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usmle-12351 | A 25-year-old professional surfer presents to the emergency room with leg pain and a headache. He recently returned from a surf competition in Hawaii and has been feeling unwell for several days. He regularly smokes marijuana and drinks 6-7 beers during the weekend. He is otherwise healthy and does not take any medications. His temperature is 102.2°F (39°C), blood pressure is 121/78 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, and respirations are 18/min saturating 99% on room air. He is sitting in a dim room as the lights bother his eyes and you notice scleral icterus on physical exam. Cardiopulmonary exam is unremarkable. Which of the following findings would most likely be seen in this patient? |
usmle-12352 | A 65-year-old male with a history of hypertension presents to his primary care physician complaining of multiple episodes of chest pain, palpitations, and syncope. Episodes have occurred twice daily for the last week, and he is asymptomatic between episodes. Electrocardiogram reveals a narrow-complex supraventricular tachycardia. He is treated with diltiazem. In addition to its effects on cardiac myocytes, on which of the following channels and tissues would diltiazem also block depolarization? |
usmle-12353 | A 53-year-old female presents to the emergency department with altered mental status. He is wheelchair-bound due to severe peripheral neuropathy and has been hospitalized numerous times in the past for diabetic ketoacidosis. The patient was recently diagnosed with a left popliteal deep venous thrombosis and is currently on anticoagulation therapy. On physical exam, the patient is noted to have the following findings (Figure A). A transthoracic echocardiogram reveals a left ventricular ejection fraction of 65% without any diastolic dysfunction or valvular abnormalities. Which of the following laboratory abnormalities would most likely be found in this patient? |
usmle-12354 | A 27-year-old Caucasian female presents complaining of recent weight loss and weakness. She reports that she feels dizzy and lightheaded every morning when she gets out of bed, and often at work whenever she must rise from her desk. Physical exam reveals several areas of her skin including her elbows and knees are more pigmented than other areas. Which of the following would be consistent with the patient's disease? |
usmle-12355 | A 67-year-old woman presents to her primary care provider with fatigue. She reports a 7-month history of progressively worsening tiredness. She also has noticed that she bleeds more easily with minor trauma. Her past medical history is notable for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder. She takes lisinopril, hydrochlorothiazide, metformin, and glyburide. She has a 45-pack-year smoking history and has a distant history of cocaine abuse. Her temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 145/85 mmHg, pulse is 92/min, and respirations are 17/min. On exam, there are decreased breath sounds at the bilateral lung bases. Mild splenomegaly is noted. Results of a peripheral smear are shown in Figure A. This patient’s condition is most commonly associated with a mutation in which gene? |
usmle-12356 | A 65-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with a neck mass. He first noticed a firm mass on the anterior aspect of his neck approximately 4 months ago. The mass is painless and has not increased in size since then. He has also noticed occasional fatigue and has gained 10 pounds in the past 4 months despite no change in his diet or exercise frequency. His past medical history is notable for gout for which he takes allopurinol. He denies any prior thyroid disorder. He runs 4 times per week and eats a balanced diet of mostly fruits and vegetables. He does not smoke and drinks a glass of wine with dinner. His family history is notable for medullary thyroid cancer in his maternal uncle. His temperature is 97.8°F (36.6°C), blood pressure is 127/72 mmHg, pulse is 87/min, and respirations are 19/min. On exam, he has a firm, symmetric, and stone-firm thyroid. A biopsy of this patient's lesion would most likely demonstrate which of the following findings? |
usmle-12357 | A 30-year-old woman with a 1-year history of medically-managed Graves disease visits her endocrinologist to discuss her desire to become pregnant and whether pregnancy is safe with her medications. Her temperature is 98.4°F (36.9°C), blood pressure is 110/66 mmHg, pulse is 78/min, respirations are 12/min. The endocrinologist advises that the patient may pursue pregnancy, but first needs to be switched to a new medication for her Graves disease. Which of the following is a possible side effect in this new medication that is not a risk in her old medication? |
usmle-12358 | A 57-year-old man presents to the ED complaining of back and left leg pain. He was lifting heavy furniture while helping his daughter move into college when all of sudden he felt a sharp pain at his back. The pain is described as severe, worse with movement, and shoots down his lateral thigh. The patient denies any bowel/urinary incontinence, saddle anesthesia, weight loss, or weakness. He denies any past medical history but endorses a family history of osteoporosis. He has been smoking 1 pack per day for the past 20 years. Physical examination demonstrated decreased sensation at the left knee, decreased patellar reflex, and a positive straight leg test. There is diffuse tenderness to palpation at the lower back but no vertebral step-offs were detected. What is the most likely etiology for this patient’s pain? |
usmle-12359 | A 45-year-old woman comes to the physician’s office with complaints of clumsiness. She feels like she is tripping over her feet more often, and she recently fell and sprained her wrist. Her medical history is significant for well-controlled diabetes. She has been a strict vegan for over 20 years. She lives at home with her husband and two children. On exam, she appears well-nourished. She has diminished proprioception and vibration sense in both her feet. She has a positive Romberg sign. She has diminished Achilles reflexes bilaterally. Which of the following tracts are most likely damaged in this patient? |
usmle-12360 | A 64-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician complaining of difficulty maintaining her balance while walking. Her husband comes along to the appointment with her, because he feels that she has not been acting herself at home lately. After further questioning him, it is noted that she has recently been voiding urine unintentionally at inappropriate times. If there is suspicion for an intracranial process, what would most likely be seen on MRI and what is the treatment? |
usmle-12361 | An 11-year-old girl presents to her pediatrician for evaluation of asymmetry that was detected during routine school screening. Specifically, she was asked to bend forwards while the school nurse examined her back. While leaning forward, her right scapula was found to be higher than her left scapula. She was also found to have a prominent line of spinal processes that diverged from the midline. She has been experiencing some back pain that she previously attributed to growth pains but otherwise has no symptoms. Her past medical history is significant only for mild allergies. She is sent to radiography for confirmation of the diagnosis and placed in a nighttime brace. Which of the following represents a complication of the most likely disease affecting this patient if it is left untreated? |
usmle-12362 | A 28-year-old woman comes to the obstetrics and gynecology clinic because she has been unsuccessfully trying to conceive with her husband for the last 2 years. He has had 2 children from a previous marriage and has been tested for causes of male infertility. She has had prior abdominal surgery as well as a family history of endocrine abnormalities. Based on this history, a panel of tests are obtained and treatment is started. This treatment will be administered intermittently one week before her normal menstrual cycle. If the most likely drug prescribed in this case was administered in a different manner, which of the following conditions may also be treated by this drug? |
usmle-12363 | A 28-year-old female comes to the emergency department complaining of heart palpitations. She has had multiple episodes of these in the past few months. She has found that if she wears tight clothing then sometimes these episodes will stop spontaneously. On presentation to the ED, she feels like her heart is pounding and reports feeling nauseous. She appears mildly diaphoretic. Her blood pressure is 125/75 mmHg, pulse is 180/min, and respirations are 22/min with an O2 saturation of 99% on room air. A neck maneuver is performed and her pulse returns to 90/min with improvement of her symptoms. Stimulation of afferent fibers from which nerve are most responsible for the resolution of her symptoms? |
usmle-12364 | A 48-year-old man is brought to the emergency department for hematemesis that occurred 1 hour ago. Per his wife, the patient went out with his friends last night and came home extremely drunk. He has been vomiting for the past several hours when he noticed some bright-red blood within the emesis. He reports only that 1 episode and denies any weight loss, chest pain, lightheadedness, dyspnea, fever, abdominal pain or prior occurrences. His past medical history is significant for diabetes and GERD, both well controlled with medications. A physical examination is unremarkable except for a moderate abdominal fluid wave and the skin finding shown in Figure A. His vital signs are stable and within normal limits. What is the most likely endoscopic finding in this patient causing the clinical presentation? |
usmle-12365 | A 14-year-old boy is brought in to the clinic by his parents for weird behavior for the past 4 months. The father reports that since the passing of his son's pet rabbit about 5 months ago, his son has been counting during meals. It could take up to 2 hours for him to finish a meal as he would cut up all his food and arrange it in a certain way. After asking the parents to leave the room, you inquire about the reason for these behaviors. He believes that another family member is going to die a “terrible death” if he doesn’t eat his meals in multiples of 5. He understands that this is unreasonable but just can’t bring himself to stop. Which of the following abnormality is this patient's condition most likely associated with? |
usmle-12366 | A 49-year-old man presents to your clinic with “low back pain”. When asked to point to the area that bothers him the most, he motions to both his left and right flank. He describes the pain as deep, dull, and aching for the past few months. His pain does not change significantly with movement or lifting heavy objects. He noted dark colored urine this morning. He has a history of hypertension managed with hydrochlorothiazide; however, he avoids seeing the doctor whenever possible. He drinks 3-4 beers on the weekends but does not smoke. His father died of a sudden onset brain bleed, and his mother has diabetes. In clinic, his temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 150/110 mmHg, pulse is 95/min, and respirations are 12/min. Bilateral irregular masses are noted on deep palpation of the abdomen. The patient has full range of motion in his back and has no tenderness of the spine or paraspinal muscles. Urine dipstick in clinic is notable for 3+ blood. Which chromosome is most likely affected by a mutation in this patient? |
usmle-12367 | A 24-year-old Turkish female presents to your office for a routine examination. She recently started a new job and has been tired most of the time. She does not have any dizziness and has not lost consciousness. She follows a well-balanced diet and is not vegetarian. She recalls that other family members have had similar symptoms in the past. On physical exam her temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 115/78 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, respirations are 22/min, and pulse oximetry is 99% on room air. On physical exam, you notice conjunctival pallor. Labs are obtained and the results are shown below:
Hemoglobin: 10.2 g/dL
Hematocrit: 34%
Leukocyte count: 5,000 cells/mm^3 with normal differential
Platelet count: 252,000/mm^3
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration: 20.4%
Mean corpuscular volume: 65 µm^3
Peripheral blood smear is shown in the image provided. The cause of her anemia is most likely associated with which of the following? |
usmle-12368 | A 45-year-old man presents to his primary care physician because of abdominal pain. He has had this pain intermittently for several years but feels that it has gotten worse after he started a low carbohydrate diet. He says that the pain is most prominent in the epigastric region and is also associated with constipation and foul smelling stools that float in the toilet bowl. He has a 15-year history of severe alcoholism but quit drinking 1 year ago. Laboratory studies are obtained showing a normal serum amylase and lipase. Both serum and urine toxicology are negative. His physician starts him on appropriate therapy and checks to make sure that his vitamin and mineral levels are appropriate. Which of the following deficiency syndromes is most closely associated with the cause of this patient's abdominal pain? |
usmle-12369 | A 55-year-old woman presents to the emergency room with right leg pain and swelling. She recently returned to the United States from a vacation in New Zealand. Her past medical history is notable for hypertension and generalized anxiety disorder. She takes hydrochlorothiazide and sertraline. She has a 10-pack-year smoking history and drinks alcohol socially. Her temperature is 98.8°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 135/85 mmHg, pulse is 84/min, and respirations are 18/min. On examination, the circumference of her right calf is 3 cm larger than that of her left calf. A lower extremity ultrasound demonstrates a deep venous thrombosis in the femoral vein. She is discharged on low-molecular weight heparin with plans to follow-up in one week. However, 6 days after discharge, she presents to the emergency room again with a skin rash and new pain in her left leg. An image of her skin is shown in Figure A. A lower extremity ultrasound demonstrates a persistent deep venous thrombosis in the right femoral vein as well as a new deep venous thrombosis in the left popliteal vein. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s new symptoms? |
usmle-12370 | A 5-year-old boy is brought by his mother to his pediatrician. His mother reports that the child has had frequent headaches over the past month. His left arm has also appeared “clumsy” at times. He vomited more than ten times over the past week. The child has no significant past medical history and was born at 38 weeks gestation. He can speak in full sentences, count to 20, and hop on one foot. He starts kindergarten in a few months. On examination, the child is cooperative but complains of mild head pain. His pupils are equally round and reactive to light. Cranial nerves II-XII are intact. Strength is 5/5 in the upper and lower extremities. Reflexes are 2+ bilaterally. Moderate left arm and leg ataxia and dysmetria are noted. Results of a brain MRI are shown in Figure A. A biopsy is performed and synaptophysin staining is negative. Which of the following will most likely be seen on biopsy of the lesion? |
usmle-12371 | A 6-year-old girl of Moroccan descent is brought to the pediatrician by her father who is concerned about the child developing a body odor. He reports that she has started to smell “like a teenage boy” especially after physical activity. The child has had limited medical follow-up since being born in Morocco and immigrating to the United States at 3 years of age. Her temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 150/90 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, and respirations are 18/min. On exam, she has hair in her axillary and pubic regions. Genital examination demonstrates clitoral enlargement and labioscrotal fusion. Which of the following metabolites is most likely elevated in this patient? |
usmle-12372 | A 39-year-old man presents to the emergency department for severe abdominal pain. His pain is located in the epigastric region of his abdomen, which he describes as sharp and persistent. His symptoms began approximately 2 days prior to presentation, and he has tried acetaminophen and ibuprofen, which did not improve his symptoms. He feels nauseated and has had 2 episodes of non-bloody, non-bilious emesis. He has a medical history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia for which he is on chlorthalidone and simvastatin. He has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes per day for the last 20 years and drinks 1 pint of vodka per day. On physical exam, there is tenderness to palpation of the upper abdomen, and the patient is noted to have tender hepatomegaly. Serum studies demonstrate:
Amylase: 350 U/L (25-125 U/L)
Lipase: 150 U/L (12-53 U/L)
AST: 305 U/L (8-20 U/L)
ALT: 152 U/L (8-20 U/L)
He is admitted to the hospital and started on intravenous fluids and morphine. Approximately 18 hours after admission the patient reports to feeling anxious, tremulous, and having trouble falling asleep. His blood pressure is 165/105 mmHg and pulse is 140/min. On exam, the patient appears restless and diaphoretic. Which of the following will most likely improve this patient's symptoms? |
usmle-12373 | A 67-year-old man presents to the emergency department for squeezing and substernal chest pain. He states that he was at home eating dinner when his symptoms began. The patient has a past medical history of diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. He is currently taking atorvastatin, lisinopril, insulin, metformin, metoprolol, and aspirin. Six days ago he underwent percutaneous coronary intervention. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 197/118 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam reveals an uncomfortable elderly man who is sweating. An ECG is ordered. Which of the following is the best next step in management for this patient? |
usmle-12374 | A 52-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with a 1-week history of facial drooping. Specifically, she has noticed that the left side of her face does not move when she tries to smile. Furthermore, she has been having difficulty closing her left eye. Her past medical history is significant for hypertension but she does not have any known prior neurological deficits. Imaging reveals a cranial mass that is compressing an adjacent nerve. Which tumor location would most likely be associated with this patient's symptoms? |
usmle-12375 | A 57-year-old man comes to the clinic complaining of nausea and 1 episode of vomiting during the past day. He denies any precipitating event except for a headache for which he took some acetaminophen yesterday. The headache is described as bilateral, dull, and 8/10 in severity. He has never had such symptoms before. His past medical history is significant for hypertension, biliary colic, and a past hospitalization for delirium tremens when he “tried to quit alcohol cold turkey.” When asked about his current alcohol intake, the patient looks away and mutters “just a couple of drinks here and there.” The patient reports mild abdominal pain that began this morning but denies vision changes, bowel changes, fever, or weight loss. Physical examination demonstrates tenderness at the right upper quadrant (RUQ) that does not worsens with inhalation. What is the most likely explanation for this patient’s symptoms? |
usmle-12376 | An 81-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for his yearly exam. His past medical history is significant for osteopenia, nephrolithiasis, and hypertension. His family history is significant for relatives who had early onset kidney failure. He takes occasional acetaminophen and supplemental calcium/vitamin D. He is physically active with a normal body mass index (BMI) and has no current concerns. Review of his laboratory results today were compared with those from 15 years ago with the following findings:
Results today:
Serum creatinine concentration: 1.1 mg/dL
Urine creatinine concentration: 100 mg/dL
Urine volume: 1000 mL/day
Results 15 years ago:
Serum creatinine concentration: 1.1 mg/dL
Urine creatinine concentration: 120 mg/dL
Urine volume: 1000 mL/day
Which is the most likely cause of these changes in his creatinine clearance? |
usmle-12377 | A 60-year-old male presents to the emergency room with shortness of breath after waking up in the middle of the night with a "choking" sensation. The patient has a history of hypertension and MI. Physical examination reveals bibasilar inspiratory crackles and an S3 heart sound.
Which of the following drugs should be administered for rapid, significant relief of this patient's symptoms? |
usmle-12378 | A 67-year-old woman who was diagnosed with cancer 2 months ago presents to her oncologist with a 6-day history of numbness and tingling in her hands and feet. She is concerned that these symptoms may be related to progression of her cancer even though she has been faithfully following her chemotherapy regimen. She is not currently taking any other medications and has never previously experienced these symptoms. On physical exam, she is found to have decreased sensation to pinprick and fine touch over hands, wrists, ankles, and feet. Furthermore, she is found to have decreased reflexes throughout. Her oncologist assures her that these symptoms are a side effect from her chemotherapy regimen rather than progression of the cancer. The drug most likely responsible for her symptoms has which of the following mechanisms? |
usmle-12379 | A 45-year-old male immigrant from Brazil presents with a 2-month history of weight loss, fatigue, low grade fever, non-productive cough, and diffuse inspiratory crackles. He attributes his weight loss to his painful, ulcerative oral lesions (Figure A) and he is concerned about the ulcerative lesions on his feet (Figure B). A chest radiograph demonstrated a diffuse interstitial infiltrate and subsequent bronchoalveolar lavage was showed predominantly macrophages, however increased neutrophils were present and methenamine silver stain was performed (Figure C). The patient was treated for this disseminated infection and experienced fever, chills, hypotension, and dizziness two hours after his first dose. Which of the following was administered? |
usmle-12380 | A 59-year-old male presents to his primary care physician complaining of muscle weakness. Approximately 6 months ago, he started to develop gradually worsening right arm weakness that progressed to difficulty walking about three months ago. His past medical history is notable for a transient ischemic attack, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. He takes aspirin, lisinopril, atorvastatin, metformin, and glyburide. He does not smoke and he drinks alcohol occasionally. Physical examination reveals 4/5 strength in right shoulder abduction and right arm flexion. A tremor is noted in the right hand. Strength is 5/5 throughout the left upper extremity. Patellar reflexes are 3+ bilaterally. Sensation to touch and vibration is intact in the bilateral upper and lower extremities. Tongue fasciculations are noted. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment in this patient? |
usmle-12381 | A 34-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with frequent urination. He was recently hospitalized following a severe motorcycle accident in which he suffered multiple injuries to his head and extremities. He reports that he has been constantly thirsty and has been urinating four to five times per night since being discharged from the hospital one week prior to presentation. His past medical history is notable for type II diabetes mellitus, which is well controlled on metformin. He has a 10 pack-year smoking history and drinks 3-4 alcoholic beverages per day. His temperature is 98.8°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 110/70 mmHg, pulse is 95/min, and respirations are 18/min. Physical examination reveals delayed capillary refill and decreased skin turgor. Notable laboratory results are shown below:
Serum:
Na+: 148 mEq/L
Cl-: 101 mEq/L
K+: 3.7 mEq/L
HCO3-: 25 mEq/L
BUN: 20 mg/dL
Glucose: 110 mg/dL
Hemoglobin A1c: 5.7%
This patient’s condition is most likely caused by defective production in which of the following locations? |
usmle-12382 | A 43-year-old woman presents to her primary care provider with shortness of breath. She reports a 4-month history of progressively worsening difficulty breathing with associated occasional chest pain. She is a long-distance runner but has had trouble running recently due to her breathing difficulties. Her past medical history is notable for well-controlled hypertension for which she takes hydrochlorothiazide. She had a tibial osteosarcoma lesion with pulmonary metastases as a child and successfully underwent chemotherapy and surgical resection. She has a 10 pack-year smoking history but quit 15 years ago. She drinks a glass of wine 3 times per week. Her temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 140/85 mmHg, pulse is 82/min, and respirations are 18/min. On exam, she has increased work of breathing with a normal S1 and loud P2. An echocardiogram in this patient would most likely reveal which of the following? |
usmle-12383 | A 57-year-old man presents to the emergency department because he has been having abdominal pain for the past several months. Specifically, he complains of severe epigastric pain after eating that is sometimes accompanied by diarrhea. He has also lost 20 pounds over the same time period, which he attributes to the fact that the pain has been stopping him from wanting to eat. He does not recall any changes to his urine or stool. Physical exam reveals scleral icterus and a large non-tender gallbladder. Which of the following substances would most likely be elevated in the serum of this patient? |
usmle-12384 | A 78-year-old man presents to the emergency department complaining of severe new-onset crushing chest pain that started 30 minutes earlier. His blood pressure is 110/60 and heart rate 70. His electrocardiogram is shown is Figure A. He is rushed to the cardiac catheterization lab and a drug-eluting cardiac stent is placed in one of his coronary arteries. Afterwards, the cardiologist recommends that he takes clopidogrel for one year. Which of the following is the mechanism of action of clopidogrel? |
usmle-12385 | A 75-year-old female comes to the physician’s office with complaints of right lower quadrant pain. She has been experiencing these symptoms for the last 6 months and they have progressively gotten worse. An ultrasound reveals a large ovarian mass and abdominal and pelvic CT reveals no metastases. Her serum levels of CA-125 are elevated and the biopsy reveals the primary neoplasm as ovarian in origin. Her cancer is characterized as invasive carcinoma without metastasis. Which of the following cellular changes is consistent with this diagnosis? |
usmle-12386 | A 56-year-old man presents to his primary care doctor with intermittent chest pain. He reports a 2-month history of exertional chest pain that commonly arises after walking 5 or more blocks. He describes the pain as dull, burning, non-radiating substernal pain. His past medical history is notable for hypercholesterolemia and hypertension. He takes simvastatin and losartan. His temperature is 98.9°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 150/85 mmHg, pulse is 88/min, and respirations are 18/min. On exam, he is well-appearing and in no acute distress. S1 and S2 are normal. No murmurs are noted. An exercise stress test is performed to further evaluate the patient’s pain. Which of the following substances is released locally to increase coronary blood flow during exertion? |
usmle-12387 | A 20-year-old man comes to the clinic complaining of shoulder pain for the past week. He is a pitcher for the baseball team at his university and reports that the pain started shortly after a game. The pain is described as achy and dull, intermittent, 7/10, and is concentrated around the right shoulder area. He denies any significant medical history, trauma, fever, recent illness, or sensory changes but endorses some difficulty lifting his right arm. A physical examination demonstrates mild tenderness of the right shoulder. When the patient is instructed to resist arm depression when holding his arms parallel to the floor with the thumbs pointing down, he reports significant pain of the right shoulder. Strength is 4/5 on the right and 5/5 on the left with abduction of the upper extremities. What nerve innervates the injured muscle in this patient? |
usmle-12388 | A 6-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrician by his mother after he reported having red urine. He has never experienced this before and did not eat anything unusual before the episode. His past medical history is notable for sensorineural deafness requiring hearing aids. He is otherwise healthy and enjoys being in the 1st grade. His birth history was unremarkable. His temperature is 98.8°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 145/85 mmHg, pulse is 86/min, and respirations are 18/min. On examination, he is a well-appearing boy in no acute distress. Cardiac, respiratory, and abdominal exams are normal. A urinalysis is notable for microscopic hematuria and mild proteinuria. This patient’s condition is most commonly caused by which of the following inheritance patterns? |
usmle-12389 | A 35-year-old woman presents to the clinic complaining of muscle and joint pain for the past year. She reports significant stiffness and pain in her finger joints that is worse in the morning. It is starting to interfere with her job as a receptionist and she has begun noticing deformities of her fingers (shown in Figure A.) She also reports pain and color changes in her fingertips during winter as they turn white and blue whenever she goes out in the cold. She endorses general fatigue, diffuse myalgia, weakness, swollen hands, and dyspnea. A physical examination demonstrates a patient with shiny and smooth skin and 2 oral ulcers. What antibody is the most specific for this patient’s disease? |
usmle-12390 | A 26-year-old medical student who is preparing for Step 1 exams is woken up by her friend for breakfast. She realizes that she must have fallen asleep at her desk while attempting to study through the night. While walking with her friend to breakfast, she realizes that she has not eaten since breakfast the previous day. Using this as motivation to review some biochemistry, she pauses to consider what organs are responsible for allowing her to continue thinking clearly in this physiologic state. Which of the following sets of organs are associated with the major source of energy currently facilitating her cognition? |
usmle-12391 | A 55-year-old male was picked up by police in the public library for harassing the patrons and for public nudity. He displayed disorganized speech and believed that the books were the only way to his salvation. Identification was found on the man and his sister was called to provide more information. She described that he recently lost his house and got divorced within the same week although he seemed fine three days ago. The man was sedated with diazepam and chlorpromazine because he was very agitated. His labs returned normal and within three days, he appeared normal, had no recollection of the past several days, and discussed in detail how stressful the past two weeks of his life were. He was discharged the next day. Which of the following is the most appropriate diagnosis for this male? |
usmle-12392 | A 47-year-old female presents to the health clinic because of recent changes to her health. She states that over the past week she has experienced fatigue, weakness, fever, and nausea. This morning she became very concerned when her partner told her that she "looked yellow". On exam, the findings in Figure A are observed. On questioning, she admits to several sexual partners with whom she does not use protection. The physician orders blood work which looks for several serological markers. The presence of which of the following combinations of serologic markers would indicate the highest risk of transmissibility of this patient's infection? |
usmle-12393 | A 36-year-old male is hospitalized for treatment of right lower leg cellulitis. He is treated with IV antibiotics and subsequently shows significant improvement, with reduction of warmth and erythema of the affected leg. However, on day 3 of hospitalization he develops frequent, watery, foul-smelling diarrhea. A flexible sigmoidoscopy is obtained, which shows the findings in Figure A. Treatment is subsequently initiated with successful resolution of the patient's symptoms. What was the most likely initial antibiotic with which this patient was treated? |
usmle-12394 | A 54-year-old male presents to his primary care physician with left upper quadrant pain and early satiety. Upon questioning he reveals recent fevers and night sweats. Physical exam reveals splenomegaly. A CBC is ordered showing a WBC of 30000 cells/mL (normal 4500-11000). A bone marrow aspirate is obtained and is shown in Figure A. Further testing reveal less than 10% immature blast cells and a negative leukocyte alkaline phosphatase stain. Which of the following chromosomal translocations is most likely to be responsible for this patient's syndrome? |
usmle-12395 | A 36-year-old woman is brought to the emergency room by her husband for “weird behavior" for the past several weeks. He reports that her right arm has been moving uncontrollably in a writhing movement and that she has been especially irritable. She has a history of depression, which was diagnosed 4 years ago and is currently being treated with sertraline. She denies any recent fever, trauma, infections, travel, weakness, or sensory changes. She was adopted so is unsure of her family history. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for her symptoms? |
usmle-12396 | A 65-year-old woman is seen in your clinic as a new patient. She has not previously been connected with insurance and has not seen a provider in many years. Her vital signs are T 98.7 F, HR 88 bpm, RR 15, BP 165/93 mmHg, BMI 35.9 kg/m2. You note on physical exam the finding in Figure A. Basic labs reveal HgA1C to be 11%.
Which of the following complications of her disease is due to the same process as that shown in Figure A? |
usmle-12397 | A 53-year-old patient presents to his primary care provider with a 1-week history of abdominal pain at night and between meals. He has attempted taking antacids, which help briefly, but then the pain returns. The patient has not noticed any changes to the color of his stool but states that he has been having some loose bowel movements. The patient reports that he has had duodenal ulcers in the past and is concerned that this is a recurrence. On exam, his temperature is 98.4°F (36.9°C), blood pressure is 130/84 mmHg, pulse is 64/min, and respirations are 12/min. The abdomen is soft, nontender, and nondistended in clinic today. A fecal occult blood test is positive for blood in the stool. During outpatient workup, H. pylori stool antigen is negative, endoscopy demonstrates duodenal ulcers, and gastrin levels are elevated after a secretin stimulation test. Which of the following should also be examined in this patient? |
usmle-12398 | A 29-year-old G2P1 in her 22nd week of pregnancy presents with a primary complaint of peripheral edema. Her first pregnancy was without any major complications. Evaluation reveals a blood pressure of 160/90 and urinalysis demonstrates elevated levels of protein; both of these values were within normal limits at the patient's last well check-up 1 year ago. Further progression of this patient’s condition would immediately place her at greatest risk for developing which of the following? |
usmle-12399 | A 68-year-old man is brought to the physician by his wife because she is concerned about his speech being irregular. Specifically, she says that over the last 8 months, her husband has been saying increasingly nonsensical statements at home. In addition, he is no longer able to perform basic verbal tasks such as ordering from a menu or giving directions even though he was an English teacher prior to retirement. She also reports that he has recently started attempting to kiss strangers and urinate in public. Finally, she has also noticed that he has been frequently binge eating sweets even though he was previously very conscientious about his health. When asked about these activities, the patient does not have insight into his symptoms. Which of the following would most likely be seen in this patient? |
usmle-12400 | A 5-year-old female presents to the pediatrician with fever, chills, headaches, and diffuse myalgias. Her parents explained that they returned from Nantucket two weeks ago and spent a large amount of time outdoors. The pediatrician sends off a blood sample to be tested for possible tick-borne diseases and requests a Giemsa-stained thin blood smear (Figure A). The pediatrician gives the child some antibiotics. One week later, the child develops a fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Which of the following was most likely prescribed? |
usmle-12401 | An 3-year-old boy is brought in to his pediatrician by his mother after she noticed that the child was starting to turn yellow. She has not noticed any behavioral changes. On exam, the boy is icteric but is behaving normally. His temperature is 98.8°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 108/78 mmHg, pulse is 78/min, and respirations are 14/min. His labs are drawn, and he is found to have an unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia with a serum bilirubin of 15 mg/dL. The mother is counseled that this boy’s condition may require phenobarbital as a treatment to reduce his bilirubin levels. Which of the following is the most likely defect in this child? |
usmle-12402 | A 29-year-old woman presents to her primary care doctor with a lesion on her left labia. She first noticed the lesion 3 days ago. The patient describes the lesion as painful and swollen. She denies vaginal discharge. Her past medical history is notable for mild intermittent asthma, gout, and obesity. She uses an albuterol inhaler as needed and takes allopurinol. She has had 5 sexual partners in the past year and uses the pull-out method for contraception. She has a 10-pack-year smoking history and drinks 10-12 alcoholic beverages per week. On exam, she has an ulcerated, tender, and purulent ulcer on the left labia majora. The patient has mild unilateral painful inguinal lymphadenopathy. This patient's condition is most likely caused by which of the following pathogens? |
usmle-12403 | A 70-year-old man with hyperlipidemia and hypertension returns to his cardiologist for ongoing blood pressure management. He reports feeling fine with no trouble with his medications. He exercises regularly and sleeps well without snoring or daytime somnolence. His blood pressure measurements in the past have ranged from 160 - 170/80 - 100 mmHg. Today, his pressure is 150/100 mmHg with a pulse of 65/min while on hydrochlorothiazide and ramipril. Physical exam reveals a II/VI early systolic murmur with split S2 is appreciated at the right upper sternal border. There is unremarkable carotid, renal, or abdominal bruits. What is the most common cause of his hypertension? |
usmle-12404 | A 10-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department from school complaining of severe pain in his right thigh. He accidentally slipped and fell on his right side and immediately felt severe pain. Further history reveals that he has had several low energy fractures in the past and bruises easily. He also complains of general fatigue. Physical exam reveals an enlarged liver. Based on clinical suspicion a blood smear is obtained and the result is shown in Figure A. A deficiency in which of the following enzymes is most likely responsible for this patient's condition? |
usmle-12405 | An 8-year-old male presents to his pediatrician with dry, cracking skin on his hands. His mother states that this problem has been getting progressively worse over the past couple of months. During this time period, she has noticed that he also has become increasingly concerned with dirtiness. He tearfully admits to washing his hands many times a day because "everything has germs." When asked what happens if he doesn't wash them, he responds that he just feels very worried until he does. With which other condition is this disorder associated? |
usmle-12406 | A 25-year-old woman comes to the physician’s office with complaints of joint pain. She has had multiple joints ache over the past few months and feels like it is getting worse. She has no past medical history. She has had unprotected sex with 3 male partners. Her BMI is 37 kg/m^2. On exam she also has a faint skin rash on her face which she says gets worse when she is outside. Further workup for this reveals a urinalysis shown in Figure A. The patient reveals that in the past she has had issues with "leg swelling". She has been frequently told that she has tested positive for syphilis even though a second test is usually negative. Her coagulation studies are as follows:
Bleeding time – Normal
Activated partial thromboplastin time – Prolonged
Prothrombin time – Normal
Platelets – 205,000/uL
The patient is at greatest risk for which of the following complications? |
usmle-12407 | A 5-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department after he fell on the playground in kindergarten and was unable to get up. His right leg was found to be bent abnormally at the femur, and he was splinted on site by first responders. His past medical history is significant for multiple prior fractures in his left humerus and femur. Otherwise, he has been hitting normal developmental milestones and appears to be excelling in kindergarten. Physical exam also reveals the finding shown in figure A. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's multiple fractures? |
usmle-12408 | A 45-year-old male presents to your office with complaints of chronic insomnia. After reviewing his medical history, you decide to prescribe zolpidem. Which of the following is a valid reason to choose zolpidem over a benzodiazepine? |
usmle-12409 | A 38-year-old woman presents with a two-week history of blurry vision after she was involved in a minor motor vehicle accident. On exam, her blurry vision resolves when either eye is closed. Her pupils are equal and reactive. On gazing to the left, her eyes appear as in Figure A. Her blurry vision resolves when she tilts her head to the left. Which cranial nerve runs in the same sinus as the affected nerve in this patient? |
usmle-12410 | A 62-year-old man presents to the emergency department because he has been experiencing shortness of breath and chest pain. Specifically, the chest pain is worse when he breaths or coughs. Otherwise, he says that he has been losing weight despite not making any changes to his diet or activity level. Physical exam reveals that he has decreased breath sounds, dullness to percussion, and decreased tactile fremitus throughout. A thoracentesis sample reveals bloody fluid with a high protein level. A biopsy is obtained with the findings shown in Figure A. Which of the following is associated with the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms? |
usmle-12411 | A 32-year-old male patient presents to the emergency department after being found down on a sidewalk. He is able to be aroused but seems confused and confabulates extensively during history taking. Physical exam of the eye reveals nystagmus and the patient is unable to complete finger-to-nose or heel-to-shin testing. Chart review shows that the patient is well known for a long history of alcohol abuse. Which of the following substances should be administered prior to giving IV glucose to this patient? |
usmle-12412 | A 62-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician because of fever, fatigue, and shortness of breath. She has noticed that she has a number of bruises, but she attributes this to a hike she went on 1 week ago. She has diabetes and hypertension well controlled on medication and previously had an abdominal surgery but doesn’t remember why. On physical exam, she has some lumps in her neck and a palpable liver edge. Peripheral blood smear shows white blood cells with peroxidase positive eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions. The abnormal protein most likely seen in this disease normally has which of the following functions? |
usmle-12413 | A 31-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of acute onset neck pain and enlargement. Specifically, he reports that he has been experiencing pain and swelling of the anterior portion of his neck near the midline. Otherwise, he says that he has been getting tired easily and feels cold often. Physical exam reveals a painful diffusely enlarged thyroid gland with many small nodules. A biopsy is obtained showing diffuse cellular hyperplasia with areas of focal colloid hyperplasia. Given these findings, the patient is started on appropriate therapy, and the neck mass becomes smaller over time. Which of the following is most likely associated with the cause of this patient's symptoms? |
usmle-12414 | A 72-year-old female is brought to the emergency department after being found unresponsive in her garage with an open bottle of unmarked fluid. She is confused and is unable to answer questions on arrival. Her medical history is significant for Alzheimer disease, but her family says she has no medical comorbidities. Serum analysis of this patient's blood shows a pH of 7.28 with a high anion gap. The electrolyte that is most likely significantly decreased in this patient follows which of the following concentration curves across the proximal tubule of the kidney? |
usmle-12415 | A 61-year-old woman presents to a surgical oncologist for consideration of surgical removal of biopsy-confirmed breast cancer. The mass is located in the tail of Spence along the superolateral aspect of the left breast extending into the axilla. The surgical oncologist determines that the optimal treatment for this patient involves radical mastectomy including removal of the axillary lymph nodes. The patient undergoes all appropriate preoperative tests and is cleared for surgery. During the operation, multiple enlarged axillary lymph nodes are present along the superolateral chest wall. While exposing the lymph nodes, the surgeon accidentally nicks a nerve. Which of the following physical examination findings will most likely be seen in this patient following the operation? |
usmle-12416 | A 27-year-old male basketball player presents to his primary care physician for a normal check-up. He has not been seen by a physician in ten years. He reports that he feels well and has no complaints. His temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 110/70 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, and respirations are 16/min. On examination, the patient's height is 76 in (193 cm) with an arm span of 78 in (198 cm). His BMI is 19 kg/m^2. His fingers and toes are long and tapered and his sternum appears sunken into his chest. The patient also has moderate scoliosis. Upon further questioning, the patient reports that his father had a similar physique but passed away in his 40s. Which of the following complications is this patient at greatest risk for? |
usmle-12417 | A 37-year-old man makes an appointment with his primary care physician because he has been feeling tired and is no longer able to play on a recreational soccer team. He also says his coworkers have commented that he appears pale though he has not noticed any changes himself. He says that he has been generally healthy and that the only notable event that happened in the last year is that he went backpacking all over the world. Based on clinical suspicion, a series of blood tests are performed with partial results presented below:
Hemoglobin: 9.8 g/dL
Platelet count: 174,000/mm^3
Mean corpuscular volume: 72 µm^3 (normal: 80-100 µm^3)
Iron: 22 µg/dL (normal: 50-170 µg/dL)
Ferritin: 8 ng/mL (normal: 15-200 ng/mL)
Lactate dehydrogenase: 57 U/L (normal: 45-90 U/L)
Urine hemoglobin: absent
Infection with which of the following types of organisms could lead to this pattern of findings? |
usmle-12418 | 34 year-old male complains of not being happy with his body image. The patient says that every time he looks in the mirror, he begins to feel depressed and anxious, causing him to eat calorie-dense foods at night. He tried losing weight multiple times, but failed, as he still seems to gain weight. He has a body mass index of 38 kg/m^2. Using Figure A, which of the following regions in the brain is responsible for this person's weight gain? |
usmle-12419 | A 30-year-old man returns to the hospital 3 weeks after open reduction and internal fixation of left tibia and fibula fractures from a motor vehicle accident. The patient complains that his surgical site has been draining pus for a few days, and his visiting nurse told him to go to the emergency room after he had a fever this morning. On exam, his temperature is 103.0°F (39.4°C), blood pressure is 85/50 mmHg, pulse is 115/min, and respirations are 14/min. The ED physician further documents that the patient is also starting to develop a diffuse, macular rash. The patient is started on broad spectrum antibiotics, and Gram stain demonstrates purple cocci in clusters. Which of the following toxins is likely to be the cause of this patient's condition? |
usmle-12420 | A 71-year-old man with colon cancer presents to his oncologist because he has been experiencing photosensitivity with his current chemotherapeutic regimen. During the conversation, they decide that his symptoms are most likely a side effect of the 5-fluorouracil he is currently taking and decide to replace it with another agent. The patient is curious why some organs appear to be especially resistant to chemotherapy whereas others are particularly susceptible to chemotherapy. Which of the following cell types would be most resistant to chemotherapeutic agents? |
usmle-12421 | A 4-year-old girl from a recently immigrated family presents to the emergency department with episodes of severe coughing lasting up to several minutes followed by vomiting. She had a low grade fever and runny nose over the last 2 weeks but these coughing episodes just began one day prior to presentation. A complete blood count shows a lymphocytic infiltrate and Gram stain reveals a gram-negative coccobacillus. The emergency department physician explains that this organism causes disease by toxin-mediated inactivation of an inhibitory signaling molecule. Which of the following could be used to culture the most likely cause of this disorder? |
usmle-12422 | A 65-year-old man presents to his primary care provider complaining of fatigue. He is active in his retirement home’s chess club and enjoys swimming every morning. However, over the past 6 months, he has noticed a significant decrease in his energy level. His wife passed away 9 months ago from breast cancer. Although he remains saddened by her loss, he is comforted by his children and grandchildren who frequently visit him. Since her death, his diet has primarily consisted of fast food. His medical history is notable for hypertension and gout. He takes lisinopril and allopurinol. On examination, he is alert and oriented to person, place, and time. His reflexes, strength, and range of motion are full and symmetric bilaterally in the upper and lower extremities. He walks with a normal gait. Romberg test is negative. His skin is pale and capillary refill is 3 seconds. Hematologic labs are shown below:
Hemoglobin: 10.9 g/dl
Hematocrit: 29%
Leukocyte count: 7,500/mm^3
Platelet count: 180,000/mm^3
Mean corpuscular volume: 103 mm^3
A blood smear is also performed and a notable finding is shown in Figure A. Additional laboratory studies in this patient would most likely reveal which of the following? |
usmle-12423 | An 82-year-old right-handed woman is brought in by ambulance after being found down in her home. On presentation, she is found to be awake but does not follow directions or respond to questions. She is able to speak and produces a fluent string of nonsensical words and sounds. She does not appear to be bothered by her deficits. Subsequent neurologic exam finds that the patient is unable to comprehend any instructions and is also unable to repeat phrases. CT scan reveals an acute stroke to her left hemisphere. Damage to which of the following structures would be most likely to result in this pattern of deficits? |
usmle-12424 | A 56-year-old man presents to his primary care doctor to discuss his plans for diet and exercise. He currently has hypertension treated with thiazide diuretics but is otherwise healthy. On exam, his temperature is 98.8°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 122/84 mmHg, pulse is 70/min, and respirations are 12/min. His weight is 95.2 kilograms and his BMI is 31.0 kg/m^2. The patient is recommended to follow a 2000 kilocalorie diet with a 30:55 caloric ratio of fat to carbohydrates. Based on this patient’s body mass index and weight, he is recommended to consume 75 grams of protein per day. Which of the following represents the approximate number of grams of carbohydrates the patient should consume per day? |
usmle-12425 | A 59-year-old male presents to the emergency room with shortness of breath. Ten days ago, he was in the cardiac critical care unit after receiving a balloon angioplasty and a bare metal stent for an ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). On physical examination, a holosystolic murmur is heard at the cardiac apex radiating to the axilla. You also detect an S3 and bilateral crackles in the lung bases. What is the most likely etiology of this patient's acute decompensated heart failure? |
usmle-12426 | A 5-year-old boy is brought to the emergency room by his parents after slipping on a rug at home and experiencing exquisite pain and swelling of his arms. Radiographs reveal a new supracondylar fracture of the humerus, as well as indications of multiple, old fractures that have healed. His parents note that an inherited disorder is present in their family history. A comprehensive physical exam also reveals blue-tinted sclera and yellow-brown, discolored teeth. What is the etiology of the patient’s disorder? |
usmle-12427 | A 3-year-old boy is brought to the emergency room by his mother with fever and difficulty breathing after receiving the BCG vaccine. He has never had a reaction to a vaccine before. He has a history of 2 salmonella infections over the past 2 years. He was born at 35 weeks’ gestation and spent one day in the neonatal intensive care unit. His parents' family histories are unremarkable. His temperature is 101°F (38.3°C), blood pressure is 80/55 mmHg, pulse is 135/min, and respirations are 24/min. On examination, he appears acutely ill. He has increased work of breathing with intercostal retractions. A petechial rash is noted on his trunk and extremities. A serological analysis in this patient would most likely reveal decreased levels of which of the following cytokines? |
usmle-12428 | A 67-year-old man presents to the clinic for bloody urine for 1 day. He denies any recent trauma, medication changes, abnormal ingestion, discharge, or pain associated with his symptoms. He endorses increased urinary frequency and urgency within the past week. His past medical history is significant for diabetes, asthma, and a past parasitic infection when he visited Egypt 10 years ago. He also had an episode of idiopathic uveitis that was resistant to standard therapy and was subsequently treated with a 2-week-course of cyclophosphamide. A urinalysis is unremarkable. A cystoscopy is performed and its finding is shown in Figure A. Which of the following most likely led to this patient’s condition? |
usmle-12429 | A 18-year-old college freshman scrapes his knee after falling from his bike. He applies some topical neomycin because he knows that it has antibiotic properties. As he is also in biology class, he decides to research the mechanism of action of neomycin and finds that it interferes with formation of the 30S initiation complex in bacteria. What is the messenger RNA (mRNA) signal recognized by the 30S ribosomal subunit necessary for the initiation of translation? |
usmle-12430 | A 29-year-old man comes in for evaluation of infertility. He has been trying to conceive for over 2 years with his wife and previous evaluation of his wife's fertility revealed no abnormalities. Physical exam reveals a tall man with long extremities, sparse body hair, gynecomastia, and small testes. Laboratory studies reveal increased serum follicle-stimulating hormone concentration and an increased estradiol:testosterone ratio. Genetic studies reveal a cytogenetic abnormality. If this abnormality was inherited from the patient's father, at which stage of spermatogenesis did this error most likely occur? |
usmle-12431 | A 33-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with headache and muscle weakness. She says that her symptoms began approximately 3 days ago and that they have progressively worsened. She describes the headache as diffuse and with mild nausea but no emesis. She says the muscle weakness is accompanied by occasional cramping. She has been previously diagnosed with hypertension but has failed dietary modifications with exercise. She only takes a daily multivitamin and does not use illicit drugs. Her temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 168/105 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, and respirations are 18/min. Physical examination is significant for 4/5 power in the bilateral lower extremity. There is no papilledema on fundoscopic exam. Laboratory testing is pending. An electrocardiogram is shown in Figure A. Which of the following is the best treatment option for this patient? |
usmle-12432 | A 31-year-old Caucasian male presents to his physician's complaining of heartburn and diarrhea for 2 months. He reports a history of tumors of the parathyroid and pituitary glands. Laboratory results show a serum gastrin level of 1600 pg/mL (normal 0-200 pg/mL) and an increased basal acid output to maximal acid output ratio (BAO/MAO). The findings on endoscopy are shown in Figure A along with multiple gastric ulcerations. Stomach pH is measured to be 1.1. What is the most likely diagnosis? |
usmle-12433 | A 74-year-old man presents to the emergency room with abdominal pain. He reports acute onset of left lower quadrant abdominal pain and nausea three hours prior to presentation. The pain is severe, constant, and non-radiating. He has had two maroon-colored bowel movements since the pain started. His past medical history is notable for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, atrial fibrillation, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and rheumatoid arthritis. He takes lisinopril, hydrochlorothiazide, atorvastatin, dabigatran, methotrexate. He has a 60 pack-year smoking history and drinks 1-2 beers per day. He admits to missing some of his medications recently because he was on vacation in Hawaii. His last colonoscopy was 4 years ago which showed diverticular disease in the descending colon and multiple sessile polyps in the sigmoid colon which were removed. His temperature is 100.1°F (37.8°C), blood pressure is 145/85 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, and respirations are 20/min. On exam, he has notable abdominal distention and is exquisitely tender to palpation in all four abdominal quadrants. Bowel sounds are absent. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s condition? |
usmle-12434 | A 30-year-old African American G1P0 mother gives birth to a male infant at 33 weeks' gestation. The mother had no prenatal care and took no prenatal vitamins. The child’s postnatal period was complicated by neonatal sepsis due to group B Streptococcus. He required a two week stay in the neonatal intensive care unit to receive antibiotics, cardiopulmonary support, and intravenous nutrition. He eventually recovered and was discharged. At a normal follow-up visit to the pediatrician’s office one month later, the mother asks about the child’s skin color and hair color. On examination, the child has white hair and diffusely pale skin. The child’s irises appear translucent. Further questioning of the mother reveals that there is a distant family history of blindness. This child most likely has a defect in an enzyme involved in the metabolism of which of the following molecules? |
usmle-12435 | A 44-year-old female is admitted to the neurological service. You examine her chart and note that after admission she was started on nimodipine. Which of the following pathologies would benefit from this pharmacologic therapy? |
usmle-12436 | A 70-year-old male immigrant from Asia is brought to the emergency room with complaints of palpitations and light-headedness for 1 hour. The patient was sitting in his chair watching television when he felt his heart racing and became dizzy. He was unable to stand up from his chair because of weakness and light-headedness. His past medical history is notable for mitral stenosis secondary to rheumatic fever as a child. On arrival to the emergency department, the patient's temperature is 99.7°F (37.6°C), blood pressure is 110/55 mmHg, pulse is 140/min, and respirations are 15/min. The patient appears comfortable but anxious. Electrocardiogram shows atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response. The patient is started on dofetilide. Which of the following would be expected in this patient’s cardiac action potential as a result of this drug? |
usmle-12437 | A 29-year-old man presents to the emergency department after a motor vehicle accident. On presentation, he is found to have scalp and trunk lacerations that are still actively bleeding. He has no past medical history and does not take any medications. On presentation, his temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 110/74 mmHg, pulse is 82/min, and respirations are 17/min. On physical exam, he is found to be anxious but does not have any visible injuries other than the lacerations. Which of the following processes would most likely be seen in this patient? |
usmle-12438 | A 68-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by ambulance after he was found to be altered at home. Specifically, his wife says that he fell and was unable to get back up while walking to bed. When she approached him, she found that he was unable to move his left leg. His past medical history is significant for hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and diabetes. In addition, he has a 20-pack-year smoking history. On presentation, he is found to still have difficulty moving his left leg though motor function in his left arm is completely intact. The cause of this patient's symptoms most likely occurred in an artery supplying which of the following brain regions? |
usmle-12439 | A 61-year-old man is brought to the emergency room with slurred speech. According to the patient's wife, they were watching a movie together when he developed a minor headache. He soon developed difficulty speaking in complete sentences, at which point she decided to take him to the emergency room. His past medical history is notable for hypertension and hyperlipidemia. He takes aspirin, lisinopril, rosuvastatin. The patient is a retired lawyer. He has a 25-pack-year smoking history and drinks 4-5 beers per day. His father died of a myocardial infarction, and his mother died of breast cancer. His temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 143/81 mmHg, pulse is 88/min, and respirations are 21/min. On exam, he can understand everything that is being said to him and is able to repeat statements without difficulty. However, when asked to speak freely, he hesitates with every word and takes 30 seconds to finish a short sentence. This patient most likely has an infarct in which of the following vascular distributions? |
usmle-12440 | A 68-year-old female presents to the emergency room with acute onset of dyspnea and hemoptysis. Her past medical history is unremarkable and she has had no prior surgeries. A ventilation-perfusion scan demonstrates a large perfusion defect that is not matched by a ventilation defect in the left lower lobe. Which of the following would you also expect to find in this patient: |
usmle-12441 | A 57-year-old man comes to the emergency department because he has been having problems seeing over the last week. He says that he has been seeing specks in his vision and his vision also becomes blurry when he tries to focus on objects. He says that he cannot recall anything that may have precipitated this; however, he has been homeless for several months. His CD4+ cell count is 27 cells/mL so he is started on a new medication. Notably, this drug has the following properties when mixed with various proteins:
Drug alone - drug remains unphosphorylated
Drug and HSV proteins - drug remains unphosphorylated
Drug and CMV proteins - drug remains unphosphorylated
Drug and human proteins - drug is phosphorylated
Which of the following drugs is most consistent with this set of findings? |
usmle-12442 | A healthy, 16-year-old girl is brought in by her mother for a wellness visit. During the appointment, the patient’s mother brings up concerns about her daughter’s acne. The patient has had acne for 2 years. She washes her face twice a day with benzoyl peroxide and has been on doxycycline for 2 months with only mild improvement. The patient does not feel that the acne is related to her menstrual cycles. The patient’s mother states she does well in school and is the captain of the junior varsity cross-country team. She is worried that the acne is starting to affect her daughter’s self-esteem. The patient states that prom is coming up, and she is considering not going because she hates taking pictures. Upon physical exam, there are multiple open and closed comedones and scattered, red nodules on the patient’s face with evidence of scarring. The patient’s mother says her neighbor’s son tried isotretinoin and wants to know if that may work for her daughter. While talking about the risk factors for isotretinoin, you mention that patient will need to be on 2 forms of birth control. The mother asks, “Is that really necessary? We are a very religious family and my daughter knows our household rule about no sex before marriage.” Which of the following is the next step in management? |
usmle-12443 | A 21-year-old male presents to the emergency department with generalized weakness and fatigue. His past medical history is significant for hypertension refractory to several medications but is otherwise unremarkable. He is afebrile,his pulse is 82/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 153/94 mmHg. Labs are as follows:
Sodium: 142 mEq/L
Potassium: 2.7 mEq/L
Bicarbonate: 36 mEq/L
Serum pH: 7.5
pCO2: 50 mmHg
Aldosterone: Decreased
Based on clinical suspicion, a genetic screen is performed, confirming an underlying syndrome due to an autosomal dominant gain of function mutation. Which of the following medications can be given to treat the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms? |
usmle-12444 | A 61-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his son after collapsing to the ground while at home. His son immediately performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation and later the patient underwent successful defibrillation after being evaluated by the emergency medical technician. The patient has a medical history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and type II diabetes mellitus. He has smoked one-half pack of cigarettes for approximately 30 years. The patient was admitted to the cardiac intensive care unit, and after a few days developed acute onset right upper extremity weakness. His temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 145/91 mmHg, pulse is 102/min and irregularly irregular, and respirations are 16/min. On physical examination, the patient is alert and orientated to person, place, and time. His language is fluent and he is able to name, repeat, and read. His strength is 5/5 throughout except in the right hand, wrist, and arm, which is 2/5. Based on this patient's clinical presentation, the affected neuronal fibers decussate at which level of the central nervous system? |
usmle-12445 | A 25-year-old African American man comes to the emergency department for “red urine.” Patient reports that he just returned from a skiing trip in the Rocky Mountains and developed the reddish urine today. He denies upper respiratory infection symptoms, chest pain, fever, or chills but does endorse some right flank pain that developed 3 days ago. Physical examination was unremarkable except for some tenderness upon palpation at the right flank. Laboratory findings are as follows:
Serum:
Na+: 137 mEq/L
K+: 4.9 mEq/L
Cl-: 100 mEq/L
HCO3-: 25 mEq/L
Osmolality: 275 Osm/kg
Urine:
Color: Red
Protein: 3+
RBC: 4 cells/hpf
Osmolality: 214 Osm/kg
Specific gravity: 1.004
Which finding would you most likely expect with this patient? |
usmle-12446 | A 14-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mom after she found him complaining of headaches, nausea, lightheadedness, and muscle pain. He has had type I diabetes for 3 years with very well managed blood sugars, and he is otherwise healthy. He recently returned from a boy scout skiing trip where he drank from a mountain stream, ate unusual foods, and lived in a lodge with a wood-fired fireplace and cooking stove. On physical exam he has a diffuse redness of his skin. Which of the following changes to this patient's pulmonary system would cause oxygen to exhibit similar transport dynamics as the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms? |
usmle-12447 | A 56-year-old man is brought to the emergency room for severe chest pain over the past hour. He reports 10/10, burning pain that is retrosternal and concentrated around the mid-chest region. His wife claims that he has been throwing up for the past several hours from what seems like a “stomach bug,” with the latest 2 episodes of emesis being bright red. The patient denies trauma, fever, recent infections, urinary changes or diarrhea but endorses lightheadedness and shortness of breath. His past medical history is significant for hypertension and diabetes. A computed tomography (CT) with IV and oral contrast of the chest and abdomen is obtained and its results are shown in Figure A. What is the most specific physical examination findings for this patient’s diagnosis? |
usmle-12448 | A 37-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by ambulance after a motor vehicle accident. He suffered multiple deep lacerations and experienced significant blood loss during transport. In the emergency department, his temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 102/68 mmHg, pulse is 112/min, and respirations are 22/min. His lacerations are sutured and he is given 2 liters of saline by large bore intravenous lines. Which of the following changes will occur in this patient's cardiac physiology due to this intervention? |
usmle-12449 | A 53-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician in order to discuss the results of a biopsy. Two weeks ago, her mammogram revealed the presence of suspicious calcifications in her right breast, and she subsequently underwent biopsy of these lesions. Histology of the lesions revealed poorly cohesive cells growing in sheets with a nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio of 1:1. Furthermore, these cells were found to undergo invasion into the surrounding tissues. Given these findings, the patient is referred to an oncologist for further evaluation. Upon further imaging, the patient is found to have no lymph node adenopathy and no distant site metastases. Which of the following would most properly describe the lesions found in this patient? |
usmle-12450 | A 57-year-old man with a history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obstructive sleep apnea presents to your office for routine screening. He reports compliance with his medications but admits to difficulty maintaining the diet and exercise routines discussed during his last visit. He does not have any other complaints. He drinks 3-4 beers on the weekends and does not smoke cigarettes. His current medications include metformin, atorvastatin, and hydrochlorothiazide. On physical examination, his temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 130/85 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, and respirations are 18/min. Laboratory results are shown below:
Serum:
Na+: 138 mEq/L
Cl-: 100 mEq/L
K+: 3.9 mEq/L
HCO3-: 23 mEq/L
BUN: 13 mg/dL
Glucose: 160 mg/dL
You decide to start the patient on a medication that triggers insulin release. What is the mechanism of action of this drug? |