claim
stringlengths 26
406
| evidence
stringlengths 13
1.98k
| labels
int64 0
1
| input_ids
sequence | attention_mask
sequence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty. | In the 1980s and 1990s low world market prices for cereals and livestock resulted in decreased agricultural growth and increased rural poverty. | 1 | [
0,
46636,
24486,
4363,
15746,
34,
1147,
1693,
720,
689,
931,
8,
1888,
5263,
4,
2,
2,
1121,
5,
5114,
29,
8,
4525,
29,
614,
232,
210,
850,
13,
29012,
1536,
8,
13945,
4596,
11,
8065,
7119,
434,
8,
1130,
3826,
5263,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
CO2 limits won't cool the planet | Occupational CO 2 exposure limits have been set in the United States at 0.5% ( 5000 ppm ) for an eight-hour period. | 1 | [
0,
6335,
176,
4971,
351,
75,
3035,
5,
5518,
2,
2,
46066,
5033,
6247,
132,
4895,
4971,
33,
57,
278,
11,
5,
315,
532,
23,
321,
4,
245,
207,
36,
23221,
42805,
4839,
13,
41,
799,
12,
4509,
675,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists : titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe. | Global warming will bring fiercer hurricanes. | 1 | [
0,
21518,
15180,
9,
5,
1769,
23187,
12351,
7700,
5,
3302,
14,
89,
189,
28,
190,
3007,
5004,
1650,
7,
283,
6,
309,
7,
10,
367,
4211,
4832,
13515,
26728,
5038,
2422,
5621,
8,
16387,
2003,
241,
1527,
420,
1005,
4,
2,
2,
18811,
8232,
40,
836,
856,
906,
7742,
16387,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Growers regularly pump CO2 into greenhouses, raising levels to three times that of the natural environment, to produce stronger, greener, healthier plants.” | Tropical waters contain few nutrients yet a coral reef can flourish like an "oasis in the desert". | 0 | [
0,
534,
4610,
268,
4595,
9296,
6247,
176,
88,
2272,
18917,
6,
3282,
1389,
7,
130,
498,
14,
9,
5,
1632,
1737,
6,
7,
2592,
3651,
6,
14382,
5777,
6,
12732,
3451,
4,
17,
46,
2,
2,
565,
6884,
3569,
5794,
5585,
367,
20012,
648,
10,
23491,
28350,
64,
22056,
101,
41,
22,
139,
17048,
11,
5,
10348,
845,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
The acceleration is making some scientists fear that Antarctica’s ice sheet may have entered the early stages of an unstoppable disintegration. | The sheet has been of recent concern because of the small possibility of its collapse. | 1 | [
0,
133,
19308,
16,
442,
103,
4211,
2490,
14,
27593,
17,
27,
29,
2480,
5462,
189,
33,
2867,
5,
419,
5612,
9,
41,
28984,
32654,
8475,
4,
2,
2,
133,
5462,
34,
57,
9,
485,
2212,
142,
9,
5,
650,
3302,
9,
63,
6277,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms. | Compared to climate change for the past millennium, even the smallest exchange modeled would plunge the planet into temperatures colder than the Little Ice Age (the period of history between approximately 1600 and 1850 AD). | 0 | [
0,
14696,
12081,
7749,
6,
12530,
8,
7119,
2687,
189,
701,
10,
372,
432,
9,
418,
6,
53,
215,
5004,
1650,
1061,
578,
463,
49,
5203,
1042,
578,
1322,
8617,
8620,
25,
5,
3875,
6473,
352,
997,
4339,
4,
2,
2,
44891,
7,
2147,
464,
13,
5,
375,
38751,
6,
190,
5,
15654,
2081,
28313,
74,
15804,
5,
5518,
88,
3971,
19727,
87,
5,
4046,
8761,
8927,
36,
627,
675,
9,
750,
227,
2219,
25183,
8,
40384,
4516,
322,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy. | Its fundamental principle is that of balance – the energy that the Earth absorbs from the sun each year is equal to that which it loses to space by radiation. | 1 | [
0,
170,
122,
216,
14,
5,
33417,
1007,
2394,
16,
3030,
30,
5,
2853,
1389,
9,
5,
37473,
29498,
8,
14,
5,
39109,
9,
5,
33131,
23,
5,
1353,
13135,
473,
45,
40937,
5,
3302,
7,
15709,
55,
1007,
4,
2,
2,
30872,
6451,
9322,
16,
14,
9,
2394,
126,
5,
1007,
14,
5,
3875,
41664,
31,
5,
3778,
349,
76,
16,
3871,
7,
14,
61,
24,
13585,
7,
980,
30,
13785,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Renewable energy investment kills jobs. | Globally there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer. | 1 | [
0,
34837,
2753,
868,
1007,
915,
10469,
1315,
4,
2,
2,
16389,
2413,
2368,
89,
32,
41,
2319,
262,
4,
406,
153,
1315,
3059,
19,
5,
8741,
1007,
4510,
6,
19,
4118,
17190,
1417,
11499,
102,
2857,
145,
5,
1154,
8741,
8850,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Climate sensitivity can be calculated empirically by comparing past temperature change to natural forcings at the time. | Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ). | 1 | [
0,
40466,
15608,
64,
28,
9658,
46533,
3435,
30,
12818,
375,
5181,
464,
7,
1632,
33147,
1033,
23,
5,
86,
4,
2,
2,
40466,
15608,
16,
5,
7197,
8329,
5181,
464,
11,
1263,
7,
1022,
11,
22750,
3693,
6437,
6,
61,
64,
5948,
6,
13,
4327,
6,
528,
7,
1130,
1389,
9,
4363,
15746,
36,
6247,
132,
32801,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago | The transition from a warming climate into a cooling climate began at ~49 million years ago. | 0 | [
0,
133,
31709,
2480,
5462,
16,
23,
513,
3675,
6,
151,
107,
793,
8,
8232,
21,
45,
720,
77,
19836,
5668,
11,
6879,
9999,
112,
6,
151,
107,
536,
2,
2,
133,
3868,
31,
10,
8232,
2147,
88,
10,
13281,
2147,
880,
23,
14434,
3414,
153,
107,
536,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Claims that the IPCC does not accurately represent the views and findings of the scientists, on whose work the IPCC reports are based, are not supported by the facts. | This report explicitly endorses the IPCC view of attribution of recent climate change as representing the view of the scientific community : The changes observed over the last several decades are likely mostly due to human activities, but we cannot rule out that some significant part of these changes is also a reflection of natural variability. | 1 | [
0,
45699,
29,
14,
5,
41206,
473,
45,
12775,
3594,
5,
2728,
8,
4139,
9,
5,
4211,
6,
15,
1060,
173,
5,
41206,
690,
32,
716,
6,
32,
45,
2800,
30,
5,
4905,
4,
2,
2,
713,
266,
16369,
253,
34225,
5,
41206,
1217,
9,
42066,
9,
485,
2147,
464,
25,
4561,
5,
1217,
9,
5,
6441,
435,
4832,
20,
1022,
6373,
81,
5,
94,
484,
1724,
32,
533,
2260,
528,
7,
1050,
1713,
6,
53,
52,
1395,
2178,
66,
14,
103,
1233,
233,
9,
209,
1022,
16,
67,
10,
12456,
9,
1632,
36049,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
When the Emergency Leaders for Climate Action approached the Federal Government in April they were drawing on decades of data showing that fire conditions are getting worse. | The administration rolled back regulations requiring the federal government to account for climate change and sea-level rise when building infrastructure. | 1 | [
0,
1779,
5,
6824,
16029,
13,
11001,
5828,
5508,
5,
1853,
1621,
11,
587,
51,
58,
5523,
15,
1724,
9,
414,
2018,
14,
668,
1274,
32,
562,
3007,
4,
2,
2,
133,
942,
6387,
124,
3478,
7980,
5,
752,
168,
7,
1316,
13,
2147,
464,
8,
3342,
12,
4483,
1430,
77,
745,
2112,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context. | The 1850–1900 period is a reasonable pragmatic surrogate for preindustrial global mean temperature. | 1 | [
0,
26412,
45732,
1849,
305,
21728,
2325,
11,
30694,
5377,
4,
2,
2,
133,
40384,
2383,
42442,
675,
16,
10,
5701,
26794,
28247,
13,
1198,
27739,
720,
1266,
5181,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing. | Based on orbital models, the cooling trend initiated about 6,000 years ago will continue for another 23,000 years. | 0 | [
0,
42968,
16726,
2422,
24039,
15,
10,
26956,
8232,
2904,
64,
28,
22037,
13,
1149,
1022,
6,
53,
5,
7482,
8232,
16,
1726,
30,
5,
6731,
22750,
3693,
6437,
4,
2,
2,
20930,
15,
38767,
3092,
6,
5,
13281,
2904,
9608,
59,
231,
6,
151,
107,
536,
40,
535,
13,
277,
883,
6,
151,
107,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Protecting and restoring forests would reduce 18% of emissions by 2030 | During the positive phase the wintertime Aleutian low is deepened and shifted southward, warm/humid air is advected along the North American west coast and temperatures are higher than usual from the Pacific Northwest to Alaska but below normal in Mexico and the Southeastern United States. | 0 | [
0,
41357,
154,
8,
17361,
14275,
74,
1888,
504,
207,
9,
5035,
30,
12060,
2,
2,
14229,
5,
1313,
4359,
5,
2608,
958,
8445,
1182,
811,
614,
16,
1844,
4490,
8,
9679,
2077,
7767,
6,
3279,
73,
18257,
808,
935,
16,
2329,
548,
3894,
196,
552,
5,
369,
470,
3072,
3673,
8,
3971,
32,
723,
87,
4505,
31,
5,
3073,
8535,
7,
7227,
53,
874,
2340,
11,
1625,
8,
5,
208,
21182,
315,
532,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive. | Biodiversity is also important to the security of resources such as water, timber, paper, fiber, and food. | 0 | [
0,
16213,
3277,
240,
818,
130,
498,
452,
17,
27,
29,
4363,
15746,
1383,
9,
5,
5466,
7,
12692,
4,
2,
2,
387,
22694,
31104,
16,
67,
505,
7,
5,
573,
9,
1915,
215,
25,
514,
6,
20747,
6,
2225,
6,
11810,
6,
8,
689,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’. | Concentrated solar power plants may use thermal storage to store solar energy, such as in high-temperature molten salts. | 0 | [
0,
36695,
3092,
33,
39694,
24985,
5,
1280,
9,
720,
8232,
8,
1447,
7,
7006,
99,
23377,
415,
10974,
486,
5,
8232,
44,
711,
3592,
29913,
17,
27,
4,
2,
2,
9157,
6342,
8358,
4118,
476,
3451,
189,
304,
17210,
3521,
7,
1400,
4118,
1007,
6,
215,
25,
11,
239,
12,
17950,
43432,
40561,
41871,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries. | The contribution of the Greenland ice sheet on sea level over the next couple of centuries can be very high due to a self-reinforcing cycle ( a so-called positive feedback ). | 1 | [
0,
19247,
1245,
18,
2480,
872,
16,
17604,
359,
40,
1606,
7472,
9,
3342,
672,
1430,
11,
2568,
11505,
4,
2,
2,
133,
5883,
9,
5,
31709,
2480,
5462,
15,
3342,
672,
81,
5,
220,
891,
9,
11505,
64,
28,
182,
239,
528,
7,
10,
1403,
12,
241,
179,
43837,
4943,
36,
10,
98,
12,
4155,
1313,
6456,
32801,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Sea level rise predictions are exaggerated. | Among the main causes hypothesized by paleontologists are overkill by the widespread appearance of humans and natural climate change. | 0 | [
0,
37697,
672,
1430,
12535,
32,
26044,
4,
2,
2,
36342,
5,
1049,
4685,
45936,
30,
18100,
2533,
10974,
32,
81,
16424,
30,
5,
5859,
2772,
9,
5868,
8,
1632,
2147,
464,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Temperatures in 1999 were nearly three-tenths of a degree lower than in 1998, and a similar change should occur this time around, though it might not fit so neatly into a calendar year. | "Raising Awareness of Energy Efficient Light Bulbs Pays off in Rwanda". | 0 | [
0,
35888,
1741,
15488,
11,
6193,
58,
823,
130,
12,
90,
28249,
29,
9,
10,
3093,
795,
87,
11,
6708,
6,
8,
10,
1122,
464,
197,
5948,
42,
86,
198,
6,
600,
24,
429,
45,
2564,
98,
29596,
88,
10,
7127,
76,
4,
2,
2,
113,
27625,
3009,
23127,
9,
2169,
381,
43788,
5737,
13020,
4311,
221,
4113,
160,
11,
16684,
845,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs | Concentrations also vary on a regional basis, most strongly near the ground with much smaller variations aloft. | 0 | [
0,
40466,
464,
965,
75,
2284,
5004,
1650,
1880,
1042,
2,
2,
9157,
6342,
27748,
67,
10104,
15,
10,
2174,
1453,
6,
144,
5025,
583,
5,
1255,
19,
203,
2735,
18746,
1076,
20168,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s | "The overall risks of climate change impacts can be reduced by limiting the rate and magnitude of climate change" Without new policies to mitigate climate change, projections suggest an increase in global mean temperature in 2100 of 3.7 to 4.8 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels (median values; the range is 2.5 to 7.8 °C including climate uncertainty). | 0 | [
0,
22392,
94,
502,
6,
144,
4211,
5055,
14,
8232,
1348,
10,
4996,
11,
5,
628,
4525,
29,
2,
2,
113,
133,
1374,
2476,
9,
2147,
464,
7342,
64,
28,
2906,
30,
11361,
5,
731,
8,
11259,
9,
2147,
464,
113,
6830,
92,
1986,
7,
15292,
2147,
464,
6,
8979,
3608,
41,
712,
11,
720,
1266,
5181,
11,
32160,
9,
155,
4,
406,
7,
204,
4,
398,
50141,
12938,
347,
6,
5407,
7,
1198,
12,
27739,
1389,
36,
4567,
811,
3266,
131,
5,
1186,
16,
132,
4,
245,
7,
262,
4,
398,
50141,
12938,
347,
217,
2147,
4983,
322,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect | Venus receives about twice the sunlight that Earth does, which is thought to have contributed to its runaway greenhouse effect. | 1 | [
0,
39043,
687,
630,
75,
33,
10,
25727,
11832,
1683,
2,
2,
39043,
687,
9524,
59,
2330,
5,
20843,
14,
3875,
473,
6,
61,
16,
802,
7,
33,
3162,
7,
63,
25727,
11832,
1683,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Dropped stations show more warming than kept stations. | Throughout the daytime, particularly when the skies are cloudless, urban surfaces are warmed by the absorption of solar radiation. | 1 | [
0,
46755,
5686,
4492,
311,
55,
8232,
87,
1682,
4492,
4,
2,
2,
36428,
5,
19436,
6,
1605,
77,
5,
12034,
32,
3613,
1672,
6,
4879,
17408,
32,
28163,
30,
5,
33131,
9,
4118,
13785,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months. | "The IPCC Third Assessment Report'] conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accurately reflects the current thinking of the scientific community on this issue". | 0 | [
0,
7199,
129,
21,
336,
5,
3279,
990,
76,
15,
638,
6,
53,
799,
9,
5,
316,
377,
14,
146,
62,
5,
76,
93,
31,
644,
149,
772,
6,
19,
5,
8219,
9,
502,
93,
58,
5,
3279,
990,
15,
638,
13,
167,
7091,
377,
4,
2,
2,
113,
133,
41206,
7470,
22261,
2872,
44403,
6427,
14,
144,
9,
5,
6373,
8232,
9,
5,
94,
654,
107,
16,
533,
7,
33,
57,
528,
7,
5,
712,
11,
11832,
1123,
26069,
12775,
6771,
5,
595,
2053,
9,
5,
6441,
435,
15,
42,
696,
845,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs. | Without storage reservoirs of their own, the Upper Basin states risked a call on the Colorado River during drought years : they would be forced to use less water in order to keep the river flowing to Lake Mead and California, the state with the most senior water rights. | 1 | [
0,
10285,
76,
6,
600,
6,
21,
10,
7727,
65,
15,
5,
5716,
9803,
6,
19,
10,
670,
1958,
12486,
11,
5,
2608,
9,
336,
12,
1360,
14,
1220,
5,
23923,
9875,
1418,
7,
1400,
514,
11,
21561,
29896,
4,
2,
2,
20867,
3521,
29896,
9,
49,
308,
6,
5,
11851,
15066,
982,
25892,
10,
486,
15,
5,
3004,
1995,
148,
7635,
107,
4832,
51,
74,
28,
1654,
7,
304,
540,
514,
11,
645,
7,
489,
5,
4908,
12741,
7,
1777,
25420,
8,
886,
6,
5,
194,
19,
5,
144,
949,
514,
659,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
While transient weather variability is playing a key role here, the widespread record warmth across the U.S. so far this year is part of a long-term trend toward more warm temperature records versus cold ones. | Habili – reef specific to the Red Sea; does not reach near enough to the surface to cause visible surf; may be a hazard to ships (from the Arabic for "unborn") Microatoll – community of species of corals; vertical growth limited by average tidal height; growth morphologies offer a low-resolution record of patterns of sea level change; fossilized remains can be dated using radioactive carbon dating and have been used to reconstruct Holocene sea levels Cays – small, low-elevation, sandy islands formed on the surface of coral reefs from eroded material that piles up, forming an area above sea level; can be stabilized by plants to become habitable; occur in tropical environments throughout the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans (including the Caribbean and on the Great Barrier Reef and Belize Barrier Reef), where they provide habitable and agricultural land Seamount or guyot – formed when a coral reef on a volcanic island subsides; tops of seamounts are rounded and guyots are flat; flat tops of guyots, or tablemounts, are due to erosion by waves, winds, and atmospheric processes Coral reef ecosystems contain distinct zones that host different kinds of habitats. | 0 | [
0,
5771,
35588,
1650,
36049,
16,
816,
10,
762,
774,
259,
6,
5,
5859,
638,
20310,
420,
5,
121,
4,
104,
4,
98,
444,
42,
76,
16,
233,
9,
10,
251,
12,
1279,
2904,
1706,
55,
3279,
5181,
2189,
4411,
2569,
1980,
4,
2,
2,
725,
873,
4715,
126,
28350,
2167,
7,
5,
1211,
3939,
131,
473,
45,
1338,
583,
615,
7,
5,
4084,
7,
1303,
7097,
11641,
131,
189,
28,
10,
19895,
7,
7446,
36,
7761,
5,
19645,
13,
22,
879,
5400,
8070,
10719,
415,
3937,
126,
435,
9,
4707,
9,
9240,
1536,
131,
12194,
434,
1804,
30,
674,
34214,
6958,
131,
434,
38675,
20643,
904,
10,
614,
12,
29646,
638,
9,
8117,
9,
3342,
672,
464,
131,
11422,
1538,
1189,
64,
28,
7000,
634,
29117,
4363,
4927,
8,
33,
57,
341,
7,
30254,
6217,
42416,
3342,
1389,
230,
4113,
126,
650,
6,
614,
12,
242,
9525,
1258,
6,
33813,
8879,
4829,
15,
5,
4084,
9,
23491,
28919,
31,
28414,
1468,
14,
24449,
62,
6,
12748,
41,
443,
1065,
3342,
672,
131,
64,
28,
28725,
30,
3451,
7,
555,
40752,
131,
5948,
11,
10602,
11534,
1328,
5,
3073,
6,
5038,
8,
1362,
384,
26705,
36,
8529,
5,
7599,
8,
15,
5,
2860,
34933,
27523,
8,
4231,
2072,
34933,
27523,
238,
147,
51,
694,
40752,
8,
7119,
1212,
1608,
31233,
50,
2173,
1242,
126,
4829,
77,
10,
23491,
28350,
15,
10,
23183,
2946,
18621,
4376,
131,
13657,
9,
27595,
12825,
29,
32,
14439,
8,
2173,
5992,
32,
3269,
131,
3269,
13657,
9,
2173,
5992,
6,
50,
2103,
17336,
29,
6,
32,
528,
7,
19407,
30,
6995,
6,
2372,
6,
8,
24486,
5588,
21465,
28350,
24843,
5585,
11693,
8905,
14,
1482,
430,
6134,
9,
29073,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
But the observed warming as monitored by satellites (our only truly global monitoring system) has been only about half of what computerized climate models say should be happening. | In tropical and subtropical areas, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) rose 0.2 °C (0.36 °F) within a 50-year period, and in the North Atlantic and Northwestern Pacific tropical cyclone basins, the potential destructiveness and energy of storms nearly doubled within the same duration, evidencing a clear correlation between global warming and tropical cyclone intensities. | 0 | [
0,
1708,
5,
6373,
8232,
25,
14316,
30,
16350,
36,
2126,
129,
3127,
720,
4872,
467,
43,
34,
57,
129,
59,
457,
9,
99,
3034,
1538,
2147,
3092,
224,
197,
28,
2909,
4,
2,
2,
1121,
10602,
8,
30757,
6884,
3569,
911,
6,
3342,
4084,
3971,
36,
104,
4014,
29,
43,
1458,
321,
4,
176,
50141,
12938,
347,
36,
288,
4,
3367,
50141,
12938,
597,
43,
624,
10,
654,
12,
180,
675,
6,
8,
11,
5,
369,
5038,
8,
14776,
3073,
10602,
13030,
1264,
11909,
1344,
6,
5,
801,
45840,
12367,
8,
1007,
9,
7749,
823,
7113,
624,
5,
276,
13428,
6,
42925,
17725,
10,
699,
22792,
227,
720,
8232,
8,
10602,
13030,
1264,
18420,
2192,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
the bushfires [in Australia] were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change' | ], inflation has typically been 2–3% and the base interest rate 5–6%. | 0 | [
0,
627,
18080,
23668,
646,
179,
1221,
742,
58,
1726,
30,
18949,
1952,
8,
10,
651,
9,
14489,
5315,
6,
45,
128,
36695,
464,
108,
2,
2,
7479,
2680,
34,
3700,
57,
132,
2383,
246,
207,
8,
5,
1542,
773,
731,
195,
2383,
401,
2153,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Urban and rural regions show the same warming trend. | On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends. | 1 | [
0,
43475,
8,
3826,
3806,
311,
5,
276,
8232,
2904,
4,
2,
2,
4148,
5,
97,
865,
6,
65,
6193,
6676,
227,
4879,
8,
3826,
911,
1850,
14,
4879,
2859,
2946,
3038,
33,
410,
2712,
15,
720,
1266,
5181,
3926,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
'Gore claims the snowcap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame. | There are currently 11 small glaciers, which are shrinking rapidly, and will likely be gone forever by 2050, due to global warming[ citation needed ]. | 1 | [
0,
108,
534,
1688,
1449,
5,
1958,
10906,
12619,
1327,
18,
11319,
4,
9948,
13101,
11978,
139,
16,
16921,
8,
14,
720,
8232,
16,
7,
4887,
4,
2,
2,
970,
32,
855,
365,
650,
35823,
6,
61,
32,
16921,
6042,
6,
8,
40,
533,
28,
1613,
6000,
30,
24050,
6,
528,
7,
720,
8232,
10975,
31825,
956,
45405,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
According to the second law of thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist. | Such a machine is called a perpetual motion machine of the second kind. | 1 | [
0,
14693,
7,
5,
200,
488,
9,
1437,
26898,
41203,
215,
10,
33417,
3563,
64,
393,
5152,
4,
2,
2,
27331,
10,
3563,
16,
373,
10,
26714,
4298,
3563,
9,
5,
200,
761,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory. | These models are the basis for model predictions of future climate, such as are discussed by the IPCC. | 0 | [
0,
176,
1187,
488,
9,
26898,
41203,
37820,
11832,
6680,
4,
2,
2,
4528,
3092,
32,
5,
1453,
13,
1421,
12535,
9,
499,
2147,
6,
215,
25,
32,
3373,
30,
5,
41206,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it | The group also confirmed that over the past 50 years the land surface warmed by 0.911 °C, and their results closely matched those obtained from these earlier studies. | 0 | [
0,
46874,
154,
7,
720,
8232,
16,
7246,
87,
9107,
24,
2,
2,
133,
333,
67,
1474,
14,
81,
5,
375,
654,
107,
5,
1212,
4084,
28163,
30,
321,
4,
37157,
50141,
12938,
347,
6,
8,
49,
775,
3615,
9184,
167,
4756,
31,
209,
656,
3218,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
There seems to be evidence for a link between solar activity and water levels. | There are 1.14 million deaths caused by exposure to ambient air pollution. | 0 | [
0,
970,
1302,
7,
28,
1283,
13,
10,
3104,
227,
4118,
1940,
8,
514,
1389,
4,
2,
2,
970,
32,
112,
4,
1570,
153,
3257,
1726,
30,
4895,
7,
25771,
935,
6631,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
“Federal scientists have documented a sharp jump in this nuisance flooding — often called ‘sunny-day flooding’ — along both the East Coast and the Gulf Coast in recent years. | As the hurricane passed through the Gulf Coast region, the city's federal flood protection system failed, resulting in the worst civil engineering disaster in American history. | 1 | [
0,
17,
48,
33509,
4211,
33,
12404,
10,
4406,
3704,
11,
42,
26575,
5681,
93,
747,
373,
44,
711,
29,
40485,
12,
1208,
5681,
17,
27,
93,
552,
258,
5,
953,
2565,
8,
5,
4602,
2565,
11,
485,
107,
4,
2,
2,
1620,
5,
6874,
1595,
149,
5,
4602,
2565,
976,
6,
5,
343,
18,
752,
5005,
2591,
467,
1447,
6,
5203,
11,
5,
2373,
2366,
4675,
4463,
11,
470,
750,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
“Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity. | Its conclusions are summarized below: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia." | 0 | [
0,
17,
48,
29182,
9,
5,
6665,
1591,
14,
5,
2270,
2712,
15,
8232,
2092,
7,
28,
4118,
1940,
4,
2,
2,
30872,
14070,
32,
38152,
874,
35,
22,
771,
21728,
9,
5,
2147,
467,
16,
39754,
21103,
6,
8,
187,
5,
9323,
29,
6,
171,
9,
5,
6373,
1022,
32,
7071,
81,
1724,
7,
40887,
72,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
The IPCC simply updated their temperature history graphs to show the best data available at the time. | The strong economic growth helped the government to reduce the government debt as a percentage of GDP and Spain's high unemployment rate began to steadily decline. | 0 | [
0,
133,
41206,
1622,
4752,
49,
5181,
750,
36386,
7,
311,
5,
275,
414,
577,
23,
5,
86,
4,
2,
2,
133,
670,
776,
434,
1147,
5,
168,
7,
1888,
5,
168,
1126,
25,
10,
3164,
9,
6250,
8,
2809,
18,
239,
5755,
731,
880,
7,
11844,
2991,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Scientists say the recent climate agreement negotiated in Paris is not remotely ambitious enough to forestall a significant melting of Greenland and Antarctica, though if fully implemented, it may slow the pace somewhat.” | Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C ( 3.6 °F ) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming. | 1 | [
0,
40816,
224,
5,
485,
2147,
1288,
12518,
11,
2201,
16,
45,
18684,
8263,
615,
7,
6693,
1250,
10,
1233,
23187,
9,
31709,
8,
27593,
6,
600,
114,
1950,
6264,
6,
24,
189,
2635,
5,
2877,
5568,
4,
17,
46,
2,
2,
13863,
5,
1799,
7,
5,
2604,
597,
29083,
33,
1507,
14,
1844,
2599,
11,
5035,
32,
1552,
8,
14,
720,
8232,
197,
28,
1804,
7,
157,
874,
132,
50141,
12938,
347,
36,
155,
4,
401,
50141,
12938,
597,
4839,
11,
5,
2201,
8759,
9,
336,
6,
5,
3875,
18,
674,
4084,
5181,
34,
416,
1130,
30,
59,
457,
42,
11543,
8,
595,
19629,
30,
749,
7,
847,
5035,
32,
15650,
7,
3000,
499,
8232,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
There are already more American jobs in the solar industry than in coal mining. | A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs. | 1 | [
0,
970,
32,
416,
55,
470,
1315,
11,
5,
4118,
539,
87,
11,
4051,
4481,
4,
2,
2,
250,
762,
1796,
14,
42,
915,
434,
3291,
16,
10,
434,
11,
1315,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
for thousands of millions of years the Earth has been changing, with cycles and one-off events such as an asteroid impact, super-volcano or a supernova explosion. | This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels. | 1 | [
0,
1990,
1583,
9,
2535,
9,
107,
5,
3875,
34,
57,
2992,
6,
19,
16726,
5514,
8,
65,
12,
1529,
1061,
215,
25,
41,
26236,
913,
6,
2422,
12,
13728,
38754,
50,
10,
2422,
38823,
6986,
4,
2,
2,
713,
16,
6126,
7,
2592,
1022,
215,
25,
5,
23187,
9,
35823,
8,
2480,
12208,
6,
55,
5004,
5181,
16296,
6,
1233,
1022,
11,
1650,
8,
10,
720,
1430,
11,
674,
3342,
1389,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Loehle and Scafetta find a 60 year cycle causing global warming | While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still some difference between what climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere, with the climate models predicting slightly more warming than what the satellites measure. | 0 | [
0,
574,
3540,
298,
459,
8,
2741,
2001,
10464,
465,
10,
1191,
76,
4943,
3735,
720,
8232,
2,
2,
5771,
5,
7595,
414,
122,
311,
720,
8232,
6,
89,
16,
202,
103,
2249,
227,
99,
2147,
3092,
7006,
8,
99,
5,
7595,
414,
311,
13,
8232,
9,
5,
795,
37473,
29498,
6,
19,
5,
2147,
3092,
15924,
2829,
55,
8232,
87,
99,
5,
16350,
2450,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
ever since December temperatures in the Arctic have consistently been lower than minus 20 C | Average winter temperatures can go as low as −40 °C ( −40 °F ), and the coldest recorded temperature is approximately −68 °C ( −90 °F ). | 1 | [
0,
6294,
187,
719,
3971,
11,
5,
12351,
33,
6566,
57,
795,
87,
10877,
291,
17,
5782,
347,
2,
2,
46315,
2608,
3971,
64,
213,
25,
614,
25,
42736,
1749,
50141,
12938,
347,
36,
42736,
1749,
50141,
12938,
597,
31311,
8,
5,
2569,
990,
2673,
5181,
16,
2219,
42736,
4671,
50141,
12938,
347,
36,
42736,
3248,
50141,
12938,
597,
32801,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia. | In 2018, global commercial operations emitted 918 million tonnes (Mt) of CO₂, 2.4% of all CO₂ emissions: 747 Mt for passenger transport and 171 Mt for freight operations. | 0 | [
0,
10980,
4,
14834,
16,
10,
3097,
20583,
20818,
9,
3039,
2866,
23,
5,
589,
9,
2240,
4,
2,
2,
1121,
199,
6,
720,
1861,
1414,
37141,
361,
1366,
153,
5657,
36,
448,
90,
43,
9,
6247,
24987,
9264,
9264,
6,
132,
4,
306,
207,
9,
70,
6247,
24987,
9264,
9264,
5035,
35,
34523,
11319,
13,
4408,
4240,
8,
29810,
11319,
13,
14592,
1414,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
And some plants – like algae which use carbon for photosynthesis – may even benefit. | A study published in January 2015 proposed that the hiatus resulted from a 60-year oscillatory pattern of natural variability ssociated with the AMO and PDO, interacting with a secular warming trend due mainly to human caused increases in greenhouse gas levels. | 0 | [
0,
2409,
103,
3451,
126,
101,
25237,
61,
304,
4363,
13,
2356,
43122,
126,
189,
190,
1796,
4,
2,
2,
250,
892,
1027,
11,
644,
570,
1850,
14,
5,
25224,
4596,
31,
10,
1191,
12,
180,
19615,
5257,
6184,
9,
1632,
36049,
43987,
47422,
19,
5,
3326,
673,
8,
11707,
673,
6,
23140,
19,
10,
16413,
8232,
2904,
528,
4412,
7,
1050,
1726,
3488,
11,
11832,
1123,
1389,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
There are other possible causes for climate change which could be associated with solar activity or related to variations in the temperature of the liquid core of the Earth, which is about 5,400 degrees Celsius. | The main cause of climate change during the last millennia is the corresponding cyclic variation of the 80- and 200-year component of irradiance correlated with activity. | 1 | [
0,
970,
32,
97,
678,
4685,
13,
2147,
464,
61,
115,
28,
3059,
19,
4118,
1940,
50,
1330,
7,
18746,
11,
5,
5181,
9,
5,
6936,
2731,
9,
5,
3875,
6,
61,
16,
59,
195,
6,
4017,
4176,
15807,
4,
2,
2,
133,
1049,
1303,
9,
2147,
464,
148,
5,
94,
40887,
16,
5,
12337,
13030,
636,
21875,
9,
5,
1812,
12,
8,
1878,
12,
180,
7681,
9,
45708,
9862,
34852,
19,
1940,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
"There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming. | Although there is significant variation in national targets, the average is that 22% of electricity should be generated by renewables by 2010 (compared to 13,9% in 1997). | 0 | [
0,
113,
970,
16,
117,
3031,
1283,
14,
4363,
15746,
5035,
32,
3735,
720,
8232,
4,
2,
2,
13863,
89,
16,
1233,
21875,
11,
632,
3247,
6,
5,
674,
16,
14,
820,
207,
9,
4382,
197,
28,
5129,
30,
26618,
30,
1824,
36,
11828,
6537,
7,
508,
6,
466,
207,
11,
7528,
322,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Arctic greening was recently cited, in a major report by the U.S. Geological Survey, as the central reason that the state of Alaska, despite worsening wildfires and more thaw of permafrost, might still be able to stow away more carbon than it loses over the course of the 21st century.” | The Little Ice Age was a period of several centuries during the last millennium during which global temperatures were depressed; the cooling was associated with volcanic eruptions. | 0 | [
0,
8138,
20069,
2272,
154,
21,
682,
4418,
6,
11,
10,
538,
266,
30,
5,
121,
4,
104,
4,
26008,
11624,
6,
25,
5,
1353,
1219,
14,
5,
194,
9,
7227,
6,
1135,
21319,
12584,
8,
55,
3553,
1584,
9,
25639,
2001,
28050,
6,
429,
202,
28,
441,
7,
1690,
1722,
409,
55,
4363,
87,
24,
13585,
81,
5,
768,
9,
5,
733,
620,
3220,
4,
17,
46,
2,
2,
133,
4046,
8761,
8927,
21,
10,
675,
9,
484,
11505,
148,
5,
94,
38751,
148,
61,
720,
3971,
58,
16658,
131,
5,
13281,
21,
3059,
19,
23183,
33738,
25240,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change. | The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. | 1 | [
0,
11195,
54,
5042,
5,
513,
11832,
20038,
40,
28,
144,
7284,
30,
2147,
464,
4,
2,
2,
133,
1154,
1050,
2712,
34,
57,
5,
22679,
9,
11832,
20038,
215,
25,
4363,
15746,
6,
25139,
6,
8,
23737,
21233,
30629,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.' | For example, the heat wave that passed through Europe in 2003 cost 13 billion euros in uninsured agriculture losses. | 0 | [
0,
3750,
1455,
6,
2147,
5876,
190,
25,
410,
25,
411,
688,
789,
64,
28,
40641,
17985,
3435,
5,
5483,
9,
99,
888,
11493,
6,
190,
114,
5,
5876,
32,
1804,
7,
10,
650,
976,
9,
5,
5518,
955,
2,
2,
2709,
1246,
6,
5,
2859,
4605,
14,
1595,
149,
1005,
11,
4999,
701,
508,
325,
2729,
11,
24552,
6300,
2687,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Globally averaged thermometers show two periods of warming since 1900: a half-degree from natural causes in the first half of the 20th century, before there was an increase in industrial carbon dioxide that was enough to produce it, and another half-degree in the last quarter of the century. | "Coral Bleaching Has Ravaged Half of Hawaii's Coral Reefs". | 0 | [
0,
16389,
2413,
2368,
8329,
26898,
33794,
311,
80,
5788,
9,
8232,
187,
23137,
35,
10,
457,
12,
5743,
31,
1632,
4685,
11,
5,
78,
457,
9,
5,
291,
212,
3220,
6,
137,
89,
21,
41,
712,
11,
2683,
4363,
15746,
14,
21,
615,
7,
2592,
24,
6,
8,
277,
457,
12,
5743,
11,
5,
94,
297,
9,
5,
3220,
4,
2,
2,
113,
347,
15010,
16463,
13341,
6233,
19321,
4628,
11353,
9,
6467,
18,
21465,
27523,
29,
845,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.” | Twin satellites took detailed measurements of Earth's gravity field anomalies from its launch in March 2002 to the end of its science mission in October 2017. | 0 | [
0,
574,
10174,
10602,
14275,
16,
45,
7421,
7246,
87,
2057,
62,
2508,
9485,
11,
5,
382,
50,
26446,
4,
17,
46,
2,
2,
23638,
179,
16350,
362,
4271,
19851,
9,
3875,
18,
17244,
882,
36071,
31,
63,
1709,
11,
494,
5241,
7,
5,
253,
9,
63,
2866,
2511,
11,
779,
193,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Also found was that the correlation between solar activity and global temperatures ended around 1975, hence recent warming must have some other cause than solar variations. | In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. | 1 | [
0,
22412,
303,
21,
14,
5,
22792,
227,
4118,
1940,
8,
720,
3971,
1249,
198,
14873,
6,
12113,
485,
8232,
531,
33,
103,
97,
1303,
87,
4118,
18746,
4,
2,
2,
1121,
5,
6441,
13144,
6,
89,
16,
41,
8642,
2899,
14,
720,
4084,
3971,
33,
1130,
11,
485,
1724,
8,
14,
5,
2904,
16,
1726,
4412,
30,
1050,
12,
29101,
5035,
9,
11832,
20038,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Neither the rate nor the magnitude of the reported late twentieth century surface warming ( 1979–2000 ) lay outside normal natural variability. | Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. | 1 | [
0,
39254,
5,
731,
3486,
5,
11259,
9,
5,
431,
628,
41566,
3220,
4084,
8232,
36,
12330,
2383,
17472,
4839,
4477,
751,
2340,
1632,
36049,
4,
2,
2,
35416,
6,
4084,
3971,
32,
2227,
30,
59,
321,
4,
176,
50141,
12938,
347,
228,
2202,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Miami Congressman Carlos Curbelo supports drilling offshore and repeatedly voted against President Obama's ability to fight pollution and combat climate change. | Carlos Curbelo wants to be a Republican leader on climate change—if he can keep his seat. | 1 | [
0,
26048,
18167,
6778,
6781,
8494,
139,
4548,
7802,
7592,
8,
3987,
2763,
136,
270,
1284,
18,
1460,
7,
1032,
6631,
8,
5217,
2147,
464,
4,
2,
2,
22591,
366,
6781,
8494,
139,
1072,
7,
28,
10,
1172,
884,
15,
2147,
464,
578,
1594,
37,
64,
489,
39,
2418,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Seventeen of the 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000. | They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability. | 0 | [
0,
14696,
9399,
14102,
9,
5,
504,
3279,
990,
107,
33,
2756,
187,
3788,
4,
2,
2,
1213,
1679,
14,
720,
1266,
4084,
935,
5181,
34,
1130,
30,
321,
4,
246,
7,
321,
4,
401,
50141,
12938,
347,
81,
5,
94,
727,
107,
6,
11237,
4292,
19,
16782,
9,
2147,
3092,
6,
53,
67,
9,
5,
276,
11259,
25,
1632,
2147,
36049,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ... | Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. | 0 | [
0,
27004,
34,
303,
10,
1050,
2712,
15,
5,
2147,
9,
5,
375,
484,
1724,
1666,
2,
2,
18811,
8232,
16,
5,
251,
12,
1279,
1430,
11,
5,
674,
5181,
9,
5,
3875,
18,
2147,
467,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Tuvalu sea level isn't rising. | Mean sea-level rise is projected to continue ( very high confidence ). | 1 | [
0,
40768,
6486,
257,
3342,
672,
965,
75,
2227,
4,
2,
2,
5096,
260,
3342,
12,
4483,
1430,
16,
5635,
7,
535,
36,
182,
239,
2123,
32801,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
"Twentieth century global warming did not start until 1910. | These models are the basis for model predictions of future climate, such as are discussed by the IPCC. | 0 | [
0,
113,
23638,
1342,
15036,
3220,
720,
8232,
222,
45,
386,
454,
1437,
36012,
4,
2,
2,
4528,
3092,
32,
5,
1453,
13,
1421,
12535,
9,
499,
2147,
6,
215,
25,
32,
3373,
30,
5,
41206,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming. | To establish a correlation as causal within physics, it is normally understood that the cause and the effect must connect through a local mechanism ( cf. | 1 | [
0,
713,
1639,
10,
2228,
6,
40150,
41214,
3104,
227,
6247,
176,
8,
720,
8232,
4,
2,
2,
3972,
5242,
10,
22792,
25,
41214,
624,
17759,
6,
24,
16,
6329,
6238,
14,
5,
1303,
8,
5,
1683,
531,
4686,
149,
10,
400,
9562,
36,
46470,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
cold deaths actually occur during moderate temperatures | Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s. | 0 | [
0,
33912,
3257,
888,
5948,
148,
7212,
3971,
2,
2,
18811,
2687,
4991,
6042,
2227,
1042,
528,
7,
5004,
1650,
12,
3368,
1061,
187,
5,
6200,
29,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with insulating ice.' | This is typically done after one or two years and the research work done may count towards the Ph.D. degree. | 0 | [
0,
25216,
16,
1428,
3488,
11,
2608,
12351,
3971,
1437,
1437,
16,
45,
2859,
567,
66,
9,
5,
12351,
5860,
6,
61,
16,
2913,
19,
1437,
1437,
7540,
11539,
2480,
955,
2,
2,
713,
16,
3700,
626,
71,
65,
50,
80,
107,
8,
5,
557,
173,
626,
189,
3212,
1567,
5,
4129,
4,
495,
4,
3093,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice. | Much of the Arctic Ocean is covered by sea ice that varies in extent and thickness seasonally. | 1 | [
0,
3972,
146,
3510,
3007,
6,
5,
514,
3971,
11,
5,
12351,
5860,
32,
484,
4176,
1065,
674,
6,
61,
16,
41,
421,
898,
9,
519,
540,
3342,
2480,
4,
2,
2,
34443,
9,
5,
12351,
5860,
16,
2913,
30,
3342,
2480,
14,
23653,
11,
5239,
8,
31345,
191,
2368,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Had he used the currently accepted value of approximately 3°C warming for a doubling of atmospheric CO2, Hansen would have correctly projected the ensuing global warming. | The death toll is estimated to have been 50 million, and possibly as high as 100 million (about 3 to 6 percent of Earth's population at the time), making it one of the deadliest epidemics in human history. | 0 | [
0,
32054,
37,
341,
5,
855,
3903,
923,
9,
2219,
155,
12938,
347,
8232,
13,
10,
16758,
9,
24486,
6247,
176,
6,
14942,
74,
33,
12461,
5635,
5,
19373,
720,
8232,
4,
2,
2,
133,
744,
5831,
16,
2319,
7,
33,
57,
654,
50141,
4416,
6,
8,
3544,
25,
239,
25,
727,
50141,
4416,
36,
9006,
155,
7,
231,
135,
9,
3875,
18,
1956,
23,
5,
86,
238,
442,
24,
65,
9,
5,
16751,
29027,
2857,
11,
1050,
750,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
by the 2001 [ IPCC ] climate assessment...the Medieval Warm Period had been ingeniously wiped out. | The IPCC First Assessment Report in 1990 noted evidence that Holocene climatic optimum around 5,000-6,000 years ago had been warmer than the present ( at least in summer ) and that in some areas there had been exceptional warmth during a shorter Medieval Warm Period ( which may not have been global ) about AD 950-1250, followed by a cooler period of the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century. | 1 | [
0,
1409,
5,
5155,
646,
41206,
27779,
2147,
4990,
734,
627,
44536,
19516,
18365,
56,
57,
44182,
9997,
16492,
66,
4,
2,
2,
133,
41206,
1234,
22261,
2872,
11,
4525,
1581,
1283,
14,
6217,
42416,
23377,
5183,
33771,
198,
195,
6,
151,
12,
401,
6,
151,
107,
536,
56,
57,
13933,
87,
5,
1455,
36,
23,
513,
11,
1035,
4839,
8,
14,
11,
103,
911,
89,
56,
57,
9297,
20310,
148,
10,
10941,
44536,
19516,
18365,
36,
61,
189,
45,
33,
57,
720,
4839,
59,
4516,
33702,
12,
1092,
1096,
6,
1432,
30,
10,
12924,
675,
9,
5,
4046,
8761,
8927,
61,
1249,
129,
11,
5,
1692,
7,
628,
43228,
3220,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today. | In the Gulf of Mexico, catastrophic hurricane strikes at given locations occur once about every 350 years in the last 3,800 years or about 0.48%-0.39% annual frequency at any given site, with a recurrence rate of 300 years or 0.33% annual probability at sites in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico; category 3 or more storms occur at a rate of 3.9 - 0.1 category 3 or more storms per century in the northern Gulf of Mexico. | 1 | [
0,
8739,
1988,
337,
8037,
10195,
25132,
552,
5,
4602,
9,
1625,
8373,
1902,
31,
112,
6,
151,
7,
132,
6,
151,
107,
536,
3608,
55,
7690,
8,
5676,
16387,
87,
5948,
452,
4,
2,
2,
1121,
5,
4602,
9,
1625,
6,
15532,
6874,
5315,
23,
576,
3237,
5948,
683,
59,
358,
10088,
107,
11,
5,
94,
155,
6,
3913,
107,
50,
59,
321,
4,
3818,
27868,
288,
4,
3416,
207,
1013,
13135,
23,
143,
576,
1082,
6,
19,
10,
3872,
30904,
731,
9,
2993,
107,
50,
321,
4,
3103,
207,
1013,
18102,
23,
3091,
11,
5,
7599,
8,
4602,
9,
1625,
131,
4120,
155,
50,
55,
7749,
5948,
23,
10,
731,
9,
155,
4,
466,
111,
321,
4,
134,
4120,
155,
50,
55,
7749,
228,
3220,
11,
5,
3285,
4602,
9,
1625,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century. | The area of melting in 2002 broke all previous records. | 0 | [
0,
15243,
5,
7425,
271,
3432,
15796,
1291,
227,
6247,
176,
8,
4084,
3971,
6,
24486,
6247,
176,
1389,
32,
2227,
98,
1769,
14,
3867,
52,
8617,
7280,
84,
5035,
6,
720,
8232,
40,
10107,
81,
5,
733,
620,
9348,
4,
2,
2,
133,
443,
9,
23187,
11,
5241,
2263,
70,
986,
2189,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
NASA has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...] | It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents. | 0 | [
0,
34665,
34,
57,
18624,
3971,
31,
5,
375,
10975,
48872,
2,
2,
243,
16,
65,
9,
5,
1154,
1715,
9,
11832,
20038,
6,
2149,
13,
504,
207,
9,
5,
232,
18,
11832,
1123,
5035,
25,
9550,
11,
6247,
176,
26699,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
A video shows Koko the gorilla spontaneously using sign language to issue a warning about climate change. | Patterson reported that Koko's use of signs indicated that she mastered the use of sign language. | 1 | [
0,
250,
569,
924,
229,
11136,
5,
37692,
40553,
634,
1203,
2777,
7,
696,
10,
2892,
59,
2147,
464,
4,
2,
2,
18276,
41065,
431,
14,
229,
11136,
18,
304,
9,
2434,
4658,
14,
79,
32247,
5,
304,
9,
1203,
2777,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland ice loss is accelerating due to global warming. | The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet. | 1 | [
0,
8138,
20069,
6,
31769,
8,
31709,
2480,
872,
16,
17604,
528,
7,
720,
8232,
4,
2,
2,
133,
3038,
9,
720,
8232,
11,
5,
12351,
680,
2227,
3971,
6,
872,
9,
3342,
2480,
6,
8,
23187,
9,
5,
31709,
2480,
5462,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
On a world scale coral reefs are in decline. | In 1998, 16% of the world's reefs died as a result of increased water temperature. | 1 | [
0,
4148,
10,
232,
3189,
23491,
28919,
32,
11,
2991,
4,
2,
2,
1121,
6708,
6,
545,
207,
9,
5,
232,
18,
28919,
962,
25,
10,
898,
9,
1130,
514,
5181,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing. | An increase in temperature from greenhouse gases leading to increased water vapor (which is itself a greenhouse gas) causing further warming is a positive feedback, but not a runaway effect, on Earth. | 0 | [
0,
40466,
18538,
7,
3046,
1572,
24,
7,
464,
23,
5,
86,
131,
5868,
32,
122,
5,
7353,
6437,
4,
2,
2,
4688,
712,
11,
5181,
31,
11832,
20038,
981,
7,
1130,
514,
29406,
36,
5488,
16,
1495,
10,
11832,
1123,
43,
3735,
617,
8232,
16,
10,
1313,
6456,
6,
53,
45,
10,
25727,
1683,
6,
15,
3875,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Climate scientists use the 20th-century average as a benchmark for global temperature measurements. | with a marginal drop in sea level. | 0 | [
0,
40466,
4211,
304,
5,
291,
212,
12,
11046,
674,
25,
10,
5437,
13,
720,
5181,
19851,
4,
2,
2,
5632,
10,
14612,
1874,
11,
3342,
672,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit. | Research published in 2009 found that overall the continent had become warmer since the 1950s, a finding consistent with the influence of man-made climate change: "We can't pin it down, but it certainly is consistent with the influence of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels", said NASA scientist Drew Shindell, another study co-author. | 0 | [
0,
1779,
301,
16,
1687,
6,
6444,
10395,
5000,
16,
747,
303,
7,
28,
10,
786,
12,
41045,
6,
50,
190,
10,
1796,
4,
2,
2,
27004,
1027,
11,
2338,
303,
14,
1374,
5,
9183,
56,
555,
13933,
187,
5,
9323,
29,
6,
10,
2609,
4292,
19,
5,
2712,
9,
313,
12,
7078,
2147,
464,
35,
22,
170,
64,
75,
7756,
24,
159,
6,
53,
24,
1819,
16,
4292,
19,
5,
2712,
9,
11832,
20038,
31,
11422,
12174,
1297,
26,
6109,
9744,
8238,
840,
2028,
1641,
6,
277,
892,
1029,
12,
11515,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.” | Rising levels of acids in seas may endanger marine life, says study. | 1 | [
0,
10169,
833,
301,
34,
1085,
14778,
7,
2490,
31,
6444,
10395,
5000,
4,
17,
46,
2,
2,
500,
3009,
1389,
9,
27976,
11,
14460,
189,
20430,
9580,
301,
6,
161,
892,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Scientists say the recent climate agreement negotiated in Paris is not remotely ambitious enough to forestall a significant melting of Greenland and Antarctica, though if fully implemented, it may slow the pace somewhat.” | Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons. | 0 | [
0,
40816,
224,
5,
485,
2147,
1288,
12518,
11,
2201,
16,
45,
18684,
8263,
615,
7,
6693,
1250,
10,
1233,
23187,
9,
31709,
8,
27593,
6,
600,
114,
1950,
6264,
6,
24,
189,
2635,
5,
2877,
5568,
4,
17,
46,
2,
2,
33837,
1713,
29901,
59,
1132,
325,
7741,
9,
4363,
15746,
228,
76,
6,
150,
31783,
8013,
29901,
227,
321,
4,
176,
8,
321,
4,
246,
325,
7741,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
[ data ] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter | The water reacts by radiating, also in the infrared, both upward and downward, and the downward longwave radiation results in increased warming at the surface. | 1 | [
0,
10975,
414,
27779,
311,
129,
7019,
8232,
6,
2260,
23,
363,
8,
11,
2608,
2,
2,
133,
514,
18538,
30,
22750,
1295,
6,
67,
11,
5,
30175,
6,
258,
13568,
8,
14659,
6,
8,
5,
14659,
251,
20654,
13785,
775,
11,
1130,
8232,
23,
5,
4084,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
There is a link between climate change and the NSW bushfires. | In addition, climatic changes are estimated to cause over 150,000 deaths annually. | 0 | [
0,
970,
16,
10,
3104,
227,
2147,
464,
8,
5,
11618,
18080,
23668,
4,
2,
2,
1121,
1285,
6,
23377,
5183,
1022,
32,
2319,
7,
1303,
81,
3982,
6,
151,
3257,
6333,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
The polar bear population has been growing. | Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017. | 1 | [
0,
133,
13744,
4649,
1956,
34,
57,
1197,
4,
2,
2,
10643,
5,
753,
4984,
13744,
4649,
2849,
15076,
16685,
6,
65,
16,
11,
2991,
6,
80,
32,
2284,
6,
707,
32,
4375,
6,
8,
1117,
33,
16429,
414,
6,
25,
9,
193,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
“Healthy societies do not fall apart over slow, widely predicted, relatively small economic adjustments of the sort painted by climate analysis. | The Siple Dome (SD) had a climate event with an onset time that is coincident with that of the Little Ice Age in the North Atlantic based on a correlation with the GISP2 record. | 0 | [
0,
17,
48,
13716,
219,
17537,
109,
45,
1136,
4102,
81,
2635,
6,
3924,
6126,
6,
3487,
650,
776,
11431,
9,
5,
2345,
10122,
30,
2147,
1966,
4,
2,
2,
133,
208,
42420,
25336,
36,
6243,
43,
56,
10,
2147,
515,
19,
41,
23808,
86,
14,
16,
24634,
8009,
19,
14,
9,
5,
4046,
8761,
8927,
11,
5,
369,
5038,
716,
15,
10,
22792,
19,
5,
272,
1729,
510,
176,
638,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Various independent measurements of solar activity all confirm the sun has shown a slight cooling trend since 1978. | In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence. | 1 | [
0,
46503,
2222,
19851,
9,
4118,
1940,
70,
4559,
5,
3778,
34,
2343,
10,
7019,
13281,
2904,
187,
14428,
4,
2,
2,
1121,
5,
130,
1724,
511,
14428,
6,
5,
4069,
9,
4118,
8,
23183,
1940,
16,
2319,
7,
33,
56,
10,
7019,
13281,
2712,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years. | The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period. | 0 | [
0,
36062,
9,
7716,
420,
5,
987,
32,
39209,
656,
122,
87,
143,
86,
11,
5773,
107,
4,
2,
2,
133,
4046,
8761,
8927,
36,
574,
2889,
43,
21,
10,
675,
9,
13281,
14,
2756,
71,
5,
44536,
19516,
18365,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
The temperatures are expected to change by as much as 10 Fahrenheit degrees at different places of the globe. | An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem. | 0 | [
0,
133,
3971,
32,
421,
7,
464,
30,
25,
203,
25,
158,
24847,
4176,
23,
430,
2127,
9,
5,
7183,
4,
2,
2,
4688,
935,
44960,
927,
16,
10,
1468,
11,
5,
935,
14,
64,
33,
12661,
3038,
15,
5868,
8,
5,
10764,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century. | Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C ( 1.17 °F ) at the Earth's surface ( see historical temperature record ). | 1 | [
0,
47666,
36049,
64,
129,
1316,
13,
650,
5353,
9,
8232,
8,
13281,
81,
5788,
9,
1724,
6,
8,
6441,
3218,
33,
6566,
2343,
14,
24,
1395,
1316,
13,
5,
720,
8232,
81,
5,
375,
3220,
4,
2,
2,
10777,
5,
375,
292,
1724,
89,
34,
57,
10,
720,
8232,
9,
2219,
321,
4,
3506,
50141,
12938,
347,
36,
112,
4,
1360,
50141,
12938,
597,
4839,
23,
5,
3875,
18,
4084,
36,
192,
4566,
5181,
638,
32801,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports. | "Extreme melt onCanada's Arctic ice caps in the 21st century". | 0 | [
0,
133,
2991,
11,
3907,
12,
4506,
434,
16,
9142,
3373,
11,
6665,
8,
41206,
690,
4,
2,
2,
113,
43239,
20147,
15,
14031,
18,
12351,
2480,
9686,
11,
5,
733,
620,
3220,
845,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
[ T ]he overwhelming majority of peer-reviewed studies [ find ] that CO2 in the atmosphere remained there a short time. | Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports. | 1 | [
0,
10975,
255,
27779,
700,
8642,
1647,
9,
10995,
12,
33111,
3218,
1437,
50141,
10975,
465,
27779,
14,
6247,
176,
11,
5,
5466,
2442,
89,
10,
765,
86,
4,
2,
2,
46300,
8685,
3221,
1239,
317,
11,
8812,
7201,
14,
32,
10995,
12,
33111,
6,
61,
4211,
2087,
7,
4990,
358,
891,
9,
107,
11,
5,
3870,
21494,
19413,
15,
11001,
7229,
690,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change. | GHG emissions due to anthropogenic ( human ) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming ( climate change ) since the mid-20th century. | 1 | [
0,
20930,
15,
5,
712,
9,
4118,
1940,
148,
5,
41566,
3220,
6,
24,
197,
1316,
13,
227,
457,
7,
80,
12,
10224,
9,
70,
2147,
464,
4,
2,
2,
17201,
534,
5035,
528,
7,
32117,
23982,
36,
1050,
4839,
1940,
32,
5,
7353,
1303,
9,
6373,
720,
8232,
36,
2147,
464,
4839,
187,
5,
1084,
12,
844,
212,
3220,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
While evidence that the earth’s orbital variations impact radiation levels and thus global temperatures does not of course mean that man is not in some way impacting the climate, studies like these highlight that the role man plays on the planet is dwarfed by natural phenomena utterly out of our control. | Milankovitch studied changes in these movements of the Earth, which alter the amount and location of solar radiation reaching the Earth. | 1 | [
0,
5771,
1283,
14,
5,
6872,
17,
27,
29,
38767,
18746,
913,
13785,
1389,
8,
4634,
720,
3971,
473,
45,
9,
768,
1266,
14,
313,
16,
45,
11,
103,
169,
18081,
5,
2147,
6,
3218,
101,
209,
6053,
14,
5,
774,
313,
1974,
15,
5,
5518,
16,
35535,
21967,
30,
1632,
32242,
19223,
66,
9,
84,
797,
4,
2,
2,
28151,
3153,
1417,
3239,
8069,
1022,
11,
209,
7467,
9,
5,
3875,
6,
61,
11330,
5,
1280,
8,
2259,
9,
4118,
13785,
3970,
5,
3875,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Heatwaves occur in any climate, but we know that heatwaves are becoming much more likely due to climate change. | Daylight saving time in the United States is the practice of setting the clock forward by one hour during the warmer part of the year, so that evenings have more daylight and mornings have less. | 0 | [
0,
44644,
22424,
5948,
11,
143,
2147,
6,
53,
52,
216,
14,
2859,
22424,
32,
1959,
203,
55,
533,
528,
7,
2147,
464,
4,
2,
2,
10781,
6991,
6549,
86,
11,
5,
315,
532,
16,
5,
1524,
9,
2749,
5,
6700,
556,
30,
65,
1946,
148,
5,
13933,
233,
9,
5,
76,
6,
98,
14,
23621,
33,
55,
20335,
8,
19905,
33,
540,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science. | For example, bicycling reduces greenhouse gas emissions while reducing the effects of a sedentary lifestyle at the same time. | 0 | [
0,
133,
1280,
9,
8232,
1726,
30,
5,
32117,
23982,
712,
11,
24486,
6247,
176,
189,
28,
65,
9,
5,
144,
32085,
9352,
11,
2147,
2866,
4,
2,
2,
2709,
1246,
6,
44821,
21050,
13458,
11832,
1123,
5035,
150,
4881,
5,
3038,
9,
10,
10195,
39494,
6339,
23,
5,
276,
86,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas | Atmospheric methane concentrations are of interest because it is one of the most potent greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere. | 1 | [
0,
25589,
29406,
16,
5,
144,
2247,
11832,
1123,
2,
2,
3750,
46032,
41481,
25139,
26069,
32,
9,
773,
142,
24,
16,
65,
9,
5,
144,
16139,
11832,
20038,
11,
3875,
18,
5466,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Scientists say halting deforestation ‘just as urgent’ as reducing emissions | Antarctic sea ice extent gradually increased in the period of satellite observations, which began in 1979, until a rapid decline in southern hemisphere spring of 2016. | 0 | [
0,
40816,
224,
26563,
35552,
44,
711,
8987,
25,
9047,
17,
27,
25,
4881,
5035,
2,
2,
18348,
271,
20069,
3342,
2480,
5239,
9097,
1130,
11,
5,
675,
9,
7595,
15864,
6,
61,
880,
11,
12330,
6,
454,
10,
6379,
2991,
11,
3174,
32515,
2428,
9,
336,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Global temperature is still rising and 2010 was the hottest recorded. | The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2 °C ( 100.8 °F ) at the VVC weather station and 39.0 °C ( 102.2 °F ) in the center of Moscow and Domodedovo airport on July 29, 2010 during the unusual 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves. | 1 | [
0,
18811,
5181,
16,
202,
2227,
8,
1824,
21,
5,
14611,
2673,
4,
2,
2,
133,
1609,
5181,
655,
2673,
21,
2843,
4,
176,
50141,
12938,
347,
36,
727,
4,
398,
50141,
12938,
597,
4839,
23,
5,
468,
14858,
1650,
1992,
8,
3191,
4,
288,
50141,
12938,
347,
36,
12747,
4,
176,
50141,
12938,
597,
4839,
11,
5,
1312,
9,
3467,
8,
11349,
31819,
22864,
3062,
15,
550,
1132,
6,
1824,
148,
5,
5425,
1824,
2874,
34765,
1035,
2859,
6995,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
It’s usually taken to be the fact that as carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere increase, the 1 per cent of CO2 that’s the heavier carbon isotope ratio c13 declines in proportion. | An especially strong Walker circulation causes a La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures due to increased upwelling. | 0 | [
0,
243,
17,
27,
29,
2333,
551,
7,
28,
5,
754,
14,
25,
4363,
15746,
26069,
11,
5,
5466,
712,
6,
5,
112,
228,
715,
9,
6247,
176,
14,
17,
27,
29,
5,
19351,
4363,
40640,
9877,
1750,
740,
1558,
11081,
11,
10301,
4,
2,
2,
4688,
941,
670,
4461,
17268,
4685,
10,
1587,
11568,
14379,
6,
5203,
11,
12924,
6444,
3971,
528,
7,
1130,
62,
3056,
154,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
During the recent global warming summit in Copenhagen, Nancy Pelosi and others stayed at a five-star hotel on a trip costing nearly $10,000 per person. | The New York Times reported that the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950. | 1 | [
0,
14229,
5,
485,
720,
8232,
3564,
11,
22843,
6,
8239,
9560,
8,
643,
4711,
23,
10,
292,
12,
3641,
2303,
15,
10,
1805,
15135,
823,
68,
698,
6,
151,
228,
621,
4,
2,
2,
133,
188,
469,
1513,
431,
14,
5,
981,
758,
1546,
9,
2147,
4211,
34,
4633,
13,
5,
78,
86,
14,
720,
8232,
16,
128,
4438,
2253,
1879,
21103,
108,
8,
14,
1050,
1940,
16,
5,
1049,
1393,
6,
128,
5525,
533,
108,
3735,
144,
9,
5,
1430,
11,
3971,
187,
9323,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling. | Reflecting on developments in rock music at the start of the 1970s, Robert Christgau later wrote in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981): The decade is, of course, an arbitrary schema itself—time doesn't just execute a neat turn toward the future every ten years. | 0 | [
0,
40466,
4211,
32,
2758,
201,
24,
17,
27,
29,
533,
52,
17,
27,
241,
164,
7,
28,
11,
13,
10,
675,
9,
13281,
4,
2,
2,
31842,
17601,
154,
15,
5126,
11,
3152,
930,
23,
5,
386,
9,
5,
6200,
29,
6,
1738,
4845,
571,
1180,
423,
875,
11,
4845,
571,
1180,
18,
10788,
14670,
35,
2751,
19657,
29,
9,
5,
23670,
918,
36,
44582,
3256,
20,
2202,
16,
6,
9,
768,
6,
41,
23501,
47404,
1495,
578,
958,
630,
75,
95,
11189,
10,
19427,
1004,
1706,
5,
499,
358,
2724,
107,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
In the 11,400 years since the end of the last Ice Age, sea level has risen at an average of 4 feet/century, though it is now rising much more slowly because very nearly all of the land-based ice that is at low enough latitudes and altitudes to melt has long since gone." | However, that view was questioned by other researchers; the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 discussed the "Medieval Warm Period around 1000 AD (which may not have been global) and the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century." | 0 | [
0,
1121,
5,
365,
6,
4017,
107,
187,
5,
253,
9,
5,
94,
8761,
8927,
6,
3342,
1437,
672,
34,
7408,
23,
41,
674,
9,
204,
1730,
73,
11046,
6,
600,
24,
16,
122,
2227,
1437,
203,
55,
5764,
142,
182,
823,
70,
9,
5,
1212,
12,
805,
2480,
14,
16,
1437,
23,
614,
615,
16619,
25917,
8,
11838,
25917,
7,
20147,
34,
251,
187,
1613,
72,
2,
2,
10462,
6,
14,
1217,
21,
5249,
30,
97,
2634,
131,
5,
41206,
1234,
22261,
2872,
9,
4525,
3373,
5,
22,
21243,
47981,
19516,
18365,
198,
10775,
4516,
36,
5488,
189,
45,
33,
57,
720,
43,
8,
5,
4046,
8761,
8927,
61,
1249,
129,
11,
5,
1692,
7,
628,
43228,
3220,
72,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
that likewise determined that the actual increases in warming post-2000 was ‘generally smaller than trends estimated’ from the models.” | The average annual temperature recorded at nearby Lambert–St. | 0 | [
0,
6025,
24489,
3030,
14,
5,
3031,
3488,
11,
8232,
618,
12,
17472,
21,
44,
711,
20557,
2368,
2735,
87,
3926,
2319,
17,
27,
31,
5,
3092,
4,
17,
46,
2,
2,
133,
674,
1013,
5181,
2673,
23,
3027,
17489,
2383,
5320,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
With marine ice cliff instability, sea-level rise for the next century is potentially much larger than we thought it might be five or 10 years ago | A number of later studies have concluded that a global sea level rise of 200 to 270 cm ( 6.6 to 8.9 ft ) this century is physically plausible. | 1 | [
0,
3908,
9580,
2480,
15344,
16826,
6,
3342,
12,
4483,
1430,
13,
5,
220,
3220,
16,
2905,
203,
2514,
87,
52,
802,
24,
429,
28,
292,
50,
158,
107,
536,
2,
2,
250,
346,
9,
423,
3218,
33,
4633,
14,
10,
720,
3342,
672,
1430,
9,
1878,
7,
18673,
50141,
13753,
36,
231,
4,
401,
7,
290,
4,
466,
50141,
2543,
4839,
42,
3220,
16,
7217,
27099,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Measurements of carbon isotopes and falling oxygen in the atmosphere show that rising carbon dioxide is due to the burning of fossil fuels and cannot be coming from the ocean. | 1924/1925: PDO changed to a "warm" phase. | 0 | [
0,
47715,
2963,
9,
4363,
40640,
18836,
8,
3064,
11747,
11,
5,
5466,
311,
14,
2227,
4363,
15746,
16,
528,
7,
5,
6574,
9,
11422,
12174,
8,
1395,
28,
567,
31,
5,
6444,
4,
2,
2,
1646,
1978,
73,
1646,
1244,
35,
11707,
673,
1714,
7,
10,
22,
29530,
113,
4359,
4,
2
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |