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Medieval Data 12

Carolingian Medical Knowledge and Practice, c.775-900

Claire Burridge

Carolingian Medical Knowledge and Practice explores the practicality applicability of medical recipes recorded in early medieval manuscripts. It takes an original, dual approach to these overlooked understudied texts by not only analysing their practical usability, but also re-evaluating writings light osteological evidence. Could those individuals with access manuscripts have used them context therapy? Would they wanted to? In asking questions, this book unpacks longstanding assumptions about intended purpose texts, offering a new perspective on relationship between knowledge practice.

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Popioły i fundamenty. Jak katedra krakowska wyglądała 20 stycznia roku 1320?

Piotr Pajor

The paper focuses on the Krakow cathedral at time of coronation Vladislaus Short (1320). ceremony probably took place in western choir old because part church had been demolished due to some unsuccessful building campaigns.

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Historia Slavorum Occidentis

Monetary Circulation in Byzantine and Carolingian Rome: A Reconsideration in the Light of Recent Archaeological Data *

Alessia Rovelli

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Routledge eBooks

L’Ordre du Temple dans la Basse Vallée du Rhône (1124–1312) by Damien Carraz

Michael J. Peixoto

Reviewed by: L’Ordre du Temple dans la Basse Vallée Rhône (1124–1312) by Damien Carraz Michael Peixoto (1124–1312). By Carraz. (Lyon: Lyon University Press. 2020. Pp. 608. €35,00. ISBN: 9782729712129.) Originally published in 2005, this edition offers an updated re-issue of one the most important recent contributions to history military orders and Crusades. While Dr. Carraz’s work centers on lower region, implications his detailed study show how Templar activity region rippled through medieval world. As area that provided both rural economic opportunities, access Mediterranean trade routes, a legacy Carolingian culture, persisting Roman urban centers, valley ideal case for outside Holy Land. brings together comprehensive documentary records (1,600 documents) Knights along with archeological narrative sources. Such exhaustive research allows examine nearly every aspect life. He estimates numbers written transactions, populations houses, tenure individual commanders, internal organizational structures house, patronage relationships regional elites name just few (chapter 5). The sources Templars south France are especially rich unique as local houses compiled cartularies, like their northern counterparts, but also drew from notarial culture more routine transactional practices accompanied it. In twelfth thirteenth centuries, were omnipresent feature social geographical landscape France. Their earliest establishments recorded donations dating 1124, five years before official foundations order Council Troyes (p. 82). much nobility supported Templars, who able tap into fervor crusading support, property attained came way purchase. consolidated land, making buying selling maximize efficiency. distinguishes activities semi-urban showing draw networks greater capital ports, markets, roads, while focused natural resources. similarly utilized diversity appeal different types supporters. [End Page 185] played role religious southern Part early enthusiasm founding experience inter-religious conflict specifically fear Muslim piracy 55). But offered engage life beyond traditional monasticism. capacity, they performed many similar functions Benedictine such memorializing donors offering Masses, community extended ranks nobility. explains downfall trials 1307 subsequent Vienne abrupt change, was foreseeable. dismisses heresy charges leveled against them does point out membership had declined end century. Estates often inhabited only brothers. some persisted even past trial, popularity seems have waned other popular movements, mendicants, rose replace them. is essential reading those interested Military Orders, real contribution comes he connects wider context. working abundance sources, elucidates intersection life, devotion royal papal politics. this, clearly shows should not be thought peripheral part history, rather embodiment its conceptual innovations, economics changes, movements. University...

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Catholic Historical Review

Orta Çağ Sonrası Batı Kaligrafi Geleneği ve Blackletter Yazı Stilinin Günümüz Tipografi Harf Tasarımlarına Etkisi: Hermann Zapf Örneği

Serdar KİPDEMİR|Almıla YILDIRIM

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Kesit akademi dergisi

The Paradoxical Framework of French Royal Power

Christophe Chabrot

The French monarchy is not organized by a particular Bulla aurea, because it has never known counter-power strong enough to impose rules on like in England the Magna carta adopted Parliament or Hungary aurea of 1222. On contrary, triumphed, sometimes art and luck, all those who wanted limit it: King England, German Emperor, Duke Burgundy various local lords mayor Paris, parliamentarians, States General. But becoming an absolute monarchy, Crown then had paradoxically protect itself from will weaknesses its own kings. With Hundred Years War against first consecrated jurists Salic Law, Frankish customary law put writing Clovis around year 500, rule succession automatic inheritance male primogeniture, which be applied throughout continental Europe prevents king choosing his successor. Subsequently, other endogenous place strengthen power imposing king. These establish as official language prohibit dispersal lands royal domain, for example, become Fundamental Laws kingdom monarchs must respect still form part public today.

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Ferenc Mádl Institute of Comparative Law; Central European Academic Publishing eBooks

Golden Bulls and Chartas: European Medieval Documents of Liberties

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Ferenc Mádl Institute of Comparative Law; Central European Academic Publishing eBooks

Charlemagne in Medieval German and Dutch Literature

Adam Oberlin

Commemorative dates related to Charlemagne's reign—for example, his elevation emperor in 800 and death 814—have come gone the early twenty-first century. This recent era generated untold numbers of popular academic reflections studies on most famous ruler Carolingian dynasty, part because position enduring myths Europe, its pasts, potential futures. Albrecht Classen's 2021 contribution ongoing scholarship Charlemagne is less a study than it survey an important topic literary cultural history. Chronologically from twelfth-century vernacular history Kaiserchronik through fifteenth-century hagiographic text Zürcher Buch vom Heiligen Karl geographically southernmost German-speaking lands Middle Dutch Low German areas, book also covers wide variety texts genres. Such extensive coverage one linguistic area (or two, or three, depending one's perspective) testifies magnitude significance European literary, narrative, even religious While perhaps not indicative widespread quality control issues, present reviewer found that spine separated pages nearly immediately upon reading, which was all more disappointing given overall excellent formatting printing quality.In introduction, Classen manages mere eighteen provide sufficient overview origins legend, resources for further investigation, development Latin tradition adoption adaptation several examples genres makes appearance serves as central figure. More once reader steered toward interpretations legendary rulers rather seeking biographical detail, reception medieval perspective here centered entirely comparisons between French models adaptations, often case, but lens translation High dialect areas.The eight body chapters address Kaiserchronik, Pfaffe Konrad's Rolandslied, der Stricker's Große, fourteenth-century Meinet compilation, Elisabeth von Nassau-Saarbrücken's Königin Sibille, Malagis, Karl, various other, lesser-known German. Each chapter averages around twenty seeks both either single context constellation texts. In addition overviews editorial explanations genre-specific characteristics, explanation narrative content with citations some relevant completes each chapter. Medieval Literature does identify itself handbook, handbook is, useful one. surfaces stylistic decisions, e.g., defining what synoptic edition (p. 20) relatively brief, descriptively dense chapters, well aforementioned features.The first concentrates extant version twelfth century positions inspiration subsequent accounts Frankish king perspectives chronicling real imagined exploits commenting aspects idealized kingship (with later adaptations contend if inversion critique). Another influential adaption subject traced source Chanson de Roland other earlier chronicles dated quarter so after Kaiserchronik. Rolandslied provides spiritual mirror generally specifically secular heroic administrative thrust forming “crusade-like epic” structure 45) basis successive explorations holy figure.The third moves into thirteenth framed by composer didactic poem concerned contemporary ideas about virtuous living personal characteristics embody it. project then employs exemplary figure senses, flawed complex man, reflecting increasing interests portrayal great figures recognizably human form. Less hagiographical psychologizing, Stricker expands material presents saintly who overcomes inner outer failings, expresses emotion, administers realm embodiment good muot.In fourth chapter, half fourteenth possibilities legends offer changing landscape. The Ripuarian Compilation Karlmeinet Kompilation dat boich van eme), possibly compiled clergyman serving Aachen, encompasses five sections varying length sources, including now-lost Rolandslied. location dating are significant, notes Charles IV's interest renewing cult postdates compilation slightly dearth influence suggests otherwise 76). becomes locus interwoven approaches historical fictional biography: courtly romance, epic, older forms influenced chronicle merge setting court Muslim Spain.Chapter five, enters fifteenth discussion Elisabeth's chansons geste, emphasizing particularly popularity these narratives their referentiality. Sibille read alongside three author composed, plays Hans Sachs Schondoch's version, Frankreich, revealing emergent novelistic demythologizing Charlemagne, cuts closer earth laudatory portrayals previous centuries allow, strand contemplative treatment failure success maintained extent.From century, little-known versions epic whose chanson geste includes fragmentary verse, complete verse Early New translated Dutch, prose sixteenth translations, cast base king, prone poor behavior lack desirable traits, opponent sorcerer, magical necromantic activities cunning portrayed positive vis-à-vis oppressive ruler, severing literature original purpose proper kingship.Chapter seven remains returns mode representation, namely hagiographical, contrasts works two preceding chapters. work produced city since reports Stricker, historians, volume Florus Pantschiflur (according orthography compilation). Combining late elements (e.g., burlesque) hagiography, chronicle, romance), praising saintly, genuine miracle story order prove bona fide saint.The final takes diachronic view literature, surveying manuscript traditions printed editions Modern period focusing primarily Karel ende Elegast/Karl und Ellegast, Ogier Denemarken/Ogier Dänemark, Die Haymonskinder (related Malagis narrative). Because number brevity covered somewhat superficial fashion they nevertheless collectively additional bear witness necessity scholars readers investigate only versions, translations many transmitted.An afterword encapsulates core readings, neither wholly nor political one, both, worthy investigation diachronically among lesser-studied traditions. As survey, would serve undergraduate course allowing students succinctly major strands afterlives identity formation; usual caveats pricing apply.

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Journal of English and Germanic Philology

Part I. A New Form of International Adjudication? The MATs in Context

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Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG eBooks

Creation and development of systems of weight measures in Germany, Austria and Scandinavian countries

Andrii Zubko

The development of the economy in territories modern Germany, peninsulas Jutland and Scandinavia, inhabited since ancient times by tribes that spoke Germanic languages, required use various measures, units which must be related to each other. Since primitive times, Germans, like other peoples world, used so-called natural standards were borrowed from nature itself. political disunity led their lack a single system measures. However, generally accepted standard weight measures appeared with them. It was mass wheat or barley grain. When using measure production trade, calculation based on numbers ten twenty adopted Indo-European peoples. In II–I century B.C., Romans conquered territory Germany west bank Rhine River. Roman colonies founded there; monetary put into use. lands east not part Empire. due ties trade exchange Empire, gradually came these lands. first centuries A.D., attacked Romans. 5th century, Western Empire fell. its provinces who created independent kingdoms here. 8th Charlemagne, ruler one them, namely Frankish, united former under his authority. empire created, German combined. particular, instead siliqua, is carob bean, grain as weight. according this conducted only help numerals for 6 12, but also dividing two decimal system. Charlemagne’s included coin Subsequently, analysis sources shows, it basis Carolingian systems Austria Scandinavian countries during Middle Ages. 9th fell apart. 10th Otto I, king having authority certain Europe, announced foundation Holy nation. Later, state apart separate possessions, rulers introduced own They division marks. Initially, unit equal 2/3 pound. stamp From 15th gold silver Cologne mark are being distributed Europe. second half XIX unification took place, coincided introduction international metric countries.

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Етнічна історія народів Європи

The Carolingian Denaro in Southern Italy: Reopening the Debate *

Alessia Rovelli

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Routledge eBooks

Firenze prima degli Uberti

Maria Pia Contessa

Along the 11th century florentine bishops attempted to reinforce diocese. Their initiatives were supported by Hucpoldings, an illustrious kindred group born in Florence mid of 9th and spreaded over Kingdom Italy. Yet at that time some members still keeping important interests city its comitatus. Particularly, aristocratic kinship known as Adimari had created a strong backing link with bishopric about year one thousand. Inspired their forefathers’ political cultural heritage, they alternately adapted carolingian patterns social interaction contemporary times needs. In way perpetuated lay leadership half century.

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Wisdom Is Welcome Wherever It Comes From: War, Diffusion, and State Formation in Scandinavia

Eric Grynaviski|Sverrir Steinsson

Abstract Prominent theories of state formation hold that states formed because warfare and competition on the one hand, or diffusion organizational templates practices through learning emulation other. We propose two strands theory can be linked to more accurately account for mechanisms formation. War, we argue, is an important source social diffusion. War establishes contacts between political elites across borders, generates migratory flows, new economic networks. examine validity a comparative case study Nordic units from dawn Viking Age end High Middle Ages (CE 800–1300), finding raids, settlements, conquests by Norwegian Danish rulers in England, Europe's most advanced kingdom, set motion processes Norway Denmark. In these cases, winners emulated losers.

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International Organization

Write the Life

Tomás Mario Kalmar

Historians have been baffled by the way Asser interlaces allusions to Einhard, echoes of his own words, and hagiographic clichés. Reading Vita Alfredi as literature advances current paradigm shift in our attitudes towards Asser, allowing us appreciate rhetoric imagination that inform imitatio Einhard’s Karoli. Thomas Greene on literary imitation, Walter Berschin Carolingian life-writing, Christopher Ricks poetics allusion, Erich Auerbach prefiguration fulfillment, David Howlett chiasmus, John Hollander self-echoing illuminate game plays with clichés, echoes, allusions. By condensing modus Alfred’s life into a childhood fable, figura, he invites see him succeed where Einhard failed.

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Amsterdam University Press eBooks

Pellet bells from the Avar and the Carolingian period in the Keszthely region (Hungary): function - sounds - alloys - adhering textiles

Beate Maria Pomberger|Jörg Mühlhans|Kayleigh Saunderson|Viktória Mozgai|Bernadett Bajnóczi

The collections of the Balaton Museum in Keszthely and Hungarian National contain around 50 pellet bells from Great Migration period Region. All originate cemeteries were analysed concerning their find position, function, sounds, psychoacoustic parameters, chemical compositions. Additionally, adhering textiles investigated. Primarily children wore hanging tunic. Pellet bell served as amulets idea that sounds metals protect are still popular today.

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Archeometriai Műhely

Carolingian Debates over Nihil and Tenebrae: A Study in Theological Method

Marcia L. Colish

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Routledge eBooks

Picturing Royal Charisma: Kings and Rulers in the Near East from 3000 BCE to 1700 CE

<i>Picturing Royal Charisma</i> assesses how Middle Eastern leaders manipulated visuals to advance their rule from around 4500 BC the 19th century AD. In nine fascinating narratives, it showcases dynamics of long-lasting traditions, dealing with visualization those who stood at head social order. The contributions discuss: Mesopotamian kings cast themselves as divine representatives in art; relationships between ‘king men’ and beasts’ – lion; Akhenaten’s visual conception a king without hybrid attributes; royal image guiding movements visitors palace Nimrud; continuities functions representation Neo-Assyrian eunuchs that survived Achaemenid, Sasanian, Byzantine Islamic courts; triumphal arch emperor Titus its reflections Christian Constantinople; patterns authority legitimacy 3rd AD Palmyra Rome; use Biblical past construction kingship 12th Crusader Jerusalem; ‘the power images’ by rulers, adopting thrones throne-rooms despite opposition figurative portrayal kings.

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Archaeopress Archaeology eBooks

Some Considerations on the Coinage of Lombard and Carolingian Italy *

Alessia Rovelli

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Routledge eBooks

Codex Epistolaris Carolinus: Letters from the Popes to the Frankish Rulers, 739–791

Sam G. Collins

Reviewed by: Codex Epistolaris Carolinus: Letters from the Popes to Frankish Rulers, 739–791 Sam Collins 739–791. Translation, introduction, and notes by Rosamond McKitterick, Dorine van Espelo, Richard Pollard, Price. (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. 2021. Pp. xi, 546. £125. ISBN: 9781800348714). The tools for teaching Carolingian age new generations of students proliferate apace. Paul Dutton’s sourcebook (2nd edition, 2004) stands at head this class, alongside four royal biographies translated Thomas Noble (2009), but these are start array high-quality translations [End Page 179] sources now available. Given range material available in recent translation, essential early medieval moment positioned study period a depth that was hardly imaginable even few decades ago. To formidable arsenal accessible Carolingiana comes very welcome all respects definitive translation Carolinus, latest it-eration series “Translated Texts Historians” Between 739 791 popes sent just shy hundred letters on matters great small rulers kingdom, Charles Martel Charlemagne. Surviving single manuscript copy ninth century, as its contemporary preface tells us, stemmed an initiative Charlemagne collect preserve his family Roman see. subjects offer rich varied often right heart key issues dynasty papacy, both rapid intertwined change development. In Carolinus we treated glimpses mayors inching toward coup against Merovingians, negotiations over how handle shifting balance power Italy Lombards Franks, armature Old Testament ruler ideology making, canon law avant la lettre, much more. Until have been best known scholars through problematic 1892 edition Wilhelm Gundlach MGH. Of editorial decisions made unsatisfactory Gundlach’s adherence nineteenth-century instinct rearrange order into (purportedly) strict chronological sequence, well banishing lemmata, often-dis-cursive explanatory titles given each letter compilers text. use is encounter document with logic removed or hidden. All thankfully swept away here, readers text it appears intended be read. This first complete English letters, important service field make them so easily accessibly Four introductory sections precede translation. After general introduction (Part I, pp. 1–15), individual set compilation context. Espelo II, 16–79) considers eighth century went about business diplomatic correspondence, tradition which should lemmata. Pollard Price explore collection’s Latinitiy Part Three (pp. 80–101). 102–140) McKitterick breaks ground her chapter Franks eighth-century what role papal correspondence had play interdependence their supporters. There crisp letter, also provided helpful send parallel elsewhere collection further scholarship interest. An appendix 437–454) tracks down 180] names biographical detail individuals while glossary 463–468) assists newcomers some collection...

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Catholic Historical Review

Confronting Crisis in the Carolingian Empire: Paschasius Radbertus’ Funeral Oration for Wala of Corbie

Andrew Romig

Reviewed by: Confronting Crisis in the Carolingian Empire: Paschasius Radbertus’ Funeral Oration for Wala of Corbie Andrew Romig Corbie. Translated and annotated by Mayke de Jong Justin Lake. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2020. Pp. xx, 264. £19.99. ISBN: 9781526134844.) Empire presents a welcome new translation one ninth century’s more enigmatic literary texts, “Funeral Wala” (Epitaphium Arsenii) Radbertus. Until now, Anglophone Carolingianists have appreciatively consulted venerable, if sometimes eccentric, Allen Cabaniss, Charlemagne’s Cousins (Syracuse, 1967). Lake offer scholars alternative to Cabaniss that manages be at same time consistently legible stylistically representative Paschasius’s original Latinity. Abbot (d. 836) was cousin close confidant Charlemagne, who served emperor his imperial successor, Louis Pious, sundry roles before being implicated two rebellions against took place 830 833. The Epitaphium represents attempt rehabilitate former abbot’s reputation. De argue wrote parts distinct political moments. first part, written during 830s soon after rebellions, makes case Wala’s exemplary life virtues as servant God empire. second very different from first, comprises fiery retrospective final years 850s, when he felt freer speak openly pillory detractors enemies. full text provides, therefore, unique witness troubles this period, reflecting both chaos Louis’s decade sorrowful modes which society later made sense it. After useful biographical index Epitaphium’s dramatis personae, scholarly introduction offers summary text’s narrative, history its central figures events, brief overview relevant research date. Sections ably analyze distinctive composition, style, language within broader context early corpus—Paschasius chose write account prose dialogue, characters often borrow wholesale ancient Roman theater. Specialist readers will wish read [End Page 181] alongside Jong’s most recent monograph, Epitaph an Era (Cambridge, 2019), she her extended on historical moment it speaks. Of particular interest Latinists, furthermore, Lake’s discussion parallels with Ambrose Milan’s excessu fratris sui Satyri, funeral oration composed year 378 occasion own brother’s death. Connections earlier gone virtually unnoticed previous editors translators Epitaphium. Yet extensive intertextual borrowing (made patent notes body translation) proves crucial arguments planned composition books. In sum, provided readable erudite update companion Cabaniss’s work. open arms fresh scholarship no doubt facilitate inspire. Radbertus’s art is certainly rich enough sustain further attention. New York Copyright © 2023 Catholic America Press

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Catholic Historical Review

Cultural Encounter, Race, and a Humanist Ideology of Empire in the Art of Trecento Venice

Thomas E. A. Dale

Previous articleNext article FreeCultural Encounter, Race, and a Humanist Ideology of Empire in the Art Trecento VeniceThomas E. A. DaleThomas Dale Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailQR Code SectionsMoreThe art trecento Venice, particularly official government settings San Marco Palazzo Ducale, has long been understood represent shift Venetian outlook. One can readily see turning away from its former political cultural dependency on Byzantine assert new self-confidence as cosmopolitan hub an international trade network emerging colonial power Levant, while simultaneously embracing lingua franca Europe, “maniera moderna” first described “gothic” beginning fifteenth century. I seek revise celebratory triumphalist narrative putting Venice’s embrace encounter appropriation conversation with genealogies topographies race racialization viewed through lens early Italian humanism ideas about empire. In asserting that certain image programs Venice mosaics, sculpture, illuminated manuscripts constitute “techniques race,” draw framework premodern articulated Sara Ahmed, scholar feminist, queer, racial studies. her essay “Race Sedimented History,” Ahmed argues, “The idea race, humans exist distinct groups common lines descent, was useful idea, which turn gives us different ideas: techniques rule … It is not there are races. But once human beings these terms, comes have kind existence.” further emphasizes materiality race: “To think sedimented history how matters matter.”1The visual images will explore here reveal at intrinsic material representations complex, even contradictory, attitudes toward religious difference Mediterranean world. Fig. 1, missal commissioned Doge Andrea Dandolo 1340s (Venice, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, MS lat. III, 111 [2116], fol. 142r), patron saint, Mark Evangelist, attacked Black African two light-skinned, turbaned Egyptians he celebrates Easter mass Alexandria.2 The threatening figure African, who embodies dehumanizing racialized frequently medieval Christian writings Ethiopian, takes lead violently strangling saint.3 Yet joined light-skinned Muslims, were considered likely converts due relative whiteness their skin.4Fig. 1. Saint Evangelist Alexandria. Missal Dandolo, c. 1343–45. (2116), 142r. Photo: Venice.View Large ImageDownload PowerPointFig. 2 one capitals Ducale: it remarkably naturalistic portrait Mongol appears together heads other physiognomic types used define races; elsewhere sculpture palace, Mongols labeled “Tartars,” term that, like “Ethiopian,” negative form Latin texts.5 Though sometimes interpreted celebrating expansive trading reaching far east China, images, my view, also embody race. propose contributed perception production emphasizing Trojan Roman descent advocating restoration universal new, form.Fig. 2. head. Detail capital P16 Peoples Diverse Nations, 1342–48. Museo dell’Opera, Venice. Author.View PowerPointIn what follows begin broader consideration constructions show genealogical conception visualized Fra Paolino Veneto’s compendium history, Chronologia magna. then visualization three contexts during fourteenth century: first, public cycles Basilica doge historian including mosaics Baptistery Pala feriale, painted Paolo Veneziano cover d’Oro, golden altarpiece high altar Marco; second, maps pictorial narratives Liber secretorum fidelium Crucis, crusading treatise authored merchant diplomat, Marin Sanudo Torsello; third, exterior or Doge’s Palace, begun 1340s. highlight promoting empire, Christianity projected ethnos superseding identifications. want foreground become apparent end paper, witnessed than simply fixed representation words process ultimately realized concretely series harmful discriminatory practices include legal exclusions prohibitions, well reprehensible enslavement theories environmental determinism provided justifications works discussed here.6 Also important emphasize, Geraldine Heng observed, complex interaction multiple racializing discourses, genealogy lineage “gentes,” nations whose bloodline “stirps” claimed be traced esteemed ancestors alongside pan-European discourses within claims universalism supersession all previous identities.7Before however, acknowledge importance time place America’s contested histories intersections University Virginia’s historic campus, where we gather today, founded Thomas Jefferson, principal Declaration Independence, held complicated views race,8 abolition slavery, yet relying enslaved people run his own estate fathering unacknowledged children American woman Sally Hemings.9 This concealed only recently officially acknowledged Jefferson’s Monticello estate, 2018. On Memorial Enslaved Laborers, dedicated 2021, honors memory Americans built original university buildings grounds.10 Equal circumference domed Rotunda, design derived Pantheon Rome, memorial shape broken shackles displays hundreds names placeholders thousands discovered. sacred space Americans, indeed counter-monument equestrian statue Robert Lee, potent symbol Confederacy focus Unite Right rally August 2017.For many medievalists, Charlottesville moment reckoning weaponization past white nationalists, displayed Norse runes, Celtic crusader crosses, fake armor Confederate Nazi flags references allegedly pure past.11 A response medievalists false emphasize globalism complexity. For example, scholars point Africans, Jews depicted mural painting Verona being welcomed Holy Emperor Frederick II, statement Frederick’s empire court;12 Maurice, convert Egypt, represented recognizable sub-Saharan features thirteenth-century Magdeburg, thus offering model redemption virtuous knighthood Africans inclusion universalizing imperium II.13 nationalist myths Middle Ages cannot so easily dismantled unless systemic racism underlies Western difference, they explicit forms discrimination tacit ones exclusion normativity. uncomfortable “sedimented histories” critical theory encourages uncover teach.14Accepting requires confront argument charged term, originated century, anachronistic misleading Europe. Bartlett William Chester Jordan cautioned criteria prejudice primarily cultural—religious, legal, linguistic—and malleable, modern immutable biologically based traits.15 There growing consensus, did clarifies “race” “a repeating tendency demarcate differences selectively essentialized absolute fundamental, order distribute positions powers differentially groups.”16 While theorization predominantly text-based, should obvious recent monuments: exercise domination. As Debra Strickland, Madeline Caviness, Asa Mittman shown, culture reinforces range signs—physiognomy, skin color, dress, topography, tropes such idol worship cannibalism.17 Yet, Pamela Patton Roland Betancourt emphasized, varies according context; thus, strident caricature northern European much scholarship contrasts nuanced view Iberia Eastern (“Byzantium”) resulting greater familiarity prolonged cohabitation alliances ethnic groups.18Venice’s conditioned close economic ties Levant. Adopting regional tradition had church nearby Aquileia, merchants seized Mark’s relics Alexandria 828, grounds Egyptian caliph dismantle saint’s shrine itself predestined final resting place.19 connection enhanced expanding under Mamluks thirteenth centuries, grains, textiles, luxury goods, but peoples diverse geographical origins, forcedly brought market same ships.20 Cultural fostered colonization Byzantium: wake Fourth Crusade 1204, acquired Crete, Negroponte, parts mainland Greece, Dalmatian coast. These outposts allowed expand beyond Sea documented Polo.21 At time, Venetians, forbade reside city prior creation ghetto sixteenth ostensibly because role moneylenders, came preside over large Jewish communities colonies Stato da Mar.22The underpinnings chronicles Franciscan, Veneto, 1320s 1330s, when served penitentiary diplomat papal court John XXII Avignon.23 working manuscript magna Z. 399 [1610]), presents summary table showing nations, royal dynasties, priests pontiffs, folio 1r biblical descendants Adam Eve (Fig. 3). Prologue, featured folio, defines purpose “show origin, six ages up present thanks picture events clearly just field crop known seed, tree root.”24Fig. 3. Prologue Descendants Eve. magna, 1320s. (1610), 1r. PowerPointJoan Holladay argued increasing frequency twelfth centuries visualize dynastic legitimacy, parallel Christ’s Tree Jesse.25 go suggest genealogies, drawing metaphors trees cultivation, racialized. Paolino’s Chronicle, linea regularis, vertical column center each folio’s verso, spine timeline history. shows depicting patriarchs, Adam, judges, kings Israel before giving way Persian rulers, finally emperors, starting Julius Caesar. Parallel columns devoted priesthood; Christ; Italy Latins; Troy, Sicily, Athens; eventually doges portraits, outlined red divided into temporal units horizontals, bloodline, classic definition appeared vernaculars Charles de Miramon demonstrated, oldest occurrences French, English directly derives, applied 1481 breeding birds, dogs, horses hunting, context, bloodlines masters.26 Old French Haraz, breeds horses, farther back, razza possible origins radix [root] Arabic ras [origin].27 Essential could apply gentes—the peoples, defined geography religion, descending sons Noah Abraham.The map (Figs. 4, 5) placed strategically 7r complement opposite concluding Priam progeny. second named Priam, grandnephew elder king son Polites, mentioned Aeneid “destined increase lowest row Trojans 4).28 adjacent text chronicle explains younger traveled ship Adriatic Venice.29 Antenor, another Trojan, marveling Priam’s achievement himself Padua Altinum.Fig. 4. Lineage. 6v. 5. Map 7r. PowerPointFra earliest extant plan 5), seed soil identifying colonists cultivators terrain.30 Oriented southeast Arsenale, Certosa, Castello top, details islands canals mudflats, Grand Canal, delineating forty-six parishes associated city’s founding families. Piazza Marco, Basilica, enclosed fortifications, feature prominently near middle map, does shipyard navy, top map. Rialto, settlement, indicated wooden bridge Canal. chronicle, diagrams, demonstrates affirmation essential explicating topographical pictures require explication texts. specifically connects Noahtic continents races maps, makes case interdependence “pictura,” arguing “impossible without world make of, mind grasp, said grandchildren Noah, Four Kingdoms regions, both divine writings.”31Fra assertion revised waves emigration mainland, invasion Huns fifth following Lombard 565.32 inheritance province Venetia Istria, century BCE. eighth CE, Paul Deacon asserted established there, Peter consecrate Hermagoras bishop, later replaced Aquileia Christians fled lagoon. may back twelfth-century Origo civitatum Italie seu Venetiarum.33 Competing inland repopulated Carolingians ninth pre-Roman lineage, affirming after ruins Troy.Venice adapted Guido delle Colonne’s Historia Troiana.34 chronicler Antenor “entered lagoon seven galleys, bound waterways.”35 lagoon, Eneti Venetici, name Aeneas, alleged founder Rome.36 updated Chronicle already populated itself, “the construction Rialto preceded Rome” Padua.37 Marco’s primacy among foundations responded rediscovery bodily remains heart 1283.38 Local antiquarian Lovato Lovati identified celebrated Antenor’s inscription monument encasing late antique sarcophagus containing cypress-wood coffin inscribed “Regis Antenoris Memoria.” Lovati’s epitaph, “voice straining peace fatherland,” anticipating humanist would restore peace.39 fuller account around 1300 Pace Ferrara’s poem Pietro Gradenigo:The renowned progeny noble walls upon Illyrian brine guided Latium Sicilian waters was, last, origin Romulus. arriving safely shores prudently occupied pleasant lands gulf And established, tried bring rights sea control. Little little head substance kingdom. From forth ruling scepter, [she] grown much, whole world, Rome herself inferior Venice.40A stage attempt gain upper hand pedigree recorded Torsello’s treatise, composed 1330s. introduces claim King king’s namesake. According Sanudo, band [Trojans], young offspring nephew sister Laomedon, questing ships sea, land, decided build dwellings preserve accustomed liberty, thinking unworthy freemen leading subject another.”41 Paralleling Sanudo’s account, seen earlier, specifies marveled cities Altinum.42Venice’s rivalry ancient 6).43 What significant dual topography hills antiquity: walls, major gates aqueducts; Colosseum center; (Santa Maria ad Martyres), church, nearby; bottom right Lateran outdoor display bronzes, Constantine, Spinario Thorn-puller, Marcus Aurelius, believed Constantine. meaning imperial lost Cola di Rienzo. Speaking 1347 advocate Empire, contrasted sorry condition found majesty she enjoyed; referring tablet Lex imperio vespasiani, observed given emperors renew present.44 prominence Constantinian strengthened renewal 6. Rome. 98r. PowerPointThis reverence highlights Alexander Lee shown consensus humanists Italy, Francesco Petrarca, desirable liberty warring communes.45 Despite admiration Cicero ideals republic, Petrarch part positive agenda recovery literature rhetoric foundation restoring Augustan peace. concepts evokes shared heritage states. Writing May 1354 dissuade him continuing war Genoa, appeals identity rooted land heritage: “resist, beg you, and, since blood flows consider commander’s words: ‘Lay aside your arms, O mine.’”46 enemies Italians characterized earlier letter June 1351 principally East, participating Nancy Bisaha “Orientalism” Greek others:Would Damascus Susa, Memphis Smyrna rather Genoa! Would you fighting Persians Arabs, Thracians Illyrians If still any respect name, those endeavor destroy brothers. Alas, Thebes ago, now throughout battlelines brothers drawn.47To enemies, adds topos monstrosity:A monstrous [genus] men miserable worthless lives shameful pay love war, wolves vultures delight slaughter allow flourishing state, entrusted wealthy beautiful region fall prey foreign famished wolves.48If accept Petrarch’s articulation tinged language geography, character, recognize normative complemented counterpart. emphasis Other invites visible contrast drawn single Eve, next opening draws Isidore Seville articulate Noah’s 7). 1v, regularis diagram Ark five compartments beside record salvation humanity flood. Shem, eldest, immediately beneath Asia. Japheth Europe.Fig. 7. His Three Sons. 1v. PowerPointHam’s occupies 2r 8). Seville, who, Etymologies, attributes casting Shem ancestor Asia, Ham Africa. commentators, curse mocking nakedness cast pall Ham’s line Ethiopians. copies Isidore’s Etymologies Tower Babel signal linguistic diversity genealogies.49Fig. 8. 2r. PowerPointAs Catherine Leglu argued, shaped terms physiognomy color genealogies.50 four nations: Chus Ethiopians, Mesarim Egyptians, Puth Troglodytes, Canaan Afri Phoenicians. Troglodytes dark-skinned significant, “monstrous races” thought Ethiopia Pliny Wonders East. made them susceptible racialization, apart localization Ethiopia, dwelling caves, lacking speech, penchant eating snakes.51 Egypt begins king, Festus, though type, flowing hair beard, distinguished darker gray skin. similar dark Pentecost mosaic 9), dating 1200, example desired conversion Church.Fig. 9. detail mosaic, 1200. Ekkehard Ritter, North Project Fieldwork Records Papers, Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees Harvard University, Washington, DC.View PowerPointThe London, British Library, Egerton 1500 (fol. 3v; 10), translation Occitan, supervision resident Avignon. assumes artists version local, deployed pronounced iconography ty

article

Speculum

صراع القوى السياسية على الأراضى الهلفتية (436-536م)

جمال فاروق السيد الوكيل

article

Maǧallaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Al-ʾādāb wa Al-ʿulūm Al-Insāniyyaẗ. Suez Canal University

Graeme Ward, History, Scripture, and Authority in the Carolingian Empire. Frechulf of Lisieux. Oxford, Oxford University Press 2022

Sören Kaschke

article

Historische Zeitschrift

Charlemagne, St Peter’s, and the Imperial Coronation

Joanna Story

Abstract This chapter returns the analysis to St Peter’s basilica, focusing on Charlemagne’s imperial coronation at Christmas 800 and inscriptions that were visible there Frankish viewers. It argues form, script, materials of epitaph made for Hadrian reflects ideas about empire current in 790s Carolingian court circles, inscription probably arrived Rome before end 796. discusses sources early years pontificate Leo III, build-up attempted assassination pope 799, which precipitated his flight from Italy Charlemagne Francia, events leading following year. Contemporary texts manuscripts are discussed, including Theodulf’s debt verse Corippus describing earlier ceremonial Constantinople. Inscriptions associated with Constantine discussed context understanding antiquity building its connection first Christian emperor. record some these inscriptions, modifications those texts, possibly done fifteenth century, serve illuminate internal struggles late medieval Church arguments surrounding veracity document known as Donation underpinned temporal powers Church. The also analyses antiquarian famous Lateran mosaic, much sixteenth century because supposed Donation, showed Pope kneeling feet Peter. closes a discussion role materiality spatial intertextuality patronage set within sacred spaces how can shape content, audience engagement such texts.

chapter

Oxford University Press eBooks

Black Stone

Joanna Story

Abstract This chapter centres on an analysis of the black stone used to make epitaph for Hadrian, and cultural connotations choice a coloured marble major inscription at this time. It analyses textual geological evidence sourcing in Francia, specifically from carboniferous limestones quarried Carolingian heartlands, around river Meuse further east, near Aachen. A comparison is made between Blaustein that was construction chapel Aachen its Carolingian-era decoration. The comparative demonstrates local sources were being selectively exploited vicinity Charlemagne’s reign. draws attention early medieval texts discuss stones, especially letter King Offa Mercia written 796, same year as commission Hadrian. use black, masonry opus sectile flooring survives few places discussed, alongside presence two very rare porphyry columns. symbolic importance practical significance Roman spolia, columns, design making stressed. argues by selecting Francia Hadrian’s epitaph, Charlemagne, patron, drawing classical demonstrating his imperial-style control over natural resources. structural decorative makes it clear locally available Charlemagne later eighth century that, time, these resources sent there Rome.

chapter

Oxford University Press eBooks

The ‘Life’ and Death of Pope Hadrian I

Joanna Story

Abstract The chapter reviews the evidence and historiography for life career of Pope Hadrian I over course his exceptionally long pontificate (772–95). Especially important are letters contained in Codex Carolinus, collated at Carolingian court 791, biography Liber Pontificalis, compiled Rome, during soon after period rule. It argues that epithet ‘magnus’ (the Great) was first applied to Charlemagne a papal source, Frankish sources recorded king’s reactions news Hadrian’s death. discusses embassy sent Rome early 796, gifts had been prepared advance, including Dagulf’s Psalter, compares diction poem opened manuscript with verses composed by Theodulf Orléans. annalistic from Francia England is analysed, entry Northumbrian annals, probably York embedded Historia Regum, Lorsch Annals, survive contemporary manuscript, which describe making epitaph mourning pope. Letters Alcuin enrich base understanding within beyond death Hadrian.

chapter

Oxford University Press eBooks

:<i>Rome on the Borders: Visual Cultures during the Carolingian Transition</i>

John Osborne

Previous articleNext article No AccessReviewsChiara Bordino, Chiara Croci, and Vedran Sulovsky, eds., Rome on the Borders: Visual Cultures during Carolingian Transition. Turnhout: Brepols, 2020. Paper. Pp. 239; color black-and-white figures. €75. ISBN: 978-8-0210-9710-0. Table of contents available at http://www.brepols.net/Pages/ShowProduct.aspx?prod_id=IS-9788021097100-1.John OsborneJohn OsborneCarleton University Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmailPrint SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited Speculum Volume 98, Number 1January 2023 The journal Medieval Academy America Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/723001 Views: 57Total views site For permission reuse, please contact [email protected].PDF download Crossref reports no citing article.

article

Speculum

Ritual Communities and Social Cohesion in Merovingian Gaul

Alexander O’Hara

This chapter traces the development of elite sponsorship monastic communities in Merovingian Gaul with a particular focus on seventh century. period witnessed revolution social, religious, and political praxis whereby culture became entangled expression exercise secular authority (and which would have long-lasting consequences for Carolingian world beyond). While this phenomenon has largely been approached from socioeconomic perspectives, contribution explores underlying religious foundations dynamics movement how complimented broader sociological developments. It applies work cultural anthropologist Harvey Whitehouse ritual social cohesion to explain some reasons why transformation practice by Frankish elites took place.

chapter

Amsterdam University Press eBooks

Protected by shooting at it - the Öde Kloster and an associated Roman settlement within the military training area Bruckneudorf, Austria

Klaus Löcker|Jakob Gallistl|Christian Gugl|Alois Hinterleitner|Hannes Schiel|Ingrid Schlögel|Mario Wallner|Ralf Totschnig|Tanja Trausmuth|Immo Trinks|Jürgen Zeitlhofer

The archaeological prospection focused on a multiphase fortified settlement. It was conducted as an integrated survey using airborne laserscanning (ALS) data, aerial photography, magnetics and GPR. results show among other things that restricted military areas provide outstanding conditions for the preservation of sites.

chapter

Universitätsverlag Kiel | Kiel University Publishing eBooks

Coinage and Coin Use in Medieval Italy

Alessia Rovelli

Contents: Introduction Part I Coin Use in Medieval Italy: Residuality, non-residuality, and continuity of circulation: some examples from the Crypta Balbi hoards Monetary circulation notarial formulas early medieval Italy Coinage documentary record Rome Lazio Byzantine Carolingian Rome: a reconsideration light recent archaeological data Some considerations on coinage Lombard Coins trade The denaro Pavia Middle Ages (8th to 11th century) Patrimonium Beati Petri. issue northern (11th-14th centuries) New mints coin between 10th 13th centuries: example Tuscany. II Circulation Un tremisse di GiustinianoII da San Vincenzo al Volturno. Osservazioni sulle emission auree della (TM)Italia bizantina Naples, ville et atelier monA(c)taire de la (TM)empire byzantin: (TM)apport des fouilles rA(c)centes. III Money Campione dossier 774. Kingdom survey A%omission administration dans le royaume (TM)Italie. A propos analyses derniers carolingiens du cabinet mA(c)dailles southern reopening debate deniers Charlemagne with legend +CARLVSREXFR ETLANGACPATROM Greek monogram Addenda corrigenda Index.

book

Routledge eBooks

A Theory of External Wars and European Parliaments

Brenton Kenkel|Jack Paine

Abstract The development of parliamentary constraints on the executive was critical in Western European political history. Previous scholarship identifies external wars as a key factor, but with varying effects. Sometimes, willing monarchs granted rights return for revenues to fight wars. Yet at other times, war threats empowered rulers over elites or caused states fragment. We analyze formal model understand how can either stimulate undermine prospects contractual relationship between ruler and elite actors. recover standard intuition that make more grant revenue. Our insight is also affect bargaining position elites. A previously unrecognized tension yields our new findings: stronger outsider increase pressure fund accept constraints—but not both simultaneously. Elites immobile wealth depend security. War undercut their credibility refuse funding an unconstrained ruler. By contrast, mobile viable exit option unwilling hopeless effort. Only under circumscribed conditions do align three needed parliament arise equilibrium: willingness, credibility, willingness. apply theory posit strategic foundations waves reversals historical parliaments.

article

International Organization

The Good Shepherd: Image, Meaning, and Power

Nikolas O. Hoel

The image of the Good Shepherd is nearly ubiquitous in artistic tradition Christianity, particularly as its position early Christianity and Early Middle Ages considered. In many people’s minds, denotes a message humility charity. It has been set up foil to wealth power corrupted post-Constantinian church. Jennifer Awes Freeman challenges this dichotomy head on. central argument book that by looking at history from Ancient Near East through Greco-Roman period Ages, one can actually see complex often contradictory figure Shepherd. Over time, signifies divine leadership, protection one’s people, end, powerlessness—all which then combined with reinforces Christian kingship. Just seen image, it well, successfully convincingly proves an engaging usage variety sources, placed effective structure, while relying on succinct method.After setting stage introduction, author moves first step chapter 1. Each builds last there chronological progress ingrained nature structure book. takes reader back section considers shepherd Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Hebrew cultures. impression each case, shepherding was linked kingship leadership. Mesopotamia Egypt, shepherds were looked down upon but associated protection. This allowed political philosophy society link king together. Bible paints more positive light, according Freeman, still uses convey divinely appointed leadership.Chapter 2 turns world. notes continuity use motif East. Drawing number sources ranging Homeric epic, other poetry, philosophic texts, able show bucolic romance, leisure, myth, Greeks also good ruler. They divinity, death, resurrection, would resonate later thinkers. As for Romans, not only did they copy imagery Greeks, used their own ways legendary founding city. continue, into Republican Imperial periods. Lifelike experiences differed greatly romanticized pastoralism, persisted Roman world, including context. Apostolic writers artists depicted Jesus shepherd, drew motif’s long history. too idea represented unity, faithfulness.The topic Shephard church occupies 3. paradox how centuries beyond. both sacrificial lamb leader flock; essence, here powerlessness. Referencing literary texts once again, shows ancient usages when applied Jesus, him be ruler, guide, deity all one. guide life afterlife. short order, emperors, starting Constantine, became well. Christians certainly relied earlier traditions went beyond them emperors protectors theological threats. result, cannot solely anti-imperial since part imperial iconography.Chapter 4 brings conclusion. completes noting Carolingian Europe, lost potency, or least popularity, during Ottonian eras. continue exist: emblem center humorous menacing periphery. By evoking biblical kings metaphors rule, Carolingians kept minds people due connections between ordained kingship, guidance.This suggests substantial opportunity further research. While fairly narrow scope, dealing primarily Frankish Empire, future work might consider regions, different systems leadership Ages. Part richness chapters approach material Mediterranean-wide European-wide contexts. do so great well beneficial. does take away multitude strengths work. varied appropriate give depth analysis genres, much wide space. greatest strength lies structure. leads conclusion probably nuanced context specific image.The ties loose ends. Here, provides several modern examples image. Stretching initial scope book, reinforce showing importance images we our ritual, ceremonial, daily lives. Aside skillfully demonstrating humble clearly got conflated power, may extend her chronology. begs question whether reassess using same method, model. time place are being appropriated misappropriated alarming rate, encourage us assess origins durée. most important value found Freeman’s here.

article

Journal of Medieval Religious Cultures

The Dawn of Carolingian Italy

Stefano Gasparri

chapter

Haut Moyen Age

Emerging Powers in Eurasian Comparison, 200–1100

Walter Pohl|Veronika Wieser

This book compares the ways in which new powers arose shadows of Roman Empire and its Byzantine Carolingian successors, Iran, Caliphate China first millennium CE. These were often established by external military elites who had served empire. They remained an uneasy balance with remaining empire, could eventually replace it, or be drawn into imperial sphere again. Some relied on dynastic legitimacy, others ethnic identification, while most them sought legitimation. Across Eurasia, their dynamic was similar many respects; why outcomes so different? Contributors are Alexander Beihammer, Maaike van Berkel, Francesco Borri, Andrew Chittick, Michael R. Drompp, Stefan Esders, Ildar Garipzanov, Jürgen Paul, Walter Pohl, Johannes Preiser-Kapeller, Helmut Reimitz, Jonathan Shepard, Q. Edward Wang, Veronika Wieser, Ian N. Wood.

book

Cultural Syncretism and Interpicturality: The Iconography of Throne Benches in Medieval Icelandic Book Painting

Stefan Drechsler

Abstract In relation to the major topic of present volume, this article is intended provide new methodological and iconographic insights into cultural adaptation integration European motifs in medieval western Scandinavian arts culture, as well relations between detail its surrounding texts. At same time, offers a approach existing research on basis two theories hitherto little investigated research: syncretism interpicturality. archaeology media studies, these approaches are used interpret cultural–historical artefacts that were created for one then reused context which may alter their meaning. The seeks explain how both meaning appearance single motif change vernacular texts it accompanies, working methods illuminators differ manuscripts. As qualitative example, investigation will focus complex found six Icelandic manuscripts from fourteenth century, namely feature animal heads extensions throne seats. Although studied manuscripts, widely throughout Middle Ages with various secular religious connotations. particular, linked specific narrative roles details play written text generally physical objects carry iconography:

article

Open Cultural Studies

Two Illustrated Horoscopes of the Italian Renaissance

G. Gandolfi

Abstract Among astral representations in Renaissance paintings and frescoes, a particular very complex class stands out: that of Illustrated Horoscopes, is, complete charts disguised under the cover innocent pastoral landscapes or conventional mythological scenes. Two examples pertaining to this elusive are proposed analyzed article. The first is Giorgionesque painting Royal Gallery Dresden, so-called Horoscope , probably portrays casting birth-chart for Ercole II d’Este, son Lucrezia Borgia, at same time scene from epic Orlando Paladins. second Zucchi’s Assembly Gods copper panel painted Ferdinando de Medici’s studiolo Roman Villa Medici, which arranges planetary divinities correlation zodiacal constellations, building extraordinary nativity owner. Both astrological charts, albeit veiled ambiguous by nature, substantiated internal signals, verified on basis contemporary horoscopes, justified overall narrative.

article

Paragone

Injection: A Gender Perspective on Domestic Slavery

Ruth Mazo Karras

Abstract This “injection” comes from the point of view a historian slavery turned sexuality. The history sexuality sits very uneasily with enslavement, however, because problem agency and its relationship to consent. Historians must not erase personhood enslaved their ability make choices; but realm within which they those choices is so constrained that recognizing can be akin blaming victim or implying consent when it cannot really given.

chapter

Springer eBooks|Trinity's Access to Research Output (TARA) (Trinity College Dublin)

The Distinctiveness of NATO and the Alliance's Prehistory

William R. Thompson

This article delves into the prehistory and unique evolution of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), questioning its categorization within realm military alliances. While NATO can be seen as a conventional alliance, spanning 450 years European balancing history sets it apart. In contrast to other regions, Western Europe resisted emergence regional hegemony despite numerous attempts. Major power warfare in revolved around coalitions organized resist French, Spanish/Habsburg, German advances. These exhibited commitment reluctance slow organization tendencies, highlighting exceptional nature balancing. The emphasizes Ludwig Dehio's theory, which attributes Europe's success flanking powers on eastern western flanks. creation institutionalized anti-regional coalition, broadening scope include America. NATO's historical trajectory contemporary challenges are discussed, organization's adaptability continued relevance an evolving geopolitical landscape.

article

Transatlantic Policy Quarterly

Allegories of virtues and vices in the European art VIII–XVIII centuries

Arutyunyan Yuliya Ivanovna

The struggle of the forces Good and Evil is one leading themes European art Middle Ages, Renaissance, Baroque. Personifications positive negative qualities a person are depicted in book miniatures, monumental paintings, mosaics sculpture from time Carolingians up to XIX century. victory Virtues over Vices described «Psychomachy» by Aurelius Prudentius Clement functioned as subjects Carolingian Ottonian eras, facades Romanesque Gothic churches, memorial plastic allegorical painting Renaissance Medieval generates several variants interpretation plot – battle form warrior maidens with bestial monsters Sins, embodiment good evil animals, genre theme «everyday» scenes. tradition refers personifications paintings (Giotto) plastics, often symbolic designation, Holy Scripture used. In XVII century, allegories appear scenes triumphs glorification rulers, festive decoration processions (P. P. Rubens), (Pietro da Cortona), decorative applied art.

article

Вестник Санкт-Петербургского государственного института культуры

paratext

Studia universitatis hereditati

9. Cross-Channel Intercourse in the Earliest Breton <i>Vitae</i>

Karen Jankulak

In light of the probable travels author Vita I S. Samsonis in order to gather information (written and oral) about his subject, this paper investigates earliest hagiographical texts from Brittany terms their use gathered on both sides Channel. This is not investigate historicity such but consider what sources has say existence sources, expectations hagiographers audiences with respect connections between Wales (and Cornwall) Brittany. The at issue are Maglorii, Wrdisten’s Winwaloei, Bili’s Machutis, Wrmonoc’s Pauli Aureliani, Winnoci, all dating Carolingian era, additional reference several later texts, Lifris Llancarfan’s Cadoci Gurthierni. It clear that these can indirectly show travelled directions, were made saints stories Channel, Llancarfan Llanilltud Fawr probably being central process.

chapter

Medieval texts and cultures of Northern Europe

Hic continentur ista: Collecting and Concealing in an Early Ninth-Century Instruction-Reader (Laon, Bibliothèque Municipale “Suzanne Martinet,” MS 265)

John J. Contreni

This chapter offers a forensic analysis of composite manuscript consisting some eight codicological units put together probably by the mid-ninth century. The book contains 32 texts and partial incipit from thirty-third that was not included in collection. Three also bear evidence concealment censorship. A list contents on front flyleaf testify to collection’s existence at Laon third quarter ninth Each save one is identified discussed. Collectively strongly resembles an “instruction-reader,” type Carolingian for training priests.

chapter

Publications of the journal of Medieval Latin

Einhard and the <i>Historia Augusta</i>

Justin Stover|George Woudhuysen

In recent years, a consensus has begun to develop that Einhard had read the Historia Augusta and he used it in his Vita Karoli magni. particular, scholars have argued must drawn rare word dicaculus from text. this article, we first review history of idea HA, then show how weakly grounded is. demonstrate is very unlikely text was source for dicaculus. We conclude with some thoughts on way might influence debate over HA Carolingian period.

article

The Journal of medieval Latin

Rat u Ukrajini : kvantitativno - kvalitativna analiza sadržaja na portalu Bitno.net

Nenad Palac|Jadranka Garmaz

Ruskom invazijom na Ukrajinu 24. veljače 2022. godine započinje čitav niz događaja koji formiraju globalnu krizu i humanitarnoj ekonomskoj, diplomatskoj, ekumenskoj razini. Medijske kuće širom svijeta prate te izvještavaju o ovom ratu fokusirajući se pritom specifične naglaske su u skladu s njihovom uredničkom politikom. Cilj je ovog istraživanje utvrditi koliko način redakcija portala Bitno.net izvještava Ukrajini koja tematska područja pri tome najzastupljenija. Koristeći metodom analize sadržaja, kvalitativnoj kvantitativnoj razini, analiziramo 213 članaka objavljenih portalu godini direktno odnose obradu teme rata Ukrajini. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju značajno oslanjanje redakcije izvanjske (agencijske) izvore

article

Služba Božja

Reading and Copying Augustine’s <i>De Ciuitate Dei </i>in ninth-century Sankt Gallen

Marina Giani

The monastery of Sankt Gallen offers a privileged vantage point for the dissemination texts in Carolingian era, thanks to preservation conspicuous portion its medieval library and catalogues. This article focuses on circulation Augustine’s De ciuitate Dei Benedictine during ninth century, is divided into three sections. first aims outline list direct witnesses produced or preserved ninth-century Gallen, by using catalogues as guide. second deals with stemmatic relations these copies extant tradition. Finally, Sangallenses florilegia, homiliaries centones quoting are explored, well some aspects reception Notker Stammerer.

article

Revue d'histoire des textes

A Mysterious Middle Ages Inscription from Tuscany

Stefano Vicari|Francesco Perono Cacciafoco

At the entrance of some churches Tuscany (Italy), there is reproduction an apparently mysterious inscription. Minimally from XVIII Century, this has induced a debate on its interpretation. This study proposes hypothesis based Latin alpha-bet used in texts contemporary to where inscription reproduced and meaning message coherent with official religious doctrine.

article

The King of Birds and the Bird of Kings: About the Symbolism of the Eagle in Culture, Beliefs and Art

Sławomir Filipek

The eagle is a bird widespread in all cultures and beliefs. Throughout history, it has gained rich symbolic reference. It appears antiquity as royal mythological personification of the gods. Christian world saw symbol rebirth, well Christ himself. was used art culture, also Greek liturgy soteriological, baptismal eucharistic symbol. writers theologians pay much attention to it, deriving its symbolism both from Bible, medieval bestiaries well. painting sculpture many epochs, constituting an important ritual, religious cult element. Up till now, element culture - emblem modern countries, which often derive their genesis origin legends this appears.

article

Asian journal of social science studies

Graphic Ciphers and the Early Medieval Practices of <i>Collectio </i>and Concealment

Ildar H. Garipzanov

This paper explores the deployment of two types graphic ciphers, namely occult caracteres and monograms, in early medieval Latin books period from c. 750 to 1000. Even though both signs originated classical world, their Carolingian world profoundly changed terms media, social contexts, functional use. Hence decipherable monograms developed into a new form concealment. Although Christian church fathers bishops condemned employment undecipherable for apotropaic healing purposes, on rare occasions monks priests copied incantations recipes featuring caracteres. They did so partly because, Middle Ages, medical knowledge was appreciated its practical efficiency. The use such also points tendency scribes invest Greek other “foreign” letterforms with some intercessory or power. contends that these visual phenomena manuscripts bears witness elevated status masters as paramount experts transmission essential prosperity well-being people.

chapter

Publications of the journal of Medieval Latin

Charlemagne and Rome

Joanna Story

Abstract This book is a wide-ranging exploration of cultural politics in the age Charlemagne. It focuses on remarkable inscription commemorating Pope Hadrian I who died Rome at Christmas 795. Commissioned by Charlemagne, composed Alcuin York, and cut from black stone quarried close to king’s new capital Aachen heart Frankish kingdom, it was carried set over tomb pope south transept St Peter’s basilica not long before Charlemagne’s imperial coronation Day 800. A masterpiece Carolingian art, Hadrian’s epitaph also manifesto empire demanding perpetual commemoration for king amid cult. In script, stone, verse, proclaimed mastery art power written word claimed inheritance papal Rome, recast contemporary, early medieval audience. treasured through time one only few decorative objects translated late antique into structure, construction which dominated defined modern Renaissance. Understood then as precious evidence antiquity affection papacy, preserved old destroyed carefully redisplayed portico church, where can be seen today.

chapter

Oxford University Press eBooks

The Intertwining of Ancient and Late-Antique Authorities in the Margins of Carolingian Manuscripts

Mariken Teeuwen

chapter

Publications of the journal of Medieval Latin

Latin Shorthand and Latin Learning

David Ganz

In 1975 Bernhard Bischoff reminded his audience at Spoleto that any account of Carolingian culture requires a knowledge Tironian notes, and Martin Hellmann has taken up challenge. This paper attempts to show the use these notes was neither arcane nor restrictive but met need all societies find an effective way record direct speech. Though restricted section educated elite, in complete or simplified form standard part notarial training, were taught most major centres west Rhine. The evidence sermons shows some preachers as extempore Augustine Gregory, relied on someone recording what they saying, this practice continued schoolroom. How far scribes copied Late Antique their copies texts remains unclear deserves investigation.

chapter

Publications of the journal of Medieval Latin

Early Medieval Catechetic Collections Containing Material from the <i>Etymologiae</i> and the Place of Isidore of Seville in Carolingian <i>Correctio</i>

Evina Stein

In the last decades, we have seen a growing interest in manuscripts produced for instruction and use of Carolingian priests. Such were identified based on their content, as they include expositions Creed, Lord’s Prayer mass, baptismal instructions, descriptions clerical grades. This article shows that presence material from books VI-VIII Etymologiae Isidore Seville, particular De officiis (Etym. VI 19) clericis VII 12), also characterizes It identifies four well-attested catechetic collections assembled excerpts Isidore’s works to serve instructional manuals These originated northern France decades eighth or first ninth century appear connected correctio. The paper other Isidorean surviving single manuscript excerpt whose intended by priests cannot be fully substantiated. compilations attest shift perception under influence reforms, namely its reinvention didactic resource, despite text an encyclopaedia.

chapter

Publications of the journal of Medieval Latin

Ciriaco d'Ancona and the Origins of Epigraphy

Lillian Datchev

This article investigates how and why scholars began to systematically examine record ancient inscriptions in fifteenth-century Italy. Finding evidence the revolutionary work of Ciriaco d'Ancona, it shows that this change emerged from synthesis several cultural traditions. learned observe antiquities Italian elite living Greek colonies an early Christian pilgrim's practice. He introduced a new degree precision his records, partly humanists. These facts suggest culture observing, discussing, writing about was developing Renaissance Mediterranean.

article

Renaissance Quarterly

TRADE: Transformations of Adriatic Europe (2nd–9th Centuries AD)

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;TRADE: Transformations of Adriatic Europe&lt;/em&gt; presents the proceedings a 2016 conference held in Zadar (Croatia) which analysed transformative phenomena Late Antiquity an area where research has been comparatively scarce and results less widely known. The contributions span period between 2nd 9th centuries, that is from roughly establishment Severan dynasty to end Carolingian period. volume collects 45 papers dealing with aim create new dataset for historical reconstruction processes related forms settlement, aspects production, trade movement pottery other craft products its two coasts, here examined either through regional synthesis or presentation individual study contexts.&lt;/p&gt;

chapter

Archaeopress Archaeology eBooks|Library Union Catalog of Bavaria, Berlin and Brandenburg (B3Kat Repository)

Preface

Extract In this volume, a successor to the first volume of these Studies published in 2020, I present results my researches into four further manuscript traditions. For methods used readers are referred preface and introduction earlier volume. There have long list acknowledgements scholars who helped me work on Latin manuscripts; here repeat heartfelt thanks (and add those owed Dr P. Stirnemann for help localizing Priscian) but not most their names. However, must mention again Professor M. Petoletti, very kindly provided with information that myself was unable procure because Covid-19 pandemic; D. Reeve has once improved drafts all studies. should also acknowledge section Porphyrio borrows from unpublished two scholars. c.2000, when initial collation MSS complete, met Rome L. Paretti, then studying Carolingian high medieval transmission his doctorate. gave him draft work, which views relation Renaissance ninth-century V, regard as parent, were made clear; Paretti use thesis (2000/1), he sent copy. Although had collated M, other MS, usual portions text found no reason why it derive study relationship been superficial. The profound them Paretti’s proves beyond doubt M does V. It is regrettable remains unpublished: cited briefly (I hope) due acknowledgement what consider be compelling evidence, anyone interested styles writing they exhibit seek out itself. provides careful evidence external V some conclusions availed bibliography, brief topic, since little new say; again, thesis. Unaware at time himself brought light fresh Porphyrio, similar 2003. Finding too cavalier treatment neglectful bibliography (esp. s. xix), unearthed much written about put consecutive prose, told make wanted. My response consult summarize own words; bibliographical learning pages (especially ‘The progress scholarship’) Reeve.

chapter

Oxford University Press eBooks

Central European Convergence Area: Theoretical and Methodological Considerations

Matej Šekli

article

Studia universitatis hereditati

“Damit siegt Hrabanus mühelos über Apelles”

Gábor Endrődi

Abstract The first printed edition of the Liber sanctae crucis by Hrabanus Maurus, published in 1503 Pforzheim, was a milestone reception history Carolingian figured poems, and typographic philological masterpiece as well. This article argues for considering Johannes Reuchlin principal initiator publication. sheds new light on excursus about cross Reuchlin’s De verbo mirifico arte cabalistica . theory miracle-working word implies Cabbalistic-Pythagorean exegesis complement, which he left unelaborated. In view this hiatus, Hrabanus’ poems might have appeared particularly promising humanist, both grounds their compositional methods contents. Besides demonstration these affinities, provides an analysis introductory poem to edition, confirms that regarded cycle prospective source his Christian Cabbala.

article

Daphnis

Conservative Values as a Bridge between Russia and the West

Timofei V. Bordachev|M. I. Sigachev|Alexei N. Kharin|Sergey P. Arteev

The ideological factor is regaining significance in today’s multipolar world and promotes the importance of an value dialogue between right-wing conservative forces Russia Europe. values shared by representatives European movements are close to Russia’s agenda, which proves feasibility establishing diverse strategic interaction with proponents such views

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Russia in global affairs

From Troy to Iceland: Representation of the Past in Pseudohistorical Sagas

Inna G. Matyushina

The present article analyses the means of preserving past in Icelandic pseudohistorical sagas, which include Trójumanna saga, Alexanders Gyðinga Rómverja Breta sögur and Veraldar saga. Ways representing are determined by semantic, compositional structural innovations creators sagas in-troduce under influence Scandinavian saga tradition. narrative pseudohis-torical is dominated not characters but rather events: descriptions inter-nal world individuals superseded narration their actions; introspective monologues disappear; authored digressions omitted, leads to a de-tachment characteristic native Icelanders. Direct speech reduced brief aphoristic statements, whereas periphrastic constructions rhetorical formulas omitted order clarify structure sagas. convey through sequences historical events (or supposedly histori-cal events) using forms tense or Praesens Historicum, helps them visu-alise events, as happening before eyes narrator at-tract attention audience significance. In func-tion attributed speeches (as sa-ga), were endowed with different function (of characterising heroes) Latin originals, well dreams supernatural beings saga) had pro-phetic functions texts. History genealogised: genealogy used way depicting toponymy en-dowed chronological function. creator employs mytho-logical names history: mythical correlated Biblical Ancient history. sequence presentating mythological makes it possible regard jointly forming unified history, bringing together past. Veral-dar only composes whole history world, starting from day Creation, also includes into his lawspeaker Gizur Hallsson alongside Greeks, Trojans, Romans, Carolingian emperors Hohenstau-fen. multiplicity sources can be ac-counted for desire fill gaps build chronologically se-quential account significant British To this end, traceable back Dares Hauksbók supplemented fragments Virgil Ovid, Geoffrey Monmouth’s adaptation augmented catalogue Wessex kings Cadwall Æthelstan Merlin’s Prophecy, Gunnlaug Leifsson. most semantically important interpolation about king Æthelstan, who fostered Hakon (the future Norway Good), son Har-ald Fair-Haired. consisted uniting his-tory Britain, dynasty rulers Anglo-Saxon kings, and, consequently, legitimising power former Scandinavia Isles. compilers seek establish cultural connection between European peoples, consider themselves descendants Iceland. By adapting works represented historical, contributed reception heritage its notion foreign (Trojan) descent creation new

article

GRAPHOSPHAERA Writing and Written Practices

I manoscritti Φ e Δ delle <i>Institutiones </i>di Cassiodoro

Ilaria Morresi

The present essay is conceived as a comprehensive catalogue of the Φ and Δ interpolated manuscripts Institutiones humanarum litterarum. It designed complementary tool to new critical edition commentary on Cassiodorus’ work, recently published in series Corpus Christianorum Series Latina (CC SL 99a) Instrumenta Patristica et Mediaevalia (IPM 88). Among complete partial witnesses, lists twelve twenty-three manuscripts, mostly copied relevant scriptoria Carolingian Empire during 9th 10th centuries. Particular attention paid analysis manuscripts’ content, order outline an exhaustive picture not only circulation their forms, but also cultural projects that involved them between mid-8th century Renaissance.

article

Sacris Erudiri

Mapping Britain’s View of Europe

Sean Michael Ryan

Religion in Representations of Europe , Seite 37 - 64

chapter

Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG eBooks

Weight Systems in Italy in the VI – the First Half of the XIX Century

Andrii Zubko

Medieval Italy, which was formed after the fall of Western Roman Empire at end V century, completely inherited its material and spiritual culture. This does not apply to state imperial traditions Ancient Rome. It turned out that during entire period Middle Ages partly New Age – from second half XIX Italy a single state. At this time, three main regions Northern, Central Southern were gradually here. Each region included several historically interconnected regions. In territory these regions, there cities republics separate feudal estates. preserved distinctive features throughout Ages. Some differences have survived even in modern Italy. They arose peculiarities geographical environment, as well political economic conditions developed over long time each The system measures, including weight, existed Empire, decentralization gradually, centuries, replaced by local measures. basis most newly created systems weight measures ancient However, development production, domestic foreign trade caused constant transformation structure mass their units. Gradually, new had certain common features, but units differed among themselves almost all cases. influenced dependence Italian lands times on empire Charlemagne, Holy German nation, Austro-Hungarian Empire. As result, some areas Northern along with following began be used: Carolingian silver troy systems, Cologne long-term existence leading city-states Venice Genoa, Duchies Milan Tuscany, Papal State, Kingdom Two Sicilies, etc. consequence use constantly operating weights

article

Етнічна історія народів Європи

The Concept of Non-Territorial Autonomy: Origins, Developments, and Subtypes

Levente Salat

Abstract The aim of the chapter is to propose a possible framing NTA concept, considering historical legacies by which usage term loaded, on one hand, and complex empirical realities notion expected map, other hand. First, idea non-territoriality will be explored briefly, with highlight circumstances that bring about arrangements generally referred when concept as an umbrella used. Then origin semantic content several subjacent terms—national autonomy, national cultural autonomyNCA (national autonomy), personal functional administrative consociationalism—will discussed, together problems triggered concurrent attempts provide precise definitions various institutional embodiments general idea. conclude brief assessment consequences for scholarship follow from two main limitations notion: underdetermination widely used concepts gap between theory realities.

chapter

1 Caucasian Albania in Greek and Latin Sources

Marco Bais

The present Chapter surveys the different kinds of Greek and Latin sources on Caucasian Albania, including documents such as Tabula Peutingeriana inscriptions as, e.g., Res Gestae Divi Augusti. help to shed light some aspects Albanian political history, particularly in period between 1st century BCE 2nd CE, but they are also central for a better understanding questions crucial history ancient ethnic geographical issues. occasional contradictory nature these their fragmentation should not hinder historians’ attempt outline main features history.

chapter

De Gruyter eBooks

Old Latin versions of the Book of Daniel

Jean-Claude Haelewyck

The article is an introduction to the edition of Old Latin versions book Daniel. After a brief presentation manuscripts (those biblical and those hymns), Greek texts are presented (Theodotion LXX). next chapter studies division into visions. hymns then analyzed: hymn Three Young Men, Azariah, Divine Transcendence. types text subject chapter: from origins (X) Jerome's version (H V), passing through ancient African (K) recent ones (C), European (D I), without forgetting Augustine's (A). ends with sketch history

article

BABELAO

Transforming Irish Traditions

Jelle Wassenaar

The De XII abusiuis saeculi arrived from Ireland on the continent around middle of eighth century and soon became an immensely influential text to Carolingian reformers. importance ninth abuse rex iniquus early conceptions royal office during reigns Charlemagne Louis Pious is well known. Little attention has been paid, however, its continuing influence notions justice political discourse in Frankish world onwards. This chapter will trace how was used by successive generations clerics write examine they each wielded different parts face new situations.

chapter

Amsterdam University Press eBooks

Debate. Was There a Medieval »State«?

Brent D. Shaw|Nicola Di Cosmo|Stefano Gasparri|Cristina La Rocca|Hans−Werner Goetz|John Haldon|Yannis Stouraitis|Régine Le Jan

This debate takes up the question whether concept of »state« can be used meaningfully in context medieval studies. The opening article by Brent D. Shaw addresses political organization Roman empire, and develops a comprehensive argument why even high standards it should regarded as state. six comments Nicola Di Cosmo (Chinese History), Stefano Gasparri Cristina La Rocca, Hans-Werner Goetz, Régine Le Jan (European Medieval John Haldon Yannis Stouraitis (Byzantine History) draw on their own fields expertise to provide theoretical pragmatic views possible significance state for entities Antiquity Middle Ages.

article

Medieval Worlds

French Literature of the British Isles after the Norman Conquest: A Digital, Data-Driven Investigation

Kirsty Milne

According to the traditional model, use of French in Great Britain was fundamentally tied Norman Conquest 1066. The language conquerors rapidly replaced English within administrative and cultural domains, it maintained its foothold these domains until thirteenth century, when began regain prestige. Yet research past few decades has shown that this model is significantly flawed. This article aimed at supporting an ongoing revision through a quantitative approach centred around catalogue manuscripts containing literature copied British Isles. results presented here indicate clearly that, century following Conquest, being produced much greater quantities than literature. Indeed, peak literary production did not occur during but rather fourteenth centuries. Perhaps even more surprisingly, analysis reveals centuries works circulated most commonly with other languages — especially Latin. adopted thus sheds light on history while decentring canonical typically lie heart.

article

French Studies|Leiden Repository (Leiden University)

paratext

Medieval Worlds

تبعية إنجلترا الإقطاعية لبابوية روما (1066- 1216م)

إيمان خلاوى

article

Mağallaẗ Al-Dirāsāt Al-Insāniyyah wal-Adabiyyah

The Medieval Constitution of Liberty

Andrew T. Young|Alexander William Salter

book

The De XII abusiuis saeculi

Constant J. Mews|Stephen Joyce

This chapter considers both the scriptural and patristic influences shaping core themes of De XII abusiuis saeculi diffusion its text between late eighth sixteenth centuries. It how abusio abusiua, traditionally understood as misuse words, were expanded in meaning this work to refer abusive behaviour. introduces literary context composition seventh-century Ireland, before examining on continent, not just through being quoted canon law collection known Hibernensis, but copied a Cyprian (dominant Carolingian period) or Augustine (increasingly common twelfth century).

chapter

Amsterdam University Press eBooks

Was the Commentary on Vergil by Aelius Donatus Extant in the Ninth Century? A Reappraisal

Vittorio Remo Danovi

Abstract That the Vergilian commentary by Aelius Donatus – one of most influential late-antique commentaries that have not survived was extant in ninth century and available to some Carolingian scholars is still a widespread belief. The evidence support this thesis said been provided Harvard Servianist J. H. Savage three articles published between 1925 1931. In these articles, claimed few marginal notes ninth-century primary witnesses DS scholia, so-called ‘Vergil Tours’ (Bern, Burgerbibliothek, Ms. 165), were drawn almost directly from Donatus’ note roughly coeval Servian witness 363) information about place where copy could be found. A re-examination two manuscripts shows adduced does stand scrutiny terminus post quem for loss should antedated at least century.

article

Philologus

The Punishment Imperative and the Construction of Political Authority in the Carolingian Empire of Louis the Pious (814–840)

Karl Ubl

Historians of the Carolingian empire have generally neglected judicial violence as a means constructing political authority, partly because wergild system seems to exclude significance public punishment, military is such dominant factor in our view Carolingians. This certainly true for early Carolingians, but gained importance during reign Charlemagne, after expansion had come an end. In contrast his father who pushed implementation new forms corporal Louis Pious was committed high degree clemency towards rebels, criminals and evildoers that authority questioned discussion triggered about respective merits severity. this paper, I want assess conundrum conscience which inflicted upon by “double-bind” monastic abhorrence punishment Frankish royal legacy violence.

article

Global intellectual history

AESTHETIC EDUCATION IN WALDORF SCHOOL: PAINTING AND FORM DRAWING

О. М. Іонова|S. Ye. Luparenko

chapter

Corpus more regio curatum. When a king dies: Medieval post-mortem care of the body.

Daniela Dvořáková

article

Forum Historiae

Between Reading and Viewing: Mapping and Experiencing Rome and Other Spaces

Klazina Staat

This article focuses on a Carolingian manuscript now kept in the Stiftsbibliothek Einsiedeln (Codex 326 (1076)), containing collection of mostly Rome-centred writings, among others, series walking routes through city (the Itinerarium Einsidlense). The theoretical concepts ‘affordances’ and ‘ergodic’ reading are employed to explore meanings functions its original context use (i.e., monastery). After an analysis particular form written text parchment folio, contextualises affordance by comparing with two other artworks from roughly same time geographical context: Plan St. Gall diagram Church Holy Sepulchre illustrated Adomnán’s De locis sanctis. These sources resemble their ergodic approach writing reading, as well visual meditational affordances. Subsequently, is read wider collection, how dimensions adds understanding meaning function Itinerarium. Thus, highlights importance pay attention physical Latin script place texts larger manuscript, order understand contexts.

article

Journal of Latin Cosmopolitanism and European Literatures

Carolingian-Umayyad Diplomacy,

chapter

Princeton University Press eBooks

Carolingian Diplomacy with the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate

chapter

Princeton University Press eBooks

Perception and Practice in Carolingian Diplomacy with the Islamic World

chapter

Princeton University Press eBooks

Carolingian-Umayyad Diplomacy,

chapter

Princeton University Press eBooks

NOVA ATLANTIS

Beat Wyss

chapter

De Gruyter eBooks

TRANSLATIO AND RESTAURATIO

Kathleen Christian

chapter

De Gruyter eBooks

An interdisciplinary approach to the study of kiln firing: a case study from the Campus Galli open-air museum (southern Germany)

Silvia Amicone|Alisa Memmesheimer|Baptiste Solard|Shira Gur-Arieh|Martin Rogier|Awais Mohammed Qarni|Johannes Seidler|Paola Sconzo|Lars Heinze|Lionello F. Morandi|Tobias Kiemle|Christopher E. Miller|Klaus G. Nickel|Christoph Berthold

Abstract Pottery kilns are a common feature in the archaeological record of different periods. However, these pyrotechnological installations still seldom target interdisciplinary investigations. To fill this gap our knowledge, an updraft kiln firing experiment was run at Campus Galli open-air museum (southern Germany) by team consisting experimental archaeologists, material scientists, geoarchaeologists, and palaeobotanists. The entire process from preparation raw materials to opening carefully recorded with particular focus on study used for pottery making, as well fuel usage. temperatures were monitored thermocouples placed positions combustion chambers. In addition, installed within wall measure temperature distribution inside structure itself. Unfired controlled experimentally thermally altered ceramic samples then characterised integrated analysis including petrography, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), portable fluorescence (pXRF). Our work provides data about mineralogical microstructural developments both structures ceramics produced type installations. This is helpful discuss limits potential various scientific analyses commonly ancient studies. Overall, contributes better understanding technology offers guidelines how address using research strategies.

article

Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences

The Historical Context of Boat Processions in Adriatic Maritime Pilgrimages

Mario Katić|Trpimir Vedriš

In this article, we argue that the different ritual structures of maritime pilgrimages result from historical backgrounds each site. We have focused on two pilgrimage sites in Adriatic Sea: Nin, contemporary Croatia (Northern Dalmatia), and Perast, Montenegro (Kotor Bay). compared these locations processions because they similar (both were under Venice’s significant influence), comparable boat with structural elements. concluded multilayered customs, consisting diverse popular traditions, fused through ecclesiastical (para)liturgical processions. Based material presented Nin Perast elites drew local traditions developed order to draw out their political, religious, social, economic potentials.

article

Religions

A Component of the Landscape of Medieval Catalonia: the Coombs

Jordi Bolòs

The coombs (in Catalan comes) form an integral part of the landscape. These are small valleys, with deepest and flattest cultivated for agriculture. They predominantly found in most arid regions Catalonia, particularly around cities Tarragona Lleida. generally dry land areas. We propose that these gained significance early centuries Middle Ages, a period marked by intense erosion. It is important to identify their locations establish connections medieval written documents, settlements thrived throughout archaeological sites such as necropolises, valuable data derived from to-ponymy studies. think understanding can greatly contribute under-standing how territory was organized extent lands were established, distribution many settlements. Ultimately, this knowledge aid acquiring better current

article

Voice and Hand

Tobias Klein

chapter

Brill | Fink eBooks

Abstracts

Federico Celestini|Sarah Lutz

中文 Deutsch English Login to my Brill account Create Account Publications Subjects African Studies American Ancient Near East and Egypt Art History Asian Book Cartography Biblical Classical Education Jewish Literature Cultural Languages Linguistics Media Middle Islamic Musicology Philosophy Religious Slavic Eurasian Social Sciences Theology World Christianity Human Rights Humanitarian Law International Relations Biology Life Imprints | Nijhoff Wageningen Academic Germany / Austria Böhlau Fink mentis Schöningh Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht V&R unipress Services Authors Author Portal How publish with Brill: Files Guides Fonts, Scripts Unicode Publication Ethics COPE Compliance Data Sharing Policy OASES MyBook Ordering from Newsletter Piracy Reporting Form Awards Librarians Response To The Covid Crisis Catalogs, Flyers Price Lists E-Book Collections Title MARC Records Manage your Online Holdings Sales Managers Contacts From LibLynx Access Management Discovery KBART User Order Help Trade Titles No Longer Published by Investors Latest Key Figures Financial Press Releases Reports Annual General Meeting of Shareholders Share Information Products Books Textbooks Journals Specialty Open for Research Funding Societies Discover Brill’s Content About us Organization Stay updated Corporate Responsiblity Investor Policies, rights permissions Review a FAQ Contact Permissions Reviews Updated Us Mission Statement News Trademarks Careers Blog Partnerships Governance Email Sign-up Pages Responsibility Overview Podcasts Conference Fairs Accessibility Offices Worldwide Policies Forms Departments Acquisition Editors Search Abstracts In: Musikalische Schreibszenen Pages: 465–474 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30965/9783846767146_020 Download PDF Full Text Spuren, Linien, Klänge und die graphische Notation als Grenzfall Theoretische Überlegungen zur musikalischen Schrift im Anschluss an Derrida Sigrid Weigel This paper aims contribute the recent music-theoretical debate on musical writing which has been triggered phenomenon free – especially graphic notations. focus is process transcribing music form preceding any score or manifestation as audible means traditional symbols through notation beyond conventional stave system. approach refers Derrida’s theory in De la grammatologie, focuses those traces that precede symbol system, based critical reading Rousseau’s essays music. At core this perspective concept ‘différance’ ‘trace’. Thus, proposes transcends paradigm pictorial diagrammatic character non-conventional notations order raise more fundamental question ‘scribality’ ‘legibility’ general: i.e. possibility notating ideas formative role various practices, well acoustic realization interpretation In context, are discussed ‘boundary cases’ between coding systems notations, operating at transitions ‘traces’, lines, sounds, some selected examples last part paper. Zur gestischen Qualität der Neumenschriften: Inskribierte Körperlichkeit Federico Celestini Neumatic scripts traditionally associated gestural property, though precise determination element generally lacking. present text will attempt counteract shortcoming. emergence gesture (and through) early neume related performative be followed three conceptual steps. First, notion vocal movement implied music-related conceptions space antiquity Ages examined prerequisites representation (§ 1–3). Thereafter, increasingly corporeality 4–5). Finally, relationship moments studied closely clarify characteristics responsible their quality 6–7). Methodologically, aim interweave systematic approaches conceptualization consideration music-historical contexts. Heinrich Schenker Graphologe. Musikanalytische Stephanie Probst With his ‘Editions Elucidation’ Ludwig van Beethoven’s late piano sonatas Universal Edition, Vienna, (1913–1921), theorist, pianist teacher pioneered field ‘Urtext’ editions. Beyond close study autograph scores basis text, ‘elucidations’ also Schenker’s analytical exegesis works question. Particularly famous initial source later influential ‘Urlinie’ edition Op. 101. My article examines editorial, analytical, theoretical interests conflated example reliance acts ultimately mutual interdependence. Building readings Martin Eybl (1995) Cristina Urchueguía (2012), I position handwriting context graphology ask what lessons might learned studying sources lenses advanced Sybille Krämer (2009, 2012). Materialkritik Fünf Thesen Betrachtung des Schreibmaterials Kompositionsprozessen Michelle Ziegler Materiality factor composition. basic observation calls considerate material circumstances sketch studies relation other aspects creative process: used processes? does it work together factors argues five theses inclusive relational drawing upon considerations materiality cultural sciences humanities expanding musicological criticism “material criticism”. goal consider compositional thus add evaluation processes. further expanded examining sketching methods Earle Brown’s Corroboree two pianos (1964). It reveals always affect processes different levels can consciously creators. understands constant interplay fleeting thought materially manifest writing. Materielle Textdynamik: Das Autograph Faust-Symphonie von Franz Liszt (1854) Christina Ntai produced Faust Symphony (H-Bn, Ms. mus. 260) over course months (August October 1854). A few days after completion, was handed composer’s amanuensis, Joachim Raff, him make fair copy. Liszt’s manuscript should therefore contain least stage provisional ‘definitive’ text. However, beneath intended ‘definitiveness’ hides internal textual dynamic, discernible numerous revisions corrections, paste-overs, rhythmical diminutions repeated passages use implements. Furthermore, almost complete lack articulation, dynamic expression marks throughout particularly striking. Moreover, resembles short score: Only woodwinds, horns strings fully written out. For rest brass percussion instruments composer interspersed short, fragmentary annotations. Especially these last-mentioned features reveal points towards future stages process, would most likely have made final decisions when working Raff’s now lost intends systematically showcase textually phaenomena, manifested ‘Faust’ symphony. Gustav Mahlers Schreibprozesse den Revisionen seiner Partituren: Eine nie endende Geschichte Anna Ficarella Mahler plays decisive development symphonic 19th 20th centuries. article, Mahler’s case study, since precisely that, one hand, dramatic increase verbal language statements (performance instructions expressive annotations), ever important timbre density texture observed. attends sound-organizing dimensions seen persistent often torturous even already printed scores, must regarded integral process. genetic well-suited reconstruction may shed light aimed performance. attempts clean laborious idea its effective implementation orchestral performance terms. Nonetheless, continuous revision uncovers ‘impossible mission’ find definitive solution, work, disclosing limits abstraction. Mise en page Roman Haubenstock-Ramati Initiator editorischer Neuerungen bei Edition Heidy Zimmermann While experimental solutions caused upheaval set characters 1950s, layout engraved remained relatively conventional. only end decade modifications emerged had lasting impact appearance new exemplary such innovations, persisted until introduction computer typesetting. played crucial editorial newly discovered documents estate reveal. Working UE 1957, he soon formulated «audio-visual method layout». He thereby visually adequate spatial printing medium, coordination visual auditive perception. “Mise page”, visualisation matter, operative maxim. implemented Boulez, Berio, Stockhausen Webern presented exhibition “Musikalische Grafik” (Donaueschingen 1959). Not all editions realised, unpublished consulted. More less independent notational iconicity juncture reception. style presentation inspired New Typography involves not choice font, markup, but surface mirror sound, time. Haubenstock-Ramati’s dual editor provides insights into pivotal function Exploring Writing Operative Moments Bruno Maderna’s Compositional Process “Musica su due dimensioni” (1952) Elena Minetti Focusing Musica dimensioni flute, tape cymbal Maderna (1920–1973), essay how began explore first time combination instrumental electronic sounds. Taking Krämer’s ‘operativity’ (Krämer 2017), considered here potential tool activity, manuscripts kept Collection Paul Sacher Foundation Basel analysed, paying particular attention both dimensions. emerges explorative exploited “writing-based practices” (Celestini/Nanni/Obert/Urbanek, 2020) categorising sonic annotations rough graphical arrangement, systematising graphically page, generating twelve-tone permutations strategy coloured triangles alpha-numeric systems, visualising synchronisation parts ensemble recording Complex Relations. Reflections Operativity Music Carolin Ratzinger century, composers explored developed composition techniques led ways sketching, extending space. By choosing material, physical surface, determine medium generation, externalisation control otherwise thoughts. surfaces storage ideas, respective facilitates specific forms operativity pursue objectives. using two-dimensional thinking opens up. As processes, materials sketches drafts document composing music, insight-generating reflective dimension, inherent conditions capabilities, productive theories philosopher Krämer, current studies, workshop Unity Capsule Brian Ferneyhough. Osmanische Vokalmusik Kunst Gedächtnisses Judith I. Haug Ottoman-Turkish usually notated still uses) meşḳ, oral transmission narrower sense. repertoire relies song-text collections (güfte mecmūʿaları), compiled performers ordered according melodic modes (maḳām). These represent individually curated segments vast repertoire. paratext they offer genre, rhythmic mode (uṣūl), poet attribution affords valuable historical helps understand media change orality so-called terennüm syllables nonsense vocalises words major interest mnemonic units during textless piece. Referring Maria Busse Berger’s groundbreaking 2005 Medieval Memory, viewpoint memory composition, performance, transmission. 12th century European 16th/17th Ottoman cannot equated, compared respect sound memory, virtual human mind tangible source. Handwritten Karnatak Music: Memory Mediation Lara Pearson T. K. V. Ramanujacharyulu South Indian tradition known Karnāṭaka Saṅgīta, handwritten either student. practice persists despite existence published many compositions. paper, we affordances musicians involved: relating memorisation, ideals lineage, authenticity, value creativity style. We propose best understood prompt memories, people events. result, forging articulation social connections context. embodied situated, involving inscription take place place. see teacher’s hand say, mark, trace physicality. suggest idiosyncratic qualities conducive creating across domains. Voice Hand. Corporeality Embodied Knowledge Tobias Robert Klein contrasts re-assessment remnants Carolingian neumes (a knowledge pertains voice) anatomy so called ‘musical hand’ (manus musicalis) bodily agent tonal order. Following re-examination (e.g. torculus quilisma) mimetic motion constituent ‘physiological notation’, passage Aurelian Réôme’s Disciplina read intersection liturgical practice, metaphorical signification action voice hand. Three (disproportionate) depictions manus musicalis second index, linkage medical terminology illustration self-contained microcosm, relates quadrivial widespread astrological palmistry. Kompositorisches Schreiben praxeologische Verortung Denkens Fabian Czolbe practice. draws methodological distinction script-based model writing, understanding practices. necessary shift view consequence aesthetics within underlines epistemological text-genetic premise, ‘practice-based’ artistic Musical Notations Rhythm Alternative Theoretical Concepts Strategies Rodrigo Batalha rhythm central academic literature. purpose discuss alternative paradigms strategies, emphasis metrical hierarchy transformations. analyses time-point express temporal instants. researcher/composer perspective, includes literature review cross-cultural analysis structured perceived, structures originating contemporary art Encoded Semantically Operationalised. Scenes Digital Realm Stefan Münnich contribution identify illuminate possible intersections discourses surrounding digitality regard Starting Rüdiger Campe’s ‘writing scene’ (‘Schreib-Szene’) taking Anton Webern’s Six Bagatelles op. 9 no. 5 example, four manifestations scenes: handwritten, printed, encoding formats rendering, addressed ‘semantically operationalised’. doing so, elaborates observations pertaining findings historically transmitted then draw conclusions about underlying scene transductive negotiated it. räumlichen Navigation digitaler Notate Von Fenstern, Manifestationen Codes Sarah Lutz Lev Manovich’s navigable space, video games navigation, offers starting point rethink reflect digital paper-based assumption navigation spaces software interfaces provide orientation contributes itself offering creativity. Additionally, seems enable performativity digitality. Virtual pre-sampled sounds monitored controllers leads penetration realm corporality analogue means. Punkt Linie Fläche. Verhältnis graphischen abstrakten Malerei am Beispiel Anestis Logothetis Gesa Finke Composers who 1950s challenged rules Western staff notation. Many them placed elements point, line plane center criticism, coined term “graphism” her diagrammatology (Sybille Krämer: Figuration, Anschauung, Erkenntnis. Grundlinien einer Diagrammatologie, Berlin 2016, pp. 68). discourse graphism connected abstraction avantgarde movements beginning post-war era. analyzing notation, like turned Wassily Kandinsky, book zu Fläche (1926). compares strategies composers: distanced himself Kandinsky’s theories, claimed abstract highlighted Décisions (1959/1980). japanischen Steingärten Pariser Geschichten. Zum Transformationspotenzial musikalischer Schriftbildlichkeit Julia Freund visual-spatial disposition allow phenomena ‘eye music’. When lines determinable phenomena, becomes principally convert non-musical diagrams drawings ‘musicalise’ them. translation reinterpretation theoretically explicated Cage’s Ryoanji flute (1984), Kreidler’s Charts (2009) Bussotti’s Piano Piece David Tudor 4 (1959). focusses cases medial transformations, themselves become palimpsest-like inscriptions occur. collaborative Autotono (1977), superimposed scenographic layer hands Tono Zancanaro: no longer adhere own standards employed ornamental figurative manner. Conversely, little Pieces nos. 6 7 demonstrates how, second, inscription, indications authorship interpreted way. Save Cite content link colleague librarian You email librarian: copy directly: https://brill.com/edcollchap-oa/book/9783846767146/back-1.xml copied. Your browser support copying via button. Link copied successfullyCopy Collapse Expand Series: Theorie Schrift, Volume: ISBN: 9783846767146 Publisher: Print Date: 05 Jul 2023 Table Contents Front Matter Preliminary Material Copyright Page Vorwort Introduction Teil Schrifttheoretische Vorüberlegungen II Performanz, Geste Neumenschriften Graphologe III Materialität, Textdynamik Partituren IV Schrifttheorie Operativität Through V Mündlichkeit Erinnerung Hand VI Musiknotationen anderer Schriftsysteme VII Digitalität Operationalised VIII Bildlichkeit Geschichten Back List Contributors Metrics All Time Past Year 30 Days Abstract Views 0 11 Downloads Reference Works Primary COVID-19 Info contacts Publishing Newsletters Catalogs Terms Conditions Privacy Cookie Settings Legal Notice © 2016-2023 Powered PubFactory

chapter

Brill | Fink eBooks

Zur gestischen Qualität der Neumenschriften

Federico Celestini

chapter

Brill | Fink eBooks

A Puzzling Religious Inscription from Medieval Tuscany: Symbology and Interpretation

Stefano Vicari|Francesco Perono Cacciafoco

At the entrance of some churches in Tuscany (Italy), reproduction an apparently undecipherable inscription can be found. Beginning 18th century, this epigraphic puzzle has originated a debate on its interpretation. This study proposes hypothesis based Latin alphabet used texts contemporary to where is reproduced and possible interpretation message consistent with official religious doctrine. The proposed deciphering extended full text, including signs that were previously considered geometric forms or specific elaboration letters not attested other documents.

article

Histories

The Making of Lord John Carteret’s Landmark Edition of Cervantes’s Don Quixote (London, 1738)

Rolena Adorno

In the editorial history of Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra’s masterpiece, El ingenioso hidalgo don Quixote la Mancha (1605, 1615), one its signal events was landmark edition published in London 1738. The result an unusual Anglo-Spanish collaboration commissioned by English nobleman, project may have been set motion his exchange with a Hanoverian princess newly arrived Great Britain. This major undertaking and two strong personalities — directly involved, other only possibly pertinent occupy following pages. legendary Merlin sorcerer plays dual role links two, as personality name collection books fiction that later became site amusement-park-style spectacle at royal residence. These intertwined stories reveal how canonical literature popular legend can serve twin pursuits cultural prestige historical standing.

article

Textual cultures

Editorial Note

Han Lamers

editorial

Journal of Latin Cosmopolitanism and European Literatures

Bad Music: Its Power, Prevention, and Promotion

Daniel Kraft

dissertation

Introduction: treaties in international relations

Robert Kolb

It has been claimed quite often that customary international law, is, unwritten rules based on practice and done in the belief their righteousness or lawfulness, is oldest source of law. In other words, law pre-existed treaties. Logical analysis may seem to suggest same temporal priority: a treaty can seemingly be adopted under only if there are some common meeting wills, binding nature compact, so on. However, historical tends show treaties between relatively independent political collectivities preceded rules. order create an ‘international society’ must have developed minimum sense commonalities constituent crystallized.

chapter

Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks

Surrounded by Ancestors

Jakub Jauernig|Barbora Uchytilová

The ruling dynasties quite literally surrounded themselves with their ancestors (real ones, as well imaginary ones), creating galleries of predecessors or artifacts, such scrolls genealogical diagrams. A lineage represented in a manner could then be displayed not only for the royal family but also courtiers and foreign diplomats, reminding everyone position depicted dynasty contemporary political struggles history Christianity. This argument is underlined by fact that within portrayal family, prophecies end world approach Kingdom Heaven were included well.&#x0D; paper examines how members two great European (Luxembourg Plantagenet) used pedigrees, which real they emphasized them, characters incorporated into lineage. Two presented case studies consist an ancestral gallery Luxembourg from Karlštejn Castle pedigree scroll Edward IV Plantagenet dynasty. project aims to evaluate material geographically distant areas look common features construction strategies.

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Historical studies on Central Europe

Palynology of Gardens and Archaeobotany for the Environmental Reconstruction of the Charterhouse of Calci-Pisa in Tuscany (Central Italy)

Gabriele Gattiglia|Eleonora Rattighieri|Eleonora Clò|Francesca Anichini|Antonio Campus|Marta Rossi|Mauro Paolo Buonincontri|Anna Maria Mercuri

In central Italy, the Charterhouse of Calci hosts Natural History Museum University Pisa. This monumental monastery was founded in 1366 by Carthusian monks. The has experienced various transformations over centuries, until its abandonment 1970s. Since 2018, interdisciplinary archaeological research focused on monks’ gardens (and particularly: Prior’s, Apothecary’s, and Master’s garden) green spaces outside cloister walls, consisting courtyards orchards, to determine individual (gardens) collective (green surrounding woods) practices adopted Carthusians. Palynology archaeobotany have allowed reconstruct plant biodiversity, with flowers ornamental, aromatic, medicinal herbs that grew gardens, as well management local hilly woods agricultural practices, including cultivation fruit trees, such chestnut, olive tree, almond grapevine. Our been based a solid theoretical approach, interpreting archaeobotanical data relation intricate network human non-human connections. Gardens are seen co-creation made together agencies, their diachronic transformation is read an expression personalities monks, feelings, connections nature divinity.

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Quaternary

The Early Reception History of the First Book of the Etymologies as a Mirror of Carolingian Intellectual Networks: A Proposal

Evina Steinová

This article describes the theoretical point of departure for Innovating Knowledge project, using example first book Etymologies Isidore Seville as a case study. can be used to examine intellectual networks that underpin Carolingian renewal and diffusion innovations in early medieval Latin-writing Europe. Three studies showcase different layers question: a) separate transmission context teaching grammar; b) glossing chapter De notis (Etym. I 21-26); c) scholarly redaction from St. Gallen.

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Law, human capital, and the emergence of free city-states in medieval Italy

Marianna Belloc|Francesco Drago|Roberto Galbiati

Abstract This paper considers how the foundation of first universities in Italy affected emergence free city-states (the communes) period 1000–1300 CE. Exploiting a panel dataset 121 cities, we show that time variant distance sample cities to their closest university is inversely correlated with probability transition communal institutions. Our evidence consistent hypothesis medieval provided useful juridical knowledge and skills for building legal capacity developing

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European Journal of Law and Economics|RePEc: Research Papers in Economics|Econstor (Econstor)

Sicily, Constantinople, and Jerusalem: A Geographical Pattern in Crusading Expectations along the Centuries

Marco Giardini

Among the aims of Charles VIII’s Italian expedition, reappropriation kingdoms Naples and Jerusalem served as main purpose for preparing decisive crusade that would regain to Christianity. However, connection established by several early modern sources between claims kingdom expedition Levant had already been expressed in previous centuries very similar terms. Also, case I Anjou thirteenth century, acquisition Sicily was perceived a necessary precondition setting military campaigns aiming at recovering Constantinople Jerusalem. The same pattern appears also Benzo Alba’s Ad Heinricum imperatorem (eleventh century), where pacification Southern Italy is presented first step towards reunification Constantinopolitan empire conquest under rule Henry IV. paper intends shed light on geographical periodically emerges various iterations crusading (and pre-crusading) propaganda (very often intertwined with prophetic expectations) which implied tight interconnection recovery Holy Land unification orbis christianus one universal ruler.

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Religions

Filsafat Skolastik

Titin Mirrang Bulawan

Abstrak Filsafat adalah studi tentang seluruh fenomena kehidupan dan pemikiran manusia secara kritis dijabarkan dalam konsep mendasar. tidak didalami dengan melakukan eksperimen-eksperimen percobaan-percobaan, tetapi mengutarakan masalah persis, mencari solusi untuk itu, memberikan argumentasi alasan yang tepat tertentu. Akhir dari proses-proses itu dimasukkan ke sebuah proses dialektika. Untuk falsafi, mutlak diperlukan logika berpikir bahasa. Seseorang mendalami bidang falsafah disebut "filsuf". Di filsafat skolastik ini akan sedikit membahas pada abad pertengahan masa awal barat. barat bisa dikatakan sebagai ‘abad kegelapan’ karena semuanya terikat gereja. Dan di aka nada banyak teori terori tokoh skolasti. a). Augustinus (354-430 M). Menurut pemikirannya, dia mengatakan dibalik keteraturan ketertiban alam semesta pasti ada mengendalikan yaitu Tuhan. Kebenaran ajaran agama. b). Boethius (480-524 sekurang – kurangnya telah menerjemahkan 2 karya Aristoteles Categories, On Interpretation. c). Kaisar Karel Agung (742-814 Charlemagne membangun sekolah-sekolah zaman ini. Hal dikarenakan agar tersebarnya agama Kristen terdapat pola organisasi teratur (baik penyebaran maupun memperdalam agamanya).Kata Kunci : Filsafat, Skolastik

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