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metadata
annotations_creators:
  - other
language_creators:
  - other
language:
  - en
license:
  - cc-by-4.0
multilinguality:
  - monolingual
size_categories:
  - 10K<n<100K
source_datasets:
  - original
task_categories:
  - text-classification
task_ids:
  - acceptability-classification
  - natural-language-inference
  - semantic-similarity-scoring
  - sentiment-classification
  - text-scoring
paperswithcode_id: glue
pretty_name: GLUE (General Language Understanding Evaluation benchmark)
config_names:
  - ax
  - cola
  - mnli
  - mnli_matched
  - mnli_mismatched
  - mrpc
  - qnli
  - qqp
  - rte
  - sst2
  - stsb
  - wnli
tags:
  - qa-nli
  - coreference-nli
  - paraphrase-identification
dataset_info:
  - config_name: ax
    features:
      - name: premise
        dtype: string
      - name: hypothesis
        dtype: string
      - name: label
        dtype:
          class_label:
            names:
              '0': entailment
              '1': neutral
              '2': contradiction
      - name: idx
        dtype: int32
    splits:
      - name: test
        num_bytes: 238392
        num_examples: 1104
    download_size: 222257
    dataset_size: 238392
  - config_name: cola
    features:
      - name: sentence
        dtype: string
      - name: label
        dtype:
          class_label:
            names:
              '0': unacceptable
              '1': acceptable
      - name: idx
        dtype: int32
    splits:
      - name: train
        num_bytes: 484869
        num_examples: 8551
      - name: validation
        num_bytes: 60322
        num_examples: 1043
      - name: test
        num_bytes: 60513
        num_examples: 1063
    download_size: 326394
    dataset_size: 605704
  - config_name: mnli
    features:
      - name: premise
        dtype: string
      - name: hypothesis
        dtype: string
      - name: label
        dtype:
          class_label:
            names:
              '0': entailment
              '1': neutral
              '2': contradiction
      - name: idx
        dtype: int32
    splits:
      - name: test_matched
        num_bytes: 1854787
        num_examples: 9796
      - name: test_mismatched
        num_bytes: 1956866
        num_examples: 9847
      - name: train
        num_bytes: 74865118
        num_examples: 392702
      - name: validation_matched
        num_bytes: 1839926
        num_examples: 9815
      - name: validation_mismatched
        num_bytes: 1955384
        num_examples: 9832
    download_size: 312783507
    dataset_size: 82472081
  - config_name: mnli_matched
    features:
      - name: premise
        dtype: string
      - name: hypothesis
        dtype: string
      - name: label
        dtype:
          class_label:
            names:
              '0': entailment
              '1': neutral
              '2': contradiction
      - name: idx
        dtype: int32
    splits:
      - name: test
        num_bytes: 1854787
        num_examples: 9796
      - name: validation
        num_bytes: 1839926
        num_examples: 9815
    download_size: 312783507
    dataset_size: 3694713
  - config_name: mnli_mismatched
    features:
      - name: premise
        dtype: string
      - name: hypothesis
        dtype: string
      - name: label
        dtype:
          class_label:
            names:
              '0': entailment
              '1': neutral
              '2': contradiction
      - name: idx
        dtype: int32
    splits:
      - name: test
        num_bytes: 1956866
        num_examples: 9847
      - name: validation
        num_bytes: 1955384
        num_examples: 9832
    download_size: 312783507
    dataset_size: 3912250
  - config_name: mrpc
    features:
      - name: sentence1
        dtype: string
      - name: sentence2
        dtype: string
      - name: label
        dtype:
          class_label:
            names:
              '0': not_equivalent
              '1': equivalent
      - name: idx
        dtype: int32
    splits:
      - name: train
        num_bytes: 943843
        num_examples: 3668
      - name: validation
        num_bytes: 105879
        num_examples: 408
      - name: test
        num_bytes: 442410
        num_examples: 1725
    download_size: 1033400
    dataset_size: 1492132
  - config_name: qnli
    features:
      - name: question
        dtype: string
      - name: sentence
        dtype: string
      - name: label
        dtype:
          class_label:
            names:
              '0': entailment
              '1': not_entailment
      - name: idx
        dtype: int32
    splits:
      - name: test
        num_bytes: 1376516
        num_examples: 5463
      - name: train
        num_bytes: 25677924
        num_examples: 104743
      - name: validation
        num_bytes: 1371727
        num_examples: 5463
    download_size: 10627589
    dataset_size: 28426167
  - config_name: qqp
    features:
      - name: question1
        dtype: string
      - name: question2
        dtype: string
      - name: label
        dtype:
          class_label:
            names:
              '0': not_duplicate
              '1': duplicate
      - name: idx
        dtype: int32
    splits:
      - name: train
        num_bytes: 50900820
        num_examples: 363846
      - name: validation
        num_bytes: 5653754
        num_examples: 40430
      - name: test
        num_bytes: 55171111
        num_examples: 390965
    download_size: 73982265
    dataset_size: 111725685
  - config_name: rte
    features:
      - name: sentence1
        dtype: string
      - name: sentence2
        dtype: string
      - name: label
        dtype:
          class_label:
            names:
              '0': entailment
              '1': not_entailment
      - name: idx
        dtype: int32
    splits:
      - name: test
        num_bytes: 975936
        num_examples: 3000
      - name: train
        num_bytes: 848888
        num_examples: 2490
      - name: validation
        num_bytes: 90911
        num_examples: 277
    download_size: 697150
    dataset_size: 1915735
  - config_name: sst2
    features:
      - name: sentence
        dtype: string
      - name: label
        dtype:
          class_label:
            names:
              '0': negative
              '1': positive
      - name: idx
        dtype: int32
    splits:
      - name: train
        num_bytes: 4681603
        num_examples: 67349
      - name: validation
        num_bytes: 106252
        num_examples: 872
      - name: test
        num_bytes: 216640
        num_examples: 1821
    download_size: 3331080
    dataset_size: 5004495
  - config_name: stsb
    features:
      - name: sentence1
        dtype: string
      - name: sentence2
        dtype: string
      - name: label
        dtype: float32
      - name: idx
        dtype: int32
    splits:
      - name: train
        num_bytes: 754791
        num_examples: 5749
      - name: validation
        num_bytes: 216064
        num_examples: 1500
      - name: test
        num_bytes: 169974
        num_examples: 1379
    download_size: 766983
    dataset_size: 1140829
  - config_name: wnli
    features:
      - name: sentence1
        dtype: string
      - name: sentence2
        dtype: string
      - name: label
        dtype:
          class_label:
            names:
              '0': not_entailment
              '1': entailment
      - name: idx
        dtype: int32
    splits:
      - name: test
        num_bytes: 37992
        num_examples: 146
      - name: train
        num_bytes: 107517
        num_examples: 635
      - name: validation
        num_bytes: 12215
        num_examples: 71
    download_size: 28999
    dataset_size: 157724
configs:
  - config_name: cola
    data_files:
      - split: train
        path: cola/train-*
      - split: validation
        path: cola/validation-*
      - split: test
        path: cola/test-*
  - config_name: mrpc
    data_files:
      - split: train
        path: mrpc/train-*
      - split: validation
        path: mrpc/validation-*
      - split: test
        path: mrpc/test-*
  - config_name: qqp
    data_files:
      - split: train
        path: qqp/train-*
      - split: validation
        path: qqp/validation-*
      - split: test
        path: qqp/test-*
  - config_name: sst2
    data_files:
      - split: train
        path: sst2/train-*
      - split: validation
        path: sst2/validation-*
      - split: test
        path: sst2/test-*
  - config_name: stsb
    data_files:
      - split: train
        path: stsb/train-*
      - split: validation
        path: stsb/validation-*
      - split: test
        path: stsb/test-*
train-eval-index:
  - config: cola
    task: text-classification
    task_id: binary_classification
    splits:
      train_split: train
      eval_split: validation
    col_mapping:
      sentence: text
      label: target
  - config: sst2
    task: text-classification
    task_id: binary_classification
    splits:
      train_split: train
      eval_split: validation
    col_mapping:
      sentence: text
      label: target
  - config: mrpc
    task: text-classification
    task_id: natural_language_inference
    splits:
      train_split: train
      eval_split: validation
    col_mapping:
      sentence1: text1
      sentence2: text2
      label: target
  - config: qqp
    task: text-classification
    task_id: natural_language_inference
    splits:
      train_split: train
      eval_split: validation
    col_mapping:
      question1: text1
      question2: text2
      label: target
  - config: stsb
    task: text-classification
    task_id: natural_language_inference
    splits:
      train_split: train
      eval_split: validation
    col_mapping:
      sentence1: text1
      sentence2: text2
      label: target
  - config: mnli
    task: text-classification
    task_id: natural_language_inference
    splits:
      train_split: train
      eval_split: validation_matched
    col_mapping:
      premise: text1
      hypothesis: text2
      label: target
  - config: mnli_mismatched
    task: text-classification
    task_id: natural_language_inference
    splits:
      train_split: train
      eval_split: validation
    col_mapping:
      premise: text1
      hypothesis: text2
      label: target
  - config: mnli_matched
    task: text-classification
    task_id: natural_language_inference
    splits:
      train_split: train
      eval_split: validation
    col_mapping:
      premise: text1
      hypothesis: text2
      label: target
  - config: qnli
    task: text-classification
    task_id: natural_language_inference
    splits:
      train_split: train
      eval_split: validation
    col_mapping:
      question: text1
      sentence: text2
      label: target
  - config: rte
    task: text-classification
    task_id: natural_language_inference
    splits:
      train_split: train
      eval_split: validation
    col_mapping:
      sentence1: text1
      sentence2: text2
      label: target
  - config: wnli
    task: text-classification
    task_id: natural_language_inference
    splits:
      train_split: train
      eval_split: validation
    col_mapping:
      sentence1: text1
      sentence2: text2
      label: target

Dataset Card for GLUE

Table of Contents

Dataset Description

Dataset Summary

GLUE, the General Language Understanding Evaluation benchmark (https://gluebenchmark.com/) is a collection of resources for training, evaluating, and analyzing natural language understanding systems.

Supported Tasks and Leaderboards

The leaderboard for the GLUE benchmark can be found at this address. It comprises the following tasks:

ax

A manually-curated evaluation dataset for fine-grained analysis of system performance on a broad range of linguistic phenomena. This dataset evaluates sentence understanding through Natural Language Inference (NLI) problems. Use a model trained on MulitNLI to produce predictions for this dataset.

cola

The Corpus of Linguistic Acceptability consists of English acceptability judgments drawn from books and journal articles on linguistic theory. Each example is a sequence of words annotated with whether it is a grammatical English sentence.

mnli

The Multi-Genre Natural Language Inference Corpus is a crowdsourced collection of sentence pairs with textual entailment annotations. Given a premise sentence and a hypothesis sentence, the task is to predict whether the premise entails the hypothesis (entailment), contradicts the hypothesis (contradiction), or neither (neutral). The premise sentences are gathered from ten different sources, including transcribed speech, fiction, and government reports. The authors of the benchmark use the standard test set, for which they obtained private labels from the RTE authors, and evaluate on both the matched (in-domain) and mismatched (cross-domain) section. They also uses and recommend the SNLI corpus as 550k examples of auxiliary training data.

mnli_matched

The matched validation and test splits from MNLI. See the "mnli" BuilderConfig for additional information.

mnli_mismatched

The mismatched validation and test splits from MNLI. See the "mnli" BuilderConfig for additional information.

mrpc

The Microsoft Research Paraphrase Corpus (Dolan & Brockett, 2005) is a corpus of sentence pairs automatically extracted from online news sources, with human annotations for whether the sentences in the pair are semantically equivalent.

qnli

The Stanford Question Answering Dataset is a question-answering dataset consisting of question-paragraph pairs, where one of the sentences in the paragraph (drawn from Wikipedia) contains the answer to the corresponding question (written by an annotator). The authors of the benchmark convert the task into sentence pair classification by forming a pair between each question and each sentence in the corresponding context, and filtering out pairs with low lexical overlap between the question and the context sentence. The task is to determine whether the context sentence contains the answer to the question. This modified version of the original task removes the requirement that the model select the exact answer, but also removes the simplifying assumptions that the answer is always present in the input and that lexical overlap is a reliable cue.

qqp

The Quora Question Pairs2 dataset is a collection of question pairs from the community question-answering website Quora. The task is to determine whether a pair of questions are semantically equivalent.

rte

The Recognizing Textual Entailment (RTE) datasets come from a series of annual textual entailment challenges. The authors of the benchmark combined the data from RTE1 (Dagan et al., 2006), RTE2 (Bar Haim et al., 2006), RTE3 (Giampiccolo et al., 2007), and RTE5 (Bentivogli et al., 2009). Examples are constructed based on news and Wikipedia text. The authors of the benchmark convert all datasets to a two-class split, where for three-class datasets they collapse neutral and contradiction into not entailment, for consistency.

sst2

The Stanford Sentiment Treebank consists of sentences from movie reviews and human annotations of their sentiment. The task is to predict the sentiment of a given sentence. It uses the two-way (positive/negative) class split, with only sentence-level labels.

stsb

The Semantic Textual Similarity Benchmark (Cer et al., 2017) is a collection of sentence pairs drawn from news headlines, video and image captions, and natural language inference data. Each pair is human-annotated with a similarity score from 1 to 5.

wnli

The Winograd Schema Challenge (Levesque et al., 2011) is a reading comprehension task in which a system must read a sentence with a pronoun and select the referent of that pronoun from a list of choices. The examples are manually constructed to foil simple statistical methods: Each one is contingent on contextual information provided by a single word or phrase in the sentence. To convert the problem into sentence pair classification, the authors of the benchmark construct sentence pairs by replacing the ambiguous pronoun with each possible referent. The task is to predict if the sentence with the pronoun substituted is entailed by the original sentence. They use a small evaluation set consisting of new examples derived from fiction books that was shared privately by the authors of the original corpus. While the included training set is balanced between two classes, the test set is imbalanced between them (65% not entailment). Also, due to a data quirk, the development set is adversarial: hypotheses are sometimes shared between training and development examples, so if a model memorizes the training examples, they will predict the wrong label on corresponding development set example. As with QNLI, each example is evaluated separately, so there is not a systematic correspondence between a model's score on this task and its score on the unconverted original task. The authors of the benchmark call converted dataset WNLI (Winograd NLI).

Languages

The language data in GLUE is in English (BCP-47 en)

Dataset Structure

Data Instances

ax

  • Size of downloaded dataset files: 0.22 MB
  • Size of the generated dataset: 0.24 MB
  • Total amount of disk used: 0.46 MB

An example of 'test' looks as follows.

{
  "premise": "The cat sat on the mat.",
  "hypothesis": "The cat did not sit on the mat.",
  "label": -1,
  "idx: 0
}

cola

  • Size of downloaded dataset files: 0.38 MB
  • Size of the generated dataset: 0.61 MB
  • Total amount of disk used: 0.99 MB

An example of 'train' looks as follows.

{
  "sentence": "Our friends won't buy this analysis, let alone the next one we propose.",
  "label": 1,
  "id": 0
}

mnli

  • Size of downloaded dataset files: 312.78 MB
  • Size of the generated dataset: 82.47 MB
  • Total amount of disk used: 395.26 MB

An example of 'train' looks as follows.

{
  "premise": "Conceptually cream skimming has two basic dimensions - product and geography.",
  "hypothesis": "Product and geography are what make cream skimming work.",
  "label": 1,
  "idx": 0
}

mnli_matched

  • Size of downloaded dataset files: 312.78 MB
  • Size of the generated dataset: 3.69 MB
  • Total amount of disk used: 316.48 MB

An example of 'test' looks as follows.

{
  "premise": "Hierbas, ans seco, ans dulce, and frigola are just a few names worth keeping a look-out for.",
  "hypothesis": "Hierbas is a name worth looking out for.",
  "label": -1,
  "idx": 0
}

mnli_mismatched

  • Size of downloaded dataset files: 312.78 MB
  • Size of the generated dataset: 3.91 MB
  • Total amount of disk used: 316.69 MB

An example of 'test' looks as follows.

{
  "premise": "What have you decided, what are you going to do?",
  "hypothesis": "So what's your decision?",
  "label": -1,
  "idx": 0
}

mrpc

  • Size of downloaded dataset files: ??
  • Size of the generated dataset: 1.5 MB
  • Total amount of disk used: ??

An example of 'train' looks as follows.

{
  "sentence1": "Amrozi accused his brother, whom he called "the witness", of deliberately distorting his evidence.",
  "sentence2": "Referring to him as only "the witness", Amrozi accused his brother of deliberately distorting his evidence.",
  "label": 1,
  "idx": 0
}

qnli

  • Size of downloaded dataset files: ??
  • Size of the generated dataset: 28 MB
  • Total amount of disk used: ??

An example of 'train' looks as follows.

{
  "question": "When did the third Digimon series begin?",
  "sentence": "Unlike the two seasons before it and most of the seasons that followed, Digimon Tamers takes a darker and more realistic approach to its story featuring Digimon who do not reincarnate after their deaths and more complex character development in the original Japanese.",
  "label": 1,
  "idx": 0
}

qqp

  • Size of downloaded dataset files: ??
  • Size of the generated dataset: 107 MB
  • Total amount of disk used: ??

An example of 'train' looks as follows.

{
  "question1": "How is the life of a math student? Could you describe your own experiences?",
  "question2": "Which level of prepration is enough for the exam jlpt5?",
  "label": 0,
  "idx": 0
}

rte

  • Size of downloaded dataset files: ??
  • Size of the generated dataset: 1.9 MB
  • Total amount of disk used: ??

An example of 'train' looks as follows.

{
  "sentence1": "No Weapons of Mass Destruction Found in Iraq Yet.",
  "sentence2": "Weapons of Mass Destruction Found in Iraq.",
  "label": 1,
  "idx": 0
}

sst2

  • Size of downloaded dataset files: ??
  • Size of the generated dataset: 4.9 MB
  • Total amount of disk used: ??

An example of 'train' looks as follows.

{
  "sentence": "hide new secretions from the parental units",
  "label": 0,
  "idx": 0
}

stsb

  • Size of downloaded dataset files: ??
  • Size of the generated dataset: 1.2 MB
  • Total amount of disk used: ??

An example of 'train' looks as follows.

{
  "sentence1": "A plane is taking off.",
  "sentence2": "An air plane is taking off.",
  "label": 5.0,
  "idx": 0
}

wnli

  • Size of downloaded dataset files: ??
  • Size of the generated dataset: 0.18 MB
  • Total amount of disk used: ??

An example of 'train' looks as follows.

{
  "sentence1": "I stuck a pin through a carrot. When I pulled the pin out, it had a hole.",
  "sentence2": "The carrot had a hole.",
  "label": 1,
  "idx": 0
}

Data Fields

The data fields are the same among all splits.

ax

  • premise: a string feature.
  • hypothesis: a string feature.
  • label: a classification label, with possible values including entailment (0), neutral (1), contradiction (2).
  • idx: a int32 feature.

cola

  • sentence: a string feature.
  • label: a classification label, with possible values including unacceptable (0), acceptable (1).
  • idx: a int32 feature.

mnli

  • premise: a string feature.
  • hypothesis: a string feature.
  • label: a classification label, with possible values including entailment (0), neutral (1), contradiction (2).
  • idx: a int32 feature.

mnli_matched

  • premise: a string feature.
  • hypothesis: a string feature.
  • label: a classification label, with possible values including entailment (0), neutral (1), contradiction (2).
  • idx: a int32 feature.

mnli_mismatched

  • premise: a string feature.
  • hypothesis: a string feature.
  • label: a classification label, with possible values including entailment (0), neutral (1), contradiction (2).
  • idx: a int32 feature.

mrpc

  • sentence1: a string feature.
  • sentence2: a string feature.
  • label: a classification label, with possible values including not_equivalent (0), equivalent (1).
  • idx: a int32 feature.

qnli

  • question: a string feature.
  • sentence: a string feature.
  • label: a classification label, with possible values including entailment (0), not_entailment (1).
  • idx: a int32 feature.

qqp

  • question1: a string feature.
  • question2: a string feature.
  • label: a classification label, with possible values including not_duplicate (0), duplicate (1).
  • idx: a int32 feature.

rte

  • sentence1: a string feature.
  • sentence2: a string feature.
  • label: a classification label, with possible values including entailment (0), not_entailment (1).
  • idx: a int32 feature.

sst2

  • sentence: a string feature.
  • label: a classification label, with possible values including negative (0), positive (1).
  • idx: a int32 feature.

stsb

  • sentence1: a string feature.
  • sentence2: a string feature.
  • label: a float32 regression label, with possible values from 0 to 5.
  • idx: a int32 feature.

wnli

  • sentence1: a string feature.
  • sentence2: a string feature.
  • label: a classification label, with possible values including not_entailment (0), entailment (1).
  • idx: a int32 feature.

Data Splits

ax

test
ax 1104

cola

train validation test
cola 8551 1043 1063

mnli

train validation_matched validation_mismatched test_matched test_mismatched
mnli 392702 9815 9832 9796 9847

mnli_matched

validation test
mnli_matched 9815 9796

mnli_mismatched

validation test
mnli_mismatched 9832 9847

mrpc

More Information Needed

qnli

More Information Needed

qqp

More Information Needed

rte

More Information Needed

sst2

More Information Needed

stsb

More Information Needed

wnli

More Information Needed

Dataset Creation

Curation Rationale

More Information Needed

Source Data

Initial Data Collection and Normalization

More Information Needed

Who are the source language producers?

More Information Needed

Annotations

Annotation process

More Information Needed

Who are the annotators?

More Information Needed

Personal and Sensitive Information

More Information Needed

Considerations for Using the Data

Social Impact of Dataset

More Information Needed

Discussion of Biases

More Information Needed

Other Known Limitations

More Information Needed

Additional Information

Dataset Curators

More Information Needed

Licensing Information

More Information Needed

Citation Information

@article{warstadt2018neural,
  title={Neural Network Acceptability Judgments},
  author={Warstadt, Alex and Singh, Amanpreet and Bowman, Samuel R},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1805.12471},
  year={2018}
}
@inproceedings{wang2019glue,
  title={{GLUE}: A Multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis Platform for Natural Language Understanding},
  author={Wang, Alex and Singh, Amanpreet and Michael, Julian and Hill, Felix and Levy, Omer and Bowman, Samuel R.},
  note={In the Proceedings of ICLR.},
  year={2019}
}

Note that each GLUE dataset has its own citation. Please see the source to see
the correct citation for each contained dataset.

Contributions

Thanks to @patpizio, @jeswan, @thomwolf, @patrickvonplaten, @mariamabarham for adding this dataset.