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image | image2
image | image3
image | image4
string | descriptions
string | relations
string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
four cats walking | Image 1: two hamsters carrying something. Image 2: two hamsters walking. Image 3: four cats carrying something | Number remains constant two. Action is changed from carrying something to walking. Subject type remains constant hamsters. |
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two hamsters driving a car | Image 1: four bears eating food. Image 2: four bears driving a car. Image 3: two hamsters eating food | Number remains constant four. Action is changed from eating food to driving a car. Subject type remains constant bears. |
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two male children driving a car | Image 1: three rabbits eating food. Image 2: three rabbits driving a car. Image 3: two male children eating food | Number remains constant three. Action is changed from eating food to driving a car. Subject type remains constant rabbits. |
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three hamsters writing | Image 1: two men ice-skating. Image 2: two men writing. Image 3: three hamsters ice-skating | Number remains constant two. Action is changed from ice-skating to writing. Subject type remains constant men. |
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four male children eating food | Image 1: one senior man reading. Image 2: one senior man eating food. Image 3: four male children reading | Number remains constant one. Action is changed from reading to eating food. Subject type remains constant senior man. |
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four senior women walking | Image 1: one woman reading. Image 2: one woman walking. Image 3: four senior women reading | Number remains constant one. Action is changed from reading to walking. Subject type remains constant woman. |
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four foxes writing | Image 1: two senior women ice-skating. Image 2: two senior women writing. Image 3: four foxes ice-skating | Number remains constant two. Action is changed from ice-skating to writing. Subject type remains constant senior women. |
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four rabbits writing | Image 1: three monkeys reading. Image 2: three monkeys writing. Image 3: four rabbits reading | Number remains constant three. Action is changed from reading to writing. Subject type remains constant monkeys. |
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one fox running | Image 1: four cats walking. Image 2: four cats running. Image 3: one fox walking | Number remains constant four. Action is changed from walking to running. Subject type remains constant cats. |
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three senior women eating food | Image 1: one cat writing. Image 2: one cat eating food. Image 3: three senior women writing | Number remains constant one. Action is changed from writing to eating food. Subject type remains constant cat. |
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four rabbits jumping | Image 1: one senior woman playing soccer. Image 2: one senior woman jumping. Image 3: four rabbits playing soccer | Number remains constant one. Action is changed from playing soccer to jumping. Subject type remains constant senior woman. |
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one man digging a hole | Image 1: three senior men eating food. Image 2: three senior men digging a hole. Image 3: one man eating food | Number remains constant three. Action is changed from eating food to digging a hole. Subject type remains constant senior men. |
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four foxes reading | Image 1: three senior women eating food. Image 2: three senior women reading. Image 3: four foxes eating food | Number remains constant three. Action is changed from eating food to reading. Subject type remains constant senior women. |
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three female children eating food | Image 1: one bear ice-skating. Image 2: one bear eating food. Image 3: three female children ice-skating | Number remains constant one. Action is changed from ice-skating to eating food. Subject type remains constant bear. |
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four rabbits writing | Image 1: one cat carrying something. Image 2: one cat writing. Image 3: four rabbits carrying something | Number remains constant one. Action is changed from carrying something to writing. Subject type remains constant cat. |
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four senior women typing | Image 1: two female children jumping. Image 2: two female children typing. Image 3: four senior women jumping | Number remains constant two. Action is changed from jumping to typing. Subject type remains constant female children. |
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four men swimming | Image 1: two bears playing soccer. Image 2: two bears swimming. Image 3: four men playing soccer | Number remains constant two. Action is changed from playing soccer to swimming. Subject type remains constant bears. |
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two dogs carrying something | Image 1: four foxes jumping. Image 2: four foxes carrying something. Image 3: two dogs jumping | Number remains constant four. Action is changed from jumping to carrying something. Subject type remains constant foxes. |
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three dogs carrying something | Image 1: two senior men swimming. Image 2: two senior men carrying something. Image 3: three dogs swimming | Number remains constant two. Action is changed from swimming to carrying something. Subject type remains constant senior men. |
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three foxes walking | Image 1: two women running. Image 2: two women walking. Image 3: three foxes running | Number remains constant two. Action is changed from running to walking. Subject type remains constant women. |
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four male children typing | Image 1: three rabbits driving a car. Image 2: three rabbits typing. Image 3: four male children driving a car | Number remains constant three. Action is changed from driving a car to typing. Subject type remains constant rabbits. |
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four rabbits reading | Image 1: two senior women playing soccer. Image 2: two senior women reading. Image 3: four rabbits playing soccer | Number remains constant two. Action is changed from playing soccer to reading. Subject type remains constant senior women. |
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one wolf ice-skating | Image 1: four senior men reading. Image 2: four senior men ice-skating. Image 3: one wolf reading | Number remains constant four. Action is changed from reading to ice-skating. Subject type remains constant senior men. |
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one rabbit jumping | Image 1: three wolves running. Image 2: three wolves jumping. Image 3: one rabbit running | Number remains constant three. Action is changed from running to jumping. Subject type remains constant wolves. |
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one hamster jumping | Image 1: four senior men ice-skating. Image 2: four senior men jumping. Image 3: one hamster ice-skating | Number remains constant four. Action is changed from ice-skating to jumping. Subject type remains constant senior men. |
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one bear writing | Image 1: two rabbits swimming. Image 2: two rabbits writing. Image 3: one bear swimming | Number remains constant two. Action is changed from swimming to writing. Subject type remains constant rabbits. |
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one fox typing | Image 1: three dogs running. Image 2: three dogs typing. Image 3: one fox running | Number remains constant three. Action is changed from running to typing. Subject type remains constant dogs. |
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three dogs eating food | Image 1: two women writing. Image 2: two women eating food. Image 3: three dogs writing | Number remains constant two. Action is changed from writing to eating food. Subject type remains constant women. |
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two men carrying something | Image 1: one senior man walking. Image 2: one senior man carrying something. Image 3: two men walking | Number remains constant one. Action is changed from walking to carrying something. Subject type remains constant senior man. |
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three senior women digging a hole | Image 1: one monkey typing. Image 2: one monkey digging a hole. Image 3: three senior women typing | Number remains constant one. Action is changed from typing to digging a hole. Subject type remains constant monkey. |
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one senior woman digging a hole | Image 1: three men playing soccer. Image 2: three men digging a hole. Image 3: one senior woman playing soccer | Number remains constant three. Action is changed from playing soccer to digging a hole. Subject type remains constant men. |
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two dogs walking | Image 1: three cats writing. Image 2: three cats walking. Image 3: two dogs writing | Number remains constant three. Action is changed from writing to walking. Subject type remains constant cats. |
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two foxes running | Image 1: four men digging a hole. Image 2: four men running. Image 3: two foxes digging a hole | Number remains constant four. Action is changed from digging a hole to running. Subject type remains constant men. |
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three foxes running | Image 1: two bears digging a hole. Image 2: two bears running. Image 3: three foxes digging a hole | Number remains constant two. Action is changed from digging a hole to running. Subject type remains constant bears. |
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two bears ice-skating | Image 1: three women reading. Image 2: three women ice-skating. Image 3: two bears reading | Number remains constant three. Action is changed from reading to ice-skating. Subject type remains constant women. |
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four cats driving a car | Image 1: one dog ice-skating. Image 2: one dog driving a car. Image 3: four cats ice-skating | Number remains constant one. Action is changed from ice-skating to driving a car. Subject type remains constant dog. |
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two wolves swimming | Image 1: one woman running. Image 2: one woman swimming. Image 3: two wolves running | Number remains constant one. Action is changed from running to swimming. Subject type remains constant woman. |
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three cats jumping | Image 1: four hamsters carrying something. Image 2: four hamsters jumping. Image 3: three cats carrying something | Number remains constant four. Action is changed from carrying something to jumping. Subject type remains constant hamsters. |
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one dog jumping | Image 1: two women typing. Image 2: two women jumping. Image 3: one dog typing | Number remains constant two. Action is changed from typing to jumping. Subject type remains constant women. |
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four bears running | Image 1: three rabbits reading. Image 2: three rabbits running. Image 3: four bears reading | Number remains constant three. Action is changed from reading to running. Subject type remains constant rabbits. |
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three female children walking | Image 1: one wolf typing. Image 2: one wolf walking. Image 3: three female children typing | Number remains constant one. Action is changed from typing to walking. Subject type remains constant wolf. |
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four dogs digging a hole | Image 1: one senior man jumping. Image 2: one senior man digging a hole. Image 3: four dogs jumping | Number remains constant one. Action is changed from jumping to digging a hole. Subject type remains constant senior man. |
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two wolves jumping | Image 1: four female children digging a hole. Image 2: four female children jumping. Image 3: two wolves digging a hole | Number remains constant four. Action is changed from digging a hole to jumping. Subject type remains constant female children. |
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one bear ice-skating | Image 1: three rabbits walking. Image 2: three rabbits ice-skating. Image 3: one bear walking | Number remains constant three. Action is changed from walking to ice-skating. Subject type remains constant rabbits. |
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three bears eating food | Image 1: two senior men typing. Image 2: two senior men eating food. Image 3: three bears typing | Number remains constant two. Action is changed from typing to eating food. Subject type remains constant senior men. |
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four hamsters digging a hole | Image 1: two male children jumping. Image 2: two male children digging a hole. Image 3: four hamsters jumping | Number remains constant two. Action is changed from jumping to digging a hole. Subject type remains constant male children. |
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three women walking | Image 1: two bears playing soccer. Image 2: two bears walking. Image 3: three women playing soccer | Number remains constant two. Action is changed from playing soccer to walking. Subject type remains constant bears. |
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three senior women digging a hole | Image 1: four dogs typing. Image 2: four dogs digging a hole. Image 3: three senior women typing | Number remains constant four. Action is changed from typing to digging a hole. Subject type remains constant dogs. |
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two female children writing | Image 1: four men typing. Image 2: four men writing. Image 3: two female children typing | Number remains constant four. Action is changed from typing to writing. Subject type remains constant men. |
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four wolves jumping | Image 1: three women reading. Image 2: three women jumping. Image 3: four wolves reading | Number remains constant three. Action is changed from reading to jumping. Subject type remains constant women. |
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four monkeys driving a car | Image 1: two male children digging a hole. Image 2: two male children driving a car. Image 3: four monkeys digging a hole | Number remains constant two. Action is changed from digging a hole to driving a car. Subject type remains constant male children. |
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three hamsters jumping | Image 1: four senior men playing soccer. Image 2: four senior men jumping. Image 3: three hamsters playing soccer | Number remains constant four. Action is changed from playing soccer to jumping. Subject type remains constant senior men. |
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two bears ice-skating | Image 1: three rabbits swimming. Image 2: three rabbits ice-skating. Image 3: two bears swimming | Number remains constant three. Action is changed from swimming to ice-skating. Subject type remains constant rabbits. |
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one rabbit reading | Image 1: three foxes digging a hole. Image 2: three foxes reading. Image 3: one rabbit digging a hole | Number remains constant three. Action is changed from digging a hole to reading. Subject type remains constant foxes. |
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three bears typing | Image 1: four female children walking. Image 2: four female children typing. Image 3: three bears walking | Number remains constant four. Action is changed from walking to typing. Subject type remains constant female children. |
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one senior woman typing | Image 1: two female children ice-skating. Image 2: two female children typing. Image 3: one senior woman ice-skating | Number remains constant two. Action is changed from ice-skating to typing. Subject type remains constant female children. |
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three female children carrying something | Image 1: two men writing. Image 2: two men carrying something. Image 3: three female children writing | Number remains constant two. Action is changed from writing to carrying something. Subject type remains constant men. |
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three men running | Image 1: one female child writing. Image 2: one female child running. Image 3: three men writing | Number remains constant one. Action is changed from writing to running. Subject type remains constant female child. |
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three rabbits typing | Image 1: one fox eating food. Image 2: one fox typing. Image 3: three rabbits eating food | Number remains constant one. Action is changed from eating food to typing. Subject type remains constant fox. |
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two monkeys typing | Image 1: four rabbits ice-skating. Image 2: four rabbits typing. Image 3: two monkeys ice-skating | Number remains constant four. Action is changed from ice-skating to typing. Subject type remains constant rabbits. |
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three senior women jumping | Image 1: two monkeys running. Image 2: two monkeys jumping. Image 3: three senior women running | Number remains constant two. Action is changed from running to jumping. Subject type remains constant monkeys. |
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two wolves driving a car | Image 1: one rabbit running. Image 2: one rabbit driving a car. Image 3: two wolves running | Number remains constant one. Action is changed from running to driving a car. Subject type remains constant rabbit. |
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three senior men digging a hole | Image 1: one dog running. Image 2: one dog digging a hole. Image 3: three senior men running | Number remains constant one. Action is changed from running to digging a hole. Subject type remains constant dog. |
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two women typing | Image 1: one senior woman reading. Image 2: one senior woman typing. Image 3: two women reading | Number remains constant one. Action is changed from reading to typing. Subject type remains constant senior woman. |
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four wolves reading | Image 1: three senior women walking. Image 2: three senior women reading. Image 3: four wolves walking | Number remains constant three. Action is changed from walking to reading. Subject type remains constant senior women. |
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three men swimming | Image 1: four monkeys jumping. Image 2: four monkeys swimming. Image 3: three men jumping | Number remains constant four. Action is changed from jumping to swimming. Subject type remains constant monkeys. |
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one monkey swimming | Image 1: three foxes reading. Image 2: three foxes swimming. Image 3: one monkey reading | Number remains constant three. Action is changed from reading to swimming. Subject type remains constant foxes. |
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one senior woman digging a hole | Image 1: four monkeys typing. Image 2: four monkeys digging a hole. Image 3: one senior woman typing | Number remains constant four. Action is changed from typing to digging a hole. Subject type remains constant monkeys. |
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two senior men driving a car | Image 1: four male children carrying something. Image 2: four male children driving a car. Image 3: two senior men carrying something | Number remains constant four. Action is changed from carrying something to driving a car. Subject type remains constant male children. |
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one man writing | Image 1: four female children eating food. Image 2: four female children writing. Image 3: one man eating food | Number remains constant four. Action is changed from eating food to writing. Subject type remains constant female children. |
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three hamsters digging a hole | Image 1: two bears swimming. Image 2: two bears digging a hole. Image 3: three hamsters swimming | Number remains constant two. Action is changed from swimming to digging a hole. Subject type remains constant bears. |
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four foxes running | Image 1: one cat carrying something. Image 2: one cat running. Image 3: four foxes carrying something | Number remains constant one. Action is changed from carrying something to running. Subject type remains constant cat. |
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two rabbits walking | Image 1: four foxes reading. Image 2: four foxes walking. Image 3: two rabbits reading | Number remains constant four. Action is changed from reading to walking. Subject type remains constant foxes. |
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four rabbits typing | Image 1: one fox swimming. Image 2: one fox typing. Image 3: four rabbits swimming | Number remains constant one. Action is changed from swimming to typing. Subject type remains constant fox. |
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one cat driving a car | Image 1: three male children running. Image 2: three male children driving a car. Image 3: one cat running | Number remains constant three. Action is changed from running to driving a car. Subject type remains constant male children. |
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two rabbits swimming | Image 1: one monkey jumping. Image 2: one monkey swimming. Image 3: two rabbits jumping | Number remains constant one. Action is changed from jumping to swimming. Subject type remains constant monkey. |
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two female children typing | Image 1: one male child driving a car. Image 2: one male child typing. Image 3: two female children driving a car | Number remains constant one. Action is changed from driving a car to typing. Subject type remains constant male child. |
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four monkeys swimming | Image 1: three women running. Image 2: three women swimming. Image 3: four monkeys running | Number remains constant three. Action is changed from running to swimming. Subject type remains constant women. |
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two foxes playing soccer | Image 1: three hamsters swimming. Image 2: three hamsters playing soccer. Image 3: two foxes swimming | Number remains constant three. Action is changed from swimming to playing soccer. Subject type remains constant hamsters. |
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two male children eating food | Image 1: four senior women writing. Image 2: four senior women eating food. Image 3: two male children writing | Number remains constant four. Action is changed from writing to eating food. Subject type remains constant senior women. |
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one male child reading | Image 1: four wolves swimming. Image 2: four wolves reading. Image 3: one male child swimming | Number remains constant four. Action is changed from swimming to reading. Subject type remains constant wolves. |
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one woman jumping | Image 1: four cats eating food. Image 2: four cats jumping. Image 3: one woman eating food | Number remains constant four. Action is changed from eating food to jumping. Subject type remains constant cats. |
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four monkeys digging a hole | Image 1: two senior men reading. Image 2: two senior men digging a hole. Image 3: four monkeys reading | Number remains constant two. Action is changed from reading to digging a hole. Subject type remains constant senior men. |
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one monkey reading | Image 1: three female children running. Image 2: three female children reading. Image 3: one monkey running | Number remains constant three. Action is changed from running to reading. Subject type remains constant female children. |
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two hamsters digging a hole | Image 1: four rabbits jumping. Image 2: four rabbits digging a hole. Image 3: two hamsters jumping | Number remains constant four. Action is changed from jumping to digging a hole. Subject type remains constant rabbits. |
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one dog running | Image 1: two hamsters eating food. Image 2: two hamsters running. Image 3: one dog eating food | Number remains constant two. Action is changed from eating food to running. Subject type remains constant hamsters. |
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four senior women playing soccer | Image 1: one female child walking. Image 2: one female child playing soccer. Image 3: four senior women walking | Number remains constant one. Action is changed from walking to playing soccer. Subject type remains constant female child. |
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three men reading | Image 1: four women writing. Image 2: four women reading. Image 3: three men writing | Number remains constant four. Action is changed from writing to reading. Subject type remains constant women. |
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one male child reading | Image 1: four bears walking. Image 2: four bears reading. Image 3: one male child walking | Number remains constant four. Action is changed from walking to reading. Subject type remains constant bears. |
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one bear ice-skating | Image 1: four senior women jumping. Image 2: four senior women ice-skating. Image 3: one bear jumping | Number remains constant four. Action is changed from jumping to ice-skating. Subject type remains constant senior women. |
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two monkeys running | Image 1: one senior man swimming. Image 2: one senior man running. Image 3: two monkeys swimming | Number remains constant one. Action is changed from swimming to running. Subject type remains constant senior man. |
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two foxes digging a hole | Image 1: one senior woman reading. Image 2: one senior woman digging a hole. Image 3: two foxes reading | Number remains constant one. Action is changed from reading to digging a hole. Subject type remains constant senior woman. |
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two dogs carrying something | Image 1: one monkey driving a car. Image 2: one monkey carrying something. Image 3: two dogs driving a car | Number remains constant one. Action is changed from driving a car to carrying something. Subject type remains constant monkey. |
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two rabbits driving a car | Image 1: one female child reading. Image 2: one female child driving a car. Image 3: two rabbits reading | Number remains constant one. Action is changed from reading to driving a car. Subject type remains constant female child. |
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two women writing | Image 1: three hamsters running. Image 2: three hamsters writing. Image 3: two women running | Number remains constant three. Action is changed from running to writing. Subject type remains constant hamsters. |
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four wolves ice-skating | Image 1: three men driving a car. Image 2: three men ice-skating. Image 3: four wolves driving a car | Number remains constant three. Action is changed from driving a car to ice-skating. Subject type remains constant men. |
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two rabbits playing soccer | Image 1: one fox writing. Image 2: one fox playing soccer. Image 3: two rabbits writing | Number remains constant one. Action is changed from writing to playing soccer. Subject type remains constant fox. |
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three men carrying something | Image 1: two cats eating food. Image 2: two cats carrying something. Image 3: three men eating food | Number remains constant two. Action is changed from eating food to carrying something. Subject type remains constant cats. |
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four rabbits eating food | Image 1: one hamster writing. Image 2: one hamster eating food. Image 3: four rabbits writing | Number remains constant one. Action is changed from writing to eating food. Subject type remains constant hamster. |
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one monkey playing soccer | Image 1: three senior men jumping. Image 2: three senior men playing soccer. Image 3: one monkey jumping | Number remains constant three. Action is changed from jumping to playing soccer. Subject type remains constant senior men. |
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in Data Studio
Dataset Card for VOILA
This dataset card aims to be a base template for new datasets. It has been generated using this raw template.
Dataset Details
Dataset Description
VOILA is an open-ended, large-scale and dynamic dataset which evaluates the visual understanding and relational reasoning capability of the MLLMs. It consists of distinct visual analogy questions designed to derive an answer by following the relation rules among a given triplet of images (A : A’ :: B : B’). Unlike previous visual analogy dataset, VOILA presents more complex rule-based structure incorporating various property relations and distraction rules and manipulation of up to three properties at a time across 14 subject types, 13 actions, and 4 numeric values. VOILA comprises two sub-tasks: the more complex VOILA-WD and the simpler VOILA-ND Our experiment results show state-of-the-art models not only struggle to apply the relationship to a new set of images but also to reveal the relationship between images. LLaMa 3.2 achieves the highest performance, attaining 13% accuracy in implementing the relationship stage on VOILA-WD. Interestingly, GPT-4o outperforms other models on VOILA-ND, achieving an accuracy of 29% in applying relationships. However, human performance significantly surpasses these results, achieving 71% and 69% accuracy on VOILA-WD and VOILA-ND, respectively.
- Curated by: [More Information Needed]
- Language(s) (NLP): English
- License: cc
- Contact: nyilmaz3@asu.edu
Dataset Sources [optional]
- Repository: https://github.com/nlylmz/Voila
- Paper : VOILA: Evaluation of MLLMs For Perceptual Understanding and Analogical Reasoning
Uses
Direct Use
[More Information Needed]
Dataset Structure
{‘img1': 'two_hamsters_carrying something_1111.png',
‘img2': 'two_hamsters_walking_9111.png’,
‘img3': ‘four_cats_carrying something_11111.png’,
‘img4’: ‘four cats walking’,
‘desc_img1’: 'two hamsters carrying something’,
‘desc_img2': ‘two hamsters walking’,
‘desc_img3':’four cats carrying something’,
‘desc_im4’: ‘four cats walking’,
‘combined_description’: ‘Image 1: two hamsters carrying something. Image 2: two hamsters walking. Image 3: four cats carrying something’,
‘question’: ‘image_questions_1.png’,
‘rule’ : ‘1’,
‘Real_relations’ : ‘Number remains constant two. Action is changed from carrying something to walking. Subject type remains constant hamsters.’}
Data Fields
id:img1: the file name of the first input imageimg2: the file name of the second input imageimg3: the file name of the third input imageimg4: the content of the fourth image – analogy solutiondesc_img1: description of the first imagedesc_img2: description of the second imagedesc_img3: description of the third imagedesc_im4: description of the solution imagecombined_description: The combined content description of first three images. question: the file name of the image collage which combine the first three images for analogy question.rule: the number of the rule configuration.Real_relations: the changed and unchanged properties between first and second images.
Data Splits
- VOILA_WD : There are approximately 10K image analogy questions for TEST case which includes Distraction rule.
- VOILA_ND : There are approximately 3.6K image analogy questions for TEST case, excluding Distraction rule.
Dataset Creation
Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed]
Data Collection and Processing
[More Information Needed]
Who are the source data producers?
[More Information Needed]
Bias, Risks, and Limitations
Because the images are generated by Stable Diffusion XL (SDXL). They might reveal biases that the model possesses.
Citation
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{
yilmaz2025voila,
title={Voila: Evaluation of {MLLM}s For Perceptual Understanding and Analogical Reasoning},
author={Nilay Yilmaz and Maitreya Patel and Yiran Lawrence Luo and Tejas Gokhale and Chitta Baral and Suren Jayasuriya and Yezhou Yang},
booktitle={The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations},
year={2025},
url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=q5MUMlHxpd}
}
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