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20231101.en_13197247_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urszula%20Meyerin | Urszula Meyerin | A devout Catholic, Urszula had considerable influence on the King and Queen. Shortly after her arrival in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth she acquired knowledge of Polish and became involved in the affairs of state which made her very unpopular. Meyerin used her influence on the King to appoint her favourites to state positions. As a result, she was contemptuously called King's mistress, minister in a skirt and Jesuit's bigotry. The King's secretary Jan Szczęsny Herburt called her "obscene favourite". |
20231101.en_13197247_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urszula%20Meyerin | Urszula Meyerin | Meyerin was a chamberlain () of the Queen's court. Though she became the senior governess to the King's children and supervisor of Royal Nurses, she was not held in high esteem among them (Urszula was especially loathed by a protestant nurse of prince Władysław, Scottish Mrs. Forbes). After the Queen's death in 1598 she did not leave Poland as did the other German Queen's ladies. The reason was her great attachment to the King and to young prince Władysław. Her tender letters to the prince are sometimes interpreted to contain more than a tutor's affection. |
20231101.en_13197247_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urszula%20Meyerin | Urszula Meyerin | In her constant correspondence with the Archduchess Maria she reported in details the life of King Sigismund and his court. I've never seen a man who would cry so much she reported on May 19, 1598, describing the monarch bidding farewell to his children before leaving for Sweden. As noted Stanisław Kobierzycki, she replaced the deceased Queen, since she was not unpleasant to the King (as wrote Archduchess Maria Anna). |
20231101.en_13197247_5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urszula%20Meyerin | Urszula Meyerin | When Sigismund III married again in 1605 in Kraków with a sister of his first wife, Constance of Austria, Urszula became her "close worries and consolations participant". She traveled in the Queen's carriage, dined with her at the same table, administered the court's treasury, and even assisted with official audiences with the King. Meyerin fostered the King's children and spoke to them mainly in Polish (their own mother communicated with them only in German). She never married and rejected all offers (even her great friend Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł). |
20231101.en_13197247_6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urszula%20Meyerin | Urszula Meyerin | As a chamberlain she was very thrifty and dressed mainly in a black Spanish dress. She corresponded with Emperor Ferdinand II and the Pope and received a Golden Rose for an "exceptionally virtuous life". In 1617 during Władysław's expedition against Russia to regain the tsar's throne, he asked of her intervention in favour of Marcin Kazanowski who came into dispute with the Grand Hetman of Lithuania, Jan Karol Chodkiewicz. |
20231101.en_13197247_7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urszula%20Meyerin | Urszula Meyerin | During the last year of Sigismund's life he was often seriously ill and Urszula become the real Polish Duke of Lerma, leaving him an increasingly peripheral figure. She signed official state documents instead of the King and received foreign ambassadors. After the King's death in 1632 the imperial diplomat Arnoldin Mathias von Clarstein who came to Warsaw, turned with his requests first to Urszula who promised to support him in his efforts to obtain a loan. When Urszula frightened the sum demanded, Prince Władysław unexpectedly entered the audience chambers of the deceased King, he found us sitting together, smiled and asked me if it's not the right time for us to deal with the matter on the outside, in the winter garden, as long as uberius coram de quo. |
20231101.en_13197247_8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urszula%20Meyerin | Urszula Meyerin | Urszula died in 1635 at the Royal Castle and was buried in the Jesuit Church in Warsaw with a solemn burial ceremony, almost like a Queen. Her grave was plundered and destroyed by Swedish and German troops during the Deluge in the 1650s. |
20231101.en_13197247_9 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urszula%20Meyerin | Urszula Meyerin | Urszula Meyerin died childless. All her effigies, including some by such great artists as Peter Claesz. Soutman or Christian Melich (Polish court painters), were destroyed when the Royal Castle in Warsaw was ransacked and burned down during the Deluge. A few months before her death, Władysław Vasa commissioned a painting, in which she sat in the middle of all the descendants of King Sigismund III, as a guide and guardian of the Vasa family. The canvas had semi-private character and expressed the idea Familia vasorum. It is believed that one of the ladies in the painting Adoration of Our Lady of the Rosary from Sandomierz (1599) depicts Urszula Meyerin. But it is more likely the mature blonde dressed according to Imperial court fashion and facing the King to represent Sigismund's mistress who was almost 30 at that time, than the effigy of a youth brunette in Polish costume as it is supposed. |
20231101.en_13197253_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Leblanc%20%28bobsleigh%29 | Ken Leblanc (bobsleigh) | Kenneth Leblanc (born February 13, 1968) is a Canadian bobsledder who competed in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He then returned to bobsleigh in 1997 and competed until the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. |
20231101.en_13197253_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Leblanc%20%28bobsleigh%29 | Ken Leblanc (bobsleigh) | Leblanc won a bronze medal in the four-man event at the 1999 FIBT World Championships in Cortina d'Ampezzo. He was also part of the four-man team that won the overall World Cup in 1989-90. |
20231101.en_13197253_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Leblanc%20%28bobsleigh%29 | Ken Leblanc (bobsleigh) | Competing in four Winter Olympics, his best finish was fourth in the four-man event at Albertville in 1992. |
20231101.en_13197254_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.League | F.League | The F. League (in Japanese: "F・リーグ", officially "日本フットサルリーグ", Nihon Futtosaru Rīgu) is the top league for Futsal in Japan. The winning team obtains the participation right to the AFC Futsal Club Championship. |
20231101.en_13197254_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.League | F.League | The league was formed in 2007 as a complement for the elimination tournament, (the current Puma Cup) which groups regional futsal champions into a final elimination phase. |
20231101.en_13197254_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.League | F.League | The league operates on the sports franchise system, with no promotion or relegation of clubs. The clubs are thus expansion teams. In 2009 the number of clubs was increased from 8 to 10 with the addition of Fuchu Athletic and Espolada Hokkaido. |
20231101.en_13197254_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.League | F.League | In F. League play, the clubs battle each other three times: once at home, once away and once in a neutral venue (generally Yoyogi National Gymnasium in Tokyo). The season runs from August to February. |
20231101.en_13197258_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%20Ram%20Gangaram | Ram Ram Gangaram | Ram Ram Gangaram is a 1977 Indian Marathi-language drama film directed by Dada Kondke. The film stars Dada Kondke, Usha Chavan, Ashok Saraf and Anjana Mumtaz in lead characters. |
20231101.en_13197260_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokkoms | Bokkoms | Bokkoms (or bokkems) is whole, salted and dried mullet (more specifically the Southern mullet, Chelon richardsonii, a type of fish commonly known in the Western Cape of South Africa as "harders"), and is a well-known delicacy from the West Coast region of South Africa. This salted fish is dried in the sun and wind and is eaten after peeling off the skin. In some cases it is also smoked. It is sometimes referred to as "fish biltong". |
20231101.en_13197260_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokkoms | Bokkoms | The word bokkom comes from the Dutch word bokkem, which is a variant of the word bokking (or buckinc in Middle Dutch). The word bokking is derived from the word bok (the Dutch word for buck or goat) and refers to the fact that bokkoms reminds of goat, because bokkoms has the same shape as the horns of a goat, is just as hard as a goat's horns, and stinks just as much as the horn of a goat (goats have scent glands behind their horns that cause the smell). The first official record of the use of the word in the Afrikaans language of South Africa was in the Patriotwoordeboek in 1902 in the form bokkom. |
20231101.en_13197260_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokkoms | Bokkoms | As early as 1658, only six years after the first permanent settlement of Europeans at the Cape of Good Hope, four free burghers were given permission to settle in Saldanha Bay on the West Coast of Southern Africa. They were given the right from the Dutch East India Company to fish the waters of Saldanha Bay and send their catches to the company's trading post at the Cape of Good Hope, to be sold to other burghers as well as to passing ships in Table Bay. They had sole rights to the lucrative fishing until 1711. One fifth of the catch had to be delivered in salted and dried form, which was the origins of bokkoms in South Africa. |
20231101.en_13197260_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokkoms | Bokkoms | The ingredients for bokkoms consist of small (juvenile) mullet (fish), coarse salt and fresh water. The original West Coast way of preparing bokkoms starts with catching the small (juvenile) mullets (called "harders" in Afrikaans). A large square tank built out of bricks or stone is filled with a strong pickle made of around 50 kg of coarse salt and fresh water, to which the fish is added. As soon as enough fish is added to reach the top of the tank, two or three spades full of dry coarse salt is spread on top of the fish. Thereafter more layers of fish and salt are put on top until all the fish is covered in salt. A thick layer of salt is added to the top. This is left for one day. On the second day, a press made with wood with weights on top, is placed on the fish in the tank. The purpose of the press is to ensure that the guts of the fish is pressed flat so that it does not go bad. After the third day in the tank, the fish is taken out and is then stringed up in bunches of 10 to 25 fish each on a rope, making use of a fish needle which is pushed through the eyes of the fish. The bunches are then dipped 2 to 3 times in fresh water, before they are hung on scaffolds to dry. |
20231101.en_13197260_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokkoms | Bokkoms | The most suitable circumstances for drying is a lot of wind and not too harsh sunlight. At nighttime, the fish is brought under a roof to prevent it from drawing in damp, and the next day it is taken outside again to hang in the sun. The whole drying process takes about 5 days. More recently, people have started to make use of drying "ovens". This consists of a closed room with an electrical fan, in which the fish is hung. The fan blows heated air into the room. This simplifies the drying process considerably, since the fish does not need to be moved indoors every evening. This also allows drying to take place during the wetter winter months. |
20231101.en_13197260_5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokkoms | Bokkoms | Bokkoms is a delicacy typical to the Western Cape of South Africa, and specifically the West Coast. Although it has a significant market in the Western Cape (where it is very popular and can be found in hotels, bars, bottle stores (in UK: off-licence), fish shops and beach kiosks on the beaches and holiday resorts), it has not been able to become a common product in the larger part of Southern African butcheries, fisheries and grocery stores like biltong has. It is, however, available for ordering and shipping through the internet in vacuum packed format. |
20231101.en_13197260_6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokkoms | Bokkoms | There is a vibrant bokkom industry in the "bokkom capital" of the world, Velddrif, on the West Coast of South Africa. Around 95% of South Africa's bokkoms are produced in Velddrif, in a series of small individual factories located along the Berg river. Each factory has its own small jetty on the river at the front of the factory. In the past, large schools of mullet was caught in the river and the jetties were used as a place to tie the fishermen's "bakkies" (small boats) to unload their catch. Because of over-fishing, the catching of mullet in the river is now prohibited and it must be netted in the open sea just off Laaiplek. |
20231101.en_13197260_7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokkoms | Bokkoms | Velddrif is the ideal place for the bokkom industry. It has access to the mullet just off the coast, its weather conditions are ideal for drying the fish (dry summers and relatively low rainfall), and it has access to huge amounts of sea salt as spring tide pushes the sea over the extensive salt pans (the largest salt factory in South Africa where salt is extracted from sea water, the Cerebos salt factory, is also situated there). It also has access to fresh water in the form of the Berg river. It is thus no co-incidence that the bokkom industry originated and still continue to be situated in Velddrif. The well-known "Bokkomlaan" (Bokkom avenue) along the banks of the Berg river in Velddrif is a place where tourists can see large numbers of bokkoms strung up in bunches on rows of reed scaffolds along the side of the road. |
20231101.en_13197260_8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokkoms | Bokkoms | Bokkoms is a unique, traditional delicacy of the West Coast of South Africa. It is best enjoyed with white wine, or with bread, apricot jam and black coffee, but can also be used in soups and spaghetti's, tapenades, ragout or just as a bite on its own. |
20231101.en_13197260_9 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokkoms | Bokkoms | There has been concern raised over declining fish stocks on the West Coast of South Africa. The Southern mullet is on the WWF Southern African Sustainable Seafood Initiative (SASSI) Orange list as an unsustainable species. This group includes species that have associated reasons for concern, either because the species is depleted as a result of overfishing and cannot sustain current fishing pressure, or because the fishing or farming method poses harm to the environment and/or the biology of the species makes it vulnerable to high fishing pressure. These species may be legally sold by registered commercial fishers and retailers. However, an increased demand for these could compromise a sustainable supply. |
20231101.en_13197260_10 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokkoms | Bokkoms | To refer to a very boring, tiresome, dull person, i.e. "a dry old stick", in the phrase "'n droë bokkom" (literally translated "a dry bokkem"). |
20231101.en_13197260_11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokkoms | Bokkoms | To refer to someone who is incompetent, unable to perform his work adequately, not able to do the simplest of things, in the phrase "hy kan nie bokkom braai nie" (literally translated "he is not able to barbecue a bokkom"). |
20231101.en_13197260_12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokkoms | Bokkoms | To refer to someone who is very thin and emaciated, in the phrase "hy is pure bokkom en biltong, maar min vir die jakkalse" (literally translated "he is pure bokkom and biltong, not a lot for the jackals"). |
20231101.en_13197260_13 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokkoms | Bokkoms | It has also been used as the name for a specific family of plants with sharp seedpods found in South Africa. These plants have been given the name of bokkoms in Afrikaans because the seedpods look like bokkoms, and their unpleasant smell reminds of the strong fish smell of bokkoms. |
20231101.en_13197260_14 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokkoms | Bokkoms | Bokkoms are similar to dried herring, as well as bloaters, kippers and buckling. Bloaters (whole fish), kippers (split) and buckling (head and guts removed) are all lightly salted and smoked for a short period of time. Although the method for making bokkoms probably originated from the European method of making dried herring, bokkoms use a different species of fish (the mullet) and do not regularly make use of smoking in preparation of the delicacy. |
20231101.en_13197275_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikage%20Station%20%28Hanshin%29 | Mikage Station (Hanshin) | is a passenger railway station located in Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the private transportation company Hanshin Electric Railway. |
20231101.en_13197275_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikage%20Station%20%28Hanshin%29 | Mikage Station (Hanshin) | Mikage Station is served by the Hanshin Main Line, and is located from the terminus of the line at . |
20231101.en_13197275_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikage%20Station%20%28Hanshin%29 | Mikage Station (Hanshin) | The station consists of two elevated island platforms serving four tracks. Part of the platform crosses the Ishiya River. Since the platforms are on a sharp curve (radius to ), the speed through the premises is limited to . The gap between the stopped train and the platform is partially wide, and the width of the platform itself is narrow, making it a particularly dangerous station among Hanshin stations. Due to the narrow width of the platform, there is no waiting room. There is only one ticket gate on the ground level. |
20231101.en_13197275_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikage%20Station%20%28Hanshin%29 | Mikage Station (Hanshin) | Service was suspended owing to the Great Hanshin earthquake in January 1995. Restoration work on the Hanshin Main Line took 7 months to complete. |
20231101.en_13197275_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikage%20Station%20%28Hanshin%29 | Mikage Station (Hanshin) | Station numbering was introduced on 21 December 2013, with Mikage being designated as station number HS-25. |
20231101.en_13197275_5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikage%20Station%20%28Hanshin%29 | Mikage Station (Hanshin) | Route 16 for (JR六甲道), , Kobe University Faculty of Intercultural Studies (神大国際文化学部前), and Rokko Cable Car Station |
20231101.en_13197275_6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikage%20Station%20%28Hanshin%29 | Mikage Station (Hanshin) | Route 19 for (阪急御影), Konan Hospital (甲南病院前), Kamokogahara (鴨子ヶ原) and Sumiyoshi Primary School attached to Kobe University (神大附属小学校前) |
20231101.en_13197275_7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikage%20Station%20%28Hanshin%29 | Mikage Station (Hanshin) | Route 36 for JR Rokkomichi (JR六甲道), Hankyu Rokko, Kobe University Main Gate and Tsurukabuto-danchi (鶴甲団地) |
20231101.en_13197275_8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikage%20Station%20%28Hanshin%29 | Mikage Station (Hanshin) | Route 39 for , Hankyu Mikage, Konan Hospital, Kamokogahara and Sumiyoshi Primary School attached to Kobe University |
20231101.en_13197275_9 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikage%20Station%20%28Hanshin%29 | Mikage Station (Hanshin) | Route 39 for JR Sumiyoshi, Hankyu Mikage, Konan Hospital, Kamokogahara and Sumiyoshi Primary School attached to Kobe University |
20231101.en_13197283_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samvel%20Petrosyan | Samvel Petrosyan | Samvel Petrosyan (, ; born on 27 September 1954) in Yerevan, is a former Soviet football striker. Now is manager who has worked as the coach of several Armenian teams among which FC Pyunik, the Armenia U-21 team and FC Gandzasar Kapan. |
20231101.en_13197310_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necton | Necton | Necton is a village situated on a turning off the A47 main road between Swaffham and East Dereham in the Breckland district of mid-Norfolk. As at the 2001 census it had a population of 1,865 residents and an area of , increasing to a population of 1,923 at the 2011 census. It has a number of facilities including a primary school, playing field, social club, pub, post office a shop, a butchers and a Co-op and fuel station at the top of the village along the A47. |
20231101.en_13197310_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necton | Necton | The place-name 'Necton' is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086, where it appears as Nechetuna and Neketuna. The name means 'town or settlement by a neck of land'. (Necton is situated at the foot of a ridge.) |
20231101.en_13197310_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necton | Necton | All Saints' church, dating from the 14th century, although its tower was rebuilt in the 19th century, is at the centre of the village in the Benefice of Necton. It is a grade I listed building. One of its main attractions is the hammerbeam and archbraced nave roof with its carved angels. |
20231101.en_13197310_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necton | Necton | In the churchyard is a 14th-century grade II* listed table tomb reputed to be that of the Countess of Warwick. |
20231101.en_13197310_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necton | Necton | There is an old mill dating back to 1782 that was in full working order until the 1960s. Necton tower mill had been converted into a single-storey dwelling with a flat roof by 1970, and it is presently a retail facility. |
20231101.en_13197310_5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necton | Necton | Necton Diner was a filming location for the locally-set film The Goob (2014). An electricity substation planned in the parish is seen as vital to the harnessing of offshore wind-generated power, connecting turbines in the North Sea to the National Grid. |
20231101.en_13197321_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagik%20Simonyan | Gagik Simonyan | Gagik Simonyan (born 21 August 1971), is a retired Armenian football midfielder and current manager. He has also 1 appearance for Armenia national team as a substitute in an away match against Wales. |
20231101.en_13197321_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagik%20Simonyan | Gagik Simonyan | 2011–2013 - assistant coach of Alashkert FC, 2013–2014 - assistant coach of Ulisses FC, 2014–2015 - interim coach of Ulisses FC, since 2015 - Head coach of Alashkert FC. |
20231101.en_13197321_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagik%20Simonyan | Gagik Simonyan | On 12 January 2016 Simonyan was arrested by the National Security Service of Armenia along with administrator, assistant coach and one of footballers of the club. He was accused of illegal betting. |
20231101.en_13197351_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | The Death Match (, ) is a name given in postwar Soviet historiography to the football match played in Kyiv in Reichskommissariat Ukraine (abbreviated RKU) under occupation by Nazi Germany. The Kyiv city team Start (Cyrillic: Старт), which represented the city's Bread Factory No.1, played several football games in World War II. The team was composed mostly of former professional footballers of Dynamo Kyiv and Lokomotyv Kyiv, all of whom were forced to work at the factory under the Nazi occupation authority and were made to produce bread for German soldiers. |
20231101.en_13197351_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | On August 6, 1942, FC Start played the German team Flakelf. There were an estimated 2,000 spectators in attendance, each paying five karbovanets. |
20231101.en_13197351_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | A Kyiv native Georgiy Kuzmin points out in his book Facts and fiction of our football (Были и небыли нашего футбола) that the first squads of Dynamo Kyiv included a number of regular Cheka members, among whom was Kostiantyn Fomin. Kostiantyn Fomin is known to have participated in repressions against Kharkiv sportsmen of Polish descent during 1935–1936. Prior to World War II, Fomin also played for Lokomotyv. |
20231101.en_13197351_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | Because players were not getting paid regularly, the football team of Dynamo for some time had a shortage of playing staff (only eight players). The team's captain Konstantin Shchegotsky even tried to escape to Dnipropetrovsk, where he played for FC Dynamo Dnipropetrovsk, but was forced to come back. During the Holodomor in 1932–33, half of the team escaped to Ivanovo near Moscow. Two of Dynamo's players, Pionkovsky and Sviridovsky, were arrested by NKVD agents during an attempt to exchange several cuts of cloth for products and therefore had to work "for the good of the country" for two years in a penal colony. During the Great Purge in 1938, Piontkovsky, and one of the Dynamo's team creators, Barminsky were targeted, and eventually shot in 1941. The season was never completed, as Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941. Several Dynamo Kyiv players joined the military and went off to fight. The initial success of the Wehrmacht allowed it to capture the city from the Red Army. Several of the Dynamo Kyiv players who had survived the onslaught found themselves in prisoner-of-war camps. |
20231101.en_13197351_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | In taking Kyiv, the Germans captured over 600,000 Soviet soldiers. The city was under a strict occupation regime; a curfew on civilians was enforced, and universities and schools were shut down. Ukrainian youth over 15 years and adults under 60 years old were submitted to labour obligations. Thousands of inhabitants were deported to Germany for forced labour. The Germans controlled the Ukrainian police, who took part in the hunt for Bolsheviks and Jews. |
20231101.en_13197351_5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | In autumn of 1943 after the withdrawal of the German troops from the city of Kyiv and the re-establishment of Soviet administration, writer Lev Kassil was the first to report about the death of Dynamo players murdered by the Germans. But his report in the newspaper Izvestiya did not mention the football match. The expression "Death Match" first appeared after the war, in the newspaper Stalinskoye plemya ("Stalin's tribe") on August 24, 1946 (#164, page 3) where a film script of Aleksandr Borshchagovsky was published. In 1958, he published his novel Alerting Clouds (Trevozhnye oblaka) about the match. Also in 1958, Piotr Severov and Naum Khalemsky published their novel The Last Duel (Posledni poyedinok). |
20231101.en_13197351_6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | These two novels provided the inspiration for Yevgeny Karelov's black and white film Third Time (Тreti time). According to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, about 32 million spectators in total saw it in the Soviet cinemas. The "Death Match" also became a very popular subject of the Soviet press. None of these publications mentioned survivors of the match. |
20231101.en_13197351_7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | The Start players who survived the Nazi occupation did not appear in public. In the years immediately following the end of World War II, they were initially suspected as having collaborated with the Nazis, and were interrogated and then kept under surveillance by the secret police (NKVD) for several years. |
20231101.en_13197351_8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | The reports about the "Death Match" changed in the mid-sixties. Under the rule of Leonid Brezhnev the propaganda of the Communist Party emphasised the heroism of the Soviet population during World War II. As a result, the "Death Match" became regarded as a part of Kyiv's war history. The exact number of victims was given: four Dynamo players were murdered by the Germans – the goalkeeper Nikolai Trusevich, an ethnic Russian, defender Olexi Klimenko and striker Ivan Kuzmenko, who together had played on the vice champion team of 1936, as well as midfielder Mikola Korotkykh, who had left Dynamo in 1939. |
20231101.en_13197351_9 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | In 1965, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR awarded posthumously the Medal "For Courage" to these four Dynamo players murdered by the Germans . Five surviving players received the Medal for Battle Merit: Volodymyr Balakin, Makar Honcharenko, Mikhailo Melnik, Vassyl Sukharev, Mikhailo Sviridovsky. |
20231101.en_13197351_10 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | Despite a KGB dossier expressing concern about the possible "glorification" of the surviving players with known collaborators amongst them, two monuments to their honour were erected in Kyiv in 1971. The former Zenit Stadium, where the match had taken place in 1942, was renamed as the FC Start Stadium. |
20231101.en_13197351_11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, journalists and historians in the new state of Ukraine were able to make detailed historical research without being controlled by Glavlit, the Soviet censorship agency. |
20231101.en_13197351_12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | The 50th anniversary of the "Death Match" in 1992 marked the beginning of eyewitness reports in Ukrainian mass media: |
20231101.en_13197351_13 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | Kyiv Radio broadcast an interview with former Dynamo player Makar Honcharenko Honcharenko denied the version that the players were threatened by an SS officer: "Nobody from the official administration blackmailed us for giving up the match." |
20231101.en_13197351_14 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | Sport reporter Georgi Kuzmin published a series of articles entitled "The Truth about the Death Match". According to him the creation of the "Death Match" legend was a countermeasure of Soviet propaganda to the reproach that the inhabitants of Kyiv "did not fight against the aggressor". |
20231101.en_13197351_15 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | Writer Oleg Yasinsky published his report "Did the Death Match happen?" Being a youth, Yasinsky was among the spectators of the match and later played on Dynamo's youth team. |
20231101.en_13197351_16 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | Vladlen Putistin, son of midfielder Mikhail Putistin, an ethnic Russian, being eight years old at the time of the match, was one of the ball boys during the match. Later he interviewed (unofficially) some of the players. |
20231101.en_13197351_17 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | All these reports contradicted aspects of the Soviet version: There were no SS officers being referees or threatening the Start team. The German team played a normal game and were fair, nor did the referee attempt to manipulate the match. There were no heavily armed soldiers with dogs in the stadium. The red jerseys worn by the Start players were not specifically intended as a symbol for communist spirit; rather the players were simply given them to wear by the Germans. Indeed, the Germans arrested nine of the Start players, however the first arrest was not until nine days after the match. Five, not four, players were murdered by the SS, three of them six months after the match took place. All the eyewitnesses denied the version that the Dynamo players were murdered specifically as revenge for the German defeat in the game. |
20231101.en_13197351_18 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | The first genuine historical studies of the "Death Match" confirmed the reports of the eyewitnesses. Former Generallieutenant of Justice Volodymyr Pristaiko, having been vice chief of the Ukrainian Security Service SBU, summoned his analysis of the papers documenting the arrest and death of the Dynamo players: "There was definitively no context to the match." In his book (2006), he published NKVD papers concerning FC Start from 1944 to 1948 as well as KGB documents from the Brezhnev era. |
20231101.en_13197351_19 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | Historian Volodymyr Hynda showed that defeats of German teams against local clubs happened regularly. The Ukrainian press, controlled by the Germans, published many reports about these matches. Hynda found information about 150 matches and documented the results of 111 among them: the Ukrainians won 60 matches and lost 36 matches, 15 were draws. |
20231101.en_13197351_20 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | Articles published in the daily Nove ukrainske Slovo (New Ukrainian Word), controlled by the Germans, the reports of the witnesses and the NKVD documentation allow a reconstruction of FC Start's history. |
20231101.en_13197351_21 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | Under German occupation, all Soviet organisations and clubs were dissolved. By the end of 1941, German administration allowed newly formed Ukrainian sport clubs. In January 1942, football trainer and sport reporter Georgi Dmitrievich Shvetsov founded the club Rukh (Movement). He tried to engage the best players in Kyiv. |
20231101.en_13197351_22 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | But most of the former Dynamo players, among them the very popular goalkeeper Trusevich, did not want to play in Rukh, probably because they took Shvetsov for a collaborateur. Trusevich found a job in the Bakery No. 1 which guaranteed their workers and their families normal supplies of food. More former Dynamo players found jobs in the bakery. The German director Joseph Kordik, an engineer from Moravia, encouraged them to form a football team: FC Start. After World War II Kordik declared to the NKVD that in reality he was Czech, not German. |
20231101.en_13197351_23 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | Three players of the former club Lokomotiv Kyiv were incorporated into the new team. Four former players who were directly submitted to the German administration also played for Start: three Ukrainian policemen and one engine driver of the German railways Reichsbahn in Kyiv. None amongst the Start players had played for the Dynamo team in the years immediately before the war, although some of them had left the club only a couple of years before. |
20231101.en_13197351_24 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | Seven Start matches are documented for June and July 1942: against the Ukrainian teams Rukh and Sport, three Hungarian military teams, a team of the German artillery and the German railway team RSG. FC Start won all these matches, scoring 37 goals in total and conceding only 8. |
20231101.en_13197351_25 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | On 6 August 1942, FC Start beat Flakelf scoring 5–1. The names of the German players are given in cyrillic letters on the poster: Harer, Danz, Schneider, Biskur, Scharf, Kaplan, Breuer, Arnold, Jannasch, Wunderlich, Hofmann. |
20231101.en_13197351_26 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | With 2000 spectators present, the teams met again three days later, in the later so-called "Death Match". The poster informed that Flakelf had a "strengthened" team but did not reveal any names. But it named 14 Start players, amongst them Lev Gundarev, Georgi Timofeyev and Olexander Tkachenko, who were Ukrainian policemen under German command. |
20231101.en_13197351_27 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | The final score was 5–3 in favour of Start. Only the first half of the match is documented: The Germans opened the score but Ivan Kuzmenko, and Makar Honcharenko scoring twice, made the score 3–1 at half time. After the match a German took a photograph of both teams, showing an apparently relaxed atmosphere. Some days later he offered a copy to former Lokomotiv player Volodymyr Balakin. This photograph was never published during Soviet times. |
20231101.en_13197351_28 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | On 16 August 1942, FC Start beat Rukh scoring 8–0. Two days later, on 18 August, the Gestapo arrested six of the Start players in the bakery and two days later two others were arrested. |
20231101.en_13197351_29 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | In contradiction to the Soviet version not all of the Start players were prosecuted by the Gestapo. After the war Soviet authorities punished some of them for collaboration with the Germans. |
20231101.en_13197351_30 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | According to the archives, some of the Start players said during the NKVD interrogation that they had been denounced to the Gestapo by Rukh trainer Georgi Shvetsov. According to them, he had been very angry after Rukh's 8–0 defeat. Therefore, he informed the Gestapo that the former Dynamo players had been officially members of the NKVD. The Gestapo arrested them as potential NKVD agents who could organise sabotage acts in Kyiv. |
20231101.en_13197351_31 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | Ukrainian historians are convinced that this version was the real reason for the arrest; also because the three former Lokomotive players in FC Start were not prosecuted by the Gestapo. The Gestapo arrested neither Georgi Timofeyev, for having played in the "Death match", nor Lev Gundarev who was named on the poster but did not take part in the match. Both served in the Ukrainian police. Their names were never mentioned in Soviet publications. |
20231101.en_13197351_32 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | The Kyiv archives document the cases of Olexander Tkachenko and Mikola Korotkykh as both not having played on Dynamo's first team before the war. Both cases do not show any context of the "Death Match": |
20231101.en_13197351_33 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | Tkachenko, one of the three policemen in FC Start, had beaten up a German in Kyiv and therefore was arrested by the Gestapo. According to his mother's report, he tried to escape from the Gestapo arrest and was shot by an SS man. At this very moment, his mother came to the police station where he had been taken when arrested to bring him a meal. His case was not mentioned in Soviet publications. |
20231101.en_13197351_34 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | Korotkykh had left Dynamo in 1939 and played in the club Rotfront. In 1942, he did not work in the bakery but in the kitchen of a German officers' club. His name was on a list of former NKVD agents established by Ukrainian collaborators. When he got information about this list, he hid himself. According to some reports, his sister was afraid of the Gestapo and denounced him. During the interrogation, the Gestapo tortured Korotkykh to death. According to some of the players, the Germans found a NKVD identity card in his clothes, but there is no proof for this version in the NKVD archives, which contain only documents about his membership in the Communist Party and about his military service in a NKVD unit from 1932 to 1934 in the Russian city of Ivanovo. |
20231101.en_13197351_35 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | After three weeks in the Gestapo prison, eight of the former Dynamo players were deported to the Syrets concentration camp next to the valley of Babi Yar in the outskirts of Kyiv. Nikolai Trusevich, Olexi Klimenko and Ivan Kuzmenko had to work in a group of street builders. Pavlo Komarov, Mikhail Putistin and Fedor Tyutchev worked as electricians outside the camp. Makar Honcharenko and Mikhailo Sviridovsky had to repair shoes for the Wehrmacht. The prisoners working outside the camp were not guarded by the SS, but rather by Ukrainian policemen who allowed their families to bring them food. They spent only nights in the camps; Komarov was chosen by the SS as a Kapo. |
20231101.en_13197351_36 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | About half a year after their arrest, Trusevich, Klimenko and Kuzmenko were executed amongst a group of prisoners on 24 February 1943 in the camp. Survivors reported that the bodies were thrown into the mass graves of Babi Yar. None of the surviving players described the execution as a consequence of the match on 9 August 1942. On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the match, Honcharenko said on Kyiv radio: "They died like many other Soviet people because the two totalitarian systems were fighting each other and they were destined to become victims of that grand-scale massacre." |
20231101.en_13197351_37 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | A conflict concerning the dog of the camp commandant Paul Radomski: Some prisoners were said to have beaten it with a shovel in the camp kitchen. In this situation one of the prisoners had attacked an SS soldier. |
20231101.en_13197351_38 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | After receiving the information about the execution in the camp, Honcharenko and Sviridovsky left the shoe repairing facility and hid in the apartment of friends in Kyiv. By the end of the sixties, Honcharenko became a media figure and often told the official version of the Death Match, but after the end of the Soviet regime he denied this version. |
20231101.en_13197351_39 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | Putistin and Tyutchev fled from the camp in September 1943 when the Germans left Kyiv. Tyutchev died in 1959, before the surviving Dynamo players became stars of Soviet propaganda. Putistin was not awarded any honour in 1966. According to his son, he did not want to repeat the propaganda version. |
20231101.en_13197351_40 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | Komarov, before World War II Dynamo's penalty specialist, left Kyiv with the Germans. It is not known whether he was forced to come with them as a forced labour slave or was a collaborator. In 1945, he found himself in occupied Western Germany and soon he emigrated to Canada. His name was never mentioned in any Soviet publications. |
20231101.en_13197351_41 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | Former Ukrainian policeman Timofeyev was sentenced to five years in the Gulag for collaborating with the Germans. Gundarev, according to NKVD documents a "German agent", was condemned to death, but later his punishment was changed to ten years in the Gulag. He was not allowed to return to Kyiv; he had to stay in the Asian part of the Soviet Union. He became the director of the stadium in Karaganda in the Soviet Republic of Kazakhstan. Both cases were never mentioned in Soviet publications. |
20231101.en_13197351_42 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | After the publication of a report in a German newspaper repeating the Soviet version, a case about the "Death Match" was opened by the prosecution office of Hamburg in July 1974. As Soviet authorities did not collaborate on the case, it was closed in March 1976. In 2002, the Ukrainian authorities informed Hamburg about their new investigation, so the case was reopened, but finally closed by the investigation commission in February 2005. The commission was not able to find any connections between the game and the execution of people who participated in it, nor any person responsible for the executions being still alive. Radomski had been killed on 14 March 1945. |
20231101.en_13197351_43 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | Two Half Times in Hell was a 1962 Hungarian war film in which Germans would play against Hungarian labour servicemen of war. |
20231101.en_13197351_44 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | The Longest Yard is a 1974 American sports comedy film directed by Robert Aldrich, written by Tracy Keenan Wynn and based on a story by producer Albert S. Ruddy. The film follows a former NFL player (Burt Reynolds) recruiting the group of prisoners and playing football against their guards. The film has been remade three times, including for the 2001 British film Mean Machine, starring Vinnie Jones, the 2005 film remake, The Longest Yard starring Adam Sandler, and as the 2015 Egyptian film Captain Masr. |
20231101.en_13197351_45 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | In 1981, Michael Caine and Sylvester Stallone starred in the film Escape to Victory, directed by John Huston, which told the story of a group of Allied POWs who are challenged to a match against the prison's guards. While the film's POWs are not Ukrainian but rather predominately Westerners, the story parallels are clear: they are threatened with death if they win, the playing ground is surrounded with Nazi guards and attack dogs, the referee ignores vicious and brutal fouls committed by the German team, yet the Allied prisoner team ignore the threat and draw the match, thus risking forfeiting their lives. (Huston's film has a deus ex machina ending which conflicts with the original Soviet story when the spectators storm the field at the match's end and the POWs escape in the resultant confusion, but as no event similar to this actually occurred in the West during World War II, it is generally assumed that this film was inspired by the legendary/propaganda version of the Death Match.) |
20231101.en_13197351_46 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | In the Anglo-American media, the publication of a book Dynamo: Defending the Honour of Kyiv by the Scottish journalist Andy Dougan inspired many articles. Dougan specialises in publications about Hollywood and has written books about George Clooney, Robert De Niro and Robin Williams. On the front page of his Dynamo book, he exposes his thesis: "If ever soccer was a matter of life and death, then it was here." |
20231101.en_13197351_47 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | Without giving any concrete sources Dougan's docufiction which invented dialogues repeats the Soviet version of an SS-officer threatening the Start players (p. 178). According to him the players were arrested because of their victories against Flakelf. He describes many details which Ukrainian historians revealed as false before the publication of his book: e.g. the red jerseys as symbol of the players‘ communist spirit (p. 137), the SS officer demanding the Nazi salutation from the Start players (p. 164), the heavy armed German soldiers surrounding the playground with German shepherds(p. 177-178), Trusevich praising the Soviet regime before his execution (p. 210). |
20231101.en_13197351_48 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20Match | The Death Match | In 2008 Willie Gannon a senior Bleacher Report writer wrote an article about the Dynamo's "Death Match" that starts with the following "This is a true story that I was told by my father..." Mr.Gannon claims that Germans entered Kyiv "with little or no resistance" and Major General Ebenhardt was rushing to stage a game between a German team and no other else but Dynamo Kyiv. In the article the writer also describes that the Kyiv team was always threatened with execution, but played and won every single game including the game against "German" team Rukh. After beating Rukh 8 to 0, all players were either executed or sent to concentration camp, so no one survived. |