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jenny/10828

In Mesoamerica, Aztec philosophy was an intellectual tradition developed by individuals called Tlamatini and its ideas are preserved in various Aztec codices.

in mesoamerica, aztec philosophy was an intellectual tradition developed by individuals called tlamatini and its ideas are preserved in various aztec codices.

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ɪn , æztɛk fʌlɑsʌfi wɑz æn ɪntʌlɛktʃuʌl tɹʌdɪʃʌn dɪvɛlʌpt baɪ ɪndʌvɪdʒʌwʌlz kɔld ʌnd ɪts aɪdiʌz ɑɹ pɹʌzɜ˞vd ɪn vɛɹiʌs æztɛk .

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jenny/10829

The theory of Teotl can be seen as a form of Pantheism.

the theory of teotl can be seen as a form of pantheism.

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ðʌ θɪɹi ʌv kæn bi sin æz ʌ fɔɹm ʌv .

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jenny/1082

He did not know how long she had been looking at him, but perhaps for as much as five minutes, and it was possible that his features had not been perfectly under control.

he did not know how long she had been looking at him, but perhaps for as much as five minutes, and it was possible that his features had not been perfectly under control.

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hi dɪd nɑt noʊ haʊ lɔŋ ʃi hæd bɪn lʊkɪŋ æt hɪm, bʌt pɜ˞hæps fɔɹ æz mʌtʃ æz faɪv mɪnʌts, ʌnd ɪt wɑz pɑsʌbʌl ðæt hɪz fitʃɜ˞z hæd nɑt bɪn pɜ˞fʌktli ʌndɜ˞ kʌntɹoʊl.

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jenny/10830

Aztec philosophers developed theories of metaphysics, epistemology, values, and aesthetics.

aztec philosophers developed theories of metaphysics, epistemology, values, and aesthetics.

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æztɛk fʌlɑsʌfɜ˞z dɪvɛlʌpt θɪɹiz ʌv mɛtʌfɪzɪks, ɛpɪstʌmɑlʌdʒi, væljuz, ʌnd ɛsθɛtɪks.

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jenny/10831

Aztec ethics was focused on seeking tlamatiliztli which was based on moderation and balance in all actions as in the Nahua proverb 'the middle good is necessary.'

aztec ethics was focused on seeking tlamatiliztli which was based on moderation and balance in all actions as in the nahua proverb 'the middle good is necessary.'

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æztɛk ɛθɪks wɑz foʊkʌst ɑn sikɪŋ wɪtʃ wɑz beɪst ɑn mɑdɜ˞eɪʃʌn ʌnd bælʌns ɪn ɔl ækʃʌnz æz ɪn ðʌ pɹɑvɜ˞b 'ðʌ mɪdʌl ɡʊd ɪz nɛsʌsɛɹi.'

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jenny/10832

The Inca civilization also had an elite class of philosopher-scholars termed the Amawtakuna who were important in the Inca education system as teachers of religion, tradition, history, and ethics.

the inca civilization also had an elite class of philosopher scholars termed the amawtakuna who were important in the inca education system as teachers of religion, tradition, history, and ethics.

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ðʌ ɪŋkʌ sɪvʌlɪzeɪʃʌn ɔlsoʊ hæd æn ɪlit klæs ʌv fʌlɑsʌfɜ˞-skɑlɜ˞z tɜ˞md ðʌ hu wɜ˞ ɪmpɔɹtʌnt ɪn ðʌ ɪŋkʌ ɛdʒʌkeɪʃʌn sɪstʌm æz titʃɜ˞z ʌv ɹɪlɪdʒʌn, tɹʌdɪʃʌn, hɪstɜ˞i, ʌnd ɛθɪks.

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jenny/10833

WOMEN IN PHILOSOPHY

women in philosophy

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wɪmʌn ɪn fʌlɑsʌfi

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jenny/10834

Although men have generally dominated philosophical discourse, women philosophers have engaged in the discipline throughout history.

although men have generally dominated philosophical discourse, women philosophers have engaged in the discipline throughout history.

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ɔlðoʊ mɛn hæv dʒɛnɜ˞ʌli dɑmʌneɪtʌd fɪlʌsɑfɪkʌl dɪskɔɹs, wɪmʌn fʌlɑsʌfɜ˞z hæv ɛnɡeɪdʒd ɪn ðʌ dɪsʌplʌn θɹuaʊt hɪstɜ˞i.

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jenny/10835

Ancient examples include Hipparchia of Maroneia and Arete of Cyrene .

ancient examples include hipparchia of maroneia and arete of cyrene .

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eɪntʃʌnt ɪɡzæmpʌlz ɪnklud ʌv ʌnd ʌv .

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jenny/10837

Anscombe, Hannah Arendt, Simone de Beauvoir, and Susanne Langer entered the canon.

anscombe, hannah arendt, simone de beauvoir, and susanne langer entered the canon.

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, hænʌ ɛɹɪnt, sɪmoʊn di , ʌnd suzæn læŋɜ˞ ɛntɜ˞d ðʌ kænʌn.

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jenny/10839

PHILOSOPHICAL PROGRESS

philosophical progress

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fɪlʌsɑfɪkʌl pɹɑɡɹɛs

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jenny/1083

It was terribly dangerous to let your thoughts wander when you were in any public place or within range of a telescreen.

it was terribly dangerous to let your thoughts wander when you were in any public place or within range of a telescreen.

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ɪt wɑz tɛɹʌbli deɪndʒɜ˞ʌs tu lɛt jɔɹ θɔts wɑndɜ˞ wɛn ju wɜ˞ ɪn ɛni pʌblɪk pleɪs ɔɹ wɪðɪn ɹeɪndʒ ʌv ʌ .

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jenny/10840

Many philosophical debates that began in ancient times are still debated today.

many philosophical debates that began in ancient times are still debated today.

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mɛni fɪlʌsɑfɪkʌl dʌbeɪts ðæt bɪɡæn ɪn eɪntʃʌnt taɪmz ɑɹ stɪl dʌbeɪtɪd tʌdeɪ.

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jenny/10841

British philosopher Colin McGinn claims that no philosophical progress has occurred during that interval.

british philosopher colin mcginn claims that no philosophical progress has occurred during that interval.

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bɹɪtɪʃ fʌlɑsʌfɜ˞ koʊlɪn mʌɡɪn kleɪmz ðæt noʊ fɪlʌsɑfɪkʌl pɹɑɡɹɛs hæz ʌkɜ˞d dʊɹɪŋ ðæt ɪntɜ˞vʌl.

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jenny/10842

Australian philosopher David Chalmers, by contrast, sees progress in philosophy similar to that in science.

australian philosopher david chalmers, by contrast, sees progress in philosophy similar to that in science.

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ɔstɹeɪljʌn fʌlɑsʌfɜ˞ deɪvɪd tʃɑmɜ˞z, baɪ kɑntɹæst, siz pɹɑɡɹɛs ɪn fʌlɑsʌfi sɪmʌlɜ˞ tu ðæt ɪn saɪʌns.

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jenny/10843

Meanwhile, Talbot Brewer, professor of philosophy at University of Virginia, argues that 'progress' is the wrong standard by which to judge philosophical activity.

meanwhile, talbot brewer, professor of philosophy at university of virginia, argues that 'progress' is the wrong standard by which to judge philosophical activity.

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minwaɪl, tælbʌt bɹuɜ˞, pɹʌfɛsɜ˞ ʌv fʌlɑsʌfi æt junʌvɜ˞sʌti ʌv vɜ˞dʒɪnjʌ, ɑɹɡjuz ðæt 'pɹɑɡɹɛs' ɪz ðʌ ɹɔŋ stændɜ˞d baɪ wɪtʃ tu dʒʌdʒ fɪlʌsɑfɪkʌl æktɪvʌti.

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jenny/10844

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

branches of philosophy

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bɹæntʃʌz ʌv fʌlɑsʌfi

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jenny/10845

Philosophical questions can be grouped into various branches.

philosophical questions can be grouped into various branches.

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fɪlʌsɑfɪkʌl kwɛstʃʌnz kæn bi ɡɹupt ɪntu vɛɹiʌs bɹæntʃʌz.

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jenny/10846

These groupings allow philosophers to focus on a set of similar topics and interact with other thinkers who are interested in the same questions.

these groupings allow philosophers to focus on a set of similar topics and interact with other thinkers who are interested in the same questions.

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ðiz ɡɹupɪŋz ʌlaʊ fʌlɑsʌfɜ˞z tu foʊkʌs ɑn ʌ sɛt ʌv sɪmʌlɜ˞ tɑpɪks ʌnd ɪntɜ˞ækt wɪð ʌðɜ˞ θɪŋkɜ˞z hu ɑɹ ɪntɹʌstɪd ɪn ðʌ seɪm kwɛstʃʌnz.

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jenny/10847

These divisions are neither exhaustive, nor mutually exclusive.

these divisions are neither exhaustive, nor mutually exclusive.

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ðiz dɪvɪʒʌnz ɑɹ niðɜ˞ ɪɡzɔstɪv, nɔɹ mjutʃuʌli ɪksklusɪv.

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jenny/10848

Furthermore, these philosophical inquiries sometimes overlap with each other and with other inquiries such as science, religion or mathematics.

furthermore, these philosophical inquiries sometimes overlap with each other and with other inquiries such as science, religion or mathematics.

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fɜ˞ðɜ˞mɔɹ, ðiz fɪlʌsɑfɪkʌl ɪnkwaɪɜ˞iz sʌmtaɪmz oʊvɜ˞læp wɪð itʃ ʌðɜ˞ ʌnd wɪð ʌðɜ˞ ɪnkwaɪɜ˞iz sʌtʃ æz saɪʌns, ɹɪlɪdʒʌn ɔɹ mæθʌmætɪks.

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jenny/10849

Aesthetics is the 'critical reflection on art, culture and nature.'

aesthetics is the 'critical reflection on art, culture and nature.'

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ɛsθɛtɪks ɪz ðʌ 'kɹɪtɪkʌl ɹɪflɛkʃʌn ɑn ɑɹt, kʌltʃɜ˞ ʌnd neɪtʃɜ˞.'

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jenny/1084

The smallest thing could give you away.

the smallest thing could give you away.

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ðʌ smɔlʌst θɪŋ kʊd ɡɪv ju ʌweɪ.

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jenny/10850

It addresses the nature of art, beauty and taste, enjoyment, emotional values, perception and with the creation and appreciation of beauty.

it addresses the nature of art, beauty and taste, enjoyment, emotional values, perception and with the creation and appreciation of beauty.

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ɪt ædɹɛsɪz ðʌ neɪtʃɜ˞ ʌv ɑɹt, bjuti ʌnd teɪst, ɛndʒɔɪmʌnt, ɪmoʊʃʌnʌl væljuz, pɜ˞sɛpʃʌn ʌnd wɪð ðʌ kɹieɪʃʌn ʌnd ʌpɹiʃieɪʃʌn ʌv bjuti.

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jenny/10851

It is more precisely defined as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values, sometimes called judgments of sentiment and taste.

it is more precisely defined as the study of sensory or sensori emotional values, sometimes called judgments of sentiment and taste.

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ɪt ɪz mɔɹ pɹɪsaɪsli dɪfaɪnd æz ðʌ stʌdi ʌv sɛnsɜ˞i ɔɹ -ɪmoʊʃʌnʌl væljuz, sʌmtaɪmz kɔld dʒʌdʒmʌnts ʌv sɛntʌmʌnt ʌnd teɪst.

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jenny/10852

Its major divisions are art theory, literary theory, film theory and music theory.

its major divisions are art theory, literary theory, film theory and music theory.

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ɪts meɪdʒɜ˞ dɪvɪʒʌnz ɑɹ ɑɹt θɪɹi, lɪtɜ˞ɛɹi θɪɹi, fɪlm θɪɹi ʌnd mjuzɪk θɪɹi.

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jenny/10853

An example from art theory is to discern the set of principles underlying the work of a particular artist or artistic movement such as the Cubist aesthetic.

an example from art theory is to discern the set of principles underlying the work of a particular artist or artistic movement such as the cubist aesthetic.

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æn ɪɡzæmpʌl fɹʌm ɑɹt θɪɹi ɪz tu dɪsɜ˞n ðʌ sɛt ʌv pɹɪnsʌpʌlz ʌndɜ˞laɪɪŋ ðʌ wɜ˞k ʌv ʌ pɜ˞tɪkjʌlɜ˞ ɑɹtʌst ɔɹ ɑɹtɪstɪk muvmʌnt sʌtʃ æz ðʌ kjubɪst ɛsθɛtɪk.

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jenny/10854

Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, studies what constitutes good and bad conduct, right and wrong values, and good and evil.

ethics, also known as moral philosophy, studies what constitutes good and bad conduct, right and wrong values, and good and evil.

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ɛθɪks, ɔlsoʊ noʊn æz mɔɹʌl fʌlɑsʌfi, stʌdiz wʌt kɑnstʌtuts ɡʊd ʌnd bæd kɑndʌkt, ɹaɪt ʌnd ɹɔŋ væljuz, ʌnd ɡʊd ʌnd ivʌl.

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jenny/10855

Its primary investigations include how to live a good life and identifying standards of morality.

its primary investigations include how to live a good life and identifying standards of morality.

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ɪts pɹaɪmɛɹi ɪnvɛstʌɡeɪʃʌnz ɪnklud haʊ tu laɪv ʌ ɡʊd laɪf ʌnd aɪdɛntʌfaɪɪŋ stændɜ˞dz ʌv mɜ˞ælʌti.

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jenny/10856

It also includes investigating whether or not there is a best way to live or a universal moral standard, and if so, how we come to learn about it.

it also includes investigating whether or not there is a best way to live or a universal moral standard, and if so, how we come to learn about it.

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ɪt ɔlsoʊ ɪnkludz ɪnvɛstʌɡeɪtɪŋ wɛðɜ˞ ɔɹ nɑt ðɛɹ ɪz ʌ bɛst weɪ tu laɪv ɔɹ ʌ junʌvɜ˞sʌl mɔɹʌl stændɜ˞d, ʌnd ɪf soʊ, haʊ wi kʌm tu lɜ˞n ʌbaʊt ɪt.

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jenny/10857

The main branches of ethics are normative ethics, meta-ethics and applied ethics.

the main branches of ethics are normative ethics, meta ethics and applied ethics.

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ðʌ meɪn bɹæntʃʌz ʌv ɛθɪks ɑɹ nɔɹmʌtɪv ɛθɪks, mitʌ-ɛθɪks ʌnd ʌplaɪd ɛθɪks.

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jenny/10858

The three main views in ethics about what constitute moral actions are:

the three main views in ethics about what constitute moral actions are,

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ðʌ θɹi meɪn vjuz ɪn ɛθɪks ʌbaʊt wʌt kɑnstʌtut mɔɹʌl ækʃʌnz ɑɹ:

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jenny/10859

Consequentialism, which judges actions based on their consequences.

consequentialism, which judges actions based on their consequences.

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, wɪtʃ dʒʌdʒɪz ækʃʌnz beɪst ɑn ðɛɹ kɑnsʌkwɛnsʌz.

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jenny/1085

A nervous tic, an unconscious look of anxiety, a habit of muttering to yourself -- anything that carried with it the suggestion of abnormality, of having something to hide.

a nervous tic, an unconscious look of anxiety, a habit of muttering to yourself anything that carried with it the suggestion of abnormality, of having something to hide.

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ʌ nɜ˞vʌs tɪk, æn ʌnkɑnʃʌs lʊk ʌv æŋzaɪʌti, ʌ hæbʌt ʌv mʌtɜ˞ɪŋ tu jɜ˞sɛlf -- ɛniθɪŋ ðæt kæɹid wɪð ɪt ðʌ sʌdʒɛstʃʌn ʌv æbnɔɹmælʌti, ʌv hævɪŋ sʌmθɪŋ tu haɪd.

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jenny/10860

One such view is utilitarianism, which judges actions based on the net happiness and/or lack of suffering that they produce.

one such view is utilitarianism, which judges actions based on the net happiness and/or lack of suffering that they produce.

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wʌn sʌtʃ vju ɪz , wɪtʃ dʒʌdʒɪz ækʃʌnz beɪst ɑn ðʌ nɛt hæpinʌs ʌnd/ɔɹ læk ʌv sʌfɜ˞ɪŋ ðæt ðeɪ pɹʌdus.

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jenny/10861

Deontology, which judges actions based on whether or not they are in accordance with one's moral duty.

deontology, which judges actions based on whether or not they are in accordance with one's moral duty.

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diɑntɑlʌdʒi, wɪtʃ dʒʌdʒɪz ækʃʌnz beɪst ɑn wɛðɜ˞ ɔɹ nɑt ðeɪ ɑɹ ɪn ʌkɔɹdʌns wɪð wʌn'ɛs mɔɹʌl duti.

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jenny/10862

In the standard form defended by Immanuel Kant, deontology is concerned with whether or not a choice respects the moral agency of other people, regardless of its consequences.

in the standard form defended by immanuel kant, deontology is concerned with whether or not a choice respects the moral agency of other people, regardless of its consequences.

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ɪn ðʌ stændɜ˞d fɔɹm dɪfɛndʌd baɪ ɪmʌnʊl kænt, diɑntɑlʌdʒi ɪz kʌnsɜ˞nd wɪð wɛðɜ˞ ɔɹ nɑt ʌ tʃɔɪs ɹɪspɛkts ðʌ mɔɹʌl eɪdʒʌnsi ʌv ʌðɜ˞ pipʌl, ɹʌɡɑɹdlʌs ʌv ɪts kɑnsʌkwɛnsʌz.

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jenny/10863

Virtue ethics, which judges actions based on the moral character of the agent who performs them and whether they conform to what an ideally virtuous agent would do.

virtue ethics, which judges actions based on the moral character of the agent who performs them and whether they conform to what an ideally virtuous agent would do.

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vɜ˞tʃu ɛθɪks, wɪtʃ dʒʌdʒɪz ækʃʌnz beɪst ɑn ðʌ mɔɹʌl kɛɹɪktɜ˞ ʌv ðʌ eɪdʒʌnt hu pɜ˞fɔɹmz ðɛm ʌnd wɛðɜ˞ ðeɪ kʌnfɔɹm tu wʌt æn aɪdili vɜ˞tʃuʌs eɪdʒʌnt wʊd du.

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jenny/10864

Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies knowledge.

epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies knowledge.

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ɛpɪstʌmɑlʌdʒi ɪz ðʌ bɹæntʃ ʌv fʌlɑsʌfi ðæt stʌdiz nɑlʌdʒ.

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jenny/10865

Epistemologists examine putative sources of knowledge, including perceptual experience, reason, memory, and testimony.

epistemologists examine putative sources of knowledge, including perceptual experience, reason, memory, and testimony.

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ɪɡzæmɪn pjutʌtɪv sɔɹsʌz ʌv nɑlʌdʒ, ɪnkludɪŋ pɜ˞sɛptʃʌwʌl ɪkspɪɹiʌns, ɹizʌn, mɛmɜ˞i, ʌnd tɛstʌmoʊni.

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jenny/10866

They also investigate questions about the nature of truth, belief, justification, and rationality.

they also investigate questions about the nature of truth, belief, justification, and rationality.

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ðeɪ ɔlsoʊ ɪnvɛstʌɡeɪt kwɛstʃʌnz ʌbaʊt ðʌ neɪtʃɜ˞ ʌv tɹuθ, bɪlif, dʒʌstʌfʌkeɪʃʌn, ʌnd ɹæʃʌnælɪti.

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jenny/10867

Philosophical skepticism, which raises doubts about some or all claims to knowledge, has been a topic of interest throughout the history of philosophy.

philosophical skepticism, which raises doubts about some or all claims to knowledge, has been a topic of interest throughout the history of philosophy.

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fɪlʌsɑfɪkʌl skɛptɪsɪzʌm, wɪtʃ ɹeɪzʌz daʊts ʌbaʊt sʌm ɔɹ ɔl kleɪmz tu nɑlʌdʒ, hæz bɪn ʌ tɑpɪk ʌv ɪntɹʌst θɹuaʊt ðʌ hɪstɜ˞i ʌv fʌlɑsʌfi.

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jenny/10868

It arose early in Pre-Socratic philosophy and became formalized with Pyrrho, the founder of the earliest Western school of philosophical skepticism.

it arose early in pre socratic philosophy and became formalized with pyrrho, the founder of the earliest western school of philosophical skepticism.

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ɪt ɜ˞oʊz ɜ˞li ɪn pɹi-sʌkɹætɪk fʌlɑsʌfi ʌnd bɪkeɪm fɔɹmʌlaɪzd wɪð , ðʌ faʊndɜ˞ ʌv ðʌ ɜ˞liʌst wɛstɜ˞n skul ʌv fɪlʌsɑfɪkʌl skɛptɪsɪzʌm.

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jenny/10869

One of the most notable epistemological debates is between empiricism and rationalism.

one of the most notable epistemological debates is between empiricism and rationalism.

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wʌn ʌv ðʌ moʊst noʊtʌbʌl ɛpɪstʌmɑlɑdʒikʌl dʌbeɪts ɪz bɪtwin ɛmpɪɹʌsɪzʌm ʌnd .

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jenny/1086

In any case, to wear an improper expression on your face (to look incredulous when a victory was announced, for example) was itself a punishable offence.

in any case, to wear an improper expression on your face to look incredulous when a victory was announced, for example was itself a punishable offence.

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ɪn ɛni keɪs, tu wɛɹ æn ɪmpɹɑpɜ˞ ɪkspɹɛʃʌn ɑn jɔɹ feɪs (tu lʊk ɪnkɹɛdʒʌlʌs wɛn ʌ vɪktɜ˞i wɑz ʌnaʊnst, fɔɹ ɪɡzæmpʌl) wɑz ɪtsɛlf ʌ pʌnɪʃʌbʌl .

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jenny/10870

Empiricism places emphasis on observational evidence via sensory experience as the source of knowledge.

empiricism places emphasis on observational evidence via sensory experience as the source of knowledge.

very fast

ɛmpɪɹʌsɪzʌm pleɪsʌz ɛmfʌsʌs ɑn ɑbzɜ˞veɪʃʌnʌl ɛvʌdʌns vaɪʌ sɛnsɜ˞i ɪkspɪɹiʌns æz ðʌ sɔɹs ʌv nɑlʌdʒ.

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jenny/10871

Empiricism is associated with a posteriori knowledge, which is obtained through experience .

empiricism is associated with a posteriori knowledge, which is obtained through experience .

very fast

ɛmpɪɹʌsɪzʌm ɪz ʌsoʊsieɪtɪd wɪð ʌ nɑlʌdʒ, wɪtʃ ɪz ʌbteɪnd θɹu ɪkspɪɹiʌns .

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jenny/10872

Rationalism places emphasis on reason as a source of knowledge.

rationalism places emphasis on reason as a source of knowledge.

very fast

pleɪsʌz ɛmfʌsʌs ɑn ɹizʌn æz ʌ sɔɹs ʌv nɑlʌdʒ.

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jenny/10873

Rationalism is associated with a priori knowledge, which is independent of experience .

rationalism is associated with a priori knowledge, which is independent of experience .

very fast

ɪz ʌsoʊsieɪtɪd wɪð ʌ pɹaɪɔɹaɪ nɑlʌdʒ, wɪtʃ ɪz ɪndɪpɛndʌnt ʌv ɪkspɪɹiʌns .

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jenny/10874

One central debate in contemporary epistemology is about the conditions required for a belief to constitute knowledge, which might include truth and justification.

one central debate in contemporary epistemology is about the conditions required for a belief to constitute knowledge, which might include truth and justification.

very fast

wʌn sɛntɹʌl dʌbeɪt ɪn kʌntɛmpɜ˞ɛɹi ɛpɪstʌmɑlʌdʒi ɪz ʌbaʊt ðʌ kʌndɪʃʌnz ɹikwaɪɜ˞d fɔɹ ʌ bɪlif tu kɑnstʌtut nɑlʌdʒ, wɪtʃ maɪt ɪnklud tɹuθ ʌnd dʒʌstʌfʌkeɪʃʌn.

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jenny/10875

This debate was largely the result of attempts to solve the Gettier problem.

this debate was largely the result of attempts to solve the gettier problem.

very fast

ðɪs dʌbeɪt wɑz lɑɹdʒli ðʌ ɹɪzʌlt ʌv ʌtɛmpts tu sɑlv ðʌ pɹɑblʌm.

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jenny/10876

Another common subject of contemporary debates is the regress problem, which occurs when trying to offer proof or justification for any belief, statement, or proposition.

another common subject of contemporary debates is the regress problem, which occurs when trying to offer proof or justification for any belief, statement, or proposition.

very fast

ʌnʌðɜ˞ kɑmʌn sʌbdʒɛkt ʌv kʌntɛmpɜ˞ɛɹi dʌbeɪts ɪz ðʌ ɹiɡɹɛs pɹɑblʌm, wɪtʃ ʌkɜ˞z wɛn tɹaɪɪŋ tu ɔfɜ˞ pɹuf ɔɹ dʒʌstʌfʌkeɪʃʌn fɔɹ ɛni bɪlif, steɪtmʌnt, ɔɹ pɹɑpʌzɪʃʌn.

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jenny/10877

The problem is that whatever the source of justification may be, that source must either be without justification , or it must have some further justification .

the problem is that whatever the source of justification may be, that source must either be without justification , or it must have some further justification .

very fast

ðʌ pɹɑblʌm ɪz ðæt wʌtɛvɜ˞ ðʌ sɔɹs ʌv dʒʌstʌfʌkeɪʃʌn meɪ bi, ðæt sɔɹs mʌst iðɜ˞ bi wɪθaʊt dʒʌstʌfʌkeɪʃʌn , ɔɹ ɪt mʌst hæv sʌm fɜ˞ðɜ˞ dʒʌstʌfʌkeɪʃʌn .

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jenny/10878

Metaphysics includes cosmology, the study of the world in its entirety and ontology, the study of being.

metaphysics includes cosmology, the study of the world in its entirety and ontology, the study of being.

very fast

mɛtʌfɪzɪks ɪnkludz kɔzmɔlʌdʒi, ðʌ stʌdi ʌv ðʌ wɜ˞ld ɪn ɪts ɪntaɪɜ˞ti ʌnd ɑntɑlʌdʒi, ðʌ stʌdi ʌv biɪŋ.

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jenny/10879

Metaphysics deals with the topic of identity.

metaphysics deals with the topic of identity.

very fast

mɛtʌfɪzɪks dilz wɪð ðʌ tɑpɪk ʌv aɪdɛntɪti.

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jenny/1087

There was even a word for it in Newspeak: facecrime, it was called.

there was even a word for it in newspeak, facecrime, it was called.

very fast

ðɛɹ wɑz ivɪn ʌ wɜ˞d fɔɹ ɪt ɪn nuspik: , ɪt wɑz kɔld.

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jenny/10880

The type of existence, if any, of universals and abstract objects is an issue of debate.

the type of existence, if any, of universals and abstract objects is an issue of debate.

very fast

ðʌ taɪp ʌv ɛɡzɪstʌns, ɪf ɛni, ʌv ʌnd æbstɹækt ɑbdʒɛkts ɪz æn ɪʃu ʌv dʌbeɪt.

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jenny/10881

Logic is the study of reasoning and argument.

logic is the study of reasoning and argument.

very fast

lɑdʒɪk ɪz ðʌ stʌdi ʌv ɹizʌnɪŋ ʌnd ɑɹɡjʌmʌnt.

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jenny/10882

Deductive reasoning is when, given certain premises, conclusions are unavoidably implied.

deductive reasoning is when, given certain premises, conclusions are unavoidably implied.

very fast

dɪdʌktʌv ɹizʌnɪŋ ɪz wɛn, ɡɪvʌn sɜ˞tʌn pɹɛmʌsʌz, kʌnkluʒʌnz ɑɹ ʌnʌvɔɪdʌbli ɪmplaɪd.

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jenny/10883

Because sound reasoning is an essential element of all sciences, social sciences and humanities disciplines, logic became a formal science.

because sound reasoning is an essential element of all sciences, social sciences and humanities disciplines, logic became a formal science.

very fast

bɪkɔz saʊnd ɹizʌnɪŋ ɪz æn ɛsɛnʃʌl ɛlʌmʌnt ʌv ɔl saɪʌnsʌz, soʊʃʌl saɪʌnsʌz ʌnd hjumænɪtiz dɪsʌplʌnz, lɑdʒɪk bɪkeɪm ʌ fɔɹmʌl saɪʌns.

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jenny/10884

Sub-fields include mathematical logic, philosophical logic, Modal logic, computational logic and non-classical logics.

sub fields include mathematical logic, philosophical logic, modal logic, computational logic and non classical logics.

very fast

sʌb-fildz ɪnklud mæθʌmætɪkʌl lɑdʒɪk, fɪlʌsɑfɪkʌl lɑdʒɪk, moʊdʌl lɑdʒɪk, kɑmpjuteɪʃʌnʌl lɑdʒɪk ʌnd nɑn-klæsɪkʌl .

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jenny/10885

A major question in the philosophy of mathematics is whether mathematical entities are objective and discovered, called mathematical realism, or invented, called mathematical antirealism.

a major question in the philosophy of mathematics is whether mathematical entities are objective and discovered, called mathematical realism, or invented, called mathematical antirealism.

very fast

ʌ meɪdʒɜ˞ kwɛstʃʌn ɪn ðʌ fʌlɑsʌfi ʌv mæθʌmætɪks ɪz wɛðɜ˞ mæθʌmætɪkʌl ɛntɪtiz ɑɹ ʌbdʒɛktɪv ʌnd dɪskʌvɜ˞d, kɔld mæθʌmætɪkʌl ɹiʌlɪzm, ɔɹ ɪnvɛntʌd, kɔld mæθʌmætɪkʌl .

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jenny/10886

MIND AND LANGUAGE

mind and language

very fast

maɪnd ʌnd læŋɡwʌdʒ

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jenny/10887

Philosophy of language explores the nature, origins, and use of language.

philosophy of language explores the nature, origins, and use of language.

very fast

fʌlɑsʌfi ʌv læŋɡwʌdʒ ɪksplɔɹz ðʌ neɪtʃɜ˞, ɔɹʌdʒɪnz, ʌnd jus ʌv læŋɡwʌdʒ.

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jenny/10888

Philosophy of mind explores the nature of the mind and its relationship to the body, as typified by disputes between materialism and dualism.

philosophy of mind explores the nature of the mind and its relationship to the body, as typified by disputes between materialism and dualism.

very fast

fʌlɑsʌfi ʌv maɪnd ɪksplɔɹz ðʌ neɪtʃɜ˞ ʌv ðʌ maɪnd ʌnd ɪts ɹileɪʃʌnʃɪp tu ðʌ bɑdi, æz tɪpʌfaɪd baɪ dɪspjuts bɪtwin mʌtɪɹiʌlɪzʌm ʌnd duʌlɪzʌm.

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jenny/10889

In recent years, this branch has become related to cognitive science.

in recent years, this branch has become related to cognitive science.

very fast

ɪn ɹisʌnt jɪɹz, ðɪs bɹæntʃ hæz bɪkʌm ɹɪleɪtɪd tu kɑɡnɪtɪv saɪʌns.

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jenny/1088

The girl had turned her back on him again.

the girl had turned her back on him again.

very fast

ðʌ ɡɜ˞l hæd tɜ˞nd hɜ˞ bæk ɑn hɪm ʌɡɛn.

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jenny/10890

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

philosophy of science

very fast

fʌlɑsʌfi ʌv saɪʌns

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jenny/10891

The philosophy of science explores the foundations, methods, history, implications and purpose of science.

the philosophy of science explores the foundations, methods, history, implications and purpose of science.

very fast

ðʌ fʌlɑsʌfi ʌv saɪʌns ɪksplɔɹz ðʌ faʊndeɪʃʌnz, mɛθʌdz, hɪstɜ˞i, ɪmplʌkeɪʃʌnz ʌnd pɜ˞pʌs ʌv saɪʌns.

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jenny/10892

Many of its subdivisions correspond to specific branches of science.

many of its subdivisions correspond to specific branches of science.

very fast

mɛni ʌv ɪts sʌbdɪvɪʒʌnz kɔɹʌspɑnd tu spʌsɪfɪk bɹæntʃʌz ʌv saɪʌns.

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jenny/10893

For example, philosophy of biology deals specifically with the metaphysical, epistemological and ethical issues in the biomedical and life sciences.

for example, philosophy of biology deals specifically with the metaphysical, epistemological and ethical issues in the biomedical and life sciences.

very fast

fɔɹ ɪɡzæmpʌl, fʌlɑsʌfi ʌv baɪɑlʌdʒi dilz spʌsɪfɪkli wɪð ðʌ mɛtʌfɪzɪkʌl, ɛpɪstʌmɑlɑdʒikʌl ʌnd ɛθɪkʌl ɪʃuz ɪn ðʌ baɪoʊmɛdɪkʌl ʌnd laɪf saɪʌnsʌz.

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jenny/10894

POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

political philosophy

very fast

pʌlɪtʌkʌl fʌlɑsʌfi

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jenny/10895

Political philosophy is the study of government and the relationship of individuals to communities including the state.

political philosophy is the study of government and the relationship of individuals to communities including the state.

very fast

pʌlɪtʌkʌl fʌlɑsʌfi ɪz ðʌ stʌdi ʌv ɡʌvɜ˞mʌnt ʌnd ðʌ ɹileɪʃʌnʃɪp ʌv ɪndʌvɪdʒʌwʌlz tu kʌmjunʌtiz ɪnkludɪŋ ðʌ steɪt.

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jenny/10896

It includes questions about justice, law, property and the rights and obligations of the citizen.

it includes questions about justice, law, property and the rights and obligations of the citizen.

very fast

ɪt ɪnkludz kwɛstʃʌnz ʌbaʊt dʒʌstʌs, lɔ, pɹɑpɜ˞ti ʌnd ðʌ ɹaɪts ʌnd ɑblʌɡeɪʃʌnz ʌv ðʌ sɪtʌzʌn.

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jenny/10897

Political philosophy, ethics, and aesthetics are traditionally linked subjects, under the general heading of value theory as they involve a normative or evaluative aspect.

political philosophy, ethics, and aesthetics are traditionally linked subjects, under the general heading of value theory as they involve a normative or evaluative aspect.

very fast

pʌlɪtʌkʌl fʌlɑsʌfi, ɛθɪks, ʌnd ɛsθɛtɪks ɑɹ tɹʌdɪʃʌnʌli lɪŋkt sʌbdʒɪkts, ʌndɜ˞ ðʌ dʒɛnɜ˞ʌl hɛdɪŋ ʌv vælju θɪɹi æz ðeɪ ɪnvɑlv ʌ nɔɹmʌtɪv ɔɹ æspɛkt.

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jenny/10898

PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

philosophy of religion

very fast

fʌlɑsʌfi ʌv ɹɪlɪdʒʌn

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jenny/10899

Philosophy of religion deals with questions that involve religion and religious ideas from a philosophically neutral perspective .

philosophy of religion deals with questions that involve religion and religious ideas from a philosophically neutral perspective .

very fast

fʌlɑsʌfi ʌv ɹɪlɪdʒʌn dilz wɪð kwɛstʃʌnz ðæt ɪnvɑlv ɹɪlɪdʒʌn ʌnd ɹɪlɪdʒʌs aɪdiʌz fɹʌm ʌ fɪlʌsɑfɪkʌli nutɹʌl pɜ˞spɛktɪv .

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jenny/1089

Perhaps after all she was not really following him about, perhaps it was coincidence that she had sat so close to him two days running.

perhaps after all she was not really following him about, perhaps it was coincidence that she had sat so close to him two days running.

very fast

pɜ˞hæps æftɜ˞ ɔl ʃi wɑz nɑt ɹɪli fɑloʊɪŋ hɪm ʌbaʊt, pɜ˞hæps ɪt wɑz koʊɪnsɪdʌns ðæt ʃi hæd sæt soʊ kloʊs tu hɪm tu deɪz ɹʌnɪŋ.

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jenny/108

For whom, it suddenly occurred to him to wonder, was he writing this diary? For the future, for the unborn.

for whom, it suddenly occurred to him to wonder, was he writing this diary? for the future, for the unborn.

very fast

fɔɹ hum, ɪt sʌdʌnli ʌkɜ˞d tu hɪm tu wʌndɜ˞, wɑz hi ɹaɪtɪŋ ðɪs daɪɜ˞i? fɔɹ ðʌ fjutʃɜ˞, fɔɹ ðʌ ʌnbɔɹn.

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jenny/10901

Metaphilosophy explores the aims, boundaries and methods of philosophy.

metaphilosophy explores the aims, boundaries and methods of philosophy.

very fast

ɪksplɔɹz ðʌ eɪmz, baʊndɜ˞iz ʌnd mɛθʌdz ʌv fʌlɑsʌfi.

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jenny/10902

It is debated as to whether Metaphilosophy is a subject that comes prior to philosophy or whether it is inherently part of philosophy.

it is debated as to whether metaphilosophy is a subject that comes prior to philosophy or whether it is inherently part of philosophy.

very fast

ɪt ɪz dʌbeɪtɪd æz tu wɛðɜ˞ ɪz ʌ sʌbdʒɛkt ðæt kʌmz pɹaɪɜ˞ tu fʌlɑsʌfi ɔɹ wɛðɜ˞ ɪt ɪz ɪnhɪɹʌntli pɑɹt ʌv fʌlɑsʌfi.

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jenny/10903

APPLIED AND PROFESSIONAL PHILOSOPHY

applied and professional philosophy

very fast

ʌplaɪd ʌnd pɹʌfɛʃʌnʌl fʌlɑsʌfi

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jenny/10904

Some of those who study philosophy become professional philosophers, typically by working as professors who teach, research and write in academic institutions.

some of those who study philosophy become professional philosophers, typically by working as professors who teach, research and write in academic institutions.

very fast

sʌm ʌv ðoʊz hu stʌdi fʌlɑsʌfi bɪkʌm pɹʌfɛʃʌnʌl fʌlɑsʌfɜ˞z, tɪpɪkli baɪ wɜ˞kɪŋ æz pɹʌfɛsɜ˞z hu titʃ, ɹisɜ˞tʃ ʌnd ɹaɪt ɪn ækʌdɛmɪk ɪnstɪtuʃʌnz.

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jenny/10905

However, most students of academic philosophy later contribute to law, journalism, religion, sciences, politics, business, or various arts.

however, most students of academic philosophy later contribute to law, journalism, religion, sciences, politics, business, or various arts.

very fast

haʊɛvɜ˞, moʊst studʌnts ʌv ækʌdɛmɪk fʌlɑsʌfi leɪtɜ˞ kʌntɹɪbjut tu lɔ, dʒɜ˞nʌlɪzʌm, ɹɪlɪdʒʌn, saɪʌnsʌz, pɑlʌtɪks, bɪznʌs, ɔɹ vɛɹiʌs ɑɹts.

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jenny/10906

Curtis White has argued that philosophical tools are essential to humanities, sciences and social sciences.

curtis white has argued that philosophical tools are essential to humanities, sciences and social sciences.

very fast

kɜ˞tʌs waɪt hæz ɑɹɡjud ðæt fɪlʌsɑfɪkʌl tulz ɑɹ ɛsɛnʃʌl tu hjumænɪtiz, saɪʌnsʌz ʌnd soʊʃʌl saɪʌnsʌz.

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jenny/10908

Some philosophers argue that this professionalization has negatively affected the discipline.

some philosophers argue that this professionalization has negatively affected the discipline.

very fast

sʌm fʌlɑsʌfɜ˞z ɑɹɡju ðæt ðɪs hæz nɛɡʌtɪvli ʌfɛktɪd ðʌ dɪsʌplʌn.

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jenny/10909

Law is a system of rules created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate.

law is a system of rules created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate.

very fast

lɔ ɪz ʌ sɪstʌm ʌv ɹulz kɹieɪtʌd ʌnd ɛnfɔɹst θɹu soʊʃʌl ɔɹ ɡʌvɜ˞mɛntʌl ɪnstɪtuʃʌnz tu ɹɛɡjʌleɪt bɪheɪvjɜ˞, wɪð ɪts pɹɪsaɪs dɛfʌnɪʃʌn ʌ mætɜ˞ ʌv lɔŋstændɪŋ dʌbeɪt.

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jenny/1090

His cigarette had gone out, and he laid it carefully on the edge of the table.

his cigarette had gone out, and he laid it carefully on the edge of the table.

very fast

hɪz sɪɡɜ˞ɛt hæd ɡɔn aʊt, ʌnd hi leɪd ɪt kɛɹfʌli ɑn ðʌ ɛdʒ ʌv ðʌ teɪbʌl.

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jenny/10910

It has been variously described as a science and the art of justice.

it has been variously described as a science and the art of justice.

very fast

ɪt hæz bɪn vɛɹiʌsli dɪskɹaɪbd æz ʌ saɪʌns ʌnd ðʌ ɑɹt ʌv dʒʌstʌs.

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jenny/10911

Private individuals may create legally binding contracts, including arbitration agreements that adopt alternative ways of resolving disputes to standard court litigation.

private individuals may create legally binding contracts, including arbitration agreements that adopt alternative ways of resolving disputes to standard court litigation.

very fast

pɹaɪvʌt ɪndʌvɪdʒʌwʌlz meɪ kɹieɪt liɡʌli baɪndɪŋ kɑntɹækts, ɪnkludɪŋ ɑɹbɪtɹeɪʃʌn ʌɡɹimʌnts ðæt ʌdɑpt ɔltɜ˞nʌtɪv weɪz ʌv ɹizɑlvɪŋ dɪspjuts tu stændɜ˞d kɔɹt lɪtʌɡeɪʃʌn.

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jenny/10912

The creation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution, written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein.

the creation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution, written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein.

very fast

ðʌ kɹieɪʃʌn ʌv lɔz ðɛmsɛlvz meɪ bi ɪnfluʌnst baɪ ʌ kɑnstʌtuʃʌn, ɹɪtʌn ɔɹ tæsɪt, ʌnd ðʌ ɹaɪts ɛnkoʊdɪd ðɛɹɪn.

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jenny/10913

The law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people.

the law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people.

very fast

ðʌ lɔ ʃeɪps pɑlʌtɪks, ɛkʌnɑmɪks, hɪstɜ˞i ʌnd sʌsaɪʌti ɪn vɛɹiʌs weɪz ʌnd sɜ˞vz æz ʌ midieɪtɜ˞ ʌv ɹileɪʃʌnz bɪtwin pipʌl.

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

jenny/10914

Legal systems vary between countries, with their differences analysed in comparative law.

legal systems vary between countries, with their differences analysed in comparative law.

very fast

liɡʌl sɪstʌmz vɛɹi bɪtwin kʌntɹiz, wɪð ðɛɹ dɪfɜ˞ʌnsɪz ɪn kʌmpɛɹʌtɪv lɔ.

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

jenny/10915

In civil law jurisdictions, a legislature or other central body codifies and consolidates the law.

in civil law jurisdictions, a legislature or other central body codifies and consolidates the law.

very fast

ɪn sɪvʌl lɔ dʒʊɹɪsdɪkʃʌnz, ʌ lɛdʒʌsleɪtʃɜ˞ ɔɹ ʌðɜ˞ sɛntɹʌl bɑdi koʊdʌfaɪz ʌnd kʌnsɑlɪdeɪts ðʌ lɔ.

very noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

jenny/10916

In common law systems, judges make binding case law through precedent, although on occasion this may be overturned by a higher court or the legislature.

in common law systems, judges make binding case law through precedent, although on occasion this may be overturned by a higher court or the legislature.

very fast

ɪn kɑmʌn lɔ sɪstʌmz, dʒʌdʒɪz meɪk baɪndɪŋ keɪs lɔ θɹu pɹɛsɪdʌnt, ɔlðoʊ ɑn ʌkeɪʒʌn ðɪs meɪ bi oʊvɜ˞tɜ˞nd baɪ ʌ haɪɜ˞ kɔɹt ɔɹ ðʌ lɛdʒʌsleɪtʃɜ˞.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite monotone

jenny/10917

Historically, religious law influenced secular matters, and is still used in some religious communities.

historically, religious law influenced secular matters, and is still used in some religious communities.

very fast

hɪstɔɹɪkʌli, ɹɪlɪdʒʌs lɔ ɪnfluʌnst sɛkjʌlɜ˞ mætɜ˞z, ʌnd ɪz stɪl juzd ɪn sʌm ɹɪlɪdʒʌs kʌmjunʌtiz.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

jenny/10918

Sharia law based on Islamic principles is used as the primary legal system in several countries, including Iran and Saudi Arabia.

sharia law based on islamic principles is used as the primary legal system in several countries, including iran and saudi arabia.

very fast

ʃɑɹiʌ lɔ beɪst ɑn ɪzlɑmɪk pɹɪnsʌpʌlz ɪz juzd æz ðʌ pɹaɪmɛɹi liɡʌl sɪstʌm ɪn sɛvɹʌl kʌntɹiz, ɪnkludɪŋ ɪɹɑn ʌnd sɔdi ʌɹeɪbiʌ.

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

jenny/10919

Law's scope can be divided into two domains.

law's scope can be divided into two domains.

very fast

lɔ'ɛs skoʊp kæn bi dɪvaɪdɪd ɪntu tu doʊmeɪnz.

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

jenny/1091

He would finish smoking it after work, if he could keep the tobacco in it.

he would finish smoking it after work, if he could keep the tobacco in it.

very fast

hi wʊd fɪnɪʃ smoʊkɪŋ ɪt æftɜ˞ wɜ˞k, ɪf hi kʊd kip ðʌ tʌbækoʊ ɪn ɪt.

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

jenny/10920

Public law concerns government and society, including constitutional law, administrative law, and criminal law.

public law concerns government and society, including constitutional law, administrative law, and criminal law.

very fast

pʌblɪk lɔ kʌnsɜ˞nz ɡʌvɜ˞mʌnt ʌnd sʌsaɪʌti, ɪnkludɪŋ kɑnstʌtuʃʌnʌl lɔ, ʌdmɪnʌstɹeɪtɪv lɔ, ʌnd kɹɪmʌnʌl lɔ.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite monotone