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20231101.en_27013415_68 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | 2Cr13, belongs to 420 grade series, very basic. EN 1.4021 / DIN X20Cr13, widely used in economic cutting tools, 50HRC max after heat treatment. |
20231101.en_27013415_69 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | 3Cr13, in 420 grade series, it contains 420A 420B 420C 420D. 3Cr13 steel is 420B, EN 1.4028 / DIN X30Cr13, 52HRC approximately after heat treatment. |
20231101.en_27013415_70 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | 5Cr15MoV, some knives manufacturers define as 5Cr13MoV, the hardness could be 55–57 HRC. It's widely used to make kitchen knives, high-end scissors, folding knives, hunting knives, etc. It is equivalent to 1.4116 and German 4116 steel in composition. |
20231101.en_27013415_71 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | 6Cr13MoV, also written as 6Cr14MoV. The patented name applied by Ahonest Changjiang Stainless steel Co., Ltd. Similar stainless steel grade 6Cr14 (6Cr13)/420D which does not contain molybdenum and vanadium, is superior to make razor blades, surgical scalpels, etc. |
20231101.en_27013415_72 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | 7Cr17MoV, 440A modified with more vanadium elements. The benefits of vanadium (V): increases strength, wear resistance, and increases toughness; the recommended hardness about 55/57 HRC. |
20231101.en_27013415_73 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | 9Cr13MoVCo, 9Cr14MoV. Chinese-made steels that are similar to 440B but with a higher carbon, cobalt and vanadium content to add more strength to the blade. Uses include high-end barber scissors, hunting knives, etc. |
20231101.en_27013415_74 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | 9Cr18MoV, 440B modified, a higher end Chinese stainless steel used mostly in high-end barber scissors and surgical tools. |
20231101.en_27013415_75 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | 99Cr18MoV, 440C modified. Developed by Jaktkit and Ahonest Changjiang in cooperation. Uses ESR technology and hot forging. This improves its work performance, especially toughness, and edge-holding ability. |
20231101.en_27013415_76 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | 6C27, a common knife steel grade with good corrosion resistance and low hardness, mainly used in applications where the need for wear resistance is low. |
20231101.en_27013415_77 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | 12C27, a grade with high hardness and good wear resistance. Takes very keen edge with moderate edge retention. |
20231101.en_27013415_78 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | 12C27M, another Swedish stainless razor steel. A very pure, fine-grained alloy. A grade with good wear resistance and good corrosion resistance, well suited for the manufacture of kitchen tools. |
20231101.en_27013415_79 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | 13C26, also known as a Swedish stainless razor steel. Generally the same properties as Sandvik 12C27, but with slightly higher hardness but less corrosion resistant. The Swedish steelmaker Uddeholm AB also makes a virtually identical razor steel composition known as AEB-L, which they patented in 1928. Swedish razor steel is a very pure, fine-grained alloy which positively affects edge holding, edge stability and toughness. |
20231101.en_27013415_80 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | 14C28N, designed by Sandvik at Kershaw's behest to have the edge properties of 13C26 but with increased corrosion resistance by adding nitrogen and chromium. Available in Kershaw knives (as of 2012) and in other brands. |
20231101.en_27013415_81 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | The following Powder Metallurgy steels contain very high levels of Chromium, which at 18–20% produces a steel matrix that is highly corrosion resistant. They also contain relatively high levels of vanadium (3.0% to 4.0%), producing a high volume of vanadium carbides in the steel matrix, associated with excellent abrasion-resistant edge holding. |
20231101.en_27013415_82 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | M390 – Bohler M390 Microclean. Third-generation powder metallurgy technology steel. Developed for knife blades requiring good corrosion resistance and very high hardness for excellent wear resistance. Chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, and tungsten are added for excellent sharpness and edge retention. Can be polished to an extremely high finish. Hardens and tempers to 60–62 HRC, where it best balances edge holding and toughness. Due to its alloying concept, this steel offers extremely high wear resistance and high corrosion resistance. |
20231101.en_27013415_83 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | Elmax – Produced by Bohler-Uddeholm, Elmax is a through-hardening corrosion resistant mold steel using third-generation powder metallurgy process. Often said to be superior to CPM S30V and CPM S35VN for edge retention and ease of sharpening. Used in most of the 2013 and forward Microtech knives. Elmax is very similar to M390, CPM 20CV, and CTS 204P, but has somewhat lower Vanadium content, and lacks any Tungsten content. |
20231101.en_27013415_84 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | ATS-55, produced by Hitachi Metals. Has lower molybdenum content than ATS-34, is less wear-resistant than ATS-34 and has been reported to be also less rust-resistant than ATS-34. |
20231101.en_27013415_85 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | BG-42 Slightly higher in carbon, chrome and moly than ATS-34. Must be forged and heat-treated at very high and exact temperatures. Can be used at very high hardness, such as RC 64–66. Not supposed to be brittle, but high alloy steels usually are. Very expensive and hard to work. It is a martensitic stainless high-speed steel that combines the tempering, hot hardness and hardness retention characteristics of M50 high-speed steels, with the corrosion and oxidation resistance of Type 440C stainless. Although often used for aerospace bearings and other critical applications, its excellent wear resistance and corrosion resistance makes it a superior choice for use in cutlery applications. |
20231101.en_27013415_86 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | Several steel alloys have carbon amounts close to or above 3%. As usual, those steels can be hardened to extremely high levels, 65–67 HRC. Toughness levels are not high compared to CPM S90V steel, however, they have high wear resistance and edge strength, making them a good choice for the knives designed for light cutting and slicing works. |
20231101.en_27013415_87 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | Cowry-X is produced by Daido steel using PM process. Contains 3% carbon, 20% chromium, 1.7% molybdenum and less than 1% vanadium. Other elements are not published or may not even exist. Used by Hattori knives in their kitchen knives KD series. |
20231101.en_27013415_88 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | ZDP-189 is produced by Hitachi steel using the PM process. It contains 3% carbon and 20% chromium and contains tungsten and molybdenum. Used by several custom knife makers and factory makers including Spyderco and Kershaw in the limited run of the Ken Onion Shallot folders. The Henckels Miyabi line markets this steel with the name "MC66". |
20231101.en_27013415_89 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | R2 is a PM steel made by Kobe Steel Japan (Kobelco). It is also known as SG2 (Special Gold 2) when it is marked by Takefu Specialty Steel. |
20231101.en_27013415_90 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | SRS-15 is a High-Speed Tool Steel (HSS) where the 15 represents 1.5% C. One of the earliest known Japanese "super steels". The maker is unknown. A SRS-13 with 1.3% Carbon also exists. |
20231101.en_27013415_91 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | CPM REX M4 HC (AISI M4) is a high speed tool steel produced by Crucible using CPM process. M4 has been around for a relatively long time, lately entering custom and high end production knives. Popular steel for use in Blade sports Competition Cutting knives. |
20231101.en_27013415_92 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | CPM REX 121, is a new high vanadium cobalt bearing tool steel designed to offer a combination of the highest wear resistance, attainable hardness, and red hardness available in a high-speed steel. |
20231101.en_27013415_93 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | CPM REX 45 (HS) is an 8% cobalt modification of M3 high speed steel made by the CPM process. As of September 2018 this steel was used in some limited-run production knives from Spyderco. |
20231101.en_27013415_94 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | CPM REX 54 HS is a cobalt-bearing high speed steel designed to offer an improvement in the red hardness of the popular M4 grade, while maintaining wear properties equivalent to M4. |
20231101.en_27013415_95 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | CPM REX 76 (HSS) is a super high speed steel made by the CPM (Crucible Particle Metallurgy) Process. It is heat treatable to HRC 68–70. Its high carbon, vanadium and cobalt contents provide abrasion resistance comparable to that of T15 and red hardness superior to that of M42. |
20231101.en_27013415_96 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | CPM REX 86 (HSS) is a super high speed steel made by the CPM process. It has a combination of high attainable hardness capability (68-70 HRC), red hardness, and abrasive wear resistance for difficult machining applications while still maintaining good fabricating and toughness characteristics. The composition is designed to provide a balance of vanadium-rich MC and tungsten-molybdenum-rich M6C primary carbides. |
20231101.en_27013415_97 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | CPM REX T15(HSS) is a super high speed steel made by the CPM process. It is a tungsten type high speed containing high vanadium for excellent abrasion resistance, and cobalt for good red hardness, and is used for cutting difficult-to-machine materials where high frictional heating is encountered. |
20231101.en_27013415_98 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | K390 - One of the most notorious representatives of the powder steels family. Its produced by Böhler-Uddeholm AG an Austrian-based company. The steel itself is designed in such way that the primary goal for it is to create a mix of supreme edge retention, high level of toughness and great levels of edge strength. Due to the high levels of carbides and lack of high levels of chromium the steel is prone to corrosion. The composition is as follows: Carbon – 2.47%, Chromium – 4.20%, Molybdenum – 3.80%, Manganese – 0.40%, Vanadium – 9.00%, Tungsten – 1.00%, Cobalt – 2.00%, and Silicon – 0.55%. This kind of high speed steel is used in custom and high end knives and its one of the best and most expensive knife steels currently on the market. The level of HRC that can be achieved with a proper heat treat is 66 HRC. |
20231101.en_27013415_99 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | Maxamet is marketed by its manufacturer as a middle-ground between high-speed steel and cemented carbide. Carpenter claims Maxamet has improved hardness and wear resistance over high-speed steels while being tougher than cemented carbides. As of early 2018, it is used in several production knives from Spyderco. |
20231101.en_27013415_100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | The steels in this category have much higher resistance to elements and corrosion than conventional stainless steels. These steels are austenitic and non-magnetic. They are used in knives designed for use in aggressive, highly corrosive environments, such as saltwater, and areas with high humidity like tropical forests, swamps, etc. |
20231101.en_27013415_101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | These steels can contain 26% to 42% chromium as well as 10% to 22% nickel and 1.5 to 10% of titanium, tantalum, vanadium, niobium, aluminum silicon, copper, or molybdenum etc., or some combination thereof. |
20231101.en_27013415_102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | H1, produced by Myodo Metals, Japan. Used by Spyderco in their salt water/diving knives. Benchmade used it as well, later replaced with X15TN. |
20231101.en_27013415_103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | X15Tn, French steel patented by Aubert&Duval, originally designed for medical industry and jet ball bearings. According to the company data sheet It meets EN 1.4123 standard (designation X40CrMoNV16-2) and UNS42025.This is a Martenistic stainless steel, with a high nitrogen content, remelted for optimum structure and properties. Used by Benchmade in their salt water/diving knives. |
20231101.en_27013415_104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | Vanax, produced by Uddeholm, is a relatively new, 3rd generation powder metallurgy blade steel in which carbon is largely replaced by nitrogen. This results in a steel with extreme corrosion resistance, excellent edge holding, yet it is fairly easily resharpened while containing a relatively high carbide volume for abrasive cutting edge retention. |
20231101.en_27013415_105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | LC200N (aka Z-FiNit, Cronidur30, N360) produced by Zapp Precision Metals, is a high nitrogen alloyed tool steel which exhibits superior corrosion resistance combined with high toughness even at hardness up to 60 HRc. Spyderco uses this steel in several of their knives. |
20231101.en_27013415_106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | Carbon steel is a popular choice for rough use knives and cheaper options. Carbon steel used to be much tougher, much more durable, and easier to sharpen than stainless steel. This is no longer the case since the coming of super-advanced alloy metallurgy such as VG-10 and SG-2 powder steel for example. These high-end stainless alloys now have all the benefits including hardness, toughness and the corrosion resistance and passed the limits of Carbon steel. Carbon steels lack the chromium content of stainless steel, making them very susceptible to corrosion. |
20231101.en_27013415_107 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | Carbon steels have less carbon than typical stainless steels do, but it is the main alloy element. They are more homogeneous than stainless than other high alloy steels, having carbide only in very small inclusions in the iron. The bulk material is a little bit harder than standard stainless steel such as St-304 (high-end alloys excluded), allowing them to hold a sharper and more acute edge without bending over in contact with hard materials. But they dull by abrasion much quicker, because they lack hard inclusions to take the friction. This also makes them quicker to sharpen but less edge resistant. The only advantage they now hold over high-end stainless steel alloys is much lower production costs. This keeps product prices fairly low. |
20231101.en_27013415_108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | The 10xx series is the most popular choice for carbon steel used in knives as well as katanas. They can take and keep a very sharp edge. |
20231101.en_27013415_109 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | 1095, a popular high-carbon steel for knives; it is harder but more brittle than lower carbon steels such as 1055, 1060, 1070, and 1080. It has a carbon content of 0.90-1.03% Many older pocket knives and kitchen knives were made of 1095. It is still popular with many bush crafters and survivalists due to its toughness and ease of sharpening. With a good heat treat, the high carbon 1095 and O-1 tool steels can make excellent knives. |
20231101.en_27013415_110 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | 1084, carbon content 0.80-0.93%. Often recommended for novice knife makers or those without more advanced heat treating equipment due to the ease of heat treating it successfully in such conditions, yet also used by many professional blade smiths for various kinds of knives as it can make excellent knives. |
20231101.en_27013415_111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | 1055, used in swords and machetes often heat-treated to a spring temper to reduce breakage. It has a carbon content of 0.48-0.55% |
20231101.en_27013415_112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | a Japanese exotic, high-end steel made by Hitachi. The "Blue" refers to, not the color of the steel itself, but the color of the paper in which the raw steel comes wrapped. |
20231101.en_27013415_113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | Aogami/Blue-Super A steel with higher Toughness, tensile strength and edge stability than all other steels in its series. |
20231101.en_27013415_114 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | "Better" steel compared to SK series, but worse than both, Aogami and Shirogami. Used in high end tools and low/mid class kitchen knives. |
20231101.en_27013415_115 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | INFI, a unique steel used in Busse knives. It is a tough steel, that resists both wear and corrosion relatively well. Prior to 2002, INFI contained 0.5% Carbon, 0.74% Nitrogen, about 1% Cobalt, and about 0.1% Nickel. In 2002, Busse changed the steel composition by removing Nitrogen, but added 0.63% Silicon for toughness, and the Cobalt and Nickel components were dropped. |
20231101.en_27013415_116 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | The group of these steels is unknown at this time. Please move them to their proper group and provide a description. |
20231101.en_27013415_117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | 4116 Krupp is German steel which is cryogenically quenched during the hardening process. Used in many entry-level knives by Henkels, Wusthof and other German makers hardened to 54-56 RC. High stain resistance but mediocre edge retention. 0.45-0.55% carbon, 0.1-0.2% vanadium, 14-15% Chromium, 0.5-0.8% Molybdenum. In 2017 it made inroads in mid-priced (between 7Cr17Mov and 440C San Mai) Chinese made knives, usually in larger, 9-12" chef's knives and cleavers tempered to RC 56–60 with improved edge retention. Sometimes referred to as 1.4116. Thyssen-Krupp names their steels using standard convention, i. e. removing .1 from w-Nr 1.4116. Under the DIN system, this steel is described as X50CrMoV15, with the X indicating stainless steel, the 50 referring to the carbon content in hundredths of a percent, and the 15 referring to the percentage of chromium rounded to the nearest whole number. Other sources describe it as almost identical to X50CrMoV15 but very slightly different, with the chromium content differing by about half a percent. Yet another name for this steel is 5Cr15MoV, and therefore belongs in the CrMoV family of steels, with this specific steel having performance similar to AUS-8 but with perhaps slightly better corrosion resistance. (5Cr14MoV is also essentially identical, with marginally lesser amounts of chromium. In this naming convention, the number to the left of the Cr indicates the carbon content in tenths of a percent, while the number to the right of the Chromium indicates the percentage of chromium rounded to the nearest whole number.) Krupp 4116 (a.k.a. DIN X50CrMoV15, etc.) is a favorite of high-end, world-famous German kitchen knife makers like Wüsthof and Zwilling J. A. Henckels. Western-style (i.e., flexible) fillet knives made from 4116 are specifically marketed as intended for saltwater fishing because of the corrosion resistance of this steel. On a separate but related note, the X55CrMoV14 described below as Swiss Army Knife steel and also known as Krupp 4110 is also part of this CrMoV steel family. |
20231101.en_27013415_118 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | Acuto 440. manufactured by Aicihi and contains Chromium 0.80-0.95% Silicon 0.35-0.50% Manganese 0.25-0.40% Phosphorus under 0.040% Sulfur under 0.030% Chromium 17.00-18.00% Molybdenum 1.00-1.25% Vanadium 0.08-0.12% contents. specifically designed to meet resistance to corrosion and wear in stainless has not compared to many carbon steels. Its performance tests yield great results and are not used frequently with labels it seems. its edge retention is close to AUS 10 with better corrosion resistance. It is SuperSteel from Aichi newer than aus10 and implications suggest a modified version of this steel in global knives, due to the Yoshida-Shimonakano group is Aichi steel, Toyota, global knives, and many more. Many knife manufacturers use versions of Asus6-10, Asus440a and Asus440c, which also are all Aicihi steel. Many modify to name others, sometimes such as molybdenum vanadium steel. |
20231101.en_27013415_119 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | 80CrV2 is commonly known as Swedish Saw Steel. It is a manganese-vanadium steel with 0.8% carbon content, making it a true high-carbon steel; and as such is easily harden able, and with very good edge retention. It has an excellent reputation for toughness and shock resistance, comparable to S7 steel. It is used by companies including Zombie Tools and Winkler Knives. |
20231101.en_27013415_120 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | 15N20, L6, and 8670 are steels containing 1-2% nickel, known for great toughness at around Rockwell C 58–60. L6 is popular for swords; 8670 would also be excellent and is easier to find and cheaper. 15N20 (.75% C, 2.0% Ni) is widely used with 1095 to make pattern-welded ("Damascus") steel. |
20231101.en_27013415_121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | increases or decreases corrosion resistance depending on the type and grade of steel or stainless steel. |
20231101.en_27013415_122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | Used in place of carbon for the steel matrix. The Nitrogen atom will function in a similar manner to the carbon atom but offers unusual advantages in corrosion resistance. |
20231101.en_27013415_123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | Ceramics are harder than metals but more brittle. Ceramic knives can be sharpened with silicon carbide or diamond sandpaper but chip when sharpened on a hard stone or lap. |
20231101.en_27013415_124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | Titanium and its own alloys are often used in diving and EOD (explosive ordnance disposal) knives due to its excellent corrosion resistance and non-magnetic properties. Some titanium blades have a carbide or nitride edge attached instead of a raw titanium (alloy) edge. |
20231101.en_27013415_125 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | Obsidian, used by Native Americans for knives, spears, and arrowheads. This natural glass chips sharper than other stones but is more brittle. |
20231101.en_27013415_126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | Free Ebook - Metallurgy of Steel for Bladesmiths and Others Who Heat Treat and Forge Steel – by Professor Verhoeven |
20231101.en_27013430_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20J.League%20Division%202 | 2010 J.League Division 2 | The 2010 J. League Division 2 season was the 39th season of the second-tier club football in Japan and the 12th season since the establishment of J2 League. The season began on March 6 and ended on December 4. |
20231101.en_27013430_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20J.League%20Division%202 | 2010 J.League Division 2 | In this season, the number of participating clubs was increased by one, making the total number, nineteen. As opposed to the last two seasons, clubs will play double-round robin, instead of triple-round robin. At the end of the season, the top three clubs will be promoted to J. League Division 1 for the 2011 season. Furthermore, there will be no relegation to the third-tier Japan Football League. |
20231101.en_27013430_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20J.League%20Division%202 | 2010 J.League Division 2 | The following nineteen clubs will play in J. League Division 2 during the 2010 season. Of these clubs, JEF United Chiba, Kashiwa Reysol, and Oita Trinita were relegated from J1 League last year. Also, Giravanz Kitakyushu (formerly known as New Wave Kitakyushu) newly joined from Japan Football League. |
20231101.en_27013430_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20J.League%20Division%202 | 2010 J.League Division 2 | Nineteen clubs will play in double round-robin (home and away) format, a total of 36 games each. A club receives 3 points for a win, 1 point for a tie, and 0 points for a loss. The clubs are ranked by points, and tie breakers are, in the following order: |
20231101.en_27013430_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20J.League%20Division%202 | 2010 J.League Division 2 | A draw would be conducted, if necessary. However, if two clubs are tied at the first place, both clubs will be declared as the champions. Three top clubs will be promoted to J1 (see below). |
20231101.en_27013430_5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20J.League%20Division%202 | 2010 J.League Division 2 | Due to abolishment of triple round-robin format, which has been applied for the past two seasons, and installation of double round-robin, the number of games per club decreased to 36, down from 51, the fewest games played in J2, as same as 1999 J2 season. Therefore, regular season schedule had a month break after June 13 games during 2010 FIFA World Cup, first World Cup break as J2 since the 2002 events held in Japan, then the season resumed from July 17. |
20231101.en_27013473_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cityscape%20Abu%20Dhabi | Cityscape Abu Dhabi | Cityscape Abu Dhabi is a real estate event, taking place in Abu Dhabi every year since 2007. It include real estate exhibition, seminars and conferences, and is attended by real estate developers, investors, government representatives, consultants and architects. It is organised by Informa Exhibitions. Sister events of Cityscape Abu Dhabi are Cityscape Global, Cityscape Egypt, Cityscape Riyadh, Cityscape Jeddah, Cityscape Qatar, Latin America and Cityscape Asia. |
20231101.en_27013473_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cityscape%20Abu%20Dhabi | Cityscape Abu Dhabi | Cityscape Abu Dhabi 2007 was the first major real estate event in Abu Dhabi. The exhibition received more than 15,670 industry professionals and covered 24,000 square meters of exhibition space. 187 developers participated in the exhibition by putting different projects on display. |
20231101.en_27013473_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cityscape%20Abu%20Dhabi | Cityscape Abu Dhabi | The second edition in 2008 had 297 developers from different countries displaying their projects. The exhibition received more than 48,354 visitors including investors and real estate professionals from 107 countries. |
20231101.en_27013473_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cityscape%20Abu%20Dhabi | Cityscape Abu Dhabi | Cityscape Abu Dhabi 2009 opened on April 19, 2009 and the recorded number of attendees reached 30,000, including regional and international investors, real estate developers, architects and property consultants, coming from 34 different countries. A total of 317 developers took part in the exhibition. |
20231101.en_27013473_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cityscape%20Abu%20Dhabi | Cityscape Abu Dhabi | Cityscape Abu Dhabi 2010 was held at Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre (ADNEC). The exhibition featured a life-size model of Abu Dhabi's 2030 plan. |
20231101.en_27013473_5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cityscape%20Abu%20Dhabi | Cityscape Abu Dhabi | Over 70 companies are expected to take part in Cityscape 2013, exhibiting more than 500 projects. Abu Dhabi's 2030 vision is also likely to be discussed at the show. |
20231101.en_27013508_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectoedemia%20spinosella | Ectoedemia spinosella | Ectoedemia spinosella is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It is found in southern Europe, reaching in the north to the southern part of Great Britain, the Netherlands, central Germany and Poland. It has also been recorded from the Crimea, the Caucasus and the European part of the former Soviet Union. It is common in western Turkmenistan. |
20231101.en_27013508_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectoedemia%20spinosella | Ectoedemia spinosella | The wingspan is 3.2-4.9 mm for males and 3.4–5 mm for females. Adults are on wing in August and October. |
20231101.en_27013508_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectoedemia%20spinosella | Ectoedemia spinosella | The larvae feed on Prunus cerasifera, Prunus domestica, Prunus dulcis, Prunus fruticosa, Prunus spinosa and Prunus webbii. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine consists of a narrow, contorted gallery, almost completely filled with reddish frass, later becoming less contorted with the frass leaving clear margins. Finally the corridor widens into a rather small elongate blotch. |
20231101.en_27013521_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea%20Bertolacci | Andrea Bertolacci | Andrea Bertolacci (; born 11 January 1991) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for club Cremonese. |
20231101.en_27013521_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea%20Bertolacci | Andrea Bertolacci | Bertolacci began his career at Roma, and was signed by AC Milan in 2015. Following loans to Genoa and Sampdoria, in 2020 he moved to Turkish side Fatih Karagümrük. Having represented Italy at youth level, he made his debut for the senior national team in November 2014, in a friendly match against Albania. |
20231101.en_27013521_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea%20Bertolacci | Andrea Bertolacci | In January 2010 he was sent on loan to Serie A team, Lecce. He scored the first goal for Lecce against Juventus a game in which he scored a brace. In summer 2010, Lecce extended the loan and borrowed Simone Sini also from Roma. |
20231101.en_27013521_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea%20Bertolacci | Andrea Bertolacci | On 22 June 2011, Lecce excised the option to purchase 50% of his registration rights for a pre-agreed fee of €500,000. However, Roma excised the rights against the option for €500,000. Thus, Lecce received €500,000 in net as an incentive for the loan. Then Bertolacci was loaned for another season to Lecce, in order to play as a regular and gain more experience. |
20231101.en_27013521_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea%20Bertolacci | Andrea Bertolacci | Bertolacci scored against his parent club in a 2–1 defeat on 20 November 2011. On 30 June 2012, he returned to Roma. |
20231101.en_27013521_5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea%20Bertolacci | Andrea Bertolacci | In summer 2012 he was involved in the deal to sign Genoa's Panagiotis Tachtsidis. 50% of Bertolacci's player rights were tagged for €1 million and also 50% of Tachtsidis's rights for €2.5 million. |
20231101.en_27013521_6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea%20Bertolacci | Andrea Bertolacci | The 2014–15 season with Genoa was Bertolacci's best season of his career. He scored 6 goals in 34 matches of Serie A, producing 8 assists and helping his team reaching 6th place in the league. |
20231101.en_27013521_7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea%20Bertolacci | Andrea Bertolacci | In June 2015, Roma bought the other part of Bertolacci's player rights from Genoa for a sum of €8.5m. Subsequently, on 29 June 2015, Bertolacci joined fellow Serie A club AC Milan for €20m. |
20231101.en_27013521_8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea%20Bertolacci | Andrea Bertolacci | On 14 January 2022, Bertolacci joined Kayserispor on a two-and-a-half-year. On 3 December 2022, he terminated his contract with the club citing unpaid wages. |
20231101.en_27013521_9 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea%20Bertolacci | Andrea Bertolacci | Bertolacci started his international experience in Val-de-Marne under-16 international tournament. He played all 3 matches of the 2008 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship elite qualification, in which Italy did not qualify to the next round. He was then promoted to the U19 team in January 2009 (as a consequence of the early exit of U-19 born 1990 team), played twice in 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship elite qualification and once in the elite round. He was also selected for the final stage, playing twice as starter. During the 2010–11 season he was capped twice for the U20 team in the Four Nations Tournament. |
20231101.en_27013521_10 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea%20Bertolacci | Andrea Bertolacci | In April 2011 he received his first under-21 call-up. However, he was injured and missed the friendly. On 10 August 2011 he made his debut with the Italy U21 team, in a friendly match against Switzerland. |
20231101.en_27013521_11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea%20Bertolacci | Andrea Bertolacci | On 11 June 2013, Bertolacci scored a 94th-minute equaliser – his first goal for the under-21s – against Norway in the European U-21 Championships to ensure Italy topped their group. Italy went on to reach the final, though Bertolacci did not feature. |
20231101.en_27013521_12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea%20Bertolacci | Andrea Bertolacci | On 9 November 2014, he was called up by Antonio Conte to the senior squad ahead of a UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying match against Croatia and a friendly against Albania. On 18 November, he made his debut with senior team against Albania, playing for 70 minutes in a 1–0 win at Stadio Luigi Ferraris. On 28 March 2015, Bertolacci made his second appearance for Italy in a Euro 2016 qualifying match against Bulgaria in Sofia which finished 2–2. |
20231101.en_27013521_13 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea%20Bertolacci | Andrea Bertolacci | Bertolacci is a quick, hardworking, versatile and well-rounded midfielder, who is also capable of playing in several other positions, due to his ability to aid his team both offensively and defensively. A left-footed player, he is usually deployed as a creative attacking midfielder, due to his vision, passing, technique, and striking ability, as well as his adeptness at making attacking runs, although he is also capable of playing as a central midfielder, or as a mezzala. |
20231101.en_27013521_14 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea%20Bertolacci | Andrea Bertolacci | Bertolacci married actress Nicole Murgia on 23 December 2015 and is brother-in-law with her brother, Alessandro, who is also a footballer. |
20231101.en_27013562_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish%20Federated%20State%20of%20Cyprus | Turkish Federated State of Cyprus | The Turkish Federated State of Cyprus (TFSC) was a state in Northern Cyprus, declared in 1975 and existed until 1983. This state was not recognised by the international community. It was succeeded by the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. |
20231101.en_27013562_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish%20Federated%20State%20of%20Cyprus | Turkish Federated State of Cyprus | The UN General Secretary came to Cyprus on 25–26 December 1974, and demanded that bilateral talks must be initiated between the two communities. After the Temporary Turkish Cypriot Administration was declared on 1 October 1974, the second phase was put into effect unilaterally on 13 February 1975 with the declaration of the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus by the Chairman of the Administration Rauf Denktaş, in the Autonomous Turkish Administration Assembly of Cyprus. |
20231101.en_27013562_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish%20Federated%20State%20of%20Cyprus | Turkish Federated State of Cyprus | In 1975, the "Turkish Federated State of Cyprus" was declared as a first step towards a future federated Turkish Cypriot state, but was rejected by the Republic of Cyprus, the UN, and the international community. The United Nations Security Council Resolution 367 stated regret for the declaration, however, it was not regarded as a unilateral declaration of independence and an attempt at breaking away. The Turkish Cypriot leadership, headed by Rauf Denktaş, hoped that the Greek Cypriots would treat them as equals and proceed to proclaim their own federated state. Meanwhile, the transition from an "administration" to a state enabled Turkish Cypriots to write their own constitution. In the 1976 elections, the National Unity Party of Denktaş received 53.7% of votes and gained the majority in the National Council. This parliament then proceeded with the debating and writing of the constitution. All political parties agreed on a federal solution to the problem with continued guarantee of security by Turkey. Moreover, the debates were centered on ideological, social and economical grounds, with the opposition parties Republican Turkish Party and Communal Liberation Party advocating a parliamentary system and criticising the draft constitution due to the powers it gave to the president. |
20231101.en_27013562_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish%20Federated%20State%20of%20Cyprus | Turkish Federated State of Cyprus | After eight years of failed negotiations between the Greek and Cypriot Turkish community, the North declared its independence on 15 November 1983 under the name of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. This unilateral declaration of independence was rejected by the UN via Security Council Resolution 541. |
20231101.en_27013562_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish%20Federated%20State%20of%20Cyprus | Turkish Federated State of Cyprus | In 1978, the imports of the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus were TL 2,067,457,000, whilst the exports were TL 758,453,000. In 1980, the imports were TL 7,086,008,000 and the exports were TL 3,345,262,000. |
20231101.en_27013564_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecchini | Cecchini | Garin Cecchini (born 1991), American baseball player in Major League Baseball, brother of Gavin Cecchini |
20231101.en_27013585_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CenterServ%20International%2C%20Ltd | CenterServ International, Ltd | CenterServ is an International managed server and cloud computing association. The company offers servers in more than 200 cities and countries and operates a privately held and nonprofit think tank institute to develop and improve the data center and cloud computing industry, on the global scale. |
20231101.en_27013585_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CenterServ%20International%2C%20Ltd | CenterServ International, Ltd | In early 2000, in the middle of the dot-com bubble, Laflèche Morin started a small communication agency called InexMédia out of his garage apartment in Montreal, Canada. The company began offering a wide range of Web related services. In 2004, InexMédia change its name to Group e-media.com and start offering managed servers and web hosting under the brand name E serves. When the company began to develop its international managed services and E serves become its primary business, the company was re-formed as CenterServ. In 2009, as the company grew and gained international presence, CenterServ started offering free cloud computing certification to IT professionals and systems administrators, with a particular focus on business ethics and social responsibility for the cloud industry. Those certifications were used for internal purposes and for private corporation objectives. |
20231101.en_27013585_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CenterServ%20International%2C%20Ltd | CenterServ International, Ltd | During the certification process, CenterServ signs data center access agreement with each member. This agreement grants CenterServ the access to each member's data center. In exchange CenterServ would give each member an exclusivity service contract for any hosted solution. Additionally, CenterServ would grant them access to virtual offices mostly offered by RegusTM and other international office space companies. |
20231101.en_27013585_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CenterServ%20International%2C%20Ltd | CenterServ International, Ltd | It is with these agreements that CenterServ decentralized the data center and cloud computing industry. Each certified responsible systems administrator would be responsible of the CenterServ hosted solution within their own data center. The resulting effects for the data center and cloud industry are higher level of service personalization and unification of data centers all around the globe. By the end of 2014, the company started offering cloud computing franchises. The franchise model would best fit the need of talented entrepreneur to develop their own business under CenterServ brand, mission and objectives. They would managed certified CenterServ members for the best interest of their own customers while upgrading the cloud industry service level. |
20231101.en_27013585_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CenterServ%20International%2C%20Ltd | CenterServ International, Ltd | By February 2016, CenterServ has a pool of more than 1500 certified members and IT professional in all fields. CenterServ has access to more than 500 data centers and office space in more than 200 cities and countries. In the future, with both is franchise and certified members network, CenterServ aims to promote innovation, creativity, entrepreneurship and greater accessibility to cloud computing. |