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656805

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggie%20Lewis

Reggie Lewis

Reginald C. Lewis (November 21, 1965 – July 27, 1993) was an American professional basketball player for the National Basketball Association's Boston Celtics from 1987 to 1993. Early life Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Lewis attended high school at Dunbar High School, where he played basketball alongside future NBA players Muggsy Bogues, David Wingate, and Reggie Williams. The 1981–82 Dunbar Poets finished the season at 29–0 during Lewis' junior season and finished 31–0 during his senior season, and were ranked first in the nation by USA Today. College career Lewis attended Northeastern University in Boston. Over his four years at Northeastern, Lewis scored 2,708 points, still the all-time record at the university. His Northeastern teams won the ECAC North all four seasons and played in the NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament every year. The 1983–84 Huskies advanced to the second round of the NCAA Tournament, falling one point shy of the Sweet 16 when Rolando Lamb scored at the buzzer to lift VCU over the Huskies. His uniform number was retired and hangs in tribute in Matthews Arena (the home of Northeastern University's men's basketball team and the Celtics' original home arena in 1946). As a Celtic, he and his family lived in Dedham, Massachusetts. He was a second cousin of PJ Dozier, who wore the jersey number 35 as a member of the Oklahoma City Thunder in honor of Lewis. Professional career Boston Celtics (1987–1993) Lewis was drafted in the first round, 22nd overall, by the Boston Celtics in the 1987 NBA draft. The Celtics were looking to add some youth to the team, especially for the aging "Big 3" of Larry Bird, Kevin McHale, and Robert Parish. This need became more urgent after Len Bias, the 2nd overall pick in the 1986 NBA draft, died of a cocaine overdose. As a rookie, Lewis played sporadically, averaging 8.3 minutes per game under coach K. C. Jones. By his second season, thanks in part to a new coach (and an injury to Bird), Lewis averaged over 30 minutes and scored 18.5 points per game. Lewis was selected to play in his first and only NBA All-Star Game held in Orlando, Florida in 1992. He played 15 minutes, scoring 7 points and grabbing 4 rebounds. Lewis averaged 20.8 points in each of his last two seasons with the Celtics, and finished with a career average of 17.6 points per contest. His no. 35 jersey was retired by the Celtics, making him one of only two Celtics to have a retired number without winning a championship with the team, the other player being Ed Macauley. On April 29, 1993, in Game 1 of the Celtics' playoff series against the Charlotte Hornets, Lewis suddenly collapsed on the court and remained on the ground for several seconds. After he finally got up, he looked perplexed and dazed as he headed to the Celtics bench. Lewis returned briefly to the game but was eventually pulled due to dizziness and shortness of breath. He left the game having scored 17 points in 13 minutes of action in what turned out to be his final NBA game. The following day, Lewis checked into New England Baptist Hospital, where he underwent a series of tests by more than a dozen heart specialists, who the Celtics called their "dream team" of doctors. Lewis was diagnosed with "focal cardiomyopathy", a disease of the heart muscle that can cause irregular heartbeat and heart failure. Lewis was told his condition was most likely career-ending. However, he later sought a second opinion from Dr. Gilbert Mudge at Brigham and Women's Hospital, who diagnosed Lewis with neurocardiogenic syncope, a less serious non-fatal condition instead. As a result, Lewis began working out in preparation for returning for the 1994 season. Mudge was later cleared of any wrongdoing, and he insisted he had never authorized Lewis to resume workouts. Death On July 27, 1993, during off-season practice at Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts, Lewis suffered sudden cardiac death on the basketball court at the age of 27 years old. James Crowley, a Brandeis University police officer who happened upon the gym on a routine patrol, and another Brandeis University police officer attempted to revive Lewis by using mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, but they were unsuccessful. Lewis is buried in an unmarked grave in Forest Hills Cemetery in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts. His death was attributed to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a structural heart defect that is the most common cause of death in young athletes. Aftermath Following Lewis' death, questions were raised about whether he had used cocaine, and whether cocaine use had contributed to his death. The Wall Street Journal reported that physicians "suspected that cocaine killed Boston Celtics star Reggie Lewis...but they were thwarted by actions by his family and a 'dismissive' policy toward drugs by the NBA." The Journal added the following: Whether Mr. Lewis died from a heart damaged by cocaine -- as many doctors suspected then and now -- cannot be definitively shown. What is evident: The official cause of death, a heart damaged by a common-cold virus, is a medically nonsensical finding by a coroner who was under intense pressure from the Lewis family to exclude any implication of drug use. The Boston Celtics responded by expressing sadness about the "vicious attack on Reggie Lewis and his family" and threatening "to file a $100 million lawsuit against the reporter, The Wall Street Journal and its parent company, Dow Jones and Co. Inc." Dr. Gilbert Mudge, a doctor who treated Lewis, was sued for malpractice in connection with Lewis' death; in written responses to questions from the attorneys for Donna Harris-Lewis, Mudge said that "16 days before Lewis collapsed from a heart attack in 1993, he acknowledged having used cocaine, but said he had stopped." On the other hand, the doctor who performed the autopsy on Lewis testified that the scarring on his heart was inconsistent with cocaine use, and other doctors reached the same conclusion though they "stopped short of saying he never used drugs." Also, Lewis's heart tissue tested positive for adenovirus during his autopsy. After Lewis' death, the Reggie Lewis Track and Athletic Center was opened in Roxbury, Boston. The center was funded partially by Lewis and has hosted major indoor track and field competitions, the Boston Indoor Games, home basketball games for Roxbury Community College, and Northeastern University track and field events. On March 22, 1995, the Boston Celtics retired Lewis' jersey. Lewis had worn the number 35 for his entire career. During the ceremony, former teammate Dee Brown made a speech while two other former teammates, Sherman Douglas and Xavier McDaniel, held up Lewis' framed jersey. Lewis' contract remained on the Celtics' salary cap for two full seasons after his death because at the time the NBA did not have a provision to void contracts in the event an active player died; NBA Commissioner David Stern said that the remaining NBA teams should approve an exemption for Lewis' contract but the rest of the league, many of whom had spent years or even decades losing to the Celtics on the court, said that they would do no such thing to help Boston. The rules have since been changed so that a similar case would result in a deceased player's contract being paid by league insurance. NBA career statistics Regular season |- | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"|Boston | 49 || 0 || 8.3 || .466 || .000 || .702 || 1.3 || .5 || .3 || .3 || 4.5 |- | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"|Boston | 81 || 57 || 32.8 || .486 || .136 || .787 || 4.7 || 2.7 || 1.5 || .9 || 18.5 |- | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"|Boston | 79 || 54 || 31.9 || .496 || .267 || .808 || 4.4 || 2.8 || 1.1 || .8 || 17.0 |- | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"|Boston | 79 || 79 || 36.4 || .491 || .077 || .826 || 5.2 || 2.5 || 1.2 || 1.1 || 18.7 |- | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"|Boston | 82 || 82 || 37.4 || .503 || .238 || .851 || 4.8 || 2.3 || 1.5 || 1.3 || 20.8 |- | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"|Boston | 80 || 80 || 39.3 || .470 || .233 || .867 || 4.3 || 3.7 || 1.5 || 1.0 || 20.8 |- class="sortbottom" | style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career | 450 || 352 || 32.6 || .488 || .200 || .824 || 4.3 || 2.6 || 1.3 || .9 || 17.6 |- class="sortbottom" | style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|All-Star | 1 || 0 || 15.0 || .429 || – || .500 || 4.0 || 2.0 || – || 1.0 || 7.0 Playoffs |- | style="text-align:left;"|1988 | style="text-align:left;"|Boston | 12 || 0 || 5.8 || .382 || .000 || .600 || 1.3 || .3 || .3 || .2 || 2.4 |- | style="text-align:left;"|1989 | style="text-align:left;"|Boston | 3 || 3 || 41.7 || .473 || .000 || .692 || 7.0 || 3.7 || 1.7 || .0 || 20.3 |- | style="text-align:left;"|1990 | style="text-align:left;"|Boston | 5 || 5 || 40.0 || .597 || .000 || .771 || 5.0 || 4.4 || 1.4 || .4 || 20.2 |- | style="text-align:left;"|1991 | style="text-align:left;"|Boston | 11 || 11 || 42.0 || .487 || .000 || .824 || 6.2 || 2.9 || 1.1 || .5 || 22.4 |- | style="text-align:left;"|1992 | style="text-align:left;"|Boston | 10 || 10 || 40.8 || .528 || .333 || .762 || 4.3 || 3.9 || 2.4 || .8 || 28.0 |- | style="text-align:left;"|1993 | style="text-align:left;"|Boston | 1 || 1 || 13.0 || .636 || .000 || .750 || 2.0 || 1.0 || .0 || 1.0 || 17.0 |- class="sortbottom" | style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career | 42 || 30 || 30.4 || .510 || .133 || .777 || 4.2 || 2.6 || 1.2 || .5 || 17.5 See also List of basketball players who died during their careers References External links The Journal's Reggie Lewis Bombshell Remembering Reggie Lewis - at nba.com Remembering Reggie Lewis 1965 births 1993 deaths African-American basketball players American men's basketball players Basketball players from Baltimore Boston Celtics draft picks Boston Celtics players National Basketball Association All-Stars National Basketball Association players with retired numbers Northeastern Huskies men's basketball players Small forwards Sports deaths in Massachusetts Sportspeople from Dedham, Massachusetts 20th-century African-American sportspeople Deaths from cardiomyopathy

663094

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20university%20presses

List of university presses

This article lists notable university presses, arranged by country. Associations of university presses are listed afterwards. Entries on this list should be publishing houses associated with one or more academic institutions and have their own article or be well-sourced in a university article. This list should not include other academic publishers. Armenia Yerevan State University Press Australia Australian National University ANU Press Melbourne University Publishing Monash University Publishing Sydney University Press University of Adelaide Press University of New South Wales Press University of Queensland Press University of Technology Sydney UTS ePRESS University of Western Australia Press Austria Austrian Academy of Sciences Press Bahrain University of Bahrain Press Bangladesh AIUB Press Barisal University Press Begum Rokeya University Press BRAC University Press BSMR Agricultural University Press BSMR Maritime University Press BUP Press Chittagong University Press CUET Press Daffodil International University Press Dhaka University Press DUET Press HSTU Press International Islamic University Chittagong Press Islamic University, Bangladesh Press Jagannath University Press Jahangirnagar University Press Khulna University Press KUET Press MBSTU Press MIST Press North South University Press Rajshahi University Press SUST Press Sylhet Agricultural University Press Belgium Editions de l'Université libre de Bruxelles Leuven University Press Presses de l'Université de Liège Presses de l'Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles Presses universitaires de Louvain (PUL) Brazil Argos - Editora da UNOCHAPECÓ Arquivo Nacional CEPAL - Imprensa Oficial Graciliano Ramos CEPESC Edições Demócrito Rocha Edições UERN Edições UESB Edições UFC Edições UVA Editora CESMAC Editora da Fundação Casa de Rui Barbosa Editora da UFCSPA Editora da UFGD Editora da UFRGS Editora da ULBRA Editora da Unicamp Editora do Ifes Editora FGV Editora Fiocruz Editora IFG Editora IFMA Editora IFPB Editora IFRN Editora Intersaberes Editora Leopoldianum Editora Mackenzie Editora Massangana Editora Metodista Editora PUC Goiás Editora PUC Minas Editora PUC-Rio Editora UCDB Editora UEA Editora UEMS Editora UEPG Editora UFABC Editora UFFS Editora UFJF Editora UFLA Editora UFMG Editora UFPB Editora UFPEL Editora UFPR Editora UFRJ Editora UFSM Editora UFV Editora UnB Editora Unesp Editora UNICENTRO Editora UNIFACS Editora UNIFAP Editora UNIFESP Editora UNIJUI Editora UNILASALLE Editora UNIMEP Editora UNIMONTES Editora UNISINOS Editora UNISUL Editora UNIVALI Editora Universitária Metodista IPA Editora UNIVILLE Editora UFMS Editus Ediunesc EDIUPF EDUA EDUC EDUCS EDUECE EDUEL EDUEM EDUEMA EDUEMG EDUEPA EDUEPB EDUERJ EDUFAC EDUFAL EDUFBA Edufersa Edufes EDUFF EDUFMA EDUFMT EDUFPA EDUFPI EDUFRA EDUFRB EDUFRN EDUFRO EDUFRPE EDUFRR EDUFSC EDUFSCAR EDUFT Edufu EDUNEAL EDUNEB EDUNILA EDUNIOESTE EDUNIT EDUNP EDUPE EDUR Edusp EDUTFPR Embrapa IAPAR IFC - Instituto FEderal Catarinense Imesp Letraslivres Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi PUCPRESS UEFS Editora Editora UEG UNASPRESS Unopar URI - FW Brunei University Press Brunei Bulgaria University Press "Bishop Konstantin Preslavski" University Press "Neophyte Rilski" University Press "Paisius Hilendar" University Press "St. Kliment Ohridski” (Sofia University Press) University Press "St. St. Cyril and Methodius " University Press "Stopanstvo" Canada Athabasca University Press Canadian Plains Research Center (University of Regina) Fairleigh Dickinson University Press (editorial operations are based on its Vancouver Campus) McGill-Queen's University Press Les Presses de L'Université de Montreal Les Presses de L'Université du Quebec Presses de l'Université Laval University of Alberta Press University of British Columbia Press University of Calgary Press University of Manitoba Press University of Ottawa Press University of Toronto Press Wilfrid Laurier University Press (WLUP) Chile Pontifical Catholic University of Chile Press (Ediciones UC) China Beijing Language and Culture University Press (BLCUP) China Renmin University Press China University of Political Science and Law Press Dalian University of Technology Press East China Normal University Press (ECNUP), Shanghai East China University of Science and Technology Press(ECUSTP), Shanghai Fudan University Press Nanjing University Press Peking University Press Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press Tianjin University Press Tsinghua University Press Zhejiang University Press Colombia University of Valle Publishing Program Editorial Universidad Icesi (Publishing Program at the Universidad Icesi) Los Libertadores University press Ediciones Uniandes (Universidad de Los Andes) Czech Republic Karolinum Press, publisher of the Charles University in Prague Palacký University Press, publisher of the Palacký University in Olomouc Masaryk University Press, publisher of the Masaryk University in Brno University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Press, publisher University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Denmark Aarhus University Press Museum Tusculanum Press University Press of Southern Denmark Egypt American University in Cairo Press Estonia Tallinn University Press University of Tartu Press Finland Helsinki University Press (HUP) France Presses Universitaires de France (PUF) Presses Universitaires de Rennes (PUR) Germany Düsseldorf University Press Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg West German University Press, Bochum Working Group of German-speaking University Presses Greece Crete University Press University of Macedonia Press Hong Kong Chinese University Press City University of Hong Kong Press Hong Kong University Press Open University of Hong Kong Press Hungary Central European University Press India Calcutta University Press Delhi University Press Guwahati University Press Jadavpur University Press Manipal University Press (MUP) Rabindra Bharati University Press Visva-Bharati Press Indonesia Gadjah Mada University Press / UGM Press Universitas Darussalam Gontor Press/UNIDA Gontor Press Muhammadiyah University Press (MUP) Iran ACECR Islamic Azad University Keramanshah Branch Press University of Tehran Press Iraq Al Qasim Green University Central Press Ireland Cork University Press (CUP) University College Dublin Press Irish Academic Press Israel Magnes Press, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Bar-Ilan University Press Italy Bononia University Press S.p.A. (BUP), publisher of the University of Bologna Bozen-Bolzano University Press at Libera Università di Bolzano Casa Editrice Università La Sapienza at Università La Sapienza di Roma Centro Editoriale e Librario della Calabria at Università della Calabria (Cosenza) Clueb Cooperativa Libraria Universitaria Editrice Bologna at Università di Bologna Edizioni Ca'Foscari at Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia Edizioni dell'Università Siena at Università di Siena Edizioni Plus Pisa University Press at Università di Pisa EUT Edizioni Università Trieste at Università di Trieste Forum Editrice Universitaria Udinese at Università di Udine Fridericiana Editrice Universitaria at Università Federico II di Napoli FUP Firenze University Press at Università di Firenze LAS Libreria Ateneo Salesiano at Università Pontificia Salesiana — Roma LUISS University Press at LUISS University PUP Padova University Press at Università di Padova Pavia University Press at Università di Pavia Vita e Pensiero at Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Japan University of Tokyo Press Jordan University of Jordan Press Yarmouk University Press Kazakhstan Qazaq University Press Taraz University Publishing House Toraighyrov University Publishing Center Kenya University of Nairobi Press Kuwait Kuwait University Press Lebanon AUB Press - The American University of Beirut Press Lithuania Vilniaus universiteto leidykla Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Publishing House "Technika" Kaunas University of Technology Publishing House "Technologija" Malaysia Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia UKM Press University of Malaya Press Technology (UTM) University Putra (UPM) University of Science (USM) Northern University (UUM) International Islamic University (IIU) Sarawak University (UNIMAS) Sultan Idris Education University (UPSI) MARA University of Technology (UITM) Science Islamic University (USIM) Technical University of Melaka (UTEM) Sunway University Press México Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México University of Guadalajara University Publishing Veracruz University Press Namibia University of Namibia Press (UNAM Press) Netherlands Amsterdam University Press Leiden University Press Radboud University Press Nigeria Ibadan University Press New Zealand Auckland University Press Canterbury University Press (CUP) Massey University Press Otago University Press Te Tākupu Victoria University Press (VUP) North Cyprus Near East University Press Oman Sultan Qaboos University Press Pakistan National University of Science and Technology Pakistan Press Peru Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Fondo Editorial Fondo Editorial de la Universidad Inca Garcilaso de la Vega Philippines Ateneo de Manila University Press Ateneo de Naga University Press Sentro ng Wikang Filipino University of the Philippines Press University of Santo Tomas Publishing House Poland Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego at University of Warsaw Wydawnictwo KUL at John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań The Nicolaus Copernicus University Press at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Pedagogicznego w Krakowie at Pedagogical University of Cracow Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego at University of Szczecin Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Katowicach at University of Economics in Katowice Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie at Cracow University of Economics Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu at Wrocław University of Economics Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego at University of Gdańsk Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego at Jagiellonian University Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie at Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Kazimierza Wielkiego at Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego at University of Łódź Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej at Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Opolskiego at Opole University Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Lublinie at University of Life Sciences in Lublin Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Poznaniu at University of Life Sciences in Poznań Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego we Wrocławiu at University of Life Sciences in Wrocław Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego at Rzeszów University Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego at University of Silesia Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu SWPS at SWPS University Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Technologiczno-Przyrodniczego im. Jana i Jędrzeja Śniadeckich w Bydgoszczy at University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku and Wydawnictwa Uniwersyteckie Trans Humana at University of Białystok Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warmińsko-Mazurskiego w Olsztynie at University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego at University of Wrocław Portugal FEUP Edições at Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto Imprensa da UC at Universidade de Coimbra IST PRESS at Instituto Superior Técnico da Universidade de Lisboa U. Porto Edições at Universidade do Porto UA Editora at Universidade de Aveiro Universidade Católica Editora at Universidade Católica Portuguesa Qatar Hamad Bin Khalifa University Press Qatar University Press Romania Bucharest University Press Cluj University Press Russia Moscow State University Press Saudi Arabia Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University Scientific Publishing Center Singapore NUS Press South Africa AFRICAN SUN MeDIA Juta Publishing UKZN Press Pretoria University Law Press (PULP) UCT Press UJ Press Wits University Press (University of the Witswatersrand) Unisa Press South Korea Ewha Womans University Press Jeonbuk National University Press Pusan National University Press Seoul National University Publishing Center Yonsei University Press Spain University of Cantabria Press University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU University Press Servicio de Publicaciones at Comillas Pontifical University Sweden Karlstad University Press at Karlstad University Linköping University Electronic Press at Linköping University Linnaeus University Press at Linnaeus University Lund University Press at Lund University Stockholm University Press at Stockholm University Syria Syrian Virtual University Press Syrian Private University Press Taiwan National Taiwan University Press National Chengchi University Press National Tsing Hua University Press Thailand Chiang Mai University Press Turkey Ankara University Press Bogazici University Press İstanbul Bilgi University Press Istanbul University Press Ukraine Publishing & Printing House "Kyiv University" Harvard University Press (Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute publications) United Arab Emirates Al Qasimia University Press Hamadan Bin Mohammed Smart University Publishing Zayed University Press United Kingdom Aberdeen University Press (AUP) Bristol University Press Cambridge University Press (CUP), founded 1534, the oldest publishing house and second-largest university press in the world Edinburgh University Press Goldsmiths Press Hull University Press Imperial College Press - now part of World Scientific Kingston University Press Liverpool University Press LSE Press Manchester University Press Northumbria University Press - no longer operating, taken over by McNidder & Grace Nottingham University Press (NUP) Open University Press Oxford University Press (OUP), founded 1586, the largest university press The Policy Press UCL Press University of Chester Press University of Exeter Press University of Hertfordshire Press University of Huddersfield Press University of London Press University of Wales Press University of Westminster Press The University of York Music Press White Rose University Press United States Abilene Christian University Press American Historical Association American Psychiatric Publishing Amherst College Press Arte Publico Press (University of Houston) Baylor University Press Bob Jones University Press, publishes textbooks for Christian schools and homeschools Brandeis University Press Brigham Young University Press Brookings Institution Press Bucknell University Press Carnegie Mellon University Press, founded 1972 as Three Rivers Press Catawba Valley Community College, founded 2017 as Redhawk Publications Clemson University Press Catholic University of America Press Columbia University Press Cornell University Press, founded 1869 Duke University Press, founded 1921 as Trinity College Press Duquesne University Press Eastern Washington University Press, a former press which closed in 2010 Fairleigh Dickinson University Press Fordham University Press Gallaudet University Press, focusing on issues related to deafness and sign language George Mason University Press Georgetown University Press Harvard University Press (HUP) The Press at Cal Poly Humboldt Indiana University Press Johns Hopkins University Press (JHUP) Kent State University Press Lehigh University Press Louisiana State University Press Mercer University Press Michigan State University Press MIT Press New York University Press Northeastern University Press Northern Illinois University Press Northwestern University Press Ohio State University Press Ohio University Press (OUP) Penn State Press Princeton University Press Purdue University Press Rockefeller University Press (RUP), publishes three scientific journals in medicine and biology Rutgers University Press Saint Joseph's University Press San Diego State University Press Southern Illinois University Press Southern Methodist University Press Stanford University Press (SUP), founded 1892 State University of New York Press Syracuse University Press Teachers College Press Temple University Press Texas A&M University Press Texas Christian University Press Texas Tech University Press (TTUP) Texas Western Press Trinity University Press (Texas) Truman State University Press University of Akron Press University of Alabama Press University of Alaska Press University of Arizona Press University of Arkansas Press University of California Press University of Chicago Press, founded 1891, the largest university press in the U.S. University of Cincinnati Press University of Delaware Press University of Georgia Press University of Hawaii Press University of Illinois Press University of Iowa Press University of Maine Press University of Massachusetts Press University of Michigan Press University of Minnesota Press University of Missouri Press University of Nebraska Press University of Nevada Press University of New Mexico Press University of New Orleans Press University of North Carolina Press University of North Georgia Press University of North Texas Press University of Notre Dame Press University of Oklahoma Press University of Pennsylvania Press University of Pittsburgh Press University of Scranton Press University of South Carolina Press University of Tennessee Press University of Texas Press University of Utah Press University of Virginia Press University of Washington Press University of Wisconsin Press University Press of Colorado University Press of Florida (UPF) University Press of Kansas University Press of Kentucky (UPK) University Press of Mississippi University Press of New England, closed 2018 Utah State University Press Vanderbilt University Press Wake Forest University Press Washington State University Press Wayne State University Press Wesleyan University Press West Virginia University Press Wharton School Publishing Wolfson Press Indiana University South Bend Yale University Press Uzbekistan Tashkent State University of Law Publishing Toshkent Davlat Iqtisodiyot Universiteti Editorial and Publishing Department Yemen Aden University House for Printing and Publishing See also Association of Korean University Presses Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers (ALPSP) – an international association of 330 non-profit publishers Association of Canadian University Presses (ACUP/APUC)– an association of 16 Canadian presses Association of University Presses of Latin America and the Caribbean Association of American University Presses (AAUP) – an international organization of more than 100 university presses Association of European University Presses (AEUP) – an international association of university presses from Europe Association of University Presses – a global association of more than 30 university presses on six continents Associated University Presses – a consortium responsible for production and distribution for several university presses in the Mideast U.S. Association of Jesuit University Presses (AJUP) – an association of 10 presses representing members of the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities International Association of STM Publishers International Convention of University Presses – an annual meeting of representatives from about 100 university presses Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association Pan-African University Press 100Kitap- 100 New Textbooks in the Kazakh Language List of English-language book publishers References Higher education-related lists Lists of publishing companies

663680

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast%20%28disambiguation%29

Northeast (disambiguation)

Northeast is a compass point. Northeast, north-east, north east, northeastern or north-eastern or north eastern may also refer to: Northeast (direction), an intercardinal direction Places Africa North Eastern Province (Kenya) North-East District (Botswana) North East Region (Ghana) North Eastern District, Eritrea Asia and Oceania Northeast India or the Seven Sister States North East Delhi, a district of Delhi North Eastern Province, Sri Lanka Northeast China or Manchuria North Eastern (General Electors Communal Constituency, Fiji), an electoral division of Fiji North-East Region, Singapore North East Community Development Council, Singapore Northeast Province (IMCRA region), an Australian marine biogeographic province Northeast (Vietnam) Tōhoku region or "Northeast Region", Japan United Kingdom North East (London Assembly constituency), a constituency of the London Assembly North East (London sub region), a sub-region of the London Plan North East England, one of the official government regions of England North East Scotland (Scottish Parliament electoral region), an electoral region, but in wider use to refer to the area made up of Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire and Moray North East (Dundee ward), Scotland North East (Glasgow ward), Scotland America North East, Maryland North East, New York North East, Pennsylvania Northeast, Minneapolis (sometimes referred to as Nordeast) Northeast Region, Brazil, an official grouping of states for economic and statistical purposes Atlantic Northeast, a region of North America Northeast, Washington, D.C., the northeast quadrant of Washington, D.C. Northeastern United States Northeast Community, a neighborhood in Tampa, Florida Northeast (Billings), a section of Billings, Montana People Sam Northeast (born 1989), English cricketer Airlines Northeast Airlines, a now defunct US airline which began operations in 1931 and merged with Delta Air Lines 1972 Northeast Airlines (UK), a now defunct British airline which began operations in 1951 as BKS and was merged into British Airways in 1976 Northeast Airlines (China), a planned start-up airline to be based in Shenyang, People's Republic of China Northeast Express Regional Airlines, a now defunct Maine-based regional airline which operated as an affiliate of Northwest Airlines Sports NorthEast United FC, football team based in Guwahati, Assam, India which competes in Indian Super League Northeastern Warriors, badminton team based in Guwahati, Assam, India which competes in Premier Badminton League North East Re-Organising Cultural Association FC, football club based in Imphal, Manipur, India which competes in I-League North East Tigers, boxing team which competes in Super Boxing League (India) Northeastern Huskies, are athletic teams representing Northeastern University in Boston, Massachusetts, United States Trains Northeastern Limited, named passenger train of the Illinois Central, from Shreveport, Louisiana to Meridian, Mississippi. Other uses Northeast (film), a 2005 Argentine film North East Island (disambiguation) Northeastern University, a university in Boston, Massachusetts, USA Northeastern University (disambiguation) Northeastern Conference, a high school athletic conference in Massachusetts See also Nord-Est (disambiguation), French for northeast Nor'easter, a storm Nord-Ost, a Russian musical theatre production Orientation (geometry) fr:Nord-Est pam:Pangulu-aslagan pt:Nordeste (desambiguação) fi:Koillinen vo:North East war:Dumagsaan zh:东北

672156

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20England%20Conservatory%20of%20Music

New England Conservatory of Music

The New England Conservatory of Music (NEC) is a private music school in Boston, Massachusetts. It is the oldest independent music conservatory in the United States and among the most prestigious in the world. The conservatory is located on Huntington Avenue of the Arts near Boston Symphony Hall and is home to 750 students pursuing undergraduate and graduate studies, along with 1400 more in its Preparatory School as well as the School of Continuing Education. NEC offers bachelor's degrees with majors in classical performance, contemporary improvisation, composition, jazz, musicology, and music theory. The conservatory offers additional graduate degrees in accompaniment, conducting, and vocal pedagogy. Also offered are five-year joint double-degree programs with Harvard University and Tufts University. The New England Conservatory's faculty and alumni, which comprise nearly fifty percent of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, include 6 members of l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, 14 Rome Prize recipients, 51 Guggenheim Fellows, and prizewinners at nearly every major respected music forum in the world. As of January 2020, 11 MacArthur Fellows have been affiliated as faculty or alumni. NEC is the only music school in the United States designated as a National Historic Landmark, and it is a pending Boston Landmark. Its primary concert hall, Jordan Hall, designed by Edmund M. Wheelright, has long been regarded as one of the world's top concert halls for its superb acoustical qualities. At the center of Boston's rich cultural history and musical life, NEC hosts approximately 1,000 concerts each year. Early history In June 1853, Eben Tourjée, at the time a nineteen-year-old music teacher from Providence, Rhode Island, made his first attempt to found a music conservatory in Boston, Massachusetts. He met with a group of Boston's most influential musical leaders to discuss a school based on the conservatories of Europe. The group included John Sullivan Dwight, an influential music critic, Dr. J. Baxter Upham, president of the Harvard Musical Association, and Oliver Ditson, a prominent music publisher. The group ultimately rejected Tourjée's plans, arguing that it was a poor idea to open a conservatory amidst the nation's political and economic uncertainty that would lead up to the American Civil War. Tourjée made his next attempt in December 1866, when he again met with a group of Boston's top musicians and music patrons. Among Upham, Ditson, and Dwight at this meeting were Carl Zerrahn, a popular Boston conductor, and Charles Perkins, a prominent arts patron. In the thirteen-year interim, Tourjée had founded three music schools in Rhode Island, and this time was able to win over his audience. The men agreed to help Tourjée, and The New England Conservatory officially opened on February 18, 1867. It consisted of seven rooms rented above Music Hall off Tremont Street in downtown Boston. In 1882 it moved to the former St. James Hotel in Franklin Square in the South End. Campus The NEC campus consists of three buildings on both sides of Gainsborough Street, between St. Botolph Street and Huntington Avenue, one block from Symphony Hall. The Jordan Hall Building, whose main entrance is at 30 Gainsborough Street, is NEC's main building, home to Jordan Hall, Williams Hall, Brown Hall, the Keller Room, the Isabelle Firestone Audio Library, the Performance Library, professor studios/offices, and practice rooms. The second building, at 33 Gainsborough, is the Residence Hall, a coed dormitory which also houses the Harriet M. Spaulding Library and the "Bistro 33" dining center. The St. Botolph Building, at 241 St. Botolph street, contains Pierce Hall, a computer laboratory, the electronic music studio, and the majority of the school's classrooms and administrative offices. Jordan Hall Jordan Hall is NEC's central performing space. Opened in 1904, Jordan Hall was the gift of New England Conservatory trustee Eben D. Jordan the 2nd, a member of the family that founded the Jordan Marsh retail stores and himself an amateur musician. In 1901, Jordan donated land for NEC's main building, while also offering to fund a concert hall with a gift of $120,000. The dedication concert of Jordan Hall, performed by the Boston Symphony Orchestra, took place on October 20, 1903. Newspaper accounts deemed the hall "unequaled the world over," and The Boston Globe reported that it was "a place of entertainment that European musicians who were present that evening say excels in beauty anything of the kind they ever saw." A major renovation project was completed in 1995. Academics Admission to NEC is based primarily on a competitive live audition. The conservatory offers degrees in orchestral instruments, conducting, piano, jazz studies, contemporary improvisation, opera and voice (performance and pedagogy), composition, music history, and music theory. The conservatory has served as a training ground for orchestral players to fill the ranks of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, much as the Curtis Institute serves as a training ground for the Philadelphia Orchestra, although composers, pianists, and singers are offered courses of study as well. Preparatory School New England Conservatory's Preparatory School is an open-enrollment institution for pre-college students. The preparatory school offers music classes and private instruction for young musicians, and fosters over 35 small and large ensembles. Students enrolled in the Preparatory School may participate in the Certificate Program, allowing students to achieve their optimum performance skills, competence in music theory, and a knowledge of the literature that includes choral, orchestral, and chamber music, as well as solo repertoire. NEC Prep is home to the Youth Philharmonic Orchestra (YPO) as well as the NEC Youth Chorale. The Youth Philharmonic Orchestra headed by David Loebel is perhaps the most selective group at the school. The Preparatory School also houses the Massachusetts Youth Wind Ensemble (MYWE), a selective touring wind ensemble open to advanced high school woodwind, brass, and percussion players directed by Michael Mucci. The Preparatory Jazz program offers a Jazz Certificate that focuses on ensemble performance, the primary expression of jazz, supported by private lessons and a comprehensive group of courses covering jazz skills. School of Continuing Education NEC's School of Continuing Education offers classes in several fields including music history, music theory, and Alexander technique. Partnerships The conservatory offers five-year joint double-degree programs with Harvard University and Tufts University and cross-registration with Tufts, Northeastern University, and Simmons College. NEC is the founding institution of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia fraternity and Kappa Gamma Psi performing arts fraternity. People See New England Conservatory alumni for a list of members of the alumni community. See New England Conservatory past and present teachers for notable members of the faculty. Nomenclature Although the institution is properly known as New England Conservatory, both the National Historic Landmark and the National Register of Historic Places nominations call out "New England Conservatory of Music" as the name of the historic designation. Also, despite the statement on the subject's web site, there is only one listing for each program, which covers the whole main building, including Jordan Hall, and no separate listing for Jordan Hall. See also Amy Beach (President, Board of Councillors) List of National Historic Landmarks in Boston National Register of Historic Places listings in southern Boston, Massachusetts References Buildings and structures in Boston Event venues on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts Cultural history of Boston Culture of Boston Educational institutions established in 1867 Music schools in Massachusetts National Historic Landmarks in Boston Universities and colleges in Boston Private universities and colleges in Massachusetts Arts organizations established in 1867 1867 establishments in Massachusetts National Register of Historic Places in Boston

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20M.%20Gavin

James M. Gavin

James Maurice Gavin (March 22, 1907 – February 23, 1990), sometimes called "Jumpin' Jim" and "the jumping general", was a senior United States Army officer, with the rank of lieutenant general, who was the third Commanding General (CG) of the 82nd Airborne Division during World War II. During the war, he was often referred to as "The Jumping General" because of his practice of taking part in combat jumps with the paratroopers under his command; he was the only American general officer to make four combat jumps in the war. Gavin was the youngest major general to command an American division in World War II, being only 37 upon promotion, and the youngest lieutenant general after the war, in March 1955. He was awarded two Distinguished Service Crosses and several other decorations for his service in the war. During combat, he was known for his habit of carrying an M1 rifle, typically carried by enlisted U.S. infantry soldiers, instead of the M1 carbine, which officers customarily carried. Gavin also worked against segregation in the U.S. Army, which gained him some notability. After the war, Gavin served as United States Ambassador to France from 1961 to 1962. Early life Gavin was born in Brooklyn, New York, on March 22, 1907. His precise ancestry is unclear. His mother may have been an Irish immigrant, Katherine Ryan, and his father James Nally (also of Irish heritage), although official documentation lists Thomas Ryan as his father; possibly in order to make the birth legitimate. The birth certificate lists his name as James Nally Ryan, although Nally was crossed out. When he was about two years old, he was placed in the Convent of Mercy orphanage in Brooklyn, where he remained until he was adopted in 1909 by Martin and Mary Gavin from Mount Carmel, Pennsylvania, and given the name James Maurice Gavin. Gavin took his first job as a newspaper delivery boy at the age of 10. By the age of 11, he had two routes and was an agent for three out-of-town papers. During this time, he enjoyed following articles about World War I. In the eighth grade, he moved on from the paper job and started working at a barbershop. There he listened to the stories of the old miners. This led him to realize he did not want to be a miner. In school, he learned about the Civil War. From that point on, he decided to study everything he could about the subject. He was amazed at what he discovered and decided if he wanted to learn this "magic" of controlling thousands of troops, from miles away, he would have to continue his education at the United States Military Academy at West Point. His adoptive father was a hard-working coal miner, but the family still had trouble making ends meet. Gavin quit school after eighth grade and became a full-time clerk at a shoe store for $12.50 a week. His next stint was as a manager for Jewel Oil Company. A combination of restlessness and limited future opportunities in his hometown caused Gavin to run away from home. In March 1924, on his 17th birthday, he took the night train to New York. The first thing he did upon arriving was to send a telegram to his parents saying everything was all right to prevent them from reporting him missing to the police. After that, he started looking for a job. Military career Enlistment and West Point At the end of March 1924, aged 17, Gavin spoke to a U.S. Army recruiting non commissioned officer. Since he was under 18, he needed parental consent to enlist. Knowing that his adoptive parents would not consent, Gavin told the recruiter he was an orphan. The recruiter took him and a couple of other underage boys, who were orphans, to a lawyer who declared himself their guardian and signed the parental consent paperwork. On April 1, 1924, Gavin was sworn into the U.S. Army, and was stationed in Panama. His basic training was performed on the job in his unit, the U.S. Coast Artillery at Fort Sherman. He served as a crewmember of a 155 mm gun, under the command of Sergeant McCarthy, who described him as fine. Another person he looked up to was his first sergeant, an American Indian named "Chief" Williams. Gavin spent his spare time reading books from the library, notably Great Captains and a biography of Hannibal. He had been forced to quit school in seventh grade in order to help support his family, and acutely felt his lack of education. In addition, he made excursions in the region, trying to satisfy his boundless curiosity about everything. First Sergeant Williams recognized Gavin's potential and made him his assistant; Gavin was promoted to corporal six months later. He wished to advance in the army, and on Williams's advice, applied to a local army school, from which the best graduates got the chance to attend the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York. Gavin passed the physical examinations and was assigned with a dozen other men to a school in Corozal, which was a small army depot in the Canal Zone. He started school on September 1, 1924. In order to prepare for the entrance exams into West Point, Gavin was tutored by another mentor, Lieutenant Percy Black, from 8 o'clock in the morning until noon on algebra, geometry, English, and history. He passed the exams and was allowed to apply to West Point. Gavin arrived at West Point in the summer of 1925. On the application forms, he indicated his age as 21 (instead of 18) to hide the fact that he was not old enough to join the army when he did. Since Gavin missed the basic education which was needed to understand the lessons, he rose at 4:30 every morning and read his books in the bathroom, the only place with enough light to read. After four years of hard work, he graduated in June 1929. In the 1929 edition of the West Point yearbook, Howitzer, he was mentioned as a boxer and as the cadet who had already been a soldier. After his graduation and his commissioning as a second lieutenant, he married Irma Baulsir on September 5, 1929. Various postings Gavin was posted to Camp Harry J. Jones near Douglas, Arizona, on the U.S.-Mexican border. This camp housed the 25th Infantry Regiment (one of the entirely African-American Buffalo Soldier regiments). He stayed in this posting for three years. Afterwards, Gavin attended the United States Army Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia. This school was managed by Colonel George C. Marshall, who had brought Joseph Stilwell with him to lead the Tactics department. Marshall and Stillwell taught their students not to rely on lengthy written orders, but rather to give rough guidelines for the commanders in the field to execute as they saw fit, and to let the field commanders do the actual tactical thinking; this was contrary to all other education in the US Army thus far. Gavin himself had this to say about Stilwell and his methods: "He was a superb officer in that position, hard and tough worker, and he demanded much, always insisting that anything you ask the troops to do, you must be able to do yourself." The time spent at Fort Benning was a happy time for Gavin, but his marriage with Irma Baulsir was not going well. She had moved with him to Fort Benning, and lived in a town nearby. On December 23, 1932 they drove to Baulsir's parents in Washington, D.C., to celebrate Christmas together. Irma decided she was happier there, and remained with her parents. In February 1933, Irma became pregnant. Their daughter, Gavin's first child, Barbara, was born while Gavin was away from Fort Sill on a hunting trip. "She was very unhappy with me, as was her mother", Gavin later wrote. Irma remained in Washington during most of their marriage, which ended in divorce upon his return from the war. In 1933, Gavin, who had no desire to become an instructor for new recruits, was posted to the 28th and 29th Infantry Regiment at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, under the command of General Lesley J. McNair. He spent most of his free time in, as he called it, the "excellent library" of this fort, while the other soldiers spent most of their time partying, shooting, and playing polo. One author in particular impressed Gavin: J. F. C. Fuller. Gavin said about him: "[He] saw clearly the implications of machines, weapons, gasoline, oil, tanks and airplanes. I read with avidity all of his writings." In 1936, Gavin was posted to the Philippines. While there, he became very concerned about the US ability to counter possible Japanese plans for expansion. The 20,000 soldiers stationed there were badly equipped. In the book Paratrooper: The Life of Gen. James M. Gavin, he is quoted as saying, "Our weapons and equipment were no better than those used in World War I". After a year and a half in the Philippines, he returned to Washington with his family and served with the 3rd Infantry Division in the Vancouver Barracks. Gavin was promoted to captain and held his first command position as commanding officer of K Company of the 7th Infantry Regiment. While stationed at Fort Ord, California, he received an injury to his right eye during a sports match. Gavin feared that this would end his military career, and he visited a physician in Monterey, California. The physician diagnosed a retinal detachment, and recommended an eye patch for 90 days. Gavin decided to rely on his eye healing by itself to hide the injury. West Point again Gavin was ordered back to West Point, to work in the Tactics faculty there. He was overjoyed by this posting, as he could further develop his skills there. With the German Blitzkrieg steamrolling over Europe, the Tactics faculty was requested to analyze and understand the German tactics, vehicles, and armaments. His superior at West Point called him "a natural instructor", and his students said that he was the best teacher they had. Gavin was very concerned about the fact that US Army vehicles, weapons, and ammunition were at best a copy of the German equipment. "It would not be sufficient to copy the Germans," he declared. For the first time, Gavin talked about using airborne forces: "From what we had seen so far, it was clear the most promising area of all was airborne warfare, bringing the parachute troops and the glider troops to the battlefield in masses, especially trained, armed, and equipped for that kind of warfare." He took an interest in the German airborne assault on Fort Eben-Emael in Belgium in May 1940, in which well-equipped German paratroopers dropped in at night and captured the fort. This event and his extensive study on Stonewall Jackson's movement tactics led him to volunteer for a posting in the new airborne unit in April 1941. World War II Constructing an airborne army Gavin began training at the new Parachute School at Fort Benning in August 1941. After graduating in August, he served in an experimental unit. His first command was as a captain and the commanding officer of C Company of the newly established 503rd Parachute Infantry Battalion. Gavin's friends William T. Ryder, commander of airborne training, and William P. Yarborough, communications officer of the Provisional Airborne Group, convinced Colonel William C. Lee to let Gavin develop the tactics and basic rules of airborne combat. Lee followed up on this recommendation, and made Gavin his operations and training officer (S-3). On October 16, 1941, Gavin was promoted to major. One of Gavin's first priorities was determining how airborne troops could be used most effectively. His first action was writing FM 31-30: Tactics and Technique of Air-Borne Troops. He used information about Soviet and German experiences with paratroopers and glider troops, and also used his own experience in tactics and warfare. The manual contained information about tactics, but also about the organization of the paratroopers, what kind of operations they could execute, and what they would need to execute their task effectively. Later, when Gavin was asked what made his career take off so fast, he would answer, "I wrote the book". In February 1942, shortly after the United States entered World War II, Gavin took a condensed course at the US Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, which qualified him to serve on the staff of a division. He returned to the Provisional Airborne Group and was tasked with building up an airborne division. In the spring of 1942, Gavin and Lee went to Army Headquarters in Washington, D.C., to discuss the order of battle for the first US airborne division. The 82nd Infantry Division, then stationed at Camp Claiborne, Louisiana, and commanded by Major General Omar Bradley, was selected to be converted into the first American airborne division and subsequently became the 82nd Airborne Division. Command of the 82nd went to Major General Matthew Ridgway. Lieutenant General Lesley J. McNair's influence led to the division's initial composition of two glider infantry regiments and one parachute infantry regiment, with organic parachute and glider artillery and other support units. In August 1942, Gavin became the commanding officer of the 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment (505th PIR) at Fort Benning which had been activated shortly before on July 6. He was, aged just 35, promoted to colonel shortly thereafter. Gavin built this regiment from the ground up. He led his troops on long marches and realistic training sessions, creating the training missions himself and leading the marches personally. He also placed great value on having his officers "the first out of the airplane door and the last in the chow line". This practice has continued to and with present-day US airborne units. After months of training, Gavin had the regiment tested one last time: As we neared our time to leave, on the way to war, I had an exercise that required them to leave our barracks area at 7:00 P.M. and march all night to an area near the town of Cottonwood, Alabama, a march about 23 miles. There we maneuvered all day and in effect we seized and held an airhead. We broke up the exercise about 8:00 P.M. and started the troopers back by another route through dense pine forest, by way of backwoods roads. About 11:00 P.M., we went into bivouac. After about one hour's sleep, the troopers were awakened to resume the march. [...] In 36 hours the regiment had marched well over 50 miles, maneuvered and seized an airhead and defended it from counterattack while carrying full combat loads and living off reserve rations. Preparations for combat In February 1943, the 82nd Airborne Division, consisting of the 325th and 326th Glider Infantry Regiments and the 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment, was selected to participate in the Allied invasion of Sicily, codenamed Operation Husky. Not enough gliders were available to have both glider regiments take part in the landings, so the 326th Glider Infantry Regiment was relieved from assignment to the 82nd and replaced by Gavin's 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment, which arrived at Fort Bragg on February 12. Gavin arranged a last regimental-sized jump for training and demonstration purposes before the division was shipped to North Africa. On April 10, 1943, Ridgway explained what their next mission would be: Operation Husky, the Allied invasion of Sicily. Gavin's regiment would be the first ever in the history of the United States Army to make a regimental-sized airborne landing. He declared, "It is exciting and stimulating that the first regimental parachute operation in the history of our army is to be taken by the 505th." On April 29, 1943, Gavin left the harbor of New York on board the SS Monterey, arriving in Casablanca on May 10, 1943. Lieutenant General George Patton, the U.S. Seventh Army commander, suggested performing the invasion at night, but Ridgway and Gavin disagreed because they had not practiced night jumps. After mounting casualties during practice jumps because of the troopers landing on the hard and rocky ground of the Moroccan desert, Gavin canceled all practice jumps until the invasion. The regiment was transported to Kairouan in Tunisia, and on July 9 at 10:00am, they entered the planes that would take them to Sicily. Their mission was to land 24 hours before the planned day/time of major combat initiation ("D-Day") to the north and east of Gela and take and hold the surrounding area to split the German line of supply and disrupt their communications. Operation Husky A soldier informed Gavin that the windspeed at the landing site was 56 km/h (about 34 miles per hour). During the planning phase, 24 km/h (about 14.5 miles per hour) had been assumed. After one hour of flying, the plane crew could see the bombardment of the invasion beaches. Gavin ordered his men to prepare for the jump, and a few minutes later was the first paratrooper to jump from the plane. Due to the higher than expected windspeed, he sprained his ankle while landing. After assembling a group of 20 men, his S-3, Major Benjamin H. Vandervoort, and his S-1, Captain Ireland, he realized that they had drifted off course and were miles from the intended landing areas. He could see signs of combat twenty miles onward; he gathered his men and headed towards the combat zone. With a small band of between eight and twenty paratroopers of the 505th, Gavin began to march toward the sound of the guns. "He had no idea where his regiment was and only a vague idea as to exactly where he was. We walked all night," said Major Vandervoort. The paratroopers did not pose a real threat as a fighting force, but their guerilla tactics were nevertheless very effective. They aggressively took on enemy forces, leaving the impression of a much larger force. At one point on the morning of July 10, Gavin's tiny band encountered a 35-man Italian anti-paratroop patrol. An intense firefight ensued, and the Italians were driven back. Several paratroopers were wounded before Gavin and his men were able to gradually disengage. Gavin was the last man to withdraw. "We were sweaty, tired and distressed at having to leave [our] wounded behind," said Vandervoort. "The colonel looked over his paltry six-man command and said, 'This is a hell of a place for a regimental commander to be.'" At about 8:30 a.m. on July 11, as Gavin was headed west along Route 115 in the direction of Gela, he began rounding up scattered groups of 505th paratroopers and infantrymen of the 45th Division and successfully attacked a ridge that overlooked a road junction at the east end of the Acate Valley. It was called Biazzo Ridge. Gavin established hasty defenses on the ridge, overlooking the road junction, Ponte Dirillo, and the Acate River valley. Although he had no tanks or artillery to support him, he immediately appreciated the importance of holding the ridge as the only Allied force between the Germans and their unhindered exploitation of the exposed left flank of the 45th Division and the thinly held right flank of the 1st Division. Against Gavin that day was the entire eastern task force of the Hermann Göring Division: at least 700 infantry, an armored artillery battalion, and a company of Tiger tanks. The German objective was nothing less than counterattacking and throwing the 1st and 45th Divisions back into the sea. Although the attacks of July 10 had failed, those launched the next day posed a dire threat to the still tenuous 45th Division beachhead. For some inexplicable reason, the Germans failed to act aggressively against Gavin's outgunned and outmatched force. Even so, that afternoon, a panzer force attacked Biazzo Ridge. Gavin made it clear to his men, "We're staying on this goddamned ridge – no matter what happens." The defenders of Biazzo Ridge managed to capture two 75-mm pack howitzers, which they turned into direct fire weapons to defend the ridge. One managed to knock out one of the attacking Tiger tanks. By early evening, the situation had turned grim when six American M4 Sherman tanks suddenly appeared, eliciting cheers from the weary paratroopers, who had been joined by others, including some airborne engineers, infantry, clerks, cooks, and truck drivers. With this scratch force and the Shermans, Gavin counterattacked and in so doing deterred the Germans from pressing their considerable advantage. The battle ended with the Americans still in control of Biazzo Ridge. For his feats of valor that day, Colonel Gavin was later awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. On December 9, 1943, Gavin was promoted to brigadier general and became the assistant division commander of the 82nd Airborne Division. Being only 36 years old at the time, he was one of the youngest Army officers to become a general in World War II. The 82nd Airborne moved to England during the early months of 1944. D-Day and Mission Boston Gavin was part of Mission Boston on D-Day. This was a parachute combat assault conducted at night by the US 82nd Airborne Division on June 6, 1944, as part of the American airborne landings in Normandy. The intended objective was to secure an area of roughly on either side of the Merderet River. They were to capture the town of Sainte-Mère-Église, a crucial communications crossroad behind Utah Beach, and to block the approaches into the area from the west and southwest. They were to seize causeways and bridges over the Merderet at La Fière and Chef-du-Pont, destroy the highway bridge over the Douve River at Pont l'Abbé (now Étienville), and secure the area west of Sainte-Mère-Église to establish a defensive line between Gourbesville and Renouf. Gavin was to describe the operation as having two interrelated challenges – it had to be 'planned and staged with one eye on deception and one on the assault'. To complete its assignments, the 82nd Airborne Division was divided into three forces. Gavin commanded Force A (parachute): the three parachute infantry regiments and support detachments. The drops were scattered by bad weather and German antiaircraft fire over an area three to four times larger than planned; ironically, this gave the Germans the impression of a much larger force. Two regiments of the division were given the mission of blocking approaches west of the Merderet River, but most of their troops missed their drop zones entirely. The 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment jumped accurately and captured its objective, the town of Sainte-Mère-Église, which proved essential to the success of the division. The 1st Battalion captured bridges over the Merderet at Manoir de la Fière and Chef-du-Pont. Gavin returned from Chef-du-Pont and withdrew all but a platoon to beef up the defense at Manoir de la Fière. About 2.2 miles west of Sainte-Mère-Église and 175 yards east of La Fière Bridge, on Route D15, a historical marker indicates the supposed location of Gavin's foxhole. Operation Market Garden Gavin assumed command of the 82nd Airborne Division on August 8, 1944, and was promoted to major general in October. For the first time, Gavin would lead the 82nd Airborne into combat. On Sunday, September 17, Operation Market Garden took off. Market Garden, devised by Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, consisted of an airborne attack of three British and American airborne divisions. The 82nd was to take the bridge across the Maas River in Grave, seize at least one of four bridges across the Maas–Waal Canal, and the bridge across the Waal river in Nijmegen. The 82nd was also to take control of the high grounds in the vicinity of Groesbeek, a small Dutch town near the German border. The ultimate objective of the offensive was Arnhem. In the drop into the Netherlands, Gavin landed on hard pavement instead of grass, injuring his back. He had it inspected by a doctor a few days later, who claimed that his back was fine, and so Gavin continued normally throughout the entirety of the war. Five years later, he had his back examined at Walter Reed Hospital, where he learned that he had, in fact, fractured two discs in the jump. The failure of the 82nd to secure the Nijmegen Bridge on Day 1 of the operation delayed the XXX Corp relief column 36 hours and is considered one of several key reasons for the failure of the entire operation. As such, much controversy has swirled around the reasons for the delay and making the nearby Groesbeek Heights the priority. The contemporaneous reports of Lieutenant Colonel Norton (82nd G3) states that Gavin ordered Colonel Roy Lindquist (508th) to "attempt to seize the Nijmegen Bridge with a small force, not to exceed a battalion." With rumors of a large German armored formation nearby, Gavin initially made the decision to move most of his troops to the Groesbeek Heights rather than securing the Nijimegen Bridge. This decision left Lindquist confused about his orders, leading to the vital bridge being reinforced and in German hands for a further 36 hours. This seriously delayed XXX Corp relief of 1st Airborne Div at Arnhem and jeopardized the entire operation. The 504th took the bridge across the Waal river, but it was too late as the British paras of the 2nd Parachute Battalion, 1st Parachute Brigade of the British 1st Airborne Division, could not hold on any longer to their north side of the Arnhem Bridge and were defeated. The 82nd would stay in the Netherlands until November 13, when it was transferred to new billets in Sisonne et Suippes, France. Battle of the Bulge and end of the war in Europe Gavin also led the 82nd during its fighting in the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944 and January 1945. The division was in SHAEF reserve in France at the start of the battle, and deployed as part of the Allied reaction to the German offensive. It operated in the northern sector of the battle, defending the towns of La Gleize and Stoumont against attacks by Kampfgruppe Peiper and elements of three Waffen-SS Panzer divisions. After the German offensive stalled, Gavin led the 82nd during the Allied counterattack in January 1945 that erased the German penetration. After helping to secure the Ruhr, the 82nd Airborne Division ended the war at Ludwigslust past the Elbe River, accepting the surrender of over 150,000 men of Lieutenant General Kurt von Tippelskirch's 21st Army. General Omar Bradley, commanding the US 12th Army Group, stated in a 1975 interview with Gavin that Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery, commanding the Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group, had told him that German opposition was too great to cross the Elbe. When Gavin's 82nd crossed the river, in company with the British 6th Airborne Division, the 82nd Airborne Division moved 36 miles in one day and captured over 100,000 troops, causing great laughter in Bradley's 12th Army Group headquarters. Following Germany's surrender, the 82nd Airborne Division entered Berlin for occupation duty, lasting from April until December 1945. In Berlin General George S. Patton was so impressed with the 82nd's honor guard he said, "In all my years in the Army and all the honor guards I have ever seen, the 82nd's honor guard is undoubtedly the best." Hence the "All-American" division also became known as "America's Guard of Honor". The war ended before their scheduled participation in the Allied invasion of Japan, Operation Downfall. Post–World War II career Gavin also played a central role in racially integrating the US military, beginning with his incorporation of the all-black 555th Parachute Infantry Battalion into the 82nd Airborne Division. The 555th's commander, Colonel Bradley Biggs, referred to Gavin as perhaps the most "color-blind" Army officer in the entire service. Biggs' unit distinguished itself as "smokejumpers" in 1945, combating forest fires and disarming Japanese balloon bombs. After the war, Gavin went on to high postwar command. He was a key player in stimulating the discussions which led to the Pentomic Division. As Army Chief of Research and Development and public author, he called for the use of mechanized troops transported by air to become a modern form of cavalry. He proposed deploying troops and light armored fighting vehicles by glider (or specially designed air dropped pod), aircraft, or helicopter to perform reconnaissance, raids, and screening operations. This led to the Howze Board, which had a great influence on the Army's use of helicopters—first seen during the Vietnam War. Gavin retired from the US Army in March 1958 as a lieutenant general. He wrote a book, War and Peace in the Space Age, published in mid-1958, which, among other things, detailed his reasons for leaving the army at that time. Later years and death Upon retiring from the US Army, Gavin was recruited by an industrial research and consulting firm, Arthur D. Little, Inc. (ADL) He began as a vice president in 1958, became president of the company in 1960 and eventually served as both president and chairman of the board until his retirement in 1977. During his tenure at ADL, he grew a $10 million domestic company into a $70 million international company. Gavin remained as a consultant with ADL after his retirement. He served on the boards of several Boston organizations, the Museum of Fine Arts Boston, the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Northeastern University, and some business boards as well. In 1961, US President John F. Kennedy asked Gavin to take a leave of absence from ADL and serve as U.S. ambassador to France. Kennedy hoped Gavin would be able to improve deteriorating diplomatic relations with France, due to his experiences with the French during World War II, and his wartime relationship with France's President, General Charles de Gaulle. This proved to be a successful strategy and Gavin served as ambassador to France in 1961 and 1962. In 1977, President Jimmy Carter considered the 70-year-old Gavin for Director of the CIA before settling on Admiral Stansfield Turner. Along with David Shoup and Matthew Ridgway, Gavin became one of the more visible former military critics of the Vietnam War. Due to this antiwar stance, Allard Lowenstein, leader of the Dump Johnson movement, asked him to oppose President Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1968 Democratic primaries, but Gavin declined. Gavin was portrayed by Robert Ryan in The Longest Day, and by Ryan O'Neal in A Bridge Too Far. Gavin served as an advisor on both films. James Gavin died on February 23, 1990, and is buried to the immediate east of the Old Chapel at the United States Military Academy Post Cemetery at West Point. He was survived by his widow, Jean, his five daughters, ten grandchildren and three great-grandchildren. Private life Gavin and his wife Irma divorced after World War II. He married Jean Emert Duncan of Knoxville, Tennessee, in July 1948 and remained married to her until his death in 1990. He adopted Jean's daughter, Caroline Ann, by her first marriage. He and Jean had three daughters, Patricia Catherine, Marjorie Aileen, and Chloe Jean. He also had a daughter named Barbara with his first wife. Barbara saved the letters her father sent to her during the war, and used them to write a 2007 book, The General and His Daughter: The War Time Letters of General James Gavin to his Daughter Barbara. Gavin had a reputation as a womanizer. Among his wartime lovers were the film star Marlene Dietrich and journalist Martha Gellhorn. Military awards Gavin's military decorations and awards include: Badges Decorations Unit Award Service Medals Foreign Awards Dates of rank Books Gavin authored five books: Airborne Warfare (1947), a discussion of the development and future of aircraft delivered forces War and Peace in the Space Age (1958), a discussion of why he left the army, what he considered the perilously inadequate state of US military, scientific, and technological development at that time, his views of the reasons for it, and precise goals he thought the US needed to achieve for its national defense France and the Civil War in America (co-authored with André Maurois) (1962) Crisis Now (with Arthur Hadley) (1968) offered specific solutions to end the Vietnam War, observations on what he thought were America's domestic problems, and proposed solutions for them On to Berlin: Battles of an Airborne Commander 1943–1946 (1976), an account of his experiences commanding the 82nd Airborne Division. Memorials The street that leads to the Waal Bridge in Nijmegen is now called General James Gavin Street. Near to the location of his parachute drop during Operation Market-Garden in Groesbeek a residential area is named in his honour. A street in Thorpe Astley, a suburb of Leicester, England, was named Gavin Close in his honour. Thorpe Astley forms part of Braunstone Town in which Gavin was stationed at Braunstone Hall, prior to the D-Day landings. There is also a small memorial in his native Mount Carmel, Pennsylvania, where he grew up, commemorating his service. There are also two memorials in Osterville, Massachusetts, where he and his family spent summers for many years. In 1975, American Electric Power completed the 2,600-megawatt General James M. Gavin Power Plant on the Ohio River, near Cheshire, Ohio. The plant boasts dual stacks of 830 feet and dual cooling towers of 430 feet. It is the largest coal-fired power facility in Ohio, and one of the largest in the nation. In 1986, the 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment created the "Gavin Squad Competition". This competition was designed to identify the most proficient rifle squad in the regiment. The original competition was won by a squad from 1st Platoon, Bravo Company, 3/505th PIR. Gavin was on hand to award the nine man squad their trophy. The competition is still held every year if the wartime deployment schedule allows it. The Gavin Cup is an award recognizing the top Company/Troop/Battery-level organization in the 82nd Airborne Division. Awarded on a quarterly basis, the award criteria are centered on unit readiness and competition amongst all Company/Troop/Battery-sized units in the division and is two-phased. The first is submission of unit readiness-based metrics data. The top three scoring units send teams deliberately selected on short notice to compete in marksmanship, physical fitness, and combat preparation. The top scoring unit is awarded the Gavin Cup. Further reading Atkinson, Rick. The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1944. New York: Henry Holt, 2007. Booth, T. Michael, and Duncan Spencer. Paratrooper: The Life of General James M. Gavin. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994. Fauntleroy, Barbara Gavin. The General and His Daughter: The Wartime Letters of General James M. Gavin to His Daughter Barbara. New York: Fordham University Press, 2007. Gavin, James M. The James M. Gavin Papers. U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. LoFaro, Guy. The Sword of St. Michael: The 82nd Airborne Division in World War II. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo, 2011. The General Gavin interview in Yank Magazine, April 1, 1945 See also Robert Frederick Dean C. Strother Notes References External links "Military Security Blanket" Audio interview at Center for Study of Democratic Institutions James M. Gavin Collection US Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania Generals of World War II United States Army Officers 1939–1945 |- |- 1907 births 1990 deaths People from Brooklyn Ambassadors of the United States to France American people of Irish descent United States Military Academy alumni Operation Overlord people Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States) Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army) Recipients of the Silver Star Companions of the Distinguished Service Order Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France) Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium) Grand Officers of the Order of Orange-Nassau United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni Burials at West Point Cemetery People from Osterville, Massachusetts United States Army generals of World War II United States Army generals Military personnel from New York City

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharine%20A.%20MacKinnon

Catharine A. MacKinnon

Catharine Alice MacKinnon (born October 7, 1946) is an American radical feminist legal scholar, activist, and author. She is the Elizabeth A. Long Professor of Law at the University of Michigan Law School, where she has been tenured since 1990, and the James Barr Ames Visiting Professor of Law at Harvard Law School. From 2008 to 2012, she was the special gender adviser to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court. As an expert on international law, constitutional law, political and legal theory, and jurisprudence, MacKinnon focuses on women's rights and sexual abuse and exploitation, including sexual harassment, rape, prostitution, sex trafficking and pornography. She was among the first to argue that pornography is a civil rights violation, and that sexual harassment in education and employment constitutes sex discrimination. MacKinnon is the author of over a dozen books, including Sexual Harassment of Working Women (1979); Feminism Unmodified (1987), described as "one of the most widely cited books on law in the English language"; Toward a Feminist Theory of the State (1989); Only Words (1993); a casebook, Sex Equality (2001 and 2007); Women's Lives, Men's Laws (2005); and Butterfly Politics (2017). Early life and education MacKinnon was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the first of three children (a girl and two boys) to Elizabeth Valentine Davis and George E. MacKinnon; her father was a lawyer, congressman (1947–1949), and judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit (1969–1995). She became the third generation of her family to attend her mother's alma mater, Smith College, graduating in the top two percent of her class. She obtained her J.D. from Yale University in 1977 and a PhD in political science, also from Yale, in 1987. While at Yale, she received a National Science Foundation fellowship. Career overview MacKinnon is the Elizabeth A. Long Professor of Law at the University of Michigan Law School and the James Barr Ames Visiting Professor of Law at Harvard Law School. In 2007, she served as the Roscoe Pound Visiting Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and has also visited at NYU, University of Western Australia, University of San Diego, Hebrew University, Columbia Law School, University of Chicago, University of Basel, Yale Law School, Osgood Hall Law School, UCLA School of Law, and Stanford Law School. MacKinnon is a highly cited legal scholar and regular public speaker. Her ideas can be divided into three overlapping areas: sexual harassment, pornography and prostitution, and international work. She has also written extensively on social and political theory and methodology. Research and legal work Sexual harassment According to an article in 2006 by Deborah Dinner in Legal Affairs, MacKinnon first focused on what became known as sexual harassment after learning about an administrative assistant at Cornell University who had resigned after being hospitalized because of it. The woman had refused a transfer when she complained about her supervisor's behavior, then was denied unemployment benefits because she quit for what were termed "personal" reasons. In 1977, MacKinnon graduated from Yale Law School having written a paper on sexual harassment for Professor Thomas I. Emerson arguing that it was a form of sex-based discrimination. Two years later, Yale University Press published MacKinnon's book, Sexual Harassment of Working Women: A Case of Sex Discrimination (1979), creating the legal claim for sexual harassment as a form of sex discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and any other sex-discrimination prohibition. While working on the paper and book, she shared draft copies with legal authorities who embraced her approach. She also conceived the legal claim for sexual harassment as sex discrimination in education under Title IX, which was established through litigation brought by Yale undergraduates in Alexander v. Yale. While the plaintiff who went to trial on the facts, Pamela Price, lost, the case established the law: the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit recognized that, under the civil rights statute Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, schools must have procedures to address sexual harassment as a form of sex discrimination. In her book, MacKinnon argued that sexual harassment is sex discrimination because the act is a product of, and produces, the social inequality of women to men (see, for example, pp. 116–18, 174). She distinguishes between two types of sexual harassment (see pp. 32–42): 1) "quid pro quo", meaning sexual harassment "in which sexual compliance is exchanged, or proposed to be exchanged, for an employment opportunity (p. 32)" and 2) the type of harassment that "arises when sexual harassment is a persistent condition of work (p. 32)". In 1980, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission followed MacKinnon's framework in adopting guidelines prohibiting sexual harassment by prohibiting both quid pro quo harassment and hostile work environment harassment (see 29 C.F.R. § 1604.11 (a)). Courts also used the concepts. In 1986, the Supreme Court held in Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson that sexual harassment may violate laws against sex discrimination. MacKinnon was co-counsel for Mechelle Vinson, the plaintiff, and wrote the brief in the Supreme Court. In Meritor, the Court recognized the distinction between quid pro quo sexual harassment and hostile workplace harassment. In a 2002 article, MacKinnon wrote, quoting the Court: "Without question," then-Justice Rehnquist wrote for a unanimous Court, "when a supervisor sexually harasses a subordinate because of the subordinate's sex, that supervisor "discriminate[s]" on the basis of sex." The D.C. Circuit, and women, had won. A new common-law rule was established. MacKinnon's book, Sexual Harassment of Working Women: A Case of Sex Discrimination, is the eighth most-cited American legal book published since 1978, according to a study published by Fred R. Shapiro in January 2000. Pornography Position MacKinnon, along with feminist activist Andrea Dworkin, tried to change legal approaches to pornography by framing it as a civil rights violation in the form of sex discrimination, and as human trafficking. They defined pornography as: In Toward a Feminist Theory of the State, MacKinnon writes, "Pornography, in the feminist view, is a form of forced sex, a practice of sexual politics, and institution of gender inequality". As documented by extensive empirical studies, she writes, "Pornography contributes causally to attitudes and behaviors of violence and discrimination which define the treatment and status of half the population". Anti-pornography ordinances In 1980, Linda Boreman (who had appeared, under the name Linda Lovelace in the pornographic film Deep Throat) said her ex-husband Chuck Traynor had violently coerced her into making Deep Throat and other pornographic films. Boreman made her charges public for the press corps at a press conference, together with MacKinnon, members of Women Against Pornography, and feminist writer Andrea Dworkin offering statements in support. After the press conference, Dworkin, MacKinnon, Boreman, and Gloria Steinem began discussing the possibility of using federal civil rights law to seek damages from Traynor and the makers of Deep Throat. This was not possible for Boreman because the statute of limitations for a possible suit had passed. MacKinnon and Dworkin continued to discuss civil rights litigation, specifically sex discrimination, as a possible approach to combating pornography. MacKinnon opposed traditional arguments and laws against pornography based on the idea of morality or filth or sexual innocence, including the use of traditional criminal obscenity law to suppress pornography. Instead of condemning pornography for violating "community standards" of sexual decency or modesty, they characterized pornography as a form of sex discrimination and sought to give women the right to seek damages under civil rights law when they could prove they had been harmed. Their anti-pornography ordinances make actionable only sexually explicit material that can be proven to subordinate on the basis of sex. In 1983, the Minneapolis city government hired MacKinnon and Dworkin to draft an anti-pornography civil rights ordinance as an amendment to the Minneapolis city human rights ordinance. The amendment defined pornography as a civil rights violation against women and allowed women who claimed harm from trafficking in pornography to sue the producers and distributors for damages in civil court. It also allowed those who had been coerced into pornography, had had pornography forced upon them, or were assaulted in a way caused by specific pornography to sue for harm they could prove. The law was passed twice by the Minneapolis city council but was vetoed by the mayor. Another version of the ordinance passed in Indianapolis, Indiana in 1984, but was ruled unconstitutional by the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals, a decision summarily affirmed (without opinion) by the U.S. Supreme Court. MacKinnon wrote in the Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review in 1985: And as you think about the assumption of consent that follows women into pornography, look closely some time for the skinned knees, the bruises, the welts from the whippings, the scratches, the gashes. Many of them are not simulated. One relatively soft core pornography model said, "I knew the pose was right when it hurt". It certainly seems important to the audiences that the events in the pornography be real. For this reason, pornography becomes a motive for murder, as in "snuff" films in which someone is tortured to death to make a sex film. They exist. MacKinnon represented Boreman from 1980 until Boreman's death in 2002. Civil libertarians frequently find MacKinnon's theories objectionable (see "Criticism" section), arguing there is no evidence that sexually explicit media encourages or promotes violence against women. Max Waltman states that the empirical evidence for this view is emphatic. International work In February 1992, the Supreme Court of Canada largely accepted MacKinnon's theories of equality, hate propaganda, and pornography, citing extensively from a brief she co-authored in a ruling against Manitoba pornography distributor Donald Butler. The Butler decision was controversial to some; it is sometimes implied that shipments of Dworkin's book Pornography: Men Possessing Women were seized by Canadian customs agents under this ruling, as well as books by Marguerite Duras and David Leavitt. In fact, MacKinnon's brief argued that seizure of materials for which no harm was shown was unconstitutional. Successful Butler prosecutions have been undertaken against the lesbian sadomasochistic magazine Bad Attitude, as well as the owners of a gay and lesbian bookstore for selling it. Canadian authorities raided an art gallery and confiscated controversial paintings depicting child abuse. Many free speech and gay rights activists have alleged that the law is selectively enforced, targeting the LGBT community. MacKinnon represented Bosnian and Croatian women against Serbs accused of genocide since 1992, creating the legal claim for rape as an act of genocide in that conflict. She was co-counsel, representing named plaintiff S. Kadic, in Kadic v. Karadzic and won a jury verdict of $745 million in New York City on August 10, 2000. The lawsuit (under the United States' Alien Tort Statute) established forced prostitution and forced impregnation when based on ethnicity or religion in a genocidal context as legally actionable acts of genocide. In 2001, MacKinnon was named co-director of the Lawyers Alliance for Women (LAW) Project, an initiative of Equality Now, an international non-governmental organization. MacKinnon and Dworkin proposed the law against prostitution in Sweden in 1990, which Sweden passed in 1998. What became termed the Swedish Model, also known as the Nordic Model, the "Equality Model," or the "Restrictive Model", penalises buyers of sexual services as well as sellers, where sellers are characterised as pimps or sex traffickers, while putatively decriminalizing all those who are "bought and sold in prostitution." The fundamental concept is that the requirement to exchange sexual services for survival is a product of sex inequality and a form of violence against women. This model has been accepted in Norway, Iceland, Canada, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Israel and France, but was rejected in New Zealand. Some organisations and individuals, such as the Global Network of Sex Work Projects, International, and the Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women say that this legal model makes it harder for sex workers to find housing, make money to survive, screen clients to avoid violence, prevent their boyfriends from being arrested as "pimps", and avoid the interactions with police which account for the plurality of sexual violence against sex workers. MacKinnon works actively with the Coalition Against Trafficking in Women (CATW) and Apne Aap in India. Political theory MacKinnon argues that the inequality between women and men in most societies forms a hierarchy that institutionalizes male dominance, subordinating women, in an arrangement rationalised and often perceived as natural. She writes about the interrelations between theory and practice, recognizing that women's experiences have, for the most part, been ignored in both arenas. Furthermore, she uses Marxism to critique certain points in liberal feminism in feminist theory and uses radical feminism to criticize Marxist theory. MacKinnon notes Marx's criticism of theory that treated class division as a spontaneous event that occurred naturally. She understands epistemology as theories of knowing, and politics as theories of power: "Having power means, among other things, that when someone says, 'this is how it is,' it is taken as being that way. ...Powerlessness means that when you say 'this is how it is,' it is not taken as being that way. This makes articulating silence, perceiving the presence of absence, believing those who have been socially stripped of credibility, critically contextualizing what passes for simple fact, necessary to the epistemology of a politics of the powerless." In 1996, Fred R. Shapiro calculated that "Feminism, Marxism, Method, and the State: Toward Feminist Jurisprudence", 8 Signs 635 (1983), was the 96th most cited article in law reviews even though it was published in a non-legal journal. Criticism During the "Feminist Sex Wars" in the 1980s, feminists opposing anti-pornography stances, such as Carole Vance and the late Ellen Willis, began referring to themselves as "pro-sex" or "sex-positive feminists". Sex-positive feminists and anti-pornography feminists have debated over the implicit and explicit meanings of these labels. Sex-positive feminists note that anti-pornography ordinances drafted by MacKinnon and Dworkin called for the removal, censorship, or control over sexually explicit material. In States of Injury (1995), Wendy Brown contends that MacKinnon's attempt to ban prostitution and pornography does not primarily protect but reinscribes the category of "woman" as an essentialized identity premised on injury. In The Nation, Brown also characterized MacKinnon's Toward a Feminist Theory of the State (1989) as a "profoundly static world view and undemocratic, perhaps even anti-democratic, political sensibility" as well as "flatly dated" and "developed at 'the dawn of feminism's second wave... framed by a political-intellectual context that no longer exists — a male Marxist monopoly on radical social discourse'". Personal life MacKinnon formerly had a relationship with author and animal-rights activist Jeffrey Masson. Honors Doctor of Humane Letters (Honoris Causa), Reed College (1989) Honorary Doctor of Laws, Haverford College (1991) Smith Medal, Smith College (1991) Honorary Doctor of Laws, Northeastern University (1993) Wilbur Lucius Cross Medal, Yale Graduate School Alumni Association (annual award for the Graduate School's most outstanding graduate) (1995) Symposium, Yale Law School, honoring the 20th anniversary of the publication of Sexual Harassment of Working Women (1998) Tercentennial Celebration of Yale University, "Inventing Rights: Yale Law School and the Law of Sexual Harassment", April 21, 2001 (2001) Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS) (elected) (2005) William Godwin Visiting Professor of Law, Nova Law School (2006) Outstanding Scholar Award, Research Fellows of the American Bar Foundation, "in recognition of her important contributions to the study of law" (2007) Pioneer of Justice Award, Pace Law School (New York) (2008) Honorary Doctorate, Hebrew University (Jerusalem) (2008) Honorary Doctorate, University of Ottawa (Canada) (2009) Ruth Bader Ginsburg Lifetime Achievement Award, American Association of Law Schools (AALS), Women's Section (2014) Elected Member, The American Law Institute (ALI) (2014) Honoree, Harvard Law School International Women's Day (2014) Yale Law Women Distinguished Alumnae Award (2015) Honoree, Harvard Law School International Women's Day (2017) Alice Paul Award, National Organization of Men Against Sexism (NOMAS) for "Lifetime Dedication and Outstanding Achievement in Confronting Men's Violence Against Women" (2017) Harvard Women's Law Association, Shatter the Glass Ceiling Award for Excellence in Promoting Gender Equality in the Classroom Environment (by a vote of Harvard Law School student body) (2017) Selected works Books (1979). (1987). (1988) with Andrea Dworkin. (1989). (1993). (1997) with Andrea Dworkin (eds.). (2001). Sex Equality. University Casebook Series. New York: Foundation Press. (2004) with Reva Siegel (eds.). Directions in Sexual Harassment Law. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. (2005). (2005). Legal Feminism in Theory and Practice. Resling. * (2007). Sex Equality (2nd edition). University Casebook Series. New York: Foundation Press. (2014). Traite, Prostitution, Inégalité. Mount Royal, Que: Editions M. (2015). Sex Equality Controversies: The Formosa Lectures. Taipei: National Taiwan University Press. (2016). Sex Equality (3rd edition). University Casebook Series. St. Paul, MN: Foundation Press. (2017). Butterfly Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (2018). Gender in Constitutional Law. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. (2022). Women's Lives in Men's Courts: Briefs for Change. Northport, NY: Twelve Tables Press (forthcoming). Articles & Op-eds (1991). "From Practice to Theory, or What is a White Woman Anyway?". Yale Journal of Law and Feminism. (December 23, 2017). "How Litigation Laid the Ground for Accountability After #MeToo". The Guardian. (February 4, 2018). "#MeToo Has Done What the Law Could Not". The New York Times. (September 6, 2021). "OnlyFans Is Not a Safe Platform for 'Sex Work.' It's a Pimp.". The New York Times. Court cases Alexander v. Yale, 459 F.Supp. 1 (D.Conn. 1977), aff'd., 631 F.2d 178 (2d Cir. 1980) Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57 (1986) American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut (alternate URL) 771 F.2d 323 (7th Cir. 1985), aff'd, 475 U.S. 1001 (1986) Andrews v. Law Society of British Columbia [1989] 1 S.C.R. 143 R. v. Keegstra, [1990] 3 S.C.R. 697 (See also James Keegstra) R. v. Butler, [1992] 1 S.C.R. 452 Kadic v Karadzic Alternate URL 70 F.3rd 232 (2nd Cir. 1995), rehearing denied, 74 F.3rd 377 (2nd Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1005 (1996). References Bibliography Further reading External links Catharine A. MacKinnon. Harvard Law School. Retrieved September 4, 2020. Catharine A. MacKinnon. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 4, 2020. Catharine MacKinnon. Collaboratory for Digital Discourse and Culture at Virginia Tech. Retrieved September 4, 2020. It includes a bibliography of MacKinnon's works. "Collection concerning Catharine A. MacKinnon v. Society for Comparative Philosophy, 1985–1986". Schlesinger Library at Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. Retrieved September 4, 2020. Galanes, Philip (March 17, 2018). "Catharine MacKinnon and Gretchen Carlson Have a Few Things to Say". The New York Times. Retrieved September 4, 2020. Goodman, Amy (January 26, 1998). "Clinton Scandal: A Feminist Issue?" Democracy Now! Retrieved September 4, 2020. Linda Hirshman and Katha Pollitt were also interviewed alongside MacKinnon. "Papers of Catharine A. MacKinnon, 1946–2008 (inclusive), 1975–2005 (bulk): A Finding Aid". Schlesinger Library at Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. Retrieved September 4, 2020. It includes MacKinnon's works. "Schlesinger Library". Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. Retrieved September 4, 2020. Wattenberg, Ben (July 7, 1995). "A Conversation With Catherine MacKinnon". Think Tank with Ben Wattenberg. Retrieved September 4, 2020. 1946 births 20th-century American women writers 20th-century American writers 21st-century American non-fiction writers 21st-century American women writers American feminist writers American lawyers American legal writers American women academics American women lawyers American women's rights activists Anti-pornography feminists Anti-prostitution feminists Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences fellows Critics of postmodernism Feminist studies scholars Harvard Law School faculty Living people Radical feminists Smith College alumni University of Michigan Law School faculty University of Minnesota Law School faculty Women legal scholars Writers from Minneapolis Yale Law School alumni

678794

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widener%20Library

Widener Library

The Harry Elkins Widener Memorial Library, housing some 3.5million books in its "vast and cavernous" stacks, is the centerpiece of the Harvard College Libraries (the libraries of Harvard's Faculty of Arts and Sciences) and, more broadly, of the entire Harvard Library system. It honors 1907 Harvard College graduate and book collector Harry Elkins Widener, and was built by his mother Eleanor Elkins Widener after his death in the sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912. The library's holdings, which include works in more than one hundred languages, comprise "one of the world's most comprehensive research collections in the humanities and social sciences." Its of shelves, along five miles (8km) of aisles on ten levels, comprise a "labyrinth" which one student "could not enter without feeling that she ought to carry a compass, a sandwich, and a whistle." At the building's heart are the Widener Memorial Rooms, displaying papers and mementos recalling the life and death of Harry Widener, as well as the Harry Elkins Widener Collection, "the precious group of rare and wonderfully interesting books brought together by Mr. Widener", to which was later added one of the few perfect Gutenberg Biblesthe object of a 1969 burglary attempt conjectured by Harvard's police chief to have been inspired by the 1964 heist filmTopkapi. Campus legends holding that Harry Widener's fate led to the institution of an undergraduate swimming-proficiency requirement, and that an additional donation from his mother subsidizes ice cream at Harvard meals, are without foundation. Background, conception and gift Predecessor By the opening of the twentieth century alarms had been issuing for many years about Harvard's "disgracefully inadequate" library, Gore Hall, completed in 1841 (when Harvard owned some 44,000 books) and declared full in 1863. Harvard Librarian Justin Winsor concluded his 1892 Annual Report by pleading, ""; his successor Archibald Cary Coolidge asserted that the Boston Public Library was a better place to write an thesis. Despite substantial additions in 1876 and 1907, in 1910 a committee of architects termed Gore With university librarian William Coolidge Lane reporting that the building's light switches were delivering electric shocks to his staff, and dormitory basements pressed into service as overflow storage for Harvard's 543,000 books, the committee drew up a proposal for replacement of Gore in stages. Andrew Carnegie was approached for financing without success. Death of Harry Widener In 1912, Harry Elkins Widenerscion of two of the wealthiest families in America, a 1907 graduate of Harvard College, and an accomplished bibliophile despite his youthdied in the sinking of the RMS Titanic. His father George Dunton Widener also perished, but his mother Eleanor Elkins Widener survived. Harry Widener's will instructed that his mother, when "in her judgment Harvard University shall make arrangements for properly caring for my collection of books... shall give them to said University to be known as the Harry Elkins Widener Collection", and he had told a friend, not long before he died, "I want to be remembered in connection with a great library, [but] I do not see how it is going to be brought about." To enable the fulfillment of her son's wishes Eleanor Widener briefly considered funding an addition to Gore Hall, but soon determined to build instead a completely new and far larger library building"a perpetual memorial" to Harry Widener, housing not only his personal book collection but Harvard's general library as well, with room for growth. As Biel has written, "The [Harvard architects] committee's Beaux Arts design [for Gore Hall's projected replacement], with its massiveness and symmetry, offered monumentality with nothing more particular to monumentalize than the aspirations of the modern university"until the Titanic sank and "through delicate negotiation, [Harvard] convinced Eleanor Widener that the most eloquent tribute to Harry would be an entire library rather than a rare book wing." Terms and cost of gift To her gift Eleanor Widener attached a number of stipulations, including that the project's architects be the firm of Horace Trumbauer& Associates, which had built several mansions for both the Elkins and the Widener families. "Mrs. Widener does not give the University the money to build a new library, but has offered to build a library satisfactory in external appearance to herself," Harvard President Abbott Lawrence Lowell wrote privately. "The exterior was her own choice, and she has decided architectural opinions." Harvard historian William Bentinck-Smith has written that Though Harvard awarded Trumbauer an honorary degree on the day of the new library's dedication, it was Trumbauer associate Julian F. Abele who had overall responsibility for the building's design, which largely followed the 1910 architects' committee's outline (though with the committee's central circulation room shifted from the center to the northeast corner, yielding pride of place to the Memorial Rooms). After Gore Hall was demolished to make way, ground was broken on February12, 1913, and the cornerstone laid June16. By later that year some 50,000 bricks were being laid each day. Building At Harvard's "geographical and intellectual heart" directly across Tercentenary Theatre from Memorial Church, Widener Library is a hollow rectangle of "Harvard brick with Indiana limestone traceries", 250 by 200 by 80feet high (76 by 61 by 24m) and enclosing 320,000 square feet (30,000m), "colonnaded on its front by immense pillars with elaborate [Corinthian capitals], all of which stand at the head of a flight of stairs that would not disgrace the capitol in Washington." Sources describe the building's style as (variously) Beaux-Arts, Georgian, Hellenistic, or "the austere, formalistic Imperial [or 'Imperial and Classical'] style displayed in the Law School's Langdell Hall and the Medical School Quadrangle". The east, south, and west wings house the stacks, while the north contains administrative offices and various reading rooms, including the Main Reading Room (now the Loker Reading Room)which, spanning the entire front of the building and some 42feet (13m) in both depth and height, was termed by architectural historian Bainbridge Bunting "the most ostentatious interior space at Harvard." A topmost floor, supported by the stacks framework itself, contains thirty-two rooms for special collections, studies, offices, and seminars. The Memorial Rooms (see § Widener Memorial Rooms) are in the building's center, between what were originally two light courts (28 by 110ft or 8.5 by 33m) now enclosed as additional reading rooms. Dedication The building was dedicated immediately after Commencement Day exercises on June24, 1915. Lowell and Coolidge mounted the steps to the main door, where Eleanor Widener presented them with the building's keys. The first book formally brought into the new library was the 1634 edition of John Downame's The Christian Warfare Against the Devil, World, and Flesh, believed (at the time) to be the only volume, of those bequeathed to the school by John Harvard in 1636, to have survived the 1764 burning of Harvard Hall. In the Memorial Rooms, after a benediction by Bishop William Lawrence, a portrait of Harry Widener was unveiled, then remarks delivered by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge (speaking on "The Meaning of a Great Library" on behalf of Eleanor Widener) and Lowell ("For years we have longed for a library that would serve our purpose, but we never hoped to see such a library as this"). Afterward (said the Boston Evening Transcript) "the doors were thrown open, and both graduates and undergraduates had an opportunity to see the beauties and utilities of this important university acquisition." "I hope it will become the heart of the University," Eleanor Widener said, "a centre for all the interests that make Harvard a great university." Widener Memorial Rooms The central Memorial Roomsan outer rotunda housing memorabilia of the life and death of Harry Widener, and an inner library displaying the 3300 rare books collected by himwere described by the Boston Sunday Herald soon after the dedication: Conversely, "even from the very entrance [of the building] one will catch a glimpse in the distance of the portrait of young Harry Widener on the further wall [of the Memorial Rooms], if the intervening doors happen to be open." For many years Eleanor Widener hosted Commencement Day luncheons in the Memorial Rooms. The family underwrites their upkeep, including weekly renewal of the flowersoriginally roses but now carnations. Amenities and deficiencies Touted as "the last word in library construction", the new building's amenities included telephones, pneumatic tubes, book lifts and conveyors, elevators, and a dining-room and kitchenette "for the ladies of the staff". Advertisements for the manufacturer of the building's shelving highlighted its "dark brown enamel finish, harmonizing with oak trim", and special interchangeable regular and oversize shelves meant that books on a given subject could be shelved together regardless of size. The Library Journal found "especially interesting not so much the spacious and lofty reading rooms" as the innovation of placing student carrels and private faculty studies directly in the stack, reflecting Lowell's desire to put "the massive resources of the stack close to the scholar's hand, reuniting books and readers in an intimacy that nineteenth-century ['closed-stack' library designs] had long precluded". (Competition for the seventy coveted faculty studies has been a longstanding administrative headache.) Nonetheless certain deficiencies were soon noted. A primitive form of air conditioning was abandoned within a few months. "The need of better toilet facilities [in the stacks] has been pressed upon us during the past year by several rather distressing experiences," Widener Superintendent Frank Carney wrote discreetly in 1918. And after a university-wide search for castoff furniture left many of the stacks' 300 carrels still unequipped, Coolidge wrote to "There is something rather humiliating in having to proclaim to the world that [Widener offers] unequalled opportunity to the scholar and investigator who wishes to come here, but that in order to use these opportunities he must bring his own chair, table and electric lamp." (A week later Coolidge wrote again: "Your very generous gift [has helped] pull me out of a most desperate situation.") Later-built tunnels, from the stacks level furthest underground, connect to nearby Pusey Library, Lamont Library, and Houghton Library. An enclosed bridge connecting to Houghton's reading room via a Widener windowbuilt after Eleanor Widener's heirs agreed to waive her gift's proscription of exterior additions or alterationswas removed in 2004. (Houghton and Lamont were built in the 1940s to relieve Widener, which had become simultaneously too smallits shelves were fulland too largeits immense size and complex catalog made books difficult to locate. But with Harvard's collections doubling every 17 years, by 1965 Widener was again close to full, prompting construction of Pusey, and in the early 1980s library officials "pushed the panic button" again, leading to the construction of the Harvard Depository.) Collections and stacks The ninety-unit Harvard Library system, of which Widener is the anchor, is the only academic library among the world's five "megalibraries"Widener, the New York Public Library, the Library of Congress, France's Bibliothèque Nationale, and the British Librarymaking it "unambiguously the greatest university library in the world," in the words of a Harvard official. According to the Harvard College Library's own description, Widener's humanities and social sciences collections include The building's 3.5 million volumes occupy of shelves along five miles (8km) of aisles on ten levels divided into three wings each. Alone among the "megalibraries", only Harvard allows patrons the "long-treasured privilege" of entering the general-collections stacks to browse as they please, instead of requesting books through library staff. Until a recent renovation the stacks had little signage"There was the expectation that if you were good enough to qualify to get into the stacks you certainly didn't need any help" (as one official put it) so that "learning to [find books in] Widener was like a rite of passage, a test of manhood", and a 1979 monograph on library design complained, "After one goes through the main doors of Harvard's Widener Library, the only visible sign says merely ENTER." At times color-coded lines and shoeprints have been applied to the floors to help patrons keep their bearings. As of 2015 some 1700 persons enter the building each day, and about 2800 books are checked out. Another 3million Widener items reside offsite (along with many millions of items from other Harvard libraries) at the Harvard Depository in Southborough, Massachusetts, from which they are retrieved overnight on request. A project to insert barcodes into each book, begun in the late 1970s, had some 1million volumes yet to reach as of 2006. Harry Elkins Widener Collection The works displayed in the Memorial Rooms comprise Harry Widener's collection at the time of his death, "major monuments of English letters, many remarkable for their bindings and illustrations or unusual provenance": Shakespeare first folios; a copy of Poems written by Wil.Shake-speare, gent. (1640) in its original sheepskin binding; an inscribed copy of Boswell's Life of Samuel Johnson; Johnson's own Bible ("used so much by its owner that several pages were worn out and Johnson copied them over in his own writing"); and first editions, presentation copies, and similarly valuable volumes of Robert Louis Stevenson, Thackeray, Charlotte Brontë, Blake, George Cruikshank, Isaac Cruikshank, Robert Cruikshank and Dickensincluding the petty cash book kept by Dickens while a young law clerk. Book collector George Sidney Hellman, writing soon after Harry Widener's death, observed that he was "not satisfied alone in having a rare book or a rare book inscribed by the author; it was with him a prerequisite that the volume should be in immaculate condition." Harry Widener "died suddenly, just as he was beginning to be one of the world's great collectors," said the Collection's first curator. "They formed a young man's library, and are to be preserved as he left it"except that the Widener family has the exclusive privilege of adding to it. Harvard's "greatest typographical treasure" is one of the only thirty-eight perfect copies extant of the Gutenberg Bible, purchased while Harry was abroad by his grandfather Peter A.B. Widener (who had intended to surprise Harry with it once the Titanic docked in New York) and added to the Collection by the Widener family in 1944. Like all Harvard's valuable books, works in the Widener Collection may be consulted by researchers demonstrating a genuine research need. Parallel classification systems and dual catalogs Like many large libraries, Widener originally classified its holdings according to its own idiosyncratic systemthe "Widener" (or "Harvard") systemwhich (writes Battles) follows "the division of knowledge in its [early twentieth-century] formulation. The Aus class contains books on the Austro-Hungarian Empire; the Ott class serves the purpose for the Ottoman Empire. Dante, Molière, and Montaigne each gets a class of his own." In the 1970s new arrivals began to be classified according to a modified version of the Library of Congress system. The two systems' differences reflect "competing theories of knowledge... In a sense, the [old] Widener system was Aristotelian; its divisions were empirical, describing and reflecting the languages and cultural origins of books and highlighting their relations to one another in language, place, and time; [the Library of Congress system], by contrast, was Platonic, looking past the surface of language and nation to reflect the idealized, essential discipline in which each [item] might be said to belong." Because of the impracticality of reclassifying millions of books, those received before the changeover remain under their original "Widener" classifications. Thus among works on a given subject, older books will be found at one shelf location (under a "Widener" classification) and newer ones at another (under a related Library of Congress classification). In addition, an accident of the building's layout led to the development of two separate card catalogsthe "Union" catalog and the "Public" cataloghoused on different floors and having a complex interrelationship "which perplexed students and faculty alike." It was not until the 1990s that the electronic Harvard On-Line Library Information System was able to completely supplant both physical catalogs. Departmental and special libraries The building also houses a number of special libraries in dedicated spaces outside the stacks, including: There are also special collections in the history of science, linguistics, Near Eastern languages and civilizations, paleography, and Sanskrit. The contents of the Treasure Room, holding Harvard's most precious rare books and manuscripts (other than the Harry Elkins Widener Collection itself) were transferred to newly built Houghton Library in 1942. In literature and legend Swimrequirement, icecream, and other legends Legend holds that to spare future Harvard men her son's fate, Eleanor Widener insisted, as a condition of her gift, that learning to swim be made a requirement for graduation. (This requirement, the Harvard Crimson once elaborated erroneously, was "dropped in the late 1970s because it was deemed discriminatory against physically disabled students".) "Among the many myths relating to Harry Elkins Widener, this is the most prevalent", says Harvard's "Ask a Librarian" service. Though Harvard has had swimming requirements at various times (e.g. for rowers on the Charles River, or as a now-defunct test for entering freshmen) Bentinck-Smith writes that "There is absolutely no evidence in the President's papers, or the faculty's, to indicate that [Eleanor Widener] was, as a result of the Titanic disaster, in any way responsible for [any] compulsory swimming test." Another story, holding that Eleanor Widener donated a further sum to underwrite perpetual availability of ice cream (purportedly Harry Widener's favorite dessert) in Harvard dining halls, is also without foundation. A Widener curator's compilation of "fanciful oral history" recited by student tour guides includes "Flowers mysteriously appear every morning outside the Widener Room" and "Harry used to have carnations dyed crimson to remind him of Harvard, and so his mother kept up the tradition" in the flowers displayed in the Memorial Rooms. Literary references In H. P. Lovecraft's fictional universe Cthulhu Mythos, Widener is one of five libraries holding a 17th-century edition of the Necronomicon, hidden somewhere in the stacks. Thomas Wolfe, who earned a Harvard master's degree in 1922, told Max Perkins that he spent most of his Harvard years in Widener's reading room. He wrote of through the stacks of that great library like some damned soul, never at restever leaping ahead from the pages I read to thoughts of those I want to read"; his alter ego Eugene Gant read with a watch in his hand, "laying waste of the shelves." Historian Barbara Tuchman considered "the single most formative experience" of her career the writing of her undergraduate thesis, for which she was "allowed to have as my own one of those little cubicles with a table under a window" in the Widener stacks, which were "my Archimedes' bathtub, my burning bush, my dish of mold where I found my personal penicillin." Burglary and other incidents Over the years, Widener has been the scene of various criminal exploits "infamous for their fecklessness and ignominity." Joel C. Williams In 1931 former graduate student Joel C. Williams was arrested after attempting to sell two Harvard library books to a local book dealer. Charles Apted and other Harvard officials visited Williams' home where (posing as "book buyers" to spare the feelings of Williams' family) they found thousands of books which Williams had stolen over the years, many badly damaged. The "absolutely crazy" Williams would "go to students studying in Widener and ask them what course they were taking. He would then borrow all the books for that course in the library. Then no one could get any to study", library official John E. Shea later recalled. Despite the misleading implication of bookplates placed in the 2504 recovered books, Harvard's charges against Williams were dropped after he was indicted on book-theft charges in another jurisdiction, which imposed a sentence of hard labor. After the unrelated arrest of a book-theft ring operating at Harvard, there was a "noticeable increase in the number of missing books secretly returned to the library", the Transcript reported in 1932. Gutenberg Bible theft On the night of August 19, 1969 an attempt was made to steal the library's Gutenberg Bible, valued at $1million (equivalent to $ million in ). Equipped with a hammer, pry bar, and other burglarious implements, the 20-year-old would-be thief hid in a lavatory until after closing, then made his way to the roof, from which he descended via a knotted rope to break through a Memorial Room window. But after smashing the bible's display case and placing its two volumes in a knapsack, he found the additional 70 pounds (32kg) made it impossible for him to reclimb the rope. Eventually he fell some to the pavement of one of the light courts, where he lay semiconscious until his moans were heard by a janitor; he was found about 1a.m. with injuries including a fractured skull. "It looks like a professional job all right, in the fact that he came down the rope," commented Harvard Police Chief Robert Tonis. "But it doesn't look very professional that he fell off." Tonis speculated that the attempt may have been modeled on a similar caper depicted in the 1964 filmTopkapi, though a retired Harvard librarian later commented that the thief (who was later judged insane) "evidently knew nothing about booksor, at least, about selling them... There was no explanation of what he expected to do with the Bible." Only the books' bindings (which were "not valuable [and] did just what a good binding is supposed to do: they protected the inside contents") were damaged. Since the incident only one or the other Bible volume is on display at any given time and a replica has been substituted at times of heightened security concern. "The Slasher" Around 1990, empty bindings stripped of their pages began to appear in the Widener stacks. Eventually some 600 mutilated books were discovered, the vandal particularly targeting works on early Christianity in Greek, Latin, or unusual languages such as Icelandic. Notes left at Widener, and later at Northeastern University, threatened graphically described mutilations of library workers, cyanide gas attacks, and bombings of libraries and a local bank. Other notes instructed that $500,000 be left in a Northeastern library, demanded that Northeastern "terminate all Jew personnel", and directed that $1million be left in the Widener stacks: These "ransom drops" were staked out by the FBI, and surveillance cameras installed in ersatz books, without result. In 1994 police connected an incident at Northeastern, in which a library worker there (a former Widener employee) was caught stealing chemistry books, with the fact that chemistry texts had been among the works mutilated at Widener. Officials found "a kind of renegade reference room" in the worker's basement, including library books, piles of ripped-out pages, a microfilm camera, and hundreds of unusable microfilms he had haphazardly made of the books (worth $180,000) he had destroyed. At trial "The Slasher" said he had acted in revenge for the eighteen months he had been detained in a state psychiatric hospital after expiration of a six-month jail term he had received for a minor offense. Artwork Two of Gore Hall's granite pinnacles were preserved, and flank Widener's rear entrance. In the 1920s the university commissioned John Singer Sargent to paint, within the fourteen-foot-high arched panels flanking the entrance to the Memorial Rooms, two murals giving tribute to Harvard's World WarI dead: Death and Victory and Entering the War. The accompanying inscription, by Lowell, reads: "Happy those who with a glowing faith/ In one embrace clasped Death and Victory". With Memorial Church, which directly faces Widener, these constitute what the Boston Public Library calls "the most elaborate World WarI memorial in the Boston area." Above the Memorial Rooms entrance is inscribed: (Eleanor Elkins Widener became Eleanor Elkins Rice when, in October 1915, she married Harvard professor and surgeon Alexander Hamilton Rice, Jr., a noted South American explorer whom she had met at the library's dedication four months earlier. She died in 1937.) On the second floor is a bronze bust by Albin Polasek of sculptor and muralist Frank Millet, who had also died on the Titanic. In the main reading room is a sculpture of George Washington; on the stairs to the third floor a sculpture of John Elbridge Hudson; and on the ground floor a sculpture of Henry Ware Wales, as well as vaulted hallways"just like the Oyster Bar at Grand Central... astounding", according to historian Thomas Gickby Rafael Guastavino, who (with his son) also designed and built domes and vaults in buildings such as Carnegie Hall, the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, and the Boston Public Library. Three dioramasdepicting the grounds, buildings, and vicinity of Harvard Yard in 1667, 1775 and 1936were installed behind the main stairs in 1947, but removed during renovations in 2004. A six-foot-square bronze tablet, featuring a bas relief of Gore Hall, is at the exterior northwest corner. Its inscription reads in part: Restrictions on women The building originally included a separate Radcliffe Reading Room behind the card catalogs"barely large enough for a single table"to which female students were restricted "for fear their presence would distract the studious Harvard men" in the main reading room. In 1923 a sequence of communications between Librarian William Coolidge Lane and another Harvard official dealt with "the incident of Miss Alexander's intrusion into the reading room", and Keyes Metcalf, Director of University Libraries from 1937 to 1955, wrote that early in his tenure a Classics professor "rushed into my office, looking as if he were about to have an apoplectic stroke, and gasped, 'I've just been in the reading room, and there is a Radcliffe girl in there! By then female graduate students were permitted to enter the stacks, but only until 5p.m., "after which time it was thought they would not be safe there". "Even the ever-present problem of inadequate lavatories worked to deny functional access to women", wrote Battles. "Patrons requesting directions to a women's restroom were routinely misled, denied access, or simply told that such things did not exist at a college for men such as Harvard." By World WarII (Elizabeth Colson recalled years later) "we could go into the [Main Reading Room] and use the encyclopedias and things like that there, if we stood up, but we couldn't sit down", and only by special permission (which even female faculty members had to request in writing) could a woman work in the building in the evening. Renovation A five-year, $97million renovation completed in 2004 (the first since the building opened) added fire suppression and environmental control systems, upgraded wiring and communications, remodeled various public spaces, and enclosed the light courts to create additional reading rooms (beneath which several levels of new offices and mechanical equipment were hidden). "Claustrophobia-inducing" elevators were replaced, the bottom shelves on the lowest stacks level were removed in recognition of chronic seepage problems, Widener's "olfactory nostalgia... actually the smell of decaying books" was addressed, and unrestricted light and airseen as desirable when Widener was built but now considered "public enemies one and two for the long-term safety of old books"were brought under control. Some changes required that the Widener family grant relief from the terms of Eleanor Widener's gift, which forbade that "structures of any kind [be] erected in the courts around which the [Library] is constructed, but that the same shall be kept open for light and air". The need to relocate each of the building's 3.5million volumes twicefirst to temporary locations, then to new permanent locations, as work proceeded aisle by aislewas turned to advantage, so that by the end of the renovation related materials in the library's two classification systems (see § Parallel classification systems) were physically adjacent for the first time; the chart showing the floor and wing location, within the stacks, of each subject classification was revised sixty-five times during construction. The project received the 2005 Library Building Award from the American Library Association and the American Institute of Architects. Notes Sources and further reading Further reading Other sources cited External links History of the Harry Elkins Widener Memorial CollectionHoughton Library, Harvard University Sprinkler Valve Through Door: A peek inside Harvard'd Widener LibraryLibrarians' blog highlighting Widener's collections, history and architecture Virtual tour 1915 establishments in Massachusetts Harvard Library Harvard Square Harvard University buildings Libraries in Middlesex County, Massachusetts Library buildings completed in 1915 University and college academic libraries in the United States Widener family Horace Trumbauer buildings

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Myatt

David Myatt

David Wulstan Myatt (born 1950), formerly known as Abdul-Aziz ibn Myatt and Abdul al-Qari, is a British author, poet and philosopher, the founder of The Numinous Way, a former Muslim, and a former neo-Nazi. Since 2010, Myatt has written extensively about his rejection of his extremist past and about his rejection of extremism in general. Myatt has translated works of ancient Greek literature, translated and written a commentary on the Greek text of eight tractates of the Corpus Hermeticum, and written several collections of poems. In 2017 he embarked on the task of translating and writing a commentary on the Gospel of John and has so far publicly made available chapters 1-4. The counterterrorism author Jon B. Perdue describes Myatt as "[a] British iconoclast who has lived a somewhat itinerant life and has undertaken an equally desultory intellectual quest” and is "emblematic of the modern syncretism of radical ideologies". Myatt is regarded as an "example of the axis between right-wing extremists and Islamists", and has been described as an "extremely violent, intelligent, dark, and complex individual"; as a martial arts expert; as one of the more interesting figures on the British neo-Nazi scene since the 1970s, and as a key Al-Qaeda propagandist. According to Daniel Koehler of the International Centre for Counter-Terrorism, Myatt "is a complex persona who defies simple answers to the question of why he changed groups and milieus so often and so fundamentally. It is also obvious, that during large parts of his life, Myatt was driven by a search for meaning and purpose." Before his conversion to Islam in 1998, Myatt was the first leader of the British National Socialist Movement (NSM), and was identified by The Observer, as the "ideological heavyweight" behind Combat 18. Myatt came to public attention in 1999, a year after his Islamic conversion, when a pamphlet he allegedly wrote many years earlier, A Practical Guide to Aryan Revolution, described as a "detailed step-by-step guide for terrorist insurrection", was said to have inspired David Copeland, who left nailbombs in areas frequented by London's black, South Asian, and gay communities. Three people died and 129 were injured in the explosions, several of them losing limbs. It has also been suggested that Myatt's A Practical Guide to Aryan Revolution might have influenced the German National Socialist Underground. In 2021 The Counter Extremism Project listed Myatt as one of the world's 20 most dangerous extremists. Personal life David Wulstan Myatt grew up in Tanganyika (now part of Tanzania), where his father worked as a civil servant for the British government, and later in the Far East, where he studied martial arts. He moved to England in 1967 to complete his schooling, and has said that he began a degree in physics but did not complete it, leaving his studies to focus on his political activism. He is reported to live in the Midlands and to have been married three times. According to Jeffrey Kaplan, Myatt has undertaken "a global odyssey which took him on extended stays in the Middle East and East Asia, accompanied by studies of religions ranging from Christianity to Islam in the Western tradition and Taoism and Buddhism in the Eastern path. In the course of this Siddhartha-like search for truth, Myatt sampled the life of the monastery in both its Christian and Buddhist forms." Beliefs and career Political scientist George Michael writes that Myatt has "arguably done more than any other theorist to develop a synthesis of the extreme right and Islam," and is "arguably England's principal proponent of contemporary neo-Nazi ideology and theoretician of revolution." He described Myatt as an "intriguing theorist" whose "Faustian quests" not only involved studying Taoism and spending time in a Buddhist and later a Christian monastery, but also allegedly involved exploring the occult, and Paganism and what Michael calls "quasi-Satanic" secret societies, while remaining a committed National Socialist. In 2000, British anti-fascist magazine Searchlight wrote that: "[Myatt] does not have the appearance of a Nazi ideologue ... [S]porting a long ginger beard, Barbour jacket, cords and a tweed flat cap, he resembles an eccentric country gentleman out for a Sunday ramble. But Myatt is anything but the country squire, for beneath this seemingly innocuous exterior is a man of extreme and calculated hatred. Over the past ten years, Myatt has emerged as the most ideologically driven nazi in Britain, preaching race war and terrorism [...] Myatt is believed to have been behind a 15-page document which called for race war, under the imprint White Wolves." At a 2003 UNESCO conference in Paris, which concerned the growth of anti-Semitism, it was stated that "David Myatt, the leading hardline Nazi intellectual in Britain since the 1960s [...] has converted to Islam, praises bin Laden and al Qaeda, calls the 9/11 attacks 'acts of heroism,' and urges the killing of Jews. Myatt, under the name Abdul Aziz Ibn Myatt supports suicide missions and urges young Muslims to take up Jihad. Observers warn that Myatt is a dangerous man..." This view of Myatt as a radical Muslim, or Jihadi, is supported by Professor Robert S. Wistrich, who writes that Myatt, when a Muslim, was a staunch advocate of "Jihad, suicide missions and killing Jews..." and also "an ardent defender of bin Laden". One of Myatt's writings justifying suicide attacks was, for several years, on the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades (the military wing) section of the Hamas website. Since 2010, Myatt has written extensively about his rejection of both Islam and his extremist past, writing that: "What I [...] came to understand, via pathei-mathos, was the importance - the human necessity, the virtue - of love, and how love expresses or can express the numinous in the most sublime, the most human, way. Of how extremism (of whatever political or religious or ideological kind) places some abstraction, some ideation, some notion of duty to some ideation, before a personal love, before a knowing and an appreciation of the numinous." In addition to writing about Islam and National Socialism, Myatt has translated works by Sophocles, Sappho, Aeschylus, Homer, translated and written a commentary on the Greek texts of the Poimandres, Ιερός Λόγος, κρατῆρ ἡ μονάς, and five other sections of the Corpus Hermeticum, and written several collections of poems. He has also developed a mystical philosophy which he calls both The Numinous Way and the Way of Pathei-Mathos, and invented a three-dimensional board-game, the Star Game. He is currently translating and writing a commentary on the Greek text of the Gospel of John and has so far made publicly available Chapters 1 to 4. Alleged involvement with occultism Myatt is alleged to have been the founder of the occult group the Order of Nine Angles (ONA/O9A) or to have taken it over, written the publicly available teachings of the ONA under the pseudonym Anton Long, with his role being "paramount to the whole creation and existence of the ONA". According to Senholt, "ONA-inspired activities, led by protagonist David Myatt, managed to enter the scene of grand politics and the global 'War On Terror', because of several foiled terror plots in Europe that can be linked to Myatt's writings". David Myatt has always denied such allegations about involvement with the ONA, and using the pseudonym Anton Long, and has challenged his accusers to provide evidence of such allegations, which he has claimed they have failed to do. George Sieg expressed doubts regarding Myatt being Long, writing that he considered it to be "implausible and untenable based on the extent of variance in writing style, personality, and tone" between Myatt and Long's writings. Jeffrey Kaplan also suggested that Myatt and Long are separate people, as did the religious studies scholar Connell R. Monette who wrote that it was quite possible that 'Anton Long' was a pseudonym used by multiple individuals over the last 30 years. Political activism Myatt joined Colin Jordan's British Movement, a neo-Nazi group, in 1968, where he sometimes acted as Jordan's bodyguard at meetings and rallies. Myatt would later become Leeds Branch Secretary and a member of British Movement's National Council. From the 1970s until the 1990s, he remained involved with paramilitary and neo-Nazi organisations such as Column 88 and Combat 18, and was imprisoned twice for violent offences in connection with his political activism. Myatt was the founder and first leader of the National Socialist Movement of which David Copeland was a member. He also co-founded, with Eddy Morrison, the neo-Nazi organization the NDFM (National Democratic Freedom Movement) which was active in Leeds, England, in the early 1970s, and the neo-Nazi Reichsfolk group, and which Reichsfolk organization "aimed to create a new Aryan elite, The Legion of Adolf Hitler, and so prepare the way for a golden age in place of 'the disgusting, decadent present with its dishonourable values and dis-honourable weak individuals'". Of the NDFM, John Tyndall wrote (in a polemic against NDFM co-founder Eddy Morrison): "The National Democratic Freedom Movement made little attempt to engage in serious politics but concentrated its activities mainly upon acts of violence against its opponents. [...] Before very long the NDFM had degenerated into nothing more than a criminal gang." Myatt, writing in his autobiography Myngath, admits that during this time he did organize a small gang "whose aim was to liberate goods, fence them, and make some money with the initial intent of aiding our political struggle." Myatt was subsequently arrested in a raid by the Yorkshire Regional Crime Squad, and imprisoned for leading this gang. It is also alleged that in the early 1980s Myatt tried to establish a Nazi-occultist commune in Shropshire, although Myatt denies this allegation, claiming that his aim was to establish an agrarian community solely based on the Nazi principles of Blood and Soil and which project was advertised in Colin Jordan's Gothic Ripples newsletter, with Goodrick-Clark writing that "after marrying and settling in Church Stretton in Shropshire, [Myatt] attempted in 1983 to set up a rural commune within the framework of Colin Jordan's Vanguard Project for neo-nazi utopias publicized in Gothic Ripples". Michael writes that Myatt took over the leadership of Combat 18 in 1998, when Charlie Sargent, the previous leader, was jailed for murder. Alleged influence on David Copeland In November 1997, Myatt allegedly posted a racist and anti-Semitic pamphlet he had written called Practical Guide to Aryan Revolution on a website based in British Columbia, Canada by Bernard Klatt. The pamphlet included chapter titles such as "Assassination", "Terror Bombing", and "Racial War". According to Michael Whine of the Board of Deputies of British Jews, "[t]he contents provided a detailed step-by-step guide for terrorist insurrection with advice on assassination targets, rationale for bombing and sabotage campaigns, and rules of engagement." In February 1998, detectives from S012 Scotland Yard raided Myatt's home in Worcestershire and removed his computers and files. He was arrested on suspicion of incitement to murder and incitement to racial hatred, but the case later dropped, after a three-year investigation, because the evidence supplied by the Canadian authorities was not enough to secure a conviction. It was a copy of the Practical Guide to Aryan Revolution pamphlet that, in 1999, was discovered by police in the flat of David Copeland, the London nailbomber – who was also a member of Myatt's National Socialist Movement – and thus which allegedly influenced him to plant homemade bombs targeting immigrants in Brixton, Brick Lane, and inside the Admiral Duncan pub on Old Compton Street in London, frequented by the black, Asian, and gay communities respectively. Friends John Light, Nick Moore, and Andrea Dykes and her unborn child died in the Admiral Duncan pub. Copeland told police he had been trying to spark a "racial war." Following the conviction of Copeland for murder on 30 June 2000, after a trial at the Old Bailey, one newspaper wrote of Myatt: "This is the man who shaped mind of a bomber; Cycling the lanes around Malvern, the mentor who drove David Copeland to kill [...] Riding a bicycle around his Worcestershire home town sporting a wizard-like beard and quirky dress-sense, the former monk could easily pass as a country eccentric or off-beat intellectual. But behind David Myatt's studious exterior lies a more sinister character that has been at the forefront of extreme right-wing ideology in Britain since the mid-1960s." According to the BBC's Panorama, in 1998 when Myatt was leader of the NSM, he called for "the creation of racial terror with bombs".<ref name="panorama" /> Myatt is also quoted by Searchlight as having stated that "[t]he primary duty of all National Socialists is to change the world. National Socialism means revolution: the overthrow of the existing System and its replacement with a National-Socialist society. Revolution means struggle: it means war. It means certain tactics have to be employed, and a great revolutionary movement organised which is primarily composed of those prepared to fight, prepared to get their hands dirty and perhaps spill some blood". Conversion to Islam Myatt converted to Islam in 1998. He told Professor George Michael that his decision to convert began when he took a job on a farm in England. He was working long hours in the fields and felt an affinity with nature, concluding that the sense of harmony he felt had not come about by chance. He told Michael that he was also impressed by the militancy of Islamist groups, and believed that he shared common enemies with Islam, namely "the capitalist-consumer West and international finance." While, initially, some critics, specifically the anti-fascist Searchlight organization, suggested that Myatt's conversion "may be just a political ploy to advance his own failing anti-establishment agenda", it is now generally accepted that his conversion was genuine. Following his conversion to Islam, Myatt dissociated himself from nationalism and racialism, openly stating that racism is wrong. As a Muslim, he travelled and spoke in several Arab countries, and wrote one of the most detailed defenses in the English language of Islamic suicide attacks – having become an advocate of such attacks and defended the killing of civilians in such attacks. He also expressed support for Osama bin Laden, and the Taliban, and referred to the Holocaust as a "hoax". An April 2005 NATO workshop heard that Myatt had called on "all enemies of the Zionists to embrace the Jihad" against Jews and the United States. According to an article in The Times published on 24 April 2006, Myatt then believed that: "The pure authentic Islam of the revival, which recognises practical jihad as a duty, is the only force that is capable of fighting and destroying the dishonour, the arrogance, the materialism of the West ... For the West, nothing is sacred, except perhaps Zionists, Zionism, the hoax of the so-called Holocaust, and the idols which the West and its lackeys worship, or pretend to worship, such as democracy... Jihad is our duty. If nationalists, or some of them, desire to aid us, to help us, they can do the right thing, the honourable thing, and convert, revert, to Islam — accepting the superiority of Islam over and above each and every way of the West." Departure from Islam In 2010, Myatt publicly announced that he had rejected both Islam and extremism, having developed his own Weltanschauung, writing that "the Way of Pathei-Mathos is an ethical, an interior, a personal, a non-political, a non-interfering, a non-religious but spiritual, way of individual reflexion, individual change, and empathic living, where there is an awareness of the importance of virtues such as compassion, humility, tolerance, gentleness, and love", and that "living according to the way of pathei-mathos ... means being compassionate or inclining toward compassion by trying to avoid causing, or contributing, to suffering". "The Numinous Way" and the Philosophy of Pathei-Mathos Myatt describes the Numinous Way as "the result of a four-decade long pathei-mathos and [...] the often difficult process of acknowledging my many personal mistakes", and writes that it is an apolitical, and individual, way of life, based on empathy and πάθει μάθος, pathei-mathos, where race and the concept of the folk not only have no place but are regarded as unethical abstractions. He defines pathei-mathos by saying: "The Greek term πάθει μάθος derives from the Agamemnon of Aeschylus (written c. 458 BCE), and can be interpreted, or translated, as meaning learning from adversary, or wisdom arises from (personal) suffering; or personal experience is the genesis of true learning." Pathei-Mathos is thus an aspect of or element in the Numinous Way, although the former term comes to predominate over the latter in Myatt's writings beginning 2012. Myatt writes that "the numinous sympathy – συμπάθεια (sympatheia, benignity) – with another living being that empathy provides naturally inclines us to treat other living beings as we ourselves would wish to be treated: with fairness, compassion, honour, and dignity. It also inclines us not to judge those whom we do not know; those beyond the purveu – beyond the range of – our faculty of empathy". Myatt links his Numinous Way to Hellenistic philosophy and places it in the Western philosophical tradition. Selected bibliography Myatt, David (2013). Myngath. Some Recollections of a Wyrdful and Extremist Life. Myatt, David (2013). Understanding and Rejecting Extremism. Myatt, David (2013). The Numinous Way of Pathei-Mathos. Myatt, DW (2013). Sophocles - Antigone. A Translation. Myatt, DW (2013). Sophocles - Oedipus Tyrannus. A Translation. Myatt, DW (2013). The Agamemnon of Aeschylus. A Translation. Myatt, David (2017). Corpus Hermeticum: Eight Tractates, Translation and Commentary. Notes References Barnett, Antony. "Right here, right now", The Observer, February 9, 2003 BBC Panorama. "The Nailbomber", broadcast June 30, 2000 BBC Panorama. "The Nailbomber" transcript Gary Daher Canedo: Safo y Catulo: poesía amorosa de la antigüedad, Universidad Nur, 2005 Goodrick-Clark, N. (2001) Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity. Karmon, Ely. "Arenas for Radical and Anti-Globalization Groups Activity", NATO Workshop On Terrorism and Communications, Slovakia, April 2005 Lowles, N. (2001) White Riot: The Violent Story of Combat 18. Milo Books, England; this edition 2003 Michael, George. (2006) The Enemy of My Enemy: The Alarming Convergence of Militant Islam and the Extreme Right. University Press of Kansas Myatt, David. (2013) Myngath - Some Recollections of A Wyrdful and Extremist Life, Myatt, David. (2013) The Numinous Way of Pathei-Mathos. Tel Aviv University. "Anti-Semitism Worldwide 1998/9 United Kingdom", retrieved August 17, 2005 Woolcock, Nicola & and Kennedy, Dominic. "What the Neo Nazi Fanatic Did Next: Switched to Islam" The Times April 24, 2006 Further reading Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas. (2001) Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity. New York University Press (Paperback) Kaplan, J. (1998) "Religiosity and the Radical Right: Toward the Creation of a New Ethnic Identity" in Kaplan and Tore Bjørgo (eds.) Nation and Race: The Developing Euro-American Racist Subculture, Northeastern University Press, 1998, . Kaplan, J. (ed) (2000) Encyclopedia of White Power: A Sourcebook on the Radical Racist Right. Rowman & Littlefield Pub Inc., 2000; AltaMira Press. pp. 216ff; pp. 235ff; pp. 512ff Lowles, Nick. (2003) White Riot: The Violent Story of Combat 18. Milo Books McLagan, Graeme. (2003) Killer on the Streets. John Blake Publishing. Michael, George. (2006) The Enemy of My Enemy: The Alarming Convergence of Militant Islam and the Extreme Right. University Press of Kansas Ryan, Nick. (2003) Homeland: Into A World of Hate. Mainstream Publishing Company Ltd. Sołtysiak, Arkadiusz. Neopogaństwo i neonazizm: Kilka słów o ideologiach Davida Myatta i Varga Vikernesa. Antropologia Religii. Wybór esejów. Tom IV, (2010), s. 173-182 Weitzman, Mark: Antisemitismus und Holocaust-Leugnung: Permanente Elemente des globalen Rechtsextremismus, in Thomas Greven: Globalisierter Rechtsextremismus? Die extremistische Rechte in der Ära der Globalisierung. 1 Auflage. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften/GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden 2006, External links Official site Official weblog 1950 births Living people British former Muslims Critics of Islamism British Holocaust deniers English neo-Nazis Tanzanian people of English descent Tanzanian emigrants to the United Kingdom 20th-century English poets 21st-century English poets 21st-century English writers English philosophers English male poets Satanism and Nazism

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Gallison

Joseph Gallison

Joseph Gallison (born March 9, 1935) is an American actor who worked on television soap operas for twenty-seven years. He is probably best known for his role as Dr. Neil Curtis on Days of Our Lives (1974-1991). Early years Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Gallison attended the United States Military Academy until an injury to his back led to his discharge from the Army. He then transferred to Northeastern University. Career Gallison is well known for playing the character of William (Bill) Matthews, Jr., on Another World (1964-1969). Other soap opera roles have included Tom Edwards on One Life to Live (1969-1971) and Steven Cord on Return to Peyton Place (1972-1974). Gallison's longest-running role was as Dr. Neil Curtis on Days of Our Lives. Gallison was one of the few actors in Days of our Lives to be fired without an explanation as to what happened to the character. In his final scene, Neil excused himself from his conversation with Victor Kiriakis, saying that he had "patients to see -- lots of patients". He never returned and his absence was never explained. Gallison is also heard in the You're Under Arrest series, dubbing the voice of Inspector Tokuno. On May 19, 1961, Gallison, under the name Evan McCord, appeared as Billy Boy Baines in the episode "Caper in E Flat" of the ABC-Warner Brothers private detective series, 77 Sunset Strip. On April 22, 1962, Gallison, under the name Evan McCord, appeared as Jim Martin, Jr., in the episode "The Youngest" of the ABC-Warner Brothers western series, Lawman. Personal life Gallison married actress Cornelia Sharpe. He married realtor Melisa Evans in 1980. They are currently separated, and have no children. References External links American male soap opera actors 1935 births Living people Place of birth missing (living people) Northeastern University alumni 20th-century American male actors Male actors from Boston

721772

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgewater%20State%20University

Bridgewater State University

Bridgewater State University is a public university with its main campus in Bridgewater, Massachusetts. It is the largest of nine state universities in Massachusetts. Including its off-campus sites in New Bedford, Attleboro, and Cape Cod, BSU has the fourth-largest campus of the 29 institutions in the Massachusetts Public Higher Education System. BSU's sports teams are called the Bears. School colors are crimson, white, and black. History Foundation Bridgewater State University was founded by Horace Mann as a normal school named Bridgewater Normal School. It opened on September 9, 1840, making it the oldest permanently-located institution of public higher education in Massachusetts. As one of the first normal schools in the nation, its initial mission was to train school teachers. Today Bridgewater, which is regarded as the "home of teacher education in America", has the largest enrollment of teacher education students in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Since the 1960s, the school has also expanded its program to include liberal arts, business, and aviation science. It became a university and took on its present name in 2010. During its history, it has also been known as Bridgewater State College, Bridgewater Teachers College, Bridgewater State Teachers College, and State Teachers College at Bridgewater. The normal school opened in the basement of the Old Bridgewater Town Hall, in a 40-foot by 50-foot space, divided into three rooms: an ante-room for students, an apparatus room, and a classroom. The first class consisted of 21 women and seven men. Nicholas Tillinghast, the first principal (1840–53) was initially the only instructor. The school year consisted of two 14-week terms. Students were not required to attend consecutively. In 1845, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts finally agreed to construct a building for Bridgewater State Normal School, the first building ever erected in America for the preparation of teachers. This two-story wooden building, 64 feet by 42 feet, accommodating 84 students, was to be the institution's educational plant for almost half a century. There were small and large classrooms, with blackboards in each. Since changes were made to the school, the board of education required people to attend three terms for fourteen consecutive weeks, establishing a year's course. The building was dedicated on August 19, 1846, with Horace Mann saying on the occasion: "Among all the lights and shadows that ever crossed my path, this day’s radiance is the brightest...I consider this event as marking an era in the progress of education—which as we all know is the progress of civilization-on this western continent, and throughout the world. It is the completion of the first normal schoolhouse ever erected in Massachusetts,—in the Union,—in this hemisphere. It belongs to that class of events which may happen once, but are not capable of being repeated. Coiled up in this institution, as in a spring, there is a vigor whose uncoiling may wheel the spheres." This first normal school established a professional standard for the preparation of teachers, breaking away from traditional academics for attendance. It was the next step toward establishing educational institutions for specific purposes. Bridgewater Normal School trained its students in elementary-school subjects; expansion subjects above the elementary level including mathematics, philosophy, and literature; and pedagogy, including philosophy of teaching and discipline based on child psychology, and as much practical experience under constant supervision as possible at the model school. 1924 fire An early-morning fire on Wednesday December 10, 1924, destroyed three of the college's buildings, over half of the campus: Tillinghast Hall, the Training School, and old Woodward dormitories. The Normal School and the boiler room were saved. The fire was so large that other towns' fire departments had to be called to assist. The cause of the fire was not definitely established, but it is believed to have been either "rats or mice" gnawing in the heating ducts, or a spontaneous combustion. There were reportedly no injuries. The Normal School and boiler room were repaired immediately. Tillinghast Hall was rebuilt and a new Woodward dorm built. The training school was housed in a different building temporarily and later a new building was built for it exemplifying a well equipped elementary school, with a gym and playground. The total State appropriation for the Normal School repairs and rebuilding of the training school was $606,566, in addition to $86,500 from the town. The Normal Building and Tillinghast Hall were rebuilt and opened in June 1926, now renamed as Boyden Hall and Harrington Hall. Mid twentieth century to present In the 1950s, many veterans of the Korean War enrolled and proms were the highlight of the year for them. In 1957 the John J. Kelly Gym was built and in 1959 SAT scores were required to be submitted for the first time. During the 1960s the liberal arts curriculum was introduced. The Ivy Exercises, in which the junior class would form an archway with ivy leaves leading up to the school on graduation day, were dying out. In 1960 Pope Hall was built as an all women's dorm. Scott Hall was built in 1961 as an all men's dorm. The Marshall Conant Science Building was built in 1964 and was named after the school's second principal. In 1967 Shea and Durgin Halls were built as co-ed dorms. In 1971 The Clement C. Maxwell Library was completed. In 1976 the tennis courts opened and students could enjoy movies on Sundays and Tuesdays for 25 to 75 cents. From 1970 to 1990 the college expanded and enrollment quadrupled. The number of faculty tripled. During this time, Education became the most popular major, and remains so today. In 1992 the college established the School of Education and Allied Studies and the School of Arts and Sciences. In 1995 the Moakley Center opened. From 1999 to 2002 the college had an endowment campaign to raise 10 million dollars to support academics. In 2010 Bridgewater State was one of the Massachusetts state colleges that chose to become a university. This would boost its popularity, attract more contributions, increase student applications and enrollment, and give the school a higher profile. On July 22, 2010, the Massachusetts House of Representatives and Senate voted to give the college university status and change its name to Bridgewater State University. The measure was signed into law by Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick on July 28, 2010. Today the university is considered the "Birthplace of teacher education in America", and has one of the most prominent and distinguished Teaching & Education programs in the country. It has the largest teacher enrollment in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Presidents Nicholas Tillinghast (1840–1853) Marshall Conant (1853–1860) Albert Gardner Boyden (1860–1906) Arthur Boyden (1906–1933) Zenos E. Scott (1933–1937) John J. Kelly (1937–1951) Clement C. Maxwell (1951–1962) Adrian Rondileau (1962–1986, 1988–1989) Gerard T. Indelicato (1986–1987) Adrian Tinsley (1989–2002) Dana Mohler-Faria (2002–2015) Frederick W. Clark Jr. (2015–present) Academics Bridgewater State University is among America's oldest teacher education institutions, the first to have a building devoted to education of teachers. Bridgewater continues today to lead in the preparation of educators as the largest producer of Massachusetts teachers, holding the highest national ranking available (Title II first quartile). It is one of seven universities accredited in Massachusetts for teacher education according to the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) The university is also accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges, The National Association of State Directors of Teacher Education and Certification (NASDTEC), the Board of Higher Education. The university has 108 majors in 35 areas of studies starting with the popular education, aviation, psychology, accounting, criminal justice and many others. The university has 30 academic departments ranging from Accounting and Finance to Theatre and Dance. BSU is the second most affordable state university when it comes to undergraduate in-state tuition. Bridgewater State University is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education. Schools to colleges On July 1, 2010, the former School of Arts and Sciences was split into the School of Humanities and Social Sciences and the School of Science and Mathematics. In October 2010, the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, the School of Science and Mathematics, the Ricciardi School of Business and the School of Graduate Studies, were all renamed colleges, and the Department of Social Work was renamed the School of Social Work. The College of Humanities and Social Sciences currently consist of fifteen academic departments, the Bartlett College of Science and Mathematics has six departments, the College of Education and Health Sciences has five departments, and the Ricciardi College of Business has three. Fine arts The university has had active arts programs since the late 19th century. There are three main buildings dedicated to the Arts, the oldest of which is the Art Center (1906) which was originally built as a gymnasium. The Wallace Anderson Gallery on the ground floor of the center was made possible by the Class of 1936. The gallery holds changing exhibitions throughout the year, one exhibition being the student show. The Rondileau Campus Center houses the university's theater department, which puts on six shows a year. Next to and beneath the auditorium stage are classrooms and departmental offices and facilities, including a script library. Attached to the Rondileau Campus Center is the auditorium, which holds 1,300 people. In addition to Bridgewater's own performances, it has hosted the New York City Opera, the Martha Graham Dance Company, and Tony Bennett. A dance studio has been added to Burnell Hall. Honors program To be accepted into the Honors Program, an upcoming freshman must have a high school GPA of 3.3 or higher, and once inducted, the student must maintain that 3.3. If the GPA were to fall below that mark, then he or she would be put on probation for a semester. However, if GPA were to fall below 2.7, then he or she would automatically be removed from the program. More than eighty percent of the honors student's academic work is completed in non-honors classes. To graduate with honors, a student must have twelve honors credits. A regular honors course is three credits, and the honors colloquia are worth one credit but only meet once a week for fifty minutes. Once in junior year, a student must take departmental honors classes, which are classes that specify in his or her major. The honors students receive numerous perks, such as their own section in the academic achievement center. There are five computers located in there, all hooked up to a color printer that is free. The honors students also enjoy private events such as a biannual dinner, a fall book club, and an honors thesis workshop for those who are beginning to work on their thesis. Scott Hall is the home to the residential Honors first-year living-learning community. Weygand Hall is the home to the residential Honors upperclassman living-learning community Research The Adrian Tinsley Program (ATP) is the university's undergraduate research program. Campus West Campus Samuel P. Gates House (1876, ) is a small wood-frame structure that was once the dwelling of Samuel Gates. Boyden Hall (1924, ) was constructed as the main building of Bridgewater Normal School following the campus fire of 1924. It now houses the Registrar's Office, Financial Aid services, Student Accounts, the President and Vice President's offices, administrative offices, the department of Information Technology, and several classrooms. On the lowest level, School Street side, is the Horace Mann Auditorium. Harrington Hall (1926, ) was named in honor of Lee F. Harrington. Formerly it was the Burnell Campus School (see below). The building houses the School of Business. Tillinghast Hall (1916, ), known as "Tilly", is at the corner of School and Summer Streets. Named after the first principal of Bridgewater Normal School, it houses faculty offices, department offices, Flynn Dining Commons, the campus post office, and Military and Veteran Student Services. The Art Center (1904, ) was originally constructed as Boyden Gymnasium (an indoor track remains on the second floor). It was converted into the art center in 1974, and now houses the Art Department and the Anderson Art Gallery. Hunt Hall (1936, ), formerly the Dr. Albert F. Hunt Junior High School, is on School St. It houses the parking clerk and student ID services in the basement and classrooms on the upper floors. Clifford House (1925) (), a former home near the Alumni Center and Maxwell Library, houses the Political Science Department. Dr. Edward W. Minnock Institute for Global Engagement (1990, ), a former home and formerly the Davis Alumni Center. Now houses the Minnock Institute for Global Engagement. Christian Fellowship Services Building, on Shaw Road, is another former house. Clement C. Maxwell Library (1971, ) is a four-story cement-and-brick structure located on Shaw Road with secondary entrances on Park Street. It is named for former college president Clement C. Maxwell. The facility has over 300,000 volumes, an assorted collection of music and videos, and many classrooms. The third floor Special Collections area features a small museum and specialized collection on Abraham Lincoln. A Starbucks kiosk is located on the ground floor by the IT Support Services office. The Adrian Rondileau Student Union (1970, ) was built on the site of Boyden Park on Park Street. It was known as the Student Union until the retirement of then-president Adrian Rondileau, where it was renamed to The Adrian Rondileau Campus Center until the 2019-2020 Academic Year. The center contains ballrooms and conference rooms, a cafeteria, an open-access computer lab, and a small dining room, and also houses offices for the Center for Multicultural and International Affairs, the Office of Student Involvement and Leadership, the Program Committee, the Student Government Association, Visitor Information, Career Services, and Conference and Events Services. The building was given a $3.5 million renovation in 2013, including a new street-level main entrance and enlarged windows and doors. Bridgewater State University Auditorium is a semi-annex to the RSU building, and has two levels of seating and a number of classrooms and offices below it for the Communications, Theatre, and Music Departments. The Beach Boys once held a live performance in the auditorium, and it was home to the world premiere of "Drakula: The Rock Opera". Dana Mohler-Faria Science and Mathematics Center (2011), named after one of the university's prior presidents, is on Park Street and is home to the school's mathematics, computer science, and science departments (Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Earth Sciences and Geography). At , the Conant Science Center is the largest building on campus. The land separating it from Pope Hall (see below) contains a small park, a memorial area, and a greenhouse. This replaces the original Conant Science Building from 1964 and has an observatory on the roof. Behind the science building, adjacent to the park and to athletic practice fields, is the campus power plant. This building is often referred to as "DMF" by students. Welcome Center (2015, ). The two-story facility houses the undergraduate and transfer admissions offices, along with the university's financial aid offices. John J. Kelly Gymnasium (1957, ). Located across from the library and next to the science building is this gymnasium, which succeeded the Boyden Gymnasium and preceded the Tinsley Center (see below) as the main athletic building for the campus. It features large and small gyms and a swimming pool. The bottom floor houses classrooms used primarily by the School of Education and Allied Studies. Near the gymnasium is the Catholic Center. A short distance from the campus in the woods off 400 Summer Street is the old observatory (1973, ), which is no longer in use. As of 2019, the sight has since been demolished and remains vacant. East Campus The John Joseph Moakley Center for Technological Applications (1995, ) is named for the late former US Representative John Joseph Moakley. This facility features computer labs and a large technologically enhanced auditorium. The faculty union, MSCA, occupies a small house on Burrill Avenue, across from the Moakley Center. Walter and Marie Hart Hall (1979, ) is connected to the Moakley Center and contains classrooms and offices for the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, the Department of Secondary Education, the Department of Elementary and Early Childhood Education, and the Psychology Department. Martha Burnell Hall (1979, ), located on Hooper Street and connected to Hart Hall, is a former 400-student elementary school that was run cooperatively by Bridgewater State University and the Bridgewater-Raynham Regional School District. It served as a model school and an area for student teaching and pre-practica experiences, replacing the former Martha Burnell School in Harrington Hall. In 2008, the elementary students moved to other schools in the town of Bridgewater, and Bridgewater State College re-appropriated the building for its own use. A dance studio has been added. East Campus Commons (2002, ) houses a dining facility, the campus bookstore, and a Dunkin' Donuts. It is located across a small courtyard from East Hall (see below), a new co-ed dorm constructed at the same time. The Adrian Tinsley Center (2002, ) was constructed at the same time as East Campus Commons and East Hall and is named after the university's immediate past president, Adrian Tinsley. It is located behind the Great Hill Student Apartments and Swenson Field, and is the new home of the college's athletic programs. The building contains a modern fitness center as well as a large partitioning gymnasium, a running track on the second floor, and classrooms. Operations Center (2003, ), also constructed at the same time as the Tinsley Center and East Hall, is located slightly downhill from Shea and Durgin Halls (see below). This facility houses the Campus Police Headquarters and the offices of carpenters, custodial services, electricians, mechanics, groundskeepers, a locksmith, painters, plumbers, recycling, and transportation. The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority runs a commuter rail train station on the BSU campus. It is located on East Campus near Crimson and Weygand halls. This is the Middleborough/Lakeville Line, which runs from Middleborough to Boston's South Station. Residential life Normal schools, because they were state institutions, received no bequests from wealthy alumni. After the Civil War, in 1869, the first college dormitory was constructed, called Normal Hall. This was a coed dormitory which was split half and half. Boys on one side, girls on the other. Students would contribute a specific amount of money for food, and the principal would then purchase supplies at the nearest wholesale. Any surplus amount of money at the end of the year was split up between those who had paid. In the 1890s this procedure was discontinued and a set price for board was established. In later years, as enrollment grew beginning in 1933, new dormitories were constructed: Woodward Hall and Tillinghast. In the post-war period, more dormitories were built: Pope Hall, Scott Hall, Durgin Hall, and Shea Hall. West Campus Woodward Hall (1924, ) was constructed following the campus fire as a replacement for the old Woodward dormitory of 1911. It was formerly the only all-female dormitory on campus, but since the 2007–08 school year has been a freshman co-ed dormitory. Scott Hall (1960, renovated and re-opened fall 2009, ), located behind the Campus Center and across from the Davis Alumni Center, is a co-ed residence hall. Pope Hall (1960, renovated and re-opened fall 2009, ), in front of the Campus Center, across from the Art Center, and next to the science building, is a co-ed residence hall. East Campus Frankland W. L. Miles, Jr., Hall (1989, ), a co-ed suite-style dormitory constructed in 1989. It is directly adjacent to DiNardo Hall and the two are often considered one main dormitory, separated by a small central courtyard. V. James DiNardo Hall (1989, ), a co-ed suite-style dormitory constructed in 1989. It is directly adjacent to Miles Hall and the two are often considered one main dormitory, separated by a small central courtyard. Stonehouse Hall (2002, ), formerly known as East Hall is a co-ed dorm, located across a small courtyard from the East Campus Commons. It is one of three dorms with full climate control. Great Hill Student Apartments (1978, ), located up Great Hill from East Hall, is a series of apartment buildings for upperclassmen. It is the only location on campus where alcoholic beverages are allowed. Shea and Durgin Halls (1967, ) occupy a symmetrical building up Great Hill from the apartments and house freshmen. The Dr. Henry Rosen Memorial Tennis Courts are in front of the building. Crimson Hall (2007, ) is a co-ed residence for upperclassmen located next to Weygand Hall and East Campus Commons. Crimson is one of three dorms with full climate control and the only dorm that contains a dining facility. Weygand Hall (2013, ) is the newest residential hall on campus, housing 500 students. It is built on the site of the former Lower Great Hill Parking Lot. It is to the east of Crimson Hall, south of East Hall and East Campus Commons, and to the west of the Parking Garage. It is also close to the MBTA Commuter Rail stop. It is a co-ed residence for upperclassmen, featuring suites similar to Crimson Hall. Weygand is one of three dorms with full climate control. On the ground level of the building, on the side closer to the MBTA stop, is Counseling and Health Services (formerly in Tillinghast Hall) Student life Clubs and organizations Bridgewater State University has over 160 clubs and organizations. Four sororities, three fraternities and one co-educational fraternity are offered at BSU: Alpha Sigma Tau, founded in 2014, Delta Phi Epsilon, founded on December 8, 2010, Gamma Phi Beta, founded November 22, 1987, Phi Sigma Sigma, founded in 1989, Kappa Delta Phi, founded on April 14, 1900, Phi Kappa Theta, founded in 1889, Sigma Pi, and Phi Pi Delta. Bridgewater State's Student Government Association (SGA) is an organization of students who represent the Bridgewater State community. Through SGA, the student body can express their academic and social wants and needs. SGA is made up of five different boards: the policy board, finance board, events board, election board, and media board. Campus media The Comment The Comment had its start in 1927. At the time The Comment served “as bulletin of school affairs and to make each class better acquainted with the activities and interests of other classes." Today, The Comment has about 20 staff writers and prints nine newspapers per semester printing 1100 copies each time. It is funded by the SGA (Student Government Association). The Comment has a website that is updated daily with news about the school and sports at Bridgewater State University, but also with current news of the nation. Their main motive is to relate the stories back to Bridgewater students. With that being said, it is a common occurrence to see faces and stories of students in the newspaper. The Comment focuses on upcoming events rather than reviews to catch hold of the reader's interest. WBIM WBIM-FM/91.5, (originally known as “We're Bridgewater Instructional Media”) is one of the longest running and one of few fully student-run college radio stations in the Northeast and has been on the air since November, 1972. WBIM-FM specializes in up-and-coming artists, alternative rock, and indie rock. The station promotes the programs through Facebook, Twitter, and their website, which also streams the music live during every show. Commuting Commuters pay an estimated total of $7,553 a year to attend Bridgewater. The cost of the parking decal for part-time students is $65 and full-time students is $160. A full-time student has 12 or more credits and a part-time student has 11 or less credits. Students can choose from several lots to park in, depending on the time of day. Spring Street Lot is located off of Spring Street and can be accessed by taking Route 104 or Route 18. The lot is located right behind the railroad tracks, a short distance from campus. One is located near the bookstore and Crimson Hall Dormitories. West Campus lots are not available to commuters prior to 4pm. Hooper Street Lot is located near Burnell Hall and Hart Hall. Swenson Field Lot is located in front of the Bridgewater State football field. The newest addition to the parking lots is the parking garage, which opened in January 2012. The garage has approximately 840 parking spaces for students. The parking garage is for commuters and is located behind Crimson Hall and Shea-Durgin Hall and is adjacent to the BSU Police Station. All commuter lots close at 2AM daily. The Railroad is another way commuters travel to the school campus. Bridgewater State is served by the MBTA Commuter Rail. The train station is located at 85 Burrill Avenue; commuters cut through the MBTA parking lot from the train station for easy access to the campus. The railroad tracks divide the campus in half between East and West campus. There is a small walkway underpass beneath the rail line which allows students to walk between East and West campus, along with an at-grade railroad crossing on Plymouth St., next to the Welcome Center, for motorists to drive between campuses. The stops on the line go all the way from South Station to Lakeville. The Commuter Rail takes about 45 minutes to get to South Station in Boston. Athletics Bridgewater State University fields 22 varsity athletic teams (10 men's 12 women's) competing at the NCAA Division III level. Future expansion West Campus The college had planned a $100 million renovation and expansion of the 1964 Marshall Conant Science Building (), but the plans changed, and instead most of the old building was demolished and replaced with a new facility, which opened in 2011. Additions to Pope and Scott Halls opened in fall 2009, increasing their capacity by 150 beds each. Renovations and additions to the Rondileau Campus Center (RCC) began in spring 2013 and were finished by December. The project cost the school more than $3.5 million and included lowering the main entrance on Park Avenue to street level, with the stairs being replaced by ramps for improved accessibility, installation of larger, more energy-efficient windows and doors, and interior upgrades. In April 2014, construction began on a new Welcome Center on Plymouth Street. The building is a two-story, 15,000-square-foot facility, and it houses the undergraduate and transfer admissions offices, along with the university's financial aid offices. Construction of the Welcome Center was completed in the Spring of 2015. Renovations and additions to Woodward Hall began in June 2014 and finished shortly before the Fall 2014 semester commenced. The renovation included the installation of new floors, ceilings and walls, along with new bedroom furniture and the installation of an elevator & entrance stairs. East Campus Crimson Hall, a new 400-bed residence hall on the East Campus, opened in the fall of 2007. The college has constructed a new 600-space parking area, the Tower Lot, behind the Operations Center. The lot where the new residence hall is being built was a 1,000-spot parking lot. The new building has taken 400 of those 1,000. The Tower Lot has been built in an attempt to regain some parking spots lost during the construction. There has been a discussion of building a fine and performing arts center in the distant future. A new residence hall, Weygand Hall, was constructed on East Campus in 2013. The building uses geothermal and solar energy to minimize energy usage. The roughly 200-space parking lot next to the MBTA railroad underpass on East Campus has been converted into a park to balance the construction of a parking garage behind Crimson Hall. Construction on the park was completed in late 2012. Cape Cod campus In November 2013, the university announced plans to open a satellite campus on Cape Cod. The opening of this satellite campus helped to accommodate the high number of students who commute daily to the main campus from Cape Cod. Approximately 600 Bridgewater State students reside on or commute from Cape Cod to the main campus in Bridgewater. The campus is located in the former MacArthur School in South Yarmouth, Massachusetts. This satellite campus opened in January 2015, offering undergraduate and graduate courses in Early Childhood Education, Educational Leadership, Secondary Education, Reading, and Special Education, along with certificate programs in Business and Social Work. The campus offers a number of undergraduate credit courses in History beginning in Summer 2015. Media Bridgewater State University has a student-run radio station, 91.5 WBIM FM. Bridgewater State University has had its own student-run newspaper since 1927, called The Comment. The Bridge, Bridgewater State University's student journal of literature and fine art, was established in 2004. The journal has won many national awards, including multiple Gold Crown and Gold Circle awards from the Columbia Scholastic Press Association, and the 2006 and 2011 National Pacemaker Award for collegiate magazines from the Associated Collegiate Press. Notable people Alumni Stephen Canessa, (Bachelor's degree), former member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives (served 2006–2011) Robert Correia, (MEd 1968), member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives (served 1977–2008); former Mayor of Fall River, Massachusetts (served 2008–2010) Jeff Corwin, (B.S.), actor, conservationist, producer, popular TV host Christopher Dijak, professional wrestler currently signed to WWE's developmental brand NXT. Jeffrey Donovan, actor James H. Fagan, (B.A. 1969), member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives (1993–2011) Rebecca Field, part of the ensemble cast of October Road Mark Goddard, actor, film writer Lou Gorman, (Master's degree), former general manager of the Boston Red Sox (1988–1993) Jeff Gorton, general manager of the New York Rangers Walter Harding, (B.S.), distinguished professor, prominent scholar Gayle McLaughlin, Mayor of the city of Richmond, California Peter McNeeley, former professional heavyweight boxer Raymond J. McNulty, Dean of the School of Education at Southern New Hampshire University Paul Melicharek, PIFL football player for the Lehigh Valley Steelhawks Joan Menard, former member of the Massachusetts Senate (served 1999–2011); former member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives (served 1979–1999) Debbie Mueller, only American winner of the Dublin Marathon, 1984 winner of Twin Cities Marathon, pioneer of woman's road racing, BSU Hall of Fame inductee of 1989 Cristina Nardozzi, Miss Massachusetts USA 2005 Warren G. Phillips, (B.A., M.A. in Teaching Physical Sciences, M.Ed. in Instructional Technology), teacher, inducted into the National Teachers Hall of Fame 2010 Ann Hobson Pilot, (hon. D.Mus), principal harpist of the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the Boston Pops Martin V. Pratt, member of the Wisconsin State Assembly Jason Schappert, aviator Chris Sparling, screenwriter and director Frank Palmer Speare, (1889), first president of Northeastern University Robert Stack, actor and former host of Unsolved Mysteries Ken Stone, professional mixed martial artist David B. Sullivan, (MEd), member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives (served 1997–2013) Karl Wiedergott, voice actor on The Simpsons Faculty John Bardo, educator, President of Wichita State University, Chancellor of Western Carolina University. Richard T. Moore, Massachusetts state senator References External links Official website Official athletics website Educational institutions established in 1840 Universities and colleges in Plymouth County, Massachusetts 1840 establishments in Massachusetts Public universities and colleges in Massachusetts

727373

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olin%20Downes

Olin Downes

Edwin Olin Downes, better known as Olin Downes (January 27, 1886 – August 22, 1955), was an American music critic, known as "Sibelius's Apostle" for his championship of the music of Jean Sibelius. As critic of The New York Times, he exercised considerable influence on musical opinion, although many of his judgments have not stood the test of time. Life and works Downes was born in Evanston, Illinois, USA. In New York he studied piano at the National Conservatory of Music of America, and in Boston he studied the piano with Carl Baermann and a range of music subjects with Louis Kelterborn (history and analysis), Homer Norris and Clifford Heilman (music theory) and John P. Marshall (music criticism). It was in those two cities that he made his career as a music critic – first with The Boston Post (1906–1924) and then with The New York Times (1924–1955), where he succeeded Richard Aldrich. The most conspicuous of Downes's topics was the music of Sibelius, about which he wrote admiringly as early as 1907. He met the composer during the latter's visit to the U.S. in 1914. After becoming critic of The New York Times, Downes sought to counter the prevailing enthusiasm for the music of Stravinsky by inviting Sibelius to make another visit to the U.S., but he could not persuade him to accept the invitation. For his constant proselytizing on Sibelius's behalf, Downes was dubbed "Sibelius's Apostle". In 1937 he was appointed Commander of the Order of the White Rose of Finland, in recognition of his promotion of Sibelius's music. Downes was a guest speaker at Sibelius's 75th birthday celebration in 1940. In addition to scores of articles, Downes published two books on the subject of Sibelius. The first, Sibelius (1945), was published in Finnish only: a collection of Downes's articles on the subject translated by Paul Sjöblom. The other, Sibelius the Symphonist (1956), was Downes's last book, published posthumously. In addition to his campaigning for Sibelius, Downes, according to Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians, did much to advance the cause of other 20th-century composers, including Richard Strauss, Prokofiev, and Shostakovich in the U.S. Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians says of Downes that his reviews "strongly influenced contemporary popular musical opinion in the USA" although "the taste defined in them has dated". He disparaged many composers later held in general esteem, ranging from the romantic to the atonal, including Elgar, Webern and Berg. Of Elgar's music he wrote, "it reflects the complacency and stodginess of the era of the antimacassar and pork-pie bonnets; it is affected by the poor taste and the swollen orchestral manner of the post-romantics". He dismissed Webern's Symphony for Chamber Orchestra as "one of those whispering, clucking, picking little pieces which Webern composes when he whittles away at small and futile ideas, until he has achieved the perfect fruition of futility and written precisely nothing." Downes opined that Webern's music did not matter, and that the music of Louis Gruenberg was more important. With performers, too, Downes was strongly partisan. In the 1930s his constant praise of conductor Arturo Toscanini and denigration of John Barbirolli, Toscanini's successor as music director of the New York Philharmonic, prompted protest, with Downes's "constantly repeated line of hocus-pocus" condemned as "thoroughly nauseating". From the 1930s to the 1950s, Downes was the chairman of the Metropolitan Opera Quiz, a radio broadcast during the intervals of the Metropolitan Opera's Saturday afternoon live relays. This position was later taken by his son, musicologist Edward O. D. Downes. The Cincinnati Conservatory of Music awarded Downes an honorary doctorate in 1939. His papers, housed at the University of Georgia, include about 50,000 letters to and from composers, musicologists, performers and critics. Downes died in New York City at the age of 69. Publications The lure of music: depicting the human side of great composers, with stories of their inspired creations. New York: Harper & Bros., 1918. Symphonic broadcasts. New York: L. MacVeagh, 1931. Symphonic masterpieces. New York: Dial Press, 1935. A treasury of American song (with Elie Siegmeister). New York : A.A. Knopf, 1943. Sibelius (in Finnish, translated by Paul Sjöblom). Helsinki: Otava, 1945. Ten Operatic Masterpieces (with Alberta Sordini and Lonard Marker). New York: Broadcast Music Inc.; G. Ricordi & Co.; Charles Scribner's Sons, 1952. Sibelius the Symphonist. New York: Philharmonic-Symphony Society of New York, 1956. Olin Downes on Music; a selection from his writings during the half-century 1906 to 1955. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1957. Notes References Goss, Glenda Dawn (1995). Jean Sibelius and Olin Downes: Music, Friendship, Criticism. Boston: Northeastern University Press. ISBN=1 55553-200-4. American music critics Opera critics 1886 births 1955 deaths Critics employed by The New York Times

730473

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy%2C%20politics%20and%20economics

Philosophy, politics and economics

Philosophy, politics and economics, or politics, philosophy and economics (PPE), is an interdisciplinary undergraduate or postgraduate degree which combines study from three disciplines. The first institution to offer degrees in PPE was the University of Oxford in the 1920s. This particular course has produced a significant number of notable graduates such as Aung San Suu Kyi, Burmese politician and State Counsellor of Myanmar, Nobel Peace Prize winner; Princess Haya bint Hussein, daughter of the late King Hussein of Jordan; Christopher Hitchens, the British–American author and journalist; Oscar winning writer and director Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck; Philippa Foot and Michael Dummett, British philosophers; Harold Wilson, Edward Heath and David Cameron, former Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom; Hugh Gaitskell, William Hague and Ed Miliband, former Leaders of the Opposition; former Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto and current Prime Minister of Pakistan Imran Khan; and Malcolm Fraser, Bob Hawke and Tony Abbott, former Prime Ministers of Australia. The course received fresh attention in 2017, when Nobel Peace Prize winner Malala Yousafzai earned a place. In the 1980s, the University of York went on to establish its own PPE degree based upon the Oxford model; King's College London, the University of Warwick, the University of Manchester, and other British universities later followed. According to the BBC, the Oxford PPE "dominate[s] public life" (in the UK). It is now offered at several other leading colleges and universities around the world. More recently Warwick University and King’s College added a new degree under the name of PPL (Politics, Philosophy and Law) with the aim to bring an alternative to the more classical PPE degrees. In the United States, it is offered by three Ivy League universities – the University of Pennsylvania, Yale University (under the designation Ethics, Politics and Economics), and Dartmouth College. In 2020, in addition to its undergraduate degree programs in PPE, Virginia Tech established one of the first research centers in the world dedicated to interdisciplinary research in PPE. Several PPE programmes exist in Canada, most notable the first endowed school in the nation - the Frank McKenna School of Philosophy, Politics & Economics at Mount Allison University. In Asia, Tsinghua University, NUS, Tel-Aviv University and Ashoka University are among those that have PPE or similar programs. History Philosophy, politics and economics was established as a degree course at the University of Oxford in the 1920s, as a modern alternative to classics (known as "literae humaniores" or "greats" at Oxford) because it was thought as a more modern alternative for those entering the civil service. It was thus initially known as "modern greats". The first PPE students commenced their course in the autumn of 1921. The regulation by which it was established is Statt. Tit. VI. Sect. 1 C; "the subject of the Honour School of Philosophy, Politics, and Economics shall be the study of the structure, and the philosophical and economic principles, of Modern Society." Initially it was compulsory to study all three subjects for all three years of the course, but in 1970 this requirement was relaxed, and since then students have been able to drop one subject after the first year – most do this, but a minority continue with all three. During the 1960s some students started to critique the course from a left-wing perspective, culminating in the publication of a pamphlet, The Poverty of PPE, in 1968, written by Trevor Pateman, who argued that it "gives no training in scholarship, only refining to a high degree of perfection the ability to write short dilettantish essays on the basis of very little knowledge: ideal training for the social engineer". The pamphlet advocated incorporating the study of sociology, anthropology and art, and to take on the aim of "assist(ing) the radicalisation and mobilisation of political opinion outside the university". In response, some minor changes were made, with influential leftist writers such as Frantz Fanon and Régis Debray being added to politics reading lists, but the core of the programme remained the same. Christopher Stray has pointed to the course as one reason for the gradual decline of the study of classics, as classicists in political life began to be edged out by those who had studied the modern greats. Dario Castiglione and Iain Hampsher-Monk have described the course as being fundamental to the development of political thought in the UK, since it established a connection between politics and philosophy. Previously at Oxford, and for some time subsequently at Cambridge, politics had been taught only as a branch of modern history. Course material The programme is rooted in the view that to understand social phenomena one must approach them from several complementary disciplinary directions and analytical frameworks. In this regard, the study of philosophy is considered important because it both equips students with meta-tools such as the ability to reason rigorously and logically, and facilitates ethical reflection. The study of politics is considered necessary because it acquaints students with the institutions that govern society and help solve collective action problems. Finally, studying economics is seen as vital in the modern world because political decisions often concern economic matters, and government decisions are often influenced by economic events. The vast majority of students at Oxford drop one of the three subjects for the second and third years of their course. Oxford now has more than 600 undergraduates studying the subject, admitting over 200 each year. Academic opinions Oxford PPE graduate Nick Cohen and former tutor Iain McLean consider the course's breadth important to its appeal, especially "because British society values generalists over specialists". Academic and Labour peer Maurice Glasman noted that "PPE combines the status of an elite university degree – PPE is the ultimate form of being good at school – with the stamp of a vocational course. It is perfect training for cabinet membership, and it gives you a view of life". However he also noted that it had an orientation towards consensus politics and technocracy. Geoffrey Evans, an Oxford fellow in politics and a senior tutor, critiques that the Oxford course's success and consequent over-demand is a self-perpetuating feature of those in front of and behind the scenes in national administration, in stating "all in all, it's how the class system works". In the current economic system he bemoans the unavoidable inequalities besetting admissions and thereby enviable recruitment prospects of successful graduates. The argument itself intended as a paternalistic ethical reflection on how governments and peoples can perpetuate social stratification. Stewart Wood, a former adviser to Ed Miliband who studied PPE at Oxford in the 1980s and taught politics there in the 1990s and 2000s, acknowledged that the programme has been slow to catch up with contemporary political developments, saying that "it does still feel like a course for people who are going to run the Raj in 1936... In the politics part of PPE, you can go three years without discussing a single contemporary public policy issue". He also stated that the structure of the course gave it a centrist bias, due to the range of material covered: "...most students think, mistakenly, that the only way to do it justice is to take a centre position". List of offering universities United Kingdom Birkbeck, University of London Durham University Goldsmiths, University of London Keele University King's College London Kingston University Lancaster University London School of Economics The Open University Queen's University Belfast Royal Holloway, University of London Swansea University University College London University of Aberdeen University of Buckingham New College of the Humanities at Northeastern University of East Anglia University of Edinburgh University of Essex University of Exeter University of the Highlands and Islands University of Hull University of Leeds University of Liverpool University of Loughborough University of Manchester University of Nottingham University of Oxford University of Reading University of Sheffield University of Southampton University of Stirling University of Sussex University of Warwick University of Winchester University of York Ireland National University of Ireland, Maynooth UCD, National University of Ireland Trinity College, The University of Dublin North America Canada Mount Allison University Queen's University The King's University University of British Columbia (Okanagan Campus) University of Regina University of Western Ontario Wilfrid Laurier University United States Austin College Binghamton University (under the designation of "PPL" - replacing economics with law) Bowling Green State University (under the designation of "PPEL" - with law) Boyce College Carnegie Mellon University (under the designation "Ethics, History, and Public Policy", abbreviated "EHPP") Carroll University Claremont McKenna College Criswell College Dartmouth College (under the modified major of "Politics, Philosophy, and the Economy") Denison University Drexel University Duke University (certificate) Eastern Oregon University Emory & Henry College George Mason University Georgia State University Juniata College The King's College (New York) La Salle University Mercer University Minnesota State University, Mankato Mount St. Mary's University Murphy Institute (Tulane University, under the designation "Political Economy") Northeastern University Ohio State University Pomona College Rutgers University–New Brunswick (certificate) Seattle Pacific University Suffolk University Taylor University Transylvania University University of Akron University of Alabama at Birmingham (as a concentration of an Economics degree) The University of Arizona (under the designation "PPEL" - with law) The University at Buffalo University of California, Irvine The University of Iowa (under the designation "Ethics & Public Policy") The University of Maryland The University of Michigan (honors program) University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (minor) University of Notre Dame (minor) University of Pennsylvania University of Pittsburgh University of Richmond (under the designation "PPEL" - with law) University of Rochester University of Virginia (under the designation "PPL" - replacing economics with law) University of Washington Bothell (under the designation "Law, Economics & Public Policy", abbreviated "LEPP") University of Washington Tacoma University of Wisconsin Political Economy, Politics and Philosophy (certificate program) Virginia Tech (offers both a major and a minor in PPE) Wabash College Wesleyan University (under the designation "College of Social Studies") Western Washington University Wheeling Jesuit University (under the designation "political and economic philosophy") Xavier University (under the designation "Philosophy, Politics, and the Public", abbreviated "PPP") Yale University (under the designation "ethics, politics and economics", abbreviated "EP&E") Africa Stellenbosch University Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria University of Cape Town University of KwaZulu-Natal University of South Africa University of Johannesburg University of Witwatersrand Afe Babalola University, Nigeria University of Pretoria Oceania Australian National University La Trobe University University of Adelaide University of New South Wales University of Otago University of Queensland University of Technology, Sydney University of Western Australia University of Wollongong Victoria University of Wellington Murdoch University (appears as a unit in Philosophy (BA) or Ethics minor) Monash University Continental Europe Bifröst University, Iceland Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Italy (under the designation of "Philosophy, International Studies and Economics" abbreviated "PISE", more recently “Philosophy, International and Economic Studies”) CEVRO Institute, Prague, Czech Republic Central European University, Vienna, Austria Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic, BA & MA programs Charles III University of Madrid, Autonomous University of Madrid, Autonomous University of Barcelona and Pompeu Fabra University (alliance of four universities), Spain Ankara University, Turkey (Politics and Economics, still abbreviated as PPE) Francisco de Vitoria University, Spain Free University of Bolzano, Italy Leiden University, Netherlands Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli, Rome (Italy) Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany Lund University, Sweden National Research University – Higher School of Economics, (Masters in Politics, Economics, Philosophy), Moscow, Russia Sciences Po, France Stockholm University, Sweden UCLouvain, Belgium Ukrainian Catholic University, Lviv, Ukraine (under the designation "Ethics. Politics. Economics", abbreviated "EPE") Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain University of Navarra, Spain University of Amsterdam, Netherlands under the designation: PPLE, Politics, Psychology, Law and Economics University of Bayreuth, Germany University of Bern, Switzerland (under the designation of MA "political, legal and economic philosophy" abbreviated "PLEP") University of Deusto, Basque Country, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Comillas Pontifical University, Madrid (joint degree), Spain University of Düsseldorf, Germany University of Vienna, Austria (MA Philosophy and Economics) University of Salzburg, Austria University of Graz, Austria (under the designation of MA "political, economic and legal philosophy" abbreviated "PELP") University of Hamburg, Germany (under the designation of M.Sc. "politics, economics and philosophy" abbreviated "PEP") University of Lucerne, Switzerland University of Milano, Italy ( BA International Politics, Law, and Economics, MA Politics, Philosophy, and Public Affairs ) Utrecht University, Netherlands (Philosophy, Politics and Economics BSc) University of Tromsø, Norway VU Amsterdam, Netherlands, Bachelor's Philosophy, Politics and Economics at the John Stuart Mill College Witten/Herdecke University (bachelor and master), Germany University of Zurich, Switzerland (under the designation of MA "economic and political philosophy") Asia Tsinghua University, China Peking University, China Renmin University of China, China Beijing Normal University, China Nankai University, China Wuhan University, China Shandong University, China Inner Mongolia University, China Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, China Seoul National University, S. Korea Korea University, S. Korea Sogang University, S. Korea Hanyang University (under the designation "PPEL" - with law), S. Korea Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Tel Aviv University (under the designation "PPEL" - with law), Israel Open University of Israel, Israel Rangsit University, Thailand Thammasat University, Thailand Waseda University, Japan Yale-NUS, Singapore National University of Singapore, Singapore Lucknow University, Lucknow, India Amity University, Noida, India Bangalore University, Bangalore, India Birla Institute of Technology and Science, India Ashoka University, India Asian University for Women, Bangladesh Latin America Universidad Torcuato Di Tella (under the designation "Ciencia Sociales, Orientación en Política y Economía"), Argentina Universidad Metropolitana (under the designation "Estudios Liberales"), Venezuela See also Literae Humaniores Philosophy and economics List of University of Oxford people with PPE degrees References External links PPE, Oxford University – Official Website 100 years of PPE at Oxford University International PPE Conference Anomaly, Jonny (29 January 2016). "Why PPE?". American Philosophical Association. Beckett, Andy (23 February 2017). "PPE: the Oxford degree that runs Britain". The Guardian. Further reading Academic courses at the University of Oxford Political economy Economics education Philosophy education Political science education Subfields of political science

733009

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanopore%20sequencing

Nanopore sequencing

Nanopore sequencing is a third generation approach used in the sequencing of biopolymers- specifically, polynucleotides in the form of DNA or RNA. Using nanopore sequencing, a single molecule of DNA or RNA can be sequenced without the need for PCR amplification or chemical labeling of the sample. Nanopore sequencing has the potential to offer relatively low-cost genotyping, high mobility for testing, and rapid processing of samples with the ability to display results in real-time. Publications on the method outline its use in rapid identification of viral pathogens, monitoring ebola, environmental monitoring, food safety monitoring, human genome sequencing, plant genome sequencing, monitoring of antibiotic resistance, haplotyping and other applications. Development Nanopore sequencing took 25 years to fully materialize. It involved close collaboration between academia and industry. One of the first people to put forward the idea for nanopore sequencing was Professor David Deamer. In 1989 he sketched out a plan to drive a single-strand of DNA through a protein nanopore embedded into a thin membrane as part his work to synthesize RNA from scratch. Realizing that the same approach might hold potential to improve DNA sequencing, Deamer and his team spent the next decade testing it out. In 1999 Deamer and his colleagues published the first paper using the term 'nanopore sequencing' and two years later produced an image capturing a hairpin of DNA passing through a nanopore in real time. Another foundation for nanopore sequencing was laid by the work of a team led by Professor Hagan Bayley who from the 1990s began to independently develop stochastic sensing, a technique that measures the change in an ionic current passing through a nanopore to determine the concentration and identity of a substance. By 2005 Bayley had made substantial progress with the method to sequence DNA and co-founded Oxford Nanopore to help push the technology further. In 2014 the company released its first portable nanopore sequencing device. This made it possible for DNA sequencing to be carried out almost anywhere, even in remote areas with limited resources. It has been used in the COVID-19 pandemic. A quarter of all the world's SARS-Cov2 virus genomes have now been sequenced with nanopore devices. The technology also offers an important tool for combating antimicrobial resistance, an increasingly public health threat. Principles for detection The biological or solid-state membrane, where the nanopore is found, is surrounded by electrolyte solution. The membrane splits the solution into two chambers. A bias voltage is applied across the membrane inducing an electric field that drives charged particles, in this case the ions, into motion. This effect is known as electrophoresis. For high enough concentrations, the electrolyte solution is well distributed and all the voltage drop concentrates near and inside the nanopore. This means charged particles in the solution only feel a force from the electric field when they are near the pore region. This region is often referred as the capture region. Inside the capture region, ions have a directed motion that can be recorded as a steady ionic current by placing electrodes near the membrane. Imagine now a nano-sized polymer such as DNA or protein placed in one of the chambers. This molecule also has a net charge that feels a force from the electric field when it is found in the capture region. The molecule approaches this capture region aided by brownian motion and any attraction it might have to the surface of the membrane. Once inside the nanopore, the molecule translocates through via a combination of electro-phoretic, electro-osmotic and sometimes thermo-phoretic forces. Inside the pore the molecule occupies a volume that partially restricts the flow of ions, observed as an ionic current drop. Based on various factors such as geometry, size and chemical composition, the change in magnitude of the ionic current and the duration of the translocation will vary. Different molecules can then be sensed and potentially identified based on this modulation in ionic current. Base identification The magnitude of the electric current density across a nanopore surface depends on the nanopore's dimensions and the composition of DNA or RNA that is occupying the nanopore. Sequencing was made possible because, passing through the channel of the nanopore, the samples cause characteristic changes in the density of the electric current flowing through the nanopore. The total charge flowing through a nanopore channel is equal to the surface integral of electric current density flux across the nanopore unit normal surfaces between times t1 and t2. Types Biological Biological nanopore sequencing relies on the use of transmembrane proteins, called porins, that are embedded in lipid membranes so as to create size dependent porous surfaces- with nanometer scale "holes" distributed across the membranes. Sufficiently low translocation velocity can be attained through the incorporation of various proteins that facilitate the movement of DNA or RNA through the pores of the lipid membranes. Alpha hemolysin Alpha hemolysin (αHL), a nanopore from bacteria that causes lysis of red blood cells, has been studied for over 15 years. To this point, studies have shown that all four bases can be identified using ionic current measured across the αHL pore. The structure of αHL is advantageous to identify specific bases moving through the pore. The αHL pore is ~10 nm long, with two distinct 5 nm sections. The upper section consists of a larger, vestibule-like structure and the lower section consists of three possible recognition sites (R1, R2, R3), and is able to discriminate between each base. Sequencing using αHL has been developed through basic study and structural mutations, moving towards the sequencing of very long reads. Protein mutation of αHL has improved the detection abilities of the pore. The next proposed step is to bind an exonuclease onto the αHL pore. The enzyme would periodically cleave single bases, enabling the pore to identify successive bases. Coupling an exonuclease to the biological pore would slow the translocation of the DNA through the pore, and increase the accuracy of data acquisition. Notably, theorists have shown that sequencing via exonuclease enzymes as described here is not feasible. This is mainly due to diffusion related effects imposing a limit on the capture probability of each nucleotide as it is cleaved. This results in a significant probability that a nucleotide is either not captured before it diffuses into the bulk or captured out of order, and therefore is not properly sequenced by the nanopore, leading to insertion and deletion errors. Therefore, major changes are needed to this method before it can be considered a viable strategy. A recent study has pointed to the ability of αHL to detect nucleotides at two separate sites in the lower half of the pore. The R1 and R2 sites enable each base to be monitored twice as it moves through the pore, creating 16 different measurable ionic current values instead of 4. This method improves upon the single read through the nanopore by doubling the sites that the sequence is read per nanopore. MspA Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A (MspA) is the second biological nanopore currently being investigated for DNA sequencing. The MspA pore has been identified as a potential improvement over αHL due to a more favorable structure. The pore is described as a goblet with a thick rim and a diameter of 1.2 nm at the bottom of the pore. A natural MspA, while favorable for DNA sequencing because of shape and diameter, has a negative core that prohibited single stranded DNA(ssDNA) translocation. The natural nanopore was modified to improve translocation by replacing three negatively charged aspartic acids with neutral asparagines. The electric current detection of nucleotides across the membrane has been shown to be tenfold more specific than αHL for identifying bases. Utilizing this improved specificity, a group at the University of Washington has proposed using double stranded DNA (dsDNA) between each single stranded molecule to hold the base in the reading section of the pore. The dsDNA would halt the base in the correct section of the pore and enable identification of the nucleotide. A recent grant has been awarded to a collaboration from UC Santa Cruz, the University of Washington, and Northeastern University to improve the base recognition of MspA using phi29 polymerase in conjunction with the pore. MspA with electric current detection can also be used to sequence peptides. Solid state Solid state nanopore sequencing approaches, unlike biological nanopore sequencing, do not incorporate proteins into their systems. Instead, solid state nanopore technology uses various metal or metal alloy substrates with nanometer sized pores that allow DNA or RNA to pass through. These substrates most often serve integral roles in the sequence recognition of nucleic acids as they translocate through the channels along the substrates. Tunneling current Measurement of electron tunneling through bases as ssDNA translocates through the nanopore is an improved solid state nanopore sequencing method. Most research has focused on proving bases could be determined using electron tunneling. These studies were conducted using a scanning probe microscope as the sensing electrode, and have proved that bases can be identified by specific tunneling currents. After the proof of principle research, a functional system must be created to couple the solid state pore and sensing devices. Researchers at the Harvard Nanopore group have engineered solid state pores with single walled carbon nanotubes across the diameter of the pore. Arrays of pores are created and chemical vapor deposition is used to create nanotubes that grow across the array. Once a nanotube has grown across a pore, the diameter of the pore is adjusted to the desired size. Successful creation of a nanotube coupled with a pore is an important step towards identifying bases as the ssDNA translocates through the solid state pore. Another method is the use of nanoelectrodes on either side of a pore. The electrodes are specifically created to enable a solid state nanopore's formation between the two electrodes. This technology could be used to not only sense the bases but to help control base translocation speed and orientation. Fluorescence An effective technique to determine a DNA sequence has been developed using solid state nanopores and fluorescence. This fluorescence sequencing method converts each base into a characteristic representation of multiple nucleotides which bind to a fluorescent probe strand-forming dsDNA. With the two color system proposed, each base is identified by two separate fluorescences, and will therefore be converted into two specific sequences. Probes consist of a fluorophore and quencher at the start and end of each sequence, respectively. Each fluorophore will be extinguished by the quencher at the end of the preceding sequence. When the dsDNA is translocating through a solid state nanopore, the probe strand will be stripped off, and the upstream fluorophore will fluoresce. This sequencing method has a capacity of 50-250 bases per second per pore, and a four color fluorophore system (each base could be converted to one sequence instead of two), will sequence over 500 bases per second. Advantages of this method are based on the clear sequencing readout—using a camera instead of noisy current methods. However, the method does require sample preparation to convert each base into an expanded binary code before sequencing. Instead of one base being identified as it translocates through the pore, ~12 bases are required to find the sequence of one base. Purposes Nanopore devices can be used for eDNA analysis in environmental monitoring and crop epidemiology. These can be miniaturised more than earlier technologies and so have been made into portable devices, especially the MinION. The MinION is especially known for the studies of crop viruses by Boykin et al 2018 & Shaffer 2019 and studies of species prevalence by Menegon et al 2017 and Pomerantz et al 2018. Comparison between types Major constraints Low Translocation Velocity:  The speed at which a sample passes through a unit's pore slow enough to be measured Dimensional Reproducibility:  The likelihood of a unit's pore to be made the proper size Stress Tolerance:  The sensitivity of a unit to internal environmental conditions Longevity: The length of time that a unit is expected to remain functioning Ease of Fabrication: The ability to produce a unit- usually in regards to mass-production Biological: advantages and disadvantages Biological nanopore sequencing systems have several fundamental characteristics that make them advantageous as compared with solid state systems- with each advantageous characteristic of this design approach stemming from the incorporation of proteins into their technology. Uniform pore structure, the precise control of sample translocation through pore channels, and even the detection of individual nucleotides in samples can be facilitated by unique proteins from a variety of organism types. The use of proteins in biological nanopore sequencing systems, despite the various benefits, also brings with it some negative characteristics. The sensitivity of the proteins in these systems to local environmental stress has a large impact on the longevity of the units, overall. One example is that a motor protein may only unzip samples with sufficient speed at a certain pH range while not operating fast enough outside of the range- this constraint impacts the functionality of the whole sequencing unit. Another example is that a transmembrane porin may only operate reliably for a certain number of runs before it breaks down. Both of these examples would have to be controlled for in the design of any viable biological nanopore system- something that may be difficult to achieve while keeping the costs of such a technology as low and as competitive, to other systems, as possible. Challenges One challenge for the 'strand sequencing' method was in refining the method to improve its resolution to be able to detect single bases. In the early papers methods, a nucleotide needed to be repeated in a sequence about 100 times successively in order to produce a measurable characteristic change. This low resolution is because the DNA strand moves rapidly at the rate of 1 to 5μs per base through the nanopore. This makes recording difficult and prone to background noise, failing in obtaining single-nucleotide resolution. The problem is being tackled by either improving the recording technology or by controlling the speed of DNA strand by various protein engineering strategies and Oxford Nanopore employs a 'kmer approach', analyzing more than one base at any one time so that stretches of DNA are subject to repeat interrogation as the strand moves through the nanopore one base at a time. Various techniques including algorithmic have been used to improve the performance of the MinION technology since it was first made available to users. More recently effects of single bases due to secondary structure or released mononucleotides have been shown. Professor Hagan Bayley proposed in 2010 that creating two recognition sites within an alpha-hemolysin pore may confer advantages in base recognition. One challenge for the 'exonuclease approach', where a processive enzyme feeds individual bases, in the correct order, into the nanopore, is to integrate the exonuclease and the nanopore detection systems. In particular, the problem is that when an exonuclease hydrolyzes the phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides in DNA, the subsequently released nucleotide is not necessarily guaranteed to directly move into, say, a nearby alpha-hemolysin nanopore. One idea is to attach the exonuclease to the nanopore, perhaps through biotinylation to the beta barrel hemolysin. The central pore of the protein may be lined with charged residues arranged so that the positive and negative charges appear on opposite sides of the pore. However, this mechanism is primarily discriminatory and does not constitute a mechanism to guide nucleotides down some particular path. References Reviews DNA sequencing methods Laboratory techniques Nanotechnology

733168

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20B.%20Parker

Robert B. Parker

Robert Brown Parker (September 17, 1932 – January 18, 2010) was an American writer, primarily of fiction within the mystery/detective genre. His most famous works were the 40 novels written about the fictional private detective Spenser. ABC television network developed the television series Spenser: For Hire based on the character in the mid-1980s; a series of TV movies was also produced based on the character. His works incorporate encyclopedic knowledge of the Boston metropolitan area. The Spenser novels have been cited by critics and bestselling authors as influencing their own work and reviving and changing the detective genre, including Robert Crais, Harlan Coben, and Dennis Lehane. Parker also wrote nine novels featuring the fictional character Jesse Stone, a Los Angeles police officer who moves to a small New England town; six novels with the fictional character Sunny Randall, a female private investigator; and four Westerns starring the duo Virgil Cole and Everett Hitch. The first was Appaloosa, made into a film starring Ed Harris and Viggo Mortensen. Early life Parker was born in Springfield, Massachusetts. In 1956 Parker married Joan H. Parker, whom he claimed to have met as a toddler at a birthday party. They spent their childhoods in the same neighborhood. After earning a BA degree from Colby College in Waterville, Maine, Parker served as a soldier in the US Army Infantry in Korea. In 1957, he earned his master's degree in English literature from Boston University and then worked in advertising and technical writing until 1962. Parker received a PhD in English literature from Boston University in 1971. His dissertation, titled "The Violent Hero, Wilderness Heritage and Urban Reality," discussed the exploits of fictional private-eye heroes created by Dashiell Hammett, Raymond Chandler, and Ross Macdonald. Career Parker wrote his first novel in 1971 while teaching at Northeastern University. He became a full professor in 1976, and turned to full-time writing in 1979 with five Spenser novels to his credit. Parker's popular Spenser novels are known for his characters of varied races and religions. According to critic Christina Nunez, Parker's "inclusion of [characters of] other races and sexual persuasions" lends his writings a "more modern feel". For example, the Spenser series characters include Hawk and Chollo, African-American and Mexican-American, respectively, as well as Spenser's Jewish girlfriend, Susan, various Russians, Ukrainians, Chinese, a gay cop, Lee Farrell, and even a gay mob boss, Gino Fish. The homosexuality of both his sons gave his writing "[a] sensibility," Ms. Nunez feels, "[which] strengthens Parker's sensibility [toward gays]." In 1985 Spenser was made into a successful television series, Spenser for Hire which starred Robert Urich, Avery Brooks and Barbara Stock. In 1994 Parker collaborated with Japanese photographer Kasho Kumagai on a coffee table book called Spenser's Boston, exploring the city through Spenser's "eyes" via high quality, 4-color photos. In addition to Parker's introduction, excerpts from several of the Spenser novels were included. Parker created female detective Sunny Randall at the request of actress Helen Hunt, who wanted him to write a part for her to play. He wrote the first book, and the film version was planned for 2000, but never materialized. However, his publisher liked the character and asked him to continue with the series. Another figure created by Parker was Jesse Stone, a troubled former LAPD detective, who starts a new career as a police chief in a small New England town. Between 1997 and 2010, he wrote nine novels featuring Jesse Stone, all of which have been adapted as a series of TV movies by CBS starring Tom Selleck as Jesse Stone. Aside from crime writing, Parker also produced several Western novels, including Appaloosa, and children's books. Like Parker's Spenser series, his Westerns have received critical attention. Chris Dacus, who has written on other authors like Cormac McCarthy, has written of the intellectual depth and importance of Parker's Westerns in The Stoic Western Hero: Robert B. Parker's Westerns. Parker and his wife created an independent film company called Pearl Productions, based in Boston. It was named after their German short-haired pointer, Pearl. Personal life Parker and his wife had two sons, David and Daniel. Originally, the character of Spenser was to have been called "David," but Parker didn't want to appear to favor one of his sons over the other. Parker therefore omitted Spenser's first name entirely, and it was never revealed. Parker and his wife, Joan, separated at one point but then came to an unusual arrangement. They lived in a three-story Victorian house just outside of Harvard Square; she lived on one floor and he on another, and they shared the middle floor. This living arrangement is mirrored in Spenser's private life: his girlfriend, Susan, had an aversion to marriage and living together full-time. Living separately suited them both, although they were fully committed to each other. Explaining the arrangement in an interview on CBS Sunday Morning, Parker said, "I want to make love to my wife for the rest of my life, but I never want to sleep with her again." He had a great fondness for dogs, including German Shorthair Pointers. Dogs were included in his Spenser stories, aging along with the character and appearing in the ongoing series of novels. The dogs were always named Pearl. Awards Parker received three nominations and two Edgar Awards from the Mystery Writers of America. He received the first award, the "Best Novel Award" in 1977, for the fourth novel in the Spenser series, Promised Land. In 1983 he received the Maltese Falcon Award, Japan, for Early Autumn. In 1990 he shared, with wife Joan, a nomination for "Best Television Episode" for the TV series B.L. Stryker; however, the award went to David J. Burke and Alfonse Ruggiero Jr. for Wiseguy. In 2002 he received the Grand Master Award Edgar for his collective oeuvre. Parker received the 2002 Joseph E. Connor Memorial Award from the Phi Alpha Tau Fraternity at Emerson College. He was inducted into the fraternity as an honorary brother in Spring 2003. In 2008 he was awarded the Gumshoe Lifetime Achievement Award. Death Parker was 77 when he died suddenly of a heart attack at his home in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on January 18, 2010; discovered at his desk by his wife Joan, he had been working on a novel. Joan Parker, the inspiration for the Susan Silverman character in the Spenser series, died June 12, 2013. Later written by Ace Atkins, the Spenser series continued following Parker's death. The Boston Globe wrote that while some people might have "viewed the move as unseemly, those people didn’t know Robert B. Parker, a man who, when asked how his books would be viewed in 50 years, replied: 'Don’t know, don’t care.' He was proud of his work, but he mainly saw writing as a means of providing a comfortable life for his family." Bibliography Novels Series continuations After Parker died the owners of his estate decided, together with Parker's publishers, to continue his series: Jesse Stone, Spenser and Virgil Cole & Everett Hitch. The Jesse Stone series has been continued, through 2020 with 10 novels, one a year, the first three by Parker's longtime friend and collaborator, Michael Brandman, and the next six by Reed Farrel Coleman, and a tenth by Mike Lupica in 2020. The Spenser novels have continued with the one Parker was working on at his death completed by his long time literary agent Helen Brann, and through 2019 with eight others by journalist/writer Ace Atkins. Parker's Virgil Cole and Everett Hitch series has been continued by actor and screenwriter Robert Knott. with three novels published through 2016. The Sunny Randall series received a 7th installment titled Blood Feud on November 27, 2018, with an 8th titled Grudge Match scheduled for a May 4, 2020, release. Written by long time friend of Parker, sports journalist Mike Lupica. Non-fiction Sports Illustrated Training with Weights (with John R. Marsh) (1974) Three Weeks in Spring (with Joan H. Parker) (1982) A Year At The Races (with Joan H. Parker) (1990) Spenser's Boston (with Kasho Kumagai) (1994) Short fiction "Surrogate"' (1991)" A short story published in the crime anthology New Crimes 3 References External links Robert B. Parker at Internet Book List/Internet Book List :: Home Robert B Parker – Daily Telegraph obituary "Looking for Robert B. Parker: A Fond Farewell to the Man Who Saved P.I. Fiction," Part I and Part II - The Rap Sheet 1932 births 2010 deaths 20th-century American novelists 21st-century American novelists American mystery writers Boston University College of Arts and Sciences alumni Colby College alumni Anthony Award winners Edgar Award winners Maltese Falcon Award winners Shamus Award winners Northeastern University faculty Writers from Cambridge, Massachusetts Writers from Springfield, Massachusetts American male novelists 20th-century American male writers 21st-century American male writers Novelists from Massachusetts

735984

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20gazza%20ladra

La gazza ladra

La gazza ladra (, The Thieving Magpie) is a melodramma or opera semiseria in two acts by Gioachino Rossini, with a libretto by Giovanni Gherardini based on La pie voleuse by Théodore Baudouin d'Aubigny and Louis-Charles Caigniez. The Thieving Magpie is best known for the overture, which is musically notable for its use of snare drums. This memorable section in Rossini's overture evokes the image of the opera's main subject: a devilishly clever, thieving magpie. Rossini wrote quickly, and La gazza ladra was no exception. A 19th-century biography quotes him as saying that the conductor of the premiere performance locked him in a room at the top of La Scala the day before the premiere with orders to complete the opera's still unfinished overture. He was under the guard of four stagehands whose job it was to toss each completed page out the window to the copyist below. Performance history The first performance of The Thieving Magpie was on 31 May 1817, at La Scala, Milan. In 1818, Rossini revised the opera for subsequent productions in Pesaro; and then in 1819 for the Teatro del Fondo, in Naples; in 1820 for the Teatro di San Carlo, in Naples; and in 1866 he revised the music for performance in Paris. The 1866 revision included embellishments and variations written specifically for Giuseppina Vitali, who was singing the role of Ninetta. He revised the role again in 1867 with embellishments and cadenzas for Adelina Patti. The first performance of The Thieving Magpie in England was at the King's Theatre, London, on 10 March 1821. A French-language opera-comique using the original title of the French source material (La pie voleuse) in a version translated by Castil-Blaze was premiered in Lille, France, on 15th October 1822. The French-language version's first performance in the United States was at the Théâtre d'Orléans, New Orleans, on 30 December 1824. In 1941, Riccardo Zandonai composed a version of The Thieving Magpie for a revival of the opera in Pesaro. In 1979, Alberto Zedda edited Rossini's original composition of the opera for publication by the Fondazione Rossini. In 2013, the Bronx Opera of New York City performed an English-language version of La gazza ladra. Roles Synopsis Act 1 At the house of Fabrizio Vingradito and his wife Lucia there is joy for the imminent return of their son Giannetto from the war. One of the servants, Ninetta, is in love with Giannetto and all want the two to marry, except Lucia, who blames Ninetta for the recent loss of a silver fork. Isacco, a local peddler, visits and asks about Ninetta, but Pippo, Fabrizio's manservant, sends him away. Giannetto arrives and goes inside with Lucia while Ninetta prepares for the party. Once they have gone, Ninetta's father, Fernando Villabella, arrives, also from the war. However, he was sentenced to death after fighting with his captain and is now a deserter. He asks his daughter to sell two pieces of family silver to go towards his expenses while he is on the run. The Mayor arrives with intent on seducing Ninetta, and she claims that her father is just some vagrant. The Mayor's assistant delivers the arrest warrant for a deserter (Fernando), but as the Mayor has forgotten his reading glasses, Ninetta is asked to read the warrant, and makes up a description of someone totally unlike her father. The Mayor continues to force his attentions on Ninetta, at which Fernando almost reveals himself in anger. The three leave, and a magpie flies down and steals one of Lucia's silver spoons. Isacco passes by again, and Ninetta sells him the silver her father had entrusted to her. Giannetto and others return, and Lucia notices that a spoon is missing. The Mayor starts an immediate investigation, stating the draconian penalty for domestic theft: death. Lucia and the Mayor accuse Ninetta, who in her distress drops the money she had exchanged from Isacco. The peddler is brought back and reports that he has already sold the spoon, but he recalls the inscription "F.V.", initials shared by Fabrizio and Fernando. The stunned Ninetta, desperate to protect her father, is unable to refute the accusations, and the Mayor orders her arrest. Act 2 Antonio, the prison warder, takes pity on Ninetta and says that he will get a message to Pippo and let Giannetto visit her. Ninetta convinces Giannetto that she is innocent. The Mayor now arrives and tells Ninetta that if she accepts his advances he will get her freed – she replies that she would rather die. The Mayor is called away, but Antonio has heard all and offers to help Ninetta any way he can. Ninetta asks Pippo to sell a gold cross and put some money for her father in an agreed hiding place – a chestnut tree. Ninetta is brought to trial, found guilty, and condemned to death. Fernando rushes to the court to save his daughter's life, but is too late; he too is sent to prison. Ernesto, a military friend of Fernando, bursts in looking for the Mayor and holding a royal pardon for Ninetta's father. Pippo shows him the way and is given a silver coin for helping, but the magpie snatches it and flies up to the tower. Pippo and Antonio pursue the thief. Ninetta is taken to the scaffold and makes her final speech to the crowd. From the tower, Pippo and Antonio cry out that they have found Lucia's silver in the magpie's nest and they ring the bells. The crowd hear their words and hope to save Ninetta, but shots ring out and they conclude that they are too late. However, Ninetta appears walking down the hill – the shots were mere rejoicing. Ninetta celebrates with her companions but is worried about her father. He then appears with Ernesto and all – except the Mayor – enjoy a happy ending. Arias The most famous aria in the opera is probably Ninetta's prayer "Deh, tu reggi in tal momento". The soprano cavatina "Di piacer mi balza il cor" and the tenor cavatina "Vieni fra queste braccia" (the cabaletta for the duet between Arturo and Elvira from Bellini's I Puritani starts with exactly the same words) are two examples of Rossini's brilliant vocal writing. Act One Cavatina – Di piacer mi balza il cor (Ninetta) Cavatina – Stringhe e ferri – Isacco Cavatina – Vieni fra queste braccia – Gianetto Brindisi – Tocchiamo, Beviamo – Pippo Duetto – Come frenare il pianto – Ninetta e Fernando Cavatina – Il mio piano è preparato – Podestà Terzetto – Oh Nume benefico Act Two Duetto – Forse un dì conoscerete – Ninetta e Giannetto Aria – Si per voi, pupille amate – Podestà Duetto – Ebben, per mia memoria – Ninetto e Pippo Aria – Accusato di furto – Fernando Aria – A questo seno – Lucia Preghiera – Deh tu reggi in tal momento – Ninetta Recordings Film An animated short film called La gazza ladra was made in 1964 by Giulio Gianini and Emanuele Luzzati using the overture as the soundtrack, with motion synchronized to the music. It was constructed by moving cutouts from frame to frame to illustrate a story of a thieving magpie, centered on the magpie, unlike in the opera. In 1965 the film was nominated for an Academy Award and won the first Grand Prix of the Melbourne International Film Festival. References Notes Sources Gossett, Philip; Brauner, Patricia (2001), " La gazza ladra" in Holden, Amanda (ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide, New York: Penguin Putnam. Osborne, Charles (1994), The Bel Canto Operas of Rossini, Donizetti, and Bellini, London: Methuen; Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. Osborne, Richard (1998), "La gazza ladra", in Stanley Sadie (Ed.), The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, Vol. Two. London: Macmillan Publishers, Inc. Osborne, Richard (1990), Rossini, Ithaca, New York: Northeastern University Press. Osborne, Richard (1998), "La gazza ladra", in Stanley Sadie, (Ed.), The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, Vol. XXX. pp. XXX London: Macmillan Publishers, Inc. Warrack, John; West, Ewan (1992). The Oxford Dictionary of Opera. Oxford: Oxford University Press. . External links La pie voleuse opera en trois actes, by Gioacchino Rossini, Castil-Blaze, Giovanni Gherardini (published by E.J. Coale, 1831) La gazza ladra by Gioacchino Rossini, Giovanni Gherardini, Aubigny, Caigniez (Louis-Charles) (published by Elliott, 1833) Libretto : } La Fenice libretto and programme (PDF) Operas by Gioachino Rossini Italian-language operas Opera semiseria 1817 operas Operas Opera world premieres at La Scala Operas based on plays

739468

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Lieberherr

Karl Lieberherr

Karl J. Lieberherr is a Professor of Computer Science at Northeastern University, in Boston. He did his studies at ETH Zurich, obtaining an M.S. in 1973 and a Ph.D. in 1977. He wrote the first book about adaptive programming. The work on this theme was one of several secondary influences on the development of aspect-oriented programming. Adaptive programming tries to create applications that are easy to maintain and evolve, creating a new abstraction layer in the design and implementation of Object-Oriented Applications. This concept takes encapsulation to a new level allowing changes in the way an object works without changing the interface with other objects. This technique solves the situations where an object takes assumptions about how other objects work and a change in this object takes down that assumption creating a chain effect in the rest of the system. Aspect oriented programming affects the way an application is created. Following the directives of this concept, one could create separate objects that treat data and process in a separated way. This allows a flexible application that can change and evolve easily. External links Home page of Karl Lieberherr Papers and Publications Annual Aspect-Oriented Software Development conference Aspect-Oriented Software Development Adaptive Object-Oriented Software: The Demeter Method with Propagation Patterns The JAC Project (Java Aspect Components) CSU 670 Fall '06 Shirt Color Tracker Programming language researchers Northeastern University faculty Living people Year of birth missing (living people)

743646

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chubu%20University

Chubu University

is located in Kasugai, Aichi, Japan. Chubu University was established as the Chubu Institute of Technology in 1964 with the motto "Acta, non Verba" (Actions, not Words), but its institutional history begins with the Nagoya Daichi High School established in 1938. It was renamed as Chubu University in 1984, and has been subsequently expanded to comprise seven schools and six graduate schools, with about 11,000 students and twenty research institutions. Location It is located on a hill with full of green trees in City of Kasugai neighboring in the north of City of Nagoya with the population of 2.3 million, the central city of Chubu (meaning Central Japan). There are Japanese major industries such as automobile industry including Toyota and Honda, aerospace industry including Heavy Industries of Mitsubishi and Kawasaki as well as small high skill manufacturers producing one-third of parts of Boeing jets and Mitsubishi Regional Jet, textile industry including Toray producing carbon fiber. Chubu University has strong connections with these big and small industries. Sustainability sciences Whilst, Chubu University has promoted sustainability sciences including certified as a Regional Center of UNESCO ESD (Education for Sustainable Development), and the connections with NASA in digital earth research, with Club of Rome and United Nations Center for Regional Development in global critical issues, SDGs and quality of life and with JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) in smart transport and city planning in developing countries. Distinguished scholars and their research Chancellor Atsuo Iiyoshi, the plasma physicist, was the leader of Japan team in international competition in nuclear fusion method in 80’s and President of National Institute for Fusion Science. President Osamu Ishihara, also plasma physicist, has experienced to teach in US for 25 years and Life fellow of IEEE. Okitsugu Yamashita, Ex President, is an entomologist and received prizes such as Louis Pasteur Prize. Institute of Science and technology are gathering eminent researchers including Hisashi Yamamoto (Catalyst Chemistry, President of Japan Society of Chemistry, awarded including Japan Academy Prize, Roger Adams Prize), Mitsuo Sawamoto (Molecule Chemistry, awarded including Benjamin Franklin Medal) and Yoshitsugu Hayashi (Sustainable and Well-being City, Full Member of Club of Rome, President of World Conference on Transport Research Society). Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies has also excellent researchers including Takaho Ando (History of Philosophy, awarded Japan Academy Prize), Hiromichi Fukui (Digital Earth) and Kimitaka Kawamura (Atmospheric Chemistry, awards including Geochemical Society Geochemical Fellow). Center for Applied Superconductivity and Sustainable Energy Research directed by Sakutaro Yamaguchi has achieved the world top performance in electricity transmission, i.e. 1 million kw by a coil only in 5 cm diameter covered by a 30 cm pipe for cooling at minus 196 degrees in Celsius. This technology will bring a revolution in electricity transmission by replacing huge infrastructure of several 100m high pylons by a pipe in 30 cm diameter. Electric companies in Europe and Asia have much interest in it. Visiting Scholars Chubu University gathers eminent visiting professors including Kōichirō Matsuura (Emeritus Member of the Club of Rome, former Director-General of UNESCO), Alexander Likhotal (Full Member of Club of Rome, Ex.President of Green Cross International, Spokesman under President Gorbachev of Soviet Union), Timothy Foresman (Principal Researcher for Digital Earth Project under Vice-President Al Gore), etc. Outreaching activities to local society Outreach activities of the university are extended to local society very actively. A competitive fund was awarded for the revitalization of Kozoji New Town, which was constructed as one of the big new towns built in Tokyo, Nagoya and Osaka metropolitan areas in 1970’s and has been recently declining due to the aging of inhabitants. Cultural events such as Chubu University Music Festival, Adult College, and Kids Seminar are popular among the local citizens. Sports Chubu University is active also in sports, particularly in handball, kendo and baseball, of which teams have been always selected to Japanese university championship. The Handball club became the Champion in 2014. Also, professional baseball players have been produced. It has excellent sports facilities including all-weather 400m x 6 lane track, 4-story budo (kendo, judo) arena, one of the best among Japanese universities. International Affiliations Chubu University has 44 international affiliations as listed below. Amongst them, 40 years long special cooperation with Ohio University since 1977 is worthy of special mention. PASEO (Preparation for Academic Study in English Overseas) in Chubu University was originally started in 1991 in which lecturers sent by Ohio University are teaching. Student exchange has counted several hundred during 40 years. Yamada House in Ohio University campus was donated by Chubu University and Cupola in Chubu University campus was donated by Ohio University.　 USA Ohio University West Virginia University Michigan State University Canada University of British Columbia Mexico Universidad de Guanajuato Germany Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz France ENSEIRB-MATMECA（École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique, Télécommunications, Mathématique et Mécanique de Bordeaux） Université de La Rochelle Switzerland University of Zurich UK Eckersley Oxford Russia Research and Development Center at Federal Grid Company of Unified Energy System Lithuania Vytauto Didžiojo Universitetas Australia University of New England Korea Wonkwang University Thailand Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Engineering King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang Asian Institute of Technology Malaysia Universiti Sains Malaysia Indonesia Universitas Gadjah Mada Syiah Kuala University, Faculty of Agriculture India Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Tata Institute of Fundamental Research China Harbin University of Science and Technology China Foreign Affairs University East China Normal University Tongji University Harbin Institute of Technology Anhui University of Science and Technology China Huadian Electric Power Research Institute Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science Tongji Zhejiang College Northeastern University, Institute of Materials and Metallurgy Jiaxing University Shaoxing University Nepal Kathmandu University ICIMOD: International Center for Integrated Mountain Development Bhutan The Council for Renewable Natural Resources Research of Bhutan Fiji Fiji National University Morocco Université Mohammed V Tunisia University of Tunis El Manar Algeria University of Science and Technology of Oran Mohamed Boudiaf References External links Chubu University Private universities and colleges in Japan Educational institutions established in 1938 Universities and colleges in Aichi Prefecture Kasugai, Aichi 1938 establishments in Japan

751037

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley%20Verrett

Shirley Verrett

Shirley Verrett (May 31, 1931 – November 5, 2010) was an American operatic mezzo-soprano who successfully transitioned into soprano roles, i.e. soprano sfogato. Verrett enjoyed great fame from the late 1960s through the 1990s, particularly well known for singing the works of Verdi and Donizetti. Early life and education Born into an African-American family of devout Seventh-day Adventists in New Orleans, Louisiana, Verrett was raised in Los Angeles, California. She sang in church and showed early musical abilities, but initially a singing career was frowned upon by her family. Later Verrett went on to study with Anna Fitziu and with Marion Szekely Freschl at the Juilliard School in New York. In 1961 she won the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions. International career In 1957, Verrett made her operatic debut in Britten's The Rape of Lucretia. In 1958, she made her New York City Opera debut as Irina in Kurt Weill's Lost in the Stars. In 1959, she made her European debut in Cologne, Germany in Nicolas Nabokov's Rasputins Tod. In 1962, she received critical acclaim for her Carmen in Spoleto, and repeated the role at the Bolshoi Theatre in 1963, and at the NY City Opera in 1964 (opposite Richard Cassilly and Norman Treigle). Verrett first appeared at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden in 1966 as Ulrica in Un ballo in maschera. She appeared in the first concert ever televised from Lincoln Center in 1962, and also appeared that year in the first of the Leonard Bernstein Young People's Concerts ever televised from that venue, in what is now Avery Fisher Hall. She made her debut at the Metropolitan Opera in 1968, with Carmen, and at La Scala in 1969 in Samson and Dalila. Verrett's mezzo roles included Cassandra and Didon (Berlioz's Les Troyens)-including the Met premiere, when she sang both roles in the same performance, Verdi's Ulrica, Amneris, Eboli, Azucena, Saint-Saëns' Dalila, Donizetti's Elisabetta I in Maria Stuarda, Leonora in La favorita, Christoph Willibald Gluck's Orpheus, and Rossini's Neocles (L'assedio di Corinto) and Sinaide in Moïse. Many of these roles were recorded, either professionally or privately. Beginning in the late 1970s she began to tackle soprano roles, including Selika in L'Africaine, Judith in Bartók's Bluebeard's Castle, Lady Macbeth Macbeth, Madame Lidoine in Poulenc's Dialogues of the Carmelites (Met1977), Tosca, Norma (from Boston 1976 till Messina 1989), Aida (Boston 1980 and 1989), Desdemona (Otello) (1981), Leonore (Fidelio) (Met 1983), Iphigénie (1984–85), Alceste (1985), Médée (Cherubini) (1986). Her Tosca was televised by PBS on Live from the Met in December 1978, just six days before Christmas. She sang the role opposite the Cavaradossi of Luciano Pavarotti and the Scarpia of Cornell MacNeil. In 1990, Verrett sang Dido in Les Troyens at the inauguration of the Opéra Bastille in Paris, and added a new role at her repertoire: Santuzza in Cavalleria rusticana in Sienna. In 1994, she made her Broadway debut in the Tony Award-winning revival of Rodgers and Hammerstein's Carousel at Lincoln Center's Vivian Beaumont Theater, playing Nettie Fowler. In 1996 Verrett joined the faculty of the University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance as a Professor of Voice and the James Earl Jones Distinguished University Professor of Voice. The preceding year at the National Opera Association Gala Banquet and Concert honoring Mattiwilda Dobbs, Todd Duncan, Camilla Williams and Robert McFerrin, Verrett said: I'm always so happy when I can speak to young people because I remember those who were kind to me that didn't need to be. The first reason I came tonight was for the honorees because I needed to say this. The second reason I came was for you, the youth. These great people here were the trailblazers for me. I hope in my own way I did something to help your generation, and that you will help the next. This is the way it's supposed to be. You just keep passing that baton on! Autobiography In 2003, Shirley Verrett published a memoir, I Never Walked Alone (), in which she spoke frankly about the racism she encountered as a black person in the American classical music world. When the conductor Leopold Stokowski invited her to sing with the Houston Symphony in the early 1960s, he had to rescind his invitation when the orchestra board refused to accept a black soloist. Stokowski later made amends by giving her a prestigious date with the much better known Philadelphia Orchestra. Family Verrett married twice, first in 1951, to James Carter, and then, in 1963 to the artist Lou LoMonaco. She was survived by LoMonaco and their adopted daughter Francesca and their granddaughter. Death Verrett died in Ann Arbor, Michigan, aged 79, on November 5, 2010, from heart failure following an undisclosed illness. Honors John Hay Whitney Foundation Grant, Martha Baird Rockefeller Fund scholarship, and Ford Foundation Opera Fellowship William Matheus Sullivan Award Named an African American Woman of Distinction by Essence Magazine Marian Anderson Award (1957) Walter W. Naumburg Foundation Award (1958) Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres (1970) Achievement Award of the Women's Division of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine (1975) Honorary Doctor of Musical Arts degree from the College of the Holy Cross (1978) Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres (1984) Honorary Doctor of Music degree from Northeastern University, Verrett's alma mater (1987) Honorary Doctor of Music degree from the Juilliard School (2002) The Shirley Verrett Award was established at the University of Michigan in 2011 by the Office of the Senior Vice Provost References External links Shirley Verrett's website University of Michigan faculty page Discography (Capon's Lists of Opera Recordings) An appreciation Highlights from Verrett's discography with analysis and discussion by F. Paul Driscoll Interview with Shirley Verrett, September 23, 1987 1931 births 2010 deaths 20th-century African-American women singers 20th-century American women opera singers African-American women opera singers American musical theatre actresses American operatic mezzo-sopranos International House of New York alumni Juilliard School alumni Writers from Louisiana Musicians from New Orleans University of Michigan faculty Winners of the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions Singers from Louisiana African-American women academics 21st-century American women

753980

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Volpe

John Volpe

John Anthony Volpe (; December 8, 1908November 11, 1994) was an American businessman, diplomat, and politician from Massachusetts. A son of Italian immigrants, he founded and owned a large construction firm. Politically, he was a Republican in increasingly Democratic Massachusetts, serving as its 61st and 63rd Governor from 1961 to 1963 and 1965 to 1969, as the United States Secretary of Transportation from 1969 to 1973, and as the United States Ambassador to Italy from 1973 to 1977. As Secretary of Transportation, Volpe was an important figure in the development of the Interstate Highway System at the federal level. Early life and education Volpe was born on December 8, 1908 in Wakefield, Massachusetts. He was the son of Italian immigrants Vito and Filomena (née Benedetto) Volpe, who had come from Pescosansonesco, Abruzzo to Boston's North End on the SS Canopic in 1905; his father was in the construction business. Volpe attended the Wentworth Institute (later known as the Wentworth Institute of Technology) in Boston where he majored in architectural construction and entered the construction business, building his own firm in 1930. By the outbreak of World War II, it was one of the USA's leading construction companies. Personal life In 1934, Volpe married Giovannina Benedetto, with whom he had two children, John Anthony, Jr. and Loretta Jean Volpe Rotondi. During World War II, he volunteered to serve stateside as a United States Navy Seabees training officer, enlisting with the rank of lieutenant commander. He was a Knight of Columbus. Early political career Volpe's first political post was in 1951, when he served as the deputy chair of the Massachusetts Republican Party. In 1953, Governor Christian Herter appointed him the Massachusetts Commissioner of Public Works, and in 1956 he was appointed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower as the first administrator of the Federal Highway Administration. In this position he oversaw the early phases of the development of the Interstate Highway System. Governor of Massachusetts In 1960, Volpe was elected Governor of Massachusetts, defeating Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth Joseph D. Ward. He served as governor from 1961 to 1963. In 1962, Volpe was narrowly defeated for reelection, losing to former Governor's Councillor and JFK friend Endicott Peabody. In 1964, Volpe ran again for governor and was able to capitalize on disarray within the Massachusetts Democratic Party when Lieutenant Governor Francis X. Bellotti defeated Peabody for the Democratic nomination for governor. Despite the Democratic landslide nationwide that year, Volpe defeated Bellotti in a close race. In 1966, Volpe was elected to the first four-year term in Massachusetts history, defeating former Massachusetts Attorney General Edward J. McCormack, Jr. During his administration, Governor Volpe signed legislation to ban racial imbalances in education, reorganize the state's Board of Education, liberalize birth control laws, and increase public housing for low-income families. Governor Volpe also raised revenues, engaging in a long and ultimately successful fight to institute a three percent state sales tax. He served as president of the National Governors Association from 1967 to 1968. On April 22, 1965, Volpe received a visit from Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. at the Massachusetts State House, after which King delivered an address to a joint session of the 164th Massachusetts General Court. On April 1, 1965, a special committee appointed by Massachusetts Education Commissioner Owen Kiernan released its final report finding that more than half of black students enrolled in Boston Public Schools (BPS) attended institutions with enrollments that were at least 80 percent black and that housing segregation in the city had caused the racial imbalance. From its creation under the National Housing Act of 1934 signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Federal Housing Administration used its official mortgage insurance underwriting policy explicitly to prevent school desegregation, while the Boston Housing Authority actively segregated the city's public housing developments since at least 1941 and continued to do so despite the passage of legislation by the 156th Massachusetts General Court prohibiting racial discrimination or segregation in housing in 1950 and the issuance of Executive Order 11063 by President John F. Kennedy in 1962 that required all federal agencies to prevent racial discrimination in federally-funded subsidized housing in the United States. In response to the report, on April 20, 1965, the Boston NAACP filed a lawsuit in federal district court against the city seeking the desegregation of the city's public schools. Volpe filed a request for legislation from the state legislature that defined schools with nonwhite enrollments greater than 50 percent to be imbalanced and granted the State Board of Education the power to withhold state funds from any school district in the state that was found to have racial imbalance, which Volpe would sign into law the following August. Also in August 1965, along with Boston Mayor John F. Collins (1960–1968) and BPS Superintendent William Ohrenberger, Volpe opposed and warned the Boston School Committee that a vote that they held that month to abandon a proposal to bus several hundred blacks students from Roxbury and North Dorchester from three overcrowded schools to nearby schools in Dorchester and Brighton, and purchase an abandoned Hebrew school in Dorchester to relieve the overcrowding instead, could now be held by a court to be deliberate acts of segregation. Pursuant to the Racial Imbalance Act, the state conducted a racial census and found 55 imbalanced schools in the state with 46 in Boston, and in October 1965, the State Board required the School Committee to submit a desegregation plan, which the School Committee did the following December. In April 1966, the State Board found the plan inadequate and voted to rescind state aid to the district, and in response, the School Committee filed a lawsuit against the State Board challenging both the decision and the constitutionality of the Racial Imbalance Act the following August. In January 1967, the Massachusetts Superior Court overturned a Suffolk Superior Court ruling that the State Board had improperly withdrawn the funds and ordered the School Committee to submit an acceptable plan to the State Board within 90 days or else permanently lose funding, which the School Committee did shortly thereafter and the State Board accepted. In June 1967, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court upheld the constitutionality of the Racial Imbalance Act and the U.S. Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren (1953–1969) declined to hear the School Committee's appeal in January 1968. In 1968, Volpe stood unsuccessfully as a "favorite son" candidate in the Massachusetts Republican presidential primary. Though he was the only person on the ballot, he was defeated by a spontaneous write-in campaign for New York Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller. Volpe endorsed Richard Nixon. Volpe was one of the finalists in Richard M. Nixon's decision concerning a running mate; he was considered acceptable to most wings of the party, but Nixon ultimately selected Spiro Agnew instead. Secretary of Transportation Following the election, President Nixon rewarded Volpe for his support by appointing him Secretary of Transportation. He resigned as governor to assume the cabinet post, and served in that position from 1969 to 1973. During his tenure, Volpe abandoned previous positions supportive of unfettered highway construction, instead pushing for a more balanced approach to the nation's transportation infrastructure. He was notably instrumental in effectively ending attempts to revive Boston's failed Inner Belt project, which he had promoted as highway administrator. Likewise, Volpe's 1969 decision to kill the proposed Riverfront Expressway saved New Orleans's historic French Quarter and marked a substantial victory for preservationists, who were able to convince Volpe that an expressway that cut the Quarter off from the riverfront would have been disastrous. Amtrak was established during his time in office. An avid cyclist who biked to work on a folding bike, he used his position - and the energy crisis - to encourage more Americans to bike. Volpe was the second to serve in this role following the position becoming a Cabinet-level appointment. He received the Award of Excellence in 1970 from Engineering News-Record for his service as Secretary of Transportation. Ambassador to Italy Volpe had a long and abiding interest in the homeland of his parents, and visited it many times. In 1969, he was awarded the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic. In 1973, Volpe was nominated by President Nixon and confirmed by the United States Senate as United States Ambassador to Italy, a position he held until 1977. Volpe was snubbed by elements of the Italian elite/political establishment, due to his roots in southern Italy, and he upset leftist elements by making strong statements against the inclusion of the Italian Communist Party in its government. He was accused by the Italian Communist press of being "neo-Fascist" for his views. Death and legacy Volpe died in Nahant, Massachusetts, on November 11, 1994, at the age of 85. He was buried at Forest Glade Cemetery in Wakefield, Massachusetts. The John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center in Cambridge was named in his memory, as well as the Governor John A. Volpe Library at Wakefield High School in Wakefield. Volpe's papers are stored in the Archives and Special Collections of the Northeastern University Libraries, in Boston. Terminal E at Logan International Airport is also dedicated in his honor. References Sources External links |- |- |- |- |- 1908 births 1994 deaths 20th-century American politicians Ambassadors of the United States to Italy American politicians of Italian descent United States Navy personnel of World War II Burials in Massachusetts Governors of Massachusetts Massachusetts Republicans Military personnel from Massachusetts Nixon administration cabinet members People from Wakefield, Massachusetts Politicians from Malden, Massachusetts Republican Party state governors of the United States State cabinet secretaries of Massachusetts United States Navy officers Candidates in the 1968 United States presidential election United States Secretaries of Transportation Wentworth Institute of Technology alumni Knights of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic Administrators of the Federal Highway Administration Eisenhower administration personnel 20th-century American diplomats

754166

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20A.%20Dever

Paul A. Dever

Paul Andrew Dever (January 15, 1903April 11, 1958) was an American Democratic politician from Boston, Massachusetts. He served as the 58th Governor of Massachusetts and was its youngest-ever Attorney General. Among his notable accomplishments was the construction of Boston’s circumferential highway Route 128, then called "Dever’s Folley," which was later expanded to Interstate 95, one of the most used national highways. Early life Paul Dever was born in Boston, Massachusetts to two Irish immigrants, Joseph and Anna MacAlevy Dever. His father died when he was eight, and he took odd jobs as a youth to help the family make ends meet. He attended Boston public schools, including Boston Latin School. He attended Northeastern University for a time, but then transferred to Boston University, from whose law school he graduated with an LL.B. in 1926 with high honors. He was admitted to the bar, and joined the practice of Harvey Boutwell, a blind attorney whose need to have papers read aloud furthered Dever's oratorical skills. He served as the grand knight of the Mt. Pleasant Council of the Knights of Columbus. He was also the godfather to one of State Deputy Thomas J. Spring's children. He appointed Spring to a judgeship in Roxbury District Court. Early political career Dever was long interested in politics, having observed his uncle John, a leading figure in Massachusetts Democratic Party politics. He served for some time as an aide to Senator David I. Walsh, one of the state's most prominent Democratic politicians. Dever was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives for the 3rd Middlesex district in 1928, and served from 1929 to 1935 in a district representing Cambridge that had historically been Republican. In 1934 Dever was elected Attorney General, and was at age 31 the youngest to hold that office. Among his claimed successes were a 95% conviction rate, and the closure of a significant number of lenders engaging in usurious lending practices. He also identified under- or mis-utilized trust funds, including one which was eventually used for construction of the Hatch Shell on Boston's Charles River Esplanade. In 1940, he challenged the popular incumbent Governor Leverett Saltonstall for his seat, losing by a margin of 0.3%. World War II In 1942, Dever enlisted in the United States Navy for World War II. He was subsequently commissioned a lieutenant commander, and served in the North Atlantic, European and African Sectors until his discharge at the end of the war in 1945. Assignments included command of the Marine Corps contingent at Argentia, Newfoundland and Labrador, and the delivery of election ballots to military posts. After the war, he continued to serve in the military reserve, and was eventually promoted to commander. Governor of Massachusetts Dever lost the 1946 race for lieutenant governor, but two years later he defeated incumbent governor Robert F. Bradford in a Democratic landslide, which saw that party gain complete control of the state for the first time in the 20th century. He was the state's 58th governor, and won election to a second term in 1950, defeating the Republican candidate, former Lieutenant Governor Arthur W. Coolidge. During his tenure, Dever increased state aid to schools and issued an executive order to extend higher education benefits to Korean War veterans. Among his chief concerns were civil defense and resisting domestic communism. He supported legislation requiring school teachers to take loyalty oaths, and he advocated increasing old age and workers compensation insurance. He also introduced a graduated income tax, and introduced measures to improve the care and education of the state's mentally handicapped. A major statewide transportation infrastructure initiative, developed by Governor Bradford, was passed during his term. Under this plan, the state constructed Massachusetts Route 128, the Central Artery, and Storrow Drive. The first bond issue for this work was passed early in his term; it had previously been rejected by the Democratic legislature in Bradford's tenure. This and other major spending initiatives greatly exceeded the amount raised by new tax levies, and marked the start of an extended period of deficit spending by the state. In Dever's second term, transportation spending was further expanded, and he established the Massachusetts Turnpike Commission, which funded construction of the Massachusetts Turnpike through bonds paid off by tolls. Another major initiative undertaken during Dever's period in office was a significant expansion of the state's facilities for the mentally handicapped, which had suffered for many years from overcrowding and understaffing. Among the facilities built was the Myles Standish State School for the Mentally Retarded in Taunton, which was renamed the Paul A. Dever State School in his honor after his death. In 1952, Dever made an unsuccessful bid for the Democratic presidential nomination. Dever was also the keynote speaker at the 1952 Democratic National Convention; his speech, one of the first such speeches to be televised, made the portly Dever look bad. Also that year, the Dever administration came under fire when the Massachusetts Federation of Taxpayers Associations found that pensions for members and former members of the state legislature had been increased. One of those eligible was former Mayor of Boston and Governor James Michael Curley, a convicted felon. Dever gave in to pressure groups, calling a special session of the legislature that repealed the bill. Dever had built a strong political machine in Massachusetts, and was widely considered a potential candidate for the United States Senate in 1952, which was also sought by John F. Kennedy. After informing Kennedy that he was interested in running again for governor, the two established a joint campaign committee. Kennedy maintained a distance from Dever and his campaign, and was able to capture the Senate seat in the election, which was otherwise a major victory for Republicans. Republican Christian Herter defeated Dever in a narrow win, assisted by the long coattails of Presidential winner Dwight David Eisenhower, and discontent among the state's ethnic Democrats for Adlai Stevenson, the Democratic presidential nominee. After Dever's death, associates of his alleged that the publisher of the Boston Post pressured Dever to arrange a loan in exchange for the newspaper's endorsement. Death and burial After leaving office Dever returned to practicing law. He attempted to remain active in politics, supporting Stevenson in the 1956 presidential race, even though most state party leaders did not believe Stevenson's chances against Eisenhower were any better than they had been in 1952. Dever was a lifelong bachelor, who lived for many years in Cambridge with his sister Marie. She served as his First Lady during his tenure as governor. He suffered from heart disease in his later years, and died of a heart attack on April 11, 1958. He was buried in St. Joseph Cemetery in the West Roxbury section of Boston. Notes Sources External links |- |- |- |- 1903 births 1958 deaths United States Navy personnel of World War II Boston University School of Law alumni Burials in Massachusetts Governors of Massachusetts Massachusetts Attorneys General Massachusetts Democrats Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives Politicians from Boston United States Navy officers Candidates in the 1952 United States presidential election Democratic Party state governors of the United States 20th-century American politicians

757584

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon%20Panetta

Leon Panetta

Leon Edward Panetta (born June 28, 1938) is an American Democratic Party politician who has served in several different public office positions, including Secretary of Defense, CIA Director, White House Chief of Staff, Director of the Office of Management and Budget, and as a U.S. Representative from California. Panetta was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1977 to 1993. He served under President Bill Clinton as Director of the Office of Management and Budget from 1993 to 1994 and as White House Chief of Staff from 1994 to 1997. He co-founded the Panetta Institute for Public Policy in 1997 and served as a Distinguished Scholar to Chancellor Charles B. Reed of the California State University System and as a professor of public policy at Santa Clara University. In January 2009, newly elected President Barack Obama nominated Panetta for the post of Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. Panetta was confirmed by the Senate in February 2009. As director of the CIA, Panetta oversaw the operation that brought down Osama bin Laden. On April 28, 2011, Obama announced the nomination of Panetta as Defense Secretary, to replace the retiring Robert Gates. In June the Senate confirmed Panetta unanimously and he assumed the office on July 1, 2011. David Petraeus took over as CIA Director on September 6, 2011. Since retiring as Secretary of Defense in 2013, Panetta has served as Chairman of The Panetta Institute for Public Policy, located at California State University, Monterey Bay, a campus of the California State University that he helped establish during his tenure as congressman. The institute is dedicated to motivating and preparing people for lives of public service and helping them to become more knowledgeably engaged in the democratic process. He also serves on a number of boards and commissions and frequently writes and lectures on public policy issues. Early life, education, and military service Panetta was born in Monterey, California, the son of Carmelina Maria (Prochilo) and Carmelo Frank Panetta, Italian immigrants from Siderno in Calabria, Italy. In the 1940s, the Panetta family owned a restaurant in Monterey. He was raised in the Monterey area, and attended two Catholic grammar schools: San Carlos School (Monterey) and Junípero Serra School (Carmel). He attended Monterey High School, a public school where he became involved in student politics, and was a member of the Junior Statesmen of America. As a junior, he was the vice president of the Student Body, and as a senior, he became its president. In 1956, he entered Santa Clara University, California, and graduated magna cum laude in 1960 with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science. In 1963, he received a Juris Doctor from the Santa Clara University School of Law. In 1964, he joined the United States Army as a Second Lieutenant, where he served as an officer in Army Military Intelligence, and received the Army Commendation Medal. In 1966, he was discharged as a First Lieutenant. Political career Early political career Panetta started in politics in 1966 as a legislative assistant to Republican Senator Thomas Kuchel, the United States Senate Minority Whip from California, whom Panetta has called "a tremendous role model". In 1969 he became the assistant to Robert H. Finch, Secretary of the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare under the Nixon administration. Soon thereafter he was appointed Director of the Office for Civil Rights. Panetta chose to enforce civil rights and equal education laws over the objection of President Nixon, who wanted enforcement to move slowly in keeping with his strategy to gain political support among Southern whites. Robert Finch and Assistant Secretary John Veneman supported Panetta and refused to fire him, threatening to resign if forced to do so. Eventually forced out of office in 1970, Panetta left Washington to work as Executive Assistant for John Lindsay, the then-Republican Mayor of New York City (Lindsay would switch parties the following year.) Panetta wrote about his Nixon administration experience in his 1971 book Bring Us Together. He moved back to Monterey to practice law at Panetta, Thompson & Panetta from 1971 to 1976. U.S. House of Representatives Elections Like Lindsay, Panetta switched to the Democratic Party in 1971, citing his belief that the Republican Party was moving away from the political center. In 1976, Panetta was elected to the U.S. Congress to represent California's then-16th congressional district, unseating incumbent Republican Burt Talcott with 53% of the vote. He would never face another contest nearly that close, and was reelected eight times. (With a few boundary adjustments, the 16th district became the 17th district after the 1990 census and is the 20th district today. It consists of all of Monterey and San Benito Counties, plus most of Santa Cruz County, including the city of Santa Cruz. At the time of Panetta's first election, it also included the northern part of San Luis Obispo County.) Tenure During his time in Congress, Panetta concentrated mostly on budget issues, civil rights, education, healthcare, agriculture, immigration, and environmental protection, particularly preventing oil drilling off the California coast. He wrote the Hunger Prevention Act (Public Law 100–435) of 1988 and the Fair Employment Practices Resolution. He was the author of legislation establishing the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, and legislation providing Medicare coverage for hospice care. Working with Chancellor Barry Munitz of CSU, he helped establish CSU Monterey Bay at the former Fort Ord military base. He also attempted to form the Big Sur National Scenic Area with Senator Alan Cranston. The bill would have created a scenic area administered by the U.S. Forest Service. It budgeted $100 million to buy land from private land owners, up to $30 million for easements and management programs, and created a state plan for a zone about long and wide along the Big Sur coast. The bill was opposed by California Senator S. I. Hayakawa, development interests, and Big Sur residents. Local residents mocked the plan as 'Panetta's Pave 'n' Save,' and raised a fund of more than $100,000 to lobby against the proposal. The legislation was blocked by Hayakawa in the Energy Committee and did not reach a vote. Budget Committee A member of the House Committee on the Budget from 1979 to 1989, and its chairman from 1989 to 1993, Panetta played a key role in the 1990 Budget Summit. Committee assignments His positions included: Chairman of the U.S. House Committee on the Budget Chairman of the Agriculture Committee's Subcommittee on Domestic Marketing, Consumer Relations, and Nutrition Chairman of the Administration Committee's Subcommittee on Personnel and Police Chairman of the Task Force on Domestic Hunger created by the U.S. House Select Committee on Hunger Vice Chairman of the Caucus of Vietnam-Era Veterans in Congress Member of the President's Commission on Foreign Language and International Studies. Director of the Office of Management and Budget Though elected to a ninth term in 1992, Panetta left the House at the beginning of 1993, after President-elect Bill Clinton selected him to serve as Director of the United States Office of Management and Budget. In that role he developed the budget package that would eventually result in the balanced budget of 1998. White House Chief of Staff In 1994, President Clinton became increasingly concerned about a lack of order and focus in the White House and asked Panetta to become his new chief of staff, replacing Mack McLarty. According to author Nigel Hamilton, "Panetta replaced McLarty for the rest of Clinton's first term—and the rest is history. To be a great leader, a modern president must have a great chief of staff—and in Leon Panetta, Clinton got the enforcer he deserved." Panetta was appointed White House Chief of Staff on July 17, 1994, and he held that position until January 20, 1997. He was a key negotiator of the 1996 budget, which was another important step toward bringing the budget into balance. Director of the CIA Nomination On January 5, 2009, President-elect Barack Obama announced his intention to nominate Panetta to the post of Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. At the time of his selection, journalists and politicians raised concerns about Panetta's limited experience in intelligence, aside from his two-year service as a military intelligence officer in the 1960s. California Democratic Senator Dianne Feinstein, the Chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, expressed concerns that she was not consulted about the Panetta appointment and stated her belief that "the Agency is best-served by having an intelligence professional in charge at this time." Former CIA officer Ishmael Jones stated that Panetta was a wise choice, because of his close personal connection to the President and lack of exposure to the CIA bureaucracy. Also, Washington Post columnist David Ignatius said that Panetta did have exposure to intelligence operations as Director of the OMB and as Chief of Staff for President Bill Clinton, where he "sat in on the daily intelligence briefings as chief of staff, and he reviewed the nation's most secret intelligence-collection and covert-action programs in his previous post as director of the Office of Management and Budget". On February 12, 2009, Panetta was confirmed in the full Senate by voice vote. Tenure On February 19, 2009, Panetta was sworn in as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency by Vice President Joe Biden before an audience of CIA employees. Panetta reportedly received a "rock star welcome" from his new subordinates. As CIA Director, Panetta traveled extensively to intelligence outposts around the world and worked with international leaders to confront threats of Islamic extremism and Taliban. In 2010 working with the Senate Intelligence Committee, he conducted a secret review of the use of torture by the CIA (euphemistically referred to as "enhanced interrogation techniques") during the administration of George W. Bush. The review, which came to be known by 2014 as the "Panetta Review," yielded a series of memoranda that, according to The New York Times, "cast a particularly harsh light" on the Bush-era interrogation program. The Times notes "The effort to write the exhaustive history of the C.I.A.’s detention operations was fraught from the beginning. President Obama officially ended the program during his first week in office, in 2009. The intelligence committee announced its intention to take a hard look at the program, but there was little appetite inside the [Obama] White House to accede to the committee’s request for all classified C.I.A. cables related to it." The findings of the Panetta Review reportedly aligned with much of what the Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture found in its factual accounting. Both reports were largely seen as an effort in fact-finding and prevention, but not a governmental path towards some possible project of accountability or punishment for past interrogation or torture. Panetta supported the Obama administration's campaign of U.S. drone strikes in Pakistan, which he identified as the "most effective weapon" against senior al-Qaeda leadership. Drone strikes increased significantly under Panetta, with as many as 50 suspected al-Qaeda militants being killed in May 2009 alone. As Director of the CIA, Panetta oversaw the hunt for terrorist leader Osama bin Laden, and played a key role in the operation in which bin Laden was killed on May 1, 2011. Under Panetta, the CIA advanced workplace rights and benefits for LGBT employees; the agency for the first time implemented policies extending benefits to the same-sex partners of employees. Secretary of Defense (2011–2013) Nomination On April 28, 2011, President Obama announced the nomination of Panetta as United States Secretary of Defense as a replacement for retiring Secretary Robert Gates. On June 21, 2011, the Senate confirmed Panetta in an unusual 100–0 vote. He was sworn in on July 1, 2011. Tenure One of Panetta's first major acts as Defense Secretary was to jointly certify with the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff that the military was prepared to repeal "Don't Ask, Don't Tell," which triggered final repeal after 60 days. In August 2011, Panetta publicly warned that deeper cuts in the defense budget risked hollowing out the military and would hamper Pentagon efforts to deal with rising powers such as China, North Korea, and Iran and he urged Congress not to go beyond the roughly $500 billion in defense cuts required over the next decade under the debt reduction bill signed by President Barack Obama. Working with military and civilian leaders at the Department of Defense, Panetta developed a new defense strategy for the 21st century. Funding the United States military, in the face of tightening budget constraints, became an ongoing theme of Panetta's tenure. He also warned that future service members may see changes in retirement benefits, and that the military healthcare system may need reforms, to rein in costs, while also ensuring quality care. Another major issue during Panetta's tenure as Defense Secretary was the Obama administration's diplomatic effort to dissuade Iran from developing nuclear weapons. In January 2012, Panetta stated that nuclear weapons development was a "red line" that Iran would not be allowed to cross—and that the United States was keeping all options, including military ones, open to completely prevent it. He said that Iran would not be allowed to block the Straits of Hormuz. In January 2013, shortly before his departure from the Defense Secretary post, Panetta announced that women would be allowed to enter all combat jobs in the military, citing an assessment phase in which "each branch of service will examine all its jobs and units not currently integrated and then produce a timetable for integrating them". Activities outside politics Panetta and his wife Sylvia founded the Panetta Institute for Public Policy in December 1997 and served as co-directors there until 2009, when Panetta was appointed CIA director by President Obama. He has since returned to the Institute in the role of Chairman, while his wife serves as Co-Chair and CEO, supervising the institute's day-to-day operations. The institute is located at California State University, Monterey Bay, a campus Panetta was instrumental in creating on the site of the decommissioned Fort Ord Army base when he was a Congressman. Coincidentally, Panetta was stationed at Fort Ord in the 1960s during his service as an Army intelligence officer. Panetta served on the board of the UC Santa Cruz Foundation, as a Distinguished Scholar to the Chancellor of California State University and as a Presidential Professor at Santa Clara University. He was urged to consider running for Governor of California during the recall election in 2003 but declined in part because of the short time available to raise the necessary campaign funds. Panetta has long been an advocate for the world's oceans. In addition to introducing legislation and winning passage of ocean protections measures such as the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary during his time in Congress, he was named chairman in 2003 of the Pew Oceans Commission, which in 2005 combined with the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy to establish the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative. Panetta now co-chairs the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative with Admiral James D. Watkins, U.S. Navy (Ret.) and continues to serve as a Commission member. Panetta also serves as an advocate and information source for other ocean organizations, including the National Marine Sanctuary Foundation and the Monterey Bay Aquarium. In 2006, Panetta was part of the presidentially-appointed Iraq Study Group, or Baker Commission, which studied potential changes in U.S. policy in Iraq. In 2014, Panetta published his memoir Worthy Fights, in which he recounted his long career in public service. While overwhelmingly positive in his assessment of the Obama presidency, Panetta aired some disagreements in the book with the President's policies in Syria and Iraq. Panetta said: "By failing to persuade Iraq's leader to allow a continuing force of US troops, the commander in chief "created a vacuum . . . and it's out of that vacuum that ISIS began to breed." He regularly obtains fees for speaking engagements, including from the Carlyle Group. He is also a supporter of Booz Allen Hamilton. After Secretary of Defense (2013–present) Panetta was a speaker on Day 3 of the 2016 Democratic National Convention in which Hillary Clinton was nominated to run as the Democratic candidate in the presidential election that year. Notably, his speech was booed by anti-war supporters of Bernie Sanders who protested his war record. Panetta told CBS News that Congress releasing the Nunes Memo, which purported to provide intelligence about the open Russia probe, could cause damage to national security. Panetta compared the Fall of Kabul to the Taliban in August 2021 to the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba in 1961, saying that "President Kennedy took responsibility for what took place. I strongly recommend to President Biden that he take responsibility ... admit the mistakes that were made." Responsibilities Panetta has held positions within a number of institutions and corporations, including: Joint Ocean Commission Initiative, Commissioner and Co-Chair Pew Oceans Commission, Commissioner and Chairman Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget, Co-Chair Bread for the World, Board of Directors National Marine Sanctuary Foundation, Board of Directors National Leadership Roundtable on Church Management, Board of Directors (2004–2009) New York Stock Exchange, Co-chairman of the Corporate Accountability and Listing Standards Committee Board of Directors (1997–present) Close Up Foundation, Board of Directors (1999–present) Connetics Investor Relations, Board of Directors (2000–present) Fleishman-Hillard, Co-chairman of the Corporate Accountability and Listing Standards Committee Co-chairman of the Corporate Credibility Advisory practice Member of the International Advisory Board Junior Statesmen Foundation Inc., Trustee (2004) Public Policy Institute of California, Board of Directors Blue Shield of California, Board of Directors (2013–present) Oracle Corporation, Board of Directors (2015–present) Center for Tech Diplomacy at Purdue, Global Advisory Board (2021-present) In June 2002, the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops appointed Panetta to their National Review Board, which was created to look into the Catholic Church's sexual abuse scandal. This created controversy because of Panetta's pro-choice stance on abortion and other views seen as conflicting with those of the Church. Beacon Global Strategies, Senior Counselor (May 2014-Present) Defense Contractor Panetta is also a member of the Partnership for a Secure America's bipartisan Advisory Board. The Partnership is a non-profit organization based in Washington, DC that promotes bipartisan solutions to national security and foreign policy issues. Panetta serves on the Advisory Board of the Committee to Investigate Russia. Personal life Panetta is married to Sylvia Marie Varni, who administered his home district offices during his terms in Congress. They live on his family's twelve-acre walnut farm in the Carmel Valley, California. They have three sons and six grandchildren. In 2016, their third son, Jimmy Panetta, a former Monterey County Deputy District Attorney, won election to his father's old congressional seat, now numbered as the . Awards 1966: Army Commendation Medal 1969: Abraham Lincoln Award, National Education Association 1983: Foreign Language Advocate Award, Northeast Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages. 1983: Ralph B. Atkinson Award for Civil Liberties, Monterey County Chapter of the ACLU 1984: A. Philip Randolph Award 1988: Golden Plow Award, American Farm Bureau Federation 1991: President's Award, American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages 1991: Coastal and Ocean Management Award, Coastal Zone Foundation 1993: Peter Burnett Award for Distinguished Public Service 1995: Distinguished Public Service Medal, Center for the Study of the Presidency 1997: Special Achievement Award for Public Service, National Italian American Foundation 2001: John H. Chafee Coastal Stewardship Award, Coastal America 2002: Law Alumni Special Achievement Award, Santa Clara University School of Law Alumni Association 2003: Julius A. Stratton "Champion of the Coast" Award for Coastal Leadership 2005: Received an honorary Doctorate from University of Wisconsin–Parkside 2005: Received an honorary Doctorate of Public Service from Northeastern University 2006: Paul Peck Award 2012: Intrepid Freedom Award, Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum 2012: Golden Plate Award, American Academy of Achievement 2014: Excellence in Policy, Peter Benchley Ocean Awards 2015: Dwight D. Eisenhower Award, National Defense Industrial Association 2018: Sylvanus Thayer Award from the United States Military Academy 2019: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun Books References Further reading Clinton, Bill (2005). My Life. Vintage. . External links Department of Defense biography Biography of Panetta, Hartnell University Profile at SourceWatch The Panetta Institute for Public Policy |- |- |- |- |- |- 1938 births 21st-century American politicians 21st-century American memoirists American writers of Italian descent American politicians of Italian descent Atlantic Council California Democrats California lawyers California Republicans Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency Directors of the Office of Management and Budget Living people Members of the United States House of Representatives from California Obama administration cabinet members Obama administration personnel People from Carmel Valley Village, California People from Monterey, California Santa Clara University School of Law alumni United States Army officers United States Secretaries of Defense White House Chiefs of Staff Writers from California Catholics from California Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun Clinton administration cabinet members Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from California

762752

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry%20O%27Brien

Larry O'Brien

Lawrence Francis O'Brien Jr. (July 7, 1917September 28, 1990) was an American politician and basketball commissioner. He was one of the United States Democratic Party's leading electoral strategists for more than two decades. He served as Postmaster General in the cabinet of President Lyndon Johnson and chair of the Democratic National Committee. He also served as commissioner of the National Basketball Association from 1975 to 1984. The NBA Championship Trophy is named after him. O'Brien, son of Irish immigrants, was born in Springfield, Massachusetts. When he was not working in politics, O'Brien managed his family's real estate and worked in public relations. Early life and politics O'Brien was born on July 7, 1917, in Springfield, Massachusetts. He learned about politics at a young age. His father, a local leader of the Democratic Party, recruited him at 11 years old to serve locally as a volunteer in the 1928 presidential campaign of Al Smith. O'Brien became a passionate Democrat. He earned a bachelor's degree in law in 1942 at the Northeastern University – Springfield Division, now known as the Western New England University School of Law. O'Brien was married to the former Elva Brassard in 1945. They had one son, Lawrence F. O'Brien III, who became a lobbyist. He was appointed in 1946, 1948, and 1950 by his friend Foster Furcolo to serve locally as the director of the U.S. House of Representatives election campaigns. O'Brien was appointed in 1952 by John F. Kennedy to serve in Massachusetts as the director of his successful U.S. Senate election campaign and, in 1958, to serve in Massachusetts as the director of his successful reelection campaign. Kennedy's elections were largely attributed to O'Brien's recruitment, his use of volunteers, and his development of a statewide election campaign. In 1959, he built the foundation for Kennedy's 1960 presidential campaign by touring the United States. O'Brien was appointed in 1960 by Kennedy to serve nationally as the director of his presidential campaign. His election planning in key primary states such as Wisconsin and West Virginia convinced many in the party that Kennedy's Catholicism was not a problem. O'Brien developed a new presidential party. He collected information about each convention delegate and alternate delegate, and communicated frequently with each delegate's liaisons. O'Brien was appointed in 1964 by President Lyndon B. Johnson to serve nationally as the director of his presidential campaign. In 1968, O'Brien served as one of Senator Robert F. Kennedy's presidential campaign advisors. After Kennedy was assassinated, Vice President Hubert Humphrey appointed O'Brien to serve nationally as the director of his presidential campaign and by Howard Hughes to serve in Washington as his public-policy lobbyist. Committed to the principle that political parties are fundamental to the American political process, O'Brien was elected in 1968 and in 1970 by the DNC to serve as its national chairman. John H. Meier, a former business advisor to Hughes, collaborated with Humphrey and others to use Donald Nixon to feed misinformation to his brother, the President. According to Meier, he told Donald that he was sure the Democrats would win the election since they had a lot of information on Richard Nixon's illicit dealings with Howard Hughes that had never been released, and that O'Brien had the information. (O'Brien didn't actually have any documents, but Meier wanted Richard Nixon to think he did.) Donald then called his brother and told him that Meier gave the Democrats all the Hughes information that could destroy him (Richard Nixon) and that O'Brien had it. During the 1972 presidential election, O'Brien was the top advisor to George McGovern. During the Thomas Eagleton affair, his name was mentioned as the possible vice presidential replacement. This position later went to Sargent Shriver. On June 17, 1972, O'Brien's office in the Watergate complex was broken into during the Watergate scandal that followed, which ultimately led to the resignation of President Nixon. The DNC Lawrence O'Brien Award was created in 1992 by his family and the Democratic Party leaders to acknowledge the many years of service he gave to the party and his belief in the importance of volunteer contribution. Government His first post in Washington was in 1948 as Rep. Foster Furcolo's administrative assistant. In 1960, he was appointed by President-elect Kennedy to recruit staff for his administration. O'Brien was appointed in 1961 by President Kennedy to serve in Washington as the special assistant to the president for congressional relations and personnel. O'Brien was also responsible for awarding patronage. O'Brien was a member of President Kennedy's inner circle of trusted advisers, known in Washington as the "Irish Mafia". He lobbied successfully during President Kennedy's first year for the expansion of the U.S. House of Representatives Standing Committee on rules to ensure a liberal and moderate majority. O'Brien also lobbied for increasing the minimum wage. He managed President Kennedy's activities in 1962 on the behalf of the Democratic Party during its election campaigns. O'Brien accompanied President Kennedy and Jackie Kennedy on their trip to Texas in November 1963 and was riding in the car immediately behind the president's in Dallas. As such he was an eyewitness to the assassination of President Kennedy. After the president was declared dead, O'Brien accompanied the coffin and Jackie Kennedy back to Air Force One at Love Field in Dallas. While aboard Air Force One, President Johnson called for O'Brien and Kenny O'Donnell, asking both of them to stay on and work with him in the new administration. Although O'Brien had never been close to Johnson (and many writers, including Johnson biographer Robert Caro, reported that O'Brien did not like or trust Johnson and/or had openly made fun of Johnson), he remained at the White House and worked for the new president. President Johnson appointed O'Brien to serve as special assistant to the president for congressional relations and personnel. O'Brien continued this service through 1965. O'Brien was appointed in 1965 by President Johnson to serve in Washington, D.C., as the U.S. Postmaster General. O'Brien continued this service through 1968. During his tenure as Postmaster General, in September 1967, the Post Office Department cancelled many "mail by rail" contracts, electing to move First Class mail via air and road transport. This had a devastating effect on passenger train revenues and led directly to the ending of many passenger rail routes across the United States, which had relied on carrying mail to supplement their income as early as the 1830s (see: Railway post office). The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration Lawrence F. O'Brien Gallery was named and opened in 2004 in his memory. NBA commissioner O'Brien was appointed in 1975 by the National Basketball Association as its commissioner until 1984. He went on to successfully direct the ABA–NBA merger and negotiate television-broadcast agreements with CBS Television while seeing game attendance significantly increase. After retirement, in honor of his service to the sport, the NBA Championship Trophy was renamed as the Larry O'Brien NBA Championship Trophy. However, his league was troubled by public relations issues, especially after the merger. The NBA was looked down on by many fans and reporters, who believed that most NBA players used illegal drugs as well as other racial stereotypes. O'Brien pushed for an anti-drug agreement with the NBA Players Association in order to appease people and clear up this image, which was later reached successfully. O'Brien also pushed for the league to move its TV contract from ABC to CBS; in the aftermath of this, ABC Sports chief Roone Arledge decimated CBS's NBA ratings via counter-programming. CBS later used a new contract to move around, show on tape-delayed coverage (most famously Game 6 of the 1980 NBA Finals), or simply ignore NBA postseason games. O'Brien was also generally pushed by his staff into many of his good decisions, including the expanded All-Star Weekend, most notably by his successor David Stern. Many consider Stern the driving force behind expanded (and non-haphazard) TV contracts with CBS and cable networks and the rise in game attendance, as well as several crucial issues that predicated the rise of the NBA in the early 1980s. O'Brien was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, located at his birthplace, Springfield, Massachusetts. NBA career highlights League expanded from 18 to 23 teams Coordinated the NBA's richest TV contract to date (1982) Brought the NBA to cable television (ESPN and USA) in 1982, establishing the league as a pioneer of cable TV Negotiated two landmark collective bargaining agreements (1976, 1983) Modified the college draft and restored peace to a league in the midst of legal turmoil (1976) Negotiated the ABA–NBA merger as the Denver Nuggets, San Antonio Spurs, Indiana Pacers, and New York Nets joined the league and the Kentucky Colonels and Spirits of St. Louis were bought out and Virginia Squires folded Introduced salary cap (1983) Orchestrated the 1976 settlement of the Oscar Robertson suit, creating a fair and equitable system of free agency for veterans Annual NBA attendance reached 10 million during his tenure Gate receipts doubled and television revenue tripled during his time as commissioner Established NBA College Scholarship program (1980) Reached a stringent anti-drug agreement with the NBA Players Association (1983) Oversaw the adoption of the three-point field goal in the NBA (1979) Quotations "Volunteers are essential to the success of any political campaign. There is no such thing as having a surplus of volunteers", O'Brien, 1960 campaign manual of President Kennedy. "I'm proud to be a politician. Politics is the art of the possible and it is an intensely personal art", O'Brien memoirs, No Final Victories. Death O'Brien died of cancer after surgery in Manhattan, New York, on September 28, 1990, at the age of 73, and was interred in St. Michaels Cemetery in Springfield, Massachusetts. References External links Oral History Interviews with Lawrence O'Brien, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library |- |- 1917 births 1990 deaths 20th-century American lawyers 20th-century American politicians Catholics from Massachusetts Deaths from cancer in New York (state) Democratic National Committee chairs Lyndon B. Johnson administration cabinet members Massachusetts lawyers Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees National Basketball Association commissioners Northeastern University alumni Politicians from Springfield, Massachusetts Western New England University alumni United States congressional aides United States Postmasters General

763133

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Garc%C3%ADa%20%28chef%29

Alex García (chef)

Alex García is a Cuban American chef who helped popularize a version of Cuban food at several New York City restaurants and on the Food Network. Born in Havana, García attended Northeastern University in Massachusetts where he earned a degree in hotel and restaurant management. García later attended the Culinary Institute of America, and Florida International University. He worked alongside chef Douglas Rodriguez for four years at Yuca restaurant in Miami. García's work in New York has included stints on the Food Network in Soho, Babalu, Patria, and Calle Ocho. García's first cookbook, In a Cuban Kitchen ( ), was published in September 2004 in the United States and in England. His career suffered a setback in 2003 when he was indicted in federal district court in Brooklyn and charged with conspiracy and money laundering. García was found guilty of money laundering, but served no time. In 2007 García was the consulting chef at a new restaurant called Carniceria on Smith Street, Brooklyn, as well as the Gaucho Steak Company, a themed South American fast food outlet in Hells Kitchen. Currently Chef Alex Garcia is the Director of Culinary Operations for Barrio Foods and leads the Barrio Foods catering business, MAMBO catering. Chef Garcia not only created the culinary programs but also oversees the kitchens at a number of his properties throughout New York City including Calle Ocho, the Copacabana Supper Club, the VIP food service at the Copacabana Nightclub, Barrio, Havana Café, Havana Room, Open Book Café at the Brooklyn Public Library, Cabana Bar and Rooftop 760. In 2011, became the executive chef of Babalu Restaurant and Lounge in the Throgs Neck section of the Bronx. Chef Garcia recently launched a range of authentic Spanish cookware products called Culinary Habana, and as founder of The Spice Company, he develops spice blends available for wholesale and retail purchase throughout New York City and the Caribbean. References External links Alex García (chef) at the Chef and Restaurant Database Living people Cuban chefs Culinary Institute of America Hyde Park alumni Northeastern University alumni People from Havana American money launderers Year of birth missing (living people)

764857

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa%20Ponselle

Rosa Ponselle

Rosa Melba Ponzillo, known as Rosa Ponselle (January 22, 1897 – May 25, 1981) was an American operatic soprano. She sang mainly at the New York Metropolitan Opera and is generally considered to have been one of the greatest sopranos of the 20th century. Early life She was born Rosa Ponzillo on January 22, 1897, in Meriden, Connecticut, the youngest of three children. The family lived on the city's west side in a neighbourhood chiefly populated by immigrants from the south of Italy, first at the corner of Lewis Avenue and Bartlett Street, then on Foster Street, where Ponselle was born, moving when she was three to Springdale Avenue. Her parents were Italian immigrants from Caiazzo, near Caserta. Ponselle had an exceptionally mature voice at an early age and, at least in her early years, sang on natural endowment with little, if any, vocal training. Instead, her early prowess as a piano student (which was cultivated by a local music teacher, Anna Ryan, the organist of a nearby Catholic church), seemed to incline Rosa to instrumental rather than vocal music. But with the influence and example of her older sister, Carmela, who was then pursuing a career as a cabaret singer, Rosa began to augment her engagements as a silent-movie accompanist in and around Meriden by singing popular ballads to her audiences while the projectionist changed film reels. By 1914, her reputation as a singer led to a long-term engagement at the San Carlino theater, one of the largest movie houses in New Haven, near the Yale campus. Vaudeville By then, Carmela was already an established singer in vaudeville after her debut in The Girl from Brighton, a 1912 Broadway musical. Three years later, in 1915, Carmela brought Rosa to audition for her vaudeville agent. In spite of being markedly overweight (a stark contrast to the fashion-model physique of her older sister), Rosa impressed with her voice, and she was hired to perform with Carmela as a "sister act". Between 1915 and 1918, the Ponzillo Sisters (also known as "Those Tailored Italian Girls") became a headlining act on the Keith Vaudeville Circuit, appearing in all the major Keith theaters and earning a substantial income in the process. The sisters' act consisted of traditional ballads, popular Italian songs, and operatic arias and duets. In 1918, Carmela and Rosa demanded a substantial fee increase from the Keith Vaudeville Circuit, as a result of which their act was dropped. At the time, Carmela was studying in New York with a well-connected voice teacher/agent named William Thorner. Thorner auditioned Rosa, and agreed to give her lessons. (Rosa later denied that Thorner had ever given her voice lessons, but her statements on the subject are contradictory.) Although initially less impressed with Rosa's future prospects than with Carmela's, Thorner changed his opinion after the legendary baritone Victor Maurel, whom Giuseppe Verdi had chosen to create Iago in Otello, auditioned both sisters at his friend Thorner's request. Soon afterward, Thorner persuaded the great tenor Enrico Caruso, star of the Metropolitan Opera, to visit his studio to hear Carmela and Rosa sing. Caruso was usually wary when asked to listen to amateur singers, but was deeply impressed with Rosa's voice. He arranged an audition for the Met's general manager, Giulio Gatti-Casazza, who offered Rosa a contract for the 1918/1919 season. Metropolitan Opera debut and early operatic career Rosa Ponselle made her debut at the Metropolitan Opera on November 15, 1918, just a few days after World War I had ended, as Leonora in Verdi's La forza del destino, opposite Caruso and Giuseppe De Luca. It was her first performance on any opera stage. She was quite intimidated for being in the presence of Caruso, and in spite of an almost paralyzing case of nervousness (which she suffered from throughout her operatic career), she scored a tremendous success, both with the public and with the critics. New York Times critic James Huneker wrote: "...what a promising debut! Added to her personal attractiveness, she possesses a voice of natural beauty that may prove a gold mine; it is vocal gold, anyhow, with its luscious lower and middle tones, dark, rich and ductile, brilliant in the upper register." In addition to Leonora, Ponselle's roles in the 1918/19 season included Santuzza in Cavalleria rusticana, Rezia in Weber's Oberon, and Carmelita in the (unsuccessful) world premiere of Joseph Carl Breil's The Legend. In the following Met seasons, Ponselle's roles included the lead soprano roles in La Juive (opposite Caruso's Eléazar, his final new role before his death in 1921), William Tell, Ernani, Il trovatore, Aida, La Gioconda, Don Carlos, L'Africaine, L'amore dei tre re, Andrea Chénier, La vestale, and the role that many considered her greatest achievement, Bellini's Norma, in the Met's historic 1927 revival. In addition to her operatic activities, which were centered at the Met, Ponselle had a lucrative concert career. A tour of the West coast included an appearance at the Lobero Theatre in Santa Barbara on March 14, 1927 in the Artist Series of the Community Arts Association's Music Branch, accompanied by pianist Stuart Ross. Appearances abroad and later operatic career Outside the US, Ponselle sang only at Covent Garden in London (for three seasons) and in Italy (in order, so she said, to honor a promise she had made to her mother that she would one day sing in Italy). In 1929, Ponselle made her European debut in London, at the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden. Up until that time, her career had been concentrated entirely in America. Ponselle sang two roles at Covent Garden in 1929: Norma and Gioconda. She had great success and was tumultuously acclaimed by the normally staid London audiences. She returned to London in 1930 in Norma, L'amore dei tre re, and La traviata (her first performances as Violetta). In her final London season in 1931, she sang in La forza del destino, Fedra (an opera by her coach and long-time friend, Romano Romani), and a reprise of La traviata. In 1933 Ponselle sang her only performances in Italy, as Giulia in La vestale, with the Maggio Musicale in Florence. As in London, the audiences were wildly enthusiastic. At the second performance, Ponselle had to encore the aria, "O nume tutelar". Her success was such that she considered an engagement at Milan's La Scala, but after witnessing a Florence audience's brutal treatment of a famous tenor, Giacomo Lauri-Volpi, who cracked on a high note, she decided not to press her luck further with the notoriously difficult Italian opera-going public. Other than her appearances in London and Florence, Ponselle never sang outside the United States. Ponselle continued in the 1930s to add roles to her repertoire at the Metropolitan Opera. In 1930 she sang her first New York appearances in 1931 as Violetta, a role she had sung with such success in London, received a more mixed reception from the New York critics, some of whom found her interpretation too forceful and dramatic. (W.J. Henderson complained of her "assaults" on the vocal line.) In 1931 she sang in another unsuccessful world premiere, Montemezzi's La notte di Zoraima, which sank without a trace. Like many other opera singers of that time, she made a brief trip to Hollywood and made screen tests for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Paramount Pictures, but nothing came of them. In 1935, Ponselle sang her first Carmen at the Met. In spite of a great popular success with the role, for which she had prepared meticulously, Ponselle received a drubbing from most of the New York critics, especially Olin Downes in the New York Times, whose savagely caustic review hurt Ponselle deeply. The only roles Ponselle sang during her last two seasons at the Met were Santuzza and Carmen, roles that did not tax her upper register. Differences with the Met management regarding repertoire led her not to renew her contract with the company for the 1937/38 season. Her last operatic performance was as Carmen on April 22, 1937, in a Met tour performance in Cleveland. Retirement Ponselle did not consciously or purposely retire after that Cleveland Carmen in 1937; she just let her career slip away. A variety of factors contributed to this: her receding upper register, which made singing her signature roles increasingly nerve-wracking; her bitterness over the Met management's refusal to accede to her requests regarding repertoire (she wanted to sing Cilea's Adriana Lecouvreur, another part with a congenial low tessitura, and general manager Edward Johnson said no); mental and physical exhaustion, after a non-stop, intense 21-year career with continual bouts of performance nerves; her marriage in 1936 to Baltimore socialite Carle Jackson; and her enjoyment of the relaxed life she now had without the demands of performing. Ponselle later said that she never missed performing after she retired. She and Jackson built a luxurious home near Baltimore, Maryland, the Villa Pace, where she lived the rest of her life. Her marriage to Jackson was rocky and they divorced in 1949. The breakup was traumatic for Ponselle, and she suffered a nervous breakdown. Although she never again appeared on the concert or opera stage, Ponselle continued to sing at home for friends, who reported that her voice was as magnificent as ever. This was confirmed in 1954, when RCA Victor came to Villa Pace and recorded Ponselle singing a wide variety of songs. In the late 1940s, Ponselle became the guiding force of the fledgling Baltimore Civic Opera Company, providing coaching and voice lessons for the young singers who appeared with the company. Among those who coached with her during their Baltimore Civic Opera appearances at the start of their careers were Beverly Sills, Sherrill Milnes, Plácido Domingo, James Morris, Lili Chookasian, Joshua Hecht, and Martha King. Death Ponselle died at her estate, Villa Pace near Baltimore, on May 25, 1981, aged 84, after a long battle with bone marrow cancer. She is buried in nearby Druid Ridge Cemetery. In her obituary, Allen Hughes wrote in The New York Times, "Miss Ponselle made an indelible impression through the impact of her phenomenal voice. It was a dramatic soprano that seemed to move seamlessly from the low notes of a contralto to a dazzling high C. She had coloratura flexibility, a splendid trill, powerful fortes, delicate pianissimos and precise intonation." Hughes quotes Harold C. Schonberg who wrote in 1972, "That big, pure colorful golden voice would rise effortlessly, hitting the stunned listener in the face, rolling over the body, sliding down the shoulder-blades, making one wiggle with sheer physiological pleasure." Recordings Martin Bernheimer, writing in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, had this to say about Ponselle's voice and recordings: Ponselle's voice is generally regarded as one of the most beautiful of the century. She was universally lauded for opulence of tone, evenness of scale, breadth of range, perfection of technique and communicative warmth. Many of these attributes are convincingly documented on recordings. In 1954 she made a few private song recordings, later released commercially, revealing a still opulent voice of darkened timbre and more limited range. Ponselle's recording career began with the acoustic horn, continued with electric recording, and ended on magnetic tape. Over her career, she made 166 commercial recordings (not including alternate takes), either in the studio or at Villa Pace. These are supplemented by live recordings from the 1930s, which include three complete operas and numerous songs and arias from her appearances on radio. Additionally, there are numerous "private" recordings made by Ponselle herself and others at the Villa Pace, from 1949 through the late 1970s. Columbia recordings Shortly before her Metropolitan Opera debut in 1918, Ponselle signed a 5-year contract with the Columbia Graphophone Company. Although Victor was the much more prestigious label, and the one for which Caruso recorded, Ponselle was advised by William Thorner and his assistant and accompanist, Romano Romani, to sign a contract with Columbia because she would become the company's leading soprano and not just one in a stable of great singers at Victor. Romani, a young composer whose opera Fedra had earned favorable attention in Italy, was conducting recording sessions for Columbia at the time. Under his baton, Ponselle made 44 discs for Columbia, including arias from many operas in which she never sang, such as Lohengrin, Tosca, La bohème, Madama Butterfly, and I vespri siciliani. All her Columbia discs were acoustical recordings. Her 1923 Columbia recording of "Selva opaca" from William Tell was her personal favorite among all her acoustic recordings, because she felt that it was the most accurate representation of her voice and style at the time. Of particular interest among the Columbia discs are three duets she made with Carmela of some of their vaudeville hits, including a version of "Comin' Thro' the Rye" that features an elaborate coloratura cadenza that would not be out of place in Bellini's Norma but sounds a bit strange in the Scottish Highlands. One of Ponselle's regrets about signing with Columbia was that it deprived her of the opportunity to record with Caruso, who was an exclusive Victor artist. Victor recordings Ponselle's contract with Columbia Records expired in 1923, and she immediately signed with the Victor Talking Machine Company. Her recordings from 1923 until mid-1925 are all acoustics; Victor began electrical recording in March 1925. Among her electrical Victor records, Ponselle's most admired titles include "Pace, pace mio Dio", "Suicidio!", "Casta diva", and the two arias from La vestale. She also recorded several ensembles, including the complete Tomb Scene from Aida with Giovanni Martinelli, "Mira, o Norma" with Marion Telva, the Adalgisa of her first Normas in 1927, and a trio from La forza del destino with Martinelli and Ezio Pinza. Ponselle made no studio recordings after 1939. In 1954 RCA Victor, unable to persuade Ponselle to return to the recording studio, took its recording equipment to the Villa Pace and set up a microphone in the foyer. Ponselle, with piano accompaniment by conductor Igor Chichagov, recorded alternate versions of 53 songs, many of which were released on two LP discs, Rosa Ponselle Sings Today and Rosa Ponselle in Song. They show that Ponselle's voice was in magnificent condition even at age 57, with extraordinary richness and depth (including a low D in Der Tod und das Mädchen). Live recordings During the 1930s, Ponselle sang often on the radio and she generally had her broadcasts recorded on 78 rpm Acetate discs. Many of these have been released since on LP and CD. There are five complete opera performances from the Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts: Don Giovanni (1934), La traviata (1935), and three performances of Carmen (March 28, 1936 Boston, January 9, 1937 New York and April 17, 1937 Cleveland). The April 1937 Carmen is the Cleveland tour performance that was Ponselle's farewell to the operatic stage. The Traviata and Carmen performances are in good sound (for a mid-30s radio broadcast transcription); the Don Giovanni is in very poor sound. Ponselle's live recordings also include many songs and arias from her radio concerts. Finally, there are private recordings made at the Villa Pace of Ponselle singing various songs and arias accompanying herself on the piano, some of which she never recorded elsewhere. There is a particularly moving and very freely rendered performance of the aria "Senza mamma" from Suor Angelica. Select LP Collections 1954 - Rosa Ponselle at the Villa Pace - October 1954 (Historical Recording Enterprises, HRE 236-3) 1954 - Open House with Rosa Ponselle (RCA Victor, E4-KP-1517/18) 1955 - Rosa Ponselle Sings Today (RCA Victor, LM-1889) 1957 - Rosa Ponselle in Song (RCA Victor, LM-2047) 1959 - By Request... (Garrison Recording, RPX-101/102) Rosa Ponselle Sings Verdi; Columbia-Odyssey The Art Of Rosa Ponselle; RCA Camden Rosa Ponselle as Norma and Other Famous Heroines; RCA Victrola Golden Age Il Trovatore; RCA Victrola Compact discs 1982 - Verdi - La traviata (Pearl, GEMM 235) con Frederick Jagel and Lawrence Tibbett, Metropolitan Opera choir and orchestra conducted by Ettore Panizza (Recorded January 5, 1935) 1983 - Rosa Ponselle Live ..... in Concert 1934-1946 (MDP, MDP-012) 1989 - Ponselle (Nimbus Records, NI 7805) 1993 - Ponselle - Volume 2 (Nimbus Records, NI 7846) 1993 - Rosa Ponselle the Victor Recordings (1923-25) (Romophone, 81006-2) 1994 - The Spirit of Christmas Past (Various Artists) (Nimbus Records, NI 7861) 2000 - On The Air Volume 2 (Marston Records, 52032-2) Rosa Ponselle RCA Victor Vocal Series Rosa Ponselle: The Columbia Acoustic Recordings; Pearl Rosa Ponselle: The Victor Recordings 1925–29; Romophone Rosa Ponselle: The 1939 Victor and 1954 "Villa Pace" Recordings; Romophone Rosa Ponselle American Recordings Vols. 1, 2, 3, 4; Naxos Historical Rosa Ponselle American Recordings 1939, 1954; Naxos Historical Rosa Ponselle Sings Verdi 1918–1928; Naxos Historical Rosa Ponselle On the Air Volume 1 1934–36; Marston Rosa Ponselle: When I Have Sung my Songs 1922–1957; Biographies in Music, Cantabile Notes References American Association of University Women, (Towson, Maryland, Branch), "Baltimore County Women, 1930–1975", (Baltimore: The Sunpapers, 1976) [The book is a collection of profiles of forty Baltimore County women "who distinguished themselves" in diverse fields (including artist Jane Frank and golfer Carol Mann), compiled as part of a project celebrating the 1976 United States Bicentennial ] Drake, James A., Rosa Ponselle: A Centenary Biography (Amadeus Press: Portland 1997) Fitzgerald, Gerald ed., Annals of the Metropolitan Opera (G. K. Hall & Co.: Boston 1989) Jackson, Paul, "Saturday Afternoons at the Old Met: The Metropolitan Opera Matinee Broadcasts, 1931–1950" (Amadeus Press: Portland 1992) Phillips-Matz, Mary Jane, Rosa Ponselle: American Diva (Northeastern University Press: Boston 1997) Ponselle, Rosa & Drake, James A., Rosa Ponselle: A Singer's Life (Doubleday & Sons: New York 1982) Scott, Michael, The Record of Singing, Vol. 2'' (Gerald Duckworth & Co., Ltd.: London 1979) Steane, J. B., The Grand Tradition (Amadeus Press: Portland, 1993) External links The Rosa Ponselle papers (the singer's personal papers) in the Music Division of The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts. Rosa Ponselle recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings. 1897 births 1981 deaths American operatic sopranos Deaths from cancer in Maryland Deaths from multiple myeloma American people of Italian descent Vaudeville performers Singers from Connecticut Burials at Druid Ridge Cemetery 20th-century American women opera singers

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight%20song

Fight song

In several countries’ sports, a fight song is a song associated with a team. In both professional and amateur sports, fight songs are a popular way for fans to cheer for their team, and are also laden with history; in singing a fight song, fans feel part of a large, time-honored tradition. Although the term "fight song" is primarily used in the United States and Canada the use of fight songs is commonplace around the world, but they may also be referred to as team anthems, team songs or games songs in other countries, including Australia, Mexico and New Zealand. Fight songs differ from stadium anthems, used for similar purposes, in that they are usually written specifically for the purposes of the team, whereas stadium anthems are not. In Australian Rules Football it is tradition for the song to be sung by the winning team at the end of the game. Hundreds of colleges have fight songs, some of which are over a century old. The oldest collegiate fight song in the United States is Boston College's "For Boston", composed by T.J. Hurley in 1885. One of the oldest games songs in Australia is Melbourne Grammar's 'Play Together, Dark Blue Twenty', which is sung to the tune of 'The March of the Men of Harlech'. It was composed by Ambrose John Wilson who was principal of the school from 1885-1893. This is not to be confused with the school hymn 'Ora et Labora' which is now sung to the tune of 'Jerusalem'. List of professional sports team fight songs Australia AFL Adelaide Crows – The Pride of South Australia Brisbane Lions – The Pride of Brisbane Town Carlton Blues – We are the Navy Blues Collingwood Magpies – Good Old Collingwood Forever Essendon Bombers – See The Bombers Fly Up Fremantle Dockers – Freo Way To Go Geelong Cats – We Are Geelong Gold Coast Suns – Suns of the Gold Coast Sky Greater Western Sydney Giants – There's a Big Big Sound Hawthorn Hawks – The Mighty Fighting Hawks Melbourne Demons – It's a Grand Old Flag North Melbourne Kangaroos – Join in the Chorus Port Adelaide Power – Power to Win Richmond Tigers – We're from Tigerland St Kilda Saints – When the Saints Go Marching In Sydney Swans – The Red and the White West Coast Eagles – We're Flying High Western Bulldogs – Sons of the West A-League Melbourne City – Happy Together Melbourne Victory – Stand By Me Melbourne Victory – Melbourne The Brave Perth Glory – Blaze of Glory NRL Cronulla Sharks – Up, Up Cronulla Melbourne Storm – We Are the Storm South Sydney Rabbitohs - Glory Glory to South Sydney Sydney Roosters - "Easts to Win!" Canada BC Lions – Roar You Lions Roar! Edmonton Eskimos – Eskimo Fight Song Saskatchewan Roughriders – Green Is The Color Toronto Blue Jays - OK, Blue Jays Japan Hanshin Tigers - The Hanshin Tigers' Song Rakuten Eagles – The Manpower!!! (by Morning Musume), Koero! Rakuten Eagles (by Cute) Nippon-Ham Fighters – The Fighters' Song Taiwan Brother Elephants – Adaption of Tomahawk Chop Uni-President Lions – Tumba (Part of Lo Ta-yu's Yellow Face) United States Arizona Diamondbacks - DBacks Swing (by Roger Clyne and the Peacemakers) Baltimore Orioles - Orioles Magic Baltimore Ravens – The Baltimore Fight Song Boston Red Sox – Tessie Brooklyn Nets - Brooklyn, Something to Lean On Buffalo Bills – Shout (Isley Brothers song) Chicago Bears – Bear Down, Chicago Bears Chicago Blackhawks – Here Come the Hawks Chicago Cubs – Go, Cubs, Go Chicago White Sox – Let's Go, Go-Go White Sox Cincinnati Bengals -Bengals Growl Cleveland Browns - Hi-O Hi-O for Cleveland Dallas Cowboys - Cowboys Stampede March (by Tom Merriman Big Band) Dallas Stars – Puck Off (by Pantera) Detroit Lions – Gridiron Heroes Detroit Tigers – Go Get'em Tigers Green Bay Packers – Go! You Packers Go! Houston Astros - Go Go Astros (English), Vamos Vamos Astros (Spanish) Houston Rockets - "I Turn to You" (English), "Caliente" (Spanish) Houston Texans – Football Time in Houston (English), Pura Vida (Spanish) Kansas City Chiefs - The Chiefs Are On The Warpath Las Vegas Raiders - The Autumn Wind (instrumental) by Sam Spence (featuring narration by John Facenda) Los Angeles Angels – California Angels A-O-K Los Angeles Chargers – San Diego Super Chargers Los Angeles Dodgers — Follow the Dodgers Los Angeles Rams — The Rams Marching Song Miami Dolphins - Dolphins Fight Song Milwaukee Brewers - Brewer Fever Minnesota Twins - We're Gonna Win, Twins Minnesota Vikings – Skol, Vikings Minnesota Wild - The State of Hockey New Orleans Saints – When the Saints Go Marching In New York Giants - Touchdown (instrumental), Go Giants Go New York Mets – Meet the Mets New York Rangers - Rangers Victory Song New York Yankees – Here Come the Yankees Philadelphia 76ers - Here Come the Sixers Philadelphia Eagles – Fly, Eagles Fly Philadelphia Flyers – The Orange and the Black Pittsburgh Steelers - Renegade (Styx song) (unofficial) Portland Timbers - Green is the Color San Francisco Giants- Bye, Bye, Baby San Diego Padres - Let's Go Padres St. Louis Blues - When the Blues Go Marching In Tampa Bay Buccaneers - Hey, Hey, Tampa Bay Tampa Bay Rays - Feel The Heat, Rays List of college fight songs Notes: Colleges whose names begin with "University of" or "College of" are listed by traditional name; for example, the University of Cincinnati is listed under C, not U. The service academies are universally referred to in sports media by their associated branch of service. This means, for example, that the United States Military Academy is found at A, for Army. The abbreviation "St.", standing for "Saint", is alphabetized as if it were spelled out. Some schools officially abbreviate the word (such as St. John's University in New York City), while others officially spell it out (such as Saint Louis University). Schools which are normally known by a different contraction of their official name, or an acronym/initialism, are listed by their most common name. Examples: The University of California, Berkeley is most often referred to by American sports media as either "California" or "Cal", meaning it can be found at C. The University of California, Los Angeles is generally called "UCLA", meaning it can be found at U. A few branch campuses of state university systems prefer to be known by their city for athletics purposes. Among them are the University of North Carolina at Charlotte ("Charlotte"), University of Tennessee at Chattanooga ("Chattanooga"), University of Nebraska Omaha ("Omaha"), University of Wisconsin–Green Bay ("Green Bay"), and University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee ("Milwaukee"). Such schools can be found at the first letter of their city name. Other regional campuses, such as California State University, Fresno, are listed by their regional name, meaning the aforementioned school can be found under F. A Abilene Christian University – ACU Fight Song Adelphi University – Adelphi University Fight Song Adrian College – Hail Adrian! United States Air Force Academy – The U.S. Air Force (informally known as The Air Force Song, and often incorrectly known as Wild Blue Yonder) is played after touchdowns while the Falcon Fight Song is played after PAT's. University of Akron – Akron Blue and Gold University of Alabama – Yea Alabama! University of Alabama in Huntsville – We Are Chargers Alabama A&M University – Stand Up and Cheer Alabama State University – Hail Alabama University of Alaska Fairbanks – UAF Fight Song University at Albany, SUNY – Purple and Gold University of Alberta – University Cheer Song Albion College – Fyte Onne! Albright College – Albright Fight Song Alcorn State University – Alcorn State Fight Song (Tune of the "War Chant") Alfred University – On, Saxon Warriors Allegheny College – Allegheny Pep Song Alma College – Alma College Scots Fight Song American University – AU Fight Song Amherst College – Lord Jeffery Amherst, Cheer for Old Amherst, and Glory, Glory to Old Amherst Anderson University (Indiana) – Raven Fight Song Angelo State University – ASU Fight Song (tune of Across the Field) Appalachian State University – Hi Hi Yikas University of Arizona – Bear Down, Arizona! and Fight, Wildcats, Fight! Arizona State University – Maroon and Gold University of Arkansas – Arkansas Fight University of Arkansas–Pine Bluff – UAPB Fight Song Arkansas State University – ASU Loyalty Fight Song Arkansas Tech University – ATU Fight Song United States Military Academy (Army) – On Brave Old Army Team Ashland University – The Battle Song Assumption College – Greyhounds Win Auburn University – War Eagle Augsburg University – The Auggie Fight Song Augustana College (Illinois) – The Augustana Fight Song Augustana University (South Dakota) – The Augustana School Song Austin College – Austin College Fight Song (tune of On Wisconsin) Austin Peay State University – Austin Peay Fight Song B Baldwin-Wallace College – B.W. Battle Song Ball State University – Fight, Team, Fight Barry University – Go Barry Go Bates College – School Songs Baylor University – Old Fight Bellarmine University – Bellarmine University Fight Song Belmont University – Belmont University Fight Song Bemidji State University – Go Bemidji Beavers Benedictine College – Raven Fight Song Bethune-Cookman University – Let's Go Wildcats Birmingham-Southern College – Birmingham-Southern Fight Song Bishop's University – Raise a Toast! Black Hills State University – BHSU Fight Song Boise State University – Boise State Fight Song Boston College – For Boston Boston University – Go BU Bowling Green State University (Bowling Green) – Forward Falcons Bradley University – Bradley Loyalty Song (Charge On, Bradley) Brandeis University – Brandeis Fight Song Brigham Young University – The Cougar Song (Rise and Shout, The Cougars Are Out) Brigham Young University-Hawaii – BYU-H Fight Song (has since dropped intercollegiate athletics) University of British Columbia – Hail, U.B.C. and High on Olympus Brown University – Ever True to Brown and The Brown Cheering Song Bucknell University – 'Ray Bucknell Buena Vista University – Buena Vista Fight Song University at Buffalo – Victory March, Go For A Touchdown, and Buffalo Fight Song Butler University – Butler War Song C California Institute of Technology (Caltech) – Fight for California Tech California Lutheran University – The CLU Fight Song Cal Poly San Luis Obispo – Ride High, You Mustangs Cal Poly Pomona – Bronco Fight Song California State University, Bakersfield – CSUB Victory! California State University, East Bay – Pioneer Fight Song California State University, Fullerton – Fight On, Titans University of California, Berkeley (California) – Fight for California (primary fight song), Big "C", Sons of California, The Golden Bear, California Indian Song, Stanford Jonah, Roll On You Golden Bear, Make Way for the Bear, and Palms of Victory Cameron University – Aggie's Fight Campbell University – Campbell University Fight Song (tune of Arizona State's fight song, "Maroon and Gold.") Canisius College – Canisius College March and Drive Canisius Capital University – Pride of the Purple Carnegie Mellon University – Fight for the Glory of Carnegie Carthage College – Carthage Fight Song Case Western Reserve University – Fight On, Case Reserve The Catholic University of America – C. U. Marching Song Centenary College (Louisiana) – Centenary Fight Song University of Central Arkansas – UCA Fight Song Central Connecticut State University – C.C.S.U. Victory Central Methodist University – Fighting Eagles Central Michigan University – The Fighting Chippewa, and Hail Chippewa! University of Central Missouri – Go Mules University of Central Oklahoma – UCO Fight Song Central State University – Fight for CSU Central Washington University – CWU Fight Song (tune of Across the Field) Centre College – Old Centre University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (Chattanooga) – Fight, Chattanooga! University of North Carolina at Charlotte (Charlotte) – Charlotte Fight Song University of Chicago – Wave the Flag (For Old Chicago) and Scholarly Yells California State University, Chico (Chico State) – Chico State Fight Song Christopher Newport University – CNU Fight Song University of Cincinnati – Cheer Cincinnati, Red and Black,Give A Cheer The Citadel – Dixie City College of New York – CCNY Fight Song Clarion (PA) – Carry On for Clarion Clark Atlanta University – Hail! Roaring Panthers Clayton State University – Clayton State Fight Song Clemson University – Tiger Rag Cleveland State University – The Pride of Cleveland United States Coast Guard Academy – Semper Paratus Coastal Carolina University – Coastal Carolina Fight Song Coe College – Coe Fight Song Colgate University – Fight, Fight, Fight and Fight for the Team University of Colorado Boulder (Colorado) – Glory, Glory Colorado, Go Colorado, and Fight CU Colorado School of Mines – The Mines Fight Song (same tune as Ramblin' Wreck from Georgia Tech) Colorado State University – Colorado State Fight Song Colorado State University-Pueblo – CSU-Pueblo ThunderWolves Fight Song Columbia University – Roar, Lion, Roar, Stand Up and Cheer, Who Owns New York? Columbus State (GA) – Cougar Fight Concordia University, Chicago – Marching with Concordia Concordia University, St. Paul – Concordia Fight Song (Same tune as On Wisconsin) Converse College – Ride of the Valkyries Cornell University – Primarily, Give My Regards to Davy. Also, The Big Red Team, Fight for Cornell and New Cornell Fight Song Creighton University – The White and the Blue D Dakota State University – DSU Fight Song Dartmouth College – Dartmouth's in Town Again, Come Stand Up Men, As the Backs Go Tearing By, and Glory to Dartmouth Davidson College – O Davidson University of Dayton – Victory University of Delaware – The Delaware Fight Song Denison University – Denison Marching Song University of Denver – Fairest of Colleges DePaul University – Blue Demons Fight Song DePauw University – Here's to DePauw (March on Down the Field) University of Detroit Mercy – The Titan Way Dickinson College – Fight, Fight for Dickinson Drake University – The "D" Song Drexel University – Drexel Fight Song Duke University – Fight! Blue Devils, Fight! and Blue and White Duquesne University – Victory Song (Red and Blue) E Earlham College – "Fight Fight Inner Light"; "Battle Hymn of the Quakers"; "Theme of the Quaker Army"; "How Can We Keep from Scoring"; "Rah–Rah–Rio–Rem"; "Etc." East Carolina University – E.C. Victory East Central University – ECU Fight Song East Stroudsburg University (PA) – Hail Dear Old Stroudsburg East Tennessee State University – ETSU Fight Song Eastern Illinois University – Eastern Loyalty (a.k.a. EIU Fight Song) Eastern Kentucky University – Rally Maroon and White and Hail, Hail Eastern Maroons Eastern Michigan University – Eastern Eagles Fight Song ; Go Green (EMU Spirit Song) Eastern Oregon University – Mount Up Eastern Washington University – Go Eags! (tune of Stanford's Come Join the Band) Edinboro University of Pennsylvania – Scotland the Brave Elmira College – Go E-L-M-I-R-A ! (EC Fight Song) Elon University – Here's to Elon, Let's Win This Game, University of Evansville – Hail to Evansville The Evergreen State College – The Geoduck Fight Song F Fairfield University – The Fairfield University Fight Song Fairmont State University – Maroon and White Ferris State University – Fighting Bulldogs University of Findlay – Findlay Fight Song University of Florida – The Orange and Blue Florida A&M University – Our Florida Florida Atlantic University – FAU Fight Song Florida International University (FIU) – We are the Panthers Florida State University – FSU Fight Song Fordham University – Fordham Ram Franklin College – Stand Up and Cheer Franklin & Marshall College – On Down the Field California State University, Fresno (Fresno State) – Fight, Varsity Furman University – Hail the White and Purple G George Mason University – Onward to Victory George Washington University – Hail the Buff and Blue (a.k.a. The GW Fight Song) Georgetown University – There Goes Old Georgetown University of Georgia – Glory, Glory and Hail to Georgia Georgia Southern University – Southern Fight Georgia State University – Fight Panthers Georgia Tech (Georgia Institute of Technology) – Up with the White and Gold and Ramblin' Wreck from Georgia Tech Gettysburg College – Loyalty Song Gonzaga University – For the White and the Blue and Bulldogs of Gonzaga Grambling State University – Fight for Dear Old Grambling Grand Valley State University – GVSU Victory University of Wisconsin–Green Bay (Green Bay) – Phoenix Fight Song Grinnell College – Here Come the Pioneers! Grove City College – Stand Up and Cheer! Guilford College – Brave Ole' Guilford Team! Gustavus Adolphus College – Gustie Rouser Guadalajara Autonomous University (UAG) Himnos Tecos! H Hamilton College – We Never Will Forget Thee Hampton University – Hampton Fight Song University of Hartford – Hartford, On to Victory Harvard University – Ten Thousand Men of Harvard (main song); Yo-Ho; Harvardiana; Gridiron King; Up the Street; Soldiers Field; Score; R-A-D; Harvard Eternal; Veritas; Our Director; Fight Fiercely, Harvard; Onward Crimson Haverford College – Football Song University of Hawai'i – Co-Ed Fight Song Heidelberg College – Heidelberg Victory March High Point University – Panther Pride Hillsdale College – Hillsdale Fight Song (Charge On) Hiram College – Hooray for Hiram (tune of Our Director) Hofstra University – Hofstra Fight Song College of the Holy Cross – Chu-Chu Rah-Rah Hope College – Hope College Fight Song University of Houston – Cougar Fight Song Houston Baptist University– Get Up & Go You Mighty Huskies Howard University – Howard University Fight Song Howard Payne University – HPU Fight Song Humboldt State University – Drive On Humboldt I University of Idaho – Go, Vandals, Go Idaho State University – Growl, Bengals, Growl University of Illinois – Oskee Wow Wow Illinois State University – Go, You Redbirds Illinois Wesleyan University – Fight Wesleyan! Indiana University Bloomington (Indiana) – Indiana, Our Indiana and Indiana, Fight! Indiana State University – March On! (You Fighting Sycamores) and Cheer for the Blue and White University of Indianapolis – U of Indianapolis Fight Song University of Iowa – Iowa Fight Song, On Iowa Iowa State University – ISU Fights Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) – Let's Go Jags J Jackson State University – Cheer Boys Jacksonville University – JU Dolphin Fight Song Jacksonville State University – JSU Fight Song James Madison University – JMU Fight Song Jesus College, Oxford – Exeter Wank Wank Wank John Carroll University – Onward John Carroll Johns Hopkins University – To Win and Johnny Hopkins, On to Victory Juniata College – Fight On, JC K Kalamazoo College – All Hail to Kazoo University of Kansas – I'm a Jayhawk, Fighting Jayhawk, Stand Up and Cheer, Kansas Song, and Sunflower Song Kansas State University – Wildcat Victory Kent State University – Fight On for KSU University of Kentucky – On, On, U of K, Kentucky Fight Kentucky Wesleyan College – KWC Fight Song Kilgore College – Kilgore Rangers Song Knox College – Hail! Knox All Glorious and Fight, Siwash Kwansei Gakuin University – Shingetsu-ki no moto ni, Fight On Kwansei L La Salle University – La Salle Fight Song Lafayette College – Lafayette Fight Song 1898 and On, Lafayette Lake Forest College – Fight for Lake Forest Lamar University – Go Big Red (tune of Kansas State's "Wildcat Victory") Lawrence University – Viking Song Lawrence Tech (MI) – Dear Old L.I.T. Lehigh University – Goblet, Rearing Tearing, Lehigh Will Shine, Lehigh Fight (instrumental) Liberty University – Fan The Flames! Long Beach State University – Long Beach State Fight Song Longwood University - Hail to Longwood U University of Louisiana at Lafayette (Louisiana) – Ragin' Cajuns Fight Song University of Louisiana at Monroe – ULM Fight Song Louisiana Christian University – Fightin' Wildcats Louisiana Tech University – Tech Fight, Go Bulldogs University of Louisville – Fight, UofL and All Hail UofL Loyola University Chicago – Go Loyola Loyola University New Orleans – Loyola Fight Song Loyola Marymount University – Fight On Loyola Louisiana State University (LSU) – Fight for LSU Luther College (IA) – Field Song M University of Maine – The Maine Stein Song (school song) For Maine (fight song) Marist College – The Marist Song Marquette University – Ring Out, Ahoya! Marshall University – Sons of Marshall University of Maryland, College Park – Maryland Fight Song (for football – played after opposing team scores) and Maryland Victory Song (more commonly heard during games, for football – played after Maryland scores). University of Massachusetts Amherst – Fight Mass University of Massachusetts Lowell - River Hawk Pride McNeese State University – Joli Blon (unofficial), On McNeese (official) University of Memphis – Go! Tigers! Go! Mercer University – Hail to Mercer United States Merchant Marine Academy (Merchant Marine) – King's Point Victory University of Miami (Florida) – Hail to the Spirit of Miami U and Miami U How-Dee-Doo Miami University (Ohio) – Miami March Song University of Michigan – The Victors, Varsity, and The Yellow and Blue (alma mater) Michigan State University – Victory for MSU, and MSU Shadows (alma mater) Michigan Technological University – Fight Tech Fight MidAmerica Nazarene University – Pioneer Fight Song (tune of FSU Fight Song (Florida State University)) Middle Tennessee State University (Middle Tennessee) – MTSU Fight Song Middlebury College – Cheer, Boys, Cheer Midwestern State University – Here's to the Maroon and Gold University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (Milwaukee) – UWM Fight Song University of Minnesota Duluth – Minnesota-Duluth Rouser University of Minnesota Morris – Minnesota-Morris Rouser University of Minnesota – Minnesota Rouser Minnesota State University, Mankato – the Minnesota State Rouser, (also called The Maverick Rouser) University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) – Forward Rebels, From Dixie with Love (The Hotty Toddy is a cheer, not a song, but it is often set up with Rock and Roll Part 2) Mississippi College – Mississippi College Fight Song Mississippi State University – Hail State Mississippi Valley State University – Devils Gun University of Missouri – Every True Son & Fight, Tigers Missouri State University – The Scotsman Missouri University of Science and Technology – Fight, Miners Missouri Western State University – Missouri Western Fight Song Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) – The Engineer's Drinking Song Monmouth College (IL) – Monmouth College, Hail to Thee! Monmouth University (NJ) – Fight for Dear Old Monmouth University of Montana – Up With Montana Montana State University – Stand Up and Cheer Montana State University–Billings – MSU-B Fight Song (tune of Across the Field) Morehead State University – Fight for Morehead Morgan State University – Fight on 'ole Morgan Grizzly Mount St. Joseph University – MSJ Fight Song University of Mount Union – "On, Mount to victory!" Murray State University – Murray State Fight Song N United States Naval Academy (Navy) – Anchors Aweigh University of Nebraska–Lincoln (Nebraska) – Hail Varsity and Dear Old Nebraska U (There Is No Place Like Nebraska) University of Nebraska at Kearney – UNK Fight Song and UNK Color Song University of Nevada, Reno (Nevada) – Hail to Our Sturdy Men University of New Hampshire – "New Hampshire Hymn", "On to Victory" (recognized song), UNH Cheer (alt.) University of New Mexico – Hail New Mexico New Mexico Highlands University – Highlands Fight Song New Mexico State University – Aggies oh Aggies University of New Orleans – Let's Hear It For UNO Niagara University – Here's to Old Niagara Nicholls State University (Nicholls) – Nicholls State Colonels Fight Song Norfolk State University – Norfolk State Fight Song University of North Alabama – North Alabama Fight Song University of North Carolina – I'm a Tar Heel Born, Here Comes Carolina North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University – Aggie Fight Song (Official), Old Aggie Spirit (Popular but unofficial) North Carolina State University – The NCSU Fight Song (Official) and Red and White (Popular but unofficial) North Central College – Cardinal Fight Song University of North Dakota – Fight On Sioux, It's For You, North Dakota U, Stand Up and Cheer North Dakota State University – On Bison North Park University (IL) – NPU Fight Song University of North Texas – Fight, North Texas Northeastern University – All Hail Northeastern Northeastern Illinois University – Go Golden Eagles Northeastern State University – Northeastern, Northeastern Northern Arizona University – Lumberjack Fight Song University of Northern Colorado – UNC Fight Song Northern Illinois University – Huskie Fight Song University of Northern Iowa – UNI Fight Song Northern Kentucky University – Onward Ye Norsemen Northern Michigan University – Northern Michigan Fight Song Northwest Missouri State University – Wings of Victory Northwest Nazarene University – Victory Is Sure Northwestern University – Go U Northwestern and Rise, Northwestern! Northwestern Oklahoma State University – Ride Rangers Northwestern State University (LA) – Demon Fight Song University of Notre Dame – Notre Dame Victory March, Notre Dame, Our Mother, Rakes of Mallow, Damsha Bua (Victory Clog), and Hike Notre Dame New York University (NYU)– Old New York University O Oakland University (MI) – OU Fight Oberlin College – Ten-thousand Strong Occidental College – "Io Triumphe" Ohio University – Stand up and Cheer Ohio Northern University – Friends of ONU or Sons of ONU (older fight song) The Ohio State University – Buckeye Battle Cry, Across the Field University of Oklahoma – Boomer Sooner Oklahoma Christian University – Stand Up and Cheer Oklahoma State University–Stillwater (Oklahoma State) – The Waving Song, Ride 'Em Cowboys, and OSU Chant Old Dominion University – Fight, Old Dominion (official), Victory for Old Dominion (football fight song) University of Nebraska Omaha (Omaha) – UNO Fite Oral Roberts University – Spirit Song University of Oregon – Mighty Oregon Oregon State University – Hail to Old OSU Ouachita Baptist University – Ouachita Baptist Song (tune of Will the Circle Be Unbroken) University of Oxford – Shoo The Tabs or Shoe The Tabs P University of the Pacific – UoP Fight Song Pacific Lutheran University – PLU Fight Song, When the Saints Go Marching In University of Pennsylvania – Fight on, Pennsylvania! The Pennsylvania State University – Fight On, State, The Nittany Lion, and Victory Pepperdine University – Fight Fight Fight for Pepperdine Pittsburg State University – On To Victory University of Pittsburgh – Hail to Pitt, Pitt Victory Song, and The Panther Polytechnic University of New York (now merged into NYU) – Marching Song University of Portland – Pilot Fight Song (a.k.a. Portland Victory March) Portland State University – Fight for Portland State Prairie View A&M University – Mighty Panthers Princeton University – The Princeton Cannon Song, Princeton Forward March, Princeton Stadium Song, Goin' Back. Tiger Rag, Orange and the Black, Princeton University Band March, Princeton Jungle March Providence College – When the Saints Go Marching In (was originally "Friar Away;" Saints was popularized in the 1950s as the introduction music to basketball broadcasts on WPRO.) University of Puget Sound – Fight for UPS Purdue University – Hail Purdue! Purdue University Fort Wayne (Purdue Fort Wayne) – Go, Dons! Q Queen's University – Queen's College Colours, also called the Oil Thigh Quincy University (IL) – QU Fight Song R Radford University – R.U. Fight Song or Honor and Glory Ramon Magsaysay High School, Manila – Mabuhay Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Hail, Dear Old Rensselaer University of Rhode Island – Rhode Island Cheer Song and "Rhode Island Born" (a slightly altered version of North Carolina's "I'm a Tar Heel Born") Rhodes College – Roll On Rice University – Rice Fight Song University of Richmond – Spider Born Roanoke College – Maroon Victory Robert Morris College (IL) – RMC Fight Song Robert Morris University (PA) – RMU Fight Song University of Rochester – March Men of Rochester Rochester Institute of Technology – Our Spirit Shows Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology – Dear Old Rose Royal Military College of Canada – Precision Rutgers University–New Brunswick (Rutgers) – The Bells Must Ring S California State University, Sacramento (Sacramento State) – Fight Hornet Fight Sacred Heart University – Pioneer Fight Song Saginaw Valley State University – Cardinal Fight St. Bonaventure University – Unfurl the Brown and White St. Cloud State University – St. Cloud State Rouser St. Francis Xavier University – "Hail & Health" St. John's University (NY) – Fight For Old St. John's Saint Joseph's University – When the Hawks Go Flying In, Mine Eyes St. Lawrence University – The Scarlet and The Brown Saint Louis University – We Hail Saint Louis U. St. Olaf College – Um Ya Ya Sam Houston State University – Bearkat Fight Song (to the tune of "Semper Paratus") Samford University – Samford Fight Song San Diego State University – SDSU Fight Song University of San Francisco – Victory Song San Francisco State University – State Victory Song San Jose State University – San Jose State Fight Song Santa Clara University – Fight For Santa Clara University of Saskatchewan – Fight! Fight! Fight! Seton Hall University – Onward Setonia Siena College – When the Saints Go Marching In, and "S-I-E-N-A" Shepherd University – "Fight On" [For Old SU] Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania – The Horse Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (SIU Edwardsville) – SIU-E Fight Song Slippery Rock University – SRU Fight Song Southern Methodist University (SMU) – Peruna University of South Alabama – Jaguar Pride Fight Song University of South Carolina – Carolina Fight Song, Fight! USC, The Fighting Gamecocks Lead the Way (Step to the Rear), and The NC-4 South Carolina State University – Bulldog Fight Song University of South Dakota – Hail South Dakota South Dakota State University – Ring the Bells University of South Florida – Golden Brahman March Southeast Missouri State University – SEMO Fight Song Southeastern Louisiana University – Cheer Our Team Southeastern Oklahoma State University – Southeastern Southern University – Southern Fight Southern Illinois University Carbondale (Southern Illinois) – Go! Southern! Go! University of Southern Mississippi (Southern Miss) – Southern to the Top Southwest Baptist University – SBU Fight Song Springfield College – Go Get 'Um, Springfield Stanford University – Come Join the Band (de facto: All Right Now) Stephen F. Austin State University (Stephen F. Austin) – SFA Fight Song Swarthmore College – Hip, Hip, Hip, for Old Swarthmore Syracuse University – Down, Down the Field and The Saltine Warrior T Taylor University – On Ye Tarleton (tune of On Wisconsin) Texas Christian University (TCU) – TCU March Temple University – T for Temple U and Fight! Temple Fight! University of Tennessee, Knoxville (Tennessee) – Down the Field (official); Fight, Vols, Fight; and Rocky Top (unofficial) Tennessee State University – I'm So Glad Tennessee Technological University – There They Go Again University of Texas at Austin (Texas) – Texas Fight University of Texas at Arlington – UTA Fight Song Texas A&M University – Aggie War Hymn Texas A&M University–Commerce – A&M-Commerce Fight Song Texas A&M University–Kingsville – Jalisco and Javelina Victory March Texas Southern University – TSU Fight Song Texas State University – Go Bobcats! Texas Tech University – Fight Raiders, Fight Texas Woman's University – Daughters of Texas (written by John Philip Sousa) University of Toledo – Fight for Dear Old T U University of Toronto – Blue and White Song Towson University – "Hail Towson" Trinity College (CT) – TC Fight Song Troy University – Trojans, One and All Truman State University (Truman) – Hail to the Bulldogs Tufts University – Tuftonia's Day Tulane University – Tulane Fight Song (and/or The Olive and Blue), Roll On Tulane University of Tulsa – Hurricane Spirit U University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) – UAB Blazer Fight Song University of California, Davis (UC Davis) – Aggie Fight University of California, Irvine (UC Irvine) – U-C-I Fight, UCI Anteaters, We Raise our Voice in Love and Unity University of California, Riverside (UC Riverside) – Brave Scots University of California, San Diego (UC San Diego) – Triton Fight Song University of California, Santa Barbara (UC Santa Barbara) – El "C" Grande University of Central Florida (UCF) – Charge On University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) – Sons of Westwood and The Mighty Bruins University of Connecticut (UConn) – UConn Husky University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) – Fire Up Flames! University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC) – UMBC Riser University of North Carolina at Pembroke (UNC Pembroke) – UNC-P Fight Song University of North Carolina at Wilmington (UNC Wilmington) – Green and Gold University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) – Win with the Rebels University of North Alabama (alternately UNA) – UNA Fight Song; also Go, Fight for UNA Upper Iowa University – UIU Fight Song Ursinus College – Ursinus Fight Song University of Southern California (USC) – Fight On (primary fight song), Conquest, Tribute to Troy, Cardinal and Gold, Song of Troy, Carry On, Marching Song of USC, Clear the Way for USC, Watch the Trojans Roll, Tusk, and USC Beloved Varsity University of Utah – Utah Man; also Utah Victory Utah State University – Utah State Fight Song Utah Valley University – Stand Up and Cheer, UVSC University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) – UTEP Fight song and Miners Fight University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA) – UTSA Fight Song V Valdosta State University – Valdosta State Fight Song Valparaiso University – Valpo Fight Song Vanderbilt University – Dynamite and Cheer for Old Vandy Vermilion Community College – Roll Up The Score University of Vermont – Vermont Victorious Villanova University – V for Villanova University of Virginia – The Cavalier Song, UVA Yes!, and The Good Old Song (while The Good Old Song, to the tune of "Auld Lang Syne", is sometimes mistakenly listed as a fight song, it is actually the school's alma mater) Virginia Military Institute (VMI) – VMI Spirit Virginia Tech – Tech Triumph (fight song), Our Great Virginia, VPI Victory March (the second two are usually played directly in sequence after Tech Triumph is played) W Wabash College – Old Wabash Wake Forest University – O Here's to Wake Forest Wartburg College (IA) – Fight on Knights University of Washington – Bow Down to Washington and Victory for Washington Washington and Lee University – Fight! Fight! Blue and White!; and Washington and Lee Swing Washington State University – Washington State University Fight Song Wayne State University (Michigan) – War March of the Warriors (Formerly "March of the Tartars") Weber State University – We Are the Wildcats "Weird Al" Yankovic - Sports Song Wesleyan University – Wesleyan Fight Song West Chester University – Rams Fight West Texas A&M University – On, On Buffaloes West Virginia University – Hail, West Virginia West Virginia State University – Hail to the Team University of Western Ontario (Western) – Western Western Carolina University – Western Carolina Fight Song Western Colorado University – Western State Fight Song Western Illinois University – We Are Marching On Western Kentucky University – WKU Fight Song (tune of Stand Up and Cheer) Western Michigan University – WMU Fight Song Western Washington University – Viking Victory March Westminster College (PA) – Westminster Victory Whittier College – Go Poets! Wichita State University – Shocker Fight Song Wilbur Wright College-"Fight, Wright, Fight!" College of William & Mary – Tribe Fight Song William Jewell College – Fight William Jewell Williams College – Yard By Yard University of Wisconsin–Madison (Wisconsin) – On, Wisconsin! University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire – Onward to Victory University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh – Hail Titans University of Wisconsin–Rock County – Go Rattlers Go University of Wisconsin–Whitewater – Warhawk Battle Cry Wittenberg University – Wittenberg Fight College of Wooster – Black and Gold University of Wyoming – Ragtime Cowboy Joe X Xavier University (OH) – XU Fight Song Y Yale University – Bingo, Eli Yale; Boola Boola; Bull Dog; Down the Field; Glory for Yale; and Whoop It Up Youngstown State University – (Wave For The) Red and White Z See also List of Australian Football League team songs Alma mater (song) Entrance music Football chant Stadium anthem Theme music Music at sporting events Notes References External links College Football Fight Song Lyrics NCAA College Football Fight Songs Music NCAA College Football Fight Songs Ring Tone Lyrics to College Fight Songs College Fight Songs Music (Temporarily disabled) Lyrics On Demand-College Fight Songs Sports terminology Sports music

766923

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%20Avenue%20Grounds

Huntington Avenue Grounds

Huntington Avenue American League Baseball Grounds is the full name of the baseball stadium that formerly stood in Boston, Massachusetts, and was the first home field for the Boston Red Sox (known informally as the "Boston Americans" before 1908) from to . The stadium, built for $35,000 (equivalent to $ million in ), was located on what is now Northeastern University, at the time across the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad tracks from the South End Grounds, home of the Boston Braves. The stadium was the site of the first World Series game between the modern American and National Leagues in 1903, and also saw the first perfect game in the modern era, thrown by Cy Young on May 5, 1904. The playing field was built on a former circus lot and was extremely large by modern standards- to center field, later expanded to in 1908. It had many quirks not seen in modern baseball stadiums, including patches of sand in the outfield where grass would not grow, and a tool shed in deep center field that was in play. The Huntington Avenue Grounds was demolished after the Red Sox left at the beginning of the 1912 season to play at Fenway Park. The Cabot Center, an indoor athletic venue belonging to Northeastern University, has stood on the Huntington Grounds' footprint since 1954. A plaque and a statue of Cy Young were erected in 1993 where the pitchers mound used to be, commemorating the history of this ballpark in what is now called World Series Way. Meanwhile, a plaque on the side of the Cabot Center (1956) marks the former location of the left field foul pole. The Cabot facility itself is barely over a quarter mile away to the southwest from another, still-standing Boston area sports facility of that era, Matthews Arena (built in 1910), the original home of the NHL's Boston Bruins when they started play in 1924. Gallery References Ballpark Digest Article on Huntington Avenue Baseball Grounds Huntington Avenue Baseball Grounds at Baseball Almanac Info at Ballparks.com See Huntington family Defunct baseball venues in Boston Defunct college football venues Boston College Eagles football venues Boston Red Sox stadiums Defunct Major League Baseball venues Demolished sports venues in Massachusetts Northeastern University 1901 establishments in Massachusetts Sports venues demolished in 1912 1912 disestablishments in Massachusetts

767977

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester%20Junior%20College

Worcester Junior College

Worcester Junior College was a private two-year college located in Worcester, Massachusetts. Prior to its closure in 1989, the College offered Associate's degrees in liberal arts and sciences, business and engineering. WJC began in 1905 as the Worcester Youth Men's Christian Association Institute. At the time, the College's only academic offering was a course in automobile mechanics. The curriculum steadily expanded until 1956, when WJC offered courses in Engineering, Business, and the Liberal Arts. By 1919, the College was involved in a partnership with Northeastern University, becoming the Worcester Division of Northeastern. Courses were taught at a high school/technical school level. In 1926, the WYMCA Institute decided to split into a preparatory school and an engineering school. In 1938, the Institute received a charter to grant associate degrees and, in the same year, officially changed its name to Worcester Junior College (some initial plans used the name 'Alden Junior College,' but 'Worcester Junior College' was used in the official charter). College officials complemented the night courses with a day school in 1940, and in 1942, dropped ties between the College and Northeastern. By 1972, the WJC was operating as part of the a newly constituted institution of higher learning, known as Central New England Colleges (CNEC). CNEC was composed of a junior college (Worcester, offering under graduate degrees in business management and computer science) and a senior college [Central New England College of Technology]serving some 2000 students. Based in its buildings in Worcester, MA, CNEC expanded its market and programs to a second campus by constructing a new state-of-the-art academic facility located in Westborough, MA. In the late 1980s, CNEC experienced a major funding exigency, largely caused by significant irregular financial administrative practices. In 1988, CNEC was placed under the management of Nichols College. Seeking to alleviate the crisis and to serve the immediate academic needs of CNEC students and faculty, Nichols sought to restructure CNEC's finances through the sale of CNEC's Westborough property. Unfortunately, in 1989, the Boston METRO-WEST real estate market experienced a downturn. Buyers for the property terminated their purchase and sale agreement, forfeiting their earnest money deposit. An official of the bank that held CNEC's mortgage was unwilling to provide additional time to resolve the situation and forced the foreclosure of CNEC. CNEC closed its doors on April 21, 1989. Incidentally, several years later, the same bank official that dealt with CNEC was found guilty of absconding with funds secured through his forced foreclosures and was sentenced to a lengthy incarceration. Note: Records are kept at Nichols College in Dudley MA. Notable alumni Arthur E. Chase: Businessman, community leader and politician References Defunct private universities and colleges in Massachusetts Universities and colleges in Worcester, Massachusetts

770775

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20End%20Grounds

South End Grounds

South End Grounds refers to any one of three baseball parks on one site in Boston, Massachusetts. They were home to the franchise that eventually became known as the Boston Braves, first in the National Association and later in the National League, from 1871 to 1914. At least in its third edition, the formal name of the park—as indicated by the sign over its entrance gate—was Boston National League Base Ball Park. It was located on the northeast corner of Columbus Avenue and Walpole Street (now Saint Cyprian's Place), just southwest of Carter Playground. Accordingly, it was also known over the years as Walpole Street Grounds; two other names were Union Base-ball Grounds and Boston Baseball Grounds. The ballpark was across the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad tracks, to the south, from the eventual site of the Huntington Avenue Grounds, home field of Boston's American League team prior to the building of Fenway Park. The Boston club was initially known as the "Red Stockings," because four of its key players had come from the famous 1869–1870 barnstorming team known as the Cincinnati Red Stockings and took the nickname with them to Boston. Over time the team acquired other informal nicknames, such as "Beaneaters," "Red Caps," "Rustlers" and "Doves." This team eventually adopted the official nickname "Braves," just a few years before abandoning South End Grounds. With its tight foul lines and expansive center field, like a scaled-down version of the Polo Grounds, it was sometimes said that the South End had no right or left field, only a center field. South End Grounds was rebuilt twice during its lifetime, the first time by choice and the second time by necessity. First park The first game at the South End Grounds was played on May 16, 1871. The original stands were small and rectangular, not unlike the seating area at a county fair grounds. Behind the right field area were residences and other buildings, and a narrow road called Berlin Street. Columbus Avenue had not yet been constructed. The Red Stockings dominated the National Association, finishing just 2 games behind the leaders in 1871, then winning four straight pennants to close out the NA. They joined the newly formed National League in 1876 and won three championships over the first 12 NL seasons. The last game at this version of the grounds came on September 10, 1887. The ballpark's stands were demolished later that month to make way for a new structure. Second park The second South End Grounds was opened on May 25, 1888. Sometimes referred to as the "Grand Pavilion," it consisted of a large double-decker grandstand behind home plate and uncovered stands stretching down the right and left field lines, as well as bleachers in right-center field. The medieval-style "witch's cap" turrets were a very popular decoration on public seating structures of the 1880s and 1890s. The ballpark seated 6,800 by one estimate. It was the only double-decked baseball stadium ever built in Boston, apart from the rooftop seating which has turned the single-decked Fenway Park into a de facto double-deck ballpark. The stadium was destroyed in the Great Roxbury Fire of May 16, 1894, which began when children started a small fire beneath the right field bleachers, and which spread and destroyed the stadium and 117 other buildings. During the rebuilding process, the Bostons played their home games at Congress Street Grounds. Third park The third South End Grounds was built in 10 weeks on the site of the old stand and opened on July 20, 1894. Because the previous structure had not been sufficiently insured, there wasn't enough money to rebuild the stands according to its old plans, and a smaller structure was built. One result of the fire was a reconfiguration of the buildings and streets in the area. Berlin Street disappeared, and Columbus Avenue was constructed, running just outside the right field area, replacing wooden buildings that had once stood there. Few photographs of this ballpark seem to be in circulation. In one sense, the best known photo might be the one showing the opening game of the 1903 World Series, with the Huntington Avenue Grounds in the foreground; and the South End Grounds in the background, its season over, partially hidden by smoke from the rail yards. That image can be seen beside this text. On September 12, 1911, 44-year-old legend Cy Young pitched the final home game of his career in a Boston uniform at the grounds against the New York Giants and fellow future Baseball Hall of Famer Christy Mathewson. The Braves, as they had been rechristened in 1912, moved out of the South End Grounds after their game on August 11, 1914, to accommodate larger crowds during the "stretch drive" of the 1914 pennant race. The team continued to play at Fenway Park until Braves Field was completed during the 1915 season. In contrast to the 11-year lifespan of the Huntington Avenue Grounds, the South End Grounds was the National Association / National League club's home for parts of 44 seasons, a longer time span than any subsequent Braves' home fields. Current use The stadium was demolished after the Braves left. The former site of the grandstand and the infield is located where Northeastern University's Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering Complex (ISEC) currently stands, between the Columbus Parking Garage and Ruggles Station of the Orange Line of the MBTA. The outfield was located where the garage stands. A historical marker commemorating the South End Grounds is located at Ruggles Station. References Sources Green Cathedrals, by Phil Lowry Ballparks of North America, by Michael Benson Baseball Memories 1900–1909, by Marc OkkonenBaseball Uniforms of the 20th Century'', by Marc Okkonen External links South End Grounds at Ballparks.com Boston Sports Temples, exhibition, Boston Public Library, November 17, 2012 – May 31, 2013 South End Grounds at Project Ballpark A map from about 1900, showing the ballpark Sanborn map showing the ballpark, 1887 - and streets prior to the 1894 fire Sanborn map showing the ballpark, 1897 Sanborn map showing the ballpark, 1914 Boston birdseye map, 1879 - South End Grounds near left edge Boston birdseye map, 1888 - South End Grounds toward lower right 1871 establishments in Massachusetts 1914 disestablishments in Massachusetts Defunct baseball venues in Boston Boston Braves stadiums Boston College Eagles football venues Defunct Major League Baseball venues Demolished sports venues in Massachusetts

780055

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney%20Crosby

Sidney Crosby

Sidney Patrick Crosby (born August 7, 1987) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre and captain of the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League (NHL). Nicknamed "Sid the Kid" and dubbed "The Next One", Crosby was selected first overall by the Penguins in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft. Crosby is often considered to be one of the greatest ice hockey players of all time. During his two-year major junior career with the Rimouski Océanic, he earned many awards and led his club to the 2005 Memorial Cup final. Océanic and the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League retired Crosby's jersey number 87 in 2019. Crosby debuted in the NHL during the 2005–06 season, recording 102 points and finishing as runner-up for the Calder Memorial Trophy as the NHL Rookie of the Year. At 18 years and 253 days, he is the youngest player to date to reach 100 points in an NHL season. By his second season, he led the NHL with 120 points to capture the Art Ross Trophy, becoming the youngest player and the only teenager to win a scoring title in any major North American sports league. That same season, Crosby won the Hart Memorial Trophy as the league's most valuable player (MVP) and the Lester B. Pearson Award for most outstanding player as judged by his peers. He started the 2007–08 season with the team's captaincy and subsequently led them to the 2008 Stanley Cup Finals, where they were defeated by the Detroit Red Wings in six games. The Penguins returned to the Finals against Detroit the following year and won in seven games; Crosby became the youngest captain in NHL history to win the Stanley Cup. In 2009–10, he received the Mark Messier Leadership Award and scored 51 goals, winning the Maurice Richard Trophy as the NHL's leading goal scorer. In early 2011, Crosby sustained a concussion that left him sidelined for the rest of the season and for most of the 2011–12 campaign. In 2014, Crosby again won the Hart Memorial Trophy as well as his second Art Ross Trophy (104 points) and his third Ted Lindsay Award. Crosby led Pittsburgh to Stanley Cup championships in 2016 and 2017, becoming the third player to win the Conn Smythe Trophy (playoff MVP) in consecutive years. In 2017, he won his second Richard Trophy and was named one of the 100 Greatest NHL Players in history. Internationally, Crosby has represented Canada on numerous occasions. He won gold at the 2005 World Junior Championships, and was later named to Team Canada for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. Playing against the United States in the gold medal game, he scored the game-winning goal in overtime. Crosby captained Team Canada at the 2014 Winter Olympics, winning his second consecutive Olympic gold medal. A year later, he led his country to gold in the World Championship in Prague, thus becoming a member of the Triple Gold Club and the only player in the club to have captained all three winning teams. In 2016, Crosby captained Canada to gold in the World Cup of Hockey and was elected MVP by a unanimous vote. Early life Crosby was born in the Grace Maternity Hospital in Halifax, Nova Scotia on August 7, 1987 to Troy and Trina (née Forbes) Crosby. Crosby's jersey number (87) and 2007 contract signing ($8.7 million per year) reflect his birthdate (8/7/87). Crosby grew up in nearby Cole Harbour and has a younger sister named Taylor. His father Troy was a goaltender who played for the Verdun Junior Canadiens in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL). He also played in the 1985 Memorial Cup and was drafted 240th overall by the Montreal Canadiens in 1984, but never played at the NHL level. Growing up, Crosby admired Steve Yzerman and, like his father, was a Canadiens fan. Crosby began playing hockey by himself in his basement at the age of two, shooting pucks in a net that had the family dryer behind it, leading to a longstanding misconception that he was actually practising with the dryer; he learned to skate at age three. From age 12 to 15, Crosby attended Astral Drive Junior High School. He was a straight-A student and, according to the vice-principal, "an amazing role model, who was really kind to students in the learning centre and to special needs kids". At age 15, Crosby transferred to Shattuck-Saint Mary's in Faribault, Minnesota to play with the school's hockey program. While playing for the Rimouski Océanic of the QMJHL, Crosby went to Harrison Trimble High School in Moncton, New Brunswick, where he graduated in 2005. Playing career Minor hockey Early in his minor hockey years, Crosby began attracting media attention for his play and gave his first newspaper interview at age seven. When Crosby was 13, Nova Scotia's Minor Hockey Council refused to allow him to play midget, a level of minor hockey designated for 15- to 17-year-olds. His family sued but lost. The following year, he entered the midget level with the triple-A Dartmouth Subways and went on to score a combined 217 regular season and playoff points, leading Dartmouth to a second-place finish at the 2002 Air Canada Cup. He was named the MVP and Top Scorer awards at the national tournament at the tournament banquet held after the preliminary round and he finished the tournament with 24 points (11 goals and 13 assists) in 7 games. Crosby was called up as a 14-year-old to play two games with the Maritime Junior A Hockey League's Truro Bearcats that season. Crosby had been drafted by the Bearcats in the 2001 MJAHL Draft as a 13-year-old. During his midget season, Crosby appeared on the CBC's Hockey Day in Canada telecast. He has recalled numerous instances in which opposing players intentionally attempted to injure him, as well as constant verbal abuse from parents on and off the ice. Parents taunted and threatened Crosby so harshly, he took to not wearing his jersey between tournament games while he waited to play so that he would not be recognized. Due to this treatment, he elected to play for the American hockey program at Shattuck-Saint Mary's Boarding School, Minnesota for the 2002–03 hockey season. In 57 games with the Sabres, he recorded 72 goals and 162 points, leading the team to a U18 AAA national championship. Junior career Rimouski Océanic (2003–2005) Crosby was selected first overall in the 2003 Midget Draft by the Rimouski Océanic of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL). In his first exhibition game, he scored eight points, leading his teammates to nickname him "Darryl" (in reference to Darryl Sittler's ten-point NHL game in 1976). In his first regular season game in the QMJHL, he scored one goal and added two assists. He was named QMJHL Player of the Week for two consecutive weeks at the start of the season and won the honour four more times as the season progressed. He was named QMJHL Player of the Month and Canadian Hockey League (CHL) Player of the Week three times each. Crosby finished his rookie QMJHL season with 54 goals and 81 assists over 59 games to capture the Jean Béliveau Trophy as the league's leading point-scorer. He was further recognized with the RDS/JVC Trophy (overall rookie of the year) and Michel Brière Memorial Trophy (most valuable player), becoming the first QMJHL player to win all three major awards at once. Rounding out Crosby's accolades for the 2003–04 regular season were QMJHL All-Rookie and First All-Star Team honours, as well as Offensive Rookie, Offensive Player and Personality of the Year Awards. As a team, the Océanic led the Eastern Division with 34 wins and 76 points. After receiving a first-round bye in the 2003 QMJHL playoffs, they defeated the Shawinigan Cataractes in the quarterfinals, then were eliminated by the Moncton Wildcats in the semi-finals. Crosby recorded 16 points (7 goals and 9 assists) over 9 playoff games. During the off-season, the World Hockey Association, a major professional league proposed to rival the NHL, held an Entry Draft on July 17, 2004. Holding the first overall selection, Toronto chose Crosby. The following month, it was reported that Crosby turned down a US$7.5 million contract over three years to play for Hamilton. Crosby told reporters that while "it took a lot to say no to that much money", he "work[ed] hard most of his life to play in the NHL". The contract would have paid him $2.5 million annually and an additional $2 million payout regardless of whether the WHA was realized as a legitimate league or not. However, it was not clarified how Hamilton could have signed Crosby, as Toronto held his WHA playing rights. Nevertheless, the WHA never materialized. Returning to the Océanic for the 2004–05 season, Crosby continued dominating the league, leading the league with 66 goals, 102 assists and 168 points over 62 games to capture his second consecutive Beliveau Trophy. Joining Crosby on Rimouski's top line were wingers Dany Roussin and Marc-Antoine Pouliot, who finished second and third in league-scoring with 116 and 114 points respectively. In addition to his scoring title, Crosby was once again awarded Most Valuable Player, Offensive Player and Personality of the Year, while repeating as a QMJHL First All-Star. The Océanic finished the regular season with the best record in the league, registering 45 wins and 98 points, including a league record-setting 28-game undefeated streak. They went on to capture the President's Cup as QMJHL playoff champions, defeating the Halifax Mooseheads in the finals. Crosby led the playoffs with 31 points (14 goals and 17 assists) over 13 games, earning him the Guy Lafleur Trophy as post-season MVP. With their QMJHL championship, the Océanic qualified for the 2005 Memorial Cup, Canada's national major junior tournament. Meeting the London Knights in the final, the Océanic were shut-out 4–0. Despite the loss, Crosby was named to the Tournament All-Star Team and captured the Ed Chynoweth Trophy as the competition's leading scorer with 11 points (6 goals and 5 assists) over 5 games. Knights forward Corey Perry was awarded the Stafford Smythe Memorial Trophy as the MVP. Soon after, he attended the NHL prospect combine in preparation for the 2005 NHL Entry Draft. Rimouski Océanic retired jersey number 87 in Crosby's honor in 2019, and the QMJHL also retired the number for all of its teams. Pittsburgh Penguins (2005–present) Rise to superstardom (2005–2007) Entering the 2005 NHL Entry Draft, Crosby was listed first overall in the NHL Central Scouting Bureau and International Scouting Services' respective rankings of prospects. He also won the Mike Bossy Trophy as the QMJHL's best prospect. Crosby was selected first overall in the draft by the Pittsburgh Penguins on July 30, 2005. Due to the labour lockout that suspended the entire 2004–05 NHL season, positioning for the 2005 draft was conducted via a weighted lottery based on each team's playoff appearances and draft lottery victories in the last four years. This lottery system led to the draft being popularly referred to as the "Sidney Crosby Lottery" or the "Sidney Crosby Sweepstakes". "Sid the Kid", a nickname given to him by the media early in his career, made his NHL debut on October 5, 2005 against the New Jersey Devils, and registered an assist on the team's first goal of the season, scored by Mark Recchi in a 5–1 loss. He scored his first NHL goal in the Penguins' home opener on October 8 against goaltender Hannu Toivonen of the Boston Bruins. Despite having registered two assists for a three-point night, the Penguins were defeated 7–6 in overtime. Crosby began his rookie season playing alongside Hall of Famer Mario Lemieux. Unfortunately, Lemieux was forced to retire due to an irregular heartbeat after having played just 26 games of the season. Near the midway point of the season, Penguins head coach Ed Olczyk was fired and replaced by Michel Therrien on December 15, 2005. The following day, Therrien designated Crosby as an alternate captain for the Penguins. The move drew criticism from some hockey pundits, including Don Cherry, who claimed that Crosby did not have the experience for the position. Cherry said, "An 18-year-old kid says he's going to give us ideas. What, from the Quebec League, he's going to give them ideas? Come on. That's ridiculous." Although hopes were high in Pittsburgh for the club to succeed, largely in part to the beginning of Crosby's NHL career and bolstered by the acquisitions of Sergei Gonchar, Žigmund Pálffy, and Mark Recchi, the Penguins still finished with the worst record in the Eastern Conference. Nevertheless, Crosby's first NHL campaign was a personal success as he established franchise records in assists (63) and points (102) for a rookie, both of which were previously held by Mario Lemieux. He also became the youngest player in NHL history to score 100 points in a single season, and only the seventh rookie ever to hit the benchmark. Overall, Crosby finished sixth in the NHL scoring race and seventh in the NHL in assists. Among Canadian NHL players, he trailed only Joe Thornton and Dany Heatley. Throughout the season, Crosby had battled with Washington Capitals forward and 2004 first-overall pick Alexander Ovechkin for the rookie scoring lead. He finished second to Ovechkin's 106 points and also lost to the Capitals forward for the Calder Memorial Trophy as NHL rookie of the year. It marked the start of a rivalry that would help "define the league" for over a decade. Throughout his first season, Crosby was accused by opposing players and coaches of taking dives and complaining to officials, which was typically attributed to his youth. He became the first rookie to earn 100 penalty minutes and 100 points in the same season, which magnified his reputation for complaining to NHL officials. Hockey analyst Kelly Hrudey compared Crosby to Wayne Gretzky, who had a similar reputation as a "whiner" in his youth, and suggested that as Crosby matured, he would mellow out and his reputation would fade. In his second NHL season, Crosby built on his rookie success. On October 28, 2006, Crosby scored his first NHL hat-trick in an 8–2 victory over the Philadelphia Flyers. His success against the Flyers continued as just over six weeks later, on December 13, he recorded the first six-point game of his career (one goal and five assists). The multi-point effort vaulted Crosby into the NHL scoring lead, which he would retain for the remainder of the season. He finished the 2006–07 with 36 goals and 84 assists in 79 games to become the first teenager to lead the NHL in scoring since Wayne Gretzky in 1980. Being only 19 years old at the time, he became the youngest player in NHL history to win the Art Ross Trophy and the youngest scoring champion in any major North American professional sport. Crosby's second NHL season also saw significant improvements for the Penguins franchise as a whole, as the emergence of Calder Trophy-winner Evgeni Malkin and runner-up Jordan Staal complemented the club's offence. As a result, the Penguins jumped from last place in the Eastern Conference the previous season to fifth for the club's first playoff appearance since 2001. Playing the Ottawa Senators in the opening round, Crosby scored a goal in his Stanley Cup playoff debut in a 6–3 loss. He finished the series with five points in five games as the Penguins were ousted by the eventual Stanley Cup runner-up. Following the Penguins defeat, Crosby was named Pittsburgh's team captain on May 31, 2007, making him (at 19 years, 9 months, and 24 days) the youngest team captain in NHL history. During the season, the Penguins offered him the captaincy, but he turned it down. In the press conference naming him the team captain, he explained: "I just thought it wasn't right for me. As a team, we were playing great and you don't want to disrupt things like that. Individually, I was not ready to accept that responsibility quite yet. Going through the playoffs and having that experience has probably given me more confidence. I understand there is going to be a lot more responsibility on my shoulders with this, but it's something I'm ready for, I feel very comfortable with it and I'm just excited to get things going." At the NHL's annual awards show later in June 2007, Crosby completed a rare off-season "hat-trick", winning the Hart Memorial Trophy and the Lester B. Pearson Award in addition to his previously-clinched Art Ross Trophy. He became the youngest player in NHL history to win the Lester B. Pearson, and only the second youngest player ever to win the Hart (after Gretzky). He became the youngest player ever to be named to the NHL's First All-Star Team. Runner–up and first Stanley Cup title (2007–2009) With Crosby's initial three-year, entry-level contract set to expire at the end of the following season, the Penguins signed him to a five-year, $43.5 million contract extension on July 10, 2007, ensuring his stay with the Penguins through the 2012–13 season. Midway through the subsequent season, Crosby recorded a Gordie Howe hat-trick on December 20, 2007 in a game against the Boston Bruins. His first assist came 55 seconds into the first period. At 8:26 of the same period, Crosby scored to give the Penguins a 2–0 lead. Then, five minutes and nine seconds into the second frame, Crosby fought ex-Penguin defenceman Andrew Ference to complete the hat-trick. This was Crosby's first NHL fight. In the NHL's first Winter Classic (with a record crowd of 71,217 fans in attendance), Crosby scored the shootout winner in heavy snowfall to defeat the Buffalo Sabres. However, two weeks later, on January 18, 2008, Crosby suffered a high ankle sprain crashing leg-first into the boards in a game against the Tampa Bay Lightning. As a result, he missed the 2008 All-Star Game, to which he was named a starter. After missing 21 games, he returned on March 4 against the Lightning and earned an assist. However, two games after his return, he felt his ankle was not up to shape and decided that he needed more time for it to heal. Crosby consequently sat out of the Penguins' next seven games and returned on March 27, 2008 to help the Penguins defeat the New York Islanders 3–1. Despite his injury-shortened campaign, Crosby still managed 72 points in just 53 games. Crosby's absence from the Penguins' line-up served as a stepping stone for teammate Evgeni Malkin, who, now in his second season, was developing into a superstar in his own right. Picking up the offensive slack, Malkin finished second in league scoring to Alexander Ovechkin and was also a Hart Memorial Trophy nominee as MVP honours also went to Ovechkin. In addition to Crosby's return to the line-up late in the regular season, the Penguins acquired star winger Marián Hossa from the Atlanta Thrashers at the trade deadline, placing the club in a strong position to make a deep playoff run. Pittsburgh finished the regular season as Atlantic Division champions and just two points shy of the first-seeded Montreal Canadiens. In a rematch of the previous year's opening round, the Penguins began the 2008 playoffs facing the Ottawa Senators, whom they quickly swept in four games. After then defeating the New York Rangers and archrival Philadelphia Flyers, each in five games, the Penguins reached the final round for the first time since 1992, to face the Detroit Red Wings. After being shut-out as a team for the first two games of the series, Crosby scored the first two goals of game three as the series shifted to Pittsburgh to fuel a 3–2 win. The Penguins lost the next game and despite staving off defeat in game five, they were overcome by the Red Wings in six games. Crosby finished the playoffs with 27 points (6 goals and 21 assists in 20 games), tying Conn Smythe-winner Henrik Zetterberg (13 goals and 14 assists in 22 games) for the playoff scoring lead. Early in the following season, on October 18, 2008, Crosby scored one goal and three assists to surpass benchmarks of 100 goals, 200 assists, and 300 points for his career. On the play in which Crosby scored, teammate Evgeni Malkin assisted to record his own 200th point. As a result, Crosby had a team trainer cut the puck in half so both players could commemorate the achievement. Minor injury troubles kept Crosby from five games early in the season as he was listed day-to-day, but he was, for the most part, able to bounce back from the previous injury-riddled season and stay healthy. He recorded 33 goals and 70 assists to finish third in league scoring, as Evgeni Malkin captured his first career Art Ross Trophy. Entering the 2009 playoffs as the defending Prince of Wales Trophy winners, the Penguins defeated the Philadelphia Flyers in the opening round before meeting the Washington Capitals for a highly publicized second-round matchup. The series was heavily followed as it pitted Ovechkin of the Capitals against both Crosby and Malkin, who together finished as the league's top three scorers that season. In the second game, Crosby and Ovechkin recorded matching three-goal efforts for their first career playoff hat tricks in a 4–3 Capitals victory. Despite being down 2–0 in the series, Crosby and the Penguins won the next three games and eventually defeated the Capitals in a seventh and deciding game, in which Crosby added another two goals. Following a sweep of the Carolina Hurricanes in the Eastern Conference Final, Crosby opted against recent NHL tradition and picked up the Prince of Wales Trophy, which he had left untouched the previous year. In explanation of the change of heart, Crosby said, "We didn't touch the trophy last year, and obviously we didn't have the result we wanted ... Although we haven't accomplished exactly what we want ... we can still enjoy it." The Penguins met the Detroit Red Wings for the second straight year in the Finals, and this time Crosby won his first Stanley Cup title in seven games. At 21 years, 10 months, and 5 days, Crosby became the youngest NHL captain to win the Stanley Cup since 1895. (The youngest captain to lead his team to the Stanley Cup in the history of the trophy is Mike Grant of the 1895 Montreal Victorias, who was 21 years and 2 months at the time.) In the deciding Game 7, Crosby was forced to watch all but 32 seconds of the third period from the bench after suffering a knee injury less than halfway through the second period due to a hit from Johan Franzén. Following the game, Crosby was criticized by Detroit forward Kris Draper for neglecting to shake hands with some of Detroit's players, most notably captain Nicklas Lidström. An irate Draper was quoted as saying, "Nick was waiting and waiting, and Crosby didn't come over to shake his hand. That's ridiculous, especially as their captain." Crosby replied afterward, saying, "I just won the Stanley Cup. I think I have the right to celebrate with my teammates. I know it's not easy waiting around... I understand if they don't feel like waiting around. But you know what? It's the easiest thing to do in the world, to shake hands after you win. I had no intentions of trying to skip guys and not shake their hands. I think that was a pretty unreasonable comment." Injury–plagued years (2010–2012) In the 2009–10 NHL season, Crosby tied Tampa Bay Lightning centre Steven Stamkos for the lead in goals scored, with 51 goals, earning the Rocket Richard Trophy. He also garnered 58 assists for a total of 109 points, enough to tie with Alexander Ovechkin for second in league points, trailing only the Vancouver Canucks' Henrik Sedin's 112. Crosby was also named a finalist for the Hart Memorial Trophy and Ted Lindsay Award. Crosby won the Mark Messier Leadership Award, getting recognized as a "superior leader within the sport, setting a positive example through on-ice performance, motivation of team members and a dedication to the community". This was the second time he had received this honour, the other being in January 2007, during the award's first year when it was presented monthly. He was also included on NHL's all-decade second team of 2000s. Crosby's Penguins were defeated in the second round of the 2010 Stanley Cup playoffs, losing to the Montreal Canadiens in seven games. Crosby had 19 points in 13 games in the playoffs, though through seven games against the Canadiens, he had only one goal and four assists. Game 7 was also the last game to be played at Mellon Arena, the Penguins' home rink since the start of the franchise. On July 27, 2010, Crosby joined his mentor Mario Lemieux to be the first to skate on the new ice at the Consol Energy Center. The two skated for about five minutes before being joined on the ice by a group of young hockey fans all wearing Lemieux's 66 or Crosby's 87 jerseys. In the 2010–11 season, Crosby had a 25-game point streak, which began on November 5, 2010 against the Anaheim Ducks and ended on December 28, 2010 against the New York Islanders. During this streak, he had 27 goals (including three hat-tricks) and 24 assists for 51 points. This streak was tied for 11th-longest point streak in NHL history, and he was named First Star of the Month in both November and December. On January 3, 2011, Crosby was selected as a 2011 All-Star, along with teammates Evgeni Malkin, Marc-André Fleury and Kris Letang. However, neither Crosby nor Malkin were available to play in the All-Star Game due to injuries, and rookie Jeff Skinner (along with Paul Stastny) were named as replacements. In consecutive games – the 2011 NHL Winter Classic on January 1, 2011, against the Washington Capitals and then January 5 against the Tampa Bay Lightning – Crosby suffered hits to his head from Dave Steckel and Victor Hedman respectively. After experiencing several concussion symptoms, Crosby did not return for the rest of the regular season, and he missed the 2011 playoffs. The Penguins were further crippled when Evgeni Malkin suffered a torn ACL and MCL, taking him out for the rest of the season and leaving the Penguins without their two highest-scoring players. Despite Crosby's injury and subsequent absence for the final 41 games of the season, he finished as the Penguins' leading scorer. His 66 points in 41 games were 16 points ahead of the second-highest team scorer, defenceman Kris Letang. In so doing, Crosby set an NHL record for fewest games played by an NHL team's points leader. Crosby missed the first 20 games of the 2011–12 season due to the lingering effects of his concussion. He returned on November 21, 2011 in a game against the New York Islanders, scoring two goals and two assists in a 5–0 shutout for the Penguins. However, after playing another seven games – scoring a total of 12 points in 8 games – Crosby's concussion-like symptoms returned in December 2011, possibly following an elbow hit by David Krejčí in his eighth game of the season. Despite passing a successful ImPACT test, Crosby decided not to return on the ice until he felt perfectly fine, stating that he also must "listen to [his] body". Crosby returned to action on March 15, 2012, scoring an assist in a 5–2 win against the New York Rangers. Despite only playing 22 games, Crosby recorded 29 assists to go with 8 goals for 37 points, including his 600th career point. He later credited neurologists at UPMC and chiropractic neurologist Ted Carrick with helping him return to hockey. Crosby's return in advance of the playoffs resulted in many experts predicting that the Penguins would win their second Stanley Cup title in four years, and though the Penguins were accordingly picked to oust the Philadelphia Flyers in their first-round series, it was acknowledged that it would be a tough series for both teams. The Flyers shocked the Penguins by winning the first three consecutive games, the third of which saw the teams combine for 158 penalty minutes. After the 8–4 loss in Game 3, Crosby was widely criticized for his conduct during the game, and for his testy post-game interview. When asked about an incident where Flyer forward Jakub Voráček had dropped his glove and Crosby swatted it away with his stick before Voráček could pick it up, Crosby replied, saying, "I don't like any guy on their team there, so his glove was near me, went to pick it up, and I pushed it, so yeah, that's... [...] I don't like them. Because I don't like them. I don't like... I don't like any guy on their team." When the interviewer suggested that he could have skated away, Crosby replied, "Skate away? Yeah, well, I didn't that time." The Penguins went on to win the next two games, but ultimately lost the series in Game 6. Crosby would finish with three goals and five assists in the six games. On June 28, 2012, the Penguins announced that Crosby agreed to a 12-year, $104.4 million contract extension set to keep Crosby in Pittsburgh through to the end of the 2024–25 NHL season. Individual awards and playoff disappointments (2012–2015) The start of the 2012–13 was postponed until January 2013 due to the owners locking out the players as negotiations took place to solidify a new collective agreement for the players. During this time, Crosby was a regular attendee of meetings taking place between National Hockey League Players' Association (NHLPA) representatives and NHL owners. The lock-out began on September 15, 2012 and ended on January 6, 2013 with the NHL regular season beginning on January 19. During the 119-day lock-out, Crosby was often questioned about his future plans should the lockout persist, and said on more than one occasion that he was considering contract offers from various teams in European leagues (where many NHL players went so that they could continue playing in a professional capacity while waiting for the lock-out to end or for the NHL season to be officially cancelled). Crosby continued to practice and participated with other NHL players who did not go overseas in several exhibition games open to the public. With the season finally underway in late January, Crosby set the pace for scoring, totalling 31 points (9 goals and 22 assists) through the first 21 games. He remained hot through March, scoring another 25 points (6 goals and 19 assists) in 15 games as the Penguins went unbeaten over this stretch. However, his regular season came to an abrupt end on March 30 in a home game against the New York Islanders. Crosby's teammate Brooks Orpik unleashed a slapshot which caught Crosby in the mouth, causing the centreman to lose several teeth. Crosby was down on the ice for several minutes before the medical staff was able to help him to the dressing room with Crosby holding a towel over his face. Initially, the prognosis was not severe, but it was discovered a short while later that Crosby had broken his jaw and would require several rounds of reconstructive dental surgery. He missed the final 12 games of the regular season and finished fourth in the scoring race, losing the title to Tampa Bay's Martin St. Louis by four points. Crosby returned to the ice May 5 for the Penguins' second game against their first-round playoff opponents, the New York Islanders, ironically, the team Pittsburgh had been playing when Crosby was injured. Despite two goals from Crosby, Pittsburgh lost the game 3–2, tying the series at one game apiece. The Penguins would ultimately prevail 4–2 in the series over the Isles with Crosby scoring nine points (three goals and six assists) in the five games in which he played. Crosby and the Penguins moved on to face the Ottawa Senators in the second round, with Crosby scoring a hat-trick in Game 2 of the series. Pittsburgh quickly defeated Ottawa four games to one in the series with a still-hot Crosby finishing the series with four goals and two assists. The Eastern Conference Finals came down to what many felt were the two best teams in the conference: Pittsburgh and Boston. Bruins goaltender Tuukka Rask put on an outstanding performance, shutting down Pittsburgh's potent offence with the help of a stifling defensive effort from his teammates. The Penguins were held to just two goals in the series, with Rask stopping 134 of 136 shots on goal (.985%). Crosby, who was strong for the Penguins in the regular season and through the first two rounds of the playoffs was held off the score sheet entirely, finishing the series with no goals and no assists on 13 shots. The Bruins swept the Penguins in four-straight games, ending Crosby's bid for a second Stanley Cup championship. In the off-season, Crosby was awarded his second Ted Lindsay Award and finished as runner-up to the Hart Memorial Trophy and Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy. Crosby put together a healthy and productive campaign in 2013–14, playing 80 games for the first time since the 2009–10 season. Crosby finished the season with 36 goals and a league-leading 68 assists, marking the first time in his career that he led the league in assists. He also finished with a league-high 104 points, winning the Art Ross Trophy for the second time in his career. He also went on to win the Hart Memorial Trophy and the Ted Lindsay Award. Finishing first overall in the Metropolitan Division, the Penguins were matched-up with a new division rival, the Columbus Blue Jackets, in the first round of the 2014 playoffs. Despite a very back-and-forth series and not a single goal by Crosby, the Penguins defeated the Jackets in six games to advance to a second-round matchup with the New York Rangers. Going into their second-round series with the Rangers, Crosby looked to end a long playoff goal drought, which dated back to the 2013 Conference Finals against the Boston Bruins. After dropping Game 1 at home, Crosby broke his goal drought in Game 2 as the Pens tied the series at 1–1 heading back to Madison Square Garden. The Penguins would capitalize on their Game 2 win, taking the next two games and eliminating the Rangers home-ice advantage. However, the Rangers would quickly rebound, winning Game 5, 6 and 7, sending the Penguins home without a prize for the fifth straight season. The team's collapse prompted Penguins ownership to fire general manager Ray Shero, replacing him with Jim Rutherford, the former general manager of the Carolina Hurricanes. Rutherford's first action as GM was to fire Dan Bylsma as head coach, and on June 25, he announced that Mike Johnston was the new head coach. Crosby finished the 2014–15 season with the highest point-per-game average and a total of 84 points, trailing only John Tavares (86 points) and Art Ross winner Jamie Benn (87 points). On November 26, 2014, Crosby scored his 800th career point, becoming the sixth-fastest player in NHL history to reach that milestone. On January 4, 2015, in a game against Philadelphia, Crosby scored his 300th career NHL goal. Despite a strong start to the season, the injury-plagued Penguins entered the playoffs as the Eastern Conference's second wild card. Facing the New York Rangers, Crosby helped even the series with two goals in Game 2. Despite this, the Penguins were defeated in five games and was eliminated in the first round for the first time since the 2012 playoffs. Back-to-back Stanley Cups (2015–2017) Starting the 2015–16 season, the Penguins went through a major overhaul of their roster, adding a number of offensive players such as right winger Phil Kessel. Despite a line-up laced with some of the world's finest offensive talents, Crosby struggled to score points, as he and the team had for much of the Johnston era. By the time Johnston was fired on December 12, 2015, after posting a 15–10–3 record through 28 games, some media outlets began speculating that Crosby had aged out of his prime scoring years. On December 16, The Washington Post wrote, "Sidney Crosby has widely been regarded as the NHL's best player since he burst on the scene as a rookie in 2005 ... But Crosby just hasn't been himself this season, scoring just six goals in 29 games and sitting with a plus/minus of minus-seven. All players go through slumps, but it is clear that the Crosby we knew has been on the decline for some time." His slow start was capped off by not being selected as a starter for the 2016 NHL All-Star Game. However, under new head coach Mike Sullivan, the 28-year-old turned his season around, outscoring all NHL players from December 12 through the end of the season. On February 2, Crosby scored three-straight goals for his first natural hat-trick in more than five years. Four days later, Crosby scored his 900th, 901st and 902nd career NHL points to fuel a 3–2 overtime comeback victory over the Florida Panthers. He tallied at least 1 point in 15 of Pittsburgh's 16 games in March, including six multi-point efforts, and was subsequently named the NHL's First Star of the Month. On April 2, Crosby recorded his 600th NHL assist as the Penguins clinched their berth in the 2016 playoffs. Six days later, he scored in overtime against Washington Capitals to secure home-ice advantage in the first round of the playoffs. Crosby finished the season with 36 goals and 85 points in 80 games, including a career-high nine game-winning goals, and was voted team MVP for the sixth time in his career. His two-way game also received league-wide praise, with Hockey Hall of Fame coach Scotty Bowman stating that Crosby would be a good candidate for the Frank J. Selke Trophy as the league's best defensive forward. Crosby's comeback also impressed Wayne Gretzky, who said, "He had a tough start, but the sign of an elite athlete is a guy that battles through it. He didn't point any fingers, he just battled through it, and I don't think there is any question the last 40 or so games, he made a case for the MVP. He was that good. He went to another level." On May 7, Crosby was named a finalist for the Hart Memorial Trophy. He finished as the first runner-up with 800 points and 11 first-place votes. After losing to New York in the past two playoffs, the Penguins eliminated the Rangers in the first round, winning four games to one, after losing to the Rangers by the same series margin in the first round the previous year. Crosby led the team in scoring with three goals and eight points. The Penguins then eliminated the Presidents' Trophy-winning Washington Capitals in six games, without much offensive production from either Crosby (two assists) or Malkin (one goal and one assist). Advancing to their first Conference Final since 2013, Crosby scored the overtime winner against the Tampa Bay Lightning in Game 2. The goal was scored 40 seconds into overtime for a 3–2 win, the fastest overtime goal in Penguins' playoff history, and the first of his career in the playoffs. In the following game, he scored the game-winning goal in a 4–2 victory. After dropping the next two games, Crosby scored his third game-winning goal of the series in Game 6, forcing a final game in Pittsburgh. Defeating the Tampa Bay Lightning 2–1 in Game 7, Crosby helped his team win the Eastern Conference championship, advancing to the Stanley Cup Final against the San Jose Sharks. In the series, the Penguins defeated the Sharks in six games to earn Crosby his second Stanley Cup title. He became the ninth player to win the Stanley Cup twice as well as two Olympic gold medals. Finishing the playoffs with 19 points (6 goals and 13 assists), including the primary helper on the Cup-winning goal scored by Kris Letang, Crosby was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the MVP of the playoffs. Crosby missed the first six games of the 2016–17 season after being diagnosed with a concussion just a few days before the season opener against the Washington Capitals. Upon his return, he scored 30 goals in his first 45 games, and on February 16, 2017, he registered an assist on a Chris Kunitz goal against the Winnipeg Jets to reach 1,000 NHL points, doing so in just his 757th game to become the 12th-fastest (and 11th-youngest) player to reach that milestone. He also participated in his first NHL All-Star Game since 2007, winning the shooting accuracy segment of the Skills Competition. He was named team MVP and finished the season as the runner up for the Art Ross Trophy with 44 goals and 89 points in 75 games. It marked the eighth time he finished a season in the top-three in NHL scoring, tying Mario Lemieux, Stan Mikita and Phil Esposito for the third-most instances in history behind only Wayne Gretzky (15 times) and Gordie Howe (12 times). With his 44 goals, Crosby captured the Rocket Richard Trophy for the second time in his career. Crosby was also named a finalist for the Hart Memorial Trophy and Ted Lindsay Award. Entering the 2017 playoffs as the defending Stanley Cup champions, the Penguins defeated the Columbus Blue Jackets in five games before meeting the Washington Capitals in the second round. After winning the first two games on the road, Crosby sustained a concussion after suffering an injury from a slash and cross-check from Alexander Ovechkin and Matt Niskanen in Game 3. He missed Game 4 but returned to practice the next day and played in Game 5. The Penguins would eventually eliminate the Capitals in Game 7, with Crosby assisting on the series-winning goal. The Penguins then defeated the Ottawa Senators in a gruelling seven-game series to secure their second consecutive trip to the Stanley Cup Final. Crosby had the primary assist on the series-clinching goal, scored by Chris Kunitz in double overtime. Facing the Nashville Predators in the Finals, Pittsburgh jumped out to a two-game lead, despite being outplayed for long stretches in both games. The Predators responded by tying up the series, winning Game 3 and 4 at home. In Game 5, the Penguins' captain delivered a dominant performance, adding three assists in a 6–0 win to pass Lemieux for most Stanley Cup Final points (20) in franchise history. After defeating the Predators 2–0 in Game 6, the Penguins became the first team to repeat as Stanley Cup champions since the 1997–98 Detroit Red Wings, and the first to do so in the salary cap era. Crosby won his second consecutive Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs, only the third player to do so after Bernie Parent (1974, 1975) and Mario Lemieux (1991, 1992). He finished second in scoring behind Evgeni Malkin with 27 points (8 goals and 19 assists) in 24 games. Recent years (2017–present) In the 2017–18 season, Crosby appeared in all 82 of Pittsburgh's regular season games for the first time in his career, finishing with 29 goals and 60 assists for 89 points. On February 12, 2018, he scored his 400th NHL goal, becoming the 95th player to reach the milestone. On March 21, he recorded his 700th career NHL assist. The Penguins began their 2018 playoff campaign against the Philadelphia Flyers. In Game 1 of the Battle of Pennsylvania, Crosby recorded a natural hat-trick in a 7–0 win. On April 18, in Game 4, Crosby passed Mario Lemieux as the Penguins' all-time playoff points leader with 173. The Penguins ultimately defeated the Flyers in six games, with Crosby scoring 6 goals and 13 points. After the series, retired Hockey Hall of Fame centre Bryan Trottier said of Crosby, "Sid has a wonderful gift to maintain his composure and not get rattled. You like the emotion he shows, too. I think he fires his team up, and that's why he's wearing the 'C' [for captain]." The Penguins were eventually eliminated in Game 6 of the second round by the eventual Stanley Cup champion Washington Capitals, ending Penguins's bid for a three-peat. Crosby finished with 21 points (9 goals and 12 assists) in 12 games, pushing his career playoff total to 185, tied with Steve Yzerman for tenth-most all-time. On January 3, 2019, Crosby was selected to play in the NHL All-Star Game for the eighth time in his career. He scored four goals and four assists, helping the Metropolitan Division to victory; his efforts won him his first All-Star MVP award, making him the sixth in NHL history to have won that award after having won the Conn Smythe Trophy and Hart Memorial Trophy. During the 2018–19 season, Crosby passed Mario Lemieux to become the Penguins' all-time leader in games played (916), and moved into second place on the Pens' all-time scoring list with his 440th career goal in a 5–1 victory over the Montreal Canadiens on March 3, 2019. Two days later, he became the 48th player in NHL history to score at least 1,200 career points. He finished the season with 100 points (35 goals and 65 assists), the first time he has reached the 100-point mark since scoring 104 points in 2013–14. Crosby finished 4th in voting for the Selke Trophy and became a Hart Trophy finalist for the seventh time in his career. He was also elected team-MVP. Crosby was selected to the NHL All-Decade First Team in January 2020. The Penguins finished fifth in the Eastern Conference in the COVID-19-shortened 2019–20 season, facing the 12th-seeded Montreal Canadiens in the Eastern Conference qualifying round. The Canadiens upset the Penguins in four games, eliminating Pittsburgh on August 7, 2020, Crosby's 33rd birthday.  In the shortened 2020–21 season, Crosby led the team in scoring with 62 points (24 goals and 38 assists), and was the recipient of the team's MVP Award and the Players' Player Award. He was also a finalist for the Ted Lindsay Award. On February 21, 2021, Crosby became the first player in Penguins history to play 1,000 games with the franchise. The team clinched a playoff berth for the 15th consecutive season under Crosby's captaincy, the longest active postseason streak among all teams in the North American professional sports leagues. However, the Penguins were eliminated in the first round of the playoffs by the New York Islanders for the second time in three seasons. On February 15, 2022, Crosby scored his 500th career goal on a power play against the Philadelphia Flyers, becoming the 46th player to score that many goals in NHL history, the 18th to have scored them all for a single team, and the second Penguin to reach that plateau (Lemieux was first). International play Junior Crosby debuted internationally for Canada at the 2003 U-18 Junior World Cup in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. He was the youngest player on the under-18 team, having turned 16 shortly before the beginning of the tournament. After seven consecutive gold medals at the tournament, Team Canada lost in the bronze medal game to the Czech Republic 8–2. He scored four goals and six points over five tournament games. Crosby went on to compete in two World Junior Championships with Team Canada's under-20 team. When he was named to the team in December 2003, he became the fifth 16-year-old to represent Canada at the tournament, following Jay Bouwmeester, Jason Spezza, Eric Lindros and Wayne Gretzky. Competing in the 2004 World Junior Championships in Helsinki, he then became the youngest player to score a goal in the history of the tournament at 16 years, 4 months, and 21 days when he scored against Switzerland in a 7–2 win. This record would last until the 2012 World Juniors when Aleksander Barkov of Finland scored a goal aged 16 years, 4 months. Crosby finished the tournament with two goals and three assists in six games, helping Canada to a silver medal finish. The following year, he returned for Canada at the 2005 World Junior Championships in Grand Forks, North Dakota. He improved to six goals and three assists as Canada earned gold. Crosby stated the following year that his most memorable hockey moment was winning his World Junior gold medal. Men's After completing his rookie season with the Pittsburgh Penguins, Crosby competed in the 2006 IIHF World Championship as an alternate captain for Canada. Scoring a tournament-best eight goals and eight assists in nine games, he became the youngest player ever to win a World Championship scoring title. Despite his performance, Canada failed to medal, being shut-out by Finland 5–0 in the bronze medal game. Crosby was named the tournament's top forward and to the competition's all-star team. After omitted from Canada's Olympic team in 2006, Crosby was named to the Canadian roster on December 30, 2009 as an alternate captain for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. He scored the game-winning shootout goal for Canada in the second game of the preliminary round against Switzerland. After going pointless in the quarter- and semi-final against Russia and Slovakia respectively, Crosby scored the winning goal 7 minutes and 40 seconds into overtime against the United States in the gold medal game. The goal has later become known as the "Golden Goal" due to it being scored in the gold medal game. It is also regarded by some as "Canada's most iconic sports moment". Following the Penguins' second-round elimination in the 2010 playoffs, Crosby declined an invitation to join Canada midway through the 2010 IIHF World Championship in Germany. Crosby was selected to represent Canada at the 2014 Winter Olympics and was later named team captain. Canada won gold, with Crosby contributing one goal and two assists in six games. He scored his only goal in the final against Sweden, further establishing his reputation as "a player who rises up in big games". In 2015, Crosby captained Canada to its first World Championship title since 2007, with the team winning all 10 games and scoring 66 goals. Crosby, scoring four goals and seven assists in nine games, became the 26th member of the Triple Gold Club. He is the first member of the club to captain all three championship teams, and the first member to be a first overall NHL draft pick. In 2016, Hockey Canada named Crosby captain for the 2016 World Cup of Hockey in Toronto. Crosby, who led the tournament in scoring with ten points, helped Team Canada win the championship, and was named the Most Valuable Player. He joined Bobby Orr and Wayne Gretzky as the only players to win the Conn Smythe, Hart Memorial Trophy and World Cup MVP. Team Canada head coach Mike Babcock described Crosby as a serial winner, saying, "He's that high-end competitor. He's a good leader because he tries to do it right all the time. He demands a lot out of himself. In doing so, he demands a lot out of his teammates." In 2020, he was named to the IIHF All-Time Canadian Team and the Men's All-Decade Team. On October 3, 2021, Crosby was one of the first three players named to the men's hockey roster for Canada's team for the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing, alongside Connor McDavid and Alex Pietrangelo. However, due to the NHL's subsequent decision not to attend the Beijing Games as a result of the Omicron variant's impacts on scheduling, Crosby was unable to compete. He said afterward that "I've been fortunate enough to be part of two. I definitely feel for the guys who have missed numerous opportunities." Player profile Style of play As captain and first-line centre for Canada, Crosby played with different line mates in almost every game as the coaching staff struggled to find players capable of keeping pace with the superstar centre at the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver, and again at the 2014 Winter Olympic Games in Sochi. Crosby's fellow countryman and Olympic teammate, Rick Nash, was questioned by the media about this, at one point saying, "I think he's a tough guy to keep up with. He's so fast. The way he thinks about the game seems like it's far beyond everyone else's process. It's the same thing in the last Olympics, keep shuffling around until you found something that fit." Team Canada's assistant coach in Vancouver, Ken Hitchcock, recalled, "Sid thinks at a level, when the other team has the puck, that's above everyone else in the league [NHL]. His anticipation when the other team has the puck is so high, he knows where it's going ahead of time. He can pick off passes, make you make errors. And then he also knows where people are located on the ice, so he can turn that turnover into a scoring chance." Other professional NHL players have particularly noted Crosby for his backhand shot. For example, in his column for The Players' Tribune, Jonathan Quick of the Los Angeles Kings praised Crosby for having "the best backhand shot" in the NHL. "His blade is almost completely flat, which combined with his ridiculous forearm strength gives him the ability to go forehand to your five hole instantly or turn it over to the backhand and roof it (a lot of guys can't do this with a flat blade)." Reputation Noted for his on-ice vision, passing ability, leadership, work ethic and complete overall game, Crosby is considered to be one of the greatest players of all time. Bobby Orr named Crosby among the five best players in the history of NHL. Wayne Gretzky said of Crosby, "He's proven over and over that he's the best player in the game today. And it seems like the more important the game, the more impact that he makes on a game." Gordie Howe was also impressed by Crosby, "I met him and I've seen him play. Unless you put two guys on him, he'll kill you in a game." In 2016, Mario Lemieux praised his protégé for his ability to play both sides of the puck: "I think he's more of a complete player. Defensively, I think he's improved a lot over the last couple of years." In an article for The Washington Post, other players, teammates and coaches highlighted his work ethic and strive for greatness as a major factor to Crosby's lasting success. "While his natural ability – powerful skating, pistol-quick hands, uncommon feel – made him a phenom, his creative, distinct capacity for work has enabled him to stay atop the NHL." Current Pittsburgh head coach Mike Sullivan described Crosby as "best 200-foot player in the game" and the "heartbeat" of the Penguins. On January 27, 2017, in a ceremony during the All-Star Weekend in Los Angeles, Crosby was named one of the 100 Greatest NHL Players in history. In that same year, Fox Sports ranked Crosby 15th on their "21 greatest athletes of the 21st century (so far)" list, and TSN named him the eighth-best NHL player of all-time. Four months before the 2022 Winter Olympics, Rob Rossi of The Athletic called him "arguably North America's most dominant team-sport Winter Olympian." In a survey conducted by Sportsnet in June 2017, Crosby was voted by Canadians to be the greatest athlete of the 21st century. A poll conducted by the NHLPA in 2018 of more than 500 players resulted in Crosby being voted the "most difficult to play against, best role model, best team player, the player you'd want to win one game, and the player who would be a great coach upon retirement". In 2018, Crosby was chosen as Nova Scotia's "Best athlete ever" by the Nova Scotia Sport Hall of Fame. In 2019, an anonymous survey conducted by The Athletic showed that Crosby was regarded the best all-around NHL player by his peers. Considered a generational talent and a franchise player, drafting Crosby changed the fortunes of a struggling Pittsburgh Penguins. It helped secure funding for a new arena and ended speculation that the franchise would relocate to another city. In 2005–06, his presence helped Pittsburgh's attendance increase by 33%. Crosby's arrival also aided in reinvigorating and expanding the roots of hockey in the Pittsburgh area. Penguins CEO and president David Morehouse said, "We were in last place, we were last in revenues, we were last in attendance, our TV ratings were minimal and we were in the oldest building in the NHL... We were able to draw attention to us as a franchise because of the drafting of Sidney Crosby and the subsequent success we had." Jerseys Crosby's number 87 Pittsburgh Penguins jersey was the top seller on the NHL's website from September 2005 to February 2008. It has continued to be among the top-selling jerseys since his rookie season. In January 2005, an Air Canada baggage handler in Montreal stole Crosby's red Canada jersey from the World Junior Hockey Championship. It was recovered later in a mailbox. His white jersey from the tournament was temporarily delisted from an auction while the red one was missing. It eventually sold for $22,100, which went to youth hockey charities and 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake relief. Less than a year later, one of Crosby's game-worn sweaters disappeared. The jersey he wore in his first NHL game, played against the New Jersey Devils, disappeared from his father's luggage during a flight from Pittsburgh to Buffalo. The jersey was later found at the Pittsburgh International Airport between a piece of equipment and a stairwell. Crosby's jersey from his third NHL game was the highest-selling NHL jersey in an auction for Hurricane Katrina relief – it sold for $21,010. During an online auction held by the NHL and the NHL Players Association to benefit Hockey Fights Cancer, Crosby's game-worn jersey from the first period of the 2007 All-Star Game earned the most money. Crosby's sold for $47,520, more than eight times the next highest price—$5,681 for the jersey worn by Brendan Shanahan of the New York Rangers. Following Crosby's Olympic gold medal victory with Canada in 2010, it was announced that his stick and glove were missing. It was initially suspected that they might have been stolen; Reebok Canada offered a reward of CAD$10,000 for their return, "no questions asked". On March 10, the items were found: Crosby's stick had been placed in a shipment bound for the International Ice Hockey Federation Hall of Fame in Saint Petersburg, Russia, (the shipment was intercepted in Toronto) and his glove was found in a hockey bag belonging to Olympic teammate and Boston Bruins' centre Patrice Bergeron, whose stall was beside Crosby's in the locker room. Personal life Crosby rarely discusses his personal life and avoids social media. Andy O'Brien, Crosby's fitness trainer for over 15 years, has said: "He [Crosby] wants to be one of the guys and doesn't really seek to separate himself or get special treatment in any way... He takes a lot of enjoyment in the regular, simple things in life and having a normal, ordinary routine". Greg Powers described Crosby as essentially the brother of Lemieux's son Austin, as he lived with Lemieux's family in Sewickley, Pennsylvania from 2005 until 2010. In the spring of 2010, Crosby purchased his own home in the same area. In June 2006, he bought his first house on Grand Lake in Halifax, Nova Scotia. On May 29, 2010, it was announced that Crosby would sign the richest endorsement contract in NHL history with Reebok, expected to pay Crosby $1.4 million per year for five to seven years. In 2015, he signed a six-year endorsement contract with Adidas. Crosby also has endorsement deals with Bell, Tim Hortons, and Gatorade. Regarded as one of Canada's "legendary goal-scorers and storied leaders", Crosby was featured in Canada Post's NHL Great Canadian Forwards stamp collection, alongside Phil Esposito, Guy Lafleur, Darryl Sittler, Mark Messier, and Steve Yzerman. In 2016, he won an Emmy Award for his role in There's No Place Like Home With Sidney Crosby. He also won for his participation in the Merci Sidney video that followed his return to Rimouski for his QMJHL jersey retirement ceremony. Crosby has a younger sister named Taylor who is a hockey goaltender. Like her brother, she went to high school at Shattuck-Saint Mary's in Faribault, Minnesota to play with the school's hockey program. In 2014, Taylor joined the Northeastern Huskies women's ice hockey team as a freshman at Northeastern University in Boston. In 2015, she transferred to Minnesota's St. Cloud State University and played with the St. Cloud State Huskies women's ice hockey team through to graduation at the end of the 2017–18 school year. Crosby continues to be active in the community in Cole Harbour, Nova Scotia. He created the Sidney Crosby Foundation in 2009, an organization committed to helping charities benefiting children. In 2015, he started a hockey school in Cole Harbour. His "Little Penguins Program" has provided free equipment and lessons to more than ten thousand local youngsters in Pittsburgh. On November 3, 2021, Crosby tested positive for COVID-19 with "mild symptoms". Career statistics . Regular season and playoffs Bold indicates led league 1999–2000 stats are from "Age-old question: Cole Harbour hockey association bars peewee player from bantam tourney". The Halifax Daily News. April 5, 2000. International Honors and achievements Records IIHF Youngest player to win a World Championship scoring title Pittsburgh Penguins Assists (63) and points (102) in a season by a rookie Most regular-season OT goals (13) Most games played Most playoff points Most playoff assists Most playoff games Most points in the Stanley Cup Finals (20) Most playoff multi-point games NHL First rookie to record 100 points and 100 penalty minutes in a season Youngest player to record 100 points in a season (18 years, 253 days) Youngest player to record 200 career points (19 years and 207 days) Youngest player to record 2 consecutive 100-point seasons (19 years, 215 days). Youngest player voted to the starting line-up in an All-Star Game Youngest Art Ross Trophy and Lester B. Pearson Award winner Youngest player to be named to the First All-Star Team Youngest player to lead NHL playoffs in scoring (20 years, 9 months, and 28 days) Youngest NHL captain to win Stanley Cup (21 years, 10 months, and 5 days) 6th player in NHL history to win multiple Conn Smythe Trophies. Fewest games played by an NHL team's leading scorer (his 66 points in 41 games were the most of any player on the 2010–11 Penguins squad) See also List of Pittsburgh Penguins players List of NHL players with 50 goal seasons List of NHL players with 100-point seasons List of NHL players with 1,000 points List of NHL players with 1,000 games played List of NHL players with 500 goals Notes References Further reading External links 1987 births Art Ross Trophy winners Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States Canadian ice hockey centres Canadian philanthropists Conn Smythe Trophy winners Hart Memorial Trophy winners Ice hockey people from Nova Scotia Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics Ice hockey players at the 2014 Winter Olympics Ice hockey players from Pittsburgh Lester B. Pearson Award winners Living people Lou Marsh Trophy winners Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics Members of the Order of Nova Scotia National Hockey League All-Stars National Hockey League first overall draft picks National Hockey League first round draft picks Nova Scotia Sport Hall of Fame inductees Olympic gold medalists for Canada Olympic ice hockey players of Canada Olympic medalists in ice hockey People from Cole Harbour, Nova Scotia Pittsburgh Penguins draft picks Pittsburgh Penguins players Rimouski Océanic players Rocket Richard Trophy winners Sportspeople from Halifax, Nova Scotia Sportspeople from Pittsburgh Stanley Cup champions Triple Gold Club

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Lebanese%20people

List of Lebanese people

This is a list of notable individuals born and residing mainly in Lebanon. Lebanese expatriates residing overseas and possessing Lebanese citizenship are also included. Activists Lydia Canaan – activist, advocate, public speaker, and United Nations delegate Jill Kelley – advocate, socialite, and former diplomat Arts and entertainment Beauty pageant winners Maya Reaidy – Miss Lebanon 2018 Perla Helou – Miss Lebanon 2017 Valerie Abou Chacra — Miss Lebanon 2015 Dina Azar – Miss Lebanon 1995 Rina Chibany – Miss Lebanon 2012 Rima Fakih – Miss USA 2010 Sonia Fares – Miss Lebanon 1969 Nadine Wilson Njeim – Miss Lebanon 2007 Nadine Nassib Njeim – Miss Lebanon 2004 Gabrielle Bou Rached – Miss Lebanon 2005 Georgina Rizk – Miss Lebanon 1970/Miss Universe 1971 Christina Sawaya – Miss Lebanon 2001/Miss International 2002 Rosarita Tawil – Miss Lebanon 2008 Dominique Hourani – Miss Intercontinental Dancers Myriam Klink Annabella Hillal Lamitta Frangieh Fashion designers Georges Chakra – fashion designer Houssein Bazaza – fashion designer Nicolas Jebran – fashion designer Rabih Kayrouz – fashion designer Zuhair Murad – fashion designer Elie Saab – fashion designer Tony Ward – fashion designer Reem Acra – fashion designer Film, television, and radio personalities Hicham Abou Sleiman – actor Nadine Labaki – film director Philippe Aractingi – Lebanese-French film director Jihad Al-Atrash – actor Maroun Bagdadi – film director Rowan Blanchard – American actress Marcel Ghanem – television anchor Sami Daher – actor George Diab – actor Ziad Doueiri – film director Imad Feghaly – actor Renee Ghosh – actress Abdo Hakim – actor Hasan Hamdan – actor Jamal Hamdan – actor Saad Hamdan – actor Diana Ibrahim – actress Muhammad Ibrahim – actor Charbel Iskandar – actor Leïla Karam – actress Mona Karim – actress Mario Kassar – filmmaker, founder of Carolco Pictures Alek Keshishian – filmmaker of Lebanese-Armenian origin Georges Khabbaz – actor Arsinée Khanjian – actress of Lebanese-Armenian origin Samir Maalouf – actor Toni Maalouf – actor Mahmoud Mabsout – actor Peter Macdissi – television and film actor Omar Mikati – actor Patrick Mubarak – actor Ismail Nanoua – actor Samara Nohra – actress George Noory – television, author, radio Nour – film actress Ouday Raad – actor Bashar Rahal – Lebanese-Bulgarian actor Keanu Reeves – Canadian actor Fadi Rifai – actor Milad Rizk – actor Ali Saad – actor Hossam Al-Sabah – actor Khaled El Sayed – actor Naji Shamil – actor Omar Al-Shammaa – actor Haaz Sleiman – television and film actor Rosie Al-Yaziji – actress Ali Al-Zein – actor Singers, composers, and musicians Melhem Zein – singer Alain Merheb Ragheb Alama – singer Julia Boutros – singer Nancy Ajram – singer Djsky – electronic musician Fairuz – singer Ramy Ayach – singer and composer Assi El Hallani – singer Najwa Karam – singer Wael Kfoury – singer Marcel Khalife – singer and composer Massari – singer Zaki Nassif – composer, singer Rahbani brothers – composers Assi Rahbani Mansour Rahbani Ziad Rahbani – musician, actor Majida El Roumi – singer Sabah – singer, actress Wadih El Safi – singer, composer, and musician Carole Samaha – singer Nasri Shamseddine – singer Walid Toufic – singer Nawal Al Zoghbi – singer Theatre Hassan Alaa Eddin – commonly known as Chouchou or Shoushou, actor, comedian Jalal Khoury – playwright, theatre director, comedian and artistic editor Visual artists Etel Adnan – painter, poet Faouzi Al-Kach – artist Joseph Assaf – sculptor Chaouki Chamoun – painter Douglas Abdell – sculptor Moustafa Farroukh – painter Chawky Frenn – painter and art professor César Gemayel – painter Youssef Howayek – sculptor and painter Wajih Nahlé – painter and calligrapher Walid Raad – artist Pierre Sadek – caricaturist Akram Zaatari – filmmaker, photographer, artist and curator Architecture Nabil Gholam – architect Salim Al-Kadi – architect and designer Joseph Philippe Karam – architect Nadim Karam – architect Bernard Khoury – architect Business Samir Brikho – businessman, Chief Executive of AMEC Charles Corm (1894–1963) – writer, industrialist Walid Daouk – businessman and politician Ralph Debbas – automotive executive Sam Hammam – owner of Cardiff City F.C. Nicolas Hayek – owner of Swatch Group Carlos Ghosn – former CEO of Michelin North America, Chairman and CEO of Renault, Chairman of AvtoVAZ, Chairman and CEO of Nissan, and Chairman of Mitsubishi Motors Carlos Slim – investor, formerly the richest person in the world Education Joseph E. Aoun – President of Northeastern University Alberto Bustani – former president of Monterrey Campus of Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education Gabriel Hawawini – former Head and Dean of INSEAD Journalism Daizy Gedeon – former deputy foreign editor and first female sports journalist (The Australian) Jad Al-Akhaoui – television and newspaper journalist May Chidiac – television journalist Marcel Ghanem – television journalist Octavia Nasr – former television journalist for CNN Ramzi Najjar – journalist and author Gebran Tueni – founder of An-Nahar Gebran Ghassan Tueni – Lebanese journalist and politician Ghassan Tueni – Lebanese journalist, politician and diplomat Adnan Al Kakoun – journalist/producer/director George Yammine – literature and arts critic of An-Nahar Military Emile Boustany – former army commander Jean Kahwaji – former army commander Samir El-Khadem – former commander of the Lebanese Naval Forces, author, historian Émile Lahoud – former army commander Jamil Al Sayyed – former Lebanese General Security Director Wafiq Jizzini – former Lebanese General Security Director Abbas Ibrahim – Lebanese General Security Director Jean Njeim – former army commander Ibrahim Tannous – former army commander Joseph Aoun – army commander Religion A series of Catholic popes from the Levant (also known as Syrian popes or popes of Eastern Origin) include: Pope Anicetus, Pope Constantine, Pope Gregory III, Pope Sergius I and Pope Sisinnius. Religious personalities Maronite patriarchs Estephan El Douaihy – former Maronite Patriarch (1670–1704) Elias Peter Hoayek – former Maronite Patriarch (1898–1931) Anthony Peter Khoraish – former Maronite Patriarch (1975–1986) Bechara Boutros al-Rahi – Maronite Patriarch (2011–) Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir – former Maronite Patriarch (1986–2011) Muslim scholars Musa al-Sadr – Shiite religious leader Muhammad Jamaluddin al-Makki al-Amili – Shi'a scholar (1334–1385) Nur-al-Din al-Karaki al-ʿĀmilī (1465-1534) – Shiite scholar who was a member of the Safavid court Al-Hurr al-Aamili – muhaddith and a prominent Twelver Shi'a scholar (1624–1693) Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī – Shi'a Islamic scholar (1547–1621) Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah – Shiite cleric (1935–2010) Hassan Khaled – Sunni cleric, Mufti of the Lebanese Republic (1966–1989) Others Aram I Keshishian – Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church, See of the Great House of Cilicia (in Antelias, Lebanon) Salim Ghazal – Melkite Greek Catholic bishop (1931–2011) Saints Charbel Makhlouf Nimatullah Kassab Rafqa Pietra Choboq Ar-Rayès Raphael Hawawini Politicians Presidents of Lebanon Michel Aoun – current president (2016–present) Camille Chamoun – former president (1952–1958) Fuad Chehab – former president (1958–1964) Émile Eddé – former president (1936–1941) Suleiman Frangieh – former president (1970–1976) Amine Gemayel – former president (1982–1988) Bachir Gemayel – former president-elect (1982-murdered) Charles Helou – former president (1964–1970) Elias Hrawi – former president (1989–1998) Bechara El Khoury – former president (1943–1952) Émile Jamil Lahoud – former president (1998–2007) René Moawad – former president (1989-murdered) Elias Sarkis – former president (1976–1982) Michel Sleiman – former president (2008–2014) Petro Trad – former president (1943) Speakers of Parliament Nabih Berri – current Speaker of Parliament Kamel Asaad – former Speaker of Parliament Sabri Hamadé – former Speaker of Parliament Hussein el-Husseini – former Speaker of Parliament Adel Osseiran – former Speaker of Parliament Prime Ministers of Lebanon Ahmad Daouk – former Prime Minister Amin al-Hafez – former Prime Minister Rafic Hariri – former Prime Minister Saad Hariri – former Prime Minister Selim al-Hoss – former Prime Minister Omar Karami – former Prime Minister Rashid Karami – former Prime Minister Najib Mikati – former Prime Minister Saeb Salam – former Prime Minister Tammam Salam – former Prime Minister Fouad Siniora – former Prime Minister Riad as-Solh – former Prime Minister Sami as-Solh – former Prime Minister Takieddin el-Solh – former Prime Minister Shafik Wazzan – former Prime Minister Abdallah El-Yafi – former Prime Minister Chafic Al Wazzan - Former Prime Minister Hussain Alouieni - Former Prime Minister Omar Karami - Former Prime Minister Hassan Diab - Former Prime Minister Political personalities Marwan Hamadeh – former minister (6 times) and part of the Lebanese Parliament since 1992, politician and influential presence Emir Majid Arslan – Lebanese independence leader Prince Talal Arslan – Druze leader and president of the Lebanese Democratic Party Gebran Bassil – minister, Free Patriotic Movement Dany Chamoun – former National Liberal Party leader Dory Chamoun – National Liberal Party leader Khaled Daouk – former Honorary Consul General of Ireland in Beirut Walid Daouk – former minister of Information and Justice Carlos Edde – politician Raymond Edde – politician, former leader of National Bloc Issam Fares – businessman and politician, former Deputy Prime Minister Suleiman Frangieh, Jr. – politician, leader of the Marada Movement Tony Frangieh – politician Maurice Gemayel – founder of Institute for Palestine Studies Pierre Gemayel – politician and founder of the Kataeb Party Pierre Amine Gemayel – legislator and minister Samir Geagea – leader of the Lebanese Forces Kamal Jumblatt – founder of Progressive Socialist Party Walid Jumblatt – politician, leader of the Progressive Socialist Party Sobhi Mahmassani – legal scholar, former deputy and minister Charles Malik – former president of the United Nations General Assembly and Minister of Foreign Affairs Nayla Moawad – politician Elias Murr – former deputy prime minister Gabriel Murr – politician; owner of Murr Television and Mount Lebanon Radio Station Michel Murr – politician and former Deputy Prime Minister Hassan Nasrallah – leader of Hezbollah Salim Saadeh – economist and politician Habib Sadek – former politician, writer Gebran Tueni – journalist and deputy Other political personalities Alain Aoun – nephew of President Michel Aoun Joyce Gemayel – former first lady and political activist Ghassan Tueni – diplomat, politician and journalist Sciences Medicine Afif Abdul Wahab – surgeon M. Amin Arnaout – Lebanese-American Physician-scientist and nephrologist best known for seminal discoveries in the biology and structure of integrin receptors Amin J. Barakat – Lebanese-American physician known for the diagnosis Barakat syndrome Anthony Atala – Director of the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine Edma Abouchdid – physician; first Lebanese woman to obtain a doctorate of medicine Sami Ibrahim Haddad – physician, surgeon and writer Michael Debakey – renowned Lebanese-American Cardiovascular Surgeon who pioneered many surgical techniques and procedures Scientists Ali Chamseddine – physicist known for his contributions in particle physics, general relativity and mathematical physics Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī – Islamic scholar, philosopher, architect, mathematician, astronomer and poet Charles Elachi – astronomer and professor of electrical engineering, former director of Jet Propulsion Laboratory and vice president of Caltech Edgar Choueiri – Physicist known for his work on Plasma propulsion engine and for conceiving and developing new spacecraft propulsion concepts Ghassan Afiouni – inventor, developed a king of compressed wood that cannot be burned Hassan Naim – Lebanese-Swiss biochemist Hassan Kamel Al-Sabbah – Lebanese-American electrical and electronic engineer and technology innovator known for receiving 43 patents in television transmission Maurice Chehab – archaeologist and museum curator, father of "modern Lebanese archaeology" Justine Sergent – cognitive neuroscience researcher Niveen Khashab – chemist and professor known for her contributions in the field of drugs and Chemistry, L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Awards laureate Pierre Zalloua – biologist and researcher Rammal Rammal – condensed matter physicist Sports personalities Athletes Samir Bannout – Lebanese-American professional bodybuilder who won the prestigious Mr. Olympia competition in 1983. Nicknamed the "Lion of Lebanon" Maxime Chaya – extreme sports athlete Zakaria Chihab – sportsman and Olympian Nabil Choueiri – track and field athlete and Olympian Maya Nassar – fitness model American/Canadian football David Azzi – football player in the Canadian Football League (CFL) Automobile racing Khalil Beschir – professional race car driver Tony Kanaan – professional race car driver Noel Jammal – professional race car driver Felipe Nasr – professional race car driver Graham Rahal – professional race car driver Baseball Joe Lahoud - Lebanese-American retired baseball player who played for in the Major Leagues for over 11 years for 5 different teams(Boston Red Sox, California Angels, Texas Rangers, Milwaukee Brewers and the Kansas City Royals). His 2 sons Joe Jr. and Nick Lahoud played Minor League Baseball. Basketball Rony Fahed – basketball player Matt Freije – basketball player Fadi El Khatib – basketball player Ali Mahmoud – basketball player Elie Mechantaf – basketball player Rony Seikaly – Lebanese-American professional basketball player Joe Vogel – professional basketball player and member of Lebanon's national team Jackson Vroman – professional basketball player and member of Lebanon's national team Ice hockey Ed Hatoum – former professional hockey player for the Vancouver Canucks Nazem Kadri – professional hockey player for the Toronto Maple Leafs Playing card tournament titleholders Kassem 'Freddy' Deeb Ihsan 'Sammy' Farha Joseph 'Joe' Hachem Football Faisal Antar – football (soccer) player Roda Antar – soccer player Mohammed Ghaddar – soccer player in Syria Wartan Ghazarian – soccer player of Armenian origin Moussa Hojeij – soccer player/manager Youssef Mohamad – soccer player in Germany Soony Saad – soccer player Jamal Taha – soccer player Skiing Ibrahim Jaja Rugby league Hazem El Masri – Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs player and highest NRL point scorer. Rugby Union Ahmad Harajly – World Rugby Sevens Series USA Rugby player and first Arab American rugby athlete to represent the USA. Professional athlete for Major League Rugby for the New England Free Jacks Writers Maroun Abboud (1886–1962) – poet and writer Elia Abu Madi (1890–1957) – poet Said Akl (1912–2014) – poet, writer, and thinker Nader El-Bizri (living) – philosopher and architect Butrus al-Bustani (1819–1883) – writer and scholar Charles Corm (1894–1963) – writer and businessman Fawaz Gerges (born 1958) – academic and author Joumana Haddad (born 1970) – writer and feminist Ounsi el-Hajj (1937–2014) – poet Salma Hage (born 1942) – writer and cook Jad Hatem (born 1952) – philosopher and poet Gibran Khalil Gibran (1883–1931) – artist, author and poet Elias Khoury (born 1948) – novelist and playwright Vénus Khoury-Ghata (born 1937) – writer Amin Maalouf (born 1949) – novelist Elia Abu Madi (1890–1957) – poet and publisher Mago (agricultural writer) – Carthaginian writer, author of an agricultural manual in Punic May Murr (1929–2008) – academic, writer and activist Jacqueline Massabki (died 2015) – writer and lawyer Khalil Mutran (1872–1949) – poet and journalist Mikha'il Na'ima (1889–1988) – religious author and poet Amin al-Rihani (1876–1940) – writer and politician Widad Sakakini (1913–1991) – writer and feminist Sanchuniathon - Phoenician author of three lost works Avraham Sinai (born 1962) – religious writer Gabriel Sionita (1577–1648) – Maronite writer and publisher Amine Takiedine (1884–1937) – poet and writer Nassim Nicholas Taleb (born 1960) – essayist Rania Zaghir (born 1977) – children's author See also Lebanese diaspora List of Lebanese people (Diaspora) References

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast%20China

Northeast China

Northeast China () is a geographical region of China. It usually corresponds specifically to the three provinces east of the Greater Khingan Range, namely Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang, but historically is meant to also encompass the four easternmost prefectures of Inner Mongolia west of the Greater Khingan. The heartland of the region is the Northeast China Plain, the largest plain in China, with an area over . It is separated from Russian Far East to the north by the Amur, Argun, and Ussuri rivers; from Korea to the south by the Yalu and Tumen Rivers; and from Inner Mongolia to the west by the Greater Khingan and parts of the Xiliao River. Due to the shrinking of its once-powerful industrial sector and decline of its economic growth and population, the region is often referred to as China's Rust Belt. As a result, a campaign named Northeast Area Revitalization Plan was launched by the State Council of the People's Republic of China, in which five prefectures of eastern Inner Mongolia, namely Hulunbuir, Hinggan, Tongliao, Chifeng and Xilin Gol, are also formally defined as regions of the Northeast. Names Northeastern China is known in Chinese contexts as simply the Northeast or, from the Mandarin pronunciation of its Chinese name, as Dōngběi. The area was known in European languages as Manchuria, as it was the homeland of the Manchu people who ruled China as its Qing dynasty from the 17th to early 20th century. The name was not used by the Qing themselves, who called the area their "Three East" or "Eastern Provinces", and its use is discouraged by the People's Republic of China, which associates the exonym with the Manchu puppet-state installed by the Imperial Japanese in 1932. It is known more specifically as when it needs to be distinguished from Outer Manchuria, which was ceded to the Russian Empire through the Amur Annexation in the 1850s. Historically, the area was also known as Liaoyang (from its capital at Liaoyang) under the Yuan; as Nurgan (from its capital at Tyr) under the Ming; and as Guanwai () or Guandong (), meaning "Lands beyond" or "Lands East of the Pass" in reference to the strategic Shanhai Pass between Hebei and Liaoning. Under Japanese occupation, the name Guandong was more specifically associated with the Kwantung Leased Territory around Dalian, "Kwan-tung" being the same name in Wade-Giles romanization. Other historical names include Administrative divisions Cities with urban area over one million in population Provincial capitals in bold. History Northeast China was the homeland of several ethnic groups, including the Koreans, Manchus (or Jurchens), Ulchs, Hezhen (also known as the Goldi and Nanai). Various ethnic groups and their respective kingdoms, including the Sushen, Xianbei, and Mohe have risen to power in the Northeast. Various states and dynasties such as the State of Yan, Han Dynasty, Gongsun Yuan, Cao Wei, Western Jin, Former Yan, Former Qin, Later Yan, Tang Dynasty, Yuan dynasty, Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty ruled parts of the region. Many Korean kingdoms have also incorporated parts of modern-day Northeast China, including Gojoseon, Buyeo, Goguryeo, and Balhae. During the Song dynasty, the Khitan set up the Liao Dynasty in Northeast China. Later, the Jurchen overthrew the Liao and formed the Jin dynasty, which went on to conquer northern China. In AD 1234, the Jin dynasty fell to the Mongols, whose Yuan Dynasty was later replaced by the Ming Dynasty in 1368. In 1636, the Manchus established the Qing dynasty (1636–1912) and unified the entirety of China afterwards. Northeast China came under influence of the Russian Empire with the building of the Chinese Eastern Railway through Harbin to Vladivostok. The Empire of Japan replaced Russian influence in the region as a result of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904–1905, and Japan laid the South Manchurian Railway in 1906 to Port Arthur. During the Warlord Era in China, Zhang Zuolin established himself in Northeast China, but was murdered by the Japanese for being too independent. The last Qing dynasty emperor, Puyi, was then placed on the throne to lead a Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. After the atomic bombing of Japan in 1945, the Soviet Union invaded the region as part of its declaration of war against Japan. From 1945 to 1948, Northeast China was a base area for the Communist People's Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War. With the encouragement of the Soviet Union, the area was used as a staging ground during the Civil War for the Chinese Communists, who were victorious in 1949 and have been controlling this region since. Demographics Northeast China has a total population of about 107,400,000 people, accounting for 8% of China's total population. The overwhelming majority of the population in the Northeast is Han Chinese, many of whose ancestors came in the 19th and 20th centuries during a migration movement called "Chuang Guandong" (). Northeast China historically had a significant Han Chinese population, reaching over 3 million by the end of Ming Dynasty, but they were subjected to eviction and assimilation by the conquest of the Qing Dynasty, who then set up Willow Palisades during the reign of Shunzhi Emperor and prohibited any settlement of Han Chinese into the region. Despite officially prohibiting Han Chinese settlement, by the 18th century the Qing decided to settle Han into the Northeast so that Han Chinese farmed 500,000 hectares in the region by the 1780s. Besides moving into the Liao area in southern Manchuria, the path linking Jinzhou, Fengtian, Tieling, Changchun, Hulun, and Ningguta was settled by Han Chinese during the Qianlong Emperor's reign, and Han Chinese were the majority in urban areas of Manchuria by 1800. This resulted in the local Han Chinese population growing to over 20 million before the Second Sino-Japanese War. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China at the end of the Chinese Civil War, further immigrations were organized by the Central Government to "develop the Great Northern Wilderness" (), eventually peaking the population over 100 million people. Because most people in Northeast China trace their ancestries back to the migrants from the Chuang Guandong era, Northeastern Chinese were more culturally uniform compared to other geographical regions of China. People from the Northeast would first identify themselves as "Northeasterners" () before affiliating to individual provinces and cities/towns. Ethnic Manchus form the second significant ethnic group in Northeast China, followed by the Mongols, Koreans, and the Huis, as well as 49 other ethnic minorities such as Daurs, Sibos, Hezhens, Oroqens, Evenks, Kyrgyz, etc. Religion Taoism and Chinese Buddhism were never well established in this region – instead Chinese folk religions led by local shamans predominate. The region has also a strong presence of folk religions and Confucian churches. Economy The Northeast was one of the earliest regions to industrialize in China during the era of Manchukuo. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Northeast China continued to be a major industrial base of the country, and has been hailed as "the Republic's eldest son" (). Recent years, however, have seen the stagnation of Northeast China's heavy-industry-based economy, as China's economy continues to liberalize and privatize; the government has initialized the Revitalize the Northeast campaign to counter this problem, and established the Northeast Summit to improve policy coordination and integration. The region has experienced difficulty distancing itself from a planned economy, a legacy that began in 1905 with the establishment of the Japanese sphere of influence there. The region's once-abundant raw materials have also depleted and the economy has suffered from bureaucratic inefficiency and protectionist politics. The region is, on the whole, more heavily urbanised than most parts of China, largely because it was the first part of the country to develop heavy industry owing to its abundant coal reserves. Major cities include Shenyang, Dalian, Harbin, Changchun and Anshan, all with several million inhabitants. Other cities include the steel making centres of Fushun and Anshan in Liaoning, Jilin City in Jilin, and Qiqihar and Mudanjiang in Heilongjiang. Harbin, more than any other city in China, possesses significant Russian influences: there are many Orthodox churches that have fallen out of use since the Cultural Revolution. Shenyang and Dalian, meanwhile, have sizable populations of Japanese and South Koreans due to their traditional linkages. The rural population of the Northeast is heavily concentrated in the warmer southern part of the area, where very warm to hot summer weather permits crops such as maize and millet to be grown with high yields. Soybeans and flax are also very important, as are wheat and barley. The region possesses large flocks of sheep, and pigs are abundant in the more densely settled southern part. The northern half of Heilongjiang is so cold and poorly drained that agriculture is almost impossible; however, the Amur River provides very rich fishing prospects, and sheep are even more abundant than in southern Heilongjiang. Northeast China is the country's traditional industrial base, focusing mainly on equipment manufacturing. Major industries include the steel, automobile, shipbuilding, aircraft manufacturing, and petroleum refining industries. The gross regional product of the three northeast provinces totaled ¥1.63 trillion in 2002. In recent years, the Chinese government has initialized the "Revitalize the Northeast campaign" to turn this region into one of China's economic growth engines. As of 2015 the region was losing population and the economy, dominated by state-owned enterprises, was stagnant. Culture In general, the culture of Northeast China takes its elements from the cultures of North China and Shandong, where most of the Han Chinese migration into Northeast China, known as Chuang Guandong, Tungusic peoples and its own innovations. Dialects There are two main dialects of Mandarin Chinese spoken in Northeast China. The dialect spoken in the majority of the Northeast is the Northeastern Mandarin, which is a very slight variant of the Standard Chinese but retains sporadic elements from native Tungusic languages, Korean and Russian, where there are enough differences to give the dialect its own distinctive characteristics. However, many residents in the southern fringe of the Liaodong region (mostly in Dalian and Dandong) speak the Jiaoliao Mandarin, which is actually a Shandong dialect. Ethnic Manchus speak mostly Mandarin, and the Manchu language is almost extinct due to widespread assimilation to Han culture over the last four centuries. Ethnic Mongols tend to be bilingual in their own Mongolian tongues as well as Mandarin. Cuisine Northeastern Chinese cuisine reflects the region's ethnic diversity. Northern Chinese, Manchu and Korean cooking styles all find their traces in Manchurian cooking. One of the distinguishing characteristics of the cuisine is the use of uncooked fresh vegetables. During the long winter season, pickled Chinese cabbage, which is called "suan cai", is preserved and used for cooking. In almost every other region of China, vegetables are cooked thoroughly before being eaten. Most of the meat dishes are based around pork due to how cold it can get. Often braised pork or dumplings are the main attraction of a meal. This region's often cold climate makes it hard to grow or produce much of anything and growing seasons are correspondingly very short. Folk dance and sports Errenzhuan, yangge, Jilin opera and stilts are popular forms of traditional entertainment in Northeast China. "Northeastern Cradle Song" is an example of the folk songs of this region. Because of its climatic conditions, Northeast China is the base for China's winter sports. Ice hockey and ice skating athletes often come from or were educated in Northeast China. Major universities Jilin University (吉林大学) Northeast Agricultural University (东北农业大学) Northeast Normal University (东北师范大学) Harbin Institute of Technology (哈尔滨工业大学) Northeastern University (东北大学) Liaoning University (辽宁大学) Shenyang Agricultural University (沈阳农业大学) Shenyang University of Chemical Technology (沈阳化工大学) Dalian University of Technology (大连理工大学) Dalian Maritime University (大连海事大学) Northeast Forestry University (东北林业大学) Shenyang Normal University (沈阳师范大学) Changchun University of Science and Technology (长春理工大学) Northeast Petroleum University (东北石油大学) Shenyang Aerospace University (沈阳航空航天大学) Harbin Engineering University (哈尔滨工程大学) Heilongjiang University (黑龙江大学) Dongbei University of Finance and Economics (东北财经大学) See also Outer Northeast China (Outer Manchuria) Northeast Area Revitalization Plan Notes References Citations Sources Thomas R. Gottschang and Diana Lary: Swallows and Settlers - The Great Migration from North China to Manchuria, Centre for Chinese Studies, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 2000. . Michael Meyer: In Manchuria: A Village Called Wasteland and the Transformation of Rural China, Bloomsbury Press, 2015, Lenore Lamont Zissermann: Mitya's Harbin; Majesty and Menace, Book Publishers Network, 2016. . External links The Provincial Government of Liaoning The Provincial Government of Heilongjiang The Provincial Government of Jilin Regions of China . Inner Asia China China

794977

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Phoenix%20%28newspaper%29

The Phoenix (newspaper)

The Phoenix (stylized as The Phœnix) was the name of several alternative weekly periodicals published in the United States of America by Phoenix Media/Communications Group of Boston, Massachusetts, including the Portland Phoenix and the now-defunct Boston Phoenix, Providence Phoenix and Worcester Phoenix. These publications emphasized local arts and entertainment coverage as well as lifestyle and political coverage. The Portland Phoenix, although it is still publishing, is now owned by another company, New Portland Publishing. The papers, like most alternative weeklies, are somewhat similar in format and editorial content to the Village Voice. History Origin The Phoenix was founded in 1965 by Joe Hanlon, a former editor at MIT's student newspaper, The Tech. Since many Boston-area college newspapers were printed at the same printing firm, Hanlon's idea was to do a four-page single-sheet insert with arts coverage and ads. He began with the Harvard Business School's newspaper The Harbus News. A student there, James T. Lewis, became Hanlon's advertising manager. Boston After Dark began March 2, 1966. Theater enthusiast Larry Stark began contributing theater reviews with the second issue. When the insert idea did not pan out, the trio continued Boston After Dark as a weekly free paper. A year after the launch, Hanlon sold off his half to Lewis. For three years, Boston After Dark kept the four-page format, with Lewis as publisher, Jane Steidemann as editor, Stephen M. Mindich as ad salesman and Stark as full-time theater critic and copy editor, plus film reviews by Deac Rossell, who later went on to become head of programming at London's National Film Theatre. Arnie Reisman was appointed executive editor beginning in November 1968 and ending in November 1971. During Reisman's term of office, what began as Boston After Dark, a 16-page entertainment weekly was turned into a 156-page news weekly on the order of the Village Voice. Expansion As the paper expanded, Mindich acquired a half interest. Stark quit in 1972 and began reviewing for the rival Cambridge Phoenix, which had begun October 9, 1969, started by Jeffrey Tarter. The first managing editor of the Cambridge Phoenix was April Smith, who later became a novelist (Good Morning, Killer) and TV writer-producer (Cagney & Lacey, Lou Grant, Nightmares & Dreamscapes). Following a two-week writers' strike in August 1972, the Cambridge Phoenix was sold to Boston After Dark. Mindich's merger then became known as The Boston Phoenix, with Boston After Dark used as the name for the paper's arts and entertainment section, as well as the nameplate for a free edition of the Phoenix distributed on college campuses in Boston. In the conflicts between writers and management, ousted writers immediately started another weekly, The Real Paper (which began August 2, 1972 and continued until 1981), while management continued the Boston Phoenix. In 1988, the company that owned the Phoenix, Phoenix Media/Communications Group, bought a similar publication in neighboring Providence, Rhode Island called The NewPaper, which had been founded in 1978 by Providence Journal columnist Ty Davis. It continued under the NewPaper name until 1993, when it became the Providence Phoenix. In 1999, PM/CG branched out into Portland, Maine by creating the Portland Phoenix. That same year the nameplate changed from Phoenix B.A.D. to The Boston Phoenix. From 1992 through 2000, there was also a Worcester Phoenix, but it folded due to Worcester's dwindling arts market. In 2005, the Phoenix underwent a major redesign, switching from a broadsheet/Berliner format to a tabloid format and introduced a new logo in order to increase its appeal to younger readers. Towards the end of its existence, The Phoenix had a weekly circulation of 253,000, and its website featured 90% of the paper's content, as well as extra content not included in the paper. Mergers, closures and ownership change On August 1, 2012, it was announced that Stuff Magazine and the Boston Phoenix newspaper would merge and the result would be a weekly magazine to be called The Phoenix, to debut in the fall of 2012. The first issue of the new, glossy-paper Phoenix had a cover date of September 21, 2012. On March 14, 2013, the publisher announced that the Boston Phoenix would fold effective as of the March 15, 2013 print edition, though the Portland and Providence papers would be unaffected. In October 2014, The Phoenix announced that their Providence paper would also cease publication, with last issue being the October 17 issue. The Boston Phoenix published its last issue on March 14, 2013. A statement from publisher Mindich in that issue blamed the 2007 financial crisis and changes in the media business, particularly the downturn in print advertising revenue, as the reasons for the closing. In November 2014, Mindich sold the Portland Phoenix to the Portland News Club LLC, publishers of The Portland Daily Sun. Although the Daily Sun would cease publication one month later, the Portland Phoenix continues to be published by new owners weekly. In January 2019, the owner of the since-renamed Country News Club, Mark Guerringe, announced that the Portland Phoenix would move from once weekly to bi-weekly. In February, the paper ceased publication altogether, with an announcement that the paper had folded coming in April. In an interview with the Portland Press Herald, Guerringue said he may try to relaunch the Portland Phoenix on a membership basis or as a non-profit, funded by ads for Maine's legal marijuana industry. In August New Portland Publishing purchased the Portland Phoenix relaunching it as a weekly publication on November 13th, 2019. Partners of New Portland Publishing Karen Wood (previously long time Publisher of The Forecaster) assumed the roll as Publisher, and Marian McCue (former owner of The Forecaster and member of the Maine Press Association Hall of Fame) the editor. Archiving After the closing of the Boston Phoenix and the Providence Phoenix, Mindich reassured the public that the websites would be maintained, and the online and print archives would be preserved. Sometime in 2014, the websites ceased to function and when they did start to come back in 2015, the sites responded slowly and intermittently. As of 2018, they are dark. In November 2015, The Boston Globe announced that Mindich, with the help of former Phoenix columnist and current Northeastern University journalism professor Dan Kennedy, had donated the Phoenix's archives to Northeastern University’s Snell Library Archives and Special Collections. The gift also included other publications associated with the Phoenix including Boston After Dark, the Portland, Providence and Worcester Phoenix editions; El Planeta, Stuff and Stuff at Night magazines, and early issues of The Real Paper. Hard copies of the publications are currently available to the public at Snell Library. The goal of Northeastern was to digitize the collection and make it available online, but it found the cost was prohibitive. In 2021, it learned The Internet Archive already had ownership of the complete microfilm collection of the Phoenix from 1973-2013. Northeastern then allowed Internet Archive to make the collection available for download by the public without limits. Records from WFNX were donated to Northeastern University's Snell Library Archives and Special Collections. In 2020, the online citizen science website Zooniverse started archiving the 1974 card file index, with the help of site users. After the finishing of the 1974 archives, Zooniverse moved to the 1980 index. Radio Over the years, PMCG acquired radio stations in Boston, Portland and Providence, notably the Boston alternative rock radio station WFNX. The company owned stations serving Metro Boston, New Hampshire, and Maine. The radio stations covered the same music, arts and political scene as the paper and sold to many of the same advertisers. The Maine station, WPHX, was sold to the owner of WXEX in 2011, while on May 16, 2012, the over the air signal and broadcast tower for the Boston station WFNX was sold to Clear Channel Communications and New Hampshire station WFEX has been sold to Blount Communications, the latter two transactions subject to FCC approval. Following FCC approval of the sale, WFNX stopped broadcasting on Tuesday, July 24, 2012; the webcast ended in May 2013. Former WFNX DJs and personalities Julie Kramer, Adam 12, Henry Santoro, and Paul Driscoll joined Boston.com and formed Radio BDC, another internet radio station. Records from WFNX were also donated to Northeastern University’s Snell Library Archives and Special Collections. Awards The Phoenix received many awards for excellence in journalism, including honors from the New England Press Association, the Penny-Missouri Newspaper Awards, the American Bar Association Gavel Awards, Michael J. Metcalfe Diversity in Media Awards and the ASCAP-Deems Taylor Awards. In 1994, Phoenix classical music writer Lloyd Schwartz was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for Criticism. See also List of underground newspapers of the 1960s counterculture References Notes Sources Levy, Jo. "The Boston Phoenix: Boston's Alternative Paper Not for the Birds" The Real Paper (1972–1981) Ploughshares issues Theater Mirror Northeastern University School of Journalism External links Online archive of The Boston Phoenix The Portland Phoenix Publications established in 1966 1966 establishments in Massachusetts Publications disestablished in 2013 Newspapers published in Boston Alternative weekly newspapers published in the United States Defunct newspapers published in Massachusetts 2013 disestablishments in Massachusetts Missouri Lifestyle Journalism Award winners

795047

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front-runner

Front-runner

In American politics, a front-runner (also spelled frontrunner or front runner) is a leader in an electoral race. While the front-runner in athletic events (the namesake of the political concept) is generally clear, a political front-runner, particularly in the presidential primary process, is less so as a potential nominee may lead in the polls, have the most name recognition, the most funds raised, or a combination of these. The front-runner is most often declared by the media who are following the race and is written about in a different style than his or her challengers. Etymology The word front-runner originated in the United States. The term emerged from foot racing. It was used by 1914. According to Merriam-Webster the term meant "a contestant who runs best when in the lead" by that time. However the Dictionary of American Slang says it meant "the leader in a contest, election, etc." by that year. The adjective front-running was used by 1940. It also originated from racing. The meaning of the word was analogous to its nounal counterpart at that time. The term was used as a noun by 1970 in the United States to mean "support given to a person or team only when they are doing well." By the 1980s a new definition for front-running emerged from the commodities market in which the word was also used as a noun. The definition was used to describe "a type of fraud in which a trader withholds a large customer order so that he can personally profit from its effect on the market." The intransitive verb front-run emerged by 1950. It originated from a back formation of front-runner. By that year it had a meaning that was analogous to its nounal counterpart. The related word frontrunneritis was used by 1995. It is a combination of frontrunner and –itis, a suffix frequently used informally to describe a tendency or mood that is comparable to a disease. The term was used by that time to describe "the condition of being a leading candidate." In particular it was used to characterize "a tendency to coast or to be under increased scrutiny by the press." Performance American author, columnist, journalist and presidential speechwriter William Safire describes the front-runner as being able to leave "the starting gate well" and set the pace for the other contestants. He uses the racing term "shows early foot" to characterize this tendency. Safire says occasionally the front-runner's lead becomes "insurmountable." He cites Barry Goldwater's successful 1964 Republican presidential nomination and Jimmy Carter's success in several convention states and early primaries in his 1976 presidential campaign as examples. However Safire says the modern usage of the word front-runner has "ominous overtones" of being likely to eventually lose. As an example he references Franklin D. Roosevelt's receiving a letter from Robert W. Woolley about Roosevelt's front-runner status early in his 1932 presidential campaign: "Herein lies the danger ... automatically you become the target of the other candidates, real and potential. There isn't a single favorite son whose delegation won't be held out of the Roosevelt column so long as there is a reasonable chance of getting something for that favorite son, even at your expense." Safire gives another example when he quotes Ted Sorensen's thoughts about John F. Kennedy's front-runner status during his 1960 presidential campaign: "There were disadvantages in being the 'front runner.' The Senator's critics became more open and vocal and his every word was politically interpreted." The outcome of the second round of primaries is critical to a front-runner's success. Safire argues that the front-runner "must come thundering into the convention increasing his speed and with enough 'kick' left for a final spurt" to be successful. He quotes Thomas E. Dewey writing about his losing the 1940 Republican presidential nomination as an example: "When the balloting starts, every candidate wants to show enough strength to be one of the leaders on the first ballot. He also wants to have enough strength in reserve so he can gain on the psychologically important second ballot. For example, in 1940, I led on the first three ballots out of six—the wrong three. I lost ground on the second ballot. That was the beginning of the end and everybody knew it." Safire states that front-runners often take advantage of the bandwagon effect by emphasizing their "inevitability factor." He says this is done by suggesting the futility of the front-runner's opponents. However Safire notes that a front-runner's "inevitability" can be vulnerable to their opponents. Safire cites the example of George W. Bush's front-runner status in the 2000 Republican primary being threatened by John McCain's victory in the New Hampshire primary. Another example he notes is Gary Hart's upset win in the New Hampshire primary, which challenged Walter Mondale's front-runner status in the 1984 Democratic primary. Safire quotes Peter Hart, a pollster "who advised" Walter Mondale, commenting on the 1984 race in 2007: "Inevitability is not a message ... there needs to be something to grab on to. Inevitability is not a tune that people can march to." Safire also cites journalist Adam Gourney's thoughts: "[N]othing invites a teardown more than being perceived as the front-runner. Being on top makes you a big target for your opponents and the news media, and sets you up for buyer's remorse, a common phenomenon in the nomination process, even before the sale is done." Safire says that despite the risks in being the front-runner, candidates prefer it over being a dark horse or a long shot because that position has a higher chance of winning. Front-runners often have a financial advantage over dark horses. Early front-runners David Greenberg, associate professor of History and of Journalism and Media Studies at Rutgers University, states that front-runners decided by early polls often do not win the nomination. Greenberg notes that early polls decided Birch Bayh in the 1976 Democratic primary, Ted Kennedy in the 1980 Democratic primary, Jesse Jackson in the 1988 Democratic primary, Jerry Brown in the 1992 Democratic primary, Howard Dean in the 2004 Democratic primary and Herman Cain in the 2012 Republican primary as front-runners, all of whom lost the nomination. Greenberg suggests that the futility of most early front-runners reflects early polls' unreliability and in particular, their respondents' indifference to the candidates. He notes that indifference is especially justified for electorates whose state primary runs during the later stages of the race. He cites David Karol, a political scientist, who says that "[t]he media don't always report the numbers that say 'not sure' or 'don't know enough.'" Greenberg states that the rise of early front-runners is partly due to name recognition. He cites the early lead of Donald Trump in the 2016 Republican primary, Joe Lieberman in the 2004 Democratic primary and George W. Bush in the 2000 Republican primary as examples of this. He further states that early front-runners are established in part due to recent media attention, and notes that Jonathan Bernstein, a political scientist and columnist, shares this view. Greenberg cites the early front-runners Donald Trump in the 2016 Republican primary, Gary Hart in the 1984 Democratic primary and Howard Dean in the 2004 Democratic primary as examples of this. Greenberg acknowledges that some front-runners decided by early polls win the nomination. He states that this often occurs "in races with few competitors." He notes Al Gore’s early lead in 1999 before winning the 2000 Democratic presidential nomination as an example. Greenberg states that early front-runners can also win if they are an "overwhelming favorite" in the race. He gives Ronald Reagan’s early front-runner status in 1979 before winning the 1980 Republican presidential nomination as an example. Greenberg notes that William Mayer, a political scientist at Northeastern University, discovered that in contested primary races since 1980, of the eight front-runners who polled at 34 percent or higher in the September before the election, six won the nomination, and none of the five front-runners who polled below that percentage won. Debates Primary debate participation may hinder a front-runner's chance to be nominated. Debate analysts and scholars recognize that the front-runner is often attacked more frequently by the other candidates. It is a common strategy of the front-runner's opponents, especially for long shot candidates. During the December 2, 1999 Republican primary debate, almost all attacks were directed against the front-runner George W. Bush. Long shot candidates Gary Bauer, Orrin Hatch and Alan Keyes significantly contributed to the mass attack. In a debate featuring the 1988 Democratic primary candidates, long shot candidates "gang[ed] up" on the front-runner. Analysis on a 1992 primary debate showed that the front-runner received the most attacks. However, excessively attacking the front-runner can hurt one's image and support from viewers. In the December 2, 1999 Republican primary debate, all 10 of Steve Forbes' attacks were made against George W. Bush, contributing to over half of the total attacks that targeted Bush. Steve Forbes experienced a negative effect on his image and lost all support he had from a sample of 91 viewers before the debate. Although reasons other than excessive attacking may have contributed to Forbes' decline, viewers had "a clear negative reaction to his constant attack of Bush." John McCain, who made no attacks, had his image improved and his support from the viewers increased. This suggests that a front-runner's opponent may be more successful if they "attack in moderation." It may also suggest that if the opponent is recognized by viewers as a "legitimate contender," they can benefit from refraining from attacks and "permitting the larger field of [long shot candidates] to do the dirty work of attacking a front-runner." This would allow the opponent to project "a more positive message" about their ideas. See also Presumptive nominee Notes References Elections

798806

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Giroux

Henry Giroux

Henry Armand Giroux (born 1943) is an American-Canadian scholar and cultural critic. One of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy in the United States, he is best known for his pioneering work in public pedagogy, cultural studies, youth studies, higher education, media studies, and critical theory. In 2002 Routledge named Giroux as one of the top fifty educational thinkers of the modern period. A high-school social studies teacher in Barrington, Rhode Island, for six years, Giroux has held positions at Boston University, Miami University, and Pennsylvania State University. In 2004, Giroux began serving as the Global TV Network Chair in Communication at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario. Early life and education Henry Giroux was born on September 18, 1943, in Providence, Rhode Island, the son of Alice (Waldron) and Armand Giroux. Giroux completed a Master of Arts degree in history at Appalachian State University in 1968. After teaching high-school social studies in Barrington, Rhode Island, for six years, Giroux earned a Doctor of Arts degree in history at Carnegie Mellon University in 1977. Career Giroux's first position as a professor was in education at Boston University, which he held for the next six years. Following that, he became an education professor and scholar in residence at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. While there he also served as the founding Director of the Center for Education and Cultural Studies. In 1992, he began a 12-year position in the Waterbury Chair Professorship at Pennsylvania State University, also serving as the Director of the Waterbury Forum in Education and Cultural Studies. In 2004 Giroux became the Global Television Network Chair in Communication at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario. In July 2014, he was named to the McMaster University Chair for Scholarship in the Public Interest. He is the Director of the McMaster Centre for Research in the Public Interest. He lives in Hamilton, Ontario, where he currently is a chaired professor for Scholarship in the Public Interest at McMaster University. He is married to Ourania Filippakou. Accomplishments Giroux's writing has won many awards, and he has written for a range of public and scholarly sources. He has written more than 70 books; published more than 500 papers; and published hundreds of chapters in others' books, articles in magazines, and more. While at Miami University, Giroux was named as a Distinguished Scholar. For 1987–1988 he won the Visiting Distinguished Professor Award at the University of Missouri–Kansas City. Between 1992 and 2004, he held the Waterbury Chair Professorship at Penn State University. In 1995, he was awarded the Visiting Asa Knowles Chair Professorship by Northeastern University and he won a Tokyo Metropolitan University Fellowship for Research. In 1998, Giroux was selected to the Laureate chapter of Kappa Delta Phi. in 1998 and 1999, he was awarded a Distinguished Visiting Lectureship in art education at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. For May–June 2000 he was the winner of a Getty Research Institute Visiting Scholar Award. In 2001, he was selected as a Hooker Distinguished Visiting Professor at McMaster University. In 2002 Giroux was named as one of the top fifty educational thinkers of the modern period in Fifty Modern Thinkers on Education: From Piaget to the Present as part of Routledge's "Key Guides Publication Series". In 2001 he won the James L. Kinneavy Award for the most outstanding article published in JAC in 2001, which was presented by the Association of Teachers of Advanced Composition at the Conference on College Composition and Communication held in Chicago in March 2002. For 2002 he was named by Oxford University to deliver the Herbert Spencer Lecture. For 2003 Giroux was selected as the Barstow Visiting Scholar at Saginaw Valley State University. In 2005, he was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Letters by Memorial University of Newfoundland. The University in Chains was named by the American Educational Studies Association as the recipient of the AESA Critics' Book Choice Award for 2008. He was named by the Toronto Star in 2012 as one of the top 12 Canadians Changing the Way We Think. Education and the Crisis of Public Values: Challenging the Assault on Teachers, Students, & Public Education was awarded a CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title and has received the Annual O. L. Davis, Jr. Outstanding Book Award from the AATC (American Association for Teaching and Curriculum) and the AESA (American Educational Studies Association) Critics Choice Award 2012. In 2015 he was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters degree from Chapman University in California. He is a winner of a Lifetime Achievement Award granted by the AERA. In 2015 he won two other major awards from Chapman University: the "Changing the World Award" and "The Paulo Freire Democratic Project Social Justice Award." Also during 2015, Giroux was honored with a Distinguished Alumni Award from Appalachian State University. In 2017 he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of the West of Scotland. In 2019 he received an AERA Fellows Award and the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication's Professional Freedom and Responsibility Award. For many years Giroux was co-Editor-in-chief of the Review of Education, Pedagogy and Cultural Studies, published by Taylor and Francis. Reception Giroux's work remains foundational in a range of fields. He is the first to use the phrase critical pedagogy, according to Curry Malott, and helped inaugurate the "critical turn in education". In Leaders in Critical Pedagogy, he's identified as one of the "first wave" of critical pedagogues. As any foundational scholar, his work has been critiqued on numerous fronts, from feminists like Patti Lather and Elizabeth Ellsworth and race scholars. Publications As of 2021 Giroux had published more than 70 books, 200 chapters, and 500 articles and was published widely throughout education and cultural studies literature. 1980s 1981: Ideology, Culture and the Process of Schooling, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press 1981: Curriculum & Instruction: Alternatives in Education. Berkeley: McCutchan (co-edited with Anthony Penna and William Pinar) 1983: Theory and Resistance in Education, Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey Press (Introduction by Paulo Freire) 1983: The Hidden Curriculum and Moral Education: Deception or Discovery?, Berkeley, CA: McCutchan (co-edited with David E. Purpel) 1985: Education Under Siege: The Conservative, Liberal, and Radical Debate Over Schooling, Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey Press(co-authored with Stanley Aronowitz) 1988: Schooling and the Struggle for Public Life, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press 1988: Teachers as Intellectuals: Toward a Critical Pedagogy of Learning (Introduction by Paulo Freire & Foreword by Peter McLaren). Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey Press. 1989: Popular Culture, Schooling, & Everyday Life. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey (co-edited with Roger Simon). 1989: Critical Pedagogy, The State, and the Struggle for Culture. Albany: State University of New York Press (co-edited with Peter McLaren). 1990s 1991: Postmodern Education: Politics, Culture, and Social Criticism, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press (co-authored with Stanley Aronowitz) 1992: Border Crossings: Cultural Workers and the Politics of Education, New York: Routledge 1993: Between Borders: Pedagogy and the Politics of Cultural Studies New York: Routledge (co-edited with Peter McLaren) 1993: Living Dangerously: Multiculturalism and the Politics of Difference, New York: Peter Lang 1994: Disturbing Pleasures: Learning Popular Culture, New York: Routledge 1996: Fugitive Cultures: Race, Violence, and Youth, New York: Routledge 1996: Counternarratives: Cultural Studies and Critical Pedagogies in Postmodern Spaces, New York: Routledge (co-authored with Peter McLaren, Colin Lankshear, and Mike Cole) 1997: Pedagogy and the Politics of Hope: Theory, Culture, and Schooling, A Critical Reader, Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1998: Channel Surfing: Racism, the Media, and the Destruction of Today's Youth, New York: St. Martin's Press 1999: The Mouse that Roared: Disney and the End of Innocence, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 2000s 2000: Impure Acts: The Practical Politics of Cultural Studies, New York: Routledge 2000: Stealing Innocence: Corporate Culture's War on Children, London: Palgrave Macmillan 2002: Breaking In to the Movies: Film and the Culture of Politics, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers 2002: Public Spaces/Private Lives: Democracy Beyond 9/11, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers 2004: The Abandoned Generation: Democracy Beyond the Culture of Fear, London: Palgrave Macmillan 2004: Take Back Higher Education, London: Palgrave Macmillan (co-authored with Susan Searls Giroux) 2004: Terror of Neoliberalism: Authoritarianism and the Eclipse of Democracy, Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers 2005: Against the New Authoritarianism: Politics after Abu Ghraib, Winnipeg, MAN: Arbeiter Ring Publishing / Oakland, CA: AK Press 2006: Beyond the Spectacle of Terrorism: Global Uncertainty and the Challenge of the New Media, Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers 2006: America on the Edge: Henry Giroux on Politics, Education, and Culture, London: Palgrave Macmillan 2006: The Giroux Reader, Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers (edited by Christopher Robbins) 2006: Stormy Weather: Katrina and the Politics of Disposability, Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers 2007: The University in Chains: Confronting the Military-Industrial-Academic Complex, Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers 2008: Against the Terror of Neoliberalism: Beyond the Politics of Greed, Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers 2009: Youth in a Suspect Society: Democracy or Disposability?, London: Palgrave Macmillan 2010s 2010: Politics Beyond Hope: Obama and the Crisis of Youth, Race, and Democracy, (2010) Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers 2010: The Mouse that Roared: Disney and the End of Innocence, 2nd Edition. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers (co-authored with Grace Pollock) 2010: Hearts of Darkness: Torturing Children in the War on Terror, Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers 2011: Zombie Politics in the Age of Casino Capitalism, New York: Peter Lang 2011: Education and the Public Sphere: Ideas of Radical Pedagogy, Cracow, Poland: Impuls (co-authored with Lech Witkowski) 2011: On Critical Pedagogy, New York: Bloomsbury Academic. 2015: second edition appears, w/ updated 'Introduction' & author Interviews, as Education and the Crisis of Public Values: Challenging the Assault on Teachers, Students, and Public Education. 2011: Education and the Crisis of Public Values: Challenging the Assault on Teachers, Students, & Public Education. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc. 2012: Disposable Youth: Racialized Memories, and the Culture of Cruelty, New York: Routledge 2012: Twilight of the Social: Resurgent Publics in the Age of Disposability, Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers 2013: Youth in Revolt: Reclaiming a Democratic Future, Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers 2013: America's Education Deficit and the War on Youth, New York: Monthly Review Press 2013: Neoliberalism, Education, Terrorism: Contemporary Dialogues, Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers (co-authored with Jeffrey DiLeo, Sophia McClennen, and Kenneth Saltman) 2013: Public Intellectuals Against the Neoliberal University, philosophersforchange.org link 2014: Neoliberalism's War on Higher Education, Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books / Toronto, ON: Between the Lines Books. (Haymarket Books); (Between the Lines Books) 2014: The Violence of Organized Forgetting: Thinking Beyond America's Disimagination Machine, City Lights Publishers. 2015: Disposable Futures: The Seduction of Violence in the Age of Spectacle, City Lights Publishers. (co-authored with Brad Evans) 2015: Dangerous Thinking in the Age of the New Authoritarianism, Routledge Publishers. 2016: America's Addiction to Terrorism, Monthly Review Press 2017: America at War with Itself, City Lights Publishers. 2018: The Public in Peril: Trump and the Menace of American Authoritarianism, Routledge. 2018: American Nightmare: The Challenge of U.S. Authoritarianism, City Lights Publishers. 2018: "Pedagogia Critica para Tiempos Dificiles," Madrid, Spain: Mapas Colectivos 2019: The Terror of the Unforeseen, Los Angeles Review of Books 2019: The New Henry Giroux Reader: The Role of the Public Intellectual in a Time of Tyranny, Myers Education Press 2020s 2020: Neoliberalism's War on Higher Education, 2nd ed., Haymarket Books 2020: On Critical Pedagogy, 2nd ed., Bloomsbury Academic 2021: Race, Politics, and Pandemic Pedagogy: Education in a Time of Crisis, Bloomsbury Academic See also Stanley Aronowitz Joe L. Kincheloe Youth empowerment References Footnotes Bibliography Further reading External links Henry Giroux's Website Reading list at The Freechild Project website Biographical details "Elaborates on Deep State in parallel article with Jim Palombo's on same subject Ragazine.CC" Truthout Interviews Henry A. Giroux on Neoliberalism The Scourge of Neoliberalism w/ Henry Giroux (Interview on RT) Henry A. Giroux on Trump's Cabinet, the Church of Neoliberal Evangelicals. Truthout. January 2, 2017. (video interview) 1943 births 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American non-fiction writers 20th-century Canadian male writers 20th-century Canadian non-fiction writers 21st-century American male writers 21st-century American non-fiction writers 21st-century Canadian male writers 21st-century Canadian non-fiction writers American cultural critics American democratic socialists American educational theorists American male non-fiction writers American political writers Canadian democratic socialists Canadian educational theorists Canadian male non-fiction writers Canadian political writers Critical pedagogy Living people McMaster University faculty Miami University faculty Pennsylvania State University faculty People from Barrington, Rhode Island Postmodern writers Rhode Island socialists Schoolteachers from Rhode Island Sociologists of education Writers from Hamilton, Ontario Writers from Providence, Rhode Island Youth empowerment people

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHDH%20%28TV%29

WHDH (TV)

WHDH, virtual channel 7 (UHF digital channel 35), is an independent television station licensed to Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Owned by Miami-based Sunbeam Television, it is part of a duopoly with Cambridge-licensed CW affiliate WLVI (channel 56). Both stations share studios at Bulfinch Place (near Government Center) in downtown Boston and transmitter facilities in Newton, Massachusetts. From 1982 to 1995, WHDH was Boston's CBS affiliate, inheriting the affiliation from its predecessor on channel 7, WNAC-TV. On January 2, 1995, WHDH switched to NBC, after CBS moved to WBZ-TV (channel 4) by virtue of a group-wide affiliation deal with its owner, Westinghouse Broadcasting (CBS and Westinghouse merged that November, making WBZ-TV a CBS owned-and-operated station). On January 1, 2017, after losing NBC's affiliation to a newly formed owned-and-operated station, WBTS-LD (channel 8, now Telemundo O&O WYCN-LD in Providence, Rhode Island), WHDH became a news-intensive independent station. History WNAC-TV's fight for survival and transition (1948–1982) The original occupant of the channel 7 allocation in Boston was WNAC-TV, which commenced operations on June 21, 1948, as Boston's first CBS affiliate. The station switched to ABC in 1961, but rejoined CBS in 1972. By 1965, WNAC-TV's owner, RKO General, faced numerous investigations into its business and financial practices. Though the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) renewed WNAC-TV's license in 1969, RKO General lost the license in 1981 after its parent company, General Tire, admitted to a litany of corporate misconduct—which among other things, included the admission that General Tire had committed financial fraud over illegal political contributions and bribes—as part of a settlement with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. However, in the FCC hearings, RKO General had withheld evidence of General Tire's misconduct, and had also failed to disclose evidence of accounting errors on its own part. In light of RKO's dishonesty, the FCC stripped RKO of the Boston license and the licenses for KHJ-TV (now KCAL-TV) in Los Angeles and WOR-TV in New York City (now WWOR-TV in Secaucus, New Jersey). The FCC had previously conditioned renewal of the latter two stations' licenses on WNAC-TV's renewal. An appeals court partially reversed the ruling, finding that RKO's dishonesty alone merited having the WNAC-TV license removed. However, it held that the FCC had overreached in tying the other two license renewals to WNAC-TV's renewal, and ordered new hearings. Though RKO continued to appeal the decision, in late February 1982 the FCC granted the New England Television Corporation (NETV, a merger of two of the original rivals to the station's license controlled by Boston grocery magnate David Mugar) a construction permit to build a new station on channel 7. Two months later in April, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear RKO's appeal, leaving the firm with no further recourse but to accept the Commission's decision and surrender WNAC-TV's license. RKO then sold the station's non-license physical assets, including its studio on Bulfinch Place and transmitter/tower site in suburban Newton, to NETV. RKO General formally surrendered the WNAC-TV license at midnight on May 21, 1982; the station signed off as WNAC-TV for the final time about an hour later. As WNEV-TV (1982–1990) NETV took over channel 7 nearly five hours later under a new license, signing on the new WNEV-TV at 5:55 a.m. ET that morning (however, the present WHDH does claim WNAC's previous history as its own; a similar situation exists locally with the present-day WCVB and the original WHDH). Behind the imaging theme "There's a New Day Dawning", WNEV-TV dropped WNAC-TV's strip-layered "7" logo in favor of a new stylized "SE7EN" logo. At the time, the FCC would not allow two broadcast stations with differentiating owners in the same city to use the same call sign, so the WNEV call sign was used in its place of the original WNAC-TV call letters. However, the new station inherited WNAC-TV's CBS affiliation and syndicated program contracts, and most of the former WNAC-TV staff—including news reporter and anchor Mike Taibbi, who signed the station on the air in a brief ceremony prior to WNEV-TV's first program, CBS' Summer Semester. NETV's mission from the start was to allocate programming hours to innovative, in-house productions, in much the same way that Boston Broadcasters did when it launched WCVB-TV on channel 5 ten years earlier. Notable productions that premiered early on were Look (1982–1984), which began as a two-hour (4:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m.) late afternoon talk and lifestyle show that led into WNEV's 6:00 p.m. newscast. Despite a powerful effort at an entertaining and informative program, and praise from critics, Look was a ratings failure; for its second year, the show was cut back to an hour and renamed New England Afternoon before being dropped. WNEV continued to produce talk programs, first with Morning/Live (1984–1987), a half-hour weekday morning talk show hosted by Susan Sikora, and later with the similarly structured Talk of the Town (1988), hosted by Matt Lauer. Nancy Merrill, former host of WBZ-TV's People Are Talking, headlined two talk shows on WNEV, the weekend late night entry Merrill at Midnight (1986–87) and the weekday morning program Nancy Merrill (1987–88). NETV also made it an immediate purpose to further diversify the station's workforce, both on-air and behind the scenes. Within WNEV's first couple of years, there was an increase of news reporters and anchors of color joining the station (notably including anchor Lester Strong and reporter Amalia Barreda). The commitment to diversity extended itself to a series of new public affairs shows that each targeted a specific ethnic group: Urban Update (with an African-American focus and which still continues to air on WHDH), Revista Hispana, Asian Focus and Jewish Perspective. Other public affairs and newsmagazines launched by WNEV included a Sunday morning religious affairs program, Higher Ground, the weekend talk and advice show Boston Common, the Saturday night newsmagazine Our Times, and Studio 7, which focused on the arts. In 1987, another of WNEV's ambitious efforts premiered, the hour-long live children's variety show Ready to Go. Featuring Broadway actress/singer Liz Callaway and Scott Reese, who not only hosted but also sang and acted, the program featured an equal mix of entertainment and educational content, along with musical acts and celebrity interviews. The series began as a 6:00 a.m. to 7:00 a.m. programming alternative against WBZ and WCVB's morning newscasts, before moving to 7:00 a.m. in September 1989. On March 24, 1990, after only six months at its new time slot, the station cut the series back to once-a-week Saturday broadcasts only, before canceling the show outright in 1991. In mid-August 1987, WNEV overhauled its on-air image. The station dropped its "SE7EN" identity in favor of a new logo, which consisted of the number "7" made up of seven white dots inside of a blue circle. The logo was introduced as a part of the new station-wide campaign, "We're All on the Same Team", in which the seven dots represented the heads of team members. The dots also had dual usage, as lottery balls, in promotions for Lottery Live, the Massachusetts State Lottery drawings which were moving to WNEV late that summer. The campaign was primarily launched as a continued attempt to bolster the station's third-place news ratings, and to promote its news-sharing partnership with other TV and radio stations, The New England News Exchange. WHDH radio (1990–1992) Throughout the 1980s, WNEV-TV frequently partnered with WHDH radio (850 AM; frequency now occupied by WEEI) for public events such as Project Bread and the Walk For Hunger, as well as for other initiatives. NETV would eventually purchase WHDH on August 7, 1989. In January 1990, Mugar announced that on March 12 of that year, WNEV would change its call letters to WHDH-TV, in order to correspond with its sister radio operation. The WHDH-TV call sign was previously used by the original occupant of channel 5, under the ownership of the Boston Herald-Traveler, from 1957 to 1972. It was Mugar's plan to create, once again, a second major television/radio duopoly, primarily in news, to compete with the long-standing combo of WBZ radio and WBZ-TV. Boston Mayor Ray Flynn declared March 12, 1990, as "WHDH Day" in Boston, celebrating the joining of the radio and television stations. On that day, personalities from WHDH-TV spoke as guests on WHDH radio. The dual operation, which began with much fanfare and leverage, proved to be too costly for Mugar and company. NETV gradually slid into a deficit, prompting cutbacks on in-house programming as well as in the television station's news department; the most notable effect being the elimination of WHDH-TV's 5:00 p.m. newscast for two years beginning in 1991. With channel 7's news ratings in third place, minimal help from CBS (which had been in a ratings slump since the end of the 1987–88 television season) and declining profits, Mugar was eventually prompted to sell the WHDH stations. The radio station was sold to Atlantic Ventures in 1992. Sale to Sunbeam By 1991, the relationship between majority owner David Mugar and minority owner Robert Kraft had become strained. Kraft, who is the current owner of the New England Patriots, exercised an option that forced Mugar to purchase his shares for an estimated $25 million. This, along with the nearly $100 million debt he held from the 1986 buyout and falling advertising revenues left Mugar strapped for cash. On April 22, 1993, David Mugar entered into an agreement to sell WHDH to Miami-based Sunbeam Television, a company led by Worcester native Edmund Ansin. The purchase was completed in late July. Shortly afterward, Ansin brought in news director Joel Cheatwood from his Miami flagship station WSVN. Cheatwood had become infamous in Miami for his changes to WSVN's news operation, which focused on visually intensive, fast-paced newscasts with heavy emphasis on tabloid journalism, particularly covering crime (WSVN—which was an NBC affiliate from its 1956 sign-on until it joined Fox in 1989—adopted the format developed by Cheatwood in order to buoy viewership for its newscasts, which like WHDH, had languished in third place for several years). Cheatwood planned to perform similar changes at WHDH. Cheatwood ultimately adopted a considerably watered-down version of WSVN's format (see below), but still retained many of WSVN's features, including a faster-paced format, increased use of graphics and visuals, and more on-the-scene reporting. It even adopted WSVN's version of the Circle 7 logo. While critics were concerned that WHDH would lose even more viewers if it were to adopt WSVN's format entirely, WHDH quickly rebounded to become the number one newscast in Boston for a period. As an NBC affiliate (1995–2017) In 1994, WBZ-TV's owner, Westinghouse Broadcasting entered into a groupwide affiliation deal with CBS, which resulted in three Group W stations that were affiliated with networks other than CBS—NBC affiliates WBZ-TV, and KYW-TV in Philadelphia, and ABC affiliate WJZ-TV in Baltimore—switching to the network. Fox considered an affiliation deal with WHDH (even before the Group W announcement, channel 7 had reportedly been considering dropping CBS for Fox); however, on August 2, 1994, WHDH-TV announced that it had agreed to affiliate with NBC instead of Fox, in part citing NBC's stronger news and sports programming. Fox ultimately chose to acquire its existing affiliate, WFXT (channel 25). WHDH became Boston's NBC affiliate on January 2, 1995, replacing WBZ-TV (which had been with the network for 46 years). The final CBS program to air on channel 7 was the made-for-TV movie A Father for Charlie at 9:00 p.m. Eastern Time on January 1. During its time with NBC, channel 7 cleared the network's entire programming schedule (an exception was the network's early morning newscast at the time of the switch, NBC News at Sunrise, which ended on September 6, 1999; its successor, Early Today, was carried by WHDH for the remainder of its NBC affiliation). Between 1996 and 1997, WHDH produced a mid-morning weekday newsmagazine for the NBC network called Real Life. After the switch to NBC, WHDH became one of the few stations in the country to have had a primary affiliation with all of the Big Three networks. On September 14, 2006, Tribune Broadcasting sold CW affiliate WLVI-TV (channel 56) to Sunbeam Television for $117.3 million. The sale was approved by the FCC in late November of that year, creating Boston's second television duopoly (the other one being WBZ-TV and WSBK-TV, channel 38). WLVI moved its operations from its Dorchester studios to WHDH's facilities in downtown Boston. On April 2, 2009, WHDH announced that it would not air The Jay Leno Show, when it debuted on NBC in September 2009, electing to replace it with a simulcast of the 10:00 p.m. newscast that WHDH began producing for WLVI in order to better compete with Fox affiliate WFXT. The network quickly dismissed any move of Leno to any time slot other than 10:00 p.m., stating that WHDH's plan was a "flagrant" violation of the station's contract with the network and that it would consider moving the NBC affiliation to another Boston area station, either by creating an owned-and-operated station through an "existing broadcast license" in the market owned by NBC or by seeking inquiries from other stations in the market to acquire the affiliation. WHDH began removing all references to the proposed 10:00 p.m. newscast from its website the next day, and on April 13, 2009, the station announced that it had decided to comply and air The Jay Leno Show instead. The fears of possible ratings issues with the prime time talk show as the lead-in for its late newscast would become well-realized, as viewership for WHDH's 11:00 p.m. news plunged to third place (a 20% drop from the previous year) during the November 2009 sweeps period. Other 'first-to-third' drops among NBC affiliates' newscasts in the 11:00 p.m. slot forced the network on January 10, 2010 to pull Leno from 10:00 p.m. starting after the 2010 Winter Olympics and move him back to The Tonight Show in a shake-up of its late night schedule. Although the radio station had dropped the WHDH callsign in 1994, channel 7 retained the "-TV" suffix in its call letters until July 8, 2010. Loss of NBC affiliation It was reported on August 31, 2015 that NBC Owned Television Stations was considering the possibility of purchasing WHDH; NBCUniversal already had a strong presence in the market through its ownership of New England Cable News (NECN), CSN New England, and Telemundo station WNEU (channel 60), while WHDH's NBC affiliation was set to expire at the end of 2016. Meredith Corporation and Nexstar Broadcasting Group were also reportedly interested in purchasing the station. NBCUniversal and Sunbeam denied these rumors. Sunbeam's Executive Vice President and former WHDH general manager Chris Wayland, stated that the company "fully [expects]" that it would renew WHDH's affiliation. The Boston Globe noted a history of hostility between NBC and Sunbeam, including its objection to NBC's late-1980s purchase of WTVJ in Miami to displace its own WSVN (which later defected to Fox), and the aforementioned conflicts surrounding The Jay Leno Show. On October 1, 2015, The Boston Globe reported that NBC had considered moving the affiliation to NECN, a cable channel, rather than to an over-the-air channel, although the company declined to comment. On December 15, 2015, New England One reported, citing internal sources, that NBCUniversal had declined to renew its affiliation with WHDH, and was beginning the process of building an English-language news operation at WNEU for its assumption of the affiliation. It also reported that WHDH meteorologist Pete Bouchard, who had left the station around the same time, had been poached by NBC for WNEU. Following the report, Paul Magnes, WHDH's vice president and general manager, told the Boston Herald that the station still expected the NBC affiliation to be renewed. Sunbeam owner Ed Ansin subsequently confirmed to The Boston Globe that NBC had informed him in September 2015, that channel 7's affiliation would not be renewed, and offered to buy the station for $200 million; however, he said that he would not consider any offers worth less than $500 million, and that any sale of WHDH would also include WLVI. Ansin said that NBC was "trying to steal our station," and confirmed that the network was threatening to shift its programming to WNEU, but that he still predicted that "we're going to be the NBC affiliate." Ansin believed that NBCUniversal's main motivation for these moves were to create further synergies with WNEU and New England Cable News for the purposes of advertising sales. Initial reports suggested that if WHDH were to lose NBC programming, Sunbeam would move the CW affiliation currently held by WLVI to channel 7. However, Ansin subsequently stated that WHDH would be operated as a news-intensive independent station if the NBC affiliation was lost; additionally, WLVI's own affiliation with The CW (a ten-year agreement made in 2006 with then-owner Tribune Broadcasting) was up for renewal in August 2016, and there was a possibility that CBS (who co-owns The CW with Time Warner) could transfer the CW affiliation to its MyNetworkTV affiliate WSBK-TV if WLVI was unable to renew. On January 7, 2016, Valari Staab, president of NBC Owned Television Stations, confirmed that NBC would cease its affiliation with WHDH effective January 1, 2017, and that it would launch its owned-and-operated NBC outlet NBC Boston that day. Staab did not outright say whether NBC programming would be carried by WNEU, but that NBCUniversal was evaluating options for over-the-air carriage of the new outlet. Prior to the announcement, Ansin told The Boston Globe that he was considering challenging the planned move of NBC from WHDH, arguing that the proposed move would be in violation of conditions imposed by the FCC upon Comcast's acquisition of NBC Universal, as the company agreed to maintain the over-the-air availability of NBC, and not use its cable holdings to influence affiliation deals. His position was supported by Senator Edward Markey; a representative of Markey stated that as a "long-time supporter of universal service and free, over-the-air local broadcasting," he planned to "closely scrutinize the impacts any deal could have on viewers in Massachusetts." On March 10, 2016, Sunbeam Television sued Comcast in the District Court for the District of Massachusetts, citing violations of antitrust law and the conditions which Comcast agreed to upon its purchase of NBC Universal. Sunbeam argued that because WNEU's over-the-air signal radius covers four million fewer residents than WHDH, over-the-air viewers in these areas would have to purchase pay television service in order to maintain access to NBC programming—which would benefit Comcast's cable business. Sunbeam also asserted that moving NBC to a company-owned station would "[enable] Comcast to increase its monopoly power in the Boston television market, and the resulting decrease in competition will harm consumers, advertisers and other broadcasters." On May 16, 2016, the court granted a request of Comcast to dismiss the lawsuit, Judge Richard Stearn stated the loss of over-the-air coverage "may be a matter of public concern, [but] it is not a concern that WHDH has standing to redress," and that "absent any actionable harm attributable to Comcast, it is simply an indurate consequence of doing business in a competitive and unsentimental marketplace." WHDH intended to appeal the dismissal, and filed a notice of appeal on June 14, 2016; in a statement, Ansin said that the station believed "the judge got it all wrong, so we are reviewing our options for an appeal." On August 16, 2016, Ansin announced that he would no longer pursue the appeal against NBC, arguing that it was unlikely that the appeal would be resolved in his favor. Consequentially, the station officially announced a planned expansion of its news programming, including an expanded morning newscast and a prime time block of news spanning from 9:00 p.m. to 11:30 p.m., and that the 8:00 p.m. hour would be filled by syndicated programming. However, station lawyer Michael Gass told the Boston Business Journal that channel 7 was still pursuing the appeal, saying that "[t]hey have to prepare to be a non-affiliate and have a plan for doing that even though we continue to believe that Comcast did not honor its obligations to us," while conceding that it was unlikely that a court would force NBC to remain on WHDH. On November 1, 2016, NBCUniversal announced that it planned to simulcast NBC Boston on both WNEU's second digital subchannel and on WBTS-LD (now WYCN-LD), the former WTMU-LP purchased by NBC the previous September. Initially, NBC also leased a subchannel of WMFP to help provide full-market coverage. This agreement ended in 2018 when NBC purchased Nashua, New Hampshire-licensed WYCN-CD (now WBTS-CD), to channel share with full-power PBS member station WGBX-TV, which transmits from Needham. WHDH's affiliation formally ended at 3:00 a.m. ET on January 1, 2017. The final NBC program aired on channel 7 was New Year's Eve with Carson Daly, which began on December 31, 2016 at 11:30 p.m. Shortly before NBC's defection from WHDH, Graham Media Group's KPRC-TV in Houston became the largest NBC station by market size that is not owned by the network, a status it obtained when Houston leapfrogged Boston in the DMA rankings a few months prior to NBC's defection from WHDH. As of the 2020–2021 season, Atlanta has overtaken Houston, with Tegna's WXIA-TV replacing KPRC-TV as the largest NBC station not owned by the network. Programming Preempted programming As a CBS affiliate, the station preempted programming in moderation, in favor of more locally produced shows. From 1989 to 1990, the station delayed the first hour of CBS This Morning in favor of the children's show Ready To Go. In February 1994, CBS This Morning was dropped and picked up by WABU (channel 68, now WBPX-TV). WHDH then began airing an expanded local morning newscast. Syndicated programming The station's considerable local news output as of 2019 limits the number of programs WHDH carries in syndication; most of them air in non-prime slots or overnights. Programs include Dateline, The Doctors, Funny You Should Ask, Family Feud, Extra, Inside Edition, and many others. Special events On July 4, 2018, WHDH began to simulcast the Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular yearly with Bloomberg Television, returning the event to local television after a one-year absence. It also broadcast A Boston Pops Salute to Our Heroes, which was produced in lieu of the 2020 edition of the event due to its cancellation as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Lottery WNEV/WHDH had exclusive rights to Lottery Live, broadcasting the Massachusetts State Lottery games six nights a week from August 31, 1987, to March 6, 1994. Motivated to cultivate an identity to the station that would indirectly help its last-place news ratings, WNEV acquired the lottery from WBZ-TV, which had announced late in 1986 that it would no longer show the games. The arrival of the lottery games was promoted heavily, and went hand-in-hand with the station's on-air image change that fall; the new dotted-7 logo that was adopted during that time had a dual meaning, in that the dots were to represent lottery balls. A contest was held by WNEV in August 1987, just under a month before the games moved to the station, to scout for their own lottery host (Tom Bergeron, who hosted Lottery Live on WBZ-TV, did not continue in the role because he remained at that station in other capacities). The auditions were held in front of an audience of 200 at Boston's Westin Hotel at Copley Place, in which the finalists were narrowed down to 16. The winner was Lynn-Andrea Waugh, familiarly known as "Andi", a 29-year-old red-haired model who had no prior on-air experience. Despite being well received by viewers due to her effervescent personality and striking good looks, Ms. Waugh never completely overcame her noticeable nervousness after taking to the air. Waugh abandoned her hosting spot upon the expiration of her contract in August 1988. She was replaced with Dawn Hayes, who had been the runner-up in the lottery host competition. Hayes, who was equally as appealing but with a polished, confident on-air presence, began her long run as host during this era. During Lottery Lives entire run on channel 7, the daily Numbers Game drawing aired at 7:52 p.m. (following the conclusion of the "Double Jeopardy!" round of Jeopardy!), while the specialty game of the evening (e.g., Mass Ca$h) originally aired during the CBS prime time lineup at 9:50 p.m. (retaining the airtime the specialty games had on WBZ). From 1991 until the end of channel 7's lottery contract in 1994, the specialty games were moved down to a 7:58 p.m. airtime, following the closing credits of Jeopardy!. Weekend lottery hosts during the channel 7 era included Linda Ward, Linda Frantangela (both prior to 1993) and Jill Stark (1993–94), who all substituted on weekdays as well when Hayes was absent. WNEV/WHDH also aired prime time game show specials produced by the Massachusetts State Lottery, usually a few times a year, that were broadcast either from the station's studios at 7 Bulfinch Place or at other public venues across Boston. The lottery commission saw tremendous growth during this period, increasing its sales to record highs, promoting further advertising and expanding its game roster (Mass Ca$h, which launched in 1991, was added to the already successful lineup of The Numbers Game and specialty games Megabuck$ and Mass Millions). Channel 7's nightly broadcasts of Lottery Live and the periodic sweepstakes specials were integral in fielding this success for the lottery; this, combined with Lottery Live pulling in high ratings as a part of the Wheel of Fortune/Jeopardy! hour, which ranked first place in 7:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. prime access, caused the station to renew the lottery contract for another three years in 1990. After the sale to Sunbeam in 1993, WHDH's contract with the lottery was not renewed, despite continued success on the station. Lottery rights were subsequently picked up by WCVB, which began airing the nightly drawings on March 7, 1994. The Lottery Live format moved to its third consecutive station, with Dawn Hayes being retained as host by WCVB. Sports programming WHDH became the primary station for the New England Patriots in 1995, as the Patriots played in the American Football Conference of the NFL, which had a deal with NBC for the network to air AFC games (thus Boston was not as important as a market for Fox in regards to getting an VHF affiliate). When the AFC package moved to CBS in 1998, this role was reclaimed by WBZ-TV. From 2006 to 2016, the station aired Patriots games when they were featured on NBC Sunday Night Football (the station aired the Patriots' Super Bowl XLIX victory in 2015). Also, WHDH aired selected Red Sox games from 1990 to 1993 as a CBS station via that network's MLB over-the-air broadcast contract, and again through NBC's limited rights to MLB's postseason from 1995 to 2000. WNEV/WHDH has also aired Boston Celtics games, first via CBS' broadcast contract with the NBA from 1982 to 1990 (continuing what WNAC-TV had aired since 1973; their NBA Finals victories in 1984 and 1986 were aired on WNEV), and again through NBC from 1995 to 2002. From 2006 to 2016, the station also aired Boston Bruins games via the NHL on NBC, including their victory in the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals. Between 1992 and 2016, WHDH aired a total of twelve Olympic Games; the first two events in 1992 and 1994 were aired while the station was affiliated with CBS, with the remaining ten games airing while the station was affiliated with NBC (WBZ-TV aired its last Olympic broadcast in 1998). News operation WHDH presently broadcasts 73½ hours of locally produced newscasts each week, with 12 hours each weekday, 6½ hours on Saturdays, and seven hours on Sundays. In regards to the number of hours devoted to news programming, it is the fourth-highest newscast output of any broadcast television station in the entire United States, behind Los Angeles CW affiliate KTLA (channel 5), which broadcasts 89 hours, 20 minutes of local newscasts per week; Indianapolis CW affiliate WISH-TV (channel 8), which broadcasts 76 hours of locally produced newscasts and programs each week; and Phoenix independent KTVK (channel 3), which broadcasts 74 hours of local newscasts per week. In addition, the station produces Urban Update, a discussion program focusing on issues affecting the African American community, and Honda Sports Xtra, a weekly half-hour sports highlight program. The station operates a Bell LongRanger 206L news helicopter entitled "Sky 7". The station's weather radar is presented on-air as "Storm Scan Doppler" with a signal coming from the radar at the National Weather Service local forecast office in Taunton. Media partnerships The station, in partnership with MetroNetworks, launched the TrafficTracker truck during the 2004 Democratic National Convention, which was held in Boston. With traffic reporter Marshall Hook behind the wheel of one of the station's live vehicles, WHDH became the only station in the market to produce live traffic reports from the road. The station continues to use the TrafficTracker during snowstorms, including the December 13, 2007 storm that resulted in paralyzing commutes that, in some cases, exceeded seven hours. WHDH shares its resources with WJAR, the NBC affiliate in Providence, Rhode Island, for news coverage of southeastern Massachusetts. WWLP, the NBC affiliate in Springfield, shares its resources with WHDH for news coverage of western areas of the state. News department history 1982–1993 WNAC-TV had spent the better part of its history as the lowest-rated major-network affiliate in Boston, and one of the weakest large-market CBS affiliates in the country. When New England Television began operating the station, it embarked on a massive attempt to bring channel 7 out of the ratings basement. David Mugar and company soon announced the infamous "dream team" of newscasters, headed by Tom Ellis and Robin Young. Ellis had previously maintained WBZ-TV's dominance in the news market, and then helped WCVB reach #1 in the ratings during his tenure there from 1978 to 1982. Young, on the other hand, had no hard news experience but was well-known to Boston viewers as former co-host of Evening Magazine. The new partnership, as well as the completely restructured news department as a whole, received heavy promotion in the months leading to the official launch of the finalized WNEV news product (accompanied by a launch image campaign, "There's A New Day Dawning"). The newsroom facility, built feverishly over the summer of 1982, was cited by The Boston Globe as being the most technologically advanced out of all three network stations in the market. On the night of Ellis and Young's debut, September 13, 1982, WNEV beat WCVB and WBZ in the evening news ratings. The curiosity of Boston viewers only lasted a week in large numbers; the following week, channel 7 crumbled back to a distant third. WNEV's news department underwent more shakeups, both in talent and identity, due to ongoing sagging ratings. WNEV's inaugural station manager, Winthrop "Win" Baker, and his news director Bill Applegate were both fired in May 1983. Replacing Baker was former WBZ-TV programming head Sy Yanoff, whom Mugar had the utmost confidence in given his track record at channel 4 (both Ellis and Young had worked for Yanoff at separate times, years earlier, at channel 4; this was a major factor in him taking the job). Yanoff quickly brought former WBZ-TV news director Jeff Rosser to the same post at channel 7, with a five-year contract. Over the summer, the two fired quite a few of the 1982 "dream team" hires, in an effort to strengthen and better utilize the talents that worked. The largest issue they faced was the public perception that Young and Ellis were a mismatched anchor team. Young, whose informal presence began to contrast severely with the seriousness of Ellis, was offered new avenues at WNEV by Yanoff so that the station could boast a more balanced, serious lead anchor team. Although she had stated in the spring of 1983 that she was at the anchor desk for the long haul, Young made a move with Yanoff and Mugar that July which granted her airtime on WNEV for prime time specials produced through her private production company, Young Visions. Young decided that leaving the news department would allow her more time to focus on these specials, as well as the availability to be an all-purpose station personality. During that summer, as Young geared up to vacate her anchor position, Yanoff and Rosser named four possible successors, including KNXT reporter Terry Murphy (later of Hard Copy fame) and WNEV's own reporter Diane Willis, who had been among the station's new hires the previous year. Willis was selected for the position in early September, and began anchoring with Tom Ellis that same month. Young, meanwhile, went on to host her prime time specials and events until 1987. In the spring of 1984, NETV moved its on-air news look away from the changes made only two years prior, taking away the anchoring desk from the newsroom and utilizing a backdrop allowing chroma keys and CGI graphics to be placed. WNEV also began a network of regional news bureaus known as the New England News Exchange, in which WNEV consulted with other stations (such as WCSH-TV in Portland, WLBZ-TV in Bangor, WFSB in Hartford, WLNE-TV in Providence and WMUR-TV in Manchester) and print media throughout the region to create a high-powered electronic news gathering organization. Despite a continued massive influx of capital and marketing (including a highly financed promotional campaign employing the refrain "Feel Good About That"), and more positive reviews of the station's newscasts following the appointment of Willis as lead anchor, WNEV still failed to take the competition by storm. In the spring of 1986, Yanoff and Rosser announced that they would try a second lead anchor team for the weeknight 11:00 p.m. newscasts in the fall. They planned to keep Ellis and Willis on at 6:00 p.m., while giving the 11:00 p.m. slot to weekend anchor/reporter Kate Sullivan and Dave Wright, an incoming newsman hired away from ATV in the Canadian Maritimes. However, when Rosser had a meeting with Willis for what was supposed to be her contract renewal, he was told by her that instead, she would be leaving to become a professor of journalism at Northeastern University. Willis and Rosser publicly announced her resignation in July, and Willis assured the staff that her decision to leave WNEV was isolated from her soon-to-be decreased air time. Ellis, on the other hand, was unhappy about his reduction, feeling that he was no longer being considered the station's principal anchor. Yanoff and Rosser attempted to come to agreeable terms with Ellis, with two proposed plans—to either pair him with Kate Sullivan or Dave Wright, or to find him another replacement female anchor. It was purported that WNEV was even in discussions with by-then-former NBC anchor Linda Ellerbee for her to become Ellis' co-anchor. The anchor replacement and Wright-Ellis pairing ideas were ultimately nixed (by the 1980s, the idea of two men anchoring together was passe), with Sullivan and Wright taking over both the 6:00 p.m. and 11:00 p.m. newscasts in September. Ellis was demoted to reporter, a move that ultimately led to his exit from the station altogether in early December 1986. In August 1987, numerous changes occurred when R.D. Sahl, who had been WNEV's noon anchor on weekdays, joined Kate Sullivan as her new partner on weeknights (Sahl had filled in for Wright on numerous occasions during 1986 and 1987, and heavily in the summer of 1987 when Wright was recovering from a heart attack). At the same time, WNEV became the first Boston station to launch a 5:00 p.m. newscast, which was anchored by Dave Wright and Diana Williams. The Live at Five hour of the news was a cross between the informality of WBZ's competing Live on 4 and WNEV's regular newscasts, without the lifestyle and specialty features seen on Live on 4. However, there was a unique twist. Wright, who had created the Live at Five format at ATV (where he had hosted it from 1982 to 1986), brought the concept to WNEV, which had him and Williams walking around a special newsroom set sans an anchor desk as they presented stories. Featured reporters were seated at assignment desks on the set, as they contributed to the fray and chatted with Wright and Williams. The format soared in the ratings, a true accomplishment long labored by NETV. Ultimately, the news program's producers started feuding, and Wright, who felt caught in the middle, resigned from WNEV in May 1988. Just prior to Wright's departure, Jeff Rosser had left the station at the close of his contract, and arriving in his place was former WCVB news director Jim Thistle. By September 1988, the Live at Five format was dropped (as it remained the intellectual property of ATV), and the 5:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m. block was restructured as a more conventional newscast, anchored by Williams and Lester Strong. After Williams departed for WABC-TV in 1990 (where she remains to this day), Strong anchored with new arrival Edye Tarbox in the 5:00 p.m. hour. Besides the locally prominent journalists who attempted to leverage WNEV's news, a few future national talents had brief stints at the station in the 1980s. Bill O'Reilly, long before his national exposure on Inside Edition and Fox News Channel's The O'Reilly Factor, co-anchored NEWSE7EN Weekend in 1982–83. Soon after, O'Reilly also became the host of the station's weekday afternoon talk/lifestyle program, New England Afternoon (which replaced the ill-fated two-hour magazine show Look, canceled after its first season). His successor on the weekend newscast was Paula Zahn, since a newswoman of many television networks, who co-anchored with Lester Strong from 1983 to 1985. Rehema Ellis, who joined the station in 1985 as a general assignment reporter, eventually left to become an NBC News national correspondent in 1994. From May to November 1988, future Today host Matt Lauer hosted WNEV's mid-morning talk show Talk of the Town. Two more WNEV/WHDH alumni would then hit the big time: reporter Miles O'Brien, a 1987 arrival to the station, left to join CNN in 1989. Edye Tarbox, now E.D. Hill, who was an anchor/reporter at WHDH from 1990 to 1992, later worked at Fox News Channel from 1999 to 2008. Tom Ellis, who had been dethroned of the male lead anchor position at the station in 1986, came full circle when Inside Edition Extra, a companion series to the syndicated program Inside Edition, appeared on WHDH's fall 1992 daytime schedule. Ellis had been named the host of IE Extra, which was a co-production of WHDH-TV and King World Productions; Ellis, thus, was employed by Boston's channel 7 yet again, albeit for the national show. IE Extra, which was broadcast from the same New York City studio as Inside Edition, and aired in most markets after its parent series as part of an hour-long IE block (WHDH aired the shows back-to-back at 4:00 p.m.). Ellis also appeared following his former WNEV colleague, Bill O'Reilly, who had been anchoring Inside Edition since 1989. The scheduling only lasted a year, as Inside Edition Extra was canceled at the end of the 1992–93 season. This program has no relation to the current Extra, a Warner Bros.-produced entertainment magazine that premiered in the fall of 1994, and has aired on WHDH since 1999. 1993–present There were abrupt changes when Sunbeam bought the station in 1993. New station owner Ed Ansin brought Joel Cheatwood, the creator of WSVN's fast-paced news format, to Boston. Cheatwood introduced a considerably watered-down version of the WSVN format. However, it was still shocking by Boston standards. Prior to the debut of the new format and 7 News identity that November, Ansin and Cheatwood began changing anchor lineups: in mid October 1993, Margie Reedy was moved from the main evening newscasts to the Noon and 5:30 p.m. newscasts. Rehema Ellis was promoted to female lead anchor (at 6:00 p.m. and 11:00 p.m.) with R.D. Sahl. However, many of the crew's doubts about the new, impending tabloid style were realized once the format switch was off and running. More changes were in store concerning the look of the newscasts. Compared to the previous look of WHDH, which used soft, varied colors, both the default "dotted 7" logo and a more colorful version, a light theme (Advantage by Frank Gari, originally commissioned for WFSB in Hartford, Connecticut), and announcer Chris Clausen; WHDH's new look was far different, incorporating dark blue, red, black, and silver. The "dotted 7" logo was succeeded by WSVN's version of the "circle 7" logo. The graphics initially used a "diagonal stripe" theme, soon after these graphics were replaced with a new set which incorporated glass panels. The theme ("7 News", composed by Chris Crane, who has made various news themes that have been used by WSVN since 1991) was also quite different, made up of dissonant, droning synth chords. The music evolved in later years, incorporating the NBC chimes, as well as a more orchestral sound. The set was also steadily integrated into the newsroom, much like WSVN's had been (taking a cue from CNN); the resulting set/newsroom hybrid was, like at WSVN, dubbed the Newsplex. It continues, and has been gradually updated over the years to reflect the graphical and technological updates done by the station. Chris Clausen was replaced by Scott Chapin, who was the announcer for WSVN since 1988; he continued to announce for both stations until January 2, 2011, when he was replaced by Paul Turner. Chapin returned to WHDH on December 29, 2014, three years after he was replaced. A similar format was adopted by KJRH-TV in Tulsa, Oklahoma between 1994 and 1997. Most of the station's prominent newscasters wanted nothing to do with Cheatwood (who had a reputation as a pioneer in tabloid television). Ellis was one of the first to leave WHDH in response to Ansin's changes. Only two months into her promotion to lead anchor, Ellis declared herself a free agent, quickly accepting an offer at NBC News as a national correspondent. She signed off from WHDH shortly after Christmas and began at NBC on January 1, 1994. R.D. Sahl was then sole anchor of the 6:00 p.m. and 11:00 p.m. newscasts, with fill-in anchors from other station positions joining him periodically. In January 1994, the station reinstated a weekday morning newscast, which NETV had cut a few years earlier due to the financial constraints. Sunbeam hired two new anchors, Kim Khazei and Gerry Grant, to helm the broadcast, titled 7 News Morning Edition. Originally airing from 5:00 a.m. to 7:00 a.m., the newscast expanded by an additional two hours to 9:00 a.m. when WHDH dropped the low-rated CBS This Morning in late February. At the same time, Sunbeam restored the 5:00 p.m. newscast cut by NETV. During this time, Sahl became quite vocal of his displeasure with the new tabloid format, and it was clear that he was looking for a way out of his contract as well. Cheatwood soon hired Kim Carrigan, a transplant from Des Moines, Iowa, who first appeared as female lead anchor alongside Sahl in April 1994. Sunbeam was confident that Carrigan, the 31-year-old newcomer, and the 46-year-old Sahl, by now a trusted Boston news veteran, would be the lasting lead anchor team for them, but in late July 1994, Sahl met with his legal counsel and came to an agreement over the termination of his WHDH contract. Sahl made his final appearance on 7 News in early August. Carrigan, who was quickly gaining a following, then continued on alone for several weeks at a time for the next four months. This made her the first female newscaster in Boston to anchor alone in the key 5:00 p.m., 6:00 p.m., and 11:00 p.m. time periods. At times during the fall of 1994, Carrigan would be joined by a rotation of male co-anchors, including Lester Strong, Gerry Grant, and Jonathan Hall; however, promotions for these newscasts during this time featured Carrigan as sole anchor. Margie Reedy, meanwhile, remained on the noon and 5:00 newscasts until her departure that December. Both Sahl and Reedy would join NECN soon afterward, where (save for Sahl's short-lived stint at KCAL-TV in Los Angeles) they would remain for several years afterward. When WHDH switched to NBC in January 1995, the morning newscast was scaled back to the traditional 5:00 a.m. to 7:00 a.m. timeslot in order to accommodate Today; a few months later, it was renamed from 7 News Morning Edition to the current Today in New England. Later in January, as a result of a package deal WHDH had signed the previous fall, the station saw the arrival of husband-and-wife anchors John Marler and Cathy Marshall. Marler, a longtime anchor at WAGA-TV in Atlanta, joined Kim Carrigan at 5:00 p.m., 6:00 p.m., and 11:00 p.m. Marshall, who had been a CNN anchor, was originally unclear as to what her role with 7 News would be, but ultimately became Margie Reedy's replacement at Noon and the 5:00 p.m. hour, beside Lester Strong. These two anchoring teams remained in place for the next three years. Gerry Grant departed from the morning newscast in February 1995 to join the reporting staff of Entertainment Tonight; he was replaced that April by Alison Gilman. Former WBZ-TV anchor Randy Price, who had joined WHDH in 1996, first as a freelance reporter and then as a weekday morning anchor (taking over from the departing Gilman in February 1997), replaced Marler at 5:00 p.m., 6:00 p.m., and 11:00 p.m. in August 1998. Channel 7, which for several years had already begun a tradition of scheduling news in (previously) untraditional time periods, broke further ground again with the addition of a half-hour 4:00 p.m. newscast in June 1996, which gave Strong and Marshall additional anchor duties. The newscast was launched when WHDH sought an alternative to its previous efforts to program the 4:00 p.m. time slot (including Inside Edition through the end of the 1993–94 season, A Current Affair from September 1994 to January 1996 and finally, the WSVN-produced Deco Drive, the latter two programs of which had underperformed for the station). The 4:00 p.m. newscast was originally separated from the existing early evening news block by Hard Copy, and later by Extra after Hard Copy ended its run in September 1999; after Extra moved to 7:30 p.m. in September 2001, WHDH launched a 4:30 p.m. newscast (the second in Boston, after a newscast on WFXT that launched three months earlier). The fast-paced Sunbeam news format rejuvenated WHDH's ratings, especially after switching to NBC. For most of the last decade, WHDH has waged a spirited battle for first place, behind long-dominant WCVB. In 2002, WHDH was noted as having the best newscast in the U.S. in a study published by the Columbia Journalism Review. In previous studies, the station was deemed as having one of the worst newscasts. On December 19, 2006, WHDH took over production of WLVI's nightly 10:00 p.m. newscast (after Sunbeam's purchase of the station resulted in the shutdown of channel 56's in-house news department). On February 29, 2008, it was reported that the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike caused a significant loss in viewers for the station's late newscast. WHDH-TV finished at 11:00 p.m., with an average of 166,100 total viewers, down from 199,900 viewers in 2007. From 1997 to 2003, WHDH's staff included field reporter Jeffery Derderian, who was a co-owner of The Station nightclub with his brother Michael. Jeffrey resigned from WHDH in February 2003 to join WPRI-TV in Providence, Rhode Island. Three days later, a fire engulfed the Station nightclub, killing 100 people. On July 29, 2008, WHDH became the second station in Boston (after WCVB-TV) to begin broadcasting its newscasts in high definition. On that day, revised graphics, music, and an updated newsplex also made their debut. During the transition, the station's newscasts were conducted in front of a green screen showing the former newsplex while renovations to that set were being done. On August 22, 2011, WHDH launched an hour-long 9:00 a.m. newscast, which replaced Live with Regis and Kelly after it moved from WHDH to WCVB-TV. Originally slated to premiere on September 12, 2011, the launch date of the newscast was moved up three weeks to August 22, 2011. Live, which had aired on the station since it premiered nationally in 1988, moved to WCVB on the latter date, airing directly opposite the WHDH newscast. Following the station's decision on August 16, 2016, to drop its objection to the loss of the NBC affiliation at the end of the year, WHDH announced that it would add additional local newscasts; following this expansion, channel 7 would broadcast over 87 hours of newscasts a week. The expansion led to the hiring of 30 new staffers. The Boston Globe reported that the station would also introduce a new news set in September 2016. Notable current on-air staff Kim Khazei – anchor Joe Amorosino – sports director Hank Phillippi Ryan – investigative reporter Notable former on-air staff Pete Bouchard – meteorologist; now at WBTS-CD Dave Briggs – sports reporter (2004–2008); was most recently at CNN until 2019 David Brudnoy – commentator (1982–1983); deceased Liz Callaway – co-host of RTG: Ready To Go Liz Claman – anchor/reporter (1994–2000); now at Fox Business Network John Dennis – longtime sports anchor (1982–1997), now at WEEI-FM Julie Donaldson – sports reporter (2008); resigned, now at NBC Sports Washington Dylan Dreyer – meteorologist (2007–2012); now at NBC News Jack Edwards – sports reporter/anchor (1988–1991); now at NESN Sara Edwards – arts and entertainment reporter (1991–2003); formerly at CN8 Rehema Ellis – anchor/reporter (1985–1994), now reporter for NBC News Tom Ellis – anchor (1982–1986); was most recently at NECN until the end of 2008 (deceased) Sarah French – anchor (2011–2017), now at WCNC-TV Bob Gallagher – sports anchor (deceased) Jeff Glor – anchor/reporter (now with CBS News; from 2017 to 2019, he was also anchor and managing editor of the CBS Evening News) Todd Gross – chief meteorologist (1984–2005) Darren M. Haynes – sports anchor (2012–2013); now sports director at WUSA in Washington, D.C. Josh Judge – meteorologist (2001–2003); moved to WMUR-TV Janet Langhart – special features reporter ("Janet Langhart's Special People" on NEWSE7EN, 1982–1983) Matt Lauer – Talk of the Town host (1988); was the co-host of Today for NBC News Gene Lavanchy – sports anchor (1993–2003), now at WFXT Harvey Leonard – chief meteorologist (1977–2002), now in same position at WCVB-TV Rhett Lewis – sports anchor/reporter (2009–2014); now with NFL Network Cathy Marshall – anchor (1995–1998); now at KGW-TV in Portland, Oregon Mish Michaels – meteorologist (1992–1999); later at WBZ-TV Wendi Nix – sports anchor (2002–2006); now at ESPN, occasional guest on Sports Extra Miles O'Brien – reporter (1987–1989); now at CNN and PBS Bill O'Reilly – weekend anchor (1982–1983), host of New England Afternoon (1983–1984); then at Fox News Channel until 2017 Ryan Owens – reporter (2001–2006); now with ABC News, former co-host of World News Now, currently a network correspondent Frances Rivera – anchor/reporter and "The Dish" reporter (2001–2011); now at MSNBC and NBC News. Chuck Scarborough – (now at WNBC) Mike Taibbi – investigative reporter (1982–1983); now at PBS NewsHour) Edye Tarbox – anchor/reporter (1990–1992); worked at Fox News Channel 1999–2008, now at CNN Diana Williams – anchor (1987–1990); later at WABC-TV in New York City, now retired Diane Willis – anchor/reporter (1982–1986); later with WRTV in Indianapolis, now retired Robin Young – anchor (1982–1983), host of specials and public affairs (1983–1987); now at WBUR-FM Paula Zahn – anchor/reporter (1983–1985); later with CBS News, Fox News Channel and CNN Technical information Subchannels The station's digital signal is multiplexed: Digital subchannel 7.2 originally carried NBC Weather Plus starting in May 2006, until NBC discontinued the network in November 2008. On February 2, 2009, WHDH-DT2 began carrying programming from This TV. Via digital cable, channel 7.2 is offered on Comcast channel 936 and Verizon FiOS channel 460. Analog-to-digital conversion WHDH shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 7 on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 42 to VHF channel 7 for post-transition operations. Because of a large number of complaints regarding the inability of viewers to receive over-the-air programming on channel 7, WHDH requested and received temporary authority from the FCC on June 16, 2009 to simulcast its programming on UHF channel 42, in addition to VHF channel 7. Although stations in other major markets have similar problems, WHDH is the only station in the Boston area market which changed its digital channel due to the June 2009 transition, requiring a channel map rescan to receive the station. WHDH was also one of three area stations, along with WMUR-TV (channel 9) and WWDP (channel 46), to broadcast in VHF post-transition, requiring either a traditional indoor antenna within Boston proper, or in outer areas at minimum an outdoor antenna. On September 15, 2009, the FCC issued a Report & Order, approving WHDH's move from channel 7 to channel 42. After the station filed its minor change application for a construction permit, stating the channel move, on November 9, 2009, WHDH terminated operations on VHF channel 7 and now permanently operates solely on channel 42 (mapping to virtual channel 7 via PSIP). The equipment for the channel 7 digital transmitter was shipped to Miami for use by sister station WSVN, which continues to broadcast on VHF 7 with few complaints due to South Florida's less-varied terrain. On June 1, 2010, WHDH filed an application to operate at the power level of 1 million watts. The application was approved on December 14, 2010. Coverage in Canada WHDH was one of six Boston area television stations that is carried on Canadian satellite provider Bell Satellite TV and was authorized as an American over-the-air station eligible for national distribution. It was also available via the Anik F1 satellite to several Canadian cable providers, particularly in Atlantic Canada. Other cable systems also carried WHDH, such as Citizens Cable Television in the Thousand Islands region of New York State and Bermuda CableVision. WYCN-LD (as WBTS-LD) was authorized to provide NBC service over Canadian pay-TV on December 20, 2016. Most providers carrying WHDH, including Bell Canada-owned providers and Eastlink, replaced it with WBTS effective January 1, 2017, coinciding with end of WHDH's NBC affiliation; despite this, , WHDH remains on the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC)'s list of eligible non-Canadian services and stations that can be distributed in the country. See also Channel 7 virtual TV stations in the United States Channel 35 digital TV stations in the United States List of television stations in Massachusetts List of United States stations available in Canada References Gallant, Joseph. WNAC-TV/WNEV-TV/WHDH-TV: The Colorful History of Boston's Channel 7 (February 1998). TheProvidenceChannel.com (now a parked domain). LaBrecque, Ron. Can Glitz be Good? – Shaking up news in Boston (July/August 1996). Columbia Journalism Review. The Boston TV Dial WHDH-TV (March 27, 2005). External links This TV Boston website WLVI website 1982 establishments in Massachusetts Independent television stations in the United States Television channels and stations established in 1982 HDH (TV) This TV affiliates

814333

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Roxbury

West Roxbury

West Roxbury is a neighborhood in Boston, Massachusetts bordered by Roslindale to the northeast, Hyde Park to the southeast, the town of Brookline to the north, the city of Newton to the northwest and the town of Dedham to the southwest. West Roxbury is often mistakenly confused with Roxbury, but the two are not connected. West Roxbury is separated from Roxbury by Jamaica Plain and Roslindale. Pre-1630: Area is inhabited by the Wampanoag Indian Tribe. Founded in 1630 (contemporaneously with Boston), West Roxbury was originally part of the town of Roxbury and was mainly used as farmland. West Roxbury seceded from Roxbury in 1851, and was annexed by Boston in 1874. The town included the neighborhoods of Jamaica Plain and Roslindale. West Roxbury's main commercial thoroughfare is Centre Street. West Roxbury Main Streets is a local non-profit that works to enhance and promote the business district. The neighborhood has some two-family houses but mostly single family homes; many of Boston's civil servants live there. West Roxbury is home to District E-5 of the Boston Police Department, Boston Emergency Medical Services Ambulance 5 that posts at the intersection of West Roxbury Parkway at Centre St and Paramedic 5 stationed at the Faulkner Hospital provide EMS service, and there are two Boston fire stations, Ladder 25 & Engine 30 on Centre Street and Engine 55 on Washington Street. The Needham Branch of the MBTA Commuter Rail network has three stations in West Roxbury (Bellevue, Highland and West Roxbury). Several MBTA bus lines run through and/or terminate in West Roxbury. A large Veterans Affairs hospital is located opposite the Charles River on the VFW Parkway near the Dedham line. West Roxbury is home to several places of worship, including three Catholic parishes, churches of various Protestant denominations, and a Jewish synagogue. The neighborhood was home to an experimental transcendentalist Utopian community called Brook Farm, which attracted notable figures including Margaret Fuller and Nathaniel Hawthorne, whose 1852 novel The Blithedale Romance is based on his stay there. Like its neighboring communities, West Roxbury's residential development grew with the construction of the West Roxbury branch of the Boston and Providence Railroad; the area grew further with the development of electric streetcars. Demographics Until the 2000 census West Roxbury's population had been recorded as declining slightly, but it increased at the 2010 census. This could be due to more rigorous counting procedures instituted by the City of Boston and Massachusetts in an unsuccessful attempt to avoid losing the state's tenth congressional seat. 2010 Census 30,446 (4.9% of 617,594 citywide) 2000 Census 28,663 (4.9% of 589,141 citywide) 1990 Census 29,706 (5.2% of 574,383 citywide) 1980 Census 31,333 Population growth/decline, 2000–2010: +6.2% Population growth/decline, 1990–2000: -3.51% Population growth/decline, 1980–1990: -5.19% West Roxbury has historically been a heavily Irish Catholic neighborhood. In the twentieth century, upwardly mobile Irish Americans moved to the neighborhood from elsewhere in Boston. By the first decade of the 21st century, an influx of new residents contributed to increased ethnic diversity in the neighborhood. The Irish Social Club of Boston, founded in Dorchester in 1945, moved its headquarters to West Roxbury in 1978, and had a membership of 15,000 in the mid-1970s. The club closed in 2011 due to financial troubles and declining membership (the club had around 300 members at the time, mostly seniors). Support from the city council and state lawmakers allowed the club to obtain a liquor license and reopen, and by 2013 the group had about 800 members. In March 1965, an investigative study of property tax assessment practices published by the National Tax Association of 13,769 properties sold within the City of Boston under Mayor John F. Collins from January 1, 1960 to March 31, 1964 found that the assessed values in Roxbury in 1962 were at 68 percent of market values while the assessed values in West Roxbury were at 41 percent of market values, and the researchers could not find a nonracial explanation for the difference. Theodore Parker Church At Centre and Corey Streets, the Theodore Parker Church features seven stained glass windows made by the Tiffany Studios between 1894 and 1927. The original church, designed in 1890 by Alexander Wadsworth Longfellow Jr., is now a parish hall. Henry Seaver designed the current church in 1900. Theodore Parker (1810–1860), an advocate of progressive religious ideas, abolitionism and women's suffrage, was minister of this Unitarian congregation from 1837 to 1846. Westerly Burying Ground conflict and secession Westerly Burying Ground, also known as Westerly Burial Ground, (currently at Centre and LaGrange Streets) was established in 1683 to permit local burial of residents of Jamaica Plain and the western end of Roxbury. When West Roxbury was still part of Roxbury, the town's first burial place was what is today Eliot Burying Ground, near Dudley Square. This was a long distance to travel for the inhabitants of West Roxbury, and in 1683 the town selectmen voted to establish a local burying place, now known as Westerly Burying Ground. A conflict between the rural and more urbanised parts of the town led to the split of West Roxbury from Roxbury proper in 1851. West Roxbury became part of the City of Boston on 5 January 1874. Westerly Burying Ground served as this community's burial place well into the 19th century. The oldest graves contain many of the town's earliest and most prominent families. Eight veterans of the American Revolution and fifteen veterans of the American Civil War are also buried here. War veterans interred are detailed in the article “Westerly" and the Civil War. The site has a large collection of three centuries of funerary art. One-third of its extant gravestones date from the 18th century; almost half date from the 19th century, and about twenty from the 20th-century. Westerly Burying Ground has many individual mound tombs; mound tombs at other burying grounds are typically larger, built to contain a number of bodies. The oldest gravestone, from 1691, commemorates James and Merriam Draper, members of a prominent West Roxbury family. Headstones, skilfully carved locally, provide an historic record of three centuries of West Roxbury residents. Boston United Hand in Hand Cemetery Boston United Hand in Hand Cemetery is located on Centre Street straddling the Dedham line. Dating back to 1875, the original plot was full by 1896 but subsequently expanded multiple times. There are graves as recent as 1980 in the West Roxbury portion; the Dedham portion is still active. Chestnut Hill's Congregation Mishka Tefila currently owns the cemetery. Government and infrastructure The United States Postal Service operates the West Roxbury Post Office in West Roxbury. West Roxbury is represented by a city councilor, Matt O'Malley. Education Primary and secondary schools Boston Public Schools operates public schools. Ludwig van Beethoven Elementary School, William Ohrenberger School, Joyce Kilmer K-8 School, and Patrick Lyndon K-8 School are in West Roxbury. The three schools in the West Roxbury Education Complex, Media Communications Technology High School, Parkway Academy of Technology and Health, and the Urban Science Academy were located in West Roxbury, but closed in 2019 due to structural issues in the building. The Roxbury Latin School, a private school for boys, is located in West Roxbury. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston operates the Holy Name Parish School as well as the St. Theresa of Avila School in West Roxbury. Catholic Memorial School, which is an all boys middle and high school, is located on Baker Street. Public libraries Boston Public Library operates the West Roxbury Branch Library. In 1876 the city library took over the West Roxbury Free Library, establishing a delivery station in West Roxbury. The West Roxbury facility was upgraded to a library branch in 1896. In the years of 1921 and 1922 a library building was constructed on the West Roxbury Branch Library current site. In 1973, a fire destroyed the adjacent West Roxbury Congregational Church. The land formerly occupied by the church was donated to the trustees of the library system so an addition could be built. The addition opened to the public on 24 September 1989. Events The Corrib Classic 5K Road Race is held annually at Billings Field, LaGrange Street, the first Sunday in June. Since starting in 1994 with 250 runners the event has grown into the largest community event, attracting about 2000 runners, plus event volunteers, families and friends. Centre and Lagrange Streets are briefly closed during the race. It is a benefit event hosted by the Bligh family of the adjacent Corrib Pub and Restaurant that has raised over half a million dollars over the years for a variety of local causes. The Parkway Little League Parade, is a small event to start little league baseball and softball for the areas of West Roxbury and Roslindale. Young baseball and softball players dress up in their team uniforms and march from Fallon field in Roslindale to the Guy Cammarata Complex in West Roxbury. The Shamrock Shootout is an annual street hockey tournament that takes place in West Roxbury. The event was started in 2008 for neighborhood kids who had school off for Evacuation Day. The tournament is free with registration. Notable natives Edward Downes Anthony Michael Hall Patrick DeCoste Robert Gould Shaw Francis A. Sullivan Willis Lent Chris Nilan, former NHL player and coach. Richard Olney, former United States Attorney General and Secretary of State. Dan Kiley, modernist landscape architect Ellery Clark, U.S. Olympic champion, Athens 1896. Taylor Schilling, actress Thomas G. Kelley, Medal of Honor recipient (Vietnam War) William Martin, novelist Rich Cronin, singer, songwriter, lead singer for LFO Sears Gallagher, noted American artist Joe Nash, former NFL player. Alfred Clifton Hughes, former Roman Catholic Archbishop of New Orleans. Kevin Hagan White, 20-year mayor of the City of Boston Ron Perry, Holy Cross basketball Nathan Blecharczyk, co-founder of Air BnB Sites of interest The Roxbury Latin School Bellevue Standpipe, Bellevue Hill, Stony Brook Reservation Holy Name Parish School Saint Teresa of Ávila Church (Roman Catholic) Westerly Burial Ground Catholic Memorial School Theodore Parker Church Boston Public Library West Roxbury Branch Millennium Park Brook Farm—1840s utopian experiment in communal living City of Boston Archives Veterans Administration Hospital Annunciation Melkite Catholic Cathedral Located on the VFW Parkway See also Boston City Council District 6, Boston Gallery References Further reading Sammarco, Anthony Mitchell, West Roxbury, Portsmouth, NH : Arcadia Publishing, Then & Now series, 2003, 96 pages. . 2004, 128 pages. A hundred comparative historic photos, 1850–2000, of the area around Centre Street. Sammarco, Anthony Mitchell, West Roxbury, Arcadia Publishing, Images of America series, 1997, 128 pages. von Hoffman, Alexander, Local Attachments, The Making of an American Urban Neighborhood (Jamaica Plain, Boston) Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD, 1994. (paperback) 311 pages. External links West Roxbury neighborhood page on City of Boston website West Roxbury History Page Guide to the Town of West Roxbury records City of Boston Archives 1858 Map of Norfolk County by Henry F. Walling, which included West Roxbury at that time. A very large and detailed color map. Also see the detailed side map of Jamaica Plain on the top left side of the map. Suffolk County Atlas West Roxbury maps: 1874, 1896, 1905, 1914 West Roxbury Historical Society Theodore Parker Church West Roxbury Branch Library "West Roxbury Railroad Station, 1932" – photograph, Railroad History Archive, University of Connecticut Libraries Collection. West Roxbury Women's Club records, 1965–1973, located in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA. Former municipalities in Boston Neighborhoods in Boston Defunct towns in Massachusetts Irish-American neighborhoods Streetcar suburbs

818420

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia%20J.%20Williams

Patricia J. Williams

Patricia J. Williams (born August 28, 1951) is an American legal scholar and a proponent of critical race theory, a school of legal thought that emphasizes race as a fundamental determinant of the American legal system. Early life Williams received her bachelor's degree from Wellesley College in 1972, and her Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School in 1975. Career Williams worked as a consumer advocate in the office of the City Attorney in Los Angeles, was a fellow in the School of Criticism and Theory at Dartmouth College and served as associate professor at the University of Wisconsin Law School and its department of women's studies. She was formerly the James L. Dohr Professor of Law at Columbia University where she has taught since 1991. As of July 1, 2019, she is the incoming Director of Law, Technology, and Ethics at Northeastern University. Williams has served on the advisory council for the Medgar Evers College for Law and Social Justice of the City University of New York, the board of trustees of Wellesley College, and on the board of governors for the Society of American Law Teachers, among others. Williams writes a column for The Nation magazine titled "Diary of a Mad Law Professor." Her column for The Nation has recently changed from bi-weekly to monthly. The Mad-Law-Professor (SM) is also the name of a super hero that she created. Awards and honors She was the recipient of a MacArthur Fellowship, which she held from June 2000 until June 2005. On March 1, 2013, Columbia Law School's Center for Gender & Sexuality Law honored her with a symposium featuring Anita Hill, Lani Guinier, and others. She was elected a Member of the American Philosophical Society in 2019. On 30th March 2022 she will receive an honorary degree from the Faculty of Law, University of Antwerp "in recognition of her expertise in the field of race, gender, literature & law and her outstanding contribution to legal and ethical debates on society, science and technology in the light of individual autonomy and identity." Bibliography The Alchemy of Race and Rights: A Diary of a Law Professor (1991) () The Rooster's Egg (1995) () Seeing a Color-Blind Future: The Paradox of Race (1997) () Open House: Of Family, Friends, Food, Piano Lessons, and the Search for a Room of My Own (2004) () The Blind Goddess: A Reader on Race and Justice (2011) () "The Best Day Ever" (1998) "Giving a Damn: Racism, Romance and Gone with the Wind" (2021) ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0008404505 References External links Patricia J. Williams at Columbia Law School Column archive at The Nation BBC Radio 4 Reith Lectures: Patricia Williams, The Genealogy of Race, 1997 Oral History interview with Patricia Williams, 2014, IRWGS Oral History collection, Columbia Center for Oral History Archives American women lawyers American legal scholars African-American legal scholars Women legal scholars American legal writers Critical race theory Columbia University faculty University of Wisconsin Law School faculty Harvard Law School alumni MacArthur Fellows Wellesley College alumni The Nation (U.S. magazine) people American columnists Lawyers from Boston Writers from Boston American women columnists Members of the American Philosophical Society 1951 births Living people

833518

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornton%20Burgess

Thornton Burgess

Thornton Waldo Burgess (January 17, 1874 – June 5, 1965) was an American conservationist and author of children's stories. Burgess loved the beauty of nature and its living creatures so much that he wrote about them for 50 years in books and his newspaper column, Bedtime Stories. He was sometimes known as the Bedtime Story-Man. By the time he retired, he had written more than 170 books and 15,000 stories for the daily newspaper column. Biography Early life and career Born January 17, 1874 in Sandwich, Massachusetts, on Cape Cod, Burgess was the son of Caroline F. Haywood and Thornton W. Burgess Sr., a direct descendant of Thomas Burgess, one of the first Sandwich settlers in 1637. Thornton, Sr., died the same year his son was born, and the young Thornton, Jr. was brought up by his mother in Sandwich. They lived in humble circumstances. As a youth, he worked tending cows, picking trailing arbutus (mayflowers) or berries, shipping water lilies from local ponds, selling candy, and trapping muskrats. William C. Chipman, one of his employers, lived on Discovery Hill Road, a wildlife habitat of woodland and wetland. This habitat became the setting of many stories in which Burgess refers to Smiling Pool and the Old Briar Patch. Graduating from Sandwich High School in 1891, Burgess briefly attended a business college in Boston from 1892 to 1893, living in Somerville, Massachusetts, at that time. But he disliked studying business and wanted to be an author. He relocated to Springfield, Massachusetts, where he accepted a job as an editorial assistant at the Phelps Publishing Company. His first stories were written using the pseudonym "W. B. Thornton". Burgess married Nina Osborne in 1905, but she died in childbirth a year later, leaving him to raise their son alone. It is said that he began writing bedtime stories to entertain his young son, Thornton III. Burgess remarried in 1911; his wife Fannie had two children by a previous marriage. The couple later bought a home in Hampden, Massachusetts, in 1925 that became Burgess' permanent residence in 1957. His second wife died in August 1950. Burgess returned frequently to Sandwich, which he always claimed as his spiritual home. Many of his childhood experiences and the people he knew there influenced his interest and were the impetus for his concern for wildlife. Old Mother West Wind Burgess used his outdoor observations of nature as plots for his stories. In Burgess' first book, Old Mother West Wind (1910), the reader meets many of the characters found in later books and stories. The characters in the Old Mother West Wind series include Peter Rabbit (known briefly as Peter Cottontail), Jimmy Skunk, Sammy Jay, Bobby Raccoon, Little Joe Otter, Grandfather Frog, Billy Mink, Jerry Muskrat, Spotty the Turtle, Old Mother West Wind, and her Merry Little Breezes. Additional publications For the next 50 years, Burgess steadily wrote books that were published around the world in many languages, including French, Gaelic, German, Italian, Spanish, and Swedish. Collaborating with him was his illustrator and friend Harrison Cady who was born and raised in Gardner, Massachusetts, and thereafter of New York and Rockport, Massachusetts. Peter Rabbit was created by British author and illustrator Beatrix Potter, prompting Burgess to note, "I like to think that Miss Potter gave Peter a name known the world over, while I with Mr. Cady's help perhaps made him a character." From 1895 to 1962, Burgess wrote "nearly 900" stories, natural science articles, and poems for magazines, including 201 children's stories for People's Home Journal magazine. For over 16 years from May 1913 through the magazine's demise following its final December 1929 issue, Burgess published a children's story in every issue of People's Home Journal magazine. From 1912 to 1960, without interruption, Burgess wrote his syndicated daily newspaper column (via the George Matthew Adams Service), Bedtime Stories. Radio broadcasts From 1912 to 1960, Burgess also broadcast on the radio. His Radio Nature League radio series began at WBZ (AM), then located in Springfield, in early January 1925. Burgess broadcast the program from the studio at the Hotel Kimball on Wednesday evening at 7:30 p.m. Praised by educators and parents, the program had listeners and members in more than 30 states at its peak. Burgess' Radio Nature League disbanded briefly in August 1930, but he continued to give radio talks for WBZ concerning conservation and the humane treatment of animals. Final publications In 1960, Burgess published his last book, Now I Remember, Autobiography of an Amateur Naturalist, depicting memories of his early life in Sandwich as well as his career highlights. That same year, Burgess, at the age of 86, had published his 15,000th newspaper column. In 1998, Burgess' granddaughter, Frances B. Meigs, published My Grandfather, Thornton W. Burgess : An Intimate Portrait, detailing her childhood growing up under his wing. Death He died on June 5, 1965, at the age of 91. His son had died suddenly the year before. Awards and accomplishments Burgess was actively involved with conservation efforts. Some of his projects during his lifetime included: Helping to pass laws protecting migrant wildlife. "The Green Meadow Club" for land conservation programs. "The Bedtime Stories Club" for wildlife protection programs. "Happy Jack Squirrel Saving Club" for War Savings Stamps & Bonds. The Radio Nature League broadcast from WBZA in Boston and WBZ in Springfield, Massachusetts. For his efforts, Burgess also received: An Honorary Literary Degree in 1938, from Northeastern University A special gold medal from the Museum of Science in Boston, for "leading children down the path to the wide wonderful world of the outdoors" The Distinguished Service Medal of the Permanent Wildlife Protection Fund. Legacy and influence Wildlife Sanctuaries and Museum After his death, the Massachusetts Audubon Society purchased Burgess' Hampden home and established the Laughing Brook Wildlife Sanctuary at that location; the house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Thornton W. Burgess Society operates the Green Briar Nature Center in East Sandwich, Massachusetts. The Society's Thornton W. Burgess Museum in Sandwich closed to the public October 2012. Other A middle school in Hampden, Massachusetts was named after Burgess in honor of his work for conservation. The school opened in 1967 and was closed by the Hampden-Wilbraham Regional School District in June 2018. In the early 1970s, an anime television adaptation of some of Burgess' works was produced by a Japanese animation studio and was later distributed worldwide. The English language translation was entitled Fables of the Green Forest. John Crowley's novel Little, Big (1980) includes allusions to locations and characters in Burgess' stories. Books References Sources Library of Congress Catalog No. 60-11637 Further reading Lowrance, Christine Palmer. Nature's Ambassador: The Legacy of Thornton W. Burgess, Schiffer Publishing, External links Works by Thornton Burgess at Hathi Trust Digital Library The Thornton W. Burgess Society Official website 1874 births 1965 deaths American children's writers American conservationists People from Hampden, Massachusetts People from Sandwich, Massachusetts

849593

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts%20Route%209

Massachusetts Route 9

Route 9 is a major east–west state highway in Massachusetts. Along with U.S. Route 20 (US 20), Route 2, and Interstate 90, Route 9 is one of the major east–west routes of Massachusetts. The western terminus is near the center of the city of Pittsfield. After winding through the small towns along the passes of the Berkshire Mountains, it crosses the college towns of the Pioneer Valley and then south of the Quabbin Reservoir and the rural areas of western Worcester County. Entering the city of Worcester from the southwest corner of the city, it passes through the center of the city and forms the major commercial thoroughfare through the MetroWest suburbs of Boston, parallel to the Massachusetts Turnpike. Crossing the Route 128 freeway circling Boston, it passes through the inner suburbs of Newton and Brookline along Boylston Street, and enters Boston on Huntington Avenue, before reaching its eastern terminus at Copley Square. Route description Route 9 passes through six counties and twenty-eight cities and towns. It begins in the western Massachusetts city of Pittsfield, at U.S. Route 20. After separating from US-20, it has a brief .2 mile concurrency with U.S. Route 7 through the center of that city, then continues east, passing through the towns of Dalton and Windsor, wherein the route reaches its highest point at 2033 ft, in Berkshire County. It continues its winding pass through the small towns of The Berkshires in Berkshire and western Hampshire Counties before passing through the center of Northampton, passing Smith College before its first interstate junction, at Interstate 91. It then crosses the Connecticut River at the Calvin Coolidge Bridge, just downstream from Elwell Island. It goes past the retail area of Hadley before passing the University of Massachusetts Amherst and Amherst College. From Amherst, it winds its way into western Worcester County, south of the Quabbin Reservoir, through small towns until it makes its way into the city of Worcester. Once in Worcester, Route 9 becomes a major thoroughfare through the city, as Park Avenue, Highland Street (which passes Major Taylor Boulevard), before passing over Interstate 290 and Belmont Street, where University of Massachusetts Medical School and the former Worcester State Hospital are located. At its intersection with McRae Ct., it becomes a divided highway with raised median. From Worcester, it crosses Lake Quinsigamond into Shrewsbury. At this point, Route 9 becomes the main retail artery of the MetroWest region. Several plazas and chain stores are located along the route as it makes its way towards Northborough, where it crosses U.S. Route 20; Westborough, where it crosses Interstate 495; and eventually in the Golden Triangle retail area of Framingham and Natick, after crossing the Massachusetts Turnpike. It passes Shopper's World and the Natick Mall, New England's largest mall. Beginning in the Golden Triangle, Route 9 becomes one of the major routes into Boston, serving as a valuable bypass to the Mass Pike and its tolls. It crosses Interstate 95 (also known as Massachusetts Route 128) in Wellesley before crossing the Charles River into Newton and Brookline as Boylston Street. It enters the city of Boston by crossing over Brookline's former namesake, the Muddy River, part of the Emerald Necklace. At this point it becomes Huntington Avenue, also known as "Avenue of the Arts." It loses its raised median briefly between its intersection with S. Huntington Ave. and Brigham Circle. It passes the Longwood Medical and Academic Area, which includes Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School and other hospitals; the Museum of Fine Arts; and several colleges and universities, including Northeastern University. This stretch is also a major site of baseball history; the first game of the 1903 World Series, baseball's first true World Series, was played at the Huntington Avenue Grounds, the original home of the Boston Red Sox. (The site is now part of Northeastern's campus.) The E branch of the MBTA Green Line roughly follows Huntington Avenue underground from Copley Square until it rises above ground at the Northeastern portal. It then operates in a dedicated median of Huntington Avenue between Northeastern University and the Brigham Circle stop, where trains begin street running in mixed traffic to a terminus at Heath Street. Route 9 continues past Symphony Hall and The First Church of Christ, Scientist, which is the mother church of Christian Science. It then passes Copley Place and the Prudential Center complex, before splitting, the eastbound half onto Stuart Street, the westbound onto Saint James Street, past Copley Square; both the eastbound and westbound segments of Route 9 end at Route 28. History Route 9 was established in 1933. It took over the alignment of what was Route 115 from Kenmore Square in Boston to Route 22 in North Grafton, part of the original route of US 20 between North Grafton and West Brookfield and the original Route 109 between West Brookfield and US 7 in Pittsfield. Route 9's original route in Boston was along Brookline Avenue from Kenmore Square turning west onto its current path along Boylston Street. Between Worcester and Boston, Route 9 follows the path of the 19th-century Worcester Turnpike, opened in 1810. This route originally included a floating bridge over Lake Quinsigamond in Shrewsbury. From Dalton to Goshen in the Berkshires, the road follows the old Berkshire Trail. The massive expansion of the University of Massachusetts Amherst transformed that part of Route 9 in the late 20th century; this otherwise rural part of the route now has several shops, restaurants, and the mid-sized Hampshire Mall. In the 20th century, Route 9 became the focus for urban sprawl in towns like Newton and Wellesley. Further west, in Framingham, Route 9 was home to one of the first modern shopping malls, the aptly named Shoppers' World. In Natick, Route 9 is officially the "Ted Williams Highway", named after the Red Sox sports legend Ted Williams, who sported that number. In Newton, it is officially the "United Spanish War Veterans Highway". From 1903 to 1932, the Boston and Worcester Street Railway ran mostly via Route 9. Today the E branch of the MBTA's Green Line follows Route 9 along Huntington Avenue. Major intersections Gallery References External links 009 Worcester Turnpike Transportation in Berkshire County, Massachusetts Transportation in Hampshire County, Massachusetts Transportation in Middlesex County, Massachusetts Transportation in Norfolk County, Massachusetts Transportation in Suffolk County, Massachusetts Transportation in Worcester County, Massachusetts Transportation in Boston

867889

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College%20humor%20magazines

College humor magazines

Many colleges and universities publish satirical journals conventionally referred to as "humor magazines." Among the most famous: the Harvard Lampoon, which gave rise to the National Lampoon in 1970, The Yale Record, the nation's oldest college humor magazine (founded in 1872), the Princeton Tiger Magazine, the University of Pennsylvania Punch Bowl, which was founded in 1899, the Columbia Jester of Columbia, founded 1901, the Dartmouth Jack-O-Lantern, founded in 1908, the Ohio State Sundial founded in 1911, and The Brown Jug, founded in 1920. Many of these publications have a significant history, although the genre peaked in the 1970s and some journals now survive only in their online format. List of college humor magazines American University: The Beagle Amherst College: The Amherst Muck-Rake Appalachian State University: The Rotten Appal Binghamton University: The Times-Tribune Boston College: The New England Classic Boston University: The Bunion Bates College: The Bates Spudent Baylor University: The Rope Brandeis University: Gravity Brown University: The Brown Jug Brown University: The Philtrum Press Brown University: The Brown Noser Bowdoin College: The Harpoon Bucknell University: The Mucknellian Caltech: The California Torch Cambridge University: The Porter's Log Case Western Reserve University: The Athenian Carleton College: The Salt Carnegie Mellon University: readme Claremont Colleges: The Golden Antlers Columbia University: Federalist Paper Columbia University: Jester of Columbia Cornell University: Cornell Lunatic Cornell University: CU Nooz Chapman University: The Kumquat Dalhousie University: The Dalhousie Mackerel Dartmouth College: Jack-O-Lantern Davidson College: The Yowl Denison University: The Bullsheet Duke University: The Duke Comical, The Fluke News Drake University: DUiN Magazine Drew University: The Nut Emory University: The Spoke Florida Atlantic University: The Hoot Florida State University: The Eggplant Georgetown University: The Heckler Grinnell College: The B&S Gustavus Adolphus College: The Fourth Crown Harvard University: Demon Harvard University: Lampoon Harvard University: Satire V Hamilton College: Duel Observer Hofstra University: Nonsense Johns Hopkins University: The Hopkins Bubble, The Black and Blue Jay Kenyon College: The Kenyon Thrill Kenyon College: The Kenyon Collegiate Lehigh University: The Lehigh Lookaway Loyola Marymount University: The Bluff Macalester College: The Hegemonocle Marquette University: The Golden Seagull Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Voo Doo McGill University: The Plumber's Faucet New York University: PLAGUE North Central College: The Kindling Northeastern University: Times New Roman Northwestern University: The Northwestern Flipside and Sherman Ave Ohio State University: The Sundial Oxford University: The Oxymoron Pace University: The Pretentious Press Pennsylvania State University: Phroth Princeton University: The Tiger Queen's University: Golden Words Quinnipiac University: The Quinnipiac Barnacle Rice University: Rice Thresher Backpage Rochester Institute of Technology: Gracies Dinnertime Theatre Roosevelt University: RADMAG Rutgers University: The Medium Skidmore College: The Skidmo' Daily Southern Methodist University: Muddler Stanford University: Chaparral Stanford University: Flipside Syracuse University The Kumquat Tufts University: Zamboni Tulane University: The Tulane Vignette Texas A&M University: The Mugdown University of Alberta: The Guuber University of Arizona: The Pothole University College London: The Cheese Grater University of British Columbia: The Syrup Trap University of California, Berkeley: Heuristic Squelch University of California, Los Angeles: The Bruin Roast University of California, Los Angeles: The Westwood Enabler University of California, Los Angeles: Satyr University of California, San Diego: Koala University of California, San Diego: MQ University of California, Santa Barbara: Gaucho Marks Magazine University of California, Santa Barbara Nexustentialism (Daily Nexus) University of California, Santa Cruz: Fish Rap Live! University of Central Florida: The Stallion University of Chicago: The Shady Dealer University of Colorado, Boulder: Earth Muffins University of Florida: The Crocodile University of Georgia: The Hedge Trimmer University of Iowa: The Doily Allergen University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign: The Deadbeat University of Kentucky: The Colonel University of Maryland, Baltimore County: MBC News University of Maryland, College Park: Cow Nipple University of Maryland, College Park: The Hare University of Michigan: Gargoyle University of Michigan: The Every Three Weekly University of Nebraska-Lincoln: The DailyER University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill: The Minor University of Oregon: Daily Jade University of Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania Punch Bowl University of Pennsylvania: Under The Button University of Pittsburgh: The Pittiful News University of Southern California: The Sack of Troy University of Texas: Travesty University of Texas at Arlington: The Catch University of Texas at Dallas: A Modest Proposal University of Toronto: The Toike Oike University of the Pacific: Pazifican University of Virginia: The Yellow Journal University of Warwick: The Hoar University of Washington: Off Leash News University of Washington: The Fishwrapper University of Wisconsin–Madison: The Madison Misnomer Vanderbilt University: Slant Washington and Lee University: The Radish Washington University in Saint Louis: WUnderground Wesleyan University: Argus Wesleyan University: The Wesleyan Harold Western Kentucky University: The Big Red Tool William Jewell College: Paper Worcester Polytechnic Institute: The Institute Xavier University: The Bad Blob Yale University: Record References Student newspapers

871930

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20L.%20Kelling

George L. Kelling

George Lee Kelling (August 21, 1935 – May 15, 2019) was an American criminologist, a professor in the School of Criminal Justice at Rutgers University–Newark, a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, and a fellow at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. He previously taught at Northeastern University. Born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Kelling attended Northwestern Lutheran Theological Seminary to study theology for two years, but earned no degree. He received a B.A. in philosophy from St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota, an M.S.W. from the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee and a Ph.D. in social welfare from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1973, under Alfred Kadushin. Early in his career, he was a child care counselor and a probation officer, but his later career was spent in academia. The author of numerous articles, he developed the broken windows theory with James Q. Wilson and Kelling's wife, Catherine M. Coles. Kelling died in Hanover, New Hampshire on May 15, 2019 from complications of cancer at the age of 83. Personal life Kelling was married twice, first to Sally Jean Mosiman, from whom he became divorced, and then to Catherine M. Coles, an attorney and a lawyer and anthropologist studying urban issues and criminal prosecution, whom Kelling married in 1982. References External links Kelling's page at Rutgers–Newark Kelling's page at the Manhattan Institute 1935 births 2019 deaths Writers from Milwaukee People from Minnesota People from Boston American criminologists Northeastern University faculty Rutgers University faculty Harvard University staff Luther Seminary alumni St. Olaf College alumni University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Social Work alumni University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee alumni Probation and parole officers Manhattan Institute for Policy Research Deaths from cancer in New Hampshire

876650

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanglewood

Tanglewood

Tanglewood is a music venue in the towns of Lenox and Stockbridge in the Berkshire Hills of western Massachusetts. It has been the summer home of the Boston Symphony Orchestra since 1937. Tanglewood is also home to three music schools: the Tanglewood Music Center, Days in the Arts and the Boston University Tanglewood Institute. Besides classical music, Tanglewood hosts the Festival of Contemporary Music, jazz and popular artists, concerts, and frequent appearances by James Taylor, John Williams, and the Boston Pops. First seasons, 1934 and 1935 The history of Tanglewood begins with a series of concerts held on August 23, 25 and 26, 1934 at the Interlaken estate of Daniel Hanna, about a mile from today’s festival site. A few months earlier, composer and conductor Henry Kimball Hadley had scouted the Berkshires for a site and support for his dream of establishing a seasonal classical music festival. He found an enthusiastic and capable patron in Gertrude Robinson Smith. Within a few months they had organized a series of concerts featuring the New York Philharmonic Orchestra, where Hadley once had been the Associate Conductor. Staged in an amphitheater built on the estate's show horse ring, the first concert was attended by Sara Delano Roosevelt, the President's mother. Heartened by the success of this effort, Robinson and Hadley organized another well received series of concerts in Interlaken the following summer. Boston Symphony Orchestra era begins, 1936 After two seasons featuring the New York Philharmonic Orchestra, the Boston Symphony Orchestra (BSO), under the direction of Conductor Serge Koussevitzky was invited to perform at the 1936 festival held at Holmwood, the home of Margaret Vanderbilt in nearby Lenox. The BSO gave its first concert in the Berkshires on August 13, 1936. For nearly eighty years the BSO has remained the crown jewel of the music festival. Festival moves to Tanglewood, 1937 In 1937 the festival site was moved to "Tanglewood", an estate donated by Mrs. Gorham Brooks and Miss Mary Aspinwall Tappan, daughter of William Tappan and Caroline Sturgis. "Tanglewood" took its name from Tanglewood Tales, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, while he lived in a cottage located on the estate. On August 12, 1937 a decisive moment in Tanglewood’s history occurred during a thunderstorm that interrupted a performance of Richard Wagner’s Ride of the Valkyries. The "Boston Globe" reported that "Gertrude Robinson Smith strode purposefully to the stage when the concert stopped and addressed the record crowd of 5,000, haranguing: “Now do you see why we must have a permanent building for these concerts?’’ In minutes, more than $30,000 was raised." Music Shed opens, 1938 The following year, the Eliel Saarinen-designed, fan-shaped Shed (now known as the Koussevitzky Music Shed, or simply "the Shed") was constructed, with some 5,100 seats, giving the BSO a permanent open-air structure in which to perform. Broad lawns extend beyond the Shed, providing outdoor space for concert goers and sweeping views of Stockbridge Bowl and Monument Mountain in the distance. At the opening ceremony for the Shed on August 4, 1938, Gertrude Robinson Smith's dedication comments were recorded and can be heard today. The Boston Symphony Orchestra has performed in the Koussevitzky Music Shed every summer since, except for the interval 1942–45 when the Trustees canceled the concerts and summer school due to World War II, and during summer 2020, when performances were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Shed was renovated in 1959 with acoustic designs by BBN Technologies. In 1986 the BSO acquired the adjacent Highwood estate, increasing the property area by about 40%. Seiji Ozawa Hall (1994) was built on this newly expanded property. Leonard Bernstein conducted the Boston Symphony at Tanglewood in August 1990 in what proved to be his final concert. Deutsche Grammophon released a live recording of the concert on CD. Young musicians In addition to hosting world-renowned programs of classical, jazz, and popular music, Tanglewood provides musical training. In 1940 conductor Serge Koussevitzky initiated a summer school for approximately 300 young musicians, now known as the Tanglewood Music Center. Also, nearby is the Boston University Tanglewood Institute (BUTI) for high school students and Days in the Arts (DARTs) for middle school students. Other youth-symphony organizations have performed at either the Music Shed or Ozawa Hall, including the Norwalk Youth Symphony, from Norwalk, Connecticut, the Empire State Youth Orchestra, from Albany, New York, and the Greater Boston Youth Symphony (currently known as the Boston Youth Symphony Orchestras). BSO and Tanglewood music directors Serge Koussevitzky (1936–1949) Charles Munch (1949–1962) Erich Leinsdorf (1962–1969) William Steinberg (1969–1972) Seiji Ozawa (1973–2002) James Levine (2004–2011) Andris Nelsons (2014–present) Facilities The Koussevitzky Music Shed was inaugurated in 1938, with major acoustic refurbishment made in 1959. Originally unnamed, the Shed was re-dedicated to TMC's founder in 1988. Most BSO and some TMC orchestra concerts are held there. Seiji Ozawa Hall opened in 1994 and is the place where most Tanglewood chamber concerts, as well as TMC orchestra concerts, now take place. Designed by William Rawn Associates, Architects, Inc. of Boston, Massachusetts, Seiji Ozawa Hall has been ranked one of the two Best Concert Halls in the U.S. built in the past 50 years, one of the four Best Concert Halls ever built in the U.S., and the 13th Best Concert Hall in the world (from Leo Beranek's Concert Halls and Opera Houses). Seiji Ozawa Hall has received numerous awards for its architecture, including a National American Institute of Architects Honor Award for Interior Architecture (2000) and a National American Institute of Architects Honor Award for Architecture (1995). The acoustics of the hall were designed in conjunction with the architect by R. Lawrence Kirkegaard, of Kirkegaard Associates. The Aaron Copland Library, Theatre, Chamber Music Hall and additional administrative, performance and practice buildings are spread throughout the Tanglewood grounds. Further reading Joseph Horowitz. Classical Music in America: A History of Its Rise and Fall. W. W. Norton & Company, 2005. . Andrew L. Pincus. Scenes from Tanglewood. Northeastern University Press, 1989. . See also List of concert halls List of opera festivals References External links Tanglewood official site Dedication of the Music Shed at Tanglewood by Gertrude Robinson Smith | NBC Radio BroadcastAugust 4, 1938 (YouTube) Virtual tour of the Koussevitzky Music Shed Buildings and structures in Lenox, Massachusetts Music venues in Massachusetts Amphitheaters in the United States Opera festivals Stockbridge, Massachusetts Tourist attractions in Berkshire County, Massachusetts

897968

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge%20coin

Challenge coin

A challenge coin is a small coin or medallion, bearing an organization's insignia or emblem and carried by the organization's members. Traditionally, they might be given to prove membership when challenged and to enhance morale. They are also collected by service members and law enforcement personnel. Historically, challenge coins were presented by unit commanders in recognition of special achievement by a member of the unit. They could also be exchanged in recognition of visits to an organization. Modern day challenge coins may feature popular culture attributes or organizational values. Modern challenge coins are made in a variety of sizes and are often made using popular culture references, including superheroes and other well known characters in a way that creates a parody. Origins There are several stories detailing the origins of the challenge coin. Many originate in popular culture based on current events. The Roman Empire rewarded soldiers by presenting them with coins to recognize their achievements. Challenge coins were also known as "Portrait Medals" during the Renaissance, and were often used to commemorate specific events involving royalty, nobility, or other types of well-to-do individuals. The medals would be given as gifts or awards, and people also exchanged them with friends and associates. The most common format was for one side to depict the patron while the other showed something that represented that individual's family, house, lineage, and/or seal. The first instance of using a coin as a response to an actual challenge may come from the 17th century religious wars in France. Following King Louis XIV's 1685 revocation of the Edict of Nantes, French Protestants began to suffer persecution by the state for their illegal religion. Many Protestants fled France to find religious freedom elsewhere. Among those who chose to remain in France were some from a Protestant group known as Huguenots who were forced to conduct their religious services in secret. In order to avoid infiltration by state spies the Huguenots began to carry their méreau communion coin. When challenged while trying to gain entry to Protestant church services the Huguenot would produce his méreau coin as a token to show allegiance with the Protestant Church and be admitted entry. According to the most common story, challenge coins originated during World War I. Before the entry of the United States into the war in 1917 American volunteers from all parts of the country filled the newly formed flying squadrons. Some were wealthy scions attending colleges such as Yale and Harvard who quit in mid-term to join the war. In one squadron, a wealthy lieutenant ordered medallions struck in solid bronze and presented them to his unit. One young pilot placed the medallion in a small leather pouch that he wore about his neck. Shortly after acquiring the medallion, the pilot's aircraft was severely damaged by ground fire. He was forced to land behind enemy lines and was immediately captured by a German patrol. In order to discourage his escape, the Germans took all of his personal identification except for the small leather pouch around his neck. In the meantime, he was taken to a small French town near the front. Taking advantage of a bombardment that night, he escaped. However, he was without personal identification. He succeeded in avoiding German patrols by donning civilian attire and reached the front lines. With great difficulty, he crossed no-man's land. Eventually, he stumbled onto a French outpost. Saboteurs had plagued the French in the sector. They sometimes masqueraded as civilians and wore civilian clothes. Not recognizing the young pilot's American accent, the French thought him to be a saboteur and made ready to execute him. He had no identification to prove his allegiance, but he did have his leather pouch containing the medallion. He showed the medallion to his would-be executioners and one of his French captors recognized the squadron insignia on the medallion. They delayed his execution long enough for him to confirm his identity. Instead of shooting him they gave him a bottle of wine. Back at his squadron, it became tradition to ensure that all members carried their medallion or coin at all times. This was accomplished through challenge in the following manner: a challenger would ask to see the medallion, if the challenged could not produce a medallion, they were required to buy a drink of choice for the member who challenged them. If the challenged member produced a medallion, then the challenging member was required to pay for the drink. This tradition continued throughout the war and for many years after the war while surviving members of the squadron were still alive. According to another story, challenge coins date back to World War II and were first used by Office of Strategic Service personnel who were deployed in Nazi held France. Similarly, Jim Harrington proposed a Jolly sixpence club amongst the junior officers of the 107th Infantry. The coins were simply a local coin used as a "bona fides" during a personal meeting to help verify a person's identity. There would be specific aspects such as type of coin, date of the coin, etc. that were examined by each party. This helped prevent infiltration into the meeting by a spy who would have to have advance knowledge of the meeting time and place as well as what coin was to be presented, amongst other signals, as bona fides. While a number of legends place the advent of challenge coins in the post-Korean Conflict era (some as late as the Vietnam War), or even later, Colonel William "Buffalo Bill" Quinn had coins made for those who served in his 17th Infantry Regiment during 1950 to 1958. The 17th Infantry Regiment "Buffalo" coin is the oldest challenge coin known in existence. On one side of the coin is a picture of a buffalo with the date 1812, which signified the year the unit was formed. On the other side was the 17th Infantry patch with the dates 1950 – 1958 and the word Korea to signify the tour. The cross and fort icon represent the units heritage which started in Cuba during the civil war. This coin is recognized as one of the oldest and most valuable challenge coins in circulation. Very few remain available and most are thought to be in private collections. Colonel Verne Green, commander of the 10th Special Forces Group-A, embraced the idea. He had a special coin struck with the unit's badge and motto in 1969. Until the 1980s, his unit was the only unit with an active challenge coin tradition. There is another story about an American soldier scheduled to rendezvous with Philippine guerrillas during WWII. As the story goes, he carried a Philippine solid silver coin that was stamped on one side with the unit insignia. The coin was used to verify, to the guerrillas, that the soldier was their valid contact for the mission against the Japanese. The challenge coin tradition has spread to other military units, in all branches of service, and even to non-military organizations as well as the United States Congress, which produces challenge coins for members of Congress to give to constituents. Today, challenge coins are given to members upon joining an organization, as an award to improve morale, and sold to commemorate special occasions or as fundraisers. In the Air Force, military training instructors award an airman's coin to new enlisted personnel upon completion of their United States Air Force Basic Military Training and to new officers upon completion of the Air Force Officer Training School. U.S. presidents Challenge coins issued by presidents date back to the late 1990s. Separately, the White House Communication Agency (WHCA) has issued challenge coins for foreign heads and military during Presidential visits. In May 2018, controversy arose when WHCA released a coin featuring President Donald Trump and North Korean head Kim Jong-un ahead of peace talks scheduled for June 2018 in Singapore. President Bill Clinton displayed several racks of challenge coins, which had been given to him by U.S. service members, on the credenza behind his Oval Office desks. These coins are currently on display at the Clinton Library. The challenge coins appear in the background of his official portrait, now hanging in the White House. President George W. Bush received a challenge coin from a Marine combat patrol unit during his short but unexpected visit to Al Asad Airbase in Anbar province, Iraq, 3 September 2007. President Barack Obama, in addition to handing challenge coins to U.S. service members, would leave coins on the memorial graves of dead soldiers. President Donald Trump's coin broke with tradition, omitting the presidential seal, the motto "E pluribus unum" and the thirteen arrows representing the thirteen original states. His campaign slogan "Make America Great Again" appears on both sides. It features a banner at the bottom, which also serves as a base allowing the coin to stand upright. President Joe Biden's coin depicts his home state of Delaware and "261st" for the 261st Theater Tactical Signal Brigade of the Delaware Army National Guard, his late son Beau Biden's unit. Challenging The tradition of a challenge is the most common way to ensure that members are carrying their unit's coin. The rules of a challenge are not always formalized for a unit, and may vary between organizations. The challenge only applies to those members that have been given a coin formally by their unit. This may lead to some controversy when challenges are initiated between members of different organizations and is not recommended. The tradition of the coin challenge is meant to be a source of morale in a unit, and forcing the challenge can cause a reverse effect. The act of challenging is called a "coin check" and is usually loudly announced. The challenge, which can be made at any time, begins with the challenger drawing his/her coin, and slapping or placing the coin on the table or bar. In noisy environments, continuously rapping the challenge coin on a surface may initiate the challenge. (Accidentally dropping a challenge coin is considered to be a deliberate challenge to all present.) Everyone being challenged must immediately produce the coin for their organization and anyone failing to do so must buy a round of drinks for the challenger and everyone else who has their challenge coin. However, should everyone challenged be able to produce their coin, the challenger must buy a round of drinks for the group. While most holders of challenge coins usually carry them in their pockets or in some other readily accessible place on their persons, most versions of the rules permit a challenged person "a step and a reach" or if an individual has an extra coin to pass it off to the person closest to them. Coins on belt buckles or key chains are not acceptable for meeting a challenge. However, a coin worn around the neck is acceptable for meeting a coin challenge. Variants of the rules include, but are not limited to, the following: If someone is able to steal a challenge coin, everyone in the group must buy a drink for that person. During a challenge, everyone in the group must buy a drink for the holder of the highest-ranking coin. A coin's rank is determined by the rank of the giver of the challenge coin. For example, a coin presented by an Admiral would outrank a coin presented by a Vice Admiral, while both would outrank a coin presented by a Captain. Traditionally, the presentation of a coin is passed during a handshake. Some units provide strict time limits to respond to a challenge. Also coins are ranked in level of difficulty in attaining them. An Infantryman coin would outrank a logistical coin. A Ranger coin would outrank an Infantryman coin. Traditionally, rules of a challenge include a prohibition against defacing the coin, especially if it makes it easier to carry at all times. If the challenge coin is attached to a belt buckle or key ring, or has had a hole drilled in it to attach to a lanyard, it no longer qualifies as a challenge coin. Appearance There are many finishes available—from a simple pewter to 24K gold. While there are only a few base metals, the patina (finish) can range from gold, silver, or nickel to brass, copper, or bronze—plus the antiqued variations. Soft or hard enamel or a printed inset with an epoxy coating may add color (the epoxies are often more resilient and scratch resistant than the metal surfaces). Cost Challenge coins are moderately inexpensive to design and produce. There are two basic processes by which to manufacture: zinc-alloy castings or die struck bronze. Zinc alloy castings offer the advantage of low cost. Zinc casting also allows more flexibility in design like cutouts found on spinner coins or bottle opener coins. While a die struck bronze or brass coin is more expensive, the result renders a far superior product (numismatic quality). , coins manufactured in China and South Korea typically cost between US$2.50 to US$7.00 per coin, depending on production process and complexity of design, laser engraving, enamels, voids, etc. The dies must be sculpted by an artist and can range in cost from US$50 to US$300, depending on complexity. The cost of domestic manufacture can be many times this amount. In order to be competitive, most North American companies offering challenge coins rely on having the product manufactured offshore. Many challenge coins are fabricated in South Korea, as the connection to the US military bases there is strong, and costs are cheaper than those made in the US. Uses Besides using coins for challenging, they are also used as rewards or awards for outstanding service or performance of duty. As such, they are used as a tool to build morale. Military officials occasionally give them to non-military personnel for outstanding service or rewards, like the case of student athletes at Northeastern University. In the context as they are used by the modern U.S. military, the tradition probably began among special forces units during the Vietnam War. The tradition spread through the Airborne community, and by the early 1980s also into the 75th Ranger Regiment. As officers were reassigned as their careers progressed, they carried with them the tradition of awarding a unit coin for acts that were worthy of recognition but yet lacked enough merit to submit the soldiers act for an official medal. One widely known challenge coin in the United States Air Force was the "Bull Dog" challenge coin that was exclusive to B-52 enlisted tail gunners. Since the B-52 gunner position was phased out in 1991, this famous challenge coin has become rarer. This coin was presented to gunners upon graduation from their Air Force technical training and their entry into the "Gunners Association". In the earlier days of bombers, a bean or a nugget was used. The coin represents the attributes of strength and courage as reflected in the Bulldog, the gunner's official mascot. The coin was also given to certain "honorary gunners", usually commanders and leaders who portrayed the spirit of the bulldog. Some collectors buy them for their numismatic value. Coins given as awards for accomplishments are normally given to the recipient during a handshake, passing from the right hand of the giver to the right hand of the awardee. It is also normal for the giver to offer a brief explanation of the reason for awarding the coin. Outside the military Challenge coins are also exchanged outside the military. NASCAR, the NFL, cadets of the Civil Air Patrol, Eagle Scouts and World Series of Poker all have their own challenge coins. They are also becoming popular with police departments, fire departments and fraternal organizations. In 2007, the Utah Symphony and Opera gave challenge coins to all of its staff and musicians, making it the first symphony organization in America to do so. Franklin Public School in Ontario has a coin that is given to graduates, featuring its mascot 'Frankie'. Many non-profits, especially those with connections to the military, give challenge coins to donors to acknowledge their support of the organization. The FBI's Crisis Response unit was the first unit in the FBI to issue coins to unit members in late 1980s. Memorial coins can be used to commemorate fallen officers. Officially licensed challenge coins Louis "Uncle Louie" Gregory has created coins that are officially licensed by Topps Trading Cards, Ghostbusters, and Cobra Kai. New York City Police Department Coins have been created by the Police Benevolent Association for NYPD precincts. Some of these have been criticised for containing racist imagery. Motorcycle Clubs Another organization in which challenge coins have gained popularity is the "National Association of Buffalo Soldiers and Troopers Motorcycle Club" (NABSTMC), which has over 85 chapters totaling over 2,000 members. The coin must be earned by the members for a noteworthy accomplishment. In 2009, the Harley Owners Group (HOG) created and made available its own challenge coin to Harley-Davidson motorcycle owners. Science In the International Genetically Engineered Machine competition (iGEM), participants that won the 'Grand Prize' are given a challenge coin from 2016 on. Varian Medical Systems, a medical device manufacturer, awards challenge coins for notable accomplishments by its service personnel. A significant number of Varian's employees have military backgrounds, where many of them learn the electronics and mechanical skills needed to support Varian equipment. Media, Business, and Education Numerous examples illustrate challenge coins handed out in the media industry: In 2020, a challenge coin went viral when America's largest challenge coin retailer released a coin about an incident that occurred in Connecticut with Trooper Spina. In 2020, the Secretary of the State of Virginia sent a cease and desist to Louis "Uncle Louie" Gregory regarding a challenge coin he created. In his audio commentary for the DVD release of Iron Man 2, film director Jon Favreau notes that he had Iron Man 2 challenge coins made to distribute to United States Air Force personnel as a gesture of thanks for their cooperation while the production (and its predecessor, Iron Man) filmed on location at Edwards Air Force Base. Bill Prady, executive producer of The Big Bang Theory, gave the Big Bang Theory "executive producer's challenge coin" to the crew of the last space shuttle. On the "Rockets" episode of Lock N' Load with R. Lee Ermey, R. Lee (Gunny) Ermey presents a challenge coin to Second Lieutenant Carr as a reward for being the "top gun" in his class with the Javelin Portable Rocket Launching System. Members of the American Radio Relay League who are volunteer examiners may carry the VEC (volunteer examiner coordinator) challenge coin. These members are responsible for administering Federal Communications Commission sanctioned examinations that allow successful applicants to qualify as amateur radio operators in the three different license categories of: technician, general, and amateur extra. The crew of Breaking Bad were given challenge coins designed by show creator Vince Gilligan for each new season. Another challenge coin was also included in the Blu-ray set of the entire series of the show. Video game companies like Treyarch gave these coins with certain packages for the release of Black Ops 2. The crowdfunded movie Lazer Team gave challenge coins to its backers as an optional perk of funding the movie. A challenge coin is presented in a handshake to Gerard Butler's character in the 2018 film Hunter Killer. Mystery Science Theater 3000 had challenge coins available for purchase commemorating their 30th anniversary on their 2018 30th anniversary "Watch Out For Snakes" Live Tour. Meanwhile, examples can also be found in the realms of business and education. Many businesses are using corporate coins to recognize staff achievements, improve employee morale and reduce turnover, For example, the Builders Association of the Twin Cities (BATC) issued a challenge coin highlighting their core values: "recruit, retain, grow." Also, St Mary's University issued a coin honoring the Public Safety Administration. Canada One of the first appearance of a challenge coin within the Canadian Forces (CF) was that of the Canadian Airborne Regiment. Although conceptualized in the early 1970s, it was not officially adopted until the regiment returned from Cyprus in 1974. Recognized as an "Americanism", the widespread use of challenge coins is new to the Canadian Forces and was introduced by General Rick Hillier as the Canadian Army began to work more closely with the US military. While many regiments and military establishments purchase them as 'challenge coins', most branches and schools within the CF use them for presentation purposes. The first RCAF coin belonged to 427 Squadron. Back in the Second World War, 427 and the film studios Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) shared the lion as their respective symbol. During a ceremony held on 27 May 1943, a bronze statuette of a lion was presented to the squadron as were MGM's coins for the squadron members. These coins granted free access to the MGM's theaters in Britain and were popular with aircrew and ground crew alike. In 1982, the custom was reintroduced by Lieutenant-Colonel Hugh Cunnigham, then the squadron commanding officer; it has since expanded widely within the RCAF tactical aviation community. Every new officer cadet at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario, is issued a challenge coin upon completion of First-Year Orientation Period. The coin is engraved with the name of the college in French and English surrounding the college's coat of arms on the obverse. The cadet's college number and the Memorial Arch is on the reverse surrounded by the motto in both languages. Members of the Corps of Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (RCEME) Fund are issued challenge coins with the current RCEME badge and the member's branch fund membership number on the obverse side, and the original pre-unification RCEME badge and branch motto on the reverse side. Usually, these are issued to craftsmen at the Canadian Forces School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, in Borden, Ontario, where branch fund membership is first offered. The coin from Commander Canadian Special Operations Forces Command is a dull colour, but distinct by its pierced sections. Many of the CF training centres and staff colleges have a distinct coin—some available for the students to purchase, others available only by presentation by the establishment or the commandant for exemplary achievement while attending the facility. General (retired) Walter Natynczyk, when he was Chief of the Defence Staff, and the Canadian Forces Chief Warrant Officer often presented their personalized coins to deserving soldiers. Police, corrections, security and fire departments have embraced the concept, and have found coins to be an excellent means of team building and creating a sense of brotherhood or belonging. Many feature a patron saint, badge or representative equipment. Switzerland The challenge coin tradition was introduced into the Swiss Armed Forces by American officers on training missions and other assignments for the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, of which Switzerland is a member. Coins are not issued, but rather ordered and paid for by Swiss officers of various branches within the Army. Australia and New Zealand Coins have come into use by various Australian and New Zealand political leaders, senior officers and NCOs, under the influence of presentations from American personnel. Several hundred types of New Zealand challenge coins have been produced in recent decades. United Kingdom Exchange officers and British military visitors to US units and formations in recent decades have often been presented with challenge coins. The British Army has had challenge coins for recruiting purposes since the mid-2000s - for example the Special Air Service and Royal Engineer units have such challenge coins. British military medical units also discovered the tradition while working with American units in Iraq and Afghanistan. The Department of Military Anesthesia and Critical Care has been issuing a coin since 2006. Tradition dictates that challenge coins are shown within social environments (see above) with the loser of the “coin check” purchasing drinks for those others involved. Following a turbulent period of change within the British Military, commanders have tightened restrictions on the consumption of alcohol and any activity that encourages drinking, leaving the traditional challenge coin as a collection item, like the mid-1990s POG. See also References Further reading External links Art of Devastation, Metallic Art of WWI Podcast: Coin Check - 99% Invisible - Featuring COINFORCE CEO, Jordan Haines Military life United States military traditions Exonumia Militaria

904297

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa%20Loma%20Orchestra

Casa Loma Orchestra

The Casa Loma Orchestra was an American dance band active from 1929 to 1963. Until the rapid multiplication in the number of swing bands from 1935 on, the Casa Loma Orchestra was one of the top North American dance bands. With the decline of the big band business following the end of World War II, it disbanded in 1947. However, from 1957 to 1963, it re-emerged as a recording session band in Hollywood, made up of top-flight studio musicians under the direction of its most notable leader of the past, Glen Gray. The reconstituted band made a limited number appearances live and on television and recorded fifteen LP albums for Capitol Records before Gray died in 1963. History The band assembled in 1927 as the Orange Blossoms, one of several Detroit groups that came out of the Jean Goldkette office. The band adopted the name "Casa Loma" by the time of its first recordings in 1929, shortly after it played an eight-month engagement at Casa Loma in Toronto, which was being operated as a hotel at the time. The band never played at Casa Loma under that name, still appearing as the Orange Blossoms at that time. In 1930, the Casa Loma Orchestra was incorporated in New York with the members becoming owners, shareholders, and board members. The band members were hired on the grounds of "musical and congenial" competence and followed strict conduct and financial rules. Because the band operated as a collective group, as opposed to almost all other bands that had a "leader" for whom everyone worked, the band maintained a stable collection of personnel that varied little. Members who broke the rules could be summoned before the "board", have their contract bought out, and be ejected from the band. The band was led for the first few years by violinist Hank Biagini, although the eventual leader, saxophonist Glen Gray (1900 – 1963) was from the beginning "first among equals." The complex arrangements called for talented musicians such as trombonist Pee Wee Hunt, guitarist S. Jack Blanchette, trumpeter Frank L. Ryerson, trumpeter Sonny Dunham, clarinetist Clarence Hutchenrider, drummer Tony Briglia and singer Kenny Sargent. Arrangements were by Gene Gifford, who also composed much of the band's book, Spud Murphy, Larry Wagner, Salvador "Tutti" Camarata and Horace Henderson. Gifford's arrangements were credited in large part to giving the band its sound, but even he fell victim to the band's strict rules, being bought out in 1935 due to alcohol-related infractions. The band's manager, Cork O'Keefe, was made a vice president in the corporation and arranged bookings in venues such as Glen Island casino, which they helped popularize, and the Essex House Hotel, that led to their increasing fame via radio broadcasts before and throughout the swing era of 1935–1946. In 1943, Eugenie Baird became "the first girl vocalist ever featured" with the Casa Loma Orchestra. In 2019, the Casa Loma Symphony Orchestra was incorporated and became the new orchestra in residence at Casa Loma in Toronto, led by Catriona Delaney and Paolo Busato and conducted by Maestro Paolo Busato, wholly inspired by the history of this group. Radio Their mid-1930s appearances on the long-run radio comedy-variety program, the Camel Caravan (introduced with their theme, "Smoke Rings") increased their popularity. Gray chose not to conduct the band in the early years, playing in the saxophone section while violinist Mel Jenssen acted as conductor. In 1937, the band overwhelmingly voted in favor of Glen leading the orchestra, and Gray finally accepted the job. Hits included "Casa Loma Stomp," "No Name Jive" and "Maniac's Ball". Part of the reason for the band's decline is that other big bands included in their books hard-swinging numbers emulating the hot Casa Loma style. In the late 1930s Gray took top billing, and by the mid-1940s (as the other original players left) Gray would come to own the band and the Casa Loma name. For a time, during this period, the band featured guitarist Herb Ellis, trumpeter Bobby Hackett, pianist Nick Denucci and cornetist Red Nichols. By 1950, the Casa Loma band had ceased touring, Gray retired to Massachusetts, and the later recordings on Capitol (beginning with Casa Loma in Hi-Fi in 1956 and continuing through the Sounds of the Great Bands series) were done by studio musicians in Hollywood (with several of Gray's "alumni" occasionally featured). Recordings In October 1929, the band debuted on Okeh Records. The following year, they signed with Brunswick where they recorded until 1934. They briefly recorded for Victor in 1933 as "Glen Gray and his Orchestra", the Casa Loma name being under contract to Brunswick. In late 1934, they followed Jack Kapp to the newly formed Decca Records and stayed there well into the LP era when they signed with Capitol. Most of the Okeh's and many of the Brunswick's were out-and-out jazz (albeit very rehearsed) and remain highly collectible. Film In 1942, the orchestra made a Warner Bros. short film, Glen Gray and the Casa Loma Orchestra, that featured the songs "Hep and Happy," "Purple Moonlight," "Broom Street" and "Darktown Strutters Ball." Universal Studios produced a short subject, Smoke Rings, that featured the Casa Loma Orchestra. Released July 28, 1943, the film featured Eugenie Baird, Pee Wee Hunt, and The Pied Pipers. It included the songs "Can't Get Stuff in Your Cuff," "That's My Affair" and "Little Man with the Hammer." The band also appeared in Jam Session (1944), where they played their famous "No Name Jive." The orchestra's 1937 recording "Girl of My Dreams" was presented in the 1987 film Angel Heart with the fictional title "Life Would Be Complete" by the fictional crooner Johnny Favorite, and elements of the tune were incorporated into the score. References Sources The Mississippi Rag, "Glen Gray and the Casa Loma Orchestra." George A. Borgman, October 2006, pages 1–10. External links Casa Loma Hotel official site SOLID! The encyclopedia of big band, lounge, classic jazz and space-age sounds Glen Gray and the Casa Loma Orchestra papers and recordings, (1915–79) at Northeastern University] American jazz ensembles from Michigan Big bands Musical groups established in 1927 Capitol Records artists Decca Records artists Okeh Records artists Brunswick Records artists

909499

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20J.%20Geils%20Band

The J. Geils Band

The J. Geils Band was an American rock band formed in 1967, in Worcester, Massachusetts, under the leadership of guitarist John "J." Geils. The original band members included vocalist Peter Wolf, harmonica and saxophone player Richard "Magic Dick" Salwitz, drummer Stephen Bladd, vocalist/keyboardist Seth Justman, and bassist Danny Klein. Wolf and Justman served as principal songwriters. The band played R&B-influenced blues rock during the 1970s and soon achieved commercial success before moving toward a more mainstream radio-friendly sound in the early 1980s, which brought the band to its commercial peak. They performed a mix of cover songs of classic blues and R&B songs, along with original compositions written by primarily by Wolf and Justman, as well as some group compositions written under the pseudonymous name Juke Joint Jimmy, representing compositions credited to the entire band as a whole. After Wolf left the band in 1983 to pursue a solo career, the band released one more album in 1984 with Justman on lead vocals, before breaking up in 1985. Beginning in 1999, the band had several reunions prior to the death of its namesake, J. Geils, on April 11, 2017. The band first released several Top 40 singles in the early 1970s, including a cover of the song "Lookin' for a Love" by The Valentinos (which reached No. 39 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1972), as well as the single "Give It to Me" (No. 30 in 1973). Their biggest hits included "Must of Got Lost" (No. 12 in 1975), "Come Back" (No. 32 in 1980), "Love Stinks" (which reached No. 38 in 1980 and was featured in several films), "Centerfold" (No. 1 in 1982), and "Freeze-Frame" (No. 4 in 1982). Early days The band started in the mid-1960s while John Geils was attending Worcester Polytechnic Institute for a couple of semesters after transferring from Northeastern University in Boston (where he lived in "The Playboy Room" of the Gamma Phi Kappa Fraternity). Originally named Snoopy and the Sopwith Camels, the group was an acoustic blues trio with Geils on guitar, bassist Danny Klein ("Dr. Funk"), and harmonica player Richard Salwitz ("Magic Dick"). In 1968, the band switched focus, going electric and recruiting two fellow musicians from Boston band The Hallucinations, drummer Stephen Bladd and vocalist Peter Blankenfeld, a fast-talking former WBCN disc jockey with the air name Peter Wolf. Initial influences included James Cotton and Little Walter — in 2008 interview, harmonica star Magic Dick said they were all "harp freaks". They became The J. Geils Blues Band, later dropping the word "Blues" from the band name. Soon, fan Seth Justman joined on keyboards and the band started to earn a sizable following in the Boston area. The band took its time carefully considering various offers of contracts. Unofficial live recordings circulated: as noted in Creem, "WBCN had the infamous J. Geils 'bathroom tapes' (that were almost exactly what the name implies) and a tape of their performance at Alternate Media Conference at Goddard College, but these hardly sufficed" to fans who wanted a proper album. The group ultimately signed to Atlantic Records in 1970. 1970s touring, recordings and early top 40 success After spending the better part of 1970 playing live shows around the US opening for artists as eclectic as BB King, Johnny Winter, The Allman Brothers, and The Byrds, The J. Geils Band recorded their debut LP The J. Geils Band in August 1970 in A&R Studios in New York City and it was released in November. The band started to get airplay with release of their first single, a rock-cover of The Contours' Motown hit, "First I Look at the Purse", and soon the band would get more AM radio airplay with a series of several successful singles in the early 1970s, the first one being a cover version of The Valentinos' "Lookin' for a Love", which appeared on their second album The Morning After and was their Top 40 debut in 1972 (at No. 39 on the Billboard chart). The album was released in October 1971. The song "Cry One More Time" (also on The Morning After) was later covered by Gram Parsons on his debut album in 1973. Through constant touring, the band soon built a large following in the US for their energetic live shows, with the charismatic stage-antics and "microphone-stand-pole-vaulting" of singer Peter Wolf, as well as its innovative use of the harmonica as a lead instrument. Harmonicalinks.com later called Magic Dick "a pioneer in sound and style for rock harmonica." AllMusic.com described their 1970s period as a band "pure and simple, churning out greasy covers of obscure R&B, doo wop, and soul tunes, while cutting them with a healthy dose of Stonesy swagger." On August 17, 1971, at a show on the Boston Common, The Allman Brothers Band named The J. Geils Band as its favorite local band. Both bands later played the last show at the Fillmore East prior to the venue's closing. Although living in Boston, the band had always considered Detroit its second home because of its enormous popularity there. Two of its three live albums were recorded in Detroit at the Cinderella Ballroom and Pine Knob Music Theater (now DTE Energy Music Theater). Their second live album, 1976's Blow Your Face Out, was recorded at the Boston Garden and Detroit's Cobo Arena. After the release of their first two albums and keeping a busy show schedule, it was The J. Geils Band's third album Bloodshot which was the first commercial breakthrough for the band, reaching #10 on the Billboard 200 album charts in the United States in 1973 and spawning the single "Give It to Me", which went to No. 30 in the Billboard charts following the album's release in 1973. The original U.S. copies of Bloodshot were distributed in red vinyl, (instead of the customary black), with matching red 1950's style Atlantic Records labels. The band would continue to use these vintage-style Atlantic labels, in different colors with each album release, throughout their remaining tenure with the label. Seeking to seize on this commercial success, the band released their following album Ladies Invited in November of that same year, which debuted at No. 51 but did not match the commercial success of Bloodshot. After spending the early part of 1974 on the road with an active touring schedule, the band went back into the studio and recorded their fifth album Nightmares...and Other Tales from the Vinyl Jungle, which yielded a big hit single, the Justman/Wolf composition "Must of Got Lost", which reached #12 on the Billboard Top 100 in early 1975. Later that year the band started playing arenas across the US with a variety of artists including The Rolling Stones, Peter Frampton, and Rod Stewart. After their initial commercial success and with constant touring, the group seemed destined to be nothing more than a party band until the release of Monkey Island (1977), after which the group left Atlantic Records and signed to EMI America for Sanctuary (1978), which charted at No. 49 on the Billboard 200 and spun off a sizable hit single in "One Last Kiss" (No. 35 on the Billboard Hot 100). 1980s commercial peak and breakup The group hit their commercial peak and achieved mainstream success in the early 1980s, first with the humorous Love Stinks which was released in January 1980 and yielded two Top 40 singles, the song "Come Back" which peaked at #32 on the Billboard chart, as well as the title track "Love Stinks" which went to #38. "Love Stinks" remained a staple in FM radio in the '80s and was showcased in the 1998 hit film The Wedding Singer when Adam Sandler performs it in the film, and it also appeared on the film's soundtrack The Wedding Singer Volume 2, also released in 1998. The band spent the better part of 1980 touring the US, Europe as well as touring Japan for the first time. The band followed up the success of Love Stinks with their hit album Freeze Frame, which reached #1 in early 1982 for four weeks. The first single "Centerfold" which hit No. 1 for six weeks on the Billboard Hot 100) "Centerfold" also became their only major hit single in the United Kingdom, where it reached No. 3 in February 1982. The title-cut "Freeze Frame" peaked at #4 in April 1982. The flip side of "Freeze Frame", "Flamethrower" received airplay on Urban contemporary radio notably, in Metro Detroit, and reached number 25 on the Billboard soul chart and peaked at 12 on U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Club Play. The song also received airplay on rock and Top 40 stations. The third and final singles released from the album "Angel in Blue" peaked at #40 on the Billboard Hot 100 The band's videos for "Centerfold" and "Freeze Frame" were in heavy rotation on MTV as well, which contributed to the album's success. During 1982 the band was frequently selling out arenas around the US, including a month-long tour with U2 as their support act in March 1982., The band also undertook a two-month tour of Europe playing with The Rolling Stones from June and July of that year as well. The band followed up on the international success of Freeze Frame with the release of another live album, Showtime!, which contained their #24 live hit cover of "I Do", originally a 1965 hit by the Marvelows, which the band remade for their 1977 Monkey Island album. Wolf left the group in 1983 over disagreements on the group's musical direction. Many years later in 2016, Wolf offered the following recollection of the disagreements within the group that led to his departure: "I did not leave the band, but the majority of the band wanted to move in another direction.[...] They wanted to continue in a pop-techno way, [and] it wasn’t my thing." The band went on to record one more album of new material, You're Gettin' Even While I'm Gettin' Odd. Seth Justman took over lead vocal duties in Wolf's absence. The album produced only one single, "Concealed Weapons", and was not a commercial success. The group then disbanded in 1985 after contributing the title song to the 1985 horror film Fright Night. Reunion appearances The group reunited with Wolf in 1999 for a 13-date tour of the East Coast and upper Midwest. Rollins Band drummer Sim Cain sat in on drums for this tour, which also saw the band supported by backup singers Andricka Hall and Catherine Russell, as well as the Uptown Horns (who had also appeared with the group on its Freeze Frame Tour). After the '99 reunion tour finished at that year's end, Wolf returned to touring with his own backup band. On February 26, 2005, the band (with drummer Marty Richards) reunited at the Charles Hotel in Cambridge, MA, for a charity show for the Cam Neely Foundation for cancer care. On May 22, 2006, all six original members had a surprise reunion at bassist Danny Klein's 60th birthday party at Scullers Jazz Club in Boston. On February 19, 2009, the band reunited again to perform the opening concert at the new House of Blues in Boston on Lansdowne Street (formerly the location of Avalon, Axis, The Embassy and The Modern), with Marty Richards on drums and Mitch Chakour supplying backup vocals. Subsequently, they played two shows on April 24 and 25 at Detroit's Fillmore Theater (formerly State Theater). They also did a second show on Lansdowne Street on April 28. On July 11, 2009, The J. Geils Band played at the Borgata Hotel/Casino in Atlantic City, NJ, selling out the Borgata's 2,000-seat event center. On December 31, 2009, the band reunited for a one-night live gig at the Mohegan Sun Arena in Uncasville, CT. The band played a benefit in Boston for Big Brothers/Big Sisters on January 23, 2010. On August 14, 2010, The J. Geils Band reunited once again to open for Aerosmith at a sold-out show at Fenway Park. For their 2010 dates, the band was again supported by the Uptown Horns along with backup singers Mitch Chakour, Andricka Hall and Nichelle Tillman. Hall and Tillman toured with the band for their 2012 tour, as did the Uptown Horns, while Hall, Mitch Chakour, and Ada Dyer were the backup singers on the 2011 tour. Since this time, Wolf and Geils had also both been touring as solo artists. Danny Klein formed a new band called Danny Klein's Full House that was dedicated to playing the music of The J. Geils Band. The J. Geils Band embarked on a short U.S. tour in August/September 2012. However, they left for the tour without J. Geils, replaced by touring guitarists Duke Levine and Kevin Barry, along with touring drummer Tom Arey. Geils filed an unsuccessful lawsuit against the other members of the group over use of the name for a tour without him. He named band members Richard Salwitz, Danny Klein, Peter Wolf and Seth Justman in the lawsuit filed in Boston Superior Court, claiming that they "planned and conspired" to continue touring without him and were unlawfully using the group's trademarked name. Geils, angry at his bandmates for what they did, permanently left the band. Geils died in 2017. On May 30, 2013, The J. Geils Band performed six songs as part of the Boston Strong concert at the TD Garden in Boston. The concert, a benefit for victims of the recent Boston Marathon bombing victims, also featured Aerosmith, James Taylor, Boston, Dropkick Murphys, New Kids on the Block, Bell Biv DeVoe, Boyz II Men, Jimmy Buffett, Carole King, Extreme and Jason Aldean. In 2013 the band was the opening act for Bon Jovi in multiple locations across the United States. Beginning in the fall of 2014 and through the beginning of 2015, The J. Geils Band was the opening act for Bob Seger and the Silver Bullet Band on most tour dates across North America, along with a few solo shows. Their final tour was in the summer of 2015 with their final show being played in Detroit, MI. The band was nominated for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in the years 2005, 2006, 2011, 2017, and 2018. They were not voted in on any of those attempts. Projects outside of the band Since the breakup of the band in 1985, J. Geils began restoring sports cars in Massachusetts and started the performance shop KTR European Motorsports in Ayer, Massachusetts. In 1992, he joined his old bandmate Richard "Magic Dick" Salwitz to form the band Bluestime, which released two records: the self-titled Bluestime (1994) and Little Car Blues (1996) on Rounder Records. In 2004, Geils produced the album Nail It! for Massachusetts-based blues/rock group The Installers (Francesca Records No. 1011). He also occasionally performed live with the group. The December 2009 edition of Vintage Guitar (magazine) featured an in-depth interview with Geils by Mambo Sons guitarist Tom Guerra. In the interview, Geils revealed his playing approach, jazz influences and choice of instruments. Geils released several jazz albums with Gerry Beaudoin. Magic Dick contributed his harmonica playing and some vocals as part of a live recording called Command Performance by the Legendary Rhythm & Blues Revue featuring The Tommy Castro Band, Deanna Bogart, Ronnie Baker Brooks and others. Since 2007, he has toured as part of the Legendary Rhythm & Blues Revue on different Blues Cruises and again on land-based shows. Magic Dick is still active and touring as an acoustic duo with Shun Ng. The duo released an EP "About Time". Peter Wolf followed his time in the band with a moderately successful solo career, having six solo singles chart on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in the 1980s and early 1990s. He continued to release albums into the 2010s, with his most recent release A Cure for Loneliness being released in 2016. He toured with Kid Rock during the first half of 2008 and continues to tour heavily with his solo band, the Midnight Travelers. Members J. Geils – lead guitar (1968–1985, 1999, 2005, 2006, 2009–2012; died 2017) Peter Wolf – lead vocals, percussion (1968–1983, 1999, 2005, 2006, 2009–2015) Danny Klein – bass (1968–1985, 1999, 2005, 2006, 2009–2015) Stephen Jo Bladd – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1968–1985, 2006) Magic Dick – harmonica, saxophone, trumpet (1968–1985, 1999, 2005, 2006, 2009–2015) Seth Justman – keyboards, backing vocals (1968–1985, 1999, 2005, 2006, 2009–2015), lead vocals (1983–1985) Touring members Sim Cain – drums (1999) Catherine Russell – backing vocals (1999) Andricka Hall – backing vocals (1999, 2010–2015) Marty Richards – drums (2005, 2009–2011) Mitch Chakour – backing vocals (2009–2011) Nichelle Tillman – backing vocals (2010, 2012) Duke Levine – rhythm guitar (2009–2011), lead guitar (2012–2015) Kevin Barry – rhythm guitar (2012–2015) Tom Arey – drums (2012–2015) Ada Dyer - backing vocals (2011) Cheryl Freeman - backing vocals (2013–2015) The Uptown Horns: Arno Hecht - tenor sax (1982, 1999–2015) Crispin Cioe - alto & baritone sax (1982, 1999–2015) Paul Litteral - trumpet (1982) Larry Etkin - trumpet (1999–2015) Bob Funk - trombone (2010) Timeline Discography Studio albums The J. Geils Band (1970) The Morning After (1971) Bloodshot (1973) Ladies Invited (1973) Nightmares...and Other Tales from the Vinyl Jungle (1974) Hotline (1975) Monkey Island (1977) Sanctuary (1978) Love Stinks (1980) Freeze Frame (1981) You're Gettin' Even While I'm Gettin' Odd (1984) References External links American blues rock musical groups Musical groups established in 1967 Musical groups from Worcester, Massachusetts Rock music groups from Massachusetts

913577

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%20North%20High%20School

Newton North High School

Newton North High School, formerly Newton High School, is the larger and longer-established of two public high schools in Newton, Massachusetts, the other being Newton South High School. It is located in the village of Newtonville. The school from 2009 to 2010 underwent controversial reconstruction of its facility, making it one of the largest and most expensive high schools ever built in the United States, with a price tag of nearly US$200 million. The new building opened for classes in September 2010. History In the 1850s, high school classes in Newton were conducted in buildings shared with grammar schools in the villages of Newton Centre, West Newton, Upper Falls, and Newton Corner. In 1859, Newton's population topped 8,000 residents for the first time, a threshold that required the town under Massachusetts state law to construct a separate high school. Newton High School's first principal was J.N. Beals, for whom the current Beals House was named. Beals also served as one of the new school's two teachers, along with Amy Breck. Beals left the job for health reasons after only one year and was replaced by E.D. Adams, for whom the current Adams House was named. The first Newton High School building, located on Walnut Street in Newtonville, opened in September 1859, and was modified in 1875. In 1898, the original building was replaced with a new building, also on Walnut Street. This building, the Classical Newton High School, eventually became known as Building I. The next building (Building II, circa 1906) was the Vocational High School, and the third building of the Newton High School complex (Building III) opened in 1926 on Walnut Street. A field house/gymnasium building (also known as "the drill shed"), adjacent to Building I, was also part of the complex, as were the athletic fields. Buildings I, II, and III were connected to each other via a series of maintenance tunnels. Newton High School was Newton's only public high school for more than 100 years until 1960, when Newton South High School opened. Newton High School was renamed Newton North High School in 1973 when a new building opened on Lowell Avenue. The first graduating class as "Newton North High School" was in the spring of 1974. After Newton North was built, all of the former "Newton High School" buildings were demolished. Reconstruction By 2003, the "old" Newton North building was 30 years old and aging poorly, with leaks, poor ventilation and crumbling stairs. After extensive community debate and a citizen review panel, a decision was reached to construct a replacement high school, with the final cost ultimately totaling $197.5 million, making it one of the most expensive high schools ever built in the state. A project consultant explained that the project's relatively high cost was partly due to demolition of the existing building, hazardous material abatement in the existing building, and the new school's complex program, which includes a natatorium, vocational technology education program, and culinary arts facilities. At a public hearing in June 2006, community residents criticized the plan for its cost and for creating a new four-way intersection at Walnut Street and Trowbridge Avenue. Others claimed the proposed north–south orientation and lack of a basement level would waste energy as compared to the current structure. Nonetheless, after a public referendum and vote in January 2007, Newton residents approved the current plan for a new building. Gund Partnership designed the new building, and Dore and Whittier Architects was the Architect of Record. Dimeo Construction Company was the construction manager and general contractor for the project. The removal of the asbestos, laden throughout the existing building, was priced at $10 million. The building was dismantled, with contaminated construction debris packaged in lined cardboard boxes and shipped out in 650 trailer loads. The new building is oriented on a north–south axis on the eastern side of the current lot, with athletic fields to the west and a soccer field on the east side. The main entrance has returned to Walnut Street, as was the case from 1859 to 1973. The new building places the school office in a more accessible location – it was on the third floor in the old building – and ensures that most classrooms have natural light and windows to the outside. The school incorporates many features that improve energy efficiency, and is among the first LEED-certified schools in the state. Green features include rooftop solar panels, systems to reuse rainwater, interior materials with low emission of volatile organic compounds, and occupancy motion sensors. Unlike the previous school building, where 50 percent of the classrooms did not have windows or access to daylight, classrooms in the new school receive natural light; light fixtures are dimmed based on the amount of daylight to conserve energy. In 2020, solar canopies were constructed over the main parking lots. House system The school is divided into administrative units called "Houses". Each has its own office, secretary, and Dean (formerly "Housemaster"), who deals with administrative and disciplinary matters for house students. The House system was designed to provide better communication, distributed administration, more personal attention to individuals, a smaller peer group for students, more practical social events, and intra-house athletic teams. The houses are Adams, Barry, Beals and Riley, with each year group occupying one house. In the period of its largest population (≈3,000 students in the 1960s and later), there were six houses – the two additional houses being Bacon and Palmer – which also contained student common rooms and teachers' lounges. Originally, students in the same class were broken up into different houses; now the four houses correspond to the four grade levels. Students remain in the same house throughout their four years at Newton North. Houses are named for notable former principals, such as J.N. Beals and E.D. Adams. Academics Newton North offers both traditional college-preparatory academic courses along with technical and vocational training. Traditional courses in the humanities and the sciences are streamed, often with College Prep, Advanced College Prep, Honors and Advanced Placement options. Starting with the 2014–2015 school year, course levels were renamed to College Prep (formerly CII), Advanced College Prep (formerly (CI), and Honors/Advanced Placement (no change). Non-standard courses include video production, architecture, automobile repair, and biodiesel production. Newton North held the sixth position in Boston Magazines 2010 rankings of public high schools. Greengineering During the academic year of 2009/2010 a Greengineering course was added in the Career and Tech. Ed. Department at Newton North High School. The course taught students how to produce biodiesel, make fused plastic bags, and grow algae that would later be processed into fuel. The biodiesel was sold to a recycling company as well as the community at large. This program was the first of its kind in both Massachusetts and the United States. Greengineering was renewed for the academic year of 2010/2011 with additions to curriculum for Greengineering 101 and a new Greengineering 201 course. They had started creating a styrofoam type material using mycelium. They planned to use it to replace the need for non-green styrofoam and to create a surfboard made of fiberglass-coated mycelium. During the 2016–2017 school year, Greengineering had multiple new subject areas including pedal power and aquaponics. However, in the beginning of the 2018 school year, Greengineering came to an end and was replaced with a new Sustainability course. Partnerships and exchanges Students studying foreign languages have the opportunity to participate in one of several international exchange programs. In addition, Newton North participates in the Newton-Beijing Jingshan School Exchange Program. The city of Newton hosts students and teachers for four months each fall and sends students and teachers to Beijing each spring. Extracurriculars Clubs and societies Competitive clubs at the school include History Team, Model United Nations, Mock Trial Team, Debate Team, Mathematics Team, Science Team, and a FIRST Robotics Competition team: The LigerBots 2877. Newton North's Science Team has entered national and regional competitions. Newton North's History Team is ranked within the top half of teams, nationally, and has won several regional history bees. In the 2011–2012 school year, the science team placed first at MIT Trivia, Envirothon, and JETS. In 1993 the team's Science Bowl division won the state championship and placed 3rd nationally. They won the Science Olympiad State competition in 1995, 2004, 2007, 2008, and 2009, and have represented Massachusetts at the national competition. In the 2013–2014 school year, the LigerBots won the WPI District Competition, were finalists at the Northeastern University District Competition, and placed for the FIRST Championship in St. Louis. In the 2014–2015 school year, the LigerBots were semi-finalists and Chairman's Award winners at the UMass Dartmouth Competition, were finalists at the Northeastern competition, won the NE Regional Chairman's award, and placed for the FIRST World Championship in St. Louis. In the 2015–2016 school year, the LigerBots won the Entrepreneurship Award at the WPI competition, as well as the Innovation in Control Award at both the Boston University District Competition and the New England District Championship competition. In the 2017–2018 school year the team won the Imagery Award and Engineering Inspiration Award at the district level, and qualified for the FIRST World Championships. The Chess Club has sent teams of four players to the tournament yearly for the past two decades. The school team won the championships in 2002, 2009, 2010, and 2012. In 2016 they placed second to two-time champions Lincoln-Sudbury Regional High School. In 2018 they once again placed second after losing in the final round to the eventual champions BBN, 1.5 -2.5. The last time an individual player has won the state title was Jacob Fauman in 2012. The current school team has top 50 nationally ranked chess players in their age group and top 25 finishers at the last national grade championships. The club itself has USCF Club affiliation and a Club TD (who is a student), something that no other high school in Massachusetts has. Student government Newton North has a long-running student government system, which includes a president and multiple vice-presidents of each class, as well as the Student-Faculty Administration, a liaison between students and teachers. In the 2020–2021 school year, the class of 2024 student government was the only grade to have elections by submitting a speech video. The class also had a record high of candidates for the election, with 38 students running. Student publications Newton North publishes a monthly student newspaper, The Newtonite, founded in 1922. The paper has a circulation of 2000 issues. Students contribute to the paper through credited journalism courses. The Newtonite has won crowns from the Columbia Scholastic Press Association – the Gold Crown in 2001, and the Silver Crown in 2002 – among other scholastic journalism awards. Students also design and publish The Newtonian, the school's yearbook, which printed its 101st edition in 2011. Thoughtprints, published once a year, is the school's student-run literary magazine, featuring only student submissions. In 2010, the magazine included a CD of student-written music for the first time. Tiger Magazine is Newton North's video production class' monthly cable television program. It airs on Newton's NewTV local cable station. The content of the program is generally a mixture of comedy pieces, news, and community based documentary, as well as experimental and dramatic video works. Several Tiger Magazine alumni have gone on to pursue careers in the film industry, and numerous pieces originally aired on Tiger Magazine have won awards in local and national video contests. Near the end of the 2011–2012 school year, the name of the show was changed to Tiger Tube. Athletics Newton North competes in the Bay State League with other suburban Boston public schools. Since 1894, the boys' football team has played rival Brookline High School in the traditional Thanksgiving Day game. This is one of the oldest high school football rivalries in Massachusetts. Newton North offers football, boys' and girls' soccer, boys' and girls' track and cross country, boys' and girls' basketball, boys' and girls' volleyball, golf, baseball, softball, boys' and girls' lacrosse, field hockey, alpine skiing, Nordic skiing, tennis, and many other sports. Track and field The track teams at Newton North have remained some of the top teams in the state since the inception of state-level competition. Beginning with Newton High School's first state title in 1922, the boys' track teams have won the Division I / Class A state championship 24 times outdoors and 15 times indoors, including Newton High School's record streak of eight in a row (1952–1959). Massachusetts added an additional all-state meet including all divisions in the 1960s outdoors and 1980s indoors; Newton North has subsequently won all-state titles in 1977, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2013, 2016, 2017 and 2018. The 2004/2005 season featured both Division I and All-State titles in cross-country, indoor track, and outdoor track which completed a "Triple Crown" of championships. That year also featured a victory at the Penn Relays in the high school distance medley championship, which was the first relay victory by a Massachusetts high school in almost 50 years. In 2011, the Newton North sprint medley relay team and its four members were named All-American by the National Scholastic Sports Foundation. Newton High/Newton North athletes have won a high school national title (Warren Wittens in the 1936 intermediate hurdles; Carla Forbes in 2012 in the long jump and triple jump; Nick Fofana in 2014 in the decathlon Andrew Mah in 2018 in the 5000), an NCAA title (Carl Shine in the 1959 shot put), and run a four-minute mile equivalent (Tom Carleo ran 3:41 for 1500 and competed at the 1988 Olympic trials). The Newton North girls' track teams have had their share of championships as well and have consistently been one of the top high school track teams in the state, winning Division I / Class A titles in 1989, 1990, 1992, 1996, 1998, 2004, 2005, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013. Additionally, they captured the All-State title in 1990, 1992, 1998, 2004, 2005,2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013. And in In the 2021-2022 indoor season, The girls track team won the division one state relays. Along with those successes, they won more than 40 Conference and League Championships in the past 22 years. Their top-scoring athlete at state competition, Tanya Jones, won eleven individual Division I championships in the 300, 400, high jump, and long jump, and is the only athlete from either Newton North or Newton South high schools to score over 100 points at the state division / class meet level. Post-high-school, distance star Liz Natale finished 2nd at the 1986 NCAA Division I championship in the 3000m and was an All-American six times for University of Texas. The program has also had dozens of Nike All-Americans and New Balance All-Americans over the past ten years. Other sports The girls' soccer team has won five Division 1 State Championships, in 1989, 1992, 1996, 1999, and 2013, ranking as one of the top teams in the country. The boys' basketball team won the 2005 and 2006 Division 1 State Championships, and is considered one of the state's top basketball programs. They have captured the Bay State Championship five years in a row since 2004. The Newton North's boys' gymnastics team won four consecutive state championships from 1997 to 2000. The boys' tennis team won the Division 1 State Championship in 2002. In the spring of 2007, tennis doubles team Dan Razulis and Mike Greene won the MIAA State Doubles tournament. The boys' lacrosse team won three state championships from the years 1992–1996, ranking as one of the top teams in the country. In 2005–06, the boys' football team won the Bay State league championship and went on to the Division 1A State Championship super bowl. In 2006 and 2007 the boys' volleyball team won the sectional title and went on to the Division 1 State Championship. In 2014, the boys' baseball team won the Division 1A state title by winning the first MIAA Super 8 state tournament. The girls' volleyball team won back-to-back state championships in 2017 and 2018, and in 2018 was honored by the MaxPreps Tour of Champions as one of the top 50 high school teams in the country. Theatre Ink Theatre Ink is Newton North's theater department. Students work as directors, stage managers, student producers, and designers, and in backstage roles, in addition to onstage roles. All sets, lights, and sound for productions are designed, built, and operated by students. Theatre Ink uses two performance spaces, the Performing Arts Center, which is a standard proscenium theatre and seats approximately 600, and the little theatre, a roughly 200-seat theatre-in-the-round. A typical season has several productions: Approximately three to five student-directed plays, one of which is often a musical. These plays are directed by teams of two, or rarely three, seniors who applied for the opportunity during their junior year. A large-scale musical performed in the main auditorium in the month of March. This production is usually the largest of the year, featuring the largest team of student actors, musicians, and crew members. Past musicals include Les Misérables (2003), My Fair Lady (2004), Bye Bye Birdie (2005), Chicago (2006), West Side Story (2007), Grease (2008), Anything Goes (2009), Cabaret (2010), Curtains (2011), and Legally Blonde (2012), How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying (2013), Thoroughly Modern Millie (2014), Once Upon a Mattress (2015), Oliver! (2016), Fiddler on the Roof (2017), Cinderella (2018), and Rock of Ages (2019). A Shakespeare production in collaboration with Newton South High School's theater department, South Stage, featuring actors and crew members from both schools. Past shows include Twelfth Night (2004 and 2012), Henry IV, Part I (2005), A Midsummer Night's Dream (2006), The Tempest (2007), Romeo and Juliet (2008), Macbeth (2009), The Comedy of Errors (2011), and Hamlet (2011). Performances by the school's improvisation troupe, Spontaneous Generation, and sketch comedy troupe, Nitrous Oxide, and of contemporary musical theater, Cabaret Troupe, in concert style. The Playwrights' Festival, an evening featuring short plays written, directed and performed by students. Freshman Cabaret, also known as "FroshCab", is a showcase featuring ninth graders and directed by sophomores. In 2016, Theatre Ink entered a production for the first time into the Massachusetts Educational Theatre Guild's annual statewide theatrical competition. Theatre Ink entered its production of Oliver!, the musical based on the Charles Dickens novel Oliver Twist. The production won several awards, including Best Acting Ensemble, Best Dance Ensemble, Best Hair & Makeup Design & Execution, and Best Overall Production. Notable alumni Houry Gebeshian (2007) – artistic gymnast, former Iowa Hawkeyes team member, Armenia national team member Caitlin McGee (2006) – actress, notably in Bluff City Law, Modern Love, and Home Economics Jake Auchincloss (2006) – Congressman for the Massachusetts's 4th congressional district. Anne Dudek (1993) – actress, notably in Mad Men, House, The Book Group and Covert Affairs Andy MacDonald (1992) – professional skateboarder George T. Whitesides (1992) – CEO of Virgin Galactic and former chief of staff at NASA and former director of the National Space Society Dana Adam Shapiro (1991) – co-director of Murderball, writer for Icon, Spin and New York Times magazines; author of The Every Boy Liesl Tommy (1990) – theater and television director Seth Mnookin (1990) – contributing editor for Vanity Fair; author of Hard News Setti Warren (1988) – mayor of Newton and gubernatorial candidate Stephen Heywood (1987) – artist, builder, and subject of documentary So Much So Fast Florencia Lozano (1987), actress, One Life to Live Dimitri Diatchenko (1986) – actor, notably in Chernobyl Diaries; musician Ronnie DeVoe (1986) – singer of R&B group New Edition Sean Gullette (1986) – writer; actor in Happy Accidents and Requiem for a Dream Matt LeBlanc (1985) – actor, notably in Friends and Joey Michael Thomas (1985) – author of Man Gone Down James Heywood (1985) – founder, ALS Therapy Development Foundation, co-founder of Patients Like Me Josh Roseman (1985) – musician, composer and producer Louis C.K. (1985) – stand-up comedian, actor, producer, director, and writer Elizabeth McCracken (1984) – author of Here's Your Hat What's Your Hurry, An Exact Replica of a Figment of My Imagination Laura Zigman (1980) – author of Animal Husbandry (adapted into the film Someone like You), Dating Big Bird, Her, Piece of Work Jim Corsi (1979) – Major League Baseball pitcher, notably for the Oakland Athletics and the Boston Red Sox Daniel Goldhagen (1977) – political scientist, former professor at Harvard University, author of Hitler's Willing Executioners Julie Palais (1974) – Antarctic researcher, glaciologist, climate change researcher James Remar (1971) – actor, notably in Mortal Kombat: Annihilation and Dexter Mark Sandman (1970) – musician, bassist and vocalist of Morphine Julie Taymor (1970) – theater director, The Lion King on Broadway; film director, notably of Across the Universe, Frida Michael Rosbash (1961) – biologist, 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Stephen Greenblatt (1961) – Shakespeare scholar, academic, literary critic, pioneer of New Historicism Pete Hamilton (1960) – NASCAR driver and 1970 Daytona 500 winner Peter Guber (around 1960) – Hollywood film producer, part owner of the LA Dodgers H. James Shea Jr. (1957) – member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, anti-Vietnam War activist James Harris Simons (1956) – mathematician, billionaire, founder of Renaissance Technologies and the Simons Foundation A. Joseph DeNucci (1955) – boxer and state auditor Robert Morse (1949) – actor and singer, notably the 1961 original Broadway production and 1967 film adaptation of How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying Martin Karplus (1947) – chemist, winner of 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Warren Huston (1933) — infielder in Major League Baseball Edward Chase Tolman (1904) – psychologist and prominent theorist of behaviorism Percy Williams Bridgman (1900) – physicist and philosopher of science, 1946 Nobel laureate Richard Chase Tolman (1899) – physical chemist, physicist, and scientific advisor to the U.S. government Robert S. Woodworth (1887) – prominent early psychologist Katharine Lee Bates (1878) – composer of "America the Beautiful" Inducted to the Newton Public Schools athletic hall of fame. Note: Alumni who graduated prior to 1974 are graduates of Newton High School. References External links Newton North High School official website The Newtonite State Department of Education "Adequate Yearly Progress" Newton North's Main Page at Great Schools Newton North High School Building Project Theatre Ink homepage The Newton North Greengineering website Newton-Beijing Jingshan School Exchange Program Photos of the new school on the Boston Globe website Public high schools in Massachusetts Schools in Newton, Massachusetts Educational institutions established in 1859 Bay State Conference 1859 establishments in Massachusetts

919251

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20China%20University%20of%20Science%20and%20Technology

North China University of Science and Technology

North China University of Science and Technology is a university in Tangshan City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China. North China University of Science and Technology is one of the ten key universities of Hebei Province, China. It is a comprehensive university taking engineering and medicine as the backbone and pursuing a harmonious development of engineering, medicine, sciences, economics, management, law and humanities. Education programs are provided for masters, bachelors, international students and adult students. North China University of Science and Technology was co-established by Hebei Polytechnic University and North China Coal Medical College under the approval of the Ministry of Education in May 2010. Substantially the two universities are combined into one. Hebei Polytechnic University was founded by Hebei Province and the Ministry of Coal Industry in 1958 and was named Tangshan Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. It was composed of some departments of Tangshan Railway College and the Department of Mining and Metallurgy of Tianjin University whose origin was the Department of Mining of Peiyang University founded in 1895 as the first educational institution of higher learning in China. Since its founding, the university successively changed its name to Hebei Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Tangshan Institute of Science and Technology, and Hebei Institute of Technology. In May 2004, it was approved by the Ministry of Education for its full university status and changed its name to Hebei Polytechnic University. North China Coal Medical College traces its history back to Kailuan Vocational School of Nursing founded in 1926. With its development the college changed its name successively to Tangshan Coal Mine Medical College, Hebei Medical College, and the current name North China Coal Medical College was adopted in 1984. Carrying forward the spirits of Peiyang University, Tianjin University, Tangshan Railway College and Kailuan Coal Mine, the two universities have developed rapidly and made great contributions to the development of higher education in China. Hu Jintao, Jiang Zemin, Wen Jiabao, Zhu Rongji, Jia qinglin, Li Changchun and many other state leaders, foreign diplomats and guests have paid inspection visit to North China University of Science and Technology. The university has good teaching resources. It has 1538 teachers including 377 professors and 566 associate professors. 473 teachers hold doctoral degrees. 80 scholars are awarded honorary titles by the State, Province and Ministry of Education. 20 academicians are employed to work part-time. There are over 48,000 full-time students of all kinds, including more than 170 international students. The university has 8 campuses covering an area of 1,540,000㎡, a floor area of 1,000,000㎡. The total value of teaching and research equipment is 500 million Yuan RMB. It possesses first-class language labs, multimedia classrooms, E-reading rooms, CAD centers, computing centers, audio-visual centers and network centers. The A level university library has a possession of 2.1 million books and journals, 2.6 million kinds of E-books, and 30 large-scale databases. The university is the publisher of 6 journals in engineering, natural sciences, social sciences and medicine. The first-class affiliated hospital with outstanding professionals and advanced facilities has passed the ISO9001 authentication. North China University of Science and Technology started to offer master programs in 1985. From 1998 it began to cooperate with Chinese Academy of Sciences, Northeastern University, University of Science and Technology Beijing, China Medical University and so on to provide joint doctoral programs. In 2009 the University was approved as one of the Doctorate Program Construction Unit and will begin to offer doctoral programs in three years. The university consists of 31 colleges, offering 80 undergraduate programs, 138 master programs including 4 professional degree programs and 12 masters of engineering programs. 10 specials are approved as state level characteristic specialties: Mining Engineering, Metallurgical Engineering, Metal Materials Engineering, Clinical Medicine, Mechanical Design Manufacturing and Automation, Rehabilitation Therapeutics, Chemical Engineering and Technology, Nursing, Civil Engineering, and Preventive medicine. 12 disciplines are approved provincial key disciplines: Metallurgy, Mining Engineering, Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering, Materials Processing Engineering, Materials Science, Bone Surgery, Epidemic and Vital Statistics, Industrial Economics, Linguistics and Applied Linguistics, Respiratory Medicine, Labor Health and Environment Health, Pathology and Physiology. Six key laboratories and research centers of Hebei Province are established in the university: Modern Metallurgical Technology Lab of Hebei Province, Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials Lab of Hebei Province, Earthquake Engineering Research Center of Hebei Province, Mine Developing and Safety Technology Lab of Hebei Province, Coal Mine Sanitation and Safety Lab of Hebei Province, Coal Chemical Engineering Research Center of Hebei Province. The university also possesses Mine Medicare Center Training Base of State Administration of Work Safety, Injury Research Institute of Hebei Province, Philosophy Social Science Research Base of Hebei Province, Tangshan Scientific Development Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tangshan City and Countryside Integration Research Center, Tangshan Academician Workstation and 13 key labs of Tangshan City. Quality of education is constantly paid the highest attention. In recent years the university has scored A in National Assessment for Undergraduate Education by Ministry of Education, National Assessment for English Majors, National Assessment for Education Management and National Assessment for Adult Education. 48 awards for outstanding teaching achievements have been rewarded by state and provincial authorities. Students of North China University of Science and Technology have obtained more than 800 awards in all kinds of contests, including U.S College Students Mathematic Modeling, National E-Design Contest, National English Speech Contest, etc. Great achievements have been made in scientific research. In recent years about 60 awards at state and provincial levels have been obtained. About 142 scientific projects have been sponsored by “11th five-year Plan” for National Technology Support, “863” Program, “973” Program and National Natural Science Research Foundation. 279 patents have been authorized. Cooperating with enterprises, over 200 joint research projects have been developed. The findings of more than 600 projects have been commercialized, producing about 12 billion Yuan RMB worth of economic benefits. The university has constantly paid high attention to international exchange and cooperation. Close links have been established between North China University of Science and Technology and more than 20 foreign universities, including University of Lincoln, Institute of Education London University, University of Leeds, University of Northumbria, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Purdue University, Colorado Technical University, California State University East Bay, Everett Community College, University of British Columbia, University of Ottawa, Hokkaido University, Tohoku University, Yamagata University, Konkuk University, Korean Maritime University, Silla University, Inha University, Yonsei University, South Australia University, University of New South Wales in Australia, the Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, University of Miskolc, University of Pécs, Pacific State University, Tomsk State University, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Dresden University of Technology. Cooperation has been carried out in various ways, such as teacher and student exchange, joint education program, regular academic seminar, international summer school program, joint scientific research, etc. History North China Coal Medical University North China Coal Medical University (华北煤炭医学院 Huáběi méitàn yīxuéyuàn) was a university in Tangshan. At one time it was the only medical university in China. It was founded by a British surgeon in 1926. It is now under provincial governance. In August 1998, it was transformed into a university co-administered by the government of Hebei province as well as the Coal Ministry, and primarily administered by the former. After decades of expansion and development, it has now become a multi-level, and multi-form educational and research institute. Structure The university had 1912 faculty and staff with 700 professors, recruiting students from all over the country. There were 11,772 undergraduates, 1,300 graduate students, and 10,000 students receiving career-education. It is composed of the main campus, the Qinghuangdao extension campus, one adult education institute, and the autonomous college Ji-Tang Institute. It comprised 14 schools with 68 teaching and research sections. It offered 28 programs and grants medical and science degrees to students. As China's reform is deepening in the higher education system, and especially since the country joined WTO, the university has established inter-university cooperative relationships with medical universities and research institutions in many countries including the US, Japan, Germany, Austria, and Hungary. It accepted foreign students from Germany and Japan since 1991 and from Pakistan since 2007. It had 12 affiliated hospitals, 41 teaching and practicing hospitals. It published a number of journals, including the Journal of Chinese Clinical Medicine, the Journal of North China Coal Medical University, the China Coal Industry Medicine and the Chinese Journal of Psychologic Health. Hebei Polytechnic University Hebei Polytechnic University (河北理工大學 Héběi lǐgōng dàxué) was a university in Hebei which contributed to the formation of the North China University of Science and Technology in 2010. In 1958, it was founded as the Tangshan Institute of Mining and Metallurgy by Hebei Province and the Ministry of Coal Industry. Faculty and students were drawn from the Kailuan Coal Mine Bureau, Tangshan Railway College and other institutions. In 1959 the institution incorporated faculty and students from the Department of Mining and Metallurgy of Tianjin University. Since its founding, the university has had other names including: Hebei Polytechnic University Hebei Institute of Technology Hebei Polytechnic University: from May 2004; the Ministry of Education approved a change of name. References External links Admission for international students Study in China Universities and colleges in Hebei

919889

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Shanghai%20for%20Science%20and%20Technology

University of Shanghai for Science and Technology

University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST; ) founded in 1906, is a public university in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. It is colloquially known as Shànghǎi Lǐgōng or Shànglǐ. With more than 110 years of history, USST has today become a comprehensive university, which now covers six main disciplines (engineering, science, economics, management, literature and law). USST is one of the three Key Universities "上海市重点大学" (with Shanghai University and Shanghai Normal University) in Shanghai City, which has been receiving a high level of support from Shanghai Municipal Government. In July 2016, USST was selected as one of 25 universities which are jointly-sponsored and built by China's State Administration for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence and provincial or municipal government (Shanghai Municipal Government). USST has been consistently ranked among the top 10 out of 63 universities or Colleges in Shanghai (2016), top 1% nationally (2015) and top 40 universities with core strength in scientific and technological research nationwide (2016). It is particularly strong in the fields of engineering, technology and management science. The 2020 Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) or Shanghai Ranking's Global Ranking ranked USST 601–700 in the world. The ARWU Academic Subjects Ranking (2018) placed USST's Mechanical Engineering 201-300th and Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Energy Science & Engineering 301-400th in the world, U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking (2020) ranked USST 225th among Best Global Universities in Asia USNews ranking, 87th among Best Global Universities in China. In the USNews subject ranking (2020), USST is ranked 424th in Engineering, 313rd in Materials Science. 582nd in Chemistry and 629th in Chemistry globally. USNews (2017) also ranked USST's materials science 347th in the world, 8th in China. QS World University Rankings ranked USST #351-400 among the top 500 Asian Universities in 2020. The Business School of USST has received accreditation by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB). It is one of the only 20 business schools in China to become a member of AACSB. History Origins The University of Shanghai for Science and Technology was originally built by the Northern and Southern Baptists of the United States on 26.5 acres of land purchased in late 1905. The first president of the college, originally known as the Shanghai Baptist College and Seminary, was John Thomas Proctor, a Baptist Missionary appointed by the Board of Trustees in August 1906 during a meeting in Moganshan. Proctor was president and professor of history and philosophy at the college until the fall of 1910 when he was replaced by Dr. F. J. White as acting president. The first Chinese professor at the college was Mr. Tong Tsing-En. The first Chinese president was Dr. Herman C. E. Liu from 1928–1938. Development USST is the amalgamation of East China University of Technology and Shanghai Institute of Mechanical Technology. The former originated from Shanghai Industry School, set up on the original campus of University of Shanghai, also known as Hujiang University (滬江大學)(1906–1952) after the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The latter originated from Deutsche Medizinschule, created in 1907. Between 1960 and 1994, the school was known as Shanghai Institute of Mechanism (上海機械學院).In May 1996, East China University of Technology and Shanghai Institute of Mechanical Technology were amalgamated and established as USST. Due to this historical heritage, the English name of the university begins with its predecessor (University of Shanghai) to show the origins of USST. Meanwhile, the university also includes Science and Technology to emphasise its major research strength. The University of Shanghai for Science and Technology today has become a key university in Shanghai. Academics and Research Structures The University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST) is a multidisciplinary university with emphasis on engineering (its main major), management, commerce, arts, science and medicine. In September 1998, according to the principle of "co-established by both central government and local government, mainly managed by Shanghai Municipality", along with its jurisdiction transferred from the former Ministry of Machinery Industry to Shanghai Municipality, USST became a new-style municipal higher learning institute. In July 2003, due to the readjustment of universities in Shanghai, Shanghai Medical Apparatus and Instruments College and Shanghai Publishing and Printing Training School were put under the administration of USST. They were established respectively as its College of Medical Apparatus and Instruments, and Publishing and Printing College. As of 2016, USST has 18 colleges or schools, one teaching faculties; among them, there are 44 research institutes, 26 research centers and 3 research associations. The total number of full-time students is 24,600, including 17,400 undergraduates, 7,200 candidates for master's degrees and Doctor Degree. It has established six disciplines (science, engineering, economics, management, arts and medicine), 19 specialties, 54 bachelor majors, four post-doctoral research station; five Ph. D conferring disciplines, 91 second-rate master conferring disciplines, and 10 engineering and MBA conferring disciplines. It also has formed key discipline of municipal level, three key disciplines of Shanghai Education Committee and seven key disciplines of the former Machinery Ministry. Research USST has a National Key Discipline, a State Key Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center, and a National University Science Park. It also holds a large number of provincial disciplinary R & D platforms (base). The university has many research centers, such as "Economic Management Experiment Center", "Modern Publishing and Printing Center" and "Energy and Power Engineering Experiment Center" and three National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center. In addition, USST also owns a large number of undergraduate talent training platforms (bases), including state-level university student innovation base, national professional and technical personnel continuing education base and experimental teaching demonstration center in Shanghai. The University's three major research disciplines, namely, Power engineering and thermal physics, optical engineering, and management science and engineering have been consistently ranked among the best in China. With demand for engineering education in today's social and economic development, the university actively cultivate the construction of new cross-disciplinary subjects, for instance the university has further enhanced and developed areas such as the advanced manufacturing and high-end equipment and technology, biomedical engineering, manufacturing and new optoelectronic devices and electrical test control technology, micro-nano frontier materials, energy saving and environmental protection technology. USST has also implemented strategies to enhance the competitiveness of science and technology, and actively carried out basic research, strengthened applied research. The university has conducted or been involved in a number of national key projects and provincial scientific research projects, such as National High-tech R&D Program of China (863 Program) and National Program on Key Basic Research Project of China (973 Program). In recent years, USST has won 1 Second Prize for State Science and Technology Progress Award, 17 provincial science and technology awards, and 220 major projects have been funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China, National Social Science Foundation of China and the National Major Project of Scientific Instruments. The academics in USST have published 4 papers in "Nature" journals, and gained more than 400 authorized patents. In 2011, the USST National Science Park was ranked 6th in the nation and was rated as Class A (Excellent). In 2012, National Technology Transfer Demonstration Evaluation also gave USST's Technology Transfer Center an excellent rating and the center was ranked 7th place in the country. Faculty The total number of its full-time teaching staff is 1098, of which 415 have senior technical and professional titles. There are 111 professors and 282 associate professors, including 50 Ph. D advisors and 280 master advisors. Since 2004, its annual publication of academic papers and books is 1,041. Twenty one of its teachers won the prizes of provincial/ministerial level. Campus The main campus of USST is located in the Northeast of Downtown Shanghai next to Huangpu River. The University is adjacent to the Fuxing Island and Gongqing Forest Park, surrounded by green trees and red shining walls. Currently, USST has the largest historical buildings of any universities in Shanghai. The University Campus was first built between 1900s to 1940s and is now listed as "Heritage Architecture" by Shanghai Municipal Government. There are 31 single buildings (one on Fuxing Road Campus) included in the list of outstanding historical buildings in Shanghai. 10 buildings on campus were included in cultural relics protection list by Yangpu District Government. The historical buildings are mostly late Romanesque style and simplified Gothic Revival style with masonry structure. University of Shanghai for Science and Technology has six campuses, including: Jungong Road Campus (Main Campus), Jungong Road South Campus (formerly Shanghai Ocean University campus), Jungong Road No. 1100 (Shenjiang Foundation Institute campus), Nanhui campus (Shanghai Publishing and Printing Higher College, USST), Yingkou Road Campus (Shanghai Medical Instrumentation College, USST) and Fuxing Road campus (The Sino-British College, USST). School and Colleges USST now has 18 colleges or schools, one teaching faculties; among them, there are 30 research institutes, 12 research centres and 3 research associations. Major Colleges or Schools include: Schools and Colleges School of Energy and Power Engineering College of Foreign Languages College of Science College of Communication and Art Design College of Basic Science School of Social Science School of Engineering and Technology School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering School of Environment and Architecture School of Materials Science and Engineering School of Music School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering School of Mechanical Engineering Business School Shanghai Publishing and Printing College International University Colleges Sino-British College Shanghai – Hamburg College Shanghai College of International Education, USST Ranking The 2020 Best Chinese University Ranking published by Shanghai Ranking placed USST the 89th in the country, 9th in Shanghai. In the recent Chinese university ranking (Wu Shulian 2019), USST is ranked 75th overall in the country and 7th in Shanghai. Chinese university ranking (CUAA) 2020, one of the most recognised and foremost domestic rankings in China, placed USST 79th in the country and 9th in Shanghai. According to China Discipline Ranking (CDR) by the Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE) in 2012 (the only national university ranking approved by MOE), USST's Optical engineering was ranked 10th, Power engineering and Engineering thermophysics was ranked 13th, Biomedical engineering was ranked 16th, Food Science and Engineering was ranked 25th and management science and Engineering was ranked 28th nationally. In CDR, USST's Humanities and Social Science disciplines were also highly ranked, for instance, Communication Studies were ranked 23rd, Public Management was ranked 29th, Foreign Languages and Literatures (including Foreign Linguistics) were ranked 40th, Applied Economics was ranked 45th in the country. Global Partnerships USST has established inter-university relationships with over 110 universities in more than 20 countries, including Australia, Germany, America, Canada, Japan, Switzerland, Russia and Hong Kong. It has established international exchange programs with many foreign universities including New York Syracuse University (America), Queens College, City University of New York (America), MIT Sloan School of Management (America), Northeastern University (America), University of North Dakota (America), Central Michigan University (America), Hamburg University of Applied Sciences (Germany), Montreal University (Canada), University of Central Lancashire (Britain), Edith Cowan University (Australia), Hanyang University (South Korea), Chuo University (Japan), National Ilan University (Taiwan), Ming Chuan University (Taiwan), and Griffith College (Ireland). International Cooperation Sino-British College USST's most successful international cooperation is the Sino-British College, located in central Shanghai at USST's Fuxing Road Campus in the former French concession. The Sino-British College (SBC) is an international university college, jointly established by USST and 9 British universities: The University of Bradford The University of Huddersfield The University of Leeds Leeds Metropolitan University Liverpool John Moores University Manchester Metropolitan University The University of Salford The University of Sheffield Sheffield Hallam University. SBC became a fully licensed university college on September 1, 2006. It is the only Shanghai-based higher education institution to be awarded a licence by the Chinese Ministry of Education to offer full degree programmes with multiple overseas universities (the so-called "1 to N Model"), either taught entirely at the Shanghai campus, or with a period of study abroad. Graduates are awarded degrees from one of the partner British institutions. USST Shanghai-Hamburg College In September 1998, Shanghai-Hamburg College (also known as Sino-German College) was established. This international cooperation has been listed as one of Shanghai-Hamburg Sister Cities cultural exchange programs. The joint educational program is to introduce a German engineer (FH) training mode and make a full use of German teachers and other teaching resources. The purpose is to train talents for the needs of rapid development of Sino-German modern industries, and particularly train personnel for the needs of German Multinational Companies in China. Students graduated from Shanghai-Hamburg College are expected to become internationalized and application-oriented professionals who not only understand German engineering and technology, but are also capable of dealing with cross-cultural communications. USST Shanghai- Hamburg College now has three undergraduate programs: electrical engineering and automation, machinery manufacturing and automation, and international economics and trade. All the students are enrolled in a professional full-time and four-year bachelor's degree. The first year contains mainly intensive German learning taught by Chinese and German language teachers, and all the students must pass exams for learners of German as a foreign language (Deutsch als Fremdsprache, DaF) developed by the German Goethe-Institut and the TestDaF run by TestDaF-Institut. In their subsequent studies, one third of the professional and technical courses will be taught by Professors of Hamburg University of Applied Sciences in German and with original German materials. With regard to the internship semester, 10% of the outstanding students will be sent to the world-renowned companies in Germany such as Airbus, Lufthansa Technik, Siemens, Philips and so on. Other students will also have the internship opportunities in the German domestic or joint ventures enterprises. Gallery Notable alumni Arts and literature Xu Zhimo (徐志摩): One of the most renowned romantic poets of 20th-century Chinese literature. Government and politics Peggy Lam Pei Yu-dja (林贝聿嘉): GBS, OBE, a Hong Kong politician and activist, the CEO of the Family Planning Association of Hong Kong and the cousin of world-renowned architect I. M. Pei. Li Gongpu (李公朴): Social activist, a great patriot and democrat in China's modern history. Chu Fu-Sung (朱抚松): Republic of China politician, who served as foreign minister from December 19, 1979 until April 22, 1987. Meng Jianzhu (孟建柱): Senior economist, Chinese politician and a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China. The current secretary of Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission. Li Daoyu (李道豫): Diplomat of the People's Republic of China, former PRC's ambassador to the United States. Xu Kuangdi (徐匡迪): Politician and scientist, mayor of Shanghai from 1995 to 2001, vice-chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. Huang Qifan (黄奇帆): Mayor of Chongqing, Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Science and technology Min Naiben (闵乃本): Crystal physicist, academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the winner of National Natural Science Award. Business and industry Arnold Fu (伏彩瑞): Graduate from the Department of English, USST, founder and CEO of Hujiang.com (沪江网), an online education platform in China with more than 100 million customers. Entertainment Dai Jun (戴军): Chinese singer, TV host and actor. References External links Official site http://www.sbc.usst.edu.cn/en http://shc-de.usst.edu.cn/ Universities and colleges in Shanghai

929918

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern%20University%20%28China%29

Northeastern University (China)

Northeastern University (NEU; ) is a Chinese public research university in Shenyang, Liaoning province with strengths in engineering and architecture. It is known for its prominent role in the information technology industry. The university's academic motto is "Striving endlessly for self-improvement, combining knowledge and action as one" (), the first half of which is from the ancient Chinese classic Yijing, and the latter is a direct quote from Wang Yangming and also translated as "thinking-doing to theory" by the NEU's Engineering faculty. Having built China's first electronic analog computer, university research park, and university-run commercial enterprise, Northeastern is now part of a government plan to revitalize the Northeast China economy with a focus on high-tech manufacturing. Its alumni include the founder and CEO of Neusoft, the largest Chinese IT and software outsourcing corporation, the first Olympic athlete to represent China, in the 1932 Summer Olympics, and the founder of Amnesty International in Taiwan. With a total enrollment of over 20,000 students, Northeastern has received significant government funding through the Double First Class University Plan, former 211 Project and 985 Project, initiatives which sought to elevate the research standards of rising Chinese universities. In 2017, Northeastern was selected by the Chinese Ministry of Education as a Class B institution in the national Double First Class University Plan, a major government initiative to comprehensively develop a group of elite universities into "world-class institutions" by 2050. History The Northeastern University was founded on April 26, 1923, in Shenyang (then known as Fengtian), in response to warlord Zhang Zuolin's order in early 1921 to establish tertiary education and expand the talent pool of the Northeast. After Zhang Zuolin's assassination by the Japanese, his son Zhang Xueliang inherited the command of the Northeast, assumed the title of co-president of the university in August 1928, and became the university's most important financial and political patron in its early history. With Zhang's generous support, the institution attracted top scholars and educators from throughout the nation (e.g. Zhang Shizhao, Huang Kan, Liang Sicheng and Lin Huiyin), and quickly developed into a top-tier comprehensive university, with six schools for science, engineering, humanities, law, agriculture and education. By the end of the 1920s, it was the biggest and best-resourced tertiary institute in China, with a budget tripling that of the Peking University. Less than a decade after the university was founded, the Imperial Japanese Kwantung Army attacked and captured Shenyang on September 18, 1931, and then proceeded to invade and annex all of Northeast China and reorganized the region into the puppet state of Manchukuo. the Northeastern University was forced to evacuate its campus after the fall of Shenyang and became the first exiled university in Chinese history, being relocated to Beiping during the height of the December 9th Movement, with its more than 70 students continuing their study at the then-private Nankai University. Five years later, the university was relocated further west to Xi'an in 1936, then temporarily to a borrowed Henan University campus at Kaifeng in January 1937, before renamed National Northeastern University () and relocated back to Xi'an in June. After the Marco Polo Bridge Incident on July 7, 1937, the Japanese launched a full-scale invasion of North China. Like many other national universities in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Northeastern University was again displaced in 1938 and relocated further away from the approaching front line to Santai in Sichuan, where it remained for the next 8 years and contributed to the establishment of the National Northwest Institute of Technology (, the precursor of Northwestern Polytechnical University and Tianjin University). After Japan's surrender, the university returned to its original campus in Shenyang in May 1946, while some staff of its Education faculty remained in Sichuan and later became the Sichuan Normal University and China West Normal University. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Northeastern University was renamed Northeast Institute of Technology (, NIT) in August 1950 and became primarily an engineering school, before finally reverting to its original name of Northeastern University on March 8, 1993. Northeastern University was selected to participate in the 211 Project and Project 985, nationwide government initiatives to expand and modernize the Chinese university system, including significant government funding and subsidies for constructing state-of-the-art academic facilities. The university is also part of the national government's initiative to replace Northeast China's heavy manufacturing industry with a modern high-tech manufacturing economy. Academics Northeastern University consists of the School of Liberal Arts and Law, the School of Business Administration, the School of Sciences, the School of Resources and Civil Engineering, the School of Materials Science and Metallurgy, the School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, the School of Information Science and Engineering, Sino-Dutch School of Biomedical and Information Engineering, and the Department of Foreign Languages. It has 46 undergraduate programs, 53 master's degree programs, and 23 doctoral degree programs, as well as an adult education program. Rankings and Reputation In 2020, the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) ranked NEU at 301-400th globally. From the same rankings by subjects, "Metallurgical Engineering" was ranked at fourth in the world, together with "Instrumental Science", "Mining Engineering", "Control Science and Engineering", and "Computer Science and Engineering", placed in the global top 100. The U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking 2021 ranked NEU as 726th in the world, 158th in Asia and 63rd in China. It also ranks globally at 52nd in "Electrical and Electronic Engineering", at 70th in "Mechanical Engineering", at 123rd in "Chemical Engineering", at 111th in "Material Science", at 136th in "Engineering", at 170th in "Nanoscience and Nanotechnology" at 195th in "Energy and Fuels", and at 210th in "Computer Science" according to the same ranking. In 2020, the Times Higher Education ranked the university within the 801-1000 band globally. Campus There are currently two campuses in Shenyang and one campus in Qinhuangdao, Hebei province. Northeastern's two campuses in Shenyang are referred to as South Lake Campus and Hunnan Campus. The South Lake Campus in Heping District, was built in 1952 and spans . The Hunnan Campus in Hunnan District, was built in 2013 and occupies . The official name of its Qinhuangdao campus is Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao. The campus was built at the Haigang District in 1976 and occupies . Notable people Faculty Zhang Xueliang, the warlord who controlled Northeast China during the Second Sino-Japanese War and instigated the Xi'an Incident, and was President of Northeastern University Liang Sicheng, the "father of modern Chinese architecture", founded the Department of Architecture at Northeastern Lin Huiyin (Phyllis Lin), the first female architect in modern China, taught in the Department of Architecture Ding Lieyun, management scientist and educator, President of Northeastern University (2011-2014) and elected a member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering Prominent alumni Liu Jiren '80, computer scientist and CEO of Neusoft Group (an acronym of "Northeastern University Software"), the largest IT and software outsourcing corporation in China Bo Yang, author and dissident of the Kuomintang dictatorship during Taiwan's White Terror period, and founder of Amnesty International in Taiwan Liu Changchun, sprinter who was the first athlete to represent China (as the Republic of China) in the Olympic Games during the 1932 Summer Olympics Shan Tianfang, famous Chinese pingshu performer and member of the China Society for Literature Popular Research Guo Xiaochuan, Chinese poet and communist Eighth Route Army soldier considered a leading figure in the "political lyric poetry" style See also Neusoft Group (acronym of "Northeastern University Software"), the largest IT and software outsourcing corporation in China Double First Class University Plan, a major government initiative to cultivate an elite group of Chinese universities to "world-class" status by 2050 References External links Northeastern University of China (Official website) Educational institutions established in 1923 Project 211 Project 985 Universities and colleges in Shenyang 1923 establishments in China

935994

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth%20Cole%20%28designer%29

Kenneth Cole (designer)

Kenneth D. Cole (born March 23, 1954) is an American fashion clothing designer, entrepreneur and founder of the eponymous company and brand. Early life and education Born to a Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York, his father, Charles Cole, owned the El Greco shoe manufacturing company. Cole graduated from John L. Miller Great Neck North High School in 1972. Before learning the family business and starting his own company in 1982, Cole graduated from Emory College of Arts and Sciences of Emory University in 1976. Birth of a shoe company Kenneth Cole Productions, Inc. is an American fashion house founded in 1982 by Kenneth Cole. Wanting to preview his line of shoes at the New York Shoe Expo at the New York Hilton, but unable to afford the purchase of a hotel room or showroom to display his items, Kenneth Cole inquired about parking a trailer two blocks from the Hilton Hotel. Upon discovering that permits for trailers were only granted to utility and production companies, Cole changed the name of his company from Kenneth Cole Incorporated to Kenneth Cole Productions, and applied for a permit to film the full-length film, "The Birth of a Shoe Company". In two and a half days, Kenneth Cole Productions sold forty thousand pairs of shoes, while chronicling the beginning of the company on film. In 1994, Kenneth Cole went public, and has been included on Forbes annual list of 200 Best Small Companies four times. Kenneth Cole designs men's and women's footwear, men's and women's clothing, and also accessories under the Kenneth Cole Reaction Line. Overall, Kenneth Cole Productions sells clothing and accessories under the following lines: Kenneth Cole New York, Kenneth Cole Reaction, and Unlisted. The company now operates over 90 retail and outlet stores worldwide, and sells in catalogs and websites. Cole himself controls almost all of the voting rights and owns 45% of the company. Support of progressive social causes Since 1985, Kenneth Cole has been openly involved in publicly supporting AIDS awareness and research. He is considered the first in the fashion industry to do so. He uses fashion as a medium to promote socially conscious ads to help fight various causes from AIDS to homelessness. He has donated proceeds to such organizations as Mentoring USA, amfAR and Rock the Vote. Since 2005, Cole has served as chairman for amfAR. In November 2017, sixty people including prominent AIDS activists signed a demand that Cole step down from his position after a federal investigation for fraud and money laundering was opened. In February 2018, Cole stepped down as Chairman after serving more than 30 years on amfAR's board and 14 years as Chairman, amid the controversial Harvey Weinstein deal. In 2001, The Kenneth Cole Foundation, in association with Cole's alma mater, Emory University, created The Kenneth Cole Fellows in Community Building and Social Change Program at Emory University. Kenneth Cole's socially conscious advertising for the causes that he champions can be somewhat controversial. One such example was his campaign for World AIDS Day in 2005. He designed T-shirts for the campaign which were sold at such stores as Barneys New York, Scoop, and Louis Boston. The messages on the shirts stated either, "We All Have AIDS" or "I Have AIDS." Cole created the shirts in hopes that those with or without AIDS would wear the shirts, to help diminish the stigma attached to the disease. Cole stated, "There is a legend of the Danish king, Christian X, who, during World War II, when Hitler insisted all Jews publicly wear a yellow Star of David, would wear the star himself, hence making it difficult to differentiate who was Jewish. This is kind of like that, hopefully." In August 2006, it was announced that Kenneth Cole Productions would stop selling fur in all of their garments for the Fall 2007 Fashion Season. In October 2007, Cole guest-starred in the Ugly Betty episode Betty's Wait Problem. In the summer of 2007, Kenneth Cole Productions also began their "Awearness" Campaign, which will produce a line of T-shirts to benefit the charities that the company supports, and proceeds will go to the Awearness Fund. The campaign is further promoted by a book "Awearness: Inspiring Stories About How to Make a Difference" featuring celebrities assisting various causes. On May 1, 2009, Kenneth Cole delivered Northeastern University's keynote address at the Commencement ceremony. Awards In 1998, People Magazine voted Cole as "Sexiest Businessman of the Year." On May 14, 2009, The Legal Aid Society of New York City honored Kenneth Cole with its inaugural Theodore Roosevelt Corporate Award at the Waldorf Astoria during its Servant of Justice Award Dinner. Proceeds will go to benefit struggling New Yorkers who live in poverty. In November 2011, Cole was honored by the Ride of Fame and a double decker tour bus was dedicated to him in New York City. Controversy On February 3, 2011, Kenneth Cole posted an update on Twitter that referenced the 2011 Egyptian protests. The tweet, which indicated that Cole himself wrote the entry, said: "Millions are in uproar in #Cairo. Rumor is they heard our new spring collection is now available online at (website address) -KC". After outrage and much parody on the microblogging site and on the web in general, Cole deleted the entry and posted a personal apology on Facebook. In April 2012, the designer started a campaign portraying the national debate over education as one that pits "Teachers’ Rights vs. Students' Rights". On the West Side Highway southbound entering New York City, a billboard punned to southbound commuters, ”Shouldn’t Everyone Be Well Red?” On Salon, David Sirota wrote: "Cole’s campaign is thinly veiled ideological propaganda, and it comes with myriad problems, not the least of which is the simple fact that almost nobody believes “underperforming teachers” should be protected. That includes the nation’s biggest teachers’ unions, which have been outspoken in backing “accountability” reforms for teacher tenure. So right off the bat, Cole is constructing a straw man, one that has served over the years to pretend that public employee unions in general and teachers’ unions specifically are about nothing more than making sure bad employees get to keep their jobs." In response to the negative outcry, his company announced on Twitter, "We misrepresented the issue—one too complex for a billboard—and are taking it down." Personal life In 1986, Cole met Maria Cuomo, and they married a year later. Maria Cuomo Cole is the daughter of former New York Governor Mario Cuomo and sister of former New York State Governor Andrew Cuomo and former CNN journalist Chris Cuomo. One of his daughters, Amanda, hosted the Mets Kids Clubhouse for SportsNet New York cable TV network. Kenneth Cole and his wife, Maria, purchased a $14.5 million co-op in 2008 on Sutton Place in New York City. At one time, fashion designer Bill Blass lived in this same building. As of 2018, he and his wife reside on an 11.35 acre estate in Purchase, NY. Books Cole, Kenneth, Awearness: Inspiring Stories about How to Make a Difference, New York : DK Melcher Media (November 3, 2008). References Bibliography 1954 births Living people 20th-century American Jews American fashion designers Jewish fashion designers Emory University alumni American fashion businesspeople Cuomo family People from Brooklyn Great Neck North High School alumni 21st-century American Jews

939039

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica%20Kincaid

Jamaica Kincaid

Jamaica Kincaid (; born May 25, 1949) is an Antiguan-American novelist, essayist, gardener, and gardening writer. She was born in St. John's, Antigua (part of the twin-island nation of Antigua and Barbuda). She lives in North Bennington, Vermont (in the United States), during the summers, and is Professor of African and African American Studies in Residence at Harvard University during the academic year. Biography Early life Jamaica Kincaid was born Elaine Potter Richardson in St John's, Antigua, on May 25, 1949. She grew up in relative poverty with her mother, a literate, cultured woman and homemaker, and her stepfather, a carpenter. She was very close to her mother until her three brothers were born in quick succession, starting when Kincaid was nine years old. After her brothers' births, she resented her mother, who thereafter focused primarily on the brothers' needs. Kincaid later recalled, Our family money remained the same, but there were more people to feed and to clothe, and so everything got sort of shortened, not only material things but emotional things. The good emotional things, I got a short end of that. But then I got more of things I didn't have, like a certain kind of cruelty and neglect. In a New York Times interview, Kincaid also said: "The way I became a writer was that my mother wrote my life for me and told it to me." Kincaid received (and frequently excelled in) a British education growing up, as Antigua did not gain independence from the United Kingdom until 1981. Although she was intelligent and frequently tested at the top of her class, Kincaid's mother removed her from school at 16 to help support the family when her third and last brother was born, because her stepfather was ill and could no longer provide for the family. In 1966, when Kincaid was 17, her mother sent her to Scarsdale, a wealthy suburb of New York City, to work as an au pair. After this move, Kincaid refused to send money home; "she left no forwarding address and was cut off from her family until her return to Antigua 20 years later". Family In 1979, Kincaid married the composer and Bennington College professor Allen Shawn, son of longtime The New Yorker editor William Shawn and brother of actor Wallace Shawn. The couple divorced in 2002. They have two children: a son, Harold, the music producer/songwriter Levelsoundz, a graduate of Northeastern University; and a daughter, Annie, who graduated from Harvard and now works in marketing. Kincaid is president of the official Levelsoundz Fan Club. Kincaid is a keen gardener who has written extensively on the subject. She is a convert to Judaism. Career overview While working as an au pair, Kincaid enrolled in evening classes at a community college. After three years, she resigned from her job to attend Franconia College in New Hampshire on a full scholarship. She dropped out after a year and returned to New York, where she started writing for teenage girls' magazine Ingénue, The Village Voice and Ms. magazine. She changed her name to Jamaica Kincaid in 1973, when her writing was first published. She described this name change as "a way for [her] to do things without being the same person who couldn't do them — the same person who had all these weights". Kincaid explained that "Jamaica" is an English corruption of what Columbus called Xaymaca, the part of the world that she comes from, and "Kincaid" appeared to go well with "Jamaica". Her short fiction appeared in The Paris Review, and in The New Yorker, where her 1990 novel Lucy was originally serialized. Kincaid is a writer, whose work has been both praised and criticized for its subject matter because it largely draws upon her own life, and her tone is often perceived as angry. Kincaid counters that many writers draw upon personal experience, so to describe her writing as autobiographical and angry is not valid criticism. Jamaica Kincaid was named the 50th commencement speaker at Bard College at Simon's Rock in 2019. The New Yorker As a result of her budding writing career and friendship with George W. S. Trow, who wrote many pieces for The New Yorker column "The Talk of the Town", Kincaid became acquainted with New Yorker editor William Shawn, who was impressed with her writing. He employed her as a staff writer in 1976 and eventually as a featured columnist for Talk of the Town for nine years. Shawn's tutelage legitimized Kincaid as a writer and proved pivotal to her development of voice. In all, she was a staff writer for The New Yorker for 20 years. She resigned from The New Yorker in 1996 when then editor Tina Brown chose actress Roseanne Barr to guest-edit an issue as an original feminist voice. Though circulation rose under Brown, Kincaid was critical of Brown's direction in making the magazine less literary and more celebrity-oriented. Kincaid recalls that when she was a writer for The New Yorker, she would often be questioned, particularly by women, on how she was able to obtain her position. Kincaid felt that these questions were posed because she was a young black woman "from nowhere… I have no credentials. I have no money. I literally come from a poor place. I was a servant. I dropped out of college. The next thing you know I'm writing for The New Yorker, I have this sort of life, and it must seem annoying to people." Talk Stories was later published in 2001 as a collection of "77 short pieces Kincaid wrote for The New Yorker'''s 'Talk of the Town' column between 1974 and 1983". Recognition In December 2021, Kincaid was announced as the recipient of the 2022 Paris Review Hadada Prize, the magazine's annual lifetime achievement award. Writing Her novels are loosely autobiographical, though Kincaid has warned against interpreting their autobiographical elements too literally: "Everything I say is true, and everything I say is not true. You couldn't admit any of it to a court of law. It would not be good evidence." Her work often prioritizes "impressions and feelings over plot development" and features conflict with both a strong maternal figure and colonial and neocolonial influences. Excerpts from her non-fiction book A Small Place were used as part of the narrative for Stephanie Black's 2001 documentary, Life and Debt. One of Kincaid's contributions according to Henry Louis Gates, Jr, African-American literary critic, scholar, writer, and public intellectual, is that: Themes Kincaid's writing explores such themes as colonialism and colonial legacy, postcolonialism and neo-colonialism, gender and sexuality, renaming, mother-daughter relationships, British and American imperialism, colonial education, writing, racism, class, power, death, and adolescence. In her most recent novel, See Now Then, Kincaid also first explores the theme of time. Tone and style Kincaid's unique style has created disagreement among critics and scholars, and as Harold Bloom explains: "Most of the published criticism of Jamaica Kincaid has stressed her political and social concerns, somewhat at the expense of her literary qualities." As works such as At the Bottom of the River and The Autobiography of My Mother use Antiguan cultural practices, some critics say these works employ magical realism. "The author claims, however, that [her work] is 'magic' and 'real,' but not necessarily [works] of 'magical realism'." Other critics claim that her style is "modernist" because much of her fiction is "culturally specific and experimental". It has also been praised for its keen observation of character, curtness, wit, and lyrical quality. Her short story Girl is essentially a list of instructions on how a girl should live and act, but the messages are much larger than the literal list of suggestions. Derek Walcott, 1992 Nobel laureate, said of Kincaid's writing: "As she writes a sentence, psychologically, its temperature is that it heads toward its own contradiction. It's as if the sentence is discovering itself, discovering how it feels. And that is astonishing, because it's one thing to be able to write a good declarative sentence; it's another thing to catch the temperature of the narrator, the narrator's feeling. And that's universal, and not provincial in any way". Susan Sontag has also commended Kincaid's writing for its "emotional truthfulness," poignancy, and complexity. Her writing has been described as "fearless" and her "force and originality lie in her refusal to curb her tongue". Giovanna Covi describes her unique writing: "The tremendous strength of Kincaid's stories lies in their capacity to resist all canons. They move at the beat of a drum and the rhythm of jazz…" She is described as writing with a "double vision" meaning that one line of plot mirrors another, providing the reader with rich symbolism that enhances the possibilities of interpretation. Influences Kincaid's writing is largely influenced by her life circumstances even though she discourages readers from taking her fiction literally. To do so, according to the writer Michael Arlen, is to be "disrespectful of a fiction writer's ability to create fictional characters". Kincaid worked for Arlen, who would become a colleague at The New Yorker, as an au pair and is the figure whom the father in Lucy is based on. Despite her caution to readers, Kincaid has also said: "I would never say I wouldn't write about an experience I've had." Reception and criticism The reception of Kincaid's work has been mixed. Her writing stresses deep social and even political commentary, as Harold Bloom cites as a reason why the "literary qualities" of her work tend to be less of a focus for critics. Writing for Salon.com, Peter Kurth called Kincaid's work My Brother the most overrated book of 1997. Reviewing her latest novel, See Now Then (2013), in The New York Times, Dwight Garner called it "bipolar", "half séance, half ambush", and "the kind of lumpy exorcism that many writers would have composed and then allowed to remain unpublished. It picks up no moral weight as it rolls along. It asks little of us, and gives little in return." Another New York Times review describes it as "not an easy book to stomach" but goes on to explain, "Kincaid's force and originality lie in her refusal to curb her tongue, in an insistence on home truths that spare herself least of all." Kate Tuttle addresses this in an article for The Boston Globe: "Kincaid allowed that critics are correct to point out the book's complexity. "The one thing the book is," she said, "is difficult, and I meant it to be." Some critics have been harsh, such as one review for Mr Potter (2002) that reads: "It wouldn't be so hard if the repetition weren't coupled, here and everywhere it occurs, with a stern rebuff to any idea that it might be meaningful." On the other hand, there has been much praise for her writing, for instance: "The superb precision of Kincaid's style makes it a paradigm of how to avoid lots of novelistic pitfalls." In February 2022, Kincaid was one of 38 Harvard faculty to sign a letter to the Harvard Crimson defending Professor John Comaroff, who had been found to have violated the university's sexual and professional conduct policies. The letter defended Comaroff as "an excellent colleague, advisor and committed university citizen" and expressed dismay over his being sanctioned by the university. After students filed a lawsuit with detailed allegations of Comaroff's actions and the university's failure to respond, Kincaid was one of several signatories to say that she wished to retract her signature. Bibliography NovelsAnnie John (1985)Lucy (1990)The Autobiography of My Mother (1996)Mr Potter (2002)See Now Then (2013) Short fiction CollectionsAt the Bottom of the River (1983) Stories "The Finishing Line" (1990), New York Times Book Review 18 "Biography of a Dress" (1992), Grand Street 11: 92–100 "Song of Roland" (1993), The New Yorker 69: 94–98 "Xuela" (1994), The New Yorker, 70: 82–92 Non-fiction "Antigua Crossings: A Deep and Blue Passage on the Caribbean Sea" (1978), Rolling Stone: 48–50. "Figures in the Distance" (1983)A Small Place (1988) "On Seeing England for the First Time" (1991), Transition Magazine 51: 32–40 "Out of Kenya" (1991), The New York Times: A15, A19, with Ellen Pall "Flowers of Evil: In the Garden" (1992), The New Yorker 68: 154–159 "A Fire by Ice" (1993), The New Yorker 69: 64–67 "Just Reading: In the Garden" (1993), The New Yorker 69: 51–55 "Alien Soil: In the Garden" (1993), The New Yorker 69: 47–52 "This Other Eden" (1993), The New Yorker 69: 69–73 "The Season Past: In the Garden" (1994), The New Yorker 70: 57–61 "In Roseau" (1995), The New Yorker 71: 92–99. "In History" (1997), The Colors of NatureMy Brother (1997)My Favorite Plant: Writers and Gardeners on the Plants they Love (1998), EditorTalk Stories (2001) My Garden (Book) (2001)Among Flowers: A Walk in the Himalayas (2005) Children's booksAnnie, Gwen, Lilly, Pam, and Tulip (1986) See also Caribbean literature Interviews Selwyn Cudjoe, "Jamaica Kincaid and the Modernist Project: An Interview," Callaloo, 12 (Spring 1989): 396–411; reprinted in Caribbean Women Writers: Essays from the First International Conference, ed. Cudjoe (Wellesley, Mass.: Calaloux, 1990): 215–231. Leslie Garis, "Through West Indian Eyes," New York Times Magazine (October 7, 1990): 42. Donna Perry, "An Interview with Jamaica Kincaid," in Reading Black, Reading Feminist: A Critical Anthology, edited by Henry Louis Gates Jr. (New York: Meridian, 1990): 492–510. Kay Bonetti, "An Interview with Jamaica Kincaid," Missouri Review, 15, No. 2 (1992): 124–142. Allan Vorda, "I Come from a Place That's Very Unreal: An Interview with Jamaica Kincaid," in Face to Face: Interviews with Contemporary Novelists, ed. Vorda (Houston: Rice University Press, 1993): 77–105. Moira Ferguson, "A Lot of Memory: An Interview with Jamaica Kincaid," Kenyon Review, 16 (Winter 1994): 163–188. Awards and honors 1984: Morton Dauwen Zabel Award of the American Academy of Arts and Letters for At the Bottom of the River 1984: Shortlisted for the PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction for At the Bottom of the River. 1985: Guggenheim Award for Fiction 1985: Finalist for the International Ritz Paris Hemingway Award for Annie John 1997: Shortlisted for the PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction for The Autobiography of My Mother 1997: Anisfield-Wolf Book Award for The Autobiography of My Mother 1999: Lannan Literary Award for Fiction 2000: Prix Femina étranger for My Brother 2004: American Academy of Arts and Letters 2009: American Academy of Arts and Sciences 2010: Center for Fiction's Clifton Fadiman Medal for Annie John 2011: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Tufts University 2014: Before Columbus Foundation American Book Award for See Now Then 2015: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Brandeis University Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Award 2017: Winner of the Dan David Prize in Literature 2021: Royal Society of Literature International Writer 2022: The Paris Review Hadada prize for lifetime achievement References SourcesJamaica Kincaid: A Bibliography of Dissertations and Theses, . Further reading J. Kincaid and B. Buckner, "Singular Beast: A Conversation with Jamaica Kincaid", Callaloo, vol. 31, no. 2, 2008. A. Vorda and J. Kincaid, "An Interview with Jamaica Kincaid", Mississippi Review, vol. 24, no. 3, 1996. F. Smith. "Review of 'Making Men: Gender, Literary Authority, and Women's Writing in Caribbean Narrative' by Belinda Edmondson", Research in African Literatures, vol. 32, no. 4, 2001. External links Jamaica Kincaid, Voices from the Gaps, University of Minnesota Literary Encyclopedia biography "PEN 2013 Master/Class with Jamaica Kincaid and Ru Freeman", The Manle'', May 3, 2013 Postcolonial Studies, Emory University: Jamaica Kincaid Jamaica Kincaid, BBC World Service Writers of the Caribbean, East Carolina University: Jamaica Kincaid The Jamaica Kincaid Papers are held at Houghton Library, Harvard College Library. 1949 births Living people 20th-century American non-fiction writers 20th-century American novelists 20th-century American women writers 21st-century American non-fiction writers 21st-century American novelists 21st-century American women writers African-American Jews African-American novelists African-American women writers American Book Award winners American garden writers American women academics American women non-fiction writers American women novelists Antigua and Barbuda emigrants to the United States Antigua and Barbuda women writers Antigua and Barbuda writers Claremont McKenna College faculty Converts to Judaism Franconia College alumni Harper's Magazine people Harvard University staff Jewish American novelists Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters The New Yorker people Novelists from New York (state) Novelists from Vermont PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction winners People from Bennington, Vermont People from St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda Prix Femina Étranger winners Wesleyan University people Writers from New York City African-American women musicians 20th-century African-American women 20th-century African-American writers 21st-century African-American women 21st-century American Jews

964570

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Ley

Bob Ley

Robert A. Ley (; born March 16, 1955) is an American sports anchor and reporter, best known for his work at ESPN. A multiple Emmy Award-winner, he was the longest-tenured on-air employee of the network, having joined ESPN just three days after the network's 1979 launch and retiring from the network effective at the end of June 2019. Early life and education Ley grew up in Bloomfield, New Jersey, where he attended Bloomfield High School. He got his start in broadcasting as a sportscaster and program director at WSOU at Seton Hall University, and interned as a production staffer at WOR-AM in New York City. After graduating magna cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Communications, Ley worked several minor broadcasting jobs, including public address announcer with the New York Cosmos soccer team, before landing his first major position with ESPN just three days after the network's launch in 1979. Career In the mid to late 1970's, Bob was Sports Director at Suburban Cablevision TV3 out of East Orange, New Jersey, where he hosted an award-winning local-oriented sports show, Time In, alongside Bruce Beck, who would move on to WNBC, Channel 4 in New York. Ley joined ESPN on September 9, 1979. In 1980, he hosted the first televised NCAA Selection Show, though the airing would switch to CBS two years later. Starting in 1990, Ley hosted ESPN's investigative program Outside the Lines. He hosted SportsCenter for much of his career at ESPN, and on August 9, 2004, he hosted an "old school" edition with longtime broadcasting partner Charley Steiner. Ley was the primary studio host for ESPN's telecasts of major international professional soccer tournaments, including the 2010 FIFA World Cup, the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, the 2012 UEFA European Championship and the 2016 UEFA European Championship. During the Night of 1000 Stars, Grantland.com's Men in Blazers, Michael Davies and Rog Bennett, presented Ley with the first Men In Blazers Golden Blazer for lifetime services to American soccer. During the presentation of the Golden Blazer, the Men in Blazers showed footage of Ley's anchoring of SportsCenter and presenting highlights of the United States men's national soccer team qualifying for the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy. It was the first time the USMNT qualified for the FIFA World Cup since 1950. On September 7, 2014, in recognition of ESPN's 35th anniversary as a cable network, he was honored as one of 19 "ESPN Originals", employees who have been with the network from the beginning. Ley took an indefinite sabbatical from his ESPN hosting duties starting on October 1, 2018. On June 26, 2019, Ley announced his retirement from ESPN, effective at the end of the month. Personal life Ley is married with two children. He serves on the board of regents for Seton Hall University. Honors 1987 – Bloomfield High School Athletic Hall of Fame 1995 – Northeastern University Center for Study of Sport and Society and School of Journalism Excellence in Sports Journalism Award WSOU-FM Hall of Fame Member Eight Sports Emmy Awards for Sports Journalism Three CableACE Awards for Sports Information Series Four CableACE Awards (with Suburban Cablevision, East Orange, New Jersey) 2008 – Commencement speaker for the University of Hartford (West Hartford, Connecticut) 2013 – Golden Blazer of Fame for services to soccer in the United States 2018 – Sports Emmy for Outstanding Studio Host References External links Bob Ley Profile , espnmediazone.com; accessed June 28, 2015 American television sports announcers Association football commentators 1955 births Living people Bloomfield High School (New Jersey) alumni People from Bloomfield, New Jersey Public address announcers ESPN people Seton Hall University alumni North American Soccer League (1968–1984) commentators Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) commentators College basketball announcers in the United States Major League Soccer broadcasters

972087

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JoJo%20%28singer%29

JoJo (singer)

Joanna Noëlle Levesque (born December 20, 1990), known professionally as JoJo, is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. Raised in Foxborough, Massachusetts, she began performing in singing competitions and local talent shows from a young age. In 2003, record producer Vincent Herbert noticed her after she competed on the television show America's Most Talented Kids and asked her to audition for his record label Blackground Records. Having signed with them that same year, JoJo released her eponymous debut studio album the following year in June 2004. It peaked at number four on the US Billboard 200 and was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), selling over four million copies worldwide to date. With her debut single "Leave (Get Out)" peaking atop the US Billboard Mainstream Top 40 chart, JoJo became the youngest solo artist in history to top the chart at age 13. The song peaked at 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified gold by the RIAA along with its follow-up single “Baby It's You”. Her second studio album The High Road (2006) spawned her first top-five Billboard Hot 100 hit "Too Little Too Late", peaking at number three, becoming her first single to be certified platinum by the RIAA. The album was later certified gold, selling over three million copies worldwide to date. Record label disputes delayed JoJo from commercially releasing her third studio album; she released two mixtapes independently, Can't Take That Away from Me (2010) and Agápē (2012). Following her contractual release, JoJo signed with Atlantic Records in 2014 and released her first commercial extended play III (2015) before her third studio album Mad Love (2016) finally materialized, becoming her third top-ten album on the Billboard 200. JoJo left Atlantic the following year and founded her own record label Clover Music through a joint venture with Warner Records, where she re-recorded and re-released her debut and second albums as the label's first project in December 2018. JoJo's fourth studio album Good to Know was released on May 1, 2020, and received positive reviews. The album's first single, "Man", was released in March 2020. Following this album, JoJo released her first Christmas album called December Baby in October 2020. In addition to her music career, JoJo has also pursued an acting career. In 2006, she made her on-screen feature film debut in Aquamarine and R.V. alongside Robin Williams. She has also had guest appearances on several television shows beginning with The Bernie Mac Show (2002), American Dreams (2004), Romeo! (2006), Hawaii Five-0 (2011) and Lethal Weapon (2017). Other films JoJo has appeared in include the Lifetime Television film True Confessions of a Hollywood Starlet (2008) and G.B.F. (2013). By 2007, JoJo had sold more than seven million records worldwide, including 2.1 million albums and four million digital downloads in the United States alone. Early life Joanna Noëlle Levesque was born on December 20, 1990, in Brattleboro, Vermont, but raised in Keene, New Hampshire, and Foxborough, Massachusetts. She has Irish, Polish and French ancestry. She grew up in a one-bedroom apartment in Foxborough in a low-income family. Her father, Joel Maurice Levesque (January 8, 1955–November 14, 2015), sang as a hobby, and her mother, Diana Levesque (née Blagden) sang in a Catholic church choir and was trained in musical theater. JoJo's parents divorced when she was four years old, and she was raised as an only child by her mother. JoJo's stage name comes from a childhood nickname. As a child, JoJo listened as her mother practiced hymns. She started singing when she was two years old by imitating everything from nursery rhymes to R&B, jazz, and soul tunes. As a child, JoJo enjoyed attending Native American festivals and acted locally in professional theaters. At age seven, JoJo appeared on the television show Kids Say the Darndest Things: On the Road in Boston with American comedian and actor Bill Cosby, and she sang a song from singer Cher. After auditioning in the television show Destination Stardom, JoJo sang Aretha Franklin's 1967 hit "Respect" and "Chain of Fools". Soon after, The Oprah Winfrey Show contacted her, inviting her to perform. At age eleven, she performed on Maury during a "kids-with-talent" episode in 2002. Career 1998–2005: Beginning and JoJo At age six, JoJo was offered a record deal, but her mother turned it down because she believed JoJo was too young for a music career. After appearing on various talk shows, the McDonald's Gospelfest, performing Whitney Houston's "I Believe in You and Me" and competing on the television show, America's Most Talented Kids (losing to Diana DeGarmo), record producer Vincent Herbert contacted her and asked her to audition for Blackground Records. During her audition for Barry Hankerson, Hankerson told her that the spirit of his niece, the late singer Aaliyah, had brought her to him. She was signed to the label, and had recording sessions with producers The Underdogs and Soulshock & Karlin. JoJo's live demo, Joanna Levesque, recorded in 2001, features covers of soul and R&B songs, including Mack Rice's 1965 "Mustang Sally", Etta James's 1989 "It Ain't Always What You Do (It's Who You Let See You Do It)", Aretha Franklin's 1968 "Chain of Fools" and 1969 "The House That Jack Built", The Moonglows' 1956 "See Saw", Stevie Wonder's 1972 "Superstition", and The Temptations' 1975 "Shakey Ground". In 2003, at age 12, JoJo signed with Blackground Records and Da Family and began working with producers for her first album. JoJo's gold-certified debut single "Leave (Get Out)" was released in 2004. Before the album's release, JoJo embarked on her first ever tour, the Cingular Buddy Bash with pop rock singer Fefe Dobson, hip hop duo Young Gunz, alternative metal band Zebrahead, and teen pop stars Ryan Cabrera and Busted. Like debut tours by Tiffany and Britney Spears before her, it stopped at nine malls, starting at Atlanta's Northlake Mall and ending at South Shore Plaza near her hometown of Foxborough. When the single reached number one on the Mainstream Top 40 chart, she became, at age thirteen, the youngest solo artist to have a number-one single in the United States. The first single was nominated for Best New Artist at the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards, which made JoJo the youngest MTV Video Music Award nominee. Her first album, the platinum-selling JoJo, was released in 2004, peaking at number four on the U.S. Billboard 200 and number ten on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, selling 95,000 copies in its first week and reaching the top forty of the UK Albums Chart. In December 2004, she was nominated for Female New Artist of the Year and Mainstream Top 40 Single of the Year at the Billboard Music Awards. She is also the youngest artist to be nominated at the Billboard Music Awards. Her second single, released in September 2004, the gold-selling "Baby It's You" – which features rapper Bow Wow – peaked at number twenty-two in the U.S. and number eight in the UK. The final single from the album, "Not That Kinda Girl", was released in 2005 and peaked at number eighty-five in Germany. In 2005, JoJo participated in "Come Together Now", a charity single to benefit the victims of the 2004 Asian tsunami and the 2005 Hurricane Katrina. That year, she was requested by First Lady Laura Bush to perform at the 2004 Christmas in Washington special, broadcast by TNT and hosted by Dr. Phil and his wife Robin McGraw. JoJo hosted and performed at the Hope Rocks Concert in 2005 to benefit City of Hope National Medical Center, and co-hosted the 2006 TV Guide Channel's countdown to the Grammy Awards. In 2005, she was offered a role on the Disney Channel television series Hannah Montana, but she turned down the role in favor of developing her music career. 2006–2009: The High Road, acting and label trouble In 2006 JoJo was cast opposite Emma Roberts and Sara Paxton in Aquamarine, playing Hailey. The film opened on March 3, 2006, opening at number five with $7.5 million. Her second major film, RV, a comedy starring Robin Williams, was released on April 28, 2006. It opened at number one and grossed $69.7 million. JoJo had to audition for the part five times, and eventually replaced an actress who had already been cast in the role. JoJo's second album, The High Road, was released on October 17, 2006. The album debuted at number three on the Billboard 200, selling 108,000 units. It was produced by Scott Storch, Swizz Beatz, J. R. Rotem, Corey Williams, Soulshock & Karlin and Ryan Leslie. It received mainly positive reviews. In the summer of 2006, the lead single from her second album, "Too Little Too Late", was released to radio stations. "Too Little Too Late" broke the record for the biggest jump into the top three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, moving from number 66 to number three in one week; this record was previously held by Mariah Carey with her 2001 single "Loverboy", which went from number 60 to number two. The album's second single, "How to Touch a Girl", experienced less success. It charted just outside the Billboard Hot 100 and peaked at number 76 on the Billboard Pop 100. "Anything" was released as the third single to little success. The album sold over 550,000 copies and was certified gold by the RIAA in December 2006. On July 20, 2007, JoJo's version of "Beautiful Girls" by Sean Kingston leaked on the internet titled "Beautiful Girls Reply". It debuted at number thirty-nine on the Billboard Rhythmic Top 40 chart one month later. In late 2007, JoJo stated that she would be writing songs for her third album, to be released when she turned 18. She said she wanted her fans to "see growth" in her music. In an April 2008 interview, JoJo stated that she was writing and producing an upcoming album in Boston and Atlanta. On August 30, 2008, JoJo posted her own version of the song "Can't Believe It", originally performed by T-Pain. On June 3, 2009, JoJo stated on her YouTube account that she was waiting for her record label to sign a distribution deal to release her album. In a few months time, nearly 20 of her songs were leaked through a YouTube channel. In August 2009, it was reported that JoJo filed a lawsuit in New York against her record label Da Family Entertainment for putting her in musical limbo. She reportedly sought $500,000 for her troubles and to be released from her contract. JoJo was released from her contract in October 2009 and a deal was reached with Blackground Records to have JoJo's third album distributed by Interscope Records. In late 2009, JoJo appeared on Timbaland's Shock Value II as a featuring artist on the song "Lose Control". She also appeared as a background vocalist on "Timothy Where You Been" from the same album with the Australian band Jet. On September 10, JoJo revealed that she would be traveling to Toronto to film a small screen adaptation of Lola Douglas' True Confessions of a Hollywood Starlet and play the role of Morgan Carter, with Valerie Bertinelli and Shenae Grimes. It was broadcast on Lifetime Television on August 9, 2008, and released on DVD on March 3, 2009. 2010–2013: Can't Take That Away from Me and Agápē Can't Take That Away from Me was released as JoJo's first mixtape in September 2010 and spawned the single "In the Dark". In late 2010, JoJo made cameo appearances in music videos for Keri Hilson and Clinton Sparks. In January 2011, JoJo was cast in an episode of CBS's Hawaii Five-0 as Courtney Russell, the daughter of a Tsunami Warning Center scientist who goes missing on the eve of a big storm hitting the Honolulu coast. In February 2011, JoJo uploaded a video to YouTube announcing that she was shooting a video for her song "The Other Chick" and that she had changed the title of the album from All I Want Is Everything to Jumping Trains, stating that she had desires to "represent something different; something fresh". Her actual first lead single "The Other Chick" was supposed to release digitally but the label decided to make it as a buzz single. In June 2011, she released a remix of rapper Drake's song "Marvin's Room", renamed "Marvin's Room (Can't Do Better)" through Rap-Up's YouTube channel. JoJo rewrote the song from a female perspective to express a frustration towards an ex-lover and his supposed new girlfriend. Drake himself expressed his appreciation for her interpretation. On August 29, 2011, "Disaster" was released to U.S. radio. The song saw her continue in a similar style to her previous hits, which was praised by critics for not "jumping on the synthpop bandwagon", but also criticized for not showing much progression after a five-year hiatus. "Disaster" debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 87, but fell off the chart the next week. This gave JoJo her first charting single since "Too Little Too Late" in 2006. The single failed to impact any chart internationally. In support of the single, she opened for the Joe Jonas & Jay Sean Tour. JoJo gave her first televised performance of the song on Good Day Dallas on September 29, and later performed on a small promotional tour for "Pinktober" in order to raise money for breast cancer research during the month of October. A music video for the song premiered on JoJo's website in November 2011. In August 2011, JoJo signed a promotional deal with HeartSoul clothing to become the new face for their Fall/Winter collection. In December 2011, JoJo signed a deal with skin care brand Clearasil to become the new spokeswoman for Clearasil's PerfectaWash. In October 2012, JoJo was cast and began working on the film G.B.F. JoJo was cast as Soledad Braunstein who is the President of the Gay Straight Alliance. The film was shot in Los Angeles over 18 days by director Darren Stein. In early 2012, JoJo toured with Big Time Rush for five dates of their Better with U Tour. A promotional single, "Sexy to Me", was made available for purchase on iTunes and Amazon on February 28, 2012. JoJo, wanting to go in a new direction with the album, released "Demonstrate", produced by Noah "40" Shebib, on July 17, 2012. Its release as a single was eventually scrapped for reasons unknown despite a music video already having been filmed. After Blackground Records lost their distribution deal through Interscope Records in late 2012, resulting once again in the delay of the release of an album, JoJo began recording new material specifically for a new mixtape to be released by the end of the year, as she "didn't want to keep the fans waiting for new music any longer". On November 15, 2012, she announced the release of a mixtape, titled Agápē, which means "unconditional love" in Greek. The project was released for free through digital download on her 22nd birthday on December 20, 2012. In support of the mixtape, JoJo embarked on her first headlining North American tour, The Agápē Tour. "We Get By" was released as the lead single from the mixtape on November 15, 2012. "André" was released as the second single from the mixtape on November 30, 2012, with the music video for the song premiering on March 21, 2013, through Complex magazine. 2014–2018: Label changes, III., Mad Love and re-releasing albums On July 30, 2013, it was reported that JoJo had filed a lawsuit against her labels Blackground Records and Da Family for "irreparable damages to her professional career". Minors cannot sign contracts that last more than seven years under New York State law and thus she claims that as her contract was signed in 2004, her deal should have expired in 2011. In December 2013 both of JoJo's and Blackground's attorneys agreed to drop the case as both parties came to an agreement outside court. On January 14, 2014, it was announced that JoJo was released from her multi-year battle with the label and signed a new recording contract with Atlantic Records. On February 14, she released an extended play, titled #LoveJo, featuring covers of three classic songs, which were all produced by Da Internz. On March 16, 2014, she performed at SXSW. On August 5, 2015, JoJo's website under Atlantic was relaunched. On August 20, 2015, JoJo released three singles simultaneously on the III. extended play, which she referred to as a "tringle", as a preview of her third studio album. In support of the release, JoJo embarked on the I Am JoJo Tour, her first world tour, in November 2015. On December 18, 2015, JoJo released the sequel to #LoveJo, titled #LoveJo2. In June 2016, Fifth Harmony announced that JoJo would be one of the opening acts on their 7/27 Tour. On July 27, 2016, JoJo released the lead single "Fuck Apologies", featuring rapper and label mate Wiz Khalifa. Mad Love, JoJo's third studio album was released on October 14, 2016, ten years following the release of The High Road. The album entered and peaked on the Billboard 200 chart at number 6. In January 2017, JoJo embarked on the Mad Love tour, a four-month concert tour of North America and Europe. In August 2017, JoJo announced her departure from Atlantic, in conjunction with announcing her new music venture, Clover Music, in a joint deal with Interscope. In April 2018, she announced the Leaks, Covers, & Mixtapes tour, which began on May 29. On December 20, 2018, her 28th birthday, JoJo announced plans to re-release her first album with re-recorded vocals. The following day, JoJo re-released her debut album and The High Road, as well as her singles "Demonstrate", and "Disaster"—all with re-recorded vocals and slightly reworked production. A similar tactic was employed by Taylor Swift years later. 2019–present: Move to Warner and The Masked Singer As of January 2019, per Billboard, Clover Music is no longer affiliated with Interscope, and will now associate with Warner Records. On February 12, 2019, JoJo announced the release of the single "Say So", which features R&B singer-songwriter PJ Morton, two days later on February 14. "Say So" was included as the lead single on Morton's album Paul. On October 10, 2019, via Instagram, JoJo announced that she would release the single "Joanna" at midnight, followed by the music video premiering the next day. On October 25, JoJo collaborated with Alabama rapper and then-recent Warner Records signee Chika on the single "Sabotage", which was intended the first single from her next album. JoJo announced a new album via Instagram, Good to Know, which was released on May 1, 2020. A tour supporting the album was set to begin in April 2021. The lead single "Man" was released on March 13, 2020. On August 3, 2020, JoJo announced the single "What U Need" via Instagram. It was released on August 7, 2020, as the lead single from the deluxe version of Good to Know, which followed on August 28, 2020. On October 2, 2020, she released a song titled "The Change", written by Diane Warren, to serve as the official anthem for the Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign. Her first holiday album, December Baby, was released on October 30 of the same year. In January 2021, after being twice delayed, JoJo cancelled the Good to Know tour due to the ongoing nature of the COVID-19 pandemic. She also announced that she plans to tour in 2022 after releasing a sixth studio album. Later in 2021, JoJo competed on the fifth season of The Masked Singer as "Black Swan". She finished in second place making her the first female runner-up on the show. On August 17, 2021, she announced her first capsule project (12-track EP) Trying Not to Think About It with the first single "Worst (I Assume)" released three days later. The EP was released on October 1, 2021, followed by a six-date tour starting a day later. It was announced that her original debut album and The High Road would be re-released on September 24, 2021, by the second incarnation of Blackground Records and Empire Distribution, but JoJo encouraged her fans not to listen to it due to the absence of credited songwriting on the original projects. Artistry Musically, JoJo is considered to be primarily a pop and R&B artist; however, the majority of her singles tend to lean more towards the former as a marketing tool. Prefix's Norman Meyers observed that "As an adolescent white girl singing mainstream R&B, her singles have leaned toward pop to snag sales ... But the list of producers on The High Road ... shows that Jojo is more concerned with harder beats and soulful sounds." JoJo is a mezzo-soprano and her singing voice has been widely acclaimed by music critics, one of whom ranked it among "the best in the game", while her R&B recordings have been compared to the likes of R&B singers Brandy and Monica. Describing her as a "vocal phenom", Entertainment Weeklys Leah Greenblatt enthused that JoJo is "capable of Mariah Carey-style upper-register flourishes". Vocally, critics frequently draw comparisons between JoJo and singers Kelly Clarkson and Beyoncé, while Slant Magazine's Sal Cinquemani remarked that the singer "could very well be the next Teena Marie". At times some of her material and use of melisma has been criticized for being overproduced and overused, respectively. Emma Morgan of Yahoo! Music dismissed JoJo as "mercilessly multi-tracked à la J. Lo, her voice encoded flatteringly as she too-many-notes her way through a succession of R'n'B beats and hooks that owe everything to studio wizardry and little to simple songwriting", lacking experience and soul. While admitting that JoJo is "surprisingly adept at frenzied, sexually possessed hollering", Alex Macpherson of The Guardian believes that the singer "is, however, at her best when compulsively dissecting emotional situations straight out of high-school movies via the medium of big, heartfelt choruses". Pegging JoJo as "a teen-pop star with an R&B singer's voice", Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times continued, "she can outsing much of the competition, but it also means more ballads ... and more not-quite-credible lovesick lyrics." JoJo's earliest memories of singing are performing songs by Etta James, Ella Fitzgerald, Mariah Carey and Whitney Houston for customers in hair salons. Her mixtape, Agápē, was influenced by musicians Joni Mitchell and James Taylor. JoJo possesses a mezzo-soprano vocal range, which Jordan Riefe of Maxim described as "better suited to R&B." Her vocal range spans approximately four octaves, also possessing use of the Whistle register. Upon making her mainstream debut in 2004, critics immediately noticed that JoJo's vocal prowess and material exceeded her age. When she released her single "Demonstrate" in 2012, critics observed that both the singer's voice and lyrics had matured alongside her. Subsequently, JoJo's second mixtape Agápē drew attention from both critics and the singer's own family due to its mature content; Agápē features lyrical references to drinking, drug abuse and sex, which were absent from her previous "G-rated" releases. The mixtape also addresses her conflict with her record label. JoJo's early image followed popular trends related to hip hop culture at the time. The cover of JoJo's first album features the singer donning a T-shirt and cap, which Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine dismissed as "contrived and calculated". Matt Collar of AllMusic wrote, "Jojo is an assured and likeable performer who can somehow embody the yin-yang persona of a suburban cheerleader slinging hip-hop attitude." According to Jenny Eliscu of Rolling Stone, the singer "has become a role model to suburban adolescents who talk gangsta but still carpool to school in mom's Kia Sorento."The Guardians Alex Macpherson commented that "In an era of boozy Amys, gobby Lilys and flashing Britneys, a pop star as wholesome as JoJo seems almost quaint." Writing for Prefix, Norman Meyers believes that JoJo "could have been a Mean Girls extra, but she has talent" and "comes off more like a pint-size Mariah Carey or Christina Aguilera than a hip-shaking Britney clone". Personal life JoJo lived in Edgewater, New Jersey with her mother, until age 18, when she moved out on her own to Boston for a year. She now resides in Los Angeles. JoJo dated American soccer player Freddy Adu from May 2005 until September 2006. The couple met on the MTV show Fake ID Club while JoJo was hosting it. JoJo made an appearance in the commentary box at a New England Revolution home game when they were playing D.C. United. In November 2006, The Washington Post reported that the couple had split up. JoJo revealed on American Top 40 with Ryan Seacrest that she and Adu were still good friends. In August 2009, JoJo graduated from high school and stated that she would stay focused on future projects. She was accepted to Northeastern University but did not attend; she considered majoring in cultural anthropology. Aside from singing and acting, JoJo is also a supporter of various charitable organizations such as Boys & Girls Clubs of America, World Vision, She's the First, Make A Wish Foundation, and others. In December 2021, JoJo announced her engagement to Saved by the Bell (2020) actor Dexter Darden. Discography JoJo (2004) The High Road (2006) Mad Love (2016) Good to Know (2020) December Baby (2020) Trying Not to Think About It (2021) Filmography Tours Headlining The High Road Tour (2007) Then & Now Concert Tour (2010) Pinktober (2011) The Agápē Tour (2013) I Am JoJo Tour (2015–16) Mad Love Tour (2017) Leaks, Covers and Mixtapes Tour (2018) Trying Not to Think About It Tour (2021) 2022 Tour (2022) As a special guest Timbaland – Shock Value II Tour (2010) As an opening act Usher – The Truth World Tour (2004) Joe Jonas/Jay Sean – Joe Jonas & Jay Sean Tour (2011) Big Time Rush – Better With You Tour (2012) Fifth Harmony – The 7/27 Tour (2016) Awards and nominations See also List of songs recorded by JoJo JoJo videography List of JoJo concert tours List of people with reduplicated names Clover Music References External links 1990 births Living people 21st-century American actresses 21st-century American singers 21st-century American women singers American child actresses American child singers American women pop singers American film actresses American people of French descent American people of Irish descent American people of Polish descent American women singer-songwriters American sopranos American television actresses Child pop musicians Singers from Vermont People from Edgewater, New Jersey People from Foxborough, Massachusetts People from Brattleboro, Vermont Universal Music Group artists Atlantic Records artists Interscope Records artists Warner Records artists Participants in American reality television series Actresses from New Jersey Actresses from Vermont Singer-songwriters from New Jersey Singer-songwriters from Massachusetts Association footballers' wives and girlfriends American contemporary R&B singers American female hip hop singers American female hip hop musicians

979488

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice%20rink

Ice rink

An ice rink (or ice skating rink) is a frozen body of water and/or hardened chemicals where people can ice skate or play winter sports. Ice rinks are also used for exhibitions, contests and ice shows. There are two types of rinks in prevalent use today: natural, where freezing occurs from cold ambient temperatures, and artificial (or mechanically frozen), where a coolant produces cold temperatures in the surface below the water, causing the water to freeze. There are also synthetic ice rinks where skating surfaces are made out of plastics. Besides recreational ice skating, some of its uses include: ice hockey, sledge hockey ( "Para ice hockey", or "sled hockey"), Spongee ( sponge hockey), bandy, rink bandy, rinkball, ringette, broomball (both indoor and outdoor versions), Moscow broomball, speed skating, figure skating, ice stock sport, and curling. However, Moscow broomball is typically played on a tarmac tennis court that has been flooded with water and allowed to freeze. Etymology Rink, a Scottish word meaning 'course', was used as the name of a place where curling was played. The name has been retained for the construction of ice areas for other sports and uses. History Early attempts at the construction of artificial ice rinks were first made in the 'rink mania' of 1841–44. As the technology for the maintenance of natural ice did not exist, these early rinks used a substitute consisting of a mixture of hog's lard and various salts. An item in the 8 May 1844 issue of Eliakim Littell's Living Age headed "The Glaciarium" reported that "This establishment, which has been removed to Grafton street East' Tottenham Court Road, was opened on Monday afternoon. The area of artificial ice is extremely convenient for such as may be desirous of engaging in the graceful and manly pastime of skating". By 1844, these venues fell out of fashion, as customers grew tired of the 'smelly' ice substitute, and it was only thirty years later, that refrigeration technology developed to the point that natural ice could finally be feasibly used in the rink. The world's first mechanically frozen ice rink was the Glaciarium, opened by John Gamgee in a tent in a small building just off the Kings Road in Chelsea, London, on 7 January 1876. In March, it moved to a permanent venue at 379 Kings Road, where a rink measuring was established. The rink was based on a concrete surface, with layers of earth, cow hair and timber planks. Atop these were laid oval copper pipes carrying a solution of glycerine with ether, nitrogen peroxide and water. The pipes were covered by water and the solution was pumped through, freezing the water into ice. Gamgee discovered the process while attempting to develop a method to freeze meat for import from Australia and New Zealand, and patented it as early as 1870. Gamgee operated the rink on a membership-only basis and attempted to attract a wealthy clientele, experienced in open-air ice skating during winters in the Alps. He installed an orchestra gallery, which could also be used by spectators, and decorated the walls with views of the Swiss Alps. The rink initially proved a success, and Gamgee opened two further rinks later in the year: at Rusholme in Manchester and the "Floating Glaciarium" at Charing Cross in London, this last significantly larger at . The Southport Glaciarium opened in 1879, using Gamgee's method. In Germany, the first ice skating rink opened in 1882 in Frankfurt during a patent exhibition. It covered and operated for two months; the refrigeration system was designed by Linde, and it was probably the first skating rink where Ammonia was used as a refrigerant. Ten years later, a larger rink was permanently installed on the same site. The oldest indoor artificial ice rink still in use (built 1909–10) is the one in Boston's Matthews Arena, on the campus of Northeastern University. Types Natural ice Many ice rinks consist of, or are found on, open bodies of water such as lakes, ponds, canals, and sometimes rivers; these can be used only in the winter in climates where the surface freezes thickly enough to support human weight. Rinks can also be made in cold climates by enclosing a level area of ground, filling it with water, and letting it freeze. Snow may be packed to use as a containment material. An example of this type of rink is the Rideau Canal Skateway in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, estimated at and long, which is equivalent to 90 Olympic-size skating rinks. The rink is prepared by lowering the canal's water level and letting the canal water freeze. The rink is then resurfaced nightly by cleaning the ice of snow and flooding it with water from below the ice. The rink is recognized as the "world's largest naturally frozen ice rink" by the Guinness Book of World Records because "its entire length receives daily maintenance such as sweeping, ice thickness checks and there are toilet and recreational facilities along its entire length". The longest ice skating trail is in Invermere, British Columbia, Canada, on Lake Windermere Whiteway. The naturally frozen trail measures . Artificial ice In any climate, an arena ice surface can be installed in a properly built space. This consists of a bed of sand or occasionally a slab of concrete, through (or on top of) which pipes run. The pipes carry a chilled fluid (usually either a salt brine or water with antifreeze, or in the case of smaller rinks, refrigerant) which can lower the temperature of the slab so that water placed atop will freeze. This method is known as 'artificial ice' to differentiate from ice rinks made by simply freezing water in a cold climate, indoors or outdoors, although both types are of frozen water. A more proper technical term is 'mechanically frozen' ice. An example of this type of rink is the outdoor rink at Rockefeller Center in New York. Construction Modern rinks have a specific procedure for preparing the surface. With the pipes cold, a thin layer of water is sprayed on the sand or concrete to seal and level it (or in the case of concrete, to keep it from being marked). This thin layer is painted white or pale blue for better contrast; markings necessary for hockey or curling are also placed, along with logos or other decorations. Another thin layer of water is sprayed on top of this. The ice is built up to a thickness of . Synthetic Synthetic rinks are constructed from a solid polymer material designed for skating using normal metal-bladed ice skates. High density polyethelene (HDPE) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMW) are the only materials that offer reasonable skating characteristics, with UHMW synthetic rinks offering the most ice-like skating but also being the most expensive. A typical synthetic rink will consist of many panels of thin surface material assembled on top of a sturdy, level and smooth sub-floor (anything from concrete to wood or even dirt or grass) to create a large skating area. Operation Periodically after the ice has been used, it is resurfaced using a machine called an ice resurfacer (sometimes colloquially referred to as a Zamboni – referring to a major manufacturer of such machinery). For curling, the surface is 'pebbled' by allowing loose drops of cold water to fall onto the ice and freeze into rounded peaks. Between events, especially if the arena is being used without need for the ice surface, it is either covered with a heavily insulated floor or melted by allowing the fluid in the pipes below the ice to warm. A highly specialized form of rink is used for speed skating; this is a large oval (or ring) much like an athletic track. Because of their limited use, speed skating ovals are far less common than hockey or curling rinks. Those skilled at preparing arena ice are often in demand for major events where ice quality is critical. The popularity of the sport of hockey in Canada has led its icemakers to be particularly sought after. One such team of professionals was responsible for placing a loonie coin under center ice at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah; as both Canadian teams (men's and women's) won their respective hockey gold medals, the coin was christened "lucky" and is now in the possession of the Hockey Hall of Fame after having been retrieved from beneath the ice. Standard rink sizes Bandy In bandy, the rink size is x . For internationals, the size must not be smaller than . The variety rink bandy is played on ice hockey rinks. Figure skating The size of figure skating rinks can be quite variable, but the International Skating Union prefers Olympic-sized rinks for figure skating competitions, particularly for major events. These are . The ISU specifies that competition rinks must not be larger than this and not smaller than . Ice hockey Although there is a great deal of variation in the dimensions of actual ice rinks, there are basically two rink sizes in use at the highest levels of ice hockey. Historically, earlier ice rinks were smaller than today. Official National Hockey League rinks are . The dimensions originate from the size of the Victoria Skating Rink in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Official Olympic/International rinks have dimensions of . Ringette Ringette utilizes most of the standard ice hockey markings used by Hockey Canada, but the ringette rink uses additional free-pass dots in each of the attacking zones and centre zone areas as well as a larger goal crease area. Two additional free-play lines (1 in each attacking zone) are also required. A ringette rink is an ice rink designed for ice hockey which has been modified to enable ringette to be played. Though some ice surfaces are designed strictly for ringette, these ice rinks with exclusive lines and markings for ringette are usually created only at venues hosting major ringette competitions and events. Most ringette rinks are found in Canada and Finland. Playing area, size, lines and markings for the standard Canadian ringette rink are similar to the average ice hockey rink in Canada with certain modifications. Early in its history, ringette was played mostly on rinks constructed for hockey, broomball, figure skating and recreational skating, and was mostly played on outdoor rinks since few indoor ice rinks were available at the time. Speed skating In speed skating, for short track, the official Olympic rink size is , with an oval ice track of in circumference. In long track speed skating the oval ice track is usually in circumference. See also Figure skating rink Ice hockey rink Speed skating rink Synthetic ice List of ice hockey arenas by capacity References External links Backyard Ice Rink Builder Community Backyard Ice Rink System Comprehensive list of ice skating rinks in the U.S. and Canada The Ice Rink – A Brief History Bandy Sports venues by type Playing field surfaces

991846

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20LeCompte

Elizabeth LeCompte

Elizabeth LeCompte (born April 28, 1944) is an American director of experimental theater, dance, and media. A founding member of The Wooster Group, she has directed that ensemble since its emergence in the late 1970s. Life and career LeCompte was born and grew up in New Jersey. She earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Fine Arts from Skidmore College. She met director and actor Willem Dafoe at The Performance Group and began a professional and personal relationship. Their son, Jack, was born in 1982. With The Wooster Group, she has composed, designed, and directed over forty works for theater, dance, film and video, starting with Sakonnet Point in 1975. These works characteristically interweave performance with multimedia technologies and are strongly influenced by historical and contemporary visual arts and architecture. She is known both for taking apart and reworking classics such as Hamlet, The Emperor Jones, and The Hairy Ape as well as constructing new works from scratch. Prior to her work with The Wooster Group, she was a member of the experimental theater company The Performance Group from 1970 to 1975. Subsequently, LeCompte and Spalding Gray founded The Wooster Group, along with Jim Clayburgh, Willem Dafoe, Peyton Smith, Kate Valk, and Ron Vawter. For her work with these groups, LeCompte was included in Mitter and Shevtsova's 2004 volume discussing 50 influential theater directors around the world. Other writers consistently include her in the lineage of experimental theater artists that passes through Meyerhold and Grotowski to the present generation of "postdramatic" theater makers. As a New Yorker writer put it: "Luminaries of the theatrical avant-garde—Richard Foreman, Robert Wilson, and Peter Sellars among them—describe her as first among equals". LeCompte has lectured and taught at American University, the Art Institute of Chicago, Columbia University, Connecticut College, the Lincoln Center Theatre Directors Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, New York University, Northeastern University, the O’Neill Center, Smith College, the University of London, and the Yale School of Drama. In 2018, The New York Times critics ranked House/Lights the 16th greatest American play since Angels in America. Awards Among her honors, LeCompte has received the National Endowment for the Arts Distinguished Artists Fellowship for Lifetime Achievement in the American Theater, the MacArthur Fellowship, the Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres from the French Cultural Ministry, a Guggenheim Fellowship, a Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship, a United States Artists Fellowship, an Anonymous Was A Woman Award, the Theater Practitioner Award from Theatre Communications Group, The Skowhegan Medal for Performance, a Doris Duke Charitable Foundation Performance Artist Award and honorary doctorates from the New School for Social Research and the California Institute of the Arts. She was included in the 1993 Whitney Biennial. She won the 2016 Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize. Wooster Group works made by LeCompte Theater Three Places in Rhode Island Sakonnet Point (1975) Rumstick Road (1977) Nayatt School (1978) Point Judith (an epilog) (1979) The Road to Immortality Route 1 & 9 (1981) L.S.D. (…Just the High Points…) (1984) Frank Dell’s The Temptation of St. Antony (1988) North Atlantic (1984, 1999, 2010) Brace Up! (1991, 2003) The Emperor Jones (1993, 2006) Fish Story (1994) The Hairy Ape (1996) House/Lights (1998, 2005) To You, The Birdie! (Phèdre) (2002) Poor Theater (2004) Who’s Your Dada?! (2006) Hamlet (2007, 2012) La Didone (2009) Vieux Carré (2011) Troilus and Cressida (2012) — a collaboration with the Royal Shakespeare Company; directed by Elizabeth LeCompte and Mark Ravenhill Cry, Trojans! (Troilus & Cressida) (2014) Early Shaker Spirituals (2014) Dance Hula (1981) For the Good Times (1982) Dances with T.V. and Mic (1998) Erase-E(X) (2004) (with JoJi Inc.) I Am Jerome Bel (2008) Film and video Flaubert Dreams of Travel but the Illness of His Mother Prevents It (1986) Today I Must Sincerely Congratulate You (1991) White Homeland Commando (1992) Rhyme ’Em to Death (1994) The Emperor Jones (DVD - 1999) House/Lights (DVD - 2004) There Is Still Time . . Brother (installation - 2007) Brace Up! (DVD - 2009) Dailies (2010 - present) To You, The Birdie! (Phèdre) (DVD - 2011) Rumstick Road (DVD - 2013) Radio-audio The Emperor Jones (BBC Radio 3 play - 1998) Racine’s Phèdre (BBC Radio 3 play - 2000) Personal life In 1977 LeCompte began a relationship with actor Willem Dafoe. They never married and ended their relationship in 2004 after 27 years. The couple have one son, Jack. See also The Performance Group The Wooster Group References Further reading Champagne, Leonora, "Always Starting New: Elizabeth LeCompte," The Drama Review 25:3 (1981). Dunkelberg, Kermit, "Confrontation, Stimulation, Admiration: The Wooster Group’s Poor Theater," The Drama Review 49:3 (2005). Kramer, Jane, "Experimental Journey: Elizabeth LeCompte Takes on Shakespeare", The New Yorker (October 8, 2007). LeCompte, Elizabeth, "An Introduction," Performing Arts Journal, 3:2 (1978). LeCompte, Elizabeth, "Who Owns History?", Performing Arts Journal, 4:1 (1979). LeCompte, Elizabeth, "The Wooster Group Dances: From the Notebooks of Elizabeth LeCompte," The Drama Review, 29:2 (1985). LeCompte, Elizabeth, "500 Words: Elizabeth LeCompte," Art Forum (February 9, 2011). Quick, Andrew, The Wooster Group Work Book (Routledge 2007). Savran, David, Breaking the Rules: The Wooster Group (Theatre Communications Group 1993). Savran, David, "The Death of the Avant Garde," The Drama Review 49:3 (2005). Sterrit, David, "Pioneering a New Kind of Stage Magic," The Christian Science Monitor (December 14, 1981). Yablonsky, Linda, "Elizabeth LeCompte," Bomb (Fall 1991). External links The Wooster Group website 1944 births Living people MacArthur Fellows Skidmore College alumni

997557

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%20of%20Architecture

Master of Architecture

The Master of Architecture (M.Arch or MArch) is a professional degree in architecture, qualifying the graduate to move through the various stages of professional accreditation (internship, exams) that result in receiving a license. Overview The degree is earned through several possible paths of study, depending on both a particular program's construction, and the candidate's previous academic experience and degrees. M.Arch. degrees vary in kind, so they are frequently given names such as "M.Arch. I" and "M.Arch. II" to distinguish them. All M.Arch. degrees are professional degrees in architecture. There are, however, other master's degrees offered by architecture schools that are not accredited in any way. Many schools offer several possible tracks of architectural education. Including study at the bachelor's and master's level, these tracks range up to 7.5 years in duration. One possible route is what is commonly referred to as the "4+2" course. This path entails completing a four-year, accredited, pre-professional Bachelor of Arts in architecture or a Bachelor of Science in architecture. This degree is not 3-year, depending on the nature and quality of your undergraduate study performance, and the evaluation of your master's degree program school of your undergraduate study) Master of Architecture program. This route offers several advantages: your first four years are a bit more loose, allowing the inclusion of some liberal arts study; you can attend two different institutions for your undergraduate and graduate study, which is helpful in that it allows you to have a more varied architectural education, and you can pick the best place for you to complete your thesis (because chances are, you might not pick the program that has the exact focus that you will want when it becomes time for your thesis study); and you will finish the 4+2 course of study with a master's degree that will provide you the career option of teaching architecture at the collegiate level. The second route to obtaining an accredited master's degree begins in graduate school, with a 3 or 3.5-year master's degree (commonly called an "M.Arch. I"). The advantage to this route is that the student can study something else he or she is interested in his/her undergraduate study (anything else). Because students come from different undergraduate backgrounds, the breadth of knowledge and experience in the student body of an M.Arch. I program is often considered an advantage. One possible disadvantage is that the total time in school is longer (7 or 7.5 years with an undergraduate degree). Another disadvantage is that the student has a very short time to cover the extremely broad scope of subject areas of which architects are expected to have a working knowledge. Nevertheless, major schools of architecture including MIT and Harvard often offer a 3.5-year program to students already with strong architectural background, fostering a competitive and productive academic environment. A third possible route is what schools are calling a "post-professional" master's degree. It is research-based and often a stepping-stone to a Doctor of Philosophy in Architecture. Schools include Cornell, Harvard, Princeton, MIT, and RISD. It is worth noting that there is another route to becoming an architect: the continuous 5-year professional degree program. In such a program, after five years of study, students are awarded with a professional degree in architecture. Depending on the school and course of study, this could be either a Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch.) or an M.Arch. In the U.S., it is typically a 5-year B.Arch. Either degree qualifies those who complete it to sit for the ARE (the Architectural Registration Exam, the architecture equivalent of the bar exam), which leads to an architect's license in the U.S.. One disadvantage of the B.Arch. degree is that it is rarely considered as sufficient qualification for teaching architecture at the university/college level in the U.S. (though there are many exceptions). Many architects who wish to teach and have only received a B.Arch. choose to pursue a 3-semester master's degree (not an M.Arch.) to obtain further academic qualification. Graduate-level architecture programs consist of course work in design, building science, structural engineering, architectural history, theory, professional practice, and elective courses. For those without any prior knowledge of the field, coursework in calculus, physics, computers, statics and strengths of materials, architectural history, studio, and building science is usually required. Some architecture programs allow students to specialize in a specific aspect of architecture, such as architectural technologies or digital media. A thesis or final project is usually required to graduate. Important to consider in choosing the school(s) for an architectural education is their overall "focus". Architectural schools usually, by virtue of the history of the school and the interests of the faculty, will approach the instruction of architecture from a technical, historical, or artistic bent—or a combination thereof. This is not something that will be spelled out in the school's literature, but will be more or less apparent in the lists of classes offered and the study areas of the faculty. While it may not seem important at first, in retrospect it will probably be a major factor. An architectural thesis is the culmination of a student's research. Submission of the thesis represents the completion of the final requirement for the degree and may be presented as graphic representations, a written work, or physical forms. According to Architectural Research Methods by Linda N. Groat and David Wang, the scope of the research inquiry must not be too broad or too narrow. A good topic will clearly and simply identify a body of literature to which the topical question can be referred. Additionally, a thesis question must have significance to not only the student, but his or her peers, and to the field of architecture. In the United States, The National Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB) is the sole agency authorized to accredit US professional degree programs in architecture. Since most state registration boards in the United States require any applicant for licensure to have graduated from a NAAB-accredited program, obtaining such a degree is an essential aspect of preparing for the professional practice of architecture. Again, first time students matriculating with a 5-year B.Arch. degree can also qualify for registration, without obtaining a master's degree. Some programs offer a concurrent learning model, allowing students the opportunity to work in the profession while they are earning their degree, so that they can test for licensure immediately upon graduation. In Canada, Master of Architecture degrees may be accredited by the Canadian Architectural Certification Board (CACB), allowing the recipient to qualify for both the ARE and the Examination for Architects in Canada (ExAC). As of March 2006, there were eighty-four accredited Master of Architecture programs in the United States, including Puerto Rico. In Canada, there were ten accredited programs. Master's degree programs United States Colleges and universities in the United States with accredited Master of Architecture degree programs are listed below. Note: Schools where a Bachelor of Architecture can also be earned are marked with * Academy of Art University*, School of Architecture, San Francisco, California Andrews University, School of Architecture, Art & Design, Berrien Springs, Michigan Arizona State University School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), Tempe, Arizona Ball State University*, Ball State University College of Architecture and Planning, Department of Architecture, Muncie, Indiana Boston Architectural College* Boston, Massachusetts California College of the Arts*, Department of Architecture, San Francisco, California California State Polytechnic University, Pomona*, Department of Architecture, Pomona, California The Catholic University of America, School of Architecture and Planning, Washington, D.C. Clemson University, School of Architecture, Clemson, South Carolina City College of the City University of New York*, school of architecture, urban design and landscape architecture New York, New York Columbia University, Graduate School of Architecture Planning and Preservation (GSAPP), New York, New York Cooper Union*, The Irwin S. Chanin School of Architecture New York, New York Cornell University*, College of Architecture, Art and Planning Ithaca, New York Drury University, Hammons School of Architecture, Springfield, Missouri Florida A&M University*, School of Architecture, Tallahassee, Florida Florida International University*, School of Architecture* Miami, Florida School of Architecture at Taliesin, Scottsdale, Arizona & Spring Green, Wisconsin Georgia Institute of Technology, College of Architecture, Atlanta, Georgia Hampton University*, School of Engineering - Architecture, Hampton, Virginia Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Cambridge, Massachusetts Illinois Institute of Technology*, College of Architecture, Iowa State University*, Department of Architecture, Ames, Iowa Judson University, Elgin, Illinois Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas Kent State University*, College of Architecture & Environmental Design, , Kent, Ohio Lawrence Technological University, Southfield, Michigan Louisiana State University*, College of Art + Design, , Baton Rouge, Louisiana Louisiana Tech University, School of Architecture, Ruston, Louisiana Massachusetts College of Art and Design, Architectural Design, , Boston, Massachusetts Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture , Cambridge, Massachusetts Miami University, Oxford, Ohio Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland New Jersey Institute of Technology*,, Newark, New Jersey New School of Architecture and Design, , San Diego, California North Carolina State University*, Raleigh, North Carolina North Dakota State University*, Fargo, North Dakota Northeastern University, School of Architecture, Boston, Massachusetts Norwich University*, Northfield, Vermont Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Parsons The New School for Design, Department of Architecture, Interior Design and Lighting, New York, New York* Portland State University, School of Architecture, Portland, Oregon Prairie View A&M University*, Prairie View, Texas Pratt Institute*, Graduate Architecture and Urban Design (GAUD), New York, New York Princeton University, School of Architecture, Princeton, New Jersey Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute*, Troy, New York Rhode Island School of Design, Providence, Rhode Island* Rice University*, Houston, Texas Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island Savannah College of Art and Design, Savannah, Georgia School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota Southern California Institute of Architecture ("SCI-Arc"), Los Angeles, California* Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York Syracuse University*, Syracuse, New York Temple University, Tyler School of Art, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana University of Arizona*, College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, Tucson, Arizona University of California, Berkeley, College of Environmental Design, Berkeley, California University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Los Angeles, California University of Cincinnati, College of Design, Architecture, Art and Planning, Cincinnati, Ohio University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida University of Hartford, Department of Architecture, Hartford, Connecticut University of Houston, Gerald D. Hines College of Architecture*, Houston, Texas University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho University of Illinois at Chicago*, Chicago, Illinois University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign University of Kansas, School of Architecture, Design, and Planning, Lawrence, Kansas * University of Kentucky, College of Design, Lexington, Kentucky * University of Louisiana at Lafayette*, Lafayette, Louisiana University of Maine at Augusta University of Maryland, College Park University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee University of Miami*, Coral Gables, Florida University of Michigan, Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning , Ann Arbor, Michigan University of Minnesota, Twin Cities University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico University of North Carolina at Charlotte*, Charlotte, North Carolina University of Notre Dame*, Notre Dame, Indiana University of Oklahoma*, Norman, Oklahoma University of Oregon*, Eugene, Oregon University of Pennsylvania, School of Design (PennDesign), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Universidad de Puerto Rico University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida University of Southern California*, Los Angeles, California University of Tennessee, Knoxville*, Knoxville, Tennessee University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas University of Texas at Austin*, School of Architecture, Austin, Texas University of Texas at San Antonio, College of Architecture, San Antonio, Texas University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah University of Virginia*, Charlottesville, Virginia University of Washington, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Seattle, Washington University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Milwaukee, Wisconsin* Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, College of Architecture and Urban Studies, Blacksburg, Virginia* Washington State University, School of Design and Construction, Pullman, Washington Washington University in St. Louis, Sam Fox School of Design and Visual Arts, Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Design Wentworth Institute of Technology*, Boston, Massachusetts Woodbury University, in Burbank, CA - Master of Architecture in Real Estate Development Yale University, School of Architecture, New Haven, Connecticut Candidates Four United States schools are candidates for accreditation, meaning that their newly created programs may be accredited to offer the M.Arch. degree upon proof of meeting NAAB standards. This usually occurs after the school has graduated its first class of students. Canada Colleges and universities in Canada with accredited Master of Architecture degree programs are listed below: University of British Columbia University of Calgary Carleton University Université Laval McGill University University of Manitoba Université de Montréal University of Guelph (Only Master of Landscape Architecture) University of Toronto Dalhousie University University of Waterloo, School of Architecture Ryerson University Australia and New Zealand Universities in Australia and New Zealand with accredited Master of Architecture degree programs are listed below : Curtin University Griffith University Deakin University Monash University Queensland University of Technology (QUT) RMIT University University of Adelaide University of Canberra University of Melbourne University of Newcastle University of New South Wales University of Queensland University of South Australia (UniSA) University of Sydney University of Tasmania University of Technology, Sydney (UTS) University of Western Australia University of Auckland Unitec New Zealand Victoria University of Wellington Hong Kong The only 2 universities offering HKIA (Hong Kong Institute of Architects), CAA (Commonwealth Association of Architects) & RIBA (Royal Institute of British Architects) accredited Master of Architecture for architect professional registration. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, School of Architecture, Hong Kong, founded in 1992 The University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Hong Kong, founded in 1950 China Tsinghua University, Beijing Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing Tongji University, Shanghai Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, starting fall 2014, language: English Hunan University, Changsha Singapore National University of Singapore Singapore University of Technology and Design Mexico In Mexico, an officially recognized Bachelor of Architecture is sufficient for practice. Faculty of Architecture at the National Autonomous University of Mexico Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí Africa University of Pretoria University of Cape Town University of the Witwatersrand University of Johannesburg Tshwane University of Technology University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus University of Carthage Uganda Martyrs University University of the Free State Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University University of Nairobi Caleb University Ardhi University, Tanzania Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria Federal University of Technology, Akure Federal University of Technology, Minna. Nigeria. India Some universities in India with accredited Master of Architecture degree programs are listed below: School of Architecture, Bharath University Crescent School of Architecture, Chennai School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi CEPT University, India Sir J. J. College of Architecture, Mumbai CET Trivandrum, Kerala Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi Sushant school of art and architecture, Gurgaon. Haryana Dr. Baliram Hiray College Of Architecture, Mumbai I.E.S College of Architecture; Mumbai Bhartiya Kala Prasarini Sabha'S College Of Architecture, Pune. IIEST Shibpur IIT Roorkee IIT Kharagpur IIT Mumbai NIT Jaipur Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore R V College of Architecture, Bangalore Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal School of Planning and Architecture, Bhopal School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada McGAN'S Ooty School of Architecture Faculty of Architecture & Design, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka Rachana Sansad's Academy of Architecture, Mumbai, India Dr. Baliram Hiray College of Architecture, Mumbai, India Kamla Raheja Vidyanidhi Institute for Architecture and Environmental StudiesMumbai university Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology Faculty of architecture and ekistics jamia millia islamia;New Delhi L.S. Raheja School of Architecture, Mumbai Rizvi College of Architecture, Mumbai School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University, Chennai Excel College of Architecture and Planning Jadavpur University, Kolkata D.Y.Patil school of Architecture, Pune BGS School of Architecture and Planning, Bengaluru Measi Academy of Architecture, Chennai Prime college of architecture and planning, Nagapattinam Iran Some universities in Iran with accredited Master of Architecture degree programs are listed below: Tehran University Shahid Beheshti University (SBU) Iran University of Science and Technology Tarbiat Modares University (TMU) Tabriz Islamic Art University Yazd University University of Shahrood Islamic Azad University Sooreh University Shiraz University Schools and Universities in Europe Austria Academy of fine Arts, Vienna Institute for Art and Architecture (B.Arch. and M.Arch. language: German and English) (Austria) Belgium WENK Gent Brussels (Sint Lucas Institute of Architecture) Sint Lucas Ghent Brussels in Belgium (language: English) Denmark Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts (M.A. Professional Degree, language: English)(Denmark) Finland University of Oulu (M.S. Professional Degree, language: English)(Finland) University of Tampere (M.S. Professional Degree, language: English)(Finland) Aalto University (M.S. Professional Degree, language: English)(Finland) Germany DIA Dessau (Dessau International Architecture) at the Hochschule Anhalt / Bauhaus Dessau in Germany (language: English) Hochschule Wismar (language: German and English) in Wismar, Germany Italy Politecnico di Torino - I Facoltà di Architettura I (Italy) Politecnico di Torino - II Facoltà di Architettura (Italy) Liechtenstein Hochschule Liechtenstein (candidate for accreditation, language: English) Netherlands TU Delft Faculty of Architecture (M.S. Professional Degree, language: English) Academy of Architecture at the Amsterdam School of Art Artez Academy of Architecture in Arnhem Academie van Bouwkunst Groningen https://www.hanze.nl/nld/onderwijs/techniek/academie-van-bouwkunst Academie van bouwkunst Maastricht The Rotterdam Academy of Architecture and Urban Design TU Eindhoven Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning (M.S. Professional Degree, language: English) Poland Warsaw University of Technology Architecture and Urban Planning with specialisation Architecture for Society of Knowledge (M.Arch. language: English) (Poland) Cracow University of Technology Department of Architecture with specialisation Architecture and Urban Planning (M.Arch. RIBA accredited) (Poland) Serbia University of Belgrade [Architecture and Urban Planning (M.Arch. RIBA accredited)(M.Arch. language: Serbian, English) University of Novi Sad [Architecture (M.Arch. language: Serbian, English) Slovenia University of Ljubljana [http://www.fa.uni-lj.si/ Architecture and Urban Planning (M.Arch. language: English) (M.I.A. Language: Slovenian) Spain Universidad de Navarra Department of Architecture (M.D.A. language: Spanish and English) (Spain) The University of the Basque Country The University of the Basque Country (M.D.A. Language: Basque or Spanish) (Basque Country, Spain) Switzerland Jointmaster of Architecture in Berne, Fribourg and Geneva, (languages: English and French) (Switzerland) Accademia di Architettura di Mendrisio (Switzerland) Academie van Bouwkunst Tilburg (the Netherlands) United Kingdom All M.Arch courses listed below comply with RIBA and ARB accreditation, complying to RIBA's Part 2 stage before Part 3 and Architect registry. England University of Bath, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Bath, as MArch Birmingham City University, Birmingham School of Architecture, Birmingham, as MArch Arts University Bournemouth, Bournemouth, as MArch University of Brighton, Brighton, as MArch University of the West of England (UWE Bristol), Bristol, as MArch University of Cambridge, Department of Architecture, Cambridge as MPhil The University of Creative Arts, Canterbury School of Architecture, as MArch The University of Kent (Canterbury), Kent School of Architecture, as MArch The University of Huddersfield, School of Art, Design and Architecture. as M.Arch or M.Arch (Internationl) Leeds Beckett University, School of Arts, as MArch or Level 7 Architecture Apprenticeship. De Montfort University, The Leicester School of Architecture, Leicester, as MArch or Level 7 Architecture Apprenticeship. University of Lincoln, The Lincoln School of Architecture, Licoln, as MArch University of Liverpool, Liverpool School of Architecture, Liverpool, as MArch Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, as MArch Architectural Association School of Architecture, London, as Final Examination The London School of Architecture as MArch The University College of London, The Bartlett School of Architecture, as MArch The University of Arts, London, Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design, London, as MArch The University of East London, School of Architecture, Computing and Engineering, as March The University of Greenwich London, School of Architecture, Design and Construction, London, as MArch Kingston University London, Kingston School of Art, London, as MArch London Metropolitan University, Sir John Cass Faculty of Art, Architecture and Design, as MArch or Level 7 Architect Apprenticeship Royal College of Art, School of Architecture, as MA London South Bank University, Engineering, Science and the Built Environment, as MArch or Level 7 Architect Apprenticeship The University of Westminster, Department of Architecture, as M.Arch University of Manchester and Manchester Metropolitan University, The Manchester School of Architecture, as MArch or Level 7 Architect Apprenticeship The University of Newcastle upon Tyne, School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, Newcastle, as M.Arch Northumbria University, Architecture Department, School of the Built Environment, Newcastle upon Tyne, as MArch orLevel 7 Architect Apprenticeship The University of Nottingham, Architecture and Built Environment, Nottingham, as MArch Nottingham Trent University, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment. as M.Arch Oxford Brookes University, School of Architecture, Oxford, as M.ARchD University of Central Lancashire (UCLAN), (Preston) The Grenfell-Baines School of Architecture, Construction and Environment, as MArch RIBA Studio, as Diploma The University of Plymouth, Plymouth School of Architecture, Design and Environment, Plymouth, as M.Arch The University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth School of Architecture, Portsmouth, as MArch The University of Sheffield, Sheffield School of Architecture, Sheffield, as MArch Sheffield Hallam University, Department of Architecture and Planning, Sheffield, as M.Arch Northern Ireland The Queen's University Belfast as MArch The University of Ulster as MArch Scotland University of Dundee as MArch (with Honours) University of Edinburgh, The Edinburgh College of Art, MArch University of Strathclyde (Glasglow) as PgDip or MArch Glasgow School of Art, Mackintosh School of Architecture, as MArch Robert Gordon University, The Scott Sutherland School of Architecture & Built Environment, via BSc/MArch (Integrated Degree) or MArch Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design as MArch Wales Cardiff University, Welsh School of Architecture, via BSc/MArch (Integrated Degree) or MArch Schools and Universities in the Middle East Technion Department of Architecture (M.Arch. language: English) (Israel) Middle East Technical University Department of Architecture (M.Arch. language: English) (Turkey) Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University (B.Arch. and M.Arch. language: Turkish) (Turkey) King Saud University, college of architecture and planning ( Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) B.Arch main major: 1- Science of building 2- Urban design And there's master's degree and PHD Language: English, Arabic Rank (according to NAAB 2012) #1 architecture school in middle east See also Doctor of Architecture Bachelor of architecture National Council of Architectural Registration Boards References Architecture schools Master's degrees Universities and colleges in the United States Architectural education

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Sexton

John Sexton

John Edward Sexton (born September 29, 1942) is an American lawyer and academic. He presently is the Benjamin F. Butler Professor of Law at New York University, where he teaches at the law school and NYU's undergraduate colleges. Sexton actively writes, including books for both the academic and popular press. He also has created several non-profit educational organizations. Sexton served as the fifteenth President of NYU, from 2002 to 2015. During his time as President, NYU's stature rose dramatically into the rank of the world's top universities; and it became the world's first global network university. He was also one of the highest paid presidents of any American university. Sexton has been called a "transformational" figure in higher education and one of the United States' 10 best college presidents. From 1988 to 2002, he served as Dean of the NYU School of Law, during which time NYU became one of the top five law schools in the country according to U.S. News and World Report. In 2000, Kent D. Syverud, then-dean of the Vanderbilt University Law School, called John Sexton the most effective dean of his generation. From January 1, 2003 to January 1, 2007, Sexton was the Chairman of the Board of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York; in 2006, he served as chair of the Federal Reserve System's Council of Chairs. Since stepping down as NYU’s President, Sexton has continued to teach a full schedule and write. He also has worked to expand access to education for underrepresented groups and refugees – the two most notable of these are the Catalyst Foundation for Universal Education, created with former British Prime Minister Gordon Brown to advance opportunities for refugees worldwide, and the University of the People, an accredited tuition free university providing college and graduate degrees to over 65,000 students in 200 countries where he has served as volunteer Chair for 12 years. Education and early career Sexton graduated from Brooklyn Prep, a Jesuit high school, in 1959. He holds a B.A. in history (1963), an M.A. in comparative religion (1965), and a Ph.D. in history of American religion (1978) from Fordham University, as well as a J.D. (1979) magna cum laude from Harvard Law School, where he was Supreme Court Editor of the Harvard Law Review. From 1966 to 1975, he taught religion at St. Francis College in Brooklyn, New York, where he was chair of the Religion Department. In 1977, he incorporated the John Sexton Test Preparation Center in the New York City area, which offered test preparation services for exams such as the GMAT and LSAT. According to a government report, it served 6,500 students and had revenue of over $650,000 in 1979. From 1961 to 1975, Sexton coached the debate team at St. Brendan's High School, a Catholic girls' school in Brooklyn, New York, leading the team to five national championships and numerous invitational titles. He was named to the National Forensic League Hall of Fame in 2003. In 2005, the Barkley Forum at Emory University presented him with a Golden Anniversary Coaching Award recognizing him as a top high school debate coach of the past 50 years. Still an avid proponent of interscholastic debate, he is chairman of the board of Associated Leaders of Urban Debate (ALOUD), which seeks to bring debate activities to underserved communities in America's urban areas. After graduating from Harvard Law School, he clerked for judges Harold Leventhal and David L. Bazelon of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in 1979-80, and he clerked for Chief Justice of the United States Warren E. Burger in 1980-81. Career at New York University School of Law Faculty member Sexton joined the faculty of the New York University School of Law in 1981, teaching first year law students Civil Procedure (the rules of courts); he was given tenure in 1983. Sexton has written several books and many articles, including Redefining the Supreme Court's Role: A Theory of Managing the Federal Judicial Process (with Samuel Estreicher (Yale University Press, 1986), and the 141-page A Managerial Theory of the Supreme Court's Responsibilities: An Empirical Study published in the NYU Law Review (with Samuel Estreicher) in October 1984. This book and study were the centerpiece of a national debate over the creation of a new intermediate court to fit between the Supreme Court of the United States and the state supreme courts and the United States courts of appeals. Sexton continues to co-edit Civil Procedure: Cases and Materials, now in its twelfth edition (along with John Cound, Jack Friedenthal, Helen Hershkoff, and Arthur R. Miller), a widely used textbook on civil procedure. Dean of the New York University School of Law In 1988, Sexton was named dean of the New York University School of Law, succeeding Norman Redlich. During his deanship, NYU's School of Law rose to number four in the U.S. News & World Report rankings of law schools; an emphasis on faculty recruitment reduced the student faculty ratio from 19:1 to 12:1; the Hauser Global Law School Program was established; the school became among the most selective in the U.S. (average LSAT scores rose from the 94th to the 97th percentile; average GPAs rose from 3.54 to 3.66); and in 1998 the school completed the then-largest fundraising campaign in the history of legal education ($185 million). After he stepped down as dean, the law school named a professorship after him, the John E. Sexton Professor of Law, held presently by Richard B. Stewart, as well as named a lounge after him at Furman Hall, the John Sexton Student Forum. President of New York University Sexton was named the 15th president of New York University by NYU's Board of Trustees on May 8, 2001, about two months after then-President L. Jay Oliva announced that he was stepping down. "I am a very fortunate man," Sexton told the New York Daily News in an article published the next day. He assumed the post of president on May 17, 2002, one day after the 2002 All-University Commencement, and his official installation occurred on September 26, 2002. In 2009, NYU's Board of Trustees asked him to stay on as president until 2016, and Sexton accepted. In addition to his duties as NYU President, Sexton has taught a full faculty schedule — at least four courses — every year since 1981 without sabbatical. He teaches both law students and undergraduates across NYU's Global Network in New York and Abu Dhabi and has taught classes in Shanghai. A book based on one of the courses, Baseball as a Road to God, was published in 2013 (which he discussed at length in a conversation on Bill Moyers Journal). He also taught a year-long course on the American Constitution, religion, and government for the Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan Scholars Program (outstanding undergraduate students in United Arab Emirates' institutions of higher learning who are selected for special academic and leadership opportunities). During his presidency, NYU was named the "number one dream school" four times by The Princeton Review. In 2014, NYU received a record number of prospective applicants for freshman admission for the seventh straight year in a row. As president, Sexton wrote a number of "Reflections" on the nature of higher education and challenges facing universities. He has also discussed the nature of the university extensively on The Open Mind (TV series). He appeared as a guest on The Colbert Report on December 6, 2006; during his time in the studio, he gave Stephen Colbert a hug. He appeared again on The Colbert Report on March 7, 2013 to promote his book Baseball as a Road to God. In May 2010, Sexton was profiled by Bloomberg Businessweek in an article that focused on his priorities for New York University. In its 25th anniversary issue in June 2010, Crains New York Business named Sexton one of its 25 People to Watch. In July 2010, he appeared on Charlie Rose (talk show) to discuss the global network university, NYU's Abu Dhabi campus, and the state of public discourse, among other topics. During Sexton's presidency: Applications for freshman admission more than doubled, from 29,000 to over 60,000. Average SATs increased from 1300 to 1340. The number of freshmen with 1500 or greater SAT scores doubled. NYU became the #1 US university searched for by international students through the College Board's website in 2012. The percentage of underrepresented minorities among students increased from 11% to 19%. The percentage of Pell eligible students increased from 19% to 23% -- higher than most other top private universities. Tenured and tenure-track professorships in the arts and science grew by 20% Scholars who have been faculty members at NYU since 2000 have been awarded five Nobels, three Abels, and National Medals of Science, Technology, and the Arts, among many other honors. The number of faculty in the National Academy of Sciences increased from 18 to 31. Two NYU students (one from NYU Abu Dhabi) were awarded Rhodes Scholarships (the first in a generation); two others were awarded Rhodes Trust Falcon Scholarships. NYU was routinely in the top five of the Princeton Review's "Dream School" ranking, including four years at #1. In addition, NYU rose in US News & World Report rankings, the Times Higher Education rankings, the Financial Times ranking, and the Business Week ranking. Thompson-Reuters found that NYU—along with King's College London—enjoyed the greatest increase in reputational standing between 2010 and 2014 among the leading universities it studied in its survey. NYU opened two successful comprehensive, degree-granting liberal arts campuses—in Shanghai and in Abu Dhabi—and came to have Study Away sites on six continents. The number of students studying abroad approximately doubled. The Institute of International Education routinely noted that NYU sent more students to study abroad than any other US college or university. And in November 2014, the IIE reported that NYU, for the first time, hosted more international students than any other US university. The financial aid budget more than doubled, with the average grant size increasing from 34% of tuition to 55% of tuition. In 2013, NYU undertook a $1 billion fundraising campaign to improve financial aid. Fundraising totaled $4.9 billion from Fiscal Year 2003 to the end of Fiscal Year 2014. The Campaign for NYU, which ended in 2008, raised over $3 billion, the largest sum then raised in a campaign by a U.S. institution of higher learning. NYU's endowment increased from $1.14 billion in 2002 to $3.49 billion in 2014. NYU was selected as one of the winners of Mayor Bloomberg Applied Sciences NYU initiative with the creation of the Center for Urban Science and Progress in Brooklyn. NYU heavily invested in student wellness and student services, and the University received more Excellence Awards from the National Association of Student Personnel Administrators than any other college or university. Engineering was restored as an academic discipline at NYU for the first time in 40 years following the merger with the former Polytechnic University. NYU built its first new dedicated science building in 30 years. With the construction of a state-of-the-art co-generation plant to provide electricity, heating, and cooling to many campus buildings, NYU reduced its carbon footprint by 30%. In addition, other sustainability efforts led to a reduction in electrical usage of over 30% since 2006. Developed first time long-term strategic space plan for physical growth and secured necessary city approvals. Expansion of the Arts and Science faculty In 2004, Sexton announced a program – the Partners Plan - to expand tenured and tenure-track faculty in the arts and sciences by 20 percent, the largest such expansion in the University's history. As of fall 2009, faculty hires under the Partners Plan included totaled 245, including 124 hires to replace departing faculty and 121 new hires to expand the arts and science faculty. Fundraising campaign In 2008, NYU successfully finished what was then the largest completed fundraising campaign in higher education. The Campaign for NYU, with a stated goal of raising $2.5 billion, ultimately raised over $3 billion. In 2009, NYU's fundraising continued to exceed $1 million per day in spite of the economic crisis. The Global Network University In October 2007, NYU announced the creation of New York University Abu Dhabi, the first such campus to be operated abroad by a major research university. The school, which the university is referring to as the "world's honors college," is recruiting top students and faculty from around the world, and began classes in the fall of 2010. NYU Abu Dhabi is led by Vice Chancellor Al Bloom, who took on the post in 2009 after 18 years as president of Swarthmore College. NYU Abu Dhabi recruited an outstandingly strong first freshman class, which was notable for its selectivity (189 students were accepted out of 9,048 applicants worldwide (an acceptance rate of 2.1 percent), with a 79.4 percent yield), its geographic diversity (the class of 150 students will include students from 39 countries on six continents), and the academic qualifications of its students (at the classes' 75th percentile, the SAT critical reading score was 770 (ranking it fifth among US universities) and the math score was 780 (ranking it sixth); the median SAT score (on the 1600 scale) was 1470). The recruitment of the class was reported on in an article in The New York Times on June 21, 2010. Newsweek magazine carried a Q+A with Sexton about the Abu Dhabi campus in August 2008. In August 2009, Sexton discussed the emergence of NYU as a Global Network University in an interview on National Public Radio's Weekend Edition – Sunday with David Greene, as well as in two articles in Abu Dhabi's English-language newspaper, The National (Abu Dhabi). During Sexton's presidency, the percentage of NYU students studying abroad has increased to over 40 percent, and the Institute of International Education recognized NYU as sending more students abroad than any other US university. The number of Study Abroad sites doubled, including the first sites in Asia and Africa. In fall 2009, NYU opened its latest site in Tel Aviv. In addition to its portal campus in Abu Dhabi, NYU currently operated ten Global sites on five continents. In addition to its global sites, individual NYU schools and programs operate some two dozen international programs, including NYU's Tisch School of the Arts' TischAsia in Singapore. The Stern School of Business implemented global components in its undergraduate curriculum. The NYU School of Law established an LL.M. joint degree program with the National University of Singapore. Sexton discussed the idea of the Global Network University at length in late 2009 with Richard Heffner on The Open Mind (TV series). "The New Global University" was a topic of the British Council's Going Global conference in March 2010, at which Sexton was invited to speak. At the events marking the announcement of Gordon Brown as NYU's first Global Distinguished Leader in Residence in December 2010, he discussed the Global Network University concept at length. In March 2011, NAFSA: Association of International Educators recognized NYU with its Senator Paul Simon Award for Campus Internationalization, and Fast Company (magazine) named NYU #1 on its list of education innovators, citing the opening of NYU Abu Dhabi. On March 28, 2011, the University announced the creation of New York University Shanghai, a research university with a liberal arts and science college in China's financial capital, the first American university with independent legal status approved by the Chinese Ministry of Education, and the result of a partnership between NYU and Shanghai. In April 2011, at the U.S. State Department's US-China Consultation on People-to-People Exchange, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton cited NYU's announcement about the opening of NYU Shanghai, and praised John Sexton's work on the project. On July 11, 2011, in response to the detention of law-abiding democracy advocates by the government of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Sexton's suggestion that such detention was appropriate to the UAE's "security concerns," Human Rights Watch asked Sexton to publicly retract his statements on the matter. He did not respond to this request. Undergraduate programs Both Sexton's own transition reports and the Middle States Accreditation Report cited the need to enhance the experience of NYU undergraduates. Since Sexton's appointment, NYU put in place the award-winning 24/7 Wellness Exchange, specialized programming in student dorms, and novel resources to assist students. In addition, NYU's Student Health Center has been a pioneer in depression screening among college students. Framework 2031 and NYU 2031 expansion plan In 2002, Sexton's transition teams identified the need for improved and better coordinated planning. In June 2008, the NYU published Framework 2031, which reviewed and addressed the key issues, concerns, and opportunities the University would confront over the two-plus decades leading to its bicentennial. Increases in the size of the student body and program development that began to accelerate in the 1990s sparked resistance in the Greenwich Village neighborhood, as community members opposed NYU's expansion projects. In 2007, NYU began a space planning process with intensive community involvement to provide a roadmap for aligning the University's academic needs and its growth through 2031; the process included a number of open houses to provide for community input. In April 2010, the University announced NYU 2031: NYU in NYC, a long-term, citywide strategic framework for how and where NYU should develop space for its academic mission. The strategy envisioned the addition of as much as of space over more than two decades, but recognized that all of NYU's space needs could not be accommodated within its neighborhood; therefore NYU 2031: NYU in NYC called for fully half of the growth to be spread over three locations outside Greenwich Village—along Manhattan's Eastside health corridor, in Downtown Brooklyn, and on Governors Island—and half in or near its core. In March 2011, NYU announced updates to its plans to expand over the coming two decades, and in particular its proposal for the two "superblocks" near its campus core. Following editorial support by several New York City newspapers, including the New York Times, The New York Daily News The New York Post, Crain's New York Business and the New York Observer, and the approval of the New York City Planning Commission, the New York City Council overwhelmingly voted approval (44-1 in favor) of the NYU 2031 proposals in July 2012. Leadership positions Sexton has held a number of leadership positions in major higher education organizations. While Dean of the NYU School of Law, Sexton served as president of the Association of American Law Schools. In 2009, Sexton served as chair of the Commission on Independent Colleges and Universities, vice-chair and chair-designate of the American Council on Education, and chair of the New York Academy of Sciences. He is also a member of the board of the Association of American Universities, a member of the board of the National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities, and a member of the board of the Institute of International Education. In 2008-09, Sexton co-chaired (with Rick Trainor, the principal of King's College London) the US-UK Study Group on Higher Education in a Global Environment, a working group of university presidents constituted by British Prime Minister Gordon Brown. In August 2008, Sexton was cited in Newsweek magazine in a piece called "The Campus of the Future". In October 2009, Sexton was suggested as a recipient of a prize for leadership on the Washingtonpost.com site by Paul R. Portney, dean of the Eller College of Management at the University of Arizona. In November 2009, Time (magazine) named Sexton one of the 10 Best College Presidents. In March 2010, Sexton was named Chair of the American Council on Education In December 2010, Sexton was cited in the On Leadership section of The Washington Post for his efforts as president of NYU. In 2011, Sexton led a blue ribbon panel assembled by the American Council on Education that issued a report on the competitiveness of U.S. universities and the global higher education environment. Sexton was interviewed by sociologist Jonathan VanAntwerpen for chapter four of the book Shakespeare, Einstein, and the Bottom Line: The Marketing of Higher Education (David L. Kirp et al.). He was also interviewed by Stephen Nelson about universities and their place in public dialogue for the book Leaders in the Labyrinth. He has also discussed issues relating to the academy several times on The Open Mind (talk show). Sexton currently serves as the Chair Council of Presidents for the University of the People. His experience has helped build the frameworks in establishing the world's first non-profit, tuition-free, online academic institution that seeks to revolutionize higher education by making college-level studies accessible to students worldwide. Grad student labor dispute, and an agreement on a graduate student union In recent years, there has been controversy at NYU over the issue of collective bargaining and union representation for graduate teaching assistants (TAs) as well as research assistants (RAs). In 2001, NYU signed the first and only collective bargaining agreement for TAs at a private university. In July 2004 in a case involving Brown University, the National Labor Relations Board reversed its 2000 ruling involving NYU and determined that graduate students are not workers. In the spring and summer of 2005, there were discussions between NYU and the United Auto Workers (which represented the TAs) to try to come to terms on a new contract. Ultimately, this proved unsuccessful, and NYU decided not to negotiate a second contract with the Graduate Student Organizing Committee, sparking a strike among graduate assistants in late 2005 and criticism of Sexton. GSOC called off the strike in 2006. In 2009, NYU's Graduate School of Arts & Science – home to most of the NYU's fully funded graduate students — modified its financial aid packages for graduate students to eliminate assistantship duties; thereafter, graduate students who wished to teach could do so (with additional compensation beyond their graduate study stipends) as adjunct faculty, who are unionized at NYU. In November 2013, NYU and the UAW announced a joint agreement to recognize a graduate student union; in March 2015, the two sides reached agreement on a contract. Free speech dispute During Sexton's presidency, NYU also became involved in a disagreement with the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (FIRE). FIRE claimed that NYU wrongly (but constitutionally, since NYU is a private school) suppressed the display of Mohammad cartoons in April 2006, which were planned to accompany an event sponsored by an NYU student organization, the Objectivist Club. The student organizers had been given a choice by the University: the cartoons could be displayed, in which case the event would have to be an NYU-only event, open to the 60,000 member NYU community; or the Club could choose not to display the cartoons, in which case the event could be open to the general public as well. The Objectivist Club chose the latter format. In a letter, Sexton challenged FIRE claims. Position on academic freedom and rights of political expression In both the NYU Abu Dhabi and NYU Shanghai campuses, NYU, under Sexton, has insisted on having full discretion over academic matters and that the principles of academic freedom prevail. Regarding NYU's establishment of campuses in countries where strong restrictions exist on free public expression, Sexton has suggested that academic freedom and the right to political expression are easily distinguishable from one another: "I have no trouble distinguishing between rights of academic freedom and rights of political expression," he said. "These are two different things." Approval of NYU's 2031 expansion plan, and opposition from faculty and community Following editorial support by several New York City newspapers, including the New York Times, The New York Daily News The New York Post, Crain's New York Business and the New York Observer, and the approval of the New York City Planning Commission, the New York City Council overwhelmingly voted approval (44-1 in favor) of the NYU 2031 proposals in July 2012. Some members of the faculty claimed that the administration of New York University, in seeking approvals for the NYU 2031 plan, would create a development project that would remove large tracts of open space from Greenwich Village and create a construction zone on and off for years to come. Out of 170 academic departments in the University, 37 passed resolutions against the NYU 2031 plan, including a majority of the departments in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences; in response, Sexton indicated in a University Senate meeting in spring 2012 that he would establish a presidential working group, composed largely of faculty selected by the Faculty Senators Council and the schools and chaired by the head of the Faculty Senators Council, to review space and development issues. That group, the University Space Priorities Working Group, began its work in fall 2012. It completed its work in March 2014. In its final report, the group found that NYU did indeed have a pressing need for additional academic space, determined that the University's plans for a new facility were within it financial means, and recommended that the University with a new facility on the site of the Coles Sports and Recreation Center. A faculty organization called "Faculty Against the Sexton Plan" was formed to fight the administration's plans. The plan, which had prompted contentious public meetings within the Greenwich Village community during the approvals process, was, as noted above, ultimately approved by the New York City Council by a vote 44-1. That group was one of a number of plaintiffs in a lawsuit against the University over the plan; in October 2014, the Appellate Division of the New York State Supreme Court ruled for NYU and the City and against the plaintiffs. Vote of no confidence, and votes of support On March 15, 2013, Sexton lost a vote of no confidence among NYU Faculty of Arts and Sciences, by a vote of 52% to 39% with 8% abstaining; with a total of 83% voter participation. Subsequently, faculty of the Gallatin School, the Steinhardt School, and the Tisch School also passed votes of no confidence. However, the NYU Board of Trustees reaffirmed their support for Sexton; moreover, the faculty of the NYU School of Law passed a faculty vote of confidence in Sexton by 59-2 (with 3 abstentions), the Faculty Council at the School of Medicine passed a resolution of support for Sexton by 28-9, and the School of Social Work voted down a motion of no confidence by 20-12 (with 9 abstentions). The University stated that he would retire as the university's president after his contract expired in 2016, after 14 years as president, 14 years as Law School dean, and seven years as a faculty member. Salary and compensation In the 2007-8 school year, the NY Post reports, Sexton received $1.3 million in executive compensation for his service as president of the university. His salary has increased since then to $1.5 million. Sexton will receive a length of service bonus of $2.5 million in 2015. He also will receive $800,000 annually in retirement. Writing As a faculty member at the NYU School of Law, Sexton co-edits the textbook Civil Procedure: Cases and Materials, used in law schools throughout the United States. In addition, he co-wrote the books Redefining the Supreme Court's Role: A Theory of Managing the Federal Judicial Process and How Free Are We?: What the Constitution Says We Can and Cannot Do. His most recent book is Standing For Reason: The University in a Dogmatic Age, which former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton called "an incisive analysis of the collapse of political discourse" provided by "one of the leading educators of our time." Prior to that, Sexton authored Baseball as a Road to God: Seeing Beyond the Game with Thomas Oliphant and Peter J. Schwartz, a New York Times bestselling non-fiction book published in 2013. The book is based on an NYU undergraduate course that Sexton teaches of the same name, which uses baseball as a vehicle to examine the formative material of religion. Awards and recognition Sexton is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and President of the New York Academy of Sciences. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. Sexton has received numerous commendations from NYU in recognition of his contributions to the university, including the 2015 Judge Edward Weinfeld Award (NYU School of Law's highest honor); the 2016 Eugene J. Keogh Award for Distinguished Public Service; and the 2019 Albert Gallatin Medal for Outstanding Contributions to Society (the university's highest honor). In addition, he was honored in 2016 as the recipient of the President’s Distinguished Leadership Award from the School of Law's Black, Latino, Asian Pacific American Law Alumni Association. In March 2015, Sexton was honored with the Theodore Hesburgh Award by the American Council on Education and the TIAA-CREF Institute. The award is given annually to a college or university president in recognition of outstanding leadership. In 2002, an endowed professorship – the John Edward Sexton Professorship of Law – was created in his honor at the NYU School of Law. Subsequently, the law school established student scholarships in his name and the university's Wagner Graduate School of Public Service established a fellowship program in honor of Sexton's late wife, Lisa Ellen Goldberg. NYU also established a university-wide professorship named in honor of Goldberg, held presently by Vice Chancellor Linda Mills. In 2003, the 60th anniversary edition of NYU's Annual Survey of American Law was dedicated to Sexton. In 2005, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Stephen A. Schwarzman. In July 2008, he was named a Chevalier de la Legion d'honneur. In addition to his degrees from Fordham University (Ph.D., M.A., and B.A.) and Harvard University (J.D.), Sexton holds honorary degrees from 21 institutions, including Brooklyn Law School, Drexel University, Felician University, Hamilton College, Iona College (New York), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, King's College London, Miami Dade College, Mount Aloysius College, Northeastern University, Saint Francis College, St. John's University (New York), Saint Joseph's College (New York), Union College, University of Rochester, University of Strathclyde, University of Surrey, University of Warwick, Wake Forest University, and Yeshiva University. Sexton was named the Brooklyn Prep "Alumnus of the Year" in 1995 and he was selected as the featured speaker Harvard Law School Forum Speaker in 2005. He is a fellow of the Foreign Policy Association based in New York City. John Sexton serves as a member of the Advisory Board of the Genesis Prize Foundation. Personal life Sexton's marriage to author Kathleen B. Jones, a student whom he met while a debate coach at St. Brendan's High School was annulled after five years. Jones described the marriage as a "storybook romance" between a "young debate coach" and an "even younger star debater" in her non-fiction book Living Between Danger and Love. He met Lisa E. Goldberg, who became his wife in 1976, while they were both students at Harvard Law School. Ms. Goldberg, who became president of the Charles H. Revson Foundation, died suddenly of a brain aneurysm on January 21, 2007 at age 54. He eulogized her at a memorial service in February 2007. Sexton's older child, Jed, is a Harvard graduate, an actor, and math teacher; in 2021, he entered law school. He is married to Danielle DeCrette, a former administrative employee at NYU Law. They have three daughters: Julia, Ava, and Natalie. Sexton's younger child is Katherine Lodgen Sexton, a graduate of Yale and the NYU School of Law. She is married to Matt Koons; they have one child, Ellis. Thomas Oliphant's New York Times Bestseller Praying for Gil Hodges briefly mentions that Sexton grew up as a Brooklyn Dodgers fan. In fact, Sexton is such a well-known baseball fan that he was an early participant in Rotissere (or Fantasy) Baseball, as a member of the Eddie Gaedel Baseball League. Sexton was one of a number of celebrities who reminisced about their baseball memories on the HBO special Brooklyn Dodgers - Ghosts of Flatbush. In July 2009, Sexton threw out the first pitch at a Washington Nationals Game. His favorite baseball announcer is Vin Scully. He teaches "Baseball as a Road To God" at NYU and in 2013 wrote a book of the same name. He is a Roman Catholic. Sexton is a fan of Gregorian chants. Over the years, Sexton has been the subject of several public profiles in prominent media venues. In September 2009, he was featured in The New York Times' Sunday Routines section. In March 2010, he was interviewed by Bill Moyers on the PBS Public Broadcasting Service show Bill Moyers Journal. In May 2010, he was the subject of a NY1 profile on One on 1 with Budd Mishkin. In Sept. 2013, he was the subject of a profile in The New Yorker. References External links 1942 births Federal Reserve System Fordham University alumni Harvard Law School alumni Law school deans Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States Living people Presidents of New York University Deans of New York University School of Law St. Francis College people 20th-century American writers 21st-century American writers Scholars of civil procedure law Brooklyn Preparatory School alumni Charles H. Revson Foundation University of the People people

1046366

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education%20in%20Seattle

Education in Seattle

Education in Seattle is an important part of many Seattleites' lives, particularly due to the high concentration of technology, engineering, and other jobs that require advanced degrees. Of the city's population over the age of 25, 53.8 percent (vs. a national average of 27.4 percent) hold a bachelor's degree or higher; 91.9 percent (vs. 84.5 percent nationally) have a high school diploma or equivalent. In fact, the United States Census Bureau surveys indicate that Seattle has one of the highest rates of college graduates among major U.S. cities. In addition to the obvious institutions of education, there are significant adult literacy programs and considerable homeschooling. Seattle is also the most literate city in the United States, based on a study done by Central Connecticut State University. Colleges and universities Seattle is home to one of the nation's most respected public universities, the University of Washington. With over 40,000 under-graduates and post-graduates, UW is the largest school in the Pacific Northwest and many of its departments are ranked in the top 10 for research universities in the United States according to the Chronicle of Higher Learning. A study by Newsweek International in 2006 cited UW as the twenty-second best university in the world. Additionally, the University of Washington was ranked 16th internationally by the Academic Ranking of World Universities in 2008. The city's other prominent universities are Seattle University, a Jesuit university, and Seattle Pacific University, a Free Methodist university. There are also a handful of smaller schools, such as the City University of Seattle, a private university. Antioch University Seattle provide undergraduate and graduate degrees for working adults. Cornish College of the Arts, The Art Institute of Seattle, Gage Academy of Art and the School of Visual Concepts offer bachelor's degrees in the fine arts as dance, music, and theatre. Seattle also has three colleges within the Seattle Colleges District system, comprising North, Central, and South. Time magazine chose Seattle Central College for best college of the year in 2001, stating the school "pushes diverse students to work together in small teams". Since 2013, Northeastern University has a satellite graduate campus in the South Lake Union neighborhood. Primary and secondary education Seattle Public Schools desegregated without a court order but continue to struggle to achieve racial balance in a somewhat ethnically divided city (the south part of town having more ethnic minorities than the north). In 2006, a challenge to Seattle's racial tie-breaking system made it to the United States Supreme Court. Where the Supreme Court decided that race was not a legal criterion for desegregation, but left the door open for desegregation formulas based on other indicators (e.g., income or socio-economic class). And in 2002, West Seattle's West Seattle High School made headlines in the midst of protests of the school's "Indian" mascot. Despite bitter battles between SPS and Alumni Association President and Attorney Robert Zoffel, the school would later change its mascot to the "Wildcats". Public Schools Most public schools in Seattle are part of the Seattle School District, but a few in the southern portion of the city are part of the Renton School District. Seattle Public Schools: High Schools Seattle Public Schools: K-12 Seattle Public Schools: Middle Schools Seattle Public Schools: K-8 Seattle Public School: Elementary Schools Private Secondary Schools The public school system is supplemented by a moderate number of private schools: five of the high schools are Catholic, one is Lutheran, and seven are secular. Bishop Blanchet High School Holy Names Academy O'Dea High School Seattle Preparatory School Seattle Lutheran High School The Bush School Lakeside School Seattle Waldorf School Northwest School Seattle Academy of Arts and Sciences University Prep Dartmoor School Puget Sound Community School Weekend education The Seattle Japanese School, a Japanese weekend supplementary school, holds its classes in nearby Bellevue. References Archives Seattle Education Association records. 1958-1985 2.00 cubic feet. At the University of Washington Libraries Special Collections. Seattle Teachers' Association records. 1958-1969. 16 boxes. At the University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.

1056193

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy%20Williams

Wendy Williams

Wendy Joan Hunter (née Williams; born July 18, 1964) is an American broadcaster, media personality, businesswoman, writer, comedian, and actress. From 2008 to 2022, she hosted the nationally syndicated television talk show The Wendy Williams Show. Prior to television, Williams was a radio DJ and host and quickly became known in New York as a shock jockette. She gained notoriety for her on-air spats with celebrities and was the subject of the 2006 VH1 reality television series The Wendy Williams Experience, which broadcast events surrounding her radio show. Williams' other endeavors include authoring several books, appearances in various films and television shows, touring her comedy show, and her own product lines, including a fashion line, a jewelry collection and a wig line. Williams was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame in 2009. On her 50th birthday, the council of Asbury Park, New Jersey renamed the street on which she grew up Wendy Williams Way. Early life Wendy Joan Williams was born on July 18, 1964, in Asbury Park, New Jersey. She is the second of three children born to Shirley (née Skinner), a special education teacher, and Thomas Dwayne Williams, an English teacher and school principal. The couple had a combined three master's degrees and traveled around the world, often buying pieces to decorate their home. In 1970, the family moved to the upper middle class suburban community of Wayside in Ocean Township, New Jersey. As a child, doctors recommended Williams be medicated to control her hyperactivity. She was a Brownie in the Girl Scouts and volunteered as a candy striper. Williams graduated from Ocean Township High School in 1982 where she was an outcast and one of the few African Americans. A poor student, Williams placed 360th in the class of 363. She has said that growing up she did not listen to hip hop music and instead listened to rock bands like AC/DC, which were popular with her classmates. Williams attended Northeastern University in Boston with the intent of becoming a television anchor. Less than a month after starting, she switched from television communications to radio because she could advance her career faster—a move of which her parents disapproved. Williams graduated in 1986 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in communication and, to appease her parents, a minor in journalism. She was a disc jockey for the college radio station, WRBB, where rapper LL Cool J was her first celebrity interviewee. As an intern for Matt Siegel at contemporary hit radio station WXKS-FM, Williams recapped the soap operas Dallas and Dynasty on air. Career 1986–2009: Radio Two weeks after graduating, Williams began her career as a disc jockey working for the small, calypso and reggae-oriented WVIS in Frederiksted, U.S. Virgin Islands, but disliked the role because she did not learn as much about radio from her colleagues as she expected. Due to low pay and isolation from her family, Williams began sending resumes and demo tapes of herself to other radio stations. She left WVIS after eight months and obtained a position at Washington, D.C.'s WOL, but found its oldies radio format incompatible with her personality. Williams continued sending tapes to other stations and was hired by New York City's WQHT in November 1987 to fill-in on weekends. After the urban contemporary station hired her full-time to work overnight shifts, she left WOL. Williams was fired from WQHT after two years and briefly worked overnight shifts at contemporary hit radio station WPLJ before being hired by urban contemporary WRKS. Initially working as a fill-in, WRKS gave Williams a non-compete clause and permanent morning position in May 1990 after WBLS began poaching its employees. She soon became a radio personality, gossiping about rappers and celebrities. As her popularity grew, Williams was moved to the coveted evening drive time slot in April 1991. By 1993, she was the highest-rated host in her time slot in the New York City market and received a Billboard Radio Award for R&B Major Market Radio Air Personality of the Year. Williams co-hosted American Urban Radio Networks' USA Music Magazine program in 1994, and moved backed to mornings in October that year. In December 1994, Emmis Broadcasting purchased WRKS and switched Williams to the company's other New York property, hip-hop formatted WQHT ("Hot 97"), as WRKS was reformatted into an urban adult contemporary outlet. She was fired from Hot 97 in 1998. Williams was hired by a Philadelphia urban station, WUSL ("Power 99FM"). Her husband, Kevin Hunter, became her agent. She was very open about her personal life on air, discussing her miscarriages, breast enhancement surgery, and former drug addiction. She helped the station move from 14th place in the ratings to 2nd. In 2001, Williams returned to the New York airwaves when WBLS hired her full-time for a syndicated 2–6 p.m. time slot. Williams' friend, MC Spice of Boston, offered his voiceover services to the show, often adding short rap verses tailored specifically for Williams' show. The New York Times stated that her "show works best when its elements – confessional paired with snarkiness – are conflated". By 2008, she was syndicated in Redondo Beach, California; Shreveport, Louisiana; Wilmington, Delaware; Toledo, Ohio; Columbia, South Carolina; Emporia, Virginia; Lake Charles, Louisiana; Tyler, Texas; and Alexandria, Louisiana, among other markets. Williams left her radio show in 2009 to focus on her television program and spend more time with her family. She was also inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame. 2008–present: Television In 2008, Debmar-Mercury offered Williams a six-week television trial of her own talk show. A syndicated daytime talk show hosted by Williams titled Wendy's World was poised to debut in fall 1997, but never aired. On July 14, 2008, Williams debuted her daytime talk show, The Wendy Williams Show, in four cities during the summer of 2008. During the tryout, The New York Times remarked that the show created a "breakthrough in daytime" by introducing the genre of the "backtalk show.". After a successful run, Fox signed a deal with Debmar-Mercury to broadcast the show nationally on their stations beginning in July 2009. In addition, BET picked up cable rights to broadcast the show at night. In 2010, BET started airing the show internationally in 54 countries through BET International. The show attracts 2.4 million daily viewers on average, with Williams trading off daily with Ellen DeGeneres as the number one female host on daytime television. Williams hosted a game show for GSN called Love Triangle (2011) for which she and her husband Kevin Hunter served as executive producers. Williams played a judge on the Lifetime network show Drop Dead Diva (2011) and served as a guest judge on The Face (2013). She was also a contestant, paired with pro Tony Dovolani on season 12 of Dancing with the Stars (2011); she was eliminated second. Williams appeared in the film adaptation of Steve Harvey's book, Act Like a Lady, Think Like a Man, titled Think Like a Man (2012), and its sequel, Think Like a Man Too (2014). In 2012, it was announced Williams would enter into a "production alliance" with producers Suzanne de Passe and Madison Jones to create movies and television shows aimed at multicultural audiences. These projects will appear under the heading "Wendy Williams presents" and their first project will be VH1 adaptation of a Star Jones novel. In February 2013, it was announced that Williams and her husband and manager, Kevin, were launching a reality television production company, Wendy Williams Productions. that will produce unscripted content, including reality television and game shows. Williams was an executive producer on the show Celebrities Undercover (2014). Williams also executive produced a biopic for Lifetime, Aaliyah: The Princess of R&B, which premiered on November 15, 2014. The film attracted controversy due to its depiction of Aaliyah's relationship with R. Kelly and received predominantly negative reviews from critics. In September 2015, the documentary series Death By Gossip with Wendy Williams premiered on the Investigation Discovery channel, both hosted and produced by Williams. In 2013, Williams was cast to play the role of Matron "Mama" Morton on the Broadway musical Chicago. She began her tenure on July 2 and finished her seven-week run on August 11, 2013. Her preparations for the musical were documented in the TV Guide docuseries Wendy Williams: How You Doin', Broadway?!, which was produced by her own production company, Wendy Williams Productions. Williams had not missed an episode of her talk show until February 2018, when she took one week off; however, on February 21, 2018, Williams announced that her show would be on three weeks' hiatus due to her complications with Graves' disease and hyperthyroidism. In January 2019, a statement from the Williams Hunter family revealed that Williams had been hospitalized due to complications from Graves' disease and that her return to the show would be delayed indefinitely as a result. Guest hosts such as Nick Cannon filled in for Wendy during her absence; she returned on March 4, 2019. In early March 2020, the show discontinued its live audience for two tapings due to the coronavirus pandemic; Williams's staff filled in the seats. Shortly thereafter, production on the show was halted. The show reemerged as The Wendy Williams Show @ Home, broadcast through video chat from Williams's apartment, and continuing through May 15, when production was halted again due to a flare in Williams's Graves disease. In July 2020, Williams announced that her show would be returning to live broadcasting in-studio on September 21, 2020. In 2020, Williams competed on the fourth season of The Masked Singer as "Lips" where she was mostly sitting due to the weight of the costume. She performed the song "Native New Yorker" by Odyssey and was the first member of Group C to be eliminated and unmasked after her first appearance. Williams signed a deal with the US network Lifetime for a documentary, Wendy Williams: What a Mess! and a TV movie, Wendy Williams: The Movie based on her life. Other ventures Authorship Williams is the author of three nonfiction books. She released an autobiography co-written with New York Daily News journalist Karen Hunter in August 2003 titled Wendy's Got the Heat. It focuses on her life, including childhood troubles, drug addiction, and marriages. Published by Atria, it debuted at number nine on The New York Times Best Seller list for nonfiction. The autobiography was reprinted in paperback in August 2004, a month before the debut of Williams' second book, The Wendy Williams Experience, which contains celebrity gossip and interviews. In May 2013, Williams released an advice book, Ask Wendy. Over the years, Williams wrote columns for Honey and Life & Style magazines. Williams has also written several fiction books, including a trilogy about the life and career of radio shock jock Ritz Harper. She co-authored the first two novels, Drama Is Her Middle Name (2006) and Is the Bitch Dead, or What? (2007), with Hunter. Zondra Hughes co-wrote the third installment Ritz Harper Goes to Hollywood! (2009). Media outlets considered Ritz Harper similar to Williams. In 2014, Williams released a romance novel, Hold Me in Contempt. She said it was co-authored with an English professor ghostwriter. Music and comedy Williams interviewed Blu Cantrell in 2003; the conversation was released as a DVD on the singer's album Bittersweet. Williams and Virgin Records released a compilation album, Wendy Williams Brings the Heat: Volume 1, in June 2005 featuring various rap acts, including M.O.P., Jadakiss, and Young Jeezy. It sold 29,000 copies by November of that year according to Nielsen SoundScan. In 2014, Lipshtick called Williams to participate in their first all-female-based comedy series at the Venetian in Las Vegas. Williams made her sold-out comedy debut on July 11, 2014. Williams' comedy tour was called "The Sit-down Comedy Tour." Williams returned to Lipshtick on October 31, 2014, and November 1, 2014, after she made a sold-out debut in July. Williams hosted her "How You Laughin'" Comedy Series at NJPAC on November 15, 2014, featuring Luenell, Jonathan Martin, Pat Brown, Hadiyah Robinson, and Meme Simpson. In 2015, Williams announced a 12-city comedy tour called "The Wendy Williams Sit Down Tour: Too Real For Stand-Up." Products and endorsements While working for WRKS, Williams was a spokesperson for a hip-hop clothing brand. In 2006, she became a spokesperson for George Veselles champagne and Alizé liquers. Williams posed for PETA's "I'd Rather Go Naked Than Wear Fur" campaign in 2012. She debuted a jewelry and shoe line the same year on shopping channel QVC called "Adorn". The shoe manufacturer's lawyer alleged she never paid the production cost. In 2013, Williams released a wig collection to online retailers. She sold a self-titled clothing line in 2015 on shopping channel HSN and continued the partnership the following year by releasing shoe and winter clothing collections. In the media Public image Williams has had breast implants since 1994 and has had liposuction and other cosmetic procedures. She wears wigs because she has stated that her natural hair is thin due to medical conditions. She often refers to herself as a "wiggy" and has names for her wigs, changing length, texture, and color daily to match her on-air outfits and the changing seasons of the year. Recognition Williams was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame in 2009. She was honoured with the 2,677th Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, in the Category of Television, on October 17, 2019, in Los Angeles. On her 50th birthday, the council of Asbury Park, New Jersey renamed the street on which she grew up Wendy Williams Way. In 2021, Williams signed a deal with the US network Lifetime for a documentary, Wendy Williams: What a Mess! and a TV movie, Wendy Williams: The Movie based on her life. A wax figure of Williams is located at Madame Tussauds New York. Philanthropy In 2005, Williams funded a $1,000 scholarship for a Black female high school student who sought to major in communications at college. Williams and her then-husband created The Hunter Foundation in 2014, a non-profit organization that funded anti-poverty programs and provided resources to people as they transitioned from drug addiction to recovery. The foundation closed in May 2019 amid Williams's divorce from her husband. In September of that year, Williams became an ambassador and honorary board member of the Lymphatic Education & Research Network. Controversies and feuds Williams has repeatedly feuded with celebrities and faced criticism for her comments. She has been mailed bullets and dead fish. Media outlets have described Williams' 2003 interview with Whitney Houston as her most infamous. After Williams asked Houston about her marriage and breast implants, they began a shouting match and Houston said she would have fought Williams if she were younger. In a later interview with Williams, Houston's confidant Robyn Crawford said they planned to confront her years earlier after she talked about Houston on air. Wu-Tang Clan performer Method Man had a personal and publicized conflict with Williams in 2006 after she revealed details about his wife's cancer diagnosis. Williams referred to Nicki Minaj's husband Kenneth Petty in 2019 as "a killer and a sex offender" (he was once imprisoned for attempted rape and manslaughter); the rapper responded by bringing up allegations of infidelity by Williams' own husband and said "I didn't know that in our society, you have to be plagued by your past." Williams was accused of victim blaming singer Kesha in 2016 after questioning why she did not film the alleged sexual abuse by record producer Dr. Luke against her. Williams later apologized for the remarks and explained "unfortunately a lot of people lie about rape so I was just being skeptical". In January 2018, Williams was criticized by activist Tarana Burke after saying an alleged 14-year-old victim of R. Kelly "let it go down" and that she was "sick of this Me Too movement". In early 2020, Williams was criticized over several remarks she made on her show. In January, while talking about actor Joaquin Phoenix, Williams used her finger to pull up a part of her lip to resemble a cleft palate (a condition which Phoenix has denied having), which many took to believe she was mocking him. Williams apologized on her show. In February, Williams was criticized again for making comments many regarded as homophobic while talking about the fictional holiday "Galentine's Day"; she again apologized, this time in an emotional video posted to her official social channels online. Shortly thereafter, while talking about the death of Amie Harwick, Williams made a joke referring to Harwick's ex-fiancé Drew Carey and his job on The Price Is Right, saying that show's catchphrase, "Come on down!", in response to the news that Harwick had been thrown off a balcony. Williams has had conflicts with others regarding parenting style. Actress Alyssa Milano criticized Williams' mentality regarding public breastfeeding after she said it made her uncomfortable because breasts are "more sexual than a feeding thing". Williams has been accused of transphobia. In one episode of her show, after stating that trans woman can never be assigned women, she told her audience, "Stop wearing our skirts and our heels!" After explicitly stating that to be a woman, one has to menstruate, she apologized for her remarks. In 2021, Williams came under fire for her controversial coverage of the murder of 19-year-old TikTok star Swavy: "I have no idea who this is. Neither does Norman. Neither does one person in this building." Personal life In 1991, Williams had a six-week abortion after breaking up with her boyfriend. She later married her first husband, Bert Girigorie. In her 2003 autobiography, she refers to him under a pseudonym and says they separated after five months and divorced about eighteen months later. Williams married her second husband, Kevin Hunter, on November 30, 1999. She suffered multiple miscarriages before giving birth to their son, Kevin Samuel, on August 18, 2000. In April 2019, Williams filed for divorce due to irreconcilable differences after Hunter fathered a baby with a mistress. The divorce was finalized in January 2020. Due to her suburban upbringing, Williams considers herself "a multicultural woman who happens to be Black". In her childhood, she attended a Baptist church with her family. Williams identifies as Christian but no longer attends church services. She believes "God is everywhere" and prays "every day, several times a day". Williams is pro-choice for abortion. She supported Barack Obama in the 2012 United States presidential election. Health Williams has been open about her past addiction to cocaine. Since fainting on her talk show in October 2017 due to dehydration, she has shared other health issues publicly. In February 2018, Williams disclosed that she has Graves' disease which causes hyperthyroidism, conditions she was diagnosed with nearly two decades prior. Due to the increased pressure behind her eyes, they sometimes have a pronounced appearance. Williams accidentally fractured her shoulder in December 2018. In March 2019, Williams said she had been living in a sober house "for some time" and that she has vertigo. Later that year, Williams revealed she had been diagnosed with lymphedema, a condition that causes swelling in her ankles. During the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021, Williams tested positive for a breakthrough infection of the disease. Awards and nominations Filmography Film Television Bibliography Nonfiction Fiction Notes References Works cited External links The Wendy Williams Show 1964 births 20th-century American actresses 20th-century American non-fiction writers 20th-century American women writers 21st-century American actresses 21st-century American non-fiction writers 21st-century American women writers African-American Christians African-American actresses African-American game show hosts African-American radio personalities African-American television personalities African-American television talk show hosts African-American women writers African-American writers American autobiographers American film actresses American radio personalities American television actresses American television talk show hosts American women non-fiction writers American women television personalities American women television presenters Living people Northeastern University alumni Ocean Township High School alumni People from Asbury Park, New Jersey People from New Jersey People from Ocean Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey Shock jocks Women autobiographers Writers from New Jersey American women comedians 20th-century American comedians 20th-century African-American women 21st-century American comedians 21st-century African-American women 21st-century African-American writers Comedians from New Jersey American stand-up comedians

1064447

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N.Y.P.D.%20%28TV%20series%29

N.Y.P.D. (TV series)

N.Y.P.D. is a half-hour American police crime drama television series of the 1960s set in the context of the New York City Police Department. The program appeared on the ABC network during the 1967–1969 United States network television schedule. The program appeared in the evening, 9:30 p.m. time slot. During the second season, N.Y.P.D was joined by The Mod Squad and It Takes a Thief to form a 2½ hour block of crime dramas. Plot N.Y.P.D. centers around three New York police detectives – Lt. Mike Haines (Jack Warden), Detective Jeff Ward (Robert Hooks), and Detective Johnny Corso (Frank Converse) – who fight a wide range of crimes and criminals. The show features many real New York City locations, as well as episodes based on actual New York City police cases. Cast Jack Warden as Lt. Mike Haines Robert Hooks as Det. Jeff Ward Frank Converse as Det. Johnny Corso Ted Beniades as Det. Richie Denise Nicholas as Ethel Tom Rosqui as Det. Jacobs Production Development The show was a production of Talent Associates, Ltd., a company founded by Alfred Levy and David Susskind. Talent Associates had produced 14 years of the anthology program Armstrong Circle Theatre and The Kaiser Aluminum Hour, both highly respected shows. Television producer, movie producer, and talk show host Susskind created N.Y.P.D. with screenwriter Arnold Perl (Cotton Comes to Harlem). At the time of his death in 1971, Arnold Perl was working on a screenplay about assassinated black activist Malcolm X, which would later become the basis for Spike Lee's 1992 film, Malcolm X. Daniel Melnick, the show’s executive producer, was a partner with Susskind in Talent Associates and had brought Mel Brooks and Buck Henry together to create the TV comedy Get Smart in 1965. Producer Susskind and actor Harvey Keitel would work together again on Martin Scorsese's Alice Doesn’t Live Here Anymore (1974). Scripted by writers like Lonne Elder, who would later be the first African-American nominated for a Best Screenplay Oscar (for 1972's Sounder), the stories came with such titles as "Cruise to Oblivion," "Which Side Are You On?," "The Screaming Woman," and "Deadly Circle of Violence." In N.Y.P.D. scripts, there were white cops and black cops, white suspects and black suspects, white witnesses and black witnesses, an unselfconscious racial blend that would not otherwise be seen for several years on U.S. network television (Room 222 and Hawaii Five-O were among the next series to feature casts situated similarly.) Casting Among the actors who appeared in the series were Jane Alexander, Conrad Bain, Philip Bosco, John Cazale, Leslie Charleson, Miriam Colon, Franklin Cover, Matthew Cowles, Blythe Danner, Ossie Davis, Howard Da Silva, Mary Fickett, Scott Glenn, Charles Grodin, Moses Gunn, Graham Jarvis, James Earl Jones, Raul Julia, Marcia Jean Kurtz, Lawrence Luckinbill, Nancy Marchand, Bill Macy, Donna McKechnie, Meg Myles, Pricilla Pointer, Andrew Robinson, Esther Rolle, Martin Sheen, Jon Voight, Richard Ward, Louis Zorich, Al Pacino, Jill Clayburgh, Jane Elliot, Ralph Waite, Harvey Keitel, James Earl Jones, Charles Durning, Gretchen Corbett, and Roy Scheider. Writing In 1967, N.Y.P.D. was the first television series in America to air an episode with a Homosexual theme ("Shakedown"). The police track down a man blackmailing Homosexual men, prompting several suicides. Opening credits The series' opening credit sequence, prominently featuring a closeup of a police car emergency light as the vehicle drives through the streets of New York, would later be spoofed in the 1980s comedy series Police Squad! and subsequent movies. Episodes Season 1 (1967–68) Season 2 (1968–69) External links The Robert J. Markell papers, 1967–1968 are located in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA. 1967 American television series debuts 1969 American television series endings American Broadcasting Company original programming American crime drama television series English-language television shows Fictional portrayals of the New York City Police Department Television series by CBS Studios Television series by Talent Associates American detective television series

1073202

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounder%20Records

Rounder Records

Rounder Records is an independent record label founded in 1970 in Somerville, Massachusetts by Marian Leighton Levy, Ken Irwin, and Bill Nowlin. Focused on American roots music, Rounder's catalogue of more than 3000 titles includes records by Alison Krauss and Union Station, George Thorogood, Tony Rice, and Béla Fleck, in addition to re-releases of seminal albums by artists such as the Carter Family, Jelly Roll Morton, Lead Belly, and Woody Guthrie. "Championing and preserving the music of artists whose music falls outside of the mainstream," Rounder releases have won 54 Grammy Awards representing diverse genres, from bluegrass, folk, reggae, and gospel to pop, rock, Americana, polka and world music. Acquired by Concord in 2010, Rounder is based in Nashville, Tennessee. Beginnings Rounder was founded by Ken Irwin, Bill Nowlin, and Marian Leighton Levy. Nowlin and Irwin first met in 1962 as incoming freshman at Tufts University in the Boston suburb of Medford, Massachusetts. Exposure to The Greenbriar Boys, the Charles River Valley Boys, the Hillbilly at Harvard radio show, and fiddling conventions, as well as the musicians who performed at Club 47, one of the first venues in the Northeast to book African-American blues artists from the American south, fueled their interest in bluegrass, old-time, and other roots music. They were unable to find records by many of the artists they saw live: the records "just didn't exist." Nowlin and Irwin met Levy, then a student at Clark University, in 1967. An "unrepentant folkie," like Nowlin and Irwin, she moved to Boston to attend graduate school at Northeastern University. The three shared an apartment as well as a desire to bring roots music to a wider audience, and began to explore the idea of starting a record company. “We were all involved in radical politics, and the anti-war movement, and a lot of our inspiration for starting Rounder had to do with minority culture and wanting to represent music that we really liked, but that was not in the mainstream,” Levy said in a 2015 interview. The 1970s: George Pegram, Norman Blake, Rounder 0044, George Thorogood Financed with Irwin's savings of $1500, Rounder was founded in 1970 in the Somerville apartment, a living/working/political collective. The name Rounder was chosen for several reasons: the shape of a vinyl record, the nickname for a hobo, and the name of the folk band The Holy Modal Rounders. Levy, Irwin and Nowlin also self-identified as "Rounders", the name reflecting the "outlaw self-image of three romantics who positioned themselves in opposition to capitalism, the programmatic rigidity of the old Left, and the more doctrinaire cultural rules of the folk revival itself." The lawyer who drew up Rounder's papers of incorporation did so in exchange for two Rounder albums. Irwin and Nowlin were introduced to fiddle music through a Folkways recording of the 34th Old Time Fiddlers Convention, and in late 1969 (sources differ), for $125., they bought the rights to a tape by a 76-year-old banjo player, George Pegram, who had been a star of the Fiddlers Convention. It became Rounder's first release, Rounder 0001. Rounder 0002 was by the Spark Gap Wonder Boys; a local band, the album was recorded at the Harvard and MIT radio stations for "the cost of the tape." 500 copies of each record were pressed. Both were released on October 20, 1970. To boost the label's credibility—and get local record stores to stock their releases—Irwin, Nowlin, and Levy started distributing other small folk labels, and began selling albums at music festivals. In 1971, the label released its first bluegrass album, One Morning in May, by Joe Val and the New England Bluegrass Boys. Over the next several years, they released bluegrass albums by old-time artists (Snuffy Jenkins and Pappy Sherrill, Highwoods Stringband, and The Blue Sky Boys), traditional bluegrass artists (Don Stover, Ted Lundy, Del McCoury, The Bailey Brothers, Buzz Busby), and progressive bluegrass artists, most notably by Country Cooking and Tony Trischka. Believing that "music doesn't discriminate," Nowlin, Irwin and Leighton-Levy sought out female artists, then a rarity in the bluegrass world, and in the early 70s released albums by Hazel Dickens and Alice Gerrard, who recorded as Hazel & Alice, and Ola Belle Reed. By 1974, Rounder had put out 22 records, including the label's breakthrough album, Norman Blake's Home in Sulphur Springs. Realizing that Rounder was no longer a part-time pursuit, Irwin resigned from his job—he was a professor at the University of Lowell—and Nowlin and Levy left graduate school to run Rounder full-time. In 1975, Rounder released the self-titled debut album by J. D. Crowe & The New South. One of the "most pioneering and influential records in the history of bluegrass,", it was commonly referred to by its stock number, Rounder 0044. The program notes from the 2016 Bluegrass Hall of Fame Induction ceremony stated that the record "did much to chart the course of bluegrass for the balance of the 1970s and beyond." In addition to new music, Rounder re-released 78 rpm discs from the 1920s and 1930s. In the mid-70s, with a catalog of about 200 LPs by acoustic artists, the label expanded its Bluegrass focus to include folk, blues and other styles of music, notably signing NRBQ, Arlen Roth and George Thorogood and the Destroyers. In May 1977, Rounder released NRBQ's “All Hopped Up.” Later that year, George Thorogood and the Destroyer's eponymous debut was released; although it was rooted in blues, it was more of a rock album than any of the label's previous releases. Within a year, the record sold more than 75,000 copies, a substantial achievement at the time for an independently distributed record. Rounder released the Destroyer's second album, Move it on Over, in 1978. The title track, a Hank Williams cover, was released as a single and received heavy FM airplay. The album entered the American Top 40 and went gold, as did the band's debut. Irwin described Thorogood's success as a "watershed" moment for Rounder, stating that while it did not change the founder's interest or mission, it made clear that the label needed to expand both its staff and its distribution. Rounder recorded Thorogood's fourth record, Bad to the Bone, and released it through a joint venture with EMI. At the close of the decade, Rounder moved from their Somerville office to a larger office in Cambridge. In 1979, Rounder's employees decided to unionize, and Nowlin, Levy, and Irwin were strongly opposed. The workers voted to join Local 925 of the Service Employees Union. As a result of their opposition to the union, relations between the employees and the founders were strained for several years. 1980s: Heartbeat, Philo, Alison Krauss Although they were approached by less traditional roots artists following Thorogood's success, the founders signed artists that reflected the label's original mission. Among others, they signed Johnny Copeland and Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown. Scott Billington, a musician and Rounder staff member, was recruited to produce Brown's debut for Rounder with Jim Bateman, and together they pushed Brown to record classic blues songs. The resulting album, Alright Again!, won the 1982 Grammy Award for Best Traditional Blues Album. It was Rounder's first Grammy. In the early 80s, Rounder once again broadened its focus, establishing a reggae imprint, Heartbeat and adding Klezmer, Cajun, Zydeco and Tex-Mex Conjunto musicians to its roster. Throughout the decade, the label released records by esoteric artists who were unlikely to garner mainstream recognition, including Ted Hawkins, Jonathan Richman, and Sleepy LaBeef. In 1984, Rounder acquired the traditional and folk music label Philo Records. Among others, the acquisition brought Utah Phillips, Dave Van Ronk, Christine Lavin, and singer-songwriter Nanci Griffith to the label. Griffith's Rounder debut, Once in a Very Blue Moon, marked the "emergence of a major talent." Critically acclaimed, the album was the foundation for Griffith's 1993 success with the Grammy Award-winning Other Voices, Other Rooms (released by MCA). Largely responsible for Rounder's A&R, Irwin listened to every demo tape that the label was sent. He first heard Alison Krauss in 1984 on a demo of the band Classical Grass, later known as Union Station, and Krauss—who mainly played fiddle and contributed vocal harmonies—sang lead on a gospel song. Irwin, taken with her voice, was interested in Krauss as a solo artist, and signed her to Rounder at 14. Once on the roster, Irwin brought Krauss (and her parents) to Nashville to find a producer for her Rounder debut. The album, Too Late to Cry, was released in 1987, when Krauss was 16. It was followed by the Union Station album Two Highways in 1989. 1990s: Zoe Records, Mercury Records, Music for Little People, Liquid Audio Rounder released I've Got That Old Feeling, Krauss' second solo album, in 1990. It was her first album to hit the Billboard charts, and earned Krauss a 1991 Grammy Award—her first—in the Best Bluegrass album category. Over the course of the decade, Krauss would release a second solo album, 1999's Forget About It, and two albums with Union Station, Everytime You Say Goodbye (1992) and So Long So Wrong. (1997). Forget About It and So Long So Wrong were certified gold. Krauss won four Grammys as a solo artist and Union Station won five during the 1990s. In 1991, producer Ron Levy partnered with Rounder to create and distribute the Bullseye Blues label, releasing music from Lowell Fulson, Smokin’ Joe Kubek and Charles Brown. In the winter of that year, the company merged with Rykodisc distribution's East Side Digital to form REP Co. along with Precision Sound. Rykodisc later restructured to form Distribution North America, which would handle many of Rounder's albums. Rounder acquired the children's label, Music for Little People, in 1994. Renamed Rounder Kids, it functioned as a separate corporation within the Rounder Records Group. Artists including Raffi released records through Rounder Kids, which distributed labels 250 labels and 2200 titles. Rounder bought the Chicago-based Flying Fish Records in fall of 1995. The label, founded in 1974 by Rounder associate Bruce Kaplan, had a catalog of over 500 records by artists including Sweet Honey in the Rock, Pete Seeger, and Doc Watson at the time of its acquisition. That same year, Krauss released the career retrospective, Now That I've Found You. The album charted at #2 on the country charts, and hit the top fifteen on the pop charts. It sold two million copies and received two Grammy Awards. In 1997, the founders appointed Rounder's first president and CEO, John Virant, who had been the label's general counsel since 1992. Among other initiatives, Virant conceived of and oversaw the creation of a pop music imprint, Zoë, named for his daughter. Artists including Blake Babies, Juliana Hatfield, Kay Hanley and Sarah Harmer released records on the imprint. A distribution agreement with Polygram's Mercury Records was signed in 1998. Expected to increase the sales of new releases of artists such as Juliana Hatfield, the PolyGram Group Distribution affiliate handled more than a third of Rounder's titles. Less prominent titles were sold through distributors DNA and Bayside. In April 1999, the company signed an agreement with Liquid Audio, Inc. for digital distribution of its music over the Internet. By then, Mercury's parent company PolyGram had been acquired by Universal. Universal Music and Video Distribution unit sold Rounder's bigger titles. 2000s: Raising Sand, Rounder Books, Mary Chapin Carpenter, Steve Martin While polka was a mainstay of Rounder's catalog, in 2001 the company moved the musical style to the mainstream with the release of Jimmy Sturr's Gone Polka album. “Unabashed polka fan,” Willie Nelson, whose first bands played polka, often recorded on Sturr's albums, and four songs on Gone Polka featured Nelson's vocals, illustrating "the happy cross-cultural union between the Lone Star State and Eastern Europe.” In 2002, Rounder signed a deal with Provident Music Distribution to sell Rounder products to Christian retailers, and began marketing the recordings of jazz saxophonist Branford Marsalis's Marsalis Music label. Rounder Books was created in Spring 2004. The division's first releases were Nowlin's baseball biography Mr. Red Sox: The Johnny Pesky Story, and a book of collected fan essays, edited by Nowlin and Cecelia Tan. Nowlin, along with other co-writers, released another three Red Sox-themed books over the next six years. Other titles from Rounder Books included a children's book by Raffi, Everybody Grows, and the company's bestseller, Rush drummer/lyricist Neil Peart's Roadshow: Landscape with Drums—A Concert Tour by Motorcycle. In 1986, although pursued by Rounder, Mary Chapin Carpenter chose instead to sign with Columbia Records. Twenty years later, in 2006, she signed with Rounder. Moving beyond the country music she was associated with, on Rounder she released what many fans and critics regarded as the best albums of her career. Echoing the early achievements of Hazel Dickens and Allison Krauss, in the male-dominated field of bluegrass music, in 2007 Rounder released Crowd Favorites, a compilation of six albums by Claire Lynch. The album earned multiple International Bluegrass Music Association (IBMA) awards and Lynch was inducted into the Alabama Bluegrass Hall of Fame. In 2005, Lynn Morris, Alecia Nugent and Rhonda Vincent were honored by the Society for the Preservation of Bluegrass Music of America. The Robert Plant/Alison Krauss album, Raising Sand, in 2007, was one of Rounder's biggest hits both commercially and critically. It won five Grammys, including Album of the Year, Best Contemporary Folk/Americana Album, Record of the Year (for “Please Read the Letter”), Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals for “Rich Woman,” and Best Country Collaboration with Vocals for “Killing the Blues”. Krauss was the sixth female artist to win five Grammys in a single night. Raising Sand was certified platinum in March 2008. In 2009, Rounder reissued a series of 1920s and 1930s Carter Family recordings. The same year, the label launched what would become a 100-disc reissue series compiled by musicologist Alan Lomax. The archival project in 1938 with the taping of Jelly Roll Morton, and ultimately included Lead Belly, Muddy Waters, Woody Guthrie, and many others. Steve Martin also released the first of his Rounder albums, The Crow: New Songs for the Five-String Banjo in 2009. Releasing about 100 albums per year by the end of the decade, Rounder's catalog had grown to include Del McCoury, David Grisman, the Whitstein Brothers, Madeleine Peyroux, and James King, as well as supergroups Dreadful Snakes (Jerry Douglas, Pat Enright, Bela Fleck, Mark Hembree, Blaine Sprouse, and Roland White) and Longview (Dudley Connell, James King, Don Rigsby, Joe Mullins, Glen Duncan, and Marshall Wilborn), and the compilation Oh Sister. Artists including Robert Plant, Dolores O'Riordan, Ann Wilson, Fleck, Minnie Driver, Rush, Cowboy Junkies, Griffith, Laura Nyro, Fairport Convention, Linda Thompson, Boz Scaggs, Nelson, Skaggs, and Joe Diffie among others, recorded for Rounder during the 2000s. 2010s: Concord, 40th anniversary, John Strohm In April 2010, Los Angeles, California-based Concord Music Group acquired Rounder Records, adding the latter's 3,000 titles to its own 10,000. Irwin, Nowlin and Leighton-Levy remained in creative and advisory roles. In an interview with The Boston Globe, Leighton-Levy said: "We felt this was better than simply trying to soldier on alone. It's not an exit strategy. Concord acquired Rounder wanting it to continue what it is doing." To celebrate its 40th anniversary, Rounder produced a concert at the Grand Ole Opry. Broadcast on PBS in March 2010, The Rounder Records 40th Anniversary Concert was released on DVD to benefit NARAS's Grammy in the Schools Program. Performers included Krauss, Carpenter, Martin, Thomas, Fleck, and Peyroux. In 2014, Rounder moved from Cambridge to Nashville, Concord's base of operations. In April 2015, Concord merged its new acquisition, the North Carolina-based label, Sugar Hill, with the Rounder Label Group. Founded in the late 1970s, the Sugar Hill catalog included records by Ricky Skaggs, Lee Ann Womack, Sarah Jarosz, Liz Longley, Corey Smith, Kasey Chambers, Sam Bush, moe., and Bryan Sutton and Black Prairie. John Strohm, a musician and entertainment lawyer, became Rounder's president in 2017, as Virant moved to a senior creative role. An attorney at the Nashville law firm Loeb & Loeb at the time, Strohm had been instrumental in developing the careers of Alabama Shakes, Sturgill Simpson, The Civil Wars, Dawes, and Bon Iver, among others. A guitarist, drummer, and songwriter, Strohm spent half of his career playing in critically acclaimed alternative bands including the Blake Babies, Antenna, and the Lemonheads. He also released two albums as a solo artist, Vestavia in (1999) and Everyday Life in 2007. Artists Subsidiary labels Bullseye Blues Dolphin Safe Easydisc Flying Fish Grand Illusion Greenhays Heartbeat Heavy Rotation Henry Street Hudson Music Moon Junction Philo Rounder Select Rounder Specials Symmetry Sugar Hill Records Tone Cool Records Trampoline Upstart Varrick Vestapol Zoë Music for Little People See also List of record labels References Relevant literature Nowlin, Bill. 2021. Vinyl Ventures: My Fifty Years at Rounder Records. Sheffield: Equinox Publishing. External links Official site Folk record labels Record labels established in 1970 American independent record labels Blues record labels Reissue record labels Soul music record labels Bluegrass record labels Labels distributed by Universal Music Group Concord Music Group 1970 establishments in Tennessee

1087987

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway%E2%80%93Kenmore

Fenway–Kenmore

Fenway–Kenmore is an officially recognized neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. While it is considered one neighborhood for administrative purposes, it is composed of numerous distinct sections (East Fenway, West Fenway, Audubon Circle, Kenmore Square) that, in casual conversation, are almost always referred to as "Fenway", "the Fenway", "Kenmore Square", or "Kenmore". Furthermore, the Fenway neighborhood is divided into two sub-neighborhoods commonly referred to as East Fenway/Symphony and West Fenway. Fenway is named after the Fenway, the main thoroughfare, laid out by Frederick Law Olmsted. As of the 2010 Boston Redevelopment Authority Census, Fenway–Kenmore's population was 40,898, while its land area was defined to be . Location On the east, Fenway–Kenmore is separated from the Back Bay neighborhood by Charlesgate West, the Massachusetts Turnpike, Dalton Avenue and Belvidere Street. The South End is across Huntington Avenue near The First Church of Christ, Scientist headquarters, a major tourist attraction. East Fenway (generally south of the Massachusetts Turnpike) is separated from West Fenway by the Muddy River, which flows through the Back Bay Fens and into the Charles River north of Kenmore. Across the southwestern corner includes the Longwood Medical Area down to St. Francis, Tremont, and St. Alphonsus Streets. To the south is the Mission Hill, part of the formerly independent city of Roxbury, which continues as the border extends along Ward, Parker, and Ruggles Streets, and the Southwest Corridor. Across St. Mary Street from West Fenway is the neighboring town of Brookline. The Kenmore neighborhood is located north and west of Fenway, roughly separated by the Massachusetts Turnpike. On the narrow strip of land between Brookline at Commonwealth Avenue and the Charles River, Kenmore extends to the Boston University Bridge, where it meets Allston-Brighton. Throughout the neighborhood are brownstone townhouses, brick walk-ups, and five- to six-story apartment buildings, typically constructed between 1880 and 1930. Small, independently-owned shops are scattered throughout. Major commercial developments are in Kenmore Square and along Brookline Avenue, Beacon Street, Boylston Street, and Huntington Avenue. The baseball stadium Fenway Park is located immediately south of the Turnpike from Kenmore Square. Parts of Boston University, Northeastern University, the Berklee College of Music, and the Boston Conservatory of Music are located in Fenway–Kenmore, and many students reside in the neighborhood. Over the last 20 years almost every residential building in Kenmore has been purchased by Boston University and turned into dorms, especially in the Audubon Circle area between Beacon Street and Commonwealth Avenue. History The Fenway–Kenmore area was formed by land annexed from neighboring Brookline in the 1870s as part of the Brookline-Boston annexation debate of 1873 as well as from land filled in conjunction with the creation of landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted parks in the 1890s. When planned, it was thought that the buildings built upon the Fenway parkway would house high-wealth residents and that the whole area would be a high-class neighborhood. As property values rose, however, it was educational institutions that sprung up along the Fenway's route. By 1907, there were twenty-two educationally focused organizations, including nine college and universities which had made their homes on the Fenway. Residential buildings that were built needed their frontages to be approved by the Park Board so that a "poor looking building [did not] depreciate the value of the whole neighborhood". Additionally, the Board had discretion on whether it felt a proposed building was suitable for frontage along the park and parkway. The hope of these building restrictions was that there would be an improvement in the look of the Fenway compared to neighboring streets. In the last few years, development in Fenway has picked up, particularly from developer Samuels and Associates. Recent developments include the renovation of the Landmark Center; the 2003 addition of Hotel Commonwealth on the site of the Rathskeller bar; and the 576-unit, 17-floor Trilogy apartment building on Brookline Avenue and Boylston Street. 1330 Boylston, a second high-rise apartment building, was completed in 2008 and contains 210 apartments, of office space contained within 10 floors and the new home of Fenway Health. Planned developments include a 24-story mixed use development at the confluence of Boylston Street and Brookline Avenue, likely including retail, dining, and luxury hotel/apartments. Other plans include the renovation of the Howard Johnson motel on Boylston Street, to be rehabbed as an upscale hotel. Additionally, developer John Rosenthal is planning to build a complex named One Kenmore over the Mass Pike alongside the Beacon Street Bridge, comprising 525 units in one 17 floor tower and one 20 floor tower. Concerning infrastructure, in 2007 the MBTA renovated the Fenway Green Line stop and in 2014 renovated the nearby Yawkey commuter rail station. Finally, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston recently completed a $425 million expansion, and the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum completed construction of a second building. Street names West Fenway features streets named after Scottish cities and towns present in Robert Burns' literary works; Peterborough, Kilmarnock, Queensberry. This was a result of influence by the (Robert) Burns Memorial Association of Boston influencing the city of Boston when a decision was made to simplify the original neighborhood plan by Frederick Law Olmsted's office. As originally planned in 1894, the street naming system was to continue the system originating in the Back Bay of naming streets in alphabetical order. Where the Back Bay proper ends at Hereford Street, the Fenway was to continue Ipswich, Jersey, Kenyon (Kilmarnock), Lansdowne, Mornington, Nottingham, Onslow, Peterborough, Queensberry, Roseberry, Salisbury, Thurlow, Uxbridge, Vivian, Westmeath (Wellesley), (with X omitted), York, and Zetland. The parkways surrounding the Back Bay Fens, Fenway and Park Drive, are named after various parks which are part of the Emerald Necklace park system. Other streets in Fenway are named after institutions or civic minded patrons within the neighborhood: Palace Road (formerly Worthington Street), Forsyth Way (formerly Rogers Avenue), Evans Way, Forsyth Street, Hemenway Street (formerly Parker Avenue), Agassiz Road (named after Ida Agassiz), Higginson Circle (named after the founder of the Boston Symphony Orchestra), Evans Way (named after the donor of the Evans Wing at the Museum of Fine Arts), Tetlow Street (named after the headmaster of Girls Latin School at its former location), Symphony Road (formerly Batavia Road), St. Stephens Street (St. Stephen's Church became St. Ann's, which is now known as Northeastern University's Fenway Center), Opera Place (the Boston Opera House was demolished in 1958), and Speare Place (formerly a continuation of St. Stephens Street which itself was formerly Falmouth Street). Demographics According to the census of 2000 and the City of Boston, there were 36,191 people, 12,872 households, and 5,428 families residing in the neighborhood. The population density was 29,186.3 people per square mile (11,268.9/km²). Of the neighborhood's housing structures, 1% were single-family dwellings while 15% had 3-9 units, 16% had 10-19 units, 41% had 20-49 units, and 27% had 50 or more units; there were 13,229 units in total. 91% percent of units were occupied by tenants while 9% were owner-occupied. The average household size was 1.69 people, while the average family size was 2.61 and non-family 1.51. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 71% White, 7% Black or African American, 14% Asian, 4% from other races, and 3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8% of the population. 21.3% of the population was foreign born. The neighborhood population consisted of 4% under the age of 18, 63% from 18 to 24, 23% from 25 to 44, 6% from 45 to 64, and 5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median income for a household in the neighborhood was $25,356. 37.3% of the population was below the poverty line, while the unemployment rate was 11.4%. East Fenway has a large student population due to its proximity to area colleges and universities, while West Fenway, formerly known as a student haven, has seen rising interest from young professionals and families. The Kenmore Square area is mainly commercial with many residential units now owned by Boston University and used as on-campus housing for students. Race Ancestry According to the 2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, the largest ancestry groups in ZIP Codes 02115 and 02215 are: Establishments It is the home of Fenway Park, the famous Citgo sign, Kenmore Square, The Art Institute of Boston, The Forsyth Institute, MCPHS University, Northeastern University, the New England Conservatory, portions of Boston University (including the Myles Standish Residence Hall), portions of the Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Berklee College of Music, The Boston Conservatory, Massachusetts College of Art, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Simmons College, Wheelock College, Emmanuel College, New England School of Photography, Holy Trinity Orthodox Cathedral, the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Transportation The neighborhood is ringed by the MBTA Orange Line Ruggles subway station and the following MBTA Green Line trolley stops: Kenmore – B, C, D Fenway – D St. Mary's Street – C Symphony – E Northeastern – E Museum of Fine Arts – E Lansdowne station on the Framingham/Worcester Line of the MBTA Commuter Rail is located near Fenway Park and Kenmore Square and is served by all trains on the line. Fenway–Kenmore is also served by a number of MBTA buses connecting it to the city proper and the surrounding neighborhoods and communities. As for roadways, Fenway and Park Drive circulate around the Fens. Boylston Street is a major east–west route, as are Beacon Street (MA 2) and Commonwealth Avenue (U.S. 20), which intersect at Kenmore Square. Brookline Avenue begins in Kenmore Square at this intersection and proceeds southwest. Huntington Avenue (MA 9) is on the southern border, while Massachusetts Avenue forms the eastern border, and is a major north–south route. Although the Massachusetts Turnpike cuts through the neighborhood, there are no access points to it except westbound only at Massachusetts Avenue and Newbury Street. References External links Local Community News from Fenway News Online The Fenway Civic Association Neighborhoods in Boston Northeastern University

1093930

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Brudnoy

David Brudnoy

David Barry Brudnoy (June 5, 1940 – December 9, 2004) was an American talk radio host in Boston from 1976 to 2004. His radio talk show aired on WBZ radio. He was known for espousing his libertarian views on a wide range of political issues, in a manner that was courteous. Thanks to WBZ's wide signal reach, he gained a following from across the United States as well as Canada. On December 9, 2004, he succumbed to Merkel cell carcinoma after it had metastasized to his lungs and kidneys. Background, education and first career Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, to a Jewish family, David Brudnoy was the only child of Doris and Harry Brudnoy. Harry was a dentist in the Minneapolis area, a profession he maintained for over 50 years. During his youth, David Brudnoy was known to be precocious, and in addition to reading a lot, he enjoyed collecting stamps. He was also interested in history, and thanks to the influence of his Aunt Kathie, with whom he was close for all of his life, he became interested in movies; he often attended them with her. Years later, Brudnoy would become known for his work as a film critic, and he remarked in his autobiography that his aunt had undoubtedly contributed to his success by taking him to so many films. Although he did not articulate it at the time, he was also aware of certain homosexual attractions. Years later, he would detail the confusion he felt, discussing his teenage and college years in his 1997 autobiography, Life is Not a Rehearsal. During his childhood, Brudnoy and his family briefly lived in Macon, Georgia, and San Antonio, Texas; his father had enlisted in the United States Army Reserve and the moves were so that he could be near army bases. Brudnoy first attended college in 1958, receiving a B.A. from Yale in New Haven. He also received M.A.s from Harvard and Brandeis, and a Ph.D. from Brandeis, focusing on East Asian studies and history. He received an honorary doctorate from Emerson College in 1996. As a professor, Brudnoy taught classes or was a guest lecturer at many major colleges and universities throughout Boston and New England, as well as in Texas: Boston University, Boston College, Northeastern University, Merrimack College, University of Rhode Island, Kennedy School of Government at Harvard, as well as Texas Southern University. He was respected as an educator: student evaluations for his courses at Boston University indicate that they were very well received, and former students were among those who wrote eloquent tributes to him when he died. According to those students, he was such a devoted educator that even as he was dying, he made certain to finish grading their term papers. Broadcast career Brudnoy began a career in broadcast commentary in 1971 on Boston's local PBS television station, WGBH-TV. In 1976, he took over as host of his friend Avi Nelson's radio show on WHDH, in the midst of the city's unrest over forced busing and desegregation in schools. He took to the job with ease, and increasingly gained popularity. From 1981 to 1986, he appeared on former Top 40 station WRKO, which was now news and talk, before moving to local stalwart WBZ. The top-rated talk radio host in New England, he appeared in a regular weekday evening slot until his retirement. At the end of his career, Brudnoy was, according to WBZ Radio's promotional materials, derived from Arbitron ratings, among the most-listened-to evening talk hosts in the United States. Over the years, Brudnoy also appeared as a news commentator and host on local TV stations besides WGBH, including WCVB-TV (ABC), WNAC-TV, and WBZ-TV (CBS). He also appeared nationally on the CBS Morning News. He wrote movie reviews for Boston magazine and local community newspapers. During the 1970s he wrote articles for the National Review, and befriended its editor William F. Buckley Jr. He also wrote for The Alternative (later known as The American Prospect) in the early 1970s, but quit because of the editor's unwillingness to adopt a more liberal position on gay rights. His articles have appeared in The New York Times, The New Republic, and The Saturday Evening Post. In 1990, his WBZ show was canceled in favor of a less expensive syndicated show hosted by Tom Snyder, but a mass public response, including support from The Boston Globe and the Boston Herald, helped lead to his quick return to the station's lineup. Brudnoy's popularity escalated him into the Boston media elite, and he was the host of numerous social gatherings at his upscale Back Bay apartment, mixing students, media personalities, and politicians. After his bout with AIDS, Brudnoy began broadcasting from his apartment four nights out of five, welcoming his radio guests into his home and eagerly offering them cocktails. When he returned to the air in early January 1995, after his first battle with HIV/AIDS kept him off the air for ten weeks, Boston Mayor Thomas Menino formally declared January 5 as "David Brudnoy Day" due to his popularity. In 1997, Brudnoy was awarded the Freedom of Speech Award from the National Association of Radio Talk Show Hosts, and was nominated for the major market "Personality of the Year" Marconi Radio Award by the National Association of Broadcasters. In 2001, he celebrated his 25th anniversary on the air. He was inducted to the Massachusetts Broadcasters Hall of Fame, posthumously, in 2008. Politics and sensibilities Brudnoy's strongly libertarian opinions were expressed with wit and thoughtfulness. He described his own manner as "less ideological and more empathic", in contrast to more recent figures of conservative talk radio. Many regard him as a unique radio host who was effective at injecting a different perspective into the political dialogue rather than merely cultivating a particular political segment of the population. His non-partisan, thoughtful way of discussing issues helped him gain a large following despite being based in a staunchly Democratic region. Political figures from both ends of the spectrum have praised him for his contributions to the local and national dialogue. Among those who eulogized him when he died were liberals like Senator Edward M. Kennedy who said that David was uniquely fair to his guests. "He couldn't care less about your party label, as long as you knew what you were talking about, because he always did"; and conservatives like then-Governor Mitt Romney who said that Brudnoy was "... a friend to hundreds of thousands of people, most of whom he never even saw in person . . . David has left us all a huge inheritance. It's an inheritance rich in tolerance, in faith, in the greatness of humanity, in respect for all people..." In 2000, Brudnoy declared himself a member of the Libertarian Party. Although his father Harry was a practicing Jew and a member of a Minneapolis synagogue, David Brudnoy was an agnostic who disliked organized religion and was critical of religions that tried to impose their views on others. He did have a bar mitzvah in May 1953, but he was already becoming skeptical of religion and recalled that event as the last time he followed his religious traditions. Years later, he wrote several opinion pieces about his opposition to religious dogmatism. But on the other hand, he also wrote favorably about the good that the church was capable of doing. In one piece, he stated that "...the church itself, for Catholics and non-Catholics alike, is a bulwark of our society. Its severely overburdened clergy are crucial to the development of our youths, to comforting our elders, and to tending our sick." But while he was a skeptic about the tenets of organized religion, during his late-2004 bout of serious illness he admitted he had prayed in various ways, including with a Catholic priest who was a friend of his; and he said that he had discussed religion with several of his Jewish friends, including political commentator Jon Keller and conservative newspaper columnist Jeff Jacoby. But he said he did not expect to go to either a heaven or a hell. Homosexuality Brudnoy came to realize that he was homosexual early in life but successfully hid the fact for many years. While at Texas Southern, he "adopted" a young, recently single mother, Patricia Kennedy, and for many years Brudnoy and Kennedy enjoyed a relationship of mutual convenience, with Brudnoy able to use Kennedy as a cover for his homosexuality, and in return serving as a surrogate father to her two young children. Brudnoy did not come out to his father and stepmother until his illness in 1994; his father Harry was 88 years old when Brudnoy finally phoned him to give him the news and also discuss the health crisis he was undergoing. David was pleasantly surprised that his parents were supportive. Brudnoy had previously come out to his aunt and uncle after they lost a son (also homosexual) to AIDS. Brudnoy came out publicly in 1994, after returning from hospitalization to overcome his long-hidden fight with AIDS. Having attracted a largely conservative audience based on his political views, traditional anti-homosexual conservatives rejected him , though others admired him for his courage. Despite the controversy, his ratings reportedly did not suffer as a result. The controversy was rekindled somewhat after the release of his autobiography, in which he described a history of sexual excesses. Brudnoy did not attempt to mask his sexuality during his adult life, but also made no direct indications of it; it was well-known among his colleagues in broadcasting long before he spoke publicly about it. His closest and oldest friend was psychologist Dr. Ward Cromer, with whom he took dozens of trips abroad, and who was incorrectly assumed by many to be Brudnoy's sexual partner. Neither of them used that phraseology to describe their relationship, preferring a more accurate title of "best friend". When Brudnoy died, it was Cromer who became executor of his estate. Illness Brudnoy was diagnosed with HIV/AIDS in 1988, but kept his treatment a secret until his condition became serious after he contracted pneumonia in 1994. He was absent from public life for some time to fight the disease. Comatose and near death at one point, he eventually returned to reasonable health. It was at that time, in order to conserve his strength, that he broadcast his show from his apartment in the Back Bay section of Boston during part of 1994. Once he was able to return to the air, Brudnoy announced the creation of a fund to fight AIDS. His illness inspired him to publish his autobiography; at the time, it was not a best-seller, but after he died, it became a collector's item, since his publisher had originally let it go out of print and now many of his fans wanted copies of it. In September 2003, he was diagnosed with Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare form of skin cancer. After hospitalization and treatment, including another period of being considered near death, the cancer went into apparent remission, and Brudnoy returned to work, with a strained voice, in March 2004. However, in November 2004, doctors discovered that cancer had spread into his lungs and kidneys, forcing him to undergo dialysis in addition to cancer treatment. Brudnoy checked into Massachusetts General Hospital on December 3, 2004. On December 8, Brudnoy made his last radio broadcast on his show via a deathbed interview with WBZ reporter Gary LaPierre. The following day, Brudnoy ordered his doctors to remove all artificial life support systems, leaving him only with oxygen, morphine, and minimal food. He died hours after having the support removed, on December 9, 2004. After a few days of on-air remembrance, Brudnoy's time slot was assigned to Paul Sullivan, who had previously taken over two hours of Brudnoy's shift when Brudnoy's illness necessitated reducing his show from five hours to three. Sullivan too would die of cancer, on September 9, 2007. A public memorial was held for Brudnoy on February 27, 2005, at the Cutler Majestic Theater in Boston, arranged by his WBZ colleagues and Emerson College (which had previously awarded him an honorary doctorate). The memorial service included the participation of the brothers of the Phi Alpha Tau fraternity of Emerson College whom Brudnoy had mentored. Works Source: References Further reading External links David Brudnoy at Phi Alpha Tau David Brudnoy at the Massachusetts Broadcasters Hall of Fame 1940 births 2004 deaths AIDS-related deaths in Massachusetts Boston University faculty American agnostics American film critics 20th-century American Jews American libertarians American talk radio hosts American television talk show hosts Brandeis University alumni Deaths from cancer in Massachusetts Deaths from Merkel-cell carcinoma Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni Jewish agnostics LGBT broadcasters from the United States LGBT Jews LGBT people from Massachusetts LGBT people from Minnesota People with HIV/AIDS Radio personalities from Boston Television anchors from Boston Yale University 1950s alumni 21st-century American Jews

1114866

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre%20Gunder%20Frank

Andre Gunder Frank

Andre Gunder Frank (February 24, 1929 – April 25, 2005) was a German-American sociologist and economic historian who promoted dependency theory after 1970 and world-systems theory after 1984. He employed some Marxian concepts on political economy, but rejected Marx's stages of history, and economic history generally. Biography Frank was born in Germany to Jewish parents, pacifist writer Leonhard Frank and his second wife Elena Maqenne Penswehr, but his family fled the country when the Nazis came to power. Frank received schooling in several places in Switzerland, where his family settled, until they emigrated to the United States in 1941. Frank's undergraduate studies were at Swarthmore College, from which he gained an Economics degree in 1950. He earned his Ph.D. in economics in 1957 at the University of Chicago. His doctorate was a study of Soviet agriculture entitled Growth and Productivity in Ukrainian Agriculture from 1928 to 1955. Ironically, his dissertation supervisor was Milton Friedman, a man whose laissez faire approach to economics Frank would later harshly criticize. Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s Frank taught at American universities. In 1962 he moved to Latin America, inaugurating a remarkable period of travel that confirmed his peripatetic tendencies. His most notable work during this time was his stint as Professor of Sociology and Economics at the University of Chile, where he was involved in reforms under the socialist government of Salvador Allende. After Allende's government was toppled by a coup d'état in 1973, Frank fled to Europe, where he occupied a series of university positions. From 1981 until his retirement in 1994 he was professor in developmental economy at the University of Amsterdam. He was married to Marta Fuentes, with whom he wrote several studies about social movements, and with Marta he had two sons. Marta died in Amsterdam in June 1993. His second wife was sociologist Nancy Howell, a friend for forty years: while married to her, they lived in Toronto. Frank died in 2005 of complications related to his cancer while under the care of his third wife, Alison Candela. Works and ideas During his career, Frank taught and did research in departments of anthropology, economics, geography, history, international relations, political science, and sociology. He worked at nine universities in North America, three in Latin America, and five in Europe. He gave countless lectures and seminars at dozens of universities and other institutions all around the world in English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, German and Dutch. Frank wrote widely on the economic, social and political history and contemporary development of the world system, the industrially developed countries, and especially of the Third World and Latin America. He produced over 1,000 publications in 30 languages. His last major article, "East and West", appeared in the volume: "Dar al Islam. The Mediterranean, the World System and the Wider Europe: The "Cultural Enlargement" of the EU and Europe's Identity" edited by Peter Herrmann (University College Cork) and Arno Tausch (Innsbruck University), published by Nova Science Publishers, New York. His work in the 1990s focused on world history. He returned to his analysis of global political economy in the new millennium inspired by a lecture he gave at the Stockholm School of Economics in Riga (SSE Riga). In 2006 SSE Riga received Andre Gunder Frank's personal library collection and set-up the Andre Gunder Frank Memorial Library in his honor, with the support of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation. Frank was a prolific author, writing 40 books. He published widely on political economy, economic history, international relations, historical sociology, and world history. Perhaps his most notable work is Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America. Published in 1967, it was one of the formative texts in dependency theory. In his later career he produced works such as ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age and, with Barry Gills, The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand. Frank's theories center on the idea that a nation's economic strength, largely determined by historical circumstances—especially geography—dictates its global power. He is also well known for suggesting that purely export oriented solutions to development create imbalances detrimental to poor countries. Frank has made significant contributions to the world-systems theory (which, according to him, should be rather called the World System one). He has argued that a World System was formed no later than in the 4th millennium BC; his argument contrasts sharply with the scholarly majority who posit beginnings in the "long 16th century" (a position held, for example, by Immanuel Wallerstein). Frank also insisted that the idea of numerous "world-systems" did not make much sense (indeed, if there are many "world-systems" in the world, then they simply do not deserve to be called "world-systems"), and we should rather speak about one single World System. In one of his last essays, Frank made arguments about the looming global economic crisis of 2008. Selected publications Books (1966) The Development of Underdevelopment. Monthly Review Press. (1967) Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America. Monthly Review Press. (1969) Latin America: Underdevelopment or Revolution. Monthly Review Press. (1971) Lumpenburguesía : Lumpendesarrollo. México : Era. (Spanish) (1972) Lumpenbourgeoisie, Lumpendevelopment. Monthly Review Press. (tr. Marion Davis Berdecio) (1975) On Capitalist Underdevelopment. Bombay: Oxford University Press. (1976) Economic Genocide in Chile. Equilibrium on the point of a bayonet. Nottingham, UK: Spokesman. (1978) World Accumulation, 1492–1789. Monthly Review Press. (1978) Dependent Accumulation and Underdevelopment. Monthly Review Press. (1979) Mexican Agriculture 1521-1630: Transformation of the Mode of Production. Cambridge University Press. (1980) Crisis: In the World Economy. New York: Holmes & Meier. (1981) Crisis: In the Third World. New York: Holmes & Meier. (1981) Reflections on the World Economic Crisis. Monthly Review Press. (1982) Dynamics of Global Crisis, with S. Amin, G. Arrighi and I. Wallerstein. Monthly Review Press. (1983) The European Challenge. Nottingham, UK: Spokesman. (1984) Critique and Anti-Critique. New York: Praeger. (1996) The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand? with Barry K. Gills, Routledge. (1998) ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age. Berkeley: University of California Press. (2013) ReOrienting the 19th Century: Global Economy in the Continuing Asian Age, with Robert A. Denemark, Paradigm Publishers. Journal articles (1958) "General Productivity in Soviet Agriculture and Industry," Journal of Political Economy (1958) "Goal Ambiguity and Conflicting Standards: An approach to the study of organization," Human Organization (1977) "Long Live Transideological Enterprise: the socialist economies in the capitalist international division of labor," Review: A Journal of the Fernand Braudel Center (1989) "Ten Theses on Social Movements," with M. Fuentes, World Development (1990) "Theoretical Introduction to Five Thousand Years of World System History," Review: A Journal of the Fernand Braudel Center (1992) "Third World War: A Political Economy of the Gulf War and New World Order," Third World Quarterly 13(2). (1994) "Is Real World Socialism Possible?," Democracy & Nature, Vol.2, No.3, pp. 152–175 Book chapters (1990) "Civil Democracy, Social Movements in World History," with M. Fuentes. In Amin et al., Transforming the Revolution. (1990) "Revolution in Eastern Europe: Lessons for democratic socialist movements (and socialists)." In Tabb, ed., Future of Socialism. (1992) "The Underdevelopment of Development," with M.F. Frank. In Savoie, D.J. and I. Brecher, eds., Equity and Efficiency in Economic Development. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. (2001) "The Global Economy, AD 1400-1800: Comparisons and Relations." In Suneja, V., ed., Understanding Business: Markets. A Multidimensional Approach to the Market Economy. London: Routledge. See also History of globalization James Morris Blaut Samir Amin John M. Hobson World-systems theory References Notes Further reading Chew, Sing C. & Robert Denemark, eds. 1996. The Underdevelopment of Development: Essays in Honor of Andre Gunder Frank. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Duchesne, Ricardo, "Between Sinocentrism and Eurocentrism: Debating A.G. Frank's Re-Orient," Science & Society, Vol. 65, No. 4, 2001/2002, pp. 428–463 Wallerstein, Immanuel, "Remembering Andre Gunder Frank," History Workshop Journal, Volume 61, Number 1, 2006, pp. 305–306(2), Oxford University Press Gills, Barry, "In Memoriam: Andre Gunder Frank (24 February 1929 to 23 April 2005)," Globalizations, Volume 2, Number 1, May 2005, pp. 1–4(4), Routledge Alberto Castrillón M, "In memoriam. André Gunder Frank (1929-2005)," Revista de Economía Institucional, Vol. 7 (2005) 273-278 Gregory Shank, "In Memoriam: Remembering Andre Gunder Frank (February 24, 1929, to April 23, 2005)," Social Justice, Vol. 32, No. 2 (2005). Retrieved 30.12.2017. External links Andre Gunder Frank website David Landes; Andre Gunder Frank; Economic History Debate on C-SPAN2 (Northeastern University World History Center, 1998-12-02) Theotonio dos Santos, André Gunder Frank (1929-2005), Monthly Review, May 2005. Andre Gunder Frank, The Times, May 25, 2005 Andre Gunder Frank (1929-2005) Andre Gunder Frank : 'Prophet in the Wilderness' (1929 -2005) Jeff Sommers, "The Contradictions of a Contrarian: Andre Gunder Frank", Social Justice, Vol.32, No.2 (2005). Andre Gunder Frank Audio Collection at the International Institute of Social History 1929 births 2005 deaths Academics of the University of East Anglia Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States Deaths from cancer in Luxembourg Dependency theorists Economic historians German economists German male writers German sociologists Imperialism studies Jewish sociologists Jewish socialists Marxian economists Marxist theorists Marxist writers Latin Americanists Swarthmore College alumni University of Amsterdam faculty University of Chicago alumni University of Chile faculty World system scholars Writers about globalization

1133301

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Boston%20Associates

The Boston Associates

The Boston Associates were a loosely linked group of investors in 19th-century New England. They included Nathan Appleton, Patrick Tracy Jackson, Abbott Lawrence, and Amos Lawrence. Often related directly or through marriage, they were based in Boston, Massachusetts. The term "Boston Associates" was coined by historian Vera Shlakmen in 1935. Investments By 1845, 31 textile companies—located in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and southern Maine—produced one-fifth of all cotton and wool textiles in the United States. With the capital earned through these mills, they invested in railroads, especially the Boston and Lowell. These railroads helped transport the cotton from warehouses to factories. These Boston-based investors established banks—such as the Suffolk Bank—and invested in others. In time, they controlled 40% of banking capital in Boston, 40% of all insurance capital in Massachusetts, and 30% of Massachusetts' railroads. Tens of thousands of New Englanders received employment from these investors, working in any one of the hundreds of their mills. Mill locations established or improved by the Boston Associates: Waltham, Massachusetts (1813) Lowell, Massachusetts (1822) Manchester, New Hampshire (1825) Saco, Maine (1831) Nashua, New Hampshire (1836) Dover, New Hampshire (1836) Chicopee, Massachusetts (1838) Lawrence, Massachusetts (1845) Holyoke, Massachusetts (1847) Philosophy Despite being "shrewd, far-sighted entrepreneurs who were quick to embrace...new investment opportunities", the Boston Associates were also "committed to the ideals of the original Protestant ethic and Republican simplicity". Indeed, the members established more than 30 "benevolent societies and institutions" between 1810 and 1840. Their investment in the Boston Manufacturing Company's Lowell Mills project, which Henry Clay called a test for "whether the manufacturing system is compatible with social virtues", epitomized their worldview. See also Boston Brahmin Boston Manufacturing Company Francis Cabot Lowell (businessman) Israel Thorndike Paul Moody (inventor) Further reading Dalzell, Robert F. Enterprising elite: The Boston Associates and the world they made (Harvard University Press, 1987) Dalzell, Robert. "The Boston Associates and the Rise of the Waltham-Lowell System: A Study In Entrepreneurial Motivation." in Robert Weible, ed. The Continuing Revolution: A History of Lowell, Massachusetts (1991) pp: 39-75. Hartford, William F. Money, morals, and politics: Massachusetts in the age of the Boston Associates (Northeastern University Press, 2001) Malone, Patrick M. Waterpower in Lowell: Engineering and Industry in Nineteenth-Century America (2009) Sobel, Robert The Entrepreneurs: Explorations Within the American Business Tradition (Weybright & Talley 1974), chapter 1, Francis Cabot Lowell: The Patrician as Factory Master. Prince, Carl E., Seth Taylor. "Daniel Webster, the Boston Associates, and the U.S. Government's Role in the Industrializing Process, 1815-1830" Journal of the Early Republic (Autumn, 1982) 2#3, pp. 283-299 Weil, Francois. "Capitalism and Industrialization in New England, 1815-1845." Journal of American History Vol. 84, No. 4 (Mar., 1998), pp. 1334-1354. Farrow; Anne, John Lang; Jennifer Frank; "Complicity: How the North Promoted, Prolonged, and Profited from Slavery." Chapter 1. Ballantine Books, The Hartford Courant Company: Hartford, Connecticut. 2005. References Investment management companies of the United States Economic history of Boston 19th century in Boston American city founders

1140836

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Doughty%20%28naval%20architect%29

William Doughty (naval architect)

Born James William Doughty also known as William Doughty and James Doughty (1773 – 1859) was a United States naval architect who designed many of the sailing "Seventy-four ships". Doughty worked for many years as a United States naval architect laying down such ships "as the , , and that rank with the best ships ever built." Shipbuilding career Philadelphia Navy Yard William Doughty began his career as protégé of noted naval constructor Joshua Humphreys. In a letter to Secretary Henry Knox dated 22 October 1794, Humphreys recommended young Doughty for a position as his clerk at the Philadelphia Navy Yard. Humphreys stated he believed Doughty to be a "devoted and distinguished worker." Doughty took the oath of allegiance on 23 October 1794 as a clerk at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard; his pay was set at $500.00 per annum. Washington Navy Yard On April 12, 1804, William Doughty was appointed as head carpenter, Washington Navy Yard, by Secretary of the Navy Robert Smith Doughty was popular among shipyard mechanics and laborers and was supportive of their 1835 strike. Naval constructors like William Doughty combined the skills of a naval architect and engineer, at the navy yard his position was somewhat unique, for the naval constructor job provided Doughty with a wide range of connections; most importantly, it meant that he reported to the Board of Navy Commissioners and not to the shipyard commandants like Thomas Tingey and Isaac Hull. The BNC placed such a high value on Doughty's nautical expertise that they scheduled a regular Monday morning meeting to consult with him each week. This relationship with the Navy Commissioners allowed Doughty considerable influence. The regard he enjoyed with the shipyard workforce also led to considerable tension as during the strike of 1835, when he advised the ship carpenters to hold out for higher wages. His career as a shipbuilder, though, was long and very successful; the 1850 census for the District of Columbia records his real estate as valued at $35,000. He was also one of the highest-paid civilians at the Washington Navy Yard. The navy yard payroll for April 1829 shows William Doughty's annual salary as $1,900, nearly the same as a naval captain. William Doughty, while working at Washington Navy Yard designed many naval vessels, including the USS Independence and USS Brandywine. He also designed the President, USS United States 74s, Peacock class, Erie class, Java and Guerrier, USS North Carolina 74s class, USS Brandywine 44s Class, brigs, revenue cutters, and Baltimore Clipper model. War of 1812 Navy Yard Rifles During the War of 1812 British Chesapeake Campaign, William Doughty served as a militia captain and was incorrectly named in the military records as John Doughty. In 1813, Doughty formed the quasi-militia Navy Yard volunteers and drilled them regularly after Navy Yard working hours. This military unit became known as the "Navy Yard Rifles", becoming a volunteer rifle company that served under the command of Major Robert Brent of the 2nd Regiment of the District of Columbia Militia, who was the first Mayor of Washington, D.C., in the defense of the capital city which resulted in the disastrous defeat in August 1814 at the Battle of Bladensburg. References Bibliography Brown, Gordon S. The Captain Who Burned His Ships Captain Thomas Tingey, USN, 1750–1829 Naval Institute Press: Annapolis 2011 pp 141–142. Donovan, Jane B. Henry Foxall: Methodist, Industrialist, American, New Room Books 2017. Maloney, Linda M. The Captain from Connecticut: the Life and Naval Times of Isaac Hull. Northeastern University Press.1986 p. 268. Sharp, John G. History of the Washington Navy Yard Civilian Workforce 1799–1962 Stockton: Vindolanda Press, 2005 p. 13. Shiner, Michael. The Diary of Michael Shiner Relating to the History of the Washington Navy Yard 1813-1869. Transcribed in 2007. Wood, Virginia Steele William Doughty Naval Constructor 1773–1859 New Interpretations in Naval History Selected Papers from the Twelfth Naval History Symposium, ed. W.Cogan US Naval Academy: Annapolis 1992 pp 114–122. External links Ships-of-the-line from Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships American shipbuilders 1773 births 1859 deaths

1168655

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Finneran

Thomas Finneran

Thomas Michael Finneran (born January 27, 1950), is a radio talk host and former Massachusetts Democratic politician who served as Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from April 1996 to September 2004. He represented the district that included parts of the Boston neighborhoods of Dorchester, Mattapan and Hyde Park as well as parts of the town of Milton for 26 years. He resigned and accepted the position of President of the Massachusetts Biotechnology Council. He subsequently resigned in 2007 after pleading guilty to criminal obstruction of justice, in a court case about his testimony about his influence and participation in the redistricting process following the 2000 census. He was disbarred in 2010 (retroactive to January 23, 2007). From February 2007 to May 2012, he co-hosted a talk radio morning drive slot with WRKO. Early life and family Finneran's parents were William, a carpet cleaner, and his wife Mary (b. 1920). He is the fourth of seven children (five brothers and two sisters). He and his wife Donna (née Kelley) have two daughters, Kelley and Shannon F. Mahoney of Milton, Massachusetts. He attended the Boston Latin School, graduated from Northeastern University in 1973 with a BA in business administration and finance, and received his JD from Boston College Law School. Massachusetts House of Representatives Finneran was first elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1978. He became the 83rd Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1996, when he defeated Democratic Majority Leader Richard Voke, the favorite to win, by obtaining all 35 votes of the Republican caucus as well as 56 of 121 Democratic votes (91 of 158 votes in total). As Speaker, he was known for his fiscal conservatism; he insisted on balanced budgets, and created that state's "rainy day fund." He was also known for having somewhat more conservative positions on some social issues than most Massachusetts Democrats, and for his autocratic leadership style, which earned him the nickname "King Tom" from some detractors. In his 2001 redistricting proposal, some believed that he attempted to strike back against some of his critics by trying to eliminate their districts. For example, his initial proposal would have combined Newton's two main House districts and would have forced incumbent Representatives Kay Khan and Ruth Balser to run against each other. Both Khan and Balser were vocal opponents of Finneran, and it was only after the protests of many women's advocacy groups that Finneran relented. Legislative redistricting and court case After the 2000 U.S. census, in 2001 the Massachusetts House, under Finneran's leadership, drew up new House districts. The redistricting was challenged in Federal court, in a civil case, by the Black Political Task Force and others, as unfair to minority voters by constructing districts intended to favor white incumbents to the detriment of candidates preferred by blacks. In 2004, a three-judge Federal Court panel held that the redistricting plan violated section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 by discriminating against black voters. It held that 17 Massachusetts House districts were enjoined from being used in the 2004 election, that the legislature was given six weeks to create an acceptable plan for the districts, and the plaintiff Black Political Task Force could comment on proposed districts before being approved by the Court. In a footnote to the decision, the court criticized Finneran, implying that he misled the court when he testified that he had little involvement in the redistricting process. The court said "Although Speaker Finneran denied any involvement in the redistricting process, the circumstantial evidence strongly suggests the opposite conclusion." Finneran's attorney, Egbert, claimed that the statement was "simply wrong." (Under state law and House rules, Finneran was free to participate in drafting the legislative map before it was released.) Federal prosecutors indicted Finneran in June 2005 in a criminal case, charging him with perjury and obstruction of justice for misrepresenting his participation in the redistricting process. The indictment cited eight meetings that he held about redistricting. Obstruction of justice in legislative redistricting case On January 5, 2007, prior to the start of the scheduled criminal trial Finneran pleaded guilty to one count of obstruction of justice in exchange for federal prosecutors' dropping perjury charges against him; the plea bargain allowed him to avoid jail time. Federal prosecutors and lawyers for Finneran recommended that the once-powerful figure on Beacon Hill receive 18 months of unsupervised probation and a $25,000 fine. In return, Finneran agreed not to run for any elected political position in state, federal or municipal government for five years after his sentencing date. The US Attorney's office agreed to dismiss three counts of perjury against Finneran. On November 14, 2003, he made misleading and false statements under oath in US District Court, according to the agreement. The seven-page document, signed by Finneran on January 3, 2007, states, "Defendant expressly and unequivocally admits that he committed the crime so charged in the indictment, and that he is in fact guilty of the offense so charged in the indictment." Finneran faced 16 to 21 months in prison if he was convicted on all counts stemming from criminal charges that he misrepresented his role in the creation of a legislative redistricting map that diluted the clout of minority voters. Finneran lost his $30,000-a-year pension after his plea. A decision in 2006 by the state Supreme Judicial Court permitted a pension to be revoked in a similar case of breach of public trust. His attorney, Richard Egbert, has said Finneran never claimed he was totally uninvolved in the redistricting process and that he acknowledged in his testimony having about "half a dozen" conversations with leaders of the redistricting committee. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts Retirement Board voted in October 2012, that Finneran was not entitled to a government pension of about $32,900 a year due to his conviction of obstruction of justice in 2007. Finneran appealed the Retirement Board decision to the Boston Municipal Court where a judge reversed the Board's decision, concluding that Finneran's conviction did not bear "a direct factual link to his position as a House Member and/or Speaker[.]" On April 5, 2017, the Supreme Judicial Court reversed that decision and reinstated the decision of the Retirement Board, holding that "[s]imply put, it is only because he had been Speaker of the House at the relevant time that he was in a position to testify as to the genesis of the redistricting plan and to do so falsely. This connection is enough to warrant forfeiture" under the relevant Massachusetts statute, General Law c. 32, § 15(4). As the result of Finneran's criminal convictions, he was also disbarred (license to practice law revoked) by the Massachusetts Board of Bar Overseers. President of Massachusetts Biotechnology Council Finneran served as president of the Massachusetts Biotechnology Council since he resigned from the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 2004 until January 8, 2007. The council is a non-profit organization with more than 500 corporate and academic members, promoting, and supporting the state's biotechnology industry. It has been observed that Finneran's value to the council has been primarily to be out of office, as Finneran was a vigorous and powerful opponent of stem cell research and repeatedly blocked legislative efforts to support stem cell research in Massachusetts. Finneran's reported salary was $416,000 a year. On January 8, 2007, less than a week after the plea agreement, Finneran resigned from Biotechnology Council; the council unanimously accepted his resignation. Finneran had been praised as a highly effective lobbyist; his resignation permitted an internal debate about having a felon for the council's president to end. Later life On March 9, 2009, by a vote of 11 to 1, the state Board of Bar Overseers recommended that former House Speaker and WRKO radio host Thomas M. Finneran be disbarred for his conviction on a federal charge of obstruction of justice. On January 11, 2010, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court revoked Finneran's license to practice law in the Commonwealth, rejecting an alternative penalty proposed by Finneran's lawyer of a two-year license suspension. His disbarment was retroactive to January 23, 2007 (the date on which he was suspended). On January 11, 2007, Finneran was announced as the morning drive-time host on the Boston WRKO radio station, replacing Scott Allen Miller. On Tuesday May 28, 2012 it was announced that Tom Finneran will end his radio career at Entercom Communications WRKO in Boston, effective Thursday May 31, 2012 (his last broadcast date). In a statement, Finneran said he was not able to keep up with the hours to host a well-informed show. On March 5, 2017, the state's highest court has ruled that former Speaker of the House Tom Finneran has to forfeit his pension, ending a years-long battle the former pol waged to keep his $33,000-a-year benefit. The Supreme Judicial Court overturned a district court order, ruling that Finneran's conviction for providing false testimony in a federal civil suit over the House's redistricting plan was directly linked to his job as speaker. That connection, the court decided, meant the State Retirement Board was right in stripping him of his annual pension. Finneran pleaded guilty in 2007 to one count of obstruction of justice. "Finneran's conduct falls squarely within ... requiring forfeiture where there is a direct factual link between the public employee's position and the offense," the court wrote. "Finneran's false testimony concerning his knowledge of and participation in the redistricting planning process is in at least two respects directly linked as a factual matter to his position as Speaker of the House." Finneran's pension is valued at about $470,000, according to court papers, including $240,000 the state would have owed him if the SJC upheld the district court order. See also 1979–1980 Massachusetts legislature 1981–1982 Massachusetts legislature 1983–1984 Massachusetts legislature 1985–1986 Massachusetts legislature 1987–1988 Massachusetts legislature 1989–1990 Massachusetts legislature 1991–1992 Massachusetts legislature 1993–1994 Massachusetts legislature 1995–1996 Massachusetts legislature 1997–1998 Massachusetts legislature 1999–2000 Massachusetts legislature 2001–2002 Massachusetts legislature 2003–2004 Massachusetts legislature References External links tomfinneran.com – Official site (as former state representative) |- |- |- 1950 births Massachusetts politicians convicted of crimes American talk radio hosts Disbarred American lawyers Living people Massachusetts Democrats Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives People convicted of obstruction of justice Politicians from Boston Radio personalities from Boston Speakers of the Massachusetts House of Representatives Northeastern University alumni People from Mattapan

1175848

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Castle

Richard Castle

Richard Edgar "Rick" Castle (born Richard Alexander Rodgers) is a fictional character on the ABC crime series Castle. He is portrayed by Nathan Fillion. The name Richard Castle is also used as a pseudonym under which a set of real books about the characters Derrick Storm and Nikki Heat, based on the books mentioned in the television series, are written. These books have achieved success, becoming New York Times bestsellers. Actor Nathan Fillion appears as the face of Richard Castle on the books and on the official website, and participates in book signings. The Castle book series was actually written/ ghost-written by screenwriter Tom Straw. Creation and development According to Fillion, the character's name "Rick Castle" was noted by the show creator as sounding like "Rich Asshole" and says that this reflects his character. He describes Castle as being "a bit of a douche" with a Peter Pan syndrome stemming from a lack of a "real male adult role model in his life". Andrew Marlowe explained that he designed Castle's character as one that presents a "storytelling point of view" as a counterpoint to Beckett's evidence-based police work. On casting Fillion to fill the role, Marlowe described Castle as "the right vehicle for the right personality". He also acknowledged the similarity between the Castle/Beckett relationship and the Booth/Brennan relationship of Bones. Character overview Family life Castle is the father of Alexis Castle and the son of Martha Rodgers, both of whom live with him. His father is a CIA operative who has used the aliases "Jackson Hunt" and "Anderson Cross". Castle's birth name is Richard Alexander Rodgers; he uses Richard Edgar Castle as his nom de plume, (Edgar in honor of Edgar Allan Poe, though he still considers Alexander his middle name). Fillion describes the family dynamic as unconventional because "Castle is very much mothered by his 15-year-old daughter, and at the same time he turns around and mothers his own mother." As a child, he never knew who his father was. He reasoned that he never missed having a father as he never had anything to miss, and it allowed him to imagine that his father could be anyone he wished. He was looked after by a nanny who spent most of her time watching daytime television. One Life to Live was the inspiration to write his first novel. He was further inspired to become a writer when a man (later revealed to be the father he never knew) handed him a copy of Ian Fleming's Casino Royale at the New York Public Library when he was ten years old. He also claims to have been kicked out of all of New York's finer academic institutions at least once, and to have picked up speed reading while spending his days as a child in the New York Public Library. Castle has been married and divorced twice. His first wife was Alexis's mother, Meredith (Darby Stanchfield), an impulsive, free-spirited actress, and red-haired like her daughter. She and Richard occasionally meet for a sexual liaison, causing Richard to refer to her metaphorically as a "deep-fried twinkie" (something that is a treat on occasion, but to have it every day would kill you) when she contemplated moving back to New York. His second wife was Gina Cowell (Monet Mazur), his publisher, a role she continues after their divorce. Castle and Gina became involved again, briefly, when she spent a summer with him in the Hamptons supervising his second Nikki Heat novel, but they soon ended their relationship. Castle has sole custody of his daughter, Alexis. As a result of his own experiences being raised by a nanny, he insisted on raising her himself, made easier by the fact that he works from his large loft apartment shared with his mother. Alexis sometimes seems more mature and responsible than her father, parenting him. Richard takes great care of her, but also likes to play with her. Castle also plays regular poker games with fellow authors James Patterson, Stephen J. Cannell, Michael Connelly, and Dennis Lehane. When Cannell died in 2010, a fictional mystery writer was invited by Castle to the game, but a seat was left empty in their friend's honor. He also mentions being friends with Jonathan Kellerman, Wes Craven, and Stephen King. In the fifth season, Castle finally meets his father (portrayed by James Brolin), whom he learns is a spy when he helps him rescue Alexis when she was kidnapped. A Russian enemy of Castle's father seeks revenge for the Russian's murdered wife, so he kidnaps Alexis to lure him out. His father has been checking in on him, his mom, and Alexis their whole lives. At the end of the final fifth-season episode, Castle proposes marriage to Beckett just as she prepares to reveal her decision on a Washington, DC job offer. The episode ends before she answers. At the beginning of the first sixth-season episode, "Valkyrie", Kate accepts. They are finally married during the seventh season in a private wedding with their family, taking place at Castle's house in the Hamptons. In the eighth and final season, Beckett estranges herself from Castle in order to protect him from LokSat, a deadly mastermind who she's after, although they are married still and very much in love. Beckett starts living elsewhere, not letting Castle know about LokSat. After the events of "Mr. And Mrs. Castle" they get back together. Alexis becomes Castle's main helping hand in his P.I. agency. In the series finale, a flash forward to seven years later shows Castle and Beckett are the parents of three children. Writing career Early episodes of the series had Castle voicing over the introductory credits beginning with Season 2. There are two kinds of folks who sit around thinking how to kill people: Psychopaths, and mystery writers. I'm the kind that pays better. Who am I? I'm Rick Castle... Every writer needs inspiration, and I found mine." [Det. Kate Beckett as Nikki Heat] "And thanks to my friendship with the mayor, I get to be on her case... And together, we catch killers." Castle is an author of mystery fiction, with 26 bestsellers. His first novel, In a Hail of Bullets, accrued at least 21 rejections before being accepted by a publisher (he keeps the first rejection letter he received framed on his office wall as motivation) and winning the Nom DePlume Society's Tom Straw Award for Mystery Literature. The books have made Castle wealthy; when Alexis is kidnapped he can pay a $3 million ransom. Castle has a large multi-floor Manhattan apartment, a beachfront house in the Hamptons, and luxury cars. His most popular works are a series starring "Derrick Storm"; A Calm Before The Storm, Gathering Storm, Unholy Storm, Storm's Last Stand, Storm Season, Storm Rising, Storm Warning, and Storm's Break and in the pilot episode, Castle attends a party for the release of the final book in the Storm series, Stormfall, which ends with the surprise death of Derrick Storm, Castle having become bored with the character. He later reads from the novel before a book-signing. Patterson and Cannell both disagree with the decision to kill off Storm, with Cannell commenting that he could have retired or crippled Storm instead, so that he could revisit the character if he changed his mind. His other books include Death of a Prom Queen, Flowers For Your Grave, Hell Hath No Fury, A Skull at Springtime, At Dusk We Die, When It Comes to Slaughter, and A Rose for Everafter. By his own admission, his early works—Death of a Prom Queen, Flowers For Your Grave, and Hell Hath No Fury—are of poor quality; he points to Hell Hath No Fury in particular, with its plotline of "angry Wiccans out for blood" as being a low point in his career. After using his friendship with the Mayor to get partnered with NYPD detective Kate Beckett under the pretense of conducting research for a new character, Castle plans a new series of novels starring a new character, a detective based on Beckett. He soon names Beckett's literary alter-ego "Nikki Heat", much to her embarrassment. Beckett takes umbrage at the name, regarding it a "stripper name", and insists that Castle change it, despite his proposing the book titles Summer Heat, Heat Wave, and In Heat. Ultimately, he sticks with the name, and the first novel in the series, Heat Wave, is released to much critical acclaim and financial success. Castle is offered a lucrative contract for three more Nikki Heat novels, with talk in the third season of a movie adaptation. The title of his second Nikki Heat novel, Naked Heat, once again displeases Beckett. It has been suggested that Castle's interest in death, murder, and the macabre may be the result of a childhood trauma. When Beckett confronts him about it, Castle avoids the question. However, as soon as he tells the story, he admits it is fictional and that it's "[his] job to make stuff up". Later, he admits to his daughter that one of the reasons he writes is to try to understand how criminals could do the things they do. He was under consideration for a deal to write three novels revolving around an unnamed British spy (implied to be James Bond) but rejected the offer, allegedly because his publisher wanted three more Nikki Heat novels and offered him more money, but secretly because accepting would have ended his collaboration with Beckett. In "Hollander's Woods", the source of Castle's interest in murder writing is revealed: in 1983, when he was 11, he found a murdered girl and was confronted by her killer who let him go. The girl's body was never found and she was never identified so no one believed his story. According to Castle, this encounter is what causes him to do what he does: he never was able to solve the mystery of what happened to him in the woods that day so he's driven to solve all the other mysteries he can. In the present of the episode, Castle is confronted by a similar case and finally gets to learn the truth of what happened that day and personally stop a serial killer of an unknown, but presumably large, number of murdered women. Castle is something of a "method writer", endlessly researching his subjects and acquiring new skills to put himself in the mind of his characters. Amongst the useful skills Castle (and to some extent, partner-in-crime Alexis) have acquired are lock picking, safe cracking, fencing, and a basic grounding in forensic science and criminal psychology. Because he's a writer, although he notoriously shirks "boring paperwork," his ability to speed-read allows him to sift through information faster than most of the precinct (a skill Gates puts to use when hunting for a bomber) and he retains almost everything he reads, especially when it comes to case files (making him the closest approximation to an expert when Jerry Tyson, aka 3XK, returns in Season 7 after stealing his entire case file in Season 6). He also has researched crimes and serial killers, such as the original crime spree of serial killer Jerry Tyson aka The Triple Killer or 3XK for When It Comes to Slaughter. In the pilot episode, "Flowers For Your Grave", Castle displays an uncanny knack for behavioral observation when he observes Beckett and is able to accurately profile her, to which a visibly shaken Beckett responds "cute trick". Kyra Blaine, an ex-girlfriend of Castle to whom he dedicated A Rose for Everafter, told Beckett that Castle only dedicates his books to people he truly cares about. In "Hollander's Woods", Castle is awarded the Poe's Pen Achievement Award which he says is the highest award a mystery writer can receive. Although shaken by an encounter with the serial killer who inspired his writing interest, Castle accepts the award and dedicates it to his family and friends as he recognizes that, without them, he wouldn't have won it. Police consulting In the pilot episode of Castle, Castle is consulted by Detective Beckett of the NYPD when two victims are murdered in the style of two deaths portrayed in his novels, Hell Hath No Fury and Flowers for Your Grave respectively. Though Beckett wants Castle's access to the case limited, Castle repeatedly defies her instructions in order to see the handiwork of his copycat. Unsatisfied with what he considers a boring resolution to the case, Castle convinces Beckett to continue the investigation, and winds up discovering deeper layers to the crime. While the murders initially appeared to have been committed by the mentally ill client of a social worker who was one of the victims, Castle notes that the murderer did not duplicate the crimes exactly, eliminating the possibility that he was a deranged fan. He realizes that the killer was actually the social worker's brother attempting to frame her client, so that he could inherit his father's money after his death (his father suffering from terminal cancer). By the end of the pilot, Castle enters into a working relationship with Beckett under the pretense of conducting research for his new series of "Nikki Heat" novels. This relationship is often strained by Castle's luck in personally encountering the suspects, and sneaking in behind breaching teams even after Beckett has ordered him to remain behind; his attempts to follow them once allowing a suspect a chance to escape (although in Castle's defense this was merely because his ex-wife called him on his cell phone during the stake-out rather than any mistakes on his part). Despite this, Castle's familiarity with numerous obscure subjects often gives breakthroughs. His career yields many contacts, including a CIA agent willing to break Agency protocol by telling Castle and Beckett that their current victim was not a CIA agent. Although he is a proficient marksman (secret until Beckett bets with him on the practice range), he works the cases wholly unarmed (with a few rare, isolated exceptions). While his status as a consultant generally allows him to participate in the 'fun' parts of detective work without worrying about the more tedious details such as paperwork, the team puts him in situations where the criminals request no police involvement, such as to drop off a ransom. Castle still requires official police authority to request information from various sources, and can only question witnesses under supervision. Beckett often steps in to stop him becoming carried away with wild theories that threaten to obscure the facts. He once speculated that a surgeon had been killed for his involvement in an organ-smuggling ring before they discovered that he was wanted for plastic surgery he had performed for someone in witness protection. Castle's writing career has given him a knack for noting minor details in the situations they investigate, such as when he noted that rent for a victim's apartment had been paid for after her death. Initially portrayed as jocular and immature, such as having a bulletproof vest made up for himself that says "WRITER" rather than "POLICE", Castle's character deepens as the series progresses. In "Sucker Punch", while attempting to catch the killer responsible for the death of Beckett's mother over a decade ago, Castle willingly donates $100,000 of his own money for a fake hit, to lure out the killer. He then offers to terminate his partnership with Beckett after she was forced to shoot the real killer, revealed to be a contract assassin silent about his employer. Beckett rejects the offer on the grounds that Castle makes her hard job more fun. In season 3 "Nikki Heat", Castle is upset when B-movie actress Natalie Rhodes is cast as Nikki, thinking she is not right for the role. When Rhodes comes onto a case to observe Beckett, Castle is further insulted that she has not read the actual book. Rhodes considers him unimportant to the film and Beckett likes having Natalie around. However, as the case goes on, Rhodes begins to copy Beckett's mannerisms and outfits, complete with brunette wig, annoying Beckett while Castle begins to like her more. At one point, Rhodes kisses Castle, making it clear she wants to sleep with him to feel the character more but Castle turns her down, telling Beckett that sleeping with the actress playing the fictional version of her is "way too meta". In "Knockdown", Castle helps Beckett in catching her mother's killer. When Martha points out that he has written 22 books before meeting Beckett but he did not have to go to police station every day, Castle replied by saying that it is not about the books anymore. Castle and Beckett finally kiss as a ploy to distract a guard, although their reactions imply that they both felt something. Since then, despite Beckett's then current relationship with another man, they begin spending increasing amounts of time together, with Castle even admitting he is jealous when Beckett agrees to help another writer with his book. In the final episode of Season 3, "Knockout", Castle finally admits his feelings to Beckett, who is apparently unconscious after being shot while delivering a eulogy at Roy Montgomery's funeral after Montgomery sacrificed himself to atone for his role in the death of Beckett's mother. She claims amnesia after she has recovered from the shooting, refusing the possibility of a relationship while her mother's real killer still walks free. In season 4, Castle is contacted by a shadowy figure who says that he is a friend of Roy Montgomery and that he has been charged with protecting Beckett in his stead. Castle learns that Montgomery knew who ordered Beckett's mother's death; he had been the one who found out about the kidnappings and offered not to go to the police if Montgomery, Raglan and MacAllister gave him the money they made from the ransoms which has been estimated at several millions of dollars. According to the man, this person has grown powerful enough for the revelation to destroy him. Montgomery had kept files that, should they be revealed would harm the killer and others. The deal was that Montgomery's family and Beckett would be safe if he wanted the files kept secret. Upon his death, he had sent the files to the mysterious man and had charged him with upholding the deal. The only other condition was that Beckett couldn't go near the case or else the deal was off. Castle says that he will keep her reined in. He tells only his mother this information and confides in her as to the deal he made. Martha wants Castle to tell Beckett the truth, but Castle tells her that he can't because Beckett will be killed by the people behind her mother's murder if she keeps digging and that he has to protect her. In 'Dial M for Mayor', a mysterious conspiracy is uncovered that was attempting to force Mayor Weldon, Castle's close friend, out of office. The attempt to smear him for embezzlement backfired when a young woman named Laura Cambridge discovered the fact and she was killed. During the case, the mysterious man once again contacts Castle and asks to meet. When they do, he helps him solve the case. However, he later reveals that the conspiracy aimed at the Mayor would have forced Castle out of the 12th Precinct because no one would force Captain Gates to retain him. The man said that they needed Castle to remain at Beckett's side because he was the only one able to keep her away from her mother's case. Castle promises that he will uphold his end of the deal to keep Beckett away from the case. In "Pandora" and Linchpin", the investigation of a murder leads Castle and Beckett to reunite with Sophia Turner, a CIA operative on whom he based a major character. Beckett shows some jealousy at how the two are close and Turner tells Beckett that after she and Rick became involved, it was the beginning of the end of their partnership. The trio work together to stop a plot that could escalate into World War III. However, Sophia turns out to not only be part of the plot but is actually a KGB mole who infiltrated the CIA only to be left on her own when the Soviet Union collapsed. Holding Beckett and Castle at gunpoint, she hints that Castle's father was in the CIA and that was why he gained access years ago. She is killed by a true CIA agent as Beckett and Castle help stop the plot. While mourning Sophia, Castle admits to Beckett that she was much truer to the character he created. In "47 Seconds", Beckett reveals to a suspect that she remembered every second of being shot, not realizing that Castle was watching behind the one-way glass mirror. As a result, although Castle tried to hide it, he started to become distant with her, much to Beckett's confusion, concluding that she never mentioned her memory of the event because she didn't return his feelings and didn't want to create an awkward situation. In the season 4 finale, Castle is concerned when a murder case is connected to the conspiracy behind Beckett's mother and is told by the mystery man that Beckett's life is in danger if she investigates. After failing to warn her off subtly, Castle confesses to Beckett how he's been protecting her and she's outraged over his making decisions for her. He confronts her over how he knows she remembers his declaration of love and they both decide they're done. After nearly dying in a confrontation with the killer and quitting the police force, Beckett comes to Castle's apartment, telling him she could only think of him while on the verge of death and then they later kiss passionately. The thread of their relationship continues in Season 5, with Castle and Beckett trying (and mostly failing) to conceal their relationship from their co-workers – not simply because of office gossip, but the threat of a misconduct charge being levied by the ever-watchful Captain Gates. In episode 5.04 (Murder, He Wrote), Ryan accidentally stumbles on the truth while interrogating a suspect, but chooses to keep the truth to himself and respect their privacy. Lanie and Esposito learn the truth in the following episode when Castle was framed for murder (Ryan told Esposito and Beckett told Lanie so that they were aware of the fact that their background research would expose Castle's contact with Beckett outside of case-related matters). In the Season 5 episode "Still", Captain Gates reveals that she has known about the relationship and has kept quiet since to maintain "plausible deniability", i.e. she cannot report the relationship because she hasn't personally witnessed any behavior to suggest a relationship and is happy to keep up the plausible deniability so long as the pair remain professional on the job. In the season six episode "Veritas", after Beckett is framed for murder by the man who had ordered the death of her mother, Castle works to protect her. They are eventually able to clear her name and as a bonus, finally arrest the man Beckett had been after for so long with hidden evidence Roy Montgomery had left Johanna Beckett. In episode eleven of season 7, Castle is ordered to leave the NYPD due to co-operating with a mafia don to prove the innocence of one of his underlings suspected of murder, leading to the true murderer being assassinated. After being restored to his position in the police department, Castle is finally able to bring down old enemy Jerry Tyson, aka serial killer 3XK during "Resurrection" and "Redemption." In the season seven finale, "Hollander's Woods", Castle is confronted with his past when a murder surfaces that matches one he saw in his youth. The murder he'd witnessed had been his inspiration to write as because he was never able finish the story of what had happened in the woods when he was a kid, he became driven to finish all the other stories he could find. The investigation leads them to discover a serial killer who has been operating for at least thirty years with an unknown number of victims, all people who won't be missed. The investigation leads them to the identity of the girl Castle saw murdered and a showdown between Castle and the killer after he breaks into the man's barn in search of evidence. Castle is forced to fatally shoot the killer in self-defense with Beckett's gun and brings closure to his victims though the incident leaves him shaken. Private investigator After being banned from the 12th Precinct, Castle completed online courses and became a fully licensed private investigator, hoping that he could still work with the department by conducting his own investigations rather than as part of theirs, but was informed that this planned loophole wouldn't work as he still wasn't allowed to directly come in contact with evidence. He continued to operate as a P.I., but soon found himself dissatisfied with the role, as he was mainly hired for minor cases or people viewing his new career as a 'gimmick' rather than a serious profession; one case saw him hired by someone who wanted him to act as a fake witness to her plans to fake her own death. However, after rescuing Beckett from his old nemesis the Triple Killer, Captain Gates eventually re-hired Castle as a consultant for the 12th precinct-'officially' designating it as community service for interfering in an active case-also reinstating him as Beckett's partner. After Gates and Beckett are promoted so that Beckett is now captain of the 12th precinct, Castle re-opens Richard Castle Investigations (his private investigator's office) to allow him to take part in investigations due to Beckett's more deskbound role. Literature As a promotion for the show, "Richard Castle's" book Heat Wave was released in hardcover by Hyperion on September 29, 2009 and debuted at No. 26 on The New York Times Best Seller list. In its fourth week on the list, Heat Wave broke into the top 10 as No. 6. Heat Wave was released in paperback on July 27, 2010 and debuted at No. 34 on The New York Times best seller Paperback Mass-Market list. The novel features a fictionalized version of the already fictional Richard Castle, named "Jameson Rook", who enters into a partnership with Heat that mirrors Castle's working relationship with Beckett. The second novel, Naked Heat, was released September 28, 2010, and debuted at No. 7 on The New York Times Best Seller list. As with Heat Wave, ABC released a series of early chapters of Naked Heat online. The third Nikki Heat novel, Heat Rises, was released on September 20, 2011. The fourth book in the series, Frozen Heat, was released on September 11, 2012. A graphic novel featuring Derrick Storm titled Deadly Storm, written by Brian Michael Bendis and Kelly Sue DeConnick, with art by Lan Medina, was published by Marvel Comics on September 28, 2011. Hyperion has also published three original Derrick Storm eBook novellas; A Brewing Storm was published in May 2012, A Raging Storm in July, and A Bloody Storm in August. Derrick Storm Derrick Storm book list Fictional novels attributed to Richard Castle: A Calm Before The Storm Storm's Break Storm Warning Unholy Storm Gathering Storm Storm Rising Driving Storm Storm's Last Stand Storm Fall Storm Approaching Derrick Storm adaptations Graphic novel of earlier fictional novels: Deadly Storm (September 28, 2011) () Storm Season (October 15, 2012) () A Calm Before Storm (July 16, 2013) () Unholy Storm (May 7, 2014) () Books featuring the return of Derrick Storm following the events of Storm Fall: Derrick Storm trilogy; omnibus audio-book titled Storm Surge (), omnibus book titled Ultimate Storm () A Brewing Storm (May 1, 2012) () A Raging Storm (July 3, 2012) () A Bloody Storm (August 7, 2012) () Storm Front (May 21, 2013) () Wild Storm (May 23, 2014) () Heat Storm (May 2, 2017) () Nikki Heat Like Castle, the Nikki Heat novels are set in New York City. The title character, Nikki Heat, is based on Castle's partner, Kate Beckett. The first book, Heat Wave, was initially published on September 29, 2009. It reached the No. 6 spot in its fourth week on the New York Times bestseller list. The second book, Naked Heat, was released on September 28, 2010. It debuted at No. 7 on the Times list. The third book, Heat Rises, was released on September 20, 2011. It debuted on the Times list on October 9 at No. 1. The fourth book was released on September 11, 2012, and debuted at No. 7 on September 23. The fifth Nikki Heat novel, Deadly Heat, was released September 17, 2013, and debuted at No. 8 on the New York Times bestseller list. Nikki Heat book list Heat Wave (September 29, 2009) () Naked Heat (September 28, 2010) () Heat Rises (September 20, 2011) () Frozen Heat (September 11, 2012) () Deadly Heat (September 17, 2013) () Raging Heat (September 16, 2014) () Driving Heat (September 15, 2015) () High Heat (October 25, 2016) () Heat Storm (May 2, 2017) () Crashing Heat (Mar 12, 2019) () Nikki Heat fictional characters Detective Nikki Heat is loosely based on NYPD detective Kate Beckett, with a similar backstory. Her decision to become a detective was motivated by the death of someone close to her – although Heat has a niece and siblings that Beckett lacks – and the first case she investigates is adapted from several real cases Castle helped Beckett solve. Heat is assisted by sometimes-lover journalist Jameson Rook, and colleagues, Detectives Raley and Ochoa. Originally a theater major at Northeastern University, Nikki switched her major to criminal justice after her mother's murder. She is a practitioner of Brazilian jiu-jitsu, and often spars with Don, her Navy SEAL combat trainer-with-benefits until his murder in Frozen Heat. Nikki carries the NYPD-issue SIG-Sauer P226 DAO as her duty weapon (unlike Beckett, who uses the Glock 19). She lives at an apartment in the Gramercy Park neighborhood of Manhattan. At the end of Raging Heat, Rook proposes, and the two are married in the epilogue of Driving Heat by their friend and frequent poker buddy, Judge Horace Simpson. In Frozen Heat, Nikki learns that her murdered mother, Cynthia Heat (née Trope), was a CIA agent who worked as a piano tutor for the children of various foreign nationals, and that she was murdered because she had uncovered a terrorist plot. After ten years, Nikki was able to close the case and bring her mother's killer to justice. Although Nikki passes the Lieutenant's exam with flying colors in Heat Rises, she declines the promotion in order to remain a homicide detective. She is promoted to captain of the 20th Precinct in Raging Heat after the death of Captain Wallace Irons. Although she had a little bit of a rough start as Precinct Commander in Driving Heat, Nikki eventually finds her footing. It is mentioned in High Heat that Nikki has spent her entire career at the 20th, first as a rookie beat cop, then as a patrol sergeant, followed by detective and detective squad leader, and culminating in her current rank as captain. Nikki and Rook also made a cameo appearance in Richard Castle's Derrick Storm novel, Storm Front, where they interviewed Storm after he was detained by the NYPD for being in the room with a dead body. After the events of High Heat, Nikki is offered the position of Director of Homeland Security by Presidential candidate Senator Lindsy Gardner, a position she is highly encouraged to accept by the Commissioner and Zach Hamner. She also works alongside Derrick Storm to unravel the mystery of why her mother actually faked her own death in 1999. Jameson Alexander Rook is a fictional character Richard Castle created for his Nikki Heat series of crime novels. He is a famous two-time Pulitzer Prize-winning magazine journalist who shadows the main character, Detective Nikki Heat, and is her on-again off-again love interest. He was shot by a dirty cop in Heat Rises and spent the beginning of the next novel, Frozen Heat, recovering. He proposes to her at the end of Raging Heat, and the two are married in the epilogue of Driving Heat by their friend and frequent poker buddy, Judge Horace Simpson. The character moonlights as a romance novelist under the pen name Victoria St. Clair. He is based on Castle himself and the way he works with Kate Beckett. Rook and Heat also made a cameo appearance in Richard Castle's Derrick Storm novel, Storm Front, where they interviewed Storm after he was detained by the NYPD for being in the room with a dead body. Both Rook and Storm noted each other's rugged handsomeness. Captain Charles Montrose is the captain of the 20th Precinct, based on Captain Montgomery. Prior to taking command of the 20th Precinct, he worked as a homicide detective at the 41st Precinct in the Bronx. He is a widower; his wife, Pauletta, was killed by a drunk driver while crossing the street. Captain Montrose was murdered in Heat Rises, and after Det. Heat proved it wasn't a suicide, he was given a funeral with full honors. Detective Miguel Ochoa is based on Detective Esposito. While working with Raley, their nickname is "Roach". After Det. Heat's promotion to captain, she names Ochoa and Raley co-lead detectives of the 20th Detective Squad. Detective Sean Raley is based on Detective Ryan, and is coined "King of All Surveillance Media" by Det. Heat. While working with Ochoa, their nickname is "Roach". After Det. Heat's promotion to captain, she names Raley and Ochoa co-lead detectives of the 20th Detective Squad. Dr. Lauren Parry is a medical examiner with the Office of Chief Medical Examiner of the City of New York and one of Det. Heat's closest friends, based on Dr. Lanie Parish. Margaret Rook is Jameson Rook's mother, based on Richard Castle's own mother Martha Rodgers. Margaret is a 60-something-year-old Tony Award-winning Broadway diva. Detective Randall "Randy" Feller is a member of the NYPD Taxi Squad in Heat Rises. He transferred to Det. Heat's homicide team before the events of Frozen Heat. Detective Daniel "Dan" Rhymer is a former military policeman from the Carolinas, nicknamed "Opie", who now works in the burglary division of the 20th Precinct. Det. Heat often borrows him for high-profile investigations to the point where he eventually became a full-time member of the squad. Detective Inez Aguinaldo, a member of the Southampton Police Department who assisted Det. Heat during the events of Raging Heat. She transferred to the NYPD's 20th Precinct in Driving Heat after Heat was promoted to captain. Detective Benigno DeJesus is the lead member of the 20th Precinct's Evidence Collection Team and a valued colleague of Det. Heat. Zach Hamner, aka "the Hammer", is the Senior Administrative Aide to the Deputy Commissioner of Legal Matters. A powerful member of the NYPD, Hamner felt personally snubbed by Det. Heat when she turned down the promotion to lieutenant. He has since become 1PP's point man when it comes to Capt. Heat and her precinct. In Heat Storm, he strongly urges Capt. Heat to accept Presidential candidate Lindsy Gardner's offer to become Director of Homeland Security in anticipation of all the federal assistance she could provide the NYPD with in that position. Captain Wallace "Wally" Irons, first introduced in Heat Rises is an administrator and bureaucrat who took command of the 20th Precinct after the death of Captain Montrose. He was not very well-liked or respected by Det. Heat, especially after he began sleeping with precinct Detective Sharon Hinesburg, and is constantly about looking good to the public and the NYPD brass. He was killed in an explosion in Raging Heat, prompting Heat to succeed him as precinct commander. Detectives Malcolm and Reynolds, first introduced in Naked Heat . On loan from Burglary Division, they are considered to be as formidable a team as Raley and Ochoa. Their names are taken from the character played by Nathan Fillion in the TV show Firefly. Senator Lindsy Gardner, a librarian-turned-politician who ran for President of the United States in 2016 against Republican Caleb Brown and Independent Legs Kline. During her campaign, she asked Capt. Nikki Heat to serve in her Cabinet as Director of Homeland Security. Other fictional novels In a Hail of Bullets (winner of the Nom DePlume Society's Tom Straw Award for Mystery Literature) Death of a Prom Queen Flowers For Your Grave Hell Hath No Fury A Skull at Springtime At Dusk We Die When It Comes to Slaughter A Rose for Everafter Dead Man's Chest Bullets and Bracelets Kissed and Killed One Bullet, One Heart "Mystery" of the Castle ghost writer The ABC network was able to successfully conceal the true identity of the ghost-writer of the Castle book series throughout the eight years of the program's production from 2009 through 2016, allowing the mystery of the true identity of this individual to then remain as an intriguing part of the over-all "Castle myth." In 2010, the hint was dropped, when the "Nom de Plume Society," and the "Tom Straw Mystery Writer's Award," were apparently created to fete actor Nathan Fillion with said award, however at that point in time the general public remained unaware of the connection. The general mystery persisted regarding the ghost-writer's true identity, despite the fact that some then proposed the possibility that therefore Straw must be the true ghost-writer. The ghost-writer's name was only finally fully revealed after the series production was discontinued in 2016. It was then officially acknowledged that the Castle book series was indeed entirely written by a ghostwriter and that established screenwriter Tom Straw wrote the first seven. Not clear who wrote books 8-10. References External links ABC website for Richard Castle books Heat Wave @ ABC.com Fictional writers Fictional consultants Fictional characters from New York City Fictional amateur detectives Fictional private investigators Fictional Pulitzer Prize winners Television characters introduced in 2009

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu%20Yizheng

Liu Yizheng

Liu Yizheng (; 1880–1956) was a Chinese historian, calligrapher, librarian, cultural scholar, educator, and academic leader. He is known for his personal charisma, spirit and eruditeness. In modern Chinese academic field, it is said that the number of famous experts in various fields including in literature, history, geography, philosophy and even natural science he educated and enlighted was the most. Liu Yizheng and Wang Bohang were honorifically called Nanyong Double Pillars (Two pillars of Nanjing University) during early period of Republic of China. Biography Early life under the Qing dynasty Born and educated under the Qing dynasty (1644–1912), Liu passed the first level of the imperial civil service examination a few years before its abolition in 1905. In the early 1900s his mentor the philologist Miao Quansun (繆荃蓀; 1844–1919) put him in charge of writing a textbook on Chinese national history that had been commissioned by the reformist high official Zhang Zhidong (1837–1909). Liu's Brief Account of the Past (Lidai shilue 歷代史略), an adaptation of Japanese historian Naka Michiyo's (那珂通世; 1851–1908) General History of China (Shina tsūshi 支那通史), was published in Nanjing by a government press in 1902. After a two-month visit to Meiji Japan in 1902 during which he was impressed by the new Japanese education system, Liu used his new textbook to teach history in schools that had been created as part of the late Qing "New Policies" (Xinzheng 新政, 1901–1911). In 1905 the new Ministry of Education (Xuebu 學部) officially designated Liu's Brief Account as a national textbook. Republican times After the Qing fell and was replaced by a Republican government, Liu opposed Hu Shih's call for a "literary revolution" that consisted in replacing classical Chinese with more vernacular forms of writing, a kind of reform advocated by the intellectuals of the New Culture Movement. Refusing to ascribe China's recent difficulties to Confucianism or traditional Chinese culture, Liu attributed them to the Manchurian domination, the Opium War, corrupt government, warlords, and all kinds of social problems which, he argued, is not the consequence of practice but the absence of practice of Confucianism. In the 1920s Liu wrote several historical articles for the Critical Review (Hsuehheng 學衡), a journal that was founded in 1922 at National Southeastern University (later renamed National Central University and Nanjing University) . In some of these articles he defended the value of traditional historical scholarship, disagreeing with Gu Jiegang and other advocates of the Doubting Antiquity School, who doubted the reliability of ancient Chinese historical records. Liu's History of Chinese Culture (Zhongguo wenhua shi 中國文化史), a cultural history of China from times immemorial to the 1920s, was first serialized in the Critical Review from 1925 to 1929 before being published as a book in 1932. Though Liu's scholarship is usually viewed as conservative, his book laid the foundation for a discussion of China as a cultural entity rather than a racial one as was common at the time. In 1927, Liu Yizheng served as the curator of National Study Library (Chinese Study Library) which later merged with National Central Library and formed the new Nanjing Library. In the library he founded Live and Read System, providing long-term devoted readers vacant rooms to live. Many such readers later call the library Alma Mater. Works Liu Yizheng wrote several books on Chinese history, including on the history of education, commerce, and culture. His books also include Business Ethics, An Introduction to Edition, etc. History of Chinese Culture () and Essentials of National History () are his most important works. Notes 1880 births 1956 deaths Members of Academia Sinica Writers from Zhenjiang People's Republic of China historians Republic of China historians National Central University faculty Nanjing University faculty Northeastern University (China) faculty Beijing Normal University faculty Zhejiang University faculty 20th-century historians Educators from Zhenjiang Historians from Jiangsu

1190034

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College%20rowing%20in%20the%20United%20States

College rowing in the United States

Rowing is the oldest intercollegiate sport in the United States. The first intercollegiate race was a contest between Yale and Harvard in 1852. In the 2018–19 school year, there were 2,340 male and 7,294 female collegiate rowers (on 57 and 148 teams, respectively) in Divisions I, II and III, according to the NCAA. The sport has grown since the first NCAA statistics were compiled for the 1981–82 school year, which reflected 2,053 male and 1,187 female collegiate rowers (on 48 and 43 teams, respectively) in the three divisions. Some concern has been raised that some recent female numbers are inflated by non-competing novices. Men's rowing has organized collegiate championships in various forms since 1871. The Intercollegiate Rowing Association (IRA) has been the de facto national championship for men since 1895. Women's rowing initially competed in its intercollegiate championships as part of the National Women's Rowing Association Championship in 1971. From 1980 through 1996, the women's national championships races were conducted at the National Collegiate Rowing Championships in Cincinnati. In the 1996–97 season, most women's intercollegiate rowing programs elected to join the NCAA as a "Championship" sport. Men's rowing declined to join the NCAA, but virtually all colleges abide by NCAA regulations. Other governing bodies of college rowing in the United States include the American Collegiate Rowing Association (ACRA). History Timeline 1852 – Yale challenges Harvard to a rowing race and the first Harvard-Yale Boat Race is held. This is also the first intercollegiate event held in the United States. Since 1864 this race has been held annually and since 1878, with few exceptions, it has been raced on the Thames River in New London, Connecticut. 1864 – Rowing became the first organized sport at Rutgers. Six-mile races were held on the Raritan River among six-oared boats. 1870 – The Rowing Association of American Colleges was established by Bowdoin, Brown and Harvard Universities and Massachusetts Agricultural College, now known as the University of Massachusetts Amherst. The first regatta was held on July 21, 1871, at Ingleside, Massachusetts, on the Connecticut River. This can be considered to be the very first collegiate athletic organization in the country and devised a primary rule of eligibility: that only undergraduate students should be eligible to represent their college in the regatta—a rule which remains in the NCAA to this day. 1870 – Rutgers held its first intercollegiate competition on the Raritan River against the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard, the then top-ranked amateur crew of the time. The distance of the course was three miles. 1872 – Princeton's first intercollegiate race, at the National Amateur Regatta, Philadelphia. 1875 – Wellesley College established the first women's rowing program. 1878 – Columbia wins the Visitors' Challenge Cup and becomes the first foreign crew to win at the Henley Royal Regatta. 1891 – The Intercollegiate Rowing Association was founded by Cornell, Columbia, and Pennsylvania: its first annual regatta was hosted on June 24, 1895. Today Navy and Syracuse are also members of the association. Cornell dominates the early regattas winning 14 of the first 23 varsity 8 races. 1903 – The University of Washington established a men's and women's rowing program, and beat the University of California in their first dual. 1908 – Princeton completes the construction of Lake Carnegie, the gift of Andrew Carnegie, as its rowing venue. 1916 – Lightweight rowing was first introduced at the University of Pennsylvania. 1920 – Navy wins the gold medal at the 1920 Summer Olympics in the eight-man (8+) boat. US collegiate boats would win the gold medal in the 8+ at the next seven Olympics. 1922 – The first Harvard-Yale-Princeton lightweight race is held on May 20. 1923 – Washington is the first team from the west coast to win the varsity 8 title at the IRA regatta. Between 1920 and 1950, California, Navy and Washington would dominate college rowing winning 21 of the 25 varsity titles at the IRA and five Olympic titles in the eight-man boat. 1924 – Yale varsity men's 8 wins Olympic gold in Paris 1928 – The University of California varsity men's 8 wins the Olympic gold medal in Amsterdam. 1932 – The University of California varsity men's 8 wins its second Olympic gold medal in Los Angeles. 1936 – Washington varsity men's 8 wins Olympic gold in Berlin, Germany at the 'Nazi games'. 1946 – The Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges (EARC) is formed and the first Eastern Sprints is held for lightweights and heavyweights. 1948 – The University of California varsity men's 8 wins its third Olympic gold at Henley in London.*1956 – Yale varsity men's 8 wins Olympic gold in Melbourne Australia 1948 – Princeton becomes the first American lightweight crew to win a championship at Henley (the Thames Cup). 1963 – Harry Parker becomes coach of Harvard. 1971 – Collegiate women begin competing in the eight-oared boat (8+) at the National Women's Rowing Association (NWRA) Championship (collegiate and non-collegiate). 1972 – Congress passes Title IX, which eventually leads to large growth in women's rowing. 1973 – Radcliffe College women's rowing team wins NWRA National Championship. 1973 – Princeton women's eight wins New England Intercollegiate Regatta championship (forerunner to EAWRC Women's Eastern Sprints). 1975 – The University of Wisconsin women's rowing team wins NWRA National Championship. 1976 – The Yale women's rowing team strips in front of the Yale athletic director to demand equal opportunity under Title IX. The incident makes national headlines. The documentary film, A Hero for Daisy, memorializes this event. 1976 – First EAWRC Varsity Women's Lightweight 8 championship, won by Boston University, 1979 – Yale women's team claims its first national championship as top college finisher at NWRA regatta. 1980 – The first Women's National Collegiate Rowing Championship is held at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, sponsored by the National Women's Rowing Association (NWRA). 1982 – The only Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) rowing championships was held 1983 – Boston University women's rowing team wins National Championship for a third time. 1986 – The National Women's Rowing Association (NWRA) dissolves and USRowing assumes responsibility as the national governing body for women's rowing. 1988 – Northeastern University Men's 8+ capture school's first IRA Championship at Lake Onondaga, NY 1997 – The NCAA establishes a rowing championship for women. Washington sweeps the NCAA Regatta and IRA Regatta. 2002 – The University of California Men's 8 wins its fourth straight IRA gold medal (1999, 2000, 2001, 2002), the first four-peat since Cornell (1955–1958). 2009 – Washington Sweeps the 8+ Events at the IRA Regatta, becoming the first crew to do so since they did in 1997. They won in the Varsity 8, Second Varsity 8, Freshman 8, and open four and placed second in the Varsity 4 2010 – The University of California Men's 8 wins gold at the IRAs, its sixth in 12 years and 16th overall, second only to Cornell's 22 titles. 2011 – Washington's men's 8 wins gold at the IRAs for the 14th time. 2012 – Washington's men achieve an unprecedented sweep of all five grand finals at the IRAs, setting record times in 2V8, freshmen 8, V4, and open 4, as well as its 15th V8 IRA title. Categories Men's rowing Men's rowing is not affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association. The de facto national championship of Division I men's rowing is the Intercollegiate Rowing Association (IRA) Championships. The National Champion in each category is the winner of its respective Varsity 8+ race. The Dad Vail Regatta is considered the national championship for second-tier schools. These include top club teams such as Virginia and Michigan as well as lower level varsity programs such as Hobart and St. Joseph's University. Other club programs and all programs outside the NCAA/IRA structure compete at the ACRA National Championship Regatta. In collegiate men's rowing, the First Varsity 8 is meant to be the fastest boat. Oarsmen not selected for the First Varsity 8 are usually placed in the Second Varsity 8 followed by the Third Varsity. Rowers outside of the top two eights are sometimes, depending on the race, put into fours of various categories. This is the case at the IRA championship, for example, but not at the Eastern Sprints or Pac-10 championship. Freshman separately competed in the Freshman 8, the Second Freshman 8, a Freshman 4, etc., until 2012 when the IRA permitted freshman eligibility to row in a varsity boat; most leagues followed suit. The IRA eliminated freshman races after 2015. Women's rowing NCAA women's rowing is divided into three divisions with an official NCAA championship: NCAA Division I Rowing Championship NCAA Division II Rowing Championship NCAA Division III Rowing Championship Women rowers compete at the NCAA Division I Rowing Championship in a Varsity 8, a Second Varsity 8, and a Varsity Four. Most teams also field one or more Novice Eights for novice rowers who have never competed at the collegiate level. Points are awarded for the overall championship based on the performance of those boats. Other head races and regattas such as Head of the Charles or the Pac-12 Championships allow a wide variety of competition in less-prominent boat classifications such as pair, sculls, and lightweight racing. There has been spectacular growth in women's rowing over the past 25 years. In 1985, the FISA and Olympic course distance for women was increased from 1,000 meters to 2,000 meters (the same distance raced by men), marking progress in public perception of women's strength, endurance and competitive drive. Universities that have never had a men's team have added women's rowing to the athletic department and are providing funding and athletic scholarships for the expensive and demanding sport, contributing to a noticeable increase in the success and competitiveness of many collegiate women's rowing teams. This, in part, is to comply with Title IX; many of the football powers use women's rowing to help balance out the large number of scholarships awarded to male football players. As a result, many women's college rowers have not previously competed at high school or for a club team. Lightweight rowing When Canadian sculler Joseph Wright began coaching at Penn in 1916, he discovered that he had a number of smaller but excellent oarsmen. His idea of creating a crew composed entirely of these lighter weight rowers—averaging 150 pounds per man—quickly spread to other institutions, and by 1919 the American Rowing Association officially recognized competition in lightweight rowing by 150-pounders in eight-oared shells. The initial weight difference between lightweights and heavyweights of that era—about 20 pounds—was not particularly substantial. In fact, lightweight rowers weights were much closer to the heavyweight crews of that era than they are now. For men, the maximum weight is currently 160 lbs. For women, the weight limit is 130 lbs. Rowers must propel the weight of their equipment and coxswain as well as their own weight down the race course. The weight of equipment and coxswain is roughly the same for heavyweights and lightweights. As a generalization, the greater the strength, endurance and perseverance of a rower—as compared to the total weight he or she must propel down the course—the greater the speed. In rowing, taller individuals have a leverage advantage, and, as a rule, heavier individuals tend to have more absolute strength to allocate not only to themselves but also to the weight of the equipment and coxswain. A top heavyweight boat will thus be faster than a top lightweight boat, but a top lightweight boat will be faster than many heavyweight boats. For example, the winning lightweight men's 8 at the 2015 to 2019 IRAs was faster than the finals time for all but 6 to 12 heavyweights 8s. There are races for both men's and women's lightweight rowing. However, many of the smaller colleges have limited sized programs and simply field open weight boats, which include rowers who would qualify as lightweights, and many larger Division I-A universities, cognizant of Title IX issues, have limited the size of their men's programs. This is especially apparent in the west, where California Lightweight Crew remains one of the few programs for men's lightweight rowing in that region. However, on the east coast, most Ivy League and EARC schools have well-populated, excellent, fast and well-funded men's lightweight teams. The lightweight men's events at the Eastern Sprints and the Intercollegiate Rowing Association Championship (IRAs) are fiercely contested. For example, the time difference between the first and sixth lightweight men's varsity 8 at the 2019 IRAs was only 1.7 seconds—less than half a length. Since the NCAA Rowing Championships does not have a lightweight event for women, a select number of these teams (e.g., University of Wisconsin) are eligible to compete at IRAs. Olympic rowing introduced lightweight event categories for the first time at the 1996 Atlanta Games. Freshman/novice rowing Since rowing is such a technical sport, there is a separate category for novices (rowers with less than one year of experience). This is usually combined with freshman rowers, who may have rowed before in high school, but are in their first year in collegiate rowing. The Freshman squad is sometimes open only to college freshmen. However, people who start rowing after their freshman year normally join the novice team as well. The novice squad usually fields a freshman eight-oared boat (8+), and if the team is big enough, a second eight, and/or a four-oared boat (4+). In some collegiate conferences excluding the EARC and Intercollegiate Rowing Association (IRA), collegiate freshmen/novice can also compete as part of the varsity squad. At the 2012 IRA Steward's annual meeting it was voted to repeal the ban on freshmen competing as part of their varsity squad. In the league the term 'First Year Collegiate Rower' will now be used to describe Freshmen/Novice rowing. Annual calendar Rowing is one of the few collegiate sports where athletes practice year round and compete during both spring and fall. In addition many athletes train at various rowing clubs around the country during the summer. Fall In the fall, most schools focus on building technical proficiency and improving physical strength and endurance. This is typically accomplished through long steady practice pieces, with occasional shorter interval pieces. In the United States fall is also the season of head races which are typically between three and six kilometers. These longer races are part of the foundation for the spring season, building the rower's endurance and mental toughness. The largest fall race is the Head of the Charles Regatta held in Boston each October. This race includes rowers of all ages, abilities, and affiliations and features the best college crews in competition with Olympic-level athletes from the United States and other countries. The largest collegiate-only regatta in the fall is the Princeton Chase, typically in early November on Lake Carnegie in Princeton, New Jersey, and hosted by Princeton University. Also held in late fall, Rutgers hosts the Rutgers Fall Classic for collegiate first-year and novice crews on the Raritan River in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Winter This is an intense building period for the spring racing season. The training regimen consists primarily of long interval training, which gradually becomes shorter and more intense as the race season approaches. This is done on the water for schools below the snowline. And for some of the northern colleges that practice on lakes and rivers which are frozen during winter, these pieces are done using ergometers and, if the college is lucky enough to have them, rowperfect rowing simulators and indoor rowing tanks. Additionally, most schools, regardless of whether they have water to row on, do ergometer testing (all out maximum performance test), weights, stadium stairs and long runs. A few colleges and universities send their fastest rowers to the CRASH-B Sprints in Boston. This 2,000 meter race is held on ergometers and features separate events for collegiate athletes. Many northeastern colleges have a winter training trip to a warmer state such as Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, Louisiana, South Carolina, Tennessee and Texas during either winter break or spring break to give students extra time on the water while the local rivers and lakes are frozen. Spring Spring is the primary season for college rowing, and the majority of the schedule is composed of dual races. These 2,000-meter races take place between two, or sometimes three, schools. The winner of these races usually receive shirts from the losing teams. There are also several large regattas, such as the Dad Vail Regatta, Eastern Sprints, Knecht Cup, and the San Diego Crew Classic which may be on the schedule. In this case, the teams compete in either flights, in which the winner is final, or a series of heats and semifinals before the winners move on to the finals. Sprint races begin with all teams lined up and started simultaneously, as opposed to the time trials in the fall. Performing well in these races is the most important selection criteria for the various post season invitation rowing championships. If the crew is in a league, the dual race and regatta results will also typically be used in determining the team's seeding for the league championship. The Dad Vail Regatta is the largest and most prestigious for smaller schools and is held every May in Philadelphia. The lightweight division becomes more prominent during the spring. Many head races lack separate categories for heavyweight/lightweight, but many spring races have a separate weight category for lighter rowers. National championships Men's The Intercollegiate Rowing Association, known as the IRA, was founded by Cornell, Columbia, and Penn in 1894 and its first annual regatta was hosted on June 24, 1895. Today Navy and Syracuse are also members of the association. Each year these five schools choose whom to invite to the regatta and are responsible for its organization along with the ECAC. The IRA is the oldest college rowing championship in the United States. Since the 1920s, when the West Coast crews, notably California and University of Washington began to attend and regularly win, most crews considered the Intercollegiate Rowing Association's championship to be a de facto national championship. Two important crews, Harvard and Yale, however, did not participate in the heavyweight divisions of the event. After losing to Cornell in 1897, Harvard and Yale chose to avoid the IRA, so as not to diminish the Harvard-Yale race. It soon became part of each school's tradition not to go. Beginning in 1973, Washington decided to skip the IRA because a change in schedule conflicted with its finals. Even though rowing is the oldest intercollegiate sport, the men have always chosen not to join the NCAA. If they did, the NCAA would sponsor a championship, but it would also force the sport to abide by NCAA rules and mandates. Notwithstanding, collegiate crews generally abide by NCAA rules, and they also have to abide by athletic conference rules, which mirror the NCAA rules. In 1982, a Harvard alumnus decided to remedy this perceived problem by establishing a heavyweight varsity National Collegiate Rowing Championship race in Cincinnati, Ohio. It paid for the winners of the Pac-10 Championship, the Eastern Sprints, the IRA and the Harvard-Yale race to attend. It was a finals only event and other crews could attend if they paid their own way and there was room in the field. The winner received an expense paid trip to the Henley Royal Regatta as a prize. After 1996, however, the race was discontinued. Given Washington's return to the IRA in 1995 and the demise of the National Collegiate Rowing Championship, the IRA again was considered to be the national championship. In 2003, Harvard and Yale, after an absence of over one hundred years, decided to participate. For men's rowing the Dad Vail Regatta in Philadelphia is considered the national championship for smaller college teams unable to compete at the IRA standard (similar to Division III or I-AA in other sports). It is the largest collegiate race in the nation. Starting in 2008, club crews (non-Varsity programs) were no longer allowed to participate in the IRA Regatta, and the ACRA National Championship Regatta is considered the National Championship for collegiate club programs and all programs outside the NCAA/IRA structure. Unlike most collegiate sports, club-level crews regularly compete against Varsity programs and are often competitive. Qualification As of 2018, qualification for the National Championship Regatta comes from automatic qualifying positions at the three major rowing conference championships, three National Regattas, and at-large bids. The automatic qualification bids are assigned as: Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges: Eastern Sprints (Top Nine Eligible IRA Finishers) Pac-12 Conference: Pac-12 Championships (Top Three Eligible IRA Finishers) Western Sprints: Western Sprints Championships (Top Two Eligible IRA Finishers) Southern Intercollegiate Rowing Association: SIRA Regatta (Top One Eligible IRA Finisher) Dad Vail Regatta: (Top One Eligible IRA Finisher) National Invitational Rowing Championships: (Top One Eligible IRA Finisher) Typically, there are a total of 24 entries with the above 17 entries granted as automatic qualification bids. The remaining 7 entries are selected by the IRA in the weeks following the conclusion of all qualifying regattas. The IRA awards the Varsity Challenge Cup to the men's heavyweight national championship 8, the 1922 Trophy to the men's lightweight national championship 8, and the Camden County Freeholders Trophy to the women's lightweight national championship 8. The IRA also awards the Ten Eyck Trophy to the university amassing the largest number of points in three of the four possible eights from each school. Women's Between 1967 and 1980, women's collegiate boats entered the National Women's Rowing Association National Championships (what is now the USRowing National Championships). The college boats raced against club boats, including boats from outside the United States. The best finishing US collegiate boat was deemed to be the National Champion. The first women's collegiate championship was held in 1980 at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. This race was open solely to collegiate rowing teams. Since 1997, the NCAA has hosted an invitational rowing championship for women. Unlike the former women's collegiate championship, the NCAA does not have a championship race for women's lightweight rowing. In response, the IRA hosts a women's lightweight event. The NCAA currently hosts championships for Division I, Division II and Division III colleges, with Divisions II and III having been added in 2002. NCAA Division I requires colleges to enter two eight-oared shells and one four-oared shell in the team championship. The championship is restricted to eleven conference champions (American, ACC, A10, Big Ten, Big 12, CAA, Ivy, MAAC, Pac-12, Patriot, and WCC) as automatic qualifiers and eleven at-large schools for a total of twenty-two teams. The at-large teams are selected by the NCAA Division I Women's Rowing Committee. The NCAA Division II championship consists of an eight-oared shells and four-oared shell competition. The Division III championship involved both varsity and second varsity eights competing in the same event until 2012. Beginning in 2013, the V-1 and V-2 boats compete in separate events. NCAA Conferences (women's teams) American Athletic Conference The American Athletic Conference is the legal successor of the original Big East Conference, founded in 1979, and retains the charter of the original Big East. The original conference split along football lines in 2013, with the seven non-FBS schools purchasing the "Big East" name and joining with three other schools to form a new Big East. This new conference did not have enough rowing schools to sponsor that sport; one of those schools, Villanova, became a rowing-only affiliate of The American. Villanova rowing would eventually join the CAA, already home to the school's football team, starting with the 2015–16 season. Two of the schools that reorganized as The American, Louisville and Rutgers, spent only the 2013–14 school year in that conference; they respectively joined the ACC and Big Ten in July 2014. Tulsa joined from Conference USA at the same time. The American announced in March 2014 that California State University, Sacramento (more commonly called Sacramento State) and San Diego State University would join as associate members for women's rowing only, beginning in the 2014–15 season. Another associate was added for the 2018–19 school year in Old Dominion University, previously a rowing-only member of the Big 12 Conference. The University of South Florida announced in 2016 that the NCAA had approved its request to start a Division I women's rowing team which it hopes to be ready for the 2018–19 school year. The rowing team was to be based at the USF Sarasota-Manatee Campus and compete in the American Athletic Conference. USF is an all-sports member of The American. However, USF ultimately never added the sport at the varsity level. A more recent change to The American's rowing roster came in July 2020 when UConn left to rejoin many of its former conference rivals in the current Big East. With the Big East not sponsoring rowing, UConn moved that sport to the Colonial Athletic Association. A year later, San Diego State dropped women's rowing, citing financial impacts from COVID-19. Atlantic Coast Conference The Atlantic Coast Conference first held a rowing championship in 2000 with Clemson, Duke, North Carolina, and Virginia participating. The 2005 conference realignment cycle brought two rowing schools into the ACC, with Miami and Boston College respectively joining for the 2005 and 2006 seasons. Further realignment in the early 2010s brought three more rowing schools into the conference. Notre Dame and Syracuse joined the ACC in 2013, with Louisville joining the following year. Atlantic 10 Conference The Atlantic 10 Conference (A10) first held a rowing championship in 1996 with 10 schools participating. Today, nine schools participate. Big Ten Conference The Big Ten Conference hosted its first Big Ten Women's Rowing Championship in 2000. Currently seven schools compete in both the Championship Regatta and annual "Double Duals" races consisting of contests between 2–3 Big Ten competitors. The Big Ten is one of the dominant conferences in women's collegiate rowing, with at least one school being selected to compete at the NCAA Rowing Championships every year since its inception. The Big Ten rowing league expanded to eight members in 2014 when Rutgers joined the conference. Big 12 Conference The history of Big 12 Conference women's rowing is intertwined with the rowing history of Conference USA (C-USA). The Big 12 contested its first rowing championship in 2008 (2007–08 school year), initially with Kansas, Kansas State, and Texas. Oklahoma joined the following year. In July 2012, West Virginia joined the conference for all sports, bringing the number of rowing schools to five. In the meantime, C-USA held its first rowing championship in 2010 (2009–10 school year). The Big 12 and C-USA agreed that the four Big 12 schools that then sponsored the sport would also participate in the C-USA championship. These schools were joined by the three full C-USA members that sponsored the sport (SMU, Tulsa, and UCF) and two Southeastern Conference members (Alabama and Tennessee). Alabama did not participate in the 2011 C-USA tournament because of the massive tornado that hit its home city of Tuscaloosa. West Virginia joined the Big 12 in 2012, also joining C-USA women's rowing at that time. Also in 2012, Old Dominion moved five of its sports, including women's rowing, from the CAA to C-USA in advance of that school's 2013 entry into full C-USA membership. As a result of the 2013 split of the original Big East Conference, SMU and UCF both left C-USA for that league's football-sponsoring offshoot, the American Athletic Conference, in 2013, and Tulsa made the same move a year later. C-USA added two new rowing affiliates for the 2013–14 season in Sacramento State and San Diego State, but both left after that season for The American. The rapid turnover in rowing membership presumably led the Big 12 to take over the C-USA women's rowing league, with the three remaining C-USA rowing schools (Alabama, Old Dominion, Tennessee) becoming Big 12 affiliates. Old Dominion left Big 12 rowing after the 2017–18 season for the American Athletic Conference. Colonial Athletic Association The Colonial Athletic Association began official sponsorship of women's rowing as the conference's 23rd sport in March 2009. Previously, the conference championships were held unofficially as the Kerr Cup, hosted by Drexel University. The first CAA women's rowing championship was conducted on April 18, 2009 in Philadelphia with races in the Varsity 4+, Second Varsity 8+, and Varsity 8+. The event was conducted in conjunction with the Kerr Cup on the Schuylkill River along historic Boathouse Row. The most recent championship in May 2021 was held on the Cooper River in Pennsauken, New Jersey. Three full CAA members currently sponsor women's rowing at the intercollegiate level—the University of Delaware, Drexel University, and Northeastern University; they are joined by four associate members in Eastern Michigan University, the University of California, San Diego, the University of Connecticut, and Villanova University. Ivy League Ivy League women's teams: Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference The Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC) is a college athletic conference which operates in the northeastern United States. The conference championships are held during the end of April at Cooper River Park in New Jersey. PAC-12 University of Washington, Washington State University, Oregon State University, Stanford University, University of California - Berkley, University of California - Los Angeles, University of Southern California Patriot League West Coast Conference The West Coast Conference first held a women's rowing championship in 1997 with five of the league's eight members at that time participating—Gonzaga, Loyola Marymount, Saint Mary's, San Diego, and Santa Clara. Creighton became a WCC associate member starting with the 2011 championship, and longtime WCC member Portland added a varsity rowing team the following season. Eastern Colleges Athletic Conference/Metro League The ECAC/Metro League is a women's rowing conference. The participating schools are: Buffalo, Colgate, Delaware, Fordham, UMass, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Villanova, and West Virginia. Most of these schools have dual conference memberships in rowing. Other conferences Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges The Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges (EARC) was formed in 1946. It is a men's rowing conference composed of the Ivy League schools plus other select universities. Each year the EARC schools race at the Eastern Sprints regatta on Lake Quinsigamond in Massachusetts, which, for the men, is generally considered the most important race of the year aside from the IRA. The EARC men's lightweight team which attains the highest points for the Freshman 8+, Second Varsity 8+ (JV), and First Varsity 8+ are awarded the Jope Cup. On the women's side, the conference is called the Eastern Association of Women's Rowing Colleges (EAWRC). The Women's Eastern Sprints, held on the Cooper River in Camden, New Jersey, are highly competitive, on a similar level of competitiveness as the Aramark Central Region Championships and Pac-12 Championships. The Eastern Sprints also serve as the Ivy League Championship, with the best-placed boat from an Ivy League school being crowned Ivy League Champion. Mid-Atlantic Rowing Conference Prior to the formation of the Mid-Atlantic Rowing Conference, the nine charter member schools—Bryn Mawr College, Franklin & Marshall College, Johns Hopkins University, Marietta College, the University of Mary Washington, North Park University, Richard Stockton College, Rutgers University–Camden, and Washington College—enjoyed an affiliation due to their annual competition at the Mid-Atlantic Division III Rowing Championships, formerly the Atlantic Collegiate League Sprints Championships. In late 2008, the rowing programs at the nine schools expressed a common desire to formalize their association in order to enhance the student-athlete experience for their rowers. From that desire, the Mid-Atlantic Rowing Conference was born in January 2009 and the Mid-Atlantic Division III Rowing Championships became the Mid-Atlantic Rowing Conference Championships. New England Small College Athletic Conference This conference has been in the northeast as a collection of DIII schools for a long time. The NESCAC Division III Rowing Teams us the New England Intercollegiate Rowing Championships as their conference championship. Northwest Collegiate Rowing Conference The Northwest Collegiate Rowing Conference consists of seven NCAA Division II and III member schools in USRowing's Northwest region. The Conference hosts two major regattas each year. The NCRC Invite takes place during late-March on Vancouver Lake, Washington and has welcomed non-conference members from California, Oregon, and Washington. Conference championships are annually held the third weekend of April at the Cascade Sprints Regatta on Lake Stevens, Washington. Sunshine State Conference The Sunshine State Conference consists of six NCAA Division II member schools in USRowing's Southeast region. The Conference hosts two major regattas each year. The SSC double duals takes place during late-March with the venue rotating between member schools hosting, and has welcomed non-conference members from the south. Conference championships are annually held the third weekend of April at the Nathan Benderson Park on Nathan Benderson Park, Florida. Western Intercollegiate Rowing Association The Western Intercollegiate Rowing Association (WIRA) is an American collegiate conference that sponsors men's and women's rowing. Olympic medals won by U.S. collegiate boats Up until the 1968 Summer Olympics, the United States had a trial system to pick the boats that would represent the United States in the Olympics. The top boats in the country, both collegiate and club, would participate in the Olympic Trials after the end of the collegiate calendar. With the exception of 1964, a college boat won every Olympics Trials in the eight-oared boat (8+) from 1920 through 1968—and all of the boats from 1920 through 1956 won gold medals. College boats also have had some success in the four-man events (4+) and (4-) and the pair (2-). Beginning in 1972, the United States has chosen its eight from a national selection camp. Numerous college athletes have made Olympic boats, but they were not specifically representing their University either at the camp, or at the Olympic trials for some of the smaller boats. Below is a list of college boats that represented the United States at the Olympics: Coxed eight (8+) Olympic gold medals 1920 Summer Olympics Brussels—United States Naval Academy 1924 Summer Olympics Paris—Yale University 1928 Summer Olympics Amsterdam—University of California 1932 Summer Olympics Los Angeles—University of California 1936 Summer Olympics Berlin—University of Washington 1948 Summer Olympics London—University of California 1952 Summer Olympics Helsinki—United States Naval Academy 1956 Summer Olympics Melbourne—Yale University Other Olympic eight-man boats 1960 Summer Olympics Rome—United States Naval Academy (5th Place) 1968 Summer Olympics Mexico City—Harvard University (6th Place) Coxed fours (4+) 1928 Summer Olympics Amsterdam—Harvard University (eliminated) 1948 Summer Olympics London, Gold Medal – University of Washington 1952 Summer Olympics Helsinki, Bronze Medal – University of Washington 1964 Summer Olympics Tokyo—Harvard University (eliminated) 1968 Summer Olympics Mexico City—University of Pennsylvania (5th Place) Coxless fours (4-) 1948 Summer Olympics London, Bronze Medal – Yale University 1952 Summer Olympics Helsinki, United States Naval Academy (eliminated) Coxless pairs (2-) 1948 Summer Olympics London – Yale University (eliminated) 1952 Summer Olympics Helsinki, Gold Medal – Rutgers University References

1205367

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.%20Shahid%20Alam

M. Shahid Alam

Muhammad Shahid Alam is a Pakistani economist, academic, and social scientist. He is a professor of economics at Northeastern University. He is a member of the Advisory Board of the Institute for Policy Research & Development, London. Background Alam was born on 1950 in Dhaka, East Pakistan, moving to West Pakistan in 1971 following the creation of Bangladesh from East Pakistan. He holds a BA from the University of Dhaka, an MA from the University of Karachi, and a Ph.D. from the University of Western Ontario. (1979) His brothers are, the Pakistan Air Force flying ace, Air Commodore Muhammad Mahmood Alam and particle physicist M. Sajjad Alam. Career Alam's academic writings focus, among other things, on the economic effects of Western foreign and economic policies on formerly colonized states. He writes critically about the present-day global wealth disparities produced by Western policies. He draws attention to the pro-capitalist ideological intent and Eurocentric biases of mainstream economics. An outspoken opponent of U.S. policies in the Middle East and the Global South, He has published many books, including Poverty from the Wealth of Nations (Macmillan, 2000), # Governments and Markets in Economic Development Strategies (Praeger: 1989), Is There An Islamic Problem (Kuala Lumpur: The Other Press, 2004, republished in 2007 as Challenging the New Orientalism, IPI: 2007), and most recently, Israeli Exceptionalism: The Destabilizing Logic of Zionism (Palgrave Macmillan: 2009). He is also a regular contributor to CounterPunch magazine. Books Israeli Exceptionalism: The Destabilizing Logic of Zionism (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009). Challenging the New Orientalism: Dissenting Essays on the "War Against Islam" (IPI, 2007). Is there an Islamic problem? : essays on Islamicate societies, the US, and Israel (The Other Press, 2004). Poverty From the Wealth of Nations: Integration and Polarization in the Global Economy since 1760 (Macmillan, 2000). Governments and Markets in Economic Development Strategies: Lessons From Korea, Taiwan, and Japan. (Praeger, 1989). References External links Faculty Page at Northeastern University Northeastern University faculty University of Karachi alumni University of Dhaka alumni Pakistani economists Living people People from Dhaka People from Karachi Pakistani emigrants to the United States Year of birth missing (living people) University of Western Ontario alumni Fellows of Pakistan Academy of Sciences Pakistani people of Bihari descent American academics of Pakistani descent

1211143

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrushka%20%28ballet%29

Petrushka (ballet)

Petrushka (; ) is a ballet and orchestral concert work by Russian composer Igor Stravinsky. It was written for the 1911 Paris season of Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes company; the original choreography was by Michel Fokine and stage designs and costumes by Alexandre Benois, who assisted Stravinsky with the libretto. The ballet premiered at the Théâtre du Châtelet on 13 June 1911 with Vaslav Nijinsky as Petrushka, Tamara Karsavina as the lead ballerina, Alexander Orlov as the Moor, and Enrico Cecchetti the charlatan. Petrushka tells the story of the loves and jealousies of three puppets. The three are brought to life by the Charlatan during the 1830 Shrovetide Fair (Maslenitsa) in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Petrushka loves the Ballerina, but she rejects him. She prefers the Moor. Petrushka is angry and hurt, and challenges the Moor. The Moor kills him with his scimitar. Petrushka's ghost rises above the puppet theatre as night falls. He shakes his fist at the Charlatan, then collapses in a second death. Petrushka brings music, dance, and design together in a unified whole. It is one of the most popular of the Ballets Russes productions. It is usually performed today using the original designs and choreography. Grace Robert wrote in 1946, "Although more than thirty years have elapsed since Petrushka was first performed, its position as one of the greatest ballets remains unassailed. Its perfect fusion of music, choreography, and décor and its themethe timeless tragedy of the human spiritunite to make its appeal universal". Russian puppets Petrushka is a puppet. He is a character known across Europe under different names: Punch in England, Polichinelle in France, Pulcinella in Italy, Kasperle in Germany, and Petrushka in Russia. Whatever his name, he is a trickster, a rebel, and a wife beater. He enforces moral justice with a slap stick, speaks in a high-pitched, squeaky voice, and argues with the devil. His plays were formulaic and subversive. They repeated key scenes from one play to another. The plays usually ended with a dog, a policeman, or the devil dragging him away. Empress Anna Ivanovna brought marionettes to Russia in the 18th century. These puppets were an amusement for the aristocracy. Rod puppets were an Asian import. They performed religious plays, mostly at Christmas. Petrushka, however, was a hand puppet. He was loved by the common people. He performed in street theatres and other open air venues in small portable booths or behind screens that could be easily assembled and just as easily disassembled. After the Russian Revolution, Soviet authorities forced Petrushka indoors. They wanted to be better able to monitor his subversiveness. Composition The gestation of Petrushka was not a straightforward matter. While completing The Firebird during the spring of 1910, Stravinsky had a "vision" of a solemn pagan rite: sage elders, seated in a circle, watching a young girl dance herself to death. They were sacrificing her to propitiate the god of Spring. Such was the theme of The Rite of Spring. Immediately following the stunning success of The Firebird in June 1910, Diaghilev approached Stravinsky about a new ballet; the composer proposed the Rite theme. Diaghilev accepted in principle and suggested that the premiere might take place during the Paris season of the Ballets Russes during the spring of 1912. At the end of September 1910, Diaghilev went to visit Stravinsky in Clarens, Switzerland, where he was living at the time. Expecting to discuss the new ballet, Diaghilev was astonished to find Stravinsky hard at work on a totally different project. Stravinsky, it seems, had had another vision: "I saw a man in evening dress, with long hair, the musician or poet of the romantic tradition. He placed several heteroclite objects on the keyboard and rolled them up and down. At this the orchestra exploded with the most vehement protestations – hammer blows, in fact …" Later, Stravinsky wrote: "[i]n composing the music, I had in my mind a distinct picture of a puppet, suddenly endowed with life, exasperating the patience of the orchestra with diabolical cascades of arpeggios. The orchestra in turn retaliates with menacing trumpet blasts." Although Stravinsky had conceived the music as a pure concert work—a Konzertstück, Diaghilev immediately realized its theatrical potential. The notion of a puppet put Diaghilev in mind of Petrushka, the Russian version of Punch and Judy puppetry that had formed a traditional part of the pre-Lenten Carnival festivities in 1830s St. Petersburg. Stravinsky composed the music during the winter of 1910–11 for Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. It was premièred in Paris at the Théâtre du Châtelet on 13 June 1911 under conductor Pierre Monteux, with choreography by Michel Fokine and sets by Alexandre Benois. The title role was danced by Vaslav Nijinsky. The work is characterized by the so-called Petrushka chord (consisting of C major and F major triads played together), a bitonality device heralding the appearance of the main character. Instrumentation 1911 original version The original 1911 version of Petrushka is scored for the following orchestra. Woodwinds 4 flutes (3rd and 4th doubling piccolo) 4 oboes (4th doubling cor anglais) 4 clarinets in B, (4th doubling bass clarinet in B) 4 bassoons (4th doubling contrabassoon) Brass section 4 horns in F 2 trumpets in B (doubling piccolo trumpet) 2 cornets in B and A 3 trombones 1 tuba Percussion Timpani Bass drum Cymbals 2 snare drums (one offstage) Tambourine (tambour de basque) Tenor drum (tambourin) (offstage) Triangle Tamtam Glockenspiel Xylophone Piano Celesta (2- and 4-hand) 2 harps Strings 1947 revised version Stravinsky's 1946 scoring is for a smaller orchestra: Woodwinds 3 flutes (3rd doubling piccolo) 2 oboes 1 cor anglais 3 clarinets in B (3rd doubling bass clarinet in B) 2 bassoons 1 contrabassoon Brass section 4 horns in F 3 trumpets in B and C 3 trombones 1 tuba Percussion Timpani Bass drum Cymbals Snare drum Tambourine Triangle Tamtam Xylophone Piano Celesta Harp Strings Compared to the 1911 version, the 1946 version (given in 1947) requires 1 less flute; 2 fewer oboes, but a dedicated cor anglais player instead of one doubled by the fourth oboe; 1 less clarinet; 2 fewer bassoons, but a dedicated contrabassoon; neither of the 2 cornets, but an additional trumpet; 1 less snare drum and no tenor drum, thus removing the offstage instruments; no glockenspiel; and 1 less harp. Libretto and story While the original idea was Stravinsky's, Alexandre Benois provided the ethnographic details of the Shrovetide Fair and the traditions of the Russian puppet theater. And although Petrushka is frequently cited as an example of the complete integration of libretto, music, choreography, and scenic design, Stravinsky had composed significant portions of the music (chiefly the second tableau) before Benois became involved with the project. First tableau: The Shrovetide Fair Petrushka begins with a festive orchestral introduction based, in part, on historical Russian street-hawkers' cries. The curtain rises to reveal St. Petersburg's Admiralty Square during the 1830s. The stage set (also by Benois) depicts several hucksters' booths, a ferris-wheel, a carousel, and (upstage center) a puppet theater. A crowd has gathered for the Shrovetide Fair (known as Maslenitsa), the carnival (analogous to Mardi Gras) preceding Lent. In Fokine's original choreography, a group of Drunken Revelers emerges from the crowd, dancing to Stravinsky's adaptation of the folk-tune "Song of the Volochobniki" ("Dalalin' Dalalin'" from Rimsky-Korsakov Op. 24 No. 47). Suddenly, the festive music is interrupted by strident brass announcing the appearance of the Master of Ceremonies on the balcony of his booth. The equivalent of a carnival "barker", he boasts of the attractions to be seen within. The squeaks of a street-organ are heard (clarinets and flutes) as an Organ-Grinder and Dancing Girl emerge from the crowd, which at first pays little attention as the barker continues to shout. The Dancer moves downstage and begins to dance to another Russian folk-song, "Toward Evening, in Rainy Autumn", while playing the triangle. At the other end of the stage, a second Dancing Girl appears, accompanied by a music box (suggested in the orchestra by the celesta). The two Dancing Girls compete for the crowd's attention to the strains of a ribald French music-hall song about a woman with a wooden leg: "Une Jambe de bois". Both tunes are repeated. The Drunken Revelers return (again to the "Song of the Volochobniki") interrupted several times by the Barker's boasts. The street-hawkers' cries of the very opening are heard once more. Suddenly, two drummers summon the crowd to the puppet theater with deafening drumrolls. The Magician (sometimes called the "Charlatan") appears to mystical groans from the bassoon and contrabassoon. When he has everyone's attention, he produces a flute and begins to play a long, improvisatory melody. The curtain of the puppet theater rises to reveal three puppets hanging on the wall: the Moor, the Ballerina, and Petrushka. When the Magician touches them with his flute (to chirps in the orchestra), they seem to awaken. The astonished crowd watches as, with a wave of the Magician's hand, the three puppets begin a vigorous Russian Dance (based on two more Russian folk-tunes: "A Linden Tree Is in the Field" and "Song for St. John's Eve"). In Fokine's choreography, they first begin to move their feet (while still hanging on the wall), then burst forth from the puppet theater into the midst of the crowd. The Moor (resplendent in turban and exaggerated pantaloons) is swashbuckling. The Ballerina dances perpetually en pointe. Petrushka, on the other hand, is wooden and awkward. It becomes apparent Petrushka loves the Ballerina; but she has eyes only for the Moor. The Magician calls the dance to a halt; the curtain falls rapidly. Second tableau: Petrushka's Room Although Petrushka's room is inside the puppet theater, the Benois design is fantastical, portraying the night sky with stars and a half-moon; abstract icebergs (or snow-capped mountains), and a prominent portrait of the Magician. Drumrolls announce the beginning of the second tableau. Without an Introduction, the music begins menacingly. "A foot kicks him onstage; Petrushka falls..." As Petrushka gradually pulls himself together, we hear a strange arpeggio in the clarinets: this is the famous "Petrushka chord" (consisting of juxtaposed triads of C major and F major). Petrushka gets to his feet (although shakily) to the accompaniment of waves of arpeggios from the piano (revealing the music's origins in Stravinsky's Konzertstück). The "Petrushka Chord" returns, now violently scored for trumpets, marked in the score "Petrushka's Curses", directed at the portrait of the Magician. The music turns lyrical as Petrushka falls to his knees and mimes (in turn) his self-pity, love for the Ballerina, and hatred of the Magician. The Ballerina (still en pointe) sneaks into Petrushka's room, at first unnoticed. As soon as Petrushka sees her, he begins a manic, athletic display of leaps and frantic gestures (although he was barely able to stand before she arrived). Frightened by his exuberance, the Ballerina flees. Petrushka falls to the floor to the mocking of the clarinets. Another passage of arpeggios for piano grows into a second round of curses directed at the Magician, again represented musically by the "Petrushka Chord", this time scored for full orchestra. For just a moment, Petrushka peers out of his room at the crowd assembled in Admiralty Square (Stravinsky provides a brief reference to the "crowd music" of the first tableau). Then, Petrushka collapses as we hear a taunting reprise of the clarinets playing the "Petrushka Chord", followed by an odd trumpet call signalling "blackout, curtain." Third tableau: The Moor's Room As before, drumrolls link the third tableau to its predecessor (in the 1911 score, Stravinsky directs that this drumroll should be omitted in concert performance). In sharp contrast to the darkness of Petrushka's Room, the brilliant colors of the Benois design for the Moor's Room evoke a romanticized desert: palm trees, exotic flowers, sand. In Fokine's choreography, the Moor reclines on a divan playing with a coconut. He then jumps to his feet and attempts to cut it with his scimitar. When he fails he believes that the coconut must be a god and proceeds to pray to it. The Charlatan places the Ballerina in the Moor's room. The Ballerina is attracted to the Moor's handsome appearance. She plays a saucy tune on a toy trumpet (represented by a cornet in the original 1911 orchestration) and then dances with the Moor in a waltz (the themes taken from Joseph Lanner's Op. 165 No. 1 and Op. 200 No. 1). Petrushka finally breaks free from his cell; he interrupts the seduction of the Ballerina. Petrushka attacks the Moor but soon realizes he is too small and weak. The Moor beats Petrushka. The ballerina faints. The clown-puppet flees for his life, with the Moor chasing him, and escapes from the room. Fourth tableau: The Shrovetide Fair (Toward Evening) The fourth and final scene returns to the carnival. Some time has passed; it is now early evening. The orchestra introduces a chain of colourful dances as a series of apparently unrelated characters come and go about the stage as snow begins to fall. The first and most prominent is the Wet-Nurses' Dance, performed to the tune of the folk song "Down the Petersky Road". Then comes a peasant with his dancing bear, followed in turn by a group of a gypsies, coachmen and grooms and masqueraders. As the merrymaking reaches its peak, a cry is heard from the puppet-theater. Petrushka suddenly runs across the scene, followed by the Moor in hot pursuit brandishing his sword, and the terrified Ballerina chasing after the Moor, fearful of what he might do. The crowd is horrified when the Moor catches up with Petrushka and slays him with a single stroke of his blade. The police question the Charlatan. The Charlatan seeks to restore calm by holding the "corpse" above his head and shaking it to remind everyone that Petrushka is but a puppet. As night falls and the crowd disperses, the Charlatan leaves, carrying Petrushka's limp body. All of a sudden, Petrushka's ghost appears on the roof of the little theatre, his cry now in the form of angry defiance. Petrushka's spirit thumbs its nose at his tormentor from beyond the wood and straw of his carcass. Now completely alone, the Charlatan is terrified to see the leering ghost of Petrushka. He runs away while allowing himself a single frightened glance over his shoulder. The scene is hushed, leaving the audience to wonder who is "real" and who is not. Structure The work is divided into four tableaux (scenes). The score further indicates the following episodes: First tableau: The Shrovetide Fair [Introduction] A group of Drunken Revelers passes, dancing The Master of Ceremonies entertains the Crowd from his booth above An Organ-Grinder appears in the Crowd with a [woman] Dancer The Organ-Grinder begins to play The Dancer dances, beating time on the triangle At the other end of the stage a Music Box plays, another [woman] Dancer dancing around it. The first Dancer plays the triangle again The Organ and Music Box stop playing; the Master of Ceremonies resumes his pitch The Merry Group returns Two Drummers, stepping up in front of the Little Theater, attract the attention of the Crowd by their drumrolls At the front of [i.e. from inside] the Little Theater appears the Old Magician. The Magic Trick Russian Dance Second tableau: Petrushka's Room As the Curtain rises, the door to Petrushka's room opens suddenly; a foot kicks him onstage; Petrushka falls and the door closes again behind him Petrushka's curses The Ballerina enters The Ballerina leaves Petrushka's despair Darkness. Curtain. Third tableau: The Moor's Room''' [Introduction] The Moor dances Appearance of the Ballerina Dance of the Ballerina (cornet in hand) Waltz (the Ballerina and the Moor) The Moor and the Ballerina prick up their ears Appearance of Petrushka The Fight between the Moor and Petrushka. The Ballerina faints. The Moor throws Petrushka Out. Darkness. Curtain. Fourth tableau: The Shrovetide Fair (Toward Evening)[Introduction] The Wet-Nurses' Dance A Peasant enters with a Bear. Everyone scatters. The Peasant plays the pipe. The Bear walks on his hind feet. The Peasant and the Bear leave. A Reveling Merchant and two Gypsy Women Enter. He irresponsibly amuses himself by throwing bank notes to the Crowd. The Gypsy Women dance. The Merchant plays the accordion. The Merchant and the Gypsies leave Dance of the Coachmen and the Grooms The Mummers The dances break off. Petrushka dashes from the Little Theater, pursued by the Moor, whom the Ballerina tries to restrain. The furious Moor seizes him and strikes him with his saber. Petrushka falls, his head broken A crowd forms around Petrushka He dies, still moaning. A Policeman is sent to look for the Magician The Magician arrives He picks up Petrushka's corpse, shaking it. The Crowd disperses. The Magician remains alone on stage. He drags Petrushka's corpse toward the Little Theater. Above the Little Theater appears the Ghost of Petrushka, menacing, thumbing his nose at the Magician. The terrified Magician lets the Puppet-Petrushka drop from his hands, and exits quickly, casting frightened glances over his shoulder. Curtain Other versions During rehearsals for the 1911 premiere, Stravinsky and other pianists including Russian composer Nikolai Tcherepnin used a piano four-hand version of the score. This has never been published, although Paul Jacobs and Ursula Oppens, among other pianists, have played it in concert. In 1921, Stravinsky created a virtuosic and celebrated piano arrangement for Arthur Rubinstein, Trois mouvements de Petrouchka, which the composer admitted he could not play himself, for want of adequate left-hand technique. Herbert Stothart, who composed the score for The Wizard of Oz, was visited by Stravinsky at MGM in 1936. Stravinsky gifted Stothart a personal, signed copy of Petrushka. As the main characters in the film run through the Deadly Poppy Field, the opening to the fourth tableau can be heard briefly. In 1946, he thinned the ballet's scoring, in part because the original was not covered everywhere by copyright. The rapid continuous timpani and snare-drum notes that link each scene, optional in 1911, are compulsory in this version, which was published in 1947. The Ballerina's tune is assigned to a trumpet in 1946 in place of a cornet, and the 1946 version provides an optional (fortississimo) near the piano conclusion. Stravinsky also removed some difficult metric modulations in the first tableau. Separately Stravinsky created a suite for concert performance, an almost complete version of the ballet but cutting the last three sections. In 1956, an animated version of the ballet appeared as part of NBC's Sol Hurok Music Hour. It was personally conducted by Stravinsky himself and was the first such collaboration. Directed by animator John David Wilson with Fine Arts Films, it has been noted as the first animated special ever to air on television. Frank Zappa's 1960's iteration of his band the Mothers of Invention, would frequently quote Petrushka either as a standalone performance or during their longer performances of the song King Kong. In 1988, Maddalena Fagandini directed a version of Petrushka along with The Sleeping Beauty (Tchaikovsky), The Nutcracker (and the Mouse King) (Tchaikovsky) and Coppélia (Delibes) in the BBC puppet film Musical Tales which was released in VHS. Basil Twist debuted his puppetry version of Petrushka at Lincoln Center in 2001; it was performed as well at New York City Center's 2009 Fall for Dance Festival. A full transcription of the 1911 version for symphonic wind ensemble in the original key was made by Don Patterson. Themes from Petrushka are played on banjo in the track "Russian Folk Themes and Yodel" on Pete Seeger's album Goofing-Off Suite, released in 1955 on Folkways Records. Notable recordings Leopold Stokowski conducting the Philadelphia Orchestra, studio recording from 1937, Victor; reissued by Pearl (1911 version) (mono) Arturo Toscanini conducting the NBC Symphony Orchestra, live performance from 1940, RCA (1911 concert suite) (mono) Ferenc Fricsay conducting the RIAS Symphony Orchestra, live performance from 1953, Deutsche Grammophon, (1947 concert suite) (mono) Ernest Ansermet conducting the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande, studio recording from 1957, Decca, (1911 version) Pierre Monteux conducting the Boston Symphony Orchestra, studio recording from 1959, RCA (1911 version)Eugene Goossens conducting the London Symphony Orchestra, studio Walthamstow Assembly Hall September 1959, 35mm film master Everest (1911 "original" version) Igor Stravinsky conducting the Columbia Symphony Orchestra, studio recording from 1961, Sony (1947 version) Karel Ančerl conducting the Czech Philharmonic, studio recording from 1962, Supraphon (1947 version) Antal Doráti conducting the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra, studio recording from 1962, Mercury (1947 version) Leonard Bernstein conducting the New York Philharmonic, studio recording from 1969, Sony Classical (1947 version) Seiji Ozawa conducting the Boston Symphony Orchestra, studio recording from 1970, RCA (1947 version) Pierre Boulez conducting the New York Philharmonic, studio recording from 1971, Sony (1911 version) Kirill Kondrashin conducting the Concertgebouw Orchestra, live performance from 1973, Philips (1947 version) Bernard Haitink conducting the London Philharmonic Orchestra, studio recording from 1973, Philips (1911 version) Sir Colin Davis conducting the Concertgebouw Orchestra, studio recording from 1977, Philips (1947 version) Claudio Abbado conducting the London Symphony Orchestra, studio recording from 1980, Deutsche Grammophon (1911 version) Charles Dutoit conducting the Montreal Symphony Orchestra, studio recording from 1987, Decca (1911 version) Riccardo Chailly conducting the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, studio recording from 1995, London (1947 version) Robert Craft conducting the Philharmonia Orchestra, studio recording from 1997, Abbey Road Studios, London, Naxos (1947 version) Seiji Ozawa conducting the Boston Symphony Orchestra, studio recording from 1999, RCA (1947 version) Paavo Järvi conducting the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, recording in Cincinnati Music Hall from 2002, Telarc (1947 version) Andrew Litton conducting the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra, recording in Grieghallen, Bergen, Norway from 2008, BIS Records SACD (1911 version) Sir Simon Rattle conducting the London Symphony Orchestra, recording in Barbican Centre from 2017, (1947 version)Notes Bibliography Further reading Taruskin, Richard. 25 October 1998. "Bartók and Stravinsky: Odd Couple Reunited?", The New York Times, pp. 88, 601. Taruskin, Richard. 1998. "'Entoiling the Falconet': Russian Musical Orientalism in Context". In The Exotic in Western Music, edited by Jonathan Bellman, 194–217. Boston: Northeastern University Press. (cloth); (pbk). External links Recording of Trois mouvements de Petrouchka'', Alberto Cobo 2002 (piano) Petrushka education website from the Klavier-Festival Ruhr Ballets by Igor Stravinsky Ballets by Michel Fokine Ballets Russes productions 1911 ballet premieres Ballets designed by Alexandre Benois 1911 compositions 1947 compositions

1216758

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%20Yang

Bo Yang

Bo Yang (; 7 March 1920 – 29 April 2008), sometimes also erroneously called Bai Yang, was a Chinese historian, novelist, philosopher, poet, and politician based in Taiwan. He is also regarded as a social critic. According to his own memoir, the exact date of his birthday was unknown even to himself. He later adopted 7 March, the date of his 1968 imprisonment, as his birthday. Biography Boyang was born as Guō Dìngshēng () in Kaifeng, Henan Province, China, with family origins in Huixian. Boyang's father changed his son's name to Guō Lìbāng () to facilitate a transfer to another school. Bo Yang later changed his name to Guo Yìdòng, also spelled Kuo I-tung (). In high school, Boyang participated in youth organisations of the Kuomintang, the then-ruling party of the Republic of China, and joined the Kuomintang itself in 1938. He graduated from the National Northeastern University, and moved to Taiwan after the Kuomintang lost the civil war in 1949. In 1950, he was imprisoned for six months for listening to Communist Chinese radio broadcasts. He had various jobs during his life, including that of a teacher. During this time, he began to write novels. In 1960, he began using the pen name Boyang when he started to write a political commentary column in the Independent Evening News. The name was derived from a place name in the mountains of Taiwan; he adopted it because he liked the sound of it. In 1961, he achieved acclaim with his novel The Alien Realm ( Yìyù), which told the story of a Kuomintang force which fought on in the borderlands of southwestern China long after the government had retreated to Taiwan. He became director of the Pingyuan Publishing House in 1966, and also edited the cartoon page of China Daily (). Boyang was arrested again in 1967 because of his sarcastic "unwitting" criticism of Taiwan's dictator Chiang Kai-shek and in particular a translation of a comic strip of Popeye. In the strip, Popeye and Swee'Pea have just landed on an uninhabited island. Popeye says: "You can be crown prince," to which Swee'Pea responds, "I want to be president." In the next panel, Popeye says, "Why, you little..." In the final panel, Popeye's words are too faint to be made out. Chiang was displeased because he saw this as a parody of his arrival (with a defeated army) in Taiwan, his brutal usurpation of the Presidency (a KMT competitor favored as head of government by the Truman administration was executed) and his strategy of slowly installing his son Chiang Ching-kuo as heir apparent. Boyang translated the word "fellows" as "my fellow soldiers and countrymen," a phrase used by Chiang Kai-shek. Having detained Bo Yang, the KMT's “military interrogators told him that he could be beaten to death at any time the authorities desired” when the writer refused to swallow their trumped-up charges. “Several interrogators” including Liu Chan-hua and Kao Yi-rue “played cat and mouse with him, alternating promise of immediate release with threats” and torture. In order to make him confess, they broke his leg. Western allies of the regime were not unaware of this. Shelley Rigger says that “Peng Ming-min, Bo Yang and Lei Chen” were “high-profile White Terror cases” in the 1960s but in fact, many “ of Taiwanese and Mainlanders were swept up by the White Terror, suffering imprisonment, torture, (…) execution.” The prosecutor initially sought the death sentence but due to US pressure this was reduced to twelve years in the Green Island concentration camp. From 1969 Bo Yang was incarcerated as a political prisoner (for "being a Communist agent and attacking national leaders") on Green Island for nine years. The original 12-year sentence was commuted to eight years after the death of Chiang Kai-shek in 1975. However, the government refused to release Bo Yang after his sentence expired, and released him only in 1977, giving in to pressure from international organizations such as Amnesty International. After his release, Bo Yang continued to campaign for human rights and democracy in Taiwan. Towards the end of his life Bo Yang stated in his memoirs that he did not have the slightest intention to insult Chiang Kai-shek with his Popeye translation. This was due to the fact that in his view objective criticism mattered whereas personal insults were irrelevant. Works Lin Zi-yao notes that during his life “Bo Yang covered a wide range of subjects from culture, literature, politics and education to love, marriage, family planning, fashion and women.” Much of this is not fiction, although he also published a significant body of short stories, novels, and poetry. Aside from his Golden Triangle novel Yiyu, (, 1961), Boyang is best known for his non-fiction works on Chinese history (collated and translated into modern colloquial Chinese from historical records in the prison library on Green Island) and The Ugly Chinaman ( Chǒulòu de Zhōngguórén, 1985; English translation, with the subtitle ... and the Crisis of Chinese Culture, 1992). In the introduction to excerpts from The Ugly Chinaman, the editors of an anthology entitled Sources of Chinese Tradition from 1600 through the Twentieth Century state that “(t)he sharply negative tone of the (…) essay reflects a sense of (…) despair (…) as well as a feeling that age-old weaknesses have persisted through revolutionary change.” Also referring to The Ugly Chinaman, Rana Mitter says that Bo Yang's position as a critical observer and analyst of the world is similar to Lu Xun's. Edward M. Gunn agrees, saying that “(t)he fact that Bo Yang is a prolific author of satirical essays (zawen) inevitably recalls the work of Lu Xun.” Gunn also emphasizes Bo Yang's “particular interest in history” and the “acerbic wit in defense of democracy and social welfare” (or social rights of the common people). Bo Yang gained attention internationally when a volume of poetry entitled Poems of a Period was published in Hong Kong in 1986. These poems recall his arrest and imprisonment. Later years Bo Yang lived in Taipei in his later years. He became the founding president of the Taiwan chapter of Amnesty International. In 1994, Boyang underwent heart surgery, and his health never fully recovered. He carried the honorary title of national policy advisor to the administration of President Chen Shui-bian. In 2006, Boyang retired from writing, and donated the bulk of his manuscripts to the Chinese Modern Literature Museum in Beijing. He was awarded an honorary doctorate by the National Tainan University, to which he also donated many memorabilia and some manuscripts. Boyang died of pneumonia in a hospital near his Xindian residence on 29 April 2008. He was married five times, and is survived by his last wife, Chang Hsiang-hua, and five children born by his former wives. On 17 May 2008, his ashes were scattered along the seashore of Green Island, where he was once imprisoned. Literature (A selection) Essays and historical research by Bo Yang Prose fiction and poetry by Bo Yang – Fiction. – Fiction. – Fiction. on Bo Yang See also Bo Yang Museum Notes References External links Biosketch at the Taiwanese American Foundation website Bo Yang. "The Ugly Chinaman" The China Story Yearbook. 22 October 2013. Hsieh Wen-hua. "Bo Yang classic reaches out to today’s youth." Taipei Times. 5 April 2008. p. 3. 1920 births 2008 deaths 20th-century Chinese historians 20th-century Chinese male writers 20th-century Chinese novelists 20th-century Chinese poets 20th-century Chinese politicians 20th-century Taiwanese poets 20th-century Taiwanese politicians Amnesty International people Chinese emigrants to Taiwan Chinese male novelists Deaths from pneumonia in Taiwan Historians from Henan International Writing Program alumni Northeastern University (China) alumni Poets from Henan Politicians from Kaifeng Republic of China historians Republic of China novelists Republic of China poets Senior Advisors to President Chen Shui-bian Social critics Taiwanese historians Taiwanese people from Henan Taiwanese philosophers Writers from Kaifeng

1221089

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee%20Conference

Yankee Conference

The Yankee Conference was a collegiate sports conference in the eastern United States. From 1947 to 1976, it sponsored competition in many sports, but was a football-only league from mid-1976 until its dissolution in 1996. It is essentially the ancestor of today's Colonial Athletic Association (CAA) football conference, and the continuation of the New England Conference, though all three leagues were founded under different charters and are considered separate conferences by the NCAA. For the first half of its history, the Yankee Conference consisted of the flagship public universities of the six New England states. Conference expansion in the 1980s and 1990s added several colleges and universities from the Mid-Atlantic region. Formation In 1945, Northeastern University, the only private school in the New England Conference, announced its departure. A committee formed by the remaining four members, land-grant colleges and universities representing Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire and Rhode Island, recommended that they join with the other two New England land-grant institutions, Massachusetts State College (which had also been a founding member of the NEC in 1923, but left in the 1930s) and the University of Vermont, in a new athletics league. This led to the formation of the Yankee Conference in December 1946, with athletic competition beginning in the 1947–48 school year. Charter members For its first 24 years, the conference consisted of the six charter members, each of which was the flagship public university of its state: University of Connecticut University of Maine University of Massachusetts Amherst (new name adopted in 1947) University of New Hampshire University of Rhode Island (known as Rhode Island State College until 1951) University of Vermont During this time, Yankee Conference football teams competed in the College Division of the NCAA, the lower of two tiers of varsity competition. The conference also sponsored several other sports, such as basketball and baseball. Conference bylaws required all members to field teams in all conference-sponsored sports. 1970s: In and out in New England In 1971, the conference announced its first expansion, the addition of Boston University and the College of the Holy Cross. Both are private institutions (nonsectarian and Roman Catholic, respectively), and fit within the conference's existing geographic footprint, giving it a presence in Massachusetts' largest (Boston) and second-largest (Worcester) cities. Both had previously competed as independents, and had a long tradition of meeting Yankee Conference members in non-league games. Because their seasons were scheduled years in advance, neither BU nor HC were able to begin league play in football immediately. Though it officially joined the conference in 1971, Boston University did not start competing for the football championship until 1973; Holy Cross never did. Holy Cross had made another decision in the early 1970s that profoundly affected its athletics teams: the formerly all-male college began admitting women. Holy Cross already had by far the smallest enrollment in the conference, and administrators reached the conclusion that its shrinking male population would not be able to field competitive teams in all Yankee Conference sports. Accordingly, Holy Cross announced in November 1972 that it would quit the conference immediately. The conference rule that all members must compete in all sports was tested again in 1974, when Vermont announced it would drop its football program at the end of that season. In 1975, the conference allowed its members to choose conference participation on a sport-by-sport basis. Later in the year, however, it opted to drop sponsorship of all sports except football at the conclusion of the 1975–76 season, effectively ending Vermont's association with the conference. The 1970s also brought a change in how the NCAA classified football programs. In 1973, the old College Division was replaced by NCAA Division II, for "minor" programs that offer athletic scholarships, and NCAA Division III, for those without scholarships. The Yankee Conference programs were all placed in Division II. In 1978, the NCAA introduced Division I-AA, a subdivision that allowed universities competing in Division I in other sports to field football teams in that division without having to match up with the major football powers. From that point, all Yankee Conference members have been members of Division I-AA, later renamed the Football Championship Subdivision. 1980s–90s: Expansion in the South Through the late 1970s and early 1980s, the football-only Yankee Conference included six members: Boston University, UConn, Maine, UMass, UNH and URI. Starting in the mid-1980s, the conference began to admit members from outside New England, forming a second cluster of universities in the Mid-Atlantic region: University of Delaware in 1986 (in Delaware) University of Richmond in 1986 (in Virginia) Villanova University in 1988 (in Pennsylvania) James Madison University in 1993 (in Virginia) College of William & Mary in 1993 (in Virginia) Also in 1993, Northeastern University in Boston joined the Yankee Conference. Following the 1993 additions, the Yankee Conference had 12 members, and split into two six-team divisions, a "New England Division" consisting of the five remaining charter members plus Boston University, and a "Mid-Atlantic Division" consisting of the colleges that joined the conference in the 1980s and 1990s. Northeastern competed in the Mid-Atlantic despite being geographically located in New England. 1996: Merger with A-10 The 12-member, two-division arrangement continued until 1996, when the NCAA adopted rules limiting the influence of single-sport conferences over policy. Facing extinction, the conference merged with the Atlantic 10 Conference (A-10), which did not previously sponsor football, on November 13, 1996. UMass and URI were already members of the A-10 in other sports; the other 10 Yankee members became associate members in football only. For the 1997 season, the A-10 football league had the exact same members and division structure as the 1996 Yankee Conference. After membership changes in the Colonial Athletic Association over the following 10 years, management of the A-10 football conference, which continued to include most of the former Yankee Conference teams, passed to the CAA in 2007. Member institutions † Boston University joined the conference in 1971, but did not compete for the football championship until 1973. ‡ Holy Cross and Vermont ended their Yankee Conference affiliation in 1972 and 1976, respectively. Holy Cross never competed in the football championship, and Vermont ended its football program after 1974. All other conference members remained until 1996, when the league was absorbed by the Atlantic 10. Membership timeline Overtime rule The Yankee Conference was the first college football conference to implement college football's current overtime rules. The overtime rules known as the "Kansas Playoff" or "Kansas Plan", where each team is given a possession at the 25 yard line, was used by the Yankee Conference to determine the end to tie games well before it was adopted by the rest of the NCAA in 1996. Conference champions Football Men's basketball Men's soccer 1965: Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut 1966: Vermont 1967: Vermont 1968: Vermont, Rhode Island 1969: Vermont 1970: Massachusetts 1971: Rhode Island, Vermont 1972: Rhode Island 1973: Connecticut 1974: Connecticut 1975: Vermont 1976: Connecticut 1977: Rhode Island 1978: Connecticut 1979: New Hampshire Modern club football conference The phrase "Yankee Conference" is alluded to in the 21st-century Yankee Collegiate Football Conference, which fields teams at the club football level. Three of the schools in the original Yankee Conference, Boston University, Maine and Vermont, fielded teams in the modern Yankee Conference: since neither Boston nor Vermont currently has a varsity team, the club football team was the highest ranking football team representing the school in both cases. The other two schools in the modern Yankee Conference were Clarkson University and Onondaga Community College. The conference also allowed an independent team, the Southwestern Connecticut Grizzlies, to play in the league and contest for the championship, even though it was not associated with any college or university. The modern conference last played in 2016. See also List of defunct college football conferences References Sports leagues established in 1946 Sports leagues disestablished in 1997 1946 establishments in the United States 1997 disestablishments in the United States Defunct NCAA Division I conferences Defunct NCAA Division II conferences

1226218

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20Levin

Fred Levin

Fredric Gerson Levin (March 29, 1937 – January 12, 2021) was an American plaintiffs' lawyer who served as chairman of Levin, Papantonio, Rafferty, Proctor, Buchanan, O'Brien, Barr, Mougey, P.A., a law firm in Northwest Florida. The Fredric G. Levin College of Law at the University of Florida is named for him because of a monetary donation he made to the school in 1999. Levin was best known for rewriting Florida's Medicaid Third-Party Recovery Act to allow the State of Florida to sue and recover billions of dollars from the tobacco industry for smoking related illnesses. His flamboyant and brazen personality resulted in him being prosecuted by the Florida Bar two times, and investigated two additional times. Levin's life was summarized in the weekly medical journal The Lancet. In its December 2014 edition, the author wrote: "And Give Up Showbiz? explores the extraordinary life of a pioneering and often controversial lawyer. Seen as an inspiring innovator by some, and a flamboyant self-promoter by others, Levin's work was not always met with a favourable outcome. Levin was accused of two murders, and often met with controversy because of his relentless fight for justice against big companies. His home life, while loving, was often neglected in his pursuit of business, and this is mentioned several times in the book—bringing a sense of balance to the stories. ... Love him or hate him, Fred Levin has enhanced the lives of many who needed help, and lived a life that only could be emulated in a Hollywood movie ... and probably will be." Personal life Levin was born in 1937, in Pensacola, Florida. He grew up in a conservative Jewish household, with his mother (Rose), father (Abe), and brothers (David, Herman, Stanley, Martin, and Allen). His father was a pawnbroker catering to the large military presence in the Pensacola area, and also ran the concessions at the Pensacola Greyhound Park and at a store on Pensacola Beach. Levin attended the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, as an undergraduate, but did not do well academically. Instead, he was known as a drinker, smoker, and gambler. He was a member of Pi Lambda Phi, one of two Jewish fraternities on campus. It was at the University of Florida where he met his future wife, Marilyn, who was a member of the Jewish sorority Alpha Epsilon Phi. The Levins had been married for 51 years upon her death on February 6, 2011, survived by four children, seven grandchildren, and one great-grandchild. In 1958, Levin entered the University of Florida College of Law, mainly because he didn't want to leave the college party lifestyle, and his older brother David had established a small law firm where he could work. He had to attend summer school to get into law school, as his grades were below the required minimum 2.0 average. In 1958 virtually anyone could get into a Florida public law school, but approximately one-third would graduate. In Levin's first few weeks of law school, he received news that his brother Martin didn't have long to live, succumbing to the end-stages of leukemia. Levin approached the dean of the law school, and asked for a few days away from school to attend his brother's funeral. The dean looked at Levin's undergraduate record, and told him that he could take the time off and that he didn't need to return as he never would make it through law school. Levin drove from Gainesville to Pensacola, but did not make it to Pensacola before his brother died. Ignoring the advice of the dean, Levin returned to law school where he thrived, finishing third in his class. Levin's plan after law school was to return to Pensacola and practice with his brother for one year, and then return to law school to get a masters in tax law. He had no intention of becoming a trial lawyer as he was terrified by public speaking. On January 12, 2021, Levin died from COVID-19 complications. Legal career In 1961, Levin began practicing in the law firm of Levin & Askew (now known as Levin Papantonio Rafferty) in Pensacola. The firm was founded by his brother David and Reubin Askew, who eventually would go on to become a two-term governor of Florida and candidate for President of the United States. Levin began his legal career in family law, but once a client explained that her husband said he would kill her divorce lawyer, he chose to switch to general civil law. His first case involved an insurance dispute over a residential fire claim. The case ended up before a jury. Levin won the case and decided he wanted to become a trial lawyer. In the late 1960s, Levin handled a case involving the wrongful death of a child who had taken the antibiotic Chloromycetin. Levin won the case. While the compensatory damages were not large, the judge allowed Levin to pursue a punitive damage claim which ended up playing a role in the drug being pulled from the market in the United States for most uses. Levin received national attention with the case of Thorshov v. L&N. On November 9, 1977, Dr. Jon Thorshov, a thirty-eight-year-old physician, his wife, his four-year-old daughter, and his one-year-old son were at their home in Pensacola when a freight train operated by L&N derailed near their home and released anhydrous ammonia. The family attempted to escape their home, but were overcome by the fumes. Dr. and Ms. Thorshov died, and both children sustained serious physical injuries. In 1980, Levin received a jury verdict for the family in the amount of $18 million. As a result of the verdict, Us magazine did a story on Levin in its swimsuit preview issue. On the cover were Randi Oakes from CHiPs, Morgan Fairchild from Flamingo Road, and Donna Mills from Knots Landing. Inside was a half-page picture of Levin standing in front of an L&N railcar under the headline, "I'll Sue". Levin received more than thirty jury verdicts in excess of $1,000,000 (six in excess of $10,000,000). At various points in his career he held the national record for jury verdicts involving the wrongful death of a child, the wrongful death of a housewife, the wrongful death of a wage earner, and the largest personal injury verdict in the state of Florida. He was listed in every edition of Best Lawyers in America; was a member of the Inner Circle of Advocates; and was inducted into the National Trial Lawyers Hall of Fame in 2009. Tobacco litigation Levin played a significant role in the litigation brought by numerous states against the tobacco industry during the 1990s. Levin was at a trial lawyer conference when another attorney saw Levin drinking whiskey and smoking a cigarette. The attorney told Levin that smoking was going to kill him, and that he was working with the State of Mississippi to sue the tobacco industry for compensation for all the money Mississippi was spending in Medicaid dollars treating smoking related illnesses. Levin did not believe the legal theory would be successful, explaining that the tobacco industry had never paid a penny to anyone as a result of smoking injuries. Levin returned to Pensacola and thought about the potential case, and went to the Florida statute allowing the state of Florida to recover against individuals and companies that harm someone where the State has to pay Medicaid. Levin thought that with a few changes in the statute's language, he could rewrite the law so that the State could sue the tobacco industry without the tobacco industry being able to raise the numerous defenses it had relied upon in winning the cases against it. Levin made the changes, and then approached a good friend who was the dean of the Florida Senate. The two then went to the Governor of Florida, who supported the concept. The dean of the Senate was able to get the law passed on the last day of session and at the last minute. The Senator made it part of another law that received unanimous support in the Senate, and Levin's amendments passed. When the tobacco industry discovered the true intent of the law, it began donating money to Florida senators to repeal the statute. The Senate voted to repeal it, but the Governor vetoed the repeal. The Senate then came within one vote of overriding the Governor's veto, but could not, and the law stood. After the passage of the law, John French, a lobbyist for Philip Morris USA, stated, "This is probably the single biggest issue to ever have been run through in the dead of the night." John Shebel, president of the pro-business organization Associated Industries of Florida, told the Orlando Sun-Sentinel, "This law is probably one of the worst laws ever passed by any Legislature." Walker Merryman, vice president of the Tobacco Institute, said, "It's certainly creative, and it demonstrates how a government will try to impose a significant financial burden on one portion of the economy." Gannett News Service wrote: "What they engineered was a first-of-its-kind bill making it much easier for the state to recoup money it spends for treating cancer patients and others with smoking-related diseases. ... Its created such an uproar in Tallahassee that tobacco companies have pledged millions of dollars to fight the bill either by getting it vetoed or using the upcoming special session on health care to change or eliminate it." "I could say, I think without exaggerating, that the financial life of the tobacco industry is riding on [the veto of the bill]", said John Banahaf, executive director of Action on Smoking and Health. Professor Richard Daynard of Northeastern University called the bill: "the single biggest blow against the tobacco industry and for the public health that's ever been done in the United states." Challenges to the law made it the United States Supreme Court, but was upheld. Immediately after jury selection, the tobacco industry settled with the State of Florida for a record $13 billion. Levin's law firm would end up earning a fee of more than $300 million. Soon thereafter, Levin appeared on ABC's 20/20 talking to reporter John Stossel. While interviewing him for the piece, Levin lit up a cigarette, which ABC highlighted in the segment. Next, he appeared on two full pages of George magazine, standing on his putting green in a tuxedo, drinking Crown Royal whiskey and smoking a cigarette. He was then highlighted in a Time article entitled: "Are Lawyers Running America?" Florida Bar Levin had a lengthy and hostile relationship with the Florida Bar whom he often and openly referred to as "lily-white elitists, country club, men". He has been prosecuted by the Florida Bar on two occasions, and formally investigated on another two occasions. In the first investigation, Levin stated on his primetime, live, call-in, television show that doctors have "this God-complex--they think they are above the law." The investigation did not result in bar charges. In the second investigation, and first prosecution, Levin admitted on his television show to gambling on football games, and said he found nothing wrong with it. He mocked law enforcement for arresting and prosecuting local bookies, as if they were an elite swat team fighting terrorism. He commented that the local law enforcement and prosecutors wouldn't have the guts to go down to the high crime streets in Pensacola to arrest drug dealers and rapists because they would be scared to get shot. The Florida Bar charged Levin with ethics violation as he was admitting to violations of Florida law, and demeaning the legal profession. Levin was found guilty and a public reprimand was recommended. Levin challenged the decision to the United States Supreme Court, but in the end he received his public reprimand. The third investigation, and second prosecution, involved Levin's use of the word "ridiculous" to describe the defense in two separate civil cases. Levin won both cases and received large jury verdicts, but both verdicts were taken away on appeal because the appellate court believed Levin inflamed the jury by calling the defense ridiculous. The Florida Bar then brought charges against Levin alleging that his closing argument violated ethics rules because he was stating his personal opinion. This was the first time in U.S. history that a lawyer was charged by a bar disciplinary committee in a situation such as this. This time Levin was found innocent. The fourth investigation occurred when a friend of Levin's, the Senator who passed the tobacco legislation, was being prosecuted for violations of the Florida Sunshine Law. The key witness against the Senator (who now was a county commissioner) was another local county commissioner who claimed the now former Senator offered him a bribe to pass an item before him. When the former Senator was convicted of violation of the Sunshine Law, Levin made comments to the press calling the witness a "rat fink". He then told the Pensacola News Journal, "If [the witness] was on the Titanic, he would dress like a woman and jump on the first lifeboat." Levin called the judge's ruling not to free the politician while he appealed "unconscionable". He also assailed the judge. "I have never been so embarrassed or ashamed of the legal profession", he told the paper. "I believe the inmates have taken over the asylum." Asked what exactly he meant, Levin replied, "That means the nuts are in charge." Levin's comments led to an ethics complaint being filed against Levin with the Florida Bar—the third in his career. Months later, the Florida Bar's grievance committee ruled there was no cause to pursue a full investigation into the matter. However, the Florida Bar sent Levin a "letter of advice" as to how to act in the future. The letter said: "While your conduct in this instance does not warrant formal discipline, the committee believes that it was not consistent with the high standards of our profession. The committee hopes that this letter will make you more aware of your obligation to uphold these professional standards, and that you will adjust your conduct accordingly." Death of Jake Horton On April 10, 1989, at approximately 1:00 p.m. C.S.T., a twin-engine Beechcraft King Air 200 crashed within minutes of takeoff from Pensacola Regional Airport, killing the two pilots and the single passenger, Jacob F. "Jake" Horton. The plane was owned by Southern Company, an American electric utility holding company headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. The company is currently the 16th largest utility company in the world, and the fourth largest in the U.S. Jake was a senior vice-president at Gulf Power Company, a subsidiary of Southern Company. The cause of the plane crash has never been solved, with theories including pilot error, poor maintenance, sabotage, and suicide. Levin became embroiled in the incident because he was one of the last people to speak with Jake, and he also was legal counsel for Gulf Power. In the months before the plane crash, Southern Company was under a federal grand jury investigation for possible tax evasion and inappropriate political contributions. Gulf Power and Jake were at the center of the investigation, with Southern Company claiming that Jake was the primary responsible party. Between 9:30 a.m. and 11:15 a.m. C.S.T. on April 10, 1989, Jake met privately with Levin in his office. Levin's law firm had been serving as private counsel for Gulf Power for many years, and Levin also was a close personal friend of Jake. Southern Company wanted Levin to convince Jake to resign, but Jake wished to remain employed and clear his name. Prior to leaving Levin's office, Jake ordered a corporate plane to take him from Pensacola to Atlanta where he wished to meet with the president of Southern Company. Jake boarded the plane approximately 1.5 hours later, and within minutes the plane crashed, killing all on board. Within three hours after the crash, the Escambia County Sheriff's Office received an anonymous call stating: "You can stop investigating Gulf Power now. We took care of that." Within two weeks of the plane crash, and in protest to Southern Company blaming Jake, Levin quit as counsel for Gulf Power. Over the next year, the federal grand jury investigation continued, and Levin eventually was called to testify. Southern Company took the position that Levin was not permitted to testify because his knowledge was subject to attorney–client privilege. Southern Company finally agreed to allow Levin to testify, but only on the limited subject of his conversation with Jake on the morning of the plane crash. Southern Company would not permit Levin to talk to the National Transportation Safety Board or the Escambia County Sheriff's Office. In the days before Levin was scheduled to testify, someone began leaving parakeets at his home and office with their necks broken. Also, someone called the FBI stating that Levin would be killed if he were to testify. Levin testified with U.S. Marshals escorting him to and from the hearing. Despite numerous federal and state investigations, and multiple lawsuits, the cause of the plane crash has never been solved. Gulf Power ended up pleading guilty to illegal political contributions and other violations, and paid a $500,000 fine. Gulf Power blamed Horton for the illegal events. Career in boxing In 1989, Levin began managing the boxing career of Roy Jones Jr., who had just returned from Seoul, Korea, having earned a silver medal in the 1988 Olympic Games. The fact that Roy did not win the gold medal became an international issue after it was discovered that three of the judges had been subject to inappropriate contact, and yet awarded the gold medal to Roy's opponent or ruled it a draw. Roy had dominated his opponent (Park Si-hun), landing almost three times as many punches. Although the three judges were suspended, with two being banned for life, Roy was not awarded the gold medal. He was, however, awarded the outstanding competitor in the games by the International Amateur Boxing Association. The fact that Levin was chosen to help manage Roy's career was controversial considering he had no experience in the boxing business. Roy had been courted by some of the biggest names in boxing, including Don King and Sugar Ray Leonard. Roy's father, Roy Jones Sr., chose Levin to manage his son's career because Jones Sr. no longer trusted the boxing establishment after the Olympic decision. Jones Sr. once stated: "The boxing biz has stolen the medal from my son." Levin negotiated a middleweight championship fight for Roy against James Toney. Roy won the fight, and then earned a multimillion-dollar long-term contract with HBO. Levin received the 1995 Al Buck Award from the Boxing Writers Association of America as boxing manager of the year; and received the Rocky Marciano Foundation President's Award in 2001. Levin managed Roy's boxing career from 1989 to 2003. Levin's last fight with Roy involved heavyweight champion John Ruiz on March 1, 2003. Ruiz had recently defeated Evander Holyfield for the championship. Jones officially weighed in at 193 pounds to Ruiz's 226 pounds. Jones won by unanimous decision, becoming the first former middleweight title holder to win a heavyweight title in 106 years, the last being Bob Fitzsimmons in 1896. Jones also became the first fighter in history to start his career as a junior middleweight and become a heavyweight champion. Fighting racial injustice When Levin entered the University of Florida College of Law in 1958, George Starke, the first African American student to enter a public institution in the state of Florida, entered with Levin's class. Levin described the first day as follows: "They had all of us on one side of the auditorium and he was all by himself, except for all the Secret Service people. Up to that point, I had not thought much about racial issues. I looked over and my heart went out to him. Here were 350 white law students and this one black guy. He was dressed in a suit, and the rest of us were dressed like bums. They started shuffling him, which is rubbing your feet together on the floor like they do in prison. ... I always studied in the library, and I would look across at George because he always had to sit at a table by himself and everybody would shuffle their feet. It just tore me up. I wanted to go over and sit with him, but I didn't have the guts." After the first semester of law school, Levin approached George to become his study partner. The two remained friends for the next two years. Although Levin ended up graduating number three out of his graduating class, George failed to graduate. In an oral history interview conducted by Samuel Proctor at the University of Florida, Levin described the final events leading to George leaving the University of Florida. "We were going to study for the exam the next day, I told him to meet me at my apartment. I was running a little late, and I got there, and he's sitting on the steps, we were an upstairs apartment. I said, 'Why didn't you go on in?' He said, 'You don't understand, a colored man doesn't go into an apartment where a white woman is.' I said, 'Oh the hell with it, come on.' So we came in, Marilyn cooked supper for us, and we studied all night long. I had these little flip cards that worked real well. All night long. He goes home, and I clean up and go to the exam, and he never shows up. He had gone home just to lay down for a second [snap of fingers], slept through the exam. They wouldn't give him another exam, they flunked him." When the law school was renamed to the Fredric G. Levin College of Law in 1999, George attended in support of Levin. Shortly after becoming a lawyer in Pensacola, Levin nominated Nathaniel Dedmond to be the first African American as a member of the Escambia-Santa Rosa Counties Bar Association. Several lawyers in the association were offended by the nomination and had their wives call Marilyn, Levin's wife. They asked Marilyn how she would like to be sitting next to Nathaniel Dedmond's wife at a bar meeting. They were hoping to get Marilyn to go to Fred and have him drop the nomination. Instead, Marilyn replied: "Oh, yes, that will be fine." Levin commented that he had never been more proud of Marilyn. When the nomination came up for vote, the association voted against Levin's nomination. In 1999, Levin received recognition for his support of the African American community by being named a chief of the country of Ghana, and receiving a citation from the U.S. Congressional Black Caucus; which provides in part: "We of the Congressional Black Caucus wish to join with the distinguished world citizens and other leaders in congratulating you on your designation as a Ghanaian Chief. But more specifically, we wish to honor your lifelong contributions to bettering the lives of the people of Ghana and the people of America. Long before we became aware of your outstanding contributions in Africa, we knew of your work as a lawyer fighting on the side of underprivileged people in America. We thank you for that rich legacy. We are proud that the world community is now beginning to recognize your valuable service to it as well." Awards and honors Levin received the Perry Nichols Award in 1994, which is the highest honor bestowed by the Florida Justice Association, and is given in recognition of a person's lifetime achievements in the pursuit of justice. For the year 1999, The National Law Journal named Levin as the top civil litigator in Florida. This honor encompassed plaintiff and defense counsel. Levin also was named in the October 4, 1999, edition of The National Law Journal as one of the "Top Ten Litigators for 1999", which again included both plaintiff and defense counsel. In 1999, Levin was honored at the United Nations by being made a chief in the Republic of Ghana. This honor was bestowed on Levin because of his lifetime of dedication to equal justice for people of all races. At the same time, Levin received a citation honoring him by the United States Congressional Black Caucus. Levin was a member of the Inner Circle of Advocates, an organization limited to 100 of the top trial attorneys in the country, and has been listed in every edition of the publication Best Lawyers in America. In 2009, he was inducted into The National Trial Lawyers Hall of Fame. In 2016, Levin was named Trial Lawyer of the Year by The National Trial Lawyers. In December 2017, Levin was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws from University of West Florida. Later career At the age of 80, Levin continued to practice law. "I want the practice of law to continue", he said. "I want there to be lawyers. Less and less people are going to law school now. In 2013, applications to accredited law schools dropped for a third consecutive year. My son, Martin, left the practice of law because of its transformation from the personal--a lawyer representing one client--to a business where a lawyer represents thousands of clients in mass tort or class action." Despite his opposition to mass torts, Levin agreed to transfer his law firm's primary practice to this niche area of law. The firm now runs Mass Torts Made Perfect, a conference held twice a year, usually in Las Vegas, to bring together mass tort lawyers from across the country. In 2013, when he was 76, he won a $3.4 million jury verdict in an ATV case. In 2014, at the age of 77, he won a $12.6 million jury verdict in an automobile accident case. In 2016 (age 79), he was named national Trial Lawyer of the Year. Charitable work In 1995, Levin gave a professorship at the University of West Florida, in honor of his father. In 1998, Levin gave the University of Florida law school $10 million, the second largest cash donation ever given to a public law school as of that time. In 1999, the law school name was officially changed to the University of Florida Fredric G. Levin College of Law. In 1998, Levin contributed $2 million to the Levin & Papantonio Family Foundation. In 2006, Levin gave the University of Florida law school $2 million to help fund the Martin H. Levin Advocacy Center. In 2013, Levin gave $1 million in memory of his recently deceased wife to the Lubavitch-Chabad Student and Community Center at the University of Florida. In 2015, Levin (along with his sister-in-law Teri) gave $1 million to the YMCA of Northwest Florida to support the construction of its new facility in downtown Pensacola. In 2016, Levin gave $1 million to the Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition to help fund the institute's 30,000 square foot research facility in artificial intelligence, robotics, human-centered computing, agile and distributed computing, and many related areas. In 2017, Levin gave $550,000 to the University of West Florida to establish the Reubin O'D. Askew Institute for Multidisciplinary Studies. In 2017, Levin gave $2 million to the Brigham & Women's Hospital to establish the Fredric G. Levin Distinguished Chair in Thoracic Surgery and Lung Cancer Research. The gift was given in honor of Dr. Raphael Bueno for saving Mr. Levin's life after he was diagnosed with stage 4 lung cancer. In 2018, Levin gave an $8 million home, including its personal belongings, to the University of West Florida. In honor of the gift, the school named its government department the Reubin O'D. Askew Department of Government, after Levin's former law partner and two-term governor of the state of Florida. In 2019, Levin gave 300,000 shares of Charlotte's Web Holdings, LLC stock to the University of Florida Levin College of Law. At the time of the announcement of the donation, the stock was valued at $6 million. In 2019, Levin donated $2 million to Dana-Farber Cancer Institute to establish the Fredric G. Levin Endowment in Translational Cancer Research. In 2021, Levin donated an additional $40 million to the University of Florida Levin College of Law through his estate. Levin College of Law The Fredric G. Levin College of Law at the University of Florida is named for him because of a $10 million cash donation he made to the school in 1999. The gift was the largest-ever cash donation to the University of Florida; the second-largest gift ever to a public law school when matched with state funds; and more than three times larger than any gift in the college's 90-year history. The naming drew statewide attention because of the vehement criticism of having the state's prestigious law school named after a person many thought to be reprehensible and undeserving. One letter to the then dean of the law school read: "I have no problem with naming the law school in honor of an appropriate person, as other colleges have done, but naming our college after Fred Levin does no honor to him, to the institution, or its constituency, and demeans the efforts of the many deans, faculty, and alumni who have worked for so many years to achieve the vision of making our college one of the top twenty law schools. ... You degraded the image and prestige of the University of Florida College of Law by selling its good name to Fred Levin, a lawyer who has been castigated by the courts for abusing the rules, and is notorious for commercializing the practice, thumbing his nose at the bar, and otherwise manipulating the system." In response, Levin told the press: "Two hundred years from now the great, great, great grandchildren (of my critics) will be getting their law degrees from a school with my name on it. It's a good feeling." "It makes me feel great, when their great-grandchildren go up to that stage to get the law degree, they'll know that, dadgum it, that Jew's name is up there on the damn diploma. It's just gotta eat at them." Health issues and death In January 2016, Levin was diagnosed with stage 4 lung cancer that had metastasized to his brain. The brain tumor was removed at the University of Florida Health, and he was treated for his lung cancer at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital. Levin died from COVID-19 on January 12, 2021, after surviving stage 4 lung and brain cancer. He was asymptomatic for 10 days and died within 5 days of experiencing any symptoms. He was 83 years old. Publications Operations and the Rule Against Perpetuities, 13 Fla. L. Rev. 214 (1960–1961) Wrongful Death and Florida's '10–20' Liability Policy -- The Twilight Zone, 13 Fla. L. Rev. 377 (1960-1961) A Trial Lawyers look at No-Fault, 1 Miss. College L. Rev. 271 (1979) Personal Injury Protection Coverage, Florida No-Fault Ins. Prac. (2d ed. 1979) Attorney's Fees, Florida Civil Practice (2d ed. 1980) Visiting Florida's No-Fault Experience: Is it Now Constitutional?, 54 Fla. Bar. J. 2 (1980) Structured Settlements in Review: A Case Study, The Am. J. of Trial Advocacy Vol. 4, No. 3, pg. 579 (Spring 1981) Effective Opening Statements: The Attorney's Master Key to Courtroom Victory (1983) The Trial Masters, Strategy for Opening Statement: A Case Study pp. 158–196 (1984) The Art of Cross-Examination: A Case Study, 9 Trial Diplomacy J. 1 (1986) Plaintiff's Trial Strategy, Periodic Payment Judgment (1987) The Winning Attitude, 2 Trial Practice News Letter 4 (1988) A Plaintiff's Guide to Effective Opening Statements, 9 Verdicts, Settlements & Tactics (Sept. 1989) Opening Statement, Fla. Civil Trial Prac. (4th ed. 1990) Opening Statement, Florida Civil Trial Practice Ch. 8 (5th ed. 1998) Closing Arguments, The Last Battle (2003) References External links Levin Papantonio University of Florida Levin College of Law Fred Levin at Pensapedia 1937 births 2021 deaths Jewish American attorneys Trial lawyers Florida lawyers University of Florida alumni Fredric G. Levin College of Law alumni People from Pensacola, Florida 20th-century American lawyers 21st-century American lawyers Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Florida

1228055

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy%20Matters

Democracy Matters

For the Irish Campaign group Democracy Matters, see Democracy Matters (Ireland). Democracy Matters is an American non-profit, non-partisan grassroots student political organization that is dedicated to deepening democracy. The organization's mission is to strengthen democracy by: (1) training young people how to be effective grassroots organizers and advocates; and (2) supporting public financing of election campaigns (“fair elections”) and other pro-democracy and campaign finance related reforms. Democracy Matters believes that it is imperative to reduce the overwhelming influence of big private and corporate money in elections and necessary to empower ordinary people—regardless of race, gender, and/or socio-economic status—to be able to participate meaningfully in the electoral and political process. Democracy Matters is also a part of the Declaration for American Democracy coalition. Origins Wanting to give back after having been fortunate enough to play in the NBA, former 13-year veteran NBA player and Colgate alumnus Adonal Foyle, with the assistance of his adoptive parents Jay Mandle (professor of economics at Colgate) and Joan Mandle (associate professor of sociology, anthropology and women's studies at Colgate), created Democracy Matters in 2001. Colgate University served as the test for the first Democracy Matters chapter, and after a successful first year, multiple other chapters were established across the country. Among the oldest chapters are those at Vassar College, Brown University, Syracuse University, and St. Lawrence University. Structure of organization Democracy Matters focuses on a bottom-up approach to political change. The organization seeks to empower and activate college students to lead the fight for campaign finance reform. Towards this end, Democracy Matters offers an internship program. When a student is selected as an intern, Democracy Matters offers individually-crafted training in political organizing, theory, and communication. Once students have undergone preliminary training, they sets forth to create (or maintain if already existence) a Democracy Matters chapter at their university. In this function, they oversee groups of other student activists committed to getting big money out of politics. Throughout its existence, Democracy Matters has worked with more than 800 interns and brought thousands of other affiliated students into the campaign finance fight. Democracy Matters chapters are diverse in terms of race, gender, and political orientation. As such, there is no single programming curriculum for DM chapters. Students are encouraged to be creative and innovative with their campaigns and to develop their own style of political organizing. Among the many tactics used are: organizing movie screenings, bringing in well known lecturers, facilitating educational panels, and actively writing legislation and lobbying for reform on local and state levels. Students often partner with local community groups, statewide and national groups, and politicians to educate other citizens and actively promote legislation. Democracy Matters has also traditionally been geographically diverse, having had university chapters across the country. Raising awareness Democracy Matters members raise awareness and educate others on their campuses and in nearby communities by organizing campaigns that link the problems of the current campaign finance system to other important issues such as the environment, civil rights, foreign policy, and rising college tuition. Democracy Matters and its students aim to show that the issue of campaign finance is an interdisciplinary one, which impacts all people interested in social justice issues. Democracy Matters' official position in terms of how to improve the US campaign finance system is through the creation of an opt-in public financing system for national and statewide campaigns. Public financing of election campaigns, similar to the successful state systems in Maine, Arizona and Connecticut also known as "Voter/Citizen-Owned Elections", or "Fair Elections" provide an alternative for candidates to be publicly funded if they refuse to accept private donations from individuals or groups. This allows ordinary citizens, who lack the fiscal means, to run for office. Once elected, these publicly financed politicians are accountable to their constituents rather than to campaign contributors. Furthermore, they can use their time working on issues important to the people they represent rather than spending many hours each day on the phone "dialing for dollars" or attending fundraisers. In this respect, Democracy Matters has been very active in the fight for public financing of elections in New York state. Restore Democracy Fellowship In the summer of 2015, Democracy Matters started a new program entitled "Restore Democracy" focused on making campaign finance an issue in the 2016 presidential elections. The organization funded a handful of summer interns to travel to the first two primary states, Iowa and New Hampshire. These interns were tasked with attending presidential candidates' events to ask them questions about where they stood on the issue of public financing and campaign finance reform more broadly; building new chapters at large universities in the respective states to create pressure once the school year began; and creating coalitions with local leaders towards the end of building student-adult groups for reform. The organization also attempted to get presidential candidates to sign the "Restore Democracy" pledge card, which read "I support restoring democracy by publicly financing elections and taking big money out of politics.” During the course of this program, the group became the first organization to get Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton on the record supporting public financing of elections. The organization also got Republican Donald Trump on record saying public financing of elections was "fine". On August 3, Democratic candidate Bernie Sanders, who had previously declared his support for public financing, recorded a video endorsing the work that Democracy Matters was doing and reiterated the need for campaign finance reform. By summer's end, Democracy Matters got both Bernie Sanders and Martin O'Malley to sign their "Restore Democracy" pledge. The fellowship program successfully established over a dozen chapters in both New Hampshire and Iowa. Publications Democracy Matters publishes two monthly columns. The first, eNews, highlights the organization's most active student chapters and details recent events in the world of campaign finance. The second, Money on my Mind, written by Jay Mandle, links various political problems to big money in politics. Joan and Jay Mandle have also published a book, Change Elections, Change America, which chronicles the history of Democracy Matters and explains the pleasures and difficulties of running a non-profit political organization centered around social justice. Reception Since founding Democracy Matters, Foyle has received multiple awards for his commitment to lasting social change. The NBA recognized Foyle for his commitment to democracy with nationally televised presentations of their "Community Assist Award". The Greenlining Institute presented him with their prestigious Change Agent Award for his commitment to campaign finance reform. Foyle also received the city of San Francisco's Sports Hero Award as well as many other awards and commendations for his work increasing the civic engagement of young people. Foyle's commitment to Democracy Matters has also been widely hailed in the press, including in The New York Times, Sports Illustrated, USA Today, The Nation, Congressional Quarterly, Mother Jones, ESPN Magazine, and the Chicago Tribune Magazine, as well as in numerous local newspapers. Foyle has since remained passionate about activating young people to be civically and politically engaged. In an op-ed piece, Foyle recounted the tremendous energy and creativity Democracy Matters students have brought to the work of deepening democracy. Chapters Bennett College, Greensboro, NC Bennington College, Bennington, VT Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY Boston University, Boston, MA Brown University, Providence, RI Champlain College, Burlington, VT Colgate University, Hamilton, NY Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH Duke University, Durham, NC Elon University, Elon, NC Emory University, Atlanta, GA Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA Guilford College, Greensboro, NC Harvard University, Cambridge, MA Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA Iona College, New Rochelle, NY Keene State College, Keene, NH Mary Washington University, Fredericksburg, VA Marygrove College, Detroit, MI Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA McDaniel College, Westminster, MD Northeastern University, Boston, MA Occidental College, Los Angeles Penn State University, State College, PA St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY Salisbury University, Salisbury, MD Sarah Lawrence College, Yonkers, NY Simmons University, Boston, MA Sharon High School, Sharon, MA Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA SUNY Geneseo, Geneseo, NY SUNY New Paltz, New Paltz, NY SUNY Oneonta, Oneonta, NY SUNY Potsdam, Potsdam, NY Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY Union College, Schenectady, NY University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY References External links Official website C-SPAN Q&A interview with Foyle about Democracy Matters, March 5, 2006 Foyle press releases So What Does Basketball Have to do with Campaign Finance Reform? Sports Illustrated - Adonal Foyle, Renaissance Man NYTimes.com - Our Athlete Speaks Up for the Right to Do That} The Nation - Where are the Jocks for Justice? Congressional Quarterly - Five Questions with Foyle ESPN - We the People Chicago Tribune - Foyle: Rising Activist Educational links Bill Moyers - Lesson Plans on Campaign Finance Reform University of North Carolina - Links to Elementary & Secondary Lesson Plans OpenSecrets.org Election and voting-related organizations based in the United States Political advocacy groups in the United States Civic and political organizations of the United States Government watchdog groups in the United States Political organizations based in the United States Campaign finance reform in the United States Civil rights organizations in the United States

1247409

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Castiglione

Joe Castiglione

Joseph John Castiglione (born March 2, 1947) is an American radio announcer for the Boston Red Sox baseball team, an author and lecturer. Early life and career Castiglione was born in Hamden, Connecticut and graduated from Colgate University with a BA in Liberal Arts. He was the radio voice of Colgate football and baseball while a student. He then received an MA in radio/TV from Syracuse University's S. I. Newhouse School of Public Communications in 1970. He also worked on the WAER-FM staff at SU. While at Syracuse, he worked a variety of on-air jobs for WSYR-TV (now WSTM-TV). He began his career in Youngstown, Ohio broadcasting football games for $15 a game, and as sports reporter for WFMJ-TV in 1972. His first major job as a sportscaster was in Cleveland in , where he called Cleveland Indians and Cleveland Cavaliers games and did sports reporting for WKYC-TV. He also called a handful of Milwaukee Brewers games for pay-cable channel SelecTV in . Career with the Red Sox Castiglione joined the Red Sox broadcast team in , teamed with Ken Coleman. He admitted not being in the booth when the ball rolled through Bill Buckner's legs in the 1986 World Series, as he was in the clubhouse covering Red Sox' seemingly impending victory celebration. After Coleman's retirement in 1989, Bob Starr became the lead announcer for the Red Sox. After Starr's departure at the end of the 1992 season, Castiglione became the team's lead radio announcer along with Jerry Trupiano. Castiglione became nationally known when the team won the 2004 World Series, with his broadcast of the end of the game. His jubilant "Can you believe it?" after the final out became a catchphrase. During the 2007 season he shared announcing duties with a rotating duo of Dave O'Brien and Glenn Geffner. With Glenn Geffner leaving for the Florida Marlins broadcast booth, Castiglione shared the booth with Dave O'Brien, Dale Arnold or Jon Rish in 2008. Dave O'Brien and Jon Rish were his partners from 2009 through April 2013. In 2011, Dale Arnold returned to be the primary fill in on Wednesday games. Starting in May 2013, Rob Bradford, Lou Merloni and O'Brien were his partners after John Ryder replaced Rish, with Merloni and Bradford stepping in for fill-in play by play duties. In 2011, O'Brien became the lead announcer with Castiglione moving back to the secondary announcing role. Castiglione does play by play in innings 3-4 and 6-7. He does all innings when working with Bradford and Merloni. In 2016 with O'Brien moving to NESN, the Red Sox television network, "Joe C." began working with former Pittsburgh Pirates broadcaster Tim Neverett and once again was the primary game announcer calling inning 1-2, 5 and 8-9 on WEEI. In 2017 Castiglione and Neverett rotated games as the primary and secondary announcers. On September 20, 2018, as part of a promotion called “A Rivalry in the Booth”, Castiglione switched places with New York Yankees radio broadcaster John Sterling in the fourth inning. During the 2018 American League Championship Series, Joe Castiglione reacted to a catch made by Andrew Benintendi made in the 9th inning of Game 4. Castiglione fell out of his chair, and proceeded to finish the commentary with co-commentator Tim Neverett after the incident. Castiglione claims to have been a New York Yankees fan as a kid. He said in his autobiography that he then closely followed the Pittsburgh Pirates because they were the closest to Youngstown, and likewise became an Indians fan after moving to Cleveland. Castiglione is currently a Lecturer in the department of Communication Studies at Northeastern University, where he teaches a course on Sports Broadcasting. Current Padres play-by-play announcer Don Orsillo and current Red Sox Spanish-language announcer Uri Berenguer were among his students and broadcast booth interns. He has also taught at Franklin Pierce University in New Hampshire. Non-Red Sox work He occasionally has called college football and basketball, most notably including games of Lafayette College and the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, where he worked alongside his oldest son, Duke, now with WCVB in Boston. Books In 2004, Castiglione published a book called Broadcast Rites and Sites: I Saw It on the Radio with the Boston Red Sox (). The book is a collection of stories from his days covering the Cleveland Indians and Boston Red Sox. It was updated in 2006 to include material on the 2004 World Series. In 2012 Castiglione returned to writing with a second book entitled Can You Believe It? 30 Years of Insider Stories with the Boston Red Sox. In this book, the author takes the reader back to the 2004 ALCS with the Yankees and that year's World Series as well as the team's return to glory in 2007. However, much of the book is about the 30 years that Castiglione spent in the broadcast booth and the personal relationships he built up over that time woven between the ups and downs in Red Sox history. References External links MA Broadcasters Association Hall of Fame Bio Castiglione on 'Cuse Conversations Podcast 1947 births Living people American radio sports announcers Boston Red Sox announcers Cleveland Indians announcers Colgate University alumni College basketball announcers in the United States College football announcers Franklin Pierce University faculty Major League Baseball broadcasters Milwaukee Brewers announcers National Basketball Association broadcasters Northeastern University faculty People from Hamden, Connecticut S. I. Newhouse School of Public Communications alumni

1249286

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjunct%20professors%20in%20North%20America

Adjunct professors in North America

In North America, an adjunct professor, also known as an adjunct lecturer or adjunct instructor (collectively, adjunct faculty), is a professor who teaches on a limited-term contract, often for one semester at a time, and who is ineligible for tenure. Increase in adjunct labor Colleges and universities began to employ greater numbers of non-tenure-track faculty in the 1970s. In 1975, adjuncts represented roughly 24% of instructional staff at degree-granting institutions, whereas in 2011 they represented over 40% of instructional staff. Various explanations have been given for this shift. Some "trace the practice of hiring part-time instructors to a time when most schools didn’t allow women as full professors, and thus adjunct positions were associated with female instructors from the start." Many non-tenure-track faculty were married to full-time, tenure-track professors, and known as "the housewives of higher education." The majority of non-tenure-track professors are still women. Some have argued that the increase in the use of non-tenured faculty is the result of “financial pressures, administrators’ desire for more flexibility in hiring, firing and changing course offerings, and the growth of community colleges and regional public universities focused on teaching basics and preparing students for jobs.” Others have argued that universities hire non-tenure-track faculty to "offset ... administrative bloat with cheaper labor" to the detriment of students: "while college tuition surged from 2003 to 2013 by 94 percent at public institutions and 74 percent at private, nonprofit schools, and student debt has climbed to over $1.2 trillion, much of that money has been going to ensure higher pay for a burgeoning legion of bureaucrats." Paying some instructors less than others for the same teaching duties may be illegal. Compensation and academic use In past decades, adjunct faculty helped universities and colleges expand the range of their course offerings to prospective and existing students. In this respect, adjuncts can also be a way to inform the predominantly theoretical, and therefore somewhat limited, focus of full-time academics with the more pragmatic perspective of those who actually practice a given discipline in business, government or nonprofit organizations. For instance, as of the early 1990s Marvin Kaye, a prolific fiction author, editor and anthologist, also worked as part-time adjunct faculty of creative writing at New York University Another example is Edward H. Shortliffe, a pioneer in medical informatics, who was an adjunct faculty member at Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons circa 2011. Marilyn Milian, a retired Florida judge and star of The People's Court, taught litigation skills as an adjunct faculty at the University of Miami as of 2013; and musician Wayne Horvitz has worked as adjunct faculty teaching composition at Cornish College of the Arts. Since the 1980s, however, colleges and universities have increasingly utilized adjunct labor, whether full-time or part-time, simply to save money, giving them core undergraduate courses to teach (e.g., introductory math, or freshman-level English composition). Though adjuncts hold at least a master's degree, if not a PhD, the salary for these positions is relatively low. Many adjuncts must work at several schools at once in order to earn a living in academia. Non-tenure-track faculty earn much less than tenure-track professors; median pay per course is $2,700 and average yearly pay is between $20,000 and $25,000. Adjunct pay in state and community colleges varies; however, it can be as little as US$1,400 for a 3-credit hour lecture-based course. At many private institutions on the East Coast, payment for a 3-credit hour course hovers around US$3,000–4,000, with average pay nationwide as of 2014 estimated at around US$2,000–3,000. English professor William Pannapacker noted that adjunct faculty often earn less than minimum wage, when factoring in hours spent on classroom teaching, lesson preparation, office hours, grading of assignments, and other duties. 25% of adjuncts receive public assistance. According to the American Federation of Teachers, "nearly 25 percent of adjunct faculty members rely on public assistance, and 40 percent struggle to cover basic household expenses" and "just 15 percent of adjuncts said they are able to comfortably cover basic expenses from month to month." Some adjunct faculty have remained with the same employer for as long as 25 years without receiving health insurance or retirement benefits. In 2014, Mary-Faith Cerasoli, a homeless female adjunct professor of Spanish and Italian, conducted a protest on the steps of the New York State Education Department Building. Groups supporting the efforts of adjuncts to organize for improved wages and working conditions include the Service Employees International Union, the United Steelworkers, and the New Faculty Majority Foundation. Unionization efforts Increasingly, non-tenure-track faculty are turning to unions, including the American Federation of Teachers, the Service Employees International Union, and United Autoworkers, to improve their wages and working conditions. Adjunct faculty have successfully pushed for contracts at American University, Georgetown University, George Washington University, Howard University, Montgomery College, Trinity Washington University, and Loyola University Chicago. At other colleges and universities, such as Boston University, Lesley University, Northeastern University, and Tufts University, adjuncts have voted to unionize. The American Federation of Teachers has more than 150 adjunct/contingent locals. See also Precariat, a class of people who are chronically without stable employment Higher education in the United States References Further reading Berry, J. (2005). Reclaiming the Ivory Tower: Organizing Adjuncts to Change Higher Education. Monthly Review Press. Bousquet, M. (2008). How the University Works: Higher Education and the Low Wage Nation. NYU Press. Childress, H. (2019). The Adjunct Underclass: How America's Colleges Betrayed Their Faculty, Their Students, and Their Mission University of Chicago Press. Broad-concept articles Academic ranks he:מורה מן החוץ

1250776

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Williams%20University

Roger Williams University

Roger Williams University (RWU) is a private university in Bristol, Rhode Island. Founded in 1956, it was named for theologian and Rhode Island cofounder Roger Williams. The school enrolls over 5,000 students and employs over 480 academic staff. History The university’s operations date to 1919, when Northeastern University in Boston, Massachusetts, opened a branch campus in the YMCA building in Providence, Rhode Island. In 1940, the YMCA board of directors began directing the school, and the YMCA Institute granted its first associate's degrees in 1948. In 1956, the institute received a state charter to become a two-year, degree-granting institution under the name of Roger Williams Junior College. During the 1960s, Roger Williams College began granting bachelor’s degrees. Needing a larger campus, the college purchased of waterfront land and moved its main campus to Bristol in 1969. (RWU continues to operate a branch campus in Providence.) In 1989 new president Dr. Natale A. Sicuro initiated the Roger Williams Plan for the 90s, and became concurrently the president of the newly established Roger Williams School of Law and, in 1992, led the name change of Roger Williams College to Roger Williams University. RWU celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2006. Ioannis Miaoulis was appointed the eleventh president of Roger Williams University in 2019. President Miaoulis previously served as both the president and director of the Boston Museum of Science since 2003 and brings a champion STEM philosophy to the university as he seeks to guide the university's mission and commitment in providing an outstanding education through community-engaged learning and civic scholarship. In 2012, Roger Williams University initiated a tuition freeze in which all entering freshmen would have a guarantee that their tuition would not increase for the next four years. The university renewed this promise for all freshmen entering in fall of 2015. As a result of this program, enrollment at the university has been steadily increasing, while enrollment at many peer institutions has been decreasing. In 2019, the university terminated this policy. Academics Roger Williams University enrolls approximately 3,800 undergraduate and 850 graduate students in eight schools. These schools offer more than 50 liberal arts majors and professional degrees, such as law, architecture, construction management, and historic preservation. The university has a student to faculty ratio of 14:1 while almost half of the classes offered have less than 20 students. The largest majors are business, management, and marketing (24%); architecture (10%); security, law enforcement, and related protective services (9%); communication and journalism (8%); and psychology (7%). Roger Williams University has several degree programs that are unique: Marine Biology program: offers a B.S. in Marine Biology, which is one of about fifteen in the country. Architecture program: One of a few M. Arch. (Master’s of Architecture) in a traditional liberal arts environment. Historic Preservation program: the B.S. in Historic Preservation is one of seven offered in the country and the M.S. in Historic Preservation is one of about 35 offered in the country. Construction Management program: offers a B.S. in Construction Management (CM). RWU's Construction Management program is accredited by the American Council for Construction Education (ACCE) and a member of ASC's Northeast Region (Region 1). Law program: Only Juris Doctor available in Rhode Island; offers a Master of Studies in Law (MSL). Student life Approximately 63% of students live on campus. 88% of the students attend school full-time. About 14% have a family income of less than $40k. 75% of the student population is white, 5% is Hispanic, and 2% is African American; less than 1% of the students are from other races or ethnicities. The university's campus newspaper, The Hawks' Herald, publishes approximately 20 issues per academic year. An FM radio station, WQRI 88.3, plays everything from college alternative to hip hop. The college's 20 varsity athletic teams play at the Division III level as members of the Commonwealth Coast Conference. Athletics Roger Williams University teams participate as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division III aside from the co-ed sailing team, which is Division I and is currently ranked number six in the sailing world's college rankings. Most of the Hawks are a member of the Commonwealth Coast Conference (CCC), except for the swimming and diving team, who compete in the New England Intercollegiate Swimming and Diving Association (NEISDA). Men's sports include: Baseball Basketball Cross country Golf Lacrosse Polo Soccer Swimming & diving Tennis Track & field Wrestling Women's sports include: Basketball Cross country Field hockey Lacrosse Polo Soccer Softball Swimming & diving Tennis Track & field Volleyball Co-ed sports include: Equestrian Sailing The university does not have a track and field and therefore uses the nearby Portsmouth High School facility in Portsmouth, Rhode Island. Reputation and campus culture The university established a program in civil discourse, including the journal Reason and Respect, which brought in speakers such as Salman Rushdie, David Gergen, First Minister and Nobel Prize–winner David Trimble, Khaled Hosseini, author of Kite Runner, Bob Geldof of Live Aid, and others to campus. The university has established campuses in London and Florence; collaborates with sister institutions in France, Brazil, Vietnam, and Hong Kong; features a broad portfolio of study-abroad opportunities encompassing over 30 countries; and is home to a Center for Macro Projects and Diplomacy, which brings together engineering, architecture, technology, economic development, and international relations for a common purpose. Furthermore, it was recently recognized as a non-governmental member of the United Nations. Notable faculty members and alumni Tim Baxter, '83 chairman of the board, former president and CEO, Samsung Electronics North America Adam Braver, writer Roberto DaSilva, first mayor of East Providence, Rhode Island Edward "Ted" Delaney Jason Mattera, conservative blogger and writer. James W. Nuttall, United States Army major general who served as deputy director of the Army National Guard and deputy commander of the First Army Joe Polisena, former member of the Rhode Island State Senate and mayor of Johnston, Rhode Island Jerry Remy, Boston Red Sox broadcaster and former MLB player Bob Wiley, former NFL offensive line coach June Speakman, member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives Chris Sparling, screenwriter and director Notable events On September 21, 2017, The Beach Boys were honored by Roger Williams University and music historians Al Gomes and Connie Watrous of Big Noise. Plaques were unveiled to commemorate the band's concert on September 22, 1971 at the Baypoint Inn & Conference Center in Portsmouth, Rhode Island. The importance of the 1971 concert was for the first-ever appearance of South African Ricky Fataar as an official member of the band and Filipino Billy Hinsche as a touring member, essentially changing The Beach Boys' live and recording act's line-up into a multi-cultural group. This shifted the band into an essential and important creative period from 1972-1973 that included the recording of their critically acclaimed 'Holland' LP, and Rolling Stone magazine naming them 'Band of the Year.' Diversity is a credo of Roger Williams University, which is why they chose to celebrate this moment in the band's history. References External links Official website Official athletics website Architecture schools in Rhode Island Buildings and structures in Bristol, Rhode Island Education in Bristol County, Rhode Island Educational institutions established in 1956 Private universities and colleges in Rhode Island Tourist attractions in Bristol County, Rhode Island 1956 establishments in Rhode Island

1253982

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Francis%20Adams%20IV

Charles Francis Adams IV

Charles Francis Adams IV (May 2, 1910 – January 5, 1999) was a United States Naval Officer, electronics industrialist, and member of the prominent Adams family. Early life He was the son of Charles Francis Adams III (1866–1954), great-great-great-grandson of U.S. President John Adams, and great-great-grandson of U.S. President John Quincy Adams. Adams was born in Boston, attended St. Mark's School, graduated from Harvard College in 1932 and attended Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration. Adams was a sixth-generation Harvard legacy student (John Adams graduated from Harvard in 1755). Career Adams was commissioned as an ensign in the Naval Reserve on 23 June 1932 and was promoted to lieutenant (junior grade) on 23 June 1937. He served on active duty during World War II. Adams was promoted to the rank of lieutenant commander on 1 May 1943 and to commander on 1 March 1944. He took command of the destroyer escort USS William Seiverling when she was commissioned on 1 June 1944. The Seiverling conducted anti-submarine operations in the Pacific Theater, was under air attack off Okinawa and supported the liberation of the Philippines. He left the service in 1946. He served as the first president of the Raytheon Company between 1948 and 1960, and again from 1962 to 1964. He served as its chairman between 1960 and 1962, and again from 1964 until 1972. During his tenure, Raytheon grew from a manufacturer of transistors and vacuum tubes into a maker of missiles and military-oriented radar and communications systems. Personal life Adams married twice. His first marriage was to Margaret Stockton Adams by whom he had three children: Abigail, Alison, and Timothy. He had a total of nine grandchildren and 18 great-grandchildren at the time of his death, in 1999, in Dover, Massachusetts. Adams was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1959. He was awarded honorary degrees by Suffolk University, Northeastern University, Bates College, and Tufts University. Family tree He was first cousin to Constance Crowninshield Coolidge. References Adams political family Crowninshield family St. Mark's School (Massachusetts) alumni 1910 births 1999 deaths Adams, Charles Francis 4 Harvard Business School alumni People from Boston Raytheon Company people Harvard College alumni

1259014

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20si%C3%A8ge%20de%20Corinthe

Le siège de Corinthe

Le siège de Corinthe (English: The Siege of Corinth) is an opera in three acts by Gioachino Rossini set to a French libretto by Luigi Balocchi and Alexandre Soumet, which was based on the reworking of some of the music from the composer's 1820 opera for Naples, Maometto II, the libretto of which was written by Cesare della Valle. Le siège was Rossini's first French opera (known also in its Italian version as L'assedio di Corinto) and was first given at the Salle Le Peletier of the Paris Opéra on 9 October 1826 Composition history The opera commemorates the siege and ultimate destruction of the town of Missolonghi in 1826 by Turkish troops during the ongoing Greek War of Independence (1821–1829). The same incident – condemned throughout Western Europe for its cruelty – also inspired a prominent painting by Eugène Delacroix (Greece Expiring on the Ruins of Missolonghi), and was mentioned in the writings of Victor Hugo. The reference to Corinth is an example of allegory, although Sultan Mehmed II had indeed besieged the city in the 1450s. Lord Byron's 1816 poem The Siege of Corinth has little, if any, connection with the opera as to its content. Revised version of Maometto II The French version of this late Rossini opera was a partial rewrite of the composer's 1820 Italian opera, Maometto II, but with the same story and similar if differently named characters, in the setting of the Turks' 1470 conquest of the Venetian colony of Negroponte. That original version had premiered in Naples on 3 December 1820 – six years before the Missolonghi siege and massacre. The original Maometto was not well received, neither in Naples nor in Venice where Rossini tried out a somewhat revised version in 1823, this time with a happy ending using music from his own La donna del lago at the conclusion. But in 1826, two years after settling in Paris, Rossini tried yet again, with yet another version (which included two ballets, as called for by French operatic tradition), transplanted it to the Peloponnese with the new title Le siège de Corinthe in a topical nod to the then-raging Greek war for independence from the Ottomans, and translated it into French. This time, Rossini succeeded, and the opera was performed in various countries over the next decade or so. Performance history The first performance, in French, was at the Salle Le Peletier of the Paris Opéra on 9 October 1826. It was given as L'assedio di Corinto in Parma on 26 January 1828 and it reached Vienna in July 1831. In the United States, the first performance was given in French by the Italian Opera House in New York in February 1833 and in Italian in February 1835. The opera became popular across Europe in its Italian translation by Calisto Bassi with a contralto in the tenor role of Neocle, but from the 1860s it disappeared entirely from the repertory and was no longer staged for roughly the next eighty years. However, the opera's overture remained widely popular and never left the concert orchestra repertory. More recently the overture has been performed and recorded by several contemporary classical orchestras, including the Academy of St. Martin-in-the-Fields conducted by Neville Marriner. In 1949 Le siège de Corinthe was finally revived again in a production starring Renata Tebaldi in Florence. That production was repeated two years later in Rome. In 1969 La Scala revived it for the Rossini centennial with Beverly Sills, in her La Scala debut, as Pamira, Marilyn Horne as Neocle, and Thomas Schippers conducting. The opera used a performing edition by noted musicologist and bel canto expert Randolph Mickelson that made use of insertion arias from the original Neapolitan and Venetian versions and even from other obscure Rossini operas (as Rossini himself commonly did). In 1975, the Metropolitan Opera used the La Scala version for its premiere of the opera. The Met production was conducted by Schippers again and starred Beverly Sills in her Met debut, now opposite Shirley Verrett, Justino Díaz and Harry Theyard. Since 1975, the only production of the opera in the US has been the October 2006 stagings of the French version by the Baltimore Opera, in a mid-19th century re-translation back into Italian, with one aria interpolated from one of the predecessor "Maometto II" versions and one from Rossini's Ciro in Babilonia which featured Elizabeth Futral as Pamira and Vivica Genaux as Neocle. Outside the US, the opera has been staged several times. It was produced in Florence in 1982 in Calisto Bassi's Italian version, starring Katia Ricciarelli and contralto Martine Dupuy, and under the direction of Pier Luigi Pizzi. In 1992 the same production was revived in Genoa starring Luciana Serra, but the original French version was chosen instead. The French version was also staged twice at the Rossini Opera Festival: in 2000 starring Michele Pertusi, Ruth Ann Swenson and Giuseppe Filianoti, and in 2017, following the new critical edition by Damien Colas, in a La Fura dels Baus production. Roles Synopsis Place: Corinth Time: 1459 Act 1 SCENE ONE: Vestibule of the senate palace at Corinth Cleomene, governor of Corinth, realizes that his depleted troops cannot withstand another attack. But Neocle, a young Greek officer, encourages the Greeks to keep fighting the Turks that are besieging the city. The soldiers depart for a new attack. Cleomene, impressed by Neocle's valor, has promised him his daughter Pamira in marriage. But she reveals that she loves a certain Almanzor whom she met recently in Athens. Cleomene starts questioning her about Almanzor, but he is called away to the battle. Before leaving he gives his daughter a sword which she must use on herself if the Turks succeed in capturing the city. SCENE TWO: A Square in Corinth The Turks are celebrating their victory and praising their leader, Maometto. Cleomene, now a prisoner, is brought in, and Maometto urges him to surrender; he refuses. Pamira rushes in to her father, then recognizes, in Maometto, the man she knew as Almanzor. Maometto offers to marry Pamira and make peace with the Greeks. Cleomene, however, insists she must is to marry Neocle. When Pamira refuses, Cleomene curses her and leaves her to Maometto. Act 2 Maometto's tent Alone, Pamira is torn between her love for Maometto and her duty to her father and Greece. Maometto enters and tries to comfort her. Preparations begin for their wedding, but a commotion outside the tent interrupts the proceedings. It is Neocle, who has come to take Pamira back to the Greeks. Maometto, angry, is about to kill the intruder when Pamira claims he is her brother. The Greeks prepare for a new battle, and from the citadel Cleomene calls to Pamira. She deserts Maometto to join her father and country. Maometto vows that by sunrise every Greek will be dead. Act 3 The tombs of Corinth, illuminated by a multitude of fires Neocle enters the catacombs, mastering his fear. He joins the Greeks who are preparing to make a final stand. In the distance, Pamira and the Greek women are heard in prayer. Cleomene recognizes Pamira's voice; but, feeling betrayed by her, he swears she is no longer his daughter. Maometto approaches and once again offers to marry Pamira and make peace with the Greeks. Cleomene would rather see Pamira die than married to their enemy. Neocle returns and reveals to Maometto that he isn't Pamira's brother, he's the man her father wants her to marry. Maometto, enraged, departs for the field of battle. Pamira enters and Neocle makes father and daughter reconcile. The three of them pray for God's protection. Jero, the guardian of the graves, enters with the Greek warriors; he blesses their banners and recalls ancient Greek victories at Marathon and Thermopylae. The men march off to battle, while Pamira and the women pray for God's mercy. When they hear Turkish cries of victory, the women prepare to die. Maometto, victorious, returns to claim Pamira; but she and the women kill themselves rather than submit. The building collapses, revealing behind it the city of Corinth in flames. Recordings References Notes Sources Gossett, Philip; Brauner, Patricia (2001), "Le siège de Corinthe" in Holden, Amanda (ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide, New York: Penguin Putnam. Osborne, Charles (1994), The Bel Canto Operas of Rossini, Donizetti, and Bellini, Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. Osborne, Richard, Rossini (1990), Ithaca, New York: Northeastern University Press. Osborne, Richard (1998), "Le siège de Corinthe", in Stanley Sadie, (Ed.), The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, Vol. Four. pp. 364 – 65. London: Macmillan Publishers, Inc. Toye, Francis (re-issue 1987), Rossini: The Man and His Music, Dover Publications, 1987. , Warrack, John and West, Ewan (1992), The Oxford Dictionary of Opera, 782 pages, External links Corinth Operas by Gioachino Rossini French-language operas Grand operas 1826 operas Operas Operas set in Greece Operas set in the 15th century Works set in the 1450s Opera world premieres at the Paris Opera Works about the Greek War of Independence Cultural depictions of Mehmed the Conqueror Ottoman Empire in fiction

1276952

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%20Bruckner%20Private%20University

Anton Bruckner Private University

The Anton Bruckner Private University (in German Anton Bruckner Privatuniversität, common short form is Bruckner University) is one of five Austrian Universities for Music, Drama and Dance, and one of four universities in Linz, the European Capital of Culture 2009. 850 students from all parts of the world study here. They are taught by 200 professors and teaching staff, who are internationally recognised artists, academics and teachers. More than 30% of the students and instructors come from abroad. The university was granted accredited private university status in 2004 (its name from 1932 to 2004 was Bruckner Conservatory Linz, but the roots of the institution go back to 1823 or even to 1799). The cultural landscape of Upper Austria sets an example in music education all over Europe. The Upper Austrian Provincial Government gives particular support to artistic education, which is why – compared with similar institutions – tuition fees here are extremely moderate. The university is named after the Austrian composer Anton Bruckner (1824-1896). The ABPU is a university for music, drama and dance. The artistic work of the university is focussed on performing, pedagogy and research in each of these fields, with an equal emphasis on artistic communication, development and outreach. History Even though the Anton Bruckner Private University has only been known under this name for a short time, musical education in Linz has a tradition stretching back more than 200 years. As early as 1799 the city musical director Franz Xaver Glöggl, a close friend of Michael Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven, founded the first music school in Linz. Then in 1823 the newly founded Linz Musical Society set up a singing school – the real precursor of the Anton Bruckner Private University. The attempt to persuade Anton Bruckner to become director of the Music School in 1863 was unsuccessful. But another important name – the Bruckner biographer and former secretary to Franz Liszt, August Göllerich, - was in charge of the newly strengthened institute from 1896 to 1923. And in 1923 the name of Bruckner was finally established with the upgrading of the Music School to the Bruckner Conservatory Linz – now renamed the Anton Bruckner Private University. The original main function of the forerunner institute, which was to raise the quality of musical life in Linz by improving the training of amateur musicians, was taken over by the Linz Music School in 1950. From that time on the Bruckner Conservatory established itself progressively as a training ground for professional musicians. This development was carried through by the directors Carl Steiner (1945-1958), Wilhelm Jerger (1958-1973), Gerhard Dallinger (1973-1990), Hans Maria Kneihs (1990-1995) und Reinhart von Gutzeit (from 1995-2006), Univ. Prof. Anton Voigt (acting Rector from 2006-2007), and Dr. Marianne Betz (2007-2012). In autumn 2012 the Rectorship of the University was taken over by Ursula Brandstätter. From the 1990s on, the Bruckner Conservatory developed from a higher music school into one of the most active cultural centres in Linz. The educational spectrum of the former Bruckner Conservatory was likewise continuously expanded and became the educational basis when private university status was attained in 2004. The Anton Bruckner Private University now offers twenty two separate branches of study and three university courses in the fields of classical music, jazz, drama and contemporary dance. Students may study for the degrees Bachelor of Arts or Master of Arts, which are on a par with those of other European universities and Arts Academies. Computer music studio The Computer Music Studio offers lectures and courses in the field of music and media technology, media composition and computer music, and the range of subjects it offers is closely integrated with those of the Institute DKM – Composition, Conducting and the Theory of Music – and JIM, the Institute for Jazz and improvised Music. The Computer Music Studio (CMS) is not only concerned with the teaching of media compositions and creating new works in the field of computer music. It is above all the computer as a performance instrument for the interpretation of existing works and new compositions which gives our courses at the ABPU the considerable reputation they enjoy on the national scene. History: The Computer Music Studio was founded in 1995 as the SAMT by DI Adelhard Roidinger and the Rector of the Bruckner Conservatory, Hans Maria Kneihs in the buildings of the Software Park Hagenberg. Since 2008 the University Studio, as it became, has been under the direction of Weixler, Andreas · Ao.Univ.Prof. Mag. At the same time an institute directive changed the name of the studio to the CMS -Computer Music Studio. There are currently co-operations with and connections to the following institutions (among others): Internally: Institute for Composition, Conducting and the Theory of Music (DKM) Institute for Jazz and improvised Music (JIM) Institute for Theatre and Drama (ACT) Institute for Keyboard instruments (TAS) Regionally: AEC - Ars Electronic Center Art University of Linz InterfaceCulture JKU - Johannes Kepler University ElisabethInnen Hospital SCCH Software Park Hagenberg Klanglandschaften (Soundscapes), Musik der Jugend (Youth Music), Province of OÖ DorfTV Klavierhaus Merta Nationally: ELAK - Institute for Composition and Electroacoustics, Vienna MDW - University for Music and Drama, Vienna Prima la Musica, Salzburg Bösendorfer Internationally: JSEM - Japanese Society for Electro Acoustic Music TU Studio - Berlin SARC - Sonic Arts Research Center Belfast, Queens University, Northern Ireland UEA - University of East Anglia BEAST - Birmingham Electroacoustic Sound Theatre, University of Birmingham NOVARS - Manchester, UK Hope University Liverpool, UK Northeastern University, College of Arts, Media and Design, Boston/USA Sonic Lab Sonic Lab is an intermedia computer music concert hall with a 24 audio channel surround dome and double video projection, initiated by Andreas Weixler. Erasmus Since the recognition of our university status in 2004, the ABPU has attached great importance to internationalisation, in particular through our participation in the European Erasmus+ programme. In the course of setting up the new generation programme Erasmus+ the ABPU was awarded the so-called Erasmus Charter in 2014. References External links http://www.bruckneruni.at Austrian Accreditation Council (responsible for accrediting private universities) Study in Austria: A Guide Private University Anton Bruckner Private University Buildings and structures in Linz Music schools in Austria 1823 establishments in the Austrian Empire Private universities and colleges in Austria Educational institutions established in 1823

1277097

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goanet

Goanet

Goanet is a mailing list related to the state of Goa, located on the western coast of India. It was started in 1994 and, in 2015, completed 21 years of operation. Primarily an email-based network (with smaller operations on Facebook and the web, it has been considered influential in linking Goans across the globe, specially in the diaspora. History It was started in 1994 by a (then) 17-year-old student Herman Carneiro, and since then has grown into being the most influential electronic mailing list linked to Goa. Carneiro studied Chemical Engineering (Northeastern University in Boston), and has an M.Sc. in Control of Infectious Diseases from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. He was at Imperial College, London. He has worked in biomedical research at LeukoSite, Inc. and then at PerSeptive Biosystems, process design at Pharm-Eco laboratories, and capital engineering projects at Kodak. Carneiro was at Whitehead Institute, MIT, where he was a team manager for the Human Genome Project. Later, as part of his Masters-degree program, he designed and carried out a research project for the World Health Organization in Cambodia on sustainable interventions to prevent dengue fever outbreaks in the region. He has also conducted research in new drug discovery at Pfizer, Inc., and has worked for the Massachusetts Department of Public Health as an epidemiologist. Herman has also been keen sportsman and represented Kenya in the East and Central African Junior Tennis Championships in 1992 and 1993. Launch Goanet was started on 25 August 1994 with approximately 20 members. The mailing list was run from Carneiro's university e-mail account. According to Carneiro: "Netters were asked to put a * in their subject line to indicate a message to be posted on the list as opposed to private e-mail. The list grew slowly but steadily. Pretty soon we had 100 members and by that time I could not cope forwarding all the e-mail. So, I requested that a mailing list program be set up for Goanet on my university's server. I was successful and Goanet found its home for next 4 years." On the Goacom server Goanet had real-time archives on the web and the membership continued to grow steadily. In 1998, Goanet moved to the Goacom server. This allowed Goanet to expand even further. Carneiro has argued that Goanet (also called Goa-Net and GoaNet earlier) has been "more than a mailing list from the start -- it's been a virtual community." Run by volunteers Volunteers of Goanet have included Bosco D'Mello (Canada), Eddie Fernandes (UK), Vivian Coelho (USA), Eustaquio Santimano (Denmark), Sunila Muzawar (UAE), Frederick Menezes (Goa), among others. Among the first members were Jacqueline Carneiro (USA), Jeannette Carneiro (USA), Peter D'Souza (USA), Maria D'Souza (USA), Ulysses and Kendy Menezes (Kuwait), Kevin Coutinho, Craig Rodrigues (Canada), Marlon Menezes (US), Brendan Fernandes (Australia), Joanne Fernandes (Australia), Tashlyn Gonzalves (Australia), and Sherwin Nazareth (Australia). Outside Goa Goanet has a readership of over 10,000 people each day. In 2004, the network was claiming a membership of "probably... 5200 members, besides others who visit the website" and a readership in scattered across some 50 countries worldwide. The list's participants, primarily Goans now living outside of Goa have been involved with a number of initiatives, including an attempt to bring computers to more schools in Goa and efforts by the government to study migration from Goa. Built awareness Goanet has built awareness about expat and environmental issues in Goa. It has also inspired the formation of a number of other cyber ventures (particularly e-mail lists) and has also been active in discussing Goan writing and literature. Prominent posters on the list include JoeGoaUk, who is known to share a number of photographs and news reports on a daily basis from Goa itself. Dr. Alberto G. Gomes has written an academic paper on the interactions on Goanet. (‘Going Goan on the Goa-Net: Computer-mediated Communication and Goan Diaspora’. Social Analysis 45 (1), p 53–66) In 2012, Goanet announced that it had launched Goanet-Femnet for empowering women, and was helping campaign to preserve Goa in conjunction with the Save Goa Campaign, UK. References External links Going Global in Cyberspace ‘Going Goan on the Goa-Net: Computer-mediated Communication and Goan Diaspora’. Goanet archives from Dec 1995, earlier years partial record. Goanet mailing-list welcome page Goanet on Facebook Goanet on Facebook. Goanet Femnet Goanet on Twitter Goanet on Twitter. Goanet Celebrates its Sixth Birthday Case study: Goanet – Linking the Goan Diaspora Across the World Mass media in Goa

1280276

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Nilan

Chris Nilan

Christopher John Nilan (born February 9, 1958) is an American former professional ice hockey player and former radio host. Nilan played 688 National Hockey League (NHL) regular season games as a right-wing for the Montreal Canadiens, Boston Bruins, and New York Rangers between 1980 and 1992. He won the Stanley Cup in 1986 with Montreal. Known as "Knuckles" or "Nuck", he was famous for his propensity to fight. He holds a record for most penalty minutes by an American-born player. Nilan's life and career are prominently featured in Alex Gibney's 2011 documentary film The Last Gladiators. Playing career Nilan grew up in Massachusetts where he idolized Bobby Orr and dreamed of playing for the Boston Bruins. He played his youth hockey with the Parkway (West Roxbury, Massachusetts) team of the Greater Boston Youth Hockey League (GBYHL), sponsored by the Metropolitan District Commission (MDC). He later played college hockey for the Northeastern University Huskies, from 1976 to 1979, averaging 3.5 penalty minutes per game in his final collegiate season. Nilan was selected 231st overall in the 1978 NHL Entry Draft, and was best known as a tough-guy for the Montreal Canadiens in the mid 1980s. One of only nine players in National Hockey League (NHL) history to have recorded more than 3,000 career penalty minutes, he holds the records of highest penalty minute average per game at 4.42 minutes per game, the most penalty minutes in a single playoff season at 141, as well as the record for most penalties in a single game; on March 31, 1991, when the Hartford Whalers visited Nilan's Bruins, Nilan was assessed a record ten penalties: six minors, two majors, one misconduct and one game misconduct, for a total of 42 penalty minutes. Seriously hobbled by repeated injuries, Nilan missed over two hundred games in his final five seasons, and would only play as many as 50 games twice in his final four seasons. He retired after the 1992 season. Highlights of his career include winning the Stanley Cup in 1986 with the Canadiens, being named to Team USA for the 1987 Canada Cup, and his controversial selection to the 1991 NHL All-Star Game by his then-coach Mike Milbury (Nilan missed the game with a broken left ankle), which led to changes in how players are selected for all-star games. Post career Nilan returned to the Boston area and went into the insurance business after retirement. He spent three years as community relations consultant for John Hancock Insurance before returning to hockey as a coach. He was initially hired as an assistant coach of the New Jersey Devils on August 3, 1995, and remained in that position until May 1996, before becoming a head coach for the Chesapeake Icebreakers of the ECHL. Nilan was married to Karen Stanley in 1981. They were divorced in 2006. They have two daughters, Colleen and Tara, and one son, Christopher. Karen was a daughter of Theresa Stanley, who was one of notorious crime boss Whitey Bulger's girlfriends. Today Nilan talks openly about his past problems with alcohol and prescription drugs, as well as battling a heroin addiction. He is involved in numerous social and charitable causes. Nilan also speaks to local students in Montreal about learning from his life experiences and mistakes. Nilan lived in Oregon for two years, where he met his current girlfriend, Jaime Holtz (who is originally from Kailua-Kona, Hawaii). Chris moved back to Montreal with Jaime in 2011, and they currently reside in Dorval. He began hosting his own program, Off the Cuff on TSN Radio 690 Montreal, on March 18, 2013, after being a daily phone-in guest on Melnick in the Afternoon for a number of months. He is on the air from noon to 3:00 p.m. weekdays local time, also streaming live online. In 2022, he was fired from his Off the Cuff hosting position by Bell Media after he refused to get vaccinated against COVID-19. Awards Won the Stanley Cup in 1986 with the Montreal Canadiens Selected to one NHL All-Star Game: 1991 Career statistics Regular season and playoffs Bold indicates led league International See also List of NHL players with 2000 career penalty minutes References External links Chris Nilan's Hockeydraftcentral.com profile 1958 births American men's ice hockey forwards Boston Bruins players Ice hockey players from Boston Living people Montreal Canadiens draft picks Montreal Canadiens players National Hockey League All-Stars New Jersey Devils coaches New York Rangers players Northeastern University alumni Sportspeople from Boston Stanley Cup champions Ice hockey coaches from Massachusetts

1290493

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Edward%20Bruce

John Edward Bruce

John Edward Bruce, also known as Bruce Grit or J. E. Bruce-Grit (February 22, 1856 – August 7, 1924), was an American journalist, historian, writer, orator, civil rights activist and Pan-African nationalist. He was born a slave in Maryland; as an adult, he founded numerous newspapers along the East Coast, as well as co-founding (with Arthur Alfonso Schomburg) the Negro Society for Historical Research in New York. Early life and education Bruce was born a in 1856 in Piscataway, Maryland, to enslaved parents Robert and Martha Allen (Clark) Bruce. When he was three years old, his father was sold to a slaveholder in Georgia and Bruce never saw or heard from him again. He and his mother fled to Washington, D.C. and later to Connecticut, where Bruce enrolled in an integrated school and received his first formal education. Traveling back to Washington later, he received a private education and attended Howard University for a three-month course. After that, he never pursued formal education again, and was mostly self-taught. In 1874, at the age of 18, Bruce earned a job as a messenger for the associate editor of the New York Times' Washington office. His duties included getting information for the next day's paper from Senator Charles Sumner, a Republican who supported civil rights for African-Americans. Career In Washington, DC, in 1879, Bruce and Charles N. Otley founded the Argus Weekly newspaper. They decided that the paper would "be a fearless advocate of the true principles of the Republican Party, and the moral and intellectual advancement of the Negro American." It was a time of flourishing projects in the black community. Next, Bruce founded the Sunday Item in 1880, and the Republican in 1882, both in Norfolk, Virginia. He served as the associate editor and business manager of the Baltimore, Maryland, Commonwealth in 1884. Later that year, he returned to Washington, D.C. to establish the Grit. He earned income as a paid contributor to The Boston Transcript, The Albany Argus, Buffalo Express, Sunday Gazette, and Sunday Republic of Washington under his pen name of "Bruce Grit". Bruce also became prominent on the lecture circuit, giving speeches that addressed lynching, the condition of southern blacks, and the weak American political system that failed to protect the rights of its black citizens. In 1890, he joined activist T. Thomas Fortune's Afro-American League, the first organized black civil rights group in the nation. He became the organization's new president in 1898 when it reformed as the Afro-American Council. Bruce was a member of the literary bureau of the Republican National Committee in 1900. By 1908, he had followed the Great Migration to New York. There, in 1908, he established the Yonkers, New York, Weekly Standard. Beginning in 1910, he served as American Correspondent for the African Times and Orient Review of London, England, edited by Dusé Mohamed Ali. In Yonkers, he also worked as a probation officer in 1910. Position on armed self-defense During the American Reconstruction era and after, many black leaders espoused non-violent strategies for social change. Appalled at the rise of lynchings and imposition of legal segregation, Bruce supported armed self-defense against racist attacks. He is quoted as saying: "The Man who will not fight for the protection of his wife and children...is a coward and deserves to be ill treated. The man who takes his life in his hand and stands up for what he knows to be right will always command the respect of his enemy." He supported "organized resistance to organized resistance." Later career In Harlem and Yonkers, Bruce became involved with the emerging community of intellectuals, including newly arrived immigrants from the Caribbean. In 1911, with Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, he founded the Negro Society for Historical Research, first based in Yonkers, to create an institute to support scholarly efforts. For the first time it brought together African, West Indian and Afro-American scholars. This later became the foundation for the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library, on Malcolm X Boulevard in Harlem. Bruce also was a mentor to Hubert Henry Harrison, the young migrant from St. Croix who became influential in black socialism and black nationalism. Bruce's belief in an independent national destiny for blacks in the United States led him in the period around 1919 to embrace Jamaican Marcus Garvey's Pan-African nationalism. As a member of Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), Bruce wrote for the movement's Negro World and the Daily Negro Times. Despite his productivity, Bruce found that to sustain himself he had for most of his adult life to work for the Port of New York Authority. After he retired in 1922, he received a small pension until his death in New York City's Bellevue Hospital two years later. Bruce was given an impressive state funeral at the UNIA Liberty Hall in New York City on August 10, 1924, and was buried in Oakland Cemetery in Yonkers. More than 5,000 people attended three services conducted that day honoring him. Bruce was a Prince Hall Mason, member of the Humane Order of African Redemption and the African Society of London, now the Royal African Society. Marriage and family Bruce married Florence A. Bishop of Cleveland, Ohio, on September 10, 1885, in Washington, DC. Partial bibliography The Blot of the Scutcheon Bruce Grit: The Black Nationalist Writings of John Edward Bruce, Seraile, William (2002) The Nation, the Law, the Citizen: Their Relation Each to the Other; The Awakening of Hezekiah Jones: A Story Dealing With Some Of The Problems Affecting The Political Rewards Due The Negro, 1916. ; . Full Text. No Heaven for the Black Man The Black Sleuth, 2002 (first published in serial form in 1907–09) Prince Hall, the Pioneer of Negro Masonry. Proofs of the Legitimacy of Prince Hall Masonry. New York: Hunt Printing Company, 1921. The Selected Writings of John Edward Bruce: Militant Black Journalist, Gilbert, Peter (ed.), 1971. Prince Hall, the Pioneer of Negro Masonry. Proofs of the Legitimacy of Prince Hall Masonry. New York: Hunt Printing Company, 1921. A Tribute for the Negro Soldier. 1918. The Making of a Race. 1922. Was Othello a Negro? 1920. Notes References Gilbert, Peter, ed. The Selected Writings of John Edward Bruce: Militant Black Journalist. New York: Arno Press, 1971. Gruesser, John C, ed. The Black Sleuth. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2002. Seraille, William. Bruce Grit: The Black Nationalist Writings of John Edward Bruce. Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 2003. Weathersby, Irvin, Jr. "Bruce, John Edward." Notable Black American Men, Book II. Ed. Jessie Carney Smith. Detroit: Gale, 2007. 86–88. Concentration of Energy: Bruce Uses Plain Language in Emphasizing the Power of Organization, 1899 Eminent Negroes, 1910 (children's book) The Blood Red Record (a history of lynching in the South), 1905 Periodicals Beard, Richard L., and Cyril E. Zoerner. "Associated Negro Press: Its Founding, Ascendancy, and Demise." Journalism Quarterly 46 (Spring 1969): 47–52. Crowder, Ralph L. "John Edward Bruce, Edward Wilmot Blyden, Alexander Crummell, and J. Robert Love: Mentors, Patrons, and the Evolution of a Pan-African Network."Afro-Americans in New York Life and History 20 (July 1996): 59–91. Collections Bruce's papers are in the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, The New York Public Library. See http://archives.nypl.org/scm/21872 External links The Official UNIA-ACL Website The Global African Community at The Wayback Machine John Edward Bruce at Find A Grave African-American writers 19th-century American slaves Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League members Writers from Maryland Journalists from Washington, D.C. Writers from New York (state) People from Yonkers, New York 1856 births 1924 deaths People from Prince George's County, Maryland Maryland Republicans Washington, D.C. Republicans New York (state) Republicans

1291083

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan%20Lane

Harlan Lane

Harlan Lawson Lane (August 19, 1936 – July 13, 2019) was an American psychologist. Lane was the Matthews Distinguished University Professor of Psychology at Northeastern University in Boston, Massachusetts, in the United States, and founder of the Center for Research in Hearing, Speech, and Language . His research was focused on speech, Deaf culture, and sign language. Lane was born in Brooklyn, New York. Remaining in New York City for college, he obtained both a B.S. and an M.S. in psychology from Columbia University in 1958. He subsequently received a PhD in psychology from Harvard (1960) and a Doc. des Lettres from the Sorbonne (1973). In 1991, Lane received a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship. Lane, a hearing man, became an often controversial spokesman for the Deaf community and critic of cochlear implants. He wrote extensively on the social construction of disability and stated that "Unless Deaf people challenge the culturally determined meanings of deaf and disability with at least as much vigor as the technologies of normalization seek to institutionalize those meanings, the day will continue to recede in which Deaf children and adults live the fullest lives and make the fullest contribution to our diverse society." In recognition of his research and advocacy regarding these issues, Lane received the Distinguished Service Award from the National Association of the Deaf (United States), the International Social Merit Award from the World Federation of the Deaf, and numerous other awards. He was Commandeur de l'Ordre des Palmes Académiques, the highest level of the academic honor given out by the French government. Lane died in France from Parkinson's disease on July 13, 2019, at the age of 82. Publications Lane, Harlan. 1976. The Wild Boy of Aveyron. Harvard University Press. . (Thomas J. Wilson Memorial Prize 1975) Lane, Harlan, and Richard C. Pillard. 1978. The Wild Boy of Burundi: A Study of an Outcast Child. New York: Random House. . Lane, Harlan (ed.). 1984. The Deaf Experience: Classics in Language and Education. Harvard University Press. . Lane, Harlan. 1984. When the Mind Hears. Random House. . (Download brief excerpt of Chapter 1, "My New Family".) Lane, Harlan and François Grosjean (eds.). 1989. Recent Perspectives on American Sign Language. Psychology Press. . Lane, Harlan, Ben Bahan, and Robert J. Hoffmeister. 1996. A Journey into the Deaf World. Sand Diego, C.A.: DawnSignPress. . Lane, Harlan. 1999. The Mask Of Benevolence: Disabling the Deaf Community. San Diego, C.A.: DawnSignPress. . Emmorey, Karen, and Harlan Lane. 2000. The Signs of Language Revisited: An Anthology in Honor of Ursula Bellugi and Edward Klima. Psychology Press. . Lane, Harlan. 2004. A Deaf Artist in Early America: The Worlds of John Brewster Jr. Beacon Press. . Lane, Harlan, Richard C. Pillard, and Ulf Hedberg. 2011. The People of the Eye: Deaf Ethnicity and Ancestry New York: Oxford University Press US. . References External links Lane's faculty page at Northeastern University Martin, Michel. October 19, 2009. "Deaf Student Body Welcomes New College President." Tell Me More, National Public Radio. Sanger-Katz, Margot. April 10, 2011. "Deaf-world: The rise of a new American culture." Q&A, The Boston Globe. 1936 births 2019 deaths American psychologists Columbia University alumni Commandeurs of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques Neurological disease deaths in France Deaths from Parkinson's disease Disability rights activists from the United States Harvard University alumni MacArthur Fellows Northeastern University faculty People involved with sign language Social constructionism University of Paris alumni Writers from Brooklyn

1299948

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Calhoun

Jim Calhoun

James A. Calhoun (born May 10, 1942) is a longtime college basketball coach. He is best known for his tenure as head coach of the University of Connecticut (UConn) men's basketball team. His teams won three NCAA national championships (1999, 2004, 2011), played in four Final Fours, won the 1988 NIT title, and won seven Big East tournament championships (1990, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2004, 2011). With his team's 2011 NCAA title win, the 68-year-old Calhoun became the oldest coach to win a Division I men's basketball title. He won his 800th game in 2009 and finished his NCAA Division I career with 873 victories, ranking 11th all-time as of February 2019. From 2018–21, he served as head coach of the St. Joseph's University men's basketball team. Calhoun is one of only six coaches in NCAA Division I history to win three or more championships, and he is widely considered one of the greatest coaches of all time. In 2005, he was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame. Early life and education A self-described Irish Catholic, Calhoun was born and raised in Braintree, Massachusetts, where he was a standout on the basketball, football, and baseball teams at Braintree High School. After his father died of a heart attack when Calhoun was 15, he was left to watch over his large family that included five siblings. Although he received a basketball scholarship to Lowell State, he only attended the school for three months after which he returned home to help support his mother and siblings. He worked as a granite cutter, headstone engraver, scrapyard worker, shampoo factory worker, and gravedigger. After a 20-month leave from higher education, Calhoun returned to college, this time at American International College in Springfield, Massachusetts, where he was given another basketball scholarship. He was the leading scorer on the team his junior and senior seasons, and captained the team in his final year, during which AIC advanced to the Division II playoffs. At the time he graduated, he was ranked as the fourth all-time scorer at AIC. Calhoun graduated in 1968 with a bachelor's degree in sociology. Coaching career High school Calhoun began his coaching career at Lyme-Old Lyme High School in Old Lyme, Connecticut in the 1968–69 season after accepting a sixth grade teaching position in that town over the summer. After finishing 1–17 that season, Calhoun returned to Massachusetts after deciding not to complete the necessary certification paperwork to renew his teaching contract (he was certified in Massachusetts and working in Conn. only on a temporary certificate). After one season at Westport (Massachusetts) High, he accepted a position at Dedham High School and began building a very strong program. He completed a 20–1 season in 1971. In 1972 he helped his Dedham High School team have a perfect season (18–0) and win the Massachusetts High School Bay State Championship. Northeastern Calhoun was recruited by Northeastern University in Boston to serve as their new head coach. He took the position in October 1972. He transitioned the team from Division II to Division I in 1979. The Huskies advanced to the Division I tournament 4 times under Calhoun. During his final three seasons, Northeastern achieved automatic bids to the NCAA tournament and had a 72–19 record. He received six regional Coach of the Year accolades at Northeastern and remains the institution's all-time winningest coach (245–138). Former Boston Celtics captain Reggie Lewis, who played for Calhoun at Northeastern, was a first-round pick in the 1987 NBA draft. UConn On May 14, 1986, Calhoun was named the head coach at UConn. After completing his first season just 9–19, Calhoun led the Huskies to a 20–14 record in 1988 and a bid to National Invitation Tournament, where they defeated Ohio State to win the NIT championship. In 1990, Calhoun was named the consensus National Coach of the Year after leading the Huskies to their first Big East Conference championship, the NCAA Tournament Elite Eight, and a 29–6 record in only his fourth year at the helm. Calhoun won his first NCAA national championship in 1999, as he led UConn to its first Final Four and national championship over favored Duke in St. Petersburg, Florida. Future NBA standout Richard "Rip" Hamilton led the team to a 77–74 victory. Earlier that year, Calhoun had passed Hugh Greer to become the winningest coach in UConn history. Calhoun led the Huskies to another national championship in 2004, at the conclusion of a season that saw UConn start and complete the year as the number one team in the nation. UConn standouts Emeka Okafor and Ben Gordon were selected No. 2 and No. 3 in the NBA Draft, respectively. Calhoun now holds a 35–12 record with UConn in NCAA tournament play including 6–1 in the Final Four. They lost in the first round for the first time on March 21, 2008 in overtime to San Diego. During the Jim Calhoun era, the Huskies did well in the Big East Conference with an impressive 220–112 record (.665 winning percentage). The Huskies won or shared conference titles in 1990, 1994–1996, 1998–1999, 2002, 2003 and 2005–2006. UConn also won seven Big East Men's Basketball Tournament championships in 1990, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2004, and 2011. On March 2, 2005, he achieved his 700th win at Gampel Pavilion over the Georgetown Hoyas. His friend and Big East rival coach Jim Boeheim also won his 700th game during the previous week. Later in 2005, Coach Calhoun was honored by induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, fittingly, along with Boeheim. On February 25, 2009, he achieved his 800th win at the Bradley Center over Marquette. Calhoun was the first coach in NCAA history to have won at least 240 games at two different Division I schools. Eddie Sutton later achieved this same feat. Calhoun also coached 23 UConn players who have moved on to professional ranks. Calhoun signed a five-year, $16 million contract until 2014. On April 4, 2011, Calhoun won his third NCAA title as the Huskies defeated Butler 53–41. The victory over Butler made Calhoun, at 68, the oldest coach to win an NCAA Division I men's basketball title. With the win, Calhoun joined John Wooden, Adolph Rupp, Bob Knight, and Mike Krzyzewski as the only coaches to win at least 3 national championships. On September 13, 2012, Calhoun announced his retirement and the head coaching position was given to assistant coach Kevin Ollie, who eventually was named the permanent head coach. Sanctions In March 2009, the NCAA investigated potential violations in UConn's recruitment of Nate Miles (a scholarship recipient expelled without playing a single game for the Huskies). The NCAA eventually determined that a former UConn team manager, who was attempting to become an NBA agent, helped guide Miles to UConn by giving him lodging, transportation and meals. The former team manager, Josh Nochimson, was deemed a UConn representative under NCAA rules and his actions were therefore ascribed to UConn. As a result, in February 2011, Calhoun was cited by the NCAA for failing to create an atmosphere of compliance, and suspended for the first three Big East games of 2011–2012 season. The NCAA's chairman of the Committee on Infractions stated, after the penalty was announced, that "[t]he head coach should be aware, but, also in the same frame, the head coach obviously cannot be aware of everything that goes on within the program. However, the head coach bears that responsibility." The school admitted that it had committed major NCAA violations. Health problems On February 3, 2003, Calhoun announced that he had been diagnosed with prostate cancer. He took an immediate leave of absence from the team, and underwent surgery three days later to have his prostate removed. He was released from the hospital on February 9 and within days was once again involved in the day-to-day operation of the program. On February 22 Jim Calhoun returned to the sidelines for the team's matchup with St. John's at Gampel Pavilion, only 16 days after the surgery. On May 30, 2008, UConn announced that Calhoun was undergoing treatment for squamous cell carcinoma. On June 13, 2009, Calhoun fell during a charity bike event and broke five ribs. On January 19, 2010, Calhoun took a leave of absence from the team again due to health reasons. Calhoun had a "serious" condition that he wanted to discuss with his family. Calhoun returned to the court to coach the Huskies on February 13. On February 3, 2012, Calhoun took a medical leave of absence from coaching as a result of spinal stenosis. He returned on March 3, 2012, less than a week after having back surgery, to coach the team to a win over Pittsburgh in the final game of the regular season. After a left hip fracture he received while bike riding on August 4, 2012, Calhoun had surgery that same day. Retirement Calhoun retired as Connecticut's basketball coach on September 13, 2012, closing a 26-year career at UConn. Comeback in Division III On September 18, 2018, Calhoun was named the first head coach of the men's basketball team at the University of Saint Joseph (USJ), an NCAA Division III program in West Hartford, Connecticut. He told the school website: "Whether it's Division I or Division III, the kids are the kids and the game is the game and I'm looking forward to getting back out on the court and teaching these young men each and every day. I really missed being a part of a team." Glen Miller became his assistant at USJ. Calhoun's 2019–20 team at USJ had a 25-game winning streak before losing in the first round of the Division III postseason tournament. On November 18, 2021, Calhoun announced he would step down as Head Coach at St. Joseph, effective immediately. Personal life Calhoun and his wife, Pat, live in Pomfret, Connecticut, have been married since 1967, and have two sons and six grandchildren. They previously also had a home on Long Island Sound in Madison, Connecticut and sold it in 2016. The couple, both of whom lost parents to heart disease, are known for their philanthropy, including the Pat and Jim Calhoun Cardiology Center at UConn and the annual Jim Calhoun Holiday Food Drive which has raised nearly $1 million supporting food assistance agencies that serve to help families in need throughout the State of Connecticut. In 1998, a $125,000 gift from Jim Calhoun and his wife Pat established the Jim and Pat Calhoun Cardiology Research Fund at UConn Health Center. The Jim Calhoun Celebrity Classic Golf Tournament was launched in 1999 and has since raised millions in support of the endowment fund. In 2003 & 2004, Coach Calhoun served as celebrity host of the black tie gala "Hoops For Hope", by Coaches vs. Cancer, a program established in 1993 by the American Cancer Society; the events raised over $400,000 for the ACS. 2007 is the first year of The Big Y Jim Calhoun Cancer Challenge Ride statewide event to benefit The Carole and Ray Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of Connecticut Health Center; the ride raised over $225,000. For many years Calhoun has been the Honorary Chairman of the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation, which has generated over $4.5 million to fund diabetes research. Coach Calhoun has also served as an Honorary Chairperson/Director for other charitable programs including the Ronald McDonald House Kids Classic Golf Tournament, the Ray of Hope Foundation Golf Tournament, the Connecticut Children's Medical Center and Children's Miracle Network, and the "Character Counts" program in the state of Connecticut. Awards and honors 1998 – The Franciscan Sisters dedicate an outdoor basketball area, "Calhoun's Court" at the Franciscan Life Center in Meriden, Connecticut 2004 – Calhoun is the first recipient of an award by the Swim Across The Sound Prostate Cancer Institute 2005 – "Honorary Alumni Award" from the University of Connecticut Alumni Association 2005 – Inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame, Springfield, MA 2019 – Received the Best Coach award at the 2019 ESPYs in Los Angeles, California Former players Thirty-one of Coach Calhoun's former players moved on to professional careers in the National Basketball Association, the Continental Basketball Association, or other national and international leagues: (with draft team from earliest to most recent) 1982: Perry Moss – Washington Bullets, Philadelphia 76ers, Golden State Warriors 1987: Reggie Lewis – Boston Celtics 1989: Clifford Robinson – Portland Trail Blazers 1990: Nadav Henefeld – Maccabi Tel Aviv 1990: Tate George – New Jersey Nets 1992: Chris Smith – Minnesota Timberwolves 1993: Scott Burrell – Charlotte Hornets 1994: Donyell Marshall – Minnesota Timberwolves 1995: Kevin Ollie – Connecticut Pride, CBA; Dallas Mavericks, Orlando Magic, Sacramento Kings, Philadelphia 76ers, New Jersey Nets, Chicago Bulls, Indiana Pacers, Milwaukee Bucks, Seattle SuperSonics, Cleveland Cavaliers, Minnesota Timberwolves, Oklahoma City Thunder 1995: Donny Marshall – Cleveland Cavaliers 1996: Ray Allen – Milwaukee Bucks, Seattle SuperSonics, Boston Celtics, Miami Heat 1996: Travis Knight – Chicago Bulls 1996: Doron Sheffer – Los Angeles Clippers, Maccabi Tel Aviv 1999: Richard Hamilton – Washington Wizards, Detroit Pistons, Chicago Bulls 2000: Khalid El-Amin – Chicago Bulls 2000: Jake Voskuhl – Phoenix Suns, Chicago Bulls, Charlotte Bobcats, Milwaukee Bucks, Toronto Raptors 2002: Caron Butler – Miami Heat, Washington Wizards, Dallas Mavericks, Los Angeles Clippers, Milwaukee Bucks 2004: Emeka Okafor – Charlotte Bobcats, New Orleans Hornets, Washington Wizards, Phoenix Suns 2004: Ben Gordon – Chicago Bulls, Detroit Pistons, Charlotte Bobcats 2005: Charlie Villanueva – Toronto Raptors, Milwaukee Bucks, Detroit Pistons 2006: Hilton Armstrong – New Orleans Hornets 2006: Josh Boone – New Jersey Nets 2006: Denham Brown – Seattle SuperSonics 2006: Rudy Gay – Houston Rockets, Memphis Grizzlies, Toronto Raptors, Sacramento Kings, San Antonio Spurs, Utah Jazz 2006: Marcus Williams – New Jersey Nets, Golden State Warriors, Memphis Grizzlies 2009: A. J. Price – Indiana Pacers, Washington Wizards, Minnesota Timberwolves 2009: Hasheem Thabeet – Memphis Grizzlies, Houston Rockets, Portland Trail Blazers, Oklahoma City Thunder 2010: Jeff Adrien – Golden State Warriors, Houston Rockets, Charlotte Bobcats 2011: Kemba Walker – Charlotte Hornets, Boston Celtics, New York Knicks 2012: Andre Drummond – Detroit Pistons, Cleveland Cavaliers, Los Angeles Lakers, Philadelphia 76ers 2012: Jeremy Lamb – Houston Rockets, Oklahoma City Thunder, Charlotte Hornets, Indiana Pacers 2014: Shabazz Napier – Miami Heat, Orlando Magic, Portland Trail Blazers Head coaching record College * Connecticut had its 2–1 record in the 1996 NCAA tournament and Sweet 16 appearance vacated after two players were ruled ineligible. As of April 5, 2013, Calhoun has a 50–19 () record in the NCAA Tournament, going 2–5 (.286) at Northeastern and 48–14 () at Connecticut. Due to COVID-19 complications, the 2020–21 season was shortened and the team finished with a 3–2 record. Calhoun wasn't able to be on the sidelines for a game that year due to an injury he suffered right before the season. See also List of college men's basketball coaches with 600 wins List of NCAA Division I Men's Final Four appearances by coach Further reading Calhoun, Jim. Dare To Dream: Connecticut Basketball's Remarkable March to the National Championship Calhoun, Jim. A passion to lead: seven leadership secrets for success in business, sports, and life References External links Saint Joseph profile 1942 births Living people American International Yellow Jackets men's basketball players American men's basketball coaches American men's basketball players American people of Irish descent Basketball coaches from Massachusetts Basketball players from Massachusetts Braintree High School alumni Calhoun family Catholics from Connecticut College men's basketball head coaches in the United States High school basketball coaches in Connecticut High school basketball coaches in Massachusetts Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees NCAA sanctions Northeastern Huskies men's basketball coaches People from Madison, Connecticut People from Old Lyme, Connecticut Saint Joseph Blue Jays men's basketball coaches Sportspeople from Braintree, Massachusetts UConn Huskies men's basketball coaches

1304259

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern%20University%20station

Northeastern University station

Northeastern University station (signed as Northeastern) is a surface-level trolley stop on the MBTA Green Line. It is located in a dedicated median along Huntington Avenue in Boston, between Opera Place and Forsyth Street, and is adjacent to the Krentzman Quad on the campus of Northeastern University. It is the first surface-level stop going outbound along the Green Line E branch; trolleys rise from a portal located between Opera Place and Gainsborough Street and continue along the surface down Huntington Avenue towards Mission Hill. History Until the completion of the Huntington Avenue subway from to a portal near Opera Place on February 16, 1941, streetcars ran on the surface from the Boylston Street portal. With the completion of the tunnel, Opera Place became an important short turn location; a siding was constructed adjacent to the inbound track. On May 21, 1947, the Boston Elevated Railway board voted to change the name from Opera Place to Northeastern University to reflect the growth of the adjacent Northeastern University. The stop was named on maps as early as the 1951, while most other surface stops did not appear separately until around 1990. Like other surface stops on the median-reservation section of the line, Northeastern University station had bare asphalt platforms. In 1972, the MBTA began planning a reconstruction of that section of the line, then scheduled for 1973–74. The Northeastern siding was to be moved into the reservation, with a footbridge installed near the station for students. The work (minus the footbridge) were eventually done in 1980, when the line was closed to modify the track and wires for the new LRVs. The line was cut back to Symphony on March 21, 1980; it was re-extended to Northeastern (using LRVs) on June 21 and Brigham Circle on September 20. The platforms at Northeastern were lengthened and paved with brick. In the early 2000s, the MBTA modified key surface stops with raised platforms for accessibility as part of the Light Rail Accessibility Program. The platforms at Northeastern were lengthened to Forsyth Street and repaved with concrete; temporary platforms northeast of Opera Place were used during the renovations. That renovation — part of a $32 million modification of thirteen B, C, and E branch stations — was completed on May 26, 2003. On August 23, 2004, a Type 8 Breda low-floor LRV derailed at the station, causing scarring in the outbound platform near the pedestrian crossing on the Opera Place side of the station. References External links MBTA - Northeastern University Google Maps Street View: Opera Place entrance, Forsyth Street entrance Green Line (MBTA) stations Railway stations in Boston Railway stations in the United States opened in 1941 Northeastern University Railway stations in Massachusetts at university and college campuses

1313500

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston%20Police%20Department

Boston Police Department

The Boston Police Department (BPD), dating back to 1854, holds the primary responsibility for law enforcement and investigation within the American city of Boston, Massachusetts. It is the oldest municipal police department in the United States. The BPD is also the 20th largest law enforcement agency in the country and the largest in New England. History Pre-incorporation (1635–1828) Before the existence of a formal police department, the first night watch was established in Boston in 1635. In 1703, pay in the sum of 35 shillings a month was set for members of the night watch. In 1796, the watch was reorganized, and the watchmen carried a badge of office, a rattle, and a six-foot pole, which was painted blue and white with a hook on one end and a bill on the other. The hook was used to grab fleeing criminals, and the rounded "bill" was used as a weapon. The rattle was a noise-making device used for calling for assistance. The Day Police, which had no connection to the night watch, was organized in 1838. The Day Police operated under the city marshal and had six appointed officers. This organization would eventually lead to the establishment of the modern-day Boston Police Department. Nineteenth century In 1838, a bill passed in the General Court that allowed the city to appoint police officers, paving the way for the creation of a formal police department. The Boston Police Department was formally founded in May 1854, at which point both the night watch and Day Police were disbanded. A 14-inch club replaced the old hook and bill, which had been in use for 154 years. At the time of its founding, the Boston Police constituted one of the first paid, professional police services in the United States. The department was closely organized and modeled after Sir Robert Peel's (London) Metropolitan Police Service. On November 3, 1851, the first Irish-born Boston Police officer, Bernard "Barney" McGinniskin, was appointed. His presence generated considerable controversy. The Boston Pilot wrote, "He is the first Irishman that ever carried the stick of a policeman anywhere in this country, and meetings, even Faneuil Hall meetings, have been held to protect against the appointment." At the time, the police salary of $2.00 a day for the morning and afternoon beat and $1.20 for the night watch was nearly twice as high as the wages of laborers. City Marshal Francis Tukey resisted mayor John Prescott Bigelow's appointment of McGinniskin, expressing the predominant anti-Irish sentiments in the city by arguing it was done at "the expense of an American." On January 5, 1852, shortly before the newly elected mayor Benjamin Seaver (who had been supported by Tukey) took office, Tukey fired McGinniskin without giving a reason. After criticism in the press, Seaver reinstated McGinniskin, who remained in the police until the 1854 anti-Irish groundswell of the Know Nothing/American Party movement, when in the words of the Boston Pilot, "Mr. McGinniskin was discharged from the Boston Police for no other reason than he was a Catholic and born in Ireland." McGinniskin became a United States inspector at the customhouse and died of rheumatism on March 2, 1868. McGinniskin is buried in the St. Augustine Cemetery in South Boston. On October 18, 1857, at about 5:15 a.m., Boston Police Officer Ezekiel W. Hodsdon was patrolling the corner of Havre and Maverick Street in East Boston. Hodsdon attempted to arrest two suspects for a burglary. A struggle ensued, and one of the suspects was able to get behind Hodsdon and shoot him in the head. Hodsdon died about 10:00 A.M., becoming the first Boston police officer killed in the line of duty. He was 25 years old. The murderers fled. Thousands of people visited the station house to view the body. Hodsdon left behind his wife Lydia and infant son Ezekiel, who was born just 13 days prior to his death. He was buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in Everett, according to Boston Globe newspaper reports on October 19, 1857. On October 18, 2007, a memorial was held in honor of Hodsdon on the corner of Havre and Maverick Streets in East Boston. On July 14, 1863, Boston Mayor Frederic W. Lincoln Jr. (1858–1861 & 1863–1867) ordered all 330 officers in the Department to quell a draft riot among Irish Catholics attempting to raid Union armories in the North End. In 1871, the Boston Police Relief Association was founded. The Boston Police Department appointed Horatio J. Homer, its first African American officer, on December 24, 1878. He was promoted to sergeant in 1895. Sgt. Homer retired on Jan 29, 1919, after 40 years of service. He and his wife, Lydia Spriggs Homer, are buried at Evergreen Cemetery in Brighton, MA. On June 26, 2010, the Boston Police Department dedicated a gravestone in honor of Sgt. Homer's service. 20th century On September 9, 1919, when Police Commissioner Edwin Upton Curtis refused to allow the creation of a police union, 1,117 BPD officers went on strike. This signaled a dramatic shift in traditional labor relations and views on the part of the police, who were unhappy with stagnant wages and poor working conditions. The city soon fell into riots and public chaos as over three-fourths of the department was no longer enforcing public peace. Governor Calvin Coolidge intervened to quash further chaos. Coolidge announced that the police did not have the right to strike against the public safety and brought in the state national guard to restore order to Boston. The strike was broken, permanently, when Coolidge hired replacement police officers, many of whom were returning servicemen from World War I, and the former officers were refused re-entry into the department. Ironically, the new officers hired in the wake of the strike received higher salaries, more vacation days and city-provided uniforms, the very demands the original strikers were requesting. The BPD strike set a precedent for further movements to stymie police unionization around the country. Coolidge's intervention in the strike brought him national fame, which, in turn, led to his nomination as Harding's running mate for vice-president in the 1920 presidential election. In 1921, Irene McAuliffe, daughter of the late Weston police chief and horse breeder Patrick McAuliffe, was among the first six female members of the Boston Police Department. An accomplished horsewoman, she was sworn in as a mounted officer of the Weston Police Department in 1913 during the town's bicentennial celebration. She joined the District of Columbia Police Department in 1920, and in 1921 she became a member of the Boston Police Department's Vice Squad. In 1965, the largest police union representing Boston police employees, the Boston Police Patrolmen's Association, was formed. School desegregation busing crisis In 1974 and 1975, the BPD was involved in maintaining order during the public disturbance over court-ordered busing, which was intended to racially desegregate Boston's public school system. The protest of white citizens escalated into street battles in 1974, and in 1975 uniformed BPD officers were stationed inside South Boston High School, Charlestown High School and other Boston public schools. 1982 Boston arson spree Between 1982 and 1984, an arson ring that included BPD officers and allies set fire to 264 buildings. The ring opposed Proposition 2½, which reduced the funds that Massachusetts municipalities could raise through property taxes and led to cuts in fire departments and police agencies. Through committing arson, the ring hoped to cause social disorder to make the case for the necessity of firefighters and police. Charles Stuart murder investigation In 1989, Charles Stuart killed his wife and accused an unknown Black man for the murder. BPD proceeded to conduct a manhunt targeting young Black men, indiscriminately using stop and frisk tactics, especially in neighborhoods of Mission Hill and Roxbury. Some residents compared the response to living in a war zone and the response is said to have contributed to distrust between Black communities and BPD for decades following. Federal fingerprinting coordination On August 23, 1995, the BPD became the first police agency to send fingerprint images to the FBI electronically using the newly created EFIPS (now IAFIS) system. The first set of fingerprints were for a suspect arrested for armed robbery. Within hours of the receipt of the fingerprints, the FBI determined that the suspect had a number of prior arrests, including one for assault with intent to kill. 21st century On December 31, 2006, 31 Boston Municipal Police Officers were allowed to transfer to the Boston Police. On January 1, 2007, the rest of the Munis were either laid off or transferred to the city's Municipal Protective Services, which provides security to the city's Property Management Department. There was no merger with the Boston Municipal Police. The transfer of Munis was planned in mid-2006 by Mayor Thomas M. Menino. This plan was met with heavy protest from the Boston Police Patrolmen's Association (BPPA). The BPPA's argument was that the Municipal officers were not qualified to be Boston police officers due to lack of training, political patronage, nepotism, and the fact that the Munis were not civil service tested. 2007 Boston Bomb Scare On January 31, 2007, 911 callers mistakenly identified small electronic promotions found throughout Boston and the surrounding cities of Cambridge and Somerville as possible explosives. Upon investigation by Boston Police and other agencies, the suspicious devices turned out to be battery-powered LED placards with an image of a cartoon character called a "mooninite" used in a guerrilla marketing campaign for Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film For Theaters, a film based on the animated television series Aqua Teen Hunger Force on Cartoon Network's late-night programming block Adult Swim. The BPD's handling of this incident has been criticized by some Boston residents and justified by others: One resident said that the police response was "silly and insane," and that "We’re the laughing stock." Another resident said that the device "looked like a bomb. I picked it up, pulled the tape off it, and there were batteries, two on the top and three on the bottom." The same devices had been distributed in nine other cities across the USA without provoking a similar reaction. The United States Department of Homeland Security praised Boston authorities "for sharing their knowledge quickly with Washington officials and the public." Occupy Boston Movement Beginning in September–October 2011, protesters assembled in Dewey Square as a show of solidarity with the Occupy Wall Street protest in New York. In the early hours of October 11, 2011, Boston Police and Transit Police moved into the protesters' secondary camp, arresting approximately 100 protesters. Protesters reported numerous incidents of police brutality. Mayor Menino denied the reports and claimed that the protesters endangered public safety. 2020 Black Lives Matter Protests During the 2020 George Floyd protests, the department has come under scrutiny by elected officials for its usage of tear gas against civilians. Demonstrations against police brutality began in the city in May 2020 and continued through June. Overtime fraud cases In early September 2020, United States Attorney Andrew Lelling indicted nine former and current Boston police officers for allegedly collecting more than $200,000 in fraudulent overtime payments while working in the department’s evidence warehouse. Alleged child rapist as union president In April 2021, The Boston Globe reported that a 1995 internal investigation by the BPD concluded that Patrick M. Rose Sr., a BPD patrolman, had likely sexual assaulted a 12-year-old child. The BPD did not act on that finding. Instead, Rose kept his badge, served for another 21 years, and was elected president of the Boston Police Patrolmen's Association. He was ultimately arrested and on November 20, 2020, Rose was indicted in Suffolk Superior Court on thirty three counts related to sexual assault of children, including sixteen counts of child rape. During his time in the BPD, the department did nothing to limit his interactions with children, including allowing Rose to work on child sexual assault cases. Commissioner White termination Following the abrupt resignation of commissioner William G. Gross at the end of January 2021, mayor Marty Walsh quickly named superintendent Dennis White to succeed Gross. White was sworn in on February 1, 2021. Two days later, White was placed on leave due to "the handling of a 1999 allegation of domestic violence" against White coming to light. The city of Boston subsequently hired an independent attorney to conduct an investigation; meanwhile, Walsh resigned as mayor upon his confirmation as United States Secretary of Labor. Results of the investigation were released in mid-May, followed by several legal actions by White's attorney seeking to block the city from terminating White. Ultimately, acting mayor Kim Janey fired White on June 7, 2021. Departmental organization The Boston Police Department has approximately 2,015 officers and 808 civilian personnel, with patrol services covering an area of 89.6 mi2 (232.1 km2) and a population of 617,594. Like all City of Boston departments, the BPD requires all employed officers hired since 1995 to live within Boston city-limits. The BPD is divided into three zones and 11 neighborhood districts spread across the city, with each zone supervised by a Deputy Superintendent and every district headed by a Captain. Ranks The Boston Police rank structure is as follows: Leadership Dennis White has been the commissioner since February 1, 2021; he was placed on leave on February 3, 2021. Gregory P. Long has been the superintendent-in-chief since August 2018; he was named acting commissioner upon White being placed on leave. Kathleen O'Toole was the first woman to serve as commissioner, from February 2004 through May 2006 when she left to take a new position as Chief Inspector of the Inspectorate of the Irish national police force, the Garda Síochána. Members of the Boston Police Commission A three-person police commission (also called the police board) consisted of members nominated by the Governor of Massachusetts and approved by the Massachusetts Governor's Council. The commission was established in 1878 and abolished in 1906. List of Boston Police Commissioners Boston's police commissioner was appointed by the Governor until 1962. Edmund L. McNamara was the first commissioner to be appointed by the Mayor of Boston, taking office in April 1962 via appointment by mayor John F. Collins. Once appointed, a commissioner can only be removed from the position for cause until their term expires. A commissioner may be appointed to a five-year term, or to serve the remainder of a predecessor's five-year term. Names in italics indicate a person served as acting (interim) commissioner only. Since 1985, several acting commissioners have been sworn as permanent. Numbering is per cited contemporary news reports and may include inconsistencies. Equipment Transportation The Boston Police uses the following vehicles. Ford Police Interceptor SUV – Current issue patrol car. Chevy Caprice Current issue patrol car. Chevy Impala Current issue patrol car. Chevy Tahoe PPV – Current issue patrol car. Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor – Mostly phased out as of July 2019. Occasionally seen on a detail, etc. Ford F-250 - Prisoner transport vehicle Ford Expedition Harley-Davidson HMMWV Weapons Boston police officers may carry "only weapons, magazines and ammunition authorized and issued by the Department", which "include, but are not limited to": Benelli M3 SBS (12 gauge) Bushmaster XM-15 (.223 Remington) Glock Model 22 (.40 S&W) Glock Model 23 (.40 S&W) Glock Model 27 (.40 S&W) SIG Sauer GSR in .45 ACP Demographics By gender Male: 84% Female: 16% By race White: 65.5% African-American/Black: 23.9% Hispanic: 8.3% Asian: 2.4% Fictional portrayals The Boston Police Department has been portrayed in several prominent motion pictures including Patriots Day, Gone Baby Gone, Mystic River, The Departed, Edge of Darkness, Blown Away, The Brinks Job, That's My Boy, R.I.P.D., The Heat, the second "X-Men" film X2 (film), What's The Worst That Could Happen?, The Boondock Saints, Spenser Confidential, Surrogates, and The Town. BPD is also featured in the television series Spenser: For Hire, Rizzoli & Isles, Leverage, Crossing Jordan, Fringe, and the failed Katee Sackhoff/Goran Visnjic police show pilot Boston's Finest. Fictional BPD districts Due to filming on location in the Boston area, fake BPD cruisers have been marked with fictional districts to avoid confusion with real BPD cruisers. They include: District A-4 Featured in Fringe District A-8 Featured in That's My Boy outside a housing project The Town throughout the film R.I.P.D. during the raid where Nick is killed Ted 2 seen on the side of a police car Patriots Day outside of David Henneberry's house on April 19 District D-6 Featured in The Town outside Fenway Park during the final gunfight scene District G-4 Featured in Patriots Day District G-5 Featured in Edge of Darkness outside Craven's house as part of a protection detail The Heat Mullins works out of it, but it is somehow part of Area F rather than Area G District G-8 Featured in Leverage 19th Precinct Featured in What's the Worst That Could Happen? Detective Tardio claims to be from it when first introducing himself 87th Precinct Featured in ''Fuzz See also List of law enforcement agencies in Massachusetts Boston Police Special Operations Unit Boston Marathon bombing References Further reading Francis Russell. A City in Terror: Calvin Coolidge and the 1919 Boston Police Strike (Boston: Beacon Press, 1975, ). External links Official website WokeWindows - Providing a view into the Boston Police Department 2006 Boston Globe article on the Municipal Police Department/Boston Police Department merger The Police News Collection, Scrapbooks, 1961-1968 are located in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA. The Elmer V.H. Brooks papers, 1924-1998 (Bulk 1937-1968) are located in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA. The Justice George Lewis Ruffin Society records, n.d., 1848-1853, 1885-1893, 1963-2005 (bulk 1984-2005) are located in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA. Boston Police Department Annual Reports since 1885 https://web.archive.org/web/20100613003654/http://bpl.org/online/govdocs/bpd_reports.htm Government of Boston Municipal police departments of Massachusetts 1838 establishments in Massachusetts

1316537

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean%20Jones%20%28defensive%20end%29

Sean Jones (defensive end)

Dwight Andre Sean O'Neil Jones (born December 19, 1962) is a former American football defensive end, who played for the Los Angeles Raiders (1984–1987), Houston Oilers (1988–1993), and the Green Bay Packers (1994–1996). He won Super Bowl XXXI with the Packers, beating the New England Patriots. Jones was selected to the Pro Bowl after the 1993 season. Sean Jones' brother Max Jones played college football at Massachusetts and later played professional football with the Birmingham Stallions in the USFL in 1984. College career Sean Jones attended Northeastern University, where he lettered for four years in football. At Northeastern he played on the offensive line his freshmen and sophomore seasons before flipping to the defensive side for his junior and senior season where he became a defensive presence. Prior to attending Northeastern University, Jones graduated from the Montclair Kimberley Academy in Montclair, New Jersey where he played football, basketball and lacrosse. Sean Jones became a member of the Nu Phi graduate chapter of Omega Psi Phi fraternity in Houston, Texas in 2004. NFL career Sean Jones played the first four years of his career as a Los Angeles Raider. In Jones' third year, 1986, he had a career high 15.5 sacks and 74 tackles. In 1988 the Houston Oilers traded the ninth overall pick in the NFL draft for Jones. Jones went on to play 6 seasons for the Oilers, amassing 50 sacks during this time. In 1994, Jones signed with the Green Bay Packers as a free agent. Jones formed a bookend at defensive end with Reggie White. Jones retired after the Packers won Super Bowl XXXI on January 26, 1997. During his three years with the Packers, Jones had 24.5 sacks. Post NFL career In 2001-2002 Jones was a reserve color commentator for the NFL on FOX. In December 2003, arbitrator Roger Kaplan ruled that Jones violated National Football League Players Association regulations in his financial dealings with NFL player Ebenezer Ekuban. Jones received a two-year suspension, prohibiting him from representing NFL players until February 26, 2005. Jones later sued Ekuban and his attorney for slander and libel leading to Ekuban declaring bankruptcy in 2003. Former player Cris Dishman won a US$396,000 judgment against Jones involving a bad investment. Jones later counter sued Cris Dishman and his former wife Karen Dishman, the previous matter was declared settled and Jones received a money judgment against both Cris and Karen Dishman in 2006 for their part in illegally trying to extort more money from Jones. In January 2016, he became a co-host for KBME Houston. References 1962 births Living people Jamaican players of American football American football defensive ends Birmingham Stallions players Montclair Kimberley Academy alumni Northeastern Huskies football players Los Angeles Raiders players Houston Oilers players Green Bay Packers players American Conference Pro Bowl players 100 Sacks Club

1338168

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon%20Vickers

Jon Vickers

Jonathan Stewart Vickers, (October 29, 1926 – July 10, 2015), known professionally as Jon Vickers, was a Canadian heldentenor. Born in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, he was the sixth in a family of eight children. In 1950, he was awarded a scholarship to study opera at The Royal Conservatory of Music in Toronto. In 1957 Vickers joined London’s Royal Opera House, Covent Garden company. In 1960 he joined the Metropolitan Opera. He became world-famous for a wide range of German, French, and Italian roles. Vickers' huge, powerful voice and solid technique met the demands of many French, German, and Italian roles. He was also highly regarded for his powerful stage presence and thoughtful characterizations. (Conversely, he was sometimes criticized for "scooping"—beginning a note below pitch and then sliding up to the correct pitch—and for "crooning".) In 1968 he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada. Vickers received the Governor General's Performing Arts Award for Lifetime Artistic Achievement, Canada's highest honour in the performing arts, in 1998. Career Vickers studied with George Lambert at The Royal Conservatory of Music and sang professionally in Canada from the early- to mid-1950s. His international career began with his 1957 Covent Garden Riccardo in Verdi's Un ballo in maschera. He continued to appear there into the 1980s, putting his personal stamp on the roles of Énée in Berlioz's Les Troyens, Radamès in Verdi's Aida and the title role in his Don Carlos, Handel's Samson, Florestan in Beethoven's Fidelio, Tristan in Wagner's Tristan und Isolde, Canio in Leoncavallo's Pagliacci, and the title role in Britten's Peter Grimes. Some critics praised Vickers' Tristan as the best since Lauritz Melchior's. He debuted at the Bayreuth Festival in 1958 as Siegmund in Die Walküre and sang Parsifal there in 1964. Later negotiations with Wieland Wagner concerning appearances as Siegfried in Götterdämmerung ceased on Wieland's death in 1966. His debut role at the Metropolitan Opera in 1960 was Canio in Pagliacci. He appeared at the Met for 22 seasons in 280 performances of 17 roles, including Florestan in Fidelio, Siegmund in Wagner's Die Walküre, Don Jose in Bizet's Carmen, Radamès in Aida, Erik in Wagner's Der fliegende Holländer, Herman in Tchaikovsky's Queen of Spades, Samson in both Handel's oratorio and Saint-Saëns' Samson et Dalila, the title role of Verdi's Otello, Don Alvaro in Verdi's La forza del destino, Peter Grimes, Tristan und Isolde, Laca in Janáček's Jenůfa, Vasek in Smetana's The Bartered Bride, and the title role in Wagner's Parsifal, giving his farewell in 1987. Among Vickers' more notable recordings were Tristan und Isolde in 1972 with Herbert von Karajan becoming one of his favourite singers at the lavish Salzburg Easter and Summer Festivals in Der Ring des Nibelungen, Carmen, Otello, Fidelio as well as Tristan und Isolde, Les Troyens, singing the part of Énée (Aeneas), with Sir Colin Davis in 1969, and a legendary and controversial 1959 recording of Handel's Messiah with Sir Thomas Beecham. Although scheduled to sing Tannhäuser at Covent Garden in the late 1970s, Vickers dropped out, claiming he could not empathize with the character, and that the opera itself was blasphemous in nature. He sang Nerone in Monteverdi's L'incoronazione di Poppea at the Paris Opéra, and Alvaro in La forza del destino at the Met (1975). His roles also included Don Carlos, Andrea Chenier, Herod in Salome, Giasone in Medea (with Maria Callas in the title role), Pollione in Norma and rarely heard parts such as Cellini in Berlioz's Benvenuto Cellini, Ratan-Sen in Roussel's Padmavati and Sergei in Shostakovitch's Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District. Many critics praised his interpretation of Verdi's Otello, which he recorded twice: in 1960 with Tullio Serafin and 1973 with Herbert von Karajan. Vickers also was a long time collaborator with American pianist Richard Woitach. Vickers further sang at the 'home' of Italian opera, Milan's La Scala, as well as in the major opera houses of Chicago, San Francisco, Vienna, and at the Salzburg Festival. He retired in 1988. Personal life and death Vickers was born into the musical family of William, a teacher, and Myrle (née Mossop). As a youth he sang in his father's church, and his initial intention was to study medicine. He worked on a neighbour's farm and acquired the muscular stature that characterized him. During a semi-professional production his leading lady made a recording of his voice and sent it to The Royal Conservatory of Music in Toronto. He auditioned there with Every Valley Shall be Exalted and was offered a scholarship. In 1953 he married Henrietta (Hetti) Outerbridge. They had five children. After her death in 1991, he married Judith Stewart. Vickers died of Alzheimer's disease on July 10, 2015 in Ontario. Religion He was a dedicated, outspoken Christian; one writer referred to him as "God's tenor" for this reason. Discography Vickers' voice was recorded in dozens of performances, including: Opera recordings Giasone in Cherubini's Medea, with conductor Nicola Rescigno, live recording from Dallas Civic Opera 1958. Don Carlo in Verdi's Don Carlos, with conductor Carlo Maria Giulini, live recording from the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden 1958. Siegmund in Wagner's Die Walküre, with conductor Hans Knappertsbusch, live recording from the Bayreuth Festival 1958. Samson in Handel's Samson, with conductor Raymond Leppard, live recording from the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden 1959. Otello in Verdi's Otello, with conductor Tullio Serafin, RCA Victor 1960. Siegmund in Wagner's Die Walküre, with conductor Erich Leinsdorf, Decca 1961. Radames in Verdi's Aida, with conductor Sir Georg Solti, Decca 1961. Florestan in Beethoven's Fidelio, with conductor Otto Klemperer, EMI 1961. Samson in Saint-Saëns' Samson and Delilah, with conductor Georges Prêtre, EMI 1962. Gustavo III in Verdi's Un ballo in maschera, with conductor Edward Downes, live recording from the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden 1962. Parsifal in Wagner's Parsifal, with conductor Hans Knappertsbusch, live recording from the Bayreuth Festival 1964. Siegmund in Wagner's Die Walküre, with conductor Herbert von Karajan, Deutsche Grammophon 1966. Énée in Berlioz Les Troyens, with conductor Colin Davis, Philips 1969. Don José in Bizet's Carmen, with conductor Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos, EMI 1969–70. Florestan in Beethoven's Fidelio, with conductor Herbert von Karajan, EMI 1970. Tristan in Wagner's Tristan und Isolde, with conductor Herbert von Karajan, EMI 1971–72. Otello in Verdi's Otello, with conductor Herbert von Karajan, EMI 1973. Pollione in Bellini's Norma, with conductor Giuseppe Patanè, live recording from the Festival d'Orange 1974. Cellini in Berlioz's Benvenuto Cellini, with conductor Sarah Caldwell, VAI 1975. Grimes in Britten's Peter Grimes, with conductor Colin Davis, Philips 1978. Concert recordings Elgar: The Dream of Gerontius, with conductor Sir John Barbirolli, live recording Rome 1957 Handel: Messiah, with conductor Sir Thomas Beecham, RCA Victor 1959 Vaughan Williams: Serenade to Music, with conductor Leonard Bernstein, live recording from the Lincoln Center NY 1962 Verdi: Requiem, with conductor Sir John Barbirolli, EMI 1969–70 Mahler: Das Lied von der Erde, with conductor Sir Colin Davis, Philips 1981 Beethoven: Symphony No. 9, "Choral", with conductor Zubin Mehta, RCA Red Seal 1984. Recital recordings Italian Opera Arias: Arias by Cilea, Flotow, Giordano, Leoncavallo, Ponchielli, Puccini and Verdi, with conductor Tullio Serafin, RCA Victor 1961. Franz Schubert: Winterreise with pianist Geoffrey Parsons, EMI 1983. Franz Schubert: Winterreise with pianist Peter Schaaf, VAI 1995. Richard Strauss: Enoch Arden, Op. 38, with pianist Marc-André Hamelin, VAI 2006. References Bibliography Kuhn, Laura (ed.). "Vickers, Jon(athan) Stewart" in Baker's Student Encyclopedia of Music: R-Z, p. 1952. Schirmer Books, 1999. Macdonnell, W.M. and Norman, Barbara. "Vickers, Jonathan Stewart". The Canadian Encyclopedia Jon Vickers: A Hero's Life by Jeannie Williams, Northeastern University Press, 1999. External links Interview with Jon Vickers by Bruce Duffie (originally published 1981 in Wagner News, the newsletter of the Wagner Society of America) Jon Vickers wagneropera.net On YouTube as Otello Singing MESSIAH (YouTube) Siegmund in DIE WALKURE 1926 births 2015 deaths 20th-century Canadian male opera singers Canadian operatic tenors Heldentenors Companions of the Order of Canada Musicians from Saskatchewan People from Prince Albert, Saskatchewan The Royal Conservatory of Music alumni Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music Governor General's Performing Arts Award winners Neurological disease deaths in Ontario Deaths from Alzheimer's disease

1345632

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston%20Field%20House

Houston Field House

Houston Field House is a multi-purpose arena located on the campus of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) in Troy, New York. It is the nation's third-oldest college hockey rink, behind Northeastern University's Matthews Arena and Princeton University's Hobey Baker Memorial Rink. Further, it is the second-oldest arena in the ECAC Hockey League, behind Princeton's rink. Until the opening of the Times Union Center in Albany in 1990, it was the largest arena in the Capital Region. Origins Popular legend holds that Houston Field House was previously an airplane or dirigible hangar for the United States armed forces during World War II. In reality, it originated as a warehouse for the United States Navy in Davisville, Rhode Island. Following the war, the federal government established the Veterans Education Facilities Program (VEFP) to help colleges build facilities to handle the increased enrollment of veterans returning from the war. One aspect of the VEFP was to offer buildings designated as "war surplus" to colleges and academic institutions who applied for them. Originally, the RPI Board of Trustees, led by then-RPI President Dr. Livingston W. Houston, sought a hangar from the VEFP in order to establish a "sports-civic arena" for the RPI campus and the city of Troy. Unfortunately, hangars were not considered "war surplus." An investigation sponsored by the Board of Trustees discovered the warehouse facility in Rhode Island and applied under the VEFP to bring it to campus, despite the fact that its original design was not satisfactory for the creation of an arena. The VEFP underwrote both the cost of transporting the warehouse from Davisville to Troy and the cost to reassemble it upon its arrival. RPI, however, spent nearly $500,000 on its own to redesign the warehouse to its own specifications, including the re-fabrication of initial materials and the purchase of new materials. Construction was originally planned to be completed by June 1948; however, inclement weather throughout the project pushed completion back 16 months to October 1949. On October 13, Houston officially opened the building as the RPI Field House as part of a ceremony honoring the Institute's 125th anniversary. Early history A month later, on November 12, 1949, the RPI Field House hosted its first event, an Interfraternity Ball, with music performed by Elliot Lawrence and his Orchestra. On December 3, 1949, the first sporting event in the Field House's history took place as RPI defeated the New York State Maritime Academy, 55–43, in basketball. A large impetus for the construction of the Field House was to create a home for the school's ice hockey team, which had played its first games in 1901 at Van Schaick Pond in nearby Cohoes, New York, and later played in various other locations in Cohoes and Albany, New York. From 1912 to 1938 (with the exception of 1937), the team played on an outdoor rink built every winter on campus along Sage Avenue, at the current location of Anderson Field. After the 1938 season, the team went into hiatus. Houston, an RPI alumnus who played hockey for RPI during his school years, originally sought to build the Field House as a means of returning hockey to campus. On January 10, 1950, the "Engineers" under head coach Ned Harkness played their first game at home since 1938, dropping an 8–2 contest to Middlebury. However, and possibly thanks to the construction of the Field House, Harkness would lead the Engineers to an NCAA championship only four years later in 1954. Two weeks after the first hockey game, the RPI Field House hosted its first commencement ceremony, on January 27, 1950. General Omar Bradley, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, gave the first commencement address. On December 27, 1951, the Field House hosted the first annual RPI Invitational Tournament. The first tournament featured 8 schools playing 12 games over three days, and was won by Brown University. The following year, the tournament was cut to 4 teams playing a round-robin schedule over 3 days, which remained the tournament's format until 1982, when it gained a 2nd-day consolation game/championship game format. The RPI Invitational was the nation's oldest in-season invitational tournament in college hockey until its final iteration in 2010. Throughout the 1950s, several RPI sporting events were held at the RPI Field House, including basketball, tennis, wrestling, and pistol and rifle shooting. In March 1959, the Field House hosted the NCAA tournament known today as the Frozen Four. North Dakota won its first of several NCAA championships, defeating Michigan State, Boston College, and St. Lawrence. Three of the tournament's four games went into overtime. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the RPI Field House was often referred to as "The Madison Square Garden of Upstate New York". In its first two decades, it played host to more than 300 theatrical and musical events, countless hockey games, and several commencement ceremonies. Hockey line As the popularity of hockey grew, tickets became hot items among students. Owing to its origins as a military warehouse, most views were obstructed at least some angle between the rink and the seats due to large support columns that held up the Field House's roof. This led to the birth of what is known simply as "hockey line." Groups of people – usually members of various fraternities and sororities – take a place outside of the RPI Student Union building. Traditionally, the line began sometime during late July or early August prior to the beginning of Fall classes and continued until tickets went on sale in mid-September. People in line are allowed to buy up to eight tickets and can have people hold their place in line while they eat or go to class. Students set up beds, couches, television sets, and, more recently, computers and video games to pass the time as someone occupies each place in line on a 24-hour basis. Following the Engineers' 1985 national championship victory, the Epsilon Iota chapter of the Psi Upsilon fraternity set a hockey line record by beginning the line on the very next day – March 31, 1985 – and continuing the line through the summer until tickets went on sale on September 25, 1985 — besting the previous record of 33 days with 178 days. Renovation and rejuvenation In 1978, a new tradition started that continues today – the annual Big Red Freakout! event. This event fills the Field House with thousands of screaming fans, and there is a giveaway each year. At the 1978 Commencement ceremonies, it was announced that the RPI Field House would be renamed Houston Field House in honor of former president Livingston W. Houston, who had died the previous winter. Houston had been RPI's 11th president from 1943 to 1958, and was president when the Field House was built. 1983 brought several changes to the Field House. The Institute spent $2.5 million to renovate the building during the summer, including a support renovation which allowed the removal of all but four of the columns. Some think the view obstruction caused by the original columns gave rise to "hockey line" and that column removal led to the demise of "hockey line", but popularity of hockey was at least as large a factor. Indeed, "hockey line" reached its peak several years after the 1983 renovations. New scoreboards were installed, and the ice surface was lengthened to a full NHL size. In 1984, the NCAA tournament returned to Houston Field House for the first time since 1959 as the Engineers took on North Dakota. The Fighting Sioux, coming in as heavy underdogs, upset the homestanding Engineers on consecutive nights, ending the Engineers national title hopes. The next season, the Field House would host its final two NCAA tournament games as RPI dispatched Lake Superior State on their way to their second NCAA championship. Today's NCAA tournament games all take place at neutral ice sites with a minimum capacity higher than that of the Field House. During the mid-1980s, Houston Field House was part of a vibrant boxing scene in the Capital District. Mike Tyson fought twice at the venue in 1986, but Tyson's rise to the heavyweight championship at the end of the year helped lead to a decline, and boxing has not been featured at Houston Field House in recent years. The 1987 Big Red Freakout! event featured plastic horns as the giveaway. These horns made Houston Field House reverberate with noise – so much noise, in fact, that the evening's opponent, Brown, filed a complaint with the NCAA. In turn, this led to the creation of what is today known as "the RPI rule" nationwide, which prohibits fans from bringing artificial noisemakers into NCAA events. In 1990, the New York Islanders of the NHL moved their primary minor-league team to Houston Field House, naming them the Capital District Islanders. "CDI" played in the American Hockey League from 1990 to 1993. In 1993, the Capital District Islanders were sold to Albert Lawerence and moved across the river the play at the Knick/Pepsi/Times Union Center as the Albany River Rats. The team affiliated with the New Jersey Devils. The RPI women's hockey team, a club team beginning in 1976, hosted the AWCHA national women's club championship at Houston Field House in 1994, winning the national championship, and in 1995, when they finished in 3rd. The team became a varsity program later that year, and joined their male counterparts in NCAA's Division I in 2005. During the 1998–1999 hockey season, a new four-sided scoreboard was added to the center of the Field House, replacing the scoreboards on the eastern and western walls. Today Today, the Houston Field House seats 4,780 for hockey games, and remains the largest capacity in the ECAC Hockey League despite a decrease from its capacity of 5,217 in 2008. Its modern function is primarily as a home for the RPI men's and women's hockey teams to compete and practice, though several skating clubs also call the Field House home. Before the opening of the Times Union Center in Albany, the Houston Field House was the Capital District's main venue for concerts. Recent guests have included The Offspring, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Marilyn Manson, Sting, Bob Dylan, John Mayer, moe., Counting Crows, Matchbox Twenty, Guster & O.A.R., among others. Since the Field House's opening, the Institute has opened several other venues for athletic teams to play in, and today is used only by the hockey teams among the 21 other varsity sports offered at RPI. This decrease in activity allowed the Institute's intramural hockey program to utilize the Field House. Also, with the increase in enrollment, the Field House now no longer serves as the primary location for Commencement ceremonies. Today, the ceremonies are held at next-door East Campus Stadium. Houston Field House is considered the emergency venue, last holding ceremonies on May 25, 2013 when low temperatures and rain forced the ceremony indoors. Ironically, what may have initially prompted moving commencement out of the Field House was its lack of air conditioning, as the May, 1989 commencement was shortened because of the near-90° heat and stifling temperatures inside the arena. Today's "hockey line" is a shadow of what it was during its heyday in the 1970s and 1980s. With the number of obstructed view seats now at a minimum, it is no longer necessary to stay on line for weeks to ensure good seats, and the men's hockey team is currently not as successful as it once was. When the Student Union itself was renovated in the late 1990s, the hockey line all but died completely. Today, the Delta Phi fraternity tends to start the line every year in early September, and most other fraternities and many dormatories join the line a day or two before tickets go on sale. When it was a more major local concert venue in the 1970s and 1980s, one would frequently see lines for those tickets as well. In a usual occurrence in 1985, tickets for a joint Night Ranger/Jefferson Starship concert were to go on sale the morning after a Howard Jones concert commenced, so many people attending the concert went on line right after to wait for the ticket booth to open. As Howard Jones left his concert, he noticed the fans waiting outside in the 35° cold and asked what was going on. To show support he offered to sign autographs for everyone on the line. Notable features in the Field House today include the Rensselaer Alumni Association display at the entrance to the arena, which features RPI hockey players who have been named All-Americans and those who have played in the NHL. On the eastern side of the Field House is a stage, upon which "America's Pep Band" plays during hockey games. On the western wall of the Field House, centered by the seal of the Institute, are six banners honoring the men's team's NCAA championships in 1954 and 1985, their ECAC championships in 1984, 1985 and 1995 and a banner honoring the women's club team's AWCHA national championship of 1994. On November 5, 2004, RPI began its "Ring of Honor" at Houston Field House by unveiling a banner honoring Adam Oates and his number 12. Oates' banner was joined on November 12, 2005 by one recognizing number 9, Joé Juneau. Legendary coach Ned Harkness and 1954 standout Frank Chiarelli have since been added to the Ring as well. As part of a major campus improvement project to build the East Campus Athletic Village, the Houston Field House underwent several renovations starting in 2007. These included the renovations of the locker rooms, addition of a new weight room, and a new special reception room dedicated to Ned Harkness. Additionally, as part of the renovations, solar panels were added installed on the roof to supply power to the building through a government grant. The indie pop duo Matt & Kim recorded a Harlem Shake video during a concert at the Houston Field House on February 11, 2013. References External links Houston Field House website RinkAtlas listing for Houston Field House RPI Men's Hockey RPI Women's Hockey College ice hockey venues in the United States Indoor ice hockey venues in New York (state) RPI Engineers ice hockey Sports venues in New York (state) Buildings and structures in Troy, New York Sports venues in Rensselaer County, New York 1949 establishments in New York (state) Sports venues completed in 1949

1348989

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbers%20%28TV%20series%29

Numbers (TV series)

Numbers (stylized as NUMB3RS) is an American crime drama television series that was broadcast on CBS from January 23, 2005, to March 12, 2010, for six seasons and 118 episodes. The series was created by Nicolas Falacci and Cheryl Heuton, and follows FBI Special Agent Don Eppes (Rob Morrow) and his brother Charlie Eppes (David Krumholtz), a college mathematics professor and prodigy, who helps Don solve crimes for the FBI. Brothers Ridley and Tony Scott produced Numbers; its production companies are the Scott brothers' Scott Free Productions and CBS Television Studios (originally Paramount Network Television, and later CBS Paramount Network Television). The show focuses equally on the relationships among Don Eppes, his brother Charlie Eppes, and their father, Alan Eppes (Judd Hirsch), and on the brothers' efforts to fight crime, usually in Los Angeles. A typical episode begins with a crime, which is subsequently investigated by a team of FBI agents led by Don and mathematically modeled by Charlie, with the help of Larry Fleinhardt (Peter MacNicol) and Amita Ramanujan (Navi Rawat). The insights provided by Charlie's mathematics were always in some way crucial to solving the crime. On May 18, 2010, CBS cancelled the series after six seasons. Cast and characters The show revolved around three intersecting groups of characters: the FBI, scientists at the fictitious California Institute of Science (CalSci), and the Eppes family. Don Eppes (Rob Morrow), Charlie's older brother, is the lead FBI agent at the Los Angeles Violent Crimes Squad. Professor Charlie Eppes (David Krumholtz) is a mathematical genius, who in addition to teaching at CalSci, consults for the FBI and NSA. Alan Eppes (Judd Hirsch) is a former L.A. city planner, a widower, and the father of both Charlie and Don Eppes. Alan lives in a historic two-story California bungalow furnished with period Arts and Crafts furniture. David Sinclair (Alimi Ballard) is an FBI field agent and was later made Don's second-in-command and promoted to supervisor. Terry Lake (Sabrina Lloyd) is a forensic psychologist and FBI agent. (season 1) Prof. Larry Fleinhardt (Peter MacNicol) is a theoretical physicist and cosmologist at CalSci. Charlie's former mentor and now best friend, he also frequently consults for the FBI. Prof. Amita Ramanujan (Navi Rawat) is a mathematician at CalSci and an FBI consultant. In season two, she begins dating Charlie, to whom she is engaged and married in season six. Charlie was her thesis advisor. Her name is a reference to influential autodidactic Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan. (seasons 2–6, main; 1, recurring) Megan Reeves (Diane Farr) is an FBI behavioral specialist. She was involved romantically with Larry Fleinhardt and left the FBI to counsel troubled young women. (seasons 2–4) Colby Granger (Dylan Bruno) is an FBI field agent. Once thought to have betrayed his colleagues, he is now back in their good graces and confidence. (seasons 3–6, main; 2, recurring) Liz Warner (Aya Sumika) is an FBI agent, formerly involved with Agent Eppes. (seasons 5–6, main; 3–4, recurring) Nikki Betancourt (Sophina Brown) is an FBI agent with four years' experience in the LAPD and a law degree. (seasons 5–6) Temporary characters on the show were often named after famous mathematicians. For example, in the episode "In Plain Sight" (season two, episode eight), one of the criminals is named Rolle and Charlie's father mentions a meeting with a man named Robert Peterson. Episodes Opening: (Voice-over by David Krumholtz) We all use math every day. To predict weather, to tell time, to handle money. Math is more than formulas and equations. It's logic; it's rationality. It's using your mind to solve the biggest mysteries we know. Season 1 (2005) The first season aired between January 23, 2005, and May 13, 2005, at 10:00 pm on Fridays. It started the working relationship between Los Angeles' FBI field office and Charlie Eppes. The main FBI agents are Charlie's brother, Don Eppes, and Terry Lake, as well as David Sinclair. Don and Charlie's father, Alan Eppes, provides emotional support for the pair, while Professor Larry Fleinhardt and doctoral student Amita Ramanujan provide mathematical support and insights to Charlie. Season one was a half-season, producing only 13 episodes. Sabrina Lloyd played Terry Lake, an agent, in this season; she was later replaced by Diane Farr, who played Megan Reeves. Season 2 (2005–06) The second season aired between September 23, 2005, and May 19, 2006, again at 10:00 pm on Fridays. Season two has several changes to Don's FBI team: Terry Lake is reassigned to Washington and two new members join Don and David Sinclair: Megan Reeves and Colby Granger. Charlie is challenged on one of his long-standing mathematical workpieces and starts work on a new theory, cognitive emergence theory. Larry sells his home and assumes a nomadic lifestyle while he becomes romantically involved with Megan. Amita receives an offer for an assistant professor position at Harvard University, but is plagued by doubt as her relationship with Charlie is challenged, and her career is in upheaval. Alan begins work and dating again, although he struggles with the loss of his wife and Charlie and his dream of her. Season 3 (2006–07) Numb3rs was renewed for a third season, which began airing at 10:00 pm on Friday, September 22, 2006, and ended on May 18, 2007. Charlie and Amita intensify their relationship, as do Larry and Megan, especially after Megan's kidnapping. Amita has trouble adjusting to her new role as a CalSci professor, and Larry announces his leave of absence; he will be on the International Space Station for six months, which greatly distresses Charlie. Charlie and his colleagues are troubled by Dr. Mildred Finch, the newly appointed chair of the CalSci Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy Division, whom they learn has begun dating Alan. Meanwhile, Don dates Agent Liz Warner and questions his ethics and self worth, and receives counseling. Charlie sees Don's therapist, and the two understand one another more. Despite Don's concerns, Alan engages in some FBI consulting with his engineering knowledge, and Larry returns from the space station, disillusioned. The finale wraps up with a revelation that Colby was a double agent for the Chinese. Noticeable changes from previous seasons include removing the opening-credit sequence (credits are now done during the first segment of the show), the absence of Peter MacNicol's character for much of the season, and the absence of Diane Farr's character for a few episodes. Peter MacNicol appeared in the first 11 episodes before leaving for the television show 24, but returned to Numbers for the 21st episode of season three ("The Art of Reckoning"). His character's absence was written into the show by becoming a payload specialist on the International Space Station. Diane Farr, pregnant for most of the season, left the show for maternity leave in episode 18 ("Democracy"); her character's absence is explained as a particular assignment to the Department of Justice. Season 4 (2007–08) The season premiere aired on September 28, 2007, in the same time slot as in previous seasons, 10:00 pm Eastern Time. Because of the writer's strike, only 12 episodes were initially produced. However, once the strike ended, CBS announced the show's return April 4, 2008, with six episodes. The season ended on May 16, 2008. As this season starts, Colby Granger escapes from jail and is revealed to be a triple agent. He then rejoins the team. Don and Liz break up halfway through this season after Liz has trouble with Don's trust issues. Amita's parents come to visit, which becomes a secondary theme throughout most of the season. Due to her work at the DOJ, Megan is conflicted by her work and turns to Larry. Near the end of the season, Don's girlfriend from season two, Robin Brooks, returns. Don and Robin then continue their relationship. Charlie attends FBI training camp because he has been working with Don for several years and wants to understand better what his brother does. In the season finale, Megan leaves the team to move back to Washington, DC, and Charlie goes head-to-head with Don about a case. This causes Charlie to send information to scientists in Pakistan. He is subsequently arrested and has his security clearance revoked to no longer help Don on cases. At the end of the episode, Don drives away to another case, and Charlie admits that giving up FBI work will be more challenging than he expected. Several characters from previous seasons did not appear in season four, most notably Mildred Finch and Ian Edgerton. Season 5 (2008–09) The fifth season premiered on October 3, 2008, and the season finale aired on May 15, 2009. The season premiere was moved back one week to accommodate the 2008 presidential debates. Season five opens three weeks after "When Worlds Collide" (season four's finale), with the government dropping the charges against Charlie. Charlie gets his security clearance back after Don and he fight FBI Security Officer Carl McGowan. Don begins to explore Judaism. The team adds new agent Nikki Betancourt, who arrives shortly after Megan Reeves' departure. Robin is offered a promotion but turns it down. Buck Winters (from the episodes "Spree" and "Two Daughters") breaks out of prison and comes after Don. Alan suddenly finds himself coaching CalSci's basketball team. David becomes Don's primary relief supervisor. DARPA tries to recruit Charlie, but he turns down their offer. Toward the end of the season, Don is stabbed, and Charlie blames himself for it. The aftermath of Don's stabbing causes Charlie to focus more on his FBI consultation work. Amita is kidnapped, and the team races to find her. After she is rescued, Charlie proposes to Amita. Her response is left undisclosed. "Disturbed" marked the 100th episode of Numbers. Season 6 (2009–10) The sixth and final season premiered Friday, September 25, 2009, at 10:00 pm ET and the season finale aired on March 12, 2010, 3 days before Hirsch's 75th birthday. The season starts with the engagement of Charlie and Amita. Soon after, Larry turns down an opportunity to meet with mathematicians at CERN, in Geneva, and drops his course load for the following semester. This leads Charlie to realize Larry is once again leaving and leaving all of his work to Charlie. Don learns that his former mentor is crooked, causing Don angst to shoot his mentor. Charlie and Don realize that Alan has lost a substantial amount of money in his 401(k). After some delay, Larry leaves Los Angeles to find a vacant piece of land for sale within driving distance of the city. Alan decides to return to work and finds a job as a software technical consultant. David asks Don for advice about career paths within the FBI. Larry returns from the desert with a new theory about the universe's fate. Charlie and Amita begin planning their wedding and decide to join the Big Brother/Big Sister program to practice parenting skills. They get married before their move to England to teach at the University of Cambridge. Don loses his gun, recovers it after it is used in some vigilante murders, and gets engaged to Robin. He also decides to leave the team, taking an administrative position within the FBI. Before leaving, Charlie and Amita decide that the family garage should be converted to a guest house so Alan can continue living with them. Leaving Colby, Liz, and Nikki behind, David departs for Washington, DC, to a position as an anti-corruption team leader. Home media CBS DVD (distributed by Paramount Home Entertainment) has released all six seasons of Numb3rs on DVD in Regions 1, 2, and 4. On June 2, 2017, CBS DVD released Numb3rs: The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1. Awards and nominations Nicolas Falacci and Cheryl Heuton, the show's creators, have won several awards for the show, including the Carl Sagan Award for Public Understanding of Science in 2006, and the National Science Board's Public Service Award in 2007. Also, the show's stunt coordinator, Jim Vickers, was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Stunt Coordination in 2006 for episode 14 of Season 2, "Harvest". Representation of mathematics Several mathematicians work as consultants for each episode. Actual mathematics are presented in the show; the equations on the chalkboards are mathematically valid, and are somewhat applicable to the situations presented in each show. This mathematical validity and applicability of the equations have been asserted by professional mathematicians. A book entitled The Numbers Behind NUMB3RS: Solving Crime with Mathematics (; published August 28, 2007), written by Keith Devlin and Dr. Gary Lorden, a consultant to the show along with Dr. Orara, a physics consultant, explain some of the mathematical techniques that have been used both in actual FBI cases and in other law-enforcement departments. Since the premiere season, the blog edited by Prof. Mark Bridger (Northeastern University) has commented on the mathematics behind each episode of the show. Wolfram Research (the developers of Mathematica) is the chief math consultant, reviewing scripts and providing background mathematics for the show. Starting with season four, their website in collaboration with CBS is entitled "The math behind NUMB3RS". Alice Silverberg, a part-time mathematician consultant to the show, expressed concern with its use of mathematics, asserting that the math is inserted after the initial script and written to provide plausible-sounding jargon, rather than having consultants involved at all stages of story development. The same part-time consultant offered criticism of the show's portrayal of female mathematicians and expressed concern over the appropriateness of the relationship between Charlie Eppes and his graduate student Amita Ramanujan. Production The idea for Numbers was generated in the late 1990s when Nick Falacci and Cheryl Heuton, the show's creators, attended a lecture given by Bill Nye, a popular science educator. The premise of the show is similar to that of author Colin Bruce's reimaginings of the Sherlock Holmes character, and to the "Mathnet" segment on the children's television show Square One. Gabriel Macht was originally cast to portray the character of Don Eppes. Also, the original concept for the show had the events take place at Massachusetts Institute of Technology; this was later changed to the fictional California Institute of Science, commonly called CalSci. Scenes which take place at CalSci are filmed at California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and the University of Southern California. One of the most frequent campus locations at Caltech is the vicinity of Millikan Library, including the bridge over Millikan Pond, the Trustees room, and the arcades of nearby buildings. At USC, locations include Doheny Library and the Town and Gown dining room. Exteriors for the FBI offices are on the distinctive bridge at Los Angeles Center Studios. Another common location is the Craftsman home of the Eppes family. The house shown in the first season is real; it is owned by David Raposa and Edward Trosper, although a replica set was used from the second season onwards. Title of the show The show uses the number three in its title instead of the letter "e", in which is found in Leetspeak. In the interviews with Tom Jicha of the South Florida Sun-Sentinel and with Alan Pergament of The Buffalo News, Heuton mentioned that the use of the number three in the title derives from leet, a form of computer jargon that replaces letters with numbers. Dr. Gary Lorden, a California Institute of Technology mathematics professor who served as the show's mathematics consultant, told NPR's Ira Flatow that it was created on a normal computer keyboard. Lorden also mentioned that the use of the number three in the title can serve as a restriction in Internet searches about the series. Both entertainment reporters and psychologists noticed the title's spelling. Some reporters, such as Joanne Ostrow of the Denver Post, the staff members of People Magazine, the editors of The Futon Critic, the staff of the Scripps Howard News Service, and Mike Hughes of USA Today acknowledged the presence of the number three in the title. Lynette Rice of Entertainment Weekly asked Krumholtz about the three in the title; his response was, "Isn't that annoying? I think it should be the mathematical symbol for sigma, which looks like an E. I've been fighting that for weeks." (The sigma (Σ) stands for summation.) Others used varying adjectives to describe the title. The TV site Zap2it.com called it "their typographical silliness, not ours". Brad Aspey of The Muskegon Chronicle, stated, "No, that wasn't an ugly typo you just read - "NUMB3ERS" (pronounced numbers) is the idiosyncratic title of filmmakers Ridley and Tony Scott's astute and crafty psychological drama which shows that even math can make for edge-of-your-seat entertainment." Ellen Gray of The Philadelphia Daily News, said, "Some of you may have noticed that in promoting "Numb3rs," which premieres Sunday before moving to its regular 10 p.m. Friday slot, CBS has chosen to put a 3 in place of the "e" in the title....I won't be going along with this particular affectation, which slows down my typing and seems to be the graphic equivalent of the reversed "R" in Toys R Us. So there." Still others had a more positive view of the title. When NPR's Flatow asked both Lorden and Dr. Keith Devlin, NPR's mathematics reporter, about the title, both men denied creating the title; Devlin believed that executive producer Tony Scott originated the title. Lorden stated that he initially thought that the title was "kind of hokey", but later saw it as "brilliant" and a "catchy logo". Jonathan Storm of The Philadelphia Inquirer, in his review of the series stated, "You'd think CBS's new Numbers, which premieres at 10 tonight after the Patriots-Steelers football game, is just another one of those shows with numskull titles trying to draw attention to themselves. But the '3' substituting for the 'e' is actually based on a real thing".... He later said that the show was "written by people familiar with the Dead Cow Cult". David Brooks of The Telegraph (Nashua, NH) devoted the majority of his entire review to the use of leet in the series title. In addition, three psychologists, Manuel Perea, Jon Andoni Duñabeitia, and Manuel Carreiras mentioned the television series in their 2008 article for the American Psychological Association's Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. American television ratings Seasonal rankings (based on average total viewers per episode) of Numb3rs on CBS. Note: Each U.S. network television season starts in late September and ends in late May, which coincides with the completion of May sweeps. Note: The pilot episode aired on Sunday before moving to its regular night on Friday. References External links The Math Behind Numb3rs Website 2005 American television series debuts 2010 American television series endings 2000s American college television series 2010s American college television series 2000s American crime drama television series 2010s American crime drama television series 2000s American mystery television series 2010s American mystery television series 2000s American police procedural television series 2010s American police procedural television series English-language television shows Cultural depictions of mathematicians CBS original programming Mathematics and culture Television series by Scott Free Productions Television series by CBS Studios Television shows set in Los Angeles Universities and colleges in art California Institute of Technology

1371306

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu%20Changchun

Liu Changchun

Liu Changchun (; listed in official Olympic records as "Liu, Cheng-Chun"; November 25, 1909 – ) was a Chinese sprinter. Liu was the first athlete to represent China in competition at an Olympic Games. He was the sole competitor from the Republic of China at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles; four years later he again represented the Republic of China at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. Later in life, he was also an athletics coach, a physical education teacher, and a sports administrator. 1932 Summer Olympics Due to the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Kuomintang of the Republic of China decided to abstain from attending the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. The Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo announced that two athletes, Liu Changchun and Yu Xi-wei would represent Manchukuo at the 1932 Summer Olympics. In May 1932, Liu announced in the newspaper Ta Kung Pao his refusal to represent Manchukuo and his wish to represent China. As the Kuomintang refused to finance his journey, General Zhang Xueliang provided 8,000 silver dollars which made it possible for him to compete in the games. On the July 31, 1932, Liu competed in the 100m preliminaries, where he was assigned to group 2 which had 5 athletes. Liu wrote about the race in his diary: "The winner ran faster than me about 4 yards at the end, his time was 10.9 sec. I was the fourth runner-up, the time was about 11 sec. In this competition, I got ahead before 60m, however, other competitors overtook me after 80m. I cannot get a better result due to exhaustion from a month-long journey to U.S., and lack of exercise during the journey." Liu registered for the Men's 100m, 200m, and 400m; where he failed to qualify for the Finals of the Men's 100m and 200m, and he did not compete in the Men's 400m due to exhaustion. Teaching and administrative career Liu began his teaching career in the 1930s. He taught as an assistant instructor, lecturer, associate professor, and professor of physical education at Northeastern University, Beijing Normal University, Northeastern Chung-Cheng University, and Dalian University of Technology. The Liu Changchun Gymnasium at the Dalian University of Technology is named in honor of Liu. As a sports administrator, Liu served in many capacities: In 1964 Liu was elected as a Member of the Fourth Committee of the All-China Sports Federation, and later became a permanent committee member of the sports federation. In 1978 Liu served as Member of the Fifth Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. Liu was vice chairman of the Chinese Olympic Committee Liu is the author of the books Track and Field Instructional Methodology () and Track and Field Judging Methodology (). Legacy Liu's life was made into the film The One Man Olympics. It was released in 2008. See also Republic of China at the 1932 Summer Olympics Republic of China at the 1936 Summer Olympics Yang Chuan-Kwang References 1909 births 1983 deaths Athletes (track and field) at the 1932 Summer Olympics Athletes (track and field) at the 1936 Summer Olympics Chinese male sprinters Olympic athletes of China Athletes from Dalian Northeastern University (China) alumni Northeastern University (China) faculty Beijing Normal University faculty Dalian University of Technology faculty Educators from Liaoning Runners from Liaoning

1395500

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pershing%20Rifles

Pershing Rifles

The National Society of Pershing Rifles is a military-oriented honor society for college-level students founded in 1894 as a drill unit at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. It is the oldest continuously operating US college organization dedicated to military drill. Originally named Varsity Rifles, members renamed the organization in honor of their mentor and patron, Lieutenant (later General of the Armies of the United States) John J. Pershing, upon his departure from the university in 1895. Pershing Rifles became a National organization in 1928 expanding to include several other universities, with companies consisting of drill teams as well as tactical units. Together, these units form what is known as the National Society of Pershing Rifles. Mission The mission of the National Society of Pershing Rifles is to aid in the development of successful officers in the Army, Navy, and Air Force. To foster camaraderie and esprit de corps among all three Reserve Officers' Training Corps programs. To further the purpose, traditions, and concepts of the United States Army, Navy, and Air Force. And to give civilians an opportunity to be part of a military organization without a formal commitment to the military. Symbols The symbols of Pershing Rifles are: Official Colors – Blue and white are the official colors of Pershing Rifles. These colors have traditional national significance and each represent the cornerstones of the Society and its members. Blue is symbolic of Loyalty, Devotion, Friendship and Truth. White symbolizes Purity, Cleanliness of Life and Rectitude of Conduct. All are qualities in which Pershing Rifles looks for in its members. Coat of Arms – The shield, crossed rifles and torch design with "P" and "R" had been used by Pershing Rifles as early as 1928. The coat of arms was adopted at the 1932 National Convention by the National Legislative Body. The official coat of arms consists of a Grecian helmet and torse over the shield, crossed rifles and torch with the inscription "Pershing Rifles" and the founding date "1894." Membership Ribbon – The Membership Ribbon, adopted by Pershing Rifles in 1951, is identical to the Army Good Conduct Medal (except it is blue rather than red), which denotes exemplary conduct at all times. It is worn on the left breast of the uniform. The six white stripes on the membership ribbon, from the wearer's right to left stand for; Devotion to Duty and Country, A Bold and True Heart, Readiness to Meet any Situation, Leadership, Military Proficiency and Scholarship. Membership Shoulder Cord (Fourragère) – The Shoulder Cord is a symbol of honor bestowed to the Pershing Rifles member upon initiation and is to be worn on the left shoulder. First worn by Pershing Riflemen at the University of Nebraska as early as 1924, The original colors of the cord were blue and white – the colors of the Society. The Cord has been purple and white with the tip bearing the Pershing Rifles Crest since the late 1950s. There is no documented evidence as to why this change was made. Official Flower – The White Rose. Traditionally, this flower represents the most important man or family of the era. The white rose symbolizes the great life of the Society's patron, General of the Armies John Joseph Pershing, who made the ideals of the Pershing Rifles a reality. Jewel – There is no official Jewel of Pershing Rifles, however both pearls and diamonds were used in early Pershing Rifles badges. Focus on drill Pershing Rifles is a leadership development program with a foundation in close-order and exhibition rifle drill. Excellence in drill, whether armed or unarmed, is a function of discipline and dedication that translate into other endeavors in life. These traits are put to work on a regular basis by Pershing Rifles units which typically perform as color guards, exhibition drill teams, honor guards, funeral details, or ceremonial duties. These services are usually in support of the local ROTC detachment or school, but are sometimes requested by alumni, local governments, or active duty military units. Through all of these activities, in addition to the skills gained by the students, positive publicity is also received by the unit's host school, host ROTC detachment, and ultimately the military in general. Pershing Rifles hosts the John J. Pershing Memorial Drill Competition each spring which attracts some of the finest college and high school level drill teams in the nation. History Founding In 1891, General Pershing, then a 2LT in Troop L, 6th Cavalry Regiment at Fort Bayard, New Mexico, became the Professor of Military Science and Tactics at the University of Nebraska. Pershing wished to increase the morale and discipline of the battalion there, as well as to increase support for the Cadet Corps throughout the university's staff and community. To this end, he formed a hand-picked company of men, known as Company A, and made them his premier drill unit. The following year, Company A won the Maiden Competition at the National Competitive Drills held at Omaha, Nebraska, earning the "Omaha Cup" and $1,500 for the group. The spectators were so excited by the event that they left their seats and carried the cadets off the field. On 2 October 1894, former members of Company A formed "Varsity Rifles". A total of 39 picked cadets and alumni met in the university's armory to hold their first meeting, Lieutenant Pershing consented to act as temporary drillmaster for the organization. On 1 June 1895, the organization, in appreciation of the initiative and cooperation of LT. Pershing, changed its name to the "Pershing Rifles." Under Pershing's leadership, the organization won the Army Silver Cup for drill team competition, coming in second place after West Point. When Pershing left Nebraska in 1895, at the request of a committee, he gave to the company a pair of his cavalry breeches. These breeches were cut into small pieces and were worn on the uniform as a sign of membership. The first decade of the 20th century saw the Pershing Rifles reach the height of its existence prior to the First World War. It was one of the most important features of University of Nebraska military and social life. Membership was considered a great military honor. Its influence in the Military Department continued strong until just before World War I. As war clouds gathered over Europe in 1915, Pershing Rifles membership began to decline. By 1918 the Reserve Officer's Training Program (ROTC), that had just been established two years earlier in 1916 was suspended. It was temporarily replaced by the Students' Army Training Corps (SATC) which had a mission of rapidly training and commissioning new officers for service in World War I. As a result, the Pershing Rifles activities at the University of Nebraska were suspended and its records were burned. The end of World War I saw the disbandment of SATC and the return to campus of ROTC and Pershing Rifles. Reestablishment In 1919 the Pershing Rifles was reborn. As organized in 1919, the Pershing Rifles became an organization for junior officers. It regained its status as a fraternal organization for ROTC basic course cadets. The presence of Scabbard and Blade on the Nebraska campus probably prevented its growth as an officers' organization. By the 1920s, the prestige of the organization was once again on the rise, in no small part due to the popularity of General of the Armies John J. Pershing, then one of the most famous people in the World as the result of his skilled leadership of the American Expeditionary Force in World War I. Special drill units across the nation began to seek admittance into the Pershing Rifles. The present National Society of Pershing Rifles owes its existence to The Ohio State University (OSU). In the spring of 1924 it applied for affiliation with the Pershing Rifles, but the Nebraska organization refused. The Ohio State group, seeing the need for a national organization for basic course ROTC men, threatened to nationalize "The President's Guard" and leave Nebraska out of it if the two organizations could not work together. Finally, after a year of negotiations, Nebraska's Pershing Riflemen approved Ohio State's formal application of 13 May 1925. Ohio State's company was chartered on 22 May 1925, marking the beginning of a nationwide organization. The year 1928 brought the establishment of an official National Headquarters at the University of Nebraska which was organized along the lines of a US Army brigade headquarters. P/R Colonel John P. McKnight was the first National Commander. National Headquarters used 1928 to plan the foundation for an expansion at the company level which would ensure a strong national organization. In the summer of the same year, a number of circulars were sent to universities that did not hold a Pershing Rifles units, inviting their crack drill units to apply for charters from the national headquarters. Those who knew the value of the Pershing Rifles as an organization capable of promoting interest in drill work for basic students heeded the circulars. During that summer, officers attached to the schools where Pershing Rifles chapters were hosted met with officers from other institutions and as such, the organization received excellent publicity. By 1929, six companies formed the original nucleus of the Pershing Rifles national organization: National Headquarters – University of Nebraska First Battalion Company A – University of Nebraska – 1894 Company B – Ohio State University – 1925 Company C – University of Tennessee – 1927 Company D – University of Iowa – 1929 Second Battalion Company E – Northwestern University – 1929 Company F – Indiana University – 1929 By 1935 the Pershing Rifles had grown to 22 companies. The 1930s were the first Golden Age of Pershing Rifles, which saw so much sustained growth that it had expanded its structure to emulate the organization of the World War I US Army Infantry Division. Pershing Rifles again closed its doors in 1943, this time as a result of World War II. Active and alumni Pershing Riflemen went off to war, serving with distinction and valor. One example is Marine Corps Major Kenneth D. Bailey, an alumnus of Company F-3 at the University of Illinois. Major Bailey was killed in action on September 26, 1942, on Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands and posthumously received the Medal of Honor for his valor that day. Another is Army Air Corps Lt Richard Joyce, an alumnus of Company A-2 at the University of Nebraska, who piloted a B-25 that bombed Japan as part of the famous Doolittle Raid on 18 April 1942. Post World War II history The Society was reactivated in January 1946, heralding the second Golden Age of Pershing Rifles which lasted to the early 1970s. During World War II many Pershing Riflemen were drafted directly from college and served as enlisted men to meet urgent wartime manpower requirements. After the war they returned to finish their college education using their G.I. Bill education benefits. It was this nucleus of WWII combat veterans that spearheaded the rebirth of Pershing Rifles. The late 1940s and the 1950s were years of great expansion for the Society. By 1948, just two years after reactivation, Pershing Rifles had grown to 38 companies in seven Regiments. It was now larger than its prewar strength. By 1957, Pershing Rifles had grown to 130 units in twelve Regiments an over 300% increase in size in just 11 years. In 1955, Pershing Rifles produced and released a documentary, "The Highest Ideals". This 27-minute Technicolor film discussed the history, traditions and missions of Pershing Rifles. Copies of the film were distributed to Pershing Rifles units throughout the country as a means of promoting the organization to prospective members. With the establishment of a separate US Air Force on 18 September 1947, Air Force ROTC cadets joined the ranks of Pershing Rifles. The Pershing Rifles National Assembly in November 1947 agreed to accept Navy ROTC cadets making the Society a true multi-service organization. With the President's Executive Order 9981 of 26 July 1948 that abolished racial discrimination in the US Armed Forces, Pershing Rifles rapidly integrated African American cadets and Historically Black units into the Society. As a result, today the Society counts among its alumni many African American military leaders such as General Colin Powell former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and United States Secretary of State. Over the next several decades, the Pershing Rifles continued to grow. In 1961, the Society had 139 active units with nearly 4,100 initiates for that year alone. Then Pershing Rifles disappeared from many college campuses during and following the Vietnam War with the dissolution of ROTC programs and the end of compulsory ROTC basic courses. In response to the shrinking number of units and Riflemen within these units, the National Headquarters increased the emphasis on tactics and marksmanship. By 1974 the Pershing Rifles was organized into thirteen regiments comprising 137 units. The Coed Affiliates Pershing Rifles (CAPERS), established in 1966, were the first officially recognized female auxiliary to the Society which established units alongside Pershing Rifles units for decades until it was disbanded in the 1980s. The 1970s saw the introduction of women into the National Society of Pershing Rifles as full members, with the first female pledge at Company L-4 (North Carolina State University) in 1971 and the first female active member from M-16 (Florida State University) a year later. The high school auxiliary to Pershing Rifles, The National Society of Blackjacks (a tribute to General Pershing's nickname), was founded in 1967 as an after school programs that provide positive leadership experience through drill. The late 1970s through the 1990s was a period where the number of Pershing Rifles units continued to decline. After Desert Storm both the US Military and Pershing Rifles were hard pressed to attract members. However the Society continued on in a few Pershing Rifles units across the country. The spirit, strength and traditions of the Society continued on in a few strong Pershing Rifles units across the country. The 9/11 attacks created a groundswell of support for the US Military brought on by a new spirit of patriotism in the American public. This was echoed in the sense of duty and service amongst college students which has sustained the growth and popularity of Pershing Rifles from 2001 to present. After over 125 years Pershing Rifles is going strong and continues to inspire students and create future leaders in the military, business, industry and the arts. Membership and competitions Active membership is restricted to college students enrolled at an institution that hosts a Pershing Rifles company. Members may be either male or female and while a majority have affiliation with the military (especially ROTC), it is not a prerequisite for membership. Each company has latitude in selecting their uniform and weapons. They vary from company T-shirt and BDU or ACU pants to more formal uniforms, like the Army's service uniforms, or "Class A's". Many companies wear berets, in a wide variety of colors. The only real consistencies within companies are the wear of a Pershing Rifles rank shield and, on dress uniforms, a shoulder cord and the Pershing Rifles Service Ribbon, which is blue with six vertical white lines, symbolic of the six core values held by a Pershing Rifleman. Pershing Rifles Company W-4 at The College of William & Mary may wear uniforms based on those of the Scots Guards as recognition of their role as the Queens' Guard, the college's ceremonial guard unit, twice mustered upon visits by Queen Elizabeth II to the college. Most Pershing Rifles companies use older battle rifles (especially the M1903 Springfield or M1 Garand) in performing routines. At the annual National Society of Pershing Rifles National Convention and Drill Competition (NATCON), active companies compete in various categories of regulation drill (like proficiency at performing a color guard) and exhibition drill (also known as trick drill, involving spinning or throwing the rifles). Other Pershing Rifles companies, such as Company A-12 (Northeastern University), Company B-9 (University of Colorado at Boulder), Company C-9 (Colorado School of Mines), Company B-12 (Boston University) and Company C-12(ABN) (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), focus on tactical training. These companies teach their members skills such as escape and evasion, survival skills, rappelling, hand-to-hand combat, and marksmanship. Company C-4(Clemson University) practices and focuses on regulation D&C, and a mastery of exhibition drill. Pershing Rifles Group The Pershing Rifles Group is incorporated in the state of Delaware and is a registered 501(C)10 not-for-profit organization under the Internal Revenue Service. It is the supporting corporation to Pershing Rifles which furnishes the Society with basic services such as insurance as well as legal, regulatory, and fiscal oversight. Pershing Rifles Foundation The Pershing Rifles Foundation is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. The foundation provides grants and financial support for such things as scholarships, providing assistance to individual Pershing Rifles and Blackjacks units, as well as supporting the Pershing Rifles Group's national efforts in expansion and operations. This includes events such as the annual Pershing Rifles National Convention and Alumni Reunion (NATCON) and various regimental drill competitions and alumni reunions. Notable alumni Government Nelson Gibbs – Company R-8 – Assistant Secretary of the Air Force Sid McMath – Decorated Marine, attorney, 34th Governor of Arkansas Charles Burton Robbins – Member of the original Company A, served in the Spanish–American War, Mexican Border service and World War I, Assistant Secretary of War 1928–29 Colin Powell – Company A-8 – chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Secretary of State George L. Sheldon – Commander of Company A – founding member of Varsity Rifles, 14th Governor of Nebraska Elvis Jacob Stahr, Jr. – Company C-1 – Secretary of the Army 1961–62, president West Virginia University & Indiana University, president National Audubon Society Military Lieutenant General Christopher P. Weggeman USAF - Company E-3 - Deputy Commander of Air Combat Command. Major Kenneth D. Bailey Marine Corps – Company C-3 – posthumous Medal of Honor recipient during the Battle of Guadalcanal in World War II Brigadier General Walter J. Bickston – Company A-8 – Chief of Staff, XVIII Airborne Corps and Sixth US Army, Silver Star x 2, Soldier Medal, Bronze Star V Device Lieutenant General Bob Coffey – Company A-1 – Deputy Commander, U.S. Army Europe Major General Arthur Dean – Company J-8 – Director of Military Personnel Management, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff Major Myron F. Diduryk – Company N-8 – Two Silver Stars, Company Commander in the Battle of Ia Drang, Vietnam, KIA 2nd Vietnam tour Major General Douglas Dollar – Company C-7 – Infantry platoon leader in Vietnam, commander 95th and 80th Divisions, founder of Oklahoma Military Hall of Fame. Lieutenant General Samuel Ebbesen – Company A-8 – Commander, 6th Infantry Division, 2nd Army; Civilian Aide to the Secretary of the Army General Larry Ellis – Company J-8 – Commander, Forces Command Brigadier General William J. Fiorentino – Company D-8 – Project manager/program executive for Pershing Project Office, Joint Tactical Missile System, Ballistic Missile Defense, Army Space Study, Forward Area Air Defense Systems. Ordnance Hall of Fame. Colonel James Gallivan – Company M-16 – Chief of Staff, 1st Cavalry Division Brigadier General Arnold N. Gordon-Bray – Company R-7 – Deputy Commanding General, US Army Cadet Command Major General Kenneth D. Gray – Company H-1 – first African American Judge Advocate General officer Brigadier General Edward F. Gudgel – Company C-1 – Pledged in 1942, entered West Point in 1945, Field Artillery officer who retired as a BG in 1974 Major General Patrick Higgins – Company Q-8 – Commanding General, Joint Forces Special Operations Command – Africa; deputy director for Requirements J8, Joint Chiefs of Staff Major General General George A. Horkan – Company E-4 – Served as the Army's 34th Quartermaster General 1951–54 Major General Donald L Jacka – Company G-7 – Commanding General, 3rd Corps Support Command and V Corps (Rear); deputy director, J4, Joint Chiefs of Staff; Kansas Secretary of Agriculture Major General Galen Jackman – Company A-2 – Commanding General, Military District of Washington ; US Army Chief of Legislative Liaison First Lieutenant Richard O. Joyce – Company A-2 – Pilot in Doolittle's WWII Tokyo Raid on 18 April 1942 General Jack Keane – Company D-8 – Vice Chief of Staff of the Army Brigadier General Timothy Lake – Company N-4- Virgin Islands National Guard, Deputy Commander Joint Task Force Guantanamo General Curtis LeMay – Company A-1 – Chief of Staff of the Air Force Brigadier General Thomas Maffey – Company N-8 – Vice Director J7 Joint Force Development, Joint Staff; US Army Director of Training G-3/5/7; service in Grenada, Panama, Iraq, and Afghanistan Brigadier General Charles McGee – Company C-3 – Fighter Pilot, Tuskegee Airmen, 409 combat missions as a fighter pilot in World War II, Korea, and Vietnam Lieutenant General Paul Mikolashek – Company D-1 – Army Inspector General Major General James H. Mukoyama – Company C-3 – Infantry company commander in Vietnam where he was wounded and received the Silver Star, 70th Division commander Colonel William H. Oury – Company A-2 – A-2 Commander 1897, Nebraska Football Pioneer, Commander 314th Infantry Regiment 79th Division WWI, University of Nebraska Commandant of Cadets 1930–39, Silver Star, Distinguished Service Medal General Colin Powell – Company A-8 – chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Secretary of State Colonel Thomas L. Ridge, Marine Corps – Company F-3 – Commander of 3rd Bn 1st Marine Division, Korean War led his men to safety in the retreat from the Chosin Reservoir, Silver Star, 3x Purple Heart Lieutenant General Michael Rochelle – Company C-15 (today R-4) – Commanding General, US Army Recruiting Command; Deputy Chief of Staff G-1 Brigadier General Guy Sands-Pingot, Company D-8 – Commanding officer, 573rd Civil Affairs Command General Hugh Shelton – Company L-4 – chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff Lieutenant General Michael Spigelmire – Company G-15 – Commander, U.S. Army Special Operations Command Lieutenant General William E. Ward Company J-8 – Commander, Africa Command Brigadier General Ernest Talbert – Company E-8 – Vice Commander, Delaware Air National Guard Major General Eric Nelson – Company E-8 – Air Force program executive officer for command, control and communication (C3) programs, Hanscom Air Force Base Colonel Robert W. Vincent - Company C-7 - 35 combat missions in WWII as a B-24 Pilot, managed infrared satellites, U-2 support. Distinguished Flying Cross, Soldier's Medal, the Air Medal x6 Academic Edward M. Coffman – Company C-1 – Noted military historian Geary Eppley – Athletic Director, University of Maryland 1937–47, won seven national championships Elvis Jacob Stahr, Jr. – Company C-1 – Secretary of the Army 1961–62, president West Virginia University & Indiana University, president National Audubon Society Arts/entertainment James Earl Jones – Company D-3 – Award-winning actor G. Gordon Liddy – Company D-8 – Army officer, lawyer, FBI agent, politician, radio personality, actor Robert Mapplethorpe – Company I-8 – Photographer Dr. Brooke Magnanti – Company M-16 – Bestselling author Wartime losses of Pershing Riflemen Pershing Riflemen have served in all branches of the U.S. Armed Forces in every conflict since the Spanish–American War. Several have died in the service of their country during wartime. They include: World War II Marine Corps Major Kenneth D. Bailey – Company C-3 – Killed in action on September 26, 1942, on Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands, posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor, Silver Star Army Lieutenant Oscar H. Alexis – Company A-2 – Killed in action on June 25, 1944, at Montieri, Italy Navy Lieutenant William S. Devereaux – Company A-2 – Killed in action in March 1943, in the Russell Islands while serving as the operations officer on a PT boat Army First Lieutenant Archibald C. Dudley – Company C-4 – Killed in action on December 6, 1944, near Pachten, Germany while serving as an infantry platoon leader in C Company, 357th Infantry Regiment, 90th Infantry Division Army Air Corps First Lieutenant Robert Gehle Jobe – Company F-1 – Killed in action over Altenkirchen, Germany on February 22, 1944, while serving as a B-17 bomber navigator Army Air Corps Second Lieutenant Wallace Hembrough – Company F-3 – Killed in action on February 21, 1945, while flying over north-western Germany as a bombardier-navigator Army First Lieutenant George S. Koushnareff – Company A-8 – Died of wounds on 16 November 1942, during the invasion of North Africa Army Air Corps Cadet Robert A. Nelson – Company A-2 – Died April 28, 1941, in a plane crash during pilot training Navy Ensign Brooks L. Potter – Company A-2 – Died on May 24, 1944, near Seattle, Washington in a plane crash Korea Army Second Lieutenant James J. Kiernan – Company D-8 – Killed in action in North Korea on August 18, 1952 Vietnam Marine Corps Second Lieutenant Jesse Rutledge Baker – Company C-4 – Killed in action on August 18, 1967, when the jeep in which he was a riding detonated a box mine in a road near Da Nang, Vietnam Army Major Anthony J. Broullon – Company Q-8 – Killed on September 8, 1969, in Long An, Vietnam while serving as a military adviser, he was shot by a mentally disturbed South Vietnamese soldier Army Major Roy E. Congleton – Charter Member of Company L-4 – Killed in action on December 21, 1964, as a result of small arms fire while serving as a Military Assistance Command Vietnam advisor. Army First Lieutenant Frank Cesare Deusebio – Company D-8 – Died of wounds on March 18, 1968, as a result of enemy small arms fire, Silver Star Recipient Army Major Myron F. Diduryk – Company N-8 – Killed in action on April 24, 1970, during his second tour in Vietnam. Two Silver Stars, Company Commander in the Battle of Ia Drang, Vietnam Ammy First Lieutenant Raymond Joseph Flynn, Jr., Company L-1, Wounded in the head while serving as a pilot returning from a mission in Ba Xugen Province, South Vietnam on 2 December 1970, died 15 days later on 17 December 1970. Army First Lieutenant Gary Dennis Fernandez – Company Q-8 – Killed in action on January 7, 1968, by a landmine in Binh Duong Provence, Vietnam Army Private First Class Galen Dean Grethen – Company G-2 – Killed in action on April 16, 1966, by small arms fire in Vietnam while serving as a combat medic. Air Force First Lieutenant John Charles Hauschildt – Company F-3 – Killed in action on October 5, 1965, by small arms fire during his F-100 fighter direct air support mission near Tuy Hoa, Vietnam, Distinguished Flying Cross, Air Medal recipient; attended the University of Illinois before acceptance at the Air Force Academy Army First Lieutenant John Robert Hagood- Company A-2/National Headquarters – Killed in action on November 1, 1969, in Quang Binh, Vietnam as a result of an explosive device (Buried in Arlington National Cemetery) Army Captain Thomas T. Hewitt - Commander Company E-7. Co C, 2d Bn, 506th Infantry, 101st Airborne Division. Killed in Action on July 2, 1970, in Thua Thien province, Vietnam. Bronze Star, Purple Heart, Vietnam Gallantry Cross Army Captain Richard J. Hock – Company F-1 - HHC, 2 Bn, 501st Infantry, 101 Airborne Division. Fatally wounded January 16, 1972 in Thua Thien, South Viet-Nam from injuries received in a non-combat related helicopter accident. Army First Lieutenant Richard Douglas Hogarth – Company D-1 – Killed in action on May 6, 1966, in Binh Dinh, Vietnam as a result of small arms fire. Army First Lieutenant Vasser W. Hurt III – Company O-4 – Died of wounds on May 2, 1970, in Quang, Vietnam as a result of an explosive device (buried at Arlington National Cemetery) Army Captain John J. Kalen – Company A-12 – Killed in action on September 16, 1969, when his helicopter was shot down during a low-level reconnaissance mission near Pleiku, Vietnam Army Second Lieutenant James P. Kelly – La Salle College – Killed in action on September 27, 1965, while serving near An Khe, Vietnam Army First Lieutenant Phillip Lewis Lee – A-1 – Died of wounds in a stateside hospital on June 17, 1971, as a result of wounds from small arms fire in Vietnam to month earlier. Army Major David R. Mackey – Company B-3 – Killed in a helicopter crash near Long An on September 17, 1969, while serving in South Vietnam, two Silver Stars, seven Bronze Stars with V Device recipient. Army First Lieutenant Terry Lee Manz – Company D-2 – Killed by Friendly Fire on January 28, 1967, when the helicopter he was flying was hit by South Vietnamese artillery fire, Distinguished Flying Cross and Air Medal recipient Army Captain Fred Howell McMurray, Jr – Company C-4 – Missing in action, presumed dead on November 13, 1974, in Au Shau Valley, Thua Thien Province, South Vietnam. His aircraft was hit by enemy ground fire, began burning in flight, and crashed. Silver Star, Distinguished Flying Cross, Air Medal, Purple Heart Army First Lieutenant James A. Merrett – Company D-10 – Killed in action by small arms fire on December 12, 1968, in Hau Nghia Province, Vietnam Army First Lieutenant Emory George Mikula – Company N-8 – Killed when his jeep drove over a Mine, October 13, 1966 ; Gallantry Cross w Palm; Bronze Star; Purple Heart; National Order Medal Fifth Class – Buried Holy Cross Cemetery, North Arlington, NJ – First St Peter's College Graduate to die in Vietnam Army Captain Michael R. Odum – Company M-16 – Killed in action by small arms fire on September 11, 1969, in Phong Dinh Province, Vietnam (Buried at Arlington National Cemetery) Army Captain Christopher J. O'Sullivan – Company D-8 – Killed in action in Vietnam on May 30, 1965, hit by shrapnel while helping carry wounded men to safety and directing strikes, O'Sullivan Plaza in New York City was named in his honor, Distinguished Service Cross and Silver Star recipient Army First Lieutenant Michael Peterson, Troop L-1, Killed in action on 24 October 1970 in Phuoc Tuy Province (now Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province, South Vietnam. Army First Lieutenant Robert Thomas Rice, Jr – Battery G-1 – Killed in action by enemy mortar fire on August 8, 1970, near Pleiku, Vietnam, Silver Star recipient Army First Lieutenant Gregory C. Schoper – Company C-4 – Killed in action on February 14, 1970, in Tay Ninh, Vietnam by enemy small arms fire (Buried in Arlington National Cemetery) Bronze Star w/ Oak Leaf Cluster, Air Medal, Purple Heart, Silver Star recipient Army Second Lieutenant Gary Arold Scott – Company F-8 – Died of wounds in Vietnam on March 29, 1968, as a result of enemy ambush in Hue, Vietnam, Silver Star recipient Air Force Captain Robert Wilbur Smith – Squadron A-15 – Weapons system officer, in rear seat of F-4 that was lost to enemy ground fire on 17 April 1970 over Binh Dinh Province, Vietnam Army Captain Charles F. Thomas, IV – Company B-3 – Killed in action on April 8, 1971, as a result of enemy mortar fire in Binh Dinh Province, Vietnam. Army First Lieutenant David B Wainwright – Company F-1 – Died near Tuy Hoa Vietnam on October 4, 1967, when the MEDIVAC helicopter he was flying crashed, Distinguished Flying Cross and Air Medal recipient Army First Lieutenant Sterling A. Wall – Company A-12 – Killed in a helicopter crash on August 24, 1967, while returning to his forward operating base in Pleiku Province, Vietnam Iraq Army Second Lieutenant Jeffrey C. Graham – Company C-1 – Killed in action in Iraq on February 19, 2004, when a bomb exploded as he was warning others in his platoon Army Captain Matthew C. Mattingly – Battery G-1 – Killed in action on September 13, 2006, in Mosul, Iraq, when he encountered enemy forces using small-arms fire during combat operations. Army Captain Jonathan D. Grassbaugh – Company E-8 (Now T-8) – Killed in action on April 7, 2007, in Zaganiyah, Iraq, when an improvised explosive device detonated as he conducted a combat logistics patrol. Army First Lieutenant Ryan Patrick Jones – Company E-12 – Died of wounds on May 2, 2007, in Baghdad, Iraq of injuries suffered when his vehicle struck a roadside bomb. Army First Lieutenant Michael L. Runyan – Battery G-1 – Killed in action in Balad, Iraq on July 21, 2010, as a result improvised explosive device in Muqdaiyah, Iraq Army Captain Kafele H. Sims – Company G-8 – Died June 16, 2009, in Mosul, Iraq, of a non-combat-related injury. Afghanistan Army Sergeant Gregory Owens Jr. – Company Q-17 – Died of wounds on July 20, 2009, in Maydan Shahr, Afghanistan, when an improvised explosive device detonated near his vehicle followed by an attack from enemy forces using small arms and rocket-propelled grenades Army Second Lieutenant Justin Sisson – Company M-16 – Killed in action in Tsamkani, Afghanistan on June 3, 2013, by a suicide bomber Quotes "We, the members of Pershing Rifles, National Honorary Military Society, in order to encourage, preserve and develop the highest ideals of the military profession, to promote American citizenship, to create a closer and more efficient relation, and to provide appropriate recognition of a high degree of military ability among the cadets of the several senior Reserve Officers' Training Corps units of the Government of our organization, do hereby establish this constitution." – preamble to the 1939 Pershing Rifles constitution "To foster a spirit of friendship and cooperation among men in the military department and to maintain a highly efficient drill company." – Pershing Rifles 1951 Pledge Manual "For the first time in my life I was a member of a brotherhood," [Colin] Powell would later say about the Pershing Rifles. "The discipline, the structure, the camaraderie, the sense of belonging were what I craved. … I found a selflessness within our ranks that reminded me of the caring atmosphere within my family. Race, color, background, income meant nothing." "It was The Pershing Rifles and Army ROTC at Fordham that got me interested in the Army as a possible career and I have maintained an association with many of them all these years." – General John M. "Jack" Keane, Former Vice Chief of Staff of the Army "As part of the ROTC program, I joined the Pershing Rifles because they seemed more confident and accomplished than the other participants in ROTC." – General John M. "Jack" Keane, Former Vice Chief of Staff of the Army "Of all the honors and societies, the one I enjoyed the most was the Pershing Rifles. I think we had about 36 members, and we got to march in all the major parades, all across the state. I enjoyed the perfection and the esprit de' corps." - John Lemons, P/R Company E-4, Virginia Tech, graduated 1960 "I waited until my junior year to pledge … The Pershing Rifles. This was later than most other students, but all my life I was a late bloomer. The pledging was tough and physical, but also military. I received a lot more exposure to weapons and military discipline than I would otherwise have obtained. My brother was in Vietnam and I believed I would wind up there, too." - Stephen J. Candela "We are amongst the most prestigious military organizations that you can join. We do many of the color guards for UK sporting events and around the local tri state area. … The most rewarding part (of Pershing Rifles) is definitely the camaraderie that we have within our organization. We are a family honestly. I would be happy to serve next to or do anything for my brothers and sisters in this organization." – Sarah M. Schmitz, XO, Pershing Rifles Company C-1, University of Kentucky 2014 National commanders + Craig Zagorski was promoted to Major General and National Commander for one day immediately following the end of Christopher D. Scheuermann's term in 2008. Note: By tradition a National Commander is promoted to Lieutenant General/Vice Admiral if they serve a second term in office. Since the mid-2000s some Pershing Rifles National Commanders have been promoted to the rank of Pershing Rifles Lieutenant General/Vice Admiral upon completion of a full term in office. Units Known Pershing Rifles units past and present (Note that some company numbers were used by more than one university or college over time) + denotes active units. By tradition the National Headquarters is at the University of Nebraska at Lincoln. However the current National Staff is selected from across the Society and staff members may be from a number of different Pershing Rifles units. The Regimental/Brigade Headquarters locations listed are the historical locations of these units. Currently Pershing Rifles has a combined Regimental structure where two or more Regiments are grouped under one Regimental Commander who may be selected from any unit in the combined Regiment. National Headquarters (Originally at the University of Nebraska Lincoln) CAPER – Coed Affiliates Pershing Rifles (The former female auxiliary to Pershing Rifles) National Society of Blackjacks (The High School leadership program of Pershing Rifles) 1st Regiment Headquarters – University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio / The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1st Battalion – Kent State University, Kent, Ohio (1970s), originally organized at the University of Akron, Akron, Ohio in 1961 2nd Battalion – University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (1970s) 3rd Battalion – West Virginia State University, Morgantown, West Virginia (1970s) +Company A-1 – The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (Founded: 1925) +Company B-1 – The University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio +Company C-1 – The University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky Company D-1 – The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio +Company E-1 – The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio Company F-1 – Ohio University, Athens, Ohio +Battery G-1 – Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio Company H-1 – West Virginia State College/University, Institute, West Virginia Company H-1 – University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (1948) +Company I-1 – Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio +Company J-1 – Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio (Founded: 2011) Company K-1 – Kent State University, Kent, Ohio +Troop L-1 – University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio (Founded: February 5, 1951) +Company M-1 – John Carroll University, Cleveland, Ohio Company N-1 – Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia +Company O-1 – Cedarville University, Cedarville, Ohio (Founded: March 14, 2015) Company P-1 – Youngstown State University, Youngstown, Ohio Company Q-1 – Miami University, Oxford, Ohio (Founded March 16, 2018) +Company R-1 – Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky Company S-1 – West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia +Company T-1 – Central State University/College, Wilberforce, Ohio (Founded: May 1957, Rechartered 2010) Company V-1 – Moorehead State University, Moorehead, Kentucky Company W-1 – Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania Company X-1 – Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio Company Y-1 – Clarion University of Pennsylvania, Clarion, Pennsylvania Company Z-1 – Capital University, Columbus, Ohio 2nd Regiment Headquarters – Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin / University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota / University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa +Company A-2 – University of Nebraska–Lincoln (Pershing's Own), Lincoln, Nebraska Company B-2 – State University of Iowa / Iowa State University, Iowa City, Iowa Company B-2 – Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (Has also been N-3, B-7) Company C-2 – University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin Company D-2 – University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Company D-2 – University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota (1948) Company E-2 – University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota +Company E-2 – South Dakota School of Mines, Rapid City, South Dakota Company F-2 – University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota (Company D-2 in the 1930s & 40s) Company F-2 – North Dakota State College, Fargo, North Dakota (1948) Company G-2 – Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa (Founded: 1929) Company H-2 – St. John's University, Collegeville, Minnesota Company I-2 – Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin +Company K-2 – Lincoln University, Jefferson City, Missouri Company K-2 – South Dakota State College/University, Brookings, South Dakota Company L-2 – Ripon College, Ripon, Wisconsin +Company L-2 – Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield, Missouri (Was L-7) Company M-2 – Wisconsin State University – Oshkosh, Oshkosh, Wisconsin Company M-2 – Kemper Military School and College, Booneville, Missouri Company N-2 – Wisconsin State University – Stevens Point, Stevens Point, Wisconsin Company N-2 - Mankato State University, Mankato, Minnesota (1980s) Company O-2 – Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois Company P-2 – Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska Company W-2 – University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri (Company A-7 in 1948) 3rd Regiment/Brigade Headquarters – Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana +Company A-3 – Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (Founded: 1929) +Company B-3 – Western Kentucky University (Western Kentucky State / Kentucky Teachers College), Bowling Green, Kentucky (Founded: 4 February 1937, Rechartered 12 March 2016) Company C-3 – University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign, Champaign, Illinois Company D-3 – University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan Company E-3 – Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana Company F-3 – University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois Company F-3 – West Virginia State College, West Virginia (1948) Company G-3 – Murray State Teachers College, Murray, Kentucky Company H-3 – Western Michigan College of Education, Kalamazoo, Michigan Company I-3 – DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois Company K-3 – Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois Company L-3 – Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan Squadron M-3 – Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois Company N-3 – Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (Currently B-2, was B-7) 4th Regiment Headquarters – Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 1st Battalion – Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee +Company A-4 – Saint Augustine's University, North Carolina Company A-4 – Presbyterian College, Clinton, South Carolina Company A-4 – University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee (1930s & 40s, 1948) (Founded: 1927) Company B-4 – Tennessee Polytechnic Institute, Crossville, Tennessee Company B-4 – University of Alabama, university, Alabama (1930s & 40s, 1948) +Company C-4 – Clemson University/Agricultural College, Clemson, South Carolina Company D-4 – Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina Company D-4 – Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana (1930s & 40s, 50s) Company E-4 – Mercer College/University, Macon, Georgia Company E-4 – Campbell College, Buies Creek, North Carolina Company E-4 – Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia (1949) Company F-4 – Georgia School/Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia Company G-4 – Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama Company G-4 – University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (1948) +Company H-4 – Alabama A&M University, Huntsville, Alabama (Assigned to 6th Regiment) Company H-4 – Wofford College, Spartanburg, South Carolina (1961) Company I-4 – Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, Alabama Company J-4 – University of North Alabama, Florence, Alabama (Formerly Florence State University) Company K-4 – South Carolina State University, Orangeburg, South Carolina (Founded:December 14, 1966) Company K-4 – University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina Company L-4 – North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina Company M-4 – University of Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tennessee +Company M-4 – Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina +Company N-4 – North Carolina A&T University, Greensboro, North Carolina +Company O-4 – Virginia State University, Petersburg, Virginia Company P-4 – Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee, Alabama (Now P-6) Company Q-4 – University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia +Company R-4 – Norfolk State University, Norfolk, Virginia (Was C-15) Company R-4 – East Tennessee State College, Johnson City, Tennessee (1958) Company S-4 – Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina Company T-4 – Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia +Company U-4 – Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia (Was D-15)(Founded: 28 November 1950, Rechartered 2000) Company V-4 – Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee Company W-4 – Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (1958, 62) +Company W-4 – College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia Company X-4 – Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee Company Y-4 – Christopher Newport University, Newport News, Virginia +Company Z-4 – University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 5th Regiment Headquarters – Pennsylvania State University / University Park, Pennsylvania 1st Battalion – University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (1958–59) 2nd Battalion – Pennsylvania Military College, Chester, Pennsylvania (1958–59) 3rd Battalion – Virginia State University, Petersburg, Virginia (1958)/Morgan State College, Baltimore, Maryland (1959) Company A-5 – Pennsylvania State College / University, Altoona, Pennsylvania Company A-5 – Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Company A-5 – University of Syracuse, Syracuse, New York (1930s & 40s, 1948) Company B-5 – Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania Company C-5 – University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland (1930s & 40s, 1948) Company D-5 – College of the City of New York, New York (1930s & 40s, 1948) Company D-5 – Virginia State University, Petersburg, Virginia (1958)(Now O-4) Company E-5 – Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (1930s & 40s, 1948) Company E-5 – Virginia Polytechnical Institute, Blackburg, Virginia (1958) Company F-5 – Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania Company G-5 – University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1948) Company H-5 – Washington and Jefferson College, Washington, Pennsylvania Company H-5 – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (1948) Company I-5 – Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania Company I-5 – Hampton Institute, Hampton, Virginia (1958) Company K-5 – University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Company K-5 – Fordham University, New York City, New York (20 April 1948) Company ?-5 – New York University, New York City, New York (1948) Company L-5 – Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Company M-5 – Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania Company N-5 – Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania Company O-5 – Gannon College, Erie, Pennsylvania Company P-5 – Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (1952-late 1950s) Company Q-5 – Pennsylvania Military College, Chester, Pennsylvania Company R-5 – Scranton University, Scranton, Pennsylvania Company S-5 – Chapin Hall, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. (1958) Company T-5 – Loyola University, Baltimore, Maryland (1958) Company V-5 – Morgan State College, Baltimore, Maryland (1954) Company W-5 – Villanova University NROTC, Villanovia, Pennsylvania (1958) Company X-5 – Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania Company Y-5 – Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania Headquarters Platoon Ogontz – Pennsylvania State University, Abington, Pennsylvania 6th Regiment/Brigade Headquarters – Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana / University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho Company A-6 – Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana Company A-6 – University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (1948) Company A-6 – San Diego State University, San Diego, California (1991) +Battery B-6 – East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee Company B-6 – University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico (Chartered 1959) Company B-6 – University of California, Berkeley, California (1948) Company C-6 – Florida A&M College/University, Tallahassee, Florida Company C-6 – University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho (1930s & 40s, 1948) Company D-6 – Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana (Now D-17) Company D-6 – Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, Utah (1948) Company F-6 – University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi Company F-6 – University of Arizona (1952) Company G-6 – Mississippi State College, State College Mississippi (1958) Company I-6 – Loyola University, New Orleans, Louisiana Company K-6 – Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana Company M-6 – Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida Company O-6 – Centenary College, Shreveport, Louisiana (1958) Company P-6 – Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama (Was P-4) Company P-6 – College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico Company S-6 – Stetson University, DeLand, Florida Company U-6 – University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida (1958) Company V-6 – McNeese State College, Lake Charles, Louisiana Company V-6 – Spring Hill College, Spring Hill Station, Alabama (1958–59) Company W-6 – Spring Hill College, Mobile, Alabama Company Y-6 – Northeast Louisiana State College, Lake Charles, Louisiana (1958) 7th Regiment/Brigade Headquarters – Oklahoma State University Company A-7 – Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas (Formerly Kansas State College) Company A-7 – University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri (1948) Company A-7 – Kansas State Teacher's College, Pittsburg, Kansas (1958,59) Company B-7 – Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (Has also been B-2, N-3) Company B-7 – Arkansas Poly Tech College, Russellville, Arkansas +Company C-7 – Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma (Formerly Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College (Oklahoma A&M)) Company D-7 – University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas Company D-7 – Louisiana State University, university, Louisiana (1958) Company E-7 – University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas Company F-7 – Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas +Company G-7 – Kansas State College/University, Manhattan, Kansas Company H-7 – University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma Company I-7 – Arkansas State College, Little Rock, Arkansas Company K-7 – Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, Missouri (Formerly University of Missouri at Rolla/Missouri School of Mines) Company L-7 – Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield, Missouri (Currently L-2) Company L-7 – Hardin-Simmons University, Abilene, Texas Company M-7 – Missouri Southern State College/Missouri Southern State University, Joplin, Missouri (unit disbanded) Company M-7 – Southern Methodist College/University, Dallas, Texas (1952) Company N-7 – Ouachita Baptist College, Arkadelphia, Arkansas Company O-7 – Texas College of Mines & Metallurgy, El Paso, Texas (became H-10) Company P-7 – University of Texas, Austin, Texas Company P-7 - University of Arkansas, Pine Bluff, Arkansas (2000) Company Q-7 – Prairie View A&M College, Prairie View, Texas Company R-7 – University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg, Missouri (Formerly Central Missouri State) Company R-7 – Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas (1958,59) Company S-7 – Henderson State Teacher's College, Arkadelphia, Arkansas Company T-7 – Southern State College, Magnolia, Arkansas Company T-7 – Midwestern University, Wichita Falls, Texas Company T-7 - University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri (1990) Company V-7 – Southwestern State College, Weatherford, Oklahoma Company W-7 – Panhandle State College, Goodwell, Oklahoma Company X-7 – University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, Oklahoma Company Y-7 – East Central State College, Ada, Oklahoma 8th Regiment Headquarters – City College of New York / Seton Hall University / Saint Peters College 1st Battalion – Fordham, university, New York, New York 2nd Battalion – Seton Hall, university, South Orange, New Jersey +Company A-8 – City College of New York, New York, New York (Founded: 1936, Rechartered 12 March 2016) Company B-8 - The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania (Previously B-5 and 5th Regiment HQ, became B-8 in 1970s) Company B-8 – Cornell University, Ithaca, New York +Company C-8 - University of Maryland (Chartered 11 March 2017, Was C-5, A-15) Company C-8 – St. Bonaventure University, Bonaventure, New York Company C-8 – Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1952) +Company D-8 -Fordham University, New York, New York (20 April 1948) Company E-8 – New York University, Bronx, New York Company E-8 – Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (1974–1981, 1984–2006, 2012, Was E-15, Now T-8) +Company F-8 – Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York +Company G-8 – Howard University, Washington, D.C. (Founded: 8 March 1974) Company G-8 – Siena College, Londonville, New York Company G-8 – Brooklyn College, New York City, New York Company G-8 – Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York (1952) Company H-8 – Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, Brooklyn, New York Company I-8 – Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, New York Company I-8 – University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Company I-8 – Boston, university, Boston, Massachusetts (1952) +Company J-8 – Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland (Was H-15) (Founded: 15 March 1954) +Company K-8 – Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey (Founded: 17 March 1951, Rechartered 12 March 2016) Company L-8 – New York University, New York, New York Company L-8 – Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania Company M-8 – Columbia University, New York, New York Company N-8 – Saint Peters College, Jersey City, New Jersey +Company O-8 – Canisius College, Buffalo, New York Company O-8 – Gannon College, Erie, Pennsylvania Company P-8 – State University of New York (SUNY) Maritime, Bronx, New York +Company Q-8 – Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York Company R-8 – Clarkson College, Potsdam, New York (Founded: 1936) Company R-8 – Saint Johns University, Jamaica, New York Company S-8 – Niagara University, Niagara, New York (Funded: 7 November 1959) +Company T-8 – Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland Company T-8 – University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico +Company X-8 – University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware (Has also been X-15) Company Z-8 – Rochester Institute of Technology. Rochester, NY 9th Regiment Headquarters – University of Colorado at Boulder/University of Denver (1958) Company A-9 – University of Alaska, college, Alaska Company A-9 – University of Denver, Denver, Colorado (1958) +Company B-9 – University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado Company C-9 – Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado Company D-9 – Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado Company D-9 – Southern Colorado State College, Pueblo, Co Company E-9 – South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota Company E-9 – New Mexico College of A&M, State College, New Mexico (1958) Company F-9 – Idaho State College, Pocatello, Idaho (1958) Company G-9 – Utah State University, Logan, Utah Company H-9 – Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado Company H-9 – Texas Western College, El Paso, Texas 10th Regiment Headquarters – Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona/University of Arizona (1958–59) Company A-10 – University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona +Company B-10 – California State University, Fresno, Fresno, California Company B-10 – University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California (1958,59) Company C-10 – New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico Company D-10 – Arizona State College/University, Tempe, Arizona Company E-10 – University of Santa Clara, Santa Clara, California Company F-10 – San Jose State College, San Jose, California +Company G-10 – California Baptist University, Riverside, California Company G-10 – University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California Company H-10 – Texas Western College, El Paso, Texas (became UTEP, later H-17, now A-14) Company I-10 – University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 11th Regiment Headquarters – Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (Ended after 1964) Company A-11 – University of Alaska, college, Alaska Company B-11 – University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Company C-11 – University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho Company D-11 – State College of Washington, Pullman, Washington (1958–59) Company E-11 – Oregon State University, Eugene, Oregon Company F-11 – Montana State University, Missoula, Montana (1958–59) Company G-11 – University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon Company H-11 – Seattle University, Seattle, Washington 12th Regiment Headquarters – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, through June 1962, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, June 1962 through (approx) 1978 / University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut Headquarters 1st Battalion, 12th Regiment – Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts Headquarters 2nd Battalion, 12th Regiment – Providence College, Providence, Rhode Island +Company A-12 – Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts Company B-12 – Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts +Company C-12 (Airborne)- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts Company D-12 – University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island Company E-12 – Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts Company F-12 – University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut Company F-12 – Stonehill College, Easton, Massachusetts Company G-12 – University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts Company H-12 – University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire Company K-12 – Providence College, Providence, Rhode Island Company I-12 – Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine Company L-12 – University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont Company M-12 – University of Maine, Orono, Maine Squadron N-12 – Lowell Technological Institute, Lowell, Massachusetts 14th Brigade/Regiment Headquarters – Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona Company A-14 – University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas (has been E-7, H-10 & H-17) Company W-14 – University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico Company Z-14 – Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 15th Regiment Headquarters – University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland Company/Squadron A-15 – University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland Company B-15 – Virginia State College, Petersburg, Virginia (now Puerto Rico Co O-4) Company C-15 – Norfolk State University, Norfolk, Virginia (now R-4) Company C-15 – Virginia Polytechnical Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia (1961) Company D-15 – Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia (now U-4) Company E-15 – Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (late 1960s-1974, later E-8) Company/Squadron F-15 – George Washington University, Washington, D.C. Company G-15 – Loyola College, Baltimore, Maryland Company H-15 – Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland (now J-8) Company Q-15 – Pennsylvania Military College, Chester, Pennsylvania (was Q-5) Company P-15 – Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (1960s, later E-15) Company R-15 – University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia Company X-15 – University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware (Founded: May 1969) 16th Regiment/Brigade Headquarters – University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida/ Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida +Company A-16 – Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, Georgia +Company B-16 – Morehouse College. Atlanta. Georgia +Company B-16 – Georgia State University. Atlanta. Georgia Company B-16 – University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico (was B-6) Company B-16 – Alcorn State University, Lorman, Mississippi +Company C-16 – Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida (was C-6) +Company E-16 – Bethune-Cookman University, Daytona Beach, Florida Company E-16 – Embry Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, Florida Company F-16 – University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi +Company G-16 - Albany State University, Albany, Georgia (Chartered 12 March 2016) Company I-16 – Loyola University, New Orleans, Louisiana Company J-16 – Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi Company M-16 – Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida Company N-16 – Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, Louisiana Company P-16 – College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico (was P-6) Company S-16 – Stetson University, DeLand, Florida Company T-16 – University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida Company U-16 – University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida (was U-6) Company V-16 – University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida Company W-16 – McNeese State University, Lake Charles, Louisiana +Company Z-16 - Florida International University, Miami, Florida (Chartered 12 March 2016) 17th Regiment Headquarters – Prairie View A&M University/Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas Company A-17 – Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas +Company B-17 – Alcorn State University, Lorman, Mississippi Company C-17 – New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico +Company D-17 – Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana (was D-6) Company D-17 – Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona +Company G-17 – Grambling State University, Grambling, Louisiana Company H-17 – University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas (Now A-14) Company L-17 - Hardin-Simmons University, Abilene, Texas Company M-17 – Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas Company M-17 – Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, New Mexico Company Q-17 – Prairie View A & M University, Prairie View, Texas Company R-17 – Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas Company T-17 – Midwestern University, Wichita Falls, Texas Company T-17 – Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas Photo gallery Notes External links Pershing Rifles National Headquarters Facebook Page Pershing Rifles National Headquarters Website History of the Pershing Rifles Pershing Rifles History on Facebook Biography of General John J. Pershing Military education and training in the United States 1894 establishments in Nebraska Honor societies Student organizations established in 1894 Former members of Professional Fraternity Association Professional military fraternities and sororities in the United States

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net%20neutrality

Net neutrality

Network neutrality, most commonly called net neutrality, is the principle that Internet service providers (ISPs) must treat all Internet communications equally, and not charge users different rates based on content, website, platform, application, type of equipment, source address, destination address, or method of communication. With net neutrality, ISPs may not intentionally block, slow down, or charge money for specific online content. Without net neutrality, ISPs may prioritize certain types of traffic, meter others, or potentially block traffic from specific services, while charging consumers for various tiers of service. The term was coined by Columbia University media law professor Tim Wu in 2003, as an extension of the longstanding concept of a common carrier, which was used to describe the role of telephone systems. Net neutrality regulations may be referred to as "common carrier" regulations. Net neutrality does not block all abilities that Internet service providers have to impact their customers' services. Opt-in/opt-out services exist on the end user side, and filtering can be done on a local basis, as in the filtering of sensitive material for minors. Research suggests that a combination of policy instruments will help realize the range of valued political and economic objectives central to the network neutrality debate. Combined with public opinion, this has led some governments to regulate broadband Internet services as a public utility, similar to the way electricity, gas, and the water supply are regulated, along with limiting providers and regulating the options those providers can offer. Proponents of net neutrality, which include computer science experts, consumer advocates, human rights organizations, and Internet content providers, assert that net neutrality helps to provide freedom of information exchange, promotes competition and innovation for Internet services, and upholds standardization of Internet data transmission which was essential for its growth. Opponents of net neutrality, which include ISPs, computer hardware manufacturers, economists, technologists and telecom equipment manufacturers, argue that net neutrality requirements would reduce their incentive to build out the Internet, reduces competition in the marketplace, and may raise their operating costs which they would have to pass along to their users. Net neutrality is administered on a national or regional basis, though much of the world's focus has been on the conflict over net neutrality in the United States. Net neutrality in the US has been a topic since the early 1990s, as they were one of the world leaders in online service providing. In 2019, the Save the Internet Act to "guarantee broadband internet users equal access to online content" was passed by the United States House of Representatives but not by the US Senate. However, they face the same problems as the rest of the world. Finding an appropriate solution by creating more regulation for Internet service providers has been a major work in progress. Net neutrality rules were repealed in the US in 2017 during the Trump administration and subsequent appeals have upheld the ruling. Definition and related principles Internet neutrality Network neutrality is the principle that all Internet traffic should be treated equally. Internet traffic includes all of the different messages, files and data sent over the Internet, including, for example, emails, digital audio files, digital video files, torrents etc. According to Columbia Law School professor Tim Wu, a public information network will be most useful if all content, websites, and platforms (e.g., mobile devices, video game consoles, etc.) are treated equally, which is the principle of network neutrality. Net neutrality is the principle that an internet service provider (ISP) has to provide access to all sites, content and applications at the same speed, under the same conditions without blocking or giving preference to any content. Under net neutrality, whether you connect to Netflix, Internet Archive, or a friend's blog, your ISP has to treat them all the same. Without net neutrality, an ISP can decide what information you are exposed to. Proponents argue that this could cause an increase in monetary charges for companies such as Netflix in order to stream their content. Open Internet Under an "open Internet" system, the full resources of the Internet and means to operate on it should be easily accessible to all individuals, companies, and organizations. Applicable concepts include: net neutrality, open standards, transparency, lack of Internet censorship, and low barriers to entry. The concept of the open Internet is sometimes expressed as an expectation of decentralized technological power, and is seen by some observers as closely related to open-source software, a type of software program whose maker allows users access to the code that runs the program, so that users can improve the software or fix bugs. Proponents of net neutrality see this as an important component of an "open Internet", wherein policies such as equal treatment of data and open web standards allow those using the Internet to easily communicate, and conduct business and activities without interference from a third party. In contrast, a "closed Internet" refers to the opposite situation, wherein established persons, corporations, or governments favor certain uses, restrict access to necessary web standards, artificially degrade some services, or explicitly filter out content. Some countries such as Thailand block certain websites or types of sites, and monitor and/or censor Internet use using Internet police, a specialized type of law enforcement, or secret police. Other countries such as Russia, China, and North Korea also use similar tactics to Thailand in order to control the variety of internet media within their respective countries. In comparison to the United States or Canada for example, these countries have far more restrictive internet service providers. This approach is reminiscent of a Closed Platform system, as both ideas are highly similar. These systems all serve to hinder access to a wide variety of internet service, which is a stark contrast to the idea of an open Internet system. Dumb pipe The term "dumb pipe" was coined in the early 1990s and refers water pipes used in a city water supply system. In theory, these pipes provide a steady and reliable source of water to every household without discrimination. In other words, it connects the user with the source without any intelligence or decrement. Similarly, a dumb network is a network with little or no control or management of its use patterns. In a dumb network, the endpoints are thought to be where the intelligence lies, and as such, proponents argue that the network should leave the management and operation of communications and data transfer to the end users, not a government bureau or Internet company. In 2013, the software company MetroTech Net, Inc. (MTN) coined the term "dumb wave", which is the 2010s-era application of the "dumb pipe" concept to the ubiquitous wireless network. Experts in the high-technology field will often compare the dumb pipe concept with intelligent networks –also known as smart pipes—and debate which one is best applied to a certain portion of Internet policy. These conversations usually refer to these two concepts as being analogous to the concepts of open and closed Internet respectively. As such, certain models have been made that aim to outline four layers of the Internet with the understanding of the dumb pipe theory: Content Layer: Contains services such as communication as well as entertainment videos and music. Applications Layer: Contains services such as e-mail and web browsers. Logical Layer (Also called the Code Layer): Contains various Internet protocols such as TCP/IP and HTTP. Physical Layer: Consists of services that provide all others such as cable or wireless connections. End-to-end principle The end-to-end principle of network design was first laid out in the 1981 paper End-to-end arguments in system design by Jerome H. Saltzer, David P. Reed, and David D. Clark. The principle states that, whenever possible, communications protocol operations should be defined to occur at the end-points of a communications system, or as close as possible to the resources being controlled. According to the end-to-end principle, protocol features are only justified in the lower layers of a system if they are a performance optimization; hence, TCP retransmission for reliability is still justified, but efforts to improve TCP reliability should stop after peak performance has been reached. They argued that reliable systems tend to require end-to-end processing to operate correctly, in addition to any processing in the intermediate system. They pointed out that most features in the lowest level of a communications system have costs for all higher-layer clients, even if those clients do not need the features, and are redundant if the clients have to re-implement the features on an end-to-end basis. This leads to the model of a minimal dumb network with smart terminals, a completely different model from the previous paradigm of the smart network with dumb terminals. Because the end-to-end principle is one of the central design principles of the Internet, and because the practical means for implementing data discrimination violate the end-to-end principle, the principle often enters discussions about net neutrality. The end-to-end principle is closely related, and sometimes seen as a direct precursor to the principle of net neutrality. Traffic shaping Traffic shaping is the control of computer network traffic to optimize or guarantee performance, improve latency (i.e., decrease Internet response times), and/or increase usable bandwidth by delaying packets that meet certain criteria. In practice, traffic shaping is often accomplished by throttling certain types of data, such as streaming video or P2P file sharing. More specifically, traffic shaping is any action on a set of packets (often called a stream or a flow) which imposes additional delay on those packets such that they conform to some predetermined constraint (a contract or traffic profile). Traffic shaping provides a means to control the volume of traffic being sent into a network in a specified period (bandwidth throttling), or the maximum rate at which the traffic is sent (rate limiting), or more complex criteria such as generic cell rate algorithm. Over-provisioning If the core of a network has more bandwidth than is permitted to enter at the edges, then good quality of service (QoS) can be obtained without policing or throttling. For example, telephone networks employ admission control to limit user demand on the network core by refusing to create a circuit for the requested connection. During a natural disaster, for example, most users will get a circuit busy signal if they try to make a call, as the phone company prioritizes emergency calls. Over-provisioning is a form of statistical multiplexing that makes liberal estimates of peak user demand. Over-provisioning is used in private networks such as WebEx and the Internet 2 Abilene Network, an American university network. David Isenberg believes that continued over-provisioning will always provide more capacity for less expense than QoS and deep packet inspection technologies. Device neutrality Device neutrality is the principle that in order to ensure freedom of choice and freedom of communication for users of network-connected devices, it is not sufficient that network operators do not interfere with their choices and activities; users must be free to use applications of their choice and hence remove the applications they do not want. It can be defined with the following analogy to network neutrality: Network neutrality: Neutrality principles are codified ex-ante, and a judicial route is available for redress. Connectivity providers can implement traffic management, but the rules must be the same for everyone. The antitrust alternative, takes more time and offers few precedents. Device neutrality: Similarly, neutrality principles are codified ex-ante and avail judicial remedies. Device vendors can establish policies for managing applications, but they, too, must be applied neutrally. An unsuccessful bill to enforce network and device neutrality was introduced in Italy in 2015 by Hon. Stefano Quintarelli. The law gained formal support at the European Commission by BEUC, the European Consumer Organisation, the Electronic Frontier Foundation and the Hermes Center for Transparency and digital human rights. A similar law was enacted in South Korea. Similar principles were proposed in China. The French telecoms regulator ARCEP has called for the introduction of Device Neutrality in Europe. Invoicing and tariffs ISPs have the possibility to choose a balance between a base subscription tariff (monthly bundle) and a pay-per-use (pay by MB metering). The ISP sets an upper monthly threshold on data usage, just to be able to provide an equal share amongst customers, and a fair use guarantee. This is generally not considered to be an intrusion, but rather allows for a commercial positioning amongst ISPs. Alternative networks Some networks like public Wi-Fi, or Google Loon can take traffic away from conventional fixed or mobile network providers. This can significantly change the end-to-end behaviour (performance, tariffs). Issues Discrimination by protocol Discrimination by protocol is the favouring or blocking information based on aspects of the communications protocol that the computers are using to communicate. In the US, a complaint was filed with the Federal Communications Commission against the cable provider Comcast alleging they had illegally inhibited users of its high-speed Internet service from using the popular file-sharing software BitTorrent. Comcast admitted no wrongdoing in its proposed settlement of up to 16 dollars per share in December 2009. However, a U.S. appeals court ruled in April 2010 that the FCC exceeded its authority when it sanctioned Comcast in 2008 for deliberately preventing some subscribers from using peer-to-peer file-sharing services to download large files. However, the FCC spokeswoman Jen Howard responded, "the court in no way disagreed with the importance of preserving a free and open Internet, nor did it close the door to other methods for achieving this important end". Despite the ruling in favour of Comcast, a study by Measurement Lab in October 2011 verified that Comcast had virtually stopped its BitTorrent throttling practices. Discrimination by IP address During the 1990s, creating a non-neutral Internet was technically infeasible. Originally developed to filter harmful malware, the Internet security company NetScreen Technologies released network firewalls in 2003 with so-called deep packet inspection capabilities. Deep packet inspection helped make real-time discrimination between different kinds of data possible, and is often used for Internet censorship. In a practice called zero-rating, companies will not invoice data use related to certain IP addresses, favoring use of those services. Examples include Facebook Zero, Wikipedia Zero, and Google Free Zone. These zero-rating practices are especially common in the developing world. Sometimes Internet Service Providers (ISPs) will charge some companies, but not others, for the traffic they cause on the ISP's network. French telecom operator Orange, complaining that traffic from YouTube and other Google sites consist of roughly 50% of total traffic on the Orange network, made a deal with Google, in which they charge Google for the traffic incurred on the Orange network. Some also thought that Orange's rival ISP Free throttled YouTube traffic. However, an investigation done by the French telecommunications regulatory body revealed that the network was simply congested during peak hours. Aside from the zero-rating method, ISPs will also use certain strategies to reduce costs of pricing plans such as the use of sponsored data. In a scenario where a sponsored data plan is used, a third-party will step in and pay for all the content that it (or the carrier or consumer) does not want around. This is generally used as a way for ISP's to remove out-of-pocket costs from subscribers. One of the criticisms regarding discrimination is that the system set up by ISPs for this purpose is capable of not only discriminating but also scrutinizing full-packet content of communications. For instance, the deep packet inspection technology installs intelligence within the lower layers in the work to discover and identify the source, type, and destination of packets, revealing information about packets traveling in the physical infrastructure so it can dictate the quality of transport such packet will receive. This is seen as an architecture of surveillance, one that can be shared with intelligence agencies, copyrighted content owners, and civil litigants, exposing the users' secrets in the process. Favoring private networks Proponents of net neutrality argue that without new regulations, Internet service providers would be able to profit from and favor their own private protocols over others. The argument for net neutrality is that ISPs would be able to pick and choose who they offer a greater bandwidth to. If one website or company is able to afford more, they will go with them. This especially stifles private up-and-coming businesses. ISPs are able to encourage the use of specific services by using private networks to discriminate what data is counted against bandwidth caps. For example, Comcast struck a deal with Microsoft that allowed users to stream television through the Xfinity app on their Xbox 360s without it affecting their bandwidth limit. However, utilizing other television streaming apps, such as Netflix, HBO Go, and Hulu, counted towards the limit. Comcast denied that this infringed on net neutrality principles since "it runs its Xfinity for Xbox service on its own, private Internet protocol network". In 2009, when AT&T was bundling iPhone 3G with its 3G network service, the company placed restrictions on which iPhone applications could run on its network. According to proponents of net neutrality, this capitalization on which content producers ISPs can favor would ultimately lead to fragmentation, where some ISPs would have certain content that is not necessarily present in the networks offered by other ISPs. The danger behind fragmentation, as viewed by proponents of net neutrality, is the concept that there could be "multiple 'Internets,'" where some ISPs offer exclusive internet applications or services or make it more difficult to gain access internet content that may be more easily viewable through other internet service providers. An example of a fragmented service would be television, where some cable providers offer exclusive media from certain content providers. However, in theory, allowing ISPs to favor certain content and private networks would overall improve internet services since they would be able to recognize packets of information that are more time-sensitive and prioritize that over packets that are not as sensitive to latency. The issue, as explained by Robin S. Lee and Tim Wu, is that there are literally too many ISPs and internet content providers around the world to reach an agreement on how to standardize that prioritization. A proposed solution would be to allow all online content to be accessed and transferred freely, while simultaneously offering a "fast lane" for a preferred service that does not discriminate on the content provider. Peering discrimination There is disagreement about whether peering is a net neutrality issue. In the first quarter of 2014, streaming website Netflix reached an arrangement with ISP Comcast to improve the quality of its service to Netflix clients. This arrangement was made in response to increasingly slow connection speeds through Comcast over the course of 2013, where average speeds dropped by over 25% of their values a year before to an all-time low. After the deal was struck in January 2014, the Netflix speed index recorded a 66% increase in connection. Netflix agreed to a similar deal with Verizon in 2014, after Verizon DSL customers' connection speed dropped to less than 1 Mbit/s early in the year. Netflix spoke out against this deal with a controversial statement delivered to all Verizon customers experiencing low connection speeds, using the Netflix client. This sparked an internal debate between the two companies that led to Verizon's obtaining a cease and desist order on 5 June 2014 that forced Netflix to stop displaying this message. Favoring fast-loading websites Pro-net neutrality arguments have also noted that regulations are also necessary due to research that has shown low-tolerance to slow-loading content providers. In a 2009 research study conducted by Forrester Research, online shoppers expected the web pages they visited to download content instantly. When a page fails to load at the expected speed, many of them simply click out. A study found that even a one-second delay could lead to "11% fewer page views, a 16% decrease in customer satisfaction, and 7% loss in conversions". This delay can cause a severe problem to small innovators who have created new technology. If a website is slow by default, the general public will lose interest and favor a website that runs faster. This helps large corporate companies maintain power because they have the means to fund faster Internet speeds. On the other hand, smaller competitors have less financial capabilities making it harder for them to succeed in the online world. Legal aspects Legal enforcement of net neutrality principles takes a variety of forms, from provisions that outlaw anti-competitive blocking and "throttling" of Internet services, all the way to legal enforcement that prevents companies from subsidizing Internet use on particular sites. Contrary to popular rhetoric and statements by various individuals involved in the ongoing academic debate, research suggests that a single policy instrument (such as a no-blocking policy or a quality of service tiering policy) cannot achieve the range of valued political and economic objectives central to the debate. As Bauer and Obar suggest, "safeguarding multiple goals requires a combination of instruments that will likely involve government and nongovernment measures. Furthermore, promoting goals such as the freedom of speech, political participation, investment, and innovation calls for complementary policies." By country Governments of countries which comment on net neutrality usually support the concept. United States Net neutrality in the United States has been a point of conflict between network users and service providers since the 1990s. Much of the conflict over net neutrality arises from how Internet services are classified by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) under authority of the Communications Act of 1934. The FCC would have significant ability to regulate ISPs should Internet services be treated as a Title II "common carrier service", or otherwise the ISPs would be mostly unrestricted by the FCC if Internet services fell under Title I "information services". In 2009, the United States Congress passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act 2009, which granted a stimulus of $2.88 billion for extending broadband services into certain areas of the United States. It was intended to make the internet more accessible for under-served areas, and aspects of net neutrality and open access were written into the grant. However, the bill never set any significant precedents for net neutrality or influenced future legislation relating to net neutrality. Through 2017, the FCC has generally been favorable towards net neutrality, treating ISPs under Title II common carrier. With the onset of the Presidency of Donald Trump in 2017, and the appointment of Ajit Pai, an opponent of net neutrality, to the chairman of the FCC, the FCC has reversed many previous net neutrality rulings, and reclassified Internet services as Title I information services. The FCC's decisions have been a matter of several ongoing legal challenges by both states supporting net neutrality, and ISPs challenging it. The United States Congress has attempted to pass legislation supporting net neutrality but have failed to gain sufficient support. In 2018, a bill cleared the U.S. Senate, with Republicans Lisa Murkowski, John Kennedy and Susan Collins joining all 49 Democrats but the House majority denied the bill a hearing. Individual states have been trying to pass legislation to make net neutrality a requirement within their state, overriding the FCC's decision. California has successfully passed its own net neutrality act, which the United States Department of Justice challenged on a legal basis. On February 8, 2021, the U.S. Justice Department withdrew its challenge to California's data protection law. Federal Communications Commission Acting Chairwoman Jessica Rosenworcel voiced support for an open internet and restoring net neutrality. Canada Net neutrality in Canada is a debated issue in that nation, but not to the degree of partisanship in other nations such as the United States in part because of its federal regulatory structure and pre-existing supportive laws that were enacted decades before the debate arose. In Canada, Internet service providers (ISPs) generally provide Internet service in a neutral manner. Some notable incidents otherwise have included Bell Canada's throttling of certain protocols and Telus's censorship of a specific website supporting striking union members. In the case with Bell Canada, the debate for net neutrality became a more popular topic when it was revealed that they were throttling traffic by limiting people's accessibility to view Canada's Next Great Prime Minister, which eventually led to the Canadian Association of Internet Providers (CAIP) demanding the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to take action on preventing the throttling of third-party traffic. On October 22, 2009, the CRTC issued a ruling about internet traffic management, which favored adopting guidelines that were suggested by interest groups such as OpenMedia.ca and the Open Internet Coalition. However, the guidelines set in place require citizens to file formal complaints proving that their internet traffic is being throttled, and as a result, some ISPs still continue to throttle internet traffic of its users. India In the year 2018, the Indian Government unanimously approved new regulations supporting net neutrality. The regulations are considered to be the "world's strongest" net neutrality rules, guaranteeing free and open Internet for nearly half a billion people, and are expected to help the culture of startups and innovation. The only exceptions to the rules are new and emerging services like autonomous driving and tele-medicine, which may require prioritised internet lanes and faster than normal speeds. China Net Neutrality in China is not enforced, and ISPs in China play important roles in regulating the content that is available domestically on the internet. There are several ISPs filtering and blocking content at the national level, preventing domestic internet users from accessing certain sites or services or foreign internet users from gaining access to domestic web content. This filtering technology is referred to as the Great Firewall, or GFW. In an article published by the Cambridge University Press, they observed the political environment with net neutrality in China. Chinese ISPs have become a way for the country to control and restrict information rather than providing neutral internet content for those who use the internet. Unlike countries such as the United States of America, values such as free speech and equality are not even in question when it comes to China's standards of net neutrality. Support Proponents of net neutrality regulations include consumer advocates, human rights organizations such as Article 19, online companies and some technology companies. Many major Internet application companies are advocates of neutrality. Yahoo!, Vonage, eBay, Amazon, IAC/InterActiveCorp, Microsoft, Reddit, Twitter, Tumblr, Etsy, Daily Kos, Greenpeace, along with many other companies and organizations, have also taken a stance in support of net neutrality. Cogent Communications, an international Internet service provider, has made an announcement in favor of certain net neutrality policies. In September 2014, there was an online Internet Slowdown protest for the equal treatment of internet traffic in which large companies such as Netflix and Reddit have participated in. In 2008, Google published a statement speaking out against letting broadband providers abuse their market power to affect access to competing applications or content. They further equated the situation to that of the telephony market, where telephone companies are not allowed to control who their customers call or what those customers are allowed to say. However, Google's support of net neutrality was called into question in 2014. Several civil rights groups, such as the ACLU, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, Free Press, SaveTheInternet, and Fight for the Future support net neutrality. Individuals who support net neutrality include World Wide Web inventor Tim Berners-Lee, Vinton Cerf, Lawrence Lessig, Robert W. McChesney, Steve Wozniak, Susan P. Crawford, Marvin Ammori, Ben Scott, David Reed, and former U.S. President Barack Obama. On 10 November 2014, Obama recommended that the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality. On 12 November 2014, AT&T stopped build-out of their fiber network until it has "solid net neutrality rules to follow". On 31 January 2015, AP News reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying ("with some caveats") Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 and section 706 of the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet in a vote expected on 26 February 2015. Control of data Supporters of net neutrality in the United States want to designate cable companies as common carriers, which would require them to allow Internet service providers (ISPs) free access to cable lines, the same model used for dial-up Internet. They want to ensure that cable companies cannot screen, interrupt or filter Internet content without a court order. Common carrier status would give the FCC the power to enforce net neutrality rules. SaveTheInternet.com accuses cable and telecommunications companies of wanting the role of gatekeepers, being able to control which websites load quickly, load slowly, or do not load at all. According to SaveTheInternet.com these companies want to charge content providers who require guaranteed speedy data deliveryto create advantages for their own search engines, Internet phone services, and streaming video servicesand slowing access or blocking access to those of competitors. Vinton Cerf, a co-inventor of the Internet Protocol and current vice president of Google, argues that the Internet was designed without any authorities controlling access to new content or new services. He concludes that the principles responsible for making the Internet such a success would be fundamentally undermined were broadband carriers given the ability to affect what people see and do online. Cerf has also written about the importance of looking at problems like Net Neutrality through a combination of the Internet's layered system and the multistakeholder model that governs it. He shows how challenges can arise that can implicate Net Neutrality in certain infrastructure-based cases, such as when ISPs enter into exclusive arrangements with large building owners, leaving the residents unable to exercise any choice in broadband provider. Digital rights and freedoms Proponents of net neutrality argue that a neutral net will foster free speech and lead to further democratic participation on the Internet. Former Senator Al Franken from Minnesota fears that without new regulations, the major Internet Service Providers will use their position of power to stifle people's rights. He calls net neutrality the "First Amendment issue of our time". The past two decades has been an ongoing battle of ensuring that all people and websites have equal access to an unrestricted platform, regardless of their ability to pay, proponents of net neutrality wish to prevent the need to pay for speech and the further centralization of media power. Lawrence Lessig and Robert W. McChesney argue that net neutrality ensures that the Internet remains a free and open technology, fostering democratic communication. Lessig and McChesney go on to argue that the monopolization of the Internet would stifle the diversity of independent news sources and the generation of innovative and novel web content. User intolerance for slow-loading sites Proponents of net neutrality invoke the human psychological process of adaptation where when people get used to something better, they would not ever want to go back to something worse. In the context of the Internet, the proponents argue that a user who gets used to the "fast lane" on the Internet would find the "slow lane" intolerable in comparison, greatly disadvantaging any provider who is unable to pay for the "fast lane". Video providers Netflix and Vimeo in their comments to FCC in favor of net neutrality use the research of S.S. Krishnan and Ramesh Sitaraman that provides the first quantitative evidence of adaptation to speed among online video users. Their research studied the patience level of millions of Internet video users who waited for a slow-loading video to start playing. Users who had a faster Internet connectivity, such as fiber-to-the-home, demonstrated less patience and abandoned their videos sooner than similar users with slower Internet connectivity. The results demonstrate how users can get used to faster Internet connectivity, leading to higher expectation of Internet speed, and lower tolerance for any delay that occurs. Author Nicholas Carr and other social commentators have written about the habituation phenomenon by stating that a faster flow of information on the Internet can make people less patient. Competition and innovation Net neutrality advocates argue that allowing cable companies the right to demand a toll to guarantee quality or premium delivery would create an exploitative business model based on the ISPs position as gatekeepers. Advocates warn that by charging websites for access, network owners may be able to block competitor Web sites and services, as well as refuse access to those unable to pay. According to Tim Wu, cable companies plan to reserve bandwidth for their own television services, and charge companies a toll for priority service. Proponents of net neutrality argue that allowing for preferential treatment of Internet traffic, or tiered service, would put newer online companies at a disadvantage and slow innovation in online services. Tim Wu argues that, without network neutrality, the Internet will undergo a transformation from a market ruled by innovation to one ruled by deal-making. SaveTheInternet.com argues that net neutrality puts everyone on equal terms, which helps drive innovation. They claim it is a preservation of the way the Internet has always operated, where the quality of websites and services determined whether they succeeded or failed, rather than deals with ISPs. Lawrence Lessig and Robert W. McChesney argue that eliminating net neutrality would lead to the Internet resembling the world of cable TV, so that access to and distribution of content would be managed by a handful of massive, near monopolistic companies, though there are multiple service providers in each region. These companies would then control what is seen as well as how much it costs to see it. Speedy and secure Internet use for such industries as healthcare, finance, retailing, and gambling could be subject to large fees charged by these companies. They further explain that a majority of the great innovators in the history of the Internet started with little capital in their garages, inspired by great ideas. This was possible because the protections of net neutrality ensured limited control by owners of the networks, maximal competition in this space, and permitted innovators from outside access to the network. Internet content was guaranteed a free and highly competitive space by the existence of net neutrality. For example, back in 2005 YouTube was just a small startup company. Due to an absence of Internet fast lanes, YouTube had the ability to grow larger than Google Video. Tom Wheeler and Senators Ronald Lee Wyden (D-Ore.) and Al Franken (D-Minn.) said, "Internet service providers treated YouTube's videos the same as they did Google's, and Google couldn't pay the ISPs [Internet service providers] to gain an unfair advantage, like a fast lane into consumers' homes," they wrote. "Well, it turned out that people liked YouTube a lot more than Google Video, so YouTube thrived." Preserving Internet standards Net neutrality advocates have sponsored legislation claiming that authorizing incumbent network providers to override transport and application layer separation on the Internet would signal the decline of fundamental Internet standards and international consensus authority. Further, the legislation asserts that bit-shaping the transport of application data will undermine the transport layer's designed flexibility. Preventing pseudo-services Alok Bhardwaj, founder of Epic Privacy Browser, argues that any violations to network neutrality, realistically speaking, will not involve genuine investment but rather payoffs for unnecessary and dubious services. He believes that it is unlikely that new investment will be made to lay special networks for particular websites to reach end-users faster. Rather, he believes that non-net neutrality will involve leveraging quality of service to extract remuneration from websites that want to avoid being slowed down. This theory was confirmed in 2014 when Netflix announced it was making payments to Comcast and Verizon to avoid throttling, slower Internet speeds for particular services or websites, by those ISPs. These payments were described by Netflix founder Reed Hastings as "an arbitrary tax" and "arbitrary interconnection tolls". End-to-end principle Some advocates say network neutrality is needed in order to maintain the end-to-end principle. According to Lawrence Lessig and Robert W. McChesney, all content must be treated the same and must move at the same speed in order for net neutrality to be true. They say that it is this simple but brilliant end-to-end aspect that has allowed the Internet to act as a powerful force for economic and social good. Under this principle, a neutral network is a dumb network, merely passing packets regardless of the applications they support. This point of view was expressed by David S. Isenberg in his paper, "The Rise of the Stupid Network". He states that the vision of an intelligent network is being replaced by a new network philosophy and architecture in which the network is designed for always-on use, not intermittence and scarcity. Rather than intelligence being designed into the network itself, the intelligence would be pushed out to the end-user's device; and the network would be designed simply to deliver bits without fancy network routing or smart number translation. The data would be in control, telling the network where it should be sent. End-user devices would then be allowed to behave flexibly, as bits would essentially be free and there would be no assumption that the data is of a single data rate or data type. Contrary to this idea, the research paper titled "End-to-end arguments in system design" by Saltzer, Reed, and Clark argues that network intelligence does not relieve end systems of the requirement to check inbound data for errors and to rate-limit the sender, nor for a wholesale removal of intelligence from the network core. Criticism Opponents of net neutrality regulations include Internet service providers (ISPs), broadband and telecommunications companies, computer hardware manufacturers, economists, and notable technologists. Many of the major hardware and telecommunications companies specifically oppose the reclassification of broadband as a common carrier under Title II. Corporate opponents of this measure include Comcast, AT&T, Verizon, IBM, Intel, Cisco, Nokia, Qualcomm, Broadcom, Juniper, D-Link, Wintel, Alcatel-Lucent, Corning, Panasonic, Ericsson, Oracle, Akamai, and others. The US Telecom and Broadband Association, which represents a diverse array of small and large broadband providers, is also an opponent. Nobel Memorial Prize-winning economist Gary Becker's paper titled, "Net Neutrality and Consumer Welfare", published by the Journal of Competition Law & Economics, argues that claims by net neutrality proponents "do not provide a compelling rationale for regulation" because there is "significant and growing competition" among broadband access providers. Google Chairman Eric Schmidt states that, while Google views that similar data types should not be discriminated against, it is okay to discriminate across different data types—a position that both Google and Verizon generally agree on, according to Schmidt. According to the Journal, when President Barack Obama announced his support for strong net neutrality rules late in 2014, Schmidt told a top White House official the president was making a mistake. Google once strongly advocated net-neutrality–like rules prior to 2010, but their support for the rules has since diminished; the company however still remains "committed" to net neutrality. Individuals who oppose net neutrality rules include TCP/IP inventor Bob Kahn,, Netscape founder Marc Andreessen, Sun Microsystems founder Scott McNealy, PayPal founders Peter Thiel and Max Levchin, "Grandfather of the Internet" David Farber, Internet pioneer David Clark, packet switching pioneer Louis Pouzin, MIT Media Lab founder Nicholas Negroponte, Nokia's CEO Rajeev Suri, VOIP pioneer Jeff Pulver, entrepreneur Mark Cuban and former FCC Chairman Ajit Pai. Nobel Prize laureate economists who oppose net neutrality rules include Princeton economist Angus Deaton, Chicago economist Richard Thaler, MIT economist Bengt Holmström, and the late Chicago economist Gary Becker. Others include MIT economists David Autor, Amy Finkelstein, and Richard Schmalensee; Stanford economists Raj Chetty, Darrell Duffie, Caroline Hoxby, and Kenneth Judd; Harvard economist Alberto Alesina; Berkeley economists Alan Auerbach and Emmanuel Saez; and Yale economists William Nordhaus, Joseph Altonji and Pinelopi Goldberg. Several civil rights groups, such as the National Urban League, Jesse Jackson's Rainbow/PUSH, and League of United Latin American Citizens, also oppose Title II net neutrality regulations, who said that the call to regulate broadband Internet service as a utility would harm minority communities by stifling investment in underserved areas. The Wikimedia Foundation, which runs Wikipedia, told The Washington Post that it has a "complicated relationship" with net neutrality. The organization partnered with telecommunications companies to provide free access to Wikipedia for people in developing countries, under a program called Wikipedia Zero, without requiring mobile data to access information. The concept is known as zero rating. Said Wikimedia Foundation officer Gayle Karen Young, "Partnering with telecom companies in the near term, it blurs the net neutrality line in those areas. It fulfills our overall mission, though, which is providing free knowledge." A number of other opponents created Hands Off The Internet, a website created in 2006 to promote arguments against Internet regulation. Principal financial support for the website came from AT&T, and members included BellSouth, Alcatel, Cingular, and Citizens Against Government Waste. Robert Pepper, a senior managing director, global advanced technology policy, at Cisco Systems, and former FCC chief of policy development, says: "The supporters of net neutrality regulation believe that more rules are necessary. In their view, without greater regulation, service providers might parcel out bandwidth or services, creating a bifurcated world in which the wealthy enjoy first-class Internet access, while everyone else is left with slow connections and degraded content. That scenario, however, is a false paradigm. Such an all-or-nothing world doesn't exist today, nor will it exist in the future. Without additional regulation, service providers are likely to continue doing what they are doing. They will continue to offer a variety of broadband service plans at a variety of price points to suit every type of consumer". Computer scientist Bob Kahn has said net neutrality is a slogan that would freeze innovation in the core of the Internet. Farber has written and spoken strongly in favor of continued research and development on core Internet protocols. He joined academic colleagues Michael Katz, Christopher Yoo, and Gerald Faulhaber in an op-ed for The Washington Post strongly critical of network neutrality, essentially stating that while the Internet is in need of remodeling, congressional action aimed at protecting the best parts of the current Internet could interfere with efforts to build a replacement. Reduction in investment According to a letter to FCC commissioners and key congressional leaders sent by 60 major ISP technology suppliers including IBM, Intel, Qualcomm, and Cisco, Title II regulation of the Internet "means that instead of billions of broadband investment driving other sectors of the economy forward, any reduction in this spending will stifle growth across the entire economy. This is not idle speculation or fear mongering...Title II is going to lead to a slowdown, if not a hold, in broadband build out, because if you don't know that you can recover on your investment, you won't make it." According to the Wall Street Journal, in one of Google's few lobbying sessions with FCC officials, the company urged the agency to craft rules that encourage investment in broadband Internet networks—a position that mirrors the argument made by opponents of strong net neutrality rules, such as AT&T and Comcast. Opponents of net neutrality argue that prioritization of bandwidth is necessary for future innovation on the Internet. Telecommunications providers such as telephone and cable companies, and some technology companies that supply networking gear, argue telecom providers should have the ability to provide preferential treatment in the form of tiered services, for example by giving online companies willing to pay the ability to transfer their data packets faster than other Internet traffic. The added income from such services could be used to pay for the building of increased broadband access to more consumers. Opponents say that net neutrality would make it more difficult for Internet service providers (ISPs) and other network operators to recoup their investments in broadband networks. John Thorne, senior vice president and deputy general counsel of Verizon, a broadband and telecommunications company, has argued that they will have no incentive to make large investments to develop advanced fibre-optic networks if they are prohibited from charging higher preferred access fees to companies that wish to take advantage of the expanded capabilities of such networks. Thorne and other ISPs have accused Google and Skype of freeloading or free riding for using a network of lines and cables the phone company spent billions of dollars to build. Marc Andreessen states that "a pure net neutrality view is difficult to sustain if you also want to have continued investment in broadband networks. If you're a large telco right now, you spend on the order of $20 billion a year on capex [capital expenditure]. You need to know how you're going to get a return on that investment. If you have these pure net neutrality rules where you can never charge a company like Netflix anything, you're not ever going to get a return on continued network investment – which means you'll stop investing in the network. And I would not want to be sitting here 10 or 20 years from now with the same broadband speeds we're getting today." Proponents of net neutrality regulations say network operators have continued to under-invest in infrastructure. However, according to Copenhagen Economics, U.S. investment in telecom infrastructure is 50 percent higher than in the European Union. As a share of GDP, the United States' broadband investment rate per GDP trails only the UK and South Korea slightly, but exceeds Japan, Canada, Italy, Germany, and France sizably. On broadband speed, Akamai reported that the US trails only South Korea and Japan among its major trading partners, and trails only Japan in the G-7 in both average peak connection speed and percentage of the population connection at 10 Mbit/s or higher, but are substantially ahead of most of its other major trading partners. The White House reported in June 2013 that U.S. connection speeds are "the fastest compared to other countries with either a similar population or land mass". Akamai's report on "The State of the Internet" in the 2nd quarter of 2014 says "a total of 39 states saw 4K readiness rate more than double over the past year". In other words, as ZDNet reports, those states saw a "major" increase in the availability of the 15Mbit/s speed needed for 4K video. According to the Progressive Policy Institute and ITU data, the United States has the most affordable entry-level prices for fixed broadband in the OECD. In Indonesia, there is a very high number of Internet connections that are subjected to exclusive deals between the ISP and the building owner, and changing this dynamic could unlock much more consumer choice and higher speeds. FCC Commissioner Ajit Pai and Federal Election Commission's Lee Goldman wrote in a Politico piece in February 2015, "Compare Europe, which has long had utility-style regulations, with the United States, which has embraced a light-touch regulatory model. Broadband speeds in the United States, both wired and wireless, are significantly faster than those in Europe. Broadband investment in the United States is several multiples that of Europe. And broadband's reach is much wider in the United States, despite its much lower population density." VOIP pioneer Jeff Pulver states that the uncertainty of the FCC imposing Title II, which experts said would create regulatory restrictions on using the Internet to transmit a voice call, was the "single greatest impediment to innovation" for a decade. According to Pulver, investors in the companies he helped found, like Vonage, held back investment because they feared the FCC could use Title II to prevent VOIP startups from bypassing telephone networks. Significant and growing competition, investment A 2010 paper on net neutrality by Nobel Prize economist Gary Becker and his colleagues stated that "there is significant and growing competition among broadband access providers and that few significant competitive problems have been observed to date, suggesting that there is no compelling competitive rationale for such regulation". Becker and fellow economists Dennis Carlton and Hal Sidler found that "Between mid-2002 and mid-2008, the number of high-speed broadband access lines in the United States grew from 16 million to nearly 133 million, and the number of residential broadband lines grew from 14 million to nearly 80 million. Internet traffic roughly tripled between 2007 and 2009. At the same time, prices for broadband Internet access services have fallen sharply." The PPI reports that the profit margins of U.S. broadband providers are generally one-sixth to one-eighth of companies that use broadband (such as Apple or Google), contradicting the idea of monopolistic price-gouging by providers. When FCC Chairman Tom Wheeler redefined broadband from 4 Mbit/s to 25 Mbit/s (3.125 MB/s) or greater in January 2015, FCC commissioners Ajit Pai and Mike O'Reilly believed the redefinition was to set up the agency's intent to settle the net neutrality fight with new regulations. The commissioners argued that the stricter speed guidelines painted the broadband industry as less competitive, justifying the FCC's moves with Title II net neutrality regulations. A report by the Progressive Policy Institute in June 2014 argues that nearly every American can choose from at least 2-4 broadband Internet service providers, despite claims that there are only a "small number" of broadband providers. Citing research from the FCC, the Institute wrote that 90 percent of American households have access to at least one wired and one wireless broadband provider at speeds of at least 4 Mbit/s (500 kbyte/s) downstream and 1 Mbit/s (125 kbyte/s) upstream and that nearly 88 percent of Americans can choose from at least two wired providers of broadband disregarding speed (typically choosing between a cable and telco offering). Further, three of the four national wireless companies report that they offer 4G LTE to 250–300 million Americans, with the fourth (T-Mobile) sitting at 209 million and counting. Similarly, the FCC reported in June 2008 that 99.8% of ZIP codes in the United States had two or more providers of high speed Internet lines available, and 94.6% of ZIP codes had four or more providers, as reported by University of Chicago economists Gary Becker, Dennis Carlton, and Hal Sider in a 2010 paper. Deterring competition FCC commissioner Ajit Pai states that the FCC completely brushes away the concerns of smaller competitors who are going to be subject to various taxes, such as state property taxes and general receipts taxes. As a result, according to Pai, that does nothing to create more competition within the market. According to Pai, the FCC's ruling to impose Title II regulations is opposed by the country's smallest private competitors and many municipal broadband providers. In his dissent, Pai noted that 142 wireless ISPs (WISPs) said that FCC's new "regulatory intrusion into our businesses ... would likely force us to raise prices, delay deployment expansion, or both". He also noted that 24 of the country's smallest ISPs, each with fewer than 1,000 residential broadband customers, wrote to the FCC stating that Title II "will badly strain our limited resources" because they "have no in-house attorneys and no budget line items for outside counsel". Further, another 43 municipal broadband providers told the FCC that Title II "will trigger consequences beyond the Commission's control and risk serious harm to our ability to fund and deploy broadband without bringing any concrete benefit for consumers or edge providers that the market is not already proving today without the aid of any additional regulation". According to a Wired magazine article by TechFreedom's Berin Szoka, Matthew Starr, and Jon Henke, local governments and public utilities impose the most significant barriers to entry for more cable broadband competition: "While popular arguments focus on supposed 'monopolists' such as big cable companies, it's government that's really to blame." The authors state that local governments and their public utilities charge ISPs far more than they actually cost and have the final say on whether an ISP can build a network. The public officials determine what requirements an ISP must meet to get approval for access to publicly owned "rights of way" (which lets them place their wires), thus reducing the number of potential competitors who can profitably deploy Internet service—such as AT&T's U-Verse, Google Fiber, and Verizon FiOS. Kickbacks may include municipal requirements for ISPs such as building out service where it is not demanded, donating equipment, and delivering free broadband to government buildings. According to a research article from MIS Quarterly, the authors stated their findings subvert some of the expectations of how ISPs and CPs act regarding net neutrality laws. The paper shows that even if an ISP is under restrictions, it still has the opportunity and the incentive to act as a gatekeeper over CPs by enforcing priority delivery of content. Counterweight to server-side non-neutrality Those in favor of forms of non-neutral tiered Internet access argue that the Internet is already not a level playing field, that large companies achieve a performance advantage over smaller competitors by providing more and better-quality servers and buying high-bandwidth services. Should scrapping of net neutrality regulations precipitate a price drop for lower levels of access, or access to only certain protocols, for instance, such would make Internet usage more adaptable to the needs of those individuals and corporations who specifically seek differentiated tiers of service. Network expert Richard Bennett has written, "A richly funded Web site, which delivers data faster than its competitors to the front porches of the Internet service providers, wants it delivered the rest of the way on an equal basis. This system, which Google calls broadband neutrality, actually preserves a more fundamental inequality." Potentially increased taxes FCC commissioner Ajit Pai, who opposed the 2015 Title II reclassification of ISPs, says that the ruling allows new fees and taxes on broadband by subjecting them to the telephone-style taxes under the Universal Service Fund. Net neutrality proponent Free Press writes,"the average potential increase in taxes and fees per household would be far less" than the estimate given by net neutrality opponents, and that if there were to be additional taxes, the tax figure may be around US$4 billion. Under favorable circumstances, "the increase would be exactly zero". Meanwhile, the Progressive Policy Institute claims that Title II could trigger taxes and fees up to $11 billion a year. Financial website Nerd Wallet did their own assessment and settled on a possible US$6.25 billion tax impact, estimating that the average American household may see their tax bill increase US$67 annually. FCC spokesperson Kim Hart said that the ruling "does not raise taxes or fees. Period." Unnecessary regulations According to PayPal founder and Facebook investor Peter Thiel in 2011, "Net neutrality has not been necessary to date. I don't see any reason why it's suddenly become important, when the Internet has functioned quite well for the past 15 years without it. ... Government attempts to regulate technology have been extraordinarily counterproductive in the past." Max Levchin, the other co-founder of PayPal, echoed similar statements, telling CNBC, "The Internet is not broken, and it got here without government regulation and probably in part because of lack of government regulation." FCC Commissioner Ajit Pai, who was one of the two commissioners who opposed the net neutrality proposal, criticized the FCC's ruling on Internet neutrality, stating that the perceived threats from ISPs to deceive consumers, degrade content, or disfavor the content that they dislike are non-existent: "The evidence of these continuing threats? There is none; it's all anecdote, hypothesis, and hysteria. A small ISP in North Carolina allegedly blocked VoIP calls a decade ago. Comcast capped BitTorrent traffic to ease upload congestion eight years ago. Apple introduced Facetime over Wi-Fi first, cellular networks later. "FCC Chairman Pai wants to switch ISP rules from proactive restrictions to after-the-fact litigation, which means a lot more leeway for ISPs that don’t particularly want to be treated as impartial utilities connecting people to the internet." (Atherton, 2017). Examples this picayune and stale aren't enough to tell a coherent story about net neutrality. The bogeyman never had it so easy." FCC Commissioner Mike O'Reilly, the other opposing commissioner, also claims that the ruling is a solution to a hypothetical problem, "Even after enduring three weeks of spin, it is hard for me to believe that the Commission is establishing an entire Title II/net neutrality regime to protect against hypothetical harms. There is not a shred of evidence that any aspect of this structure is necessary. The D.C. Circuit called the prior, scaled-down version a 'prophylactic' approach. I call it guilt by imagination." In a Chicago Tribune article, FCC Commissioner Pai and Joshua Wright of the Federal Trade Commission argue that "the Internet isn't broken, and we don't need the president's plan to 'fix' it. Quite the opposite. The Internet is an unparalleled success story. It is a free, open and thriving platform." Inability to make Internet accessible to the poor Opponents argue that net neutrality regulations prevent service providers from providing more affordable Internet access to those who can't afford it. A concept known as "zero-rating", ISPs would be unable to provide Internet access for free or at a reduced cost to the poor under net neutrality rules. For example, low-income users who can't afford bandwidth-hogging Internet services such as video streams could be exempted from paying through subsidies or advertising. However, under the rules, ISPs would not be able to discriminate traffic, thus forcing low-income users to pay for high-bandwidth usage like other users. The Wikimedia Foundation, which runs Wikipedia, created Wikipedia Zero to provide Wikipedia free-of-charge on mobile phones to low-income users, especially those in developing countries. However, the practice violates net neutrality rules as traffic would have to be treated equally regardless of the users' ability to pay. In 2014, Chile banned the practice of Internet service providers giving users free access to websites like Wikipedia and Facebook, saying the practice violates net neutrality rules. In 2016, India banned Internet.org's Free Basics application, which provides users in less developed countries with free access to a variety of websites like Wikipedia, BBC, Dictionary.com, health sites, Facebook, ESPN, and weather reports—ruling that the initiative violated net neutrality. Inability to allocate Internet traffic efficiently Net neutrality rules would prevent traffic from being allocated to the most needed users, according to Internet Pioneer David Farber. Because net neutrality regulations prevent a discrimination of traffic, networks would have to treat critical traffic equally with non-critical traffic. According to Farber, "When traffic surges beyond the ability of the network to carry it, something is going to be delayed. When choosing what gets delayed, it makes sense to allow a network to favor traffic from, say, a patient's heart monitor over traffic delivering a music download. It also makes sense to allow network operators to restrict traffic that is downright harmful, such as viruses, worms and spam." Related issues Data discrimination Tim Wu, though a proponent of network neutrality, claims that the current Internet is not neutral as its implementation of best effort generally favors file transfer and other non-time-sensitive traffic over real-time communications. Generally, a network which blocks some nodes or services for the customers of the network would normally be expected to be less useful to the customers than one that did not. Therefore, for a network to remain significantly non-neutral requires either that the customers not be concerned about the particular non-neutralities or the customers not have any meaningful choice of providers, otherwise they would presumably switch to another provider with fewer restrictions. While the network neutrality debate continues, network providers often enter into peering arrangements among themselves. These agreements often stipulate how certain information flows should be treated. In addition, network providers often implement various policies such as blocking of port 25 to prevent insecure systems from serving as spam relays, or other ports commonly used by decentralized music search applications implementing peer-to-peer networking models. They also present terms of service that often include rules about the use of certain applications as part of their contracts with users. Most consumer Internet providers implement policies like these. The MIT Mantid Port Blocking Measurement Project is a measurement effort to characterize Internet port blocking and potentially discriminatory practices. However, the effect of peering arrangements among network providers are only local to the peers that enter into the arrangements and cannot affect traffic flow outside their scope. Jon Peha from Carnegie Mellon University believes it is important to create policies that protect users from harmful traffic discrimination while allowing beneficial discrimination. Peha discusses the technologies that enable traffic discrimination, examples of different types of discrimination, and potential impacts of regulation. Google Chairman Eric Schmidt aligns Google's views on data discrimination with Verizon's: "I want to be clear what we mean by Net neutrality: What we mean is if you have one data type like video, you don't discriminate against one person's video in favor of another. But it's okay to discriminate across different types. So you could prioritize voice over video. And there is general agreement with Verizon and Google on that issue." Echoing similar comments by Schmidt, Google's Chief Internet Evangelist and "father of the Internet", Vint Cerf, says that "it's entirely possible that some applications needs far more latency, like games. Other applications need broadband streaming capability in order to deliver real-time video. Others don't really care as long as they can get the bits there, like e-mail or file transfers and things like that. But it should not be the case that the supplier of the access to the network mediates this on a competitive basis, but you may still have different kinds of service depending on what the requirements are for the different applications." Content caching Content caching is the process by which frequently accessed contents are temporarily stored in strategic network positions (e.g., in servers close to the end-users) to achieve several performance objectives. For example, caching is commonly used by ISPs to reduce network congestion and results in a superior quality of experience (QoE) perceived by the final users. Since the storage available in cache servers is limited, caching involves a process of selection of the contents worth storing. Several cache algorithms have been designed to perform this process which, in general, leads to store the most popular contents. The cached contents are retrieved at a higher QoE (e.g., lower latency) and caching can be therefore considered a form of traffic differentiation. However, caching is not generally viewed as a form of discriminatory traffic differentiation. For example, the technical writer Adam Marcus states that "accessing content from edge servers may be a bit faster for users, but nobody is being discriminated against and most content on the Internet is not latency-sensitive". In line with this statement, caching is not regulated by legal frameworks that are favourable to Net Neutrality, such as the Open Internet Order issued by the FCC in 2015. Even more so, the legitimacy of caching has never been put in doubt by opponents of Net Neutrality. On the contrary, the complexity of caching operations (e.g., extensive information processing) has been successively regarded by the FCC as one of the technical reasons why ISPs should not be considered common carriers, which legitimates the abrogation of Net Neutrality rules. Under a Net Neutrality regime, prioritization of a class of traffic with respect to another one is allowed only if several requirements are met (e.g., objectively different QoS requirements). However, when it comes to caching, a selection of contents of the same class has to be performed (e.g., set of videos worth storing in cache servers). In the spirit of a general deregulation with regard to caching, there is not a rule that specifies how this process can be carried out in a non-discriminatory way. Nevertheless, the scientific literature considers the issue of caching as a potentially discriminatory process and provides possible guidelines to address it. For example, a non-discriminatory caching might be performed considering the popularity of contents, or with the aim of guaranteeing the same QoE to all the users, or, alternatively, to achieve some common welfare objectives. As far as CDNs are concerned, the relation between caching and Net Neutrality is even more complex. In fact, CDNs are employed to allow a scalable and highly-efficient content delivery rather than to grant access to the Internet. Consequently, differently from ISPs, CDNs are entitled to charge content providers for caching their contents. Therefore, although this may be regarded as a form of paid traffic prioritization, CDNs are not subject of Net Neutrality regulations and are rarely included in the debate. Despite this, it is argued by some that the Internet ecosystem has changed to such an extent that all the players involved in the content delivery can distort competition and should be therefore also included in the discussion around Net Neutrality. Among those, the analyst Dan Rayburn suggested that "the Open Internet Order enacted by the FCC in 2015 was myopically focussed on ISPs". Quality of service Internet routers forward packets according to the diverse peering and transport agreements that exist between network operators. Many networks using Internet protocols now employ quality of service (QoS), and Network Service Providers frequently enter into Service Level Agreements with each other embracing some sort of QoS. There is no single, uniform method of interconnecting networks using IP, and not all networks that use IP are part of the Internet. IPTV networks are isolated from the Internet and are therefore not covered by network neutrality agreements. The IP datagram includes a 3-bit wide Precedence field and a larger DiffServ Code Point (DSCP) that are used to request a level of service, consistent with the notion that protocols in a layered architecture offer services through Service Access Points. This field is sometimes ignored, especially if it requests a level of service outside the originating network's contract with the receiving network. It is commonly used in private networks, especially those including Wi-Fi networks where priority is enforced. While there are several ways of communicating service levels across Internet connections, such as SIP, RSVP, IEEE 802.11e, and MPLS, the most common scheme combines SIP and DSCP. Router manufacturers now sell routers that have logic enabling them to route traffic for various Classes of Service at "wire-speed". Quality of service is sometimes taken as a measurement through certain tools to test a user's connection quality, such as Network Diagnostic Tools (NDT) and services on speedtest.net. These tools are known to be used by National Regulatory Authorities (NRAs), who use these QoS measurements as a way of detecting Net Neutrality violations. However, there are very few examples of such measurements being used in any significant way by NRAs, or in network policy for that matter. Often, these tools are used not because they fail at recording the results they are meant to record, but because said measurements are inflexible and difficult to exploit for any significant purpose. According to Ioannis Koukoutsidis, the problems with the current tools used to measure QoS stem from a lack of a standard detection methodology, a need to be able to detect various methods in which an ISP might violate Net Neutrality, and the inability to test an average measurement for a specific population of users. With the emergence of multimedia, VoIP, IPTV, and other applications that benefit from low latency, various attempts to address the inability of some private networks to limit latency have arisen, including the proposition of offering tiered service levels that would shape Internet transmissions at the network layer based on application type. These efforts are ongoing, and are starting to yield results as wholesale Internet transport providers begin to amend service agreements to include service levels. Advocates of net neutrality have proposed several methods to implement a net neutral Internet that includes a notion of quality-of-service: An approach offered by Tim Berners-Lee allows discrimination between different tiers, while enforcing strict neutrality of data sent at each tier: "If I pay to connect to the Net with a given quality of service, and you pay to connect to the net with the same or higher quality of service, then you and I can communicate across the net, with that quality and quantity of service." "[We] each pay to connect to the Net, but no one can pay for exclusive access to me." United States lawmakers have introduced bills that would now allow quality of service discrimination for certain services as long as no special fee is charged for higher-quality service. Founder of Epic Privacy Browser, Alok Bhardwaj, has argued that net neutrality preservation through legislation is consistent with implementing quality of service protocols. He argues legislation should ban the charging of fees for any quality of service, which would both allow networks to implement quality of service as well as remove any incentive to abuse net neutrality ideas. He argues that since implementing quality of service does not require any additional costs versus a non-QoS network, there is no reason implementing quality of service should entail any additional fees. However, the core network hardware needed (with large number of queues, etc.) and the cost of designing and maintaining a QoS network are both much higher than for a non-QoS network. Wireless networks There are also some discrepancies in how wireless networks affect the implementation of net neutrality policy, some of which are noted in the studies of Christopher Yoo. In one research article, he claimed that "...bad handoffs, local congestion, and the physics of wave propagation make wireless broadband networks significantly less reliable than fixed broadband networks." Pricing models Broadband Internet access has most often been sold to users based on Excess Information Rate or maximum available bandwidth. If Internet service providers (ISPs) can provide varying levels of service to websites at various prices, this may be a way to manage the costs of unused capacity by selling surplus bandwidth (or "leverage price discrimination to recoup costs of 'consumer surplus). However, purchasers of connectivity on the basis of Committed Information Rate or guaranteed bandwidth capacity must expect the capacity they purchase in order to meet their communications requirements. Various studies have sought to provide network providers the necessary formulas for adequately pricing such a tiered service for their customer base. But while network neutrality is primarily focused on protocol based provisioning, most of the pricing models are based on bandwidth restrictions. Many Economists have analyzed Net Neutrality to compare various hypothetical pricing models. For instance, economic professors Michael L. Katz and Benjamin E. Hermalin at the University of California Berkeley co-published paper titled, "The Economics of Product-Line Restrictions with an Application to the Network Neutrality Debate" in 2007. In this paper they compared the single service economic equilibrium to the multi-service economic equilibriums under Net Neutrality. Reactions to removing net neutrality in the US On 12 July 2017, an event called the Day of Action was held to advocate net neutrality in the United States in response to Ajit Pai's plans to remove government policies that upheld net neutrality. Several websites participated in this event, including ones such as Amazon, Netflix, Google, and several other just as well-known websites. The gathering was called "the largest online protest in history." Websites chose many different ways to convey their message. The founder of the web, Tim Berners-Lee, published a video defending FCC's rules. Reddit made a pop-up message that loads slowly to illustrate the effect of removing net neutrality. Other websites also put up some less obvious notifications, such as Amazon, who put up a hard-to-notice link, or Google, who put up policy blog post as opposed to a more obvious message. A poll conducted by Mozilla showed strong support for net neutrality across US political parties. Out of the approximately 1,000 responses received by the poll, 76% of Americans, 81% of Democrats, and 73% of Republicans, support net neutrality. The poll also showed that 78% of Americans do not think that Trump's government can be trusted to protect access to the Internet. Net neutrality supporters had also made several comments on the FCC website opposing plans to remove net neutrality, especially after a segment by John Oliver regarding this topic was aired on his show Last Week Tonight. He urged his viewers to comment on the FCC's website, and the flood of comments that were received crashed the FCC's website, with the resulting media coverage of the incident inadvertently helping it to reach greater audiences. However, in response, Ajit Pai selected one particular comment that specifically supported removal of net neutrality policies. At the end of August, the FCC released more than 13,000 pages of net neutrality complaints filed by consumers, one day before the deadline for the public to comment on Ajit Pai's proposal to remove net neutrality. It has been implied that the FCC ignored evidence against their proposal in order to remove the protection laws faster. It has also been noted that nowhere was it mentioned how FCC made any attempt to resolve the complaints made. Regardless, Ajit Pai's proposal has drawn more than 22 million comments, though a large amount were spam. However, there were 1.5 million personalized comments, 98.5% of them protesting Ajit Pai's plan.  , fifty senators had endorsed a legislative measure to override the Federal Communications Commission's decision to deregulate the broadband industry. The Congressional Review Act paperwork was filed on 9 May 2018, which allowed the Senate to vote on the permanence of the new net neutrality rules proposed by the Federal Communications Commission. The vote passed and a resolution was approved to try to remove the FCC's new rules on net neutrality; however, officials doubted there was enough time to completely repeal the rules before the Open Internet Order officially expired on 11 June 2018. A September 2018 report from Northeastern University and the University of Massachusetts, Amherst found that U.S. telecom companies are indeed slowing Internet traffic to and from those two sites in particular along with other popular apps. In March 2019, congressional supporters of net neutrality introduced the Save the Internet Act in both the House and Senate, which if passed would reverse the FCC's 2017 repeal of net neutrality protections. Rural digital divide A digital divide is referred to as the difference between those who have access to internet and those using digital technologies based on urban against rural areas. In the U.S, government city tech leaders warned in 2017 that the FCC's repeal of net neutrality will widen the digital divide, negatively affect small businesses, and job opportunities for middle class and low-income citizens. The FCC reports on their website that Americans in rural areas reach only 65 percent, while in urban areas reach 97 percent of access to high-speed Internet. Public Knowledge has stated that this will have a larger impact on those living in rural areas without internet access. In developing countries like India that don't have reliable electricity or internet connections has only 9 percent of those living in rural areas that have internet access compared to 64 percent of those in urban areas that have access. See also Concentration of media ownership Day of Action to Save Net Neutrality Digital rights Economic rent Industrial information economy Killswitch (film) Media regulation Municipal broadband Search neutrality Switzerland (software) Wikipedia Zero Net neutrality in the United States References External links Battle for the Netwebsite which allows users to effectively fight for net neutrality, by Fight for the Future Technological Neutrality and Conceptual Singularity Why Consumers Should Be Worried About Net NeutralityArchived The FCC on Net Neutrality: Be Careful What You Wish For Internet Policy: Who's Pulling the Strings Financial backers of pro neutrality groups Killerswitchfilm advocating in favor of Net Neutrality La Quadrature du Netcomplex dossier and links about net neutrality letter with good references and comic-style illustrations, including a chart of the effects of the Netflix and Comcast incident Net NeutralityWhat it is and why you should care.comic explaining net neutrality. History of Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) (PDF) Killing Net Neutrality Has Brought On a New Call for Public Broadband. The Intercept. 15 December 2017. Internet access

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Egan%20%28businessman%29

Richard Egan (businessman)

Richard John Egan (February 28, 1936 – August 28, 2009) was an American business executive, political fundraiser, and United States Ambassador to Ireland (2001–2003). Career Egan was born in Milton, Massachusetts, and attended high school in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston. He was a helicopter crewman in the United States Marine Corps during the end of the Korean War, then received a bachelor's in electrical engineering from Northeastern University in 1961 and a master's at M.I.T. He later was on the team that helped develop Project Apollo memory systems for NASA, and worked at Lockheed Martin, Honeywell, and Intel before founding EMC Corporation. In 1979, he founded EMC with Roger Marino, who had been a classmate at Northeastern. The two initially sold office furniture in order to raise money to build the company with only a handful of employees. EMC eventually became Massachusetts' largest technology company and had more than 40,000 employees by 2009. In the 2005 list of the Forbes 400, Egan was ranked as the 258th richest American, with a net worth of approximately $1.3 billion. Philanthropy Egan was a leader in numerous educational, business and technology groups, serving as director of the Massachusetts High Technology Council and Business Roundtable, director of the New York Stock Exchange Advisory Board, and founder of the Hopkinton Technology for Education Foundation in Hopkinton, Massachusetts, where EMC was based. He donated part of his fortune to the Boy Scouts of America as well as health and education groups. He played critical role in the creation of the Maureen and Richard J. Egan Engineering/Science Research Center, dedicated in October 1996 at Northeastern University, his alma mater. He started an engineering center in Israel to help develop EMC's products and he was credited with greatly improving Israel's technology infrastructure. Ireland Following significant fundraising for George W. Bush's 2000 presidential campaign, Egan was one of 19 Bush Pioneers to become an ambassador; his sons Christopher and Michael were also Pioneers. Egan retired from EMC on January 17, 2001, becoming Chairman Emeritus, in order to accept an appointment by President Bush to serve as the US Ambassador to Ireland. After confirmation by the Senate, he presented his credentials to President of Ireland Mary McAleese on September 10, 2001. He had the official title of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, and served in the role until January 31, 2003. Recognition In 1994, Inc. magazine named Egan "Master Entrepreneur of the Year." He also received the Medal of Honor Society's Patriot Award, the Jewish National Fund Tree of Life Award, and was one of Irish America magazine's "Top 100". Egan received honorary degrees from Northeastern University, New England Institute of Technology, and the University of Ulster. Death Egan committed suicide at his Boston residence on August 28, 2009, aged 73, while suffering from Stage IV terminal lung cancer. According to his family, he also suffered from emphysema and diabetes. He was survived by his wife, Maureen, and their five children. References Further reading External links 1936 births 2009 suicides Ambassadors of the United States to Ireland American billionaires Engineers from Massachusetts United States Marine Corps personnel of the Korean War Northeastern University alumni United States Marines Dell EMC Businesspeople from Boston People from Hopkinton, Massachusetts Suicides by firearm in Massachusetts People from Milton, Massachusetts People from Dorchester, Massachusetts 20th-century American engineers 20th-century American businesspeople 2009 deaths

1436821

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan%20Ball

Duncan Ball

Duncan Ball (born February 1941) is an American-born Australian author who has written the children's series Selby (about a talking dog named Selby who tries to keep his secret away from his owners) and Emily Eyefinger (about a girl who has an eye on her finger). Biography Early life and education Duncan was born in February 1941 in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, and was one of three children. When he was four, his family moved to Alaska, where he went to primary school. In his teens, Duncan moved to Madrid, Spain where he learned to speak Spanish. He finished high school in the United States, studied at Northeastern University and, later, at the University of Paris (Sorbonne). He has a degree in Mathematics from Boston University. Career Ball moved to Sydney in 1974 and worked as an industrial chemist. He wrote a novel for adults and later changed jobs to editor of the School Magazine at the Department of Education of New South Wales. He continued to work there for a few years, then resigned to become a full-time author, a profession which he continues today. Also for a few years he worked part-time for the South Australian Film Corporation looking for literary works to be adapted for film and television. Duncan has written about eighty-five books, all but one of them are children's books, as well as plays and television scripts. His second children's book was Selby's Secret, which was published 6 March 1985. It is about a dog named Selby, who learned to talk while watching TV and struggles to keep his ability a secret (he must do this so his owners, the Trifles, do not put him to work around the house). Since this first book, 15 collections of the adventures of Selby have been published, as well as Selby's Selection and The Joke's on Selby, both featuring Selby's best antics, and two joke books. In 1997, Duncan wrote the first Emily Eyefinger book, which is about a girl named Emily who has an eye on the end of her finger. Ten books have been published in this series. Duncan has also written the Piggott books, featuring the antics of a timid and thoughtful boy, Bert Piggott, and his good friend and child actress, Antigone Attwood. Duncan also wrote some picture books including "Jeremy's Tail" (illustrated by Donna Rawlins) and "My Dog's a Scaredy Cat" (illustrated by Craig Smith. His latest book is a book of funny poems called "My Sister Has a Big Black Beard". Marriage and children Ball's wife Jill is a musician and a librarian. Duncan has two adult sons, Eliot and Ian, by his first wife, Vivian, and three grandsons. Published works The Great Australian Snake Exchange (Hutchinson, 1978) My Dog's a Scaredy-cat illustrated by Craig Smith (Walter McVitty Books, 1987) Jeremy's Tail illustrated by Donna Rawlins (Ashton Scholastic, 1990) The Spy Code Handbook with Ian Ball (Angus & Robertson, 1990) Piggott Place (Angus & Robertson, 1992) Grandfather's Wheelything (Simon & Schuster USA Books for Young Readers, 1994) Ty Daring and the Billion Dollar Nose (Scholastic, 1995) Quentin's Lunch (ABC Books, 1999) Piggotts in Peril (HarperCollins, 2002) My Sister has a Big Black Beard (HarperCollins Australia, 2009) The School is Driving Me Nuts and Other Funny Plays for Kids (Christmas Press, 2016) The Ghost and... books: The Ghost and the Goggle Box (Angus & Robertson, 1984) The Ghost and the Shutterbug (Angus & Robertson, 1989) The Ghost and the Gory Story (Angus & Robertson, 1990) The Case of... books: The Case of the Graveyard Ghost (Angus & Robertson, 1994) The Case of the Walkabout Clock (Angus & Robertson, 1994) The Case of the Midnight Zappers (Angus & Robertson, 1994) The Case of the Getaway Gold (Angus & Robertson, 1994) The Case of the Vampire's Wire (Angus & Robertson, 1994) The Case of the Runaway Bullet (Angus & Robertson, 1995) Selby series Illustrated by Allan Stomann Selby's Secret (Angus & Robertson, 1985) Selby Speaks (Angus & Robertson, 1988) Selby Screams (Angus & Robertson, 1989) Selby Supersnoop (Angus & Robertson, 1995) Selby Spacedog (Angus & Robertson, 1996) Selby Snowbound (Angus & Robertson, 1998) Selby Surfs (Angus & Robertson, 1999) Selby's Joke Book (Angus & Roberson, 2000) Selby Snaps! (Angus & Robertson, 2000) Selby Splits (Angus & Robertson, 2001) Selby's Stardom (HarperCollins, 2002) Selby's Side-Splitting Joke Book (HarperCollins, 2002) Selby Sorcerer (HarperCollins, 2003) Selby Scrambled (Angus & Robertson, 2004) Selby's Shemozzle (HarperCollins, 2005) Selby Shattered (HarperCollins Australia, 2006) Selby Santa (HarperCollins, 2007) The Joke's on Selby (HarperCollins Australia, 2008) Selby Sprung (Angus & Robertson, 2010) Collected volumes: Selby's World (HarperCollins, 1995) Selby's Selection (HarperCollins, 2001) A Stack of Selby (HarperCollins, 2003) Selby the Wonder Dog (HarperCollins, 2004) Emily Eyefinger Illustrated by Craig Smith Emily Eyefinger (Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, 1992) Emily Eyefinger, Secret Agent (Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, 1993) Emily Eyefinger and the Lost Treasure (Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, 1994) Emily Eyefinger and the Black Volcano (Angus & Robertson, 2000) Emily Eyefinger's Alien Adventure (Angus & Robertson, 2001) Emily Eyefinger and the Devil Bones (HarperCollins, 2002) Emily Eyefinger and the Balloon Bandits (Angus & Robertson, 2003) Emily Eyefinger and the Ghost Ship (Angus & Robertson, 2004) Emily Eyefinger and the Puzzle in the Jungle (Angus & Robertson, 2005) Emily Eyefinger and the City in the Sky (HarperCollins, 2006) Emily Eyefinger and the Secret from the Sea (HarperCollins, 2012) Collected volumes: An Eyeful of Emily (books 1–4, 2007) Eyespy Emily Eyefinger (books 5–8, 2008) Books co-written as John St Claire with Emily Rodda as the Teen Power series in Australia, Raven Hill Mysteries in the UK, and Help-For-Hire in the US: Green for Danger (Scholastic, Australia (1994)) The Secret of Banyan Bay (Scholastic, Australia (1995)) Crime in the Picture (Scholastic, Australia (1995)) The Sorcerer's Apprentice (Scholastic, Australia (1995)) Awards 1987: West Australian Young Readers Book Award (WAYBRA), Primary Section, Selby's Secret 1989: WAYBRA, Primary Section, The Ghost and the Gory Story 1990: WAYBRA, Primary Section, Selby Speaks 1991: WAYBRA, Primary Section, Selby Screams 1997: Kids' Own Australian Literature Award (KOALA), Junior Book category, Selby Spacedog 1997: WAYBRA, Young Readers' Section, Selby Supersnoop 1997: WAYBRA, Hoffman Award, Selby Supersnoop 1998: KOALA, Junior Book category, Selby Speaks 2000: KOALA, Junior Book category, Selby Snowbound 2001: KOALA Hall of Fame, Selby's Secret 2001: WAYBRA, Hoffman Award, Selby Surfs 2003: WAYBRA, Young Readers' Section, Selby's Stardom 2004: KANGA, Year 3–5 category, Selby Snaps 2005: Canberra's Own Outstanding List Award, Fiction for Young Readers, Selby's Stardom 2006: WAYBRA, Primary Section, Selby's Schemozzle References External links 1941 births American emigrants to Australia Australian children's writers Living people

1438412

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beanpot%20%28ice%20hockey%29

Beanpot (ice hockey)

The Beanpot is an annual ice hockey tournament among the four major college hockey schools of the Boston, Massachusetts area, usually held during the first two Mondays in February at TD Garden. The tournament has been held annually since the 1952–53 season and has been held at its current location since 1996. The tournament gives the winner bragging rights over its cross-town rivals, and the quest for this highly sought-after trophy is contested in front of sell-out crowds from all four schools. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Beanpot was not held in 2021, marking the first year the tournament has not been played since its inception. Format The competitors are: Boston University Terriers (54-time finalists, 31-time winners; last championship in 2022) Boston College Eagles (36-time finalists, 20-time winners; last championship in 2016) Harvard University Crimson (26-time finalists, 11-time winners; last championship in 2017) Northeastern University Huskies (20-time finalists, 7-time winners; last championship in 2020) The tournament lasts two rounds, with first-round opponents being rotated from year to year. The second round features the consolation game and the championship game. In addition to the tournament trophy, two individual awards are given out each year. The Eberly Trophy goes to the goaltender with the highest save percentage who plays in both of his team's games, while the Beanpot MVP is awarded to tournament's most valuable player. History The first Beanpot was contested at Boston Arena in December 1952. No tournament was played during the 1953 calendar year. The next two tournaments were held in January (1954 and 1955). All subsequent Beanpot games have been played in February (except 1978; see below). The tournament quickly outgrew the 4,500 seating capacity of the Boston Arena and the second through 43rd Beanpots (1954 through 1995) were held at the old 14,000 seat Boston Garden. Since 1996, the Beanpot has been held at the Garden's replacement, the 17,500 seat TD Garden. The competition generally takes place on the first and second Mondays in February and often draws one of the largest crowds of the college hockey season outside of the Frozen Four. The 1978 Beanpot has taken a mythic place in Boston sports lore, as several hundred fans were stuck in the Garden for several days after the Blizzard of 1978 dumped more than two feet of snow during the night of the first-round games. The championship and consolation games were moved to Wednesday, March 1. Every championship game to date has featured either Boston College or Boston University, or both — Harvard and Northeastern have never met in the Beanpot final. None of the four competing teams have won the NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Championship without first winning the Beanpot trophy that season. With the exception of the 1949 Boston College Eagles (as the tournament had yet to be created), all five Boston University NCAA championships (1971, 1972, 1978, 1995, 2009), Boston College's four other NCAA championships (2001, 2008, 2010, 2012), and Harvard's sole 1989 NCAA championship, were all accompanied by a victory in the Beanpot title game. Northeastern has not yet won an NCAA championship. This phenomenon has led fans of the Beanpot schools to believe dreams for a national title hold water if they indeed succeed in February. Boston College head coach Jerry York has often referred to the beginning of February as "Trophy Season," in which the Beanpot title is the first of three trophies that he wishes his team to attain, the others being the Hockey East tournament trophy, and the NCAA tournament trophy. Since the Beanpots' 1952 inception, the team rosters, once dominated by New Englanders and Canadians, have gradually evolved to include a greater cross section of the United States as well as other countries. The 2020 Beanpot included players from Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Nevada, and Texas. Reflecting a trend across college hockey, where 117 European students were playing at the NCAA Division I level in 2020, the Boston University Terriers roster included Kasper Kotkansalo from Finland and Wilmer Skoog from Sweden who scored the winning goal in Boston University's overtime goal in their upset win against Boston College in the 2020 Beanpot semi-final. After the game, Skoog said "It was the biggest game of my life." Boston University Between 1966 and 2009, the Boston University Terriers historically dominated the Beanpot, winning 28 out of 43 titles. Owing to this phenomenon, fans have nicknamed the contest the "BU Invitational", an apt name as BU has made it to the title game 55 of 69 years (as of 2022), winning their most recent title in 2022. Despite historical dominance, recent years have been less successful for the Terriers, winning only twice out of eight championship appearances since 2009. The beginning of BU's Beanpot dominance was also the first year on the ice for Jack Parker. Parker won titles in each of the three years he played for the Terriers, and after taking over as head coach in 1973–74, Parker won 21 more championships. Boston College Boston College controlled the early years of the Beanpot, winning eight titles in the first thirteen tournaments. Following BU's dominance, the balance of power tipped back towards the Eagles for about a decade, when they won six titles in seven years between 2010–2016. During that stretch, BC won five consecutive titles from 2010–2014, losing out in the first round in 2015, and regaining the title in 2016. However, they have failed to secure a title in four consecutive seasons, and only once made the championship game during that time. Harvard Harvard shared some success with Boston College in the early years of the tournament, winning four titles in the first 10 years, as well as making the title game each of the first four tournaments and winning the very first title game. However, they have only seen sporadic success since, winning 11 titles in the tournament's history, most recently ending a 24-year championship drought in 2017. They had only made the title game three times since their previous victory in 1993: '94, '98, and '08. Northeastern Northeastern, the only Beanpot team that has never won an NCAA hockey title, failed to win a Beanpot until 1980, when an overtime goal by Wayne Turner against Boston College gave the Huskies a win. Turner's wrist shot has often been called the most important goal in Northeastern history, and is generally considered the marquee sporting moment for the university. It is also known as the "Shot Heard Round the Beanpot". Northeastern won three more titles in the 1980s, but failed to capture the Beanpot for 30 years. The Huskies came close to winning their fifth title in 2005 when they rallied from a 2–0 goal deficit to tie BU, but fell in overtime when Chris Bourque scored the winning goal. They made it to championship game four times from 2011-2015 but fell each time, to Boston College in '11, '13, and '14 and to Boston University in '15. Northeastern won their drought-breaking championship in 2018 with a dominating 5–2 victory over BU, in a rare year where the Huskies were the strongest team in the field, having come into the tournament ranked highest in the pairwise over the other three Beanpot schools. This would be the case again in 2019, where Northeastern again won the championship with a 4–2 victory over BC. In 2020, the Huskies would win their third straight championship against BU in double overtime, solidifying their legacy as a 21st-century Beanpot dynasty and effectively ending their reputation as the underdogs of the tournament. Before 2018, the Huskies had been to only 17 title games, and won only 4 of those. Earning three championships in a row from 2018-2020 proved their newfound parity with their other Beanpot schools, where they hoped to continue their success in the coming years. In 2022, Northeastern lost their three year streak to BU after a long standoff in the three periods. Recent tournaments This section explains in detail the results of the previous five Beanpot tournaments as of February 2020. 2016 The 2016 Beanpot took place on February 1 and 8. The first round of the tournament saw Boston College defeat Harvard 3–2 and Boston University defeat Northeastern 3–1. Northeastern defeated Harvard 5–1 in the consolation game and, for the 22nd time in the history of the tournament, BC and BU competed for the Championship, with the Eagles winning a 1–0 overtime contest. This was BU's second consecutive title game and BC's first since winning five in a row from 2010–2014. Northeastern failed to make the title game for the first time since 2012, whereas Harvard had not been to the title game since 2008. The 1–0 Championship game was the first ever 1–0 result in the history of the tournament. The championship game was also the sixth of the previous eleven title games to go to overtime. 2017 The 2017 Beanpot took place on February 6 and 13. The first round of the tournament saw Harvard defeat Northeastern 4–3 and Boston University defeat Boston College 3–1. Northeastern defeated Boston College 4–2 in the consolation game and Harvard and BU competed for the Championship, with the Crimson winning their 11th title and first since 1993 by a score of 6–3. This was BU's third consecutive title game and Harvard's first since 2008. Boston College's loss to Northeastern placed them 4th for the first time since 1993 and was only their seventh 4th-place finish in tournament history. Harvard's victory also marked the first non-BC or BU title since Harvard's 1993 victory, a 24- year span. 2018 The 2018 Beanpot took place on February 5 and 12. The first round of the tournament saw Northeastern shutout Boston College 3–0 and BU defeat Harvard in double overtime, 3–2. Harvard defeated Boston College 5–4 in overtime of the consolation game and Northeastern met Boston University in the championship, with the Huskies ending their 30-year drought, winning their 5th title and first since 1988, by a score of 5–2. This was BU's fourth consecutive title game and Northeastern's first since going to three straight between 2013–15. BC's loss to Harvard placed them 4th for the second consecutive year, an occurrence that only happened once before in tournament history between 1974–75. The Huskies victory also marked a championship for each tournament school in consecutive years - BU in 2015, BC in 2016, Harvard in 2017, and Northeastern in 2018 - an occurrence that happened only once before between 1980–83. 2019 The 2019 Beanpot took place on February 4 and 11. The first round of the tournament saw Boston College defeat Harvard 2–1 and Northeastern defeat Boston University 2–1 in overtime. Harvard defeated Boston University 5–2 in the consolation game, and Northeastern defeated Boston College 4–2 in the Championship for their second straight title and 6th overall. This was the second time Northeastern has won back-to-back titles, the first time being in 1984–85. Boston College made their 36th appearance in the Championship, but failed to capture their 21st title. Boston University finished 4th for just the 7th time in tournament history, with 4 of these having come in the last decade (2011, '13, '14 & '19). Their previous 3 last-place finishes occurred in 1961, '63 & '80. Combined with Harvard's victory in 2017, this also marked the first time in tournament history that three straight tournaments were not won by BU or BC. Two straight seasons without a BU or BC title occurred three times, in '80-'81, '84-'85, and '88-'89. 2020 The 2020 Beanpot took place on February 3 and 10. The first round of the tournament saw Northeastern defeat Harvard 3–1 and Boston University defeat Boston College 5–4 in double overtime.* Boston College defeated Harvard 7–2 in the consolation game, and Northeastern defeated Boston University 5–4 in double overtime* of the Championship for their third straight title and 7th overall. This was the first time in tournament history Northeastern won three straight titles. Boston University made their 54th title appearance, but failed to capture their 31st title. This year's result ties the second longest title drought for BU, having not won since 2015. They previously had a 5-year drought between 2010-14 – when BC won five straight championships – however, their 7-year span during 1959-65 is the most years in a row the Terriers went without the Beanpot title. New NCAA rules put in place in 2020 meant all tournament games would have a new overtime format, in which a single 5-minute period would be played and then, if still scoreless, continual overtime with 20-minute periods would be played to determine tournament placement. If no score is reached before the 5-minute period ends, the game is considered a tie and all statistics recorded in the additional overtime periods are not counted. This was put in place to standardize tournament results (across the NCAA, not just the Beanpot) for use with the pairwise ranking system, which determines NCAA tournament seeding. Other Beanpots The success of the men's ice hockey tournament has spawned "Beanpot" tournaments in other sports, including basketball, for 14 years ending in 1976, women's ice hockey, baseball (with the University of Massachusetts Amherst replacing Boston University, which does not offer varsity baseball), softball, men's and women's soccer, women's rowing (which also features MIT) and cycling. The Women's Ice Hockey Beanpot takes place each year on the first two Tuesdays in February, one day after their male counterparts. Northeastern and Harvard have historically dominated the tournament, with 14 and 11 titles respectively, but Boston College has won the title two years in a row. Notably, they advanced to the 2007 final with a 4–3, triple overtime victory over nationally ranked Harvard, in a game that drew national attention. BC's freshman goalie Molly Schaus set an NCAA record with 73 saves in the contest. In recent years, an informal "Pep Band" beanpot has been held between the two games of the first round of the women's beanpot, with the bands from each school performing a unique piece. Maggie Brennolt was a back to back Beanpot Champ, beating Harvard. The final round of the baseball Beanpot is played at Fenway Park. A Beanpot for women's rowing was established in 2007, with the crews from Boston College, Boston University, Harvard University (Radcliffe), the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Northeastern University competing. The first Men's Lacrosse Beanpot was held October 19, 2008 at Harvard University. Harvard's Men's Club Team hosted Boston University, Boston College and Northeastern University. There are also many non-athletic events attached to the Beanpot. These typically occur the same time of year as the hockey beanpot. There is a Concert Band Beanpot, Pep Band Beanpot, Beanpot of Comedy, and a Rice and Beanpot burrito-eating contest, sponsored by Qdoba. The Concert Band Beanpot and Beanpot of Comedy are non-competitive events. Also, there is the B-School Beanpot Competition, an annual case analysis competition held at Boston University's School of Management since 1996. Undergraduate business schools from the Greater Boston area participate for cash prizes. The Concert Band Beanpot and Rice and Beanpot participants are the same schools as the men's hockey tournament. The Beanpot of Comedy, hosted by NU & Improv'd of Northeastern University, features sketch and improvisational comedy groups from different schools each year. Past participants have included Boston College, Boston University, Salem State College, Suffolk University, Clark University, and Tufts University. The Business Beanpot participants are Babson College, Boston University, Bentley College, Northeastern University, and Suffolk University. Northeastern University has won ten of the twelve Business Beanpots since 1996, and has taken the top two spots four times. The most recent 1–2 sweep for Northeastern was in 2008. The Boston College Office of Undergraduate Admission and the Boston University Office of Undergraduate Admission also play in the annual Beancan softball tournament, usually held in July. On September 26, 2014, the BBC reported that Boston mayor Marty Walsh announced publicly during an official visit to Belfast (Boston's sister city since 2014) that he was supporting a bid to hold a future Beanpot tournament at Odyssey Area in Belfast and that Walsh reportedly will be hosting a delegation from Belfast alongside representatives from the NCAA and the four beanpot schools in October 2014 to further discuss the possibility. However, after a large negative outcry from the Boston media, Walsh later stated that the idea of moving the tournament to a non-Boston venue was taken out of context, and that he only supported "the hosting of a "Beanpot-like" tournament in Belfast that would feature Massachusetts colleges." All-time results Four games are listed for each Beanpot, in the order they were played. There are two opening round games, a consolation game featuring the losers of the first two games, and a championship game featuring the winners of the first two games. The teams rotate opening round opponents on a 3-year cycle, so over history every team faces the others an equal number of times during the opening round. Each row represents one Beanpot. Champions are listed in bold. Games requiring one overtime are in pink , while games requiring two or three overtimes are in chartreuse and cyan , respectively. † During the 2004–05 season, following Fleet's acquisition by Bank of America and the bank's decision to terminate the naming rights to the arena, there was no permanent naming rights sponsor for that season. It was known as "YourGarden" that year. ‡ Beginning in 2020, NCAA rules determined all Beanpot contests would be officially ruled a tie if games remained scoreless after a five minute overtime period. Continued play and statistics after a scoreless overtime are to be considered unofficial and only used for tournament placement purposes. Ties in the consolation game are not continued beyond the initial overtime. Winning Streaks This is a list of all occasions where a Beanpot team has won at least two consecutive championships between years. The current winning streak, if any, is highlighted in chartreuse . Winning streaks with equal numbers of wins are sorted chronologically, with earlier streaks appearing first. The longest current championship win streak belongs to Boston University, who won six consecutive Beanpots between 1995 and 2000. As of 2022, Harvard is the only team to never win consecutive titles. Team statistics Through the 2020 Beanpot, the four teams have amassed the following statistics: (Ties in the Consolation game are considered a 3rd place finish for both teams) Note: Unofficial statistics are included (Since 2020, all tournaments games played past 5 minutes of overtime are considered ties per NCAA rules, and all statistics are not counted) Individual awards Two awards are presented annually: the Most Valuable Player award and the Eberly Award. The Eberly Award, first presented in 1974, is given annually to the goalie with the best save percentage. The winning goalie must participate in two games to qualify. The award is named after Glen and Dan Eberly, former Beanpot goaltenders at Boston University and Northeastern University, respectively. Source: Note: Unofficial statistics are included (Since 2020, all tournaments games played past 5 minutes of overtime are considered ties per NCAA rules, and all statistics are not counted) See also College rivalry Boston College Eagles Boston University Terriers Harvard University Crimson Northeastern University Huskies References External links Beanpot Tournament Beanpot Tournament History and Timeline Beanpot trophy history 1952 establishments in Massachusetts Annual events in Boston Boston College Eagles men's ice hockey Boston University Terriers men's ice hockey College ice hockey rivalries in the United States College ice hockey tournaments in the United States Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey Northeastern Huskies men's ice hockey Recurring sporting events established in 1952

1438805

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Hampton

Henry Hampton

Henry Eugene Hampton Jr. (8 January 1940 – 22 November 1998) was an African-American filmmaker. His production company, Blackside, Inc., produced over 80 programs—the most recognizable being the documentary Eyes on the Prize, which won Emmy Awards, Peabody Awards, and was nominated for an Oscar. Blackside became one of the largest minority-owned non-theatrical film production companies in the U.S. during the mid-1970s and until his death in the late 1990s. Biography Early life and education Hampton was the son of surgeon Henry Hampton Sr. and Julia Veva Hampton, raised in Richmond Heights, Missouri, a suburb adjacent to the western edge of St. Louis. Henry lived on the eastern edge of an all-black working class community. His family converted to Catholicism after St Louis Archbishop Joseph Ritter led desegregation efforts in the region. Hampton attended Little Flower School and later the Jesuits' St. Louis University High School and College of the Holy Cross before studying literature at Washington University in St. Louis. He graduated from Wash U in 1961. Hampton attended medical school for a term at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, before dropping out. Career In 1965, while working for the Unitarian church as information director, Hampton went to Selma, Alabama, to participate in the Selma Marches (flying down on the same plane as James Reeb, the UU minister who would later be murdered during his trip). The marches changed Hampton's life, as he recognized the power of media and television and began to conceptualize a film documenting the Civil Rights Movement. Three years later, in 1968 (while living in Roxbury, Boston), he founded Blackside, Inc., which offered "special expertise in the design and production of film and audio-visual products aimed at minority audiences." It became one of the largest minority-owned non-theatrical film production companies in the U.S. during the mid-1970s and until his death in the late 1990s. Hampton and his company produced over 80 programs including documentaries, television spots, and other media productions. Blackside's primary business between 1968 and 1979 was the production of films, television and radio spots, television programming, and audio-visual educational packages. Blackside also produced public service announcements and film-based training materials for government and commercial clients. In 1977, the Harvard School of Design granted Hampton a Loeb Fellowship to study constitutional limitations and the nature of media and government information programs. His studies focused on consumers' and citizens' rights to information. Hampton made a commitment to social justice with later productions, including his 1987 magnum opus Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years (1954–1965). He followed this with a series of pieces, including Eyes on the Prize II: America at the Racial Crossroads 1965–mid 1980s; The Great Depression (1993); Malcolm X: Make It Plain (1994); America's War on Poverty (1995); Breakthrough: The Changing Face of Science in America (1997); I'll Make Me a World: A Century of African-American Arts (1999); Hopes on the Horizon: Africa in the 1990s (2001); This Far by Faith: African American Spiritual Journeys (2003). He returned to Wash U in 1989 to deliver the commencement speech. Health issues and death Hampton had contracted polio as a child. In his later years, he had lung cancer, the treatment for which led to myelodysplastic syndrome. He died at Brigham and Women's Hospital on November 22, 1998. Legacy Hampton's film archive is held by the Washington University Film & Media Archive in St. Louis, Missouri. In addition to Hampton's films, the collection contains all of the elements that went into the production process such as interviews, stock footage, photographs, research, producer notes, scripts, and Hampton's personal papers. Honorary degrees He was the recipient of over 10 honorary degrees including an Honorary Doctorate of Humanities from his alma mater (1989); St. Louis University (1988); Doctor of Arts, Northeastern University (1988); Suffolk University (1988); Bridgewater State College (1989); Brandeis University (1993); Boston College (1993); Emerson College (1995); Lincoln University (1996) and Tufts University (1996). Awards Hampton and Blackside won many major awards in television broadcasting. They were recognized by organizations in the fields of journalism, history, and the arts. 7 Emmy Awards One Academy Award nomination George Foster Peabody Awards (multiple) Ralph Lowell Award For Outstanding Contribution to Public Television(1993) The first Harold C. Fleming Award for "a lifetime of service in the field of political participation and community education against hatred in politics." (1994). The 1st Annual Heinz Award in the Arts and Humanities (1995) International Documentary Association Career Achievement Award Erik Barnouw Award, Organization of American Historians John Stoneman Rena Award, Outstanding contributions to the motion picture industry The DuPont Columbia Award, Excellence in Broadcast Journalism (multiple) Edward R. Murrow Brotherhood Award Who's Who in America: Fifty-second Edition African-American Achievement Award, City of Boston, For Excellence in the Arts PBS Salute, Prism Award: Lifetime of Achievement award Filmography America's War on Poverty (5-part series) Boston Black United Front Breakthrough: The Changing Face of Science in America (6-part series) Code Blue Crisis to Crisis: Voices of a Divided City Easy Street Eyes on the Prize (14-part series) Eyes on the Prize I: America's Civil Rights Years 1954-1965 Eyes on the Prize II: America at the Racial Crossroads 1965-1985 The Great Depression (7-part series) Head Start to Confidence Hopes on the Horizon: Africa in the 1990s I'll Make Me A World: A Century of African American Arts (6-part series) In Search of Help: Welfare or Survivor's Benefits Kinfolks Malcolm X: Make It Plain This Far By Faith: African American Spiritual Journeys (6-part series) Reorganizing the Nation's Hospitals (1975) Organizations In addition to his work with Blackside Inc., Hampton was involved in a number of other organizations, including: Museum of Afro-American History in Boston, Chair of the Board. Children's Defense Fund, board member. Boston Center for the Arts, board member. Beacon Press, Advisory Board. Unitarian Universalist Association, Director of Information (1963–1968). Notes External links Blackside Film & Video Production Henry Hampton Collection at Washington University in St. Louis Eyes on the Prize Interview Transcripts - Washington University in St. Louis A Tribute to Henry Hampton (By Andrea L. Taylor) PBS BreakThrough Bio African American Registry: Henry Hampton 1940 births 1998 deaths African-American film directors American documentary film directors Harvard Graduate School of Design alumni National Humanities Medal recipients Washington University in St. Louis alumni African-American Catholics Emmy Award winners Peabody Award winners