the ecology of the region, and to the forests as an important carbon store. The violent political and rebel history of the region in recent times has also caused damage to the ecological balance, for example almost eliminating the population of African bush elephants from Virunga National Park in the DRC. Protected areas 11.93% of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Protected areas include: Bururi Forest Nature Reserve, Burundi Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda Gishwati-Mukura National Park, Rwanda Kahuzi-Biéga National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo Kazinga Wildlife Sanctuary, Uganda Kibale National Park, Uganda Kibira National Park, Burundi Kisimba Ikobo Primate Nature Reserve, Democratic Republic of the Congo Kyambura Wildlife Reserve, Uganda Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, Uganda Monge Forest Nature Reserve, Burundi Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda Rusizi National Park, Burundi Rwenzori Mountains National Park, Uganda Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda Semuliki National Park, Uganda Tayna Nature Reserve, Democratic Republic of the Congo Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve, Uganda Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda Recreation Visitor activities in the ecoregion's habitats include: Mountain gorilla watching in the Virunga Conservation Area (VCA) of the Virunga Mountains, which includes: Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in Uganda. Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda — former base of zoologist Dian Fossey. Kibale National Park in Uganda. Trekking in the Rwenzori Mountains, and within Ruwenzori Mountains National Park. References External links Albertinerift.org: Albertine Rift Programme — of the Wildlife Conservation Society. The Rwanda Tourist Board (ORTPN) UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre.org: Volcanoes National Park Footprint Adventures.uk: The Virunga Primates Bebif.be: Albertine Rift Projects — of the Royal Museum for Central Africa − including native birds, butterflies, fish, & family Rubiaceae plants. Afromontane ecoregions Afromontane forests Afrotropical ecoregions Congolian forests Ecoregions of Burundi Ecoregions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ecoregions of Rwanda Ecoregions of Tanzania Ecoregions of Uganda Rainforests of Africa Rwenzori Mountains Virunga Mountains Virunga National Park Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests

5736512

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings%20of%20minor%20planet%20names%3A%2033001%E2%80%9334000

Meanings of minor planet names: 33001–34000

33001–33100 |-id=002 | 33002 Everest || 1997 DM || Mount Everest (also known as Sagarmāthā in Nepal and Chomolungma in China) is the world's highest mountain. The summit is 8848 m above sea level. || |-id=004 | 33004 Dianesipiera || 1997 EP || Diane M. Sipiera (born 1955), American executive director of the Planetary Studies Foundation, author, and operator of the Star-Lab Planetarium || |-id=010 | 33010 Enricoprosperi || || Enrico Prosperi (born 1954), Italian astronomer and a discoverer of minor planets. Owner of the Castelmartini Observatory in Tuscany, he has undertaken observing programs on many kinds of astronomical objects, including comets and minor planets since 1998. Prosperi is a member of the Italian astronomical associations UAI and SAIt. || |-id=011 | 33011 Kurtiscarsch || || Kurtis Mickel Carsch (born 1994) is a finalist in the 2012 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his chemistry project. || |-id=012 | 33012 Eddieirizarry || || Eddie Irizarry (born 1969), an astronomer at the Sociedad de Astronomia del Caribe. || |-id=014 | 33014 Kalinich || || Adam Orval Kalinich (born 1994) is a finalist in the 2012 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his mathematics project. || |-id=017 | 33017 Wronski || || Józef Maria Hoëne-Wron'ski (1778–1853), Polish mathematician and philosopher || |-id=027 | 33027 Brouillac || 1997 QE || Laurent Brouillac (born 1967), a member of the Association des Utilisateurs de Détecteurs Electroniques (AUDE), has contributed to the promotion of astronomical observations using Webcams. || |-id=034 | 33034 Dianadamrau || || Diana Damrau (born 1971) is a German soprano, who is a Kammersängerin of the Bavarian State Opera. She has a very broad repertoire, but is the epitomic Queen of the night in Mozart's The Magic Flute. || |-id=035 | 33035 Pareschi || || Giovanni Pareschi (born 1966), Italian astronomer || |-id=040 | 33040 Pavelmayer || || Pavel Mayer (born 1932), Czech astronomer at the Charles University in Prague || |-id=044 | 33044 Erikdavy || 1997 UE || Erik Davy Rees (born 2003), grandson of the discoverer Paul G. Comba || |-id=056 | 33056 Ogunimachi || || Ogunimachi, Niigata prefecture, Japan, famous for its washi (Japanese paper) production || |-id=058 | 33058 Kovařík || || Oton Kovařík (1928–2010), Czech actor, orator and painter, is now living in California with his wife Dása, also an actress. The Kovaříks have propagated European culture and helped to maintain European cultural traditions among immigrants in California, by public recitals of poems and by art exhibitions Src. || |-id=061 | 33061 Václavmorava || || Václav Morava (1933–2005) was a psychiatrist who specialized in treating children, youths and families in southern Bohemia. He was also known as a painter, graphic artist, sculptor, musician, essayist and poet. He was good, wise, helpful and never-to-be-forgotten friend. || |-id=100 | 33100 Udine || || Udine, chief town of the Friuli district in northeast Italy. Founded by Celtic tribes and later occupied by the Romans, it grew to great influence under the Patriarchate of Aquileia in the Middle Ages. Nowadays it is renowned for its castle and excellent wines. The citation was prepared by G. Sostero. || |} 33101–33200 |-id=103 | 33103 Pintar || || James Anthony Pintarr (born 1947), American physicist and helioseismologist || |-id=113 | 33113 Julabeth || || Jula Elizabeth Rees, granddaughter of the discoverer || |-id=117 | 33117 Ashinimodi || || Ashini A. Modi (born 2004), a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her physics project. || |-id=118 | 33118 Naiknaware || || Anushka Naiknaware (born 2003), a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her materials & bioengineering project. || |-id=129 | 33129 Ivankrasko || 1998 CB || Ivan Krasko (né Ján Botto, 1876–1958) was a symbolist poet, founder of Slovak modernist literature, prosaist and translator from Romanian and German || |-id=135 | 33135 Davidrisoldi || 1998 DX || David Risoldi (born 2012), the second grandson of one of the discoverers at Santa Lucia observatory. || |-id=137 | 33137 Strejček || || Alfred Strejček (born 1941), a Czech actor, moderator, musician, screenwriter, narrator, reciter and professor of artistic rhetoric. || |-id=154 | 33154 Talent || || David L. Talent, American contractor team leader for the NEAT camera transition to the 1.2-m AMOS telescope on Haleakala || |-id=157 | 33157 Pertile || || Tomáš Pertile (born 1933), a Czech amateur astronomer at the Johann Palisa Observatory and the Ostrava–Poruba Planetarium || |-id=158 | 33158 Rúfus || || Milan Rúfus, Slvak poet, essayist and translator || |-id=160 | 33160 Denismukwege || || Denis Mukwege (born 1950), a Congolese gynecologist and director of the Panzi Hospital in Bukavu which he founded in 1999. || |-id=162 | 33162 Sofiarandich || || Sofia Randich (born 1962), Italian astrophysicist and director of the Arcetri Observatory of the National Institute for Astrophysics since 2018. Her research includes star formation, stellar structure and spectroscopy, formation and evolution of the Milky Way. She is a member of the Gaia science team and the co-lead of the "Gaia–ESO Spectroscopic Survey", using the Very Large Telescope at Cerro Paranal in Chile (Src). || |-id=163 | 33163 Alainaspect || 1998 EH || Alain Aspect (born 1947) is a French physicist who performed the first conclusive test of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox. He is a member of the French Académie des sciences, a laureate of the Holweck prize (1991), a gold medalist of the CNRS (1995), an Albert Einstein medalist (2012) and a Niels Bohr medalist (2013). || |-id=165 | 33165 Joschhambsch || || Franz-Josef (Josch) Hambsch (born 1957) is a retired nuclear physicist, who worked for the Joint Research Centre in Geel, Belgium from 1984 to 2018. An active variable star observer, he has participated in many scientific research projects. Hambsch discovered the first white-dwarf pulsar AR Sco. || |-id=175 | 33175 Isabellegleeson || || Isabelle Jane Pravdova Gleeson (born 2019), granddaughter of Slovak astronomer Alexander Pravda, who co-discovered this minor planet. Isabelle and her parents live in Ireland. || |-id=179 | 33179 Arsènewenger || || Arsène Wenger, French manager, former manager of the English football team Arsenal Football Club || |-id=181 | 33181 Aalokpatwa || || Aalok Nital Patwa (born 2002), a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his materials & bioengineering project. || |-id=187 | 33187 Pizzolato || || Rachel Michelle Pizzolato (born 2004), a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her energy and sustainability project. || |-id=188 | 33188 Shreya || || Shreya Ramachandran (born 2003), a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her environmental and earth sciences project. || |-id=189 | 33189 Ritzdorf || || Lucas Lee Ritzdorf (born 2002) is a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his environmental and earth sciences project. || |-id=190 | 33190 Sigrest || || Eleanor Wren Sigrest (born 2003), a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her electrical and mechanical engineering project. || |-id=191 | 33191 Santiagostone || || Santiago Stone (born 2001), a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his materials & bioengineering project. || |-id=193 | 33193 Emhyr || || Emhyr Subramanian (born 2002), a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his chemistry project. || |-id=195 | 33195 Davenyadav || || Daven Raymond Yadav (born 2002), a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his materials & bioengineering project. || |-id=196 | 33196 Kaienyang || || Kaien Yang (born 2002), a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his medicine and health sciences project. || |-id=197 | 33197 Charlallen || || Charla Allen, a mentor of finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. || |-id=198 | 33198 Mackewicz || || Heather Mackewicz, a mentor of finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. || |-id=200 | 33200 Carasummit || || Cara Summit mentored a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the Canterbury School, Fort Myers, Florida. || |} 33201–33300 |- | 33201 Thomasartiss || || Thomas Artiss mentored a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. He teaches at the Harker School, San Jose, California. || |-id=202 | 33202 Davignon || || Aimee Davignon mentored a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the Henry E. Huntington Middle School, San Marino, California. || |-id=205 | 33205 Graigmarx || || Graig Marx mentored a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. He teaches at the Winchester Thurston School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. || |-id=210 | 33210 Johnrobertson || || John Robertson mentored a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. He teaches at the Alcott Elementary School, Riverside, California. || |-id=213 | 33213 Diggs || || Katherine Diggs mentored a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the St. Joseph School Fullerton, Baltimore, Maryland. || |-id=215 | 33215 Garyjones || || Gary Jones mentored a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. He teaches at the Westminster Schools, Atlanta, Georgia. || |-id=217 | 33217 Bonnybasu || || Bonny Basu mentored a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the Challenger School, Shawnee, San Jose, California. || |-id=219 | 33219 De Los Santos || || Tomas De Los Santos mentored a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. He teaches at the Santa Gertrudis School, Kingsville, Texas. || |-id=221 | 33221 Raqueljacobson || || Raquel Jacobson-Peregrino mentored a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the Boston Latin School, Boston, Massachusetts. || |-id=222 | 33222 Gillingham || || David Gillingham mentored a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. He teaches at the High Tech Middle, San Diego, California. || |-id=224 | 33224 Lesrogers || || Les Rogers mentored a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. He teaches at the Saint Edward's School, Vero Beach, Florida. || |-id=226 | 33226 Melissamacko || || Melissa Macko mentored a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the Aventura Waterways K-8 Center, Miami, Florida. || |-id=230 | 33230 Libbyrobertson || || Libby Robertson mentored a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the Franklin Fine Arts Center, Chicago, Illinois. || |-id=247 | 33247 Iannacone || || Kelli Iannacone mentored a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the Timberlane Middle School, Pennington, New Jersey. || |-id=248 | 33248 Nataliehowell || || Natalie Howell mentored a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the Caddo Middle Magnet, Shreveport, Louisiana. || |-id=249 | 33249 Pamelasvenson || || Pamela Svenson mentored a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the Stoller Middle School, Portland, Oregon. || |-id=254 | 33254 Sundaresakumar || || Preethi Sundaresakumar mentored a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the Stratford Middle School, San Jose, California. || |-id=255 | 33255 Kathybush || || Kathy Bush mentored a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the John Curtis Christian School, River Ridge, Louisiana. || |-id=258 | 33258 Femariebustos || || Fe Marie Bustos mentored a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the Stratford Middle School, Fremont, California. || |-id=261 | 33261 Ginagarlie || || Gina Garlie mentored a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the Kalispell Middle School, Kalispell, Montana. || |-id=263 | 33263 Willhutch || || William Hutchinson mentored a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. He teaches at the Louise A. Benton Middle School, Manassas, Virginia. || |-id=264 | 33264 Maryrogers || || Mary Rogers mentored a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at St. John the Evangelist, Severna Park, Maryland. || |-id=269 | 33269 Broccoli || || JoMarie Broccoli mentored a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the Nysmith School for the Gifted and Talented, Herndon, Virginia. || |-id=270 | 33270 Katiecrysup || || Kathrine Crysup-Sikes mentored a finalist in the 2016 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the Seashore Middle Academy, Corpus Christi, Texas. || |-id=274 | 33274 Beaubingham || || Beau Taylor Bingham (born 1999) was a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron STS, and was awarded 2nd place at the 2016 ISEF for his medicine and health project. He attends the Cascia Hall Preparatory School, Tulsa, Oklahoma. || |-id=282 | 33282 Arjunramani || || Arjun Srinivasan Ramani (born 1998) was a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron STS, and was awarded 2nd place at the 2016 ISEF for his computer science project. He attends the West Lafayette Junior-Senior High School, West Lafayette, Indiana. || |-id=288 | 33288 Shixian || || Xian Shi (born 1983) of the Max-Planck Institute (Göttingen) analyzed image data of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken by the OSIRIS camera system of the Rosetta mission to discover sunset and sunrise jets as well as the ejection of meter-size boulders by the local gas flow on the comet. || |-id=290 | 33290 Carloszuluaga || || Carlos A. Zuluaga (born 1982) is a Senior Research Support Associate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, MA). His work includes photometry and astrometry of Pluto and other trans-Neptunian bodies, particularly to predict and analyze stellar occultation observations. || |} 33301–33400 |-id=319 | 33319 Kunqu || || Kunqu, one of the oldest forms of Chinese theater (opera), evolved from a melody, Kumshan diao, from the city of Kumshan. || |-id=328 | 33328 Archanaverma || || Archana Verma (born 1999) was a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron STS, and was awarded 1st place at the 2016 ISEF for her chemistry project. She attends the Jericho Senior High School, Jericho, New York. || |-id=329 | 33329 Stefanwan || || Stefan Wan (born 1999) was a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron STS, and was awarded 2nd place at the 2016 ISEF for his engineering project. He attends the Alexander W. Dreyfoos Jr. School of the Arts, West Palm Beach, Florida. || |-id=330 | 33330 Barèges || 1998 SW || Barèges, France, at the foot of the Pic du Midi || |-id=334 | 33334 Turon || || Catherine Turon (born 1944), a French astrometrist || |-id=335 | 33335 Guibert || || Jean Guibert (born 1937), a French astronomer. || |-id=337 | 33337 Amberyang || || Amber Zoe Yang (born 1999) was a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron STS, and was awarded 2nd place at the 2016 ISEF for her space science project. She attends the Trinity Preparatory School, Winter Park, Florida. || |-id=343 | 33343 Madorobin || || Mado Robin (1918–1960) was a French coloratura soprano, noted for her extreme vocal range. || |-id=344 | 33344 Madymesple || || Mady Mesplé (born 1931) was the leading French soprano between the 1950s and 1970s. She played Lakmé 145 times. She is one of the great dames of French opera. || |-id=345 | 33345 Nataliedessay || || Natalie Dessay (born 1965) is a French soprano and actress || |-id=346 | 33346 Sabinedevieilhe || || Sabine Devieilhe (born 1985) is a rising French soprano. She graduated with a first prize of the Conservatoire national supérieur de musique et de danse de Paris in 2011, and triumphed in Lakmé at the Opéra-comique in 2014. || |-id=347 | 33347 Maryzhu || || Mary Zhu (born 1998) was a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron STS, and was awarded 2nd place at the 2016 ISEF for her behavioral and social sciences project. She attended the Nashua High School South, Nashua, New Hampshire and now attends Stanford University in Stanford, CA. || |-id=348 | 33348 Stevelliott || || Steven Thomas Elliott (born 1998) was a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron STS, and was awarded 2nd place at the 2016 ISEF for his engineering project. He is homeschooled at the Magnolia Academy, Parker, Texas. || |-id=353 | 33353 Chattopadhyay || || Sambuddha Chattopadhyay (born 1999), a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his physics project || |-id=372 | 33372 Jonathanchung || || Jonathan H Chung (born 1999), a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his cellular and molecular biology project. || |-id=376 | 33376 Medi || || Enrico Medi (1911–1974), Italian physicist who was director of the National Institute of Geophysics and vice president of the European Atomic Energy Community. || |-id=377 | 33377 Večerníček || || Večerníček, Czech television animated figure || |-id=379 | 33379 Rohandalvi || || Rohan Dalvi (born 1999) is a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his chemistry project. || |-id=382 | 33382 Indranidas || || Indrani Das (born 1999), a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her medicine and health project. || |-id=383 | 33383 Edupuganti || || Vineet Edupuganti (born 1999), a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his engineering project. || |-id=384 | 33384 Jacyfang || || Jacy Fang (born 1999), a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her medicine and health project. || |-id=389 | 33389 Isairisgreco || || Isabella Iris Greco (born 1999), a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her behavioral and social sciences project. || |-id=390 | 33390 Hajlasz || || Natalia Hajlasz (born 2000), a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her chemistry project. || |-id=392 | 33392 Blakehord || || Blake Hord (born 1999), a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his space science project. || |-id=393 | 33393 Khandelwal || || Apoorv Khandelwal (born 1999), a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his materials science project. || |-id=394 | 33394 Nathaniellee || || Nathaniel Paul Lee (born 1999), a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his physics project. || |-id=395 | 33395 Dylanli || || Dylan Li (born 1999), a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his medicine and health project. || |-id=396 | 33396 Vrindamadan || || Vrinda Madan (born 1999), a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her cellular and molecular biology project. || |-id=397 | 33397 Prathiknaidu || || Prathik Naidu (born 1999), a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his computational biology and bioinformatics project. || |-id=399 | 33399 Emilyann || || Emily Ann Peterson (born 1999), a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her cellular and molecular biology project. || |-id=400 | 33400 Laurapierson || || Laura Catherine Pierson (born 1999) is a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her mathematics project. She attends the College Preparatory School, Oakland, California. || |} 33401–33500 |- | 33401 Radiya-Dixit || || Evani Radiya-Dixit (born 1999) is a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her computational biology and bioinformatics project. She attends the Harker School, San Jose, California. || |-id=402 | 33402 Canizares || || Claude R. Canizares (born 1945) is a renowned physicist, the Bruno Rossi Professor of Physics at MIT, associate director of the Chandra X-ray Observatory, and former director of MIT's Center for Space Research. || |-id=405 | 33405 Rekhtman || || David Boris Rekhtman (born 1998) is a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his medicine and health project. He attends the Walt Whitman High School, Bethesda, Maryland. || |-id=406 | 33406 Saltzman || || Audrey Saltzman (born 1999) is a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her space science project. She attends the Byram Hills High School, Armonk, New York. || |-id=408 | 33408 Mananshah || || Manan Ajay Shah (born 1999) is a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his computational biology and bioinformatics project. He attends the Harker School, San Jose, California. || |-id=412 | 33412 Arjunsubra || || Arjun Subramaniam (born 1999) is a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his computational biology and bioinformatics project. He attends the Harker School, San Jose, California. || |-id=413 | 33413 Alecsun || || Alec Sun (born 1998) is a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his mathematics project. He attends the Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, New Hampshire. || |-id=414 | 33414 Jessicatian || || Jessica C Tian (born 1999) is a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her chemistry project. She attends the Del Norte High School, San Diego, California. || |-id=415 | 33415 Felixwang || || Felix Wang (born 1998) is a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his mathematics project. He attends the Roxbury Latin School, West Roxbury, Massachusetts. || |-id=418 | 33418 Jacksonweaver || || Jackson Barker Weaver (born 1999) is a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his biochemistry project. He attends the Dr. Ronald E. McNair Academic High School, Jersey City, New Jersey. || |-id=419 | 33419 Wellman || || Julian Wellman (born 1998) is a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his mathematics project. He attends the Greenhills School, Ann Arbor, Michigan. || |-id=420 | 33420 Derekwoo || || Derek Woo (born 1999) is a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his environmental science project. He attends the Greenwich High School, Greenwich, Connecticut. || |-id=421 | 33421 Byronxu || || Byron Lee Xu (born 1999) is a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his earth and planetary project. He attends the William P. Clements High School, Sugar Land, Texas. || |-id=433 | 33433 Maurilia || || Maurilia Sposetti, sister of the discoverer † || |-id=434 | 33434 Scottmanley || 1999 FU || Scott Manley (born 1972) is a popular science communicator, best known for his videos on YouTube combining science and games. A software engineer trained as an astrophysicist, he created visualizations of the asteroid belt and near-Earth asteroids. || |-id=440 | 33440 Nicholasprato || || Nicholas Prato (born 1952) is an artist/craftsman who is a science, space and astronomy enthusiast and supporter. He has worked on the reduction of infrared spectra taken at the Keck II telescope. || |-id=441 | 33441 Catherineprato || || Catherine Coulacos Prato (born 1957) is a writer, editor, and supporter of women and other underrepresented groups in science and academia. || |-id=446 | 33446 Michaelyang || || Michael Yang (born 1998) is a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his computational biology and bioinformatics project. He attends the Charlotte Latin School, Charlotte, North Carolina. || |-id=448 | 33448 Aaronyeiser || || Aaron Joseph Yeiser (born 1998) is a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his mathematics project. He attends the Perkiomen Valley High School, Collegeville, Pennsylvania. || |-id=450 | 33450 Allender || || Kate Allender mentored a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Tesla STEM High School, Redmond, Washington. || |-id=451 | 33451 Michaelarney || || Michael Arney mentored a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Trinity Preparatory School, Winter Park, Florida. || |-id=452 | 33452 Olivebryan || || Olive Bryan mentored a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Alexander W. Dreyfoos Jr. School of the Arts, West Palm Beach, Florida. || |-id=453 | 33453 Townley || || Townley Chisholm mentored a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, New Hampshire. || |-id=454 | 33454 Neilclaffey || || Neil Claffey mentored a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Nashua High School South, Nashua, New Hampshire. || |-id=455 | 33455 Coakley || || Jack Coakley mentored a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the College Preparatory School, Oakland, California. || |-id=456 | 33456 Ericacurran || || Erica Curran mentored a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Dobbs Ferry High School, Dobbs Ferry, New York. || |-id=457 | 33457 Cutillo || || Mary Cutillo mentored a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Perkiomen Valley High School, Collegeville, Pennsylvania. || |-id=458 | 33458 Fialkow || || Joshua Fialkow mentored a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Bronx High School of Science, Bronx, New York. || |-id=462 | 33462 Tophergee || || Topher Gee mentored a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Charlotte Latin School, Charlotte, North Carolina. || |-id=463 | 33463 Bettinagregg || || Bettina Gregg mentored a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Oregon Episcopal School, Portland, Oregon. || |-id=464 | 33464 Melahudock || || Melanie L. Hudock mentored a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Walt Whitman High School, Bethesda, Maryland. || |-id=466 | 33466 Thomaslarson || || Thomas G. Larson mentored a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, Virginia. || |-id=467 | 33467 Johnlieb || || John Michael Lieb mentored a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Roxbury Latin School, West Roxbury, Massachusetts. || |-id=468 | 33468 Nelsoneric || || Eric R. Nelson mentored a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Harker School, San Jose, California. || |-id=471 | 33471 Ozuna || || Kenneth Ozuna mentored a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Del Norte High School, San Diego, California. || |-id=472 | 33472 Yunorperalta || || Yunor Peralta mentored a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Mission San Jose High School, Fremont, California. || |-id=473 | 33473 Porterfield || || Pam Porterfield mentored a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the West Lafayette Junior-Senior High School, West Lafayette, Indiana. || |-id=476 | 33476 Gilanareiss || || Gilana Reiss mentored a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Hunter College High School, New York, New York. || |-id=478 | 33478 Deniselivon || 1999 GB || Denise Selivon, Brazilian biologist and professor at the University of São Paulo || |-id=480 | 33480 Bartolucci || || Osvaldo Bartolucci, Italian director of the Osservatorio Astronomico di Alpette || |-id=489 | 33489 Myungjinkim || || Myung-Jin Kim (born 1978) is a senior research scientist at the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute. His research includes the photometric characterization of asteroids, involvement in the Hayabusa2 mission to asteroid (162173) Ryugu, and contributions to the large-scale KMTNet and OWL-Net surveys. || |-id=492 | 33492 Christirogers || || Christine Rogers mentored a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Hendrick Hudson High School, Montrose, New York. || |-id=495 | 33495 Schaferjames || || James R. Schafer mentored a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Montgomery Blair High School, Silver Spring, Maryland. || |-id=498 | 33498 Juliesmith || || Julie Smith mentored a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Greenhills School, Ann Arbor, Michigan. || |-id=499 | 33499 Stanton || || Jeremy Stanton mentored a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Dr. Ronald E. McNair Academic High School, Jersey City, New Jersey. || |} 33501–33600 |- | 33501 Juliethompson || || Julie Thompson mentored a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the William P. Clements High School, Sugar Land, Texas. || |-id=502 | 33502 Janetwaldeck || || Janet Waldeck mentored a finalist in the 2017 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Taylor Allderdice High School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. || |-id=503 | 33503 Dasilvaborges || || Luiz Fernando da Silva Borges (born 1998) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biomedical engineering project. He also received the Philip V. Streich Memorial Award. || |-id=504 | 33504 Rebrouwer || || Rachel Elizabeth Brouwer (born 2002) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and environmental sciences project. || |-id=508 | 33508 Drewnik || || Dennis Adrian Drewnik (born 1998) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his plant sciences project. He also received the Dudley R. Herschbach SIYSS Award || |-id=509 | 33509 Mogilny || || Daniel Mogilny (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his systems software project. || |-id=511 | 33511 Austinwang || || Han Jie (Austin) Wang (born 1998) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his microbiology project. He also received the Gordon E. Moore Award. || |-id=514 | 33514 Changpeihsuan || || Chang Pei-Hsuan (born 1998) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her math project. She also received the European Union Contest for Young Scientists Award. || |-id=515 | 33515 Linbohan || || Lin Bo-Han (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics and astronomy project. || |-id=516 | 33516 Timonen || || Petteri Timonen (born 1997) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his systems software project. || |-id=517 | 33517 Paulfoltin || || Paul Foltin (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his embedded systems team project. He attends the Franz-Haniel-Gymnasium, Duisburg, Germany. || |-id=518 | 33518 Stoetzer || || Myrijam Stoetzer (born 2001) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her embedded systems team project. She attends the Franz-Haniel-Gymnasium, Duisburg, Germany. || |-id=520 | 33520 Ichige || || Takahiro Ichige (born 1998) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his engineering mechanics project. He attends the Chiba Municipal High School, Chiba-City, Chiba-pref., Japan. || |-id=522 | 33522 Chizumimaeta || || Chizumi Maeta (born 1997) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her energy team project. She attends the Yonago National College of Technology, Yonago-City, Tottori-pref., Japan. || |-id=523 | 33523 Warashina || || Tomoro Warashina (born 1997) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his cellular and molecular biology project. He attends the Yokohama Science Frontier High School, Yokohama-City, Kanagawa-pref., Japan. || |-id=525 | 33525 Teresinha || || Teresinha Rodrigues (born 1957) is a researcher at the Observatorio Nacional in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). She played a fundamental role in the implementation of outreach programs at the Observatorio Astronomico do Sertão de Itaparica (Brazil) dedicated to the study of small Solar System bodies. || |-id=528 | 33528 Jinzeman || 1999 HL || Jindřich Zeman, Czech amateur astronomer, winner of the František Nušl Award of the Czech Astronomical Society in 1942 || |-id=529 | 33529 Henden || || Arne A. Henden, American astronomer, co-author of Astronomical Photometry, director of the American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO) || |-id=532 | 33532 Gabriellacoli || || Gabriella Coli, Italian elementary school teacher of the first discoverer || |-id=534 | 33534 Meiyamamura || || Mei Yamamura (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her energy team project. She attends the Yonago National College of Technology, Yonago-city, Tottori-pref., Japan. || |-id=535 | 33535 Alshaikh || || Fatimah Abdulmonem Alshaikh (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her plant sciences project. She attends the Al Faisaliah Islamic Schools, Khobar, Saudi Arabia. || |-id=536 | 33536 Charpugdee || || Runglawan Charpugdee (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her animal sciences team project. She attends the Damrongratsongkroh School, Chiang Rai, Thailand. || |-id=537 | 33537 Doungnga || || Charuntorn Doungnga (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her animal sciences team project. She attends the Damrongratsongkroh School, Chiang Rai, Thailand. || |-id=538 | 33538 Jaredbergen || || Jared Randolph Bergen (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his animal sciences project. He attends the Sayville High School, West Sayville, New York, U.S.A. || |-id=539 | 33539 Elenaberman || || Elena Alexandra Berman (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her computational biology and bioinformatics team project. She attends the Breck School, Golden Valley, Minnesota, U.S.A. || |-id=544 | 33544 Jerold || || Jerold Z. Kaplan, American physician, surgeon, and amateur astronomer || |-id=550 | 33550 Blackburn || || Lee Blackburn (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy project. He attends the Lawrence High School, Cedarhurst, New York, U.S.A. || |-id=553 | 33553 Nagai || || Nagai, Yamagata prefecture, Japan, where a meteorite fell in 1922 || |-id=555 | 33555 Nataliebush || || Natalie Marie Bush (born 1998) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and environmental sciences project. She also received the Intel and Indo-US Science & Technology Forum Award. She attends the Saint Josephs Academy, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A. || |-id=556 | 33556 Brennanclark || || Brennan Scott Clark (born 1997) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his translational medical science team project. He attends the Breck School, Golden Valley, Minnesota, U.S.A. || |-id=559 | 33559 Laurencooper || || Lauren Cooper (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her materials science project. She attends the Lake Oswego High School, Lake Oswego, Oregon, U.S.A. || |-id=560 | 33560 D'Alessandro || || Alexis Maria D´Alessandro (born 1997) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental engineering project. She attends the Half Hollow Hills High School West, Dix Hills, New York, U.S.A. || |-id=561 | 33561 Brianjasondu || || Brian Jason Du (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his cellular and molecular biology project. He attends the Plano West Senior High School, Plano, Texas, U.S.A. || |-id=562 | 33562 Amydunphy || || Amy Dunphy (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her chemistry project. She attends the Harker School, San Jose, California, U.S.A. || |-id=564 | 33564 Miriamshira || || Miriam Shira Eisenberg (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her behavioral and social sciences project. She attends the North Shore Hebrew Academy High School, Great Neck, New York, U.S.A. || |-id=565 | 33565 Samferguson || || Samuel Ferguson (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biomedical engineering project. She attends the Christian Unified High School, El Cajon, California, U.S.A. || |-id=567 | 33567 Sulekhfrederic || || Sulekh Frederic Fernando-Peiris (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics and astronomy project. He attends the Mount Vernon High School, Mount Vernon, Ohio, U.S.A. || |-id=568 | 33568 Godishala || || Prashant Sai Godishala (born 1998) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his translational medical science team project. He attends the Breck School, Golden Valley, Minnesota, U.S.A. || |-id=569 | 33569 Nikhilgopal || || Nikhil Sajan Gopal (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his microbiology project. He attends the Lawrenceville School, Lawerenceville, New Jersey, U.S.A. || |-id=570 | 33570 Jagruenstein || || Joshua Aaron Gruenstein (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his robotics and intelligent machines team project. He attends the Horace Mann School, Bronx, New York, U.S.A. || |-id=571 | 33571 Jaygupta || || Jay Gupta (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his cellular and molecular biology project. He attends the Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, Virginia, U.S.A. || |-id=572 | 33572 Mandolin || || Mandolin Harris (born 1997) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and environmental sciences project. She attends the Arkansas School for Mathematics, Sciences and the Arts, Hot Springs, Arkansas, U.S.A. || |-id=573 | 33573 Hugrace || || Grace Hu (born 1999) was awarded first place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her materials science project. She attends the Jericho High School, Jericho, New York, U.S.A. || |-id=574 | 33574 Shailaja || || Shailaja Humane (born 1997) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her physics and astronomy project. She attends the Watchung Hills Regional High School, Warren, New Jersey, U.S.A. || |-id=575 | 33575 Joshuajacob || || Joshua Murphy Jacob (born 1999) was awarded first place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his engineering mechanics project. He attends the Saint Xavier High School, Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.A. || |-id=580 | 33580 Priyankajain || || Priyanka Jain (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biomedical and health sciences project. She attends the La Cueva High School, Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.A. || |-id=581 | 33581 Rajeevjha || || Rajeev Jha (born 1998) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his behavioral and social sciences project. He also received the European Union Contest for Young Scientists Award. He attends the President Theodore Roosevelt High School, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. || |-id=582 | 33582 Tiashajoardar || || Tiasha Joardar (born 1998) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her energy project. She also received the Innovation Exploration Award. She attends the Plano West Senior High School, Plano, Texas, U.S.A. || |-id=583 | 33583 Karamchedu || || Chaitanya Dasharathi Karamchedu (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental engineering project. He attends the Jesuit High School, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. || |-id=584 | 33584 Austinkatzer || || Austin Wolfgang Katzer (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his animal sciences team project. He attends the Jasper High School, Plano, Texas, U.S.A. || |-id=586 | 33586 Keeley || || Charlotte Underwood Keeley (born 1998) was awarded first place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her plant sciences project. She attends the Ossining High School, Ossining, New York, U.S.A. || |-id=587 | 33587 Arianakim || || Ariana Kim (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental engineering team project. She attends the Saint Andrew's Priory School, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. || |-id=589 | 33589 Edwardkim || || Edward Sangyoon Kim (born 1999) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biochemistry project. He also received the Intel and Indo-US Science & Technology Forum Award. He attends the Midway High School, Waco, Texas, U.S.A. || |-id=590 | 33590 Sreelakshmi || || Sreelakshmi Kutty (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental engineering team project. She attends the Saint Andrew's Priory School, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. || |-id=591 | 33591 Landsberger || || Huws Yoshito Landsberger (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics and astronomy project. He attends the Palos Verdes Peninsula High School, Rolling Hills Estates, California, U.S.A. || |-id=592 | 33592 Kathrynanna || || Kathryn Anna Lawrence (born 1998) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her chemistry team project. She also received the Intel Foundation Cultural and Scientific Visit to China Award. She attends the Fairview High School, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A. || |-id=594 | 33594 Ralphlawton || || Ralph Ignacio Lawton (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biomedical and health sciences project. He attends the Pennsylvania Leadership Charter School, West Chester, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. || |-id=595 | 33595 Jiwoolee || || Jiwoo Lee (born 1999) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biomedical and health sciences project. She also received the Intel and Indo-US Science & Technology Forum Award. She attends the Academy for Medical Science Technology, Hackensack, NJ, U.S.A. || |-id=596 | 33596 Taesoolee || || Taesoo Daniel Lee (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials science project. He attends the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A. || |-id=598 | 33598 Christineliu || || Christine Joy Liu (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her computational biology and bioinformatics project. She attends the Westminster Schools, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. || |-id=599 | 33599 Mckennaloop || || McKenna Kristin Loop (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her energy project. She attends the Arizona College Preparatory- Erie, Chandler, Arizona, U.S.A. || |-id=600 | 33600 Davidlu || || David M. Lu (born 1997) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his microbiology project. He attends the Mills E. Godwin High School, Henrico, Virginia, U.S.A. || |} 33601–33700 |-id=602 | 33602 Varunmandi || || Varun Mandi (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biomedical and health sciences project. He attends the Troy High School, Fullerton, California, U.S.A. || |-id=603 | 33603 Saramason || || Sara Mason (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her embedded systems team project. She attends the Merrimack High School, Merrimack, New Hampshire, U.S.A. || |-id=604 | 33604 McChesney || || Evelyn Grace McChesney (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biomedical engineering team project. She attends the Breck School, Golden Valley, Minnesota, U.S.A. || |-id=605 | 33605 McCue || || Madeline Chawla McCue (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biomedical engineering team project. She attends the Breck School, Golden Valley, Minnesota, U.S.A. || |-id=606 | 33606 Brandonmuncan || || Brandon Michael Muncan (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his translational medical science project. He attends the Queens High School for the Sciences at York College, Jamaica, New York, U.S.A. || |-id=607 | 33607 Archanamurali || || Archana Bhagyalakshmi Murali (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her computational biology and bioinformatics team project. She attends the Breck School, Golden Valley, Minnesota, U.S.A. || |-id=608 | 33608 Paladugu || || Praharshasai Paladugu (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his translational medical science project. He attends the duPont Manual High School, Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.A. || |-id=609 | 33609 Harishpalani || || Harish Palani (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his earth and environmental sciences project. He attends the Sunset High School, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. || |-id=610 | 33610 Payra || || Syamantak Payra (born 2001) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his embedded systems project. He also received the Intel Foundation Young Scientist Award. He attends the Clear Brook High School, Friendswood, Texas, U.S.A. || |-id=613 | 33613 Pendharkar || || Aarushi Iris Pendharkar (born 2001) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biomedical and health sciences project. She attends the Massachusetts Academy of Math and Science, Worcester, Massachusetts, U.S.A. || |-id=614 | 33614 Meganploch || || Megan Coral Ploch (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental engineering project. She attends the Pelham Memorial High School, Pelham, New York, U.S.A. || |-id=617 | 33617 Kailashraman || || Kailash Raman (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his chemistry project. He attends the Sandra Day O'Connor High School, Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.A. || |-id=619 | 33619 Dominickrowan || || Dominick Michael Rowan (born 1998) was awarded first place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics and astronomy project. He attends the Byram Hills High School, Armonk, New York, U.S.A. || |-id=621 | 33621 Sathish || || Sanjeev-Kumar Mamalapuram Sathish (born 1999) was awarded first place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his cellular and molecular biology project. || |-id=622 | 33622 Sedigh || || Kameron Sedigh (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biochemistry project. || |-id=623 | 33623 Kyraseevers || || Kyra Leigh Seevers (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her engineering mechanics project. || |-id=624 | 33624 Omersiddiqui || || Omer Siddiqui (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his math project. || |-id=625 | 33625 Slepyan || || Ariel Slepyan (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his microbiology project. || |-id=626 | 33626 Jasonsmith || || Jason Tanner Smith (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his animal sciences team project. || |-id=628 | 33628 Spettel || || Matthew Thomas Spettel (born 1997) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his embedded systems team project. || |-id=630 | 33630 Swathiravi || || Swathi Ravi Srinivasan (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biochemistry project. || |-id=633 | 33633 Strickland || || Edmond Bruce Strickland (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his engineering mechanics project. || |-id=634 | 33634 Strickler || || Sarah Kay Strickler (born 1997) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her microbiology project. || |-id=655 | 33655 Sumathipala || || Marissa Sumathipala (born 2000) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her cellular and molecular biology project. She attends the Broad Run High School, Ashburn, Virginia, U.S.A. || |-id=660 | 33660 Rishishankar || || Rishi Shankar Sundaresan (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy project. || |-id=661 | 33661 Sophiaswartz || || Sophia Edith Swartz (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her plant sciences project. || |-id=662 | 33662 Tacescu || || Alex Cristian Tacescu (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his engineering mechanics project. || |-id=667 | 33667 Uttripathii || || Uttkarshni Tripathii (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and environmental sciences project. || |-id=677 | 33677 Truell || || Michael Truell (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his robotics and intelligent machines team project. || |-id=680 | 33680 Vasconcelos || || Francisca Vasconcelos (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her robotics and intelligent machines project. || |-id=681 | 33681 Wamsley || || Nick A.Wamsley (born 1999) was awarded first place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his microbiology project. || |-id=682 | 33682 Waylonreid || || Waylon Reid Williams (born 1997) was awarded first place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental engineering project. || |-id=684 | 33684 Xiaomichael || || Michael Xiao (born 1998) was awarded first place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biomedical and health sciences project. || |-id=685 | 33685 Younglove || || Katherine Afton Younglove (born 1998) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2016 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her chemistry team project. She also received the Intel Foundation Cultural and Scientific Visit to China Award. || |-id=687 | 33687 Julianbain || || Julian Manitou Bain (born 2003) is a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his electrical and mechanical engineering project. He attends the Missoula International School, Missoula, Montana. || |-id=688 | 33688 Meghnabehari || || Meghna Swaminathan Behari (born 2002) is a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her materials & bioengineering project. She attends the Marshall Middle School, Wexford, Pennsylvania. || |-id=690 | 33690 Noahcain || || Noah Miles Cain (born 2005) is a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his environmental and earth sciences project. He attends the Krystal School of Science, Math, and Technology, Hesperia, California. || |-id=691 | 33691 Andrewchiang || || Andrew Chiang (born 2002) is a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his electrical and mechanical engineering project. He attends the BASIS Independent Silicon Valley, San Jose, California. || |-id=696 | 33696 Crouchley || || Austin Vincent Crouchley (born 2003) is a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his electrical and mechanical engineering project. He attends the Garden City Middle School, Garden City, New York. || |-id=699 | 33699 Jessiegan || || Jessie Low Gan (born 2003) is a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her microbiology and biochemistry project. She attends the San Diego Jewish Academy, San Diego, California. || |-id=700 | 33700 Gluckman || || Leia Ruth Gluckman (born 2004) is a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her materials & bioengineering project. She attends the Beverly Vista Middle School, Beverly Hills, California. || |} 33701–33800 |- | 33701 Gotthold || || Zoe Anne Gotthold (born 2002) is a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her environmental and earth sciences project. She attends the Carmichael Middle School, Richland, Washington. || |-id=702 | 33702 Spencergreen || || Spencer S. Green (born 2004) is a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his electrical and mechanical engineering project. He attends the Pegasus School, Huntington Beach, California. || |-id=703 | 33703 Anthonyhill || || Anthony Glenn Hill (born 2002) is a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his plant science project. He attends the Churchill Junior High, Salt Lake City, Utah. || |-id=704 | 33704 Herinkang || || Herin Kang (born 2004) is a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her environmental and earth sciences project. She attends the Stratford Middle School, San Jose, California. || |-id=713 | 33713 Mithravamshi || || Mithra Vamshi Karamchedu (born 2003) is a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his environmental and earth sciences project. He attends the Stoller Middle School, Portland, Oregon. || |-id=714 | 33714 Sarakaufman || || Sara Lillian Kaufman (born 2005) is a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her electrical and mechanical engineering project. She attends the American Heritage School, Plantation, Florida. || |-id=725 | 33725 Robertkent || || Robert Allen Kent (born 2002) is a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his environmental and earth sciences project. He attends the Saint Anselm School, Chesterland, Ohio. || |-id=727 | 33727 Kummel || || Kathryn Tsi-Pak Kummel (born 2003) is a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her environmental and earth sciences project. She attends the North Middle School, Colorado Springs, Colorado. || |-id=734 | 33734 Stephenlitt || || Stephen Robert Litt (born 2004) is a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his medicine and health sciences project. He attends the Lovinggood Middle School, Powder Springs, Georgia. || |-id=737 | 33737 Helenlyons || || Helen L. Lyons (born 2003) is a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her electrical and mechanical engineering project. She attends the Hunter College High School, New York, New York. || |-id=740 | 33740 Arjunmoorthy || || Arjun Moorthy (born 2002) is a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his behavioral and social sciences project. He attends the BASIS Scottsdale, Scottsdale, Arizona. || |-id=746 | 33746 Sombart || 1999 OK || Jean-Pierre Sombart, a French amateur astronomer who constructed the 0.4-m Newtonian-Cassegrain telescope at the Pises Observatory and also took an active part in using it to observe minor planets || |-id=747 | 33747 Clingan || || Roy Clingan (born 1950), an American amateur astronomer and discoverer of minor planets || |-id=750 | 33750 Davehiggins || || David J. Higgins (born 1961), Australian business analyst and amateur astronomer, operator of Hunters Hill Observatory and a discoverer of minor planets || |-id=761 | 33761 Honoranavid || || Honora Ellen Navid (born 2003) is a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her environmental and earth sciences project. She attends the Shady Side Academy Middle School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. || |-id=762 | 33762 Sanjayseshan || || Sanjay Seshan (born 2002) is a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his electrical and mechanical engineering project. He attends the Dorseyville Middle School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. || |-id=789 | 33789 Sharmacam || || Cameron Sharma (born 2004) is a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his medicine and health sciences project. He attends the George H. Moody Middle School, Richmond, Virginia. || |-id=799 | 33799 Myra || || Myra J. Halpin, American finalist in both NASA's Teacher in Space (1985) and Educator Astronaut Teacher (2004) competitions || |-id=800 | 33800 Gross || || John Gross (born 1959), American amateur astronomer || |} 33801–33900 |- | 33801 Emilyshi || || Emily Tian Shi (born 2003) is a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her plant science project. She attends the Cambridge School, San Diego, California. || |-id=806 | 33806 Shrivastava || || Aryansh Shrivastava (born 2004) is a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his computer science and software engineering project. He attends the Washington High School, Fremont, California. || |-id=810 | 33810 Tangirala || || Pujita Srilalitha Tangirala (born 2004) is a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her chemistry project. She attends the Challenger School, Strawberry Park, San Jose, California. || |-id=811 | 33811 Scottobin || || Scott Russell Tobin (born 2003) is a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his environmental and earth sciences project. He attends the Creekside Middle School, Port Orange, Florida. || |-id=814 | 33814 Viswesh || || Annika Viswesh (born 2003) is a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her computer science and software engineering project. She attends the Stratford Sunnyvale Raynor Middle School, Sunnyvale, California. || |-id=817 | 33817 Fariswald || || Faris Irwin Wald (born 2002) is a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his environmental and earth sciences project. He attends the Capshaw Middle School, Santa Fe, New Mexico. || |-id=823 | 33823 Mariorigutti || || Mario Rigutti (born 1926) is an accomplished astronomer. He worked at the Arcetri Observatory, was president of the IAS, was chairman of the Solar Eclipses Working Group of the International Astronomical Union and was director of the Capodimonte Astronomical Observatory in Naples. || |-id=825 | 33825 Reganwill || || Regan Catherine Williams (born 2005) is a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her animal science project. She attends the Roland-Grise Middle School, Wilmington, North Carolina. || |-id=826 | 33826 Kevynadams || || Kevyn Adams mentored a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. He teaches at the BASIS Independent Silicon Valley, San Jose, California. || |-id=829 | 33829 Asherson || || Caryn Asherson mentored a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the Beverly Vista Middle School, Beverly Hills, California. || |-id=834 | 33834 Hannahkaplan || || Hannah Kaplan (born 1991) is a postdoctoral researcher at the Southwest Research Institute (Boulder, CO) working on the OSIRIS-REx mission. She specializes in using remote sensing techniques and spectroscopy for research in Earth and Planetary Sciences. || |-id=838 | 33838 Brandabaker || || Branda Baker mentored a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the Carmichael Middle School, Richland, Washington. || |-id=852 | 33852 Baschnagel || || Amy Baschnagel mentored a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the Marshall Middle School, Wexford, Pennsylvania. || |-id=861 | 33861 Boucvalt || || Cathy Boucvalt mentored a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the John Curtis Christian School, River Ridge, Louisiana. || |-id=863 | 33863 Elfriederwin || || Elfriede and Erwin Schwab Sr., parents of German astronomer Erwin Schwab, member of the group that discovered this body ‡ || |-id=869 | 33869 Brunnermatt || || Matt Brunner mentored a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. He teaches at the Shady Side Academy Middle School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. || |-id=871 | 33871 Locastillo || || Lourdie Castillo mentored a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. He teaches at the Hunter College High School, New York, New York. || |-id=872 | 33872 Kristichung || || Kristi Chung mentored a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the Stratford Middle School, San Jose, California. || |-id=875 | 33875 Laurencooney || || Lauren Cooney mentored a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the BASIS Scottsdale, Scottsdale, Arizona. || |-id=879 | 33879 Kierstendeen || || Kiersten Deen mentored a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the North Middle School, Colorado Springs, Colorado. || |-id=886 | 33886 Lilydeveau || || Lily Deveau mentored a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the San Diego Jewish Academy, San Diego, California. || |-id=889 | 33889 Jengebo || || Jen Gebo mentored a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the Missoula International School, Missoula, Montana. || |-id=892 | 33892 Meligingrich || || Melissa Gingrich mentored a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the Cambridge School, San Diego, California. || |-id=896 | 33896 Hickson || || Dylan Hickson (born 1991) is a postdoctoral scholar at the Arecibo Observatory, Puerto Rico, who specializes in radar observations of near-Earth asteroids and understanding the properties of planetary surfaces and regolith using radar scattering measurements. || |-id=897 | 33897 Erikagreen || || Erika Green mentored a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the Burlington Township Middle School, Burlington, New Jersey. || |-id=898 | 33898 Kendra || || Kendra Harrison mentored a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the Roland-Grise Middle School, Wilmington, North Carolina. || |} 33901–34000 |-id=902 | 33902 Ingoldsby || || Martin Ingoldsby mentored a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. He teaches at the Creekside Middle School, Port Orange, Florida. || |-id=904 | 33904 Janardhanan || || Vidya Janardhanan mentored a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the Stratford Sunnyvale Raynor Middle School, Sunnyvale, California. || |-id=905 | 33905 Leyajoykutty || || Leya Joykutty mentored a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the American Heritage School, Plantation, Florida. || |-id=907 | 33907 Christykrenek || || Christy Krenek mentored a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the Capshaw Middle School, Santa Fe, New Mexico. || |-id=910 | 33910 Lestarge || || Brian LeStarge mentored a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. He teaches at the Churchill Junior High, Salt Lake City, Utah. || |-id=912 | 33912 Melissanoland || || Melissa Noland mentored a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the Krystal School of Science, Math, and Technology, Hesperia, California. || |-id=917 | 33917 Kellyoconnor || || Kelly O'Connor mentored a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the George H. Moody Middle School, Richmond, Virginia. || |-id=918 | 33918 Janiscoville || || Janice Scoville mentored a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the Lovinggood Middle School, Powder Springs, Georgia. || |-id=920 | 33920 Trivisonno || || Andrea Trivisonno mentored a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the Saint Anselm School, Chesterland, Ohio. || |-id=923 | 33923 Juliewarren || || Julie Warren mentored a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the Pegasus School, Huntington Beach, California. || |-id=929 | 33929 Lisaprato || || Lisa A. Prato, assistant astronomer at Lowell Observatory || |-id=932 | 33932 Keane || || Jacqueline V. Keane (born 1973) is an Assistant Astronomer at the Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii whose research interests include the use of ground- and space-based facilities to study the comae and nuclei of comets. || |-id=936 | 33936 Johnwells || || John Wells mentored a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. He teaches at the William Hopkins Junior High School, Fremont, California. || |-id=937 | 33937 Raphaelmarschall || || Raphael Marschall (born 1987) is a Research Scholar at the Southwest Research Institute whose studies include modeling the gas and dust emission from cometary nuclei and interpretation of a complementary set of observations of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko acquired by the Rosetta mission. || |-id=958 | 33958 Zaferiou || || Paraskevy Zaferiou mentored a finalist in the 2017 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. She teaches at the Garden City Middle School, Garden City, New York. || |-id=961 | 33961 Macinleyneve || || Macinley Neve Butson (born 2000) was awarded first place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her translational medical science project. She attends the Illawarra Grammar School, Mangerton, NSW, Australia. || |-id=963 | 33963 Moranhidalgo || || Camila Moran-Hidalgo (born 2002) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biomedical engineering project. She attends the Westdale Secondary School, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. || |-id=979 | 33979 Sunhaochun || || Sun Haochun Michael (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his math team project. He attends the Shanghai American School Puxi, Shanghai, China. || |-id=991 | 33991 Weixunjing || || Wei Xunjing (born 1999) was awarded first place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her physics and astronomy project. She attends the Shanghai High School, Shanghai, China. || |-id=994 | 33994 Regidufour || || Reginald Dufour, professor in Rice University, Houston || |-id=000 | 34000 Martinmatl || || Martin Matl (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his plant sciences project. He attends the Gymnazium Brno, Trida Kapitana Jarose, Brno, Czech Republic. || |} References 033001-034000

5743476

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%20Herschel

2000 Herschel

2000 Herschel, provisional designation , is a stony Phocaea asteroid and a tumbling slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. It was discovered 29 July 1960, by German astronomer Joachim Schubart at Sonneberg Observatory in eastern Germany. The S-type asteroid has a long rotation period of 130 hours. It was named after astronomer William Herschel. Orbit and classification Herschel is a member of the Phocaea family (), a large family of stony asteroids with nearly two thousand known members. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.7–3.1 AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,341 days; semi-major axis of 2.38 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.30 and an inclination of 23° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as at Johannesburg Observatory in 1934, extending the body's observation arc by 26 years prior to its official discovery observation at Sonneberg. The relatively high orbital eccentricity of this object causes it to come close to the orbit of the planet Mars. This means there is a chance it will eventually collide with the planet, with the odds of a collision estimated at 18% per billion orbits. Naming This minor planet was named in honour of the English astronomer of German origin William Herschel (1738–1822), who discovered what he called Georgium Sidus (aka Uranus). The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 October 1977 (). While the minor planet with number "1000", 1000 Piazzia, honors the discoverer of the first minor planet, Giuseppe Piazzi, number "2000" does so for Herschel, discoverer of the first telescopic major planet. The asteroid is one of several early "kilo-numbered" minor planets that were dedicated to renowned scientists or institutions including: 1000 Piazzia named for Giuseppe Piazzi, discoverer of Ceres 2000 Herschel for William Herschel who discovered Uranus 3000 Leonardo for the Italian polymath of the Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci 4000 Hipparchus for ancient Greek astronomer Hipparchus The sequence continues with the asteroids 5000 IAU (for the International Astronomical Union), 6000 United Nations (for the United Nations), 7000 Curie (for the pioneers on radioactivity, Marie and Pierre Curie), and (for Isaac Newton), while 9000 Hal (after HAL 9000 from 2001: A Space Odyssey) and 10000 Myriostos (after the Greek word for ten-thousandth, which is meant to honor all astronomers) were named based on their direct numeric accordance. Physical characteristics In the Tholen classification, Herschel is a common S-type asteroid. Slow rotator and tumbler Analysis of the lightcurve for this object appears to show that it is tumbling, with rotation occurring about the non-principal axis. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of hours with a high brightness variation of magnitude (). This makes it a slow rotator. Diameter and albedo The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a stony asteroid of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 16.71 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.25. According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Herschel measures between 14.768 and 17.385 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1870 and 0.256. See also 20000 Varuna References External links Lightcurve plot of 2000 Herschel, Palmer Divide Observatory, B. D. Warner (2008) Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 002000 Discoveries by Joachim Schubart Named minor planets 002000 002000 19600729

5743487

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%20Hirayama

1999 Hirayama

1999 Hirayama (prov. designation: ) is a dark background asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 27 February 1973, by Czech astronomer Luboš Kohoutek at the Hamburger Bergedorf Observatory in Germany, and later named after Japanese astronomer Kiyotsugu Hirayama. Orbit and classification Hirayama orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,010 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 13° with respect to the ecliptic. The spectrum of Hirayama matches a C-type classification on the Tholen taxonomic scheme, but with a "broad absorption band that can be associated to a process of aqueous alteration". That is, the surface appears to show some form of water modification. Naming This minor planet is named in honour of Japanese astronomer Kiyotsugu Hirayama (1874–1943), best known for his discovery that many asteroid orbits were more similar to one another than chance would allow, leading to the concept of asteroid families, now called Hirayama families. The lunar crater Hirayama is also named in his honour. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 October 1977 (). Physical characteristics Rotation period A rotational lightcurve of Hirayama was obtained at the Menke Observatory in February 2002. It showed a periodicity of hours, during which time the brightness of Hirayama varies by in magnitude (). At the same time, photometric observations by astronomers Roberto Crippa and Federico Manzini gave a rotation period of 22.37 hours and a brightness variation of 0.47 magnitude (). These results supersede an observation from January 2005, by Hiromi and Hiroko Hamanowa at their Hamanowa Astronomical Observatory, Japan, that gave a shorter period of 13.59 hours with an amplitude of 0.57 magnitude.(). Diameter and albedo According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures between 34.0 and 38.3 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.053 and 0.088. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.062 and a diameter of 33.8 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.0. Notes References External links Lightcurve Database Query (LCDB), at www.minorplanet.info Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Geneva Observatory, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001999 Discoveries by Luboš Kohoutek Named minor planets 19730227

5743499

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%20Titius

1998 Titius

1998 Titius, provisional designation , is a metallic–carbonaceous asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 24 February 1938, by German astronomer Alfred Bohrmann at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany. On the same night, the body was also observed at the Finnish Turku Observatory. It was later named after astronomer Johann Daniel Titius. Orbit and classification Titius orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.3–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,375 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic. It stays in a 2:1 orbital resonance with the planet Mars. Titius observation arc starts on the night following its official discovery observation. Physical characteristics Diameter and albedo According to observations carried out by the Japanese Akari and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Titius has an albedo between 0.093 and 0.126, and its diameter measures between 14.2 and 16.0 kilometers. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 10.8 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.2. Spectral type Its spectral classification is that of a Xc-type asteroid in the SMASS taxonomy, a transitional spectral type between the two large main groups of metallic X-type and carbonaceous C-type asteroids. Both types are much darker than the stony S-type asteroids, which are also very common in the inner main-belt. In addition, Titius is also classified as a M-type asteroid by WISE. Rotation period A rotational lightcurve of Titius was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Robert Stephens at the Californian Santana Observatory in March 2002. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of hours, during which its brightness amplitude varies by magnitude (). Naming This minor planet was named after German astronomer Johann Daniel Titius (1729–1796), best known for formulating the Titius-Bode law, which states that each subsequent planet in the Solar System is roughly twice as far from the Sun than the previous one. He is also honored by the lunar crater Titius. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 October 1977 (). References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001998 Discoveries by Alfred Bohrmann Named minor planets 001998 19380224

5743519

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%20Leverrier

1997 Leverrier

1997 Leverrier (prov. designation: ) is a stony Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 14 September 1963, by the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States, and named after French mathematician Urbain Le Verrier. The asteroid has a rotation period of 6.8 hours and measures approximately in diameter Classification and orbit Leverrier is an S-type asteroid and member of the Flora family, one of the largest families of stony asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,199 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first observed as at the Abastuman Observatory in Georgia on 28 September 1940. Its first used observation was made at Palomar Observatory in 1950, extending the body's observation arc by 13 years prior to the official discovery observation. Naming This minor planet was named after French mathematician Urbain Le Verrier (1811–1877). In 1846, he predicted the existence and position of the planet Neptune by applying the mathematics of celestial mechanics. The Martian and lunar craters Le Verrier are also named in his honor. Its name was suggested by MPC-director Brian G. Marsden, after whom the minor planet 1877 Marsden is named. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 October 1977 (). Physical characteristics In March 2016, a modeled rotation period for Leverrier was published using data from the Lowell Photometric Database (LPD). Using lightcurve inversion and convex shape models, as well as distributed computing power and the help of individual volunteers, a period of 8.015 hours could be obtained for this asteroid from the LPD's sparse-in-time photometry data (). According to the survey carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, Leverrier measures 6.8 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.166. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.181 and a concurring diameter of 6.8 kilometers, with an absolute magnitude of 13.3. When using a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, its mean diameter is between 6 and 14 kilometers for an assumed albedo in the range of 0.05 to 0.25. References External links Lightcurve Database Query (LCDB), at www.minorplanet.info Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Geneva Observatory, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001997 001997 Named minor planets 19630914

5744585

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propoetides

Propoetides

In Greco-Roman mythology, the Propoetides (Ancient Greek: Προποιτίδες) are the daughters of Propoetus from the city of Amathus on the island of Cyprus. Mythology In Roman literature, they are treated by Ovid in his Metamorphoses (book 10.238 ff.): Nevertheless, the immoral Propoetides dared to deny that Venus was the goddess. For this, because of her divine anger, they are said to have been the first to prostitute their bodies and their reputations in public, and, losing all sense of shame, they lost the power to blush, as the blood hardened in their cheeks, and only a small change turned them into hard flints. The story of Venus and her vengeance on the Propoetides for failing to worship her properly is a common theme in a number of stories and poems written about the goddess. According to Ovid, after seeing the Propoetides prostituting themselves, Pygmalion determined that he was "not interested in women". This drove him to create a woman of his own in statue form, with whom he then fell in love. According to Herodotus, ancient tradition in Cyprus "compels every woman of the land to sit in the temple of Aphrodite and have intercourse with some stranger at least once in her life." Cyprus was famous for this forced sacred prostitution in the ancient world; this fame informed Ovid's tale of the Propoetides. (Historian Stephanie Budin contends that this type of prostitution was a myth, and did not actually occur in Cyprus.) Notes References Publius Ovidius Naso, Metamorphoses translated by Brookes More (1859-1942). Boston, Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Publius Ovidius Naso, Metamorphoses. Hugo Magnus. Gotha (Germany). Friedr. Andr. Perthes. 1892. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library. Women in Greek mythology Characters in Greek mythology Greek female prostitutes Metamorphoses characters Metamorphoses into inanimate objects in Greek mythology Cypriot mythology

5745408

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings%20of%20minor%20planet%20names%3A%2034001%E2%80%9335000

Meanings of minor planet names: 34001–35000

34001–34100 |-id=002 | 34002 Movsesian || || Karina Movsesian (born 1999) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biochemistry project. She also received the Dudley R. Herschbach Award. She attends the Prvni Ceske Gymnazium v Karlovych Varech, Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic. || |-id=003 | 34003 Ivozell || || Ivo Zell (born 1998) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his engineering mechanics project. He also received the Gordon E. Moore Award. He attends the Internatsschule Schloss Hansenberg, Geisenheim-Johannesberg, Germany. || |-id=004 | 34004 Gregorini || || Loretta Gregorini, astronomer who concentrate in the field of radioastronomy and observational cosmology || |-id=010 | 34010 Tassiloschwarz || || Tassilo Constantin Schwarz (born 1999) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his robotics and intelligent machines project. He also received the Cultural and Scientific Visit to China Award. He attended the Johannes Heidenhain Gymnasium, Traunreut, Germany. Currently, he studies at ETH Zurich. || |-id=011 | 34011 Divyakranthi || || Divya Kranthi (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biochemistry team project. She attends the Ambedkar College, Nagpur, India. || |-id=012 | 34012 Prashaant || || Prashaant Ranganathan (born 1999) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental engineering project. He also received the Philip V. Streich Memorial Award. He attends the Carmel Junior College, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India. || |-id=014 | 34014 Pingali || || Sahithi Rohini Pingali (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and environmental sciences project. She attends the Inventure Academy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. || |-id=016 | 34016 Chaitanya || || Chaitanya (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biomedical engineering team project. He attends the Little Rock Indian School, Brahmavar, Karnataka, India. || |-id=017 | 34017 Geeve || || Geeve (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biomedical engineering team project. He attends the Little Rock Indian School, Brahmavar, Karnataka, India. || |-id=021 | 34021 Suhanijain || || Suhani Sachin Jain (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biochemistry team project. She attends the Taywade College, Nagpur, India. || |-id=024 | 34024 Cormaclarkin || || Cormac James Larkin (born 1997) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics and astronomy project. He attends the Colaiste an Spioraid Naoimh, Cork City, Munster, Ireland. || |-id=025 | 34025 Caolannbrady || || Caolann Ellen Brady (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biomedical and health sciences project. She attends the St. Wolstan's Community School, Celbridge, Leinster, Ireland. || |-id=026 | 34026 Valpagliarino || || Valerio Pagliarino (born 2000) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his embedded systems project. He also received the Intel Foundation Young Scientist Award. He attends the I.I.S. Nicola Pellati, Nizza Monferrato, Asti, Italy. || |-id=028 | 34028 Wuhuiyi || || Huiyi Wu (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her energy project. She attends the Ichikawa Gakuen Ichikawa High School, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan. || |-id=030 | 34030 Tabuchi || || Kotaro Tabuchi (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his engineering mechanics project. He attends the Nanzan Boys' Senior High School, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan. || |-id=031 | 34031 Fukumitsu || || Nodoka Fukumitsu (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her animal sciences project. She attends the Shimane Prefectural Masuda High School, Masuda, Shimane, Japan. || |-id=034 | 34034 Shehadeh || || Ayah Hayel Shehadeh (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her chemistry team project. She attends the Al-Hasaad Al-Tarbawi School, Amman, Jordan. || |-id=038 | 34038 Abualragheb || || Bayan Osama Abu Alragheb (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her chemistry team project. She attends the Al-Hasaad Al-Tarbawi School, Amman, Jordan. || |-id=039 | 34039 Torsteinvik || || Torstein Vik (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his math team project. He attends the Fagerlia Videregaende Skole, Alesund, More og Romsdal, Norway. || |-id=042 | 34042 Espeseth || || Ane Kristine Espeseth (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her math team project. She attends the Fagerlia Videregaende Skole, Alesund, More og Romsdal, Norway. || |-id=044 | 34044 Obafial || || Nadine Antonette Obafial (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her plant sciences team project. She attends the Davao City National High School, Davao City, Philippines. || |-id=047 | 34047 Gloria || || Rubeliene Chezka Fernandez Gloria (born 2001) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her plant sciences team project. She attends the Davao City National High School, Davao City, Philippines. || |-id=049 | 34049 Myrelleangela || || Myrelle Angela T. Colas (born 2001) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her plant sciences team project. She attends the Davao City National High School, Davao City, Philippines. || |-id=053 | 34053 Carlquines || || Carl Joshua Tiangco Quines (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his math team project. He attends the Valenzuela City School of Mathematics and Science, Valenzuela, Manila, Philippines. || |-id=063 | 34063 Mariamakarova || || Maria Makarova (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her chemistry team project. She attends the Moscow Chemical Lyceum, Moscow, Russia. || |-id=077 | 34077 Yoshiakifuse || || Yoshiaki Fuse, father of astronomer and Subaru Telescope staff member Tetsuru Fuse || |-id=079 | 34079 Samoylova || || Alexandra Samoylova (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her chemistry team project. She attends the Moscow Chemical Lyceum, Moscow, Russia. || |-id=080 | 34080 Clarakeng || || Clara Keng (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her materials science team project. She attends the Raffles Institution, Singapore. || |-id=081 | 34081 Chowkitmun || || Chow Kit Mun (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her materials science team project. She attends the River Valley High School, Singapore. || |-id=083 | 34083 Feretova || || Miriam Feretova (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her animal sciences team project. She attends the Grammar School of St. Nicholas, Presov, Presovsky, Slovakia. || |-id=088 | 34088 Satokosuka || || Kosuke Sato, the winner of the 2008 Space Day Award painting competition for elementary school || |-id=089 | 34089 Smoter || || Samuel Smoter (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his animal sciences team project. He attends the Grammar School of St. Nicholas, Presov, Presovsky, Slovakia. || |-id=090 | 34090 Cewhang || || Clairisse Eunhae Whang (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biomedical and health sciences project. She attends the Academy for Medical Science Technology, Hackensack, New Jersey, U.S.A. || |-id=100 | 34100 Thapa || || Devina Thapa (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her translational medical science project. She attends the Academy of Science, Sterling, Virginia, U.S.A. || |} 34101–34200 |- | 34101 Hesrivastava || || Hemant Srivastava (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his translational medical science project. He attends the Alabama School of Fine Arts, Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.A. || |-id=102 | 34102 Shawnzhang || || Shawn Brian Zhang (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics and astronomy team project. He attends the Amador Valley, Pleasanton, California, U.S.A. || |-id=103 | 34103 Suganthkannan || || Suganth Kannan (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his chemistry project. He attends the American Heritage School, Plantation, Florida, U.S.A. || |-id=104 | 34104 Jeremiahpate || || Jeremiah Thomas Pate (born 1998) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his translational medical science project. He also received the Dudley R. Herschbach Award. He attends the BASIS Oro Valley, Arizona. || |-id=106 | 34106 Sakhrani || || Neeraj Sakhrani (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his earth and environmental sciences project. He attends the Bronx High School of Science, Bronx, New York, U.S.A. || |-id=107 | 34107 Kashfiarahman || || Kashfia Nehrin Rahman (born 2000) was awarded first place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her behavioral and social sciences project. She attends the Brookings High School, Brookings, South Dakota, U.S.A. || |-id=123 | 34123 Uedayukika || 2000 QD || Yukika Ueda (born 1994), the prizewinner in the 2008 Space-Day Award painting competition || |-id=127 | 34127 Adamnayak || || Adam C. Nayak (born 2000) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his earth and environmental sciences project. He attends the Cleveland High School, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. || |-id=128 | 34128 Hannahbrown || || Hannah Louise Brown (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her behavioral and social sciences project. She attends the Dobbs Ferry High School, Dobbs Ferry, New York, U.S.A. || |-id=129 | 34129 Madisonsneve || || Madison Andrea Sneve (born 1999) was awarded first place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her cellular and molecular biology project. She attends the duPont Manual High School, Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.A. || |-id=130 | 34130 Isabellaivy || || Isabella Ivy Bowland (born 2000) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her plant sciences project. She attends the Fairview High School, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A. || |-id=132 | 34132 Theoguerin || || Theo Calvin Guerin (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his engineering mechanics team project. He attends the Falmouth Academy, Falmouth, Massachusetts, U.S.A. || |-id=133 | 34133 Charlesfenske || || Charles Johannes Fenske (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his engineering mechanics team project. He attends the Falmouth Academy, Falmouth, Massachusetts, U.S.A. || |-id=134 | 34134 Zlokapa || || Alexander Zlokapa (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his systems software project. He attends the Golden Hills Academy, Danville, California, U.S.A. || |-id=135 | 34135 Rahulsubra || || Rahul Subramaniam (born 2001) was awarded best of category, first place, and the Scientific and Cultural Visit to India in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his microbiology project. He attends the Greenwich High School, Greenwich, Connecticut. || |-id=137 | 34137 Lonnielinda || || Lonnie and Linda Wolfe, parents of the American discoverer Chris Wolfe || |-id=138 | 34138 Frasso Sabino || || Frasso Sabino, Italy, which hosts the discovering Frasso Sabino Observatory || |-id=139 | 34139 Lucabarcelo || || Luca Jose Barcelo (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental engineering project. He attends the Greenwich High School, Greenwich, Connecticut, U.S.A. || |-id=141 | 34141 Antonwu || || Anton Wu (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his math project. He attends the Half Hollow Hills High School East, Dix Hills, New York, U.S.A. || |-id=142 | 34142 Sachinkonan || || Sachin Ganesh Konan (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his embedded systems project. He attends the Hamilton High School, Chandler, Arizona, U.S.A. || |-id=143 | 34143 Heeric || || Eric He (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his embedded systems project. He attends the High Technology High School, Lincroft, New Jersey, U.S.A. || |-id=144 | 34144 Alexandersun || || Alexander Karl Sun (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his behavioral and social sciences team project. He attends the Hillcrest High School, Midvale, Utah, U.S.A. || |-id=147 | 34147 Vengadesan || || Suryaprakash Vengadesan (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials science project. He attends the Irvine High School, Irvine, California, U.S.A. || |-id=148 | 34148 Marchuo || || Marc Huo (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his cellular and molecular biology project. He attends the Jericho High School, Jericho, New York, U.S.A. || |-id=152 | 34152 Kendrazhang || || Kendra Zhang (born 2000) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her energy project. She also received the European Union Contest for Young Scientists Award. She attends the Jericho High School, Jericho, New York, U.S.A. || |-id=153 | 34153 Deeannguo || || DeeAnn Guo (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her behavioral and social sciences project. She attends the John Jay High School, Cross River, New York, U.S.A. || |-id=154 | 34154 Anushkanair || || Anushka M. Nair (born 2000) was awarded first place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and environmental sciences project. She attends the Lake Oswego High School, Lake Oswego, Oregon, U.S.A. || |-id=156 | 34156 Gopalakrishnan || || Vivek Gopalakrishnan (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his microbiology project. He attends the Lexington High School, Lexington, Massachusetts, U.S.A. || |-id=158 | 34158 Rachelchang || || Rachel Chang (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental engineering team project. She attends the Manhasset High School, Manhasset, New York, U.S.A. || |-id=159 | 34159 Ryanthorpe || || Ryan Matthew Thorpe (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental engineering team project. He attends the Manhasset High School, Manhasset, New York, U.S.A. || |-id=161 | 34161 Michaellee || || Michael Yoomin Lee (born 1998) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his systems software project. He also received the Intel Foundation Cultural and Scientific Visit to China Award. He attends the Manhasset High School, Manhasset, New York, U.S.A. || |-id=162 | 34162 Yegnesh || || Karthik Yegnesh (born 2000) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his math project. He also received the Intel Foundation Cultural and Scientific Visit to China Award. He attends the Methacton High School, Eagleville, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. || |-id=163 | 34163 Neyveli || || Pranav Sundar Neyveli (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his computational biology and bioinformatics project. He attends the Mills E. Godwin High School, Henrico, Virginia, U.S.A. || |-id=164 | 34164 Anikacheerla || || Anika Cheerla (born 2001) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her robotics and intelligent machines team project. She attends the Monta Vista High School, Cupertino, California, U.S.A. || |-id=165 | 34165 Nikhilcheerla || || Nikhil Cheerla (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his robotics and intelligent machines team project. He attends the Monta Vista High School, Cupertino, California, U.S.A. || |-id=166 | 34166 Neildeshmukh || || Neil Deshmukh (born 2002) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his systems software project. He attends the Moravian Academy, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. || |-id=172 | 34172 Camillemiles || || Camille Alden Miles (born 1999) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her energy project. She also received the Intel Foundation Cultural and Scientific Visit to China Award. She attends the Niceville High School, Niceville, Florida, U.S.A. || |-id=175 | 34175 Joshuadong || || Joshua Dong (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his engineering mechanics project. He attends the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A. || |-id=176 | 34176 Balamurugan || || Vishaal N. Balamurugan (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biochemistry project. He attends the North Oldham High School, Goshen, Kentucky, U.S.A. || |-id=177 | 34177 Amandawilson || || Amanda Grace Wilson (born 2000) was awarded first place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her plant sciences project. She attends the Northwestern High School, Kokomo, Indiana, U.S.A. || |-id=178 | 34178 Sarahmarie || || Sarah Marie Romanelli (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her translational medical science project. She attends the Oceanside High School, Oceanside, New York, U.S.A. || |-id=179 | 34179 Bryanchun || || Bryan Hoo Hao Chun (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy project. He attends the Oregon Episcopal School, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. || |-id=180 | 34180 Jessicayoung || || Jessica E. Young (born 1998) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her animal sciences project. She attends the Palm Beach Central High School, Wellington, Florida, U.S.A. || |-id=181 | 34181 Patnaik || || Ritik Patnaik (born 2001) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his systems software project. He attends the Plano East Senior High School, Plano, Texas, U.S.A. || |-id=182 | 34182 Sachan || || Kshitij Sachan (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his cellular and molecular biology team project. He attends the Plano East Senior High School, Plano, Texas, U.S.A. || |-id=183 | 34183 Yeshdoctor || || Yesh Satyajit Doctor (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his cellular and molecular biology team project. He attends the Plano East Senior High School, Plano, Texas, U.S.A. || |-id=184 | 34184 Hegde || || Sahil Hegde (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics and astronomy team project. He attends the Prospect High School, Saratoga, California, U.S.A. || |-id=187 | 34187 Tomaino || || Shane Tomaino (born 2000) was awarded first place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her engineering mechanics project. She attends the Rye Country Day School, Rye, New York, U.S.A. || |-id=188 | 34188 Clarawagner || || Clara Elizabeth Wagner (born 1998) was awarded best of category, first place, and the Scientific and Cultural Visit to India Awards in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biomedical engineering project. She attends the Saginaw Arts and Sciences Academy, Saginaw, Michigan. || |-id=189 | 34189 Ambatipudi || || Mythri Ambatipudi (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her computational biology and bioinformatics project. She attends the Saint Francis High School, Mountain View, California, U.S.A. || |-id=190 | 34190 Erinsmith || || Erin Smith (born 1999) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her behavioral and social sciences project. She also received the Cultural and Scientific Visit to China Award. She attends the Shawnee Mission West High School, Overland Park, Kansas, U.S.A. || |-id=191 | 34191 Jakhete || || Shantanu Jakhete (born 2000) was awarded first place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his animal sciences project. He attends the South Fork High School, Stuart, Florida, U.S.A. || |-id=192 | 34192 Sappington || || James Donovan Sappington (born 2001) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his earth and environmental sciences project. He attends the South River High School, Edgewater, Maryland, U.S.A. || |-id=193 | 34193 Annakoonce || || Anna Colleen Koonce (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her plant sciences project. She attends the St. Joseph's Academy, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A. || |-id=194 | 34194 Serenajing || || Serena Liang Jing (born 1998) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biomedical engineering project. She attends the St. Paul Central High School, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. || |-id=197 | 34197 Susrinivasan || || Suraj Sai Srinivasan (born 2000) was awarded first place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biomedical engineering project. He attends the Strongsville High School, Strongsville, Ohio, U.S.A. || |-id=198 | 34198 Oliverleitner || || Oliver Leitner (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy project. He attends the Davidson Academy of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, U.S.A. || |-id=199 | 34199 Amyjin || || Amy Yue Jin (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her robotics and intelligent machines project. She attends the Harker School, San Jose, California, U.S.A. || |-id=200 | 34200 Emmasun || || Emma Sun (born 2002) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her behavioral and social sciences team project. She attends the Waterford School, Sandy, Utah, U.S.A. || |} 34201–34300 |-id=202 | 34202 Sionaprasad || || Siona Prasad (born 2001) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and environmental sciences project. She attends the Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, Virginia, U.S.A. || |-id=204 | 34204 Quryshi || || Nabeel Jami Quryshi (born 2000) was awarded first place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biomedical and health sciences project. He attends the University School of Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A. || |-id=205 | 34205 Mizerak || || Evan James Mizerak (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his animal sciences project. He attends the Wachusett Regional High School, Holden, Massachusetts, U.S.A. || |-id=206 | 34206 Zhiyuewang || || Zhiyue Wang (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biomedical and health sciences project. She attends the West Lafayette Junior-Senior High School, West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A. || |-id=208 | 34208 Danielzhang || || Daniel Danxu Zhang (born 1999) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biomedical and health sciences project. He also received the Philip V. Streich Memorial Award. He attends the Westview High School, San Diego, California, U.S.A. || |-id=215 | 34215 Stutigarg || || Stuti Paavani Garg (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her microbiology project. She attends the Westview High School, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. || |-id=218 | 34218 Padiyath || || Manashree Seth Padiyath (born 2002) was awarded first place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental engineering project. She attends the Woodbury High School, Woodbury, Minnesota, U.S.A. || |-id=219 | 34219 Megantang || || Megan Taiyue Tang (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and environmental sciences project. She attends the York School, Monterey, California, U.S.A. || |-id=220 | 34220 Pelagiamajoni || || Pelagia Maria Majoni (born 1999) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her energy project. She attends the Queen Elizabeth Girls High School, Harare, Zimbabwe. || |-id=224 | 34224 Maggiechen || || Maggie Shin-Young Chen (born 2000) was a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron STS, and was awarded 1st place at the 2017 International Science and Engineering Fair for her bioengineering project. She attends the Canyon Crest Academy, San Diego, California. || |-id=225 | 34225 Fridberg || || Kyle Oskar Fridberg (born 2000) was a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron STS, and was awarded best of category, 1st place and the Scientific and Cultural Visit to India Award at the 2017 International Science and Engineering Fair for his chemistry project. He attends the Fairview High School, Boulder, Colorado. || |-id=227 | 34227 Daveyhuang || || Davey H. Huang (born 1999) was a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron STS, and was awarded best of category and 1st place at the 2017 International Science and Engineering Fair for his cellular and molecular biology project. He attends the Iolani School, Honolulu, Hawaii. || |-id=231 | 34231 Isanisingh || || Isani Singh (born 1999) was a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron STS, and was awarded 2nd place at the 2017 International Science and Engineering Fair for her genomics project. She attends the Cherry Creek High School, Greenwood Village, Colorado. || |-id=233 | 34233 Caldwell || || Reese Caldwell (born 2000) is a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his bioengineering project. He attends the Conestoga High School, Berwyn, Pennsylvania. || |-id=234 | 34234 Andrewfang || || Andrew Fang (born 2000) is a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his medicine and health project. He attends the Jericho Senior High School, Jericho, New York. || |-id=235 | 34235 Ellafeiner || || Ella Feiner (born 1999) is a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her cellular and molecular biology project. She attends the Horace Mann School, Bronx, New York. || |-id=236 | 34236 Firester || || Benjamin J. Firester (born 1999) is a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his plant sciences project. He attends the Hunter College High School, New York, New York. || |-id=237 | 34237 Sarahgao || || Sarah Gao (born 2000) is a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her cellular and molecular biology project. She attends the Montgomery Blair High School, Silver Spring, Maryland. || |-id=239 | 34239 Louisgolowich || || Louis Golowich (born 2000) is a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his computer science project. He attends Harvard University. || |-id=240 | 34240 Charleyhutch || || Charley Hutchison (born 2000) is a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his chemistry project. He attends the St. Andrew's Episcopal School, Ridgeland, Mississippi. || |-id=241 | 34241 Skylerjones || || Skyler Chloe Jones (born 2000) is a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her chemistry project. She attends the Ossining High School, Ossining, New York. || |-id=245 | 34245 Andrewkomo || || Andrew Komo (born 2000) is a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his computer science project. He attends the Montgomery Blair High School, Silver Spring, Maryland. || |-id=246 | 34246 Kopparapu || || Kavya Kopparapu (born 2000) is a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her computational biology and bioinformatics project. She attends the Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, Virginia. || |-id=249 | 34249 Leolo || || Chiu Fan Bowen Lo (born 1999) is a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his physics project. He attends the Jericho Senior High School, Jericho, New York. || |-id=250 | 34250 Mamichael || || Michael Yuanchao Ma (born 2000) is a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his mathematics project. He attends the Plano West Senior High School, Plano, Texas. || |-id=251 | 34251 Rohanmehrotra || || Rohan Mehrotra (born 2000) is a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her chemistry project. She attends the Lynbrook High School, San Jose, California. || |-id=252 | 34252 Orlovsky || || Natalia Orlovsky (born 2000) is a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her cellular and molecular biology project. She attends the Garnet Valley High School, Glen Mills, Pennsylvania. || |-id=253 | 34253 Nitya || || Nitya Parthasarathy (born 2000) is a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her behavioral and social sciences project. She attends the Northwood High School, Irvine, California. || |-id=254 | 34254 Mihirpatel || || Mihir Vipul Patel (born 2000) is a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his computer science project. He attends the Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, Virginia. || |-id=256 | 34256 Advaitpatil || || Advait Patil (born 2000) is a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his genomics project. He attends the Lynbrook High School, San Jose, California. || |-id=258 | 34258 Pentland || || Dylan Pentland (born 1999) is a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his mathematics project. He attends the Newman School, Boston, Massachusetts. || |-id=259 | 34259 Abprabhakaran || || Abilash Prabhakaran (born 2000) is a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his cellular and molecular biology project. He attends the Cherry Creek High School, Greenwood Village, Colorado. || |-id=261 | 34261 Musharahman || || Muhammad Shahir Rahman (born 2000) is a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his engineering project. He attends the Westview High School, Portland, Oregon. || |-id=262 | 34262 Michaelren || || Michael Ren (born 2000) is a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his mathematics project. He attends the Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts. || |-id=264 | 34264 Sadhuka || || Shuvom Sadhuka (born 1999) is a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his physics project. He attends the Cambridge Rindge and Latin School, Cambridge, Massachusetts. || |-id=266 | 34266 Schweinfurth || || Raley Schweinfurth (born 1999) is a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her environmental science project. She attends the Oregon Episcopal School, Portland, Oregon. || |-id=267 | 34267 Haniya || || Haniya Shareef (born 2000) is a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her plant sciences project. She attends the Lincoln Park Academy, Fort Pierce, Florida. || |-id=268 | 34268 Gracetian || || Grace Tian (born 2000) is a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her mathematics project. She attends the Wellington School, Columbus, Ohio. || |-id=271 | 34271 Vinjaivale || || Vinjai Vale (born 2000) is a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his computer science project. He attends the Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, New Hampshire. || |-id=272 | 34272 Veeramacheneni || || Teja Sai Veeramacheneni (born 2000) is a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his computer science project. He attends the Archbishop Mitty High School, San Jose, California. || |-id=273 | 34273 Franklynwang || || Franklyn Hai Wang (born 2000) is a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his mathematics project. He attends the Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, Virginia. || |-id=277 | 34277 Davidxingwu || || David Xing Wu (born 2000) is a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his mathematics project. He attends the Montgomery Blair High School, Silver Spring, Maryland. || |-id=278 | 34278 Justinxie || || Justin Long Xie (born 2000) is a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his space science project. He attends the Harker School, San Jose, California. || |-id=279 | 34279 Alicezhang || || Alice Anran Zhang (born 2000) is a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her computer science project. She attends the Montgomery Blair High School, Silver Spring, Maryland. || |-id=280 | 34280 Victoradler || || Victor Adler mentored a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Harker School, San Jose, California. || |-id=281 | 34281 Albritton || || Daniel Albritton mentored a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Fairview High School, Boulder, Colorado. || |-id=282 | 34282 Applegate || || John Applegate mentored a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the St. Andrew's Episcopal School, Ridgeland, Mississippi. || |-id=283 | 34283 Bagley || || Michelle Bagley mentored a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Centennial High School, Ellicott City, Maryland. || |-id=284 | 34284 Seancampbell || || Sean Campbell mentored a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, New Hampshire. || |-id=285 | 34285 Dorothydady || || Dorothy Dady mentored a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Cherry Creek High School, Greenwood Village, Colorado. || |-id=288 | 34288 Bevindaglen || || Bevin Daglen mentored a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Oregon Episcopal School, Portland, Oregon. || |-id=289 | 34289 Johndell || || John Dell mentored a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, Virginia. || |-id=293 | 34293 Khiemdoba || || Khiem Doba mentored a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts. || |-id=294 | 34294 Taylordufford || || Taylor Dufford mentored a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Cherry Creek High School, Greenwood Village, Colorado. || |-id=297 | 34297 Willfrazer || || Will Frazer mentored a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Buchholz High School, Gainesville, Florida. || |-id=300 | 34300 Brendafrost || || Brenda Frost mentored a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Garnet Valley High School, Glen Mills, Pennsylvania. || |} 34301–34400 |-id=302 | 34302 Riagalanos || || Ria Galanos mentored a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, Virginia. || |-id=304 | 34304 Alainagarza || || Alaina Garza mentored a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Clear Brook High School, Friendswood, Texas. || |-id=307 | 34307 Arielhaas || || Ariel Haas mentored a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. Haas teaches at Canyon Crest Academy, San Diego, California. || |-id=308 | 34308 Roberthall || || Robert L. Hall mentored a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Newman School, Boston, Massachusetts. || |-id=310 | 34310 Markhannum || || Mark G. Hannum mentored a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, Virginia. || |-id=312 | 34312 Deahaupt || || Dea Michael Haupt mentored a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Lexington High School, Lexington, Massachusetts. || |-id=313 | 34313 Lisahevner || || Lisa R. Hevner mentored a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Lincoln Park Academy, Fort Pierce, Florida. || |-id=314 | 34314 Jasonlee || || Jason Lee mentored a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Lynbrook High School, San Jose, California. || |-id=316 | 34316 Christineleo || || Christine Leo mentored a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Horace Mann School, Bronx, New York. || |-id=317 | 34317 Fabianmak || || Fabian Mak mentored a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Westview High School, Portland, Oregon. || |-id=319 | 34319 Neilmilburn || || Neil Milburn mentored a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Plano West Senior High School, Plano, Texas. || |-id=320 | 34320 Davidmonge || || David R. Monge mentored a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Northwood High School, Irvine, California. || |-id=321 | 34321 Russellmotter || || Russell Motter mentored a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Iolani School, Honolulu, Hawaii. || |-id=322 | 34322 Marknandor || || Mark Nandor mentored a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Wellington School, Columbus, Ohio. || |-id=323 | 34323 Williamrose || || William Rose mentored a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Montgomery Blair High School, Silver Spring, Maryland. || |-id=324 | 34324 Jeremyschwartz || || Jeremy Schwartz mentored a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Montgomery Blair High School, Silver Spring, Maryland. || |-id=325 | 34325 Terrencevale || || Terrence Vale mentored a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Broad Run High School, Ashburn, Virginia. || |-id=326 | 34326 Zhaurova || || Irene Zhaurova mentored a finalist in the 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Cambridge Rindge and Latin School, Cambridge, Massachusetts. || |-id=351 | 34351 Decatur || || Decatur, Alabama, the discovery site (Emerald Lane Observatory) || |-id=366 | 34366 Rosavestal || || Rosa Vallee Warner, née Vestal, the discoverer's mother || |-id=398 | 34398 Terryschmidt || || Terry Eugene Schmidt, American meteoriticist || |-id=399 | 34399 Hachiojihigashi || || The team of Hachiojihigashi, composed of Nishi, Sakurai and Tamai from the Hachioji-higashi High School, is a prizewinner in the sixteenth Satellite Design Contest 2008 for their space experiment proposal || |} 34401–34500 |-id=414 | 34414 MacLennan || || Eric MacLennan (born 1990) is a postdoctoral researcher in the Physics Department at the University of Helsinki. He studies the production, physical and chemical evolution, and mobilization of regolith using telescopic reflectance spectroscopy and thermal analysis. || |-id=419 | 34419 Corning || || Corning, New York, home of a glassworks that makes professional telescope mirrors, including the disk for the 5-m Hale Telescope at Palomar; the one-tenth-scale engineering model of that telescope still resides there, and was used to discover this minor planet || |-id=420 | 34420 Peterpau || || Peter Pau, Hong Kong-born cinematographer || |-id=424 | 34424 Utashima || || Masayoshi Utashima (born 1951), a researcher in the field of orbital mechanics in Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. || |} 34501–34600 |-id=543 | 34543 Davidbriggs || || David L. Briggs, American director of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Lincoln Laboratory from 1998 to 2006 || |} 34601–34700 |-id=611 | 34611 Nacogdoches || || Nacogdoches, Texas an Indian settlement, named for the Nacogdoche Indians. This minor planet was discovered at the Stephen F. Austin State University Observatory, located just outside of the city, || |-id=636 | 34636 Lauwingkai || || Lau Wing Kai (1965–2003) was a nurse at Tuen Mun Hospital in Hong Kong. During the 2003 SARS epidemic, he selflessly carried out his duty and unfortunately died from the disease. || |-id=645 | 34645 Vieiramartins || || Roberto Vieira Martins (born 1947) is a Senior Researcher at the National Observatory of Brazil. He works on theoretical and observational activities in dynamics, as well as astrometry of small solar system bodies and their physical characterization through stellar occultations. || |-id=666 | 34666 Bohyunsan || || Mount Bohyunsan, South Korea, where the discovery site, the Bohyunsan Optical Astronomy Observatory, is located || |-id=689 | 34689 Flewelling || || Heather Flewelling (born 1979) is an ATLAS Planetary Defense Researcher at the University of Hawai'i (Manoa). Her work includes development of robotic telescopes and data pipelines, studying transient objects, and outreach activities. || |-id=696 | 34696 Risoldi || || Vairo Risoldi, Italian amateur astronomer || |} 34701–34800 |-id=708 | 34708 Grasset || || Olivier Grasset (born 1968), a planetary scientist and professor at the University of Nantes' Laboratory of Planetology and Geodynamics. || |-id=716 | 34716 Guzzo || || Massimiliano Guzzo (born 1970), Italian researcher at the University of Padua, member of the board of directors of the SIMCA (Società Italiana di Meccanica Celeste e Astrodinamica, Italian Society of Celestial Mechanics and Astrodynamics) || |-id=717 | 34717 Mirkovilli || || Mirko Villi (born 1961), Italian amateur astronomer, supernova hunter, and founder of the International Supernovae Network || |-id=718 | 34718 Cantagalli || || Michela Cantagalli (born 1965), daughter-in-law of Italian co-discoverer Luciano Tesi || |-id=738 | 34738 Hulbert || || Sam Hulbert (1936–2016), American president of the Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, host to the discovery site, the Oakley Observatory || |-id=746 | 34746 Thoon || || Thoon from Greek mythology. He was a Trojan warrior killed by Odysseus. || |-id=753 | 34753 Zdeněkmatyáš || || Zdeněk Matyáš (1914–1956), Czech theoretical physicist || |-id=760 | 34760 Ciccone || || Madonna (Madonna Louise Ciccone, born 1958) is an American singer, songwriter and actress. She frequently reinvented both her music and image and was named as "Queen of Pop" in the 1980s. Her musical CD Evita has accompanied the discoverer on numerous blinking nights. || |-id=778 | 34778 Huhunglick || || Henry Hu (Henry Hung-lick Hu; born 1920), Chinese barrister-at-law, co-founder of Shue Yan ("the cultivation of virtue") College, the first privately funded university in Hong Kong || |-id=779 | 34779 Chungchiyung || || Chung Chi-yung (born 1920), wife of Henry Hu, co-founder of Shue Yan College, see || |-id=791 | 34791 Ericcraine || || Eric Craine (born 1946) has been involved in astronomy for nearly 50 years and has published over one hundred research papers and five books. His work includes quantitative sky brightness measurements, stellar photometry and spectroscopy, astronomy education, and medical applications of astronomical imaging techniques. || |} 34801–34900 |-id=817 | 34817 Shiominemoto || || Shiomi Nemoto (born 1965) is a volunteer for the Japan International Cooperation Agency. She works for the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, and was the first secretary of the Japan Spaceguard Association. || |-id=838 | 34838 Lazowski || || Eugene Lazowski (1913–2006), a Polish medical doctor. || |-id=846 | 34846 Vincent || || Jean-Baptiste Vincent (born 1983) is a Researcher at the DLR Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin, Germany. He is a planetary scientist studying the formation and evolution of asteroids and comets through their surface properties and activity from ground-based observations and space missions. || |-id=854 | 34854 Paquifrutos || || Paqui Frutos Frutos, wife of the discoverer. || |-id=892 | 34892 Evapalisa || || Eva Palisa, great-grandniece of Johann Palisa, the leading visual discoverer of minor planets || |-id=893 | 34893 Mihomasatoshi || || Husband and wife Masatoshi Taga (born 1969) and Miho Taga (born 1969) worked for several years at the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. Masatoshi engaged in the studies of galaxies and astronomical data archive systems. Miho designed the logo for the Japan Spaceguard Association. || |} 34901–35000 |- | 34901 Mauna Loa || 2699 P-L || Mauna Loa (means Long Mountain), the volcano forms the largest part of the Big Island of Hawaii || |-id=919 | 34919 Imelda || 4710 P-L || Imelda Gentile, cousin of Heidelberg astronomer Joachim Schubart || |-id=978 | 34978 van 't Hoff || 1901 T-3 || Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff (1852–1911), a Dutch physical chemist who was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1901. The award was for his work showing that the laws describing the behavior of very dilute solutions resemble the laws describing the behavior of gases. || |-id=993 | 34993 Euaimon || || Euaimon, mythological king of Atlantis, son of Poseidon and father of Eurypylos, one of the Greeks that sacked Troy || |-id=995 | 34995 Dainihonshi || || The Dai Nihonshi is a historical record of Japan, comprising 397 volumes, covering the period from Emperor Jimmu (c. 650 BCE) to Emperor Go-Komatsu (1377–1433). || |-id=996 | 34996 Mitokoumon || || Mitokoumon is a popular name of Mitsukuni Tokugara (1628–1701), a vice Shogun of the Tokugawa family and a lord of the Mito domain. || |} References 034001-035000

5748142

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CALPUFF

CALPUFF

CALPUFF is an advanced, integrated Lagrangian puff modeling system for the simulation of atmospheric pollution dispersion distributed by the Atmospheric Studies Group at TRC Solutions. It is maintained by the model developers and distributed by TRC. The model has been adopted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in its Guideline on Air Quality Models as a preferred model for assessing long range transport of pollutants and their impacts on Federal Class I areas and on a case-by-case basis for certain near-field applications involving complex meteorological conditions. The integrated modeling system consists of three main components and a set of preprocessing and postprocessing programs. The main components of the modeling system are CALMET (a diagnostic 3-dimensional meteorological model), CALPUFF (an air quality dispersion model), and CALPOST (a postprocessing package). Each of these programs has a graphical user interface (GUI). In addition to these components, there are numerous other processors that may be used to prepare geophysical (land use and terrain) data in many standard formats, meteorological data (surface, upper air, precipitation, and buoy data), and interfaces to other models such as the Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5), the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Eta model and the RAMS meteorological model. The CALPUFF model is designed to simulate the dispersion of buoyant, puff or continuous point and area pollution sources as well as the dispersion of buoyant, continuous line sources. The model also includes algorithms for handling the effect of downwash by nearby buildings in the path of the pollution plumes. History The CALPUFF model was originally developed by the Sigma Research Corporation (SRC) in the late 1980s under contract with the California Air Resources Board (CARB) and it was first issued in about 1990. The Sigma Research Corporation subsequently became part of Earth Tech, Inc. After the US EPA designated CALPUFF as a preferred model in their Guideline on Air Quality Models, Earth Tech served as the designated distributor of the model. In April 2006, ownership of the model switched from Earth Tech to the TRC Environmental Corporation. More recently ownership transferred to Exponent, who are currently (December 2015) responsible for maintaining and distributing the model. See also Air pollution dispersion terminology Atmospheric dispersion modeling List of atmospheric dispersion models References Further reading www.crcpress.com External links src.com: Official CALPUFF website — ASG at TRC. EPA.gov: Preferred and Recommended Models by the U.S. EPA Air pollution Atmospheric dispersion modeling Air pollution in California Air pollution in the United States

5752099

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal%20year

Fiscal year

A fiscal year (or financial year, or sometimes budget year) is used in government accounting, which varies between countries, and for budget purposes. It is also used for financial reporting by businesses and other organizations. Laws in many jurisdictions require company financial reports to be prepared and published on an annual basis but generally with the reporting period not aligning with the calendar year (1 January to 31 December). Taxation laws generally require accounting records to be maintained and taxes calculated on an annual basis, which usually corresponds to the fiscal year used for government purposes. The calculation of tax on an annual basis is especially relevant for direct taxes, such as income tax. Many annual government fees—such as council tax and license fees, are also levied on a fiscal year basis, but others are charged on an anniversary basis. Some companies, such as Cisco Systems, end their fiscal year on the same day of the week each year: the day that is closest to a particular date (for example, the Friday closest to 31 December). Under such a system, some fiscal years have 52 weeks and others 53 weeks. The calendar year is used as the fiscal year by about 65% of publicly-traded companies in the United States and for most large corporations in the United Kingdom. That is the case in many countries around the world with a few exceptions such as Australia, New Zealand, and Japan. Many universities have a fiscal year which ends during the summer to align the fiscal year with the academic year (and, in some cases involving public universities, with the state government's fiscal year) and also because the university is normally less busy during the summer months. In the Northern Hemisphere, that is July to the next June. In the Southern Hemisphere, that is the calendar year, January to December. In a similar fashion, many nonprofit performing arts organizations will have a fiscal year which ends during the summer, so that their performance season that begins in the fall and ends in the spring will be within one fiscal year. Some media/communication-based organizations use a broadcast calendar as the basis for their fiscal year. Chart of various fiscal years Tax year The fiscal year for individuals and entities to report and pay income taxes is often known as the taxpayer's tax year or taxable year. Taxpayers in many jurisdictions may choose their tax year. Some federal countries, such as Canada and Switzerland, require the provincial or cantonal tax year to align with the federal year. In the United States, most states retained a 30 June fiscal year-end date when the federal government switched to 30 September in 1976. Nearly all jurisdictions require that the tax year be 12 months or 52/53 weeks. However, short years are permitted as the first year or when changing tax years. Most countries require all individuals to pay income tax based on the calendar year. Significant exceptions include: Australia: individuals pay income tax based on the financial year of 1 July until 30 June. United Kingdom: the tax year for individuals begins on 6 April. This is due to Britain historically having a calendar year starting on Lady Day (25 March) in the Julian calendar but a fiscal year ending on that day. When the UK adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1752, 25 March translated to 5 April and 26 March to 6 April. (See History of taxation in the United Kingdom#Start of tax year for more detailed explanation.) United States: individuals may (but rarely do) elect any tax year, subject to IRS approval. Many jurisdictions require that the tax year conform to the taxpayer's fiscal year for financial reporting. The United States is a notable exception: taxpayers may choose any tax year, but must keep books and records for such year. Operation in various countries/region In some jurisdictions, particularly those that permit tax consolidation, companies that are part of a group of businesses must use nearly the same fiscal year (differences of up to three months are permitted in some jurisdictions, such as the US and Japan), with consolidating entries to adjust for transactions between units with different fiscal years, so the same resources will not be counted more than once or not at all. Afghanistan In Afghanistan, from 2011 to 2021, the fiscal year began on 1Hamal (20th or 21 March). The fiscal year aligned with the Persian or Solar Hijri calendar used in Afghanistan at the time. Following transfer of power to the Taliban administration in September 2021, Afghanistan abandoned the Solar Hijri calendar in favour of the Lunar Hijri calendar. The fiscal cycle was restarted with effect from 1Muharram 1444 AH (30July 2022) Australia In Australia, a fiscal year is commonly called a "financial year" (FY) and starts on 1 July and ends on the next 30 June. Financial years are designated by the calendar year of the second half of the period. For example, financial year is the 12-month period ending on 30 June and can be referred to as FY/. It is used for official purposes, by individual taxpayers and by the overwhelming majority of business enterprises. Business enterprises may opt to use a financial year that ends at the end of a week (e.g., 52 or 53 weeks in length, and therefore is not exactly one calendar year in length), or opt for its financial year to end on a date that matches the reporting cycle of its foreign parent. All entities within the one group must use the same financial year. For government accounting and budget purposes, pre-Federation colonies changed the financial year from the calendar year to a year ending 30 June on the following dates: Victoria changed in 1870, South Australia in 1874, Queensland in 1875, Western Australia in 1892, New South Wales in 1895 and Tasmania in 1904. The Commonwealth adopted the near-ubiquitous financial year standard since its inception in 1901. The reason given for the change was for convenience, as Parliament typically sits during May and June, while it was difficult for it to meet in November and December to pass a budget. The Financial year is split into four quarters which cover the following periods: Austria In Austria, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. Bangladesh In Bangladesh, the fiscal year is 1 July to the next 30 June. Belarus In Belarus, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. Brazil In Brazil, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. Bulgaria In Bulgaria, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December, both for personal income tax and for corporate taxes. Canada In Canada, the government's financial year is 1 April to 31 March. (Q1 1 April - 30 June, Q2 1 July - 30 Sept, Q3 1 Oct - 31 Dec and Q4 1 Jan - 31 Mar) For individual taxpayers, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. China In China, the fiscal year for all entities is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December, and applies to the tax year, statutory year, and planning year. Colombia In Colombia, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. Costa Rica In Costa Rica, the fiscal year is the calendar year. January to December. As of 2019 when the tax laws changed. Egypt In Egypt, the fiscal year is 1 July to 30 June. France In France, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December, and has been since at least 1911. Germany In Germany, the fiscal year runs from 1 January until 31 December. Greece In Greece, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. Hong Kong In Hong Kong, the government's financial year runs from 1 April to 31 March. However, a company incorporated in Hong Kong can determine its own financial year-end, which may be different from the government fiscal year. India In India, the government's financial year runs from 1 April to 31 March the following year. The financial year from 1 April 2020 to 31 March 2021 would generally be abbreviated as FY 2020-21, but it may also be called FY 2021 on the basis of the ending year. Companies following the Indian Depositary Receipt (IDR) are given freedom to choose their financial year. For example, Standard Chartered's IDR follows the UK calendar despite being listed in India. Companies following Indian fiscal year get to know their economic health on 31 March of every Indian financial or fiscal year. The current fiscal year was adopted by the colonial British government in 1867 to align India's financial year with that of the British Empire. Prior to 1867, India followed a fiscal year that ran from 1 May to 30 April. In 1984, the LK Jha committee recommended adopting a fiscal year that ran from 1 January to 31 December. However, this proposal was not adopted by the government fearing possible issues during the transition period. A panel set up by the NITI Aayog in July 2016, recommended starting the next fiscal year from 1 January to 31 December after the end of the current five-year plan. On 4 May 2017, Madhya Pradesh announced that it would move to a January–December financial year, becoming the first Indian state to do so. But later it dropped the idea. Indonesia In Indonesia, since 2001, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. Until 2000, the fiscal year ran from 1 April to 31 March; fiscal year 2000 ran from 1 April to 31 December. Iran In Iran, the fiscal year usually starts on 21st or 22 March (1st of Farvardin in the Solar Hejri calendar) and concludes on next year's 20th or 21 March (29th or 30th of Esfand in the Solar Hijri calendar). Ireland In Ireland, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. Until 2001, it was the year ending 5 April, as in the United Kingdom, but was changed with the introduction of the euro. The 2001 tax year was nine months, from April to December. Israel In Israel, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. Italy In Italy, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. It was changed in 1965, before which it was 1 July to 30 June. Japan In Japan, the government's financial year is from 1 April to 31 March. Japan's income tax year is 1 January to 31 December, but corporate tax is charged according to the corporation's own annual period; most Japanese corporations elect their annual period to follow the government fiscal year (1 April to 31 March). Lithuania In Lithuania, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. Macau In Macau, the government's financial year is 1 January to 31 December. Mexico In Mexico, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. Moldova In Moldova, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. Myanmar/Burma In Myanmar, the fiscal year is 1 April to 31 March. Nepal In Nepal, the fiscal year is July 16 (29 Dilā in Nepal Sambat) to July 15 (28 Dilā in Nepal Sambat). New Zealand In New Zealand, the government's fiscal and financial reporting year is 1 July to the next 30 June and applies also to the budget. The company and personal financial year is 1 April to 31 March and applies to company and personal income tax. Pakistan In Pakistan, the government's fiscal year is 1 July of the previous calendar year and concludes on 30 June. Private companies are free to observe their own accounting year, which may not be the same as government's fiscal year. Philippines In the Philippines, the government's fiscal year is the calendar year, from 1 January to 31 December. The accounting period for the private sector must follow a 12-month fiscal period which can or can not be synchronized with the calendar year. Most Philippine companies end their fiscal years in December or March. Poland In Poland, the fiscal year is the calendar year, from 1 January to 31 December. Portugal In Portugal, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. Qatar In Qatar, the fiscal year is from 1 January to 31 December. Romania In Romania, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. Russia In Russia, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. Singapore In Singapore, the fiscal year for the calculation of personal income taxes is 1 January to 31 December. The fiscal year for the Government of Singapore and many government-linked corporations is 1 April to 31 March. Corporations and organisations are permitted to select any date as the end of each fiscal year, as long as this date remains constant. However, new companies should consciously choose their financial year end to stretch as much as a duration of 12 months as possible. South Africa In South Africa, the financial year for the Government of South Africa is 1 April to 31 March. The year of assessment for individuals covers twelve months, 1 March to the final day of February the following year. The Act also provides for certain classes of taxpayers to have a year of assessment ending on a day other than the last day of February. Companies are permitted to have a tax year ending on a date that coincides with their financial year. Many older companies still use a tax year that runs from 1 July to 30 June, inherited from the British system. A common practice for newer companies is to run their tax year from 1 March to the final day of February following, to synchronize with the tax year for individuals. South Korea In South Korea, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. Spain In Spain, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. Sweden In Sweden, the fiscal year for individuals is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. The fiscal year for an organisation is typically one of the following: 1 January to 31 December 1 May to 30 April 1 July to 30 June 1 September to 31 August However, all calendar months are allowed. If an organisation wishes to change into a non-calendar year, permission from the Tax Authority is required. Switzerland In Switzerland, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. Taiwan In Taiwan, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. However, an enterprise may elect to adopt a special fiscal year at the time it is established and can request approval from the tax authorities to change its fiscal year. Thailand In Thailand, the government's fiscal year (FY) is 1 October to 30 September of the following year. For individual taxpayers it is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. Turkey In Turkey, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. Ukraine In Ukraine, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. United Arab Emirates In the United Arab Emirates, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, the financial year runs from 1 April to 31 March for the purposes of government financial statements. For personal tax purposes the fiscal year starts on 6 April and ends on 5 April of the next calendar year. Although United Kingdom corporation tax is charged by reference to the government's financial year, companies can adopt any year as their accounting year: if there is a change in tax rate, the taxable profit is apportioned to financial years on a time basis. A number of major corporations that were once government-owned, such as BT Group and the National Grid, continue to use the government's financial year, which ends on the last day of March, as they have found no reason to change since privatisation. The 5 April year end for income tax reflects the old civil and ecclesiastical calendar under which New Year began on 25 March (Lady Day). The difference between the two dates is accounted for by the eleven days omitted in September 1752 due to the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 by which Great Britain also converted from the Julian Calendar to the Gregorian Calendar. However, although the calendar year finished on 24 March, the tax year finished a day later, on 25 March, the Quarter Day. For a fuller explanation about the history of the United Kingdom income tax year and its start date, see History of taxation in the United Kingdom#Start of tax year. United States Federal government In the United States, the federal government's fiscal year is the 12-month period beginning 1 October and ending 30 September the following year. The identification of a fiscal year is the calendar year in which it ends; thus, the current fiscal year is , often written as "FY" or "FY", which began on 1 October and will end on 30 September . Until 1976, the fiscal year began on 1 July and ended on 30 June. The Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 made the change to allow Congress more time to arrive at a budget each year, and provided for what is known as the "transitional quarter" from 1 July 1976 to 30 September 1976. An earlier shift in the federal government's fiscal year was made in 1843, shifting the fiscal year from a calendar year to one starting on 1 July. For example, the United States government Fiscal Year is: 1st quarter: 1 October – 31 December 2nd quarter: 1 January – 31 March 3rd quarter: 1 April – 30 June 4th quarter: 1 July – 30 September State governments State governments set their own fiscal year. Forty-six of the fifty states set their fiscal year to end on 30 June. Four states have fiscal years that end on a different date: Alabama, ends 30 September Michigan, ends 30 September New York, ends 31 March Texas, ends 31 August The fiscal year for the Washington, DC government ends on 30 September. Among the inhabited territories of the United States, most align with the federal fiscal year, ending on 30 September. These include American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands and the US Virgin Islands. Puerto Rico is the exception, with its fiscal year ending on 30 June. Vietnam In Vietnam, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. Businesses and organizations The tax year for a business is governed by the fiscal year it chooses. A business may choose any consistent fiscal year that it wants; however, for seasonal businesses such as farming and retail, a good account practice is to end the fiscal year shortly after the highest revenue time of year. Consequently, most large agriculture companies end their fiscal years after the harvest season, and most retailers end their fiscal years shortly after the Christmas shopping season. See also 4–4–5 calendar References Further reading Financial accounting Types of year

5752529

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilerplate%20%28spaceflight%29

Boilerplate (spaceflight)

A boilerplate spacecraft, also known as a mass simulator, is a nonfunctional craft or payload that is used to test various configurations and basic size, load, and handling characteristics of rocket launch vehicles. It is far less expensive to build multiple, full-scale, non-functional boilerplate spacecraft than it is to develop the full system (design, test, redesign, and launch). In this way, boilerplate spacecraft allow components and aspects of cutting-edge aerospace projects to be tested while detailed contracts for the final project are being negotiated. These tests may be used to develop procedures for mating a spacecraft to its launch vehicle, emergency access and egress, maintenance support activities, and various transportation processes. Boilerplate spacecraft are most commonly used to test crewed spacecraft; for example, in the early 1960s, NASA performed many tests using boilerplate Apollo spacecraft atop Saturn I rockets, and Mercury spacecraft atop Atlas rockets (for example Big Joe 1). The engine-less Space Shuttle Enterprise was used as a boilerplate to test launch stack assembly and transport to the launch pad. NASA's now-canceled Constellation program and ongoing Artemis program used boilerplate Orion spacecraft for various testing. Mercury boilerplates Mercury boilerplates were manufactured "in-house" by NASA Langley Research Center technicians prior to McDonnell Aircraft Company building the Mercury spacecraft. The boilerplate capsules were designed and used to test spacecraft recovery systems, and escape tower and rocket motors. Formal tests were done on the test pad at Langley and at Wallops Island using the Little Joe rockets. Etymology The term boilerplate originated from the use of boilerplate steel for the construction of test articles/mock-ups. Historically, during the development of the Little Joe series of 7 launch vehicles, there was only one actual boilerplate capsule and it was called such since its conical section was made of steel at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard. This capsule was used in a beach abort test, and then subsequently used in the LJ1A flight. However, the term subsequently came to be used for all the prototype capsules (which in their own right were nearly as complicated as the orbital capsules). This usage was technically incorrect, as those other capsules were not made of boilerplate, but the boilerplate term had effectively been genericized. Notable events Section sources. 1959 July 22 – First successful pad abort flight test with a functional escape tower attached to a Mercury boilerplate. 1959 July 28 – A Mercury boilerplate with instrumentation to measure sound pressure levels and vibrations from the Little Joe test rocket and Grand Central abort rocket/escape tower. 1959 September 9 – A Big Joe Atlas boilerplate Mercury (BJ-1) was successfully launched and flown from Cape Canaveral. This test flight was to determine the performance of the heat shield and heat transfer to the boilerplate, to observe flight dynamics of boilerplate during re-entry into the South Atlantic, to perform and evaluate capsule flotation and recovery system procedures, and to evaluate the entire capsule and rocket characters and system controls. 1960 May 9 – Beach Abort test with a launch escape system was successful. 1961 February 25 – A successful drop test of the Mercury boilerplate spacecraft fitted with impact skirt, straps and cables, and a heat shield. 1961 March 24 – A successful Mercury-Redstone BD (MR-3) launched occurred with an apogee of ; first sub-orbital uncrewed flight. Photos Gemini boilerplates There were seven Gemini boilerplates: BP-1, 2, 3, 3A, 4, 5, and 201. Boilerplate 3A had functional doors and had multi-uses for testing watertightness, flotation collars, and egress procedures. Photos Apollo boilerplates NASA created a variety of Apollo boilerplates. Launch escape system tests (LES) Apollo boilerplate command modules were used for tests of the launch escape system (LES) jettison tower rockets and procedures: BP-6 with Pad Abort Test-1 – LES pad abort test from launch pad; with photo. BP-23A with Pad Abort Test-2 – LES pad abort test of near Block-I CM; with photo. BP-23 with Mission A-002 Test Flight – LES test of canards, Oct. 29-Nov. 5, 1964. BP-27 with LES-015 – Dynamic tests. Boilerplate tests BP-1 – Water impact tests BP-2 – Flotation tests storage BP-3 – Parachute tests BP-6,-6B, – PA-1, later parachute drop test vehicle, and LES pad abort flight test to demonstrate launch escape system's pad-abort performance at White Sands Missile Range. BP-9 with mission AS-105 (SA-10) test flight, Micro Meteoroid Dynamic Test; not recovered. BP-12 with mission A-001 test flight, now at former NASA Facility, Downey, CA to test the LES transonic abort flight performance at White Sands Missile Range. BP-13 with mission AS-101 (SA-6) test flight, not recovered. BP-14 with environmental control system tests, Oct. 22–29, 1964, consisted of command module 14, service module 3, launch escape system 14, and Saturn launch adapters. BP-15 with mission AS-102 (SA-7) test flight, not recovered. BP-16 with mission AS-103 (SA-9) test flight, another Micro Meteoroid test, not recovered. BP-19A – VHF antenna, parachute drop tests; now at the Columbia Memorial Space Center (former NASA Facility, Downey, CA) BP-22 with mission A-003 test flight; boilerplate on display at Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX BP-23 – LES high-dynamic-pressure abort flight performance tests at White Sands Missile Range. BP-23A – LES pad-abort flight performance tests with Canard, BPC, and major sequencing changes at White Sands Missile Range, now displayed with SA-500D at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center, Huntsville, Alabama. BP-25 Command Module (CM) – Water recovery test, at Fort Worth Museum of Transportation(See BP-25 photo) BP-26 with mission AS-104 (SA-8) test flight – another micro meterioid test. BP-27 command and service module with LES-16 – stack and engine gimbal test. Now on display atop the vertical Saturn V at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center, Huntsville, Alabama. BP-28A – Impact tests BP-29 – Uprighting drop tests at Downey, CA, Oct. 30, 1964, on display at Barringer Crater, Arizona. BP-30 – Swing arm tests; currently on display at Kennedy Space Center's Apollo/Saturn V Center. Specific Apollo BP units BP-1101A BP-1101A was used in numerous tests to develop spacecraft recovery equipment and procedures. Specifically, 1101A tested the air bags as part of the uprighting procedure when the Apollo lands upside down in the water. The sequence of the bags inflating caused the capsule to roll and upright itself. This McDonnell boilerplate is now on loan to the Wings Over the Rockies Air and Space Museum, Denver, Colorado, from the Smithsonian. BP-1101A has an external painted marking of AP.5. Examination of the interior in 2006 revealed large heavy steel ingots. After further research, a new paint scheme was applied in June 2007. BP-1102A BP-1102 was used for water egress trainer for all Apollo flights, including by the crew of Apollo 11, the first lunar landing mission. It was also adapted for mock-up interior components and used by astronauts to practice routine and emergency exits from the spacecraft. It was then modified again where the interior was set up to be configured either as Apollo/Soyuz or a proposed five-person Skylab Rescue vehicle. With these two conversions, astronauts could train for those special missions. It was finally transferred from NASA to the Smithsonian in 1977, and is displayed now at the Udvar-Hazy Center with the flotation collar and bags that were attached to Columbia (the Apollo 11 Command Module) at the end of its historic mission. BP-1210 BP-1210 was used in landing and recovery training and to test flotation devices. It is on display outside the Stafford Air & Space Museum. BP-1220/1228 Series The purpose of this series design was to simulate the weight and other external physical characteristics of the Apollo command module. These prototypes were in the 9000 lb range for both laboratory water tanks and ocean tests. The experiments tested flotation collars, collar installations, and buoyancy characteristics. The Navy trained their recovery personnel for ocean collar installation and shipboard retrieval procedures. These boilerplates rarely had internal equipment. See BP-1220 photo. BP-1224 BP-1224 was a component-level flammability-test program to test for design decisions on selection and application of non-metallic materials. Boilerplate configuration comparisons with command and service module 2TV-1 and 101 were performed by North American. The NASA review board decided on February 5, 1967, that the boilerplate configuration had determined a reasonable "worst case" configuration, after more than 1,000 tests were performed. See BP-1224 photo set. BP-1227 Details regarding this test capsule are not clear, but most likely it was lost at sea somewhere between the Azores and the Bay of Biscay in early 1969, and recovered in June 1969 off Gibraltar by the Soviet fishing trawler Apatit (possibly a Soviet spy ship disguised as such, which was commonplace during the Cold War), transferred to the port of Murmansk in the Soviet Union, and returned to the US in September 1970 by the USCGC Southwind (WAGB-280). It is now located in Grand Rapids, Michigan as a time capsule. See BP-1227 photo. The only certainties about this capsule are that it was returned to the United States at Murmansk early in September 1970 during a visit by the USCG Southwind who returned it to the Naval Air Station, Norfolk, Virginia. There it remained until title was passed to the Smithsonian in April 1976 when it was passed on to Grand Rapids, Michigan to serve as a time capsule. Two official sources – the US Navy and the US Coastguard – both say that it was lost by an ARRS (Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron) unit training in recovery procedures. A contemporary account of its return quotes a NASA spokesman as saying, " ... as far as NASA can determine the object... the Navy lost two years ago." Apollo Lunar Module A Lunar Module (LM) boilerplate, the LM test article, was launched with Apollo 8 to simulate the correct weight and balance of the LM which was not ready for the flight. Space Shuttle boilerplates As part of the Space Shuttle program, a number of boilerplate vehicles were constructed using various materials to undertake key tests of procedures, infrastructure and other elements that would take place during a Shuttle mission. Facilities Test Article In 1977, the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) constructed a simple steel and wood orbiter mockup to be used in fit check activities for various elements of the infrastructure needed to support the Space Shuttle, including roadway clearances and crane capabilities, as well as for testing in various buildings and structures used as part of the program, both at the MSFC and at the Kennedy Space Center. The mockup was designed to be the approximate size, shape and weight of an actual orbiter, and allowed these initial tests to be undertaken without using the far more expensive and delicate prototype orbiter, Enterprise. Following its use as a test article, the mockup was stored until 1983, when it was refurbished and modified to more closely resemble an actual orbiter, before being displayed in Tokyo. Structural Test Article The Structural Test Article was built as a test vehicle intended for use in initial vibration testing to simulate entire flights. The STA was built as essentially a complete orbiter airframe, but with a mockup of the crew compartment installed, and the thermal insulation only fitted to the forward fuselage. The simulation testing of the STA was undertaken over the course of eleven months following its rollout in February 1978; at the time, it was intended that the prototype orbiter Enterprise would be converted into a full flight ready model, but the cost of undertaking this work, along with a number of design changes that had taken place between Enterprise being rolled out, and the final construction of the first operational orbiter, Columbia, meant that it was decided instead to upgrade the STA into a flight model. This began following the end of the STA testing in January 1979, with the completed orbiter, named as Challenger, rolled out in June 1982. Prototype Approach and landing tests In January 1977, the prototype orbiter Enterprise was delivered to Edwards Air Force Base in California for the beginning of its overall test programme, which would encompass flight tests, fit-check and procedures testing of the orbiter, its systems, the facilities and procedures required to launch, fly and land the spacecraft safely. During 1977, Enterprise was used in what was called the Approach and Landing Tests programme of testing, which encompassed mating the orbiter to the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, a modified Boeing 747 to test the taxiing and flight characteristics of the Orbiter / SCA combination. This included flights of the combination in which Enterprise itself was powered up and crewed, to test crew procedures systems in flight, and finally a set of five so-called "free-flights", with Enterprise jettisoned from the SCA at altitude to land on its own, testing the orbiter's own flying and handling characteristics. Vibration and fit-check tests In March 1978, following its use in flight tests during the ALT program, Enterprise was taken to the MSFC in Huntsville, Alabama for use in the Mated Vertical Ground Vibration Test. This would see Enterprise mated to an empty External Tank and dummy Solid Rocket Boosters, creating a boilerplate version of the complete Space Shuttle stack for the first time. Inside the Dynamic Structural Test Facility at the MSFC, the stack was subjected to a series of vibration tests simulating the various stages that it would be subjected to during launch.<ref>[http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/content/?cid=3544 NASA Marshall Space Flight Center: Enterprise Boilerplate Tests] </ref> Following its use at Huntsville, Enterprise was then taken to the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, where she was again used in full boilerplate configuration to this time test the procedures of assembling and transporting the stack from the Vehicle Assembly Building to Launch Complex 39, as well as procedures required upon its arrival at the launch pad.NASA: OV-101 Vertical Tests In 1985, Enterprise'' was used again for this purpose, this time with the boilerplate configuration used to test the Air Force shuttle facilities at Vandenberg Air Force Base, including a full mating on the SLC-6 launch pad. Orion boilerplate Development The construction of the first Orion boilerplate, was a basic mockup prototype to test the assembling sequences and launch procedures at NASA's Langley Research Center while Lockheed aerospace engineers assemble the first rocket motors for the spacecraft's escape tower. The first boilerplate went to Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards, California, for integration of Lockheed's avionics and NASA's developmental flight instrumentation prior to shipment to New Mexico's White Sands Missile Range for the first Orion pad abort test (PA-1) in 2009. On November 20, 2008 a complete test of the abort rockets took place in Utah. PA-1 is the first of the six test events in Orion Abort Flight Test subproject. Lockheed Martin Corp. was awarded the contract to build Orion on August 31, 2006. Other boilerplates would be used to test thermal, electromagnetic, audio, mechanical vibration conditions and research studies. These tests for the Orion spacecraft would be done at Plum Brook Station in the agency's Ohio-based Glenn Research Center. Photos Commercial spacecraft boilerplates In the 2010s, several commercially designed space capsules used boilerplate units on the initial launches of new launch vehicles. The Dragon Spacecraft Qualification Unit was a boilerplate unit launched to orbit on the maiden flight of the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket, on June 4, 2010. It was built to the outer mold line (OML) and mass distribution of the Dragon spacecraft. The Cygnus Mass Simulator was a boilerplate capsule launched to orbit on the maiden flight of the Orbital Sciences Corporation Antares rocket on April 21, 2013. It was built to outer mold line and mass distribution of the Cygnus spacecraft. On the maiden flight of the SpaceX Falcon Heavy launch vehicle on February 6, 2018, Elon Musk used his Tesla Roadster as a dummy payload with a mannequin driver, which was sent to a heliocentric elliptical orbit with an aphelion of 2.6 AU by the second stage. See also Project Mercury Project Gemini Project Apollo Battleship (rocketry) Rendezvous Docking Simulator Space Shuttle Pathfinder Orion Abort Test Booster Notes References MSNBC: Orion Boilerplate Story(updated: 10:11 a.m. MT, Wed., March. 21, 2007) BusinessTech: Orion-Ares Story(posted: 6 September 2006 10:41 am ET) NASA Apollo History Archives Smithsonian NASM: List of Apollo Boilerplates, missions, and launch vehicles External links AAIA: Orion Boilerplate NASA Spaceflight: MLAS – the alternative Orion Launch Abort System gains momentum (Orion boilerplate being developed) HobbySpace: BP-6 now in California List of Mercury Boilerplates Orion Boilerplate Apollo program NASA programs Project Gemini Project Mercury Spacecraft components

5753276

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28612901%29%202004%20XP14

(612901) 2004 XP14

is a sub-kilometer asteroid, classified as a near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group. It was first observed by the LINEAR project on 10 December 2004. Description Although initially there were concerns that it might possibly impact Earth later in the 21st century and thus merit special monitoring, further analysis of its orbit has since ruled out any such collision, at least in the foreseeable future. The size of is not precisely known. Based on optical measurements, the object is between 300 and 800 meters in diameter. Radar observations place a lower bound of about . 's closest pass by Earth was above the west coast of North America at 04:25 UTC on 3 July 2006. The asteroid's distance from Earth's center of mass at that moment was , or just 1.1 times the Moon's average distance from Earth. It was observed immediately after this close approach by radar from three locations, from Goldstone in the Mojave Desert in the US, from Sicily, and from Yevpatoria RT-70 radio telescope, Ukraine, as well as optically from other observatories and amateurs. It was removed from the Sentry Risk Table on 17 March 2005. References External links NASA's Asteroid Radar Group Asteroid may pose danger to Earth Close pass by space rock Sormano Astronomical Observatory: Minor Body Priority List Minimum Orbital Intersection Distance Closest Approaches to the Earth by Minor Planets 612901 612901 612901 612901 20041210

5753806

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings%20of%20minor%20planet%20names%3A%2035001%E2%80%9336000

Meanings of minor planet names: 35001–36000

35001–35100 |-id=053 | 35053 Rojyurij || || Yurij Arsentyevich Roj (born 1948) is an expert on laser ranging, space and ground-based communication systems, and a key participant in the Russian lunar program. He is a member of the K. E. Tsiolkovsky Russian Academy of Cosmonautics. || |-id=056 | 35056 Cullers || 1984 ST || Kent Cullers, American physicist || |-id=062 | 35062 Sakuranosyou || 1988 EP || Sakuranosyou, the Musashino Sakurano Elementary School, in Musashino, Tokyo, Japan, on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the school's founding || |-id=076 | 35076 Yataro || || Yataro Iwasaki, close friend of Sakamoto Ryōma and played a crucial role in bringing about the Meiji Restoration || |-id=087 | 35087 von Sydow || || Max von Sydow (1929–2020), a Swedish screen actor. || |-id=093 | 35093 Akicity || || Aki City, in eastern Kochi prefecture, Japan || |} 35101–35200 |-id=137 | 35137 Meudon || || Meudon, a small town near Paris || |-id=165 | 35165 Québec || || Quebec City, Québec, Canada || |-id=197 | 35197 Longmire || 1994 LH || Matthew J. Longmire, American(?) electrical engineer and pioneer of the astronomical CCD revolution † || |} 35201–35300 |-id=222 | 35222 Delbarrio || || Bianca Del Barrio, wife of Francesco Gallotti, a member of the Osservatorio di Montelupo (Montelupo Observatory) || |-id=229 | 35229 Benckert || || Johann Peter Benckert, 18th-century German sculptor || |-id=233 | 35233 Krčín || 1995 KJ || Jakub Krčín of Jelčany, 16th-century Czech hydraulic engineer, designer of ponds such as Rožmberk Pond, Bohemia || |-id=237 | 35237 Matzner || 1995 QP || Antonín Matzner, Czech musicologist † || |-id=239 | 35239 Ottoseydl || || Otto Seydl (1884–1959), Czech populariser of astronomy, worked on stellar statistics and later on history of astronomy in Bohemia. He served as the director of the State Observatory in Klementinum in Prague (1939–1942 and 1945–1948). He was a member of the IAU and The Czech Astronomical Society. || |-id=265 | 35265 Takeosaitou || || Takeo Saitou (born 1934), a member of the Yamagata Astronomical Society. || |-id=268 | 35268 Panoramix || 1996 QY || Panoramix, also known as Getafix, is the village druid in the cartoon series Les aventures d´Asterix by Uderzo and Goscinny || |-id=269 | 35269 Idefix || || Idefix, also known as Dogmatix, is small white dog belonging to Obelix in the cartoon series Les aventures d´Asterix by Uderzo and Goscinny || |-id=270 | 35270 Molinari || 1996 RL || Emilio Molinari (born 1963), developed his astronomical career in Brera Observatory, Milan, beginning with the study of distant clusters of galaxies then shifting to technology group. He now serves as director of the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo and Rapid Eye Mount observatories. || |-id=274 | 35274 Kenziarino || || Kenzi Arino (born 1947), a member of the Yamagata Astronomical Society. || |-id=283 | 35283 Bradtimerson || || Bradley W. Timerson (1950–2018) was a science teacher, weather spotter, amateur seismologist and active member of IOTA. Brad served as IOTA VP for Planetary Occultations, where he mentored observers and analyzed hundreds of submitted asteroidal occultations. || |-id=286 | 35286 Takaoakihiro || || Akihiro Takao, Japanese amateur astronomer, member of the Matsue Astronomy Club || |-id=295 | 35295 Omo || 1996 VM || On the banks of the Omo River in Ethiopia, archaeologists have found fossil fragments of early Olduwan hominids. The site was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980. || |} 35301–35400 |-id=313 | 35313 Hangtianyuan || || Zhongguo Hangtianyuan Zhongxin (Astronaut Center of China), in Beijing Space City || |-id=316 | 35316 Monella || || Rinaldo Monella, Italian amateur astronomer † || |-id=324 | 35324 Orlandi || || Stefano Orlandi, worker in the T.L.C. Observatory for deep-sky photography and astrometry of comets and minor planets. || |-id=325 | 35325 Claudiaguarnieri || || Claudia Guarnieri, student of the science of architecture at the University of Parma. || |-id=326 | 35326 Lucastrabla || || Luca Strabla, Italian engineer and amateur astronomer. || |-id=334 | 35334 Yarkovsky || || Ivan Osipovich Yarkovsky, 19th-century Russian engineer who put forward the idea of what is now called the Yarkovsky effect || |-id=346 | 35346 Ivanoferri || 1997 JX || Ivano Ferri (born 1946) is an Italian amateur astronomer, who has been at the T.L.C. Observatory since its 1991 foundation. || |-id=347 | 35347 Tallinn || || Known as Kolyvan, and later as Reval, the Finnic-speaking community became the northernmost member of the Hanseatic League in 1285 || |-id=350 | 35350 Lespaul || || Les Paul, famous guitarist || |-id=352 | 35352 Texas || || Texas, the largest state in the continental U.S. || |-id=356 | 35356 Vondrák || || Jan Vondrák, Czech astronomer, president of IAU Division I, 2007 winner of the Nušl Prize of the Česká astronomická společnost (ČAS, Czech Astronomical Society) || |-id=357 | 35357 Haraldlesch || || Harald Lesch, professor of astronomy and astrophysics at the University of Munich || |-id=358 | 35358 Lorifini || || Lorella Fini, daughter-in-law of the first discoverer || |-id=364 | 35364 Donaldpray || 1997 UT || Donald P. Pray, American amateur astronomer || |-id=365 | 35365 Cooney || 1997 UU || Walter R. Cooney Jr., American amateur astronomer || |-id=366 | 35366 Kaifeng || || Kaifeng, a city located on the southern bank of the Yellow River in northern Henan province, China || |-id=370 | 35370 Daisakyu || || Tottori-Dai-Sakyu ("Tottori Sand Dunes"), Japan's greatest sand dune, near Tottori City which merged with Saji Village, where the Saji Observatory is located, in 2004 || |-id=371 | 35371 Yokonozaki || || Yoko Nozaki (born 1965) is a curator at Higashiyamato City Museum who has shared astronomy with the general public for many years. She is one of the most famous planetarium communicators in Japan. || |-id=391 | 35391 Uzan || || Jean-Philippe Uzan (born 1969) is a French theoretical physicist, renowned for his research on gravitation and relativistic cosmology. He has received several awards, including the Georges Lemaître prize, and is deeply involved in scientific outreach both by publishing popular books and mixing art and science. || |-id=394 | 35394 Countbasie || || Count Basie (1904–1984) was an American jazz pianist, organist, bandleader and composer. One of the greatest jazz musicians of the 20th century, he founded the Count Basie Orchestra in 1935 and left an impressive discography. || |} 35401–35500 |-id=403 | 35403 Latimer || || Truett Latimer (born 1928) an American IMAX film producer and former president of the Houston Museum of Natural Science, was instrumental in the bold expansion of the museum in 1986, including in 1989 the building of its satellite facility, the George Observatory (Src). || |-id=419 | 35419 Beckysmethurst || || Becky Smethurst (born 1990) is a British astrophysicist currently working at the University of Oxford. Her research concerns galaxies and their supermassive black holes. She maintains a very high quality YouTube channel with over 100.000 subscribers. || |-id=429 | 35429 Bochartdesaron || || Jean Baptiste Gaspard Bochart de Saron (1730–1794) was a French magistrate and president of the Paris parliament. An amateur astronomer and mathematician, he was the first to compute a circular orbit for Uranus, and he computed orbits for many of Messier's comets until his death during the French Revolution. || |-id=441 | 35441 Kyoko || || Kyoko Iwasaki (born 1978), a Japanese swimmer who received a gold medal in the women's 200-m breast stroke at the Barcelona Olympics in 1992. She is not only a superior athlete in Japan, but also the youngest gold medallist in the history of the world's swim meets. || |-id=444 | 35444 Giuliamarconcini || || Giulia Marconcini (born 1991) has a master's degree in construction engineering-architecture with honors. Her first work was the reinforced concrete structure supporting the dome of the astronomical observatory K83 "Beppe Forti" in Montelupo Fiorentino. || |-id=446 | 35446 Stáňa || || Stáňa (Stanislava) Setváková, Czech staff member of the Prague Planetarium and wife of meteorologist Martin Setvák. || |-id=461 | 35461 Mazzucato || || Michele Mazzucato, (born 1962) is an amateur astronomer and discoverer of minor planets whose main fields of interest are the history of astronomy, geometrical geodesy and astrometry of minor planets. A member of several scientific associations, he has written many articles and books, principally on geodesy and astronomy topics. || |-id=462 | 35462 Maramkaire || || Maram Kaire (born 1978) is a Senegalese astronomer and founder of the Senegalese Association for the Promotion of Astronomy. He has supervised stellar occultation missions in collaboration with NASA. He is a member of the African Initiative for Planetary and Space Science and the representative of the IAU in Senegal. || |-id=464 | 35464 Elisaconsigli || || Elisa Consigli (born 1981) a marketing executive and niece of Italian amateur astronomer Maura Tombelli, who co-discovered this minor planet. Elisa has graduated in linguistic and multimedia communication. || |-id=465 | 35465 Emilianoricci || || Emiliano Ricci (born 1964) is an Italian science journalist and writer, known for his popularization of astronomy and physics. An astronomy enthusiast from a young age, he is the founder of the Florentine Astronomical Society. || |} 35501–35600 |-id=534 | 35534 Clementfeller || || Clement Feller (born 1989) is a postdoctoral researcher at the Physics Institute of Bern University, whose investigations include the photometric properties of cometary nuclei, asteroids and meteorites. || |} 35601–35700 |-id=618 | 35618 Tartu || || Tartu, Estonia || |-id=646 | 35646 Estela || || Estela Fernández-Valenzuela (born 1983) is a postdoctoral researcher at the Florida Space Institute at the University of Central Florida (Orlando, FL). Her studies include trojan asteroids and photometry of and stellar occultations by trans-Neptunian objects. || |-id=655 | 35655 Étienneklein || || Étienne Klein (born 1958) is a French physicist and philosopher of science. He took part in the development of isotopic separation involving lasers and worked on the design of a superconducting particle accelerator. As a science popularizer he has published numerous books about quantum mechanics and the philosophy of time. || |} 35701–35800 |-id=703 | 35703 Lafiascaia || || "La fiascaia", the woman who makes the straw coverings often present on Italian wine bottles, such as for chianti || |-id=725 | 35725 Tramuntana || || Tramuntana, the principal mountain chain of Mallorca, Spain; it is also the name of the north wind || |-id=734 | 35734 Dilithium || || A substance of great power in the science fiction universe of Star Trek, dilithium is an essential component for the faster-than-light warp drive depicted in the stories. In the real world, dilithium is a molecule consisting of two covalently-bonded lithium atoms. || |-id=768 | 35768 Wendybauer || || Wendy Hagen Bauer (born 1950) is a North American professor emerita of astronomy at Wellesley College, where she taught from 1979 to 2015. A dedicated educator, she taught classes ranging from upper level astronomy seminars on stars, to planetary geology. || |-id=769 | 35769 Tombauer || || Thomas J. Bauer (born 1955) is a retired physics instructor at Wellesley College, where he taught from 1986 to 2014. He developed instrumentation to use in both introductory and advanced laboratory classes, and developed software to control data collection from spectrometers to oscilloscopes. || |} 35801–35900 |-bgcolor=#f2f2f2 | colspan=4 align=center | |} 35901–36000 |-id=976 | 35976 Yorktown || || Yorktown, a town in Virginia on the York River leading into the Chesapeake Bay || |-id=977 | 35977 Lexington || 1999 NA || Lexington, Massachusetts, "Birthplace of American Liberty" || |-id=978 | 35978 Arlington || 1999 NC || Arlington, Massachusetts, site of the heaviest fighting during the first day of the American Revolutionary War on 19 April 1775 || |} References 035001-036000

5767893

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Global%20Boundary%20Stratotype%20Sections%20and%20Points

List of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points

This is a list of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points. Since 1977, Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (abbreviated GSSPs) are internationally agreed upon reference points on stratigraphic sections of rock which define the lower boundaries of stages on the geologic time scale. They are selected by the International Commission on Stratigraphy based on multiple factors, but their accessibility and the degree to which they are representative of the same boundary on sections worldwide are among the most important. Since GSSPs require well-preserved sections of rock without interruptions in sedimentation, and since most are defined by different stages of animal life, defining them becomes progressively more difficult as one goes further back in time. Organization of this list This list is divided first into the geologic eras of the Phanerozoic (the Cenozoic, the Mesozoic, and the Paleozoic) and then into the geologic periods of each era. Each period is marked below the era bar on top of its subdivided epochs and stages. Each stage is assigned an age in mya, an acronym for million years ago, which is the age at which it began. Most of these ages are derived from astronomical cycles in sediments, magnetic data, biostratigraphic data, and radiometric dating methods. The GSSP assigned to each stage is that stage's lower boundary and oldest point. Ages are given in "million year ago" (mya). They are obtained with different radiometric dating methods depending on the type of rock and its age. Ages that have a tilde (~) prefix are approximate ages for GSSPs that have not been defined or not been accurately dated. The Status column has a "golden spike" for every GSSP which has been formally agreed by the ICS. Those without have only candidate sections which have not yet been formally ratified. The clock stands for times that are currently defined only by an age. The "Defining markers" column lists the evidence in the rock used to define the boundary. (Ideally, these are applicable in rock sections worldwide.) Most of the boundaries rely on the fossil record (biologic), paleomagnetic data (magnetic), and/or climate data determined by carbon and oxygen isotopes. List Cenozoic Quaternary Neogene Paleogene Mesozoic Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic Paleozoic Permian Carboniferous Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian Precambrian Proterozoic Archean and Hadean See also Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) Geologic Time Scale History of the Earth Geological history of Earth References External links International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) Geology-related lists Geologic time scales of Earth Stratigraphy

5771237

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantabrian%20Coast

Cantabrian Coast

Cantabrian Coast is the name given to a lush natural region in Northern Spain, stretching along the Atlantic coast from the border with Portugal to the border with France. The region includes nearly all of Galicia, Asturias, and Cantabria, in addition to the northern parts of the Basque Country, as well as a small portion of Navarre. Climate and landscape It is often referred to as Green Spain (a direct translation into English of the Spanish España Verde) because its wet and temperate oceanic climate helps lush pastures and forests thrive, providing a landscape similar to that of Ireland, Great Britain, and the west coast of France. This denomination has been made a territorial brand (in 1989) by the autonomous communities of Galicia, the Principality of Asturias, Cantabria and the Basque Country, with the support of Turespaña, whose objective is to position the Cantabrian coast as an alternative tourist destination in the international market. The climate and landscape are determined by the Atlantic Ocean winds whose moisture gets trapped by the mountains circumventing the Spanish Atlantic façade. Because of the Foehn effect, the southern slopes fall inside the rain shadow zone and so Green Spain contrasts starkly with the drier central plateau of Spain. Conversely, in those brief episodes when the southwestern winds blow through the mountains (especially during October and November), the effect reverses, the northern coast gets inside the Foehn winds and is dry and much warmer than the inner plateau, where rain is present. The average precipitation is about 1,200 mm, higher than in most areas in inland central Europe, and wetter than almost anywhere in Spain, a country generally considered dry (the main exception to this northernly rainfall trend is the Sierra de Grazalema, in the southern province of Cádiz, with mountains that block the Atlantic moisture-carrying winds and which is, indeed, the most rainy place in Spain). Asturias has an average summer temperature of 20-22 °C, being one of the mildest climates in Europe. Most of the rain comes from the Atlantic through Galicia, the western part of Green Spain. Depending on the latitude of entry, this wet air can drop to the south, or more likely stay and run through the north stretch of land, pushed north by the Cantabrian mountains. Native species The main native tree species of this biome are beech and oak. However, since the second half of the 20th century, in some areas (especially in coastal areas), native forests have been replaced by plantations of eucalyptus and Monterey Pine for its commercial exploitation in the paper industry. The Pyrenees, which sometimes are considered in the same geologic system as the Cantabrian Mountains, were once included in Green Spain, even though the rainfall there has different patterns and the general landscape is more alpine rather than genuinely oceanic. Image gallery See also Cantabrian mixed forests Climate of Spain The Eurosiberian region of the Iberian Peninsula Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome References Regions of Spain Coasts Geography of Spain

5772052

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamato%20791197

Yamato 791197

Yamato 791197, official abbreviation Y-791197, is a meteorite that was found in Antarctica on November 20, 1979. It is the first rock to be found on Earth identified as a lunar meteorite (see also ALH 81005). It was collected by National Institute of Polar Research, Japan. Classification and characteristics Weighing 52.4 grams, it is a weakly shocked feldspathic regolith breccia believed to have come from the lunar highlands on the far side of the Moon. It is classified as lunar-anorthositic breccia, a lunar meteorite that is primarily anorthositic. See also Glossary of meteoritics List of lunar meteorites References External links Chemical Classification Meteorites found in Antarctica Lunar meteorites

5773092

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings%20of%20minor%20planet%20names%3A%2037001%E2%80%9338000

Meanings of minor planet names: 37001–38000

37001–37100 |-id=019 | 37019 Jordansteckloff || || Jordan Steckloff (born 1985) is a research scientist at the Planetary Science Institute who conducts modeling investigations into the physical processes at work on a variety of solar system bodies. || |-id=022 | 37022 Robertovittori || || Roberto Vittori (born 1964), Italian astronaut || |-id=044 | 37044 Papymarcel || || Marcel Alphonse Merlin, father of French discoverer Jean-Claude Merlin. "Papy" is the French diminutive of "Father". || |} 37101–37200 |-id=117 | 37117 Narcissus || || Narcissus, from Greek mythology, a hero from the territory of Thespiae in Boeotia who was renowned for his beauty || |-id=141 | 37141 Povolný || || (1924–2004), a Czech biologist and expert on butterflies and flies || |-id=163 | 37163 Huachucaclub || || The Huachuca Astronomy Club of Sierra Vista, Arizona, counts many amateur astronomers, including several discoverers of minor planets and comets as well as authors of books, articles and software (Src). || |} 37201–37300 |-id=218 | 37218 Kimyoonyoung || || Yoonyoung Kim (born 1991) is a Korean postdoctoral researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (Göttingen, Germany), whose studies include characterization of dust properties of active asteroids and comets. || |-id=279 | 37279 Hukvaldy || || , a large castle in northeastern Moravia, Czech Republic (Src). || |} 37301–37400 |-id=309 | 37309 Pajuelo || || Myriam Pajuelo (born 1961) is one of the first Peruvian planetary scientists. She obtained her PhD in France on studies of binary asteroids, and returned to Peru in 2017 to promote research in Planetary Sciences at the PUC-Peru. || |-id=349 | 37349 Lynnaequick || || Lynnae C. Quick (born 1984) of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center is an expert in volcanic processes on planetary bodies, including study of the faculae and cryovolcanism on (1) Ceres. She is member of the Dawn, Europa Clipper, and Dragonfly missions. || |-id=391 | 37391 Ebre || 2001 XB || Ebre Observatory (Observatori de l'Ebre) in Roquetes-Tortosa, Spain. The observatory takes its name from a nearby river and was founded by the Jesuits in 1904. Since its establishment it has become very prestigious in geophysics. The observatory's centennial is being celebrated in 2004. || |-id=392 | 37392 Yukiniall || || Yuki and Niall, children of co-discoverer Henri Boffin || |} 37401–37500 |-id=432 | 37432 Piszkéstető || || Piszkéstető, a 944 m peak on Mátra Mountains, Hungary, site of Piszkéstető Station || |-id=452 | 37452 Spirit || 4282 P-L || Spirit rover (Mars Exploration Rover A)† || |-id=471 | 37471 Popocatepetl || 7082 P-L || Popocatépetl, the 5462-m volcano in Mexico. || |} 37501–37600 |-id=519 | 37519 Amphios || 3040 T-3 || Amphios, son of Merops of Perkote, one of the allies of Priam, killed by Ajax to get his beautiful armour during the Trojan war || |-id=530 | 37530 Dancingangel || || Ekaterina Pavlova (1991–2010), a talented and bright individual who devoted her short life to oriental dance. A two-time champion of oriental dancing in the Republic of Crimea, she also won numerous other competitions. The name "Dancingangel" reflects her spiritual qualities and professionalism. || |-id=556 | 37556 Svyaztie || || Svyaz and Tie, Russian and English words meaning "connection", honouring the astronomical collaborations and friendships between the two superpowers, and also the exchange of neckwear by the co-discoverers on their first meeting in 1970 || |-id=561 | 37561 Churgym || 1988 CR || Churgym River, a small Siberian river which forms a waterfall close to the site of the 1908 Tunguska explosion, which destroyed a large area of the Tundra forest. || |-id=573 | 37573 Enricocaruso || || Enrico Caruso (1873–1921), Italian tenor || |-id=582 | 37582 Faraday || || Michael Faraday (1791–1867), English naturalist, discoverer, amongst many things, of electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, and the Faraday effect || |-id=583 | 37583 Ramonkhanna || || Ramon Khanna (born 1964), a German astrophysicist whose research includes black-hole magnetohydrodynamics || |-id=584 | 37584 Schleiden || || Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1804–1881), German botanist, co-founder (with Theodor Schwann) of the field of cytology || |-id=588 | 37588 Lynnecox || || Lynne Cox (born 1957), American long-distance swimmer || |-id=592 | 37592 Pauljackson || || Paul Jackson (born 1932), Professor emeritus at the Vienna Observatory || |-id=596 | 37596 Cotahuasi || || The Cotahuasi Canyon, near the Peruvian city of Arequipa, was formed by the Cotahuasi river. || |} 37601–37700 |- | 37601 Vicjen || || Vic Winter (born 1953) and Jen Winter (born 1969), popularizers of astronomy in rural Bolivia || |-id=607 | 37607 Regineolsen || || Regine Olsen (1822–1904), a Danish woman who was engaged to the Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard and who had a great influence upon his works. || |-id=608 | 37608 Löns || || Hermann Löns (1866–1914), German novelist and folk songwriter || |-id=609 | 37609 LaVelle || || Lewis LaVelle McCoy (born 1946), an American civic-minded entrepreneur from Arizona. || |-id=623 | 37623 Valmiera || || Valmiera (Wolmar), city in Northern Latvia || |-id=627 | 37627 Lucaparmitano || 1993 TD || Luca Parmitano (born 1976) is an Italian engineer and astronaut in the European Astronaut Corps for the European Space Agency. || |-id=630 | 37630 Thomasmore || || Thomas More (1478–1535), a philosopher, statesman and a noted Renaissance humanist. || |-id=640 | 37640 Luiginegrelli || 1993 WF || Luigi Negrelli (1799–1858) was an Italian engineer, known for his work on the Suez Canal. || |-id=645 | 37645 Chebarkul || || The city of Chebarkul where a large fragment the Chelyabinsk meteor penetrated the surface of Lake Chebarkul, creating an 8-meter diameter hole on 15 February 2013 || |-id=646 | 37646 Falconscott || || Robert Falcon Scott (1868–1912) was the first British explorer to reach the South Pole and explore Antarctica extensively by land. || |-id=655 | 37655 Illapa || 1994 PM || Illapa, the thunder or weather god of the Incas || |-id=678 | 37678 McClure || || Albert Edmund McClure (born 1938), Irish engineer and antique astronomical instrument restorer || |-id=683 | 37683 Gustaveeiffel || 1995 KK || Gustave Eiffel (1832–1923) was a French civil engineer and architect. He is best known for the Eiffel Tower, built for the 1889 Universal Exposition in Paris. || |-id=687 | 37687 Chunghikoh || || Chunghi Koh (Helen) Weber, American pharmacist and wife of American astronomer Robert Weber, who is credited with the discovery of this minor planet. || |-id=692 | 37692 Loribragg || 1995 VX || Lori Bragg, American member of the Maui Economic Development Board, provider of technical support to the AMOS team || |-id=699 | 37699 Santini-Aichl || || Jan Santini Aichel (1677–1723), a Czech architect of Italian origin || |} 37701–37800 |-id=706 | 37706 Trinchieri || 1996 RN || Ginevra Trinchieri (born 1955) has worked on galaxies, groups, clusters and their evolution, particularly on their high energy properties. She is currently the president of the Italian Astronomical Society and the Italian representative and outreach contact in the IAU. || |-id=720 | 37720 Kawanishi || || Kawanishi is situated in the southern part of Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. || |-id=729 | 37729 Akiratakao || || Akira Takao (born 1952), Japanese neurological physician and amateur astronomer (nova hunter) || |-id=734 | 37734 Bonacina || || Celestino Bonacina (born 1947), an Italian amateur astronomer instrumental for the construction of the Sormano Astronomical Observatory where this minor planet was discovered. || |-id=735 | 37735 Riccardomuti || 1996 VL || Riccardo Muti (born 1941) is an Italian conductor. He holds three music directorships: the Chicago Symphony Orchestra; the Philadelphia Orchestra; and the Teatro alla Scala in Milan. Muti has been a prolific recording artist and has received dozens of honors, titles, awards and prizes. || |-id=736 | 37736 Jandl || || Ivan Jandl (1937–1987), a Czech child actor and first Czech Oscar winner || |-id=749 | 37749 Umbertobonori || || Umberto Bonori (born 1950) is an Italian amateur astronomer, who has been at the T.L.C. Observatory since its 1991 foundation. || |-id=782 | 37782 Jacquespiccard || || Jacques Piccard (1922–2008), a Swiss marine explorer best known for his historic submarine dive to the floor of the Mariana Trench. || |-id=786 | 37786 Tokikonaruko || || Tokiko Naruko, Japanese social volunteer, daughter of Issei Yamamoto, founder of the Oriental Astronomical Association || |-id=788 | 37788 Suchan || || Pavel Suchan, Czech popularizer of astronomy at the Stefanik Observatory in Prague and spokesman for the Czech Astronomical Society. || |} 37801–37900 |-id=818 | 37818 Juliamaury || || Julia Maury (born 2019) is the daughter of (29634) Sabrinaaksil and (8184) Luderic, who is the son of (3780) Maury and (4404) Enirac. || |-id=835 | 37835 Darioconsigli || || Dario Consigli (born 1992), an Italian school teacher and nephew of amateur astronomer Maura Tombelli, who discovered this minor planet. || |-id=836 | 37836 Simoneterreni || || Simone Terreni (born 1972) is an Italian amateur astronomer and a member of the astronomy club at Montelupo () who is a computer engineer and telecommunications entrepreneur by profession. || |-id=840 | 37840 Gramegna || || Maria Gramegna (1887–1915) was an Italian mathematician who studied linear differential equations. The techniques in his thesis, now lost, were highly original. She taught mathematics in Avezzano, and was one of 30000 people killed during the 1915 January 13 earthquake. || |-id=848 | 37848 Michelmeunier || || Michel Meunier (born 1964), a French airline pilot, amateur astronomer, and developer of electronic systems for astronomy, as well as a discoverer of minor planets and comets such as C/1997 J2 (Meunier–Dupouy) using a remote telescope in Chile. || |-id=853 | 37853 Danielbarbier || || Daniel Barbier (1907–1965), a French observational astronomer, made significant contributions to the study of the background of the night sky. He turned his interest to the 6300 Å forbidden line of neutral oxygen by measuring the variations of its strength with the height in the ionosphere where it is emitted. || |-id=859 | 37859 Bobkoff || || Robert Koff (born 1943), an American amateur astronomer who has produced numerous high-quality lightcurves for minor planets and eclipsing binary stars, despite shooting through the urban skies of Denver, CO, and around trees and houses from his apartment balcony. His work is a testament to perseverance, dedication and the power of CCD imaging (Src). || |-id=865 | 37865 Georgesattard || || Georges Attard (born 1957) is a French computer scientist and program manager in the aerospace industry. He has developed a number of image processing algorithms and has contributed to digital mapping and satellite imagery software. || |} 37901–38000 |-id=939 | 37939 Hašler || 1998 HA || Karel Hašler (1879–1941), Czech songwriter, actor, movie director and cabaretier || |-id=941 | 37941 Dawidowicz || || Gilles Dawidowicz (born 1971), a French geographer and co-writer on planetology text books, who has been the vice-president of the Société astronomique de France as well as the president of the Triel Observatory (, Src). || |} References 037001-038000

5780913

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%20the%20Earth%27s%20Core%20%28novel%29

At the Earth's Core (novel)

At the Earth's Core is a 1914 fantasy novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, the first in his series about the fictional "hollow earth" land of Pellucidar. It first appeared as a four-part serial in All-Story Weekly from April 4 to 25, 1914. It was first published in book form in hardcover by A. C. McClurg in July, 1922. Plot summary The author relates how, traveling in the Sahara desert, he has encountered a remarkable vehicle and its pilot, David Innes, a man with a remarkable story to tell. David Innes is a mining heir who finances the experimental "iron mole," an excavating vehicle designed by his elderly inventor friend Abner Perry. In a test run, they discover the vehicle cannot be turned, and it burrows 500 miles into the Earth's crust, emerging into the unknown interior world of Pellucidar. In Burroughs' concept, the Earth is a hollow shell with Pellucidar as the internal surface of that shell. Pellucidar is inhabited by prehistoric creatures of all geological eras, and dominated by the Mahars, a species of flying reptile both intelligent and civilized, but which enslaves and preys on the local stone-age humans. Innes and Perry are captured by the Mahars' ape-like Sagoth servants and taken with other human captives to the chief Mahar city of Phutra. Among their fellow captives are the brave Ghak, the Hairy One, from the country of Sari, the shifty Hooja the Sly One and the lovely Dian the Beautiful of Amoz. David Innes, attracted to Dian the Beautiful, defends her against the unwanted attentions of Hooja the Sly One, but due to his ignorance of local customs she assumes he wants her as a slave, not a friend or lover, and subsequently snubs him. Only later, after Hooja slips their captors in a dark tunnel and forces Dian to leave with him, does David learn from Ghak the cause of the misunderstanding. In Phutra the captives become slaves, and the two surface worlders learn more of Pellucidar and Mahar society. The Mahars are all female, reproducing parthenogenetically by means of a closely guarded "Great Secret" contained in a Mahar book. David learns that they also feast on selected human captives in a secret ritual. In a disturbance, David manages to escape Phutra, becomes lost, and experiences a number of adventures before sneaking back into the city. Rejoining Abner, he finds the latter did not even realize he was gone, and the two discover that time in Pellucidar, in the absence of objective means to measure it, is a subjective thing, experienced by different people at different rates. Obsessed with righting the wrong he has unwittingly done Dian, David Innes escapes again and eventually finds and wins her by defeating the malevolent Jubal the Ugly One, another unwanted suitor. David makes amends, and he and Dian wed. Later, along with Ghak and other allies, David Innes and Abner Perry lead a revolt of humankind against the cruel Mahars. Their foes are hampered by the loss of the Great Secret, which David has stolen and hidden. To further the struggle David returns to the Iron Mole, in which he and Dian propose to travel back to the surface world to procure outer world technology. Only after it is underway does he discover that Hooja the Sly One has substituted a drugged Mahar for Dian the Beautiful. Back in the world we know David meets the author, who after hearing his tale and seeing his prehistoric captive, helps him resupply and prepare the mole for the return to Pellucidar. Critical reception Galaxy reviewer Floyd C. Gale, discussing the 1962 paperback edition, praised the novel; he said that "Burroughs's concepts are intriguing and his combat scenes gripping." Gale faulted the novel's style, noting that "the reader must wade at least twenty-five pages into the book before he can cease to be annoyed by the author's stilted and florid style", but promised that "by then he has reached the point of no return". Adaptations The novel was filmed as At the Earth's Core (1976), directed by Kevin Connor and starring Doug McClure as David Innes and Peter Cushing as Abner Perry. When DC Comics gained the license to adapt the works of Edgar Rice Burroughs, they managed to adapt the first Pellucidar book, with Len Wein scripting, and various artists such as Mike Kaluta and Murphy Anderson on art. The adaptation started out Korak, Son of Tarzan #46, then moved to Weird Worlds, where it ran from #1-6. The 2008 movie Journey to Middle Earth also shares several similarities with the events and locations of the novel, although the film was intended as a loose adaptation of Journey to the Center of the Earth by Jules Verne. Legacy Other authors have been inspired by Burroughs' depiction of the strange subterranean world, most notably H.P. Lovecraft whose At the Mountains of Madness was heavily influenced by At the Earth's Core, particularly in the name of the Elder Things' slave race, the Shoggoths. Another and more direct homage to Burroughs' concept is Lin Carter's "Zanthodon" series, beginning with his novel Journey to the Underground World. Prolific manga artist Shotaro Ishinomori also loosely adapted the book for the final story arc of the original Cyborg 009 manga. Copyright Copyright for this story has expired in the United States, and thus is now in the public domain. The text is available via Project Gutenberg. References Sources External links ERBzine.com Illustrated Bibliography: At the Earth's Core The Official Pellucidar Site from Edgar Rice Burroughs, Inc. - Tarzana, California Edgar Rice Burroughs Summary Project Page for At the Earth's Core 1914 American novels Pellucidar novels by Edgar Rice Burroughs 1914 fantasy novels American adventure novels Novels about dinosaurs Novels first published in serial form Works originally published in Argosy (magazine) A. C. McClurg books Hollow Earth in fiction Lost world novels Travel to the Earth's center American fantasy novels adapted into films

5782296

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ork%20%28folklore%29

Ork (folklore)

The ork is a demon of Tyrol alpine folklore. He lives on mountains, almen, rock holes, or valleys. He warns the noble game of hunters, or can be savage and bring geisser to the cattle. He was feared like the aufhocker. As a dwarf, the ork was a well-behaved kobold/house spirit in wine cellars. He may be connected to the figure Orkise in the medieval poem Virginal, about Dietrich von Bern's battle with a vaguely similar being. A particular kind of ork is the Orco Burlevole (Tricky Ork), very popular in the area of Verona. This tall, horse-hoofed and horse-haired man, who lives in caves or abandoned houses, can assume any form, produce any sound and even alter the victim's perception of place or time. Despite his great power, his only goal is to play jokes on the victims and, when he has had his fun, he disappears in a sulphur cloud saying "Te l'ho fatta!" meaning, in the local language, "I fooled you" or “I got you”. But it does not necessarily always say that. External links https://web.archive.org/web/20140916051451/http://www.sphinx-suche.de/lexmonst/ork.htm Alpine folklore Demons Dwarves (folklore) Kobolds

5797666

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heirs%20of%20Alexandria%20series

Heirs of Alexandria series

Heirs of Alexandria is an alternate history/historical fantasy series introduced in 2002 and set primarily in the Republic of Venice in the 1530s. The books are written by three authors, Mercedes Lackey, Eric Flint and Dave Freer. The books combine elements from the styles of all three authors, such as Lackey's approach to tolerance and magic and Flint's sense of history alteration. Plot summary In our own universe, Hypatia of Alexandria was killed for her non-Christian views, shortly before the destruction of the Library of Alexandria by an angry mob. In the universe of the novels, Hypatia was converted to Christianity by John Chrysostom, and stopped the mob from destroying the Library. She continued her correspondence with John and Augustine of Hippo, which eventually led to the modern (1530s) divisions of the Church. The Shadow of the Lion (2002) deals with Chernobog's attempt to destroy Venice and the awakening of the city's ancient powers. Marco is the main protagonist, while Chernobog acts through several intermediaries. This Rough Magic (2003) is set in Corfu and features several new antagonists. It is largely centered on Maria and Benito's awakening, Marco having fit comfortably in his new role in Venice. Elizabeth Bartholdy has replaced Chernobog as the major behind-the-scenes villain in the book. A Mankind Witch (2005) is a solo effort by Freer, and takes place between Shadow of the Lion and This Rough Magic. While Manfred and Eric are major characters, the focus is shifted to a thrall, Cair Aidin, and the Princess of Telemark, Signy. Trolls are the major antagonists of the story. Much Fall of Blood (2010) follows Manfred and Erik after their journey to Jerusalem. They are attempting to broker an agreement between the Ilkhan and their nomadic cousins, the Golden Horde, which is complicated by disguised agents of Chernobog who wish to ensure no agreement occurs. In parallel, and eventually intersecting, Elizabeth Bartholdy's latest plot seeks to exploit and destroy an ancient supernatural pact between the family line of Prince Vlad of Wallachia and the supernatural powers that live in his domain, and both her nephew Prince Emeric of Hungary and the dark magician Count Mindaug work their own plots subverting hers. Burdens of the Dead (2013) centers on Benito Valdosta's attempt to stop Chernobog's plots once and for all thanks after the revelations of Much Fall of Blood, through a naval war with Byzantium in an attempt to block a Black Sea fleet under construction for Chernobog from penetrating into the Mediterranean. The crossroads city of Constantinople is the focal point of their war, and the spirit of Hekate, goddess of crossroads and long worshipped in the Bosporus, quickly becomes involved in the war, and kidnapping and sorcery puts Benito's family at risk in an attempt to distract him and weaken the naval offensive. The original working title was Great Doom's Shadow. All the Plagues of Hell (2018), by Eric Flint & Dave Freer, focuses on the city of Milan. The condottiere Carlo Sforza foils its Duke's attempt to assassinate him, lethally, and takes control of the city. The illegitimate daughter of the dead duke awakens a spirit of plague in an attempt to take control for herself, and magicians across Europe seek the source of their premonitions that a plague is awakening. This is complicated by the arrival in Milan of a notorious black magician, Count Mindaug, who most of the Christian magicians believe is the architect of the plague, by the involvement of Sforza's illegitimate son, Benito Valdosta of Venice, and the antagonism Venice has had for Sforza, and by Sforza's belief that magic is faked and lacks any spiritual or supernatural power. Characters The following characters appear in two or more novels in the series: Aidoneus: God of the dead. Aldanto, Ceasare: Milanese sell-sword and spy. Bartholdy, Elizabeth: Hungarian countess and "aunt" to King Emeric. Hundreds of years old but appears to be in her early twenties. Engages in gruesome blood rituals to keep her youth. Bespi, Fortunato: Former Milanese spy, he is reprogrammed by the Strega to act as Marco's bodyguard. De Chevreuse, Francesca: Most powerful Courtesan in Venice, formerly of Orleans. Dell'Este, Enrico: The Duke of Ferrara; an excellent swordsmith, he is known as the Old Fox, perhaps the craftiest military mind Italy has seen in decades. Dorma, Petro: Head of the influential House Dorma, leader of the Lords of the Nightwatch, and a frontrunner for the position of Doge. Garavalli, Maria: A sharp-tongued canaler, one of the most feared women in the canals. Hakkonsen, Eric: An Icelander, bodyguard and mentor to Manfred. Hohenstauffen, Charles Fredrik: Holy Roman Emperor Evangelina: A member of the Hypatian order in Venice's St. Hypatia di Hagia Sophia. Jagiellon: Grand Duke of Lithuania, possessed by the demon Chernobog. Lopez, Eneko: A Basque cleric and ecclesiastical magician. He is perhaps the greatest sacred magician since Hypatia herself. Manfred, Prince of Brittany, Earl of Carnac, Marquis of Rennes, Baron of Ravensburg: Nephew of the Holy Roman Emperor, second in line to the throne, and Knight of the Cross. Mindaug, Kazimierz: Lithuanian count, advisor to various powers including Jagiellon, Countess Bartholdy, King Emeric, and Carlo Sforza. Montescue, Katerina (Kat): Heiress to the bankrupt House Montescue. She worked as a smuggler. Montescue, Ludovico: Current leader of House Montescue, having wasted most of his money in a pathetic effort to destroy the Valdostas. Sforza, Carlo: A notorious and skilled condottiere known as The Wolf of the North. He is a father of Benito Valdosta, with a long-standing grudge with Duke Enrico Dell'Este over the fate of Benito's mother. Carlo Sforza is substantially based on Francesco Sforza, a historical condottiere who became Duke of Milan in 1450. Valdosta, Benito: Grandson of the Duke of Ferrara, a pickpocket while in hiding. Valdosta, Marco: Grandson of the Duke of Ferrara; a skilled doctor (when trained) and powerful mage; heir to House Valdosta and the Lion Crown. Winged Lion of Venice: The city's ancient guardian, which answers only to the wearer of the Winged Mantle. The Church in Europe The Petrines Led by the Grand Metropolitan in Rome, the Petrine branch of the Church (named for St. Peter and built on the teachings of Hypatia and Chrysostom) is the creed of choice in Italy and Spain, with a relatively large following in Aquitaine. The Petrines are noted for taking a mediative role in politics and a more tolerant attitude to other faiths. The Paulines Most of central and northern Europe follow the Pauline creed (named for St. Paul and based on the writings of St. Augustine). The Paulines are recognized for a general intolerance to all non-Christians, though some members of the Church are more politic about it than others. There is no official head of the Pauline church, though the Holy Roman Emperor is the "Bulwark of the Faith". The Paulines very closely (with a few exceptions) resemble historical medieval Catholicism in faith, practice and politics. Magic The Church Most priests and Sisters of the Petrine branch of the Church are trained as magicians in the Vatican or Alexandria. They are typically trained in scrying, healing, and protection, though a number of them have taken up combative magic. The Order of Hypatia is a dedicated group of Petrine priests and Sisters who use magic to heal and protect. In the Pauline branch, only the Servants of the Holy Trinity are allowed to use magic (a fact which does not stop the Emperor from seeking a second opinion), and all forms of magic not sanctioned by them is heretical. Strega The Strega are magic-users and traditional witches who typically serve a higher purpose. In Venice, the Strega are welcomed, and about a third of the students at the Accademia are Strega or have Strega leanings. The Strega are led by a Grand Master, who is usually a Grimas (one who has mastered all three branches of Stregheria). Others The darker sides of magic are usually the antagonists of the series. The demon Chernobog, for instance, is the main villain, and his magical minions are the source of Venice's troubles. In This Rough Magic, King Emeric of Hungary is a witch, and a sect of sorceresses are the most powerful antagonists (their leader is the infamous Elizabeth Bartholdy). In A Mankind Witch, it is revealed that female Trolls have powerful magic. Nations League of Armagh: A coalition of Celtic and Norse states. Most of their territory lies in the British Isles, but there are extensive settlements in Iceland and Vinland (North America). Manfred of Brittany is the heir to a part of the League as well as the Empire. Aquitaine: A realm that encompasses most of our universe's France and England. Francesca de Chevreuse hails from the southern capital, Orleans. Holy Roman Empire: Ruling over all of central Europe, including Austria, Germany, and Denmark, the Empire is the most powerful nation in Europe, and adheres to the Pauline creed. Manfred of Brittany is an heir to the Empire, currently ruled by Charles Fredrik Hohenstauffen. Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland: Dominating most of eastern Europe, the Duchy is ruled by the iron fist of Grand Duke Jagiellon, who is possessed by the demon Chernobog. Kingdom of Hungary: A brutal kingdom which has control of most of the Balkans. The current king, Emeric, is a warmonger who is not above using witchcraft to achieve his bloodthirsty ends. Ilkhan: A vast empire implied to be the result of a merger between the Mongols and the Islamic Caliphate. They are known in Europe as the current rulers of Egypt and the Holy Land, enforcing the peace in Jerusalem by aggressively upholding a policy of religious tolerance. The full extent of their empire is not clear, but includes most of the Middle East and extends deep into Asia. Genoa: The only rivals of the Veneze on the open seas, in terms of both trade and navy. Milan: The Milanese and the Visconti house are the leaders of the Motagnards, staunch Paulines who are bent on the Empire annexing northern Italy. They are oblivious to the fact that this is the last thing the Empire wants. Caesare Aldanto hails from Milan. Verona: Venice's land-based rival. Ferrara: Like Venice, the Ferrarese are politically non-aligned, although they have served as agents for both the Empire and the Grand Metropolitan. Duke Enrico Dell'Este, grandfather of Marco and Benito, is known as the Old Fox. Venice The most trade-oriented and tolerant city in Europe. Venice is in possession of a large empire in the Mediterranean; in addition to its own home territories in Italy, the city also rules Istria on the Adriatic coast, Crete, the Greek island of Corfu, and unnamed territories in Sicily, Sardinia, and North Africa. The city is also known for its policy of tolerance—it is the only city in Europe where all manner of creeds can live together. Jews and Strega are among the persecuted minorities who find safe haven in the city. The Republic's government is ruled by numerous bodies and individuals: The Doge is elected for a life term from all available candidates in the Senate. The Council of Ten are the Doge's cabinet. Membership is a state secret. The Lords of the Nightwatch serve as the heads of all "extra-military" matters of the republic, including but not limited to police work, detective work, security and espionage. The Senate consists of three hundred dignitaries, merchants, and heads of House. References Novels set in the 1530s Book series introduced in 2002 Alternate history book series Books by Eric Flint Fantasy novel series Collaborative book series Cultural depictions of Elizabeth Báthory Novels set in Venice

5799416

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1575%20Winifred

1575 Winifred

1575 Winifred, provisional designation , is a stony Phocaea asteroid and slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9.5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 20 April 1950, by astronomer Robert Curry Cameron of Indiana University during the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory in Indiana, United States. It was named after Winifred Cameron, an astronomer at the United States Naval Observatory. Orbit and classification The stony S-type asteroid is a member of the Phocaea family (), a group of asteroids with similar orbital characteristics, named after the family's namesake 25 Phocaea. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.9–2.8 AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,336 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 25° with respect to the ecliptic. Winifred was first identified as at Johannesburg Observatory in 1928, extending the body's observation arc by 22 years prior to its official discovery observation. Physical characteristics Rotational lightcurve In July 2009, a rotational lightcurve was obtained for this asteroid from photometric observations taken by American astronomer Brian D. Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado. It gave a well-defined rotation period of hours with an exceptionally high brightness amplitude of in magnitude (), and no sign of a non-principal axis rotation (NPAR). The result supersedes a previous observation by French astronomer Laurent Bernasconi from May 2005, that gave a similar, yet less accurate period of 129 hours, and with a smaller amplitude of 0.51 in magnitude (). Diameter and albedo According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite, IRAS, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Winifred has an albedo of 0.24 to 0.25 and a diameter between 9.3 and 10.7 kilometers, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives a higher albedo of 0.31 and a diameter of 9.5 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.0. Naming This minor planet was named for a staff member of the United States Naval Observatory in Washington D.C., Winifred Sawtell Cameron. The official was proposed by the discovering astronomer and published by the Minor Planet Center in December 1952 (). References External links Lightcurve plot of 1575 Winifred, Palmer Divide Observatory, B. D. Warner (2009) Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001575 001575 Named minor planets 001575 19500420

5799443

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1602%20Indiana

1602 Indiana

1602 Indiana, provisional designation , is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 14 March 1950, by IU's Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, in the United States. It was later named after the U.S. state of Indiana and for Indiana University. Classification and orbit Indiana is a member of the Flora family, a large collisional group of stony S-type asteroids in the inner main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,229 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. Indiana was first identified as at Turku Observatory in Finland, extending the body's observation arc by 7 years prior to its official discovery observation. Physical characteristics Rotation period Three rotational lightcurves of Indiana were obtained from photometric observations taken by astronomer Michael Pietschnig, Gary Vander Haagen and Michael Fleenor in Spring 2007. The lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period between 2.57 and 2.61 hours with a change in brightness of 0.12 to 0.19 magnitude, respectively (). Diameter and albedo According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Indiana measures between 7.97 and 8.52 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.250 and 0.297. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the largest member and namesake of this family – and calculates a diameter of 8.62 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.49. Naming This minor planet was named for the U.S. state of Indiana and for Indiana University with its astronomy department, which is the parent institution of the discovering Goethe Link Observatory. Originally the discovery was credited to Beryl H. Potter (1900–1985), after whom the asteroid 1729 Beryl is named. She was research assistant at the Indiana University, who participated in the program of minor planet observations from 1949 to 1966. During this period, she analysed nearly 6,300 photographic plates, measuring the positions of minor planets and reporting lost asteroids to IAU's Minor Planet Circulars (MPCs) for publication. However, according to Frank K. Edmondson (1912–2008), chairman of the Astronomy Department of Indiana University (also see 1761 Edmondson), there were several assistants involved in blinking the photographic plates during the first years of the program. The discovery was therefore credited to Indiana University, instead. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center in January 1955 (). Notes References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001602 001602 Named minor planets 001602 19500314

5799456

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1615%20Bardwell

1615 Bardwell

1615 Bardwell, provisional designation , is a rare-type Themistian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 27 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 28 January 1950, by IU's Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. It is named for American astronomer Conrad Bardwell. Orbit and classification Bardwell is a member of the Themis family, a dynamical family of outer-belt asteroids with nearly coplanar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.6–3.7 AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,020 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as at Simeiz Observatory in 1926, extending the body's observation arc by 24 years prior to its official discovery observation. Naming This minor planet was named for Conrad M. Bardwell (1926–2010), who was a research associate at the Cincinnati Observatory and later associate director of the Minor Planet Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Bardwell successfully established numerous identifications from observations in widely separated oppositions and provided observers with reliable data of orbital elements. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 June 1974 (). Physical characteristics In the Tholen taxonomy, Bardwell is a blueish B-type asteroid, a rare subtype of the abundant carbonaceous C-types found in the outer belt. The spectra of B-type bodies show a broad absorption feature at one micron wavelength that is associated with the presence of magnetite and is what gives the asteroid its blue tint. There are only a few dozens asteroids of this type known to exist. Rotation period In the late 1970s, a rotational lightcurve of Bardwell was obtained by American astronomer Edward Tedesco. It gave a provisional rotation period of 18 hours with a change in brightness of 0.2 magnitude (). As of 2017, no other photometric analysis of Bardwell has been made. Diameter and albedo According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Bardwell measures between 21.92 and 31.58 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.049 and 0.09. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0642 and a diameter of 27.78 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.38. Notes References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001615 001615 Named minor planets 001615 19500128

5799466

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1721%20Wells

1721 Wells

1721 Wells, provisional designation , is a dark asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 44 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 3 October 1953, by IU's Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. It was named after UI's president and chancellor Herman B Wells. Orbit and classification Wells orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.0–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,043 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 16° with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as at Heidelberg in 1905, Wells first used observation was taken at Turku in 1944, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 9 years prior to its official discovery observation. Physical characteristics According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Wells measures 43.576 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.045. It has an absolute magnitude of 10.9. As of 2017, Wells spectral type, rotation period and shape remain unknown. Naming This minor planet was named in honor of Herman B Wells (1902–2000), chancellor and president and of Indiana University, who has transformed Indiana University from a provincial college into a world-renowned institution of higher learning. During this time, Wells also fostered higher education nationally and internationally. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 June 1973 (). References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001721 001721 Named minor planets 19531003

5799481

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1728%20Goethe%20Link

1728 Goethe Link

1728 Goethe Link, provisional designation , is a stony asteroid and relatively slow rotator from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 16 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 12 October 1964, by Indiana University during its Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory in Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. It was named after American philanthropist and founder of the discovering observatory Goethe Link. Orbit and classification Goethe Link orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.3–2.8 AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,499 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic. Goethe Link was first identified as at Heidelberg Observatory in 1943, extending the body's observation arc by 21 years prior to its official discovery observation. Physical characteristics Goethe Link has been characterized as a common S-type asteroid. Rotation period In October 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Goethe Link was obtained by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. It gave a long rotation period of 81 hours with a brightness variation of 0.39 magnitude (). Diameter and albedo According to the surveys carried out the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Goethe Link measures 14.58 and 18.18 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.194 and 0.251, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 15.60 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.4. Naming This minor planet was named in honor of Indianapolis surgeon and philanthropist Dr Goethe Link. He was an enthusiastic amateur astronomer and generous supporter of astronomy, who built the Goethe Link Observatory in the late 1930s and donated it to Indiana University in 1948. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 July 1968 (). References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001728 001728 Named minor planets 19641012

5799487

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1729%20Beryl

1729 Beryl

1729 Beryl, provisional designation , is a stony background asteroid from the Florian region in the inner asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 19 September 1963, by astronomers at Indiana University during the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory in Indiana, United States. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 4.9 hours. It was named for Beryl H. Potter, a long-time research assistant of the discovering program. Orbit and classification Beryl is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. Based on osculating Keplerian orbital elements, the asteroid has also been classified as a member of the Flora family (), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,216 days; semi-major axis of 2.23 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as at Simeiz Observatory in September 1933. The body's observation arc begins with its observation as at Turku Observatory in March 1942, or more than 21 years prior to its official discovery observation at Goethe Link. Naming This minor planet was named after Beryl H. Potter (1900–1985), research assistant at the Indiana University, who participated in the program of minor planet observations from 1949 to 1966. During this period, she analysed nearly 6,300 photographic plates, measuring the positions of minor planets and reporting lost asteroids to the International Astronomical Union, which were then published in the Minor Planet Circulars. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 July 1968 (). Physical characteristics In the SMASS classification, Beryl is a common, stony S-type asteroid. Rotation period In May 2009, a rotational lightcurve of Beryl was obtained from photometric observations by Julian Oey at the Leura and Kingsgrove observatories in Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of hours and a brightness variation of 0.20 magnitude (). In addition, a nearly identical period of hours with an amplitude of 0.14 was determined in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in October 2010 (). Diameter and albedo According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Beryl measures 9.04 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.246. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the namesake of the Flora Family – and calculates a diameter of 8.58 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.5. References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001729 001729 Named minor planets 001729 19630919

5799500

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1741%20Giclas

1741 Giclas

1741 Giclas (prov. designation: ) is a stony Koronis asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 January 1960, by IU's Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. It is named for astronomer Henry L. Giclas. Orbit and classification The S-type asteroid is a member of the Koronis family, a group consisting of about 200 known bodies. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 11 months (1,789 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. Its first used observation was taken at Goethe Link Observatory in 1953, extending the body's observation arc by 7 years prior to its official discovery observation. Physical characteristics Rotation period Between 2004 and 2014, several lightcurves of Giclas gave a rotation period between 2.92 and 3.107 hours with an brightness variation between 0.10 and 0.15 magnitude (). Diameter and albedo According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Giclas measures 12.50 and 15.06 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo in the range of 0.260 to 0.374. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 and calculates a diameter of 13.60 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.5. Naming This minor planet was named in honour of American astronomer Henry Lee Giclas (1910–2007), longtime staff member of the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, where he discovered 17 minor planets and the comet 84P/Giclas. Giclas responsibility included the programs of minor planet positions and stellar proper motions, using the 13-inch Lawrence Lowell Telescope. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (). Notes References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001741 001741 Named minor planets 19600126

5799507

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1746%20Brouwer

1746 Brouwer

1746 Brouwer (prov. designation: ) is a Hilda asteroid from the outermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately 64 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 14 September 1963, by IU's Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. It was named after astronomer Dirk Brouwer. Classification and orbit Brouwer is a member of the Hilda family, a large group that orbits in resonance with the gas giant Jupiter and are thought to originate from the Kuiper belt. Brouwer orbits the Sun at a distance of 3.1–4.8 AU once every 7 years and 10 months (2,865 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as at Turku Observatory in 1940, extending the body's observation arc by 23 years prior to its official discovery observation. Physical characteristics In the Tholen classification, Brouwer is characterized as a dark and reddish D-type asteroid. Rotation period Several rotational lightcurves of Brouwer gave a rotation period between 19.72 and 19.88 hours with a brightness variation of 0.21 and 0.35 magnitude (). Diameter and albedo According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Brouwer measures between 61.50 and 64.25 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.045 and 0.051. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with IRAS, that is an albedo of 0.045 and a diameter of 64.25 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 9.95. Naming This minor planet was named in honor of Dutch–American astronomer Dirk Brouwer (1902–1966). Originally at Leiden University and specialized in celestial mechanics, he became director of the Yale University Observatory and was the president of IAU's commission 20, Positions & Motions of Minor Planets, Comets & Satellites, from 1948 to 1955. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 July 1968 (). Notes References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001740 001746 Named minor planets 001746 19630914

5799518

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1751%20Herget

1751 Herget

1751 Herget, provisional designation , is a stony Gefionian asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 11 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 27 July 1955, by IUs Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. The asteroid was named after American astronomer Paul Herget. Classification and orbit Herget is a member of the large Gefion family of asteroids (). It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.3–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,701 days; semi-major axis of 2.79 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made, the body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Goethe Link in 1955. Physical characteristics In the SMASS classification, Herget has been characterized as a common S-type asteroid, which agrees with the overall spectral type of the Gefion family. Diameter and albedo According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Herget measures 10.93 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.195, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 23.21 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.9, as the lower the body's albedo (reflectivity), the larger its diameter. Rotation period In November 2016, two rotational lightcurves of Herget were obtained from photometric observations by Italian astronomers Lorenzo Franco and Alessandro Marchini, as well as by French amateur astronomer René Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 3.937 and 3.9397 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.30 and 0.31 magnitude, respectively (). Naming This minor planet was named in honor of American astronomer Paul Herget (1908–1981), who was director of the Cincinnati Observatory and distinguished service professor in the University of Cincinnati. Herget was also founder of the Minor Planet Center (MPC) in 1947, pioneer in the application of high speed computers to astronomical problems, member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, and past president of IAU's Commission 20 (Positions & Motions of Minor Planets, Comets & Satellites). The official was published by the MPC on 20 February 1971 (). References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001751 001751 Named minor planets 001751 19550727

5799524

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1762%20Russell

1762 Russell

1762 Russell, provisional designation , is a stony Koronian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 16 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, on 8 October 1953. The asteroid was named after American astronomer Henry Norris Russell. Orbit and classification Russell is a member of the Koronis family (), a very large outer asteroid family with nearly co-planar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 11 months (1,781 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first identified as at Lowell Observatory in June 1947. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery at Goethe Link Observatory in February 1950, more than 3 years prior to its official discovery observation. Physical characteristics Russell is an assumed stony S-type asteroid, which agrees with the overall spectral type of the Koronis family. Rotation period In April 2014, a rotational lightcurve of Russell was obtained from photometric observations at the Sonoita Research Observatory () and Etscorn Campus Observatory (). Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 12.797 hours with a brightness variation of 0.46 magnitude (). Diameter and albedo According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Russell measures between 16.576 and 17.033 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.118 and 0.201. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 and calculates a diameter of 15.61 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.2. Naming This minor planet was named after distinguished American astronomer Henry Norris Russell (1877–1957), noted for the H–R diagram and research on a variety of topics in fundamental astronomy, astrophysics, and the analysis of atomic spectra (see Russell–Saunders coupling). The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1971 (). Russell is also honored by both a lunar and a Martian crater. References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001762 001762 Named minor planets 19531008

5799534

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1763%20Williams

1763 Williams

1763 Williams, provisional designation , is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 13 October 1953, by astronomers of the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory in Indiana, United States. The asteroid was named after Kenneth P. Williams, professor of mathematics at Indiana University. Orbit and classification Based on its osculating Keplerian orbital elements, Williams qualifies as a member of the Flora family (), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt (according to Zappalà but not Nesvorý). However, analysis using proper orbital elements in a hierarchical clustering method showed that Williams is a background asteroid, not belonging to any known family (Nesvorý, Milani and Knežević). The asteroid orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.7–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,183 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first identified as at Nice Observatory in March 1939. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in October 1953. Physical characteristics Williams is an assumed S-type asteroid. Rotation period In October 2008, a rotational lightcurve of Williams was obtained from photometric observations by Petr Pravec at Ondřejov Observatory in the Czech Republic. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of at least 36 hours with a brightness amplitude of more than 0.30 magnitude (). Another observation by Pierre Antonini gave a period of 8 hours (). Diameter and albedo According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Williams measures 6.38 and 6.982 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.32 and 0.3305, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the Flora family's largest member and namesake – and calculates a diameter of 7.47 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.8. Naming This minor planet was named in honor of Kenneth P. Williams (1887–1958), long-time professor of mathematics at Indiana University. He was known for his textbook, the calculation of the orbits of asteroids and comets, and his detailed analysis of the transits of Mercury from 1723 to 1927. He also wrote Lincoln Finds a General, a five volume book about the American Civil War. The name was proposed by Frank K. Edmondson, who initiated the Indiana Asteroid Program. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1971 (). Notes References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001763 001763 Named minor planets 19531013

5799545

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1764%20Cogshall

1764 Cogshall

1764 Cogshall, provisional designation , is a carbonaceous Themistian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 26 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 November 1953, by astronomers of the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory in Indiana, United States. The asteroid was named after Wilbur Cogshall, professor of astronomy at Indiana University. Orbit and classification Cogshall is a Themistian asteroid that belongs to the Themis family (), a very large family of carbonaceous asteroids, named after 24 Themis. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,987 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first identified as at Johannesburg Observatory in June 1935. The body's observation arc begins with its identification as at Turku Observatory in February 1939, more than 14 years prior to its official discovery observation at Goethe Link. Physical characteristics Rotation period In May 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Cogshall was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 3.62417 hours with a brightness variation of 0.21 magnitude (). Observations at the Palomar Transient Factory in 2012, gave a concurring period of 3.624 and 3.630 hours with an amplitude of 0.22 and 0.20 magnitude in the R- and S-band, respectively (). Diameter and albedo According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Cogshall measures between 25.14 and 29.671 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0606 and 0.109. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0712 and a diameter of 26.13 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.4. Naming This minor planet was named after American astronomer Wilbur A. Cogshall, who was a professor of astronomy at Indiana University and director of the Kirkwood Observatory for more than four decades (1900–1944). His research included visual binary stars and the photography of solar eclipses. The name was proposed by Frank K. Edmondson, who initiated the Indiana Asteroid Program. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1971 (). References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001764 001764 Named minor planets 19531107

5799554

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1765%20Wrubel

1765 Wrubel

1765 Wrubel, provisional designation , is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 40 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 December 1957, by astronomers of the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory in Indiana, United States. The asteroid was named after Marshal Henry Wrubel, professor at Indiana University. Orbit and classification Wrubel is a background asteroid that does not belong to any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6–3.7 AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,065 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 20° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first identified as at Lowell Observatory in December 1906. The body's observation arc begins with its identification as at Heidelberg Observatory in December 1917, almost 40 years prior to its official discovery observation at Goethe Link. Physical characteristics Wrubel is a dark, carbonaceous asteroid. In the Tholen classification, its spectral type is ambiguous. Based on a numerical color analysis, it is closest to the dark D-type asteroid with some resemblance to the X-type asteroids (which encompass the primitive P-types). Rotation period In July 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Wrubel was obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.260 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.33 magnitude (). Diameter and albedo According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Wrubel measures between 37.704 and 42.20 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.113 and 0.1360. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopt the results obtained by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.1061 and a diameter of 42.33 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 9.92. Naming This minor planet was named after Marshal Henry Wrubel (1924–1968), professor of astronomy and faculty member at Indiana University, who was co-founder of the Indiana University Research Computing Center pioneering the use of high speed computers for astrophysical computations. The name was proposed by Frank K. Edmondson, who initiated the Indiana Asteroid Program. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1971 (). Notes References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001765 001765 Wrubel 001765 19571215

5799558

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1766%20Slipher

1766 Slipher

1766 Slipher, provisional designation , is a Paduan asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 18 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 September 1962, by astronomers of the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory in Indiana, United States. The asteroid was named after American astronomers Vesto Slipher and his brother Earl C. Slipher. Classification and orbit Slipher is member of the mid-sized Padua family (), an asteroid family named after 363 Padua and at least 25 million years old. It consists of mostly X-type asteroids, that were previously associated to 110 Lydia (the Padua family is therefore also known as Lydia family). Slipher orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.5–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 7 months (1,665 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first identification as at the discovering Goethe Link observatory in October 1953, or 9 years prior to its official discovery observation. Physical characteristics In the SMASS classification, Slipher is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid. PanSTARRS photometric survey characterized the asteroid as an X-type asteroid, which is in line with the overall spectral type of the Padua family. Rotation period In 2012, two rotational lightcurves of Slipher were obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 7.677 and 7.693 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 and 0.19 magnitude in the S- and R-band, respectively (). Diameter and albedo According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Slipher measures between 14.37 and 20.29 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.044 and 0.11. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 20.21 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.2. Naming This minor planet was named after the brothers Vesto Slipher (1876–1969) and Earl C. Slipher (1883–1964), both graduates of Indiana University. Vesto Slipher was a pioneer investigator of the spectra of the planets, and was the first to measure the redshifts of galaxies, which was instrumental for Hubble's discovery of the expanding Universe. Earl Slipher developed and improved the direct photography of the planets. His photographs are the only continuous and systematic record of the appearance of the planets for a period of more than half a century. The lunar and Martian Slipher craters were also named after the two brothers. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1971 (). References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001766 001766 Named minor planets 001766 19620907

5799588

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1767%20Lampland

1767 Lampland

1767 Lampland, provisional designation , is an Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 15 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 September 1962, by astronomers of the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory in Indiana, United States. The asteroid was named after American astronomer Carl Lampland. Orbit and classification Lampland a member the Eos family (), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,915 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first identified as at Uccle Observatory in September 1941. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery at Palomar Observatory in August 1951, more than 11 years prior to its official discovery observation at Goethe Link. Physical characteristics In the Tholen classification, its spectral type is ambiguous, closest to the X-type asteroid and with some resemblance to the C-type asteroids, while the overall spectral type of the Eos family is that of a K-type. Rotation period As of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Lampland has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroid's rotation period, poles and shape remain unknown. Diameter and albedo According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Lampland measures 15.448 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.116. Naming This minor planet was named after American astronomer Carl Lampland (1873–1951), a graduate of Indiana University, best known for his radiometric measurements of planetary temperatures. Lampland is also honored by a lunar and by a Martian crater. The name was proposed by Frank K. Edmondson, who initiated the Indiana Asteroid Program. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1971 (). References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001767 001767 Named minor planets 001767 19620907

5799592

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%20Kiess

1788 Kiess

1788 Kiess, provisional designation , is a carbonaceous Themistian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 25 July 1952, by the Indiana Asteroid Program at the U.S. Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States, and later named after astronomer Carl Kiess. Orbit and classification The C-type asteroid is a member of the Themis family, a dynamical family of outer-belt asteroids with nearly coplanar ecliptical orbits. The asteroid orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,010 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 1° with respect to the ecliptic. Kiess was first identified as at Algiers Observatory in 1935. Its observation arc begins with its official discovery observation. Physical characteristics Rotation period In 2010, two rotational lightcurves were obtained from photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 12 and 11.0335 hours with a brightness variation of 0.25 and 0.30 magnitude, respectively (). Diameter and albedo According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Kiess measures 20.99 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.07. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.08 and calculates a diameter of 19.59 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.9. Naming This minor planet was named for American astronomer Carl C. Kiess (1887–1967), a graduate of Indiana University, who made distinguished contributions both in astronomy and spectroscopy at the U.S. National Bureau of Standards where he worked for over 40 years. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 June 1973 (). Kiess was also a member of several eclipse expeditions. The lunar crater Kiess was named in his honour. References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001788 001788 Named minor planets 19520725

5799602

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1798%20Watts

1798 Watts

1798 Watts, provisional designation , is a stony asteroid and binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 4 April 1949, by IU's Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. The asteroid was named for American astronomer Chester Burleigh Watts. Its small minor-planet moon has a period of 26.96 hours. Orbit and classification Watts is a member of the Flora family, a large group of stony S-type asteroids in the inner main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.9–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,192 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. Watts was first observed and identified as at Yerkes Observatory in 1934, extending the body's observation arc by 15 years prior to its official discovery observation. Physical characteristics Spectral type In the SMASS classification, Watts is characterized as a common stony S-type asteroid. It is also classified as a LS-type by PanSTARRSs photometric survey. Diameter and albedo According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Watts measures 6.63 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.276 and 0.294. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the largest member and namesake of this asteroid family – and calculates a diameter of 7.14 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.9. Moon and lightcurve In February 2017, a rotational lightcurve of Watts was obtained from photometric observations by . Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 3.5060 hours with a low brightness amplitude of 0.06 magnitude, indicating that the body has a spheroidal shape (). During the photometric observations, a minor-planet moon was discovered, making Watts a binary asteroid. The satellite of the synchronous binary has an orbital period of 26.96 hours. Naming This minor planet was named in honour of American astronomer Chester Burleigh Watts (1889–1971), a graduate of Indiana University. He worked at the United States Naval Observatory for 44 years, making distinguished contributions in the field of positional astronomy and pioneered in the field of automation of transit circle observations, which led to results of the highest systematic accuracy. From the late 1940 until 1963 he meticulously mapped every feature on the marginal zone of the Moon. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 June 1973 (). Notes References External links Asteroids with Satellites, Robert Johnston, johnstonsarchive.net Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001978 001798 Named minor planets 001798 001798 19490404

5799608

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1799%20Koussevitzky

1799 Koussevitzky

1799 Koussevitzky (prov. designation: ) is an asteroid of the Eos family from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 25 July 1950, by astronomers at Indiana University during the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory in Indiana, United States. The K-type asteroid has a rotation period of 6.3 hours. It was named for Russian conductor Serge Koussevitzky. Orbit and classification According to several HCM-analyses by Zappalà, Mothé-Diniz, as well as Milani and Knežević, Koussevitzky is a core member the Eos family (), the largest asteroid family of the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. However, in a more recent HCM-analysis by Nesvorný, Koussevitzky is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.7–3.4 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,923 days; semi-major axis of 3.03 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as at Simeiz Observatory in August 1929. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Goethe Link in July 1950. Naming This minor planet was named in memory of Russian-born Serge Koussevitzky (1874–1951), long-time music director and conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. The asteroid's name was proposed by astronomer Frank K. Edmondson of Indiana University on the occasion of Serge Koussevitzky's centenary of the birth on 26 July 1974. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 January 1974 (). Physical characteristics In the SMASS classification, Koussevitzky is a stony K-type asteroid, typical for members of the Eos family. The asteroid has also been characterized as an L-type by Pan-STARRS. Rotation period In June 2013, a rotational lightcurve of Koussevitzky was obtained from photometric observations by Brian Warner at the Palmer Divide Station in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of hours with a brightness variation of 0.40 magnitude (). Alternative period determinations of 6.325, 6.328 and 6.329 hours were made by astronomers at the University of Iowa using its Rigel Telescope at the Iowa Robotic Observatory in Arizona, by French amateur astronomer René Roy, and by staff members of the Palomar Transient Factory in California, respectively (). Diameter and albedo According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Koussevitzky measures between 17.88 and 23.26 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1426 and 0.241. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1506 and a diameter of 18.82 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.3. Notes References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001799 001799 001799 Named minor planets 001799 19500725

5799612

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1822%20Waterman

1822 Waterman

1822 Waterman, provisional designation , is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6.5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 25 July 1950, by Indiana University's Indiana Asteroid Program at its Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. The asteroid was named after American physicist Alan T. Waterman. Orbit and classification Waterman is a S-type asteroid. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 2 months (1,168 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 1° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation, as its first identification, , made at the German Sonneberg Observatory in 1943, remained unused. Physical characteristics Rotation period In January 2013, a rotational lightcurve of Waterman was obtained from photometric observation taken at the U.S Etscorn Observatory in New Mexico. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 7.581 hours with a brightness variation of 0.51 magnitude (). Diameter and albedo According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Waterman measures between 6.06 and 6.52 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.264 and 0.325. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 7.46 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.1. Naming This minor planet was named in honor of American physicist Alan Tower Waterman (1892–1967), who was the first director of the U.S. National Science Foundation. He went to Washington to serve with OSRD (1941–45), ONR (1946–51), and NSF (1951–63), after being an academic physicist for 25 years. Waterman was awarded the Karl Taylor Compton Gold Medal for distinguished statesmanship in science, the Public Welfare Medal and the Presidential Medal of Freedom. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1975 (). References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001822 001822 Named minor planets 19500725

5799615

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1824%20Haworth

1824 Haworth

1824 Haworth (prov. designation: ) is an asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 March 1952, by Indiana University's Indiana Asteroid Program at its Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States, and named after physicist Leland John Haworth. Orbit and classification Haworth orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 11 months (1,789 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. Its first precovery was taken at Lowell Observatory in 1906, extending the body's observation arc by 46 years prior to its official discovery observation at Goethe Link. Naming It was named in honor of American particle physicist Leland John Haworth (1904–1979), a graduate of Indiana University and second director of the National Science Foundation. His long and varied career included teaching and serving as member of the Atomic Energy Commission, as vice-president and president of Associated Universities, Inc., and as director of the Brookhaven National Laboratory. His negotiations were instrumental for the funding of a 4-meter telescope at the Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 18 April 1977 (). Physical characteristics According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Haworth measures 14.17 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.266. As of 2017, its composition, rotation period and shape remain unknown. References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001824 001824 Named minor planets 19520330

5799621

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1826%20Miller

1826 Miller

1826 Miller, provisional designation , is a stony Eoan asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 24 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 14 September 1955, by the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States, and named after American entrepreneur John Miller. Orbit and classification Miller is a member of the Eos family (), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. The asteroid orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.2 AU once every 5 years and 2 months (1,894 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as at Simeis Observatory, Millers first used observation was its identification as at Turku in 1940, which extends its observation arc by 15 years prior to its official discovery observation. Physical characteristics Miller is an assumed stony S-type asteroid. Rotation period In March 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Miller was obtained from photometric observation taken at Oakley Southern Sky Observatory in Australia. It gave a longer-than average rotation period of 30.049 hours with a brightness variation of 0.08 magnitude (), superseding a previous result of 6.77 hours by amateur astronomer René Roy, who derived it from a fragmentary lightcurve obtained in December 2002 (). Diameter and albedo According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Miller measures between 19.74 and 26.34 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.111 and 0.196. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1085 and a diameter of 24.31 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.1. The asteroid was also involved in the asteroid occultation of a 10th magnitude star in the constellation Cancer in April 2004. Naming It was named in honor of American entrepreneur John A. Miller (1872–1941), founder of the Astronomy Department at Indiana University and first director of the Kirkwood Observatory, which he built and named for his former teacher. He also built the Sproul Observatory at Swarthmore College in the U.S state of Pennsylvania (also see 1578 Kirkwood). The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 October 1977 (). References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center (1826) Miller at ipa.nw.ru 001826 001826 Named minor planets 19550914

5799630

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1827%20Atkinson

1827 Atkinson

1827 Atkinson, provisional designation , is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 September 1962, by IU's Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. The asteroid was named after British astronomer Robert d'Escourt Atkinson. Orbit and classification Atkinson is not a member of any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2–3.2 AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,629 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first identification as at Uccle Observatory in November 1931, almost 31 years prior to its official discovery observation at Goethe Link. Physical characteristics In the Tholen classification, Atkinson is similar to a dark D-type asteroid, though with an unusual spectrum (DU). This strongly disagrees with the albedo obtained by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), which indicates that is rather a stony S-type asteroid. Rotation period As of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Atkinson has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroid's rotation period, shape and poles remain unknown. Diameter and albedo According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Atkinson measures 8.855 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.249. Naming This minor planet was named after British astronomer, physicist and inventor, Robert d'Escourt Atkinson (1898–1982), noted for his contributions to fundamental astronomy. Atkinson pioneered in studying nuclear energy-generation in the Sun and stars. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 October 1977 (). References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001827 001827 Named minor planets 001827 19620907

5799634

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1852%20Carpenter

1852 Carpenter

1852 Carpenter, provisional designation , is an Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. The asteroid was discovered on 1 April 1955, by the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. Description Carpenter is a core member of the Eos family (), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.2 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,913 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic. This minor planet was named after American astronomer Edwin Francis Carpenter (1898–1963), second director of the Steward Observatory who researched spectroscopic binaries and interacting galaxies. He played a major role in enabling the construction of the Kitt Peak National Observatory. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 April 1980 (). References External links Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books* Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001852 001852 Named minor planets 19550401

5799640

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1853%20McElroy

1853 McElroy

1853 McElroy, provisional designation , is an asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 21 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 December 1957, by the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States, and named for American biochemist William D. McElroy. Orbit and classification McElroy orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9–3.2 AU once every 5 years and 4 months (1,958 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 16° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as at Lowell Observatory in 1930. However the observation remained unused and the body's observation arc begins with its official discovery in 1957. Physical characteristics McElroy is characterized as a generic X-type and carbonaceous C-type asteroid by the Lightcurve Data Base and by PanSTARRS photometric survey, respectively. Rotation period Between 2004 and 2011, three rotational lightcurves of McElroy were obtained at Brian Warner's Palmer Divide Observatory and at the Palomar Transient Factory, respectively. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period between 8.016 and 8.026 hours with a brightness variation of 0.18–0.30 magnitude (). Diameter and albedo According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, McElroy measures between 17.47 and 24.07 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.197 to 0.304. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.194 and a diameter of 20.89 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.8. Naming This minor planet was named in honor of American biochemist William David McElroy (1917–1999), chairman of the biology department at Johns Hopkins University during the 1950s and 1960s, later director of the National Science Foundation (NSF) in the early 1970s and chancellor of the University of California at San Diego from until 1980. During his tenure as director of NSF the U.S. government decided to fund the Very Large Array, now officially known as the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 August 1980 (). References External links Lightcurve plot of 1853 McElroy, Palmer Divide Observatory, B. D. Warner (2004) Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001853 001853 Named minor planets 19571215

5799645

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952%20Hesburgh

1952 Hesburgh

1952 Hesburgh, provisional designation , is a rare-type carbonaceous asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 37 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 3 May 1951, by IU's Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. It was named for Father Theodore M. Hesburgh. Orbit and classification Hesburgh orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,005 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 14° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as at Johannesburg Observatory in 1936. The body's observation arc begins at Goethe, five days after its official discovery observation. Physical characteristics Lightcurve In March 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Hesburgh was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado. Lightcurve analysis gave a longer-than average rotation period of 47.7 hours with a brightness variation of at least 0.18 magnitude (). Spectral type In the Tholen taxonomy, Hesburgh is a rare CD: spectral type, an intermediary between the common carbonaceous C-type asteroid and the dark D-type asteroid, which is typical among the Jupiter trojans beyond the main-belt. Another asteroid with a CD:-type is 691 Lehigh. Diameter and albedo According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Hesburgh measures between 32.39 and 41.27 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.078 and 0.1041. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.1041 and a diameter of 35.55 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.32. Naming This minor planet was named after American Theodore M. Hesburgh (1917–2015), a priest and president of the University of Notre Dame in Notre Dame, Indiana. He was also a member of the National Science Board and played a decisive role for the founding of the Kitt Peak National Observatory, as well as of the Chilean Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory during the 1960s. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 January 1981 (). Notes References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001952 001952 Named minor planets 001952 19510503

5799655

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953%20Rupertwildt

1953 Rupertwildt

1953 Rupertwildt, provisionally designated , is an asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 29 October 1951, by the Indiana Asteroid Program of Indiana University at its Goethe Link Observatory, Indiana, United States, and named after astronomer Rupert Wildt. Orbit and classification Rupertwildt orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.5–3.7 AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,003 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. Due to a precovery taken at Lowell Observatory in 1929, the asteroid's observation arc begins 22 years before its official discovery observation at Goethe Link. Physical characteristics According to the surveys carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Rupertwildt measures 22.0 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.070. Assuming an albedo in the range of 0.05 to 0.25, the asteroid measures between 12 and 26 kilometers in diameter, based on an absolute magnitude of 11.9. Lightcurves As of 2017, Rupertwildts composition, rotation period and shape remain unknown. Naming This minor planet was named in memory of German–American astronomer Rupert Wildt (1905–1976), professor of Astronomy at Yale University. In 1966, he was awarded the Eddington Medal by the Royal Astronomical Society for his discovery of the importance of negative hydrogen ions as a contributor to the solar atmosphere's opacity. He was one of the first to construct a model of the composition of the giant planets, as he recognized that the hydrogen-rich methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3) are responsible for the absorption bands at red wavelengths. In the 1960s and 1970s, Wildt was chairman, president and the first scientific representative on the board of AURA. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 6 June 1982 (). The lunar crater Wildt is also named in his honour. References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001953 001953 Named minor planets 19511029

5799657

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955%20McMath

1955 McMath

1955 McMath, provisional designation , is a stony Koronis asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 September 1963, by Indiana University's Indiana Asteroid Program at its Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. It was later named after solar astronomer Robert Raynolds McMath. Orbit and classification McMath is a stony S-type asteroid and a member of the Koronis family, which is named after 158 Koronis and consists of about 300 known bodies. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,762 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 1° with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery was taken at Goethe Link Observatory in 1949, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 15 years prior to its discovery. The first (unused) observation at Uccle Observatory dates back to 1936. Physical characteristics Rotation period It has a well determined rotation period of hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.30 in magnitude (). Between 2011 and 2013, three additional lightcurves with concurring periods of McMath with an amplitude between 0.32 and 0.39 magnitude were obtained through photometric observations in the R- and S-band at the U.S. Palomar Transient Factory in California (). Diameter and albedo According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, McMath measures 9.8 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a high albedo of 0.32, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony members of the Koronis family of 0.24, and calculates a diameter of 10.3 kilometers. Naming This minor planet was named after American solar astronomer Robert Raynolds McMath (1891–1962), who was also a bridge engineer and businessman. He was a co-donor and the director of the McMath–Hulbert Observatory in Lake Angelus, Michigan, which was deeded to the University of Michigan. Under his advice, the NSF chose the site at Kitt Peak National Observatory for the McMath–Pierce Solar Telescope. From the late 1950s, Robert McMath served as the first president of Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy and thereafter as its chairman. The lunar crater McMath is also named in his and his father's honour. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 March 1981 (). References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001955 001955 Named minor planets 19630922

5799666

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%20Hagihara

1971 Hagihara

1971 Hagihara, provisional designation , is an Eoan asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 14 September 1955, by the Indiana Asteroid Program at the Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. It was later named after Japanese astronomer Yusuke Hagihara. Orbit and classification Hagihara is a member of the Eos family (), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.2 AU once every 5 years and 2 months (1,891 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins with its discovery observation at Goethe in September 1955. Physical characteristics According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Hagihara measures 12.3 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.135, which is neither typical for stony nor for carbonaceous bodies. As of 2017, the asteroid's composition and spectral type, as well as its rotation period and shape remain unknown. Naming This minor planet was named in honour of Yusuke Hagihara (1897–1979) on the occasion of his 81st birthday. He was professor of astronomy at the University of Tokyo and director of the Tokyo Observatory. He also served as vice-president of the International Astronomical Union and was the president of its Commission VII. Hagihara is best known for the discussion of stability problems in celestial mechanics and his theory of libratory motions, as well as for important contributions to the study of the velocity distribution of free electrons in planetary nebulae, and his important five-volume treatise on celestial mechanics. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 August 1978 (). References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001971 001971 Named minor planets 19550914

5799673

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%20Delores

1988 Delores

1988 Delores, provisional designation , is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 28 September 1952, by IU's Indiana Asteroid Program at the Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States, and named after Delores Owings, a member of the program. Classification and orbit Delores is a stony S-type asteroid and member of the Flora family, one of the largest groups of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9–2.4 AU once every 3 years and 2 months (1,155 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first observed as at the McDonald Observatory in April 1951, yet the astrometric data from this observation remained unused to extend the body's observation arc prior to its official discovery. Physical characteristics Rotation period A rotational lightcurve of Delores was obtained at the Palomar Transient Factory in October 2012. It gave a rotation period of 88 hours and a brightness variation of 0.74 magnitude (). While not being a slow rotator, a period of 88 hours is significantly above average, as most minor planets rotate once every 2–20 hours around their axis. It has also a high brightness amplitude, which typically indicates that the body has a non-spheroidal shape. Diameter and albedo According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Delores measures 5.8 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.19, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 — derived from 8 Flora, the family's largest member and namesake – and calculates a diameter of 4.6 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.85. Naming This minor planet was named after Delores Owings, member in the Indiana Asteroid Program of Indiana University, collaborator with Tom Gehrels on the determination of absolute magnitudes of minor planets, who became the program's supervisor of astrometric measurements on photographic plates. The naming was suggested by Paul Herget, the then director of the Minor Planet Center (MPC). The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 30 June 1977 (). References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001988 001988 Named minor planets 19520928

5799676

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%20Shane

1994 Shane

1994 Shane, provisional designation , is a dark Adeonian asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 25 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 4 October 1961, by astronomers of the Indiana Asteroid Program conducted at the Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. It was later named after American astronomer C. Donald Shane. Orbit and classification Shane is a member of the Adeona family (), a large family of carbonaceous asteroids. The asteroid orbits the Sun in the intermediate main belt at a distance of 2.1–3.2 AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,603 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as at Simeiz Observatory in 1939, extending Shanes observation arc by 22 years prior to its official discovery observation at Goethe. Lightcurve In October 2009, a rotational lightcurve of Shane was obtained from photometric observations at the Via Capote Observatory in California. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 8.22 hours with a brightness variation of 0.26 magnitude (), superseding a previously obtained period of 8 hours from 1996 (). Diameter and albedo According to observations made by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, Shane has an albedo of 0.06, while the survey carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite rendered a higher albedo of 0.13 with a corresponding diameter of 18 kilometers. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an even lower albedo of 0.04, yet does not classify it as a carbonaceous but rather as a S-type asteroid, which typically have much higher albedos due to their stony surface composition. Naming This minor planet was named after American astronomer Charles Donald Shane (1895–1983), director of Lick Observatory, second president of AURA, and instrumental for the establishment of the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile. Shane played a major role in the planning and construction of the first telescopes and buildings on Kitt Peak National Observatory as well. The 3-meter C. Donald Shane telescope, located at Lick Observatory, was also named after him. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 March 1981 (). References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001994 001994 Named minor planets 19611004

5799679

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%20Adams

1996 Adams

1996 Adams, provisional designation , is a stony Eunomia asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 16 October 1961, by the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. It was later named after mathematician John Couch Adams. Classification and orbit The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) classifies Adams as a member of the Eunomia family, a large group of stony S-type asteroid and the most prominent family in the intermediate main-belt. However, based on its concurring orbital elements, Alvarez-Candal from the Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, groups the asteroid into the Maria family, which is named after 170 Maria (also see 9175 Graun). Adams orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2–2.9 AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,495 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 15° with respect to the ecliptic. Adams was first identified as at Johannesburg Observatory. It first used observation was a precovery made at the discovering observatory just ten days prior to the official discovery observation. Physical characteristics Several rotational lightcurves of Adams were obtained from photometric observations in 2010 and 2012. Best-rated lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of hours with a brightness variation between 0.40 and 0.46 magnitude (). Additional photometric observations gave similar periods of 3.316, 3.27 and 3.560 hours with an amplitude of 0.60, 0.28 and 0.34, respectively (). According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Adams measures between 10.1 and 13.5 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.141 and 0.395. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.21 – derived from 15 Eunomia, the family's largest member and namesake – and calculates a diameter of 13.9 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.6. Naming This minor planet was named after John Couch Adams (1819–1892), British mathematician and astronomer, who predicted the existence and position of Neptune, simultaneously with French mathematician Urbain Le Verrier, (also see 1997 Leverrier). The lunar crater Adams is also named in his honour. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 October 1977 (). Notes References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 001996 001996 001996 Named minor planets 19611016

5799690

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20McCuskey

2007 McCuskey

2007 McCuskey, provisional designation , is a carbonaceous asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 September 1963, by astronomers of the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. The asteroid was later named after American astronomer Sidney McCuskey. Orbit and classification McCuskey is a dark asteroid that orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,344 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. In March 1921, McCuskey was first identified as at Heidelberg Observatory. The asteroid's observation arc begins 12 years prior to its official discovery observation, with its identification as at McDonald Observatory in June 1951. Physical characteristics McCuskey has been described as a dark C-type asteroid, compatible with the measured color index and opposition/slope parameter. Diameter and albedo Measurements made with the IRAS observatory give a diameter of kilometers and a geometric albedo of . By comparison, measurements with Spitzer's Multiband Imaging Photometer (MIPS) give a diameter of kilometers and a geometric albedo of . According to the more recent 2015/16 results of the NEOWISE survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, McCuskey measures 19.08 and 20.21 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.06 and 0.05, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0558 and a diameter of 21.78 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.06. Lightcurves In March 2013, a rotational lightcurve of McCuskey was obtained from photometric observations by an international collaboration of astronomers. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 8.603 hours with a brightness variation of 0.18 magnitude (). The group also determined a V–R color index of . Astronomers at Texas A&M University using the 0.6-meter SARA South Telescope at Cerro Tololo in August 2014, determined a concurring period of 8.611 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.21 magnitude (). Naming This minor planet was named in honour of American mathematician and astronomer Sidney Wilcox McCuskey (1907–1979), who was the director of the Warner and Swasey Observatory and president of IAU Commission 33, Structure and Dynamics of the Galactic System. He is best known for his contribution on stellar luminosity and galactic structure. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 6 June 1982 (). References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 002007 002007 Named minor planets 19630922

5799703

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%20Asaph

2023 Asaph

2023 Asaph, provisional designation , is a dark asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 21 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 16 September 1952, by astronomers of the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory in Indiana, United States. Orbit and classification Asaph orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.1–3.7 AU once every 4 years and 11 months (1,781 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.28 and an inclination of 22° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation Goethe Link. Physical characterization In November 2001, a rotational lightcurve of Asaph was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 4.74 hours with a low brightness variation of 0.06 magnitude (). Upon re-examination of the revised data set, Warner constructed a new, ambiguous lightcurve with two possible period solutions of and hours (). These observations supersede a period of 9.19 hours derived from two fragmentary lightcurves obtained in 2001 and 2006, respectively (). Diameter and albedo According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Asaph measures between 19.678 and 21.29 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.09 and 0.1045. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and consequently calculates a larger diameter of 25.44 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.7. Naming This minor planet was named in memory of American astronomer Asaph Hall (1829–1907), who discovered the Martian satellites, Phobos and Deimos. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 October 1977 (). Notes References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 002023 002023 Named minor planets 19520916

5799711

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%20McLaughlin

2024 McLaughlin

2024 McLaughlin, provisional designation , is an asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometer in diameter. It was discovered 23 October 1952, by the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, and named after American astronomer Dean Benjamin McLaughlin. Orbit and classification McLaughlin orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 6 months (1,295 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first identified as at the Finnish Turku Observatory in 1938, extending the body's observation arc by 14 years prior to its official discovery observation. Physical characteristics According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures 7.9 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.173. As of 2017, McLaughlins composition, rotation period and shape remain unknown. Naming This minor planet was named in memory of American astronomer and geologist Dean Benjamin McLaughlin (1901–1965). McLaughlin was an astronomical spectroscopist at Swarthmore College and the University of Michigan, and was the first to thoroughly measure stellar rotation, most notably the rotation of Algol. As a geologist he was one of the first to interpret the telescopically observable markings on Mars, which were later confirmed by direct observations from spacecraft (also see Albedo features). The lunar and Martian crater McLaughlin are also named in his honour. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 6 June 1982 (). References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 002024 002024 Named minor planets 19521023

5799714

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026%20Cottrell

2026 Cottrell

2026 Cottrell, provisional designation , is a dark asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter. The asteroid was discovered on 30 March 1955, by IU's Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. It was named after American chemist Frederick Gardner Cottrell. Orbit and classification Cottrell orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.2–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,398 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. In March 1951, the asteroid was identified as at Nice Observatory and two days later at McDonald Observatory, extending the body's observation arc by four years prior to its official discovery observation at Goethe Link. Physical characteristics Lightcurves Two rotational lightcurve of Cottrell were obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Analysis gave an identical rotation period of 4.499 hours for both lightcurves and a brightness variation of 0.42 and 0.44 magnitude, respectively (). In February 2012, photometry at the Etscorn Campus Observatory (), New Mexico, gave a well-defined period of 4.4994 hours with an amplitude of 0.77 magnitude, which indicates that the body has a non-spheroidal shape (). Diameter and albedo According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Cottrell measures between 11.43 and 14.279 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.050 and 0.088. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and consequently calculates a much smaller diameter of 7.46 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 13.0. Naming This minor planet was named after American chemist Frederick Gardner Cottrell (1877–1948), who was a benefactor of the minor planet program at the discovering Goethe Link Observatory. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 November 1978 (). References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 002026 002026 Named minor planets 19550330

5803739

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About%20Ash%20Lad%2C%20Who%20Stole%20the%20Troll%27s%20Silver%20Ducks%2C%20Coverlet%2C%20and%20Golden%20Harp

About Ash Lad, Who Stole the Troll's Silver Ducks, Coverlet, and Golden Harp

"About Ash Lad, Who Stole the Troll's Silver Ducks, Coverlet, and Golden Harp" (Dano-Norwegian: ) is a Norwegian folktale collected by Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe in Norwegian Folktales (Norske Folkeeventyr No. 1), translated as "Boots and the Troll" by George Webbe Dasent in 1859. Textual notes The name "Askepot" was used in the first edition (1843), where the tale was entitled "Om Askepot, som stjal Troldets Sølvænder, Sengetæppe og Guldharpe". The name was changed to Askeladden in the 2nd edition (1852), but only in the title, and the name remained Askepot throughout the story. This was rectified in later issued editions. The tale has been translated as "About Ash Lad, Who Stole the Troll's Silver Ducks, Coverlet, and Golden Harp" by Tiina Nunnally, and as "Boots and the Troll" by Dasent (1859). Synopsis An old man burned in hell. His three sons set out to seek their fortune. The two older would have nothing to do with the youngest son, who they said was fit for nothing but to sit and poke about in ashes. The youngest brought a kneading-trough, the only thing their parents had left behind, which his brothers had not bothered with. His brothers got places under the coachman and gardener at the royal castle, and he got one in the kitchen. He did so much better than they did that they became envious and told the coachman that he had said he could get for the king seven silver ducks that belonged to a troll, and which the king had long desired. The coachman told the king. When the king insisted that he do it, he demanded wheat and rye, rowed over the lake, in the kneading trough, to the troll's place, and lured the ducks into the trough using the grain. Then his brothers told the coachman he had said he could steal the troll's bed-quilt, and the coachman again told the king. He demanded three days, and when he saw the bed-quilt being hung out to air, he stole it. This time, the king made him his body-servant. His brothers told the coachman he had said he could steal the troll's golden harp that made everyone who heard it glad, and the coachman again told the king. He said he needed six days to think. Then he rowed over, with a nail, a birch-pin, and a taper-end, and let the troll see him. It seized him at once, and put him in a pen to fatten him. One day he stuck out the nail instead of his finger, then the birch-pin, and finally the taper-end, at which point they concluded he was fat enough. The troll went off to ask guests to come, and his daughter went to slaughter the youth. He told her the knife wasn't sharp enough, sharpened it, and suggested testing it on one of her braids; when testing, he cut off her head and then he roasted half of her and boiled the other, as the troll had said he should be cooked. He sat in the corner dressed in her clothing, and the troll ate his daughter and asked if he didn't want any. The youth said he was too sad. The troll told him to get the harp, and where it was. The youth took it and set off in the kneading trough again. The troll shouted after him, and the youth told him he had eaten his own daughter. That made him burst, and the youth took all the troll's gold and silver, and with them won the princess's hand in marriage and half the kingdom. And then his brothers were killed by boulders when they went up a mountain. Analysis The tale has been categorized as Aarne-Thompson type 328 "The Boy Steals the Giant's Treasure". See also Corvetto (fairy tale) Esben and the Witch Jack and the Beanstalk The Gold-bearded Man The Grateful Beasts The Little Girl Sold with the Pears The Three Aunts Thirteenth Explanatory notes References Citations Norwegian fairy tales Scandinavian folklore Trolls ATU 300-399 Asbjørnsen and Moe

5810488

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CW%20Leonis

CW Leonis

CW Leonis or IRC +10216 is a variable carbon star that is embedded in a thick dust envelope. It was first discovered in 1969 by a group of astronomers led by Eric Becklin, based upon infrared observations made with the Caltech Infrared Telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory. Its energy is emitted mostly at infrared wavelengths. At a wavelength of 5 μm, it was found to have the highest flux of any object outside the Solar System. Properties CW Leonis is believed to be in a late stage of its life, blowing off its own sooty atmosphere to form a white dwarf. Based upon isotope ratios of magnesium, the initial mass of this star has been constrained to lie between 3–5 solar masses. The mass of the star's core, and the final mass of the star once it becomes a white dwarf, is about 0.7–0.9 solar masses. Its bolometric luminosity varies over the course of a 649-day pulsation cycle, ranging from a minimum of about 6,250 times the Sun's luminosity up to a peak of around 15,800 times. The overall output of the star is best represented by a luminosity of . The brightness of the star varies by about two magnitudes over its pulsation period, and may have been increasing over a period of years. One study finds an increase in the mean brightness of about a magnitude between 2004 and 2014. Many studies of this star are done at infrared wavelengths because of its very red colour; published visual magnitudes are uncommon and often dramatically different. The Guide Star Catalog from 2006 gives an apparent visual magnitude]] of 19.23. The ASAS-SN variable star catalog based on observations from 2014 to 2018 reports a mean magnitude of 17.56 and an amplitude of 0.68 magnitudes. An even later study gives a mean magnitude of 14.5 and an amplitude of 2.0 magnitudes. The carbon-rich gaseous envelope surrounding this star is at least 69,000 years old and the star is losing about solar masses per year. The extended envelope contains at least 1.4 solar masses of material. Speckle observations from 1999 show a complex structure to this dust envelope, including partial arcs and unfinished shells. This clumpiness may be caused by a magnetic cycle in the star that is comparable to the solar cycle in the Sun and results in periodic increases in mass loss. Various chemical elements and about 50 molecules have been detected in the outflows from CW Leonis, among others nitrogen, oxygen and water, silicon and iron. One theory was that the star was once surrounded by comets which melted once the star started expanding, but water is now thought to form naturally in the atmospheres of all carbon stars. Distance If the distance to this star is assumed to be at the lower end of the estimate range, 120 pc, then the astrosphere surrounding the star spans a radius of about 84,000 AU. The star and its surrounding envelope are advancing at a velocity of more than 91 km/s through the surrounding interstellar medium. It is moving with a space velocity of [U, V, W] = [, , ] km s−1. Companion Several papers have suggested that CW Leonis has a close binary companion. ALMA and astrometric measurements may show orbital motion. The astrometric measurements, combined with a model including the companion, provide a parallax measurement showing that CW Leonis is the closest carbon star to the Earth. See also List of largest known stars References External links Water Found Around Nearby Star CW Leonis Astronomy Picture of the Day July 16th, 2001 Variations in the dust envelope around IRC +10216 revealed by aperture masking interferometry http://jumk.de/astronomie/special-stars/cw-leonis.shtml Carbon stars Protoplanetary nebulae Leo (constellation) ? Mira variables Leonis, CW IRAS catalogue objects J09475740+1316435 Emission-line stars

5811984

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings%20of%20minor%20planet%20names%3A%2053001%E2%80%9354000

Meanings of minor planet names: 53001–54000

53001–53100 |-id=029 | 53029 Wodetzky || || József Wodetzky (1872–1956), a Hungarian astronomer and mathematician who was director of the Astronomical Institute of Pázmány Péter University from 1934 to 1942. His research was in classical astronomy, mainly concerned with the three-body problem and the motion of the Moon. || |-id=093 | 53093 La Orotava || || La Orotava, a town and municipality in the northern part of the Island of Tenerife || |} 53101–53200 |-id=109 | 53109 Martinphillipps || || Martin Phillipps (born 1963) is the lead singer of the Dunedin rock band The Chills, whose music forms the backbone of the so-called "Dunedin sound." || |-id=157 | 53157 Akaishidake || 1999 CP || Akaishidake Mountain, Shizuoka, Japan || |-id=159 | 53159 Mysliveček || || Josef Mysliveček (1737–1781), a Czech composer from the period of early classicism. He worked in Italy (Il divino Boemo) beginning in 1763. He composed orchestral works, oratorios and operas. || |} 53201–53300 |-id=237 | 53237 Simonson || || Walter Simonson (born 1946) is an American comic book writer and artist. || |-id=250 | 53250 Beucher || || Jacqueline Beucher (born 1947) has been a tireless promoter of astronomy for several decades. She has served in various official roles for the Astronomical Society of Kansas City and the Astronomical League. Beucher also has helped plan and organize many astronomy conventions and has led several solar eclipse tours. || |-id=252 | 53252 Sardegna || || Sardinia, in Italian || |-id=253 | 53253 Zeiler || || Michael Zeiler (born 1956) is a technical writer at the Environmental Systems Research Institute who helped develop the ArcGIS geographic information system || |-id=256 | 53256 Sinitiere || 1999 FD || Robert Sinitiere (born 1950), an amateur astronomer and pharmacist. || |-id=285 | 53285 Mojmír || || Mojmír, ruler of the Great Moravian Empire from (830–845/46). He promoted Christianity in his empire, trying to attach Moravia to Western Europe. || |} 53301–53400 |-id=311 | 53311 Deucalion || || Deucalion, the Ancient Greek mythological Adam. After a flood in which all humans were drowned except for Deucalion and (his wife) Pyrrha, an oracle tells them to "throw the bones of their mother" behind them. Puzzled, they decided that their mother is Earth and her bones are stones. The stones they then threw over their shoulders sprang up into people to repopulate the world. || |-id=316 | 53316 Michielford || || Michiel Ford, American amateur astronomer, recipient of a Milken National Educator Award || |} 53401–53500 |-id=468 | 53468 Varros || || George Varros (born 1959) is an amateur astronomer who helped NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office popularize lunar-meteoroid-impact monitoring by amateur astronomers, for the purpose of assessing the dangers to future astronauts during prolonged visits to the lunar surface. || |} 53501–53600 |-id=537 | 53537 Zhangyun || || Yun Zhang (born 1990) is a post-doctoral researcher at Université Côte d'Azur whose studies include the numerical modeling of asteroid surfaces and interiors, placing strong constraints on their mechanical and strength properties based on their observed physical properties. || |} 53601–53700 |-id=629 | 53629 Andrewpotter || || Andrew E. Potter (born 1926) is a space scientist who discovered the sodium and potassium components of the atmospheres of both Mercury and the moon. || |} 53701–53800 |-bgcolor=#f2f2f2 | colspan=4 align=center | |} 53801–53900 |-id=843 | 53843 Antjiekrog || || Antjie Krog (born 1952), a South African writer. || |} 53901–54000 |-id=910 | 53910 Jánfischer || || Ján Fischer (1905–1980) was a theoretical physicist and professor at Comenius University, Bratislava. He studied interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation and significantly contributed to the quantum theory of photoelectric effect and Compton phenomenon. || |} References 053001-054000

5814089

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings%20of%20minor%20planet%20names%3A%2052001%E2%80%9353000

Meanings of minor planet names: 52001–53000

52001–52100 |-id=005 | 52005 Maik || || Maik Meyer (born 1970), German amateur astronomer || |-id=008 | 52008 Johnnaka || || John Yoshio Naka (1914–2004), the preeminent American bonsai master of the late 20th century. || |-id=030 | 52030 Maxvasile || || Massimiliano Vasile (born 1970) is a professor of Space Systems Engineering at the University of Strathclyde. He has developed innovative techniques for the design and optimization of space trajectories and is an astrodynamics expert. He is leader of the EuTN STARDUST project on asteroid and space debris monitoring and mitigation.. || |-id=057 | 52057 Clarkhowell || || Francis Clark Howell (1925–2007), generally known as "F. Clark Howell", was an American anthropologist. || |} 52101–52200 |-bgcolor=#f2f2f2 | colspan=4 align=center | |} 52201–52300 |-id=225 | 52225 Panchenko || || Vladislav Yakovlevich Panchenko (born 1947), an authority in laser information technologies, scientific instrumentation technologies, non-linear optics and medical physics. || |-id=226 | 52226 Saenredam || 1974 PA || Pieter Jansz. Saenredam (1597–1665), Dutch Baroque-era painter and engraver || |-id=228 | 52228 Protos || 1977 RN || Greek word for "first", the discoverer's first minor planet detection || |-id=231 | 52231 Sitnik || || Grigorij Fedorovich Sitnik (1911–1996), professor of the Moscow State University. || |-id=242 | 52242 Michelemaoret || 1981 EX || Michele Maoret (born 1971), a mathematics teacher and president of the association of scientific education 'Luigi Lagrange', which is involved in the teaching of physics, mathematics and astronomy. || |-id=246 | 52246 Donaldjohanson || || Donald Johanson (born 1943), an American paleoanthropologist who discovered the fossil of a female hominin australopithecine known as "Lucy". || |-id=260 | 52260 Ureshino || 1982 KA || Ureshino, a city located in Saga prefecture, Kyushu island, Japan || |-id=261 | 52261 Izumishikibu || || Izumi Shikibu (born c. 976) was a Japanese poet from the 11th century Heian period. She wrote Izumi Shikibu Nikki, which was a notable diary containing waka poems about her affairs with the Imperial Prince. It is said that she was born in Shiroishi district and spent her younger days in Shiota in Saga Prefecture, Japan. || |-id=266 | 52266 Van Flandern || 1986 AD || Tom Van Flandern (1940–2009), astronomer and lunar occultations analylist at the U.S. Naval Observatory in the 1970s || |-id=267 | 52267 Rotarytorino || || The "Rotary Club Torino", the third oldest Rotary Club in Italy and from its foundation in 1925 has contributed with its services to the development of science and technology, the most important enterprises in the Piedmont scientific and industrial area. || |-id=270 | 52270 Noamchomsky || || Noam Chomsky (born 1928), an American linguist and philosopher. || |-id=271 | 52271 Lecorbusier || || Le Corbusier (Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, 1887–1965), Swiss-French architect and city planner || |-id=285 | 52285 Kakurinji || || Kakurinji, built by Prince Shotoku in AD 589, is a historically significant Buddhist temple complex in Kakogawa city, Hyogo prefecture. || |-id=291 | 52291 Mott || || John R. Mott (1865–1955), American organizer of the modern ecumenical movement and Peace Prize Nobelist || |-id=292 | 52292 Kamdzhalov || || Yordan Kamdzhalov (born 1980), Bulgarian conductor. || |-id=293 | 52293 Mommsen || || Theodor Mommsen (1817–1903), German classical historian, epigraphist, and Nobelist || |-id=294 | 52294 Detlef || || Detlef Ninnemann (born 1944), a German patent attorney and electrical engineer. || |-id=295 | 52295 Köppen || || Wladimir Köppen (1846–1940), a Russian-German botanist-climatologist. || |} 52301–52400 |- | 52301 Qumran || || Qumran, Palestine, where the Dead Sea Scrolls were found || |-id=308 | 52308 Hanspeterröser || || Hans-Peter Röser (born 1949), director of the Institute of Space Studies at the University of Stuttgart. || |-id=309 | 52309 Philnicolai || || Philipp Nicolai, German Lutheran pastor and poet, author of the hymns Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme (Wake, awake! for night is flying) and Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern (How brightly beams the morning star!) || |-id=316 | 52316 Daveslater || 1992 BD || David C. Slater (1957–2011), a U.S. physicist with Southwest Research Institute. || |-id=334 | 52334 Oberammergau || || Oberammergau, Bavaria, Germany, festival place of a famous Passion Play || |-id=337 | 52337 Compton || 1992 RS || Arthur Holly Compton, American physicist and Nobelist || |-id=341 | 52341 Ballmann || || Helga Ballmann (born 1954), the personal assistant of the Director of the Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Heidelberg. || |-id=344 | 52344 Yehudimenuhin || || Yehudi Menuhin (1916–1999), an American-born violinist and conductor, is considered one of the greatest violinists of the 20th century. || |-id=384 | 52384 Elenapanko || || Elena Alekseevna Panko (born 1958), a Ukrainian astronomer at Nikolaev State University || |-id=387 | 52387 Huitzilopochtli || || Huitzilopochtli is an Aztec god associated with the sun. His name, meaning "hummingbird of the south" came from the Aztec belief that the spirits of killed warriors followed the sun through the sky during four subsequent years. Thereafter they were transformed into hummingbirds. || |} 52401–52500 |-id=421 | 52421 Daihoji || 1994 LA || Daihōji, north of Kumakōgen, Japan, 44th destination of the Shikoku Pilgrimage || |-id=422 | 52422 LPL || 1994 LP || The University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory || |-id=455 | 52455 Masamika || || Masa-aki Takanashi (1959–2001) and his wife Mika, Japanese amateur astronomers || |-id=457 | 52457 Enquist || || Anna Enquist (born 1945), a Dutch author and poet, who studied psycho-analysis at Leiden and piano at the conservatory of Den Haag. || |-id=480 | 52480 Enzomora || || Gian Vincenzo Mora, Italian amateur astronomer || |-id=487 | 52487 Huazhongkejida || || The Chinese Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Huazhongkejida or HUST) is a research university located in Wuhan, Hubei province. It was the first university in central China to establish an Astronomy Department. || |-id=500 | 52500 Kanata || || KANATA, Japanese for "Far Away", name of the new 1.5-m telescope of Hiroshima University || |} 52501–52600 |-id=558 | 52558 Pigafetta || 1997 FR || Antonio Pigafetta (c. 1492—c. 1531) was an Italian navigator and geographer. He participated in the first circumnavigation of the globe from 1519 to 1522. || |-id=570 | 52570 Lauraco || || Laura Colombini (born 1986), a European Languages and Cultures graduate of the University of Modena, is the first daughter of one of the co-discoverers of this minor planet. || |-id=589 | 52589 Montviloff || || Nicolas Montviloff, French co-founder of the Observatoire des Pises, and current president of the Société astronomique de Montpellier || |} 52601–52700 |- | 52601 Iwayaji || || , east of Kumakōgen, Japan, 45th destination of the Shikoku Pilgrimage || |-id=604 | 52604 Thomayer || || Josef Thomayer (1853–1927), Czech professor of internal medicine at the Charles University of Prague || |-id=633 | 52633 Turvey || || Barry Sydney Turvey (born 1950) has devoted many years to the cause of popularizing astronomy in the UK, as Membership Secretary, Merchandising Manager and Council Member of the Society for Popular Astronomy. || |-id=649 | 52649 Chrismith || || Christine Elizabeth Smith, American elementary school teacher || |-id=665 | 52665 Brianmay || || Brian May, British astrophysicist, chancellor of Liverpool John Moores University, and lead guitarist and songwriter for the rock group Queen || |-id=670 | 52670 Alby || || Alberto ("Alby") Colombini (born 1989) is a graduate accountant, employed in a transport company, and an amateur soccer player. He is the second son of one of the co-discoverers of this minor planet. || |-id=681 | 52681 Kelleghan || || Deirdre Kelleghan (born 1957) is an Irish astronomer, artist and educator. She invents, designs and enacts creative workshops to help children understand our solar system through drawing. Her activities take place in schools, libraries, science centres and observatories throughout Ireland. || |} 52701–52800 |-id=767 | 52767 Ophelestes || || Ophelestes, a Trojan warrior, was killed by an arrow of Teucer, who was causing much havoc with his bow amongst the ranks of the Trojans. || |} 52801–52900 |-id=872 | 52872 Okyrhoe || || Okyrhoe, mythological daughter of Chiron and Chariklo || |} 52901–53000 |-id=963 | 52963 Vercingetorix || || Vercingetorix (ca. 82 BC – 46 BC) was a King of the Arverni and military leader of the Celtic people against the Roman invasion. He beat Julius Caesar's forces at the Battle of Gergovia (52 BCE), but surrendered during the battle of Alesia, presumably because of superstitions related to the lunar eclipse of 26 Sep. 52 BCE. || |-id=975 | 52975 Cyllarus || || Cyllarus, mythological centaur || |} References 052001-053000

5818885

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile%20%281988%20film%29

Missile (1988 film)

Missile is a 1988 American documentary film by Frederick Wiseman. It chronicles the 14-week training course for the men and women of the United States Air Force who are charged with manning the ICBM silos in remote places like Minot AFB and Whiteman AFB. The film shows discussions of the ethics of nuclear war, shows scenes from the daily lives of trainees, and shows demonstrations of training exercises such as counterterrorism, the launching of nuclear missiles, the command and control process, and basic military training. Most scenes in the film are of classroom training, interspersed with exercises in training facilities. The film includes a scene of an Air Force church service memorial for the astronauts killed in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. In the typical cinéma vérité style of Wiseman's films, the documentary is unadorned by commentary, narration, or music. References 1988 documentary films 1988 films American documentary films Documentary films about the Cold War Films directed by Frederick Wiseman Documentary films about nuclear war and weapons Documentary films about the United States Air Force Intercontinental ballistic missiles of the United States 1980s English-language films 1980s American films English-language documentary films

5822707

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/77185%20Cherryh

77185 Cherryh

77185 Cherryh, provisional designation , is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 20 March 2001, by American amateur astronomers Don Wells and Alex Cruz at the George Observatory in Needville, Texas. The dark asteroid was named for American writer C. J. Cherryh. Orbit and classification Cherryh is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,528 days; semi-major axis of 2.6 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins in October 1990, with a precovery taken by Spacewatch, more than 10 years prior to its official discovery observation at Needville. Naming This minor planet was named by the discovering members of the Fort Bend Astronomy Club (FBAC), after C. J. Cherryh (born 1942), the award-winning American science fiction and fantasy author. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 13 July 2004 (). Physical characteristics According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Cherryh measures 3.985 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.049. The asteroid's spectral type is unknown. Based on its low geometric albedo it is likely a carbonaceous C-type asteroid. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Cherryh has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown. References External links FBAC Asteroid and HEAT Team Page, FBAC Asteroid Discoveries at the George Observatory Don Wells, home page Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (75001)-(80000) – Minor Planet Center 077185 Discoveries by Don J. Wells Named minor planets 77185 Cherryh 20010320

5825970

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings%20of%20minor%20planet%20names%3A%2051001%E2%80%9352000

Meanings of minor planet names: 51001–52000

51001–51100 |-id=023 | 51023 Benavidezlozano || || Paula G. Benavidez Lozano (born 1977) is an associate professor at Universidad de Alicante (Spain). Her research includes observation of trans-Neptunian bodies and modeling of collision processes, and the evolution and internal structure of small bodies. || |} 51101–51200 |-id=166 | 51166 Huimanto || || Man-To Hui (born 1990) is a Chinese postdoctoral researcher at the Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii (Honolulu, Hawaii), whose studies include photometric and dynamical studies of active asteroids, and near-Sun asteroids and comets. || |-id=178 | 51178 Geraintjones || || Geraint H. Jones (born 1970) is head of planetary science at University College London's Mullard Space Science Laboratory. He leads the European Space Agency's Comet Interceptor mission, and studies the interactions between comets and the solar wind, as well as planetary magnetospheres. || |} 51201–51300 |-id=261 | 51261 Holuša || || Jiří Holuša (1964–2011), educator at Ostrava Planetarium, Czech Republic || |} 51301–51400 |-bgcolor=#f2f2f2 | colspan=4 align=center | |} 51401–51500 |-id=406 | 51406 Massimocalvani || || Massimo Calvani (born 1947), Italian astronomer, director of the Astronomical Observatory of Padua and Asiago from 1999 to 2005 || |-id=415 | 51415 Tovinder || || Pat Tovsen (born 1951) and her husband Philip Inderwiesen (born 1953), American light pollution control advocates || |-id=419 | 51419 Deshapriya || || Prasanna Deshapriya (born 1989) is a postdoctoral researcher at LESIA-Paris Observatory (France) whose studies include imaging analysis, spectrophotometry and visible-infrared spectroscopy of small bodies by the Rosetta and OSIRIS-REx spacecraft. || |-id=430 | 51430 Ireneclaire || || Irene Claire Schwartz, mother of Michael Schwartz of Tenagra Observatories || |-id=431 | 51431 Jayardee || || James R. Durig (born 1935), astronomer and the father of Douglas Tybor Durig who discovered this minor planet || |} 51501–51600 |-id=569 | 51569 Garywessen || || Gary Wessen (born 1949) has conducted archaeological research in western North America for over 40 years and has recorded over 250 new sites. He works with many Native American tribes, especially the Makah. He has also served as an officer for many archaeological associations. || |-id=570 | 51570 Phendricksen || || Peter B. Hendricksen (born 1951), electrical engineer, mathematician, accomplished classical guitarist and past president of the Black Hills Astronomical Society || |-id=599 | 51599 Brittany || || Brittany Johnson, niece of Loren C. Ball who discovered this minor planet || |} 51601–51700 |-id=655 | 51655 Susannemond || 2001 JA || Susanne Marie Emond, American dietitian and friend of the discoverer || |-id=659 | 51659 Robohachi || || Robohachi is a robot exhibited in the exhibition hall on the 2nd floor of Hachinohe City Children's Science Museum. He has been popular with children as a symbol of the Museum since it first opened. He talks, winks, moves his head from side to side and stretches his arms when his function buttons are pressed. || |-id=663 | 51663 Lovelock || || James Lovelock (born 1919), chemist, inventor, earth system scientist and author || |} 51701–51800 |-id=741 | 51741 Davidixon || || David Dixon (born 1947), American amateur astronomer, who operates Jornada Observatory, New Mexico Src || |-id=772 | 51772 Sparker || 2001 MJ || Steve Parker (born 1951), director of Hidden Valley Observatory || |} 51801–51900 |-id=823 | 51823 Rickhusband || || Rick Husband (1957–2003), American astronaut, commander of the space shuttle Columbia (STS-107) || |-id=824 | 51824 Mikeanderson || || Michael P. Anderson (1959–2003), American astronaut, payload commander of the space shuttle Columbia (STS-107) || |-id=825 | 51825 Davidbrown || || David M. Brown (1956–2003), American astronaut, mission specialist on board the space shuttle Columbia (STS-107) || |-id=826 | 51826 Kalpanachawla || || Kalpana Chawla (1962–2003), American astronaut, mission specialist on board the space shuttle Columbia (STS-107) || |-id=827 | 51827 Laurelclark || || Laurel Clark (1961–2003), American astronaut, mission specialist on board the space shuttle Columbia (STS-107) || |-id=828 | 51828 Ilanramon || || Ilan Ramon (1954–2003), Israeli astronaut, payload specialist on board the space shuttle Columbia (STS-107) || |-id=829 | 51829 Williemccool || || William C. McCool (1961–2003), American astronaut, pilot of the space shuttle Columbia (STS-107) || |-id=895 | 51895 Biblialexa || || Bibliotheca Alexandrina, a revival of the old library at Alexandria || |} 51901–52000 |-id=915 | 51915 Andry || || Andrea Casulli (born 2013), grandson of Silvano Casulli who discovered this minor planet || |-id=983 | 51983 Hönig || || Sebastian F. Hönig (born 1978), German amateur astronomer || |-id=985 | 51985 Kirby || || Jack Kirby (1917–1994), American comic book artist, writer, and editor || |} References 051001-052000

5827326

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20de%20Grazia

Alfred de Grazia

Alfred de Grazia (December 29, 1919 – July 13, 2014), born in Chicago, Illinois, was a political scientist and author. He developed techniques of computer-based social network analysis in the 1950s, developed new ideas about personal digital archives in the 1970s, and defended the catastrophism thesis of Immanuel Velikovsky. Origins His father, Joseph Alfred de Grazia, was born in Licodia, province of Catania, in Sicily and was politically active in a troubled period in the history of the island. He emigrated to the United States at the age of twenty, after having hit the mayor of Licodia with his clarinet during a political scuffle. He became a bandmaster, music teacher, in and out of the WPA and a musical union leader in Chicago. In 1916, he married Chicago-born Katherine Lupo Cardinale whose parents had emigrated from Sicily. Her brother was the boxer Charles Kid Lucca, Canadian champion welter-weight champion from 1910 to 1914. They had three more sons, Sebastian de Grazia, winner of the Pulitzer Prize, Edward de Grazia, a prominent first amendment lawyer and co-founder of Cardozo School of Law at Yeshiva University, and Victor de Grazia who was Deputy-Governor of the State of Illinois from 1973 to 1977. Education De Grazia attended the University of Chicago, receiving an A.B. there in 1939, attended law school at Columbia University from 1940 to 1941, and in 1948 earned a Ph.D. in political science from the University of Chicago. His thesis was published in 1951 as Public and Republic: Political Representation in America. When reviewed by The New York Times it was called "A thoroughgoing examination of the meaning of representation, the fundamental element in any definition of republic." and August Heckscher in the New York Herald Tribune said it was "A sober scholarly volume, authoritative in its field." Charles E. Merriam, founder of the behavioristic approach in political science, wrote: "All scholars in the field of political science and particularly those in the area of representation are under lasting obligation to the writer of this volume for a learned and helpful treatment of one of the major problems of our times. The book will enrich the literature on this very important subject." Military activity In World War II, de Grazia served in the United States Army, rising from private to captain. He specialized in mechanized warfare, intelligence and psychological warfare. He received training in this then new field in Washington D.C. and the newly established Camp Ritchie in Maryland. He served with the 3rd, 5th and 7th Armies and as a liaison officer with the British 8th Army. He took part in six campaigns, from North Africa to Italy (Battle of Monte Cassino) to France and Germany. De Grazia co-authored a report on psychological warfare for the Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Force. By the end of the war, he was Commanding Officer of the Psychological Warfare Propaganda Team attached to the headquarters of the 7th Army. With his fiancée and later wife, wife Jill deGrazia (née Bertha Oppenheim), he carried on an extensive wartime correspondence of over 2,000 lengthy letters, published on the web under the title "Letters of Love and War". Scott Turow cites the letters as being among the sources for his 2005 novel Ordinary Heroes De Grazia wrote manuals of psychological warfare for the CIA for the Korean War and organized and investigated psychological operations for the United States Department of Defense during the Vietnam War. His reports on psychological operations, now largely declassified, include Target Analysis and Media in Propaganda to Audiences Abroad (1952), Elites Analysis (1955), as well as Psychological Operations in Vietnam (1968). On October 31, 2014, he was posthumously designated a Distinguished Member of the Regiment of Psychological Operations of the Special Operations Command at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. For his service in World War II, de Grazia earned the Bronze Star and the EAME Campaign Medal, as well as the Croix de Guerre from France. On December 31, 2013, he was awarded the highest French distinction, being made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor by decree of President François Hollande. He is also a posthumous recipient of the Robert A. McClure Medal for Exemplary Service in Psychological Operations. Academic career De Grazia was an assistant professor of political science at the University of Minnesota from 1948 to 1950 before joining the political science faculty of Brown University as an associate professor. In 1952, he was appointed director of the Committee for Research in the Social Sciences at Stanford University, supported by a Ford Foundation grant. He wrote the textbook The Elements of Political Science in two volumes: Political Behavior and Political Organization (1952). One reviewer of it wrote: "Mr. De Grazia has undertaken to dissect the whole body of political science... He achieves his purpose with unfailing clarity, and his readers will learn from him the range, the goals, and the techniques of the study of politics..." In 1955, he failed to receive academic tenure at Stanford after conducting a study of "the origins and present restrictions on the political activities of workers" for a foundation. He left the institution in 1957. From 1959 to 1983, he was a tenured professor of government and social theory at New York University. In 1957 de Grazia founded PROD: Political Research: Organization and Design, which was described as "probably...the authentic spokesman for the newest currents among the avant-garde of political behavior". It was later renamed The American Behavioral Scientist, an academic journal devoted to the Chicago school of behaviorist sociology. In 1965, he began the Universal Reference System, the first computerized reference system in the social sciences. De Grazia was a staunch supporter of the power of Congress against the encroachments of the presidency, which he called the "Executive Force" According to Raymond Tatalovich and Steven Schier: The American Enterprise Institute published several of his books on the subject, including Congress and the Presidency: their Role in Modern Times, a debate with Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., who defended the case for a strong presidency. Support for Velikovsky De Grazia became interested in Immanuel Velikovsky's catastrophist theories. Following considerable criticism of Velikovsky's claims by the scientific community, de Grazia dedicated the entire September 1963 issue of American Behavioral Scientist to the issue. He also self-published two books on it, The Velikovsky Affair: The Warfare of Science and Scientism and Cosmic Heretics: A Personal History of Attempts to Establish and Resist Theories of Quantavolution and Catastrophe in the Natural and Human Sciences. Michael Polanyi stated: In a review of the second book, Henry Bauer suggests that de Grazia's efforts may be responsible for Velikovsky's continuing notability. In both books de Grazia subscribes to the thesis that, in the words of Henry Bauer, "the affair revealed something seriously rotten in the state of science". The review however suggests that the rejection came about ... The review further suggests that "de Grazia does not understand how the content of science is generated" and that his "understanding of science as a social activity is ambiguous." In the second book, de Grazia upholds Velikovsky's most general claim, that geologically recent (in the last 15,000 years) extraterrestrially-caused catastrophes occurred, and had a significant impact on the Earth and its inhabitants. De Grazia terms this belief "Quantavolution". Later career In the early 1970s, de Grazia founded the "University of the New World" in Haute-Nendaz Switzerland, as an unstructured alternative to American universities. He invited Beat author William S. Burroughs to teach at it. In his biography of Burroughs, Ted Morgan described the students that it attracted as "drifters and dropouts on the international hippie circuit"; he suggested that this resulted in a culture clash with the "prim Swiss", and that the university lacked adequate facilities or a sound business model. In 2002, de Grazia was appointed visiting professor in the Department of Mathematics, Statistics, Computing and Applications of the University of Bergamo in Italy. He had previously been a visiting lecturer at the University of Rome, the University of Bombay, the University of Istanbul, and the University of Gothenburg in Sweden. Personal life Alfred de Grazia was married to Jill Oppenheim (d. 1996) from 1942 to 1971, to Nina Mavridis from 1972 to 1973, and from 1982 to his death to Anne-Marie (Ami) Hueber-de Grazia, a French writer. He had seven children with Jill Oppenheim. One of them, Carl, a musician, died in 2000. One of his daughters, Victoria de Grazia, a Professor of Contemporary History at Columbia University, is a member of the American Academy. The entire WWII correspondence between Alfred de Grazia and Jill Oppenheim, comprising about a thousand letters dated from February 1942 to September 1945, survived and was published and placed online, edited by Ami Hueber de Grazia. Works Michels, Robert, First lectures in political sociology. Translated, with an introduction, by Alfred de Grazia. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, [1949]. And Harper & Row, 1965. Public and republic: political representation in America. New York: Knopf, 1951. The elements of political science Vol 1: Political Behavior and Vol. 2: Political organization. Series: Borzoi Books in Political Science. New York: Knopf, 1952. And second revised edition: Politics and government: the elements of political science. [1962]. New York: Collier, 1962– ;new revised edition, New York: Free Press London: Collier Macmillan, 1965. The Western Public: 1952 and beyond. [A study of political behaviour in the western United States.]. Stanford: Stanford University Press, [1954.] The American way of government. National edition. New York : Wiley, [1957]. There is also a "National, State and Local edition". Foundation for Voluntary Welfare. Grass roots private welfare : winning essays of the 1956 national awards competition of the Foundation for Voluntary Welfare. Alfred de Grazia, editor. New York: New York University Press, 1957. American welfare. New York: New York University Press, 1961 (with Ted Gurr). World politics: a study in international relations. Series: College Outline Series. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1962. Apportionment and representative government. Series: Books that matter. New York : Praeger, c.1963 Essay on apportionment and representative government. Washington : American Enterprise Institute, 1963 Revolution in teaching: new theory, technology, and curricula. With an introduction by Jerome Bruner. New York: Bantam Books, [1964] (editor, with David A. Sohn). Universal Reference System. Political science, government, and public policy: an annotated and intensively indexed compilation of significant books, pamphlets, and articles, selected and processed by the Universal Reference System. Prepared under the direction of Alfred De Grazia, general editor, Carl E. Martinson, managing editor, and John B. Simeone, consultant. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Research Pub. Co., 1965–69. Plus nine more volumes on the subjects of: International Affairs; Economic Regulation; Public Policy and the Management of Science; Administrative Management; Comparative Government and Cultures; Legislative Process; Bibliography of Bibliographies in Political Science, Government and Public Policy; Current Events and Problems of Modern Society; Public Opinion, Mass Behavior and Political Psychology; Law, Jurisprudence and Judicial Process. Republic in crisis: Congress against the executive force. New York: Federal Legal Publications, [1965] Political behavior. Series: Elements of political science; 1. New, revised edition. New York: Free press paperback, 1966. Congress, The First Branch of Government, editor, Doubleday – Anchor Books, 1967 Congress and the Presidency: Their Roles in Modern Times, with Arthur M. Schlesinger, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Washington, 1967. Passage of the Year, Poetry, Quiddity Press, Metron publications, Princeton, N.J., 1967. The Behavioral Sciences: Essays in honor of George A. Lundberg, editor, Behavioral Research Council, Great Barrington, Mass;, 1968. Kalos: What is to be Done with Our World?,, New York University Press, 1968. Old Government, New People: Readings for the New politics, et al., Scott, Foresman, Glenview, Ill., 1971. Politics for Better or Worse, Scott, Foresman, Glenview, Ill., 1973. Eight Branches of Government: American Government Today, w. Eric Weise, Collegiate Pub., 1975. Eight Bads – Eight Goods: The American Contradictions, Doubleday – Anchor Books, 1975. Supporting Art and Culture: 1001 Questions on Policy, Lieber-Atherton, New York, 1979. Kalotics: A Revolution of Scientists and Technologists for World Development, Kalos Foundation, Bombay, 1979. A Cloud Over Bhopal: Causes, Consequences, and Constructive Solutions, Kalos Foundation for the India-America Committee for the Bhopal Victims: Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1985. The Babe, Child of Boom and Bust in Old Chicago, umbilicus mundi, Quiddity Press, Metron Publications, Princeton, N.J., 1992. The Student: at Chicago in Hutchin's Hey-day, Quiddity Press, Metron Publications, Princeton N.J., 1991. The Taste of War: Soldiering in World War II, Quiddity Press, Metron Publications, Princeton, N.J., 1992. Twentieth Century Fire-Sale, Poetry, Quiddity Press, Metron Publications, Princeton, N.J., 1996. The American State of Canaan – the peaceful, prosperous juncture of Israel and Palestine as the 51st State of the United States of America, Metron Publications, Princeton, NJ, 2009 LCCN 2008945276. See also Velikovskyism References Notes Further reading Tresman, Ian (ed.) Quantavolution - Challenges to Conventional Science, Knowledge Computing, UK (2010) (hardcover) Festschrift in honor of de Grazia's 90th birthday. External links The Grazian Archive: archived works of Alfred de Grazia The American State of Canaan 1919 births 2014 deaths American political scientists Catastrophism Military personnel from Chicago United States Army personnel of World War II Knights of the Legion of Honour Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France) American people of Italian descent United States Army officers Ritchie Boys

5828178

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20gravitationally%20rounded%20objects%20of%20the%20Solar%20System

List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System

This is a list of most likely gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System, which are objects that have a rounded, ellipsoidal shape due to their own gravity (but are not necessarily in hydrostatic equilibrium). Apart from the Sun itself, these objects qualify as planets according to common geophysical definitions of that term. The sizes of these objects range over three orders of magnitude in radius, from planetary-mass objects like dwarf planets and some moons to the planets and the Sun. This list does not include small Solar System bodies, but it does include a sample of possible planetary-mass objects whose shapes have yet to be determined. The Sun's orbital characteristics are listed in relation to the Galactic Center, while all other objects are listed in order of their distance from the Sun. Star The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star. It contains almost 99.9% of all the mass in the Solar System. Planets In 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) defined a planet as a body in orbit around the Sun that was large enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium and to have "cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit". The practical meaning of "cleared the neighborhood" is that a planet is comparatively massive enough for its gravitation to control the orbits of all objects in its vicinity. In practice, the term "hydrostatic equilibrium" is interpreted loosely. Mercury is round but not actually in hydrostatic equilibrium, but it is universally regarded as a planet nonetheless. According to the IAU's explicit count, there are eight planets in the Solar System; four terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) and four giant planets, which can be divided further into two gas giants (Jupiter and Saturn) and two ice giants (Uranus and Neptune). When excluding the Sun, the four giant planets account for more than 99% of the mass of the Solar System. Dwarf planets Dwarf planets are bodies orbiting the Sun that are massive and warm enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium, but have not cleared their neighbourhoods of similar objects. Since 2008, there have been five dwarf planets recognized by the IAU, although only Pluto has actually been confirmed to be in hydrostatic equilibrium (Ceres is close to equilibrium, though some anomalies remain unexplained). Ceres orbits in the asteroid belt, between Mars and Jupiter. The others all orbit beyond Neptune. Astronomers usually refer to solid bodies such as Ceres as dwarf planets, even if they are not strictly in hydrostatic equilibrium. They generally agree that several other trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) may be large enough to be dwarf planets, given current uncertainties. However, there has been disagreement on the required size. Early speculations were based on the small moons of the giant planets, which attain roundness around a threshold of 200 km radius. However, these moons are at higher temperatures than TNOs and are icier than TNOs are likely to be. Estimates from an IAU question-and-answer press release from 2006, giving 400 km radius and mass as cut-offs that normally would be enough for hydrostatic equilibrium, while stating that observation would be needed to determine the status of borderline cases. Many TNOs in the 200–500 km radius range are dark and low-density bodies, which suggests that they retain internal porosity from their formation, and hence are not planetary bodies (as planetary bodies have sufficient gravitation to collapse out such porosity). In 2023, Emery et al. wrote that near-infrared spectroscopy by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) in 2022 suggests that Sedna, Gonggong, and Quaoar underwent internal melting, differentiation, and chemical evolution, like the larger dwarf planets Pluto, Eris, Haumea, and Makemake, but unlike "all smaller KBOs". This is because light hydrocarbons are present on their surfaces (e.g. ethane, acetylene, and ethylene), which implies that methane is continuously being resupplied, and that methane would likely come from internal geochemistry. On the other hand, the surfaces of Sedna, Gonggong, and Quaoar have low abundances of CO and CO2, similar to Pluto, Eris, and Makemake, but in contrast to smaller bodies. This suggests that the threshold for dwarf planethood in the trans-Neptunian region is around 500 km radius. The table below gives Sedna, Gonggong, and Quaoar as additional consensus dwarf planets; slightly smaller Orcus and Salacia, which are larger than 400 km radius, have been included as borderline cases for comparison. As for objects in the asteroid belt, none are generally agreed as dwarf planets today among astronomers other than Ceres. The second- through fifth-largest asteroids have been discussed as candidates. Vesta (radius ), the second-largest asteroid, appears to have a differentiated interior and therefore likely was once a dwarf planet, but it is no longer very round today. Pallas (radius ), the third-largest asteroid, appears never to have completed differentiation and likewise has an irregular shape. Vesta and Pallas are nonetheless sometimes considered small terrestrial planets anyway by sources preferring a geophysical definition, because they do share similarities to the rocky planets of the inner solar system. The fourth-largest asteroid, Hygiea (radius ), is icy. The question remains open if it is currently in hydrostatic equilibrium: while Hygiea is round today, it was probably previously catastrophically disrupted and today might be just a gravitational aggregate of the pieces. The fifth-largest asteroid, Interamnia (radius ), is icy and has a shape consistent with hydrostatic equilibrium for a slightly shorter rotation period than it now has. Satellites There are at least 19 natural satellites in the Solar System that are known to be massive enough to be close to hydrostatic equilibrium: seven of Saturn, five of Uranus, four of Jupiter, and one each of Earth, Neptune, and Pluto. Alan Stern calls these satellite planets, although the term major moon is more common. The smallest natural satellite that is gravitationally rounded is Saturn I Mimas (radius ). This is smaller than the largest natural satellite that is known not to be gravitationally rounded, Neptune VIII Proteus (radius ). Several of these were once in equilibrium but are no longer: these include Earth's moon and all of the moons listed for Saturn apart from Titan and Rhea. The status of Callisto, Titan, and Rhea is uncertain, as is that of the moons of Uranus, Pluto and Eris. The other large moons (Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Triton) are generally believed to still be in equilibrium today. Other moons that were once in equilibrium but are no longer very round, such as Saturn IX Phoebe (radius ), are not included. In addition to not being in equilibrium, Mimas and Tethys have very low densities and it has been suggested that they may have non-negligible internal porosity, in which case they would not be satellite planets. The moons of the trans-Neptunian objects (other than Charon) have not been included, because they appear to follow the normal situation for TNOs rather than the moons of Saturn and Uranus, and become solid at a larger size (900–1000 km diameter, rather than 400 km as for the moons of Saturn and Uranus). Eris I Dysnomia and Orcus I Vanth, though larger than Mimas, are dark bodies in the size range that should allow for internal porosity, and in the case of Dysnomia a low density is known. Satellites are listed first in order from the Sun, and second in order from their parent body. For the round moons, this mostly matches the Roman numeral designations, with the exceptions of Iapetus and the Uranian system. This is because the Roman numeral designations originally reflected distance from the parent planet and were updated for each new discovery until 1851, but by 1892, the numbering system for the then-known satellites had become "frozen" and from then on followed order of discovery. Thus Miranda (discovered 1948) is Uranus V despite being the innermost of Uranus' five round satellites. The missing Saturn VII is Hyperion, which is not large enough to be round (mean radius ). See also List of Solar System objects by size Lists of astronomical objects List of former planets Planetary-mass object Notes Unless otherwise cited: Manual calculations (unless otherwise cited) Individual calculations Other notes References Hydrostatic equilibrium

5828830

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings%20of%20minor%20planet%20names%3A%2050001%E2%80%9351000

Meanings of minor planet names: 50001–51000

50001–50100 |-id=033 | 50033 Perelman || || Grigori Perelman (born 1966), Russian mathematician || |} 50101–50200 |-bgcolor=#f2f2f2 | colspan=4 align=center | |} 50201–50300 |-id=240 | 50240 Cortina || || Cortina d'Ampezzo, holiday resort in the Dolomites, Italy, host to the 1956 Winter Olympics, and near to the Col Drusciè Observatory || |-id=250 | 50250 Daveharrington || || David L. Harrington (born 1939) is a retired automobile engineer. || |-id=251 | 50251 Iorg || || Caroll Iorg (born 1946), a most enthusiastic amateur astronomer having been President of the Astronomical League (2010–2014) and currently serving as Media Officer. || |} 50301–50400 |-bgcolor=#f2f2f2 | colspan=4 align=center | |} 50401–50500 |-id=412 | 50412 Ewen || || Harry Ewen (born 1957), a Canadian amateur astronomer || |-id=413 | 50413 Petrginz || || Petr Ginz (1928–1944), Czech-Jewish boy who edited Vedem, a secret magazine, in the Terezín ghetto during World War II || |-id=428 | 50428 Alexanderdessler || || Alexander J. Dessler (1928–2023) is a space physicist who shaped understanding of how charged particles interact with magnetic fields of Solar System objects. He first defined the existence and characteristics of the heliosphere, confirmed when Voyager 1 crossed the heliopause || |} 50501–50600 |-bgcolor=#f2f2f2 | colspan=4 align=center | |} 50601–50700 |-id=687 | 50687 Paultemple || || Paul Temple, pastor and amateur astronomer in Deming, New Mexico || |} 50701–50800 |-id=717 | 50717 Jimfox || || Jim Fox (born 1945) started in astronomy in the 1950s with a "Junior Moon-Watch Team". He is the founder of what became the Minnesota Astronomical Society as well as a past President of the Astronomical League (1990–94). He was awarded the 2014 Leslie C. Peltier Award from the AAVSO. || |-id=718 | 50718 Timrobertson || || Tim Robertson (born 1956) is a Quality Engineer at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, with the GOES and JPSS weather satellite programs. On staff with the Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers (ALPO), he is Coordinator for the ALPO Training Program as well as Producer of the "Observer's Notebook" podcasts. || |-id=719 | 50719 Elizabethgriffin || || Elizabeth Griffin (born 1942) is a Canadian astronomer specializing in the spectroscopic study of binary stars. She has been a staunch advocate globally for the digitization and preservation of photographic plates and using legacy science data of all kinds. || |-id=721 | 50721 Waynebailey || || Wayne Bailey (born 1942) worked in the aerospace industry supporting the Space Shuttle Spacelab program. He became the Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers (ALPO) Lunar Coordinator in 2008 and in 2017 was the recipient of the ALPO Peggy Haas Service Award. || |-id=722 | 50722 Sherlin || || Jerry Sherlin (1944–2018) was a meteorologist for the U.S. Air Force specializing in space weather as a research assistant at Sacramento Peak Solar Observatory. He was also the 22nd President of the Astronomical League and very well known in astronomy, being a member of many professional and amateur organizations. || |-id=768 | 50768 Ianwessen || || Ian Remington Wessen (born 1992) has excelled as an honor student in high school, spent two summers learning the Russian language and six weeks working for the Europa Jupiter System Mission team || |} 50801–50900 |-id=855 | 50855 Williamschultz || || William Schultz Jr. (1904–1975) was with the Cranbrook school system in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan from 1930 to 1969. A man of many interests (astronomy, mineralogy, ham radio), he refurbished the Cranbrook (now Hulbert) Observatory. He built their first planetarium, becoming the first Resident Astronomer. || |-id=866 | 50866 Davidesprizzi || || Davide Sprizzi (born 2013), the son of the discoverer's daughter. || |} 50901–51000 |-bgcolor=#f2f2f2 | colspan=4 align=center | |} References 050001-051000

5830894

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20North%20Korean%20missile%20test

2006 North Korean missile test

Two rounds of North Korean missile tests were conducted on July 5, 2006. The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK or North Korea) reportedly fired at least seven separate missiles. These included one long-range Taepodong-2 missile and short-range Scud derived missiles including the enlarged Nodong missile. The Taepodong-2 was estimated by United States intelligence agencies as having a potential range reaching as far as Alaska, although this missile failed after about 42 seconds of flight. North Korea made its first public acknowledgement of the tests on July 6, through its foreign ministry, describing them as "successful" and part of "regular military drills to strengthen self-defense", insisting that it had the legal right to do so. The country warned of "stronger physical actions" if it were put under pressure by the international community. On July 8, CNN reported that the U.S. had deployed the USS Mustin, a guided missile destroyer, to the Japanese port of Yokosuka, home of the U.S. Navy's Seventh Fleet. A spokeswoman said that the deployment was not related to the test-firings, and it had been previously planned. Overview The missiles were launched from the Musudan-ri Missile Test Facility, and all of the missiles reportedly landed in the Sea of Japan, 500–600 kilometers west of the northern Japanese island of Hokkaidō, in international waters about 100 kilometers south of the Russian cities of Vladivostok and Nakhodka. It was also reported that two missiles landed in Russian territorial waters. Only the Taepodong-2 was launched from Musudan-ri. The Scuds and Nodongs were launched from Gitdaeryung, Anbyun, and Kangwon-do. (Also spelled as Kitdaeryung, as in the table of launch in next section) The United States State Department has said that the Taepodong-2 missile failed in mid-air after about 42 seconds of flight and probably continued for 2 minutes in total. The first missile was launched Wednesday, July 5 at 03:33 KST (= July 4, 18:33 UTC) and the next two at 04:04 and 05:01 local time, respectively. The first launches came minutes before the successful launch of Space Shuttle Discovery in Florida (July 4, 14:37 EDT = 18:37 UTC). Some have speculated that the medium-range missile tests were used as decoys to divert attention from the Taepodong-2 missile. The range of the missile was often estimated to be 6000 km, capable of reaching as far as Alaska. However, analysts in South Korea often put the range at no more than 2,400 miles (or less than 4000 km), which, as far as U.S. interests are concerned, means the missile could reach Guam or possibly the sparsely inhabited western tip of the Aleutian Islands. East Asian stock markets were shaken by the launches, with investors expressing concerns that moves like this could lead to a future conflict in the Southeast and East Asian areas. Crude oil prices have also risen since the missile tests. Many experts believe that the timing, which was in the very early hours of July 5 in Korea, but midday of July 4 in the United States when space shuttle Discovery was about to lift off, was deliberate to get attention from the United States, and possibly an attempt for one on one talks rather than the six party talks regarding North Korea's nuclear capabilities. While at the time western sources viewed the Taepodong-2 test as a missile test, this view later changed. In 2012 the U.S. Department of Defense assessed that the Taepodong-2 had not been deployed as a missile. The Taepodong-2 is the technology base for the Unha space launch vehicle, and was likely not intended as ICBM technology due to its long launch preparation time at a large fixed site. Details The table below shows the time for all the seven missiles launched. Of particular interest is the 4th launch, a Taepodong-2 rocket. Reports that the missile flew for only 42 seconds were contradicted by a confidential report by South Korea's National Intelligence Service. They contended, according to a Chosun-Ilbo article published July 6, that instead the missile flew for seven minutes before veering from its trajectory. However, DoD officials indicated that the stable missile boost phase of 42 seconds and the subsequent tumbling out of control to impact into the Sea of Japan(East Sea) was only airborne for close to two minutes. 1 Reports of the 6th missile are disputed. Source: White House Press Briefing (missiles 1–6) and Japanese Defense Agency and GlobalSecurity.org report. 2 Russia claims that North Korea launched 10 missiles. Background See also U.S.-North Korea relations, North Korea and weapons of mass destruction, Valiant Shield North Korea conducted its first nuclear weapons test in 2006, and is widely believed to have a substantial arsenal of chemical weapons, deliverable by artillery against South Korea. North Korea withdrew from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 2003. Recently during "Six-party talks" North Korea agreed in principle to end its nuclear weapons program as part of a comprehensive package of measures to normalize relationships. Diplomatic efforts at resolving the North Korean situation are complicated by the different goals and interests of the nations of the region. While none of the parties desires a North Korea with nuclear weapons, Japan and South Korea are very concerned about North Korean counterstrikes in case of military action against North Korea. China and South Korea are also very worried about the economic and social consequences should this situation cause the DPRK government to collapse. On January 10, 2003, North Korea withdrew from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. In late January 2003, Japan Defense Agency Director Shigeru Ishiba told reporters that if North Korea "begins preparations to attack Japan, for instance by fueling its missiles, we will consider the DPRK is initiating a military attack" and pre-emptively strike missile bases in DPRK. On April 24, 2003, the United States, China, and North Korea met in Beijing for trilateral discussions. The United States threatened sanctions against North Korea, which North Korea has said would constitute a "declaration of war". On May 12, 2003, North Korea declared the 1992 accord with its southern neighbour nullified, which agreed to keep the Korean peninsula free of nuclear weapons, citing U.S. hostility as a threat to its sovereignty. South Korea considers the accord in effect. On August 28, 2003, North Korea announced at six-nation talks in Beijing that it was prepared to "declare itself formally as a nuclear weapons state", and claimed to have the means to deliver nuclear weapons. The North Korean delegation also says the country will soon be carrying out a nuclear test to demonstrate its nuclear capability. DPRK announced on February 10, 2005 that it had developed nuclear weapons for its self-defense, and suspended participation in the Six-party talks. On September 19, 2005, Six-party talks resulted in an agreement where North Korea agreed to abandon its nuclear weapons program for economic cooperation and assistance, repeating its right to "peaceful uses of nuclear energy", while the U.S. recognized North Korea's sovereignty and stated that it had no intention to attack. The provision of a nuclear light-water reactor would be discussed at "an appropriate time"; the U.S. and North Korea immediately disagreed on when that should be. On January 17, 2006, Iran tested a North Korean designed Nodong-B missile. In April 2006, North Korea offered to resume talks if the US releases recently frozen North Korean financial assets held in a bank in Macau. The funds were acquired through the sale of drugs and counterfeit U.S. currency. In mid-June 2006, North Korea began fueling some of the Taepodong-2 missiles that it possesses. On June 14, 2006, the US Air Force conducts a successful unarmed test launch of its Minuteman III intercontinental ballistic missile from Vandenberg Air Force Base to the Marshall Islands, flying approximately 7,700 kilometers in about 30 minutes. June 23, 2006 – the US and Japan signed an agreement to jointly produce anti-ballistic missile (ABM) technology and operate surveillance and tracking operations to gather critical data in the case that the DPRK conducted a ballistic missile test. The US agreed to send several batteries of Patriot PAC-3 missiles to protect Okinawa. June 30, 2006 – Bush and Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi visit Graceland after two days of political talks aimed at cementing relations between Japan and the US. July 4, 2006 – Space Shuttle Discovery mission STS-121 launches, in what some North Korea watchers say is no coincidence. . The United States also celebrates its 230th birthday. Valiant Shield was a large war game conducted by the United States military in the Pacific Ocean in June 2006. The exercise began on June 19, 2006 and lasted for five days, concluding on June 24, 2006. According to the Navy, Valiant Shield focused on cooperation between military branches and on the detection, tracking, and engagement of units at sea, in the air, and on land in response to a wide range of missions. The exercise involved 22,000 personnel, 280 aircraft, and thirty ships, including the supercarriers , , and . It was the largest military exercise to be conducted by the United States in Pacific waters since the Vietnam War. The exercise marked the first of what will become biennial exercises involving different branches of the U.S. military. Observers from the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy were invited to attend, as were naval officers from Singapore, Japan, Australia, South Korea, Russia, Indonesia, and Malaysia. It was the first time observers from China had ever been sent to observe U.S. war games. The PRC sent a ten-person delegation, including one high-ranking officer each from its navy, army, and air force, as well as officials from its foreign ministry. According to USA Today, Chinese military observers said that observing the exercises gave them a better understanding of U.S. weapons and tactics. Rear Admiral Zhang Leiyu, leader of the delegation, called the visit to the war games near Guam "a positive step in China–U.S. military ties". Military ties between the United States and China have not been close ever since a communist government came to power in China. Admiral William J. Fallon, the top U.S. commander in the Pacific, said it was "a start" that China accepted his invitation to observe the large-scale exercises. Fallon indicated before the exercises began that he expected China to reciprocate. However, neither Zhang, nor the Xinhua News report, gave any indication that such an invitation was forthcoming. The exercise had implications for other world events as well, including acting as a show of force to possibly deter North Korea from test-firing its new Taepodong-2 missile. The North Korean missile test came after weeks of speculation that North Korea was poised to launch a missile, but neither their quantity nor their launch site were definitively anticipated. The U.S., Japan, and others warned North Korea prior to the incident that such a test would be construed by those nations as a provocative act. North Korea responded to such words by threatening an "annihilating" nuclear strike if the United States attacks or any other nation preemptively tried to destroy the missile before or after it launched. The United States Northern Command, NORAD and the Federal Aviation Administration had, in previous days, placed restrictions on commercial and civil flight operations in the areas surrounding Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, and Fort Greely, Alaska, homes of U.S. Interceptor missiles. International response The test came on the heels of the Six-party talks between North Korea, China, Japan, Russia, South Korea and the United States. Asian stocks and currencies slid along with European and United States stocks, while gold, silver, and oil rose amid news of the North Korean missiles. No country proposed military action in response to the test fire. All calls for action have been diplomatic or economic. Members of the six-party talks China On July 5, 2006, the Foreign Ministry of China expressed concern over the North Korean missile tests. Foreign Ministry spokesperson Liu Jianchao repeated calls for calm and restraint from "all parties involved". He pleaded for all sides to refrain from any actions that will further complicate the situation in the Korean Peninsula. In New York, the Chinese ambassador to the UN said North Korea's missile tests were "regrettable". Japan Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi was notified of the firings on July 5 at 3:52 am, local time. Top Japanese officials, including Chief Cabinet Secretary Shinzo Abe and Defense Agency chief Fukushiro Nukaga, each were notified at about the same time. By 4:50 am they had met at the prime minister's official residence to discuss a Japanese response. Junichiro Koizumi entered his office at 6:30 am, and U.S. ambassador J. Thomas Schieffer arrived twenty minutes later for discussions. Meanwhile, Japanese foreign minister Taro Aso held a phone conversation with his American counterpart, Condoleezza Rice, in which they agreed to take up the matter with the UN Security Council. Abe also later announced that Japan would bring the launch issue before the UN Security Council, and it was agreed an emergency session would be held at 1400 GMT. A few hours following the missile launches, Japan began economic sanctions of North Korea by banning the entry of North Korean officials, ship crews, chartered flights and the only direct passenger link between the two countries, the ferry Mangyongbong-92. Japan's agriculture minister, Shoichi Nakagawa, announced that Japan would not provide food aid to North Korea, and that agricultural trade restrictions between the two countries would be considered. All Japanese Self-Defense Force branches were set on higher alert. Shinzo Abe and Taro Aso subsequently talked about Japan's option on attacking bases in foreign soil in public, which were reported as plans for 'pre-emptive' strike and quickly denounced by South Korea and China as being belligerent. Russia According to Russia's Foreign Ministry official representative Mikhail Kaminin, the test-launch is "an act of provocation" which will impede the Six-party talks and further "complicate situation around North Korean nuclear program". [sic] However, President Putin has been quoted as saying that, while he was disappointed by the test firings, the North Koreans were right in their assertion that they had the legal right to perform such tests. South Korea Unification Minister Lee Jong-Seok convened an emergency meeting to determine the objective of the missile launch, which is expected to prompt the U.S. and its allies to take punitive actions such as harsher economic sanctions against North Korea, ministry officials said. However, on July 17, 2006, Chosunilbo reported that unless further tests are conducted, government is not planning any measures as all of its economic support are within the sanction passed by U.N. Small groups of South Korean citizens set fire to North Korean flags and a picture of North Korean leader Kim Jong-il. United States President Bush was briefed on the activity around 4:40 pm CDT (21:40 UTC). He spoke in the Oval Office on the tests on July 5, 2006 and stated that the tests only "isolated Korea". Bush has said that America would continue to encourage six-party talks, rather than be drawn into one-on-one negotiations with North Korea. Christopher Hill, the Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, is set to head to the region on Wednesday, July 5, 2006. National Security Adviser Stephen Hadley described the tests as "provocative behavior". George Bush met Stephen Hadley, defense secretary Donald Rumsfeld, and Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice as the tests were going on. Condoleezza Rice had spoken via phone with four of her counterparts in the six-party talks, including Taro Aso, as mentioned earlier. Condoleezza Rice and Stephen Hadley later met South Korea's national security advisor to discuss the launch. NORAD was put on heightened alert in the past two weeks and the U.S. Missile Defense Agency told CNN that two missiles for interception of ballistic missiles were activated in California prior to North Korea's launch. Other UN Security Council members UN Security Council The U.N. Security Council scheduled an emergency meeting for Wednesday, July 5, 2006. The council members agreed that they should do something about the missile test and that they should meet again later to discuss the possibility of issuing a Council resolution. Japan, with the support of the United States and the United Kingdom, introduced a measure that would have restricted countries from transferring funds, material, or technology to North Korea. Russia and China, with veto power, resisted the resolution, saying a press statement should be issued. In an informal media conference, Russian UN ambassador Vitaly I. Churkin stated that, rather than sanctions, it may be more appropriate for the President of the United Nations Security Council to issue a condemning statement similar to what was done after the North Korean missile firing in 1998. Argentina Argentina's foreign ministry issued a communique expressing its "serious concern over the missile test launches" and urging the North Korean state to "renew diplomatic dialogue and return to the nuclear non-proliferation treaty". The Argentine ambassador to the UN, and its representative in the UN Security Council, César Mayoral, considered that the missile tests are "threatening world peace and security". The Argentine government has expressed, however, its reluctance to the possibility of imposing economic sanctions, emphasizing instead its desire to find a diplomatic solution to the conflict. United Kingdom and the European Union The UK branded North Korea's actions "irresponsible". Foreign Secretary Margaret Beckett said: "These tests are provocative, and only serve to raise tensions in the region." The current EU president condemned the 'provocative' missile test. According to it the test places additional strains on the regional stability 'at a time when the unresolved nuclear issue on the Korean Peninsula requires mutual confidence building'. Others Australia Australia's Prime Minister John Howard called the test "extremely provocative" and also stated "I hope that what North Korea has done is condemned as provocative not only by Australia and Japan but also by other countries in the six-power group." Foreign Minister Alexander Downer expressed his displeasure to the North Korean Ambassador to Australia, Chon Jae Hong. Australia cancelled a planned diplomatic visit to North Korea amid the news. Canada Foreign Affairs Minister Peter MacKay added Canada's voice to the world condemnation on Wednesday, calling the launches a "major threat" to stability in the region that undermine efforts to halt the spread of weapons of mass destruction. MacKay chided Pyongyang for its use of brinkmanship in dealing with the international community. "Canada believes that such tactics are counterproductive and ultimately destined to fail", he said in a news release posted on the Foreign Affairs Department's website. "Such actions can only diminish North Korea's security, not enhance it." Czech Republic The Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed its "deep concern" over the tests, describing them as a "serious threat to the international community". It called on North Korea to return to the six-party Talks. Hungary The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Hungary issued this statement on July 5, 2006: Malaysia Malaysian Foreign Minister Syed Hamid Albar expressed his country's "deep concern" over the tests and urged all parties to show restraint and resume negotiations. New Zealand New Zealand Prime Minister Helen Clark urged the United Nations to bring its full weight to bear on North Korea after it announced it had conducted the underground nuclear test. Clark condemned the test, Clark also said "it will back whatever measures the U.N. Security Council decides on". Winston Peters, the Foreign Minister of New Zealand, condemned North Korea's missile tests on behalf of his government, describing them as showing "wanton disregard" for the warnings issued beforehand by the international community. He expressed his hope that North Korea would "step back now from taking any more rash steps" and resume negotiations. Norway Foreign Minister Jonas Gahr Støre condemned the tests as "highly regrettable" and stated his belief that they further escalate regional tension. He affirmed that Norway continues "to be deeply worried over North Korea's nuclear weapons programme". Philippines President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo condemned the tests, saying that the "world has had enough of weapons of mass destruction", urging the reclusive state to resume six-party talks at once. In addition, Philippine military and defense officials have said a potential North Korean missile attack against Philippine soil cannot be intercepted, calling for the swift modernization of the Philippine military. Singapore Singaporean representatives, through the foreign ministry, sharply rebuked North Korean officials for launching the missiles, calling it a "provocative move". It warned that any future moves similar to what happened a few days ago will only lead to trouble in the Asian region instead of stability and called on Kim Jong-il to return to six-party talks at once. Sweden Minister of Foreign Affairs Jan Eliasson articulated the regret of the Swedish government and noted that the DPRK ambassador in Stockholm had been summoned to the Foreign Ministry to hear Sweden's "concern over the missile tests and the risk of a nuclear arms race in East Asia". Thailand Thailand's Foreign Minister Kantathi Suphamongkhon expressed concern Wednesday over North Korea's long-range missile test, warning the move will lead to regional distrust and threaten world peace, and he plans to raise the issue with his US counterpart early next week. Mr Kantathi urged the communist country to return to the six-party talks. Thailand has been playing an informal role in the talk to push for the progress of the negotiations among the principal parties – North Korea, South Korea, Japan, China, Russia and the United States. See also Timeline of North Korean missile tests Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 – 2009 rocket launch 2009 North Korean missile test – (July 2–5, 2009) 1998 North Korean missile test – (August 31, 1998) – Taepodong-1 1993 North Korean missile test – (May 29/30, 1993) – Nodong-1 References Further reading Chronology of North Korea Missile Program GlobalSecurity.org Report on North Korea Missile/Rocket Tests, CP Vick GlobalSecurity.org Report on North Korea Missile/Rocket Tests, CP Vick MIT Policy and Technology lecture on missile defense and how to apply it to estimate the range of the North Korea rocket launch External links Locations of July 5 missile tests Missile test Guided missiles of North Korea Intercontinental ballistic missiles of North Korea Nuclear program of North Korea July 2006 events in Asia

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2059%20Baboquivari

2059 Baboquivari

2059 Baboquivari, provisional designation , is an asteroid classified as near-Earth object of the Amor group, approximately 1.9 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by the Indiana Asteroid Program in 1963, it was later named after the Baboquivari Mountains in Arizona, United States. Discovery and recovery Baboquivari is one of the lowest numbered near-Earth asteroids as it was already discovered on 16 October 1963. The discovery observation was made by the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, in the United States. Three months later, it became a lost asteroid until June 1976, when it was recovered by the Steward Observatory's 90-inch Bok Telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory located in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona. Classification and orbit Baboquivari is an Amor asteroid – a subgroup of near-Earth asteroids that approach the orbit of Earth from beyond, but do not cross it. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.2–4.1 AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,577 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.53 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at the discovering observatory, 10 days after its official discovery observation. Close approaches The asteroid has an Earth minimum orbit intersection distance of , which corresponds to 98.8 lunar distances. It approached the Earth at a similar distance on 20 October 1963, shortly after its discovery. The eccentric asteroid is also a Mars-crosser and approached Jupiter at a distance of about 1.4 AU on 20 April 1970. Physical characteristics Little is known about Baboquivaris physical characteristics. Its spectral type has never been determined. Diameter and albedo It is classified as a near-Earth object larger than one kilometer in diameter by the Minor Planet Center ("1+ KM"). A generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion gives a diameter of 1.9 kilometers, based on the body's absolute magnitude of 16.0 and an assumed standard albedo for stony S-type asteroids (Baboquivari would still measure 1.3 kilometers in diameter, if it had a higher albedo of 0.4, typically seen among bright members of the Hungaria family). Rotation period As of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Baboquivari has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroid's rotation period, poles and shape remain unknown. Naming This minor planet was named after the main-peak of the Baboquivari Mountains, a sacred location in the mythology of the Papago Indian Tribe. The Observatories of the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) are located on the Baboquivari land, just a few kilometers south of Kitt Peak. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 December 1979 (). References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend 002059 002059 Named minor planets 19631016